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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78292631
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SDSS J211744.88+105957.9
None
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Semantic data
1,585
7,681
SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 astronomical galaxy in the constellation Equuleus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 radial velocity SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 redshift SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declination SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 catalog code SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, catalog Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instance of galaxy SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 galaxy morphological type S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 right ascension SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 epoch J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SIMBAD ID SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 constellation Equuleus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter u' band SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter g' band SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter r' band SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter i' band SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude , astronomical filter z' band SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 sterrenstelsel in Veulen SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 radiële snelheid SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 roodverschuiving SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declinatie SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 catalogusnummer SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, catalogus Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 is een sterrenstelsel SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Hubble-classificatie S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 rechte klimming SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 epoche J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SIMBAD-identificatiecode SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 sterrenbeeld Veulen SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 schijnbare magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 schijnbare magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 schijnbare magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 schijnbare magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 schijnbare magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 (مجره) SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 (مجره) واحد من جالاكسى এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ লোহিত সরণ এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ বিষুবলম্ব এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ ক্যাটালগ কোড SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, ক্যাটালগ স্লোয়ান ডিজিটাল স্কাই সার্ভে এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ নিদর্শন ছায়াপথ এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ বিষুবাংশ এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ সিমবাদ আইডি SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ নক্ষত্রপুঞ্জ অশ্বতর মণ্ডল এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ আপাত মান এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ আপাত মান এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ আপাত মান এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ আপাত মান এসডিএসএস জে২১১৭৪৪.৮৮+১০৫৯৫৭.৯ আপাত মান SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 velocidad radial SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 corrimiento al rojo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declinación SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 código del catálogo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, catálogo Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instancia de galaxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 secuencia de Hubble S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ascensión recta SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 época J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 identificador SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 constelación Equuleus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 esas galaxio SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 còdi del catalòg SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 natura de l'element galaxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 sequéncia de Hubble S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instancia de galaxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 est galaxias SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 constellatio Equuleus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Radialgeschwindigkeit SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Rotverschiebung SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Deklination SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Katalognummer SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, Katalog Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ist ein(e) Galaxie SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Hubble-Sequenz S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Rektaszension SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Epoche J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SIMBAD-Kennung SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Sternbild Füllen SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 scheinbare Helligkeit SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 scheinbare Helligkeit SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 scheinbare Helligkeit SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 scheinbare Helligkeit SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 scheinbare Helligkeit SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 velocidade radial SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 código de catálogo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instância de galáxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tipo de morfologia da galáxia S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 velocitat radial SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 desplaçament cap al roig SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declinació SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 codi de catàleg SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, catàleg Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instància de galàxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tipus morfològic de galàxia S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ascensió recta SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 època J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 identificador SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 constel·lació Cavallet SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda u SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda g SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda r SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda i SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitud aparent , filtre astronòmic banda z SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 abiadura erradiala SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 gorriranzko lerrakuntza SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 deklinazioa SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 katalogo-kodea SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 honako hau da galaxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 igoera zuzena SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 garai astronomikoa J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 konstelazioa Equuleus (konstelazioa) SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 itxurazko magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 itxurazko magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 itxurazko magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 itxurazko magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 itxurazko magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 prędkość radialna SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 przesunięcie ku czerwieni SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 deklinacja SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 oznaczenie katalogowe SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, katalog Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 jest to galaktyka SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 morfologiczna klasyfikacja galaktyk S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 rektascensja SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 epoka 1 stycznia 2000 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 identyfikator SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 konstelacja Gwiazdozbiór Źrebięcia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 codice de catalogo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instantia de galaxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 typo morphologic del galaxia S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 velocità radiale SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 spostamento verso il rosso SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declinazione SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 codice di catalogo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, catalogo Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 istanza di galassia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tipo morfologico della galassia S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ascensione retta SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 epoca J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 identificativo SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 costellazione Cavallino SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda u SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda g SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda r SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda i SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitudine apparente , filtro astronomico banda z SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 radiusa rapido SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ruĝenŝoviĝo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 deklinacio SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 kataloga numero SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, katalogo Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 estas galaksio SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 morfologia galaksia speco S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 rektascensio SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 astronomia epoko J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 identigilo en SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 konstelacio Ĉevaleto SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro u-bendo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro g-bendo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro r-bendo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro i-bendo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ŝajna magnitudo , astronomia filtro z-bendo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 réaltra i réaltbhuíon an Chapaill Bhig SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 treoluas gathach SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 deargaistriú SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 diallas SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 cód catalóige SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 sampla de réaltra SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 dronairde SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 aga J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ID SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 réaltbhuíon an Capall Beag SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 méid dhealraitheach SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 méid dhealraitheach SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 méid dhealraitheach SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 méid dhealraitheach SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 méid dhealraitheach SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 velocidade radial SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 desprazamento ao vermello SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declinación SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 código do catálogo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instancia de galaxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tipo de morfologia da galaxia S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ascensión recta SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 identificador SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 constelación Equuleus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 vitesse radiale SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 décalage vers le rouge SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 déclinaison SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 numéro de catalogue SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, catalogue Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 nature de l’élément galaxie SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 séquence de Hubble S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ascension droite SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 époque J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 identifiant Simbad SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 constellation Petit Cheval SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude apparente , filtre astronomique bande u SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude apparente , filtre astronomique bande g SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude apparente , filtre astronomique bande r SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude apparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude apparente , filtre astronomique bande z SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 desplazamientu al bermeyu SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declinación SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 códigu de catálogu SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instancia de galaxa SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tipu morfolóxicu de galaxa S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ascensión reuta SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 constelación Equuleus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 velocidade radial SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 desvio para o vermelho SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declinação SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 código de catálogo SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, catálogo Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instância de galáxia SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tipo de morfologia da galáxia S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ascensão reta SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 época J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 identificador SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 constelação Equuleus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 magnitude aparente SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 radiale snelheid SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 deklinasie SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 kataloguskode SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, katalogus Digitale Sloan-lugopname SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 is 'n sterrestelsel SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Hubble-klassifikasie S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 regte hemelvaart SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SIMBAD ID SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 sterrebeeld Vul SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 skynbare helderheid SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 skynbare helderheid SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 skynbare helderheid SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 skynbare helderheid SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 skynbare helderheid SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 cyflymder rheiddiol SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 rhuddiad SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 gogwydd SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 cod catalogio SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 enghraifft o'r canlynol galaeth SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 morffoleg y galaeth S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 esgyniad SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 dynodwr SIMBAD SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 maint SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 maint SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 maint SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 maint SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 maint SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 katalognummer SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tilfælde af galakse SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 Hubble-klassifikation S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 konstellation Føllet SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 ist eine Instanz von Galaxie SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instance of galaxy SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 radial velocity SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 redshift SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 declination SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 catalogue code SDSS J211744.88+105957.9, catalogue Sloan Digital Sky Survey SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 instance of galaxy SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 galaxy morphological type S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 right ascension SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 epoch J2000.0 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SIMBAD ID SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 apparent magnitude SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 radiaalkiirus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 üksikjuht nähtusest galaktika SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tähtkuju Hobu SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 säteisnopeus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 punasiirtymä SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 deklinaatio SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 luettelointitunnus SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 esiintymä kohteesta galaksi SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 galaksin morfologinen luokitus S SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 rektaskensio SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SIMBAD-tunniste SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 tähdistö Pieni hevonen SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 näennäinen magnitudi SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 näennäinen magnitudi SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 näennäinen magnitudi SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 näennäinen magnitudi SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 näennäinen magnitudi SDSS J211744.88+105957.9 SDSS J211744.88+105957.9
16,899
sn85047084_1908-12-30_1_8_1
US-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
null
None
None
English
Spoken
2,752
4,877
THE PACIFIC COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER, HONOLULU, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 30, 1908 Canadian-Australian Royal Mail Line Steamers running in connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. Mil at Honolulu on or about the following dates: TO AND AUSTRALIA. MAURICE JANUARY VORANGI FEBRUARY MORNING FEBRUARY Oceanic Steamship Co. Time Table On and after June 24, 1908, the SALOON BATES will be: Single Fare, $85; Bound Trip, $110. Family rooms extra. FROM SAN FRANCISCO. FOR SAN FRANCISCO. AT. A. JANUARY 15 ALAMEDA FEBRUARY 5 ALAMEDA FEBRUARY 26 In connection with the sailing of the above steamers, the agents are Through Tickets by any Railroad, from San Francisco to all New York by any steamship line. For further particulars apply to WM. PACIFIC MAIL S. S. CO., OCCIDENTAL & ORIENTAL S. S. CO AND TOYO KISEN KAISHA. Steamers of the above companies will call at Honolulu and leave this port on or about the dates mentioned. THE ORIENT. NIPPON MARCH JANUARY 9 SIBERIA JANUARY 15 CHINA JANUARY 23 AMERICAN-HAWAIIAN STEAMSHIP COMPANY. TROM NEW YORK TO HONOLULU. WEEKLY SAILINGS VIA TELEGRAPH. Freight received at all times at the Company's wharf, 41st Street, South Crescent. TEAM FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO HONOLULU. TEXAS to sail DEC. 2 VIRGINIAN to sail JAN. 3 FROM HONOLULU TO SAN FRANCISCO. PLEASES to sail JAN. 15 Freight received at Company's wharf, Greenwich Street. MATSON NAVIGATION CO. Schedule S. S. HILTONIAN, in the direct service between San Francisco and Honolulu: Arrive Honolulu. JANUARY 0 FEBRUARY 17 MARCH 17 APRIL 14 MAY 12 JUNE 9 8. S. LURIN of this line sails Honolulu direct. Passenger Rates to San Francisco $no? Union-Pacific Transfer Co., Ltd, 135 KING ST. FURNITURE AND PIANO MOVING. Phone 295. 63 Queen Street. HUSTACE-PECK COMPANY, LTD., General Contractors. Dealers in Crushed Rock, White and Black Sand, Fire Wood, Stove and Steam Coal, Blacksmith Coal, Hay, Grain, Garden Soil and Manure. Draying and Heavy Teaming a Specialty. THE S VH We are getting the business is because We Do Things Right and give all orders our personal attention. TY TRANSFER CO. phone 152 JAS. H. LOVE Why Not Ring Up 298 Office 716 Honolulu Construction and Graying Co., Ltd. GENERAL CONTRACTORS. Phone Office 8x. P. O. Box 154. Fort SL, Opp. W. G. Irwin & Co., Ltd. E7e cicuall kinds of Teaming; also deal in Crushed Rock, White and Black Sand, Broken Coral, Garden Soil, Etc SAFE MOVING A SPECIALTY. Vis NIEPER Phone 316 THE PACIFIC Commercial Advertiser Katcret at the Port of See at Honolulu, T. IL. as second-class matter. SUBSCRIPTION RATES. One year $112.00 Advertising Rates on Application. Published every morning except Saturday by the HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD. Tom Helt Block, No. 5 South Kong St. C. B. CRANK & Co., Managers FOR TAHU 8 ABOANQI MOANA. 5 MAKURA JANUARY 6 ... FEBRUARY 3 MARCH 2 H. DAVIS & CO., LTD., GENERAL AGENTS. . ALAMEDA MARCH 20 ALAMEDA FEBRUARY 10 points in the United States, and from au x,urupeu jwu G. IRWIN & CO., LTD., AGENTS. utiuw; vow H4V FHANCISCO. CHINA JANUARY 2 MANCHURIA JANUARY 9 CHIYU MARU JANUARY 16 H. HACKFELD & CO., LTD., Agents. FROM PC GET SOUND TO HONO LULU DIRECT. PLEIADES to sail JAN. 1 For further information apply to H. HACKFELD & CO., LTD., Agents, Honolulu, a P. MORSE, General Freight Agent. Leave Honolulu. JANUARY 26 1 FEBRUARY, 23 MARCH 23 APRIL 20 MAY 18 JANUARY 18 from San Francisco January 5 for ... ' First Cabin, $60. Round Trip, First CASTLE & CO., LTD., Agents. BAGGAGE, SHIPPING, STORAGE, WOOD, PACKING, COAL. Phone 58 for Fort Street. HANDLED WITHOUT DAMAGE FURNITURE CAREFULLY MOVED And SATISFACTION GUARANTEED THE MAILS. Mails are due from the following points as follows: San Francisco Fer Texan, Jan. 2. Yokohama Fer China, Jan. 2. Vancouver Per Makuraf Jan. 8. Colonies Per Aorangi, Jan. 6. Mails will depart for the following points as follows: San Francisco Per Alanad-i, today Yokohama Per Nippon Maru, Jan. 5. Vancouver Fer Aorangi, Jan. 6. Colonies Fer Makura, Jan. 8. ROAD WORKER BURIED UNDER 18S OF ROCK Andy Humbannu, a quarrymen in the employ of the county, was almost crushed to death yesterday afternoon in the quarry near the Nuuanu dam, and is now in the Queen Hulumanu was working on some debris at the foot of a rock wall with his back to it. Suddenly, rocks and earth became dislodged at the top of the wall and tumbled down upon him. The largest rocks falling far outward just missed the man, but quite a number of stones and clods struck him and for a few seconds he was almost concealed from view. The other workmen set about to rescue their fellow-laborer and relieved the upper part of his body of the weight. Large stones lay on his legs and it took some time to remove them. The man groaned during the operation and inspection of his limbs showed one leg broken and many bruises. Head Luna Clark telephoned to Road Supervisor Cummins of the accident, who left for the quarry in an auto, he left town at 3:15 and shortly after 4 o'clock was at the hospital with the injured man. A HUGE WIRELESS TOWER FOR HAWAII WASHINGTON, D.C., December 5. In Hawaii, Washington, Colon and the Philippines, the Navy Department is planning to build the greatest steel towers ever constructed for transmission of wireless messages. The first one will be erected in Washington. It will be 400 feet high, and will be capable of sending messages 3000 miles by day or night and in any kind of weather. As soon as it has been tested and proved satisfactory, a similar tower will be erected in Hawaii, one in the Philippines and one in Colon. MARINE REPORT. (From San Francisco Merchants Exchange.) Tuesday, December 29. Sydney Arrived, "Dec. 29, S. S. Moana, hence Dec. 12. PORT OF HONOLULU. DEPARTED. Tuesday, December 29. M. N. S. S. Hilonian, Johnson, for San Francisco, 10 a.m. Str. Mauna Kea, Freeman, for Hilo, and way ports, 12 noon. Str. Likelike, for Honolulu, 12 noon. Str. W. G. Hall, for Kauai ports, 5 p.m. Str. Maui, for Hawaii, 12:10 p.m. Str. Mikahala, for Molokai and Maui ports, 5 p. m. SAIL TODAY. O. S. S.' Alameda, Dowdell, for San Francisco, 10 a. m. DUE -TDOAY. Str. Kinau, from Kauai ports, a. m. Str. Claudine, from Maui ports, a. m. PASSENGERS Departed. Per str. Mauna Kea, for Hilo and way ports, Dec. 29. Mrs. Bettis, D. J. Whitehouse, R. R. Hind, F. J. Hare, W. T. Rawlins, Miss A. Alexander, Miss M. Alexander, Mrs. C. H. Diekev, C. Castendyk, wife, three children and maid; W. K. Schultze and wife, Mrs. Whitehouse and maid, Mrs. M. L. Simpson, J. H. Whitehouse and wife, W. G. Ramsey and wife, G. T. Greig, u. H. Whitehouse, s. I'iser, u. is. Macon, F. Harrison, Mr. Souza, J. E. Metcalf, wife, child and nurse; A. De La Nux, E. J. Whitehouse, F. F. Becker, Miss A. J. Foster, Mrs. A. V. Foster, D. H. Case, Mrs. D. H. Case and daughter, Mrs. M. Lee, Miss M. Faty, Miss Mabel Thayer, Miss Angus, Father Kodrigues, M. A. De Silva. W. Shingle, Sam Parker, E. L. Heuter and wife, Ernest Parker, Miss E. Landry, J. H. Howell and wife, Miss Muriel Campbell, A. K. Freeman and wife. Departed. Fer M. N. S. S. Hilonian, for San Francisco, Dec. 29. Mr. and Mrs. Sam Souza, Jas. Hickok, Mrs. Hickok, Captain Oscar Oberg, Captain Tullett, Mrs. Tullett and two children, Mrs. J. S. Sharp and infant, Miss Jennie Robinson, Mrs. Lomlinson, Stephen Donovan, Mrs. Donovan and two children, Frank B. Wood, Joseph Ornellas, C. I. Hull, H. M. Burroughs, Manuel Costa, M. Bothelho. Booked to Depart. For O. S. S. Alameda, for San Francisco, Dec. 30. Mrs. Egbert Roberts, Miss O. E. Steele, Mrs. A. Whitney, Mrs. J. I. Thrum and child, Mr. and Mrs. Friedlander, Miss Helen K. Wilder, J. D. Divendorf, wife and two daughters; L. C. Howland. VESSELS IN PORT. (Army and Navy.) Iroquois, U. S. station tug, Moses, Dix, U. S. Army transport, Ankers. (Merchant Vessels.) Alameda, Am. s s., Dowdell, San Francisco, Dec. 23. Helene, Am. schr., Johnson, Grays Harbor, Dec. 7. Ingard, Am. bk., Christiansen, San Francisco, Dec. 25. Mathilda, Nor. s.s., Kjerland, New castle, Dec. 22. Nuuanu, Am. bk., Josselyn, New York, Dec. 14. St. Katherine, Am. bk., Saunders, San Francisco, Dec. 9. Wm. r. Frye, Am. sp., Murphy, San Francisco, Dec. 25. TRANSPORT SERVICE. Buford, sailed from Hon. for Manila, Dec. 15. Cop. at San Francisco. Dix, in port. Sfcrman at Nan Francisco. Sheridan, sailed from Manila for Hon. via Nagasaki, Dec. 14. Thomas, at San Francisco. Nuuanu Avenue $50.00 Nuuanu Avenue $35.00 School Street $40.00 Quarry Street $22.50 Kinau Street $25.00 Lunalilo Street $10.00 Two fine bargains in Makiki District at $2650 and $1800 WATERHOUSE TRUST FORT AND MERCHANT STREETS Talk by Wireless To friends on other islands and on arriving and departing steamers. It saves time and trouble. Trent trust co., Ltd. TO let Ml : Wilder Ave 4 B. R. $18.00 'Kaili Ave 2 " 18.00 'Kaili Ave 2 " 18.00 'Alder St... 2 " 20.00 'Alder St... 2 " 22.00 'Kapiolani Park... 4 " 25.00 'Blackfeld St 2 " 27.50 'Beretania St 3 " 40.00 'FURNISHED Kaimuki 2 B. R. $45.00 RENT TRUST CO., Ltd. J. M. LEVY & CO. FAMILY GROCERS King St., near Bethel. Phone 76 LIEUT. TITUS LEAVES ARMY. The President has accepted the resignation of Second Lieutenant Calvin P. Titus, 14th United States Infantry, of his commission as an officer of the army, to take effect July 15, 1909, and has granted him leave of absence until that date. Lieutenant Titus was formerly a musician in Company E, 14th United States Infantry, and while so serving was the first man to scale the walls of Peking in August, 1900, during the Boxer troubles. He was awarded a medal of honor for "gallant and daring conduct" on that occasion and was afterward appointed by President McKinley a cadet at the United States Military Academy. He was graduated in July, 1905, and appointed second lieutenant in his old regiment, the 14th Infantry. He is now serving with that regiment in the Philippines. It is said at the War Department that there is no significance in his resignation beyond a I desire to engage in private business. HONOLULU STOCK EXCHANGE Honolulu, Tuesday, Dec. 29, 1903. Capital. Name of stock. Bid. Ask Mercantile. C. Brew, A Co Scgar. Ewa Agricultural I $2,000,000 JLX-2, i 5.000.roo; 1 oo.imo 2 8l2.7f.5 2,0 " .oy 750 too 2,001.000 500, 00: 2,000.00o! 5OO.OOO: scio.rioo! 500.000 S,5(i0,'0i VOO.OCW 1,000.0C"0: 500.000 5,c00.000 IW.OOCi 5.0"0 0"0! SOO.CKH) 750. 0fi 750.0i! 2.750,00i)j 4.500,0"O: l.WO.OOO: 2.-2.000: 125.0o0i I 1,50 ,000; 50;'. 000; J.,l5P,000i 2i -.tit 130.155 j lOCj W .! 1' 3 34 100 j .... Haw Coin & ""bgiir Co nan !-ugr o Honomu Honokaa....; Haiku HutcniDKOu .ug Ha o Rahuku. Kekiha Sugar Cj Koioa Mi'Brytle ouu Co Ltd Oahu Sugar Co Onomea Ookala "."....11 Olaa ugttr Co Ltd.... Olowalu. .... ' 1M -.0 20 100 100 2u 20 2o Wo 39 42 IS 2i 100 PHHuhau Hug Plan Co 50 1 racinc. Paia 111..." I'epeekeo Pioneer Wa'.alua Agri Co Wailuku Wain.analo W ai 111 ea Sugar .Mill".!!.' Miscellaneous Inter-Island 8 8 Co.... Hw Klectric Co K T A 1 co Pfd. H R T tf Co com. ... Mutual Tel Co :. vahiku Rubber Co.... Nhhiku Kubber Co ... O K A L Co hilo K R Co Honolulu Brewing & Molting Co Ltd Haw Piucapple Co Bonds Haw Tcr 4 p c (Fire Claims). Haw Ter 4 p c (Re funding I9c5 Haw Ter 45i pc Haw Ter 4 pc Haw Ter 3Ji p c Cal Beet Hug & Kef Co 8 p c Haiku p c Hamakua D tch "o Upper Ditch 6 p c.... Haw Com & ugar Co 5 p C Haw sugar 6 p c Hilo R R Co 6 p c Honokaa Sug.Co 8 P c Hon RT L'Co 6 p c. Kanukti 6 p c McKryde Sug Co 6 p c OR4I, jo 6 p MRS. J. LISHMAN MOKE Classes in china painting. Orders solicited. Studio, Harrison block. Telephone 1346. 7968 Classified Advertisements 100 carpenters wanted at Leile-hua. Must bring tools and bedding. WANTED. ONE 500-volt D, C. motor? one 110-volt H. C. motor. P. O. Box 623. 8034 MOVING-PICTURE machine in good condition, state price and make. M. Palau, Advertiser office. 8234 A LADY typewriter and stenographer with knowledge of general office work. Address, stating experience and salary required, "C. B."", Advertiser office. 8233 TWO furnished rooms with private family, or small cottage. Address "A. B. C." this office. 8233 FURNISHED or unfurnished cottage or housekeeping rooms. H. Martinez, care of Advertiser. 313 SITUATIONS WANTED. YOUNG lady desires position in office or store. Address "C," this office. 8233 BY coachman and gardener, in private family. Please address "Otto," this office. 8233 ABOUT two acres land near town. Must be suitable for chicken raising. Address "Chicks," this office. 8233 ROOMS WANTED. YOUNG man wants comfortable room, with or without board. State terms. "B. T.", Advertiser office. 8233 AN educated Japanese gentleman desires room and board in respectable American family. Address Y. M., P. O. Box 168. 8230 SEWING WANTED. WILL go out by the day. Mrs. Nellie Taylor, 2566 Lemon road, Waikiki. 8233 EXPERIENCED embroidery and sewing girl wants work at home. 159 Beretania avenue. 8211 SERVANTS. ALL kinds furnished on short notice. Employment Office, King and Waikiki Road; phone 442. S. Yanaawa. 8223 FOR RENT. ROOM at Kaimuki, on car-line. Breakfast if desired. "Kaimuki," care Advertiser. 8232 COTTAGES with board. Mrs. J. Cassidy, 2005 Kalia Road. Waikiki. 133 SIX-ROOM house, Lumberland, near Pensacola; gas, electric light, modern conveniences: vacant January 1. Apply 1337 Pensacola. 8226 NICE, airy, most elegant-orco' rooms. Hotel Delmonico. Rent H. O'Neil, prop. 880 Halstead & Co., Ltd. STOCK AND BOND LOANS NEGOTIATES Haterland Bonded Stock at all Exchanges FOR SALE. Fine large lot (100 feet frontage) with cottage, on Young street. $1500. A good home, Ewa side of Kameha meha Boys' School. $1500. Easy terms. A large, commodious house and large lot in good neighborhood near Kameha boys' School, on your own terms. Price $7,500. A fine two-story building and good sized lot on car-line at Palama. $1000 down; balance in rental of $30 per month. A new cottage and lot at Palama. $1550. J. H. SCHNACK, 137 Merchant Street FOR SALE. Galvanized sheet steel tank, k. lights, gutter, ridging, leader and pipe. Any shape, any size, any weight. In stock or to order. Ribbed or proof wire skylight glass. Estimates on anything in our line. Job work in sheet metals solicited. EMMETT & CO., LTD. Phone 211 115 Elag Street. Albert F. Aiton, 832 Fort Street. Stock and Bond Broker, Member Honolulu Stock and Bond Broker, Real Estate, for Rent, Pineapple, banana or vegetable land, Palolo foothills, carriage road, completed to this tract. Office desk and floor space. For Sale, 2 acres residence lot, W. I. Howard, Room 3, McIntyre Building. Hawaiian Development Co., Limited, F. B. McStocker, Manager, Stangenberg Building, Cable Address: Develop, P. O. Box 263. The Burroughs Adder will do everything any other machine will do, and more. Sent on thirty days trial. The Waterhouse Co., Judd Building, Walla Walla Heights, (On the ridge, Kaimuki.) Lots 75x150,250 Square Feet, Streets curbed and macadamized, Lots free of rock, clean, deep soil, ready for building. Electric lights and telephones. Magnificent Marine View, W. M. Minton, (Owner) No Agents, 122 S. King Street. Classified. Advertisements FOR SALE. GARDEN soil and broken coral. Inquire Fred Harrison, Beretania and Fort. 8220 EMPLOYMENT AGENCY. MALE and female supplied promptly. Any work; 1123 Union St., phone 579. 8219 OFFICES FOR RENT. "THE STANGENWALD" Only fireproof office building in city. ALEXANDER YOUNG BUILDING Honolulu's only up-to-date fireproof building; rent includes electric light, hot and cold water, and janitor service. Apply the von Hamm-Younf Co., Ltd. ROOMS AND BOARD. THE COURTLAND is a high-class private hotel at reasonable rates, located at the corner of Punahou and Beretania streets. ROOMS TO RENT. COOL and commodious: well furnished; mosquito-proof. Helen's Court, 1124 Adams Lane. 8067 LOST. A SMALL, white, flat bottom skiff. Finder notify or return to H. M. von Holt. Waikiki. 8223 STEINWAY & SONS AND OTHER PIANOS. THAYER PIANO CO. 158 Hotel Street. Phone HI TUNING GUARANTEED. BROKERS A is 3 f t i i . 1 1 1 1 jWt.
27,154
https://github.com/wmcooper2/TotalEnglishAssistant/blob/master/words.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,021
TotalEnglishAssistant
wmcooper2
Python
Code
782
2,334
#!/usr/bin/env python3.7 # words.py """Module for words and word lists.""" # stand lib from typing import List from typing import Text # custom from constants import ( ALPHABET, ENGLISH_VOCAB, GOOD_PUNCT, IRR_NOUNS, JAP_VOCAB, NOUNS, PROP_NOUNS, VERBS, ) from verbforms import verb_forms as VERB_FORMS def add_s(word: Text) -> Text: """Appends s to word. Returns String.""" return word + "s" def add_es(word: Text) -> Text: """Appends es to word. Returns String.""" return word + "es" def add_ves(word: Text) -> Text: """Appends ves to word. Returns String.""" return word + "ves" def base_noun(word: Text) -> Text: """Gets base noun of word. Returns String.""" for noun in get_nouns(): if is_irr_noun(word): return get_base_irregular_noun(word) # if is_foreign_origin(word): return get_base_foreign_noun(word) elif word == noun: return word elif make_plural(noun) == word: return noun return "" def base_verb(verb: Text) -> Text: """Gets base form of verb. Returns String.""" for base, nested in VERB_FORMS.items(): for form, value in nested.items(): if value == verb: return base return "" def double_f_end(word: Text) -> Text: """Checks for double f ending. Returns Boolean.""" return word[-2:] == "ff" def final_es(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks for es ending. Returns Boolean. """ return word[-2:] == "es" def final_x(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks for x ending. Returns Boolean.""" return word[-1] == "x" def final_o(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks for o ending. Returns Boolean.""" return word[-1] == "o" def final_y(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks for y ending. Returns Boolean.""" return word[-1] == "y" def final_f1(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks for f ending. Returns Boolean.""" return word[-1] == "f" def final_f2(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks for 'f*' ending. Returns Boolean.""" return word[-2] == "f" def get_base_irregular_noun(word: Text) -> Text: """Gets base irregular noun. Returns String.""" for noun in get_irregular_nouns(): if word == make_plural(noun): return noun return "" def get_english_japanese() -> List[Text]: """Gets English and Japanese words. Returns List.""" return get_english_words() + get_japanese_words() def get_english_words() -> List[Text]: """Gets English words. Returns List.""" temp = [] with open(ENGLISH_VOCAB, "r") as f: for line in f.readlines(): temp.append(line.strip()) return temp def get_irregular_nouns() -> List[Text]: """Gets list of irregular nouns. Returns List.""" temp = [] with open(IRR_NOUNS, "r") as f: for line in f.readlines(): temp.append(line.strip()) return temp def get_japanese_words() -> List[Text]: """Gets Japanese words. Returns List.""" temp = [] with open(JAP_VOCAB, "r") as f: for line in f.readlines(): temp.append(line.strip()) return temp def get_lang_func(lang): """Gets the function that gets a list of words. Returns Function.""" return { "english": get_english_words, "japanese": get_japanese_words, "english_japanese": get_english_japanese, }.get(lang) def get_nouns(): """Gets a list of nouns. Returns List.""" temp = [] with open(NOUNS, "r") as f: [temp.append(line.strip()) for line in f.readlines()] return temp def get_verbs(): """Gets a list of verbs. Returns List.""" temp = [] with open(VERBS, "r") as f: [temp.append(line.strip()) for line in f.readlines()] return temp def get_words_in_language(lang): """Gets words in lang. Returns List.""" return { "english": get_english_words(), "japanese": get_japanese_words(), "english_japanese": get_english_japanese(), }.get(lang) def is_good_char(char): """Validates char. Returns Boolean.""" return ((char in ALPHABET) or (char in GOOD_PUNCT)) def is_irr_noun(noun: Text) -> bool: """Checks if noun is irregular. Returns Boolean.""" return noun in get_irregular_nouns() def is_proper_noun(word): """Checks if word is proper noun. Returns Boolean.""" propernouns = [] with open(PROP_NOUNS, "r") as f: [propernouns.append(word.strip()) for word in f.readlines()] return word in propernouns def is_number(char: Text) -> bool: """Checks if char is number. Returns Boolean.""" return char in string.digits def is_str(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks if word is string. Returns Boolean.""" return type(word) is str def is_vowel(char: Text) -> bool: """Checks if char is vowel. Returns Boolean.""" return char in "aeiou" def make_plural(word): """Makes word plural if it's a noun or verb. Returns None.""" # special if word == "I": return add_s(word) # elif is_foreign_origin(word): # return add_s(word) # fix this # elif is_irr_noun(word): return IRRNOUNS.get(word) # common elif final_es(word): return word elif (final_x(word) or final_o(word)) and not is_vowel(word[-2]): return add_es(word) elif final_x(word): return add_es(word) elif sock_stew(word): return add_es(word) elif final_y(word) and not is_vowel(word[-2]): return y_to_ies(word) # f endings # sofa -> soves ? elif double_f_end(word): return add_s(word) elif special_f_end(word): return add_s(word) elif final_f1(word) and not special_f_end(word): return add_ves(word[:-1]) elif final_f2(word): return add_ves(word[:-2]) else: return add_s(word) def remove_numbers(word): """Removes all numbers from the word. Returns String.""" no_nums = [] [no_nums.append(char) for char in word if not is_number(char)] return ''.join(no_nums) def remove_punctuation(word): """Removes punctuation from the word. Returns String.""" no_punct = [] for char in word: if is_good_char(char): no_punct.append(char) return ''.join(no_punct) def sock_stew(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks for sock-stew words. Returns Boolean.""" return word[-2:] in ["ss", "ch", "zz", "sh"] def special_f_end(word: Text) -> bool: """Checks for special f-ending words. Returns Boolean.""" return word in ["chef", "beef"] def word_list(somefile: Text) -> List[Text]: """Gets somefile's list of words. Returns List.""" temp = [] with open(somefile, "r") as file_: for line in file_.readlines(): temp.append(line.strip()) return temp def y_to_ies(word: Text) -> Text: """Changes final y to ies. Returns String.""" return word[:-1]+"ies"
36,133
schmidtsjahrbch25unkngoog_16
German-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,854
Schmidt's Jahrbücher der in- und ausländischen gesammten Medizin
Carl Christian Schmidt
German
Spoken
6,966
13,841
Auch innerlich scheint es namentlich bei Erkran- kungen des Darmes mit starken Diarrhöen nützlich zu sein. Dippe. 232. Das Thiol in der Therapie der Hautkrankheiten; von B u z z i. (Charité-Annalen XV. p. 527. 1890.) B. hat in 1 Jahrhundert Jahre in 200 Fällen sehr gute Erfahrungen mit dem Thiol gemacht. Dasselbe hat den Vorzug, geruchlos zu sein, keine haut reizenden Verunreinigungen wie das Ichthyol zu enthalten und keine Intoxikation zu verursachen. Es wurde rein zur Aufpinselung oder als Salbe, Paste, Seife, Streupulver verwandt und wirkte im Allgemeinen hornbildend, eintrocknend und gefäßverengend. Besonders lindert es nach B. das Jucken bei akutem Ekzem (in 20 proc. wässeriger Lösung!), Prurigo und Pruritus, bewirkt gute Resorption der Infiltrate bei Akne, Eintrocknung, bez. Verhinderung der Blasenbildung bei Verbrennung. W. E. R. T. H. E. R. (Dresden). 233. Weitere Beiträge zur Hautresorption; von Docent Dr. H. Paschkis und Dr. F. Obermayer. (Centr.-Bl f. klin. Med. XII. 4. 1891.) IV. Pharmakologie und Toxikologie. Zur Entscheidung der Frage, ob eine Resorption von in Wasser löslichen Salzen durch die Haut möglich sei, wurde seither gewöhnlich das Kaliumiod benutzt, doch sind die Jodide zu diesem Zwecke ungeeignet wegen der Möglichkeit, Jod abzuspalten, welches in Dampfform durch die Atemwege in den Organismus eindringen kann. Nach dem Vorgang Hüfner's benutzten als leicht nachweisbare Verbindung P. und O. die des Lithium. Das Lithium konnte im Harn spektroskopisch mit aller Sicherheit nachgewiesen werden, als lg kohlensauren Lithium in Ölsäure gelöst und mit Lanolin als Salbe auf die heile rückenhaut eingerieben worden war; ebenso, wenn wässerige 10proz. ClLi-Lösung aufgepinselt wurde auf die durch Waschen mit Seife vorher entfettete Haut. Auch bei Applikation in Sprayform (5proz. ClLi-Lösung) auf die nackte Haut eines afrikanischen, unbehaarten Hundes liess sich bei dem unter allen Cautelen vorgenommenen Versuch im Harn mit Sicherheit spektroskopisch die Li-Linie nachweisen. Aus diesen Versuchen schliessen P. und O., dass Salze der Alkalimetalle als solche unabhängig von der Applikationsweise von der Haut aus resorbiert werden, allerdings in so geringen Mengen, dass diese für die praktisch-therapeutische Verwendung nicht in Betracht kommen. H. Dreser (Tübingen). Über die Behandlung der Rachitis mit Phosphor; von G. Mettenheimer. (Jahrb. f. Kinderhkde. XXXII 3. p. 285. 1891.) M. weiß dem Phosphor nicht viel Gutes nachzusagen. Am günstigsten schien derselbe noch zu wirken bei der chronischen oder recidivierenden Diarrhöe rachitischer Kinder. [Die schlechten Resultate erklären sich wohl zu. Th. aus der Art der Verordnung. M. gibt dem Phosphor entweder in Süssmandelöl oder tropfenweise mit Ol. menthae piperit und Spirit. sulfuricum aether. Dass die erstere Verordnungsform schlecht von den Sündern vertragen wird, ist bekannt. Über die zweite fehlt mir jede Erfahrung. Ref.] Heinr. Schmidt (Leipzig). Über die Bedeutung des Lebertrans und des Lipanins; von Dr. M. Abelmann in St. Petersburg. (Petersb. med. Wochenschr. XV. 29. 1890.) A. verteidigt, wohl mit vollem Recht, den Lebertran gegen das Lipanin. Der Tran wirkt entschieden nicht nur als Fett, sondern hat vermöge der verschiedentlichen Stoffe, die er enthält, noch andere besondere Wirkungen. Die Einzelheiten sind im Artikel aufgeführt. Ein Fall von Hämoglobinmie und Hämoglobinurie nach intrauteriner Carbolausgabe; von Richard Ehrkenberg. (Ztschr. f. Geburtsh. u. Gynäkol. XXI. 1. p. 167. 1891.) 28-jährige Drittgebärende. Abort im 2. Monat. Komplizierte Mitralinsuffizienz. Wegen Fiebers wurde am 5. Mai 1890 Abends mit der Corette nach zurückgebliebenen Eierresten gesucht und etwa 4 Esslöffel voll Hoden- und Choriontheile entfernt. Während der darauf in Narkose vorgenommenen Uterusanspülung mit 2.75% Carbonsäure traten plötzlich Aussetzen des Pulses, Stillstand der Atemhöhe, Gynanose und Lungenödem ein. Erst nach 2 Stunden Komat erholte sich das Fach allmählich. Der 2 Stunden nach der Ausspülung entleerte Urin war dunkelblutrot und enthielt Eiweiß, Pepton und 0.262% Phenol; spektroskopisch war Oxyhamoglobin nachzuweisen, aus dem Sediment liessen sich Hämoglobin-Kristalle darstellen, die heller als eine Blutprobe fielen positiv aus; das Sediment zeigte zusammengebackene rote Blutkörperchen, in der Hamflüssigkeit war kein einziges rotes Blutkörperchen und keinerlei Zylinder, dagegen massenhafte goldgelbe Klumpen. Am 6. Mai starb Kerikerus, deutlicher Milztumor. Vom 7. Mai ab zeigte der Urin stark getrübtes Nierenepithel, vereinzelte Epithelzylinder neben ganz anderorientlich massenhaften und großen gelbrothen bis goldbraunen, gekämften und homogenen Hämoglobin-Zylindern. Am 15. Mai trat unter rapidem Erwachsenverfall, Benommenheit und typischen urämischen Krämpfen der Tod ein. Klinische durch die Sektion bestätigte Diagnose: Hämoglobinämie, Hämoglobinurie, akute Nephritis, Urämie in Folge von Carbolvergiftung, Endometritis putrid post abortum, Mitralinsuffizienz, Bronchitis catarrhalis. Obwohl die einschlägige Kausalität lehrt, dass Hämoglobinämie und Hämoglobinarie zu den seltensten Zeichen der Carbolvergiftung gehören, betrachtet E. die geschilderte Erkrankung bestimmt als Folge der uterinen Carbolinjektion. Er zieht aus seiner Beobachtung und der betreffenden Literatur folgende Schlussfolgerungen: Nach intrauteriner Anwendung von Carbollösung in den gebräuchlichen Konzentrationen (2 — 3%) können schwere Intoxikationen auftreten, die denen bei der Aufnahme dieses Mittels in den Respirations- und Darmtraktus oder bei chirurgischer Anwendung im Wesentlichen gleich sind. Die Vergiftung ist in diesen Fällen fast immer durch Einfliessen der Carbollösung in die Vene des Uterus erfolgt; ihre Symptome sind durch die blutauflösende Wirkung dieses Mittels zu erklären und nicht als Befältszeichen zu deuten. Als manifestes, selten zu beobachtendes Symptom dieser blutauflösenden Wirkung der Carbolsäure ist die Hämoglobinurie anzusehen. Bei Beobachtung der notwendigen Prophylaxe ist die Carbolsäure als das brauchbarste intrauterine zu verwendende Antisepticum allen anderen vorzuziehen. Art. Hoffmann (Darmstadt). 237. Neuritis retrobulbaris nach Arsenikgebrauch; von Dr. Liebrecht in Halle. (Kün. Mon.-BL für Augenhilfe. XXIX. p. 181. Mai 1891.) Ein 50-jähriger Schreiber, der massiv trank und rauchte, auch an keiner allgemeinen Erkrankung litt, kam wegen auffallender Abnahme des Sehvermögens in L.'s Behandlung. Es fand sich sektorenförmiger Ablassfluss der temporalen Papillenhälften und bei normalen Gesichtsfeldgrenzen parazentrale Undeutlichkeitsskotome für Rot und Grün, sowie ein kleines absolutes Skotom neben dem Fixirpunkt des rechten Auges. Seit 3 Jahre nahm er regelmäßig täglich Arsenikpillen wegen Psoriasis, in den letzten Wochen in verstärkter Dosis, bis Kopfschmerzen und Leibschmerzen und Erbrechen auftraten. L. glaubt, dass der fortgesetzte Gebrauch von Arsenik als alleinige Ursache der Neuritis retrobulbaris anzusehen sei. Lamhofer (Leipzig). A case of oatcake universal desquamation typical of dermatitis, possibly caused by chloralamide; by Dr. Smith. (Clin. Soc. Transact XXTH. p. 137. 1890.) A 40-year-old man, who suffered from an aortic valve defect and an aneurysm, received from 1st to 13th December every evening 40-80 grains (3-5 g) of chloralamide. On 12th December, burning in the eyes, fever, on 13th December, red, running eyes and sneezing. On 14th December, a diffuse redness of the skin, without papules or other changes, first appeared in the face, neck, and on the chest, shortly afterwards also on the limbs. The mucous membranes of the mouth were inflamed and swollen, but no angina or swollen glands were present. The patient had fever, blood in the urine (whether present before or not is not mentioned), and constant fever until 17th December, then remittent, from 25th December normal temperatures. The subjective complaints were insomnia (chloralamide was stopped on 13th December) and dry mouth. The rash did not itch or hurt. On 18th December, after a few small blisters had appeared on the back and abdomen, the patient began to improve, first on the limbs, then on the face. The eyes remained painful and inflamed until 21st December. The skin peeled off in large flakes, like after smallpox, for several days afterwards. The type of desquamation resembled pityriasis rubra or dermatitis exfoliata, although the onset was more acute and the course milder. An eczema could not be considered, as the skin was never thickened. (Dresden) A case of antipyrine exanthem; by Dr. Friedr. Hahn. (Centr.-BL f. klin. Med. X. 49. 1889.) i^ 24Shr. Bierhändler, der früher schon einmal auf Antipyrin hin, einen Ausschlag bekommen hatte, nahm am 30. Oct Antipyrin wegen Katzenjammers. Bald darauf wurde ihm schwindlich, Brennen im Gesicht und an den Händen trat auf, sowie Schmerz beim Schlucken, dann kamen Blasen im Mund und am Scrotum. Nach der Aufnahme des Fats am 2. Nov. war die Temperatur 38.1°, der Polls 132; Haut des Gesichts, der Hände und Füße livid. Zunge belegt; Salivation. Die Mundschleimhaut zeigte den Plaques muqueuses ähnliche Gebilde; Nacken, Vorderarme und Hände zeigten dunkelblaurothen Flecken. An beiden Unterschenkeln, dem rechten Oberschenkel, beiden Handrücken fanden sich bis markstückgroße Blasen, die mit klarem Serum gefüllt waren. Das Scrotum war glänzend rot, mit Borke und Eiter bedeckt. Am phimotischen Präputium geplatzte Blasen, Balanitis. Am 6. Nov. waren alle Affektionen in Heilung begriffen, am 13. Nov. war der Kr. geheilt. Auf 2 g Antipyrin konnten dann experimentell unter fast noch stärkeren Allgemeinsymptomen fast die gleichen Hauterscheinungen hervorgerufen werden. H. macht darauf aufmerksam, dass er in der Literatur nur noch einen Fall (Spitz, Therap. Mon.-Hefte Nr. 9. 1887) von Blasenbildung nach Antipyringebrauch gefunden hat. Hammer (Stuttgart). 240. Notes of a case of paraffin drinking; by S. W. Carruthers. Lancet IL 9. p. 442. 1890. Eine 46jährige Frau trank eines Morgens gegen 6 Uhr eine reichliche halbe Tasse voll "Paraffin-Cadol", wohl soviel wie Petroleum. Nach 1 Stunde traten mehrmals Erbrechen und Leibschmerzen auf. In dem ersten Erbrochenen sollte etwa 1 Esslöffel voll Blut gewesen sein. Bei der Aufnahme ins Hospital, gegen 10 Uhr, fanden sich Zittern der Hände und Zunge. Die Pupillen reagierten träge, die rechte war etwas erweitert. Temperatur 98.6 F. Puls 120. Auf zwei Apomorphin-Einspritzungen hin erfolgte Erbrechen von gelblichen Massen, die stark nach Petroleum rochen. Gegen Mittag wurde ein blutiger Stahl entleert und es trat außer der Zeit die Menstruation ein. Auf einigen Warmwasser-Klyster erfolgten mehrere Ausleerungen, die ebenfalls stark nach Petroleum rochen, aber kein Blut enthielten. Denselben Geruch zeigte der Harn, welcher auf seiner Oberfläche eine dicke Schicht von Petroleum absetzte. Die Leibschmerzen traten am Abend in stärkeren Anfällen auf; bei jedem Anfall steigerte sich der Tremor der Hände. Die Magengegend wurde druckempfindlich. Der Atem der Kranken roch stark nach Petroleum und auch die Haut des Körpers strömte diesen Geruch aus, wenn man das Deckbett lüftete. In der Nacht war Pat. schlaflos und hatte zuweilen Halluzinationen. Am Morgen des 2. Tages wurde ein Harn entleert, welcher reichlich Blut und Eiweiß enthielt. Nachmittags verschwanden die Leibschmerzen und Ein paar Stunden später war der Atem frei von Petroleumgeruch. In der folgenden Nacht stellte sich guter Schlaf ein. Das Eiweiß verschwand aus dem Harn, Blut war nur noch in Spuren nachweisbar. Am folgenden Tage verschwand auch diese Abnormität und es trat vollkommene Genesung ein, bis auf geringes Zittern der Hände. Die Untersuchung des Urins ergab, dass mindestens 25 ccm Petroleum durch die Nieren ausgeschieden worden waren. Das Übrige wurde offenbar durch Stuhl, Haut und Lungen eliminiert. Heinrich Schmidt (Leipzig). V. Neuropathologie und Psychiatrie. 241. Über einen Fall von Cysticercus racenis in den inneren Meningen des Gehirns und Rückenmark; von Dr. Max Bicher zu Prag. (Prag. med. Wchsnscr, XVI. 1891.) Zu den 22 bisher veröffentlichten und sicheren Fällen von Cysticercus racenis im Centralnervensytem fügt Dr. R. 3 neue Beobachtungen hinzu. Zwei der Fälle betrifft Präparate im Museum des pathologischen anatomischen Instituts zu Prag. In diesen Fälle wurde der Cysticercus zufällig bei einer an Dysenterie gestorbenen 52-jährigen Frau gefunden, lag als ein langgestrecktes, mit mehreren Ausläufern versehenes sackartiges Gebilde in der rechten Fossa Sylvii und zeigte einen deutlichen, mit Haken versehenen Scolex. Der 2. Cysticercus wurde ebenfalls zufällig bei einer an Lungenemphysem gestorbenen 59-jährigen Frau gefunden; es zeigten sich hier drei Cysticerken mit zum Teil recht zahlreichen käsigen Ausstülpungen am Lobulus paracentralis sin., am Gyrus front inf. sin. und im Sulcus calloso-marg. sin. Der 3. Fall betraf einen in der Landes-Irrenanstalt zu Prag verstorbenen 51-jährigen Mann und wird ausführlicher mitgeteilt. Der Er. kam mit spastischer Parese, starker Aufregung und Tobsucht am 23. März 1887 zur Aufnahme, litt an Schlaflosigkeit, Ohrensausen, Angstanfällen und Hallucinationen, bekam am 18. Mai 1889 zum ersten Male epileptische Anfälle mit folgender 248-minutiger Bewusstlosigkeit, welche sich seitdem täglich wiederholten; später traten zunehmende Starre und Lähmung der Willensmuskulatur. Kürzeste Moskeln, besonders des linken Beines, unwillkürlicher Abgang von Rot und Urin, Diarrhoea, fortgeschreitende Gedächtnisschwäche und Blödsinn hinzu und am 21. Dec. 1889 erfolgte der Tod. Die klinische Diagnose lautete auf progressive Paralyse und Sclerosierung lateralisi medullae spinalis. Bei der Sektion fanden sich die Dura-mater etwas stärker gespannt, die inneren Meningen allenthalben leicht getrübt, an der Basis, in den Sylviuschen Spalten, im Trigonum intercrurale und zu beiden Seiten des Pons Varolii und der Medulla oblongata weißlich verdickt, die Gyri daselbst stark abgeplattet. In den inneren Meningen waren an den genannten Stellen überall große, vielfach verzweigte, stark hydrophile Exemplare von Cysticercus racem. eingelagert; ausserdem auch in den Sylviuschen Spalten einzelne bis Bohnengrosse, mit einem weißlichen Brei gefüllte, abgestorbene Cysticernen; femoral an der linken Seite der Medulla spinalis, in der Höhe des 4. Hals- und des 10. Brustsegmentes je ein Bohnengrosses verzweigtes hydrophiles Cysticercus unter der Arachnoidea. Es waren im Ganzen 14 Blasen, von denen 3 wurstähnlich, etwa 1.5 — 2.5cm lang und 0.4 cm dick, mit Kalkkrümeln und Detritus gefüllt waren; 5 waren 2 — 4 cm lang, 1— 3 cm breit, an dem einen Ende zu einer Art Stiel verjüngt und mit spärlichen Ausbuchtungen versehen und gehörten der buchtigen Form von Zenker an; 6 Blasen (darunter auch die beiden spinalen) gehörten der ausgebildeten tropischen Form des Cysticercus. racem. an, indem von einem federfleischigen, undurchsichtigen Strang sich nach verschiedenen Richtungen hin je 2 — 3 bis 5 cm lange und mit kleineren Ausbuchtungen versehene Blasen abzweigten. Nirgend waren Finnenköpfe oder einzelne Haken nachweisbar. Dagegen wurde die zuerst von Steinbuch als charakteristisch für die Finnennatur nachgewiesene hügelige Aussenfläche der Blasenwand auch hier unter dem Mikroskop gefunden. Dieselbe zeigte einen welligen Contour und war von zahlreichen kleinen Körnchen dicht durchsetzt; daneben fanden sich noch spärliche größere, glänzende, durchsichtige, ovale oder unregelmäßig gestaltete Kalkkörperchen. Eine Verwechselung mit Echinococcus oder Coenurus (der beim Menschen überhaupt noch nicht sicher nachgewiesen ist) konnte daher mit Sicherheit ausgeschlossen werden. Das Rückenmark war normal. H. Meissner (Leipzig). A group of cases of Systemic Soleroses of the Spinal Cord, associated with diffuse collateral demyelination; occurring in enfeebled persons past middle life, and especially in women; studied with particular reference to etiology; by James J. Putnam. (J. of Nerv. and Ment. Dis. XVI, 2, p. 99. 1891.) P. berichtet über 8 Fälle von strangförmigen Sklerosen des Rückenmarks, über 4 mit Sektionsbericht. Die Fälle gehörten klinisch nicht, alle demselben Typus an, boten aber in Aetiologie und Verlauf viele gemeinsame Anhaltspunkte. Im Allgemeinen bestanden die Symptome in einer subakuten progressiven Störung der sensorischen und motorischen Funktionen aller vier Glieder, denen mit der Zeit allgemeiner Muskelschwund und Abmagerung folgten. Das Leiden endete nach etwa 2 Jahren mit vollständiger Paraplegie und Tod. In 3 Fällen waren Koordinationsstörungen vorhanden, nur in einem lancinierende Schmerzen; in diesem waren die motorischen Störungen mehr spastischer, als ataktischer Natur. 6 von den 8 Kranken waren Frauen jenseits des mittleren Alters; alle befanden sich in einem grossen Schwächezustande, der bei mehreren durch andauernde Diarrhöe, bei zwei durch Malaria hervorgerufen war. Neuropathische Belastung, bezüglich abnormer Bauart, Form oder Grösse des Rückenmarks fand sich in mehreren Fällen. Blei fand sich mehrmals im Urin. Die anatomischen Veränderungen waren im Extremteil von zweierlei Art: eine relativ dichtere ältere Sklerose mit dem Sitzen in Hinter- und Seitensträngen und eine Sklerose subakuteren Charakters, die teils am Rand der dichteren Sklerose, teils in zerstreuten Herden auftrat. In den grauen Hörnern bestand die degenerative Veränderung in Zerstörung der Nervenzellen. Zeichen akuter Entzündung fehlten meistens, die Abwesenheit von Zeilproliferation deutete mehr auf eine rapide Degeneration, als auf typische Entzündung hin. Nur in einem Falle entsprach der vollständigen Paraplegie eine transversale Erweichung, in den anderen Fällen reichten die anatomischen Veränderungen nicht zur Erklärung der klinischen Befunde hin. Veränderungen der peripherischen Nerven waren in einem Falle vorhanden, in den anderen konnte sie aus den Symptomen vermuthet werden, wurden aber nicht festgestellt. Medulla oblong, und Pons wurden in einem Falle untersucht und (anscheinend) frei von Veränderungen gefunden. P. will die besprochenen Fälle mit Rücksicht auf den Hauptbefund, nämlich "primäre kombinierte Sklerose", bezeichnet sehen und sie zu der 4. Varietät von Strychnus - pelts primärer Sklerose rechnen, zu den Zwischenformen zwischen der typischen und der spastischen Form von Tabes. Das wesentliche praktische Interesse der besprochenen Fälle liegt für P. in den ätiologischen Momenten und er macht hier vor Allem auf das Vorwiegen des weiblichen Geschlechts, das vorgerückte Alter und den in allen Fällen vorhergehenden ausgeprägten Schwächezustand, die mehrfach vorhandene neuropathische Belastung und auf die Möglichkeit toxischen Einflusses aufmerksam. Joider fehlen hier Angaben über etwa vorhandene alkoholische Einflüsse. Syphilis war in einem Falle nicht ausgeschlossen, sonst durchaus unwahrscheinlich. Paul Hennings (Reinbek). 243. Ein Fall von Landry'scher Paralyse; von Dr. E. Centani. Aus dem Institut für allgemeine Pathologie zu Bologna. Mit 2 Tafeln. (Beiträge zur pathologischen Anatomie und allgemeinen Pathologie von Ziegler und Nauwerck, Bd. 3, S. 358, 1890.) Kräftiger Unteroffizier, früher nie krank. 5. Febr. 1889: Seit einigen Tagen wechselnd Schmerzen und Schwäche in den unteren Extremitäten. Temperatur normal. 7. Febr.: Sakro-lumbale Schmerzen. Beine wenig beweglich. Etwas Meteorismus. Erweiterte Papillen. 10. Febr. : Untere Extremitäten kaum beweglich, ohne Sensibilitätsstörung. Patellarreflexe aufgehoben, Hautreflexe bestanden. Halsmuskulatur steif, Schlucken erschwert. Augen tränen. 11. Febr.: Unruhige Nacht. Große Abgeschlagenheit. Muskulatur der Beine, der Arme, des Zwerchfells, des Orbicularis palpebrarum vollkommen gelähmt. Intelligenz normal. Pupillen verengert. Temperatur 38.®. Rasche Verschlimmerung. Noch am Vormittag Tod. Aktion: Gehirn und Rückenmark hyperämisch. Mesenterialdrüsen, Milz und Nieren vergrößert, congestioniert. Im Herz einigen katarrhalische Geschwüre. Zur mikroskopischen Prüfung wurden das ganze Rückenmark mit der Cauda equina und den Nervenwurzeln, zugleich mit einigen Stücken der gemischten Nervenstämme, ein Stück des Ischiadicus und Medianus, aus dem Schenkel ein Stück Muskel in Älifgers Flüssigkeit gehärtet und nach Merckel mit Indigokarmin und nach Weigert mit Hämatoxylin behandelt. An den Spinalwurzeln, sowie an den peripherischen Stämmen bestand interstitielle Neuritis von mittlerer Intensität. In der Meninx und im Centralkanal fanden sich Entzündungsprozesse, in der peripherischen Zone degenerative Atrophie. Bakteriologische Untersuchung, Kolloidinschnitte wurden einige Minuten lang in eine Auflösung von 10 Milligramm Methylenblau mit Borax nach der Vorschrift von Sahl angebracht, dann in destilliertes Wasser entfärbt und in Alkohol entwässert. Man bemerkte dann schon bei schwacher Vergrößerung zwischen den Bestandteilen der Nervenelemente dunkelblau gefärbte Flecken von körnigem Aussehen und halbmondförmiger, auf Längsschnitten mehr spindelförmiger Gestalt. Dieselben lagen immer an der Seite der Pforten und bestanden, wenn stärkere Vergrößerungen erwiesen, aus Kügelchen von dunkelblauer Farbe und Bacillen von fast opakem Blau. Die Bacillen waren geradlinig, die Enden frei abgerundet, die Länge betrug 1,2— 2 fi, die Dicke 0,4— 0,7 fi. Zu den basischen Anilinfarbstoffen besassen sie wenig Verwandtschaft (Färbung nach Gram und Weigert erfolglos). Besser gelang die Färbung mit basischen Substanzen in einfacher Lösung oder nach Hinzufügung einer Beize. Die Kügelchen hatten ein gleichmässiges Aussehen und runde oder Oval Gestalt. Ihre Grösse war sehr wechselnd, ihre Bedeutung ganz unsicher, C. vermuthete in ihnen Produkte des Stoffwechsels der Parasiten, wie z. B. bei Rhinosklerom. Endlich bemerkte man Wanderzellen. Diese waren stets bacillenfrei. Die Nerven der Cauda equina und ihre Wurzeln waren am dichtesten mit Bacillen durchsetzt. Je höher man hinaufstieg, desto seltener wurden sie. Zwischen vorderen und hinteren Wurzeln bestand kein durchgreifender Unterschied. Auch der Ischiasticus enthielt reichlich Bacillen, weniger der Medianus. Parastenmenge und Entzündungsstärke entsprachen einander meist. In der Hüchtenmarksubstanz und der Pia fehlten jedoch die Bacillen vollständig. Sie hörten wie vor einem Hindernis plötzlich auf (besondere Anordnung der Lymphbahnen). Die Muskeln waren in jeder Beziehung unverändert. C. erörtert die klinische Bedeutung dieses Bacillenbefundes. Die Art des Eindringens in den Vertebralkanal ist noch ganz dunkel. Dass die Affektion in dem Bückenmarksende der Nerven beginnt, beweisen die Doppelseitigkeit und das Ergreifen der ganzen Nerven. Es unterliegen dann die Spinalnerven der Beile nach der Infektion, bis auch die bulbären erreicht sind. Auch die schlaffe Paralyse spricht für die periphere Läsion. Der Mangel an Abmagerung, die Erhaltung der elektrischen Reizbarkeit der gelähmten Muskulatur, das Ausbleiben von Decubitus Beweisen, dass nicht alle Verbindungen unterbrochen sind. Die bakteriologisch-histologische Untersuchung bestätigt dies. Die Ersparen der Blasen- und Blasensphinkter bleibt unerklärt, ebenso die Erhaltung der Sensibilität. Dass endlich weder Intelligenzstörungen, noch Fieber auftreten, erklärt C. mit dem streng lokalisirten Charakter, wonach weder Parasiten, noch Stoffwechselprodukte sich von der Stelle entfernen. Dringen aber dennoch einige Mikroben in den allgemeinen Blutkreislauf, so stellen sich Milztumor, Albuminurie und geringes Fieber ein, eventuell kann so auch ein Ausbreiten auf Meningen und Gehirn erfolgen. Dann kommt es zu Delirien, Paralyse der Hirnnerven u. s. w. C. schließt mit folgenden Sätzen: 1. Die Läsionen betreffen die Nerven und nur in sehr geringem Grade das Rückenmark. 2) Das pathogene Agens ist ein Parasit von speziellem Charakter, welcher nur in den Nerven zu finden ist. 3) Die anatomische Definition der Erkrankung ist also nicht „Neuritis", denn der entzündliche Prozess ist weder die hauptsächliche, noch die unentbehrliche Ursache der charakteristischen Erscheinungen, es handelte sich blos um eine Neuro Mycosis. N. O. W. A. C. K. (Dresden). 244. Einige Kenntnisse des Bifokenmarka; von Hochhaus. (Deutsches Arch. f.klin. Med. XLVn. 5 u. 6. p. 603. 1891.) Der Fall von H. zeichnet sich klinisch dadurch aus, dass im Anfang längere Zeit nur eine Schwäche des rechten Arms und leichte Muskelatrophie an der rechten Schulter bestanden und dass dann plötzlich eine totale Paraplegie aller vier Extremitäten eintrat. Parästhesie und Schmerzen bestanden in geringem Grad, Emotionen, Gefühle, Bewusstsein waren normal, dagegen nur geringe, keine sekundäre Degeneration. Bruns ( Hannover). 245. Zur Aetiologie der Epilepsie; von Dr. Hellmuth. (Öasop. fesk. 16kalr. Nr. 3. 1891. Böhmisch.) H. zeigt ausführlich 3 Fälle, in denen die Epilepsie durch somatische Erkrankungen verursacht wurde; in 2 Fällen handelte es sich um Nasenpolypen, im 3. um Ozaena scrophulosa. Der Anamnese nach dauerten die epileptischen Anfälle mehr als 1 Jahr, bevor sich die Personen an den Arzt wandten. Nach Entfernung der Polypen, bez. nach Einführung einer Therapie bei der Ozaena, verschwanden die Krämpfe für immer. Preininger (Prag). 246. Hemianopsie; by H. Noyes. (New York med. Record XXXIV. 14. p. 389. 1891.) N. stellt einige besonders genau beobachtete Krankheitsfälle aus der Literatur zusammen, sind dabei die Sehstörungen bei intrakraniellen Erkrankungen. Er kommt zu folgenden Schluss-Sätzen: 1) Die Grenze zwischen dem blinden und dem sehenden Teil des Gesichtsfeldes ist bei Hemianopsie nicht immer ganz gleich scharf ausgeprägt. 2) Einige Male wurde bei doppelseitiger homogener Hemianopsie noch ein kleines zentrales Gesichtsfeld von 2— 3° gefunden. 3) Gesichtsfelddefekte homonymen Charakters haben meist ihren Ursprung in der Bindung des Occipitallappens, gewöhnlich in der Nachbarschaft des Cuneus. In solchen Fällen brauchen keine anderen Symptome vorhanden zu sein, doch sind Agraphie, Seelenblindheit, Alexie möglich. 4) Gesichtsfelddefekte können ihren Ursprung auch in der subcorticalen Substanz des Occipitallappens haben, doch sind dann die Gesichtsfelddefekte nicht so genau abgegrenzt und der Verlust des Lichtsinnes ist nicht so deutlich; es wechseln Partien, wo Licht erkannt wird, mit ganz blinden Stellen. Wenn in solchen Fällen Hemiplegie, Hemianästhesie vorhanden sind, so deutet dies auf eine Erkrankung in der Nähe der vorderen Gratiolet'schenden Sehstrahlung. 5) Gesichtsfelddefekte in einem Quadranten oder in anderem Verhältnis können außerdem auftreten bei einer Hirnherdingefäßver Engrung, einem Gehirntumor, einer Hirnmetastase, einer zerebralen Erwachsen, einer Epilepsie, bei einem neurotischen Hinterkopf-trauma, einer Erkrankung des N. III., IV. oder VI. bei einem Strahlenfleck, einer Atherosclerose der Hirngefäße, einer Kretinismus oder bei einer Erkrankung der Zentralnervensystem der Kinder. Form kennen auch von Erkrankung des Tractus herrühren, doch werden sie dann von anderen Symptomen begleitet sein, die auf den Schlafensepp oder die Basis hinweisen, z. B. Lähmungen oder Anfühlungsvermögen. In diesen, wie in allen Fallen von Tractus-Erkrankung zeigt die blinde Hälfte Verlust von Licht-, Farben- und Form-Sinn. Verlust von Farben- oder Form-Sinn mit Erhaltung von Lichtsinn beruht auf Erkrankung der Rinde des Sehcentrum. Die hemianopische „Pupillen-Taubheit" kann von einer Erkrankung der Central-Ganglien herrühren oder von Erankheitseinwirkungen auf den Tractus, das Chiasma oder die Sehnerven. Aus Huns und Wilbrand's Beobachtung geht hervor, dass Betina und Sehcentrum in topographischer bestimmter Beziehung zu einander stehen. Lamhofer (Leipzig). 247. Einlocalisierung und anatomische Untersuchung eines Falles von Poliomyelitis anterior chronica; von Dr. Nonne. (Deutsche Zeit- schrift für Nervenheilkunde. L 1 u. 2. p. 136. 1891.) Der Vf. will 3 Formen von chronischer Poliomyelitis anterior chronica unterscheiden: „1) eine circumscripte Form (Fall Eisenlohr), die wie es scheint auf einer gewissen Höhe stationär bleibt; 2) eine Form, die rasch zur Lähmung und Atrophie en masse führt, eine Tendenz zum Stillstand, bez. zur Restitution ad integrum hat (vollständig? Ref.) und vielleicht stets auf dem Boden einer akuten oder chronischen Nervenkrankheit steht (Fall Ludwig-Dejerine) — 1 und 2 sind eigentlich mehr subakute Formen. Bef. —; 3) eine Form, die langsam, aber unaufhaltsam fort schreitet, als Ausdruck einer radikalen Changzellenatrophie, ohne (Fall Dreschfeld) oder mit (Fall Oppenheim) sekundärer Atrophie der peripherischen Nerven. Für letzteren Typus bringt Nonne ein neues Beispiel. Eine 36jährige Frau. Beginn 1886 mit Schwäche in der linken Schale und demunkenem Oberarm; dann im rechten Arm, bald darauf auch in den Beinen. Bald Lähmung und Atrophie gewisser Muskeln, ohne jeden Lokalisationstypus: zunächst Freibleiben der Flexoren am Vorderarm, der Interossei. Deutliche Entartungsreaktion in verschiedenen Muskeln. Fortschreiten der Lähmung. Allmähliches Erlöschen der Patellareflexe. Auch die bisher verschonten Muskeln wurden gelähmt und atrophirten. Die Bulbäre und die Hintermuskeln waren nur im letzten Stadium etwas betroffen. Objektive Sensibilitätstörungen bestanden nie, dagegen kame reisende Schmerzen in Oberarmen und Oberschenkeln, Tod nach 2 Jahren. Man fand: ausgeprägten Schwund der Vorderhönganglien, geringere Erleichterung der vorderen Wurzeln und peripherischen Nerven, Atrophie der Muskeln. Differentialdiagnostisch kam zunächst die progressive spinale Muskelatrophie in Betracht: Angeführt als Unterscheidungszeichen werden der Lokalisationstypus der Amyotrophischen Form, sowie die Unterschiede im Verhalten zwischen Lähmung und Atrophie (bei spinaler progressive Muskelatrophie Lähmung und Atrophie ganz parallel — bei Polyneuritis erst Lähmung und dann Atrophie). Auch die elektrischen Befunde sind meist sehr different. Dennoch müssen wohl fließende Übergänge zwischen beiden Krankheiten bestehen, die anatomisch sich ja fast gleicher verhalten. Charakteristisch ist auch, dass seit der Erkenntnis der amyotrophischen Lateralsklerose und vor allem der Syringomyelie die Diagnose der spinalen progressiven Muskelatrophie nur noch sehr selten gestellt werden kann. Dieselben Überlegungen gelten noch für die Differentialdiagnose der amyotrophischen Lateralsklerose. Schwierig war die Abgrenzung gegen die multiple Neuritis. Bei der Neuritis finden sich fast immer causale Momente, die peripherischen Gliedertheile werden zuerst ergriffen, die Muskeln und Nerven sind druckschmerzhaft. Objektive Sensibilitätsstörungen können auch bei Neuritis fehlen und reissende Schmerzen kommen auch bei Poliomyelitis vor. Auch bei spinaler progressiver Maskularephie und bei amyotrophischer Lateralsklerose. Bei der gleidmäßig fortschreitenden Poliomyelitis spricht die Incongruenz zwischen Funktion und elektrischer Erregbarkeit, Fehlen letzterer bei vollständiger Funktionslöschtung, für die Poliomyelitis. Nach N. kommen bei der chronischen Poliomyelitis anterior partielle Entartungsreaktion, complete Entartungsreaktion bis zum vollen Erlöschen jeder Reaktion und einfach quantitative Störungen vor. Bef. hat in klinisch nicht anders zu deuten den Fällen auch faradische Entartungsreaktion und indirekte Zuckungsträgheit gesehen, die in Oppenheim's und Nonne's Fälle fehlten. Dr. Julius Hoffmann (Hannover). Ein Fall von subakuter atrophischer Spinallähmung bei einem Spindel. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde. L u. 2. p. 165. 1891. Ein 8jähriges Kind. Subakut atrophieender weitverbreiteter Lähmung der oberen und der unteren Glieder, ohne Schmerzen, ohne Fieber. Trophische Störungen der Muskulatur: partielle Entartungsreaktion mit galvanischer und faradischer direkter und indirekter Zuckungsägkeit. Keine Druckschmerzhaftigkeit der Muskeln oder Nerven. Das Reflexhaltgebiet des v. Lippert ganz normal, Patellareflexe erhalten. Vollständige Heilung. H. will den Fall als eine Poliomyelitis und nicht als eine Neuritis angesehen wissen. Er führt an, dass Fehlen von initialem Fieber, von Schmerzen, Parästhesien, Druckempfindlichkeit der Nerven, von objektiven Sensibilitätsstörungen. Dass alle diese Symptome fehlen, ist auffallend, spricht aber nicht absolut gegen Neuritis. Noch weniger tut das die Symmetrie; am wohlsten in diesem Fall, in dem der Quadriceps gesund bleibt, das Erhaltenbleiben der Patellareflexe. Welcher Unterschied in der Einfachheit der Erklärung vorhanden ist, ob man nun peripherische Neuritis des Plexus lumbalis und sacralis mit Erhaltenbleiben des N. cruralis, oder eine centrale Myelitis der entsprechenden Gegend mit Erhaltenbleiben des Quadriceps annimmt, ist noch nicht ersichtlich. Dass eine Neuritis nur die motorischen Fasern ergreifen kann, gibt H. selbst zu. Ob eine Poliomyelitis minor acuta ohne jeden Rückstand heilen kann, ist doch sehr unsicher, während das für die peripherische Neuritis sicher ist. Bei der einzig sicheren Form der Poliomyelitis acuta, der spinalen Kinderlähmung, bleiben wohl, seltene nicht ganz sichere Fälle abgerechnet, immer Besten: die Muskeln, die deutliche Entartungsreaktion zeigen, bleiben fast stets gelähmt und atrophisch. Zu bedenken ist auch, dass es nur einen einzigen sicheren Fall von akuter Poliomyelitis bei Erwachsenen gibt (Fall von Gombault, und auch der wird von vielen noch bezweifelt). Die peripherischen Neuritiden sind aber über jeden Zweifel erhaben. Etwas anderes ist es, ob sie immer das Bückemark ganz freilassen. Der Gang des Pat. erinnerte sehr an den bei Dystrophia muscularis progressiva, besonders bei Pseudohypertrophie bekannten. In der Becksensart richtete sich Pat. auch in der bekannten typischen Weise aus dem Liegen auf. Beides hat auch Bef. 2mal bei Lahmungen nach Diphtherie gesehen, die beide vollständig geheilt sind. Gegen die Dystrophie sprechen nach H. rasche Entstehung und günstiger Verlauf, Vorkommen von Entartungsreaktion. Bef. möchte noch den Mangel jeder Muskelhypertrophie betonen. B r u n s (Hannover). 249. Ein Fall von chronischer progressiver Bulbäre Paralyse im kindlichen Alter; von Dr. J. Hoffmann in Heidelberg. (Deutsche Ztschr. f. Nervenheilkde. L 1 u. 2. p. 169. 1891.) Der 13jährige Knabe bot nach Symptomen und Verlauf das typische Bild der chronischen Bulbäre Paralyse, eine Diagnose, die auch ohne den autoptischen Nachweis wohl nicht angefochten werden kann. Darin liegt die Bedeutung des Fälle, übrigens waren auch schon Hals- und Schulternmuskeln mit erkrankt, also Uebergang in progressive Muskelatrophie. Neben den fibrillären und fascikulären Zuckungen fanden sich gröbere, mehr choreiforme. Aehnliches findet sich auch bei amyotrophischer Lateralsklerose. Vielleicht hängen letztere mehr von der kortikalen motorischen Zone ab, die ja bei der amyotrophischen Lateralsklerose mit erkrankt ist. Die pyramidenbahnen sind auch bei spinaler Muskelatrophie und bei Bulbäre Paralyse oft erkrankt, ohne dass man eine Erhöhung der Sehnenreflexe nachweisen kann. B r u n s (Hannover). 250. Über typische Gesichtsfeldanomalien bei funktionellen Störungen des Nervensystems; von Dr. H. Wilbrand. (Jahrbb. der Hamburg. Staatskrankenanstalten. L Jahrg. p. 381. 1890.) W. legt grossen Wert auf ganz genaue Aufnahme des Gesichtsfeldes, aus dessen Form wir in den meisten Fällen einen sicheren Rückblick auf die Art und den Sitz der Erkrankung des nervösen Sehapparates machen können, wie wir auch nur durch die Form des Gesichtsfeldes zwischen Erleichterungen des Sehens in Folge anatomischer Läsionen und den rein funktionellen Störungen streng unterscheiden. Die rein funktionellen Störungen des Seh-Apparates (bei normalem Augenspiegelbefund, normalem Verhalten der Pupille und des Lichtsinnes) teilt W. bezüglich des Verhaltens der Gesichtsfelder und der zentralen Sehschärfe in folgende 7 Hauptgruppen: 1) Ermüdungseinschränkungen, entweder im ganzen Gesichtsfelde oder nur in einem Teil desselben und dann auch wieder in verschiedenen Grades bis zum vollständigen Verschwinden des Gesichtsfeldes. Hierher rechnet W. auch das oscillierende Gesichtsfeld, d. h. das abwechselungsweise Auftauchen und Verschwinden des Untersuchungsobjekts auf dem gerade der Prüfung unterzogenen Meridian. Die Ermüdung pflegt dabei im Anfang unverhältnismässig rasch zuzunehmen; die temporale Gesichtshälfte ermüdet schneller als die nasale. (Schiele hat nachgewiesen, dass in einzelnen Fällen auch das während der Untersuchung verbundene Auge die ähnlichen Ermüdungserscheinungen zeigt, wie das untersuchte, demnach in diesen Fällen die Ermüdung nicht in der Betina, sondern im Wahrnehmungszentrum stattfinden müsse.) Entsprechend den Befunden für Weiss schränkt sich während der Ermüdung auch das Gesichtsfeld für Blau, Rot, Grün ein. Kranke, deren Leiden die verschiedenen Ursachen hatte, besonders aber Neurastheniker zeigten die besprochene Ermüdungserschränkung. 2) Die gleichmäßige, konzentrische Gesichtsfeldreduktion, und zwar entweder nur als vorübergehende oder dauernde, Erstere findet sich bei sensorischer Anästhesie, im Anschluss an einen hysterischen oder epileptischen Anfall, nach Delirium tremens, auch bei Chorea, traumatischen oder besonderen Psychosen. Die dauernde Form sehen wir bei langjährigen, meist etwas schwachsinnigen Epileptikern, seltener in geringerem Umfang auch bei Akuter Melancholie. 3) Die einseitige hysterische Amaurose und die doppelseitige vorübergehende Amaurose, letztere bei Epileptikern. Die Benennung Amaurose gilt bei der hysterischen Amaurose nur insoweit, als in Wirklichkeit keine Erblindung vorhanden; unter dem Stereoskop können die Patienten mit dem vermeintlichen blinden Auge die feinsten Schriften lesen. 4) Lediglich vorübergehende Herabsetzung der zentralen Sehschärfe bei normalem und gar nicht ermüdbarem Gesichtsfelde, ohne nachweisbares zentrales Scotom. Als Beispiel führt W. 2 Pat an, welche diese Form des Gesichtsfeldes nach heftiger Gemütsregung und anstrengender Arbeit zeigten. 5) Die konzentrische Gesichtsfeldreduktion bei palpablen Ohrkrankheiten und der Einfluss der Einfluss der Fümmung cerebraler Herde auf die Ausdehnung der Gesichtsfelder. Thomson und Oppenheim berichten, dass die Sektionsbefund einer unter allgemeinen Gehirnerkrankungen erkrankten Patientin, bei welcher eine beiderseitige konzentrische Gesichtsfeldreduktion bei normalem Augenspiegelbefund constatirt worden war, ohne sonstige Sensibilitätstörungen einen Erweichungs-Herd ergab, der in der Marksubstanz des Stirnlappens seinen Sitz hatte. Hemianopsie mit vorübergehender oder dauernder Gesichtsfeldreduktion finden wir bei Apoplexien, Embolien. W. betont, dass bei allen Herden der inneren Kapsel, welche Hemianästhesie mit Hemianopsie erzeugen, und bei denen als cerebrales Allgemeinsymptom noch konzentrische Gesichtsfeldreduktion hinzutritt, das dem Herd gegenüber liegende Auge auch das konzentrisch am stärksten verengte Gesichtsfeld aufweisen muss. Charcot gegenüber hebt W. hervor, dass Erkrankungen des hinteren Teiles der inneren Kapsel, wenn die optische Leitung mit betroffen war, Hemianästhesie mit Hemianopsie zur Folge haben. 6) JMoxihaHofkmiblyopien. Sie treten meist auf beiden Augen auf und liefern verschiedene Gesichtsfelddefekte, je nachdem eine akute oder chronische Intoxikation vorliegt. Die akute Amblyopie durch Vergiftung finden wir am häufigsten nach Medikamenten, wie Chinin, oder als urämische Amaurose bei Bright'scher Krankheit. Nach vollständiger Erblindung bessert sich das Sehvermögen bis zur vollständigen Wiederherstellung. Die chronische Intoxikation, meist Tabak- und Alkoholamblyopie, bewirkt bei normalem peripherischen Gesichtsfeld paraoentrale und zentrale Scotome für Both. Dauert die schädliche Einwirkung sehr lange Zeit an, so kommt es endlich zur Neuritis der papillo-maculären Fasern und zur Atrophie derselben. 7) Das Ummerschwinden beruht nach W. höchstwahrscheinlich auf einem Krampf der Gefäße. Je nach der Lage dieser Gefäße werden wir hemianopische Defekte von verschiedenen Form, bei Krampf der Gefäße von Chiasma und Sehnerven konzentrische Gesichtsfeldbeschränkung beobachten. Zum Schluss hebt W. noch als Tatsache von grösster differential-diagnostischer Bedeutung hervor, wichtig auch zur Entlarvung von Simulanten, dass diejenigen Patienten, welche in Folge von Herzkrankungen halbseitige, sectorenförmige oder konzentrische Gesichtsfeldbeschränkung zeigen, auch bei normaler Sehschärfe auf das Empfindlichste in ihrer Orientierung gestört zu sein pflegen, während bei funktionellen Störungen trotz höchstgradiger konzentrischer Gesichtsfeldbeschränkung die Orientierung im Baume wenig behindert ist. Lamhofer (Leipzig). 251. Bemarks on functional aphemia; by Ernest H. Jacob. (Brit. med. Journ. Sept 13. 1890. p. 622.) Unter Aphemia versteht J. eine rein motordie Aphasie, betretene erhaltenen intellektuellen Fähigkeiten und gutem Vermögen, sich schriftlich auszudrücken. J. J. 2 solche Fälle mit 1) Ein 34jähr. Mann, der in der Kindheit an Krämpfen gelitten hatte. Er war inunner reizbar und in der Erregung unfähig, zu sprechen. Allmählich war er ganz stumm geworden. Er kam wegen einer Schulterluxation in Behandlung. Die Stimmbänder konnten einander genähert werden, blieben aber schlaf. Zum Zweck der Einrichtung der Luxation wurde der Kranke chloroformt Beim Erwachen aus der Narkose war die Fähigkeit zu sprechen wieder da und blieb erhalten. 2) Ein 34jähr. Bergarbeiter, der vor 8 Jahren 6 Krampfanfälle gehabt hatte , kam mit Heiserkeit und geringer Stimmbandinjektion in Behandlung (Zinkchloridpinselung und Terpentininhalation). 2 Tage später plötz- lich Verlust der Sprache. Laryngoskopisch zeigte es sich, dass die Stimmbänder einander genährt werden konnten, aber schlaf blieben. Narkose heilte auch hier das Leiden. Budolf Heymann (Leipzig). VI. Innere Medicin. 252. Stade diagnostisch sur lea goitrea sporadiques infeogen; par le Dr. Charvot (Revue de Chir. X. 9. p. 701. 1890.) Unterstützt auf eine Beihe von ausführlich wieder- gegebenen Erkenntnissebeobachtungen sucht Ch. in der vorliegenden Arbeit den Nachweis zu führen, dass die Fälle von sporadischer Schilddrüsenentzündung stets auf infektiöser Basis entstehen, und zwar kann die Mehrzahl der bekannten allgemeinen Infektionskrankheiten (Typhus, Rheumatismus, Malaria, Parotitis, Pocken, Tuberkulose, Septikämie) sich in der Schilddrüse lokalisieren und eine akute oder chronische Anschwellung derselben erzeugen. Das infektiöse Agens des Rheumatismus, der Variola und Malaria bewirkt meist einfache akute Schwellungen der Drüsensubstanz, während es bei Typhus, Tuberkulose und eventuell auch bei Malaria teilweise zu phlegmonösen Prozessen, teilweise zu Veränderung kommt Die betroffenen Kranken entstammen sehr häufig Eropfgegenden und zeigten bereits vorher leichte Schilddrüsen- anschwellungen. Die Therapie muss sich gegen die ursprüngliche Infektionskrankheit richten. P. Wagner (Leipzig). 253. "HaohtrSge zur Pathologie der Kakke; von M. Miura in Tokio, Japan. Mit 3 Tafeln (Virchow's Arch. CXXm. 2. p. 280. 1891.) Die Kakke gehört nach M. zu den mannigfaltigsten und interessantesten Krankheiten Japans und beruht "sicherlich" auf einer Intoxikation durch den Genuss gewisser Fischfleischsorten, namentlich von Scomberarten". M. teilt weitere klinische Erfahrungen mit 1) Ein eigenes Diaphragma-Phänomen bei schwerer Kakke. Die Bewegung des hochsteigenden Zwerchfells kann nach Gerhardt sehr abgemagerten Personen in ganz seltenen Fällen an den Intercostalräumen gesehen werden, eine seichte horizontale Furche scheidet dann den oberen Concaven Teil des Intercostalraumes von dem unteren flacheren und steigt auf und ab. M. beobachtete das gleiche Phänomen zuerst an zwei seiner Patienten mit schwerer Kakke, später bei vielen ähnlichen Kranken. Er erklärt es durch den paretischen Zustand des Zwerchfelles in solchen Fällen. Im fortschreitenden Stadium der schweren Kakke hat es deshalb eine schlechte, im Rückschreitenden eine günstige Bedeutung. Denn im ersten Falle erscheint es als das Zeichen der drohenden, vollkommenen Zwerchfellparalyse, durch welche die Kranken oft rasch sterben, im zweiten deutet es den Anfang der wiederbelebten Zwerchfellthätigkeit an. 2) Die Eigenschaften des Pulses. Schon Weber und Scheube haben hervorgehoben, dass die Pulscurve in allen Eakkefällen mit der der Aorteninsuffizienz, sowie der bei schweren Typen die grösste Ähnlichkeit habe. Nicht alle aber, die einen solchen Pulsus celer darbieten, sterben. Man hört bei schwerer Eakke den zweiten Aortenton, wenn keine zufügliche Klappenanomalie besteht, stets ganz rein und laut. Die Aortenklappen sind also vollkommen schliessend. Von einem Entstehen des Pulsus celer durch Rückfluss des Blutes in den linken Ventrikel kann deshalb die Rede sein. Da nun gleichzeitig Symptome bestehen, welche die Existenz einer Hypertrophie des Herzens und eine grosse Schlaffheit der Gefässwand im Arteriensystem andeuten (diffuse Erschütterung der vorderen Thoraxwand, starke Pulsation der Bauchaorta, der Carotis, Subclavia u. & w., deutliches Pulsiren der oberflächlich gelegenen mittelgroßen Arterien, Arterientöne u. s. w. X. femer ein anämisch-dyskratisches Aussehen des Gesichtes und der sichtbaren Schleimhäute, ganz blasse, trockene, kühle Extremitäten u. & w., so liegt die einzige Möglichkeit der Erklärung des Pulsus celer darin, dass bei der Systole der mittelgroßen Arterien mit relativ gut erhaltenem Kontraktile, z. B. der Art radialis, der grössere Teil des in ihnen befindlichen Blutes in die schliessende Aorta und ihre grossen Zweige zurückgeworfen wird, während die peripherischen kleineren und kleinsten Arterien im Zustand der Kontraktion verharren. Damit ist zugleich erklärt, warum im Anfangs- und Reconvalescenz-Stadium der Kakke der Puls im sphygmographischen Bilde meist mit starken elastischen Elevationen ganz allmählich abfällt und sehr häufig eine bogenförmige Linie bezeichnet. Denn wenn der Tonus der mittelgroßen und großen Arterien im Reconvalescenzstadium sich allmählich wieder herstellt, so tritt eine allgemeine Blutdrucksteigerung ein. Das Blut, das früher zum größten Teil in die erschlaffte Aorta zurückströmte, wird jetzt durch die kleineren Arterien hindurchgetrieben. Da sich diese aber noch in mehr oder minder deutlichem Contractionszustand befinden, kann das Blut nur sehr langsam in die Kapillaren abfließen. 3) Die Erschwerung des Hustens bei schwerer Kakke durch die Parese, bez. Paralyse der Bauchmuskeln, des Zwerchfells und drittens der Stimmbänder. 4) Das dyspnoische Atmen. Dasselbe ist bedingt durch die Lähmung der Intercostalmuskeln und des Zwerchfells, durch die starke Beengung des Thoraxraumes und die Retraktion des Lungengewebes, durch den Hochstand des Zwerchfelles (nach M. wird dasselbe von den Lungen aspiratorisch hinaufgewölbt), durch die Compression und Contraktion der Lungengefäße, durch das hypertrophische und dilatirte Herz, durch Stauung des kleinen Kreislaufes (Erschlaffung besonders des rechten Ventrikels), durch etwaige dadurch bedingte serösen Transsudationen (in die Lungen, die Pleurahöhlen, das Perikard), endlich durch alle fieberhaften Complikationen oder zufälligen Anomalien des Herzens oder der Lunge (Herzfehler, Pleuritis, Pneumonie usw.). 5) Die Anästhesie und die Parästhesien. Dieselben treten, wie H. fand, fast regelmäßig zuerst im Gebiet des N. saphenus maj. und des N. peroneus superficiaus auf, an der oberen Extremität des Raums cutan. extern, nerv. rad. M. stellt die Ausdehnung dieser anästhetischen und parästhetischen Zonen an einigen Abbildungen klar. Neben diesen typischen Formen gibt es noch verschiedene Varianten, so wird manchmal die Umgebung des Mundes, die Kinngrube, die Zungenspitze usw. Befreundet. "N ow a c k" (Dresden.) 254. Über die Entstehungsweise von Pneumothorax durch Kontinuitätstrennung der Lungenpleura ohne eitriges Entzündung; von Prof. W. Zahn in Genf. (Virchow's Arch. CXXIII 2. p. 197. 1891.) Z. bespricht an 6 eigenen Beobachtungen die Entstehungsarten des nicht entzündlichen Pneumo-thorax: a) durch Bersten von vesikulären und b) von pleuralen interstitiellen Emphysemen, c) durch Einreissen der Lungenpleura neben alten Verwachsungen dieser mit der parietalen Pleura und d) durch Atrophie der Lungenpleura. 56jähr. Patient. Erkältung. Hasten. Schüttelfroste. Athemnot. Tod. Linke Lunge überall stark emphysematös. An der Spitze und am Hilus entwich beim Aufblasen der Lunge im Wasser Luft (am Hilus aus einem kurzen Streifen interstitiellen Emphysems), ohne dass jedoch eine deutliche Öffnung nachzuweisen gewesen wäre. 56jähr. Emphysematiker. Pneumothorax. Besonder die rechte Lunge beträchtlich emphysematös. Beim Einblasen entwich Luft aus einem schütffigen, fast 2 mm langen Riss auf der Höhe einer großen Emphysemenblase. Bemerkenswert war dabei das Ödem der rechten Thoraxweichtheile (sonst ja als pathognostisch eitrige Pleuritis geltend). 150 Lungen Medizin. 3^'ähr. Frau mit Tuberkulose des Kehlkopfes, der Lungen und des Darmes. Rechts oben große umgelassene Zellen, daneben kleinere, auch in Mittel- und Unterappen. An 4 Stellen pleurales interstitielles Emphysem. Beim Aufblasen unter Wasser entströmte 2 dieser Stellen Luft. An der oberen bestand in der Pleura eine stecknadelkopfgrosse Öffnung, in deren nächster Umgebung pleurales interstitielles Emphysem vorhanden war. Darunter ein 4 cm langer klaffender Pleuraeinriss, von da nach oben in der Pleura ein Streifen interstitiellen Emphysems. Die Umgebung der Bissstellen ohne Befund. Hier gelangte also die Luft auf indirektem Wege in die Pleurahöhle. Vermuthet, dass in solchen Fällen die Alveolen nicht wie sonst auf dem Gipfel, sondern mehr seitlich einreissen, weil nur so ein interstitielles Emphysem entstehen könne. Meint, dass die meisten Fälle von Pneumothorax durch Überanstrengung auf diese Weise entstehen, obwohl in der Literatur kein solcher Fall niedergelegt sei. Laennec hatte, übrigens diese Entstehungsart schon aus theoretischen Gründen erschlossen. 43jähriger geisteskranker Arbeiter. Durchschnittlich die Weichmässigkeit des Halses bis zur Wirbelsäule. Heftigste Hustenanfälle, grosse Blutverluste. Am 7. Tage Tod. Linkseitiger Pneumothorax. Nur das obere Drittel der Lunge noch lufthaltig, weil mit der Thoraxwand verwachsen. Beim Aufblasen dieses Lappens unter Wasser quollen aus zwei ungemein kleinen, neben einer Adhärenz gelegenen Pleurarissen kleine Luftblasen. In diesem Fall erfolgte die Pleurazerreissung also unter den überaus heftigen Hustenkrämpfen durch Zerstörung der starren Adhäsionen an der Pleura; ähnlich wie die Hülsen bei akuter Schwellung und der Uterus bei Ausdehnung durch Schwangerschaft von aussen nach innen zu einreissen kann, an der Grenze zwischen verdickter und nicht verdickter Serosa. 61jähriger Mann. Rechtseitiger geringer Pneumothorax. Sehr starles beiderseitiges Emphysem der Lungen. Die Pleuren glatt, glänzend, ohne Verwachsungen.
9,975
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Киселев (ноҳияи Волоконовск)
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172
Киселев (ноҳияи Волоконовск) () — деҳа, яке аз маҳаллаҳои аҳолинишини Федератсияи Русия мебошад. Деҳа, дар ҳайати ноҳияи Волоконовск, ки дар вилояти Белгород қарор дорад, дохил мешавад. Эзоҳ Сарчашма geonames.org Маҳалҳои аҳолинишин аз рӯи алифбо Маҳаллаҳои аҳолинишини ноҳияи Волоконовск
39,159
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Memorial Argo Manfredini 2001 - Doppio
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Il doppio del torneo di tennis Memorial Argo Manfredini 2001, facente parte dell'ATP Challenger Series, ha avuto come vincitori Didac Pérez Minarro e Gabriel Trujillo Soler che hanno battuto in finale Manuel Jorquera e Tomas Tenconi 6-3, 6-2. Teste di serie Giorgio Galimberti / Attila Sávolt (semifinali) Wim Neefs / Djalmar Sistermans (quarti di finale) Oleg Ogorodov / Steven Randjelovic (primo turno) Stefano Galvani / Filippo Messori (primo turno) Tabellone Collegamenti esterni Memorial Argo Manfredini 2001
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S. A. Allen’s World’s flair Ib -torer and Zylubal saimini have been used in mv taniily with benefi cial effects; and I take pleasure in commending them to such as have occasion to u-e such prena vaion.'.” Ki v. A. Wf.h-tfh, (E 1. Uhri-tian Era,) Iloslon, M ..<t.—“Having used numerous specifics to little purp.'-c, I discarded all, believing them to he ot no value. So 1 regarded y ur World’s llair Kes t .i ' i* an I Zylobaisamum. yet personal friends pre vailed on me to use it. 1 have done so for several m nth.- past with good effect and entire satisfac tion. 1 am mar wither bald nnr yrry • m v hair was dry and brittle, hut ha- regained the Softness of my earlier years.” K>.v. HvnikeT. Wood, Mi ill-fatrn, Oran ye (»»., V. —“My hair has greatly thickened upon my In* el, and put on a very li*. toy.healthy appearum-e The .-.ime is true of my daiuhvr; /. r hair had b* . i Ciin, and rann: nut r >n dly.n n til ire Cmna)\f C 'i ad Wolt hi brnl m ns/ >■>:,> ; hrr '< lir has ho ltd • • / ' /thickrmd iiji.and /o,*f • : i. aif/n/ tijiyraraurr. \\ >* are thankful to you, and i . 1 that wo have full \ .do-- «»f ur money.” Kr\. J. A. II. iVknki.i,, A' v. S. e. Bd. Ed'n K. If <' oiireh.) 337 Jti'nidiriA. ) .. and X> tr tlal . (,'r ie Co., A. i’. -“.''■m* time since I pr ire l a bottle <>f y.Mir U odd’s Hair Kestorer, •v t*r the use of a relative, ml I am happy t • -a\ timt it prevented the bii, ngofthe hair, and : r• red it from being grey . »:s original glos-y an 1 I. •au'iful Ida •k.” i.. .. -lours i.. li 'iiu . • i. i. » .1 imuiii ,\ •il<\ Ilnfoilo. .V. ) . —* ^ ;i' Hair Rc-tuier aod Z\lob.dsauiuin is the he i I in c i n or known. It i h is restored my hair to its i i urn! eider. Ac. h \. W\i. Cimu, (lid. Mother’* Magazine.) V }' /«•.—**1 -liotiid he g!ad to liavoyou use mv ' M.ltu • when it ran do you goe !." K S Ii. M.iai.rv, II* . i .at>>wn, Mist.—“l ! have used Mrs. S. A. Alien’• Wm Id’s Ilair lb — ! >rer and/.vlohalsauium. The efeet i»t* the Hair ; ib‘ : r< r Iiuh hi*en t • change * ,(» ••t'ruwii oHRo | r\ " \v hi h belongs to old m ( , the original hue i <1 v tidi. This was done !.\ a single bottle used ; a* .• ling to direction >. ().!.•■!> .o|* mv acquaiu tanee have used it with same e'le. t. TheZylobal | s ini.int I regard as an invaluable dressing for the ! Im >•. We might quote from our letters we have, and are constantly receiving: but, during the above situation, we do not hesitate to convince the most skeptical that we have at least the best preparations in the world for the Hair to grow. Woman, after no other preparation has ever been offered as. Occupying the high building, corner of Prince and Victoria streets exclusively for the sale of salesroom and manufacturing. We have no time in which to engage in other manufactures. These are the only preparations exported in any quantity to Europe. We also would call attention to the fact that we have always avoided all claims. Our preparations are the highest price, but the cheapest. We aim to keep the best, and do more good; the expense in the side, less than others. We aspire to have the best, at the lowest price. One bottle of Perfume will last nearly a year. $1.00 per bottle. A large assortment of all letters for information, etc., to Mrs. S. A. Allen's Wild's Hair Restorer. Vi. Ii.. lime Street. New York." The (genuine has I. Alien's signed in led to outside wrappers, and in ink to directions pasted on bottles. Restorer bottles are of dark purple glass, with the words, "Mrs. S. A. Allen's World's Hair I. V. Jim., New York." The Illustrious bottles are of green glass New York "Mrs. S. Allen's Hair Dye, New York," blown on them.— Veulsays around bottles copying the title. None other is genuine. Signifying the name by others is the gory, and will be prosecuted by us as a criminal occurrence. Some dealers try to sell other preparations instead of these, on which they make more profit; insist on it so. Sold I v nearlv every drug and fancy goods dealer. * i»uv *24-d2wolwtl Ayi m Candidates for City Sergeant 1; ^ i i \ Skr -.f. \nt.— At the so it i(utu*n oj my f 1 amtoiim •• A c*udidarc for the . |fl. .• < t ,ty Sh » *« »h* . Hg Spring * .«•» : », _ ' 1 1 ,'1, '• II M ‘ \ I \ ; • \ ^Jf I iiiiiiotin •** myh* ll «** ii uudiduu* 1 i ic* <• ■ n in tu< «• tiler ot Cm Si rgeant * • JOHN tiOfSSLAl Candidates for Clerkship • -1 hf-HK liifu; ink Hi 'ii \»is I’tHHT.— 1 : e 4-" *, * ‘ • >•>*• it * A-i.ii.i.». r,, tj... t;, .,f , ,.,k •• ' II '-'".g-f.init.. f ||„ , i^ . , |0 „ ,v WM. M. ftflll’U t»- I itui u nimlidtiTf* tm ies»j<vti!>ti u» t},«* ' i »>«•C.Mirtnt 11ustnigM f r*lii«cti\. J : 1 *1' *' fl* 1 _J AM i.s' ill;X AO||. U-4.!' W «• arc i•' juc to I to nnnnuiici' .M’\ 11 s (’. 1 AKI .1 r:it..li.lAt«-r-r the III rkB|,ir,..f It 1. ' J i " • 1 1 \ • i 1 * - Candidates lor Master of Police. 1>~V“ I "ii a candidat** f.*r tin* «if!l« »• ,,f Muster.,f I " * i In* iii'iiiiig .Ii*. ti n € S •• ii * !• iii. ii i I. i*t im ag-im 11 1 •• 7 <• 1 .1 n ti la >\ .ALL. 1- V ^ ''ITit... I*oi i< k. — W t* a t* until..riztvl to ' • \\ x| i IM It i t *.N.t, H I I d itc tin tl «■ I 111 »•.1 Ml,A 1 1' * •’ in**t...It.i', .-s 1 *1.< 1 \ I * \< >n (’i •;>. • lollinfnj’* l*ill»iuiri (linliiM-Mt.— . illiniii im, •I • W ■ I »» I • t I .Ilnui H il* 111- .11 the uinrklt ! | h«Mi At • • ’ !•••».x i* k*n>w n l». tin water liiatk ’ * 1 i l.nwi.y . X, w Yolk :‘‘"1 I. • min in nnii'i aunt letti- i * on cv i "v |e,| u, ,|,0 *• •*• • * iliii'i 11• • * m .n<>umi cat h put .-i l .x ft«dd a* tIn* n,aii t«t .• :• 11y. .S., t*U .\l ii li ii Line, .Si « Voik, nn.l i \ nil long ui'.-. m j.'ii- . ti.lo., a, il r, pi-r b->x ..r |>< t mm. ti .1 w . _ I Im- gii-iilr«l ii nlMrul •niNHitiil lo I In “huaiinu t l III ill V Mil-, i* ll IM| II I1't i< >|l il Ui y A It 11**, I ll X II I'lH 111,1 ■ i‘ U11 ll \ gli.wth • ; •IM It has been «o esteemed in an age*of the niuhl. an I a... .IK a iumiipiii*.haiMgn amicivih/i-ii Heme the ludl in hrai e |« ft-i.-in tin- fci ttip.il his enemy iim Inn grealist tiophv. i or u 'Mi.il o n A'l'ti. tHHiiionablo belle «.ft. n ihsgub.es t’l.i- region - i \ mity . a-> well as her other phrenoiegh al ui gnus w uh bur l'i»' i li ioe rw M II. w Ii .-I, mM'lls Win I.li. i f I.rcvcnting III.. I,air from mg 1 lie iiirnml'1.1 rnve im I’itiif by tiin.ing pi. nialurcly k'*Lv • * I"* tln"l by w i. . I. it i-nulil be ii-ime-i when l...in,g ..jf .1 i ui i.nig wl.ilf, ami an ay ol pr-urnting .. and I'lVMii.mt growth, would be jiuily »n«l b-.l to innk un.ong tin* b» i.i i,;i inm oi the human r ut-. Ki nd tin- t.-siim iiin'B mi aii • tint i olmiMM I tin- w i.nilet lul, not to n •> alm<i*t mu a. nii.iis « il.*.i .‘rd. mi r Wood * Hair UeMoi itiv. . • and a.-v ,t he ha* ip l ai-foiiijnisho.l all ihi*. — ( ayital City J-'act ft...ll by ail good 1*1 UggiMM. IliBli h o-'w '1’!m- 1*i11 ri-iultv-lVi t oiilil (Irciiiiof lli« hi,i». nitu«l«* 'it. li an ntuli rt.ikiiig a* tin- utaimlai iui i ot p a 1**1* »»'•«wl i n it fomea nil- gem m, um- And lmw<>|.iui|. in..; d ■ ibe tol.ow mg niimbers 'peak ot the i,in.uni oi l.nman M. ki . "and uttering, that lull. more.-I m m i* i:.. uv g,,. > i,.rih l ■ « -nilial and AUtnliie. I»i J.l'AVl.i.l L« w i,.anntaf ' ’ *" *•»' laboratory t* i ty u-hj j-.t du-m ot in* t.\i uartic il.iough all the year This oignt ho*,- . „r • IM-d.itf . Mceomt. W •• llilts tliol m or 4 I.IUHI p.-ixu „ -n ,»|., w li t' fid . very day. • ■ r 1 ,»•*.*»: t*tU ,i month : r|,\>i, i.u,Si ti,u,g ,,, ll.at 4 h*'Hi patient*, a .la i w l.o seek leli. l irom the med i al M idiot on.- m in. ftuiely that man >1 m In , a- he ia m. this < - Me "He • d the llmt iuielligem-e and ot ||„* liigln-H chuta. t. r. t j* ... enputmn entails upon him a tearlu: re. p .i.M.l.,,11» in, ilJU W'-‘i-'. win- „I bih fellow man. — VainttilU • , u.nr. man i. I m. !*• 14. V|«-fhiH-n, VIiinm., Augiui vJ4i, IS.)7.— M--I' I' liav is A Son—Hear .-ns . * * • jhav.- had . .. .11 In use y.iur I'ain Kll.l l it very fr« «pietnly during my r. .• * * 11 -1.11 in Puriinth, and liavctoui.d n a mu- : ,i i ,,,, ,j". 'ii.*- I • !> I il "i tl ink 1 coil. •! vodt lilt* J ii ill'll a vv ii lo>u I , t In < • - "i ' "li. . diarrhea and cholera,tin* I'nu. Kii.v. giv * » «,iy ! ' i. I. and t<>r many other adun uii> 1 have |..m,d it !>. n.-ti. iai li i« lie. 'tiling popular in Buimah, among the natives a • vv.-il I ns I. iiopi.t ■*. l always carry .t with me tor my own In m-tit [ an.I ilo g- * d ..f tl.n people wlicit* ! go. -*" • >••»*«»• m ii rnxnv. *i l.t- !:• \ il 1. \i-n M. ter, w ritii-g fn-in i».t*s» m, Ituimah, -n\ s — •• The kareiiH f*luiM- i! v. ty highly utue* d. 1 cnniu t i > otu . .ve I o\v a s.ngle nit-dn lue couid heiter tin «-t the:r p. cu [ 1 -ir u! .iinihahitsfl.au does y..tir l'aiu killer \S,-nie j i.-.w mu g ;i tioeiy in our family aud find its excellent •piantics j ■ "utii tiled with ea h ren. wed trial. l'lea»e send me 4UU b..t ; :» t-y first oppartuuity " s«...i by nil medicine dealers. j s..'.l hy Jt iliN II. SEA Y. Lynchburg. inarch .*» vJw. Ilei i iiijt’» I’aleui ( liaiiipiwii l ire find Curglnr j 1 ,n-..l Sat* >, with Unli t latent /oicJtr J*ru»f l.vckt. the same i th »t w.-ie awarded separate medal* a: the Vv orlo i, Lair, Lou i .o il. i- d. an l the World's Fair. N* vv Yoik. it'.Yt. nod are tin* i " :\ \ II.<1 K Ml Sales that were aw aided lucdaiiat the L.-l.dou \\ .... i - Fail. I In- • •Hit. * form the not perfect security against I" re and I Urn c ;.*i >-i any sate ever .-tiered to the public. ! - . 'un It l.\N A Kl> w.ii be paid to any pernoti thnt esn show j tluit i II .b i;i no l’ATrsr i'll A Ml’l< N Sa» r. ever laiu-d to pt * >■ i ve it-* conl.-uts in an Accidental tire, i t I.. 'UbHeribei* aLo mamitictute all kinds of Boiler ami 1 t li:ii. <1 Iron Bank ( host* and Vault-* V.. i* 11 !>..<.i * aud M..nev | Box**, or i h«’»t*l'.r It ol.ers, Jew rlei s, mi.d pr,vale families, ! tor I*.ate, Diamonds, and . ther valuahl«-a. Sli.AS C 11 EBBING A CO. -51 Bio.id way, enruer Murrav Street, Opposite City Had, New York A'.IATS- H W Knowik.h, Bichiib iid. Va ; B. F I.H I I hit l'eletsl.ui g', Vu. J. 11. 'i'UuMI SmN A Co., Lynchburg, Va . and ItuU l.AM) A BuoTH hit, Norfolk, \ a. | lei. d UlS. A ureiil «ure, filler nil (Ur l*h» miiiiiis land InTu * d. by 1)\Uhlt s I'KhMIl.M ill ir hits.— 1o.Mr E. Baker—Dear .■'ll In jUHi.ee to voiirseit and persons who may be mutual ly ; allii. t* -!, permit me to * it. an instance *,f the remaikabie .|iia.e* of y our Premium Bittern. Iliad nev»r used theta ! until ivectitij, but Illy Wile haviug been atlli-ted wuh a nor* j vo-j-t arieetioii and disordered stoma* I-, tor the past t* n or I twelve y ears. I used every means in uiy povver to restore her to Uea.th. Shevvaa Utlder tlie r>ii*taut treatment **t nve*.r ! s-x an., phy-.ici.uis, but no relief coi-he had. 1 thru saw ! sev* rul eertitieat* aoi the reiu.-n Aabla. n. s made hv your im i|> 1 per* taded uiy w.tu to try tliein ; she did and in a lit'. :*• I line she began to r*'* *.v*-r i aptdly. Not Only her m i votia MB- Toil • nd disordered *t iua* h w ei *• n move J, but her gene ral hen11h is better now ilian it ha* been lor many years. 1 am I. vv ii. ing and shall always continue to use your Bitters. I vviietiis, n ivisliceto yourself and tortile tenet of others 1 who are similarly afflicted. Your obedient servant, J Ui. I.-, oml. June Jl, 1857. THOMAS M. MOON TAGUE. It was with pleasure that I add my testimony to the virtue of Dr. Smith's Stomach Bitters, in making a permanent cure of an impaired stomach, which I have endured for years. I have suffered so much for the last twenty-five months. As soon as I commenced the treatment, I was convinced of their virtue and considered it a great relief. I continued to recommend them to the afflicted. J. Adams, by the druggist in Lyttelburg, and by all the principal Druggists in the city of Richmond, and elsewhere in the city of Baltimore. Dr. I. H. Mahler & Co., Baltimore, Md.; J. B. Miller, Co., and John P. Punk, New York. Treated by addressing E. BAKF.B, Proprietor, Lyndon, Va. LYNCHBURG AGENCY OF THE Young men's Christian Association. M. L. A. L. S. T. M. \ i « . .. . til.g of til. 1.1 M' \ I. IB »A HlJ OK J>IK ECTOKK for A Nl'.W Y OH Iv LIFE 1N s l: K AM I. t O.Ml’ANV, at tl.o ‘ i, -i in the city nl Hu'litnoini, hold ..|j 'i f ]>.\ \ , j j.h 11 . \ 1 • V I--. . -V.>. the follow mg was uiiai.tuiouSiy adopted : I !.• ■ tidersigned. Hie*. d< ht Mini 1 mi« i tors ot the Cnmpiu. v , I 1\ . • .mulled tlie repul I and « xhib I o| the \ I \\ VuilK LlFf I n-i i» » \. i t oMi’AN V. for tlie \ ear ending tin* 1st < l January, nit l eitig iatistii d with i-*» prosperous eoiidition. «.*i - I ... i ■ *'ii.n.< id it t-> tlie eiu'oiirngeiiient ai:ii supiort .1 the .1 tv I hf NOV Y'lllK l.ltf ISM IUM I I ...MOVV i n now oe. '■ hi e* ikietiee tor fourteen yeais.aml ;t* Capi al has at :.a* <1 11.<’ nititi • t §; .V.i ,!H)1 ;>6 invested in {State Mocks and l( i,d‘. .u.d MoilgKgf* nil Heal Estate i \N e inuik it a moat p otiiahle and safe mode of investing | it.-no \ I lie piotiig entile to the heuetit of the itiMUr. d. and I lav. .V. 1U-. d not less than l IIIKTY I'J.K CENT I IK AN , M M . n til.* I'lil.M ll’ M PA 11» Besides these investin< lita .ii St. eks. Ac . the lov of New V >rk require*, aa ad i;i. nal <i > i: y. that < hie 11 tin died Tlimi Hand Ihdiar* shad he dip. * ; it. >1 w i'll I* e S TVI F CoMI’ ntol.l.t It. to meet RUN lawful do m •'? vi lilt'll the Company may tail to pay. In the midst of the tumult, the company, intent upon the future, objects and advantages of the company, is set forth by this institution. It was the result by the above-mentioned, that this company is in a condition to provide information in regard to the most important of its operations. The company, known for its involvement in the company, would do well to call on the Agent of the company, who will give them any information that may be desired, or for the guidance of the Board. The company, being a member of the Commonwealth of Virginia, offers a wide range of services, including those in the legal, civil, and criminal courts. The company, known for its commitment to justice and the protection of its clients, is committed to providing the best possible service. In addition to its services, the company also offers a range of services, including those in the legal, civil, and criminal courts. These services are designed to meet the needs of the community, ensuring that the company is well-equipped and ready to serve its clients. The company is committed to providing the best possible service to its clients, ensuring that they receive the highest level of care and attention. Whether it's a legal, civil, or criminal, the company is committed to providing the best possible service. Paine Co, Merchants.) I 111 M Y K I I I VSIIN..Nlieiilt, I t mvs \\ I'L' ni f I.L. tBanker > \\ M M I I TON. do. .1 vmkn Tiii'.M s Jr.(Tobaero Manufacturer ) K'ljii A PiiYoit, (Editor of the States ) Washington. D C MEDICAE EXAMINERS: 1 p. II. 1. X: >ltlt M 1», AMI I lb' -IAS I. \\ M.KFH. M It. C W BE 1 TON, Local Agent, t E. W'i >liTI! A M . tl -n I Ag’- & Attorney for Va. E. NV. TllO'l Tl I*. Oeiierat Agent. ot t ii t tvi» Mai n s;titf i i Kit hvonm. Va. ( lain** puid at t/u liichmond Agency. P\UTY 1NSIKEB. RESILIENCE. AMtLNT. 1 Bom r'y llam oek, Chesterfield, #o,0i>0 t Win li Euk.*, Itichnnmd, t..U(JU j I'ii'ioihy VNoniinrr. do fi.O-0 ! I»r .Ed.',i N Kaulcon Snrrv. .Yt-OO I i * E Jeter. Richmond, :io(>U sai.i'.el II Bov a!, Chesterfield, J,.vOq - * . K'chtnoud. i (i-U • .1 i ■■ .1 i k*. ^ do 5 CO» j lb \ \\ u I. vi1, do r.ni u II vtl Parr t t'o «■> ut 0 j E'.wInF' do V.IHJO F rede ii. ' . •!< ti. do o l 00 W t i ter, v.Auditory do n.-oo i > J Nance, do Ci.t t^> j K< t. .i w iggii eworth. do 2 :,l.n j tiob. Carter Page. llemicn, ti'ifti j f'v i t.\ui/ns maim ing subsequent to 1st February, lKVj. John Farer. Itichraond, | John 11 McCarthy, do s. 00 feb 7 tin DR1>H NORFOLK OVNVR HM.— r II IT I Zti FK A I.l)'S._’l he subscriber liav ing B.-m, .o , ...in . -l Am N I for tie cel«l:-at#dfw 1 po king lio'i-e of HFMtV Fl rZ(»Fr,Al.H, of Nor >^>^ i 1*. Will- elve daily. lv E,\;..-». FKF.SH OVS'J F KS, In keg* m 'itidbnlk. Pb kle.t ed Sj.iced, In kega and can* of one g’ll.i : half gnllim an t qiui.t. Fi i.-e f: per gallon, and \> n twril. d a* ««peri»-i' an nrv in tbw tl > i«b i> tfta HLNKY rI \CJ 1.
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—Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the County Court, Dutchess County (Marlow, J.), rendered January 4, 1994, convicting him of attempted robbery in the second degree, upon his plea of guilty, and imposing sentence. Ordered that the judgment is affirmed. *621We have reviewed the record and agree with the defendant’s assigned counsel that there are no nonfrivolous issues which could be raised on appeal. Counsel’s application for leave to withdraw as counsel is granted (see, Anders v California, 386 US 738; People v Paige, 54 AD2d 631; cf, People v Gonzalez, 47 NY2d 606). Balletta, J. P., Rosenblatt, Pizzuto, Joy and Altman, JJ., concur.
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python, logging to db Azure by ActiveDirectoryPassword I connecting to database on Azure using authentication ActiveDirectoryPassword. ss cnxn = pyodbc.connect('DRIVER='+driver+';SERVER='+host+';UID='+user+';PWD='+password+';Authentication=ActiveDirectoryPassword') It is working. The issue is that using this connection string I do not specify the DB. It just connecting me to master. How can I switch to DB I need. I have tried different connection strings (with database specified) but only this one works with ActiveDirectiryPassword. You could try the below : pyodbc.connect('DRIVER='+driver+';SERVER='+host+';DATABASE='+database+';UID='+user+';PWD='+password+';Authentication=ActiveDirectoryPassword') Please consider accepting this solution if it had helped :) https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5234/how-does-accepting-an-answer-work
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GRIMSON, Judge. This is one of a series of related actions arising out of the unfortunate troubles of the David Gunsch family. The plaintiff, Leona Gunsch, commenced this action on April 2, 1953, for an injunction, for an accounting and to quiet title. She alleges that she is the owner of the South Half (S%) and the Northeast Quarter (NEj4) of Section Thirteen (13), and the South Half (5½) of the Southeast Quarter (SE^4) and the South Half (3½) of the Southwest Quarter (SW^Q o-f Section Twelve (12), all in Township One Hundred Forty-three (143, North, Range Eighty-nine (89) -West of the 5th. P.M. Mercer County, North Dakota, subject to a balance due on the purchase price; that said land had been 'bought by her husband, Tony Gunsch, from his father, David Gunsch; that she obtained a divorce from Tony Gunsch in which action the court decreed and transferred unto her said real estate subject to the rights of said David Gunsch .under the contract for deed; that there has been paid on said contract $4,000; that plaintiff has offered to pay the balance of $12,000 and interest which was refused ,by said David Gunsch; that the defendants have, without any authority or right, removed the 1952 crops from the premises and pastured the land; that the defendants kept her tenants off of the premises by threats of force and violence; that they removed a portion of the buildings therefrom and continued repeated trespasses thereon; that they have instituted numerous legal proceedings for the purpose of vexing and annoying the plaintiff and that unless restrained they will continue to keep the plaintiff and her tenant from possession of the property and deprive her of the income therefrom; that she will suffer irreparable damages from their actions and that she has no adequate remedy at law. She asks for a temporary injunction pending the action and a permanent injunction thereafter restraining the defendants from interfering with the plaintiff or her agents in the possession and enjoyment of these premises. She further asks for an accounting of the crops for 1952 and that the defendants be required to set forth their claims to the land and that the same be declared null and void. That has been done in other actions. Upon the filing of the complaint and the supporting affidavits of plaintiff's tenant and her attorney, an order to show cause why a temporary restraining order should not be granted was issued. The court concluded, "That it satisfactorily appears to the court that good cause exists for an injunction, pending said action, and that from said complaint and said affidavits, and the records herein, the defendants shall be so restrained and enjoined." On the hearing on the order to show cause the restraining order was continued. The defendants filed a joint answer alleging ownership in the land in question in the defendants, John Gunsch and Dan Gunsch, subject to the contract for deed with the defendant, David Gunsch; alleging they purchased the land and some cattle and machinery from Tony Gunsch on or about the 1st day of April 1951 and that prior action is pending to determine the conflicting claims thereto and counterclaiming for the value of improvements in the way of breaking and seeding the land for 1953. The evidence shows that Tony Gunsch had farmed the land in question for several years and was in possession thereof. On February 19, 1951, Tony bought it from his father, David Gunsch, on contract, for $16,000. On March 10, 1951, the plaintiff Leona Gunsch, Tony's wife, commenced a divorce action against him. On that' date a temporary injunction was issued restraining Tony from disposing of any of his property. On June 25, 1952, the divorce action was heard and on June 28, 1952, a judgment was filed granting Leona Gunsch a divorce from Tony Gunsch and in a division of the property she was awarded Tony's interest in the section of land bought 'by him from his father, subject to that contract of purchase and some cash, cattle and household furniture. The evidence further shows that the defendants, after the divorce was granted put forth the claim that John Gunsch and Dan Gunsch had bought the land from Tony on March 15, 1951. Tony denied that and made arrangements for the farming of the premises in 1951. In the spring of 1951, Tony leased 60 or 70 acres to one Carl Neuberger, and was to get one-third of the crop. Then he made arrangements for the seeding of the remainder of the fields and secured the assistance of Neuberger and his brothers, Dan Gunsch and John Gunsch, to seed the crop. Tony was to receive one-third of the crop Neuberger seeded and harvested. His brothers were to use Tony's combine in harvesting the crop they put in for him and have the use of that combine for their own crop in return for the assistance to Tony in raising the crop that year. Tony was to receive all of the crop. Out of that crop $4,100 was paid to David Gunsch as a first payment on the land contract. Tony did not receive anything. In the spring of 1952 Tony continued his attempt to exercise control and entered into a lease with Carl Neuberger for the farming of most of the farm land on the section. David, Dan and John, however, interfered with the carrying out of that lease. The defendants, Dan Gunsch and John Gunsch, entered upon the land early in the spring and farmed it in 1952. As soon as Leona Gunsch acquired Tony's interest in the land by divorce decree in 1952, she engaged one Kees to look after this section of land and the cropping of it for her. John Gunsch, however, interfered and told Kees to stay away from that land in rather threatening language. On January 22, 1953, Leona leased the land to one Fred Flemmer. He made preparations to farm it but was prevented by John and Dan Gunsch. He testified they told him that, "If I didn't want to get hurt I had better stay out." Again Dan and John entered upon the land early. "They came out like a cyclone and they came out with five tractors, didn't give anyone a chance." Counsel for Dan and John wrote Neuberger letters warning him to keep off the land or "you are liable to get hurt." In addition to the claimed trespasses by the defendants upon the real property in question they instituted two actions against plaintiff involving her possession of and right to the cattle that had been awarded to her by the divorce decree. Furthermore, John Gunsch and Dan Gunsch brought an action to determine adverse claims to this land, and David Gunsch brought an action to foreclose the contract. All these actions, together with the instant case, were by stipulation, tried together in July 1953. No objection was made to the form of any of the actions. Different judgments were entered determining the principal issue raised in each case. All of these actions were decided favorably to the plaintiff in this action and have been appealed to this court. In the case of Gunsch v. Gunsch, N.D., 67 N.W.2d 311, 325, to determine adverse claims, this court very thoroughly discussed the evidence as bearing on the ownership and possession of the premises. Reference is hereby made thereto. Dan and John, after the divorce decree, claimed to have bought under an oral contract the premises and the other property involved, from Tony Gunsch on March 15, 1951. On that this court says: "The evidence is voluminous, often conflicting, contradictory and even confusing. When the evidence is considered as a whole it does not spell out a clear-cut agreement between th parties. If any negotiations took place it appears that whatever talks there were between the plaintiffs and Tony and their father, David Gunsch, their primary purpose was to attempt to keep Leona Gunsch from procuring an interest in Tony's property; but the negotiations, whatever they were, never amounted to an oral agreement between the parties. The plaintiffs obtained possession of the property without the knowledge and consent of Tony Gunsch; retained possession in 1952 and 1953 by coercion and threats. Their possession of the land was illegal and they are, and have been trespassers upon the property." The court found: "Leona Gunsch is the equitable owner of the section [the land in question] as the successor in interest of Tony Gunsch pursuant to the judgment and decree granted her in the divorce action against Tony Gunsch and by which she received the interest of Tony Gunsch in the contract for deed with his father, David Gunsch, involving the 'section' and she is entitled to immediate possession thereof". This court thereupon determined the conflicting claims to this real estate in favor of the plaintiff, Leona Gunsch. Her ownership, therefore, is established and the claims of John Gunsch and Dan Gunsch found invalid. It is further held therein that they were trespassers on the land in 1951, 1952 and 1953. In the action by David Gunsch to foreclose his contract this court found that Leona Gunsch as successor of Tony's interest in that contract had the right to pay the balance due thereon. Gunsch v. Gunsch, 'iN.D., N.W.2d - —. Leona Gunsch has, therefore, been found.to be the owner of the real estate since June 28, 1952. It followed that the defendants were repeated trespassers upon the land; that they had interfered with the plaintiff's right to the enjoyment and the fruits of said land. The evidence fully warrants that finding. The evidence also shows the continued threat of the defendants to trespass upon such property and to deprive the plaintiff of the fruits of its production for the year 1953. The plaintiff had been protected by a preliminary restraining order up to the time of entry of judgment in this case. With the entry of that judgment the preliminary restraining order ceased and was merged in the final judgment. Martinson v. Marzolf, 14 N.D. 301, 307, 103 N.W. 937. The danger of trespass by tíre defendants, John Gunsch and Dan Gunsch, and the threatened loss to the plaintiff of the 1953 crops clearly continued. It would at least be very doubtful if she could find out how much grain was raised or what became of it. A remedy for damages would be insufficient as it would be extremely difficult to ascertain the amount that would afford adequate relief. In such cases Section 32-0504, NDRC 1943, authorizes a final injunction. The jurisdiction to prevent threatened disturbance in the peaceable use and enjoyment of real property is inherent in a court of equity. Hasselbring v. Koepke, 263 Mich. 466, 248 N.W. 869, 93 A.L.R. 1170. A court of equity will protect the rightful claimant's possession or right to possession against a trespasser. Zimmerman v. McCurdy, 15 N.D. 79, 84, 106 N.W. 125. "After the establishment of his legal right and of the fact of its violation, the plaintiff is in general entitled as of course to a perpetual injunction to prevent the recurrence of the wrong, unless there be something special in the, circumstances of the case, such as laches, or where the interference with the plaintiff's right" is trivial." Kerr' on Injunctions, p. 32. In the instant case there are no such circumstances. Qearly the court had the right to order a final injunction in the instant case. Contempt On the 28th day of May 1953, Leona Gunsch filed her affidavit setting forth the issuance of the preliminary restraining order in this matter and its due service upon the defendant. She then claims that the defendants had violated such restraining order and proceeded upon the premises for farming operations thereon, and also that they had taken steps to prevent her tenant from operating said premises. She alleges further that the defendants kept a lock on the gate to the buildings on the premises; erected a sign for the purpose of keeping plaintiff off of the land. On the 18th day of July 1953, an order to show cause was issued thereupon by Judge Wigen. Before it could be heard, however, he was disqualified and Judge Amundson designated in his place. Leona Gunsch filed another affidavit alleging defendants had further entered upon the premises for the farming thereof, and she prayed for an order to show cause directing Dan Gunsch and John Gunsch to show why they should not be punished for contempt. Upon the affidavits of Leona Gunsch, the summons, complaint and all the files in the case, Judge Amundson granted an order to show cause on the 22nd day of July 1953 at 10:00 o'clock A.M. why the defendants should not be punished for contempt of court by farming the land in question in the spring of 1953. This order to show cause was served upon the defendants. John Gunsch and Dan Gunsch filed a return to said order denying that it- had been properly served; admitting the farming of the land under the claimed purchase from Tony and claiming that counsel had advised them that they were equitable owners of the property; that injunction could not be used to throw them off; that they were in possession and farming the land under contract of purchase; that the restraining order was void and of no effect, and that they were absolutely safe to stay in possession of said land; that the plaintiff had never attempted to take possession; that Fred Flemmer told them of his lease but that they told him they had bought the land from Tony; that they, in good faith, took the advice of their attorney and continued in possession, farming the land. Upon the joint trial of the cases it was stipulated: "That between the parties in the three (3) contempt proceedings now pending before the court, that all the evidence received in the trial of the six (6) cases which we are now trying jointly, be considered by the court in determining these contempt actions;" and it was further stipulated: "That all the affidavits of either opposing parties be admitted in evidence and that the identification of them by exhibits are hereby waived, that the respective exhibits are in the files of the cases bearing their respective titles." Upon this submission of the contempt cases the court passed upon the matter. Clearly, if there was any irregularity in the service of the order to show cause it was waived. The restraining order granted by Judge Wigen on April 4, 19S3 reads as follows: "It is further ordered that the defendants, Dan Gunsch, John Gunsch, and David Gunsch are hereby, until further order of this court, enjoined and restrained from entering or going upon said premises, or any part thereof, which are described in the complaint, from trespassing thereon, or in any - way interfering with the operation thereof by the plaintiff, by her tenant, Fred Flemmer, or by any of her agents or employees, said defendants being hereby ordered to remain off of said premises, and to refrain from interfering with the plaintiff's operations thereon, pending the trial of said action, or the final order of the court herein." ¡ Then follows a description of the property, and an order for $1,000 undertaking which was furnished. This restraining order was duly served on the defendants on April 6, 1953. Section 32-0602, NDRC 1943, provides that an injunction may be granted: "When it shall appear by the complaint that the plaintiff is entitled to the relief demanded, and such relief, or any part thereof, consists in restraining the commission or continuance of some act, the commission or continuance of which during the litigation will produce injury to the plaintiff". Section 32-0603, NDRC 1943, provides, that an injunction may be granted at the commencement of an action if it appears satisfactorily to the court "by the affidavit .of the plaintiff, or any other person, that sufficient grounds exist therefor." In Brace v. Steele County, 77 N.D. 276, 282, 42 N.W .2d 672, this court holds': "In an action for injunctive relief a temporary injunction may be granted to the plaintiff to restrain the defendant from the commission or continuance of some act against which the in-junctive relief is sought pending the final determination of the case on the merits, when it is necessary to protect the rights of the plaintiff during the litigation." See also Burton v. Walter, 13 N.D. 149, 100 N.W. 257; Forman v. Healey, 11 N.D. 563, 93 N.W. 866; McClure v. Hunnewell, 13 N.D. 84, 99 N.W. 48; Gillies v. Radlce, 78 N.D. 974, 54 N.W.2d 155. The sole purpose of a temporary injunction is to maintain the cause in status quo until a trial on the merits. Brace v. Steele County, 77 N.D. 276, 42 N.W.2d 672. See 43 C.J.S., Injunctions, § 2, p. 406, 28 Am.Jur., Injunctions, § 12, p. 204. From the allegations of the complaint it appears that plaintiff is the owner of the property; that the defendants are not in legal possession of the premises. It is alleged that they are trespassers and that they are by force preventing the plaintiff and her tenant from further farming the premises. The prayer is to keep them off the premises, not to remove them. This is not a mandatory injunction. It is merely to restrain them from entering upon and interfering with the plaintiff's operation of the premises during the pendency of the action. Plaintiff claims that otherwise she is irreparably damaged and has no adequate remedy at law therefor. We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in issuing a temporary restraining order upon the complaint and affidavits submitted. Defendants, John Gunsch and Dan Gunsch, and their counsel now plead advice of counsel as a defense to their violation of the restraining order. Generally that is not considered good defense in contempt proceedings. "The fact that a contemner acted under the advice of counsel is generally no defense to a proceeding for contempt ; but that fact will be considered in mitigation of the offense, or the punishment therefor, at least where the contemner has acted on the advice in good faith, or where an injustice will result. However, if the facts and circumstances show that the excuse is merely a pretense and that the action . was deliberate, willful, and contumacious, it will not be considered in mitigation; nor, it has been held, may an attorney urge the excuse of advice of counsel in mitigation of punishment." 17 C.J.S., Contempt, § 38, p. 52. In Brown v. Brown, 335 Mich. 511, 56 N.W.2d 367, 371, it is held: "It is not a defense that one who violated an injunction did so upon the advice of counsel." See Chapel v. Hull, 60 Mich. 167, 26 N.W. 874. Counsel for defendants cites the case of Forman v. Healey, 11 N.D. 563, 93 N.W. 866, as his authority for the advice given the defendants. The facts, however, in that case were different. Both parties were living upon different portions of a quarter section of government land, each claiming residence and right to perfect title under the homestead laws of United States. Their rights were pending on contest before the Interior Department of the United States. Decision had not been made. Each party was attempting to oust the other by mandatory injunction and it was held that could not be done. In the case at bar the defendants were not residing upon the premises and as this court has held in Gunsch v. Gunsch, supra, had no right to possession thereof. They were trespassers. They were not acting in good faith and "their primary purpose was to attempt to keep Leona Gunsch from protecting her interest in Tony's property." They clearly violated the restraining order of the court. In the case of State v. Simpson, 78 N.D. 360, 49 N.W.2d 777, 780, this court held: "'An injunctional order in an equity case, pendente lite, issued by a court having full equity powers and complete jurisdiction of the subject matter, must be obeyed while it remains in force, however irregularly or erroneously it may have issued.' " See also Hodous v. Hodous, 76 N.D. 392, 36 N.W.2d 554, 12 A.L.R.2d 1051; Glein v. Miller, 45 N.D. 1, 176 N.W. 113. Section 27-1003, NDRC 1943, provides that every court of record may punish as for civil contempt any person guilty of misconduct by which a right or remedy of the party to a civil action may be defeated, impaired or prejudiced or (Subd. 3) for any disobedience to any lawful order, judgment or process of the court. The evidence shows that the defendants, John Gunsch and Dan Gunsch, in this case were guilty of misconduct by which the rights of the plaintiff in this action were prejudiced. They disobeyed the lawful order of the court. The order finding such defendants guilty of contempt of court was proper. Receivership. On July 21, 1953, a motion was made by the defendants for the appointment of a receiver for the real estate in question. This was based upon the affidavit and application of Leona Gunsch reciting the history of the real .estate since February 19, 1951, her ownership thereof under the divorce decree, the trespassing and farming of the land by the defendants in 1952 without any accounting, the danger of her losing the 1953 crop; that the only way of protecting her rights and interest in the crops and property was to appoint a receiver to take charge of the same pending final disposition of the litigation over the land in question. The defendants filed an objection and written resistance to said petition reciting their claims to the property under the alleged purchase from Tony. The court upon the evidence in the five cases appointed a receiver giving him possession of the land and authority to take care of the land and the farming and the receipts therefrom. Section 32-1001, Subdivision 1, NDRC 1943, provides that a receiver may be appointed by the court in which an action is pending between parties jointly interested in the property involved on the application of "any party whose right to or interest in the property or fund or proceeds thereof is probable, and when it is shown that the property or fund is in danger of being lost, removed, or materially' injured". The defendants argue that the 'appointment of a receiver is not necessáry or proper in a case where the claimant of title is in possession in good faith. ' The evidence in this case shows that legal title to the premises is in David Gunsch subj ect to the contract between him and Tony; that Tony's interest was decreed by the court to the plaintiff. The defendants Dan and John, claim equitable ownership under an alleged purchase from Tony. Two-thirds of the crop raised on the premises were to be applied on the contract to David to protect the equitable title of either Dan and John or the plaintiff whoever was finally found to be the rightful owner thereof. If not so applied David could foreclose and deprive the other parties to this action of their interest. The court found that the plaintiff was the owner of the equitable title under the decree of divorce and that the defendants were not in good faith but were trespassers and had no legal right to. the property. In this case all of the parties to this lawsuit claim an interest in the crops.' These facts bring this appointment within the provisions of Section 32-1001, supra. The case of Olson v. Union Central Life Ins. Co., 58 N.D. 899, 228 N.W. 223, 225', involved the appointment of a receiver for certain crops and restraining the plaintiff from disposing of the same. The defendant had foreclosed on certain real estate in 1924 and no redemption had been made by the plaintiff. Plaintiff began the action to set aside and vacate the sale. He remained in possession in 1926 and 1927 and farmed the premises. The action came for trial and judgment was entered for the defendants in June 1927. The defendants then applied for the appointment of a receiver for the 1927 crops which plaintiff had seeded. The court says: "The main case had been tried and disposed of by the trial court. The judgment entered by that court was in favor of the respondent, quieting title in it and awarding the possession of the premises in question to it. • The crop involved in the receivership proceeding, with respect to which the order from which this appeal was taken was entered, was crop about to mature on the premises. At the time the application -for the order was made, no appeal had' been perfected. At that time the court unquestionably had jurisdiction1 and authority to appoint a receiver to conserve it, if it were necessary that this be done." "A receiver will be ' appointed over crops where parties are contesting the title of the land, each claiming to be in possession, and where each is interfering with the other in harvesting crops grown by him,' and threatening forcible resistance.". 1 Tardy's Smith on Receivers, Section 203, p. 505. It has been generally recognized by this court as well as other authorities that equity jurisdiction will give ancillary aid to an action in court by the appointment of a receiver when the facts show such remedy necessary to preserve the status quo of the property in issue until the proper disposition thereof has been determined in the litigation providing irreparable damage .may result if the existing status of the property is not preserved. Sec. 32-1001, Subdivision 6, NDRC 1943, provides that •a receiver may be appointed in all cases, "where receivers heretofore have been appointed'by the usages of court of equity." See also, Martin v. Harnage, 26 Okl. 790, 110 P. 781, 38 L.R.A.,N.S., 228; Dale v. Duffy, 44 N.D. 33, 176 N.W. 97; Olson v. Union Central Life Ins. Co., 58 N.D. 899, 228 N.W. 223. "Where crops are planted by a trespasser who wrongfully assumes to hold possession and threatens to harvest and market the crops for his own bene- . fit, the appointment of a receiver is authorized in appropriate proceeding." Barnes v. Morrison, 102 Cal.App. 152, 282 P. 986, 989. "If plaintiff has a lien, charge or other interest in the defendant's property, and there is reasonable ground to apprehend that, pending the litigation, the property, the subject of such lien, charge or other interest will be disposed of fraudulently or in such a way as to deprive the complaining party of the fruits of his recovery, then a court of equity will , step in and preserve the property by injunction or by the appointment of a receiver." Vol. 1, Clark on Receivers, Second' Addition, Sec. 187; p.245. In Ingwalson v. Aney, 54 N.D. 627, 210 N.W. 498, 500, it is said: "Whether in any given case a situation exists which justifies or requires the appointment of a receiver is one-addressed to the sound legal discretion of the district court and its order will not be disturbed on appeal unless clearly wrong. 2 Tardy^s Smith on Receivers, 2d ed. p. 1954". See also Dale v. Duffy, 44 N.D. 33, 176 N.W. 97, 45 Am.Jur. Receivers, Sec. 47, p. 43. Defendant's counsel argues that when the district court had made its order fixing the amount of undertaking on appeal and stay as to money parts of the judgment his jurisdiction ceased and that when an appeal was taken it had no more power or duty as to the receivership. He claims that no application was pending for the reappointment of a receiver at the time the "Modified Order Fixing Conditions and Amount of Undertaking on Appeal, Staying Execution and Proceedings to Enforce Judgment Pending Appeal" dated March 24, 1954, was issued. There was no stay of the receivership granted in said order. Instead it was provided that possession of the real estate in question should remain in the receiver appointed to take possession thereof and of the 1953 crops, and that he should continue in possession under said order and "take possession of the 1954 crops upon said real estate, and all crops raised thereon thereafter, until further order of the court." This was done for the purpose of protecting and saving the crops of 1954 for the same reason that the receiver was appointed in the first place. The litigation was still pending on appeal. In Olson v. Union Central Life Insurance Co. supra [58 N.D. 899, 228 N.W. 225], this court holds: "When the'appeal was perfected the trial court was thereby divested of the power to hear the parties further upon any question involved in the determina- ' tion of the main action but it retained jurisdiction to protect and preserve' the property which was the subject of' the litigation. See section 7588 C.L. 1913; Mitchell v. Roland, 95 Iowa 314, 63 N.W. 606; Brinkman v. Ritzinger, 82 Ind. 358; Beard v. Arbuckle, 19 W.Va. 145; Penn Mut. Ins. Co. v. Semple, 38 N.J.Eq. 314; and generally the note in 72 Am.St.Rep. page 39; High on Receivers, § 110; 3 C.J. 1268 et seq." The court was fully warranted in the appointment of a receiver in this action. The judgment of the district court is affirmed. MORRIS, C. J., and JOHNSON, BURKE and SATHRE, JJ., concur..
36,994
https://github.com/xiw/mathlib/blob/master/src/set_theory/game.lean
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Open Source
Apache-2.0
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mathlib
xiw
Lean
Code
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/- Copyright (c) 2019 Mario Carneiro. All rights reserved. Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE. Authors: Reid Barton, Mario Carneiro, Isabel Longbottom, Scott Morrison -/ import set_theory.pgame /-! # Combinatorial games. In this file we define the quotient of pre-games by the equivalence relation `p ≈ q ↔ p ≤ q ∧ q ≤ p`, and construct an instance `add_comm_group game`, as well as an instance `partial_order game` (although note carefully the warning that the `<` field in this instance is not the usual relation on combinatorial games). -/ universes u local infix ` ≈ ` := pgame.equiv instance pgame.setoid : setoid pgame := ⟨λ x y, x ≈ y, λ x, pgame.equiv_refl _, λ x y, pgame.equiv_symm, λ x y z, pgame.equiv_trans⟩ /-- The type of combinatorial games. In ZFC, a combinatorial game is constructed from two sets of combinatorial games that have been constructed at an earlier stage. To do this in type theory, we say that a combinatorial pre-game is built inductively from two families of combinatorial games indexed over any type in Type u. The resulting type `pgame.{u}` lives in `Type (u+1)`, reflecting that it is a proper class in ZFC. A combinatorial game is then constructed by quotienting by the equivalence `x ≈ y ↔ x ≤ y ∧ y ≤ x`. -/ def game := quotient pgame.setoid open pgame namespace game /-- The relation `x ≤ y` on games. -/ def le : game → game → Prop := quotient.lift₂ (λ x y, x ≤ y) (λ x₁ y₁ x₂ y₂ hx hy, propext (le_congr hx hy)) instance : has_le game := { le := le } @[refl] theorem le_refl : ∀ x : game, x ≤ x := by { rintro ⟨x⟩, apply pgame.le_refl } @[trans] theorem le_trans : ∀ x y z : game, x ≤ y → y ≤ z → x ≤ z := by { rintro ⟨x⟩ ⟨y⟩ ⟨z⟩, apply pgame.le_trans } theorem le_antisymm : ∀ x y : game, x ≤ y → y ≤ x → x = y := by { rintro ⟨x⟩ ⟨y⟩ h₁ h₂, apply quot.sound, exact ⟨h₁, h₂⟩ } /-- The relation `x < y` on games. -/ -- We don't yet make this into an instance, because it will conflict with the (incorrect) notion -- of `<` provided by `partial_order` later. def lt : game → game → Prop := quotient.lift₂ (λ x y, x < y) (λ x₁ y₁ x₂ y₂ hx hy, propext (lt_congr hx hy)) theorem not_le : ∀ {x y : game}, ¬ (x ≤ y) ↔ (lt y x) := by { rintro ⟨x⟩ ⟨y⟩, exact not_le } instance : has_zero game := ⟨⟦0⟧⟩ instance : inhabited game := ⟨0⟩ instance : has_one game := ⟨⟦1⟧⟩ /-- The negation of `{L | R}` is `{-R | -L}`. -/ def neg : game → game := quot.lift (λ x, ⟦-x⟧) (λ x y h, quot.sound (@neg_congr x y h)) instance : has_neg game := { neg := neg } /-- The sum of `x = {xL | xR}` and `y = {yL | yR}` is `{xL + y, x + yL | xR + y, x + yR}`. -/ def add : game → game → game := quotient.lift₂ (λ x y : pgame, ⟦x + y⟧) (λ x₁ y₁ x₂ y₂ hx hy, quot.sound (pgame.add_congr hx hy)) instance : has_add game := ⟨add⟩ theorem add_assoc : ∀ (x y z : game), (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) := begin rintros ⟨x⟩ ⟨y⟩ ⟨z⟩, apply quot.sound, exact add_assoc_equiv end instance : add_semigroup game.{u} := { add_assoc := add_assoc, ..game.has_add } theorem add_zero : ∀ (x : game), x + 0 = x := begin rintro ⟨x⟩, apply quot.sound, apply add_zero_equiv end theorem zero_add : ∀ (x : game), 0 + x = x := begin rintro ⟨x⟩, apply quot.sound, apply zero_add_equiv end instance : add_monoid game := { add_zero := add_zero, zero_add := zero_add, ..game.has_zero, ..game.add_semigroup } theorem add_left_neg : ∀ (x : game), (-x) + x = 0 := begin rintro ⟨x⟩, apply quot.sound, apply add_left_neg_equiv end instance : add_group game := { add_left_neg := add_left_neg, ..game.has_neg, ..game.add_monoid } theorem add_comm : ∀ (x y : game), x + y = y + x := begin rintros ⟨x⟩ ⟨y⟩, apply quot.sound, exact add_comm_equiv end instance : add_comm_semigroup game := { add_comm := add_comm, ..game.add_semigroup } instance : add_comm_group game := { ..game.add_comm_semigroup, ..game.add_group } theorem add_le_add_left : ∀ (a b : game), a ≤ b → ∀ (c : game), c + a ≤ c + b := begin rintro ⟨a⟩ ⟨b⟩ h ⟨c⟩, apply pgame.add_le_add_left h, end -- While it is very tempting to define a `partial_order` on games, and prove -- that games form an `ordered_add_comm_group`, it is a bit dangerous. -- The relations `≤` and `<` on games do not satisfy -- `lt_iff_le_not_le : ∀ a b : α, a < b ↔ (a ≤ b ∧ ¬ b ≤ a)` -- (Consider `a = 0`, `b = star`.) -- (`lt_iff_le_not_le` is satisfied by surreal numbers, however.) -- Thus we can not use `<` when defining a `partial_order`. -- Because of this issue, we define the `partial_order` and `ordered_add_comm_group` instances, -- but do not actually mark them as instances, for safety. /-- The `<` operation provided by this partial order is not the usual `<` on games! -/ def game_partial_order : partial_order game := { le_refl := le_refl, le_trans := le_trans, le_antisymm := le_antisymm, ..game.has_le } local attribute [instance] game_partial_order /-- The `<` operation provided by this `ordered_add_comm_group` is not the usual `<` on games! -/ def ordered_add_comm_group_game : ordered_add_comm_group game := ordered_add_comm_group.mk' add_le_add_left end game
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bpt6k711446t_3
French-PD-Newspapers
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V". A l'Eiyséèf; Lê "fii'èsidèat (fo là Rèpu^Hjjue ^ matin don Quirno Cos'tâi vice-président dé la-République argentine, qui éiait. aceompagné de M-, GarciaMàrisilla,-chargé d'affai res de la République argentine; -, ' %j&amp; président dé la ïîèpu^îlque. Comme noup l'annonçons aiÙeuxë, ^le^pré'! sîdent; de le'Rèpiijjji^ue et.Mmé toubeVopt visité ce matin rexposition d'hqrtïculture -du Cour^-la-Rbine. ^ "Le prêsidètit â'été roçuparMM. Moùgeot, ministre, ; Vige.r, sénateur, président du comité, de l'exposition ; Trouillot,ministre du .'Commerce ,'Maruéjouls^s ministredes travaux publics,et Doumergue, ministre des colonies. ,. JJi&gt;e gerbe de fleurs ; a' .été .dfîerte.-à'Mnie Lpubeti aji. nom du-eomité de l'expositi^ttd'horticulture^ ^. w. Ayant, de se; retirer, lô président, delà. République a remis la croix: d'officier du Mérite ,agricole, à ■ Aiifroyiet iMBser,'horticulteurs; la croix de chevalier du Mé rite agricole à -M'. Tuzèt; :i propsigateur des conférences agricoles dans lès casernes j et les ' palmes d'officier d'aqadéfnie, à M. Lèlièvre, sculpteur. ' L'exécution des décrets d'expulsion, Les ebromissaïreç. de. t polî i çp» ; c£argfi§, de constater si les décrets d'expulsion avaj.cnt. été suivis, et si les religieux avaient quitté JeuTs établissements" " dans ' les "délais T in'dï-7 qués par la loi,. ; v.iennçiit, communiquer le résultat dë lettré "op'étaiioris S M'. Lépine, préfet de police. Le commissaire des 'Lilâ&amp;'^s'est rendu phez les Frères do la Doctrine chrétienne de Nancy, 55, ; rue DenfértRochèreatf, a Niolsyie Sec, .et a cohstiifé que," liés reïigichïx" étaient-parti.?. .-i.,. Il a constaté éjfalèmeiît lé dépîfrt'''jlés Érè^ res de l'instruction chrétienne de Saint-Gàtorlel;--" " •* !f ' ' " , .. Le commissaire de police d'Â'sniôfes s'est'' présenté chez les Frères du Sacré-Cœur de Paradis, 3, eub .du. Bac,-.à-;Asnières, et a constaté la présence de quatre religieux qui lui ont déclaré être séculaHsês. y. i ^ ■•3Le comtiiisàairé dë policé' âu ";quartibr Saint-Merri s'est rendu chëi' les' Frères; clé l'instruction chrétienne de Plôérniel, 85,* rue de la Verrerie, et a constaté leuf départ. ; Le cbtfihîfssaTre 'de police' dûPeîif-^ldjrtrouge, qui s'estrendu chez les Clercè iie gaint-Viateur de Bourlês." 199, avenue du Maine, y a trouvé deux religieux qui lui ont déclaré être sécularisés. ( .* -s s »« v&lt; Le ooiàmissaire 'de', policé' d^ ! Vin^nnes s*est rendu chez ees mêmes 'Frères,. â ëainïMandé, eV a constaté leur départ: " *. " ; Lë (Commissaire dé police du quartier""d'é la^hausséë-d'Atttui ;i a constaté le M^aït xies Frères de la Sainte-Famillé dé'Belley; 3,nie de la Trinité. Et le èp.mHiissçaira ,da.;pDliaa de^ûlignancourt qui s'est présejjt^ à J^taUis sejpepJ.de ces tïiêmes r^igieux,. ^l,r,rjje .de la Barrej.a constaté.qu'ils.étaiept paf't^s..,., , s ,.'3, Le commissure dp pioli^è. du, quartïet )i r l' vieftne qui ; s'est,, rendu 4^ôs -jân j .teôisi^4e établissement dè ces "Frères, iiu^Notrér Dame des Victoires, a constaté également leur départe dits Marianistes, et a constaté.leur départ, (Agence nationale.) Pour les Sœùrç. i ; v ^ La Rochèllè^20,,màij ^ Les Soeiifs ffê Tonnay-ChMent^, ob^ij?satit à des ordres reçus, pnt quitté leur rétailissemént/Ciiiq'cents.personnes environ les ont abcompagnées à l^t^gare-en criant : « V îvb la liberté ! Vivent lés Sœurs !» ; a .&gt; i , * i Les Marianistesdé Réâliûont; v ' ' *" " ' " AÏb'i, SO.mai» " Les .Marianistes, qui tiepp^çt un;étabBssétnbût, d'i^st^uctipn ^Ré'alnônt,, oi}t refusé. dô sè dîSjper"sér. Ils se sont barri Q9d.é?«aveo; des amis à l'intérieur de l'établissement, au tour duquel des groupes armés de fourches montent la garde. Et c'esfeainsi; çpi^ils "atten|dent l'arr|Y,ée.^es agents Qbjoibis. , v ' La société de {trÀvoyance des Alsaciens-Lorrains. La 29° féte solennelle de la Société de préfvoyancé et ; de secotirè 'inutrielis des Alsajciens-Lorrains aura" lieu le jeudi 21 mai; à heures, au Palais dti Tfocadéro, sous la _ résid*encô d'honneur dè M: Paul.Delonlbre, idéputé, ancien" ministre, et dè M. G. Bièsj président de la société. ' 1 Ftâàce et Russie. ! ... ...... Cherbourg, 20 mai. f L'invitation 'oliicielle au maire de Cher bourg p.our se rendre au deuxième cente naire de la fondation,.de Sàint-Pétersbourg, est parvendè^ujourtyiiui Le^-cpnseil munipipal ' se réuiiira ce' soir pour statuer sur jeette invitation. Lés congrèé ouvrier^. i ! ... Carmaûx, 20 mai". i La-congrès «Tekmineurs é'ëst ouvert" ce matin à neuf heures. Le bureau était forftiô çlu citoyen Calvignac,.président, ayant pour {tssesseurs les citoyens Voniaux (du Nord), Buvat (du Gentrej et pour secrétaire le ci toyen Escaflre'(de'Càrhiaux). .... Sont représentées leéorgânisati'ons sui Riône), VaidppnjB^T/etç, jj la Fpiclëfation. du Centre,,ayec Eftinac ; Anzin, : les. syndicats duNqrd.etdu Pas-de.-Caïais. et delà Loire; en tout., 22 délégués, deux délégués du' Centre feontabsents." ? 4îès* l'ouverture de' ; la sëafricéj le; bureau vérifie les pouvoirs et en prppose la .vajidâiion'au cotgrÈs-.'. li..:;.). z-i: i ' ' Î5Qnk®fi|jje, Minai. | La Fédération nationale, des ouvriers iies porte de France ot d'Algérie , a= ténu ce -pu*. jtinia première séanbé" 3Tû congrès gui 'dukétà qùatro'ioûrs^ pùarante-dèûx 'déléguëë klQ^ r dlfïéTonts ports sont,' présents. Dô.uzè 'quèstipha iiont à l'ordre du joiir.% | Le citoyen Roch. &amp; ,étç.^éju président, &gt;dft 1% première séance ; uiiê. .coétiaissibn,ite sept imemtaossa : été nommée pour la vérification : des r pouvoirs„ • 1 -J "i. ' -• Un nouveau fusil; i ■ , -.3 ". v": Brest, 20 mai. | î'^atte, mécanicien à Èord dû^^ cuirassé Courbet, a inventé un nouveau fusil pour jl'usage des troupes; les plans, ont été enjyoyés au miflistôr« r de la thariné. j Dans la croisé dë l'arme est pratiqué un jmagasin pouvant contenir 20. ou tiqrtouiches Lebel, suivabt la grosseur. Là crosse (a 46 millimètres, d-épaisseur pour 20 cartouSches et 49 pour 2'4.' 1 Le nouveau-système à répétition '^modifie Itot.alçm.çQt lç méecyaisme du chien, de T.aQjgetet delà gâchette.?. , i. • j Lejmnistrà de. la m'arlïje a'demandé un isiipplément d'informations.. —■ | "Ml Taratté, 'plusieurs fois ùié^aillé ' au 'concours de'déssin dè Së'dan,. est breVe'tè ;horg'concours.. _. y ^ • (Savas.). s .... », Incendie àans^ une^^ mine. : -, Rive-de-Gier r 20'mai'. ^ t ; On annonce de Grand'Groix qu'un ihfcendiô a éclaté ce matin dans les galeries du puits Saint-Antoiné-, appartenant à là CompàgAiê dè la Pérônnièré: L'es 6'uyriers " )ont im être ; réjnôpté| à.t'eàijsi mais plusieurs chevaux ont'été asphyxiés. "La situation en Oriènt. Rome, 20 mai. Çës joilr's derniers, "le 'Carrière' deïl(i serji. pùtjliàit un article' sur .la pécèssité spécialëïp'ént, en vué. pour la. question balkani que de consolider l'alliance austro-ita lienne..^^,.; ' • &lt; i. " ; La Gasetta di YenesHa reprend cette idée pour la combattre ^nargiq^oment. : — « Admettons, dit-elle, que le peupléntàlien, qui a déjà fait tant de miracles, fasse celui d'oublier le passé pour s'unir cordia-' lement atec àne aiïcienno 'ennemie'.en vue il'tto' futur-intérêt,. r CHAMBBS SES DÉPUTÉS ! Séance. | !J^â séance est ouverte à 2 h. 20. I lil'. ^Bourgeois préside, j M. jCombes est seul au banc du gouverjn'ëmènt. r ^ '... ■. i... ',. 1 le comtQ dépose ; une inter jp^Uàïion sur-jle's événements qui .se sont 'prpâuits à SaxontSipn, le 4 courant... ' ^Çette înterpellatiop est joipte à celles; yU isânt^ l'a, politique religieuse du gouverne-; !me«it. i M. ' Enigêrand a. la parole pour dévelôpIpër'son " ^ '. i Interpèllation iqui vîse piartfculièremènt" les' incidente qui Ise sont'produits dans l'église d'Auberviljlfers et dans quéîqùèé' autres égliseé de 'Paris./ ' ■; ^ " ! L'orateur deihande au gjoùvëriièrfent quelîlés meéures il compte prèn'dre pour faire respecter en France le libre ëxèrcicë du. cùlté catholique. Il rappelle les récents "troû' bles et proteste contre l'attifode dek sbciâ; listés. Il proteste aùsài cpntrë î'âppui qûé ; M. Combes pataît don'nét aux ï)ërturbâC6ùrs en supprimant l'indémnité .deé curés. Parlant des incidents de Reims.'M. Engerànd est interrompu par M. Côinbes &lt;|Ui lui déclaré îjpïé cës faitsont été inexactemêiit rapportés. (Bruits au centré et à droitë.) ' Inbidént. M. de Baudry d'Asson. C'est vous et vos partisans' qu'i né :dites pâs la vérité. " ,M.". BèVtêaiixi Je. m'étonne, quand il y a dBs maïèons pour Îës '.fous,que M., âe ëe'audry 'd'Asson s'oi't ièi IXVives èxclamâtions à di*ôftë: — : Cifi§ à l'ordre ' 1 " ' ' ' J «M. de Baudry d'Asson (s'élance dans l'hémicycle et se-dirige vers M. Berteaux; lés huissiers l'entourent et le ramènent à son banc. ......... _. _. , , M. le président. Je rappelle la,Chambre au calme. (Ëxclamations et ruméurs adroite etau cèntre.) M. Engerand cite, parmi les perturba teurs, l'ex-rabbé Chàrbonnel.qui, dit-il, cher che à assouvir des rancunes" personnelles et qui s'est sécularisé lpi-ihême. (Rires.) M. Lasies. Il n'y a rien dé plus terrible qu'-un-curé-enragé !-(Longue hilarité.) M. Engerand demande ce qu'entend faire le présidents du conseil devant les menaces des révolutionnaires. ,. Il faut savoir si M7Combes n'accepte pas cette collaboration flétrissante. C'est aux cris de : « Vive Combes ! s Vive la révolution sociale! » que les,désordres se produisent. Il est nécessaire que M. Combes, s'explique. M. de Grandmaison demande comment des sénateurs ou des.députês, se. substituant au pouvoir exécutif, ont pu promettre à leurs, ôlectejurs -le maintien de certaines chapelles ?. L'orateur fait allusion à la lettre de M. ; Fouldot à l'affiche de M. Borne, , ! M.,Combes appliquera-t-il uniformément i ou suivant tels ,ou tels intérêts ses circulaires ? , "T "♦ —: — Nouvelles ayant paru dans nos dernières éditions : , Les Dominicains de Bordeaux. : ,. Bordeaux,,19 mai. , Les Pères Dominicains Raynal; Madré, : Carbay, Casagnavere, ayant refusé dè quit! ter lèur couvent ont été mandés dans le ca binet du juge d'instruction, à qui ils ont ; déclaré qu'ils persistaient dans leur résolu tion de ne céder qu'à la forcé, le procureur de la République les a déférés à la police correctionnelle. &lt; Les Pères de la grotte de Lourdes. ■ Du Temps : ■ Lourdes, 19 mai. Le tribunal dé Lourdes vient de rendre son jugement statuant-sur l'instance en ré féré introduite par le liquidateur.des biens ■ dëâ pères de ,1a grotte de Lourdes contre l'évèqué de Tarbès, qiii^soutenait que la ba; silique, la Grotte et autres immeubles habi! tés jadis par les Pères de l'Immaculée-Con! ception étaient là propriété de la ménse épiscopale. Le tribunal reconnaît que" ces im-, : meubles n'étaieni; pas détenus, àu vrai sens' du mot, par les Pères de la Grotte .et décide i qu'il n'y a lieu ni à inventaire ni à apposi*; tion de scellés. Le liquidateur s'est pourvu en appel. 4 • : Les Sœurs de Caussens. : Condom, 19 mai, t Du Journal des Débats : Les Sœurs Latour et Lanquine, et, après avoir revêtu des vêtements civils, avaient &gt; ouvqrt une école libre à .Caussens, leur éta blissement^ congrégânisté ayant ; éi,è 'fermé, iont cdmparu'hief "devant" lé tribunal corrécî tionnel. i. .Treize témoins ont été entendus. L© pro cureur de la République a conclu à la con damnation des religieuses,. ■ ■ [ L'avocat des deux prévenues a demandé : leur acquittement en disant qué ses clientes ■ étaient sécularisées. Le jugement a été "renvoyé à huitaine. Au monastère de Prouilhe. : Castelnaudary, 19 inâi. ' &gt; Le tribunal," dans son audience des réfé' rés, vient d'ordonner l'apposition des écellès ail monaëtère de Prouilhe sur. le logement de l'aumônier appartenant à l'ordre des Do minicains. L'assistance obligatoire. La commission d'assurance* et de' propa gande socialesà décidé de demander à la Ghainbre la mise^ en tête de son ordre du jour dé la proposition de M. L'incident Revoil. De la Patrie :. .. .. .. « Les ^députés algériens, n'interpelleront pas au sujet de la démission de M; Revoil. Le président dû conseil a pris l'engagement do donner sous peu une compensation à l'ancien gouverneur général. M. Revoil ren trera dans la.carrière diplomatique et sera nommé ambassadeur. » Le lieuténant Portier. Du Temps : Nantes, 19 mai. S Le.lieutenant Portier,du 93 e d'infanterie'à la Roohe-sur-yon,qui, refusa de conduire sa compagnie aux Sables-d'Olonne lors des mesures prises contre les congréganistes, a été hier.soir écroué ,à la prison militaire de Nantes, L'instruction préliminaire ouverte contre lui est close. Le général Grisot, com mandant le 11 B corps a signé l'ordre d'infor mer et le parquet militaire est maintenant saisi. Le lieutenant Portier occupe à la prison la même cellule que le colonel de SaintRémy. Le procès aura lieu dans la première quinzaine de juin. • ■ Lès projets de M. Combes.. Le Messager de Valence a publié çe ma tin une interview de son rédacteur en chef' avec M. Besson. En voici un extrait : ■ , « M. de Vallès est un magistrat fort aima ble dont je n'ai eu jusqu'ici qu'à *ie louer, f II a essayé, il est vrai;—-c'était dans son i rôle,—de me faire déssaisir de mespreui ves; Je ne suis pastombé dans '.le.piège; i voilà tout. Je n'ai pas voulu me laisser dê : ; Scirmer. Ces preuves, je les réserve pour les assises. Ah! souhaitez pour moi les assises ; Je vous promets uneHbelle-au iience.-Tout; ce qu'on a révélé jusqu'ici de cette affaire, &gt; tous ,ces témoignages qui'no laissent aucun doute sur le rôle des intermédiaires de M. 'Edgar Combes et qui établissent ma bonne ; foi d'une façon éclatante, to.ut cela n'est rien à,côté de .ce q.yi më. reste à-dire. Ecou; : tez bién. : ce n'est pas seulement le procès : de la famille Combes que je suis résolu à : faire", c'est celui, du « Bloc » tout entier, de ; ce syndicat d'appétits qui déshonore la Ré publique. ; « — Les assises ! Je crains fort que vous ; ne les obteniez jamais. -! « — C'est possible ! En attendanV/e vais ; continuer à imprimer chaque jour que-M. Edgar Combes; secrétaire général du mi&gt; nistère de Vintérieuret -filsdu président du conseil des ministres,est un maîtrechanteur. La température. Le baromètrie abaissé de 7 mim à Valentia; de 6 à Biarritz ; la dépression" de la Baltique s'éloigne lentement vers le nordest.avec 749 mpn à'Helsingfors ; une vaste zone de faible pression s'avance du large sur les îles Britanniques et le golfe de Gas cogne. Le thermomètre se felève sur les îlès Britanniques et sur nos Tégiohs de l'ouest ; hier matin, -il marquait': 4 à Charleville, 9 à Paris. 15 à Perpignan, 15 k Alger, .2 au puy de Dôme et au mont .Ventoux, — 4 att pic du Midi: ■ ; . v Des pluies sont tombées dans le" nord et le' cpnlre de l'Europe| en France, on. a re cueilli 2 mpn d'eau à Belfort, l,à Nancy et à Perpignan. Lè vent est faible d'entre est et sud sur no» côtes'de la Manche et de l'Océan, du nordouest en Provence. La mer est belle sur toutes nos côtes., En France; la température va se relever, un temps nuageux et beau est probable.' Marché aux bestiaux.. 19 mai 1903. 1 , Veaux. — Amenés, 328}.. vendus, 311} poids moyen, G9. Prix du kilog., l rt qualité; 2.00^2* qualité," 1 9ûi 5® qualité, 1 70 ; prix extrêmes, 1 40' a 2 05. Vente calme. _' CHAIVGES " Du 18 : "Change "«or "Lisâdbretf.' 'Valp.v raiso, 16 11[16. ' , Du 19 : Change sur Londres à Rïo;. ...j... — Change Singàpôre ét 'Pénang, 1^8 li2. Taël Shanghaï, 4 mois, 2i415^16. -Or en barres, 77[9 ljjB.— Pias'tros, 24 ... —, Agio BuenosAyres, 127 27. Madrid, 3.67 1£ Omnium russe 4 OfJ Panama, 3* série........... ..147 .. Panama, à lots............ ,, ,,, 325 .. Roumanie 5 0(0, bons du Trésor. , 511 50 République Argentine 4 0|0 1900.., 78 55 Minas Geraes (Etat de) 5 0î018S7. .. .434. Actions de Carmaux 1595 — La Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est délivre toute l'année des livrets-à coupons combinables, à prix réduits, del'Union des chemins de fer européens, permettant aux voyageurs de composer à leur gré un voyage sur les réseaux.de l'Est, du Nord-, de l'Ouest et de P.-L.-M., et dans les pays désignés ci après : Allemagne, Autriche-Hongrie, Bel gique, Bosnie-Herzégovine, Bulgarie, Dane mark, Finlande, grand-duché de Luxem bourg, Pays-Bas^ Norvège; Roumanie, Ser bie, Suède, Suisse et Turquie. A' partir du 1 er. juin, la délivrance des 1 li vrets à coupons combinables-sera étendue aux chemins de fei 1 français de l'Etat, du Midi et d'Orléans, ainsi qu'aux réseaux des chemins de-fer italiens. La réduction par rapport aux prix des bilets simples atteint et dépasse 20 0(0. Les principalës conditions d'émission de ces livrets sont les suivantes' : ■■■.&gt; " L'itinéraire doit empruntér à îa fois des lignes françaises çt étrangères et ramener le voyageur à son point de départ' initialil peut affecter'la forme d'un voyage circulaire ou celle d'un aller et retour. :. • Le parcours tarifé ne peut être inférieur à 600 kilomètres ; là durée -de validité des li vrets est de 45 jours lorsque le parcours ne dépasse pas ,2,000 kilomètres ; elle est de soixante jours pour les parcours plus longs. Les livrets doivent êtrè demandés, à l'a vance; 1 il n'est pas concédé de franchise de bagages. ; ■Les : enfants âgéa de quatre ans et moins sont transportés gratuitement, ils n'occupent pas une.place distincte; au-dessus de quatre ans, jusqu'à dix ans, ils bénéficient d'une ré duction de50 0(0. 'o^Italie.
50,905
https://github.com/victorevox/Angular-Universal-Blog/blob/master/public/src/app/modules/profile/pages/profile/profile.component.ts
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,018
Angular-Universal-Blog
victorevox
TypeScript
Code
53
149
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable'; import { AuthenticationService } from '@appsrc/app/modules/_shared/services'; @Component({ selector: 'profile', templateUrl: "./profile.component.html" }) export class ProfileComponent implements OnInit { public message: string; public get user () { return this._authService.getUser(); } constructor(private _authService: AuthenticationService) {} ngOnInit() { this.message = 'Hello'; } }
13,521
https://github.com/kirill-krasuk/donut_boilerplate/blob/master/src/shared/ui-kit/image/index.tsx
Github Open Source
Open Source
Unlicense
2,022
donut_boilerplate
kirill-krasuk
TypeScript
Code
43
128
import loadable from '@loadable/component'; const Image = loadable(() => import(/* webpackChunkName: "Image" */ './Image'), { fallback: <div> Loading... </div> }); const LazyImage = loadable( () => import(/* webpackChunkName: "LazyImage" */ './LazyImage'), { fallback: <div> Loading... </div> } ); export { Image, LazyImage };
3,206
tel-04470611-DDOC_T_2023_0129_TEZIER.txt_3
French-Science-Pile
Open Science
Various open science
null
Faire du club sportif un milieu de vie promoteur de santé : du développement et de la mise en œuvre de l’intervention PROSCeSS à son évaluation. Santé publique et épidémiologie. Université de Lorraine, 2023. Français. &#x27E8;NNT : 2023LORR0129&#x27E9;. &#x27E8;tel-04470611&#x27E9;
None
English
Spoken
6,839
9,967
Data analyses After a full transcription, an inductive thematic analysis of the data was guided by the themes targeted by the interview guide (Patton, 2014). The theoretical model of health-promoting SC (HPSC) (Van Hoye, Johnson, Geidne, et al., 2021) was used as an element of comparison to the answers provided by sports participant regarding their understanding of HP and the determinants of health. To this end, 2 researchers individually read the interviews to immerse themselves in the discussions and then classified the responses into themes in Excel tables (eg: actors responsible for SP in the club). To ensure common understanding and interpretation, the researchers linked their coding and discussed differences and similarities. Conflicts were settled after agreement and common understanding of the analyzed element. Ethical considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Université de Lorraine (CNIL N°2021157) and that of Université Laval (CERUL 022-446 / 19-12-2022). All participants gave informed consent, and all personal data are anonymized in the transcripts. Quebec sport participants received a financial compensation of 50 Canadian dollars. This compensation was RESULTS Explore the HP expectations and perceptions of sport participants and the role of the SC in contributing to their health Sport participants generally agree on the role that SC can play on physical health: « to maintain your physical condition » (Sport participants of a French SC : FSP10) and mental health: « you feel good about yourself » (Sport participants of a Quebecers SC: QSP1). Several of them extend its contribution to health to social aspects: « social interactions are nourishing » (FSP3), « you see other people [...], it does you good » (QSP6). Some sports participants also mentioned the negative impact that SC can have on their health: « But if you are in a bad club or you don't feel good in it, it can be less good » (FSP2). Although in general sports participants recognize the role that the SC can play on their health, a good part of them declare that they do not have any particular expectations from the SC in terms of HP: « I don't expect anything, it's just for leisure, » (QSP1), « I don't have any expectations» (FSP4), or they don't express them. If some of them express expectations, they are very much linked to the role given to the SC to improve physical health and they are therefore oriented towards the adequacy of what the health club proposes with their sporting objectives: « I expect to get out of training and to be burnt out » (FSP5) « my expectations are that the club allows me to stay in shape » (QSP7). Competitive sports participants therefore link their HP expectations to sports performance and competition: « in reality, when I was in the national team, I had expectations » (QSP2). Some participants mention expectations concerning the organization of the SC: « good management of the club so that it does not harm the health of the leaders and coaches and therefore also of the athletes » (FSP6), the environment of the SC: « I expect it to provide me with the right equipment so that I can train » or « to food , the healthy weight » (QSP8). If few participants declare to have expectations in terms of HP towards the SC, the reasons for practicing a sport are mostly related to health: « First of all, it is there for health » (QSP6), « especially for health » (FSP6). Secondly, they are motivated by leisure and fun: « really more for leisure » (QSP3), « to have fun » (FSP5). Finally, several people practice a sport for the competition: « I am looking for performance » (QSP2) and for the social relations: « we have a good group, there is a whole link that has been created » (FSP13). The few participants who said that they had participated in HP experiences in their SC mentioned discussions: « it is mostly in discussions » (FSP6), « we can be given advice about food, posture... » (FSP13), convivial events «like raffles... which can develop social links» (FSP14) or medical interventions: «in the team where I played we had a nurse » (QSP6). However, when the participants were asked about the legitimacy of the SC to develop HP actions, all of them unanimously considered that it was normal and well-founded: « yes, it could be good because [...] it would help improve the performance of some people, some of them have a quality of life that is not necessarily healthy » (FSP9), « Yes, I would find it good because it gives information » (QSP4). Some participants also say they would appreciate the implementation of specific programs: « to set up some kind of programs where we combine sports exercises and nutrition » (FSP1), of posters related to health « maybe add a little more posters » (FSP14), of seminars and conferences on health topics « for me it is very important to have seminars like that » (QSP2), of activities outside the practice to develop team cohesion: « activities outside of practice between team to create cohesion and for personal development » (QSP5), the passing of a questionnaire or the implementation of health-related programs 50 Chapitre 2 : Attentes et perceptions de promotion de la santé des pratiquants sportifs developed by sports federations: « if we integrated the federations' programs already it would be good type handi-sport [...], injury prevention, rehabilitation... » (FSP5). The main health themes targeted by the participants are nutrition, stretching, sleep, postural education, hydration, psychological well-being, disability and physical preparation . When questioning the participants about the people who should be concerned about their health within the SC, several profiles emerge. Some consider that it is the role of the managers : « those who manage and their right-hand man » (FSP8), others the role of the coaches: « it should be my coach » (FSP4), both :« it is more the managers, coaches...» (FSP14) and/or their own responsibility « first of all you yourself » (QSP7). In addition, several participants underlined the importance of having people dedicated to health within the SC other than the coaches and managers: « I suggest that the clubs try to integrate a health professional » (QSP2), « a health sport referent in the office » (FSP7). These proposals are justified by the attribution of other functions to the coach, in particular planning and sports programming or by the lack of knowledge and skills held by these actors on specific health themes « if you are a coach who is not sufficiently trained in this field it will not necessarily be something that is positive » (QSP2). The majority of the participants declare nevertheless that their coach cares about their health by supporting them morally and by encouraging them: « when there were harder moments, he [the coach] supported me » (QSP5), by avoiding injuries: « he [the coach]is concerned to avoid injuries » (FSP4), by giving advice on diet, hydration, warm-up: « that we eat well that we drink water well every time, warm up well, before and stretch well after » or even simply through individualizing the training: « the coach adapts according to the people in front » (FSP13). 51 Chapitre 2 : Attentes et perceptions de promotion de la santé des pratiquants sportifs Table 2 : Summary of HP topics and actions that sports participants would like to see in their SC Health topics that sport participants in this study would like to see in their SC - Disability - Healthy Organizational Management - Hydration - Injury prevention - Provision of adequate and healthpromoting equipment - Postural education - Sleep - Social inclusion - Social cohesion - Stretching - Physical preparation - Psychological well-being - Nutrition and obesity Form that the actions of HP could take according to the sports participants in this study - Coaches interventions - Display and communication - Distribution of documents and questionnaires - Extra sports activity outside the club - Extra sports activity within the club (tombola, general assembly with focus on health) - Intervention of health professionals - Seminars and conferences - Specific sessions Compare the HP expectations and perceptions of sport participants with different ethnocultural characteristics Some of the characteristics of practice and of expectations with regard to the SC seem to be linked to the fact of being part of an ethnocultural minority. In fact, several sport participants from an ethnocultural minority justified their desire to practice in a SC to meet people and to promote their integration process: « I will say for my integration because I am new » (QSP6), « it was a good way to socialize » (QSP1). Their expectations with regard to the SC were thus oriented more towards the conditions of reception and the means used to welcome them. These motivations for practicing seem logically linked to the fact that they have been in the country for a short time, since racialized participants who have been living in the country for several years do not mention this type of reason for practicing. At the same time, it would seem that the choice of the SC by racialized sport participants who have just arrived in the country is favored by specific and targeted communication campaigns: « on fb it was written that it was a Chapitre 2 : Att et perceptions de promotion de la santé des pratiquants sportifs free session for immigrants » (QSP1). In addition, some racialized sport participants tend to compare their practice and training environment between their current country and the country they were in before. Apart from these few elements that characterize racialized and non-racialized sport participants, few differences were identified concerning the role given to the SC and the definitions given to health, HP or health determinants. Document participants' understanding of health and HP, including the health determinants In general, health is perceived as an essential element of life: « for me, health is the most important thing » (QSP7) and more as a resource for carrying out daily tasks: « you feel comfortable doing what you want to do, making decisions, finding your way » (FSP4), « having the means to do things » (QSP6). Some consider it as a challenge for certain people: « health can be a challenge for a person who has health problems » (FSP2) or for the realization of specific tasks, such as training: « it is a challenge because you have to be motivated to be regular » (FSP13). Mostly brought back to physical and mental factors « a healthy mind in a healthy body as they say » (FSP9), few report the influence of social relationships on our health. While each participant seems to be able to define health and characterize it, the questioning concerning the definition of HP gives rise to uncertainty. Several participants seem to hesitate and not to know what to answer: « I don't know what to answer » (QSP4). Two main conceptions of HP emerge. The first one is based on the individual and what he/she puts in place to promote his/her health: « promoting health means practicing a sport, moving around, etc. » (QSP2) « it's going to be the means that we can [...] put in place, for example, to maintain an optimal daily standard of living » (FSP14). The second conception, which is in the majority, concerns the means (education, information, devices) implemented by society to enable people to improve their health: « to put in place devices in order to bring people to have a state of 3), it the health » (QSP3). The discussions around the health determinants generated a lot of misunderstanding and sometimes no response despite clarification of the question or elements to refer individuals. Table 3 presents the results of these discussions with regard to the definitions of the theoretical framework of the health-promoting SC (Van Hoye, Johnson, Geidne, et al., 2021). 54 Chapitre 2 : Attentes et perceptions de promotion de la santé des pratiquants sportifs Table 3 : Comparison of the health determinants definitions of the HPSC theoretical framework with the emerging themes of the discussions around the determinants with the sports participants of this study Type of health determinants HPSC theoretical framework Synthesis of participants responses Organizational determinant The HP position in the SC guidelines, rules, organization (including partners) and planning, management's guidance of the coaches to uphold the HP policies, education and hiring practices, the coaches' implementation of HP policies and behaviors of sports participants The organization and the temporal and human management (by coaches, managers and participants) of the trainings and of the club. Social de terminant The vision, values and philosophy of the SC in relation to those of society, management's endorsement and communication of the SC vision, philosophy and values regarding HP and the coaches' awareness, endorsement to the SC philosophies and concepts of HP, as well as the sentiment of belonging. Answers from some participants The different social relationships that exist within the SC. It would therefore be a matter of promoting developing cohesion between participants, especially outside the, having a common philosophy, diversity or to have a good atmosphere within the SC. 55 Elements of the theoretical framework not covered by the answers of sports practitioners « I will say the opening hours, the type of activity The link with health is not offered » (FSP1) ; « it is who organizes things » made for most participants. (FSP2); « it makes me think of events that we can Little talks about guidelines, develop » (FSP8) ; « it would be about the slots rules and policies related to they can offer us » (FSP13) ; « I think it's how you HP. The role of the club and of organize yourself to have good health » each individual in the (QSP3) ; « it reminds me more of the course organization was mentioned, schedule, they organize the courses so that everyone can go » (FSP10); « it's rather the people while the role of the coach less. we don't see much but who manage the registrations » (QSP5) ; « it makes me think of people who are people who take care of health within the League » (QSP6) ; « maybe it's the social link between people » (FSP8) ; « it will be the social diversity within the club » ; « (FSP13) ; « it's more at the level of the group, so a group if everyone gets along, the mentality of the group everything is fine and even a kind of common desire to move forward » (FSP6) ; « it will be more the social relationships that are created during training with [...] your colleagues or with your coach » (QSP2) « at the bottom maybe she what does society bring for the wellbeing of athletes » (QSP3) ; « it's going to be people who are interested in people's community life » (QSP6); « being together outside the team and doing things off the field » (QSP7) The role of the club in the transmission of values and philosophy was less mentioned. Emphasis was placed on positive social relationships. On all the answers, we notice that participants make the link with health Chapitre 2 : Attentes et perceptions de promotion de la santé des pratiquants sportifs Economic determinant The allocation of both financial and human resources for HP in the SC, management's allocation of both human and financial resources given to coaches for HP implementation and the coaches' use of financial, human resources to implement HP and benefits for practitioners The material and financial means allocated by the SC, the price of the membership fee and the subsidies and financial means available to SC and coaches. Environmental determinant The built surroundings provided by the sports club including infrastructures, green spaces and playing fields, management's supervision of surroundings and infrastructures to promote supportive and safe spaces, and the coaches' request for, use of supportive and safe practices, surroundings and infrastructures and the sense of security of participants around and within the infrastructure of their SC The environmental context in which participants practice, the fact that practicing outdoors or indoors, in a polluted or aerated environment or the fact of having an adapted structure or not. Development of ecology and ecoresponsible actions. « The fact of recovering money to organize tournaments, to later buy either poles or a net to go to in other competitions, to pay for our shirts » (FSP3) ; « subsidies granted by local authorities and town halls » (FSP5) ; « the equipment, the investments that the club could make to bring its members to work in the best conditions » (FSP11) ; « therefore more the means that the club can put in place for these health actions » (FSP14) ; « an economic determinant it will be those who will take care of the economy » (QSP6) ; « I don't know, what the club pays for if these athletes are in good health, paying a nutritionist... »(QSP3); « the price of membership » (QSP5) « I don't know how, for example, to renew our race track, to keep the grounds in good condition » (FSP3) ; « the framework in which we play is conducive to feeling good and freeing up, I would say » (FSP5) ; « It reminds me of nature... of... of trees » (FSP12) ; « environmental, I will say more in the frame in the sports club. For example, do we have a stadium that is suitable » (FSP14) ; « it's in the training place for example IF we train in the forests » (QSP4) ; « the environment if we really do sport it's really safe if the club really respects the standards »(QSP2) ; « putting emphasis on things like recycling and composting » (QSP7) Health is little discussed, the focus is on the organization of sports practice. The resources available to coaches are also rarely mentioned. The link is mainly with financial resources, a little less human. The role of the coach is rarely mentioned. On all the answers, we notice that practitioners make the link with health. Chapitre 2 : Attentes et perceptions de promotion de la santé des pratiquants sportifs DISCUSSION The results of this study show that not all SC participants express expectations in terms of the development of HP activities by their SC. Yet, studies show that the expression of the expectations and perceptions of the target populations is a determinant of the deployment and effectiveness of the HP interventions (B. Poland et al., 2009). These results, which could justify the low development of HP by SC and political institutions and the limited number of HP programs disseminated (Geidne et al., 2019; McFadyen et al., 2018) constitute an incomplete answer. In fact, sports participants give an important place to health and consider that the SCs can largely contribute to improving it. In addition, studies show that the development of HP by coaches and clubs promotes the pleasure of practicing, perceived health or even subjective vitality (Van Hoye et al., 2016). Thus, the few expectations expressed in terms of HP could be explained by the few experiences of HP in the SC, limiting the representation of the type of HP actions that can be developed, which in turn limits the expectations of the participants. This observation could also be linked to the fact that, in the minds of individuals, the practice of sports and in a SC is of a health-promoting nature (Van Hoye et al., 2018), leading them to consider their own practice more that the way in which the SC offers social relations, an environment or an healthy organization. At the same time, participants seem to be aware of the role that SC can have on their mental and social health (Eime et al., 2013) without making it an expectation of their adherence to SC. In fact, expectations in terms of HP seem to be linked to a predominantly physical conception of health, which for some still corresponds to a simple absence of disease. This reality could be both a mirror of the traditional biomedical approaches still widely anchored in our society (McQueen, 2011), a reflect of an overrepresentation of the role that SC can have on physical health in sports policies and organizations, without taking into account the role it has on mental and social health and evidence that HP is little experienced or considered in this setting. In 57 Chapitre 2 : Attentes et perceptions de promotion de la santé des pratiquants sportifs addition, the absence of knowledge of the concept of HP by sport participants reinforces the observation that HP is sometimes given secondary consideration in our society, relegated to the background by public health authorities who tend to focus their policies on individual behaviors (e.g., diet, addictions, vaccination) rather than on the environment as a whole (Cambon et al., 2022). While only a part of the participants share specific HP expectations (good organization, injury prevention, favorable environment...), all of them, provide indications on the type of actions (e.g., adapted sport programs, seminars on health themes, cohesion development activities, health questionnaire) and themes (e.g., nutrition, sleep, stretching, psychological well-being, disability) they would appreciate to see addressed by their SC. These results are in line with the HP priorities of SC identified in other studies (social health, behavioral health and substance addictions) (Kokko, Villberg, et al., 2015; Van Hoye et al., 2018) while providing more specific examples of actions desired by sports participants. It is interesting to link this work, which really guide HP actors in SC, to the multi-level and multi-determinant strategies developed by researchers and stakeholders (Johnson et al., 2020; Van Hoye, Johnson, Geidne, et al., 2021) so that the HP goes beyond the idea of sporadic actions and embraces a systemic approach, bringing about organizational, social, economic and environmental changes in the SC (e.g., involve mangers, coaches, participants to identify health needs at the SC (PARTICIPATORY APPROACH strategy), then develop a partnership with a company or a sports participants parent to intervene on this health need (PARTNERSHIP strategy) leading eventually to the implementation of a seminar on a health theme (HP actions)). Moreover, by taking these indications into account or by asking their own participants about the HP activities they would like to have, the SC could take advantage of HP as an added value to their primary activities (Kokko, Selänne, et al., 2015) and respond to the motivations for practicing that are often centered on health, as shown by other studies (Allender et al., 2006; 58 Chapitre 2 : Attentes et perceptions de promotion de la santé des pratiquants sportifs Les chiffres clés du sport 2020 - INJEP - Collectif, s. d.). The SCs will thu s be able to divers ify their activity offers (Somerset & Hoare, 2018) in an appropriate manner and meet one of their primary objectives: to increase the number of members (Eime et al., 2008). For this, it is necessary, in the eyes of the participants, that the coaches and managers take their share of responsibility, in particular by developing an environment, an organization and relationships within the SC and during training that are favorable to health. However, these results are not reflected in the understanding of the health determinants of the sports participants who do not mention the coach as an actor on the health determinants, but rather the SC. These results are consistent with several studies that pointed to a different assessment by sports participants of the SC and coaches (Van Hoye, Johnson, et al., 2022).In parallel, to support the involvement and role of coaches, these actors must be trained and therefore have adequate training (Johnson et al., 2020). The HP could be integrated into the traditional sports training offered by federations and university and sports organizations. The prominent role of the coach has also been replaced by the idea of an additional actor responsible for health in the SC has often been put forward with the argument that coaches and managers already fulfill other essential functions. This suggestion, which is the basis of some physical activity resumption programs dedicated to specific populations (sick, under medical prescription) (Bock et al., 2014), could be integrated into the SC setting by designating a person responsible for health. To do this, it is necessary to increase the resources available to the SC and to support the major role of external actors (e.g., federations, public health actors) (Van Hoye, Johnson, Geidne, et al., 2021) in providing human, material and financial support. To this end, inter-sectoral (sport and health) and multi-level coordination (from national to local actors) is essential to ensure the alignment of state HP politics with actions on the ground (Donaldson et al., 2021; L. Misener & Misener, 2016) and to effectively address It would seem, in view of the enthusiasm and the effectiveness they have demonstrated in this study, that the programs dedicated to racialized people promote reception and integration and determine the adhesion of these populations to the SC. As other studies have shown, integration is not self-evident and depends on preconditions (Elling et al., 2001) such as the need to be considered (dedicated communication), to be able to identify with people having similar characteristics and to be welcomed and guided in the first moments of practice. Based on the presumed intrinsic values of sport (equity, racial equality, social integration or even benevolence)(Giulianotti et al., 2019; Long et al., 2005), the SC should develop, when it is subject to welcoming populations from immigrant backgrounds, specific actions targeting and adapting to the expectations of these populations. To promote the adequacy of these programs with the expectations of these populations, the assessments of expectations and perceptions as carried out in this study should also be multiplied (Nutbeam & Kickbusch, 1998). Finally, since the waves of migration linked to global warming and military conflicts will tend to increase in the coming years(Doidge et al., 2020), it is essential that the SC take advantage of these existing assets (fair play, team spirit, respect and discipline (Coalter, 2010)) and its societal anchorage to promote the social and cultural integration of these populations. In light of the results, only ethnocultural minority sport participants who had been in the country for a short time expressed different expectations from non-ethnocultural minority sport participants. Programs and policies for inclusion through sport should therefore target this temporality and develop specific communication strategies allowing people who have just arrived in the country and who are unaware of the organization and existing programs to be informed. By focusing on the identification of the expectations and HP expectations of 60 Chapitre 2 Att entes et ceptions s who , future studies could enrich the quality of integration policies and the capacity of SCs to welcome these populations in the context of the global crisis of immigrants and refugees (Doidge et al., 2020). Overall, understanding of HP and the health determinants (Van Hoye, Johnson, Geidne, et al., 2021) is limited, as highlighted in other studies (Johnson et al., 2022; Van Hoye, Johnson, et al., 2022). Sport participants do not necessarily make the link between each type of determinant and health (e.g., a participant will mention the decision-making processes (organizational determinant) of the SC without identifying their impact on the health of members). However, there are nuances. Indeed, social and environmental determinants are more easily linked to health. This finding is interesting because it is consistent with previous studies that have shown higher perception scores for these types of determinants (Van Hoye, Johnson, et al., 2022). This reality could be explained by the fact that sport participants are more commonly confronted, or at least have the impression of being confronted, with environmental and social determinants of health rather than economic and organizational ones. For example, the practice of sport implies social relations, a collective social dynamic (social determinant) and leads to evolve within infrastructures (environmental determinant) but the elements underlying the practice such as the resources available to the SC (economic determinant) and the hierarchical structure or role of the SC (organizational determinant) are less known. Limitations The interviews were conducted by individuals who were not from an ethnocultural minority background. Although the questions did not have explicit racial content, limiting the effect of race on the interview (M. Liu & Wang, 2016), the fact that the interviewer did not necessarily share racial similarities with the interviewee may have biased the responses (Davis & Silver, 2003). To avoid this pitfall, it may be worthwhile to use an interviewer from an ethno-cultural . In addition, it might be interesting to collect additional data on socioeconomic (e.g., income, education) and demographic (e.g., parental practice) characteristics to see their impact on the reasons for practice, HP expectations, and HP perceptions of participants. CONCLUSION The results of this study attest to the HP potential of the SC. Despite the fact that sports participants have little experience with HP activities (other than the provision of sports activities), which reduces their expectations, the majority of motivations for participating in sports remain health-related and all individuals agree on the role that the SC can play in HP. Study findings provide guidance on HP activities that could be implemented by SC or external actors to satisfy sport participants. In its quest for equity and social inclusion, the SC community also has an interest in developing inclusion programs tailored to ethnocultural minority sport participants. 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AMPH1 functions as a tumour suppressor in ovarian cancer via the inactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway
Yajun Chen
English
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10,350
Funding information Funding information Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Grant/Award Number: TM201923; Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Grant/Award Number: shslczdzk06302; National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 81572547 AKT pathway, AMPH1, anti-oncogene, ovarian cancer, PI3K, tumour suppressor O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Abstract Abstract AMPH1, an abundant protein in nerve terminals, plays a critical role in the recruit- ment of dynamin to sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Recently, it is reported to be involved in breast cancer and lung cancer. However, the impact of AMPH1 on ovarian cancer is unclear. In this study, we used gain-of-function and loss-of-function methods to explore the role of AMPH1 in ovarian cancer cells. AMPH1 inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth and cell migration, and promoted caspase-3 activity, re- sulting in the increase of cell apoptosis. In xenograft mice model, AMPH1 prevented tumour progression. The anti-oncogene effects of AMPH1 on ovarian cancer might be partially due to the inhibition of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway after overexpres- sion of AMPH1. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the staining of AMPH1 was remarkably reduced in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tis- sues. In conclusion, our study identifies AMPH1 as a tumour suppressor in ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. This is the first evidence that AMPH1 inhibited cell growth and migration, and induced apoptosis via the inactivation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway on ovarian cancer, which may be used as an effective strategy. 2The international Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 3Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China 4Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China Correspondence Tianying Zhong and Lihua Wang, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China. Emails: tying_zhong22@163.com; 2628451306@qq.com Received: 17 December 2019  |  Revised: 4 April 2020  |  Accepted: 27 April 2020 Received: 17 December 2019  |  Revised: 4 April 2020  |  Accepted: 27 April 2020 Received: 17 December 2019  |  Revised: 4 April 2020  |  Accepted: 27 April 2020 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15400 Yajun Chen1 | Wenjiao Cao2,3,4 | Lihua Wang2,3,4 | Tianying Zhong1 Yajun Chen1 | Wenjiao Cao2,3,4 | Lihua Wang2,3,4 | Tianying Zhong1 Yajun Chen1 | Wenjiao Cao2,3,4 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China 2The international Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 3Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China 4Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:7652–7659. 2.4 | Western blot assay Total proteins extracted from all cells were resolved on SDS- PAGE. And then, proteins on gel were transferred to PVDF mem- branes which were blocked with 5% BSA in TBST for 1 hour and incubated with corresponding primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. AMPH-1, p-PI3K(Tyr458), P-AKT(Ser473), PI3K, AKT and β-actin antibodies were purchased from Proteintech and Cell Signaling. The membranes were incubated with secondary an- tibody for 1  hour at room temperature. Finally, an enhanced chemiluminescence system was further performed to detect protein levels. Ovarian cancer, the seventh most commonly diagnosed carci- noma in the world, is one of the most aggressive type's gynaecologic cancers.12,13 Approximately 85% ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage (III/IV) due to the lack of screening for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer.12 As an aggressive tumour, ovarian can- cer is characterized by the tendency of metastasizing early.14 Recent years effective treatment strategies have developed diversely; how- ever, survival outcomes barely improved.15 Therefore, it is impera- tive to identify novel therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer. 2.3 | Cell transfection The stable cell lines with AMPH1 knockdown were gener- ated by integration of lentiviral shRNA vectors specific for AMPH-1. The shRNA against AMPH-1 shown as follows: 5′-GCGAGAACUCCGAGGAUAUTT-3′. The PCMV-AMPH overex- pression plasmid (abnova) was used to construct AMPH1 overex- pression cell lines. 2.5 | QRT-PCR Here, the roles of AMPH1 in ovarian cancer were systematically investigated, and the mechanism underlying these effects was also explored. This study demonstrated that AMPH1 functioned as a tumour suppressor in ovarian cancer. Specifically, the anti-onco- gene effect of AMPH1 may through induce apoptosis via promot- ing caspase-3 activity and the inactivation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Total RNA was extracted by using TRIzol reagent (TaKaRa Bio). And then, RNA was reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) by using a First-Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (TaKaRa Bio). SYBR mixed with cDNA was used. The relative expression level of AMPH1 in each type of cell was analysed by using 2−ΔΔCt method. Primers were listed below. 2.2 | Cell culture AMPH can express in non-neuronal tissues. The 108 kD iso- form of AMPH1 is the predominant isoform that expressed out- side the brain in human, and it represents an alternatively spliced variant of neuronal AMPH1 missing a 42 amino acid insert.5 AMPH1 is first identified as a human autoantigen in neurologi- cal paraneoplastic autoimmune diseases with breast cancer,6 and then AMPH1 antibodies are detected in the serum of patients with small-cell lung cancer.7 Further study reported a link be- tween AMPH1 expression in cancer and AMPH1 autoimmunity, and this is the first proof suggesting AMPH family members may be associated with cancer.5 Subsequently, Otsuka et al8 demon- strated that AMPH1 inhibited the adhesion and spreading of HeLa cells as well as migration of melanoma cells by binding to vitronectin. In recent studies, the association between AMPH1 and tumour progression is well investigated. It is reported that AMPH1 expressed lower in SKMES-1 and A549 cells.9 In addition, AMPH1 can function as a tumour suppressor in breast cancer cells. Chen et al10 found that inhibition of AMPH1 induced cell proliferation, cell migration and cell cycle progression, but inhib- ited cell apoptosis, which might be partially due to the activation of EMT and ERK pathways. In lung cancer, Yang et al11 also iden- tified the anti-oncogenic function of AMPH1 in vitro and in vivo, and the suppression effects were mediated by Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signalling pathway. However, up to now, no study reports the in- fluences of AMPH1 on ovarian cancer. Two human ovarian cancer cell lines, Caov-3 and Skov3 cells, were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). Cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) at 37°C in a humidified incubator filled with 5% CO2. 1 | INTRODUCTION The recruitment mediates the last step in synaptic vesicle endocyto- sis, an essential neurophysiologic component in synaptic transmis- sion.4 AMPH1 also serves as a multifunctional adaptor connecting clathrin coat proteins, dynamin, synaptojanin and lipid membranes.2 In the proline-rich domain, AMPH1 includes several phosphorylation sites for protein kinases, like cyclin-dependent kinase 5, a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family, which plays a role in neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth via its action on the actin cytoskeleton.1,2 Amphiphysin 1 (AMPH1), a phosphoprotein expressed at high lev- els in neurons, participates in synaptic vesicle endocytosis and neu- rite outgrowth.1 It belongs to a protein family conserved from yeast to humans, playing pleiotropic roles in actin function, and regulation of growth control.1 AMPH1 interacts with other endocytic proteins, including dynamin and adaptor Protein Complex 2, involved in the recruitment of dynamin to sites of chathrin-mediated endocytosis.2,3 7652  |   J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:7652–7659 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jcmm This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chen and Cao contributed equally to this work. ope y c ted. Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:7652–7659. 7653 CHEN et al. 2.8 | Cell apoptosis assay Annexin-VFITC Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Biosciences) was used for analysing apoptosis. cells were resuspended by cold PBS at a density of 1106  cells/ml, and incubated with PI and Annexin-VFITC staining, followed by incubation at room tem- perature for 15  minutes. Flow cytometry was used to analyse apoptosis. AMPH1 staining was evaluated by pathologists who were blinded to the sample origins and the patient outcomes. The widely accepted German semi-quantitative scoring system was used to score staining intensity and extent in different areas. Each specimen was scored according to the intensity of the nucleic, cytoplasmic and membrane staining (weak staining = 1, moderate staining = 2 and strong stain- ing = 3) and the proportion of stained cells (0%-5% = 0, 5%-25% = 1, 26%-50% = 2, 51%-75% = 3 and 76%-100% = 4). The final immunore- activity score was determined by multiplying the intensity score by the proportion score. All IHC scores were ranged from 0 (the mini- mum score) to 12 (the maximum score). 2.1 | Tissue samples from patients with ovarian cancer The Caspase-3 Activity Assay was done according to the protocol of the Caspase-3 Activity Assay Kit (Cell Signaling, #5723). It con- tains a fluorogenic substrate (N-Acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-7-amino- 4-methylcoumarin or Ac-DEVD-AMC) for caspase-3. During the assay, activated caspase-3 cleaves this substrate between DEVD and AMC, generating highly fluorescent AMC that can be detected using a fluorescence reader with excitation at 380 nm and emission between 420 and 460 nm. A total 15 ovarian cancer specimens and 15 normal ovarian tis- sues were obtained from Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital. All patients have written informed consent. Fresh speci- mens were immediately fixed in formalin and embedded in wax for immunohistochemistry. 7654  |     2.7 | Cell growth assay 7654 CHEN et al. cells was determined. The width ratio was calculated by the wound width/the distance measured at 0 hour. cells was determined. The width ratio was calculated by the wound width/the distance measured at 0 hour. Cell growth was detected via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cells were transformed to 96-well plates at a density of 3000 cells/well. CCK-8 experiment was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Absorbance at 490 nm was obtained by a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc). OD values were determined after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. 2.10 Human tumour tissues embedded in paraffin were sliced into 5 μm sections for staining. To retrieve antigenic activity, the deparaffi- nized and rehydrated sections were heated in citrate buffer at 121°C for 30  minutes. Blocking was done by incubation with 10% goat serum at room temperature for 30 minutes. Sections were incubated with AMPH1 antibody for overnight at 4°C, followed by staining with secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. Sections were finally stained with 3, 3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and counterstained with haematoxylin. 2.12 | Statistical analysis Data are presented as mean ± SEM. All experiments were performed at least three times. Data were assessed using the software SPSS 19.0. P < .05 was regarded statistically significant difference. 3.2 | AMPH1 significantly induced the cell apoptosis of ovarian cell lines We next evaluated the effect of AMPH1 on apoptosis in Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. Flow cytometry results showed that the absence of AMPH1 significantly prevented cell apoptosis, whereas the increase of AMPH1 expression in ovarian cancer cell lines significantly induced cell apoptosis (Figure 2A,B). One of the best-known markers of apoptosis is the proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase-3 into its active form.16,17 We next evaluated the effect of AMPH1 on apoptosis in Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. Flow cytometry results showed that the absence of AMPH1 significantly prevented cell apoptosis, whereas the increase of AMPH1 expression in ovarian cancer cell lines significantly induced cell apoptosis (Figure 2A,B). One of the best-known markers of apoptosis is the proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase-3 into its active form.16,17 Caspase-3, a main executor of apoptosis, specifically cleaved substrates and finally results in DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. To further define the apoptosis involved by AMPH1, we detected the activity of caspase-3 in Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. AMPH1 knockdown markedly 2.9 | Wound healing assay Cells were transformed to six-well plates with 10% FBS. When 80% of the well was covered with cells, a 100  μl pipette tip was used to scrap the cells. As a result, wounds were generated. Then, cells were incubated at 37°C. After 24 hours, the migration distance of FI G U R E 1 AMPH1 significantly suppressed the cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines. A, Western blot assay showed that the protein level of AMPH1 in AMPH-1 silenced (ShAMPH1) or overexpressed (AMPH-OE) Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. B, qRT-PCR showed the mRNA level of AMPH1 in ShAMPH1 or AMPH-OE Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. C, MTT assay showed that knockdown of AMPH1 significantly promoted cell growth, and overexpression of AMPH1 suppressed the cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines. * P < .05. ***P < .001 FI G U R E 1 AMPH1 significantly suppressed the cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines. A, Western blot assay showed that the protein level of AMPH1 in AMPH-1 silenced (ShAMPH1) or overexpressed (AMPH-OE) Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. B, qRT-PCR showed the mRNA level of AMPH1 in ShAMPH1 or AMPH-OE Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. C, MTT assay showed that knockdown of AMPH1 significantly promoted cell growth, and overexpression of AMPH1 suppressed the cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines. * P < .05. ***P < .001 |  7655 7655 7655 CHEN et al. FI G U R E 2 AMPH1 induced cell apoptosis and promoted caspase-3 activity. A, Flow cytometry results showed that knockdown of AMPH1 suppressed ovarian cancer cell apoptosis, whereas overexpression of AMPH1 stimulates cell apoptosis. B, The percentage of apoptotic cells in each type of cell was calculated. C, Knockdown of AMPH1 inhibited caspase-3 activity, and overexpression of AMPH1 promoted caspase-3 activity. *P < .05. **P < .01. ***P < .001 FI G U R E 2 AMPH1 induced cell apoptosis and promoted caspase-3 activity. A, Flow cytometry results showed that knockdown of AMPH1 suppressed ovarian cancer cell apoptosis, whereas overexpression of AMPH1 stimulates cell apoptosis. B, The percentage of apoptotic cells in each type of cell was calculated. C, Knockdown of AMPH1 inhibited caspase-3 activity, and overexpression of AMPH1 promoted caspase-3 activity. *P < .05. **P < .01. ***P < .001 2.11 | Xenograft mice model the protein and mRNA levels of AMPH1 respectively after transfec- tion. As shown in Figure 1A,B, AMPH1 protein and mRNA levels were decreased in sh AMPH1 cells. Conversely, the protein and mRNA lev- els increased in AMPH-OE cells (Figure 1A,B). Subsequently, we fur- ther explored the ability of cell proliferation. MTT results showed that knockdown of AMPH1 remarkably aggravated the accumulation of cells compared with cells without transfection (Figure 1C). However, overexpression of AMPH1 significantly inhibited the growth of Caov-3 and Skov3 cells (Figure 1C). Female BALB/c nude mice aged 4- to 6-week old were used. Mice were divided to three groups, and subcutaneously injected with ShAMPH1 or AMPH-OE Skov3 cells, respectively. After 21 days, mice were sacri- ficed. Tumour volume and weight in each group were measured. 3.4 | AMPH1 inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway FI G U R E 4 AMPH1 inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in ovarian cancer cells. Western blot assay showed that knockdown of AMPH1 increased the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT, whereas overexpression of AMPH1 inhibited these proteins levels. In addition, silencing AMPH1 inhibited the expression of E-cadherin The PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is one of many mechanisms that regulate cell cycle and cell apoptosis, and dysregulation of a component in this pathway leads to cancer.18 Therefore, we fur- ther detected the association between AMPH1 and PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Inhibiting AMPH1 expression induced the accumulation of p-PI3K and p-AKT proteins, and AMPH1 over- expression suppressed these proteins levels, revealing AMPH1 might regulate ovarian cancer progression via PI3K/AKT sig- nalling pathway (Figure 4). Loss of E-cadherin gene expression causes dysfunction of cell junction system, allowing cancer cell invasion and metastasis. To elucidate the underlying mecha- nism by which AMPH1 regulates cell invasion, we investigated expression of E-cadherin in Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. Compared with shN cells, silencing AMPH1 had a decreased expression of E-cadherin at protein levels (Figure 4), suggesting AMPH1 regu- lated the E-cadherin. suppressed caspase-3 activity, and AMPH1 overexpression markedly promoted caspase-3 activity (Figure 3C), indicating AMPH1 was as a tumour suppressor to promote ovarian cancer cell apoptosis. 3.1 | AMPH1 significantly suppressed the cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines To detect the roles of AMPH1 in ovarian cancer, gain-of-function and loss-of-function methods were used. We generated the AMPH-1 si- lenced (ShAMPH1) or overexpressed (AMPH-OE) stable Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were performed to verify Caspase-3, a main executor of apoptosis, specifically cleaved substrates and finally results in DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. To further define the apoptosis involved by AMPH1, we detected the activity of caspase-3 in Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. AMPH1 knockdown markedly 7656  | CHEN et al. CHEN et al. 7656 FI G U R E 3 AMPH1 significantly inhibited cell migration of ovarian cancer cell lines. A, Wounding healing assay showed that AMPH1 suppressed cell migration in Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. Migration of cells to the wound was visualized at 0 and 24 h with a microscope. B, The width ratio was calculated by the wound width/the distance measured. **P < .01. ***P < .001 FI G U R E 3 AMPH1 significantly inhibited cell migration of ovarian cancer cell lines. A, Wounding healing assay showed that AMPH1 suppressed cell migration in Caov-3 and Skov3 cells. Migration of cells to the wound was visualized at 0 and 24 h with a microscope. B, The width ratio was calculated by the wound width/the distance measured. **P < .01. ***P < .001 FI G U R E 4 AMPH1 inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in ovarian cancer cells. Western blot assay showed that knockdown of AMPH1 increased the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT, whereas overexpression of AMPH1 inhibited these proteins levels. In addition, silencing AMPH1 inhibited the expression of E-cadherin metastasizing early.13,14 Metastasis is generally connected with poor prognosis. Thus, here, we evaluated the impact of AMPH1 on the cell migration in Caov-3 and Skov3 cells by using wound- ing healing assay. Migration of cells to the wound was visualized at 0 and 24 hours with a microscope (Figure 3A). The width ratio was calculated by the wound width/the distance measured at 0 hour (Figure 3B). The results showed that the width ratio was higher in ovarian cancer cells with sh AMPH1 compared with control cells, and lower in cells with AMPH1 overexpression. These findings suggest that silence of AMPH1 induced cell mi- gration; in turn, the accumulation of AMPH1 inhibited the ability of cell migration. 3.3 | AMPH1 significantly inhibited cell migration of ovarian cancer cell lines Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive type's gynaeco- logic cancers in the world characterized by the tendency of 7657 CHEN et al. | FI G U R E 5 AMPH1 inhibited tumour growth in vivo. A, The images of tumours injection with ShAMPH1 or AMPH-OE Skov3 cells. B, Knockdown of AMPH1 increased tumour volume, whereas overexpression of AMPH1 decreased tumour volume. C, Knockdown of AMPH1 increased tumour weight, whereas overexpression of AMPH1 decreased tumour weight. **P < .01. ***P < .001. D, The protein expression of AMPH1, p-PI3K, p-AKT and E-cadherin in xenograph tumours FI G U R E 5 AMPH1 inhibited tumour growth in vivo. A, The images of tumours injection with ShAMPH1 or AMPH-OE Skov3 cells. B, Knockdown of AMPH1 increased tumour volume, whereas overexpression of AMPH1 decreased tumour volume. C, Knockdown of AMPH1 increased tumour weight, whereas overexpression of AMPH1 decreased tumour weight. **P < .01. ***P < .001. D, The protein expression of AMPH1, p-PI3K, p-AKT and E-cadherin in xenograph tumours 3.5 | AMPH1 significantly inhibited ovarian tumour progression in vivo to the intensity of the nucleic, cytoplasmic and membrane staining (weak staining = 1, moderate staining = 2 and strong staining = 3) and the proportion of stained cells (0%-5% = 0, 5%-25% = 1, 26%- 50% = 2, 51%-75% = 3 and 76%-100% = 4). The staining of AMPH1 was remarkably reduced in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues (Figure 6A-C). In addition, the clinicopatho- logic characteristics of patients and the correlation of AMPH1 demonstrated that AMPH1 was correlated to all the ovarian cancer patients (Figure 6D). We also detected the staining of p-PI3K and p-AKT, and the results showed the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT increased in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues (Figure 6E). Three types of Skova3 cells (control, sh AMPH1, AMPH-OE) were inoc- ulated in mice. After 21 days, mice were sacrificed. Tumour volume and weight in each group were measured. As shown in Figure 5, the absence of AMPH1 increased tumour volume and tumour weight, whereas over- expression of AMPH1 decreased tumour volume and tumour weight (Figure  5A-C). These results suggest that AMPH1 inhibited ovarian tumour progression in xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, we de- tected the AMPH1, E-cadherin and PI3K/AKT levels in tumours derived from cells silenced and high expressed AMPH1 and found the expres- sion of AMPH1 still decreased in the dissected tumours (Figure 5D). 3.6 | The staining of AMPH1 is decreased in human ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues E, Immunohistochemistry analysis of p-PI3K and p-AKT in human ovarian cancer samples and normal ovarian tissues into ovarian cancer cell lines, Caov-3 and Skov3 cells, to construct AMPH1 knockdown or AMPH1 overexpression stable cell strains. Our results showed that AMPH1 might function as a tumour sup- pressor in ovarian cancer via regulating PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. In detail, we demonstrated that AMPH1 inhibited Caov-3 and Skov3 cells growth. In addition, AMPH1 promoted caspase-3 ac- tivity, resulting in the increase of cell apoptosis. Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive type's gynaecologic cancers in the world characterized by the tendency of metastasizing early.13,14 Metastasis is generally connected with poor prognosis. Thus, we detected the connection between AMPH1 and cell migration, and further found that AMH1 prevented cell migration. Xenograft mouse model exper- iment showed that AMPH1 significantly inhibited ovarian tumour progression. These findings suggest AMPH1 functions as a tumour suppressor, which is consistent with previous studies.10,11 However, different from these studies, we not only utilized AMPH1 knock- down cell strain, but also enabled AMPH1 overexpression cell strain to evaluate the association between AMPH1 and ovarian cancer, which is more comprehensive and convincing. into ovarian cancer cell lines, Caov-3 and Skov3 cells, to construct AMPH1 knockdown or AMPH1 overexpression stable cell strains. Our results showed that AMPH1 might function as a tumour sup- pressor in ovarian cancer via regulating PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. the anti-oncogene effects of AMPH1 in ovarian cancer, we evaluated the association between AMPH1 and p-PI3K or p-AKT. AMPH1 in- hibited the activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in ovarian can- cer. 3.6 | The staining of AMPH1 is decreased in human ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues AMPH1, an abundant protein in nerve terminals, plays a critical role in the recruitment of dynamin to sites of clathrin-mediated endo- cytosis.3 It is recently reported to be associated with cancer pro- gression, including breast cancer,10 and lung cancer.11 However, the impact of AMPH1 on ovarian cancer is unclear. Here, this study transfected sh AMPH1 or PCMV-AMPH overexpression plasmid To explore AMPH1 expression in patients with ovarian cancer, we performed immunohistochemical staining for AMPH1, and calcu- lated the IHC score of AMPH1. Each specimen was scored according CHEN et al. 7658 FI G U R E 6 The staining of AMPH1 was remarkably reduced in human ovarian cancer samples compared with normal ovarian tissues. A, Immunohistochemistry analysis of AMPH1 in human ovarian cancer samples and normal ovarian tissues. B, Each specimen was scored according to the proportion of stained cells (0%-5% = 0, 5%-25% = 1, 26%-50% = 2, 51%-75% = 3 and 76%-100% = 4). C, Each specimen was scored according to the intensity of the nucleic, cytoplasmic and membrane staining (weak staining = 1, moderate staining = 2 and strong staining = 3). IHC score showed that the staining of AMPH1 was remarkably reduced in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues. ***P < .001. D, The clinicopathologic characteristics of patients and the correlation of AMPH1 were shown. P value was determined by Student's t test. E, Immunohistochemistry analysis of p-PI3K and p-AKT in human ovarian cancer samples and normal ovarian tissues FI G U R E 6 The staining of AMPH1 was remarkably reduced in human ovarian cancer samples compared with normal ovarian tissues. A, Immunohistochemistry analysis of AMPH1 in human ovarian cancer samples and normal ovarian tissues. B, Each specimen was scored according to the proportion of stained cells (0%-5% = 0, 5%-25% = 1, 26%-50% = 2, 51%-75% = 3 and 76%-100% = 4). C, Each specimen was scored according to the intensity of the nucleic, cytoplasmic and membrane staining (weak staining = 1, moderate staining = 2 and strong staining = 3). IHC score showed that the staining of AMPH1 was remarkably reduced in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues. ***P < .001. D, The clinicopathologic characteristics of patients and the correlation of AMPH1 were shown. P value was determined by Student's t test. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by from National Natural Science Foundation of China (81572547). This work was also supported in part by grants Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine (TM201923), Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty (shslczdzk06302). 11. Yang H, Wan Z, Huang C, Yin H, Song D. AMPH-1 is a tumor sup- pressor of lung cancer by inhibiting Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal path- way. Lasers Med Sci. 2019;34:473-478. 12. Song Q, Wu JZ, Wang S, Chen ZB. The ABO blood group is an inde- pendent prognostic factor in patients with ovarian cancer. J Cancer. 2019;10:6754-6760. 13. Binju M, Amaya-Padilla MA, Wan G, Gunosewoyo H, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Yu Y. Therapeutic inducers of apoptosis in ovarian cancer. Cancers. 2019;11:1786. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS 15. Jayson GC, Kohn EC, Kitchener HC, Ledermann JA. Ovarian cancer. Lancet. 2014;384:1376-1388. Tianying Zhong and Lihua Wang conceived and designed the experi- ments; Wenjiao Cao and Yajun Chen performed the experiments and analysed the data. Yajun Chen, Tianying Zhong and Lihua Wang wrote the manuscript. Wenjiao Cao and Lihua Wang conducted the experiments for new figures and provided experimental methods and data. All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revis- ing the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. 16. Bernard A, Chevrier S, Beltjens F, et al. Cleaved caspase-3 tran- scriptionally regulates angiogenesis-promoting chemotherapy re- sistance. Cancer Res. 2019;79:5958-5970. 17. Ogane N, Yasuda M, Kato H, et al. Cleaved caspase-3 expression is a potential prognostic factor for endometrial cancer with positive peritoneal cytology. Cytopathology. 2018;29:254-261. 18. Hubbard PA, Moody CL, Murali R. Allosteric modulation of Ras and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: emerging therapeutic opportuni- ties. Front Physiol. 2014;5:478. 19. Gold ES, Morrissette NS, Underhill DM, Guo J, Aderem A. Amphiphysin IIm, a novel amphiphysin II isoform, is required for macrophage phagocytosis. Immunity. 2000;12:285-292. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no competing financial interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests. 14. Zhao G, Cardenas H, Matei D. Ovarian cancer—why lipids matter. Cancers. 2019;11:1870. 6. Bauerfeind R, Takei K, De Camilli P. Amphiphysin I is associated with coated endocytic intermediates and undergoes stimula- tion-dependent dephosphorylation in nerve terminals. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:30984-30992. Finally, we used IHC to detect AMPH1 tumours. IHC score re- sults showed that the staining of AMPH1 was decreased in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues, which is con- sistent with our results in vitro and in vivo that AMPH1 functions as a tumour suppressor in ovarian cancer. 7. Dropcho E. Antiamphiphysin antibodies with small-cell lung carcinoma and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:659-667. Our study identified AMPH1 as a tumour suppressor in ovarian cancer. The anti-oncogene effect of AMPH1 may through induce apoptosis via promoting caspase-3 activity, and suppressing the ac- tivation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. These findings reveal that AMPH1 may be used as a potential agent for ovarian cancer therapy. 8. Otsuka A, Hirose K, Kilimann MW, Kamata T. Amphiphysin1 inhib- its vitronectin-mediated cell adhesion, spreading, and migration in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 2003;301:769-775. 9. Jiang L, Ge W, Geng J. miR-425 regulates cell proliferation, migra- tion and apoptosis by targeting AMPH-1 in non-small-cell lung can- cer. Pathol Res Pract. 2019;215:152705. 10. Chen Y, Liu J, Li L, Xia H, Lin Z, Zhong T. AMPH-1 is critical for breast cancer progression. J Cancer. 2018;9:2175-2182. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article. 20. Fan S, Bei Z, Ping L, et al. PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K path- way is involved in Aβ25-35-induced autophagy. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1-9. 21. Sun R, Zhai R, Ma C, Miao W. Combination of aloin and metformin enhances the antitumor effect by inhibiting the growth and invasion and inducing apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cancer Med. 2020;9:1141-1151. 3.6 | The staining of AMPH1 is decreased in human ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues This pathway is one of many mechanisms that regulate cell cycle and cell apoptosis, and dysregulation of a component in this pathway leads to cancer.18 PI3K mainly phosphorylates lipid-based phospha- tidylinositol secondary messengers upon activation by receptors on the cell surface, and functions as an important regulator of macro- phage phagocytosis, and suppression of PI3K inhibits the recruitment of AMPH to the phagocytic cup.18,19 AKT binds the PIP prodsucts of PI3K via its pleckstrin homology domain for recruitment to the plasma membrane.18 In addition, PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is identified as the primary pathway involved in initiation and regulation of auto- phagy.20 Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal pathway, involved in protein degradation and organelle degradation.21 Interestingly, as another significant form of programmed cell death, autophagy is fre- quently deregulated in cancer.22 Autophagy mediates both cell death promoting and cell death inhibiting activity, which largely depends on cell types and the magnitude of autophagy.22 However, excessive au- tophagy causes cell death.23 In this study, AMPH1 inhibited the acti- vation of PI3K/AKT pathway and might eventually induce tumour cell death. This is the first time that AMPH1 is reported to regulate PI3K/ AKT signalling pathway. p g g g g p y In detail, we demonstrated that AMPH1 inhibited Caov-3 and Skov3 cells growth. In addition, AMPH1 promoted caspase-3 ac- tivity, resulting in the increase of cell apoptosis. Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive type's gynaecologic cancers in the world characterized by the tendency of metastasizing early.13,14 Metastasis is generally connected with poor prognosis. Thus, we detected the connection between AMPH1 and cell migration, and further found that AMH1 prevented cell migration. Xenograft mouse model exper- iment showed that AMPH1 significantly inhibited ovarian tumour progression. These findings suggest AMPH1 functions as a tumour suppressor, which is consistent with previous studies.10,11 However, different from these studies, we not only utilized AMPH1 knock- down cell strain, but also enabled AMPH1 overexpression cell strain to evaluate the association between AMPH1 and ovarian cancer, which is more comprehensive and convincing. The PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is one of many mechanisms that regulate cell cycle and cell apoptosis, and dysregulation of a compo- nent in this pathway leads to cancer.18 To further investigate whether PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is involved in the mechanism underlying CHEN et al. 7659 REFERENCES 22. Xue S, Zhou Y, Zhang J, et al. Anemoside B4 exerts anti-cancer effect by inducing apoptosis and autophagy through inhibiton of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Transl Res. 2019;11:2580-2589. 1. Floyd SR, Porro EB, Slepnev VI, Ochoa G-C, Tsai L-H, De Camilli P. Amphiphysin 1 binds the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 5 regu- latory subunit p35 and is phosphorylated by cdk5 and cdc2. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:8104-8110. 1. Floyd SR, Porro EB, Slepnev VI, Ochoa G-C, Tsai L-H, De Camilli P. Amphiphysin 1 binds the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 5 regu- latory subunit p35 and is phosphorylated by cdk5 and cdc2. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:8104-8110. 23. Zhou J, Jiang YY, Chen H, Wu YC, Zhang L. Tanshinone I attenuates the malignant biological properties of ovarian cancer by inducing apoptosis and autophagy via the inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Prolif. 2020;53:e12739. 2. Liang S, Wei FY, Wu YM, et al. Major Cdk5-dependent phos- phorylation sites of amphiphysin 1 are implicated in the regu- lation of the membrane binding and endocytosis. J Neurochem. 2007;102:1466-1476. 2. Liang S, Wei FY, Wu YM, et al. Major Cdk5-dependent phos- phorylation sites of amphiphysin 1 are implicated in the regu- lation of the membrane binding and endocytosis. J Neurochem. 2007;102:1466-1476. 3. Jesús-Cortés HJD, Nogueras-Ortiz CJ, Gearing M, Arnold SE, Vega IE. Amphiphysin-1 protein level changes associated with tau-medi- ated neurodegeneration. NeuroReport. 2012;23:942-946. 3. Jesús-Cortés HJD, Nogueras-Ortiz CJ, Gearing M, Arnold SE, Vega IE. Amphiphysin-1 protein level changes associated with tau-medi- ated neurodegeneration. NeuroReport. 2012;23:942-946. How to cite this article: Chen Y, Cao W, Wang L, Zhong T. AMPH1 functions as a tumour suppressor in ovarian cancer via the inactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:7652–7659. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15400 4. Wu Y, Matsui H, Tomizawa K. Amphiphysin I and regulation of syn- aptic vesicle endocytosis. Acta Med Okayama. 2009;63:305-323. 4. Wu Y, Matsui H, Tomizawa K. Amphiphysin I and regulation of syn- aptic vesicle endocytosis. Acta Med Okayama. 2009;63:305-323. 5. Floyd S, Butler MH, Cremona O, et al. Expression of amphiphysin I, an autoantigen of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, in breast cancer. Mol Med. 1998;4:29-39. 5. Floyd S, Butler MH, Cremona O, et al. Expression of amphiphysin I, an autoantigen of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, in breast cancer. Mol Med. 1998;4:29-39.
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https://github.com/dangerbrady/PC-LISP/blob/master/src/buuconca.c
Github Open Source
Open Source
BSD-2-Clause
2,020
PC-LISP
dangerbrady
C
Code
127
316
/* | PC-LISP (C) 1984-1989 Peter J.Ashwood-Smith */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include "lisp.h" /************************************************************************* ** (uconcat 'xx 'yy 'zz....) Will take all of its atom parameters and ** ** make a compressed atom out of them. Checking to make sure that the ** ** result does not overflow the work buffer. The resulting atom is not ** ** and interned atom. ** *************************************************************************/ struct conscell *buuconcat(form) struct conscell *form; { char work[MAXATOMSIZE], *d,*s; int n = MAXATOMSIZE; if (form == NULL) return(NULL); for(d = work; form != NULL; form = form->cdrp, d--) { if (!GetNumberOrString(form->carp,&s)) goto ERR; while(*d++ = *s++) if (--n <= 0) gerror("atom too big"); } *d = '\0'; return(LIST(CreateUninternedAtom(work))); ERR: ierror("uconcat"); /* doesn't return */ return NULL; /* keep compiler happy */ }
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https://openalex.org/W4315797484
OpenAlex
Open Science
CC-By
2,023
Selenium seed priming enhanced the growth of salt-stressed Brassica rapa L. through improving plant nutrition and the antioxidant system
Saber M. Hussain
English
Spoken
9,993
19,630
OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY Mehtab Muhammad Aslam, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China REVIEWED BY Rabia Shahid, Hainan University, China Abbu Zaid, Govt. Degree College Doda, India *CORRESPONDENCE Guihua Li Liguihua@gdaas.cn Nasim Ahmad Yasin nasimhort@gmail.com SPECIALTY SECTION This article was submitted to Plant Abiotic Stress, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science RECEIVED 21 September 2022 ACCEPTED 31 October 2022 PUBLISHED 13 January 2023 CITATION Hussain S, Ahmed S, Akram W, Li G and Yasin NA (2023) Selenium seed priming enhanced the growth of salt- stressed Brassica rapa L. through i i l i i d h EDITED BY Mehtab Muhammad Aslam, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Saber Hussain 1,2, Shakil Ahmed 2, Waheed Akram 3, Guihua Li 1* and Nasim Ahmad Yasin 1,4* 1Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables/Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China, 2Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 3Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 4Senior Superintendent Gardner (SSG) Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Various abiotic stresses may affect the germination, growth, and yield of direct- seeded vegetable crops. Seed priming with effective antioxidant mediators may alleviate these environmental stresses by maintaining uniformity in seed germination and improving the subsequent health of developing seedlings. Salt-induced stress has become a limiting factor for the successful cultivation of Brassica rapa L., especially in Southeast Asian countries. The present study was performed to elucidate the efficacy of seed priming using selenium (Se) in mitigating salt-induced oxidative stress in turnip crops by reducing the uptake of Na+. In this study, we administered three different levels of Se (Se-1, 75 mmol L−1; Se-2, 100 mmol L−1; and Se-3, 125 mmol L−1) alone or in combination with NaCl (200 mM). Conspicuously, salinity and Se-2 modulated the expression levels of the antioxidant genes, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The upregulated expression of stress-responsive genes alleviated salt stress by scavenging the higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The stress ameliorative potential of Se (Se-2 = 100 mmol L−1) enhanced the final seed germination percentage, photosynthetic content, and seedling biomass production up to 48%, 56%, and 51%, respectively, under stress. The advantageous effects of Se were attributed to the alleviation of salinity stress through the reduction of the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and H2O2. TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 13 January 2023 DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 13 January 2023 DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 13 January 2023 DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Introduction appropriate concentration and priming duration of the nutri- priming agents is crucial in enhancing seed vigor and alleviating plant stress (Kumar et al., 2020). Therefore, it is mandatory to observe the prior optimization of nutrients such as Se before their use as priming elements. Researchers have confirmed the beneficial effects of Se as a priming agent, yet there is a dearth of information on the application of this dynamic nutrient in the case of turnip stress alleviation under saline regimes. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient required for the normal growth of plants subjected to several abiotic and biotic stresses (Kaur et al., 2022). However, a higher amount of this element may have harmful effects on the physiochemical activities of plants (Shafiq et al., 2019). Selenium may enter the food chain through the consumption of plant-based food items (Feng et al., 2021). Hence, it is important to study its effects and outcomes in living organisms. In the case of plants, Se triggers various metabolic activities by assisting in the biosynthesis of selenoenzymes. Selenoenzymes act as antioxidants and safeguard cellular membranes through the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Abou El-hamd and Ahmed, 2021). Nevertheless, the pro-oxidant activity of a higher concentration of Se causes oxidative damage and reduces plant growth (Galić et al., 2021). Similarly, different types of this element also induce varying effects on different plant tissues (Zulfiqar et al., 2022). Sulfur (S) and Se use similar S-transporter pathways in plants and form selenomethionine (SeMet) or selenocysteine (SeCys) (Hossain et al., 2021). The methylated form of Se is non-toxic for various plants (Sarwar et al., 2020). Turnip (Brassica rapa) is a common horticultural crop cultivated worldwide. The seeds of this crop are used for the extraction of cooking oil and biofuel (Cartea et al., 2019). In contrast, the foliage and root of B. rapa are used as a vegetable. Moreover, the glucosinolates isolated from this plant have tremendous medicinal value in the treatment of various types of cancer (Paul et al., 2019). Unfortunately, the continuously increasing salinity has reduced the yield of this crop in salt- affected areas of the world. Salinity is a common cause of abiotic stress in plants, which may cause 65% yield loss in crop plants (Esmaeili et al., 2021). Higher salt accumulation in arable land impedes the physiological and biochemical activities of plants by inducing salinity stress (Fariduddin et al., 2019). OPEN ACCESS Generally, treatment with Se-2 (100 mmo L−1) was more effective in enhancing the growth attributes of B. rapa compared to Se-1 (75 mmo L−1) and Hussain S, Ahmed S, Akram W, Li G and Yasin NA (2023) Selenium seed priming enhanced the growth of salt- stressed Brassica rapa L. through improving plant nutrition and the antioxidant system. Front. Plant Sci. 13:1050359. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Front. Plant Sci. 13:1050359. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 COPYRIGHT © 2023 Hussain, Ahmed, Akram, Li and Yasin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Frontiers in Plant Science 01 frontiersin.org Hussain et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Se-3 (125 mmo L−1) under salt-stressed and non-stressed conditions. The findings of the current study advocate the application of the Se seed priming technique as an economical and eco-friendly approach for salt stress mitigation in crops grown under saline conditions. antioxidant, gene expression, NaCl, seed priming, Se, turnip frontiersin.org Estimation of biomass production current study was to unravel the potential application of Se seed priming in regulating B. rapa germination and seedling growth under saline conditions. The priming-induced modulations of the physiological and metabolic characteristics of B. rapa seeds and seedlings were also explored and compared. The seedling length was analyzed using a scale, while fresh weight was measured using an electrical weight balance. Estimation of a-amylase activity After 15 days of incubation, the crude extract from the treated seedlings was prepared according to Sottirattanapan et al. (2017) by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The activity of a-amylase from the supernatant was quantified according to the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid technique of Miller (1959) by observing the absorbance at 540 nm. The equation proposed by Ellis and Roberts (1981) was employed to analyze the germination percentage (final germination percentage, FGP) after 5, 10, and 15 days of sowing. FGP = No :   of seeds germinated after 15 days Total number of seeds × 100 Seed priming and growth conditions The content of total soluble sugar (TSS) in the seedlings was analyzed employing the anthrone technique developed by Irigoyen et al. (1992). Bradford’s (1976) technique was followed to calculate the content of total soluble protein (TSP), while proline content was quantified using the method of Bates et al. (1973). For the estimation of the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, the extent of lipid peroxidation was measured using thiobarbituric acid (TBA), as illustrated by Heath and Packer (1968). The present research work was carried out in a laboratory at the Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The experiments had a completely randomized design (RCBD), which included eight treatments and five replications. The treatments used Se as the seed priming agent administered at three concentration levels—75 mmo L−1 (Se-1), 100 mmo L−1 (Se- 2), and 125 mmo L−1 (Se-3)—and one level of salt stress given as 200 mM NaCl, in accordance with Sogoni et al. (2021). Distilled water was used as the control. Uniform, healthy-looking seeds of B. rapa var. Purple Top White Globe, obtained from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, Pakistan, with 10% initial moisture content (dry weight basis), were surface sterilized by dipping them in a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 3 min. The sterilized seeds were subsequently washed meticulously with distilled water. For Se pretreatment, air- dried seeds were soaked in the respective Se solution (75, 100, or 125 μmo L−1) prepared by dissolving Na2SeO3 in distilled water. The glass flasks containing these seeds were placed in the dark overnight for 12 h at room temperature and aerated with an orbital shaker. The primed seeds were then removed from the flask and dried by placing them over two coats of sterile blotting papers. The seeds were then air-dried at room temperature. Afterward, nine seeds from each treatment were placed over two coats of sterile filter papers in 90-mm Petri plates. Subsequently, 10 ml NaCl solution (200 mM) was added to allocated Petri plates as the designated stress level, while distilled water was used in others. All Petri dishes were placed inside a growth chamber with a light intensity of 18 mmol photon m−2 s−1 (16-h light/8-h dark) at 25°C. Seeds showing at least ≥2 mm radical growth were considered germinated. Germination data were recorded after 5, 10, and 15 days. Estimation of chlorophyll content The contents of chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), carotenoids, and total chlorophyll from the prewashed fresh foliage samples were determined according to Lichtenthaler and Wellburn (1983). For this purpose, a 0.1-g shoot sample was homogenized with 20 ml of 80% acetone (v/v) and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 3 min, then stored and covered on ice until use. Thereafter, the spectrophotometric value of the extract was observed at 663, 645, and 480 nm to calculate the Chl a, Chl b, and total chlorophyll contents, respectively. The carotenoids were extracted with 80% acetone and assessed according to Lichtenthaler (1987). Introduction The increased uptake and translocation of sodium ions (Na+) reduces the water uptake in plants, resulting in the induction of osmotic stress. Similarly, elevated levels of Na+ reduce the uptake of essential plant mineral cations such as calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) (Kapadia et al., 2021). Decreased levels of Ca2+ and K+ cause the deterioration of cellular integrity and hamper plant growth (Alnusairi et al., 2021). In addition, higher levels of ROS induce oxidative damage in salt-stressed plants (Challabathula et al., 2022). Salinity stress spoils the photosynthetic machinery, impedes physiological progressions, including stomatal conductivity, and decreases the leaf area of plants (Ahanger et al., 2019). It is a universal truth that conventional breeding techniques, as well as genetic engineering, may help in the development of cultivars with good germination potential and yield. However, these breeding techniques are time-consuming, while genetic engineering has become a contentious approach (Johnson and Puthur, 2021). To overcome such difficulties, plant genes of the abiotic stress-tolerant Brassicaceae family have been characterized during the last three decades and are being further exploited for the development of varieties with higher productivity (Zhu et al., 2021). The cost of genetic engineering and conventional breeding procedures for the development of stress-tolerant cultivars is a significant constraint to the success of these approaches. Therefore, economical and eco-friendly techniques are necessary to raise successful crops under extreme environmental conditions. Seed priming using different elements, including phytohormones, acids, salts, vitamins, and minerals, may induce stress tolerance in developing seedlings to help combat biotic and abiotic stresses (Alves et al., 2021; Zaid et al., 2022). However, determining the Keeping in view the beneficial effects of Se seed priming in various crops, it was assumed that priming B. rapa seeds with this dynamic element could enhance seed germination and seedling growth by favoring the growth, related physiochemical activities, synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, and improvement of the antioxidant machinery under salt stress. The core objective of the Frontiers in Plant Science 02 frontiersin.org Hussain et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Frontiers in Plant Science FGP = No :   of seeds germinated after 15 days Total number of seeds × 100 Biomass production Salinity stress reduced the seedling biomass accumulation by 55% compared with non-NaCl stress (Table 1). When Se-primed seeds were grown under non-stressed conditions, these seedlings exhibited 52% and 18% significantly higher biomass production compared to the salt-stressed and non-stressed conditions, respectively (Table 1). Primer sequences (5′–3′) Genes Forward Reverse SOD TCACTGACAGCCAGATTCCTC CCTGCGTTTCCAGTAGACAA CAT GCCGAACCCGAAAACAAA GTCATCAAACATCCAGCACCA APX CCCATTCGGAACAATGAGGT ACAGCCACAACACCAGCAAG POD CTCCCACCGTATCCTCG CGTGCTGCTCAAAGTCG Reverse RNA extraction and gene expression Another independent experiment was conducted in which the freshly detached shoot sample of 15-day-old Se-2-treated B. rapa plants was immediately stored in liquid nitrogen. For the extraction of total RNA, the TransZol Up reagent (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) was used. RNA quality and quantity were analyzed using the Nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). For complementary DNA (cDNA) production, 2 μg RNA was transferred into the TransScript One-Step gDNA Removal and cDNA Synthesis SuperMix kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China). Subsequently, a 1:10 dilution of cDNA was used for quantitative real-time PCR analysis with the TransStart Tip Green qPCR SuperMix (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) attached to a Roche LightCycler 480 thermal cycler instrument (384-well; Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The primers listed below were used to assess the expression levels of the APX, SOD, POD, and CAT genes (Zhang et al., 2020). Chlorophyll content Selenium seed priming, particularly Se-2 (100 mmo L−1), showed beneficial effects on the biosynthesis of photosynthetic contents, with increases in Chl a, Chl b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll of 28%, 34%, 62%, and 37%, respectively, in B. rapa seedlings developing under normal conditions (Table 2). Se-2- treated seedlings exhibited a significantly elevated photosynthetic content compared to seedlings grown in the NaCl-spiked and control conditions (Table 2). Germination percentage and seedling growth The results of the present study showed that, during seedling germination, salinity stress (200 mM NaCl) significantly inhibited B. rapa seed germination by 53% compared to seeds grown in the control condition (Table 1). However, Se pretreatment improved the FGP by 88% and 100% in the stressed and non-stressed conditions, respectively (Table 1). Of the three priming treatments, Se-2 (100 mmo L−1) and Se-3 (125 mmo L−1) were 100% more effective in restoring the FGP compared to Se-1 (75 mmo L−1), which restored the FGP by 88% after 15 days of germination. Se-primed seedlings grown without NaCl stress showed a relatively enhanced seedling length (58%) compared to the control, indicating the positive influence of Se (Table 1). Salinity stress inhibited seedling length by 45% and 30% compared to the control at 10 and 15 days, respectively (Table 1). Seed priming with Se-2 enhanced the length of B. rapa seedlings by 33% when grown under NaCl stress conditions. Activity of antioxidant enzymes A foliage sample (1 g) ground with liquid nitrogen was mixed with pre-chilled potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM) along with 1% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone and 2 mM Na-EDTA (pH 7.0). The solution was centrifuged at 14,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were analyzed from the resulting supernatant using the methods of Chance and Maehly (1955); Aebi (1974), and Dhindsa et al. (1981), respectively. Quantification of Se content and Na uptake The 15-day-old seedlings were then removed from the Petri plates, rinsed three times with distilled water, followed by surface drying by placing them over the blotting papers, and then immediately stored in liquid nitrogen for further examination. The number of mineral nutrients, including Na and Se, was examined from the finely ground oven-dried plant samples. The Na content was estimated using a flame photometer (Baruah Frontiers in Plant Science 03 frontiersin.org Hussain et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 et al., 1998). The technique developed by Thimmaiah (1999) was used to estimate the Se content. evaluated using analysis of variance via the general linear model process of Statistical Analysis System (SAS Statistix 8.1 software). Tukey’s honestly significant difference test was used to analyze differences in the mean values of various treatments at a 5% significance level. evaluated using analysis of variance via the general linear model process of Statistical Analysis System (SAS Statistix 8.1 software). Tukey’s honestly significant difference test was used to analyze differences in the mean values of various treatments at a 5% significance level. Frontiers in Plant Science frontiersin.org Total soluble sugar, protein content, and a-amylase activity Salinity stress enhanced the biosynthesis of proline by 21% (Figure 1). Additional proline was synthesized in salt-stressed plants that received Se-2 pretreatment; generally, Se-2-treated seedlings exhibited 14% more proline content than those grown in the normal condition (Figure 1). The effect of Se treatment under the stress condition was observed between Se-2 and NaCl for proline synthesis in treated seedlings, which enhanced the level of proline in treated seedlings by 13% compared to the control condition. With Se priming, significantly higher TSS and TSP contents up to 48% and 41%, respectively, were recorded compared to control seedlings grown without NaCl stress (Table 2). In addition, Se seed priming affected the TSS and TSP by 36% and 43%, respectively, under salinity stress. In particular, Se-2 improved the TSS and TSP contents by 48% and 45%, respectively, as opposed to NaCl-treated seedlings alone. The data from the current study depicted 75% higher activity of the a‐amylase enzyme in Se-pretreated seedlings compared to non- Se-primed seedlings. The interactive effects of Se and NaCl resulted in a 33% increase in a-amylase activity compared to the control condition. Statistical analysis revealed that Se-2- treated plants significantly exhibited maximum a-amylase activity and soluble sugar content (33% and 21%, respectively) under both stressed and non-stressed conditions (Table 3). Statistical analysis The data obtained were presented as the average of five replicates. The influence of the different treatments was Frontiers in Plant Science 04 frontiersin.org Hussain et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 TABLE 1 Influence of Se pretreatment on seed germination (in percent) and vegetative growth of Brassica rapa seedlings under saline conditions. Treatments FGP Seedling length (cm) Seedling fresh weight (g/plant) 5 DAS (%) 10 DAS (%) 15 DAS (%) Control 30.55 ± 0.48f 100 ± 0.00a 100 ± 0.00a 8.94 ± 0.092b 0.87 ± 0.086a NaCl 11.12 ± 0.25g 41.67 ± 0.40d 52.76 ± 0.21c 3.06 ± 0.092f 0.64 ± 0.05e Se-1 44.45 ± 0.48e 86.12 ± 0.40bc 88.89 ± 0.41b 7.84 ± 0.23c 1.04 ± 0.05bc Se-2 66.65 ± 0.28a 95.12 ± 0.25ab 100 ± 0.00a 13.02 ± 0.33a 1.66 ± 0.08a Se-3 86.11 ± 0.62a 100 ± 0.00a 100 ± 0.00a 6.06 ± 0.12d 0.98 ± 0.07cd NaCl+Se-1 55.56 ± 0.40d 77.76 ± 0.28c 88.89 ± 0.21b 5.6 ± 0.17de 0.96 ± 0.52cd NaCl+Se-2 88.89 ± 0.25c 88.89 ± 0.25bc 100 ± 0.00a 9.7 ± 0.21b 1.2 ± 0.07b NaCl+Se-3 77.78 ± 0.85b 94.45 ± 0.21b 100 ± 0.00a 4.7 ± 0.23e 0.83 ± 0.03d Data presented are the mean ± SD of five replications. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments at p ≤0.05. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-1 = 75 mmo L−1 Se; Se- 2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se; Se-3 = 125 mmo L−1 Se. FGP, final germination percentage; DAS, days after sowing; C, control. the mean ± SD of five replications. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments at p ≤0.05. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-1 = 75 mmo L−1 Se; e; Se-3 = 125 mmo L−1 Se. Effect of Se on the H2O2 and MDA levels Salt stress enhanced the H2O2 and MDA contents in B. rapa seedlings by 29% and 33%, respectively, compared to the control conditions. However, under salinity regimes, lower TABLE 2 Influence of Se pretreatment on the photosynthetic pigments and total soluble protein of Brassica rapa seedlings under saline conditions. Treatments Chlorophyll a (mg g−1 FW) Chlorophyll b (mg g−1 FW) Total chlorophyll (mg g−1 FW) Total soluble protein (mg g−1 FW) Carotenoids (µg/ g FW) Control 0.93 ± 0.02d 1.02 ± 0.06d 0.97 ± 0.04e 1.98 ± 0.18cd 0.71 ± 0.05cd NaCl 0.46 ± 0.06e 0.41 ± 0.06f 0.43 ± 0.24f 0.84 ± 0.40f 0.67 ± 0.13d Se-1 2.63 ± 0.31b 2.21 ± 0.56b 2.42 ± 0.21b 2.40 ± 0.34b 0.20 ± 0.01e Se-2 3.22 ± 0.28a 2.94 ± 0.49a 2.58 ± 0.14a 4.84 ± 0.21a 1.13 ± 0.22ab Se-3 1.63 ± 0.40cd 1.19 ± 0.11c 1.41 ± 0.22d 1.53 ± 0.20e 1.22 ± 0.20a NaCl+Se-1 1.51 ± 0.23cd 1.20 ± 0.24c 1.36 ± 0.15d 1.51 ± 0.30d 0.14 ± 0.01f NaCl+Se-2 2.04 ± 0.34c 1.72 ± 0.39bc 1.89 ± 0.16c 1.92 ± 0.45c 1.14 ± 0.22ab NaCl+Se-3 0.98 ± 0.03d 0.89 ± 0.06e 0.94 ± 0.04e 1.46 ± 0.16d 0.86 ± 0.21c Data presented are the mean ± SD of five replications. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments at p ≤0.05. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-1 = 75 mmo L−1 Se; Se- 2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se; Se-3 = 125 mmo L−1 Se. FW, fresh weight. tment on the photosynthetic pigments and total soluble protein of Brassica rapa seedlings under saline TABLE 2 Influence of Se pretreatment on the photosynthetic pigments and total soluble protein of Brassica rapa seedlings conditions. 05 Frontiers in Plant Science frontiersin.org 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Hussain et al. TABLE 3 Influence of Se pretreatment on total soluble sugar, a-amylase, and nutrient content of Brassica rapa seedlings under saline conditions. Effect of Se on the H2O2 and MDA levels Treatments a-Amylase (U g−1 FW) Total soluble sugar (mg g−1 FW) Selenium (mg g−1 DW) Na+ (mg g−1 DW) Control 4.51 ± 1.11b 1.68 ± 0.22d 0.41 ± 0.04c 12.81 ± 0.31de NaCl 1.45 ± 0.12e 0.82 ± 0.05f 0.09 ± 0.12d 28.15 ± 0.41a Se-1 3.6 ± 0.54c 3.48 ± 0.21b 0.85 ± 0.06a 8.34 ± 0.42ef Se-2 5.98 ± 0.45a 4.26 ± 0.05a 0.96 ± 0.02a 6.42 ± 0.32f Se-3 4.11 ± 0.14bc 2.42 ± 0.34c 0.74 ± 0.06ab 9.13 ± 1.00e NaCl+Se-1 2.34 ± 0.55d 1.66 ± 0.26d 0.57 ± 0.14bc 21.36 ± 1.31b NaCl+Se-2 4.34 ± 1.01bc 2.24 ± 0.57c 0.61 ± 0.02bc 13.48 ± 0.60d NaCl+Se-3 3.23 ± 0.21c 1.22 ± 0.21e 0.48 ± 0.05c 14.68 ± 0.97c Data presented are the mean ± SD of five replications. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments at p ≤0.05. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-1 = 75 mmo L−1 Se; Se- 2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se; Se-3 = 125 mmo L−1 Se. FW, fresh weight; DW, dry weight. Treatments a-Amylase (U g−1 FW) Total soluble sugar (mg g−1 FW) Selenium (mg g−1 DW) N 1 FW) Total soluble sugar (mg g−1 FW) Selenium (mg g−1 DW) Na+ (mg g−1 DW) levels of H2O2 and MDA were recorded in Se-treated seedlings in the order Se-2, Se-1, and Se-3 (Figure 1). An antagonistic effect was observed between Se-2 and NaCl regarding the biosynthesis of H2O2 and MDA, which decreased by 48% and 49%, respectively, compared to the normal condition (Figure 1). A significantly reduced level of MDA was depicted by Se-2-pretreated seedlings compared to control seedlings under salt stress conditions. A B C FIGURE 1 Influence of Se pretreatment on the non-enzymatic content of Brassica rapa seedlings under saline conditions. (A) Malondialdehyde (MDA). (B) Proline. (C) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Data presented are the mean ± SD of five replications. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments at p ≤0.05. C, control. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-1 = 75 mmo L−1 Se; Se-2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se; Se-3 = 125 mmo L−1 Se. A B C FIGURE 1 Influence of Se pretreatment on the non-enzymatic content of Brassica rapa seedlings under saline conditions. (A) Malondialdehyde (MDA). (B) Proline. (C) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Data presented are the mean ± SD of five replications. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments at p ≤0.05. C, control. Effect of Se on the H2O2 and MDA levels NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-1 = 75 mmo L−1 Se; Se-2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se; Se-3 = 125 mmo L−1 Se. 06 Frontiers in Plant Science frontiersin.org Hussain et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Se-priming enhanced the Se content by reducing the Na uptake 11% and 14%, respectively, compared to the control condition (Table 3). Activity of antioxidant enzymes Salt toxicity significantly decreased the uptake of Se by 21% compared to the control condition. Nevertheless, improved plant nutrition was observed in Se-primed seedlings in all conditions compared to salt-stressed seedlings not treated with Se. The current research revealed that Se-2 was the most effective treatment regarding Se uptake, which increased Se by 13% and reduced Na uptake by 17% in both the control and salinity- stressed B. rapa plants. Moreover, Se-2 significantly enhanced the uptake of Se in both stressed and non-stressed conditions by Higher SOD activity was observed in Se-2-treated B. rapa seedlings under both stressed and non-stressed conditions, which increased by 29% and 19% as compared to the control. When subjected to salinity stress, the Se-2-treated seedlings revealed an elevated SOD activity compared to the control under both stressed and non-stressed conditions (20% and 23%, respectively) (Figure 2). Se priming enhanced the A B C D FIGURE 2 Influence of Se pretreatment on the antioxidant activity of Brassica rapa seedlings under saline conditions. (A) Catalase (CAT). (B) Superoxide dismutase (SOD). (C) Ascorbate peroxidase (APX). (D) Peroxidase (POD). Data presented are the mean ± SD of five replications. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments at p ≤0.05. C, control. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-1 = 75 mmo L−1 Se; Se-2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se; Se-3 = 125 mmo L−1 Se. B D D FIGURE 2 Influence of Se pretreatment on the antioxidant activity of Brassica rapa seedlings under saline conditions. (A) Catalase (CAT). (B) Superoxide dismutase (SOD). (C) Ascorbate peroxidase (APX). (D) Peroxidase (POD). Data presented are the mean ± SD of five replications. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments at p ≤0.05. C, control. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-1 = 75 mmo L−1 Se; Se-2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se; Se-3 = 125 mmo L−1 Se. 07 Frontiers in Plant Science frontiersin.org 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Hussain et al. salt-stressed B. rapa through seed priming elucidated the versatile features of this element. Data from the present study showed that salinity severely affected seed germination. Similar results of salt stress on the seed germination of other plants have been reported by various researchers (Egamberdieva et al., 2019). However, in the current study, different concentrations of Se showed multifaceted results under optimal and stressed conditions. Activity of antioxidant enzymes It was found that seed pretreatment with Se-2 solution (100 mmo L−1) was more effective in alleviating salt stress and enhancing seed germination and seedling growth compared to the other two priming concentrations. A lower concentration of Se used for seed priming enhanced seed germination and seedling growth (Moulick et al., 2018). However, Se toxicity at a higher concentration induced negative effects, resulting in a decrease in the growth parameters (Çatav et al., 2022). In this study, the lower Se concentration (Se-1, 75 mmo L−1) decreased salinity stress and improved growth under both stressed and non-stressed conditions (Table 1). The higher Se concentration (Se-2, 100 mmo L−1) alleviated NaCl stress by improving the germination index, seedling length, and fresh weight in stressed plants; however, Se induced toxicity at the highest concentration (Se-3, 100 mmo L−1), which decreased the germination index, seedling length, and fresh weight in non- stressed plants (Table 1). A lot of researchers have reported the interactive effects of Se and salt stress in hydroponic conditions. The results of these studies showed that the adverse effects of salt stress on the germination and growth of seedlings may be mitigated by seed priming with Se. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of knowledge describing the potential of seed pretreatment with various Se concentrations in alleviating salt stress in vegetable crops (Table 1). The experimental study results demonstrated the beneficial role of Se seed priming in the alleviation of salt stress, and we advocate using this strategy to prevail over salinity issues in arable areas. ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in treated seedlings by 26% compared to normal conditions. Moreover, Se-2-pretreated seedlings showed 30% and 24% augmented APX activity under stressed and non-stressed conditions, respectively, compared to the control (Figure 2). Priming with Se increased the activity of CAT by 35% and that of POD by 43% compared to the control condition. Statistical analysis revealed that Se-2-primed seeds exhibited 16% and 35% elevation of the activity of CAT in both stressed and non-stressed conditions, respectively, compared to the control condition. The same pattern was observed for POD in Se-treated seedlings grown in stressed and non-stressed conditions (Figure 2). In this case, Se-2-treated non-stressed and stressed seedlings demonstrated 34% and 18% higher POD activity, respectively, compared to the control condition. Expression of antioxidant genes Salinity and Se-2 treatment modulated the expression levels of the stress-responsive genes compared to the control condition. The transcript level of the APX gene was enhanced by about 1.6-fold with the administration of Se-2 to salt-stressed B. rapa plants. Salt-stressed plants that received Se-2 treatment exhibited a 2.96-fold higher expression of APX than that of control plants under saline conditions (Figure 3). The expression level of CAT was elevated by 4.2-fold in salt-stressed B. rapa plants compared to the control. Similarly, the transcript level of CAT increased by 3.98-fold in Se-2-treated plants subjected to salinity stress. Salt-treated plants demonstrated a 1.8-fold higher transcript level of SOD compared to the control. Similarly, the application of Se-2 upregulated the expression of SOD by 3.87- fold compared to control plants under saline regimes. It was also observed that the transcript level of POD was elevated by 2.9-fold when B. rapa plants were grown under salt stress compared to the control. Additionally, there was a 4.2-fold increase in gene expression in Se-2-treated plants under salt stress. The photo-oxidation reactivity triggered by salinity increased the biosynthesis of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The augmented synthesis of superoxide radicals and H2O2 decreased the chloroplast and thylakoid membranes, resulting in the degradation of the photosynthetic pigments, including Chl a, Chl b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll (Rejeb, 2015). Additionally, the elevated activity of chlorophyllase and the cellular injuries under saline conditions caused chlorophyll deprivation and reduced the water content in plants (Aazami et al., 2021; Giordano et al., 2021). In the present research, the higher concentration of chlorophyll in Se-2-treated seedlings suggests the efficacy of Se in alleviating the degradation of Chl a, Chl b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll by reducing the negative impacts of salt stress (Table 2). Earlier reports also illustrated that exogenously applied Se decreased the degradation of photosynthetic pigments in crops subjected to abiotic stresses (Andrade et al., 2018; Amin et al., 2020; Farooq et al., 2020). Discussion Appropriate seed germination is one of the primary initial growth phases that determine the future growth, stand, and yield of crop plants, especially under biotic and abiotic stresses. The data of the current study revealed that salt stress significantly reduced the germination percentage and early seedling growth of B. rapa. Several other studies have demonstrated the harmful effects of salinity stress on seed germination and the growth of seedlings (Gamalero and Glick, 2022). Selenium is not regarded as a fundamental nutrient because minute concentrations of this element may have harmful or beneficial effects on the growth of different plant species (Ismael et al., 2019; Hasanuzzaman et al., 2020; Buturi et al., 2021). In this study, the application of Se to Frontiers in Plant Science frontiersin.org 08 Hussain et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 A B C D FIGURE 3 Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the transcript levels of antioxidant defense-related genes in the shoots of turnip plants treated with Se and NaCl. (A–D) Relative expression of the APX (A), CAT (B), SOD (C), and POD (D) genes. Bars represent the mean values of three independent experiments with standard errors. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments (p ≤0.05). C, control. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se. A D D D FIGURE 3 Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the transcript levels of antioxidant defense-related genes in the shoots of turnip plants treated with Se and NaCl. (A–D) Relative expression of the APX (A), CAT (B), SOD (C), and POD (D) genes. Bars represent the mean values of three independent experiments with standard errors. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments (p ≤0.05). C, control. NaCl = 200 mM NaCl; Se-2 = 100 mmo L−1 Se. The findings of the present research exhibited improvements in the production of total soluble proteins and in the sugar content of Se-pretreated seedlings. The higher protein level in halotolerant plants under saline conditions reduces cellular damage and enables these plants to sustain membrane integrity (Singh and Jha, 2017). Selenium alters the metabolic activities of amino acids to augment protein synthesis by replacing the sulfur ions in sulfur, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine (Ahmad et al., 2017; Yilmaz et al., 2018). Hence, it may be assumed that the modulated metabolism in Se-2-treated salt-stressed seedlings encouraged higher protein synthesis. Parallel to the results of the current study, Põldma et al. Frontiers in Plant Science Discussion (2013) found an amplified concentration of total soluble protein in Se-treated plants subjected to salt stress. The results of the study showed that NaCl reduced the biosynthesis of TSS in stressed seedlings (Table 2), whereas Se pretreatment enhanced the synthesis of TSS. Nasibi et al. (2022) revealed that soluble sugars reduce the membrane osmotic potential and decrease water loss by binding to the membrane lipid bilayer. Sugars form hydrogen bonds with polar polypeptide residues and avert Frontiers in Plant Science 09 frontiersin.org 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Hussain et al. protein deprivation (Zhang et al., 2021). The increased concentration of TSS in Se-treated seedlings decreased cellular damage by regulating a balance among the cellular vacuole, osmotic cytosol intensity, and external medium that uphold cell turgor (Kaur et al., 2021; Kumari et al., 2021). Our results also demonstrated higher activity of a-amylase and soluble sugar content in Se-primed seedlings (Table 3). application decreased the MDA levels in other plant species under stress (Huang et al., 2018; Ulhassan et al., 2019). The Na+ ion content was lower in Se-primed seedlings compared to non-primed seedlings. It is assumed that a similar transporter is shared by Se and Na. Hence, the antagonistic relationship between Se and Na may have reduced the translocation of Na ions. Selenium reduced the Na+ content in treated seedlings through binding it to the cell wall of the root (Habibi, 2017). The cysteine synthase enzyme converts the inorganic Se absorbed by the aleurone layer of seeds into organic Se (Hu et al., 2022). The results of this study revealed that the lower concentration of Se (75 mmo L−1) effectively decreased the Na content in salt-stressed plants (Table 3). Some early studies have shown that the application of a lower concentration of inorganic Se easily converts into the organic forms of Se, such as SeMet and selenomethyl cysteine, which have antioxidant capacity and can alleviate plant stress (Wrobel et al., 2020; Gui et al., 2022). Plants enhance the synthesis of stress-responsive proline to decrease protein degradation, detoxify the augmented level of ROS, and maintain membrane integrity (Mohammadi and Roshandel, 2020). Several studies have confirmed the stress alleviation efficiency of this low-molecular-weight organic solute (Zhu et al., 2020). The results of the current study also showed higher proline accumulation in NaCl-stressed seedlings (Figure 1). Selenium application further enhanced proline accumulation in treated seedlings under stress. Discussion Stress alleviation through higher proline synthesis in Se-treated salted plants has been observed by El Moukhtari et al. (2020) and Umair et al. (2020) in Phaseolus vulgaris and Breasica oleracae crops, respectively. Proline is a stress biomarker that acts as an osmolyte to maintain cellular integrity and scavenge ROS (Kaur et al., 2021). Proteolysis and conservation of the proline precursors enhance the level of this osmoprotectant in plants subjected to salt stress (Kaur et al., 2021). The increased level of proline helps in the reduction of ROS and MDA levels in salt-stressed plants (Zhang et al., 2021). The higher Se content in Se-treated seedlings may have accomplished some basic functions of proline regarding the alleviation of salt stress. Ibrahim (2014) also found decreased proline content in Se- pretreated wheat plants under drought stress. Salt-induced oxidative stress augments ROS biosynthesis and impedes the root growth, shoot growth, and biomass production of plants. Antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, APX, CAT, and POD, alleviate oxidative damage by scavenging the higher level of ROS (Jahan et al., 2019; Moustafa-Farag et al., 2020). These enzymes protect plants from ROS-induced plasma membrane peroxidation (Sharma et al., 2020). The current study showed elevated SOD, APX, CAT, and POD activities in Se-2-treated salt-stressed seedlings. The findings of the current research are compatible with preceding studies showing that exogenously supplemented Se improved the activity of SOD, APX, CAT, and POD in salt- stressed seedlings (Sheikhalipour et al., 2021; Jabeen et al., 2021). Higher enzyme activity may have detoxified free radicals and decreased ROS-induced oxidative injury (Figure 2). El-Badri et al. (2022a) observed that exogenously applied Se upregulated the expression of stress-responsive antioxidant genes to mitigate salt stress in B. napus seedlings. Equally, Rossatto et al. (2017) reported that reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed higher expression levels of CAT, APX, and SOD, which detoxified ROS in rice plants to alleviate NaCl toxicity. Moreover, the data of the present research regarding the modulation of the expression levels of POD, CAT, APX, and SOD are in agreement with the findings of El-Badri et al. (2022b). They reported that modulations in the transcript levels of these antioxidant genes enhanced the activity of the respective antioxidant enzymes to induce salt tolerance by scavenging ROS in B. napus plants. The higher activity of these antioxidant enzymes converted H2O2 to H2O. References Aazami, M. A., Rasouli, F., and Ebrahimzadeh, A. (2021). Oxidative damage, antioxidant mechanism, and gene expression in tomato responding to salinity stress under in vitro conditions and application of iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles on callus induction and plant regeneration. BMC Plant Bio 21 (1), 1–23. doi: 10.1186/s12870-021-03379-7 Alves, R. D. C., Rossatto, D. R., da Silva, J. D. S., Checchio, M. V., de Oliveira, K. R., Oliveira, F. D. A., et al. (2021). Seed priming with ascorbic acid enhances salt tolerance in micro-tom tomato plants by modifying the antioxidant defense system components. Biocatalysis Agric. 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A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72 (1-2), 248–254. Data availability statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. Author contributions NY and SA conceived the idea for this study. SH and WA performed the experiments. SA, NY,GL and SH prepared the manuscript draft. SA,GL and NY reviewed and edited the final Discussion Hence, the higher water content observed in Se-2-treated seedlings may be a result of the upregulated activity and higher expression levels of these enzymes (Yaldiz and Camlica, 2021). Salt stress enhances the biosynthesis of H2O2, which is the foundation of cellular contraction, apoptosis, DNA disintegration, and chromatin abridgment (Jeong et al., 2022). Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants assist in stress mitigation by scavenging the higher level of H2O2 (Danouche et al., 2020). In this study, Se-2 seed priming significantly decreased the levels of H2O2 in treated plants (Figure 1). The study results concerning the lower accumulation of H2O2 in Se- treated salt-stressed seedlings are in agreement with the findings of Rady et al. (2021) and Rehman et al. (2022). Similarly, salt- stressed B. rapa seedlings showed a higher MDA content than the control. Conversely, Se-2 pretreatment significantly lowered the MDA content in NaCl-stressed plants (Figure 1). The seedlings developed from Se-2-primed seeds exhibited decreased MDA levels compared to the non-Se-treated seedlings under salt stress, signifying the function of Se in reducing lipid peroxidation through improving the antioxidant system, which safeguarded the membrane integrity (Li et al., 2019; Soleymanzadeh et al., 2020). The present findings are also validated by other studies that showed that exogenous Se Frontiers in Plant Science 10 frontiersin.org Hussain et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Funding This study was financially supported by the Guangdong Province Key Areas Research and Development Plan (Project No: 2022B0202110003); Guangdong Provincial special Fund for Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Innovation Teams (project nos. 2022KJ122 and 2023KJ122) and China Young Scientist Talent Program (project no. QN2022030024L). Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Conclusion version. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. It may be concluded that Se pretreatment through seed priming at concentrations of 75 mmo L−1, 100 mmo L−1, and 125 mmo L−1 Se reduced the toxic effects of salinity stress associated with seed germination and seedling growth of B. rapa by reducing the Na uptake and improving the Se uptake, suppressing the oxidative damage, and by improving the antioxidant system and the expression levels of the genes involved in the antioxidant system of plants. Taken as a whole, this work provides insights toward our understanding and discovery of the specific morphophysiological and biochemical mechanisms behind Se-induced salinity stress tolerance in B. rapa. 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Comparative study of the effects of selenium yeast and sodium selenite on selenium content and nutrient quality in broccoli florets (Brassica oleracea l. var. italica). J. Sci. Food Agric. 102 (4), 1707–1718. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.11511 Li, J., Zhou, X., Wei, B., Cheng, S., Zhou, Q., and Ji, S. (2019). GABA application improves the mitochondrial antioxidant system and reduces peel browning in 'Nanguo’pears after removal fromcold storage. Food Chem. 297, 124903. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.177 Habibi, G. (2017). Selenium ameliorates salinity stress in petroselinum crispum by modulation of photosynthesis and by reducing shoot Na accumulation. Russian J. Plant Physiol. 64 (3), 368–374. doi: 10.1134/s1021443717030086 Habibi, G. (2017). Selenium ameliorates salinity stress in petroselinum crispum by modulation of photosynthesis and by reducing shoot Na accumulation. Russian J. Plant Physiol. 64 (3), 368–374. doi: 10.1134/s1021443717030086 Miller, E. C. (1959). Technique for building amalgam restorations. J. Prosthetic Dentistry 9 (4), 652–667. doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(59)90138-6 Frontiers in Plant Science 12 frontiersin.org Hussain et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050359 Mohammadi, R., and Roshandel, P. (2020). References Ameliorative effects of a static magnetic field on hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis l.) growth and phytochemical traits under water stress. Bioelectromagnetics 41 (6), 403–412. doi: 10.1002/bem.22278 Sogoni, A., Jimoh, M. O., Kambizi, L., and Laubscher, C. P. (2021). The impact of salt stress on plant growth, mineral composition, and antioxidant activity in tetragonia decumbens mill.: An underutilized edible halophyte in south Africa. Horticulturae 7 (6), 140. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7060140 Moulick, D., Santra, S. C., and Ghosh, D. (2018). Seed priming with Se mitigates as-induced phytotoxicity in rice seedlings by enhancing essential micronutrient uptake and translocation and reducing as translocation. Environ. Sci. pollut. Res. 25 (27), 26978–26991. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2711-x Soleymanzadeh, R., Iranbakhsh, A., Habibi, G., and Ardebili, Z. O. (2020). Selenium nanoparticle protected strawberry against salt stress through modifications in salicylic acid, ion homeostasis, antioxidant machinery, and photosynthesis performance. Acta BiologicaCracoviensia s. Botanica 62 (1), 44– 62. doi: 10.24425/abcsb.2019.127751 Moustafa-Farag, M., Mohamed, H. I., Mahmoud, A., Elkelish, A., Misra, A. N., Guy, K. M., et al. (2020). Salicylic acid stimulates antioxidant defense and osmolyte metabolism to alleviate oxidative stress in watermelons under excess boron. Plants 9 (6), 724. doi: 10.3390/plants9060724 Sottirattanapan, P., Nantachai, K., Daduang, S., Funahashi, T., and Yamada, M. (2017). Purification and characterization of amylase from roots of paederia foetida Linn. Biocatalysis Agric. Biotechnol. 10, 329–335. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.04.012 Nasibi, F., Aminian, F., Mohammadinejad, G., and Hassanshahian, M. (2022). Seed priming with selenium nanoparticle and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria improve seedling development of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) under salinity stress. In Plant Growth Regulation. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1809244/v1 Thimmaiah, S. K. (1999). Standard methods of biochemical analysis (New Delhi, India: Kalyani), 545. Ulhassan, Z., Huang, Q., Gill, R. A., Ali, S., Mwamba, T. M., Ali, B., et al. (2019). Protective mechanisms of melatonin against selenium toxicity in brassica napus: insights into physiological traits, thiol biosynthesis and antioxidant machinery. BMC Plant Biol. 19 (1), 1–16. doi: 10.1186/s12870-019-2110-6 Paul, S., Geng, C. A., Yang, T. H., Yang, Y. P., and Chen, J. J. (2019). Phytochemical and health-beneficial progress of turnip (Brassica rapa). J. Food Sci. 84 (1), 19–30. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14417 Põldma, P., Moor, U., Tõnutare, T., Herodes, K., and Rebane, ,. R. (2013). Selenium treatment under field conditions affects mineral nutrition, yield and antioxidant properties of bulb onion (Allium cepa l.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum. Cultus 12 (6), 167–181. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2013.1952237 Umair, H. ,. References doi: 10.1016/ j.csbj.2021.04.009 Sarwar, N., Akhtar, M., Kamran, M. A., Imran, M., Riaz, M. A., Kamran, K., et al. (2020). Selenium biofortification in food crops: Key mechanisms and future perspectives. J. Food composition Anal. 93, 103615. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103615 Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Sun, Y., Zheng, S., Wang, J., and Zhang, T. (2020). Hydrogen peroxide is involved in strigolactone induced low temperature stress tolerance in rape seedlings (Brassica rapa l.). Plant Physiol. Biochem. 157, 402–415. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.006 Shafiq, S., Adeel, M., Raza, H., Iqbal, R., Ahmad, Z., Naeem, M., et al. (2019). Effects of foliar application of selenium in maize (Zea mays l.) under cadmium toxicity. In Biol. Forum-An Int. J. Vol. 11, No. 2, 27–37. doi: 10.1080/15588742.2019 Zhu, Y., Jiang, X., Zhang, J., He, Y., Zhu, X., Zhou, X., et al. (2020). Silicon confers cucumber resistance to salinity stress through the regulation of proline and cytokinins. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 156, 209–220. doi: 10.1016/ j.plaphy.2020.09.014 Sharma, A., Soares, C., Sousa, B., Martins, M., Kumar, V., Shahzad, B., et al. (2020). Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of oxidative stress in plants under metal stress: a review on molecular and biochemical aspects. Physiologia plantarum 168 (2), 318–344. doi: 10.1111/ppl.13004 Zhu, Z. H., Sami, A., Xu, Q. Q., Wu, L. L., Zheng, W. Y., Chen, Z. P., et al. (2021). Effects of seed priming treatments on the germination and development of two rapeseed (Brassica napus l.) varieties under the co-influence of low temperature and drought. PLos One 16 (9), e0257236. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257236 Sheikhalipour, M., Esmaielpour, B., Behnamian, M., Gohari, G., Giglou, M. T., Vachova, P., et al. (2021). Chitosan–selenium nanoparticle (Cs–Se NP) foliar spray alleviates salt stress in bitter melon. Nanomaterials 11 (3), 684. doi: 10.3390/ nano11030684 Singh, R. P., and Jha, P. N. (2017). Analysis of fatty acid composition of PGPR klebsiella sp. SBP-8 and its role in ameliorating salt stress in wheat. Symbiosis 73 (3), 213–222. doi: 10.1007/s13199-017-0477-4 Zulfiqar, F., Nafees, M., Chen, J., Darras, A., Ferrante, A., Hancock, J. T., et al. (2022). Chemical priming enhances plant tolerance to salt stress. Front. Plant Sci. 13. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946922 13 Frontiers in Plant Science frontiersin.org
23,744
https://github.com/hangsiahong/bankless-node/blob/master/finality-bankless/src/new_network/service.rs
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
null
bankless-node
hangsiahong
Rust
Code
1,366
5,838
use crate::new_network::{ ConnectionCommand, Data, DataCommand, Network, PeerId, Protocol, BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME, BANKLESS_VALIDATOR_PROTOCOL_NAME, }; use futures::{channel::mpsc, StreamExt}; use log::{debug, error, trace}; use sc_network::{multiaddr, Event}; use std::{ borrow::Cow, collections::{HashSet, VecDeque}, iter, }; struct Service<N: Network, D: Data> { network: N, messages_from_user: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<(D, DataCommand)>, messages_for_user: mpsc::UnboundedSender<D>, commands_from_manager: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<ConnectionCommand>, connected_peers: HashSet<PeerId>, to_send: VecDeque<(D, PeerId, Protocol)>, } pub struct IO<D: Data> { messages_from_user: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<(D, DataCommand)>, messages_for_user: mpsc::UnboundedSender<D>, commands_from_manager: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<ConnectionCommand>, } impl<N: Network, D: Data> Service<N, D> { pub fn new(network: N, io: IO<D>) -> Service<N, D> { let IO { messages_from_user, messages_for_user, commands_from_manager, } = io; Service { network, messages_from_user, messages_for_user, commands_from_manager, connected_peers: HashSet::new(), to_send: VecDeque::new(), } } fn send_to_peer(&mut self, data: D, peer: PeerId, protocol: Protocol) { self.to_send.push_back((data, peer, protocol)); } fn broadcast(&mut self, data: D) { for peer in self.connected_peers.clone() { // We only broadcast authentication information in this sense, so we use the generic // Protocol. self.send_to_peer(data.clone(), peer, Protocol::Generic); } } fn handle_network_event(&mut self, event: Event) -> Result<(), mpsc::TrySendError<D>> { match event { Event::SyncConnected { remote } => { trace!(target: "bankless-network", "SyncConnected event for peer {:?}", remote); let addr = iter::once(multiaddr::Protocol::P2p(remote.into())).collect(); self.network.add_reserved( iter::once(addr).collect(), Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), ); } Event::SyncDisconnected { remote } => { trace!(target: "bankless-network", "SyncDisconnected event for peer {:?}", remote); self.network.remove_reserved( iter::once(remote.into()).collect(), Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), ); } Event::NotificationStreamOpened { remote, protocol, .. } => { if protocol == BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME { self.connected_peers.insert(remote.into()); } } Event::NotificationStreamClosed { remote, protocol } => { if protocol == BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME { self.connected_peers.remove(&remote.into()); } } Event::NotificationsReceived { remote: _, messages, } => { for (protocol, data) in messages.into_iter() { if protocol == BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME || protocol == BANKLESS_VALIDATOR_PROTOCOL_NAME { match D::decode(&mut &data[..]) { Ok(message) => self.messages_for_user.unbounded_send(message)?, Err(e) => { debug!(target: "bankless-network", "Error decoding message: {}", e) } } } } } // Irrelevant for us, ignore. Event::Dht(_) => {} } Ok(()) } fn on_manager_command(&self, command: ConnectionCommand) { use ConnectionCommand::*; match command { AddReserved(addresses) => self .network .add_reserved(addresses, Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_VALIDATOR_PROTOCOL_NAME)), DelReserved(peers) => self .network .remove_reserved(peers, Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_VALIDATOR_PROTOCOL_NAME)), } } fn on_user_command(&mut self, data: D, command: DataCommand) { use DataCommand::*; match command { Broadcast => self.broadcast(data), SendTo(peer, protocol) => self.send_to_peer(data, peer, protocol), } } async fn send( network: &N, send_queue: &mut VecDeque<(D, PeerId, Protocol)>, ) -> Option<Result<(), N::SendError>> { // We should not pop send_queue here. Using `send_queue.front()` is intended. // Send is asynchronous, so it might happen that we pop data here and then // `network.send` does not finish and gets cancelled. So in this case we would // lose a popped message. let (data, peer, protocol) = send_queue.front()?; let result = network.send(data.encode(), *peer, protocol.name()).await; send_queue.pop_front(); Some(result) } pub async fn run(mut self) { let mut events_from_network = self.network.event_stream(); loop { tokio::select! { maybe_event = events_from_network.next() => match maybe_event { Some(event) => if let Err(e) = self.handle_network_event(event) { error!(target: "bankless-network", "Cannot forward messages to user: {:?}", e); return; }, None => { error!(target: "bankless-network", "Network event stream ended."); return; } }, maybe_command = self.commands_from_manager.next() => match maybe_command { Some(command) => self.on_manager_command(command), None => { error!(target: "bankless-network", "Manager command stream ended."); return; } }, maybe_message = self.messages_from_user.next() => match maybe_message { Some((data, command)) => self.on_user_command(data, command), None => { error!(target: "bankless-network", "User message stream ended."); return; } }, Some(result) = Self::send(&self.network, &mut self.to_send) => { if let Err(e) = result { debug!(target: "bankless-network", "Failed sending data to peer: {:?}", e); } }, } } } } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { use super::{ConnectionCommand, DataCommand, Service, IO}; use crate::new_network::{ manager::testing::MockNetworkIdentity, mock::{MockNetwork, MockSendError}, NetworkIdentity, Protocol, BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME, BANKLESS_VALIDATOR_PROTOCOL_NAME, }; use codec::Encode; use futures::{ channel::{mpsc, oneshot}, Future, StreamExt, }; use sc_network::{ multiaddr::Protocol as ScProtocol, Event, Multiaddr as ScMultiaddr, ObservedRole, }; use std::{borrow::Cow, collections::HashSet, iter, iter::FromIterator}; type MockData = Vec<u8>; pub struct MockIO { messages_for_user: mpsc::UnboundedSender<(MockData, DataCommand)>, messages_from_user: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<MockData>, commands_for_manager: mpsc::UnboundedSender<ConnectionCommand>, } async fn prepare() -> ( impl Future<Output = sc_service::Result<(), tokio::task::JoinError>>, oneshot::Sender<()>, MockNetwork, MockIO, ) { let (mock_messages_for_user, messages_from_user) = mpsc::unbounded(); let (messages_for_user, mock_messages_from_user) = mpsc::unbounded(); let (mock_commands_for_manager, commands_from_manager) = mpsc::unbounded(); let io = IO { messages_from_user, messages_for_user, commands_from_manager, }; let mock_io = MockIO { messages_for_user: mock_messages_for_user, messages_from_user: mock_messages_from_user, commands_for_manager: mock_commands_for_manager, }; let (event_stream_oneshot_tx, event_stream_oneshot_rx) = oneshot::channel(); let network = MockNetwork::new(event_stream_oneshot_tx); let service = Service::new(network.clone(), io); let (exit_tx, exit_rx) = oneshot::channel(); let task_handle = async move { tokio::select! { _ = service.run() => { }, _ = exit_rx => { }, }; }; let service_handle = tokio::spawn(task_handle); // wait till service takes the event_stream event_stream_oneshot_rx.await.unwrap(); (service_handle, exit_tx, network, mock_io) } #[tokio::test] async fn test_sync_connected() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, mut network, _mock_io) = prepare().await; let identity = MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity(); network.emit_event(Event::SyncConnected { remote: identity.1.into(), }); let expected = ( iter::once(ScMultiaddr::empty().with(ScProtocol::P2p(identity.1 .0.into()))).collect(), Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), ); assert_eq!( network .add_reserved .1 .lock() .next() .await .expect("Should receive message"), expected ); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } #[tokio::test] async fn test_sync_disconnected() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, mut network, _mock_io) = prepare().await; let identity = MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity(); network.emit_event(Event::SyncDisconnected { remote: identity.1.into(), }); let expected = ( iter::once(identity.1).collect(), Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), ); assert_eq!( network .remove_reserved .1 .lock() .next() .await .expect("Should receive message"), expected ); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } #[tokio::test] async fn test_notification_stream_opened() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, mut network, mock_io) = prepare().await; let identities: Vec<_> = (0..3) .map(|_| MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity()) .collect(); identities.iter().for_each(|identity| { network.emit_event(Event::NotificationStreamOpened { protocol: Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), remote: identity.1.into(), negotiated_fallback: None, role: ObservedRole::Authority, }) }); // We do this only to make sure that NotificationStreamOpened events are handled network.emit_event(Event::SyncConnected { remote: identities[0].1.into(), }); let expected = ScMultiaddr::empty().with(ScProtocol::P2p(identities[0].1 .0.into())); assert_eq!( network .add_reserved .1 .lock() .next() .await .expect("Should receive message"), ( iter::once(expected).collect(), Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME) ) ); let message: Vec<u8> = vec![1, 2, 3]; mock_io .messages_for_user .unbounded_send((message.clone(), DataCommand::Broadcast)) .ok(); let broadcasted_messages = HashSet::<_>::from_iter( network .send_message .1 .lock() .by_ref() .take(identities.len()) .collect::<Vec<_>>() .await .iter() .cloned(), ); let expected_messages = HashSet::from_iter(identities.iter().map(|identity| { ( message.encode(), identity.1, Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), ) })); assert_eq!(broadcasted_messages, expected_messages); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } #[tokio::test] async fn test_notification_stream_closed() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, mut network, mock_io) = prepare().await; let identities: Vec<_> = (0..4) .map(|_| MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity()) .collect(); let opened_authorities_n = 2; identities.iter().for_each(|identity| { network.emit_event(Event::NotificationStreamOpened { protocol: Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), remote: identity.1.into(), negotiated_fallback: None, role: ObservedRole::Authority, }) }); identities .iter() .skip(opened_authorities_n) .for_each(|identity| { network.emit_event(Event::NotificationStreamClosed { protocol: Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), remote: identity.1.into(), }) }); // We do this only to make sure that NotificationStreamOpened events are handled network.emit_event(Event::SyncConnected { remote: identities[0].1.into(), }); let expected = ScMultiaddr::empty().with(ScProtocol::P2p(identities[0].1 .0.into())); assert_eq!( network .add_reserved .1 .lock() .next() .await .expect("Should receive message"), ( iter::once(expected).collect(), Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME) ) ); let messages: Vec<Vec<u8>> = vec![vec![1, 2, 3], vec![4, 5, 6]]; messages.iter().for_each(|m| { mock_io .messages_for_user .unbounded_send((m.clone(), DataCommand::Broadcast)) .ok(); }); let broadcasted_messages = HashSet::<_>::from_iter( network .send_message .1 .lock() .by_ref() .take(opened_authorities_n * messages.len()) .collect::<Vec<_>>() .await .iter() .cloned(), ); let expected_messages = HashSet::from_iter( identities .iter() .take(opened_authorities_n) .map(|identity| { messages .iter() .map(move |m| (m.encode(), identity.1, Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME))) }) .flatten(), ); assert_eq!(broadcasted_messages, expected_messages); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } #[tokio::test] async fn test_data_command_send_to() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, network, mock_io) = prepare().await; let identity = MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity(); let message: Vec<u8> = vec![1, 2, 3]; mock_io .messages_for_user .unbounded_send(( message.clone(), DataCommand::SendTo(identity.1, Protocol::Validator), )) .ok(); let expected = (message.encode(), identity.1, Protocol::Validator.name()); assert_eq!( network .send_message .1 .lock() .next() .await .expect("Should receive message"), expected, ); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } #[tokio::test] async fn test_data_command_send_to_error() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, network, mock_io) = prepare().await; let all_authorities_n = 4; let closed_authorities_n = 2; for _ in 0..closed_authorities_n { network .network_errors .lock() .push_back(MockSendError::SomeError); } let identities: Vec<_> = (0..4) .map(|_| MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity()) .collect(); let message: Vec<u8> = vec![1, 2, 3]; identities.iter().for_each(|identity| { mock_io .messages_for_user .unbounded_send(( message.clone(), DataCommand::SendTo(identity.1, Protocol::Validator), )) .ok(); }); let broadcasted_messages = HashSet::<_>::from_iter( network .send_message .1 .lock() .by_ref() .take(all_authorities_n - closed_authorities_n) .collect::<Vec<_>>() .await .iter() .cloned(), ); let expected_messages = HashSet::from_iter( identities .iter() .skip(closed_authorities_n) .map(|identity| (message.encode(), identity.1, Protocol::Validator.name())), ); assert_eq!(broadcasted_messages, expected_messages); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } #[tokio::test] async fn test_notification_received() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, mut network, mut mock_io) = prepare().await; let identity = MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity(); let message: Vec<u8> = vec![1, 2, 3]; let incorrect_message: Vec<u8> = vec![4, 5, 6]; network.emit_event(Event::NotificationsReceived { remote: identity.1.into(), messages: vec![( Cow::Borrowed("INCORRECT/PROTOCOL/NAME"), Vec::encode(&incorrect_message).into(), )], }); network.emit_event(Event::NotificationsReceived { remote: identity.1.into(), messages: vec![( Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_PROTOCOL_NAME), Vec::encode(&message).into(), )], }); assert_eq!( mock_io .messages_from_user .next() .await .expect("Should receive message"), message ); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } #[tokio::test] async fn test_command_add_reserved() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, network, mock_io) = prepare().await; let identity = MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity(); mock_io .commands_for_manager .unbounded_send(ConnectionCommand::AddReserved( identity.0.clone().into_iter().collect(), )) .ok(); let expected = ( identity.0.into_iter().collect(), Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_VALIDATOR_PROTOCOL_NAME), ); assert_eq!( network .add_reserved .1 .lock() .next() .await .expect("Should receive message"), expected ); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } #[tokio::test] async fn test_command_remove_reserved() { let (service_handle, exit_tx, network, mock_io) = prepare().await; let identity = MockNetworkIdentity::new().identity(); mock_io .commands_for_manager .unbounded_send(ConnectionCommand::DelReserved( iter::once(identity.1).collect(), )) .ok(); let expected = ( iter::once(identity.1).collect(), Cow::Borrowed(BANKLESS_VALIDATOR_PROTOCOL_NAME), ); assert_eq!( network .remove_reserved .1 .lock() .next() .await .expect("Should receive message"), expected ); exit_tx.send(()).ok(); service_handle.await.unwrap(); network.close_channels(); } }
9,818
2013/92013E011332/92013E011332_EN.txt_29
Eurlex
Open Government
CC-By
2,013
None
None
English
Spoken
7,061
11,433
Will the Commission consider the specific needs of the Czech Republic and Poland in the field of energy? Will it grant adequate resources to strengthen the high-voltage and very-high‐voltage power grids in the negotiations on the use of the funds, in particular as regards the operational programmes? Answer given by Mr Hahn on behalf of the Commission (13 December 2013) Both the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Cohesion Fund can support projects aiming to develop and implement smart distribution systems at low and medium voltage levels. In addition, the ERDF can also support the improvement of energy efficiency and security of supply through the development of smart energy distribution, storage and transmission systems and through the integration of distributed generation from renewable sources. However, on the basis of the thematic concentration requirements of the ERDF, investments will mostly focus on low and medium voltage distribution infrastructure, while the Connecting Europe Facility will invest in high-voltage transmission infrastructure with cross-border impacts. Projects addressing the avoidance of loop flows in Poland and the Czech Republic are included in the first list of projects of common interest, which was adopted by the Commission in October 2013. Taking the above into account, in the negotiations of the partnership agreements and the programmes the Commission will certainly consider the specific needs of the Czech Republic and Poland in the field of energy. (Wersja polska) Pytanie wymagające odpowiedzi pisemnej E-011548/13 do Komisji (Wiceprzewodniczącej/Wysokiej Przedstawiciel) Piotr Borys (PPE) oraz Marek Henryk Migalski (ECR) (9 października 2013 r.) Przedmiot: Wiceprzewodnicząca/Wysoka Przedstawiciel – Wykorzystywanie przez państwa autorytarne tajnych służb oraz nakazów aresztowania wydawanych przez Interpol w celu prześladowania opozycjonistów i dysydentów politycznych przebywających w Europie Niedawne wydarzenia związane z szeregiem przypadków przetrzymywania kazachskich, rosyjskich i ukraińskich dysydentów w różnych państwach członkowskich przy wykorzystaniu tajnych służb oraz nakazów aresztowania wydawanych przez Interpol wzbudzają poważne obawy dotyczące wykorzystywania przez państwa autorytarne porozumień o współpracy międzynarodowej i innych międzynarodowych instrumentów w celu prześladowania dysydentów przebywających za granicą. Jesteśmy obecnie świadkami coraz większej liczby aresztowań wśród przedstawicieli opozycji w Kazachstanie. I tak na przykład Tatjana Paraskiewicz została zatrzymana w Republice Czeskiej i oczekuje na decyzję w sprawie ewentualnej ekstradycji na Ukrainę lub do Rosji. Kolejnym przykładem jest sprawa Muratbeka Ketebajewa, którego zatrzymano w Polsce na podstawie nakazu aresztowania wydanego przez Interpol, a następnie zwolniono, kiedy się okazało, że skierowane przeciwko niemu zarzuty najprawdopodobniej mają charakter polityczny. Sprawą najpilniejszą jest w tej chwili sprawa Aleksandra Pawłowa. W dniu 27 września 2013 r. Sąd Najwyższy Hiszpanii miał wydać orzeczenie w sprawie jego ekstradycji do Kazachstanu, ale odroczył swoją decyzję do dnia 25 października 2013 r., aby zbadać informacje dotyczące podobnej sprawy, jaką jest sprawa Muratbeka Ketebajewa w Polsce. Gdyby doszło do ekstradycji Aleksandra Pawłowa, groziłoby mu złe traktowanie, tortury lub nawet śmierć. Wymienione sprawy oraz zdecydowane kroki podejmowane przeciwko opozycji i społeczeństwu obywatelskiemu w Kazachstanie w ciągu ostatnich dwóch lat jednoznacznie świadczą o tym, czego Pawłow może się spodziewać, jeżeli będzie musiał wrócić do swojego kraju. Czy Wiceprzewodnicząca/Wysoka Przedstawiciel jest poinformowana o wyżej wspomnianych sprawach i jeżeli tak – czy śledzi związane z nimi wydarzenia? Czy ESDZ może się wypowiedzieć na temat ewentualnych ustaleń poczynionych w celu zapobieżenia nadużywaniu międzynarodowych mechanizmów współpracy przez kraje, które nie przywiązują większej wagi do kwestii praw człowieka? Czy ESDZ zamierza powołać grupę ekspertów oraz wykorzystać analizy przeprowadzone przez niezależnych specjalistów i organizacje w celu opracowania zaleceń dla państw członkowskich, aby dwustronnych i międzynarodowych porozumień nie nadużywano jako narzędzia prześladowania dysydentów? Odpowiedź udzielona przez Wysoką Przedstawiciel i Wiceprzewodniczącą Komisji Catherine Ashton w imieniu Komisji (22 listopada 2013 r.) UE zapoznała się z kwestiami poruszonymi w pytaniu i uważnie śledzi rozwój wydarzeń w sprawie Aleksandra Pawłowa (byłego szefa bezpieczeństwa Muchtara Abliazowa) oraz innych dysydentów. UE oraz delegatura w Astanie nadal ściśle monitorują tą sprawę oraz inne podobne przypadki. UE w dalszym ciągu wykorzystuje formalne i nieformalne możliwości zachęcania Kazachstanu do poszanowania jego międzynarodowych zobowiązań, w szczególności Konwencji w sprawie zakazu stosowania tortur oraz innego okrutnego, nieludzkiego lub poniżającego traktowania albo karania (wraz z jej protokołem fakultatywnym), której Kazachstan jest stroną. Unia Europejska porusza i będzie nadal poruszać – konsekwentnie i na wszystkich szczeblach – kwestie praw człowieka w ramach dialogu politycznego prowadzonego z Kazachstanem, a w szczególności w ramach corocznego dialogu na temat praw człowieka. (English version) Question for written answer E-011548/13 to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative) Piotr Borys (PPE) and Marek Henryk Migalski (ECR) (9 October 2013) Subject: VP/HR — Use of secret services and Interpol arrest warrants by authoritarian states to persecute opposition and political dissidents living in Europe Recent developments in a number of cases involving the detention of Kazakh, Russian and Ukrainian dissidents in different Member States through the use of secret services and Interpol arrest warrants raise a serious issue as to how international cooperation agreements and other international tools are being used by authoritarian states to persecute dissidents living abroad. We are currently witnessing an increasing number of arrests among representatives of the opposition in Kazakhstan. For example, Tatiana Paraskevich was detained in the Czech Republic and is awaiting a decision on her potential extradition to Ukraine or Russia. Another example is the case of Muratbek Ketebayev, who was detained in Poland under an Interpol arrest warrant but subsequently released, as the charges against him were deemed to be most likely political. The most urgent case at present is that of Alexandr Pavlov. The National High Court of Spain was to make a decision on 27 September 2013 concerning his extradition to Kazakhstan, but suspended that decision until 25 October 2013 in order to analyse information on a similar case, that of Muratbek Ketebayev in Poland. Should Alexandr Pavlov be extradited, he would be under imminent threat of ill-treatment, torture or even death. The abovementioned cases and the clamp-down on the opposition and civil society in Kazakhstan over the last two years are clear indicators of what Pavlov can expect if he is sent back to his country. Is the Vice-President/High Representative aware of the abovementioned cases and, if so, is she monitoring developments? Can the EEAS say whether there are any arrangements in place to prevent the misuse of these international collaboration mechanisms by countries with poor human rights records? Does the EEAS intend to create a group of experts and to use the analyses carried out by independent specialists and organisations in order to prepare recommendations to the Member States so that bilateral and international agreements are not used as a tool to persecute dissidents? Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission (22 November 2013) The EU has taken good note of the issues raised in the question, and is following closely the developments of the case of Mr Aleksandr Pavlov, former security chief of Mukhtar Ablyazov and other dissidents. The EU and the Delegation in Astana continues to monitor very closely this and other similar cases. The EU continues to use both formal and informal opportunities to encourage Kazakhstan to respect its international obligations, notably the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and its Optional Protocol that Kazakhstan is a state party to. The EU raises and will continue to raise human rights issues in its political dialogue with Kazakhstan consistently and at all levels and in particular, in the framework of the annual Human Rights Dialogue. (Versione italiana) Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-011549/13 alla Commissione Cristiana Muscardini (ECR) (9 ottobre 2013) Oggetto: Abbandono di neonati L'abbandono di neonati rappresenta il libro nero della maternità. In Italia, fonti giornalistiche parlano di 3 mila all'anno, figli partoriti e lasciati nella toilette di un bar o, peggio, in un cassonetto delle immondizie. Pochi sono lasciati nelle 40 «culle della vita» dislocate in tutta Italia tra ospedali, parrocchie e centri d'assistenza. Ogni caso d'abbandono nasconde una storia simile, quasi sempre triste: disagio, disperazione, solitudine, con conseguenze a volte irreparabili, perché dall'angoscia di non poter accudire il figlio indesiderato all'infanticidio (197 i casi registrati nel 2011) il passo è breve. Causa principale dell'infanticidio — afferma un docente di psicopatologia forense alla facoltà di medicina della Sapienza di Roma — è la psicosi post partum, mentre all'origine degli abbandoni, spesso, c'è l'immaturità di chi ancora non si sente pronta ad affrontare la maternità. È il caso di diverse giovani immigrate, quasi sempre clandestine. Appare fondamentale informare le donne su tutte le possibilità alternative: reti di sostegno, opportunità offerte dalla legge e le già menzionate «culle della vita». In questa azione devono impegnarsi tutte le organizzazioni, pubbliche e private, che sono a contatto con il mondo femminile, a cominciare dai centri d'accoglienza per gli immigrati fino alle famiglie, agli ospedali e agli enti d'assistenza. Insieme all'aborto, che per fortuna sembra in diminuzione, l'abbandono è una piaga sociale che va combattuta con tutti i mezzi. Si chiede alla Commissione: Può dirci qual è la situazione degli abbandoni negli altri grandi Stati dell'Unione? Conosce metodi, politiche e programmi di prevenzione che possano ridurli? Non ritiene che un'educazione e una cultura mirate alla vita possano contribuire a dare valore alla natalità e alla maternità? È in grado di fornire un contributo alle politiche antiabbandono? Risposta di Viviane Reding a nome della Commissione (9 dicembre 2013) La Commissione richiama l’attenzione dell’onorevole parlamentare sui risultati di uno studio dal titolo «Child abandonment and its prevention in Europe» (L’abbandono dei bambini e la sua prevenzione in Europa), finanziato dalla Commissione stessa nell’ambito del programma Daphne e pubblicato nel gennaio 2012 (664). Lo studio, che non riguardava tutti gli Stati membri ma rispettava un certo equilibrio geografico, esaminava la normativa e le politiche vigenti, i dati disponibili e le migliori prassi, in particolare riguardo ai metodi di prevenzione. In virtù dell’articolo 24 della Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea, i minori hanno diritto alla protezione e alle cure necessarie per il loro benessere. La Carta, come recita il suo articolo 51, paragrafo 1, si applica agli Stati membri esclusivamente nell’attuazione del diritto dell’Unione. Poiché l’Unione europea non dispone di competenze generali in relazione ai diritti dei minori, la cura di questi ultimi ricade sotto la responsabilità degli Stati membri. (English version) Question for written answer E-011549/13 to the Commission Cristiana Muscardini (ECR) (9 October 2013) Subject: Abandonment of newborns The abandonment of newborns is the dark side of motherhood. According to press sources, there are 3 000 such cases per year in Italy: babies born and left in the toilet of a bar or, even worse, in a rubbish bin. Few are left at the 40 ‘life cradles’ located around Italy, in hospitals, churches and help centres. There is a similar, almost always sad, story behind every abandoned baby: hardship, despair, isolation, with sometimes irreversible consequences, as it does not take much to go from worrying about not being able to look after an unwanted baby to infanticide (197 recorded cases in 2011). According to a lecturer in forensic psychiatry at the faculty of medicine of the Sapienza University of Rome, postnatal depression is the main cause of infanticide, while the immaturity of those who do not yet feel ready for motherhood is often to blame for child abandonment. This is the case for many young, almost always illegal, immigrants. It is vital to inform women about all the alternatives: support networks, options provided by law and the aforementioned ‘life cradles’. All public and private organisations that work with women, from immigrant reception centres to families, hospitals and support organisations, need to be involved in this activity. Together with abortion, which fortunately seems to be in decline, child abandonment is a social scourge that we should make every effort to fight. 1. Can the Commission say what the situation is in other large EU Member States as regards child abandonment? 2. Is it aware of prevention methods, policies and programmes to reduce child abandonment? 3. Does it not think that pro-life education and culture can help give value to giving birth and motherhood? 4. Can the Commission contribute to anti-abandonment policies? Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission (9 December 2013) The Commission refers the Honourable Member to the results of a study called ‘Child abandonment and its prevention in Europe’ which has been financed by the Commission under the Daphne programme and published in January 2012 (665). The study did not cover all EU Member States but does respect a certain geographical balance. It has examined existing legislation and policies as well as existing data and best practices, in particular relating to prevention methods. In accordance with Article 24 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, children shall have the right to protection and care as is necessary for their well-being. According to Article 51 (1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the provisions of the Charter are addressed to Member States only when they are implementing Union law. As the European Union does not have general powers in respect of the rights of the child matters related to childcare fall under the powers of the Member States. (Versione italiana) Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-011550/13 alla Commissione Cristiana Muscardini (ECR) (9 ottobre 2013) Oggetto: Nuova diffusione dell'HIV L'allarme è lanciato dal direttore dell'Unità operativa «malattie infettive» di un ospedale dell'Italia settentrionale: «I giovani eterosessuali sono oggi tra le persone maggiormente a rischio, a causa di una sessualità sempre più precoce e promiscua». È una sessualità molto disinibita e troppo poco protetta, che si trasforma in terreno fertile per il virus HIV, come già avvenuto nelle comunità gay degli anni ottanta, dove l'Aids fece strage. Oggi, per fortuna, con i nuovi farmaci si controlla l'infezione e il rischio di morte è quasi scomparso, ma non si guarisce e il contagio condanna a una terapia a vita, non priva di seri effetti collaterali sulla salute. Il fenomeno di questa nuova diffusione è ugualmente inquietante e le famiglie e la scuola dovrebbero farsi carico di un'informazione molto più corretta sui nuovi rischi e sulle misure da intraprendere per evitarli. La Commissione: È al corrente di questo nuovo fenomeno? Può appurare se la diffusione denunciata dall'ospedale italiano è avvenuta anche in altri paesi dell'UE? In caso affermativo, non crede opportuno lanciare un grido d'allarme ai governi degli Stati membri perché il fenomeno venga combattuto con tutte le energie necessarie, coinvolgendo i genitori e la scuola nell'opera d'informazione e nell'azione di educazione alla sessualità? I programmi di ricerca sanitaria prevedono anche studi su questo specifico settore? Risposta di Tonio Borg a nome della Commissione (21 novembre 2013) 1. La trasmissione per via sessuale è responsabile del 74,2 % delle nuove infezioni da HIV nell'Unione europea. Questa tendenza è riscontrabile nella maggior parte degli Stati membri e il 10,6 % di tutti i casi di HIV diagnosticati nel 2012 riguarda giovani tra i 15 e i 24 anni. 2. Nel 2012 la proporzione di nuovi casi di HIV tra i giovani tra i 15 e i 24 anni andava da meno del 5 % di casi in Slovacchia a più del 30 % in Romania. Per quanto concerne le altre malattie trasmesse sessualmente, nel 2001 il 73 % di tutti i casi di infezioni da clamidia e il 42 % dei casi di gonorrea riguardavano giovani dai 15 ai 24 anni. 3. La comunicazione della Commissione «La lotta contro l'HIV/AIDS nell'Unione europea e nei paesi vicini 2009-2013» (666) e l'allegato piano d'azione dell'UE in tema di HIV/AIDS illustrano gli obiettivi politici e le azioni volti ad affrontare l'HIV/AIDS nell'UE. Inoltre il Centro europeo per la prevenzione e il controllo delle malattie opera di concerto con gli Stati membri per monitorare la situazione e fornire orientamenti sulle misure e azioni di prevenzione indirizzate tra l'altro ai giovani. 4. Diversi progetti in tema di HIV/AIDS e giovani hanno ricevuto finanziamenti nell'ambito del programma Salute. Tra questi si segnalano il progetto SUNFLOWER, che promuove la prevenzione dell'HIV tra i giovani, e il progetto SAFESEX. (English version) Question for written answer E-011550/13 to the Commission Cristiana Muscardini (ECR) (9 October 2013) Subject: New spread of HIV According to warnings by the head of the infectious diseases department of a hospital in northern Italy, heterosexual young people are now among those most at risk as a result of increasing promiscuity and being sexually active at a younger age. They are very disinhibited sexually and all too often practise unsafe sex, which creates a breeding ground for HIV, as happened in gay communities in the 1980s, when AIDS wreaked havoc. Fortunately, new drugs can today control the infection and the risk of death is negligible, but there is no cure and being HIV-positive means a lifetime of treatment, with serious side effects for health. This new spread is equally concerning and families and schools should take responsibility for providing much more accurate information about the new risks and what to do to avoid them. 1. Is the Commission aware of this new phenomenon? 2. Can it establish whether the spread reported by the Italian hospital has happened in other EU countries? 3. If so, does it think it should warn the Member States’ governments to make every effort to tackle the phenomenon, involving parents and schools in informing and educating young people about sexuality? 4. Do health research programmes also provide for studies in this specific area? Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission (21 November 2013) 1. Sexual transmission accounts for 74.2 % of new HIV infections in the European Union. This trend is observed in the majority of Member States and young people aged 15 to 24 years accounted for 10.6 % of all HIV diagnoses in 2012. 2. In 2012 the proportion of new HIV cases among people aged 15 to 24 years ranged from less than 5 % of cases in Slovakia to more than 30 % in Romania. As regards other sexually transmitted diseases, in 2001, 73 % of all cases of chlamydia infections and 42 % of gonorrhoea cases were diagnosed on people aged 15 to 24 years. 3. The Commission Communication on Combating HIV/AIDS in the European Union and neighbouring countries 2009-2013 (667) and the annexed EU Action Plan on HIV/AIDS outlines the policy objectives and actions to address HIV/AIDS in the EU. In addition the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control works jointly with Member States in monitoring the situation and providing guidance on preventive measures and actions, including for the target group of young people. 4. A number of projects focusing on HIV/AIDS and young people have received funding under the Health Programme. These include the SUNFLOWER project, that promotes prevention of HIV in young people, and the SAFESEX project. (Versione italiana) Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-011551/13 alla Commissione Cristiana Muscardini (ECR) (9 ottobre 2013) Oggetto: Ritorna la tubercolosi Il rapporto 2013 dell'OMS sulla TBC conferma che in Europa nel 2000 si contavano circa 400 000 casi di TBC, che nel 2011 sono scesi a 380 mila (72 334 nell'UE, 19 mila dei quali in Romania) con ancora 44 mila decessi l'anno. Risulterebbe impossibile arrivare ai 200 mila dell'obiettivo fissato dall'ONU entro il 2015. Si teme, tra l'altro, che la tendenza al ribasso in Europa, già di per sé lenta, stia rallentando troppo, tanto da far temere un'inversione. Una delle cause è rappresentata da una presenza sempre più massiccia degli immigrati che, vivendo spesso in condizioni disagiate, sono più soggetti ad ammalarsi. In Belgio si è addirittura riaperto un sanatorio, a dieci anni dalla chiusura dell'ultimo, per i casi di TBC resistenti ai farmaci. Queste forme resistenti (circa 6 mila casi in Europa nel 2011) fanno crescere il costo economico della malattia, che nell'UE tocca i sei miliardi. La Commissione: Può confermare questi dati? Ritiene che il programma di ricerca nel settore della sanità possa contribuire ad approfondire le indagini per la scoperta di nuovi antidoti alla TBC? Ha iniziative da proporre agli Stati membri per cercare di invertire la tendenza e raggiungere l'obiettivo previsto per il 2015? Risposta di Tonio Borg a nome della Commissione (3 dicembre 2013) 1. Nel 2011 sono stati notificati 380 000 casi di tubercolosi (TBC) nella regione europea dell'OMS. Il numero di casi notificati è diminuito di circa il 5 % tra il 2000 e il 2011. La regione europea ha conseguito il risultato di arrestare e invertire l'incidenza entro il 2015. Con il progredire dei paesi e il ridursi del numero totale di casi aumenta la proporzione di casi rilevati fra persone di origine straniera, provenienti da paesi in cui la tubercolosi è ancora diffusa. Nel 2011 nell'UE sono stati notificati 1 522 casi di ceppi resistenti agli antibiotici e circa 30 000 nella regione europea dell'OMS nel suo insieme. Nel 2012 i costi totali per tutte le forme di tubercolosi sono stati stimati a 536 milioni di EUR e i costi di vita corretti per invalidità a oltre 5 miliardi di EUR. 2. La ricerca sulla tubercolosi è sempre stata uno dei settori prioritari nell'ambito del 7o PQ, che ha sostenuto la ricerca collaborativa per sviluppare migliori strumenti diagnostici, vaccini e farmaci contro la tubercolosi. Nell'ambito del 7o PQ sono stati sostenuti 20 progetti, con un contributo dell'UE pari a oltre 72 milioni di EUR. Due progetti in particolare hanno contribuito alla scoperta di nuove terapie per la tubercolosi: il progetto ORCHID (Open collaborative model for tuberculosis lead optimisation) per la scelta di un composto guida destinato a un ulteriore sviluppo preclinico e clinico, e il progetto MM4TB, More medicines for tuberculosis, che puntava a validare almeno cinque nuovi bersagli farmacologici e a scoprire almeno una famiglia di farmaci candidati. 3. I progressi verso l'eliminazione della tubercolosi vengono attentamente monitorati dal Centro europeo per la prevenzione e il controllo delle malattie. Dal 2008 è in vigore un piano d'azione per la lotta contro la tubercolosi nell'Unione europea, il cui obiettivo è incrementare la sensibilizzazione a livello pubblico e politico, rafforzare le attività svolte in questo ambito dagli Stati membri e contribuire al controllo della tubercolosi nell'UE. (English version) Question for written answer E-011551/13 to the Commission Cristiana Muscardini (ECR) (9 October 2013) Subject: Return of tuberculosis According to the World Health Organisation’s 2013 report on TB, in 2000 there were around 400 000 cases of TB in Europe, falling to 380 000 in 2011 (72 334 in the EU, 19 000 of which were in Romania), with 44 000 deaths per year. Reaching the target set by the United Nations of 200 000 cases by 2015 seems impossible. There are also fears that the already slow downward trend in Europe is slowing down too much, so much so as to suggest a reversal of that trend. One of the causes is the increasingly widespread presence of immigrants who, by often living in hardship, are more prone to becoming ill. In Belgium, a sanatorium has even reopened, 10 years after the last one closed, for cases of drug-resistant TB. These resistant forms (around 6 000 cases in Europe in 2011) are causing the financial cost of the disease to soar, reaching EUR 6 billion in the EU. 1. Can the Commission confirm these figures? 2. Does it think that the health research programme can contribute to in-depth research to discover new cures for TB? 3. Does it have any initiatives to propose to the Member States in an attempt to reverse the trend and reach the target set for 2015? Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission (3 December 2013) 1. 380 000 Tuberculosis (TB) cases were notified in the WHO European Region in 2011. The number of cases notified fell by about 5% between 2000 and 2011. The European Region has met the target to halt and reverse the incidence for 2015. As countries progress and the overall number of cases drops, a larger proportion of cases are detected among foreign-born persons from countries where Tuberculosis is still high. In 2011, 1 522 antibiotic resistant strains cases were notified in the EU, and about 30 000 such cases in the WHO European Region as a whole. The total costs for all forms of Tuberculosis have been estimated at EUR 536 million in 2012 with disability adjusted life costs estimated at over EUR 5 billion. 2. Tuberculosis research has been one of the priority areas in FP7 which has supported collaborative research to develop better diagnostics, vaccines and drugs against TB. In FP7, 20 projects were supported with EU contribution of over EUR 72 million. In particular, two projects contributed to discovering new cures for TB: the project ORCHID, ‘Open collaborative model for tuberculosis lead optimisation’ on the choice of a lead compound for further preclinical and clinical development; and the project MM4TB, ‘More medicines for tuberculosis’, aimed at validating at least five new drug targets pharmacologically and to discover at least one family of candidate drugs. 3. Progress towards TB elimination is closely monitored by the European Centre for Disease Prevention. A Framework Action Plan to fight TB in the EU is in place since 2008. It aims to increase political and public awareness, support and strengthen EU Member States’ efforts, and to contribute to control TB in the EU. (Suomenkielinen versio) Kirjallisesti vastattava kysymys E-011552/13 komissiolle Hannu Takkula (ALDE) (9. lokakuuta 2013) Aihe: EU:n ja OECD:n yhteistyö koulutusta koskevassa tutkimuksessa Sekä EU:n että OECD:n piirissä tehdään laadukasta koulutusta koskevaa tutkimusta. Vuosien varrella näissä tutkimushankkeissa on kuitenkin havaittu tiettyä päällekkäisyyttä, joka tuntuu tarpeettomalta ja joka tarkemmalla koordinaatiolla olisi siten myös vältettävissä. Tämän johdosta haluan kysyä komissiolta seuraavaa: Millä tasolla yhteistyö EU:n ja OECD:n välillä on tällä hetkellä koulutusta koskevan tutkimuksen osalta? Millaista yhteistyötä ja tutkimushankkeiden yhteistä suunnittelua EU ja OECD aikovat tulevaisuudessa toteuttaa? Androulla Vassilioun komission puolesta antama vastaus (15. marraskuuta 2013) OECD:lla ja komissiolla on omat erityiset vahvuutensa koulutustutkimuksessa ja perinteitä yhteistyöstä keskenään. Tästä syystä komissio ja OECD sopivat lokakuussa 2013 koulutusta ja osaamista koskevasta yhteistyöjärjestelystä (Education and Skills Cooperation Arrangement), joka muodostaa konkreettiset puitteet komission koulutuksen ja kulttuurin pääosaston ja OECD:n koulutuksen ja osaamisen pääosaston yhteistyölle. Yhteistyötä tehostetaan lähinnä seuraavilla kolmella alueella: maakohtaiset analyysit, osaamisstrategiat ja kansainväliset kyselytutkimukset (tulosten syväanalyysi mukaan luettuna). Lisäksi järjestelyyn sisältyy yhteistyö ajankohtaisten aiheiden parissa, kuten ”innovatiivinen oppimisympäristö ja avoimet oppimisresurssit”. Komissio on edustettuna kaikissa tärkeissä OECD:n elimissä yleissivistävän ja ammatillisen koulutuksen alalla, myös OECD:n koulutuspoliittisessa komiteassa sekä koulutustutkimuksen ja innovoinnin kehittämiskeskuksen hallintoneuvostossa. Yhteistyön käytännön toteutusta ja suunnittelua koordinoidaan molempien pääosastojen ylemmän johdon säännöllisissä tapaamisissa. (English version) Question for written answer E-011552/13 to the Commission Hannu Takkula (ALDE) (9 October 2013) Subject: Cooperation between the EU and the OECD in research related to education Both the EU and the OECD are involved in conducting high-quality research related to education. Over the years there has, however, been a degree of overlap between these research projects, which seems unnecessary and which could be avoided if there were more in-depth coordination. As a result, I would like to ask the Commission the following: What is the current level of cooperation between the EU and the OECD in research related to education? What manner of cooperation and joint planning of research projects is intended for the EU and the OECD in the future? Answer given by Ms Vassiliou on behalf of the Commission (15 November 2013) The OECD and Commission have distinct strengths with regard to education research and a strong record of cooperation. For this reason the Commission and OECD signed in October 2013 an ‘Education and Skills Cooperation Arrangement’, which provides a concrete framework for cooperation between DG Education and Culture of the Commission and the Education and Skills Directorate of the OECD. Enhanced cooperation is mainly foreseen in three areas: country analyses, skills strategies and international surveys (including the in-depth analysis of results). Furthermore, the arrangement foresees cooperation on topical issues, such as ‘Innovative Learning Environment and Open Educational Resources’. The Commission is represented in all important OECD bodies in the field of education and training, including the OECD's ‘Education Policy Committee’ and the governing board of the ‘Centre for Educational Research and Innovation’. The practical implementation and planning of the cooperation is coordinated through regular meetings between the senior management of both directorates. (Version française) Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011554/13 à la Commission Marc Tarabella (S&D) (9 octobre 2013) Objet: Ratification de la convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer (CNUDM) Sur les 21 États de la Méditerranée, trois n'ont ni signé ni ratifié la CNUDM. 1. Comment la Commission explique-t-elle la position des trois non signataires? 2. Que compte-t-elle faire afin que ces pays, en particulier les pays candidats à l'Union, deviennent parties à la convention et mettent en œuvre la CNUDM en tant que partie intégrante du cadre réglementaire de l'Union pour les affaires maritimes? Réponse donnée par Mme Damanaki au nom de la Commission (3 janvier 2014) La signature et la ratification d'un traité international, y compris la convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer (CNUDM) de 1982, reste une décision souveraine de chaque État. Conformément aux communications de la Commission de 2009 «Développer la dimension internationale de la politique maritime intégrée de l'Union européenne» (668) et «Pour une meilleure gouvernance dans la Méditerranée grâce à une politique maritime intégrée» (669), assurer une participation universelle à la CNUDM reste une priorité. Par conséquent, la Commission s'engage à promouvoir la ratification et la signature de ladite convention dans le cadre de son dialogue avec ces États, y compris dans le contexte des négociations et des accords bilatéraux pertinents. Par exemple, la Commission a encouragé la Turquie à ratifier la CNUDM (670). (English version) Question for written answer E-011554/13 to the Commission Marc Tarabella (S&D) (9 October 2013) Subject: Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Unclos) Of the 21 Mediterranean states, three have neither signed nor ratified the Unclos. 1. How does the Commission explain the position of the three non-subscribing States? 2. What does it intend to do so that these countries, in particular candidate countries for EU accession, become parties to the convention and implement Unclos as an integral part of the EU regulatory framework for maritime affairs? Answer given by Ms Damanaki on behalf of the Commission (3 January 2014) The signature and ratification of any international treaty, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Unclos), remains a sovereign decision of each State. In line with the Commission's 2009 Communications ‘Developing the international dimension of the Integrated Maritime Policy of the European Union (671)’ and ‘Towards an Integrated Maritime Policy for better governance in the Mediterranean (672)’, securing universal participation in Unclos remains a priority. Consequently, the Commission is committed to promoting the ratification and signature of the said Convention in its dialogue with such States, including in the context of relevant bilateral negotiations and agreements. For instance, the Commission has encouraged Turkey to ratify Unclos (673). (Version française) Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011555/13 à la Commission Marc Tarabella (S&D) (9 octobre 2013) Objet: Approche régionale de conservation et d'exploitation de la pêche dans les eaux de la Méditerranée et de la mer Noire Comment la Commission envisage-t-elle une approche régionale de conservation et d'exploitation de la pêche dans les eaux de la Méditerranée et de la mer Noire en tenant compte de la dimension transfrontalière de l'activité de pêche et du caractère migratoire de certaines espèces? Réponse donnée par Mme Damanaki au nom de la Commission (21 novembre 2013) Il existe plusieurs stocks chevauchants dans la Méditerranée et la mer Noire, partagés entre plusieurs pays. Ainsi, la promotion, le soutien et le renforcement de la coopération et de la coordination internationales dans ces régions sont essentiels pour une exploitation équilibrée et durable des ressources halieutiques. La Commission générale des pêches pour la Méditerranée (CGPM) constitue une enceinte unique pour la conservation des ressources dans ces régions. L’Union, représentée par la Commission, et l’ensemble de ses États membres de Méditerrannée et de la mer Noire sont parties contractantes à la CGPM. La Commission soutient l’action de la CGPM sur trois axes principaux: — l’amélioration des avis scientifiques et de la collecte de données pour soutenir les mesures de gestion de la pêche dans la région. À cet égard, une évaluation de l’actuel cadre de collecte des données de la CGPM est en cours afin de remédier aux lacunes du système actuel d’ici à la fin 2014; — l'élaboration de plans de gestion pluriannuels, sur la base des récentes lignes directrices de la CGPM. Lors de la session annuelle de mai 2013, un plan de gestion pour les pêcheries de petits pélagiques dans la mer Adriatique initié par l'Union a été adopté par la CGPM; — la mise en place de conditions de concurrence équitables dans la Méditerranée et la mer Noire, afin de garantir aux décisions de la CGPM un niveau de conformité approprié ainsi que l'efficacité des mesures de gestion. La Commission soutient aussi ce que l’on appelle les projets régionaux MED de la FAO visant à améliorer la mise à disposition des travaux et des données scientifiques et leur partage entre les pays partenaires de l'Union et hors de l'Union, et à promouvoir une participation coordonnée dans les cadres régionaux concernés, pour une gestion durable de la pêche. (English version) Question for written answer E-011555/13 to the Commission Marc Tarabella (S&D) (9 October 2013) Subject: Regional approach to fish conservation and fishing in Mediterranean and Black Sea waters How does the Commission plan to develop a regional approach to fish conservation and fishing in Mediterranean and Black Sea waters, taking into account the cross-border dimension of fishing and the migratory nature of some species? Answer given by Ms Damanaki on behalf of the Commission (21 November 2013) There are several straddling fish stocks in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea shared by several countries. Thus, promoting, supporting and strengthening international cooperation and coordination in these regions is crucial for the balanced and sustainable exploitation of fishery resources. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) is a unique forum for the conservation of resources in these regions. The EU, represented by the Commission, and all the EU Mediterranean and Black Sea Member states are GFCM contracting parties. The Commission is supporting the action of GFCM along three main strands: — improving scientific advice and data collection in support of fisheries management measures in the region. For this, an assessment of the current GFCM data collection framework is being carried out in order to address deficiencies in the current system by the end of 2014. — developing multiannual management plans, on the basis of the recently adopted GFCM Guidelines. In the Annual Session held in May 2013 a management plan for small pelagic fisheries in the Adriatic Sea was adopted by GFCM on the initiative of the EU. — establishing a level playing field in the Mediterranean and Black Sea in order to ensure appropriate level of compliance of GFCM decisions for the effectiveness of the management measures. The Commission is also supporting the so-called FAO Mediterranean Regional Projects established to improve the provision and sharing of scientific work and data among EU and non-EU partner countries and to promote coordinated participation in the relevant regional frameworks for sustainable fisheries management. (Version française) Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011556/13 à la Commission Marc Tarabella (S&D) (9 octobre 2013) Objet: Dépenses publiques en dehors des dépenses structurelles La Commission va-t-elle accéder à la demande du Parlement qui voudrait que les dépenses publiques supportées par les États membres au titre du cofinancement des programmes soutenus par les Fonds structurels ne figurent pas parmi les dépenses structurelles, publiques ou assimilées, prises en considération dans le cadre de l'accord de partenariat pour le contrôle du respect du pacte de croissance et de stabilité, dans la mesure où il s'agit d'une obligation dérivant directement du respect du principe d'additionnalité? La Commission est elle également d'avis que les dépenses publiques liées à la mise en œuvre de programmes cofinancés par les Fonds structurels et d'investissement européens doivent être totalement exclues de la définition des déficits structurels du pacte de croissance et de stabilité dans la mesure où il s'agit de dépenses consacrées à la réalisation des objectifs d'Europe 2020 et au soutien de la compétitivité, de la croissance et de la création d'emploi, tout particulièrement de la création d'emplois pour les jeunes? Réponse donnée par M. Rehn au nom de la Commission (13 décembre 2013) La Commission a précisé la manière dont le cofinancement national de projets financés par l'Union (au titre des Fonds structurels et de cohésion de l'UE, réseaux transeuropéens et mécanisme pour l'interconnexion en Europe) sera intégré dans le volet préventif du pacte de stabilité et de croissance («clause d'investissement»). Sur cette base, les États membres peuvent être autorisés à s'écarter temporairement de leur objectif budgétaire à moyen terme ou de la trajectoire d'ajustement qui y mène afin d'intégrer les dépenses liées à un cofinancement de ce type. Cependant, la clause est subordonnée aux strictes conditions d'admissibilité suivantes: i) ne pas être soumis à une procédure pour déficit excessif et respecter le seuil de référence de déficit de 3 % ainsi que la règle en matière de dette, pendant toute la période d'application de la clause; ii) enregistrer une croissance négative ou un important écart de production négatif; iii) les projets financés par l'Union doivent produire des effets budgétaires positifs à long terme (y compris par une croissance potentielle). On est loin d'une «règle d'or» qui exclut les dépenses d'investissement publiques sur une base permanente (ou du moins une partie) des chiffres du déficit pertinents pour l'application du cadre de surveillance budgétaire de l'Union. Une telle disposition n'est pas prévue pour un certain nombre de raisons (674). En définissant les niveaux de référence aux fins de l'additionnalité (675) en coopération avec les États membres, la Commission vise à fixer ces objectifs à un niveau qui soit compatible avec les obligations des États membres dans le cadre du pacte de stabilité et de croissance. Lors de l'examen à mi-parcours de l'additionnalité effectué en 2012, la Commission a admis que les efforts d'assainissement budgétaire ont, dans certains cas, affecté la capacité des ÉM à maintenir le niveau des dépenses publiques convenu ex ante et par conséquent, elle a accepté de réduire considérablement le niveau de référence aux fins de l'additionnalité dans dix ÉM. Cette réduction a été particulièrement forte en Italie, au Portugal et en Grèce. (English version) Question for written answer E-011556/13 to the Commission Marc Tarabella (S&D) (9 October 2013) Subject: Public expenditure outside structural expenditure Will the Commission grant Parliament’s request that public expenditure incurred by Member States to co-finance of programmes supported by the Structural Funds is not included in the public or equivalent structural expenditure taken into account under partnership agreements for the purpose of ascertaining that the Stability and Growth Pact is being complied with, given that the latter expenditure constitutes an obligation deriving directly from the observance of additionality? Is the Commission also of the opinion that public expenditure related to the implementation of programmes co-financed by the European Structural and Investment Funds should be completely excluded from the definition of Stability and Growth Pact structural deficits because this is expenditure devoted to achieving the goals of Europe 2020 and supporting competitiveness, growth and job creation for young people? Answer given by Mr Rehn on behalf of the Commission (13 December 2013) The Commission has clarified how national co-financing of EU-funded projects (under the EU structural and cohesion funds, Trans-European-Networks and Connecting Europe Facility) will be accommodated within the preventive arm of the Stability and Growth Pact (so-called investment clause). On this basis, Member States (MS) may be allowed to temporarily deviate from their Medium-Term-Objective or the required adjustment path towards it to accommodate spending linked to such co-financing. However, the clause is subject to strict eligibility conditions: (i) being out of the excessive deficit procedure and comply with the 3% deficit reference threshold and the debt rule throughout the application of the clause; (ii) have negative growth or largely negative output gap; (iii) EU funded projects should have positive long-term budgetary effects (including via potential growth). This is very different from a ‘golden rule’ excluding on a permanent basis public investment expenditure (or part of it) from deficit figures relevant for the application of the EU budgetary surveillance framework. Such an arrangement is not envisaged for a number of reasons (676). When defining additionality baselines (677) in cooperation with the MS, the Commission aims to set such targets at a level which is compatible with the MS' obligations under the Stability and Growth Pact. During the mid-term review of additionality held in 2012, the Commission recognised that fiscal consolidation efforts had in some cases affected the MS' capacity to maintain the level of public spending agreed ex-ante, and as a consequence, agreed to considerably lower the additionality baseline in 10 MS. This decrease was particularly important in Italy, Portugal and Greece. (Version française) Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011557/13 à la Commission Marc Tarabella (S&D) (9 octobre 2013) Objet: Régir l'accès de la flotte de l'Union aux ressources des ZEE La Commission prévoit-elle l'établissement d'une stratégie à plus long terme visant à régir l'accès de la flotte de l'Union aux ressources des ZEE des pays de cette zone, sur la base d'un accord-cadre régional entre l'Union européenne et les pays du Pacifique occidental et central, négocié avec la FFA, en se basant sur les points suivants: l'accord devrait fixer les modalités d'accès de la flotte de l'Union, lesquelles seraient ensuite précisées dans le cadre d'accords bilatéraux de coopération dans le secteur de la pêche avec les pays concernés; l'accord devrait établir un régime de gouvernance transparent qui garantirait en particulier la lutte contre la pêche INN, tout en spécifiant les instruments qui devraient être appliqués, y compris l'accord relatif aux mesures du ressort de l'État du port; l'accord devrait reposer sur le VDS, si tant est que des mesures soient adoptées pour garantir sa transparence, améliorer son efficacité et son respect par toutes les parties concernées, et assurer sa cohérence avec les meilleures recommandations scientifiques disponibles; lors de la négociation de l'accord, les différentes voies possibles pour canaliser les aides au développement prévues dans le FED pour la zone par l'intermédiaire de la FFA devraient être explorées, étant donné que les pays ACP du Pacifique ne disposent pas des ressources humaines et techniques suffisantes pour pouvoir utiliser ces fonds d'une manière appropriée.
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Shrimpers, Grocers Post Colt League Wins Major League Standings By United Press International National League San Francisco St. Louis Chicago Pittsburgh Philadelphia Cincinnati Milwaukee Houston New York W L Pet. GB 30 17.638. 27 19.587 21* 28 21.571 3 24 22.522 5% 22 22.500 6y2 22 24.478 7M> 21 23.477 7M> 21 25.457 19 29.396 11Vi 18 30.375 12M» Thursday’s Results Pittsburgh 7 Philadelphia 1, 1st Philadelphia 6 Pittsburgh 5, 2nd Chicago 12 New York 0, 1st New York 2 Chicago 1, 2nd Milwaukee 7 Los Angeles 4 St. Louis 9 Houston 5 San Francisco 5 Cincinnati 4, night Friday’s Probable Pitchers Houston at Milwaukee (night)— Drott (2-2) vs. Shaw (2-2). San Francisco at St. Louis (night) — Sanford (7-3) vs. Simmons (6-1). Los Angeles at Cincinnati (night) — Miller (3-2) vs. Malone (6-2). Pittsburgh at New York (night) —Schwall (2-2) vs. Willey (4-3). Chicago at Philadelphia (night) —Buhl (3-4) vs. Short (1-4). Saturday’s Games Pittsburgh at New York Chicago at Philadelphia Los Angeles at Cincinnati, night Houston at Milwaukee San Francisco, at St. Louis American League Baltimore New York Chicago Kansas City Boston Minnesota Los Angeles Cleveland Detroit Washington W L Pet. GB 30 17.638 24 15.615 2 26 19.578 3 24 19.558 4 22 19.537 5 23 21.523 5 21 27.438 9 17 23.425 9 18 26.409 10 15 34.306 16 Thursday’s Results Minnesota 3 Washington 2 Chicago 8 Cleveland 4, 1st Chicago 4 Cleveland 2, 2nd New York 6 Boston 5, 10 innings. Kansas City 7 Baltimore 2 Detroit 3 Los Angeles 0 Friday’s Probable Pitchers Boston at Chicago (night) — Conley (2-2) vs. Buzhardt (4-2). Washington at Kansas City (night) — Rudolph (3-6) vs. Penn (4-5). Detroit at Minnesota (night) — Bunting (2-5 vs. Perry (3-2). New York at Cleveland (night) — Ford (5-3) vs. Grant (3-4) or Donovan (2-3). Baltimore at Los Angeles (night) — Pappas (4-9) vs. Osinsky (2-1) or Lee (2-2). Saturday’s Games Baltimore at Los Angeles, night Washington at Kansas City, night Detroit at Minnesota Boston at Chicago New York at Cleveland EXCITING ACTION! BIG LEAGUE Every Saturday and Sunday - WALATV ' CHANNEL 10; I Co-sponsored by The Hartford Insurance Group and brought to you by BACOT & FRAZIER 264 Delmas Avenue Pascagoula, Mississippi Phone 762-4911 By RICHARD LUCAS Chronicle Correspondent Castigliola whipped Coastal 7-4 and Noon Lions beat Wayne Lee 4-2 Thursday night in Pascagoula Colt League. Castigliola and Lions are tied for first place with 3-0 marks and Tuesday’s battle between the two will be a key game. Bobby Burkes pitched the Castigliola win, but needed help from Mel Whitfield, relief ace, who has appeared on the mound in all of the Shrimper’s games. Doug Jenkins absorbed the loss. George Piso and Burkes each had two hits for the winners. Noon Lions bunched three runs in the sixth and one in the third to squeeze past Wayne Lee in a game closer than the score indicated. Lions had two of their three hits along with a walk and a fielder’s choice in the sixth inning. Wayne Lee in the seventh scored a run and loaded the bases before the final out was made. Sonny Mays started on the mound, striking out eight batters, but gave way to Hank Brumfield in the seventh. Mays received credit for the win. Jimmy Bryant took the loss for Wayne Lee. Jerry Hinton rapped out three hits in a losing cause for Wayne Lee. Bowling tourney results given Stallworth Furniture and Bob Ross were dropped from first place positions during the last two weeks of the state bowling tournament at Columbus. Stallworth’s team and Ross held first places in the team and singles events after the first two weeks of rolling. Stallworth finished fourth and Ross was dropped to fifth place. Sugar Bowl team from Jackson won first place in the team event while L., Boggs was first place winner in the singles. B. Carter and M. Lassiter of Jackson took the doubles. No other locals bowlers finished among the top ten in any event. Results in the singles and doubles handicap events have not been determined. Ross is leading the singles event. Minor League in Moss Point sets four games. Four games are slated for Moss Point Minor League tomorrow. At the Moss Point field Hults Seaifood meets Staples Contracting at 6 and at 3 Coastal Chemical will go against Moss Point Jay ceases. At Gautier Field Pascagoula - Moss Point Bank will vie Moss Point Insurance with Nelson Pontiac set to go against Foster Lennep at 8 p.m. Tuesday night Coastal Chemical posted a 22-9 win over Nelson Pontiac and Moss Point Insurance swept past Foster Lennep 10-5. Robert Harris picked up the Coastal pitching victory while Eddie Owenby was the loser. Monte Eaves was the winner for Moss Point Insurance with Frankie Havard taking the Foster Lennep loss. Grocers to play league leaders A battle for top spot in Mobile County League looms Sunday at 2 p.m. in Moss Point when second place Wayne Lee Grocers meet league leading Miller’s Air Conditioning. The Grocers have lost only once while Miller is undefeated. Jay Adams or Wayne Posey will start on the mound for the Grocers. TONY'S SPAGHETTI HOUSE AND PIZZERIA New Highway 90 East OCEAN SPRINGS "The House Of Taste Thrills" NOW SERVING 11 a.m. Till 11 p.m. 12 Noon Sunday FEATURING THE SAME OLD ITALIAN RECIPES, K. C. STEAKS AND SEA FOODS THAT HAS MADE OUR LA. & GULF COAST PUCES SO POPULAR. NO NEED TO MAKE RESERVATIONS - WE HAVE THE ROOM. For Carry Out Plaza Call TR 5-9257 GRAND OPENING TO BE HELD LATER! Jones breaks two records in winning riches! 500 race INDIANAPOLIS (UPI) - Auto racing’s old era hasn’t died, but the new one has begun. Parnelli Jones, the youthful favorite, Thursday won the richest 500-mile auto race ever run-in record time, at record speed, and for a record purse. He rode the old car and a standard racing engine of design and power in use at the track for years. He averaged 143.137 miles per hour. But he beat a Scotsman, grand prix sports car driver Jimmy Clark, by only 34 seconds. Clark, in a rear-engine car powered by a Ford stock motor, averaged 142.752 miles per hour. Clark challenged so strongly in the last few laps that once he trailed Jones, a 29-year-old crew cut racing star from California, by only 3.6 seconds. Clark was bitter over the defeat. His manager, car designer, Colin Chapman, complained that Jones made gains under the yellow light, supposed to slow the field, and thus gained the advantage to win. But Jones said he did not gain under the yellow light. He tried only to protect himself, he said. In the final 20 laps, Eddie Sachs spun twice, and Roger McCluskey, half a lap away from third place, once. McCluskey’s mishap, which put him out of the race, came in front of Jones while the winner was on his last lap. “McCluskey cut in under me,” he said, “and spun, and I didn’t know what was going to happen. I saw an opening and I just gunned it and got out of there.” The first six finishers bettered the old speed record of 140.293 set by Rodger Ward a year ago. A. J. Foyt, Houston, Tex., was third at 142.210; Ward fourth at 141.090; Don Branson, Champaign, Ill., fifth at 140.866; and Jim McElreath, Arlington, Tex., sixth at 140.362. Others in the top 10 were Dan Gurney, Costa Mesa, Calif., 140.071; Chuck Hulse, Downey, Calif., 140.064; Al Miller, Roseville, Mich., 139.524, and Dick Rathmann, Roseville, Ill., 138.845. No one was hurt during the fastest race ever run and 14 cars officially were running at the finish. Bobby Marsham also was Running but pulled into the infield before he crossed the finish line and Eddie Sachs lost a wheel as Jones was on his last lap. It was a great win before almost 300,000 fans, for a purse expected to run more than $450,000, with almost $150,000 expected to go to Jones. Jones, who led for 167 laps, earned $25,050 at $150 for each time he was in front across the line. Clark led for 28 laps for $4,200, McCluskey led for four for $600, and Jim Hurtubise for one, for $150. Bill Dodge wins Millsaps letter Bill Dodge of Kreole is among 34 athletes at Millsaps College who were awarded letters for participation in spring sports. Dodge is one of five track letter men. Other letters were awarded in baseball, tennis and golf. Dodge is a former Moss Point High School football and track star. Festival Open gets underway INDIANAPOLIS (UPI) - One of golf’s richest tournaments, the $55,000 “500” Festival Open, begins today and strangely, one of the “little people” probably will pick up the check. Stokley Motors swamps Dace Stokley Motors and Earl’s Place won last night in Pascagoula softball league. Stokley swamped Dace 30-7 and Earl’s Place eked out a 14-13 decision over Gotita’s. Buzzy Shimp went all the way on the mound for Stokley’s victory, giving up a total of 13 hits. H. Jahnke was the loser as the Motormen pounded out a total of 33 hits in the game. Terry Smith was the top batter for Stokley Motors with six hits, a perfect night. Bobby Baria went five for six while Louis Wells added three for three. L. Dillard was top man for Dace with three for four while M. Pie tri went two for two. Darrell MoVeay picked up his second mound victory for Earl’s Place by staving off an effort by Cotita's. McVeay led the winners in the hitting with two for three while Dale McVeay and Ken Ernst each picked up two hits for four trips. D. McDaniel took the loss for Cotita’s while J. Smith and Don McArthur were the top hitters with two for four. Wednesday night league leading Drive-in Cleaners edged Wilbur Dees 8-7 and Gonzales Steel dropped 1-2. Giants pulling away from pack by United Press International. Remember how the great Citing used to toy with the opposition, allowing horses to pull within a length of the lead before showing them his heels? The San Francisco Giants seem to be employing the same tactics in dealing with the Los Angeles Dodgers in this year’s National League pennant race. The Dodgers trailed the Giants by only one game Wednesday morning but then Alvin Dark’s defending champs put together a pair of victories over the Cincinnati Reds to roll past the Memorial Day “quarter pole” with a 2-2-game lead. The Giants, though, are cutting them close these days. They needed solo homers by rookie second baseman Cap Peterson and Felipe Alou, plus Bob Bolin’s sturdy relief pitching, in outlasting the Reds 5-4, in the holiday’s only night game. They beat Cincinnati by the same score Wednesday night. Peterson hit his first major league home run in the fifth inning off loser Joe Nuxhall to boost San Francisco’s lead to 3-0. Alou led off the sixth with his 11th homer of the season and Billy O’Dell drove in what proved to be the winning run with a single later in the inning. O’Dell, coasting along with a three-hit shutout at that point, was nicked for two runs in the bottom of the sixth. The Reds tallied two more in the seventh before Bolin came out of the bull pen and struck out Leo Cardenas with two on. Bolin later retired the last six Reds in order to preserve O’Dell’s eighth victory without a loss. Braves Drop Dodgers The Dodgers stumbled again when they dropped a 7-4 verdict to the Milwaukee Braves. Hank Aaron paced the Braves’ 12-hit attack with his 15th home run, a double and a single. Warren Spahn, although touched for 11 hits in 7 2-3 innings, picked up his seventh victory of the campaign and the 334th of his career. The New York Mets nipped the Chicago Cubs 2-1, after dropping the opener of their doubleheader 12-0; the Philadelphia Phillies gained a split with the Pittsburgh Pirates by winning the nightcap 6-5, after absorbing a 7-1 loss, and the St. Louis Cardinals whipped the Houston Colts 9-5. Hook Pitches Shutout Jay Hook pitched a two-hit shutout and Duke Snider drove in both runs with a homer and a single to snap the Cubs’ four-game winning streak. In the opener, the Cubs sent 16 men to the plate during a wild fourth inning. They collected six hits, seven walks and 10 runs during the frame to ease Larry Jackson to his seventh win. Lodgers score four runs in sixth to capture victory By KEN ESNST Chronicle Correspondent Elks Came from behind in the final inning to take a 6-5 win over Applewhite and Pascagoula Police Department moved by Barber’s Firestone 10-8 last night in Pascagoula. Elks trailed 5-2 going in the home half of the final inning. Mike Ladner was credited with the mound win for Elks while Kenny Larsen took the loss for Applewhite. Shannon Gilley was top batter for the winners with three for four while Ladner helped his own cause with two hits for four trips to the plate. Relief pitcher Starwin Bell picked up the Police victory as he came in for Wesley Smith in the third. Eddie Hutchinson was the loser. Roger Quinn had a perfect night at the plate for Police, with three hits. James Rigby and Wesley Smith each added two for four. Allen Roberts went two for four for the losers. By United Press International GLASGOW, Scotland — Chic Calderwood, Scotland, outpointed Von Clay, Philadelphia (10) (light heavyweights). ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.— Johnny Brooks, 145, Wichita, Kan., knocked out Joey Parks, 144, Santa F, N.M., (8). Teams are tied again in Moss Point league. Twins' streak is still blazing. Puzzle: Which Minnesota Twin has the muscles—the hitter or the pitcher? Answer: They both do. And they are the twin reasons why today the club that was transplanted from the banks of the Potomac to the headwaters of the Mississippi is cruising along on a 10-game winning streak, longest spree in club history since their Washington Senator ancestors won 17 straight in 1912. Victory No. 10, by 3-2 over the new-type Washington Senators on Memorial Day, stressed the fact that pitchers as well as sluggers have built. This streak. Not only did Camilo Pascual pitch the Twins' seventh complete game in the last eight but he also knocked in the winning run in the last half of the ninth inning with a sacrifice fly. It was a bit dinky compared to Twin Bob Allison's homer in the second inning—the Twins' 16th homer in the last six games—but it did the job and delivered pinch runner Johnny Goryl from third base. Pascual, who scattered eight hits and fanned eight batters, has pitched three wins in the current streak and won six of his last seven games. In the last eight games of the streak, Twins' opponents have scored more than three runs only once. After a dismal 13-21 start, the 10 straight wins have carried the Twins to the top of the American League's second division and put them two games over the 500 mark. There was only one holiday doubleheader in the AL, the Chicago White Sox sweeping two from the Cleveland Indians, 8-4 and 4-2, to give the Indians seven losses in the last eight games. Dickson & Raps, Maintenance Local share AL honors By KEN ERNST Chronicle Correspondent Dickson & Rape and Maintenance Local moved back into a tie in Moss Point Dixie American loop last night. Monroe & Wood strengthened its hold on top spot in the National League with a win. Dickson & Rape posted a 9-4 win over Papermakers while Steamfitters came up with an 8-6 victory over Maintenance Local. Monroe & Woods dropped VFW 6-2 and Wilkerson Freight Line Shut out Goff Davidson 6-0. Dickson & Rape’s Bob Jackson came up with a triple with the bases loaded to aid his cause. Joe Moore was the leading D&R hitter with two for two while David Pettis and Bobby Thornton each picked up a hit for Papermakers. Jimmy Pemberton was charged with the loss. Joe Smith went all the way for Steamfitters for a victory while Mike Holiman was the loser for Maintenance Local, giving way to Charlie Walden in the fifth inning. Steamfitters picked up only one bit, a single by Joe Smith, while Pat Burrows went two for three for the losers. David Wood tossed a two hit at VFW for the victory. James Green allowed seven hits in absorbing the loss. Frankie Carroll, M&R, picked up two hits for two trips while Eill Robertson went two for three including a home run, his second of the season. Steve Catt also hurled a two hit at Goff Davidson and was his teams leading hitter. Roger Hardy who took the loss gave up only three hits. Reggie Warren and David Hamilton were the only two batters to collect hits off Catt. Tonight at Gautier Field EMBA meets Monroe & Woods at 6 p.m. with Dunn & Byrd going against VFW. NEW BUS SERVICE GULF TRANSPORT CO. Leaves Pascagoula at 7 A.M. & 12 Noon Goes to Hattiesburg with connections to Jackson Laurel Philadelphia Oxford Little Rock McComb Meridian Louisville Memphis Fort Smith For Information call Greyhound Bus Station Phone SO 2-3262 PREMIUM MEDALLION "200" WHITEWALLS NO MONEY DOWN ALL SIZES SAME PRICE SIZES 750 x 14 670 x 15 800 x 14 710 x 15 850 x 14 760 x 15 900 x 14 800 x 15 LIST PRICE 59.35 $1.61 65.30 $1.71.85 SALE PRICE 24.95 26.95 28.95 30.95 THESE ARE THE FEATURES YOU GET WITH PREMIUM NEW TIRES * FULL 4 PLY 3-D * NEW LOW CONTOUR DESIGN NYLON — (strong as steel) Wider tread, smoother ride * POLYBUTADIENE RUBBER Tuning nc reiPPiwr rnrts The longest wearing tread yet* THOUSANDS OF GRIPPING EDGES developed in safety engineered tread * AND UNCONDITIONALLY GUARANTEED 36 30 thousand miles SAVE UP TO $40.00 A SET OVER OTHER COMPETITIVE BRANDS Premium Nylon Tubeless WHITEWALLS EASY BUDGET TERMS famous DURA-TUFF FULL TREADS GUARANTEED LIFE OF TREAD 95 750 x 14 To Recap Your Tire Or Exchange "80,000 RE ASONS WHY DURA-TUFF IS YOUR BEST BUY" 80,000 DURA-TUFF FULL TREADS WERE SOLD IN SOUTH MISSISSIPPI LAST YEAR. ★ FULL TREAD WITH PREMIUM RUBBER ! 718 S. Market St. Pascagoula Dial 762-1581.
46,965
poeticalworkswi02elligoog_16
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,906
The poetical works of William Blake
Blake, William, 1757-1827 | Ellis, Edwin John
English
Spoken
8,077
12,460
15 There is in Eden a sweet River of milk and liquid pearl Nam'd Ololon, on whose mild banks dwelt those who Milton drove Digitized by VjOOQ IC i72 BLAKE^ POEMS Down into Ulro, and thejr wept in lonff retounding •ong For teven days of eternity^ and the river's living banks, The mountains wailed, and every plant that grew in solemn sighs lamented. so When Luvah's balls each morning drag the sulphur Sun out of the Deep, Harnessed with starry harness black and shining, kept by black slaves That work all night at the starry harness. Strong and vigorous, They drae the unwilling Orb. At this time all the Family Of Eden neard the lamentation, and Providence began; S5 But when the elarions of day sounded, they drown'd the lamentations ; And when night came all was silent in Ololon, and all refus'd to lament In the still night, fearing lest they should others molest Seven mornings Los heard them, as the poor Urd within the shell Hears its impatient oarent bird ; and Enitharmon heard them 3^ But saw them not, for the blue Mundane Shell inclos'd them in. And they lamented that they had in wrath and fury and Are Driven Milton into the Ulro, for now they knew too late That it was Milton the Awakener. They had not heard the Bard, Whose sonff called Milton to the attempt; and Lot heard these laments. 35 He heard them call in prayer all the Divine Family, And he beheld the Cloud of Milton stretching over Europe. Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS ^3 Bat all the Fsrafly Divine eoUected as Four Sims In the Four Points of heaven — East, West, and North and South — Enlarging and enlarging till their Disks aj^iroach'd each other ; 40 And when they touch'd, closed together Southward in One Sun Over Ololon ; and as One Man, who weeps over his brother In a dark tomb, so all the Family Divine wept over Ololon, Sayinff, Milton goes to Eternal Death : so saying, they groaned in spirit And were troubled; and again the Divine Family groan'd in spirit. 45 And Ololon said. Let us descend also, and let us give Ourselves to death in Ulro, among the Transgressors. Is Virtue a Punisher? O no J how is this wondrous thing. This World beneath, unseen before, this refuge from the wars Of Great Eternity ! unnatural refuge ! unknown by us till now ? so Or are these the pangs of repentance? let us enter into them. Then the Divine Family said. Six Thousand Years are now Accomplished in this World of Sorrow. Milton's Anffel knew The Universal Dictate, and vou also feel this Dictate. And now you know t^is World of Sorrow, and feel Pity. Obey 55 The Dictate ! Watch over this World, and with your brooding wings Renew it to Etenud Life. Lo ! I am with you alway. Bat you cannot renew Milton, he goes to Eternal Death. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 474 BLAKE'S POEMS So spake the FVunily Dirine as One Man^ even Jesus, Uniting in One with Ololon and the appearance of One Man. 60 Jeana the SaTionr appear'd, coming in the Clouds of Ololon. («) The' driven away with the Seven Starry Ones into the Ulro, Yet the Divine Vision remains Every-where, For- ever. Amen. And Ololon lamented for Milton with a great lamen« tation. While lios heard indistinct in fear^ what time I bound my sandals 5 On to walk forward thro' Eternity ; Los descended to me. And Los behind me stood^ a terrible flaming San, just close Behind mv back : I turned round in tetror^ and behola^ Lot stood in that fierce-glowing fire ; and he also stoop'd down And bound my sandals on in Udan-Adan : trembHDf I stood zo Exceedingly with fear and terror, standing in the Vale Of Lambeth ; but he kissed me and wished me health, And I became One Man with him, arising in my strength : Twas too late now to recede, Los had enter'd into my soul : His terrors now possess'd me whole ! I arose in fiuy and strength. 25 I am that Shadowy Prophet who, Six Thousand Years ago. Fell from my station in the Eternal bosom. Six Thousand Years Are finished. I return ! both Time and Space obey my will. Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 47« I in Six Thousaod Ye«n walk up and down^ for not one Moment Of Time is lost, nor one Event of Space unpermanent; » But all remain : every fabric of Six Thousand Years Remains permanent, tho' on the Earthy where Satan Fell and was out off, all tkingt vanish and are seen no more ; They vanish, not from me and mine ; we guard them first and last Tlie ffenerttioiui of men ran on in the tide of Time, 35 But leave their destin'd lineaments permanent for ever and ever. So spake Los as we went along to his supremeabede. Rintrah and Pahunabron met us at the Gate of Golgonooza, Clottded with discontent, and brooding in their mindb terrible things. They said, O Father, most beloved 1 O meroiful Parent ! 30 Pitying and permitting evil, tho' strong and mighty to destroy. Whence is this Shadow terrlUe? wberefore dost thou refuse Tb throw him into the Fomacea? knowest thov not that he Will unchain Ore, and let loose Satan, Og, Sihon, and Anak Upon the Body of Albion? for this he is come; behold it written 35 Upon his fibrous left Foot black, most dismal to ^nig eves; The Shadowy Female shudders thro' heaven in torment inexpressible : And all the Daughters of Los prophetic wail ; yet in deceit They weave a new Religien from new Jealousy of Theotormon : Digitized by VjOOQ IC 47« BUkKTSFOEMB •tmctioii. tW Ckav^M at tMr Perisd m RAhftberwtedV«ltair«: Tinik^ SttTUMir; M^ddnctlfConfiiwm gai Martjn, rigbtaoMDeM: Wltk craal Tirtse OMkii^ War mpan tW Ijunka 45 To pereetoata V«r >nd Glory, to parycUato tW Lwn TlMnwnrartod Swodooboffg^s VkaoDt ui Boidali and in Ulro: To doitroy Jemialani ao a Hariol, and hat Sana aa Raprobatas; To zaiaa np Mjatarj, tW Viffin Hariot, Ma^ar of War. Babylon tha Graat, tba Abomination of Daaolatkm : 50 O Swadanbory, atronfett of man, tba Samaon, ahom by tha Chnrebaa ; Shawing tba TramgraaMrt in Hall, tba proad Warriort in Haaran : Haaran asa Poniabar^and Hall aa Ona nndar Pnniab- mant; Witb Laws from Pkta and bia Graaka to ranaw tba Trojan Croda In Albion, and to dany tba Talna of tba SaTionr^s blood; 55 Bnt tban I raia'd np Wbitailald, Pdamabron raii'dup Waalay. And thaaa ara tba eriaa of tba Cborebaa bafbra tba two WitnoMat, Fkitb in God tba daar Sarioor, wbo took on tba lika- noMof men, Baooming obadiant to daatb, aran tba daatb of tba CroM. Tba WitnaMaa Ha daad in tba Stiaat of tba Oraat City. Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 477 60 No Faith is in all the Earth : the Book of God is trodden under Foot : He sent his two Servants, Whitefield and Wesley: were they Prophets^ 6a Or were they Idiots or Madmen ? Shew as Miracles ! («) Can you hare greater Miracles than these ? Men who devote Their life's whole comfort to inane scorn and ixijory and death? Awake^ thou sleeper on the Rock of Eternity. Alhion, awake! The trumpet of Judgment hath twice sounded : all Nations are awake^ 5 But thou art still heavy and dulL Awake> Albion^ awake ! Lo, Ore arises on the Atlantic: La, his blood and fire Glow on America's shore. Albion turns upon his Couch^ He listens to the sounds of War^ astonished and con- founded ; He weeps into the Atlantic deep^ yet still in dismal dreams 10 Unwaken'd, and the Covering Cherub advances from the East How long shall we lay dead in the Street of the great City, How long beneath the Covering Cherub give our Emanations? Milton will utterly consume us and thee^ our beloved Father; He hath enter'd into the Covering Cherub^ becoming one with X5 Albion's dread Sons. Hand^ Hyle, and Coban surround him as A girdle; Gwendolen and Conwenna as a garment woven Digitized by VjOOQ IC 478 BLAKE'S POEMS Of War and Rdigion. Let us descend and bring him chained To Bowlahoola. O father, most beloved ! O mild Parent ! Cruel in thy mildness, pitjring and permitting evil, floTho' stronff and mignty to destroy, O Los, our beloved Father! like the black storm coming out of Chaos, beyond thestars^ It issues thro' the dark and intricate caves oi the Mundane Shell, Passing the planetary visions and the well adorned Firmament. The Sun rolls into Chaos and the Stars into the DesarU, 95 And then the storms l>ecome visible, audible, and terrible. Covering the light of day, and rolling down upon the mountains. Deluge all the country round. Such is a vision of Los When Rintrah and Palamabron spake, and such his stormy face Appear'd, as does the ^Ace of heaven when cover'd with thick storms, 90 Pitjdng and loving, tho' in frowns of terrible perturba- tion. But Los dispersed the clouds, even as the strong winds of Jehovah. And Los thus spoke : O noble Sons, be patient yet a liUle; I have embraced the fklling Death, he is become one with me. O Sons, we live not by wrath, bv mercy alone we live. 35 I recollect an old Prophecy in Eden, recorded in gold, and oft Sung to the harp. That Milton, of the land of Albion. Should up ascend forward firom F^pham's Vale and break the Chain Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 479 Of Jealouaj from all itf rootf ; be patient, therefore, O my Sons. These lovely Females form eweet night and silence and secret 40 Obecuritiee to hide from Satan's Watch-Fiends, Human loves And graces, lest they write them in their Books and in the Scroll Of mortal life, to condemn the accused, who at Satan's Bar Tremble in Spectrous Bodies contiaoally day and night. While on the Earth they Hve in sorrowful Vegetation. 45 O when shall we tread our Wine-presses in heaven, and Reap Our wheat with shoutings of joy, and leave the Earth in peace? Remember how Calvin and Luther in fury premature Sow'd War and stem division between Papists aad Protestants. Let it not be so now. O go not forth in Martyrdoms and Wars ; 50 We were plac'd here by the Universal Brotherhood and Mercy, With powers fitted to circumscribe this dark Satazuc Death, And that the Seven Eyes of God may have space for Redemption. But how this is as yet we know not, and we cannet know Till Albion is arisen ; then patient wait a little whiles 55 Six Thousand Years are passed away, the end approaches fast ; This mightj one is come from Eden, he is of the Elect, Who died from Earth, and he is retum'd before the Judgment This thing Was never known that one of the holy dead should willing return. Then patient wait a little while till the Last Vintage IB over ; Digitized by VjOOQ IC 480 BLAKE'S POEMS 60 Till we hrre quenclied the Sun of Salah in the Lake of Udan Adan. O my dear Sont^ leave not your Father as your brethren left me. 6a Twelve Sons suoeeniTe fled away in that thoueaod years of sorrow. (») Of Palamabron's Harrow^ and of Rintrah's wrath and fury: Reuben and Mananoth, and Gad and Simeon and Levi, And Ephraim and Judah were Generated ; because They left me, wandering with Tinah. Enitharmon wept 5 One thousand years^ and all the Earth was in a wat'ry deluffe. We call'd him Menassheh because of the Generations ofTirzah, Because of Satan : and the Seven Eyes of God con- tinually Guard round them; but 1, the Fourth Zoa, am also set The Watchman of Eternity ; the Three are not ; and I am preserved. >o Still my four mighty ones are left to me in Golgonoosa. Still Rintrah fierce, and Palamabron mild and piteous, Theotormon filFd with care, Bromion loving science. Yon, O my Sons, shall g^uard round Los ; O wander not and leave me. Rintrah, thou well rememberest when Amalek and Canaan >5 Fled with their sister Moab into that abhorred Void, They became Nations in our sight beneath the hands ofTirzah. And Palamabron, thou rememberest when Joseph, an infant. Stolen from his nurse's cradle wrap'd in needle-work Of emblematic texture, was sold to the Amalekite, so Who carried him down into Egypt, where Ephraim and Menassheh Gathered my Sons together in the Sands of Midian« Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 481 And i/ yoa alto flee awsy and leave your Father^s dde, Following Milton into Ulro^ altiio' your power is Sorely yon also shall become poor mortal vegetations as Beneath the Moon of Ulro. Pity then your Father's tears. When Jeeos rais'd Laxarus from the Grave^ I stood and saw Lamms^ who is the Vehicolar Body of Albion the Redeem'd^ Arise into the Covering Chemb^ who is the Spectre of Albion^ By martyrdoms to suffer : to watch over the Sleeping Body. 2f> Upon his Rock beneath his Tomb, I saw the Covering Chemb Divine Fourfold into Four Churches when Laxarus P^ul^ Constantino^ Charlemaine, Luther, behold they stand before us^ Stretched over Europe and Asia. Come^ O Sons, come, come away ; Arise, O Sons, give w your strength against Eternal Death, 35 Lest we are vegetated, for Cathedron's Looms weave only Death, A Web of Death, and were it not for Bowlahoolah and Allamanda, No Human Form, but only a Fibrous Vegetation, A Polypus of soft affections without Thought or Vuion, Must tremble in the Heavens and Earths thro' all the Ulro space. ^ Throw all the Vegetated Mortals into Bowlahoola. But as to this Elected Form who is retum'd again. He is the Signal that the Last Vintage now approaches. Nor Vegetation may go on till all uie Earth Is reap'd. So Los spoke. Furious they descended to Bowlahoola and Allamanda^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC 482 BLAKB^ POEMS 45 IndlgnaniL unconviiMad by Los'a nxgamtnU, md thunaen rolling. They saw that wrath now swa/d, and now pity •bsorb'd him^ Am it waSy so it romain'd> and no ho|M of an end. Vowlahoola is nam'd Law by mortals^ Tharnas Cunidad it, Because of Satan, before Luban, in the City of Gd^io- ooza; 50 But Golgonooza is nam'd Art and Manufiictvre by mortal men. In Bowlahoola Los's Anvils stand and his Fumaoes Thundering the Hammers beat, and the fiellewsblow loud; Uving, self-moving, mourning, lamenting, and bowl- ing incessantly. Bowlahoola thro' all its porches feels, tJto' teo fast founded, 5S Its pillars and porticoes to tremble at the fbroe Of mortal or immortal arm ; and softly lilling flutes, Accordant with the horrid labours, make sweet melody. The Bellows are the Animal Lungs, the Hammetstba Animal Heart. The Furnaces the Stomach for digestion, terrible their fury; 60 Thousands and thousands labour, thousands play ea instruments* Stringed or fluted, to ameliorate the sorrows of uavery ; Loud sport the dancers in the dance of death, rejoic- ing in carnage ; The hard, dentant Hammers are lulled 1^ the flnW lula lula. The bellowing Furnaces blare by the long soundi^f clarion, ^5 The double drum drowns howls and groans, tfaeabntf. ^fe shrieks and cries^ Digitized by VjOOQIC I THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 488 Tha erooked horn mellowt the hoarse^ niThig terpeiit^ terrible^ but harmonious. Bowlahoola is the Stomach in every indiviiQal wan. Las k hy mortalB naa'd Time^ EnithmrtMH ia nMn'i Space; But ttaey d^iet him bdd and aged who ia in eternal youth; 70 All powerAil, aiol hia loeka flourish lilce tiM bro^irv ^ morning ; Heia tiie Spirit of Prm»heayy die ever appare«t EUae; Time is the mercy of Eternity ; without Time's awift- nessy Which is the swiftest of all things, aO weM «tomal terment. All the Gods of the Kingdoms of Earth labour in Los'sHalla. 75 Every one is a fallen Son of the Spirit of Pvephecy. Heia the FonrtiiZoay that stood around the Throne Divine. But the Wino-press of Los is eastward of Golgonooza, before the Seat Of Satan. Luvah laid the £»undatloa« and Uriaen finished it in howling woe. How red the sons and dMightera of Luvah : here they ^ tread the grapes. Laughing and shouting, drunk witii edours, many M\, o'erwearied. 5 Drowned in the wine ia many m youth and maiden^ those around Lay them on skins of Tygers and of the Spotted Leopard and the Wild Ass, Till they revive, or bury them in cool grots, making laaientalion. TUa Wiae-preaa ia oalTd Wair on Earth; it ia tii9 Printing-Presa Digitized by VjOOQ IC 484 BLAKPS POlOfS Of Lm; and here he layf hit words in order ebore the mortal brain^ to As ooffi are form'd in a wheel to torn the eogt of the aiTereewheeL Tbabreb and riolina aport ronnd the Wine-praam; the litUe Seed, The nwrtire Root, the Earth-worm, the gold Beetle^ the wiae Emmet, Daaee round the Wine-preaaea of La?mh. The Centipede it there ; Thegroand Spider with manj ejea, the Bfole elothed . in velvet, Z5 The ambitlont Spider in hit tullen web, the Incky goldea Spinner, The Earwig arm'd; the tender Maggot, emblem of immortelity; The Flea, Looae, Bug, the Tape-Worm, all the Armiea of Diteate; Viaible orlnviaible to the alothfnl, vegetating Man ; The tlow Slug; the Graathopper, that nnga and laught and drinkt. to Winter comet : he folda hit tlender bonet without a murmur. The eruel Scorpion ia there, the Gnat, Waap, Hornet, and the Honey Bee ; The Toad and venomoua Newt ; the Serpent, doth'd in gemt and gold : Thejr throw oiF their gorgeoua raiment; they rejoice with loud jubilee Around the Wine-preaaea of I^ivah, naked and drunk with wine. as There it the Nettle that ttingt with t^ down, and there The indignant Thistle, whoae bittemeaa ia bred in hit milk. Who feedt on contempt of hit neighbour ; there all the idle weeds Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHBTIC BOOKS 485 Thftt creep around the obecnre plaoes^ shew their Tarioufl limbs^ Naked in all their beaat j, dancing round the Wine- prenes. 90 Bnt in the Wine-presiee the Human grapes sing not nor dance ; They howl and writhe in shoals of torment^ in ierce flames consuming^ In chains of iron and in dungeons circled with cease- less fires ; In pits and dens and shades of death, in shapes of torment and woe ; The plates and screws, and wracks and saws, and cords and fires and cisterns ; 35 The cruel jojs of Luyah's Daughtera lacerating with knives And whips their Victims, and the deadly sport of Lnyah'sdons.' They dance around the dying, and they drink the howl and groan. They catch the shrieks in cups of gold, they hand them to one another. These are the sports of love, and these the sweet delights of amorous play : 40 Tears of the grape, the death sweat of the cluster ; the last sigh Of the mild youth, who listens to the lureing songs of Luvah. But Allamanda. call'd on Earth Commerce, is the Cultivated land Around the City of Golgonoosa, in the Forests of Bntuthon : Here the Sons of Los labour against Death Eternal through all 45 The Twenty^^even Heareae of Beulah in Dlro, Seat of Satan, Digitized by VjOOQ IC 486 BUlKTS POBMS Wldehb the Fake TvngvebenMtkBeulah: it btbe Sense of Touch. The Plow goee fbrdi in tempeetsand %htni&g% mi the Harrow eruel In hlightf of the east : the heary Roller follows in howliagt of woe. Uriien's sons here labour also, and here are seen the Milb 50 Of Theotormon on the verfre of the Lake of Udan-Adan. These are the stany voids of nighty and the dq>th8 and carems of earth : These Bfllls are oceans^ clouds^ and waters uugoreru- able in their fiuy. Here are the stars created and the seeds of all things planted, And here the Sun and Moon redeve their fixed destinations. 55 But in Etemitj the Four Arts^ Poetry, Paialing, . Music^ And Architecture^ which is Science^ are the Fouf Fiices of Man. Not so in Time and Space : there Three are shut oni, and only Science remains thro' mercy ; and by means of Science, the Three Become apparent in Time and Space^ in the Three Professions. 60 That Man nu^ live upon Berth all the time of hit awaking^ And from these Three Sciences derives every Occupa- tion of Men ; 6a And Science is divided into Bowlahoola and Alls- (») Loud shout the Sens of Luvah at the Wine-prsaBSS ss Los descended, With Rintrah andPakmahno ia Ua ibea of nsIbUsw fiiry. Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 487 Tbe Wine-press on ike Rhine groans lood^ but ell ite central beams Act more terriiio in the oeatral Citiee oi the Nations, 5 Wliere Human Thought is erash'd beneath tlie iron hand of Power* There Los puts all into the Press, the Opressor and the Opressed Together, ripe for the Harveet and Vintage, and ready for the Loom, They sang at the Vintage. This is the Last Vintage^ Shall no more be sown upon Earth, till all the Vintage is over, 10 And all fathered in, till the Plow has passed over the Kations, And the Harrow and heary thundering Roller upon the mountains. And loud the Souls howl round the Porches of Golgon- oosEa, Crying, O God, deliver us to tho Heavens or to the Earths, That we may preach righteousness and punish the sinner with death ; X5 But Los reused, till all the \^ntage of Earth was gaiher'd in. And Los stood and cried to the labourers of tfan Vintage in voice of awe. Fellow Labourers ! The Great Vintage and Harvest is now upon Earth ; The whole extent of the Globe is explored. Every scatter*d Atom Of Human Intellect new is flecking to the eeund ef the Trumpet. 9o All the Wisdom which wee hidden in caves and dene from ancient Digitized by VjOOQ IC 48B BLAKE'S POEMS Hme^ if now sought out from Animftl and Vegetable and MineraL Th» Awakener ia oome^ outatreteh'd over Europe; the Viaion of God ia fulfilled ; The Ancient Man upon the Rock of Albion awakee. He liatena to the aonnda of Wmt, aatonish'd and ashamed : 35 He sees his children mock at Faifh and deny Provi- dence. Therefore you must bind the Sheaves^ not by Nations or Families ; Tou shall bind them in Three Classes^ according to their Classes ; So shall you bind them^ Separating what has been Mixed. Since Men befan to be Wove into Nations by Rahab and TirxiSi. 30 Since Albion's Death and Satan's Cutting off from our awful Fields^ When under pretence to benevolence^ the Elect Subdu'd All From the Foundation of the World. The Elect is one Class. You Shall bind them separate. They cannot Believe in Eternal Life. Ezce]^ by Miracle and a New Birth. The other two Classes^ 35 The Reprobate^ who never cease to Believe, and the Redeem'd, Who live in doubts and fears, perpetually tormented by the Elect. These you shall bind in a twin-bundle for the Con- summation, But the Elect must be saved fires of Eternal Death, To be formed into the Churches of Beulah, that they destroy not the Earth, 40 For in every Nation and every Family the Three Classes are bom. And in every Species of Earth, Metal, Tree, Fish, Bird, and Beast, Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PEOPHETIC BOOKS ^»9 We form the Moiidane Egg, that Spectres coming by fury or amity. All is the same, and every one remains in his own energy. Go forth. Reapers, with rt^oioing, yoa sowed in tears, 45 But the time of your refreshing cometh, only a little moment. Still abetain from pleasure and rest in the labours of eternity, And vou shall reap the whole Earth from Pole to Pole^ from Sea to Sea, Begining at Jerusalem's Inner Court Lambeth, ruin'd and given To the detestable Gods of Priam, to Apollo ; and at the Asylum 59 Given to Hercules, who labour in Tirsah's Looms for bread. Who set rleasure against Duty, who create Olympic crowns. To make Learning a burden and the Work of the Holy Spirit, Strife,— The Thor and cruel Odin, who first reared the Polar Caves. Lambeth mourns, calling Jerusalem ; she weeps and looks abroad 55 For the Lord's coming, that Jerusalem may overspread all Nations. Qrave not for the mortal and perishing delights, but leave them To the weak, and pity the weak as your infant care. Break not Forth iff your wrath, lest you also are vegetated by TirziOi. Wait till the Judgement is past, till the Oeation is consumed, 60 And then rush forward with me into the glorious spiritual Vegetation ; the Supper of the Lamb and his Bride ; and the Awaking of Albion, our friend and ancient c<Hnpanion« Digitized by VjOOQ IC 490 BLAKTS POSMS So Lm fp>ke : Bat H^htoiiigB of discontent hnikt on all Bides round. And murmiin of thunder rolling hmMj, long, and loud over the mountains, 65 While Los eall'd his Sons around him to the Harvest and the Vintage. Thou seest the Constellations in the deep and won- drous Night, The^ rino in order and oontinne their immortal eoursei Upon the mountains and in vales, with harp and heavenlf oong, With flute and clarion, with cupo and measures fill'd with foaming wine. ^ Glitt'ring the streams reflect the Vision of beatitade, And the calm Ocean joys beneath, and smooths his awful waves. These are the Sons of Los, and these the Labooiers of the Vintage. Thou seest the gorgeous clothed Flies that dance and sport in snmmor Upon the sunny brooks and meadows : every one the dance Knows in its intricate mazes of delight^ artfbl to weave, 5 Bach one to sound his instroments of music in the dance. To touch each other and reoede ; to oross and change and return. These are the Children of Loei Thou seest the T^sai on mountains ; The wind blows heavy, loud they thunder thro' the darksom sky, Uttering prophecies and speaking instructive words to the sons xoOf men. These are the Som of Los, these the Visions of Eternity. But we see only as it were the hem of their garaeoti^ Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 4Sn When with our TtgelaUe eyw wt view tkeee wondroiit ViflioDt. There are Two Gates thro' which all Souls descend : One Southward From Dover Cliff to Lizard Point ; the other toward the Norths x5 Caithness and rocky Durness^ Pentland and John Groat's House. The Souls descending to the Body wail on the right hand Of Los^ and those delivered from the Body on the left hand. For Los against the east his force continually hends Along ^e Valleys of Middlesex from Hounslow to Blackheath^ so Lest those Three Heavens of Benimli should the Creation destroy. And lest tiiey should descend befSt>re the north and south Gates. Groaning with pity^ he among the wuling Souls laments. And these the Labours of the Sons of Los in Alia- manda, And in the City of Golgonooza, and in Lubao^ and around 35 The Lake of Udan-Adan, in the Forests of Entuthon Benython, Where Souls incessant wail, being piteous Passions and Desires, With neither lineament nor form, but like to waVry clouds. The Passions and Desires descend upon the hungry winds. For such alone Sleepers remain, — sheer pasuon and appetite. 3^ The Sons of Los clothe them and feed and provide houses and fields. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 4M BLAKB'S POSMS And ererf Gonenited Body in its inward fbnn Is a garden of delight and a building of magnificence^ Built by the Sons of Los in Bowlahoola and AUa- manda; And the herbs and flowers and fomitare and beds and chambers^ 35 Continually woven in the Looms of Enitharmon's Daughters^ In bright Cathedron's golden Dome, with care and love and tears^ For the various Classes of Men are all mark'd out determinate In Bowlahoola: and as the Spectres choose tiieir affinities. So thejr are bom on earth ; and every Class is deter- minate^ — 40 But not by Natural, bnt by Spiritual power alone, because The Natural power continually seeks and tends to Destruction, Ending in Death, which would of itself be Eternal Death,— And all are class'd by Spiritual, and not by Natural power. And every Natural Effect has a Spiritual Cause, and Not 45 A Natural, for a Natural Cause only seems ; it is a Delusion Of Ulro, and a ratio of the perishing Vegetable Memory. («) Some Sons of Los surround the Pkssions with porches of iron and silver. Creating form and beauty around the dark regions of sorrow. Giving to airy nothing a name and a habitation Delightful, with bounds to the Infinite, putting off the Indefinite Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 4d3 5 Into most holj forms of thought (t ueh is the power of inspiration), Thef labour incessant^ with many tears and affliotionSy Creating the beautiful House for the piteous suiHerer. Others^ Cabinets richly fabricate of gold and ivory^ For Doubts and fears, unform'd and wretched and melancholy ; lo The little weeping Spectre stands on the threshold of Death Eternal; and sometimes two Spectres, like lamps quiverings And often malignant they combat (heart-breaking, sorrowful^ and piteous). Antamon takes them into his beautiful flexible hands. As the Sower takes the seed^ or as the Artist his clay z5 Or fine wax, to mould artful a model for golden orna- ments. The soft hands of Antamon draw the indelible line^ Form immortal, with golden pen, such as the Spectre, admiring. Puts on the sweet form ; then smiles Antamon bright thro' his windows. The Daughters of beauty look up from their Loom and prepare 9o The integument soft for its clothing^ with joy and delist But Theotormon and Sotha stand in the Gate of Luban anxious ; Their numbers are seven million and seven thousand and seven hundred. They contend with the weak Speetree; they £ibricate soothing forms. The Spectre refuses: he seeks cruelty: they ereete the crested Cock. «5 Terrified, Uie Spectre screams^ and rushes in fear iiit# their Net Digitized by VjOOQ IC 4M BLAKE'S POEMS Of IdndiieM and eonpMiion^ and k bom a wMpIng: terror; Or tkey craata tiia lion and Tyger in oompatskmate thandaringi. Howling the Spectres flee: they take refuge in Human lineaments. The Sons of Oaoth within the Optic Nerre stand fiery, flowing; 90 And the number of his Sons is eight millions and eight They give delights to the man, unknown artifidsl riches They give to scorn, and their possessors to troobls 1 and sorrow and care, I Shutting the sun and moon, and stars and trees, snd clouds and waters And hilb, out from the Optic Nerve, and hardening it into a bone 35 Opake, and like the black pebble on the enraged ^ beach; \ While the poor indigent is like tiie diamond which, tho' cloth'd In rugged covering m the mine, is open all within, And in his hallowM center holds the neavens of bright eternity. Oioth here builds walls of rocks against the sargfaig sea, 40 And timbers orampt with iron cramps bar in tiie joys of life From fell destruction in the Spectrous cunning or rage. He Creates The speckled Newt, the Spider aod Beetle, tiM Rtt and Kfeuse, The Badger and Fox : they worship before his feet in tiembling iear. Bot othem a£ the Sons ef Los build Moments sod Minutes and Hours, 45 Aad Days and Months and Years, and Ages sn4 Periods : wondrous buildings. Digitized by VjOOQ IC TH£ PROPHETIC BOOKS 406 And evary Moment iuM a Condi of ffold for Mftrepo6^ * (A Moment equals a pulsation of the artery.) And between every two Moments stands a Daugivter of Beolah^ To feed the Sleepers on their Couches with maternal care. 50 And every Minute has an azure Tent with silken Veils ; And every Hour has a bright golden Gate carved with skill; And every Day and Night has Walls of brase and Gates of adamanty Shining like precious stones^ and ornamented with appropriate signs : And every Month a silver paved Terrace, builded high ; 55 And every Year, invulnerable Banriers, with hijgli Towers ; And every Age is Moated deep with Bridges of silv«r and gold ; And every Seven Ages is Ineiroled with a Flaming Fire. Now Seven Ages is amounting to Two Hundred Tears. Each has its Guard : each Moment, Minute, Hour, Day, Month, and Year« 60 All are the work of Fairy hands of the Four £lements. Tlie Guard are Angv^ of Providence on duty ever- more. Every Time less than a pnkatien of the artery 63 Is equal in its period and value to Six Thousand Years. (88) For in this Period the Poet's Work is Done ; and all the Great Events of Time start forth, and are concieVd in such a Period Within a Moment : a Pulsation of the Artery. The Sky is an immortal Tent built by the Sons of LoS; Digitized by VjOOQ IC 496 BLAEK8 POElfS 5 And eraiy Spaee that a Man riewB sroQiidliis dwdlliif - SUndiiig OB hk own roof or in hit garden fm a mount Of twenty-five cubits in height, rach space is his Universe; And on its verge the Sun rises and sets, the Clouds bow To meet the flat Earth and the Sea in such an order'd Space ^ >o The Starry heavens reach no further, but here bend and set On all sides, and the two Poles torn <«th^valves of gold; And if he move his dwelling-placei his heavens also move. Where'er he goes, and all his neighbourhood bewail his loss. Sneh are the Spaces called Earth, and such its dimension. 15 As to that £dse appearanee which appears to the reasoner. As of a Globe rolling thro' Voidness, it is a delusion ofUlro; The Microscope knows not of this nor the Telescope ; they alter The ratio of the Speetator^s Organs, but leave Objects untouch'd. For every Space laiver than a red Globule of Man's blood sols visionary, and is created by the Hammer of Los; And every Space snudler than a Globule of Man's blood opens Into Eternity, of which this vegetable Earth is but a shadow. The red Globule is the unwearied Sun by Los created To measure Time and Space to mortal Men, every morning. 33 Bowlahoola and Allamanda are placed on each side Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 49? Of that FnlMtion and that Glolmle; tenibla their power. But Rintrah and Palamabron govern erer Day and Night In Allamanda and Entathon Benython^ where Souls wail^ Where Chrc incessant howla, burning in fires of Eternal Youth, 30 Within the vegetated mortal Nerves^ for every Man bom is joined Within into One mighty Polypus, and this Polypus is Ore. But in the Optic vegetative Nerves Sleep was trans- formed To Death in old time by Satan, the &ther of Sin and Death, And Satan is the Spectre of Ore, and Ore is the generate Luvah. 35 But in the Nerves of the Nostrils, Accident being formed Into Substance and Princij^e by the cruelties of Demonstration, It became Opake and Indefinite; but the Divine Saviour Formed it into a Solid by Los's Mathematic power.. He named the Opake Satan; he named the Solid Adam* 40 And in the Nerves of the Ear (for the Nerves of the Tongue are closed). On AlbiMi's Rack Los stands creating the glorious * Sun each morninff. And when unweariea in the evening he creates the MeeU;, Death to delude, who all in terror at their sj^ndor leaves VOL. I. 2 1 Digitized by VjOOQ IC 40& bLAKB'S PO£MS Hit prey^ while Los i^ipoints^ and Rintrahand Pdam- abron (piide 45 The Souls clear from the Rock of Death, that Detth himself may wake In his appointed season when the ends of heaven Then Los conducts the Spirits to be Vegetated into Great Golgonoosa, free nrom the four iron pillars of Satan^ Throne : Temperance, Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, the four pillars of tyranny, 50 That Satan's Watch-Fiends touch them not before they Vegetate. But Enitharmon and her Daughters take the pleasant charge. To give them to their lovely heavens till the Crreat Judgment Day. Such is their lovely charge. But Rahab and Timh pervert Their mild influences, therefore the Seven Eyes of Ood walk round 55 The Three Heavens of Ulro, where Tlrzah and her Sisters Weave the black Woof of Death upon Entuthon Benvthon. In the Vale of Surrey, where Horeb terminates in Rephaim, The stamping feet of Zelophehad's Daughters are cover d with Human gore ; Upon the tredles of the hSom tiieysing to the winged shuttle ; 60 The River rises above his banks to wash the Woof; He takes it in his arms, he passes it in strength thro' his current. The veil of human miseries is wortxi over the Ocean Fh>m the Atlantic to the Great South Sea, the Erythrean. Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 4f» Such is the World of Los^ the labour of dx thousand years. 65 Thus Nature is a Vision of the Science of the Elohinu ■ND OF THB PIB8T BOOK Of the three maUoe$ fm Iku page the Jirtl u 4mifnweA m fwerM leUere 6y Blake 90 ae toot anlp UgibU «n a loMng- fflau, (80) How wide the Gulf and Ui^assahle betweem Mmplicity and Insipidity! Contraries are Podtives* A Negation is not a Contrary. Digitized by VjOOQ IC fiO lUAKIS'S POEMS MILTON BOOK THB 8B00ND Thbrb is a place where Contrarieties are equally True. This place is called Beulah. It is a pleasant, lovely Sfaadoir Where no dispute €an come, because of those who Sleep. Into this place the Sons and Daughters of Olobn descended 5 WHh solemn mowning teto BeulahV nibbay sfasifes and hills. Weeping for Milton. Mute wonder faeid the Dmc^ ters of Beulah Enraptured with affection, sweet and mild benero- lence. Beulah is evermore Created around Eternity, sp- pearing To the Inhabitants of Eden, around them on all sidei. lo But Beulah to its Inhabitants appears within each district As the beloved infisnt in his mother's bosom round encircled With arms of love and pity and sweet compassion. Bat to The Sons of Eden the moony habitations of Benlah Are from Great Eternity a mild and pleasant Rest. xsAnd it is thus Created: Lo, the Eternal Greit Humanity, Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROFHBTIC BOOKS 601 To ^hom ^ Glory and I>6iiiiiiion Ererm&n, Amen> Widks amonff all his awful Family^ seen in every fiiee. At the breato of the Almiglitf, sueh are the words of man to man. In the great wars of Eternity, in fary of' Feetic Inspiration, 9oTo hnild tiiie tfniverse stupendous. Mental Ibrms Creating. Bat the Emanations trembled exceedingly, aoc could they lire, because the life of Man was too exceeding unbounded. His Joy bepame terrible to them, they trembled and wept, Ciyfaig with one roioe : Give us a habitation and a plsce S5 In which we may be hidden under the shadow of wings. For if we who are but for a time, and who pass away ki winter. Behold these wonders of Eternity, we shaU oeasume, ' B«t you, O oar Fsthers and Brothers, remain in Eternity. Bat grant us a Temporal Habitation ; dn you apeak 30 To us; we will obey your words as yoa obey Jeaus The £temal, who is blessed for er^r apd ever. Amen. Bo spake the lovely EmaftiOinias, a^d there appeat0d a pleasant 33 Mild Shadow Hbovtf, beifeathi and on ell aides roanKl. (») Into this pleasant Shadow all the weak and weary,. ' like Women and ChOdren, were t^en away as on wings Of dovelike softness, and shadowy habft«tions pre- pared for thenu * But every Man retum'd and went, still going fotwtM thro' Digitized by VjOOQ IC 502 BLAKE'S POBM S 5 The BoMm of the Fether in Stornity on Eternity; Neither did any lack or fiJl into Error without A Shadow to repoae in all the Days of ha|^y Eternity. Inte thia pleaaant Shadow Beukh, all Ololon de- scended. And when the Daofhtera of Beulah heard the lamentation, xo All Beulah wept, for they taw the Lord coming in theClonda, And the Shadows of Beulah terminate in rocky Alhion. And all Nations wept in affliction, Familr by Family : Germany wept towards France and Itely ; England wei^ and trembled Towards Aanerica ; India rose up from his golden bed, IS As one awaken'd in the night ; they saw the Lord ftomJTig In the aouds of Ololon with Power and Qreat Glory. And all the living Creatures of the Four Elements wail'd With bitter wailing ; these in the aggregate are named Satan And Rahab ; they know not of Regeneration, but only ofG^eneraiion. M The Fairies, Nymphs, Gnomes and Genii of the Four Elements, UnlbigiTing and unalterable, these cannot be Regen- erated, Bat must be Created, for they know only of Generation. These are the Gods of the Kingdoms of the Earth, in contrarious •And cruel opposition: Element against Element, opposed in War, fl5 Not Mental, as the Wars of Eternity but a Corporeal Strife In Los's Halls, continual labouring in the Furnaces of Golgonooia, Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 603 Oro howlfl on the Atlantic : Enithannon trembles. All Beulah weeps. Thou hearest the Nightingale begin the Song of Spring; The Lark sitting upon his earthy bed, Just as the mom 30 Appears, listens silent ; then springing from the waving Corn-field, lend He leads the Choir of Day— trill, trill, trill, trill, Moanting upon the wings of light into the Great Expanse, Re-echoing against the lovely blue and shining heavenly Shell, His little throat labour! with inspiration; every feather 35 On throat and breast and wings vibrates with the effluence Divine. All Nature listens ulent to him, and the awful Sun Stands still upon the Mountain looking on this little Bird With eyes of soft humility and wonder^ love, and awe. Then loud from their green oov^t all the Birds begin their Song : 40 The Thrush, the linnet, and the Goldfinch, Robin, and the Wren Awake the Sun from hii sweet reverie upon the Mountain. The Nightingale again assays his song, and thro' the dav And thro' the night warbles luxuriant, every Bird of Song Attending his loud harmony with admiration and love. 45 This is a Vision of the lamentation of Beulah over Ololon. Thou perdeveet the Flowers put forth their precious Odours, And none can tell how from so small a center cornea such sweety Digitized by VjOOQ IC 604 BLAKE^ POEMS Forgetting tlntt within tiiat Center Eternity Bxpmd» Its ever daring doors, that Og and Anak fieroelf goard. 50 First, ere the morning breaks^ joy opens in the flowery bosome, Joy even to tears, wliich the Sun rising dries; first the Wild Thyme And Meadow-sweet, downy and soft, waving among thereeda. Light springing on the air, lead the sweet Danoe ; they walce The Honeysuckle sleei^ng on the Oak, the flauitfaig beauty ce ReveU along upon the wind ; the White-thorn levely May Opens her many lovely eyes ; listening, the Rose still sleeps. None dare to wake her. Soon she bursts her crimson- curtained bed And comes forth in the majesty of beauty ; every Flower — The Pink, the Jessamine, the Wallflower, the Carna- tion, 60 The Jonquil, the mild Lilly opes her heavens ; every Tree Aitd Flower and Herb soon fill the air with an in- numerable Dance, Yet all in ohler sweet and lovely. Men are sick with love. 63 Such is a Vision of the Iimentition of Beulah orsr Ololon. And the Divine Voice was heard in the Songs of Beulah, Saying: Wh«i I first Married ye«, I gave yon all my whole soul; I thought that you would love my loves and joy in my delights, Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 606 Seekinc for pleMuree in mj pleMuret^ O Damg^ter •£ Biu>7lon. 5 Then thou wart lovely, mild, and gentle ; now thou art terrible In jealousy and unlovely in my aigfat, beoaaae then hast cruelly Cut off my loves in fury till I have no love left for tiiee. Thy love depends on him thou lovest, and on his dear loves Depend thy pleasures, which thou hast cut Off by Jealouflj; 10 Therefore I shew my Jealousy, and set before you Death. Behold Milton ! descended to Redeem the Female Shade From Death Eternal, such your lot, to be continually Redeem'd By death and misery of those you love, and by Annihilation When the Sixfold Female pereieves that Milton annihilates 15 Himself: that seemg all his loves by her cut off, he leaves Her also, entirely abstracting himself trom Feaaftle loves. She shall relent in fear of death ; she riiall begin to give Her maidens to her husband, delighting In his delight ; And then, and then alone, begins the happy Female so As It Is done in Beulah; and thou, O Virgin Babylon, MoUier of Whoredoms, Shalt bring Jerusalem in thine arms in the night watches^ and, No longer turning her a wandering Harlot in the streets, ShMlt give her Into the aims of God your Lord and Husband. Digitized by VjOOQ IC tM BLAKE'S POEMS 84 Sacli are the Songs of BealaH^ in the LamentitiaBft of Ololon. (H) And all the Songt of Beulah sounded comfortable notea To eomfort Ololon's lamentation, for they said : Are YOU the Fierj Circle that late drove in fury and fire The Eiffht Immortal Starry-Ones down into Ulro 5 Rendinff the Heavens of Beulah with your thunders and lightnings? And can you thus lament, and can you pity and forgive? Is terror changed to pity, O wonder of Eternity ? And the Four States of Humanity in its Repose Were shewed them. First of Beulah, a most plesnnt Sleep, ID On Coucnes soft, with mild music, tended hy Floven of Beulah ; Sweet Female forms, winiped or floatiDg in the air spontaneous. The Seeond State is Alia, and the third State Al-Ulro ; But the FourUi State is dreadful, it is named Or-Ulro. The First State is in the Head, the Second is in tlie Heart, 15 The Third in the Lohm and Seminal Vessels, and the Fourth In the Stomach and Intestines— terrihle, desdly, unutterable. And he whose Gates are open'd in those Regiom of his Body Can from those Gates view all these wondrous Imagina- tions. But Ololon sought the Or-Ulro and its fiery Gates, so And the Couches of the Martyrs ; and many Daughtert of Beulah Digitized by VjOOQ IC THE PROPHETIC BOOKS 607 Aeeompanj them down to the Ulro iHth toft melodious tears. A long jouraef and dark, thro' Chaoe in the traek of Milton's course. To where the Contraries of Beulah War heneaA Negation's Banner. Then, view'd from Milton's Track, they see the Ulro, a rast Polypus 85 Of living fihres down into the Sea of Time and Space growing, self-de A self-devouring, monstrous Human Death, Twenty- seven fold ; Within it sit Five Females, and the nameless Shadowy Mother Spinning it from their howels with songs of amorous delight. And melting cadences that lure the Sleepers of Beulah down 30 The River Storge (which is Amon) into the Dead Sea. Around this Polypus Los continual huilds the Mun- dane Shell. Four Universes round the Universe of Los remain Chaotic; Four intersecting Globes, and the Egg-form'd World of Los In midst, stretching from Zenith to Nadir in midst of Chaos. 35 One of these Ruin'd Universes Is to the North named UrUiona; One in the South, this was the glorious World of Urizen; One to the East of Luvah; One to the West of Tharmas. But when Luvah assumed the World of Urisen in the South, All fell towards the Center, sinking downward in dire Ruin.
49,063
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%8C%20%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA
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ديانا، دوقة فورتمبيرغ
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ديانا، دوقة فورتمبيرغ (24 مارس 1940) فنانة ونحاتة وهي ابنه هنري، كونت باريس وإيزابيلا أميرة أورليان-براغانزا. روابط خارجية المراجع أسرة أورليان أشخاص على قيد الحياة أشخاص من بتروبوليس أميرات فرنسيات برازيليون من أصل ألماني حاصلون على وسام الاستحقاق لبادن-فورتمبيرغ حاصلون على وسام جوقة الشرف دوقات نساء فورتمبيرغ رسامون ألمان في القرن 20 رسامون ألمان في القرن 21 رسامون ورسامات ألمان رومان كاثوليك ألمان ضباط وسام جوقة الشرف فارس وسام جوقة الشرف فاعلات خير ألمانيات فاعلو خير ألمان كاتبات ألمانيات كتاب وكاتبات ألمان مواليد 1940 نحاتون ونحاتات ألمان
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dorcas__03crai_7
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Dorcas
Craik, Georgiana M. (Georgiana Marion), 1831-1895
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7,884
12,240
Among other persons whose conversations are recorded in these volumes are King Leopold; the Due de Broglie; Lord Cowley; Counts Arrivabene, Cor- celle, Daru. Flahault, Kergolay, Montalembert ; Generals Lamoriciere and Chrzanowski; Sir Henry Ellis; Messieurs Ampere. Beaumont, Blanchard, Bouffet, Auguste Chevalier, Victor Cousin, De Witt, Duchiitel, Ducpetiaux, Dumon, Dussard, Duvergier de Hauranne, Le'on Faucher, Frere-Orban. Grim- blot, Guizot, Lafitte, Labaume, Lamartine, Lanjuinais, Mallac, Manin, Me'rime'e, Mignet. Jules Mohl, MontanelU. Odillon-Barrot, Quetelet. Kemusat, Eogier, Eivet, Eossini. Horace Say. Thiers, Trouve-Chauvel, Yillemain, "Wolowski; Mesdames Circourt, Cornu, Eistori, &c. "This new series of Mr. Senior's 'Conversations' has been for some years past known in manuscript to his more intimate friends, and it has always been felt that no former series would prove more valuable or important. Mr. Senior had a social position which gave him admission into the best literary and political circles of Paris. He was a cultivated and sensible man, who knew how to take full advan- tage of such an opening. And above all, he had by loug practice so trained his memory as to enable it to recall all the substance, and often the words, of the long conversations which he was always holding. These conversations he wrote down with a surprising accuracy, and then handed the manuscript to his friends, that they might correct or modify his report of what they had said. This book thus contains the opinions of eminent men given in the freedom of conversation, and afterwards carefully revised. Of their value there cannot be a question. The book is one of permanent historical interest. There is scarcely a page without some memorable statement by some memorable man. Politics and society and literature — the three great interests that make up life — are all discussed in turn, and there is no discussion which is unproductive of weighty thought or striking i3iCV—Athenaiii)n. "The present selection of Mr. Senior's Journals, edited with remarkable skill and judgment by Mrs. Simpson, is extraordinarily full and interestmg. Although the unreserved and original communications of Thiers are especially fascinating, the book would be abundantly interesting if it consisted only of the reports of conversations with Guizot, Montalembert, Cousin, Lamartine, and other persons of celebrity and eminence." — Saturday Review. " These conversations extend from the year 18-52 to 1S60, and will be found to refer to some of the most interesting public events of our time — the Eevolution of 1848, the Crimean War, the French Alliance, the attempt on the life of Louis Na- poleon, the Indian Mutiny, and the Italian campaign of 18-59. Besides these great public occurrences of European celebrity, we have many very curious and piquant anecdotes of a private character, and expressions of opinion on men and things by persons of eminence. All that is said in these volumes of France, England, and, Kussia, is as interesting now as when it was first uttered."— /Sfa/jctorci 13, Great Marlborough Street. MESSRS. HURST AND BLACKETT'S NEW W O'RKS— Continued. HISTORY OF TWO QUEENS: CATHARINE OF ARAGON and ANNE BOLEYN. By W. Hepworth Dixon. Second Edition. Vols. 1 & 2. Demy 8vo. 30s. "In two handsome volumes Mr. Dixon here gives us the first instalment of a new historical work on a most attractive subject. The book is in many respects a favourable specimen of Mr. Dixon's powers. It is the most painstaking and elaborate that he has yet written On the whole, we may say that the book is one which will sustain the reputation of its author as a writer of great power and versatility, that it gives a new aspect to many an old subject, and presents in a very striking light some of the most recent discoveries in English history." — Athenxu7n. "In these volumes the author exhibits in a signal manner his special powers and finest endowments. It is obvious that the historian has been at especial pains to justify his reputation, to strengthen his hold upon the learned, and also to extend his sway over the many who prize an attractive style and interesting narra- tive more highly than laborious research and philosophic insight." — Morning Post. "The thanks of all students of English history are due to Mr. Hepworth Dixon for his clever and original work, 'History of two Queens.' The book is a valuable contribution to English history. The author has consulted a number of original sources of information — in particular the archives at Simancas, Alcala, and Venice. Mr. Dixon is a skilful writer. His style, singularly vivid, graphic, and dramatic — is alive with human and artistic interest. Some of the incidental descriptiona reach a very high level of picturesque power." — Daily News. VOLS. III. & IV. OF THE HISTORY OF TWO QUEENS : CATHARINE OF ARAGON and ANNE BOLEYN. By W. Hepworth Dixon. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. Price 30s. Completing the Work. " These concluding volumes of Mr. Dixon's ' History of two Queens ' will be per- used with keen interest by thousands of readers. "Whilst no less valuable to the student, they will be far more enthralling to the general reader than the earlier half of the history. Every page of what may be termed Anne Boleyn's story affords a happy illustration of the author's vivid and picturesque style. The work should be found in every library." — Post. " Mr. Dixon has pre-eminently the art of interesting his readers. He has pro- duced a narrative of considerable value, conceived in a spirit of fairness, and written with power and picturesque effect." — Daily News. HISTORY OF WILLIAM PENN, Founder of Pennsylvania. By W. Hepworth Dixon. A New Lebrart Edition. 1 vol. demy 8vo, vpith Portrait, 12s. " Mr. Dixon's ' William Penn ' is, perhaps, the best of his books. He has now re- vised and issued it with the addition of much fresh matter. It is now offered in a sumptuous volume, matching with Mr. Dixon's recent books, to a new generation of readers, who will thank Mr. Dixon for his interesting and instructive memoir of one of the worthies of England." — Examiner. FREE RUSSIA. By W. Hepworth Dixon. Third Edition- 2 vols. 8vo, with Coloured Illustrations. 30s. "Mr. Dixon's book will be certain not only to interest but to please its readers and it deserves to do so. It contains a great deal that is worthy of attention, and is likely to produce a very useful effect" — Saturday Review. THE SWITZERS. By W. Hepworth Dixon. Third Edition. 1 vol. demy 8vo. 15s. "A lively, interesting, and altogether novel book on Switzerland. It is full of valuable information on social, political, and ecclesiastical questions, and, like all Mr. Dixon's books, is eminently readable."— Z)a% News. 13, Great Marlborough Street. MESSRS. HUEST AND BLACKETT'S NEW V^OTvKS— Continued. MEMOIRS OF GEORGIAXA. LADY CHATTER- TOX ; Witfi. some Passages from Her Diary. By E. Hexeagb Derin'g. 1 vol. demy 8vo. 15s. Among other persons mentioned in this work are Lords Lansdowne, Brougham, Macaulay, Lytton, Houghton; ilessrs. Wilberforce, Wordsworth, Hallam, Rogers, Moore, Sydney Smith, Landor. Lockhart, Fonblanque, Warburton, Harness, Chantrey; Count ilontalembert. Dr. Ullathorne, Dr. Newman, Joanna Baillie, Lady GLfford, Lady Cork, :M:rs. Somerville, ilrs. Norton, &c. "Lady Chatterton's Diary gives a sketch of society during a well known but ever-interesting period. Mr. Dering may be congratulated on having furnished a graceful epilogue to the story of an interesting life." — Athemeum. "In this work we have the pleasant picture of a literary artist and an amiable lady, and some interesting anecdotes which give value to the volume." — Johii Bull. "In this agreeable volume Mr. Dering has succeeded in bringing before us in vivid colours the portrait of a veiy remarkable, talented, and excellent lady. Her Diary is full of charming reminiscences." — The Tablet. HISTORIC CHATEAUX: Blois, Fontaixebleau, YdsCen-nes. By ALEXA>rDER Baillie Cochrane, M.P. Ivol.Svo. 15s. "A very interesting volume."' — Times. "A lively and agreeable book, full of action and colour.'* — Athenasum. "This book is bright, pleasant reading." — British Quarterly Review. "A most valuable addition to the historical works of the time. It is full of life and colour." — Morning Post. "A well executed book by a polished and vigorous writer." — Tfie World. THE SEA OF MOUNTAINS : An Accouxt of Lord Dltferix's Tour through British Columbia in 1876. By MoLTNEL^x St. John. 2 vols, crown 8vo. "With Portrait of Lord Dvifferin. 21s. "Mr. St. John has given us in these pages a record of all that was seen and done in a very successful visit His book is instructive, and it should be interesting to the general reader." — Times. " Mr. St. John is a shrewd and lively writer. The reader will find ample variety in his book, which is well worth perusal" — Pall Mall Gazette. " These volumes are amusing, interesting, and even valuable. They give us a very clear idea of the great quarrel between British Columbia and the Dominion of Canada; and they contain a full report of Lord Dufferin's great speech at Victoria. Then there are some graphic sketches of social life and scenery, and some entertainiJg stories.' — Spectator. A MAX OF OTHER DAYS : Recollections of the Marquis de Beauregard. Edited, from the French, by Charlotte M. YONGE, Author of " The Heir of Redclyffe," &c. 2 vols. 21s. " The ' man of former times ' whose biography is now introduced to our notice, will be remembered by all who have read the correspondence of Count Joseph de Maistre. A Savoyard by birth, M. Costa de Beauregard lived long enough to see the last years of the Monarchy, the Ke volution, and the early promise of General Bonaparte. The opening chapters of the work introduce us to Paris society at the time when it was perhaps the most brilliant ; and it is amusing to accompany our hero to Mme. Geoffrin's salon, where Marmontel, Rochefoucauld, Greuze, Diderot, Cochin, and many others, discourse literature, art, and philosophy. Sent off to Paris for the purpose of finishing his education by mixing with all the choice spirits of the day, young Costa writes home brilliant descriptions of the sights he has seen and the company to which he has been introduced. The variety of scenes described in these pleasant memoirs, the historical personages crowded on the ■canvas, and the account of the noble struggle of Savoy against the French Eepub- lic, give to the whole work a dramatic interest which derives additional charm from the character of the Marquis himself— a character in which high principle, genuine wit, and patriotism are happily blended together." — Saturday Review. 13, Great Marlborough Street. MESSRS. HURST AND BLACKETT'S NEW WOnKS— Continued, VOLS. I. & II. OF HER MAJESTY'S TOWER. By W. HEPWORTH DIXON. DEDICATED BY EXPRESS PERMISSION TO THE QUEEN. Sixth Edition. 8vo. 30s. From the Times:— "All the civilized world— English, Continental, and Ame- rican—takes an interest in the Tower of London. The Tower is the stage upon which has been enacted some of the grandest dramas and saddest tragedies* in our national annals. If, in imagination, we take our stand on those time-worn walls, and let century after century flit past us, we shall see in due succession the majority of the most famous men and lovely women of England in the olden time. We shall see them jesting, jousting, love-making, plotting, and then anon, per- haps, commending their souls to God in the presence of a hideous masked figure, bearing an axe in his hands. It -is such pictures as these that Mr. Dixon, with considerable skill as an historical limner, has set before us in these volumes. Mr. Dixon dashes off the scenes of Tower history with great spirit. His descriptions are given with such terseness and vigour that we should spoil them by any attempt at condensation. lu conclusion, we may congratulate the author on this work. Both volumes are decidedly attractive, and throw much light on our national history." VOLS. III. & IV. OF HER MAJESTY'S TOWER. By W. HEPWORTH DIXON. DEDICATED BY EXPRESS PERMISSION TO THE QUEEN. Completing the Work. Third- Edition. Demy 8vo. 30s. "These volumes are two galleries of richly painted portraits of the noblest men and most brilliant women, besides others, commemorated by English- history. The grand old Royal Keep, palace and prison by turns, is revivified in these volumes, which close the narrative, extending from the era of Sir John Eliot, who saw Raleigh die in Palace Yard, to that of Thistlewood, the last prisoner im- mured in the Tower. Few works are given to us, in these days, so abundant in originality and research as Mr. Dixon's." — Standard. A YOUNG SQUIRE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, from the Papers of Christopher Jeaffreson, of Dul- lingham House, Cambridgeshire. Edited by John Cordy Jeaffre- son, Author of "A Book about Doctors," &c. 2 vols, crown 8vo, 21s.. " Two volumes of very attractive matter : — letters which illustrate agriculture, commerce, war, love, and social manners, accounts of passing public events, and details which are not to be found in the Gazettes, and which come with singular- freshness from private letters." — Athenmum. " Two agreeable and important volumes. They deserve to be placed on library shelves with Pepys, Evelyn, and Reresby." — Notes and Queries. " In the interests of history a publication such as the present is of almost in- calculable value. Every historical student ought to make himself acquainted with these two very delightful volumes."— J/or/rwgr Post. MY Y^GUTH, BY SEA AND LAND, from 1809 to 1816. By Charles Loftus, formerly of the Royal Navy, late of the Coldstream Guards. 2 vols, crown 8vo. 21s. "It was a happy thought that impelled Major Loftus to give us these reminis- cences of 'the old war,' which still retains so strong a hold on our sympathies. Every word from an intelligent actor in these stirring scenes is now valuable. Major Loftus played the part allotted to him with honour and ability, and he- relates the story of his sea life with spirit and vigour. Some of his sea stories are as laughable as anything in ' Peter Simple,' while many of his adventures on shore remind us of Charles Lever in his freshest days. During his sea life Major Loftus became acquainted with many distinguished persons. Besides the Duke of Wellington, the Pi'ince Kegent, and "William IV., he was brought into personal relation with the allied Sovereigns, the Due D'Angouleme, Lord "William Bentinck, and Sir Hudson Lowe. A more genial, pleasant, wholesome book we- have not often xq&^"— Standard. 13, Great Marlborough Strekt. MESSRS. HURST AND BLACKETT'S NEW ys^O^KS—CojitiiiiiecL CELEBRITIES I HAVE KNOWN. By Lord William Pitt Lexxox. Secoxd Series. 2 volumes demy 8vo. 30s. Among other person3 mentioned in the Second Series of this work are — The Princess Charlotte and Prince Leopold ; the Dukes of Wellington and Beau- fort; the Earls of Durham and Carlisle; Lords Byron, Clyde, Adolphus Fitz- clarence, and Cockburn; Sirs Walter Scott, G. Wombwell, A. Barnard. John Elley, Sidney, Harry, and C. F. Smith ; Count DOrsay ; Dr. Dodd ; Messrs. Thomas Moore. Theodore Hook, Leigh Hunt, Jerdan. James, Horace, and Albert Smith, Beazley. TattersalL, Hudson, Ude, George Colman, The Kembles, G. F. Cooke, Charles Young. Edmund and Charles Kean, Yate.?, Harley ; Miss Foote; Mrs. Xisbet; Mesdames Catalani,GrassinL, Kachel, &c. "This new series of Lord William Lennox's reminiscences is fully as entertain- ing as the preceding one. Lord William makes good use of an excellent memory, and he writes easily and pleasantly." — Pall Mall Gazette, "One of the best books of the season. Pleasant anecdotes, exciting episodes, smart sayings, witticisms, and repartees are to be found on every page."' — Court Journal. COACHING ; With Anecdotes of the Road. By Lord Willlui Pitt Lexnox, Author of " Celebrities I have Known," &c. Dedicated to His Grace the Dcke of Beau- fort, K.G., President, and the Members of the Coaching Club. 1 vol, demy 8vo. 15s. "Lord WOliam's book is genial, discursive, and gossipy. We are indebted to the author's personal recollections for some lively stories, and pleasant sketches of some of the more famous dragsmen. Xor does Lord William by any means limit himself to the English roads, and English coaches. Bianconi's Irish cars, the con- tinental diligences, with anecdotes of His Grace of Wellington, when Lord William was acting as his aide-de-camp during the occupation of Paris, with many other matters more or less germane to his subject, are all brought in more or less natm-ally. Altogether his volume, with the variety of its contents, will be found pleasant reading." — Fall Mall Gazette. LIFE OF MOSCHELES ; with Selections from HIS DIARIES AND CORRESPONDENCE. By His Wue. 2 vols, large post 8vo, with Portrait. 243. "This life of Moscheles will be a valuable book of reference for the musical his- torian, for the contents extend over a period of threescore years, commencing with 1794, and ending at 1S70. We need scarcely state that all the portions of Mosche- les' diary which refer to his intercourse with Beethoven, Hummel. Weber, Czemy, Spontini, Rossini, Auber, Hale'vy, Schumann, Cherubini, Spohr. Mendelssohn, F. David, Chopin, J B. Cramer. Clementi, John Field, Habeneck, Hauptmann, Kalk- brenner, Kiesewetter, C. Klingemann, Lablache, Dragonetti, Sontag, Persiani, Malibran, Paganini, Rachel, Ronzi de Begnis, De Beriot, Ernst, DouzellL, Cinti- Damorean, Chelard. Bochsa, Laporte, Charles Kemble, Paton (Mrs. Wood), Schroder-Devrient, Mrs. Siddons, Sir H. Bishop, Sir G. Smart, Staudigl Thalberg, Berlioz, Velluti, C. Young, Balfe, Braham, and many other artists of note in their time, will recall a flood of recollections. It was a delicate task for Madame Mos- cheles to select from the diaries in reference to living persons, but her extracts have been judiciously made. Moscheles writes fairly of what is called the ' Music of the Future' and its disciples, and his judgments on Herr SVagaer, Dr. Liszt, Ruben- stein, Dr. von Biilow, Litolff. &c., whether as composers or executants, are in a liberal spirit He recognizes cheerfully the talents of our native artists. Sir Stem- dale Bennett, Mr. Maciarrea Madame Arabella Goddard, Mr. John Barnett, Mr. Hullah, Mrs. Shaw, ilr. A. Sullivan, &c. The celebrities with whom Moscheles came in contact, include Sir Walter Scott, Sir Robert Peel, the late Duke of Cam- bridge, the Bunsens, Louis Philippe, Napoleon the Third, Hvmaboldt, Henry Heine, Thomas More, Count Nesselrode, the Duchess of Orleans, Prof. Wolf, (Stc. In- deed, the two volumes are full of amusing anecdotes." — Athenxuin. 13, Great Marlborough Street. MESSES. HURST AND BLACKETT'S NEW WOUKS— Continued, WORDS OF HOPE AND COMFORT TO THOSE IN SORROW. Dedicated by Permission to The Queen. Fourth Edition. 1 vol. small 4to, 5s. bound. "These letters, the work of a pure and devout spirit, deserve to find many readers. They are greatly superior to the average of v?hat is called religioua lite rature. ' ' — A thensemn. "The writer of the tenderly-conceived letters in this volume was Mrs. Julius Hare, a sister of Mr. Maui-ice. They are instinct with the devout submissivenesa and fine sympathy which we associate with the name of Maurice ; but in her there is added a winningness of tact, and sometimes, too, a directness of language, which we hardly find even in the brother. The letters were privately printed and circu- lated, and were found to be the source of much comfort, which they cannot fail to afford now to a wide circle. A sweetly-conceived memorial poem, bearing the well-known initials, 'E. H. P.', gives a very faithful outline of the life." — British Quarterly Review. " This touching and most comforting work is dedicated to The Queen, who took a gracious interest in its first appearance, when printed for private circulation, and found comfort in its pages, and has now commanded its publication, that the world in general may profit by it. A more practical and heart-stirring appeal to the afflicted we have never examined." — Standard. " These letters are exceptionally graceful and touching, and may be read with profit. " — Graphic. OUR BISHOPS AND DEANS. By the Rev. F. Arnold, B.A., late of Christ Church, Oxford. "2, vols. 8vo. 30s. " This work is good in conception and cleverly executed, and as thoroughly honest and earnest as it is interesting and able. The style is original, the thought vigorous, the information wide, and the portrait-painting artistic." — John Bull. LIFE OF THE RT. HON. SPENCER PERCEVAL ; Includmg His Correspondence. By His Grandson, Spencer Wal- POLB. 2 vols. 8vo, with Portrait. 30s. "Mr. Walpole's work reflects credit not only on his industry in compiling an important biography from authentic material, but also on his eloquence, power of interpreting political change, and general literary address. The biography will take rank in our literature, both as a faithful reflection of the statesman and his period, as also for its philosophic, logical, and dramatic completeness." — Morning Post. MY YEAR IN AN INDIAN FORT. Bj Mrs. Guthrie. 2 vols, crown 8vo. With Illustrations. 21s. "Written with intelligence and ability." — Pall Mall Gazette. "A pleasantly written book. Mrs. Guthrie appears to have enjoyed her visit to the Fort of Belgaum, in the Deccan, immensely. Those who know India, and those who do not, may read her woi'k with pleasure and profit." — Standard. ACROSS CENTRAL AMERICA. By J. W. Bod- dam-Whetham, Author of "Pearls of the Pacific," &c. Svo, with Illustrations, 15s. " Mr. Boddam-Whetham writes easily and agi-eeably." — Pall Mall Gazette. " A bright and lively account of intei-esting travel. We have not met anywhere a truer picture of Central American scenery and surroundings." — Globe. MY LIFE, FROM 1815 to 1849. By Charles Loftus, formerly of the Royal Navy, late of the Coldstream Guards. Author of " My Youth by Sea and Land." 2 vols, crown 8vo. 21s. "A thoroughly interesting and readable book, which we heartily recommend as one of the most characteristic autobiographies we ever read." — Standard. 13, Great Mablborough Street. MESSRS. HUEST AXD BLACKETT'S PUBLICATIONS— Conthiuecl HISTORY OF ENGLISH HUMOUR. By the Rev. A. G. L'EsTRAXGE, Author of '• The Life of the Rev. W. Harness," &c. 2 vols, crown 8vo. 21s. " This work contains a large and varied amount of information. It is impossible to give any idea of the wealth of anecdote and epigram in its pages, and for any- thing like a proper appreciation of its value we must refer our readers to the book itself." — John Bull. '• A book of the highest mark and character. The literary man, the antiquarian, and the historian will combine in pronouncing it worthy of admission into every well -selected library.'" — Messenger. RECOLLECTIONS or COLONEL DE GONNE- YILLE. Edited from the French by Charlotte M. YoyoE, Author of the " Heir of Redclyffe," d'c. 2 vols, crown 8vo. 2is. " This very interesting memoir brings us within the presence of Xapoleon I., and some of the chiefs who upheld the fortunes of the First Empire , and its anecdotes about that extraordinary man are evidently genuine and very charac- teristic. The work discloses a variety of detaUs of interest connected with Na- poleon's escape from Elba, the Hundred Days, the Bourbon Eestoration, and the Eevolution of July, 1830."— TAe Times. THROUGH FRANCE AND BELGIUM, BY RIVER AND CAXAL, IX THE STEA:\[ YACHT " YTEXE." By W. J. C. MoENS. R.Y.Y.C. 1 vol. 8vo. With Illustrations, los. "TMs book is pleasantly written, the descriptions of the scenery and objects of interest are fresh and lively, and are interspersed with entertaining anecdote. Mr. Aloens gives very valuable information to his yachting readLQTs:'— Sporting Gazette, A BOOK ABOUT THE TABLE. By J. C. Jeaefresox. 2 vols. 8vo. SOs. "This book is readable and amusing from first to last. Xo one ought to be without it. Kacy anecdotes coruscate on every page." — Morning Post. COSITAS ESPANOLAS ; or, Every-day Ln^E in Spain-. By Mrs. Harvey, of IckweU-Bury, Author of ♦' Turkish Hareras and Circassian Homes." Second Edition. 1 vol. 8vo. 15s. PEARLS OF THE PACIFIC. By J. AY. Boddam- AVhetham. 1 vol. Demy 8vo, with 8 Illustrations. 15s. " The literary merits of Mr. Whetham's work are of a very high order. Hi3 descriptions are vivid, the comments upon what he saw judicious, and there is an occasional dash of humour and of pathos which stirs our sympathies." — Athemsum. TURKISH HAREMS & CIRCASSIAN HOMES. By Mrs. Harvey, of IckweU-Bury. 8vo. Second Edition. 15s. MEMOIRS OF QUEEN HORTENSE, MOTHER OF XAPOLEOX III. Cheaper Edition, in 1 vol. 6s. " A biography of the beautiful and unhappy Queen, more satisfactory than any we have yet met with." — Daily Xevcs. RECOLLECTIONS OF SOCIETY IN FRANCE AXD EXGLAXD. ByLADY ClextentikaDavies. 2nd Edition. 2 v. "Two charming volumes, full of the most interesting matter." — Post. THE EXILES AT ST. GERMAINS. By the Author of " The Ladye Shakerley." 1 vol. 7s. 6d. bound. THE NEW AND POPULAR NOVELS. PUBLISHED BY HUEST & BLACKETT. SIR GIBBIE. By George Mag Donald, LL.D., Author of " David Elginbrod,"- " Robert Falconer," &c. 3 vols. DORCAS. By Georgiana M. Ceaik. 3 vols. (In June.) GLENMAVIS. By Agnes Smith, Author of '' Effie Maxwell," &c. 3 vols, (/n June.') GENISTA. By Mrs. Randolph, Author of "Gen- tianella," " Wood Anemone," &c. 3 vols, ORANGE LILY. By the Author of " Queenie/' &c. 2 vols. 21s. " This pleasant tale makes fi'om the outset a delightful impression," — Messenger. COWARD CONSCIENCE. By F. W. Robinson, Author of " Grandmother's Money," &c. 3 vols. " Any work from F. W. Kobinson must ever be welcomed by all readers of works of fiction, and ' Coward Conscience ' will add not a little to the writer's reputation. It is the production of a keen and kindly observer of men and manners, and it displays a subtle analysis of charactei-, as well as a breadth of observation, which are remarkable. The plot is deeply interesting, and the artistic skill of its construction is marked enough to give a vitality and realism to the dramatis j)erson^: Genuine pathos, quiet, sustained humour, fine imaginative power, and vivid and natural descriptions characterise every page." — Court Journal RHONA. By Mrs. Forrester, Author of " Viva/' " Mignon," &c. Third Edition. 3 vols. "An amusing novel, exceedingly well told, and written with more than usual spirit and ability. It is well worth reading. This interesting and brilliant book is likely to add very considerably to the author's well-established reputation." — Morning Post. " 'Bhona' is a genuine success; one of the best novels that has been written for many years, and one which will live. The characters are drawn with force, the dialogue is easy and the plot is full of originality and power." — Court Journal. ALL, OR NOTHING. By Mrs. Cashel Hoey, Author of " Griffith's Double," &c. 3 vols. " We warmly recommend this very readable, well written, and exciting novel. The story is charmingly natural, and the characters have an air of life and reality." — Morning Post. "This interesting story is full of bright and graphic touches, and the main con- ception is very striking." — Spectator. " This novel will add to Mrs. Hosy's high literary reputation. The plot is inter- esting and the incidents dramatic. It is a true picture of life." — Court Journal. QUAKER COUSINS. By Mrs. Macdonell, Author of " For the King's Dues," &c. 3 vols. " There is a thoroughly healthy tone about Mrs. Macdonell's work, and, what is more, the book is pleasant and interesting. It is rarely that a book is found written with more intelligence and more refined art." — Athenxum. " The delicacy, power, and truth which pervades every page, the high spirit in which it is written, and the deep insight of human nature, cannot fail to render' ' Quaker Cousins ' one of the most popular standard books of the day." — Cowt Journal. " An exceedingly well written novel. The characters are, drawn by a hand at once firm and delicate, while both the humour and the pathos of the story are managed with unusual grace and success."— ./oM Bull. 10 THE NEW AND POPULAR NOVELS. PUBLISHED BY HURST & BLACKETT. THE LAST OF HER LINE. By the Author of " St. Olave's," &c. 3 vols. "A wonderfully pleasant story. There are some very good sketches of character in the book, traced with the authors usual quiet humour." — John Bull. "The reader cannot fail to have a kindly feeling towards the author of 'St. Olave's,' for her writing shows refinement, and, if it is not impertinent to say so, a very estimable character Nobody could be the worse for reading ' The Last of Her Line,' and every reader wLl derive a certain amount of pleasure from it." — Athenxum. "Those who can appreciate playful wit and kindly humour, who can be touched by true pathos, those to whom a clever and a pretty story is an intellectual treat, will find it as impossible as we have done to lay down this novel until they have finished it." — Standard. A FATAL PASSION. By Mrs. Alexander Fkaser, Author of '"A Thing of Beauty," ttc. 3 vols. " A powerful and interesting novel, well written, and with an absorbingly excit- ing and admirably worked out plot. It will surely be a popular success."— /"os^. '••A Fatal Passion ' is the most interesting and exciting work of fiction that has appeared for many a long day. The characters are thoroughly original and cleverly delineated." — Court Journal. PAUL FABER, SURGEON. By George Mac DoxALD, LL.D., Author of " David Elginbrod," " Robert Falconer,'^ " Alec Forbes," &c. 3 vols. " "We recommend • Paul Faber ' warmly as a book of a very high order by a man of true genius." — Spectator. "A capital and most striking story. It bears, like aU the author writes, the stamp of genius." — Contemporary Review. THE GRAHAMS OF INYERMOY. By M. C. Stirlin'g, Author of "A True Man," &c. 3 vols. "A readable story." — Athenaeum. "Miss Stirling is at her best in her descriptions of Scotch life and customs." — Pat I Mall Gazttte. '•A charming novel To nineteen readers out of twenty the interest of the book will be absorbing." — Scotsman. LOVE LOYAL. By Mary C. Rowsell. 3 vols. "A pleasant story." — Athenceum. '•This tale is romantic and interesting." — Standard. " This novel deserves popularity. It is often thrillingly interesting. 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"These stories are masterpieces. The stamp of genius is apparent in every page." — Examiner. 11 Published annually, in One Vol., royal 8uo, with the Arms beautifully engraved, handsomely bound, with gilt edges, price 31s. 60?. LODGERS PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE, CORRECTED BY THE NOBILITY. THE rORTT-EiaHTH EDITION FOR 1879 IS NOW READY. Lodge's Peerage and Baronetage is acknowledged to be the most complete, as well as the most elegant, work of the kind. As an esta- blished and authentic authority on all questions respecting the family histories, honours, and connections of the titled aristocracy, no work haa ever stood so high. It is published under the especial patronage of Her Majesty, and is annually corrected throughout, from the personal com- munications of the Nobility. 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Alphabetical List of Peers of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, holding supe- rior rank in the Scotch or Irish Peerage. Alphabetical list of Scotch and Irish Peers, holding superior titles in the Peerage of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. A Collective list of Peers, in their order of Precedence. Table of Precedency among Men. Table of Precedency among Women. The Queen and the Koyal Family. Peers of the Blood Eoyal. The Peerage, alphabetically arranged. Families of such Extinct Peers as have left Widows or Issue. Alphabetical List of the Surnames of all the Peers. The Archbishops and Bishops of England, Ireland, and the Colonies. The Baronetage alphabetically arranged. Alphabetical List of Surnames assumed by members of Noble Families. Alphabetical List of the Second Titles of Peers, usually borne by their Eldest Sons. 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The paper and print are unexceptionable ; there is a steel engraving in each volume, and the outsides of them will satisfy the purchaser who likes to see books in handsome uniform."— .Exammer. 13. DARIEN. By ELIOT WARBURTON. "This last production of the author of ' The Crescent and the Cross ' has the same elements of a very wide popularity. It will please its thousands." — Globe. 14. FAMILY ROMANCE. BY SIR BERNARD BURKE, ULSTER KING OF ARMS. "It were impossible to praise too highly this most interesting hoolL.''— Standard. 15. THE LAIRD OF NORLAW. By MRS. OLIPHANT. "The 'Laird of Norlaw' fully sustains the author's high reputation."— /SwncJay Times. 16. THE ENGLISHWOMAN IN ITALY. "Mrs. Gretton's book is interesting, and full of opportune instruction."-- rime*. 17. NOTHING NEW. BY THE AUTHOR OF " JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." " 'Nothing New ' displays all those superior merits which have made 'John Halifax •one of the most popular works of the day." — Post. 18. FREER'S LIFE OF JEANNE D'ALBRET. "Nothing can be more interesting than Miss Freer's story of the life of Jeanne D'Albret, and the narrative is as trustworthy as it is attractive." — Post. 19. THE VALLEY OF A HUNDRED FIRES. BY THE AUTHOR OF "MARGARET AND HER BRIDESMAIDS." "If asked to classify this work, w e should give it a place between 'John Halifax * and ' The Caxtons.' " — Standard. 20. THE ROMANCE OF THE FORUM. BY PETER BURKE, SERGEANT AT LAW. " A work of singular interest, which can never fail to ch.3irm.''—Illmtrated Newi. 21. ADELE. By JULIA KAVANAGH. " ' Adele ' is the best work we have read by Miss Kavanagh ; it is a charming story full of delicate character-painting."— .4 iAenjewm. 22. STUDIES FROM LIFE. BY THE AUTHOR OF " JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." " These ' Studies from Life ' are remarkable for graphic power and observation. The book will not diminish the reputation of the accomplished author." — Saturday Review. 23. GRANDMOTHER'S MONEY. " We commend ' Grandmother's Money ' to readers in search of a good novel The characters are true to human nature, and the story is interesting."— .4i/iew«Mm. 14 HURST & BLACKETT'S STANDARD LIBRARY 24. A BOOK ABOUT DOCTORS. BY J. C. JEAFFRESON. "A delightful book." — Athenseum. " A book to be read and re-read; flt for the study R6 well as the drawing-room table and the circulating library." — Lancet. 25. NO CHURCH. " We advise all who have the opportunity to read this book." — AUienxum. 26. MISTRESS AND MAID. BY THE AUTHOR OF " JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." " A good wholesome book, gracefully written, and as pleasant to read as it is instruc- tive.'"—^^Aenosani. " A charming tale charmingly XoXdi."— Standard. 27. LOST AlTD SAVED. By HON. MRS. NORTON. '"Lost and Saved ' will be read with eager interest It is a vigorous novel" — Tinv.i. "A novel of rare excellence. It is Mrs. Norton's best prose work." — Examiner. 28. LES MISERABLES. By VICTOR HUGO. AUTHORISED COPYRIGHT ENGLISH TRANSLATION. "The merits of 'Les Miserables' do not merely consist in the conception of it as a whole ; it abounds with details of unequalled beauty. iL Victor Hugo has stamped upon every page the hall-mark of genius." — Quarterly Review. 29. BARBARA'S HISTORY. By AMELIA B. EDWARDS. " It is not often that we light upon a novel of so much merit and interest as ' Barbara a History.' It is a work conspicuous for taste and literary culture. It is a very graceful and charming book, with a well-managed story, clearly-cut characters, and sentiments expressed with an exquisite elocution. It is a book which the world will like."" Times. 30. LIFE OF THE REV. EDWARD IRVING. BY MRS. OLIPHANT. "A good book on a most interesting theme."— rwies. " A truly interesting and most affecting memoir. Irving's Life ought to have a niche in every gallery of religious biography. There are few lives that will be fuller of in- Btruction, interest, and consolation." — Saturday Review. 31. ST. OLAVE'S. " This charming novel is the work of one who possesses a great talent for writing, as well as experience and knowledge of the world. '— Athenaeum. 32. SAM SLICK'S AMERICAN HUMOUR. "Dip where you will into this lottery of fun, you are sure to draw out a prize."— Po*t 33. CHRISTIAN'S MISTAKE. BY THE AUTHOR OF " JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEilAN." "A more charming story has rarely been writtea Even if tried by the standard of the Archbishop of "Tork, we should expect that even he would pronounce 'Christians Mistake' a novel without a fault"— Times. 34. ALEC FORBES OF HOWGLEN. BY GEORGE MAG DONALD, LL.D. "No account of this story would give any idea of the profound interest that pervades the work from the first page to the last"— Athenaeum. 35. AGNES. By MRS. OLIPHANT. " ' Agnes ' is a novel superior to any of Mrs. Oliphant's former works." — Athenaeum. "A story whose pathetic beauty will appeal irresistibly to all readers." Post 36. A NOBLE LIFE. BY THE AUTHOR OF "JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." "This is one of those pleasant tales in which the author of 'John Halifax' speaks out of a generous heart the purest truths of UiQ."— Examiner. 15 HUKST & BLACKETT'S STANDAED LIBRARY 37. NEW AMERICA. By HEPWOETH DIXON. " A very interesting book. Mr. Dixon has written thoughtfully and well" — Times. "We recommend every one who feels any interest in human nature to read Mr. Dixon's very interesting book." — Saturday Review. 38. ROBEET FALCON EE. BY GEORGE MAO DONALD, LL.D. " ' Eobert Falconer ' is a work brimful of life and humour and of the deepest human Interest. It is a book to be returned to again and again for the deep and searching 'knowledge it evinces of human thoughts s,nd feelings." — Athenaeum. 39. THE WOMAN'S KINGDOM. BY THE AUTHOR OF " JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." " ' The Woman's Kingdom ' sustains the author's reputation as a writer of the purest and noblest kind of domestic stories. — Athenaeum. 40. ANNALS OF AN EVENTFUL LIFE. BY GEORGE WEBBE DASENT, D.C.L. "A racy, well-written, and original novel. The interest never flags. The whole work sparkles with wit and humour." — Quarterly Review. 41. DAVID ELGINBEOD. By GEOEGE MAC DONALD. " The work of a man of genius. It will attract the highest class of readers." — Times. 42. A BEAVE LADY. BY THE AUTHOR OF " JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." "A very good novel; a thoughtful, well- written book, showing a tender, sympathy with human nature, and permeated by a pure and noble spirit" — Examiner. ' 43. HANNAH. BY THE AUTHOR OF " JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." " A very pleasant, healthy story, well and artistically told. TJje book is sure of a wide circle of readers. The character of Hannah is one of rare beauty." — Standard. 44. SAM SLICK'S AMEEICANS AT HOME. "This is one of the most amusing books that we ever read." — Standard. 45. THE UNKIND WOED. BY THE AUTHOR OF " JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN." "The author of 'John Halifax 'has written many fascinating stories, but we can call to mind nothing from her pen that has a more enduring charm than the graceful sketches in this work." — United Service Magazine. 46. A EOSE IN JUNE. By MES. OLIPHANT. " ' A Eose in June ' is as pretty as its title. The story is one of the best and most touching which we owe to the industry and talent of Mrs. Oliphant, and may hold ita own with even ' The Chronicles of Carlingford.' " — Times. 47. MY LITTLE LADY. By E. F. POYNTEE.
25,940
tx457ns0802_1
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RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON L/7003 25 May 1992 TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution COUNCIL Original: English PHILIPPINES - ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW SCHEDULE LXXV Extension of Time-Limit The following communication dated 11 May 1992 has been received from the Permanent Mission of the Philippines. This has reference to the Decision taken by the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 4 December 1991, as contained in document L/6960, to grant the Government of the Philippines an extension until 30 June 1992 in the time-limit of the waiver from its obligations under Article II of the General Agreement of the new Schedule LXXV. Following the submission of the proposed harmonized system document which has been circulated in document SECRET/HS/24, the Government of the Philippines is pleased to inform that consultations with four contracting parties have been satisfactorily completed while consultations and negotiations are still ongoing on one unresolved issue with one other contracting party who has reserved its rights under GATT Article XXVIII. The Government of the Philippines believes that it will not be possible to complete the said consultations and negotiations by 30 June 1992. The Government of the Philippines is therefore requesting another extension up to 31 December 1992 to complete the consultations and negotiations in cooperation with the contracting party concerned. 92-06 74.
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Open Culture
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Anecdotes of William Hogarth, written by himself:
Hogarth, William, 1697-1764
English
Spoken
6,377
8,475
In this respect they resemble characters of Chaucer's Pil- grims, which have strokes of humour in them enough to de- signate them for the most part as comic: but our strongest AND CHARACTER OF HOGARTH. 103 feeling still is, wonder at the comprehensiveness of genius which could crowd, as poet and painter have done, into one small canvass so many diverse yet co-operating materials. The faces of Hogarth have not a mere momentary in- terest, as in caricatures, or those grotesque physiognomies which we sometimes catch a glance of in the street, and, struck with their whimsicality, wish for a pencil and the power to sketch them down; and forget them again as ra- pidly :—but they are permanent, abiding ideas. Not the sports of nature, but her necessary eternal classes. We feel that we cannot part with any of them, lest a link should be broken. It is worthy of observation, that he has seldom drawn a mean or insignificant countenance.* Hogarth’s mind was eminently reflective; and, as it has been well observed of Shakspeare, that he has transfused his own poetical charac- ter into the persons of his drama (they are all more or less poets), Hogarth has impressed a thinking character upon the persons of his canvass. This remark must not be taken universally. The exquisite idiotism of the little gentleman in the bag and sword beating his drum in the print of the Enraged Musician, would of itself rise up against so sweep- ing an assertion. But I think it will be found to be true of the generality of his countenances. The knife-grinder and Jew flute-player, in the plate just mentioned, may serve as * If there are any of that description, they are in his Strolling Players, a print which has been cried up by Lord Orford as the richest of his productions ; and it may be, for what I know, in the mere lumber, the properties, and dead furniture of the scene; but in living character and expression it is (for Hogarth) lamentably poor and wanting; it is, perhaps, the only one of his performances at which we have a right to feel disgusted. 104 MR. LAMB ON THE GENIUS instances instead of a thousand. They have intense think- ing faces, though the purpose to which they are subservient by no means required it; but indeed it seems as if it was painful to Hogarth to contemplate mere vacancy or in- significance. 7 This reflection of the Artist’s own intellect from the faces of his characters, is one reason why the works of Hogarth, so much more than those of any other artist, are objects of meditation. Our intellectual natures love the mirror which gives them back their own likenesses. The mental eye will not bend long with delight upon vacancy. Another line of eternal separation between Hogarth and the common painters of droll or burlesque subjects, with whom he is often confounded, is the sense of beauty, which in the most unpromising subjects seems never wholly to have deserted him. <“ Hogarth himself,” says Mr. Cole- ridge,* from whom I have borrowed this observation, speak- of a scene which took place at Ratzeburg, ‘‘ never drew a more ludicrous distortion, both of attitude and physiognomy, than this effect ocasioned: nor was there wanting beside it one of those beautiful female faces which the same Hogarth, in whom the Satirist never extinguished that love of beauty which belonged to him as a Poet, so often and so gladly in- troduces as the central figure in a crowd of humourous de- formities ; which figure (such is the power of true genius) neither acts, nor is meant to act, as a contrast; but diffuses through all, and over each of the group, a spirit of reconcilia- tion and human kindness ; and, even when the attention is no longer consciously directed to the cause of this feeling, still blends its tenderness with our laughter : and thus prevents * The Friend, No. XVI. AND CHARACTER OF HOGARTH. 105 the instructive merriment at the whims of nature, or the Joibles or humours of our fellow-men, from degenerating into the heart-poison of contempt or hatred.” To the beau- tiful females in Hogarth, which Mr. Coleridge has pointed out, might be added, the frequent introduction of children (which Hogarth seems to have taken a particular delight in) into his pieces. They have a singular effect, in giving tranquillity and a portion of their own innocence to the sub- ject. The baby riding in its mother’s lap in the March to Finchley (its careless innocent face placed directly behind the intriguing time-furrowed countenance of the treason- plotting French priest) perfectly sobers the whole of that tumultuous scene. The Boy Mourner winding up his top with so much unpretending insensibility in the plate of the Harlot’s Funeral (the only thing in that assembly that is not a hypocrite) quiets and sooths the mind that has been disturbed at the sight of so much depraved man and woman- kind. I had written thus far, when I met with a passage in the writings of the late Mr. Barry, which, as it falls in with the vulgar notion respecting Hogarth, which this Essay has been employed in combating, I shall take the liberty to transcribe, with such remarks as may suggest themselves to me in the transcription ; referring the reader for a fuller answer to that which has gone before. «© Notwithstanding Hogarth’s merit does undoubtedly entitle him to an honourable place among the artists, and that his little compositions, considered as so many dramatic representations, abounding with humour, character, and extensive observations on the various incidents of low, faulty, and vicious life, are very in- geniously brought together, and frequently tell their own story with more facility than is often found in many of the elevated and 106 MR. LAMB ON THE GENIUS more noble inventions of Rafaelle, and other great men; yet it must be honestly confessed, that in what is called knowledge of the jigure, foreigners have justly observed, that Hogarth is often so raw and unformed, as hardly to deserve the name of an artist. But this capital defect is not often perceivable, as examples of the naked and of elevated nature but rarely occur in his subjects, which are for the most part filled with characters, that in their nature tend to deformity; besides, his figures are small, and the jonctures, and other difficulties of drawing that might occur in their limbs, are artfully concealed with their cloaths, rags, &c. But what would atone for all his defects, even if they were twice told, is his admirable fund of invention, ever inexhaustible in its resources; and his satire, which is always sharp and perti- nent, and often highly moral, was (except in a few instances, where he weakly and meanly suffered his integrity to give way to his envy) seldom or never employed in a dishonest or unmanly way. ‘‘ Hogarth has been often imitated in his satirical vein, some- times in his humourous; but very few have attempted to rival him in his moral walk. The line of art pursued by my very ingenious predecessor and brother academician, Mr. Penny, is quite distinct from that of Hogarth, and is of a much more delicate and supe- rior relish; he attempts the heart, and reaches it, whilst Ho- garth’s general aim is only to shade the sides: in other respects no comparison can be thought of, as Mr. Penny has all that know- ledge of the figure and academical skill which the other wanted. As to Mr. Bunbury, who had so happily succeeded in the vein of humour and caricatura, he has for some time past altogether re- linquished it, for the more amiable pursuit of beautiful nature : this, indeed, is not to be wondered at, when we recollect that he has, in Mrs. Bunbury, so admirable an exemplar of the most finished grace and beauty continually at his elbow. But (to say all that occurs to me on this subject) perhaps it may be reasonably doubted, whether the being much conversant with Hogarth’s method of exposing meanness, deformity, and vice, in many of his AND CHARACTER OF HOGARTH. 107 works, is not rather a dangerous, or at least, a worthless pursuit ; which if it does not find a false relish, and a love of and search after satire and buffoonery in the spectator, is at least not unlikely to give him one. Life is short; and the little leisure of it is much better laid out upon that species of art which is employed about the amiable and the admirable, as it is more likely to be attended with better and nobler consequences to ourselves. These two pur- suits in art may be compared with two sets of people with whom we might associate: if we give ourselves up to the Footes, the Kenricks, &c. we shall be continually busied and paddling in whatever is ridiculous, faulty, and vicious in life; whereas there are those to be found with whom we should be in the constant pursuit and study of all that gives a value and a dignity to human nature.”’ * ce it must be honestly confessed, that in what is called knowledye of the figure, foreigners have justly observed, &c.”— Barry, see p. 106. It is a secret well known to the professors of the art and mystery of criticism, to insist upon what they do not find in a man’s works, and to pass over in silence what they do. That Hogarth did not draw the naked figure as well as Michael Angelo, might be allowed, especially as ‘examples of the naked,” as Mr. Barry acknowledges, “ rarely (he might almost have said never) occur in his subjects ;” and that his figures, under their draperies, do not discover all the fine graces of an Antinous or an Apollo, may be con- ceded likewise. Perhaps it was more suitable to his pur- pose to represent the average forms of mankind in the me- diocrity (as Mr, Burke expresses it) of the age in which he * Account of a Series of Pictures in the Great Room of the Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, at the Adelphi, by James Barry, R.A. Professor of Painting to the Royal Academy; re- printed in the last quarto edition of his works, 108 MR. LAMB ON THE GENIUS lived: but that his figures in general, and in his best sub- jects, are so glaringly incorrect as is here insinuated, I dare trust my own eye so far as positively to deny the fact. And there is one part of the figure in which Hogarth is allowed to have excelled, which these foreigners seem to have over- looked, or perhaps calculating from its proportion to the whole (a seventh or an eighth, I forget which) deemed it of trifling importance ; I mean, the human face; a small part, reckoning by geographical inches, in the map of man’s body; but here it is that the painter of expression must con- dense the wonders of his skill, even at the expense of neg- lecting the ‘ jonctures and other difficulties of drawing in the limbs,” which it must be a cold eye that in the interest so strongly demanded by Hogarth’s countenances has leisure to survey and censure. ‘* The line of art pursued by my very ingenious predecessor and brother academician, Mr. Penny.’”’ Barry, see p. 106. The first impression caused in me by reading this passage, was an eager desire to know who this Mr. Penny was. This great surpasser of Hogarth in the “ delicacy of his relish,” and the “ line which he pursued,” where is he, what are his works, what has he to show? In vain I tried to recollect, till, by happily putting the question to a friend, who is more conversant in the works of the illustrious obscure than myself, I learnt that he was the painter of a Death of Wolfe, which missed the prize the year that the celebrated picture of West on the same subject obtained it; that he also made a picture of the Marquis of Granby relieving a Sick Soldier ; moreover, that he was the inventor of two pictures of Suspended and Restored Animation, which I now AND CHARACTER OF HOGARTH. 109 remember to have seen in the Exhibition some years since, and the prints from which are still extant in good men’s houses, ‘This then, I suppose, is the line of subjects in which Mr. Penny was so much superior to Hogarth, I confess I am not of that opinion. The relieving of poverty by the purse, and the restoring a young man to his parents, by using the methods prescribed by the Royal Humane So- ciety, are doubtless very amiable subjects, pretty things to teach the first rudiments of humanity; they amount to about as much instruction as the stories of good boys that give away their custards to poor beggar-boys in Children’s books, or the tale of Carlo the dog. And is there nothing analogous to this in Hogarth ? 110 MR. LAMB ON THE GENIUS nothing which ‘attempts and reaches the heart” ?—no aim beyond that of “shaking the sides’ ?—If the kneeling ministering female in the last scene of the Rake's Progress, the Bedlam scene, of which I have spoken before, and have dared almost to parallel it with the most absolute idea of Virtue which Shakspeare has left us, be not enough to dis- prove the assertion ; if the sad endings of the Harlot and the Rake, the passionate heart-bleeding entreaties for forgiveness which the adulterous wife is pouring forth to her assassinated and dying lord in the last scene but one of the Marriage A-la-mode,—if these be not things to touch the heart, and dispose the mind to a meditative tenderness; is there nothing sweetly conciliatory in the mild patient face and gesture with which the wife seems to allay and ventilate the feverish irritated feelings of her poor poverty-distracted mate (the true copy of the genus irritabile) in the print of the Dustrest Poet? Or, if an image of maternal love be required, where shall we find a sublimer view of it than in that aged woman in Industry and Idleness (plate V.), who is clinging with the fondness of hope not quite extinguished to her brutal vice- hardened child, whom she is accompanying to the ship which is to bear him away from his native soil, of which he has been adjudged unworthy: in whose shocking face every trace of the human countenance seems obliterated, and a brute beast’s to be left instead, shocking and repulsive to all but her who watched over it in its cradle before it was so sadly altered, and feels it must belong to her while a pulse by the vindictive laws of his country shall be suffered to continue to beat in it, Compared with such things, what is Mr. Penny’s ‘‘ knowledge of the figure and academical skill which Hogarth wanted”? With respect to what follows concerning another gentle- man, with the congratulations to him on his escape out of AND CHARACTERS OF HOGARTH. 111 the regions of ‘‘ humour and caricatura,” in which it appears he was in danger of travelling side by side with Hogarth ; I can only congratulate my country, that Mrs. *« Hogarth’s method of exposing meanness, deformity, and vice.” “* Paddling in whatever is ridiculous, faulty, and vicious.” Barry, pp. 106, 107. A person unacquainted with the works thus stigmatized, would be apt to imagine, that in Hogarth there was nothing else to be found but subjects of the coarsest and most repul- sive nature. That his imagination was naturally unsweet, and that he delighted in raking into every species of moral filth. ‘That he preyed upon sore places only, and took a pleasure in exposing the unsound and rotten parts of human nature ;—whereas, with the exception of some of the plates of the Harlot’s Progress, which are harder in their character than any of the rest of his productions (the Stages of Cruelty I omit, as mere worthless caricaturas, foreign to his general habits, the offspring of his fancy in some wayward humour), there is scarce one of his pieces where vice is most strongly satirized, in which some figure is not introduced upon which the moral eye may rest satisfied; a face that indicates good- ness, or perhaps mere good-humouredness and carelessness of mind (negation of evil) only; yet enough to give a relax 112 MR. LAMB ON THE GENIUS ation to the frowning brow of satire, and keep the general air from tainting. Take the mild supplicating posture of patient poverty in the poor woman that is persuading the pawnbroker to accept her clothes in pledge, in the plate of Gin Lane, for instance. A little does it, a little of the good nature overpowers a world of bad. One cordial honest laugh of Tom Jones absolutely clears the atmosphere that was reeking with the black putrefying breathings of a hypocrite Blifil. One homely expostulating shrug from Strap, warms the whole air which the suggestions of a gentlemanly in- gratitude from his friend Random had begun to freeze. One “Lord bless us” of Parson Adams upon the wicked- ness of the times, exorcises and purges off the mass of in- iquity which the world-knowledge of even a Fielding could cull out and rake together. But of the severer class of Ho- garth’s performances, enough, I trust, has been said, to show that they do not merely shock and repulse ; that there is in them the “ scorn of vice” and the << pity” too; some- thing to touch the heart, and keep alive the sense of moral beauty ; the “* lacryme@ rerum,” and the sorrowing by which the heart is made better, If they be bad things, then is satire and tragedy a bad thing ; let us proclaim at once an age of gold, and sink the existence of vice and misery in our speculations; let us wink, and shut our apprehensions up From common sense of what men were and are ; let us make believe, with the children, that every body is good and happy ; and, with Dr. Swift, write panegyricks upon the world. But that larger half of Hogarth’s Works which were painted more for entertainment than instruction (though AND CHARACTER OF HOGARTH. 113 such was the suggestiveness of his mind, that there is always something to be learnt from them), his humourous scenes, —are they such as merely to disgust and set us against our species ? The confident assertions of such a man as I consider the late Mr. Barry to have been, have that weight of authority in them which staggers, at first hearing, even a long precon- ceived opinion. When IJ read his pathetic admonition con- cerning the shortness of life, and how much better the little leisure of it were laid out upon “that species of art which is employed about the amiable and the admirable ;” and Hogarth’s “‘ method ”’ proscribed as a ‘“¢ dangerous or worth- less pursuit ;” I began to think there was something in it; that I might have been indulging all my life a passion for the works of this artist, to the utter prejudice of my taste and moral: sense: but my first convictions gradually returned ; a world of good-natured English faces came up one by one to my recollection; and a glance at the matchless Election Entertainment, which I have the happiness to have hanging up in my parlour, subverted Mr. Barry’s whole theory in an instant. In that inimitable print (which in my judgment as far exceeds the more known and celebrated March to Finchley as the best comedy exceeds the best farce that ever was written ) let a person look till he be saturated ; and when he has done wondering at the inventiveness of genius which could bring so many characters (more than thirty distinct classes of face) into a room, and set them down at table together, or otherwise dispose them about, in so natural a manner, engage them in so many easy sets and occupations, yet all partaking of the spirit of the occasion which brought them together, so that we feel that nothing but an Election- I 114 MR. LAMB ON THE GENIUS time could have assembled them ; having no central figure or principal group (for the Hero of the piece, the Candidate, is properly set aside in the levelling indistinction of the day, —one must look for him to find him); nothing to detain the eye from passing from part to part, where every part is alike instinct with life—for here are no furniture-faces, no figures brought in to fill up the scene like stage choruses, but all Dramatis Persone: when he shall have done won- dering at all these faces so strongly charactered, yet finished with the accuracy of the finest miniature; when he shall have done admiring the numberless appendages of the scene, those gratuitous doles which rich genius flings into the heap when it has already done enough, the over-measure which it delights in giving, as if it felt its stores were exhaustless ; the dumb rhetoric of the scenery—for tables, and chairs, and joint stools, in Hogarth, are living and significant things; the witticisms that are expressed by words (all artists but Hogarth have failed when they have endeavoured to combine two mediums of expression, and have introduced words into their pictures), and the unwritten numberless little allusive pleasantries that are scattered about; the work that is going on in the scene, and beyond it, as is made visible to the “‘eye of mind,” by the mob which choaks up the door-way, and the sword that has forced an entrance before its master : when he shall have sufficiently admired this wealth of genius, let him fairly say what is the result left on his mind, Is it an impression of the vileness and worthlessness of his species? ~ or is it not the general feeling which remains, after the indi- vidual faces have ceased to act sensibly upon his mind, a kindly one in favour of his species ? was not the general air of the scene wholesome ? did it do the heart hurt to be among it? Something of a riotous spirit, to be sure, is there, some AND CHARACTER OF HOGARTH. 115 worldly-mindedness in some of the faces, a Dodingtonian smoothness which does not promise any superfluous degree of sincerity in the fine gentleman who has been the occasion of calling so much good company together: but is not the general cast of expression in the faces, of the good sort ? do they not seem cut out of the good old rock, substantial English honesty ? would one fear treachery among charac- ters of their expression ? or shall we call their honest mirth and seldom-returning relaxation by the hard names of vice and profligacy? That poor country fellow that is grasping his staff (which, from that difficulty of feeling themselves at home which poor.men experience at a feast, he has never parted with since he came into the room), and is enjoying with a relish that seems to fill all the capacities of his soul, the slender joke which that facetious wag his neighbour is practising upon the gouty gentleman, whose eyes the effort to suppress pain has made as round as rings—does it shock the “dignity of human nature” to look at that man, and to sympathize with him in the seldom-heard joke which has unbent his care-worn hard-working visage, and drawn iron: smiles from it ? or with that full-hearted cobbler, who is ho- nouring with the grasp of an honest fist the unused palm of that annoyed patrician, whom the license of the time has seated next him ? I can see nothing “dangerous” in the contemplation of such scenes as this, or the Enraged Musician, or the South- wark Fair, or twenty other pleasant prints which come crowd- ing in upon my recollection, in which the restless activities, the diversified bents and humours, the blameless peculiarities of men, as they deserve to be called, rather than their “vices and follies,” are held up in a laughable point of view. All laughter is not of a dangerous or soul-hardening 12 116 MR. LAMB ON THE GENIUS tendency. There is the petrifying sneer of a demon, which excludes and kills love ; and there is the cordial laughter of a man, which implies and cherishes it. They have this in them besides, that they bring us ac- quainted with the every-day human face,—they give us skill to detect those gradations of sense and virtue (which escape the careless or fastidious observer) in the countenances of the world about us; and prevent that disgust at common life, that tedium quotidianarum formarum, which an unre- stricted passion for ideal forms and beauties is in danger of producing. In this, as in many other things, they are ana- logous to the best novels of Smollett and Fielding. 118 BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY ON THE GENIUS AND WORKS OF WILLIAM HOGARTH. SO much has already been written respecting the illus- trious Artist who is the subject of the present memoir, that, were it not intended as a necessary accompaniment to this edition of his works,* a sketch of his life might seem to re- quire some apology. It is not here professed to bring for- ward additional facts, but rather to examine generally his peculiar merits as an artist, and to exhibit, within a mode- * This elegant ‘‘ Essay on the Genius and Works of Hogarth” is here reprinted by the permission of Messrs. Baldwin and Cra- dock, the Proprietors of the original plates of Hogarth. It was written expressly for the large edition of the ‘‘Genuine Works of Hogarth,” after the plates had been repaired by James Heath, Esq. Associate Engraver, R.A. Without those plates, now hap- pily to be obtained at a moderate price, no library can be said to be complete ; and who would be content with copies, however ex- cellent, when the originals can be so easily procured ? ESSAY ON HOGARTH. 119 rate compass, the opinions of his various commentators ; con- necting this criticism with such a brief outline of his life as may serve to give a biographical form to the whole. England is justly proud of having given birth to two men of kindred excellence, and of unrivalled genius, of each of whom it may be said, that he neither founda predecessor, nor left a successor, in the track which he pursued. Each was eminently gifted with the talent of pourtraying humour, passion, and feeling, in all their varying shades, with a feli- city that seems to mock competition :—it is hardly necessary to add the names of Shakspeare and Hogarth. Hogarth, like Shakspeare, has been a fertile theme to biographers, critics, commentators, and illustrators. As there is hardly a syllable in the works of the one that has not been the subject of a remark, or a note, so there is scarcely an incident or a figure in the productions of the other that has not been explained or noticed. Even this external evidence of their superior merit, alone, carries con- viction; for, however fashion, prejudice, admiration of no- velty, or some other circumstance, may for a while cause even extended reputation, it cannot be permanently secured through successive generations, unless founded upon qualities productive of lasting interest. The bulk of productions, whether in literature or in art, must necessarily be brief in their existence. Among these scintillations that gleam and disappear, it is only the few and mighty master-minds that are stars shining in that firmament where they have been fixed by the apotheosis of their own genius. In discussing the merits of men like Hogarth, criticism naturally assumes the tone of eulogium: they who should preside as judges at a tribunal, prostrate themselves as wor- shippers before a shrine. Enthusiasm must not, however, 120 ESSAY ON THE GENIUS be permitted to usurp the place of discrimination; nor is it necessary to claim for one who possesses so many excel- lencies, those to which his pretensions appear somewhat dis- putable. Although a very perfect master of expression, and well able to depict that majesty of the passions which arises from their vividness and energy, he could not, like our great Poet, array them with equal success either in a humble or dignified garb. His powers were less universal ; for, though they were great, their range was more limited. In histori- cal composition he did not even attain to a respectable me- diocrity ; yet this is no disparagement of his merits, nor is it half so surprising as that the Author of “ Tom Jones,” who was gifted with such extraordinary talent for comic writing, should have uniformly failed when he attempted comedy. And it is well for the fame of our Artist, that, instead of proving a successful follower in a beaten track, he boldly struck into one that was new and unexplored. Avia Pieridum peragrat loca, nullius anté Trita solo : juvat integros accedere fontes. Had he succeeded in the first case, he would have been merely one among the many: at present he is not only the first in that branch of art which he created, but stands there without a subsequent competitor of eminence. To assert, however, that his productions possess the poeti- cal beauties, and sublime expressions, that are to be found in the great Italian masters, would be as imprudent as to claim for him that exquisite beauty and truth of execution which are characteristic of the Flemish school ; and as ab- surd, as to deny him those peculiar merits which constitute his excellence, and have secured his fame. Elegance of composition and picturesque effect were but secondary con- siderations with one whose principal object was not so much AND WORKS OF HOGARTH. 121 to flatter the eye with forms of majesty and beauty, or the splendour of colouring, the magic of chiaro-scuro and de- ceptive imitation, as to inform the mind ;—to pourtray hu- man nature, rather ethically than poetically, exhibiting man, the creature not only of nature but of society, with all his vices and his follies, his errors and his weaknesses. This being his aim, he regarded forms themselves less than the meaning which they are capable of conveying; so that as one of his most zealous admirers has observed, ‘* other pictures we look at—Hogarth’s prints we read.” Wivi1aAmM HocartH was born in London, Nov. 10, 1697. His early prospects were far from promising ; for his father,” who kept a school in the parish of St. Martin, Ludgate, was not able to do more toward his future provision in life, than to put him in the way of shifting for himself. Having a spon- taneous turn for drawing, he chose the profession of an en- graver of cyphers and coats of arms on plate. As soon as his apprenticeship was expired, he entered into the Aca- demy in St. Martin’s Lane, where he studied from the living figure. He supported himself at this period of his life by en- -graving arms and shop-bills, and it was some time before he emerged from obscurity, or was at all noticed as an artist. From 1723 to 1730, he was employed upon designs and plates for a variety of publications, among which were thirteen folio prints in Aubrey de la Motraye’s Travels; seven small ones for Apuleius in 1724: five frontispieces for Cassandra ; seventeen cuts for a duodecimo edition of Hu- dibras in 1726, and a variety of others. None of these per- formances are at all superior to the common book embellish- ments of that period, which is certainly not saying much in their favour: but though the sun of his genius arose ob- scured, its meridian and setting beams were fervid and bril- 122 ESSAY ON THE GENIUS liant. Even the set of plates which he executed for Hudi- bras, although the best of these works, exhibit no very strong traits of humour ; yet it might be supposed that such a poem would, at a more mature age and in easier circumstances, have been illustrated by him with congenial talent. About the year 1728 he commenced the profession of Painter : his subjects were small groups of family portraits, or conversation pieces. One of these, painted for Earl Tyl- ney, and containing portraits of that nobleman and his family, is well known under the denomination of the “ Wanstead As- sembly.” This composition, which is said to have been his first performance in this line that attracted public notice, is very much in the style of Watteau ; as is likewise his “ View of the Mall in St. James’s Park.” Yet, although he painted several portraits and groups, he was not destined to succeed in a branch of his profession requiring address, delicacy, and flattery. The pencil of Hogarth was too uncourtly to at- tempt to embellish the traits which nature had given ; it de- lighted rather in heightening than subduing character, how- ever unfavourable that character might be. An anecdote is recorded of him which sufficiently proves this. A nobleman, not remarkable either for the regularity of his features or the gracefulness of his person, felt ag- grieved at the verity with which the artist had depicted him, and refused to take the picture; nor would he have done so had it not been for a threat that, unless the money was sent in the course of three days, the portrait should be exhibited in a manner most wounding to the self-love of the original. When he first began to publish his plates on his own ac- count, they were pirated by the dealers, who combined for that purpose, and, by vending their copies at a lower price, AND WORKS OF HOGARTH. 123 prevented him from reaping the reward due to his labours : so that he was glad to dispose of his plates for whatever they chose to give him, there being no law to protect the copy- right of engravings. At a subsequent period, therefore, he himself, in conjunction with Vertue, Pine, and some other artists, successfully petitioned Parliament for an Act to se- cure their property, and to prevent copies being made with- out the consent of the Artist, for the term of fourteen years. The year 1730 was marked by an important event in the domestic history of our artist; this was his marriage with Jane, the only daughter of Sir James Thornhill, the histori- cal painter, with whom he became acquainted by attending her father’s academy opened at his house in Covent Garden. This union was made without the previous knowledge of the lady’s parents; and at first the knight was little pleased at a match which he considered derogatory to his family, and by no means adequate to his daughter’s prospects; nor was he for some time disposed to forgive them. A reconciliation was, however, afterwards effected through the mediation of Lady Thornhill, who advised her daughter to place in her fa- - ther’s way some of the scenes of the ‘ Harlot’s Progress,” which Hogarth was then painting. Struck with the merit of these performances, Sir James expressed his approbation, but in such a manner as shewed that his satisfaction arose from the consideration that the talents of his son-in-law would enable him to support his wife: afterwards, however, he re- lented, and behaved with generosity towards his daughter and her husband. At the period of his marriage Hogarth had lodgings at South Lambeth, and being intimate with Mr. Tyers, the proprietor of Vauxhall, he advised him to embellish his Garden with paintings. ‘This was accordingly done, and some of the designs were furnished by Hogarth himself, 124 ESSAY ON THE GENIUS Not long afterwards appeared his print called ‘“‘ The Man of Taste,” intended as a satire upon Kent, Lord Burlington, that artist’s patron, and Pope. The two former of these had before fallen under his lash, in his plate of Burlington Gate ; and the cause assigned of his dislike towards them was, his Lordship’s preference of Kent to Thornhill, and his procur- ing the former to be employed in painting the Palace at Kensington, Whether he had any pique against the Poet is not known ; perhaps he made use of him merely as a vehicle for his satire, and as being a distinguished character. Cer- tain it is, that however ill the Bard might relish this per- formance, or might feel the poignancy of its wit, he was too discreet to manifest any resentment, or to attempt a retort, well aware that his person was not of a description to with- stand the ridicule that might be cast upon it by the pencil, or to enter into a contest, of which the result would inevi- tably prove an exposure of his bodily deformity. In the spring of the year 1732 Hogarth made an excursion to Rochester and Sheerness, with four friends, Thornhill, his brother-in-law, Scott*, the landscape-painter, Tothall,* * See notices of Scott and Tothall in Nichols’s “* Biographical Anecdotes of Hogarth,” vol. I. p. 522. AND WORKS OF HOGARTH. 125 and Forrest.* The latter of these undertook to be the his- torian of their adventures, and drew up a humorous narrative of this zmpromptu tour, intended as a satire upon the unin- teresting and impertinent details committed to paper by tra- vellers ; while Hogarth and Scott were the draftsmen on this expedition. This literary and graphic curiosity has been given to the public by Mr, Nichols, in the third or supple- mentary volume of the ‘ Biographical Anecdotes,” as has likewise a poetical version of the same narrative, written by the Rev. W. Gostling, at the end of the first volume.
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SOCIETY Mrs. Coolidge and Guests Hear Famous Opera Singer in Her Retiring Program at Auditorium. Mrs. Coolidge, accompanied by Mrs. Frank W. Stearns, accompanied by George Harvey, occupied a box at the Washington Auditorium last evening to hear Mrs. Schumann-Heink in her farewell program on the professional stage. Former Ambassador to Great Britain and Mrs. George Harvey, who have been guests of the President and Mrs. Coolidge for several days, left this morning for their home. The Secretary of State and Mrs. Kellogg were guests at luncheon yesterday of Mr. and Mrs. William G. Pearce of New York, who entertained at the Homestead, at Hot Springs. Secretary and Mrs. Kellogg returned last night. Cabinet Bud's Debut Tea Monday Afternoon, December 5. The Secretary of War and Mrs. Dwight F. Davis will entertain at tea Monday afternoon, December 5, to present their daughter, Miss Alice Brooks Davis, to society. The Minister of Canada and Mrs. Massey will be hosts at tea this afternoon to delegates to the radiotele photographic conference. Mrs. James J. Davis, wife of the Secretary of Labor, will entertain at luncheon Wednesday, November 9, in compliment to Mrs. Thomas R. Marshall, widow of the former Vice President. Representative and Mrs. Charles C. Kearns of Ohio have taken an apartment at the Chastleton, having just returned to the Representative and Mrs. Andrew L. Sumer of New York have arrived in Washington and are at the Mayflower. Rear Admiral and Mrs. Albert G. Gleeves will sail from New York on the Mongolia Thursday, November 24, for California where they will spend the Winter. Admiral and Mrs. Gleaves have gone to Winchester, Va. for a fortnight’s visit with Capt. and Mrs. E. H. Durell and will then be with their son-in-law and daughter, Mr. and Mrs. Morris Cohen, in their Philadelphia home for a short time until they sail. The marriage of Miss Eleanor Siebert, niece of Senator and Mrs. Tasker L. Oddie, to Dr. George W. of White Plains, N. Y., will take place tomorrow afternoon at 5 o'clock at the home of Senator and Mrs. Oddie. About 30 guests will attend the wedding, many of them relatives of the bride. Senator and Mrs. Oddie will entertain informally at dinner this evening for the bride and bridegroom-elect, when the guests will be only members of the families. Maj. Gen. Hanson E. Ely commandant of the Army War College, who will shortly go to his new post, in command of Governors Island, and Mrs. Ely will be at home from 4 to 7 o’clock Sunday afternoon in their quarters at Washington Barracks. Gen. and Mrs. Ely will be extensively entertained before their departure at the end of this month. Lieut. Col. and Mrs. Charles A. Thais will give a dinner party for them Thursday, November 10, and Lieut. Col. and Mrs. Jerome G. Pillow will be hosts at dinner in their honor Sunday, November 13. Brig. Gen. and Mrs. Lutz Whal will entertain at dinner Thanksgiving evening, November 24, in compliment to Gen. and Mrs. Ely. The Minister to China and Mrs. John Van A. Mac Murray will leave Washington Friday for San Francisco, from where they will sail November 11, returning to his post in Peking. The Quartermasters' Association, comprising officers of the Quartermasters' Association, offers Wednesday New Arrivals in Fur-Trimmed Beige Coats From $78.50. MORROW Madame may find much pleasure in viewing these newly arrived coats. This distinctive display will emphasize the importance of beige as a favored hue. Each exquisite model combines simplicity and perfection of line with youthful originality. THE THIRD WEEK! The BEST FURS FOR OVER 17 YEARS 1208 G Street Our Store is Our Store. Merely Fur Garments — Finest of Quality, Finest of Workmanship. Trulv Fur "CREATIONS" by Capitol's master designers. Whatever fur you have in mind, remember that you’ll find it here—at its best! GREATER values by ACTUAL COMPARISONS! CAPITOL FUR SHOP 1208 G Street. Charge Accounts Solicited. SOCIETY. The Master Corps of the Army, Officers’ Reserve and National Guard, held its first monthly luncheon at the Carlton Hotel today. Mr. Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce, was the guest of honor. Other guests were Mr. Dwight. F. Davis, Secretary of War: Col. Hanford MacNider, Assistant Secretary of War; Mr. F. Trubee Davison, Assistant Secretary of War for Aviation, and Maj. Gen. Charles P. Summerall. Mme. Boncesco, wife of the financial counselor of the Rumanian legation, has gone to New York to join the secretary of the legation and Mme. Popovici at the Ritz-Carlton for the remainder of the week. Mrs. Thomas F. Walsh will entertain at dinner Monday evening, December 5, in compliment to the Vice President and Mrs. Dawes. Mr. and Mrs. Frank S. Light will entertain at a buffet supper this evening following the rehearsal of the wedding of their daughter, Miss Barbara Might, to Mr. Charles David Hayes, which will take place tomorrow. The guests will include the members of the wedding party. Mrs. James F. Curtis entertained the members of the hall committee for the annual ball for the benefit of the Children’s Hospital, January 9, at 1 ncheon today, the company including Mrs. Stanley Rinehart, Mrs. Arthur O’Brien, Mrs. Richard Wilmer, Mrs. Kildridge Jordan, and Mrs. John S. Dryden. Capt. Lamar H. Leahy, U. S. N., of the Naval War College at Newport, and Mrs. Leahy have given up the house on Oakwood terrace and are established in an apartment in La Forge for the Winter. Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Creed C. Hammond have returned from St. Paul, Minn., Mrs. Hammond being joined there by Gen. Hammond on her way back after having spent the Summer in Oregon. The date of the debutante ball to be given at the Mayflower has been changed from November 18 to Tuesday, November 22. This change has been made necessary on account of the Harvard-Yale game. Miss Lattice Lee Coulling has gone to Philadelphia, where she is the guest of Miss Grace Norris, who was presented to society last evening by her father, Dr. Richard C. Norris, at a dance which he gave at the Philadelphia Country Club. Miss Margaret Stour shared honors with Miss Norris. Miss Coulling will go from Philadelphia, at the end of the week, to Cambridge, Mass., to visit Mr. and Mrs. Fur Work. Done here has that distinctive appearance of well done — you will find nowhere else. No overcharging. WOLF 5= about Cebb Cast fi * T- j with Gantt and Kenyon * “This is mine!" Wouldn’t you like to be able to say it about a home in a section which is in itself indicative of social and financial position? Eight rooms, two baths and maid’s room and bath, library, sleeping porch, garage and trees. At $19,000 it is way underpriced. Call us to inspect. 816 15th Street Main <938 THE EVENING STAR. WASHINGTON, D. C., TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 1927. SAILING FROM SAN FRANCISCO MRS. JOHN V. A. MACMURRAY. With Mr. Mac Murray, American Minister to China, she will leave Washington Friday for San Francisco, and will sail from there November 11 for Peking. Mrs. Elisha Gee, the latter formerly Miss Margaret Treadwell of Washington and New York. Mr. and Mrs. J. Ryan Devereaux have leased an apartment at the Brighton for the Winter, and have closed their house. Portledge, in Chevy Chase, will sail shortly after Christmas for Europe. Maj. and Mrs. Donald Dalton have with them for a few days the latter's mother, Mrs. C. P. Wynne of Pennsylvania, who is on her way to Florida. The "Minuet" of black or white creation of setters. F Street at Tenth Street. Shop of Presents Exclusive, Distinctive Apparel for Women and Misses Beautiful Evening Gowns Wraps Coats, Sports Suits Tweed Ensembles Day Dresses, Novelties Very Smart Hats CONSERVATIVELY PRICED Henderson Furniture Values Enable You to Combine Economy with taste in doing your Fall home reappointing. Call and examine our stocks at your leisure. Inspection of our displays of Living Room, Dining Room, Bedroom Suites and Occasional Pieces will in no way obligate you. Fine Paperhanging & Painting for Over 50 Years James B. Henderson Fine Furniture, Laces, Upholstery, Paperhanging, Painting 1108 G Street— Phones m® l * l 767,15 Nonce Mains 7676 = 3 The day for the Winter. Maj. and Mrs. Dalton had guests dining informally with them last evening. Mrs. Sneed, wife of Col. Byard Sneed, U. S. A., will entertain at luncheon Saturday at the Army and Navy Club in honor of Mrs. Donaldson, wife of Brig. Gen. T. Q. Donaldson. Mrs. Henry F. Dimock and Mrs. Frank B. Noyes are among those who have taken boxes for the concert to be given by the Dayton Westminster Choir on Sunday evening, November 13, at 8:30 o'clock in the ballroom of the Mayflower Hotel. Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes is in charge of reservations. Mr. and Mrs. McAdoo Honor Guests at Virginia Home. Mr. and Mrs. Harley Payton Wilson entertained at dinner last evening in their country home, Hollin Hall, in compliment to the former Secretary of the Treasury and Mrs. William Gibbs McAdoo, the occasion being in celebration of Mr. McAdoo’s birthday anniversary. The home had a charming arrangement of Autumn flowers, foliage, and fruit, and the other guests were Senator Thomas Walsh, Senator and Mrs. Oscar Underwood, the charge d’affaires of Germany and Frau Kiep, Col. and Mrs. Harris Brand, Mr. and Mrs. John W. Childress, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Davies, Mr. and Mrs. Ord Preston, Maj. and Mrs. Henry Conger Pratt, Mr. and Mrs. Louis Hertle of Gunston Hall, Mrs. William Morgan Smith of Berryville, Va., house guest of the hosts; Mr. Edward Milton and Mr. Brice Clagett. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson will have as their guests over the weekend Mr. and Mrs. William Gruell of New York, Miss Alice Wilson and Miss Betty Adams. Mr. and Mrs. McAdoo were guests at luncheon today at the Cosmos Club of Mr. and Mrs. Doolittle of New York. who are house guests of Mr. and Mrs. Wilson. Brig. Gen. and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt entertained their son-in-law and daughter, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Gassaway Davis, 3rd, in their box at the opening of the Metropolitan Opera House. THREE MODERN GRACES. Economy, elegance, and excellence have been feminine in the past. So has economy for that matter in the past. However, elegance and excellence have always been associated with extravagance and not with economy. Modern methods of manufacture and distribution, such as are pursued and executed by the Nisley group of thirty-four stores and two factories, have made economy the play fellow and excellence to the almost total. That is why you see stores, in the most exclusive shopping centers of America’s principal cities, filled with the type of women who are accustomed to the maximum in elegance and excellence. Madelon lence. They have found the secret of keeping these charm is Parisian first two graces and replacing the third (extravagance) charm whether you take it from the Withers modern and more pleasing grace—economy. I enchanted gardens of Les Ambassa- Nisley’s Beautiful Shoes are shown in— I • \ deurs on the Champs—Elysees or the / [ bizarre gypsy cave of tbe cabaret Bi- | V Ba-Bo on the hill of Montmartre. . » \ ? “Madelon,”a current Misled pattern, f S A j has a charm representative of the I J J l best that has come from Paris this . g\W\ L* / l / M V year. It is shown in bright, black, * I * /» ■ / f patent leather with a skeleton trim- I I L # A > mmg o f U«k lU.J.. H iB K,P.H, \ J Parisian chiffon stockings in w J l preferred tones $ 1.50 J f lmporl i£'Zf s ßuckla Sizes 2to 9Vi—AAA to D Special Styles in AAAA ) Misueys ( q Beautiful Shoes ) > Perfectly Appointed Stores in America’s Principal Cities, <j l In Washington —1339 F Street, N.W. J season last night. Others in their party were Mr. and Mrs. William Wickham Hoffman and Prince Chris topher of Greece. Mrs. George Mesta had in her box her brother-in-law and sister. Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Adams; Mrs. Richard T. Wilson. Mr. William Matheus Sul livan. Mr. Charles Keller Beekman and Mr. Chester Alan Arthur. Mrs. Lawrence Townsend was among the guests of Mr. and Mrs. Otto 11. Kahn, and among others at the performance were Viscountess d’Alte, wife of the Minister of Portu gal; Mr. and Mrs. Walter D. Hines, Mr. and Mrs. Bernard M. Baruch, Mr. J Lawson H. Treadwell and Mr. Arthur Bradley Campbell. Judge and Mrs. C. C. McChord en- ■ tertained at dinner last night at the j Willard, at which time covers were laid for 12. Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Zumbrunn entertained at dinner last evening at tlie Congressional Country Club, their guests being Senator and Mrs. Elmer Thomas of Oklahoma, the secretary of the German embassy, Dr. Emil 1 Baer; the attache of the Egyptian | legation, Mr. A. F. El-Eissy; Dr. and j Mrs. H. W. Evans, Dr. and Mrs. Mac- 1 | pherson Crichton, Mme. Soyez and j * Miss Minnie Lee Williams. ! Col. Wade IT. Cooper entertained Sunfast Damask 36-in., 85c a yard up 50 inches wide, $2.50 yd. Wholesale and Retail. I-’ 1 1 F St. N.W. Main 3111 for Estimates Informally at dinner last evening at his residence, IT?2 Massachusetts ave nue. In honor of Dr. and Mrs. John Wesley Hill. Dr. Hill is chancellor of Lincoln Memorial University. The marriage of Miss Moselle Braden, daughter of Mr. G. V. Braden of this city, to Mr. O. Leland Hunt son of Brig. Qen. O. E. Hunt of the I \ I —/'f.pASTERMXK— # ■> ft 1719 CoNMecTicuT , Ave- - '% 'Autumn and Wintor, Fashions , Tfa« Smart Woman displays a proper preference for the Pasternak tvpe of clothes . . . simple, distinguished, and with restrained chic. Observing the Modern standards of fashion and al ways adhering to the Pasternak standard of quality. Gowns—Wraps— Coats—Froeks Furs—Costumes—Hats Sportswear SOCIETY. L rated Stales Army, retired, took place Saturday afternoon in the garden of the home of Dr. William C Cumming. at Mount Washington, Md rhe ceremony was performed hv Dr Cumming. • T, he b , r,d * w ® r ? a * own °f «reen and gold velvet, with a gold lace hat. and (Continued on Nineteenth Page.).
31,899
9690277_1
Court Listener
Open Government
Public Domain
2,023
None
None
English
Spoken
605
834
N. PATRICK CROOKS, J. ¶ 76. (concurring). The majority concludes that in a situation where the basis *335for the revocation of a sexually violent person's supervised release is violation of one or more conditions or rules, "a court should explore alternatives or fully explain why some step short of revocation would not be adequate." Majority op., ¶ 44. However, I believe that the language used by the majority does not go far enough. Therefore, I conclude that, in a situation where the basis for the revocation of a sexually violent person's supervised release is a rules violation, rather than a determination based on public safety, a court must consider alternatives to revocation on the record. Such consideration is required as a matter of good policy, as outlined in State ex rel. Plotkin v. Department of Health & Social Services, 63 Wis. 2d 535, 217 N.W.2d 641 (1974), and Van Ermen v. Department of Health & Social Services, 84 Wis. 2d 57, 267 N.W.2d 17 (1978), and because an appropriate application of Wis. Stat. § 980.06(2) (b) calls for it. ¶ 77. In Plotkin, we found that alternatives to revocation should be considered prior to the revocation of probation, and adopted Section 5.1 of the American Bar Association's Standards Relating to Probation as guidelines for Wisconsin courts to follow in such situations. Plotkin, 63 Wis. 2d at 544-45. See also majority op., ¶ 29. In Van Ermen, this court reached a similar conclusion, but with regard to the revocation of parole. Van Ermen, 84 Wis. 2d at 66. These two decisions are applicable to this case, because, as the majority notes, allegedly sexually violent persons have the same constitutional rights as criminal defendants at trial, and the procedural due process protections of "probation and parole revocation proceedings also apply in supervised release revocation proceedings under Chapter 980." Majority op., ¶ 22. See also State v. VanBronkhorst, 2001 WI App 190, ¶ 9, 247 Wis. 2d 247, 633 N.W.2d 236. *336Using Section 5.1, Plotkin outlines several alternatives that " 'should be considered in every case as possible alternatives to revocation.'" Plotkin, 63 Wis. 2d at 545 (citation omitted). Van Ermen stated that discretion should be exercised "by at least considering whether alternatives are available and feasible." Van Ermen, 84 Wis. 2d at 67. Thus, requiring consideration of alternatives to revocation of a sexually violent person's supervised release in situations where the basis for the revocation is the violation of the conditions or rules of release is necessary in order to comply with prior decisions of this court and the court of appeals. ¶ 78. The language of Chapter 980 states that "[t]he department shall arrange for control, care and treatment of the person in the least restrictive manner consistent with the requirements of the person ...." Wis. Stat. § 980.06(2) (b). The language of § 980.06(2) (b) ties the statute to this court's decisions in Plotkin and Van Ermen. To comply with § 980.06(2)(b), the least restrictive manner for control, care and treatment of a sexually violent individual must be utilized. In order to determine the least restrictive manner, it follows that alternatives to revocation must be considered and such consideration must be on the record for purposes of review. ¶ 79. While I concur for the reasons noted, I join the majority in affirming the court of appeals' decision, since here the circuit court based its revocation order, on the need to protect the safety of others. See majority op., ¶ 14. ¶ 80. For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully concur. ¶ 81. I am authorized to state that Justice ANN WALSH BRADLEY joins this concurrence.
44,540
cloisterhearth00read_8
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,890
The cloister & the hearth : or, Maid, wife, and widow ; a matter-of-fact romance
Reade, Charles, 1814-1884
English
Spoken
7,790
11,727
" A monastery ! " cried he, joyfully ; " I go no further lest I fare worse." He applied at the postern, and, on stating whence he came and whither bound, was instantly admitted and directed to the guest-chamber, a large and lofty room, where travellers were fed and lodged gratis by the charity of the monastic orders. Soon the bell tinkled for vespers, and Gerard entered the church of the convent, and from his place heard a service sung so exquisitely it seemed the choir of heaven. But one thing was wanting, Margaret was not there to hear it with him, and this made him sigh bitterly in mid-rapture. At supper, plain but wholesome and abundant food, and good beer, brewed in the convent, were set before him and his fellows, and at an early hour they were ushered into a large dormitory ; and, the number being moderate, had each a truckle- bed, and for covering sheepskins dressed with the fleece on : but, previ- ously to this, a monk, stnick by his youth and beauty, questioned him, and soon drew out his projects and his heart. When he was found to be convent-bred, and going alone to Rome, he became a personage, and in the morning they showed him over tho convent and made him stay and dine in the refectorj-. They also pricked him a route on a slip of parch- ment, and the prior gave him a silver guilden to help him on the road, and advised him to join the first honest company he should fall in with, " and not face alone the manifold perils of the way." •' Perils 1 " said Gerard to himself. That evening he came to a small straggling town where was one inn. It had no sign ; but, being now better versed in the customs of the country-, he detected it at once by the coats of arms on its walls. These belonged to the distinguished visitors who had slept in it at different epochs since its foundation, and left these customary 4* tokens of their patronage. At present it looked more like a mausoleum than a hotel. Nothing moved nor sounded either in it or about it. Gerard ham- mered on the great oak door; no answer. He halloed ; no reply. After a while he halloed louder, and at last a little round window, or rather hole in the wall, opened, a man's head pro- truded cautiously, like a tortoise's from its shell, and eyed Gerard stol- idly, but never uttered a syllable. " Is this an inn ? " asked Gerard, with a covert sneer. The head seemed to fall into a browm study; eventually it nodded, but lazily. " Can I have entertainment hero 1 " Again the head pondered and mded by nodding, but sullenly, and seemed a skull overburdened with catch-penny interrogatories. " How am I to get ^-ithin, an 't please you 1 " At this the head popped in, as if the last question had shot it ; and a hand popped out, pointing round the corner of the building, and slammed the window. Gerard followed the indication, and, after some research, discovered that the fortification had one vulnerable part, a small, low door on its flank. As for the main entrance, that was used to keep out thieves and custom- ers, except once or twice in a year, when they entered together, i. e. when some duke or count arrived in pomp, with his train of gaudy ruf- fians. Gerard, having penetrated the outer fort, soon found his way to the stove (as the public room was called from the principal article in it), and sat down near the oven, in which were only a few live embers that diffused a mild and grateful heat. After waiting patiently a long time, he asked a grim old fellow with a long white beard — who stalked sol- emnly in, and turned the hour-glass and then was stalking out — when supper would be. The grisly Gany- mede counted the guests on his fin- 80 THi: CLOISTER AND THK IIKAHTH. pcrs, — " ^Vh^n I wo thrico as many here »is now." (ifriinl );ri)aiie<l. Till- ^,'ri>ly tyrant riscnti<l the ro- Ullious Miiinil. •■ Inns arc not bnilt for one," >aul ho ; " if ^vou can't wait for the rfst, look out for another lody- in^'." (fcrard siKhitl. At this the fH'aylK'ard frowned. After a while eonijcinv triekled steadily in, 'ill full ei;;hty jK-r.sons of various conditions were con;;re;;ated, and to our novice the place Ufanie a cli:unlH-r of horrors ; for here the inutluTs not to;,'ether and com|iared rin^'wornis, an<l the tnen scra|K<l the mini olV their shtH'S with their Knives, and left it on the tloor, and coniU-d tlii'ir ion;; hair out, innnites includ- c<l, and niiulc their toilet, eonsistin;; j^-nerally of a dry ruh. Water, how- ever, WHS l>rou;,'ht in ewers. (Jeranl j>ounced on one f>f thex-, hut at si;;ht of the iii|uid contents lost his temper and said to the waiter, " Wash you tirst your water, and then a nmn may wiish his liands withal." " An it likes you not, seek another inn ! " ( icrard said nothinp, hut went quiet- ly, and courtcou<ly U-soiiirht an ol«l truvelUr to tell him how far it was to the next inn. " About four Icflfjuw" Then (icrard appnviatod the prim pleasantry of the unlH'iidinjr sire. 'That worthy now returned with an armful of wood, and, counting the travellers, put on a lo;; for every six, l)y which act of raw justice the hot- ter the room the more heat he added. Poor (icrard noticed this little flaw in tlie ancient man's lopic, hut carefully sujiprossed every symptom of intel- ligence, lest his feet should have to carry his brains four lea^iics farther that" night. When perspiration and suffocation were far advanced, they brought in the table-cloths ; but O, so brown, so dirty, and so coarse ! they seemed like sacks that h;vl been worn out in airri- cultiire and come down to this, or like shreds from the main-sail of Bome worn-out ship. The Hollander, who had never sivn such linen, even in niphtnnire, uttered a faint cry. " What is to do > " int|uired n trav- eller, (icrard (xtinted ruefully to the dirty sackcloth. The other looked at it with lark-lustre eye, and compnv bended nautrht. A lJ\irpundian soldier, with his ar- balest at his back, came jHV|iinp over (ierard's shoulder, an<l, seeing what wiLs amiss, laughed so loud that tho riMMn rang again, then slap|M'd him on the biuk anil cried, " Courage le (liable i-st mort." Gerard stared ; he <louhted alike the good tidings and their relevan- cy ; but the tones were so hejirty anil the arbalestrier's face, notwith- standing a formidable l)eard, was so gay and genial, that he smiled, and after a pause saiil dryly, "II a bien fait ; avec lean tt lingc du pays on allait Ic noircir ii no sc rcconnaitrc plus." " Tims, tiens ! " cried the soldier, "vTaqui paric le Kram/ais, |k'ii s'en faut,"and lie seated himself by (icrard, and in a moment was talking voliiblv of war. Women, and j>illage, interlard- ing his discoui-M- with curious oalhs, at which ( terard drew away from him more or less. Presently in came the grisly ser- vant, and countcil them all on his fin- gers su|H-n-iliously, like Abraham tell- ing sheej), then went out again and returned with a deal trencher and deal sjxHin to each. Then there was an interval. Then he brought them a long mug apiece, made of glass, and frowned. By and by he stalked gloomily in with a hunch of bre^id apiece, and exit with an injured air. Exj)ectatiiin thus raised, the guests sat for nearly an hour balancing the wooden spoons, and with their own knives whittling the bread. Eventually, when ho{)C was extinct, patience worn out, and hunger exhausted, a huge vessel was brought in with pomp, the lid was re- moved, a cloud of steam rolled forth, and behold some thin broth with THE CLOISTER AND THE HEARTH. 81 square pieces of bread floating. Tliis, though not agreeable to the mind, served to distend the body. Slices of Strasbourg ham followed, and pieces of salt fish, both so liighly salted that Gerard could hardly swallow a mouth- ful. Then came a kind of gruel, and, when the repast had lasted an hour and more, some hashed meat highly peppered ; and the French and Dutch being now full to the brim with the above dainties, and the draughts of beer the salt and spiced meats had provoked, in came roasted kids, most excellent, and carp and trout fresh from the stream. Gerard made an effort, and looked angrily at them, but " could no more," as the poets say. The Burgundian swore, by the liver and pikestaif of the good centurion, the natives had outwitted him. Then turning to Grerard, he said, " Courage, I'ami, le diable est mort," as loudly as before, but not witti the same tone of conviction. The canny natives had kept an internal corner for contingen- cies, and polished the kids' very bones. The feast ended with a dish of raw animalcula in a wicker cage. A cheese had been surrounded with little twigs and strings ; then a hole made in it and a little sour wine poured in. This speedily bred a small but numer- ous vermin. When the cheese Avas so rotten with them that only the twigs and string kept it from tumbling to pieces and walking off quadrivious, it came to table. By a malicious caprice of fate, cage and menagerie were put down right under the Dutchman's or- gan of self-torture. He recoiled with a loud ejaculation, and hung to the bench by the calves of his legs. " What is the matter 1 " said a trav- eller, disdainfully. " Docs the good cheese scare ye? Then put it hither, in the name of all the saints ! " " Cheese !" cried Gerard. "I see none. These naitseous reptiles have made awav with every bit of it." " Well,'' replied another, " it is not gone far. By eating of the mites we eat the cheese to boot." "Nay, not so," said Gerard. " These reptiles are made like us, and digest their food and turn it to foul flesh even as we do ours to sweet ; as well might you think to chew grass by eating of grass-fed beeves, as to eat cheese by swallowing these uncleanly insects." Gerard raised his voice in uttering this, and the company received the paradox in dead silence, and with a distrustful air, like any other stranger; during which the Burgundian, who understood German but imperfectly, made Gerard Gallicize the discussion. He patted his interpreter on the back. " C'est bien, mon gars ; plus fin que toi n'est pas bete," and administered his formula of encouragement ; and Gerard edged away from him, for next to ugly sights and ill odors the poor wretch disliked profaneness. Meantime, though shaken in argu- ment, the raw reptiles were duly eaten and relished by the company, and served to provoke thirst, a principal aim of all the solids in that part of Germany. So now the company drank " garausses " all round, and their tongues were unloosed, and O the Babel ! But above the fierce clamor rose at inten-als, like some hero's war-cry in l)attle, the trumpet- like voice of the Burgundian soldier shouting lustily, " Courage, cama- rades, Ic diable est mort ! " Entered grisly Ganymede, holding in his hand a wooden dish with circles and semicircles marked on it in chalk. He put it down on the table and stood silent, sad, and sombre, as Charon of Styx waiting for his boat-load of souls. Then pouches and purses were rum- maged, and each threw a coin into the dish. Gerard timidh' observed that he had drunk next to no beer, and in- quired how much less he was to pay than the others. "What mean you?" said Gany- mede, roughly. " Whose fault is it you have not drunken ? Are all to suffer because one chooses to be a milksop 1 You will pay no more than the rest and no less." Gerard was abashed. 82 THK CLOISTEK ANI> THE IlKAKTH. Conrafje, j>ot;t, le (liable est mort," (i;inviiK'<lo a foiii, hircoii''lic(l ,T>ot;t, tiio s suldicr, and Hung " You are as liatl as he is," said the old man, pccvislily, " yuu arc payinj; too niiuh " ; and the tyramiiial old Aristidis returned him some coin out of tlie trenclier with a most reproadi- ful conntcnance. And now the man wliom (iiranl liad confuted an inuir anil a lialf a;,'o awoke from a i)rown study, in whieh he had been ever sinec. ami camo to him and said, " Yes; but the honey is none the worse for pnss- in;,' tlirou;;h the Ixes' bellies." Gerard staretl. The answer had been so lon^' on tlie road he hadn't an iilea what it was an answer to. Scein;,' him ilumfoundered, tlie other coneluded him eonfuted, and with- drew ealmed. The i>edrooms were up-stjiirs dun- geons with not ft serap of furniture except the bed, and a male servant settled inexorably who should sleep with whom. Neither money nor jirayers would get a man a bed to himself here ; custom forbade it stern- ly. You mi;;ht as wi'll have asked to iiioMopoli/e a see-saw. They assifjned to (icrard a man with a great black beard. Ho was an honest fellow enough, but not perfect ; he >vould ttot go to l)ed, an<l would sit on the ed;re of it, telling the wretched Gerard by force and at lcn;;th the events of the day, anil alternately laughing and crying at the same circumstances, wiiich were not in the smallest degree pathetic or humorous, but only dead trivial. At last Gerard put his fin- gers in his ears, and, lying down in his clothes, for the sheets were too dirty for him to undress, contrived to sleep. But in an hour or two he awoke cold, and found that his drunk- en companion had got all the feather bed; so mighty is instinct. They lay between two beds : the lower one hard, and made of straw, the upper soft, and filled with feathers light as down. Gerard pulled at it, but the experienced drunkard held it l\ist me- chanically. Gerard tried to twitch it away by Burprise, but instinct was too many for him. On thi.s he got out of bed, and, kneeling down on liis l)edfellow's unguarded side, easily whipiK'd the jui/e away, and rolled with it under the l)ed, and there lay on one edge of it, and curled the rest round his shuuldeis. Ucfore he slept, he often heard something grumbling and growling aliorc him, which was some little satisfaction. Thus Instinct was outwitted, and victorious Reason lay chuckling on feathers, and not quite choked with dust. At jxTj) of day Gerard rose, flung the feather bed upon his snoring com- |)anion, and ^vcnt in search of milk and air. A cheerful voice hailed him in French : " What ho! you are up with the sun, comrade." " He rises betimes that lies in a dog's lair," answered (ierard, crossly. " Courage, I'nmi ! le diable est mort," 'wa.s the instant reply. The .soldier then told him his name was Denys, and he was passing from Flushing in Zealand to the duke's Fremh dominions, a change the more agreeable to him as he should revisit his native jdace and a host of pretty girls who hail wept at his departure, and should hear French spoken again. " And who arc you, and whither bound ? " " >[y name is Gerard, and I am go- ing to Home," said the more reserved Hollander, and in a way that invited no further confidences. " All the better ; we will go to- gether as far as Burgimdy." " That is not my road." " All roads take to Home." " Ay, but the shortest road thither is my way." " Well, then, it is I who must go out of my way a step for the sake of good company, for thy face likes rae, and thou speakest French, or nearly." " There go two words to that bar- gain," said Gerard, coldly. " I steer by proverbs too. They do put old heads on young men's shoulders. 'Bon loup mauvais compagnon, dit lo THE CLOISTER AND THE HEARTH. 83 brebis * ; and a soldier, they say, is near akin to a wolf." " They lie," said Denys ; " besides, if he is, ' les loups ne se mangent pas entre eux.' " Let us drop wolves and sheep, be- ing men ; my meaning is, that a good soldier never pillages — a comrade. Come, young man, too much suspi- cion becomes not your years. They who travel should learu to read faces ; methinks you might see Icalty in mine sith I have seen it in yourn. Is it yon fat purse at your girdle you fear for?" (Gerard turned pale.) "Look hither ! " and he imdid his belt, and poured out of it a double handful of gold pieces, then returned them to their hiding-place. " There is a host- age for you," said he; "carry you that, and let us be comrades," and handed him his belt, gold and all. Gerard stared. " If I am over-pru- dent, you have not enow." But he flushed and looked pleased at the oth- er's trust in him. " Bah ! I can read faces ; and so must you, or you '11 never take your four bones safe to Eome." " Soldier, you would find me a dull companion, for my heart is very heavy," said Gerard, yielding. " I '11 cheer you, mon gars." " I think yon would," said Gerard, sweetly ; " and sore need have I of a kindly voice in mine ear this day." " 0, no soul is sad alongside me. I lifj; up their poor little hearts with my consigne : ' Courage, tout le monde, le diable est mort.' Ha, ha!" " So be it, then," said Gerard. " But take back your belt, for I could never trust by halves. We will go to- gether as far as Rhine, and God go with us both ! " " Amen ! " said Denys, and lifted his cap. " En avant ! " The pair trudged manfully on, and Denys enlivened the weary way. He chattered about battles and sieges, and things which were new to Gerard; and he was one of those who make lit- tle incidents wherever they go. Ho passed nobody without addressing him. " They don't understand it, but it wakes them up," said he. But, whenever they fell in with a monk or priest, he pulled a long face and sought the reverend father's blessing, and fearlessly poured out on him floods of German words, in such order as not to produce a single German sentence. He dofled his cap to every woman, high or low, he caught sight of, and with eagle eye discerned her best feature and complimented her on it in his native tongue, well adapted to such nuttters : and, at each carrion crow or magpie, down came his cross- bow, and he would go a furlong off the road to circumvent it ; and indeed he did shoot one old crow with lauda- ble neatness and despatch, and carried it to the nearest hen-roost, and there slipped in and set it upon a nest. " The goodwife will say, ' Alack, here is Beelzebub a hatching of my eggs.' " "No, you forget, he is dead," ob- jected Gerard. " So he is, so he is. But she does n't know that, not having the luck to be acquainted with me, who carry the good news from city to city, uplifting men's hearts." Such was Denys in time of peace. Our travellers towards nightfall reached a village ; it was a very small one, but contained a place of enter- tainment. They searched for it, and found a small house Avith barn and stables. In the former was the ever- lasting stove, and the clothes drying round it on lines, and a traveller or two sitting morose. Gerard asked for supper. "Supper? We have no time to cook for travellers ; we only provide lodging, good lodging for man and beast. You can have some beer." "Madman who, born in Holland, sought other lands ! " snorted Gerard, in Dutch. The landlady started. "What gibberish is that?" asked she, and crossed herself with looks of siiperstitioxis alarm. " You can buy what you like in the village, and cook 84 THE CLOISTER AND TlIK llKAUTir. it in our oven ; Imt, prithee, mutter no I eliarms nor .Kori-t-rifs here, (;o<nl man ; don't ye, now, it do niiike my Ihsh ereeit so." \ They seuiired the viliajre for AkhI, | and ended hy snppinf^on roiisted ejrjr^ and brown lirt^d. At a very early hour their eham- iHTinaid eamc for them. It was a rosy-<-iieeked oKl fellow with a lan- teni. They followed him. He led them across a dirty ("arm-yanl, where they had much ado to piek their stejis, and l>riiui;lit them into a cow-lionse. 'I'liere, on eaeh side of'^Pery cow, was laid a little clean fMnnw, ami a tied hiiudle ot' ditto for a pillow. The old man looked down on this !iis work with paternal pri«lc. Not so Gerard. What, do yon Ret Chris- tian men to lie amon;^ cattle ? " *■ Well, it ii hard upon the poor Ixa-st-s. They have scarce room to turn." "Oh! what, it is not hard on us then 1 " " Where is the hardship ? I have lain ainon;; them all my life. Ix>ok at me ! I am fotirseore, and nc\er had a headache in all my liorn days, — all alon;,' of lyiii;: anion;; the kye. Bless your silly head, kiiic's breath is ten times sweeter to drink nor Chris- tians'. Yon try it ! " and he slammed the l)edro<jm door. " Denys, wlure are you ? " whined Gerard. " Here, on her other side." " What are you doinp ? " " I know not. But, as near as I can ;;ucss. I think I must be going to slecj). What are you at ? " " I am sayin^r niy prayers." " Forget me not in them ! " " Is it likely ? Dcnys, I shall soon have done : do not go to sleep, I want to talk." " Despatch then ! for I feel — augh — like — floating — in the sky — on a warm cloud." "Dcnys!" , " Augh ! eh ! hallo I is it time to get tip : " •' Alack, no. There, I hurried my ori.s(jns to talk ; and look at vou, go- ing to sleep! Wtr shall be stJir\cd before morning, having no cover- lets." " Well, you know what to do." "Not I, in sooth." *' Cmldle the cow." "Thank you." " Burrow in the straw then. You must be very new to the world to grumble at this. How would you iK'ar to lie on the field of battle on a frosty night, as I did t'other day, stark naked, with nothitig to kecf> me warm but the carciuss of a fellow I had Im-cii and lielj>ed kill ? " "Horrible! horrible! Tell me all about it ! O, but this is sweet." " Well, we had a little battle in Brabant, and won a little victory, but it cost us dear ; several iirbalestriers turned their toes up, and 1 among them." " Killed, Dcnys ? come, now ! " " Dead as mutton. Stuck full of pike-holes till the blood ran out of me, like the good wine of Mi'icon from the trodden grapes. It is right bountious in me to jiour the tale in minstrel phrase, for — augh — I am sleepy. Augh — now where was I '. " " fvcft dead on the field of battle, bleeding like a pig ; that is to say, like grai)es, or something ; go on, pri- thee go on, 'tis a sin to sleej) in iho midst of a good story." " Granted. 85 asked Gerard, eagerly, being a youth inoculated with monkish tales. " Too frost-bitten for that, mon gars; besides, I heard the wounded groaning on all sides ; so I knew I was in the old place. I saw I could not live the night through without cover. I groped about shivering and shivering ; at last, one did suddenly leave groaning. ' You are sped,' said I, so made up to him, and true enough he was dead, but warm, you know. I took my lord in my arms ; but was too weak to carry him, so rolled with him into a ditch hard by ; and there my comrades found me in the morning properly stung with nettles and hugging a dead Fleming for the bare life." Gerard shuddered. " And this is war ; this is the chosen theme of poets and troubadours, and Reden Ryckers. Truly was it said by the men of old, ' Dulcc bcUum inex- pertis.' " " Tu dis ? " " I say, — O what stout hearts some men have ! " " N 'est-ce pas, p'tit 1 So after that sort — thing, — this sort thing is heaven. Soft — warm — good com- pany comradancow — cou'age — dia- ble — m — ornk ! " And the glib tongue was still for some hours. In the morning Gerard was awak- ened by a liquid hitting his eye, and it was Denys employing the cow's udder as a squirt. "O fie!" cried Gerard, "to waste the good milk": and he took a horn out of his wallet. "Fill this! but indeed I see not what right we have to meddle with her milk at all." "Make your mind easy! Last night la camarade was not nice ; but what then ? true friendship dispenses with ceremony. To-day we make as free with her." "Wliy, what did she do, poor thing?" "Ate my pillow." "Ha, ha!" " On waking I had to hunt for mv head, and found it do^vn in the stable gutter. She ate our pillow from us, wc drink our pillow from her. A votre sante', madame; et sans ran- cune " ; and the dog drank her to her own health. " The ancient was right, though," said Gei'ard. " Never have I risen so refreshed since I left my native land. Henceforth let us shun great towns and still lie in a convent or a cow-house ; for I 'd liever sleep on fresh straw than on linen well washed six months agone ; and the breath of kine it is sweeter than that of Chris- tians, let alone the garlic which men and women folk affect, but cowen ab- hor from, and so do I, St. Bavon be my witness ! " The soldier eyed him from head to foot : " Now, but for that little tuft on your chin, I should take you for a girl ; and, by the finger-nails of St. Luke, no ill-favored one neither." These three towns proved types, and repeated themselves with slight varia- tions for many a weary league ; but, even when he could get neither a con- vent nor a cow-house, Gerard learned in time to steel himself to the inevi- table, and to emulate I. is comrade, whom he looked on as almost super- human for hardihood of body and spirit. There was, however, a balance to all this veneration. Denys, like his predecessor Achil- les, had his weak part ; his very weak part, thought Gerard. His foible was "woman." Whatever he was saying or doing, he stopped short at sight of a farthin- gale, and his whole soul became oc- cupied with that garment and its in- mate till they had disappeared; and sometimes for a good while after. He often put Gerard to the blush by talking his amazing German to such fe- males as he caught standing or sitting in doors or out, at which they stared ; and, when he met a peasant girl on the road, he took off his cap to her, and saluted her as if.she was a queen. T)ie invariable effect of which was, 86 Tin: CLOISTER AND THK UKARTH. that she Riulilonly drew herself up (piite stiff, like a soldii-r on parade, B.ii'1 wore a fi>rl»ii|iliii;; CDUTiti'iiiiiiee. '• They drive iiic to desjiair," says Denys. " Ls that u just return to a civil hnnnetjide i They are larjje, thi-y are fair, hut slii|iid as swans." " What hrei'dini' ean you exiK-et from women that wear no liose, " inquired (ierard, " and some of them no shoon ? They sit-m to mo re- jk-rved on<l modest, as iKromi-s their sex ; and soU-r, whereas the men an- little U-tterthan iKer-harn-ls. Would vou have them hra/en a.s well as liose- less I " " A little nffahility adorns even iK-autv," sighed Denys. " 'I'hen let them alone, sith they are not to your taste," retorteil (Ji"- rard. " What, is tlnre no swirt faee in nur;:\indy that would ]iaie to see you so wra]ipid uj) in straufje wt>- nuii ' " " Half a dozen that would crj' thiir eves <iut." " W'l-ll. then ! " " liut it ii u long way to Burpun- <ly." " Ay, to the foot, luit not to tlu* heart. I am tlurr, sleepinj,' and wakin;:, and almnst iviry minute of tlie day." " In Hurpundy ' Why, I thought you hatl never — " •' In Burgundy ? " cric<l Gernrd, contemjituously. " No, in sweet SevenlR-rgcn. Ah ! wtll-a-day ! well- a day ! " Many sueh dialogues as this pa.ssed between the pair on the long and weary road, and neither could change the otlier. One day about noon they reached a town of some pretensions, and (Ie- rard wius glad, for he wanted to buy a i)air of shoes ; his own were quite worn out. They soon found a shop that displayed a goodly array, and niaile up to it, and wotilil have entered it, but the shopkeejKr sat on the doorstep taking a n:i|). anil was so fat as to block up the narrow doorway ; the verj- light cuuld hardly struggle [last his " too, too solid flesh,' ' murl) e.ss a carnal customer. My fair readers, accustomed, when thfv go shopping, to l>e met half-way with no«ls and In'cks and wreathed smiles, and waved into a keat, wliilc almost at the same in.^tant an ea;:er sluipman llings himself half acro-s the counter in a seniicirfle t<i learn their commands, ean l»est appreciate this inediieval Teuton, who kept a shop as a dog keeps a kcniud, and sat, at the exclusion of custom, snor- ing like a pig. Denys and (icrnrd st»Hxl and con- templated this curiosity ; cmldem, IK^'rmit me to remark, of the lets and lindranees to commerce that charuc- teri/.ed his ep<K-h. " .lump over hin> ! " " The diMir is too low." " March through hin> ! " " The man is too thick." " What is the coil '. " in(|uired a mumbling voice from the interior, — apprentice with his mouth full. " We want to get into your shop." " What for, in Heaven's nunu- !!]]]" " ShtM)n ; lazy-bones ! " The ire of the apprentice l)egan to rise at such an explanation. " And could ye fmd no hour out of all tho twelve to come pestering us for shoon, but the one little, little hour my mas- ter takes his nap, and I sit down to my dinner, when all the rest of tho world is fidl long ago t " Denys heard, but could not follow the sen.se. " Waste no more time in talking their (ierman giblMjrish," sai«l he : " take out thy tnife and tickle his fat ribs." " That will I not," said Gerard. " Then here goes ; I '11 prong him with this." Gerard seized the mad fellow's arm in dismay, for he had been long enough in tlie country to guess that the whole town would take part in any brawl with the native against a stninger. But Denys twisted away from him, and the cross-lrow IkjU in bis hand was actually on the road to THE CLOISTER AND THE HEARTH. 87 the sleeper's ribs, but at that very moment two females crossed the road towards liim ; he saw the blissful vis- ion, and instantly forgot what he was about, and awaited the approach with unreasonable joy. Though companions they were not equals, except in attractiveness to a Burgundian cross-bow-man ; for one W:is very tall, the other short, and, by one of those anomalies which socie- ty, however primitive, speedily estab- lishes, the long one held up the little one's tail. The tall one wore a plain linen coif on her head, a little grogi'am cloak over her shoulders, agraykirtle, and a short fartliingale, or petticoat, of bright red cloth, and feet and legs quite bare, though her arms were veiled in tight linen sleeves. The other a kirtle broadly trimmed with fur, her arms in double sleeves, whereof the inner, of yellow satin, clung to the skin ; the outer, all be- furred, were open at the inside of the «lbo\v, and so the arm passed through and left them dangling. Velvet head- dress, huge purse at girtlle, gorgeous train, bare legs. And thus they came on, the citizen's wife strutting, and the maid gliding after, holding her mistress's train devoutly in both hands, and bending and winding her lithe body prettily enough to do it. Imagine (if not pressed for time) a bantam, with a guinea-hen stepping obsequious at its stately heel. This pageant made straight for the shoemaker's shop. Denys louted low ; the worshipful lady nodded gracious- ly, but rapidly, having business on hand, or rather on foot ; for in a mo- ment she poked"the point of her little shoe into the sleeper, and worked it round in him like a gimlet, till with a long snarl he woke. The incarnate shutter rising and grumbling vaguely, the lady swept in and deigned him no further notice. He retreated to his neighbor's shop, the tailor's, and, sit- ting on the step, protected it from the impertinence of morning calls. Neighbors should be neighborly. Denys and Gerard followed the dignity into the shop, where sat the apprentice at dinner; the maid stood outside ^vith her insteps crossed, lean- ing against the wall, and tapping it with her nails. " Those, yonder," said the dignity, briefly, pointing with an imperious little white hand to some yellow shoes gilded at the toe. While the appren- tice stood stock-still, neutralized by his dinner and his duty, Denys sprang at the shoes, and brought them to her ; she smiled, and, calmly seating her- self, proti'uded her foot, shod, but hoseless, and scented. Down went Denys on his knees and drew off her shoe, and tried the new ones on the white skin, devoutly. Finding she had a willing victim, she abused the opportunity, tried first one pair, then another, then the first again, and so on, balancing and hesitating for about half an hour, to Gerard's disgust and Denys's weak delight. At last she was fitted, and handed two pair of yellow and one pair of red shoes out to her servant. Then was heard a sigh. It burst from the owner of the shop ; he had risen from slumber, and was now hovering about, like a partridge near her brood in danger. " There go all my colored shoes ! " said he, as they disappeared in the girl's apron. The lady departed. Gerard fitted himself with a stout paii", asked the price, paid it without a word, and gave his old ones to a beggar in the street, who blessed him in the mai'ket- place, and threw them furiously down a well in the suburbs. The comrades left the shop, and in it two melan- choly men, that looked, and even talked, as if they had been robbed wholesale. " My shoon are sore worn," snid Denys, grinding his teeth ; " but I '11 go barefoot till I reach France ere I '11 leave my money with such churls as these." The Dutchman replied, calmly, " They seem indifferently well sewn." As they drew near the Rhine, they passed through forest after forest, and 88 TIIK CI.OISTFH ANI> THK IIKAIMII. novr for the first time uply woitls* ; bounilifl in truvcIliTs' mouiiu, Fcateil aniuiid stovfs. " Thicvca ! " " bluck ^.'iui^'s ! " " cutthront-t ! " etr. 'I'lii- MTV rustics wvTv said tt> Iiuvr a custom hi-rt-aliuut/i of munliTiiij,' tlic ;niwi»ry iruvi-llcr in tliosc ^looniv >viM>ils, wli(»Sf (larlc and devious wind- inir* enuhled those who were f.tniiliar with them to do di-eds of rapine and IdiMMl undetirted, or, if detected, easily to haille pUTMuit. ( "erUiin it wa.s. thatevery clown they met carried, whether for oHenec or difiiue, a most fonnidahle weajKin : a ii;,'ht axe with a short pike at tlie head, and a lonj;, slemler handle of ash or yew, well Rcasonctl. These the natives could all throw with sin- gular ]irecision, so as to make (h<< i>oint strike an ohjivt at several yards dis- tance, or could slay a liulltM-k at hanil with a stroke of the Made. (Wrard lK)ti;jIit one and practised with it. Dcnys quietly filed and j:round his liolts sharp, whi-.tlinK the whilst ; and, when they entered a i;loomy wwmI, he woulil unslin;; his cross-lKJW and carrv it reaily for action ; hut not so much like a tniveller tearing; an at- tack as a s|H)rtsnian watchful not to miss a snap-shot. One day, hein;; in a fon*<t a few loai;ues from Dusseldorf. as Gerard WiLs walking like one in a dri'am, tliiukiii;; of Mar;:arct, and .scarce see- ing: the roail he tnxl, his ci^mpaniun laid a hand on his shoulder, ami strunj; his cross-l>ow with ;;littcrinjj eye. " Hush ! " said he, in a low whisjxT, that surtled (ierard more th:in thunder, (icranl ;:r.»sped his axe tii;l»t, and sho-ik a little; he heanl a rustlin;: in the wood hard hy, and at the same moment Denys sprani: into the wood, and his cross- Itow went to his shoulder even as he jumped. Twanir ! went the metal string' ; and after an instant'.s susj)ense he n):>rod, " Hun forward, truard the road ; he is hit ! he is hit ! " Cierard darted fonvard, and, as he ran, a young bear burst out of the wood right upon him ; finding itself intercepted, it went up on its hind legs ^vith a itnarl, ami, thougli not half grown, ojK:ne<l formiilahU- jaw« and long claws. Gerard, in a fury of ex- citement and agitation. Hung him»elf on it, and ddiveretl a tremendous Mow on its nose with his axe, and the creature staggm-d ; anolhi-r. and it lay grovelling, with (ierard hacking it. "Hallo! ston! you are mad to s|M)il the meat.' ■' I took it for ft robU-r," Boid Ge- rard, punting '■ I nu-an I had made really for a robl>er, so 1 could not hold my hand." "" Ay, these chattering travellers I have siutVed your head full of thieves I and a.ssassins ; they have not got n real live robl>er in ihcir whole nation. Nay, I '11 carrv tin- Uast ; In-ar thou ' my cross-Uiw. '" We will carry it by tnnjs, then," .saiil (JeranI, " for 't is a heavy load. I'lxir thing, how its WwmI «lrips! Why did we slay it ? " " For supjier, and the n*ward the baillieof the next town shall give us." " And for that it mu-t die, when it had but just Ingun to live ; and jht- I chance it hath a mother that will miss I it sore this night, and loves it as ours I loves us ; nion' than mine doi-s me." I " What, know ycm not that his mother was caught in a pitfall last I month, and her skin is now at the tanner's ? and his father was stuck I full of cloth-yard shafts t'other day, I and died like Julius Ca-sar, with his I hands folded on his lH>som and a i dca<l dog in each of them ? " I But Gerard would not view it jest- I inirly. " Why, tiici^" said he, " wo , have killed one of God's creatures, I that w as all alone in the world, — as I i am this day in this strange land." '* You young inilk.sop," roared Denys, " these things mu.st not be looked at so, or not another bow woidd be drawn nor qnaml fly in forest nor battle-field. Why, one of voiir kidney con.sorting with a troop of pikemen should turn them to a row of milk-pails. It is ended, to Rome thou goest not alone ; for ne\ef THE CLOISTER AND THE HEARTH. 89 wouldst thoit reach the Alps in a whole skin. I take thee to Ilemire- mont, my native place, and there I marry thee to my young sister ; she is blooming as a peach. Thou shakest thy head ? ah ! I forgot ; thou lovest elsewhere, and art a one-woman man, a creature to me scarce conceivable. Well, then, I shall find thee not a wife, nor a leman, but a friend, some honest Burgundian who shall go with thee as far as Lyons ; and much I doubt that honest fellow will be myself, into whose liquor thou hast dropped sundry powders to make me love thee ; for erst I endured not doves in doublet and hose. From Lyons, I say, I can trust thee by ship to Italy, which, being by all accounts the very stronghold of milksops, thou wilt there be safe ; they will hear thy ivords, and make thee their duke in a twinkling." Gerard sighed : " In sooth, I love not to think of this Dusseldorf, where we are to part company, good friend." They walked silently, each think- ing of the separation at hand ; the thought checked trifling conversation, and at these moments it is a relief to do something, however insignificant. Gerard asked Denys to lend him a bolt. " I have often shot with a long- bow, but never with one of these ! " " Draw thy knife, and cut this one out of the cub," said Denys, slyly. " Nay, nay, I want a clean one." Denys gave him three out of his quiver. Gerard strung the bow, and levelled it at a bough that had fallen into the road at some distance. The power of the instrument surprised him ; the short but thick steel bow jarred liim to the very heel as it went off, and the swift steel shaft was invisible in its passage : only the dead leaves, with which November had carpeted the narrow road, flew about on the other side of the bough. " Ye aimed a thought too high," said Denys. " What a deadly thing ! no wonder it is driving out the long-bow, ■ — to Martin's much discontent." " Ay, lad," said Denys, triumphant- ly, " it gains ground every day, in spite of their laws and their procla- mations to keep up the yewen bow, because, forsooth, their grandsires shot with it, knowing no better. You sec, Gerard, war is not pastime. Men will shoot at their enemies with the hittingcst arm and the killingest, not with the longest and missingest." " Then these new engines I hear of will put both bows down ; for these, with a pinch of black dust, and a leaden ball, and a child's finger, shall slay you Mars and Goliah and tho Seven Champions." " Fooh ! pooh ! " said Denys, warmly, "petrone nor harquebuss shall ever put down Sir Arbalest. Why, we can shoot ten times while they are putting their charcoal and their lead into their leathern smoke- belchers, and then kindling their matches. All that is too fumbling for the field of battle ; there a sol- dier's weapon needs be aye ready, like his heart." Gerard did not answer, for his ear was attracted by a sound behind them. It was a peculiar sound, too, like something heavy, but not hard, rush- ing softly over the dead leaves. He turned round with some little curios- ity. A colossal creature was coming down the road at about sixty paces' distance. He looked at it in a sort of calm stupor at first ; but the next moment he turned ashy pale. " Denys ! " he cried. " O God ! Denys ! " Denys whirled round. It was a bear as big as a cart- horse. It was tearing along with its huge head down, iiinning on a hot scent. The very moment he saw it, Denys said in a sickening whisner : — "THE CUB!" O the concentrated horror of that one word, whispered hoarsely, with dilating eyes ! For in that 90 THK CLOISTKU AND TIIK HF.AHTH. Fvllahlc it nil Husliod U[)oii thi-m iKitli, iiki' a siKJilcii stroke of li;^litniii;; in the (lark, — till.' bloody trail, the innr- dtnil luli, the mother ujtoii them, and it. DKATH. All this in a moment of time. The next she saw them. IIupc as .she was, »\w ."ieemed to douhle herself (it wiLs her Ion;: hair hristlint; with ru^'e) ; .she raised her head hi^ lus a hull's, her swine-shn[)ed jaws ojK'iied wide at thoni, her eve.s ttinied to liliHid and tiame, and she ruslie<l u]H)n them, seatlerin^ the leaveii about her like a whirlwind a.s she eame. " .*sh«Jot ! " storeamed Denv.s, but (ienird stood shakin^^ from head to foot, ii.seless.
30,728
https://github.com/pip-services3-node/pip-services3-facade-node/blob/master/obj/src/operations/FacadeOperations.js
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
pip-services3-facade-node
pip-services3-node
JavaScript
Code
305
1,404
"use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.FacadeOperations = void 0; /** @module operations */ /** @hidden */ let _ = require('lodash'); const pip_services3_commons_node_1 = require("pip-services3-commons-node"); const pip_services3_commons_node_2 = require("pip-services3-commons-node"); const pip_services3_components_node_1 = require("pip-services3-components-node"); const pip_services3_components_node_2 = require("pip-services3-components-node"); const pip_services3_commons_node_3 = require("pip-services3-commons-node"); const pip_services3_commons_node_4 = require("pip-services3-commons-node"); const pip_services3_commons_node_5 = require("pip-services3-commons-node"); const pip_services3_commons_node_6 = require("pip-services3-commons-node"); const pip_services3_commons_node_7 = require("pip-services3-commons-node"); const pip_services3_commons_node_8 = require("pip-services3-commons-node"); const pip_services3_rpc_node_1 = require("pip-services3-rpc-node"); class FacadeOperations { constructor() { this._logger = new pip_services3_components_node_1.CompositeLogger(); this._counters = new pip_services3_components_node_2.CompositeCounters(); this._dependencyResolver = new pip_services3_commons_node_3.DependencyResolver(); } configure(config) { this._dependencyResolver.configure(config); } setReferences(references) { this._logger.setReferences(references); this._counters.setReferences(references); this._dependencyResolver.setReferences(references); } getCorrelationId(req) { return req.params.correlation_id; } getFilterParams(req) { let filter = pip_services3_commons_node_1.FilterParams.fromValue(_.omit(req.query, 'skip', 'take', 'total')); return filter; } getPagingParams(req) { let paging = pip_services3_commons_node_2.PagingParams.fromValue(_.pick(req.query, 'skip', 'take', 'total')); return paging; } sendResult(req, res) { return pip_services3_rpc_node_1.HttpResponseSender.sendResult(req, res); } sendEmptyResult(req, res) { return pip_services3_rpc_node_1.HttpResponseSender.sendEmptyResult(req, res); } sendCreatedResult(req, res) { return pip_services3_rpc_node_1.HttpResponseSender.sendCreatedResult(req, res); } sendDeletedResult(req, res) { return pip_services3_rpc_node_1.HttpResponseSender.sendDeletedResult(req, res); } sendError(req, res, error) { pip_services3_rpc_node_1.HttpResponseSender.sendError(req, res, error); } sendBadRequest(req, res, message) { let correlationId = this.getCorrelationId(req); let error = new pip_services3_commons_node_4.BadRequestException(correlationId, 'BAD_REQUEST', message); this.sendError(req, res, error); } sendUnauthorized(req, res, message) { let correlationId = this.getCorrelationId(req); let error = new pip_services3_commons_node_5.UnauthorizedException(correlationId, 'UNAUTHORIZED', message); this.sendError(req, res, error); } sendNotFound(req, res, message) { let correlationId = this.getCorrelationId(req); let error = new pip_services3_commons_node_6.NotFoundException(correlationId, 'NOT_FOUND', message); this.sendError(req, res, error); } sendConflict(req, res, message) { let correlationId = this.getCorrelationId(req); let error = new pip_services3_commons_node_7.ConflictException(correlationId, 'CONFLICT', message); this.sendError(req, res, error); } sendSessionExpired(req, res, message) { let correlationId = this.getCorrelationId(req); let error = new pip_services3_commons_node_8.UnknownException(correlationId, 'SESSION_EXPIRED', message); error.status = 440; this.sendError(req, res, error); } sendInternalError(req, res, message) { let correlationId = this.getCorrelationId(req); let error = new pip_services3_commons_node_8.UnknownException(correlationId, 'INTERNAL', message); this.sendError(req, res, error); } sendServerUnavailable(req, res, message) { let correlationId = this.getCorrelationId(req); let error = new pip_services3_commons_node_7.ConflictException(correlationId, 'SERVER_UNAVAILABLE', message); error.status = 503; this.sendError(req, res, error); } } exports.FacadeOperations = FacadeOperations; //# sourceMappingURL=FacadeOperations.js.map
15,821
https://github.com/hughrawlinson/dotfiles/blob/master/config/fish/conf.d/macos.fish
Github Open Source
Open Source
2,023
dotfiles
hughrawlinson
Fish
Code
21
46
if status --is-interactive; and test Darwin = (uname -a | cut -d' ' -f1) defaults write -g ApplePressAndHoldEnabled -bool false end
22,414
https://github.com/jackd/FVMPor/blob/master/meshing/meshes/varsat3D.geo
Github Open Source
Open Source
BSD-3-Clause
2,021
FVMPor
jackd
GLSL
Code
258
755
width = 1; height = 1; depth = 1; lc = height/21; holeWidth = width/2; factor = 1/1.5; // Points in counterclockwise order Point(1) = {0, 0, -height, lc}; Point(2) = {width, 0, -height, lc}; Point(3) = {width, 0, 0, lc}; Point(4) = {holeWidth, 0, 0, lc}; Point(5) = {0, 0, 0, lc}; Point(6) = {holeWidth, depth/2, 0, lc}; Point(7) = {0, depth/2, 0, lc}; Point(8) = {0, depth, -height, lc}; Point(9) = {width, depth, -height, lc}; Point(10) = {width, depth, 0, lc}; Point(11) = {0, depth, 0, lc}; // the front Line(1) = {1,2}; Line(2) = {2,3}; Line(3) = {3,4}; Line(4) = {4,5}; Line(5) = {5,1}; Line Loop(30) = {1,2,3,4,5}; Plane Surface(40) = {30}; // the bottom Line(6) = {2,9}; Line(7) = {9,8}; Line(8) = {8,1}; Line Loop(31) = {1,6,7,8}; Plane Surface(41) = {31}; // around the top Line(9) = {3,10}; Line(10) = {10,11}; Line(11) = {11,7}; Line(12) = {7,5}; // edges of top hole Line(13) = {7,6}; Line(14) = {6,4}; // top surface without hole Line Loop(32) = {9,10,11,13,14,-3}; Plane Surface(42) = {32}; // the hole on top Line Loop(33) = {13,14,4,-12}; Plane Surface(43) = {33}; // vertical edges at back Line(15) = {9,10}; Line(16) = {11,8}; // left hand side Line Loop(34) = {5,-8,-16,11,12}; Plane Surface(44) = {34}; // right hand side Line Loop(35) = {2,9,-15,-6}; Plane Surface(45) = {35}; // back Line Loop(36) = {10,16,-7,15}; Plane Surface(46) = {36}; Physical Surface(100) = {40}; //Physical Line(1) = {1,2,3,5}; Physical Line(1) = {1,3,5}; Physical Line(2) = {4}; Physical Line(3) = {2}; //Physical Line(2) = {4}; Mesh.Color.Triangles={0,0,0};
26,233
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8508036
StackExchange
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,011
Stack Exchange
Afwan Anggara, Ashwath Kumar, Kylie Namugga, Matthew Cox, Ozkan, Veda Sai, dash, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1073107, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19103493, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19103494, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19103495, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19103654, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19103736, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19103766, https://stackoverflow.com/users/33213, https://stackoverflow.com/users/451192, https://stackoverflow.com/users/485076, https://stackoverflow.com/users/600135, https://stackoverflow.com/users/661933, https://stackoverflow.com/users/714886, jalf, kol, nawfal, sll, tizio, user19103493
English
Spoken
222
415
compare two identical lists of strings Let's say I have following code: List<string> numbers = new List<string> { "1", "2" }; List<string> numbers2 = new List<string> { "1", "2"}; if (numbers.Equals(numbers2)) { } Like you can see I have two lists with identical items. Is there a way to check if these two lists are equal by using one method? SOLUTION: Use SequenceEqual() Thanks See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1546925/comparing-two-liststring-for-equality Is sequence item position shoudl be considered? @Ozkan what if you had duplicates? like numbers: { 1, 1, 2} and numbers2: { 1, 2 } would you consider those equal? @Matthew Cox, Hi, this is not considered to occur. But I found the method its SequenceEqual() Before calling SequenceEqual, you have to sort the lists. If all you want to do is "compare two identical lists of strings", then return true will do the job. It's also the fastest solution Very good, that made me smile. possible duplicate of Is there a built-in method to compare collections in C#? Use Enumerable.SequenceEqual, but Sort the lists first. // if order does not matter bool theSame = numbers.Except(numbers2).Count() == 0; // if order is matter var set = new HashSet<string>(numbers); set.SymmetricExceptWith(numbers2); bool theSame = set.Count == 0; That would be my answer. Just depends on if duplicates matter. If they do then this would return a false positive.
41,909
sn85060004_1925-11-08_1_53_1
US-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
null
None
None
English
Spoken
3,451
4,763
Box Office Books. They Fall to “Burly.” Paul is Not Popular. He Contradicts Opinion. Want to See Him Licked. By Damon Runyon (Copyright, 1918, International Feature Service, Inc.) This young man, Paul Berlenbach, light-heavyweight champion of the world, is greatly disliked by many of the followers of The Manly Art of Scrambling Ears around New York, when you would think he would be the most popular pugilistic figure in the big town. He was raised in New York. He is a product of the amateur boxing game of New York. And practically every step in his professional career has been taken before the eyes of the New York ringworms. They watched him grow up, pugilistically. He is a mild, retiring, self-effacing young fellow. His history is tinged with a pathos calculated to make him an object of gentle sympathy. He became deaf and dumb through illness when a child, and his hearing and speech was suddenly restored to him by an electric shock from a live wire when he climbed a telegraph pole one day to rescue a kite that had become entangled in the wires. The element of an humble beginning which the big town loves in its heroes, is in his story. He is the son of a poor family, and he drove a taxi for a living before he became a fighter. Almost overnight he rose to fame and fortune. He is managed by old Dan Hickey, a decent man, veteran of the Queensbury Realm, and for years boxing instructor of the most powerful organization of The kind in the land, the New York Athletic Club. I know of no fighter more calculated to popularity in his hometown than Paul Berlenbach, and I know of no fighter more unpopular. And I think I know why. I think it is because a great many ringworms made up their minds early in Berlenbach’s career that he couldn't fight, and never would be able to fight, and loudly said so. Therefore, his continued climb to success is a constant contradiction of their opinions. I think there is nothing more irritating and discomforting than to have one’s opinions constantly disproved, especially if one is given to making his opinions public. I know men otherwise reasonably sane who positively hate Paul Berlenbach because he keeps licking fellows they pick to lick him from the time he first showed up in a preliminary at the Madison Square Garden, heralded as a knockout wonder. Whenever he bowled an opponent over down at the Garden, the cry was invariably raised that the opponent was a "set-up," although I recall a couple of instances when the opponent was favorite in the betting over Berlenbach. This very resulted in the New York State Boxing Commission taking an astounding attitude toward Berlenbach. It began editing his matches, in a manner of speaking. It resulted in Berlenbach being practically forced into a match with Ovila Chandon, otherwise Jack Delaney, of Bridgeport, although I always thought Dan Mickey would have been well within his rights to tell the commission to mind its own business. I shall never forget the p. A sense of exultation that was lifted when her husband was knocked out by Delaney. The roof of the old Garden fairly bulged under the cheers. Men went home that night as happy as if they had been avenged for the wrongs of years. I think some of them really felt that way about it. I think that was Berlenbach’s eleventh professional fight. A little over a year later, scarcely recovered from a severe attack of tonsilitis, he won the light heavyweight championship from one of the master boxers of the period. Michael McIgue. Meantime, the Berlenbach haters had gotten in the habit of booing him whenever he was presented. They began booing him along about his second battle in the Garden, which was about the time they decided he was meeting “set ups,” and that he couldn’t fight. He was even booed as he was leaving the ring after being beaten by De-Janey. He was booed when his hand was lifted as the new holder of the light heavyweight crown. He was given an extra booing as he was quitting the ring not long ago after being young Jimmy Slattery of Buffalo, to the crown floor. Many ringworms were unusually angry at Paul Berlenbach that night because he had so decisively contradicted their opinion that Slattery would beat him. And now one of the biggest matches that could be made for the Island of Manhattan is a recent match between Berlenbach and Jack Slattery, because the Berlenbach haters want vengeance all over again. I can understand the unpopularity of an overcautious fellow, who refuses to give a crowd a run for its money. I can understand the unpopularity of a cowardly, or foul fighter, or of the intensely conceited fellow who makes his conceit apparent to the crowd. But Berlenbach is none of these. He is always plodding in trying to fight. He has plenty of courage, he fights fairly, barring an occasional excusable lapse into the tactics he learned as an amateur wrestler, and which easily can be corrected by the referee. He certainly has no conceit. He is the most humble looking individual I ever saw in the ring. He is a stolid, ox-like fellow in demeanor and action. His style is slow and cumbersome. But it seems to me that if one is to work up any fighting about the matter, and be mad at anyone, they ought to be mad at Berlenbach's opponents for not out galloping him, rather than at Berlenbach. I claim he is a pretty good fighter. We must be pretty good to win a world’s championship in two years of fighting. But I do not expect to convince one single member of the Berlenbach Haters' Association, or reduce the boos one single boe. Boxing—Golf Experts Write on Athletic Events of World VOL. XLV—NO. 294. AGGIES’ MARCH TO TITLE HALTED BY T. C. U. Weak Harvard Team Slaughtered by Princeton, 36-0 TIGERS ROMP OFF WITH CRIMSON Harvard’s Old Football Supremacy Dies Mis erable Death. By DAVIS J. WALSH. PALMER STUDIO, PRINCE TON, N. J., Nov. 7. — That hallowed institution known as Harvard football laid its poor old bones right down and died a miserable, forsaken death Saturday afternoon. Almost friendless and alone, it breathed its last on a bed of poverty and the sight of its death agony was horrible to contemplate. At least, this was true if one happened to be sitting in the Harvard section as Princeton swarmed all over the Crimson to win the premiere of the annual “Big Three” series by the absurd score of 36 to 0. It probably was the worst defeat in Harvard history but not by a generous margin. Last year, Princeton won by 34 points, making a total of 70 for two games while Harvard second not at all. When a former millionaire dies in rugs, his poverty is emphasized. So it was with Harvard’s competitive death Saturday. It was only ten years ago that this poor, gasping specimen was the recognized leader of collegiate football. But a lot of things can happen in ten years and the professional mourners who stood over the corpse were made well aware of it. 60,000 SEE IT. Nearly 60,000 persons were in on the grim secret before the game was five minutes old. Starting off as though it was facing the scrub team of the International Correspondence School, the Tigers swept over the derelict for ten points in the first period. And, having learned the trick, Princeton continued to repeat it until a series of Tiger bucks were run flat-footed and the crowd became bored with the repetition. The thing became such a bromide, in fact, that Princeton began straining for the bizarre, even going so far as to forward pass with one yard to gain on the second down. So much for the Harvard defense. Ah for its attack, it had none. One first down was gained all day. At no time was Harvard in possession of the ball inside the 35-yard line. However, this arraignment comes as a reflection on the character of football played by Princeton and the writer has no particular wish to do this. In fact, the Princeton team was just about as good as any the Tigers have mustered in several years. It had one man, Jake Single, who was a football team in himself. He punted beautifully. He ran in with (Continued on Page 2, Part 6.) NEW ©F TOE SHT ‘Magician’ Seidel Does Some Sleight of Hand Seidel Doesn’t Take His Magician’s Wand Into the Games But He Might Add to the Delusion If He Did. The Man With the Ball Is Never Where You Expect Him to Be. Quarterback Larry Seidel, who works the black magic that has made the St. Anthony’s College backfield one of the cleverest scoring machines in town, is shown producing his three fellow backs from nowhere, just as he does in a football game—or, so it seems to the opposition. That’s “Harp" Casey on the rim of the helmet, "Mickey" Miellio at the lower left and Jim Noonan at the right. St. Anthony's plays virtually nothing but tricks to score, and the speed and deception of these four backs, aided by a light but well-trained line, works marvels in advancing the ball. BULLDOGS IN FIELD FOR HOLIDAY GAME The Bulldogs, independent football aggregation, want an Armistice Day game, call or write Mr. Hugh Warren, 818 South Flores, Crockett 6681. SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1925. TEAM PLAYS WHOLE GAME WITHOUT PUNT Harvard football eleven did not make a punt playing Middlebury recently. MICHIGAN MACHINE BOGS DOWN: DEFEATED, 3 TO 2 CHICAGO. Nov. 7.—Chief of the afternoon's football upsets: Northwestern, 3; Michigan, 2. The vaunted Wolverines, heralded as probably the strongest team in the country, conquering all comers, including the Navy, with a goal hitherto inviolate, bumped into a scrappy Evanston outfit Saturday, a bunch of Purple-clnd youngsters who seemed happiest. Where the playing was mudiest, and went down to defeat by a baseball score, a field goal against a safety. Benny Friedman, one of Michigan's All-America candidates, had the misfortune to make the fumble that gave Northwestern the game. Benny dropped a punt and Northwestern recovered four yards from the Michigan goal. Plunging attempts were repulsed; in fact, the Wolverines threw the Purple backs steadily for losses. Changing tactics, the winners sent Lewis far back—on the 27-yard line—and he plugged the muddy oval through the cirou-bars for three points. Northwestern tried other planks from distances up to 45 yards but they either fell flat or were blocked by a desperate Michigan defense. In the latter part of the game, the English defeated Irish at SOCCER. LONDON, Nov. 7.—The English soccer team defeated the Irish, 6 to 4, Saturday in an international soccer match played at Maidelune. Michigan made the mud fly trying to score but the best the visitors could get was a safety. Illinois, by its victory over Chicago, and thanks to a defeat of Iowa by Wisconsin, comes back into the Big Ten. Ten race to struggle with the Wolverines, the Hawkeyes, the Ohio, State’s Buckeyes, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Northwestern, all of whom have title chances this late in the game. Indications are that the upsets of this week will keep the decision of the champion in abeyance until very late in the season and that a comparative score basis may decide it. TOM LALLY EQUALS 66 COURSE RECORD AT COUNTRY CLUB Tom Lally, professional at the San Antonio Country Club, Saturday afternoon equaled his own record of 66 over the club course. Lally played par and under for 17 holes, thru took six on the 18th five-eighth with a chance to break the record. He had 33 out and 33 in. as compared with his former mark of 34 out and 32 in. His card Saturday: Out 434 442 444—33 In 344 432 346—33—G<i He played birdies on the third, sixth, seventh, thirteenth and seventeenth holes and had an eagle two on the fifteenth. Stribling Troves CONSTANT BATTLING IS PATH TO SUCCESS NEW YORK, Nov. 7.—Young Stribling’s victory over Eddie Huffman in California a couple of weeks ago ruins the theory that there is nothing like a permanent training camp for a fighter preparing for an important bout. It also substantiates the fact that the best way to keep in condition is to fight as frequently as possible. Stribling traveled to the coast in a motor bus. He never stopped in a town for more than a few days, but he fought sometimes three fights a week, so that when he got to the Pacific Coast he was ready for the toughest young fighter in California. CATCHER M’MULLEN PRIZE FOR GIANTS NEW YORK, Nov. 7.—Hugh McMullen, graduate of the California sandlots, recently obtained by the New York Giants from Wichita of the Western league, is a slugging catcher. Aggies Defeat Shakes Up Standings SOUTHWEST CONFERENCE STANDING W. L T. Pet, Texas V 2 0 1 1.000 Texas Aggies... 2 10.667 Rice 1 1 0.500 T.C.U 1.500 Arkansas 0 1 1.000 S.M. 1 0 1.000 Baylor 0 2 1.000 T.C.V. defeat by Oklahoma Aggies counts in conference standing, game having been arranged when Oklahomans were conference members last season. Next week’s games in conference: Saturday, Baylor vs. S.M.V. at Dallas. Texas Aggies vs. Rice at Houston, Arkansas vs. T.C.U. at Fort Worth. TEXAS RALLIES IN BEIT BAYLOR AUSTIN, Nov. 7—Baylor's battling Bears failed to hold a 3-0 advantage gained in the first half over the Texas Longhorns Saturday and were battered to defeat, 13 to 3, on the sloppy kind of a football field. The breaks of the game, which went steadily against Texas in the first half, drove after drive being halted within sight of the goals when fumbles were recovered by Baylor, changed and went to the Steers in the second half. Four times Texas fumbled within the Bear 30-yard line in the first half and Baylor players pounced each time upon the slippery oval. It was a Baylor fumble, however, which gave the Steers their first touchdown to decide the game. Rufus King hammered the Bear line sensationally, splattering mud as he went. In the third quarter, with only a three-yard gain by Saxon to help, he drove through ten straight times for a total gain of 57 yards, failing finally a foot from goal to make the touchdown. Jones’ Absence Hits The absence of Jones from the Baylor backfield for more than half the game proved costly to the Bruins. The Bear fullback was at all times a terror on defense. With Jones in the lineup neither King nor Stallter nor Fred Thompson could make long gains through the line, but with Jones out these kink ground gainers rammed the forward wall at will. Mud mud, and more mud was perhaps the chief feature of the game. A week’s rain left the Texas ground ankle deep in a black ooze. Five minutes after the game started, the player was as slippery as an eel. The ball had to be wiped off after every play, and forward passes and punts became erratic and causes of grief. Baylor, if she had an attack prepared for Texas, never got a chance to use it. Only once did the Bears make a first down, and they never had the ball within the Texas 0-yard line. The game started prosaically enough. Texas twice in the first quarter threatened to score but each time they were frustrated by their own fumbles. Baylor was obviously playing a defensive game. "Bear" Walker leading and fighting a heavy battle against Heinio Pfannkuchc. Texas had a slight edge in the early phases but it was still anybody’s game until well into the second quarter. 42-YARD GOAL. The trouble started when Stallter fumbled on Texas’ 34-yard line and Riley recovered. Three tries at gains netted little. It was Baylor's only chance, and she took it. Jones, kept on the sidelines because of poor condition, trotted out to replace Fall. With the ball well over toward the west side of the field and without the trace of a breeze to aid him, it seemed that Jones faced an impossible task in trying for a field goal. But with Strickland holding the ball on the 42-yard line, Jones did the impossible. A perfect kick carried the ball squarely between the Texas goal posts, and Baylor took the lead. 3-0. Texas fought back hard in the second half, but a break gave them their first score. In the third quarter, a right, kicking from his own 45-yard line, drove the ball down to Fall on the Baylor 20-yard line. The slippery oval played one of the nasty tricks it performed. Often during the game and rolled out of the Bear's hands. Saxon, lunging down the field to make (Continued on Page 2, Part 0) Football The Only Complete Sport Section in the Southwest VOL. XLV—NO. 294, HORNED FROG TEAM PUIS; FARMERS DOWN Holding Rivals Without Score, Fort Worth Team Wins, 3-0. FORT WORTH, Tex., Nov. 7.— And the Frog jumped! He jumped far mid-wide, and in his path was strewn the remains of a shocked, surprised, and bewildered Texas Aggie team, its dream of a clean sweep to Southwestern Conference honors shattered by the Texas Christian University 3-to-0 victory here Saturday afternoon. The T. C. L. Horned Frogs rose to supreme heights to defeat the heretofore unbeaten Farmers, picked to win by a margin of several touchdowns. Not only did they beat the Aggies, but they played the majority of the game in Aggie territory. They outfought the Aggies at most periods of the game with the unrelenting viciousness of a bulldog, and in the final quarter, with victory in sight, they broke through time and again to smear Farmer plays before they were much more than in motion. WASHMON KICKS GOAL. The lone counter of the game—the first conference score against the Aggies this season—came in the first five minutes of play. The Frogs took the kickoff, which was poor, but were unable to gain, and, on the fourth down, punted poorly. The Aggies, in turn, were held for downs, and the Frogs took the lead. The ball and managed to work it to the 25-yard line. On the fourth down, Washmon, center, was called back to kick. The boot was accurate, and the Agam were beaten. Twice the Frogs worked the ball to within a yard or two of the Aggies goal-line only to find themselves against a human wall that refused to budge. This happened in the first quarter, and again in the third. In the fourth quarter, Clark, Frog quarterback, intercepted a pass from Fay Wilson, and raced 40 yards to the Aggie goal-line only to be called back for stepping out of bounds. CLARK IS HERO. Clark, playing one of the greatest games of his career, probably was the outstanding star at the game. He seemed to be in every play, and each time he lugged the ball it was for a gain. Twice he broke away for gains of 15 and 20 yards, respectively. Brewster, T. C. V. tackle, shone brightly with his sterling tackles and ripping the line. Carson was a consistent ground-gainer for the Frogs. Fay Wilson, captain and backfield star of the Aggies, was overshadowed by Clark. Only in the punting did he forge ahead. Colgia, Aggie substitute, interjected into the game in the second half, proved a fast elusive quarterback and a ground gainer on most plays. BROOKLYN BASEBALL CLUB FAILS TO PAY ANNUAL DIVIDENDS NEW YORK, Nov. 7.—One of the bits of gossip going the rounds involves the affairs of the Brooklyn baseball club. For the first time in recent years, the stockholders will not receive dividends. The club’s directors have voted that way to the surprise of National League. Men. According to general belief, the profits of the club in 1924 reached $150,000, but during the late campaign, the poor showing of the Robins greatly diminished the gate receipts at Ebbetsfield. The Brooklyn Club's total salary list is said to exceed $250,000. New playing material for next year has cost $125,000. Hence, the lack of dividends. RAIN HOLDS MICKS AND PENN STATERS TO SCORELESS TIE STATE COLLEGE, Pa., Nov. 7.-Notre Dame and Penn State battled to a scoreless tie on a muddy field here this afternoon. Ruin whied started to fall an hour before gain time and continued throughout the afternoon made good football impossible. Notre Dame didn’t have a chance to use its famous open game.
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Caldon Low Halt railway station railway station in Staffordshire Moorlands, England, UK Caldon Low Halt railway station coordinate location Caldon Low Halt railway station instance of railway station Caldon Low Halt railway station located in the administrative territorial entity Staffordshire Moorlands Caldon Low Halt railway station number of platform tracks Caldon Low Halt railway station country United Kingdom Caldon Low Halt railway station historic county Staffordshire Caldon Low Halt railway station Freebase ID /m/010lygky Caldon Low Halt railway station date of official opening 1905 Caldon Low Halt railway station state of use decommissioned station Caldon Low Halt station Caldon Low Halt geografische locatie station Caldon Low Halt is een spoorwegstation station Caldon Low Halt gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Staffordshire Moorlands station Caldon Low Halt aantal perronsporen station Caldon Low Halt land Verenigd Koninkrijk station Caldon Low Halt Freebase-identificatiecode /m/010lygky station Caldon Low Halt openingsdatum 1905 station Caldon Low Halt staat van gebruik buiten gebruik
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38 Aunque esta es una opinión presente en los usuarios de las páginas de encuentro, ver por ejemplo Marquet (2009). «Porque la gente pone sus mejores fotos y descripciones un tanto exageradas para captar la atención de alguien» 39(Hombre 20-29 años). «No es una apreciación en datos, si tú te pones a leer los perfiles te das cuenta que las mujeres mismas engañan, vi a una que puso en su perfil que tenía cuarenta y cuatro años, pero ella no se da cuenta que Dating pide los datos de nacimiento y cosas así, entonces Dating le pone a la persona la edad, había puesto cincuenta y cuatro años. Entonces al decir que tenía cuarenta y cuatro años estaba pillada inmediatamente, hay otras mujeres que se pillan muy fáciles porque tienen más de cincuenta y tú ves la foto de alguien de treinta o de cuarenta. Por lo menos con la edad que tengo yo, se me hace muy fácil saber qué edad tiene la persona» (Hombre 50-59 años). Así, el falsear información o de plano engañar en cuanto a la identidad online tendría por finalidad mejorar ciertas características personales, para hacer más atractiva la presentación de sí ante los otros. Pero el falsear la identidad para mejorar su presentación, no es el peor escenario que proponen estos sitios webs, sino la posibilidad cierta, que detrás de la pantalla se pueda esconder: «gente mala de la cabeza», «degenerados» y/o «psicópatas». Este es el peligro mayor al cual se expondrían los usuarios de estos sitios según los internautas nacionales. La opinión de algunas de las usuarias de los sitios de encuentro no es muy distinta. « es que igual no se anda tanto loco dando vueltas que no sabes con quien te puedes topar. Nada me asegura que la persona que está del otro lado no sea un psicópata» (Mujer 20-29 años). « pero el temor de eso, de que en realidad ¿será tan simpático como parece? O será un loco pervertido en realidad?» (Mujer 30-39 años). Como se señaló en el apartado metodológico de este trabajo, se mantendrá al máximo la literalidad del relato de las personas entrevistadas. 121 En parte debido a lo anterior, que cuando se les consultó a los internautas nacionales ¿Qué opinión le generan las páginas de búsqueda de pareja? Y estos explicitaron sus emociones (ver tabla 3), las catalogaron como de: «temor», «lata», «desagrado» e « inseguridad». Ningún encuestado expresó emociones positivas, como por ejemplo: alegría, fe, esperanza, amor, ilusión. Sólo una opinión manifestó algún grado de ambigüedad en este punto, cuestionando su actuar cuando utiliza este tipo de páginas. Así, ya sea por la «carga socialmente negativa» que tienen estos sitios, que los propios encuestados reconocen, o por su experiencia directa, es evidente el malestar que estás, provocan en ellos. Es interesante hacer notar que este malestar, como se puede evidenciar de los análisis anteriores, se debe a las características y/o prácticas de los propios usuarios de los sitios webs más que al medio, se volverá sobre este punto más adelante. Tabla 3. ¿Qué opinión le generan las páginas de búsqueda de pareja? Neutras o ambiguas Sentimientos y Sentimientos encontrados (ya que emociones nunca sé qué realmente estoy sobre las haciendo). páginas. Negativas Deconfianza; temor; lata; desagrado; inseguridad. Fuente: Elaboración propia Cuando los internautas nacionales fueron consultados sobre las verdaderas posibilidades de encontrar pareja sentimental-sexual por medio de las páginas de citas, el 60,4% señala que sí es posible encontrar pareja, mientras y el 33,7% señaló lo contrario (ver gráfico 1). El gráfico 2 por su parte, señala que los hombres son más positivos que las mujeres en cuanto a la posibilidad que entregan estos sitios de encontrar una pareja. La mayor negatividad de las mujeres en cuanto a la posibilidad de encontrar pareja, se debería a la desilusión que ellas manifestaron -en las entrevistas efectuadas - del uso que hacen los hombres de estos portales webs. Quienes según ellas y en tono de queja, sólo las utilizarían para conseguir sexo. Gráfico 1: ¿Cree usted que es posible encontrar pareja (sentimental) por medio de las páginas de citas? 122 Gráfico 2: ¿Cree usted que es posible encontrar pareja (sentimental) por este medio? 123 El gráfico 3 muestra la opinión que los internautas poseen sobre el tipo de relación que (mayoritariamente) establecerían las personas por medio de las páginas de citas. Las personas consultadas podían marcar más de una alternativa. Gráfico 3: ¿Qué tipo de relación cree usted que establecen mayoritariamente las personas por medio de las páginas de citas? (frecuencias absolutas) La opción más seleccionada fue: «relaciones sexuales»; seguidas por la opción «amistad»; y por último, la opción «relaciones de pareja». El gráfico 4 muestra cada una de estas alternativas divididas por sexo. La mayor diferencia de opinión se visualiza en cuanto a la posibilidad de utilizar las páginas de encuentro para conseguir relaciones sexuales, siendo las mujeres las que manifiestan en mayor proporción esta opinión. Lo anterior, viene a reafirmar la queja femenina respecto a los hombres. Así, las internautas chilenas parecen estar de acuerdo con la afirmación de la socióloga Eva Illouz (2012), respecto a que los hombres tienden a ver más el mercado de parejas como un «mercado sexual». 124 Gráfico 4: ¿Qué tipo de relación cree usted que establecen mayoritariamente las personas por medio de las páginas de citas? 52% 48% Pareja 43% Sexuales 57% 49% Amistad 00% 20% 51% 40% Masculino 60% 80% 100% Femenino Parece haber una contradicción entre lo que los internautas perciben como posibilidad de encontrar pareja y los tipos de relaciones que ellos mismos piensan que establecen las personas en este tipo de páginas. Esta contradicción, no es otra que aquella que diferencia el amor y las relaciones de pareja en cuanto imaginario e ideal y en tanto conducta e interacción entre personas concretas. Así, por ejemplo, a pesar de la decepción que varias entrevistadas señalan sobre el comportamiento masculino al interior de las páginas de encuentro, éstas no descartan del todo la posibilidad de encontrar una pareja. Como señala una de las entrevistadas. «No, yo creo que son un catálogo virtual para sexo rápido, podría ser que eventualmente por cosas de la vida que tu encuentres a alguien, podría ser. Así yo me encuentre con alguien, porque es loco que en el mismo lugar, a la misma hora, es como loco, es como que ahí se siente Michael Bublé (risas) y en un caso remoto podría ser un gancho y formar una relación estable, pero eso es como una aguja en el pajar» (Mujer 50-59 años). Y a pesar de que no todas las usuarias de las páginas de citas esperan a Michael Bublé, varias de ellas, pese a la decepción, se aferran a la posibilidad de encontrar a esa persona especial. 125 « y de hecho por eso me cargan estas páginas pero yo digo como no va a parecer alguien con algo como yo busco» (Mujer 40-49 años). Como señala Marquet (2009), el «azar» o «espontaneidad» es uno de los elementos centrales del imaginario romántico, y en los encuentros online este elemento no del todo ausente. De este modo, en las páginas de citas, el amor sigue siendo un horizonte de posibilidad, y el ensayo y error es el método de la búsqueda. Tabl a 4. ¿Cuál es según usted la mayor diferencia entre encontrar pareja por este tipo de páginas web y encontrar pareja por otro medio online u offline? Páginas de citas - No conoces a las personas - Menor información real - Se explicita la intención de buscar pareja - Ninguna diferencia entre los medios online - Más intencionado* Otros medios online - Tienes más referentes reales - Mayor información real (Facebook) - La intención de encontrar pareja es implícita* - Ninguna diferencia entre los medios online - (Facebook) es más azaroso, como en la vida real - Menos confiable* - (Facebook) es más confiable (pues la información es más certera). - Menos elemento sorpresa* - Más elementos sorpresas - Reglas del juego más racionales - En otras páginas web reglas del juego son más emocionales. - Las intenciones de ambas personas En Internet las reglas del juego no están claras están claras de antemano de antemano* - Predisposición a algo afectivo - Las redes sociales no apuntan a algo tan específico. - Encuentro intencionado - Encuentro causal - Objetivo definido - Objetivo no definido (Facebook). - Ahorro de tiempo para encontrar pareja - Más gasto de tiempo (Facebook) para encontrar pareja. * Comparación no explicita. Fuente: E laboració n propia Al intentar apreciar las diferencias y similitudes que los internautas nacionales observan en la búsqueda de pareja en las páginas especializadas versus otros medios online u offline (ver tablas 4 y 5), los cibernautas manifiestan dos grandes diferencias. Por una parte, en la categoría «otros 126 medios» -los encuestados hacen referencia principalmente a Facebook- existe mayor certeza que las características que los sujetos dicen poseer se condigan con sus características «reales» (offline). Esto haría más «real» y «confiable» a estos (otros) medios respecto a las páginas de citas. Lo anterior tendrá importantes consecuencias, ya que como señala Cardon (2009), la identidad virtual es un juego de máscaras, de filtros y de selección de facetas que se alejan o se acercan a la identidad real (offline), y que las personas gestionan estratégicamente dependiendo de a qué público se dirigen y sobre quién quieren influir. Es por ello que, como se verá más adelante, los usuarios de las páginas de citas no expondrán la misma información en las páginas de citas que en otras redes sociales, como Facebook o Whatsapp, ni las compartirán con las mismas personas. Tabla 5. ¿Cuál es según usted la mayor diferencia entre encontrar pareja por este tipo de páginas web y encontrar pareja por otro medio online u offline? Páginas de citas Cara a cara 127 a) Realidad / representación (falsedad) b) Peligroso / seguro c) Identidad e interacciones limitadas / identidad interacciones amplias d)Racionalizad o/ espontáneo -Representación de lo que somos -En (Inter) se puede falsear la identidad -En (Inter) es más fácil esconder lo negativo -Discrepancia entre expectativa y realidad -La no presencia implica falta de transparencia* -Más riesgo (en Inter) -Más riesgo de encontrar un chanta -En (Inter) hay predisposición a la desconfianza -Realidad* -En el mundo offline no se puede falsear la identidad* -Cara a cara es más difícil esconder lo negativo -No hay discrepancia entre expectativa y realidad* -La presencia garantiza transparencia -No se puede reconocer gestos ni sensaciones* -Visión más reducida del otro* -Conocimiento del otro sin contexto* -(En Inter) no se es feo, ni gordo, ni tímido -La relación es con desconocidos sin referencias* -Muestra una capa superficial de las personas -Limitación del leguaje escrito -Se pueden reconocer gestos y sensaciones -Visión más amplia del otro -Conocimiento del otro en su contexto -En el mundo offline no puede desprender de ciertas características* -Es posible establecer relaciones a partir de amigos de amigos -Se muestra un yo más profundo* -Mucho estereotipo -Interacción menos espontanea* -Menos elemento sorpresa* -Intención explicita -Alto nivel de racionalización (en la búsqueda de un otro/a como en la presentación de sí) -Las personas se ofrecen como un producto -Leer provoca menos emocion -Poco estereotipo* -Interacción más espontanea -Más elemento sorpresa -Intenciones y objetivos difusos -No existe este proceso de racionalización -Menos riesgo* -Menos riesgo de encontrar un chanta* -No hay predisposición a la desconfianza* -No tiene la limitación del lenguaje escrito* -Las personas no se ofrecen como un producto* -Escuchar provoca más emociones. 128 e) Fácil / complicado f) Serio / poco serio g) Otras características -Es más fácil (accesible) el primer acercamiento -(Inter) facilita conocer gente -Conocer gente desde la comodidad del hogar -Facilita encontrar afinidades con otros -Inter) facilita las relaciones a los tímidos -Las relaciones no se pueden tomar en serio -Relaciones (en Inter) más propensas al fracaso -Relaciones enfermas -En (Inter) muchas expectativas -La seducción (online) es una lata -En (Inter) se contactan personas -Socialmente no aceptado * Comparación implícita. Fuente: Elaboración propia -Cara a cara es más difícil conocer gente. -Es más difícil el primer acercamiento -Obliga a salir a fiestas, eventos, reuniones -Dificultades de encontrar afinidades con otros* -Los tímidos tiene problema para relacionarse* -Las relaciones son serias* -Relaciones menos propensas al fracaso* Relaciones sanas* -Pocas expectativas* -La seducción cara a cara es divertida* -Fuera de Internet se conocen personas. -Socialmente aceptado. En cuanto a la diferencia online/offline (ver tabla 5), es posible observar que los internautas nacionales reconocen un mayor número de discrepancias. Dentro de éstas, es posible apreciar que los encuestados asocian la búsqueda de pareja online con una pérdida de características relevantes, ya sea del otro o de la interacción, en el proceso de conquista amorosa, las cuales serán valoradas de forma negativa por parte de los internautas. De este modo, las categorías más señaladas por las personas encuestadas son: de la «espontaneidad» del encuentro cara a cara, versus la «racionalización» de la búsqueda de pareja por Internet. Como se puede observar (ver fila d tabla 5), la racionalización se deriva de la explicitación de las intenciones de encontrar un compañero sexual-emocional. El otro criterio con igual número de referencias es «la pérdida de elementos del otro/a o de la interacción online» versus «la mayor amplitud de características de las relaciones cara a cara». Esta pérdida de elementos de la interacción o de las características del otro sería utilizada por los usuarios de las páginas de citas para ocultar y/o transformar ciertas características con el fin de hacer más atractiva su identidad online (ver fila a). Lo anterior, es hasta cierto punto contradictorio, ya que a pesar de que el criterio de la «espontaneidad» del encuentro amoroso funciona como un criterio normativo en las personas 129 encuestadas, estas mismas personas prefieren conocer a un otro/a dentro de un contexto cercano (de pares), el cual permita ratificar las características con las cuales las personas se presentan en el mundo virtual (ver algunos enunciados de la fila c tabla 5). Así, que el amor pueda estar a la vuelta de la esquina, como señala el dicho popular, no quiere decir que éste se vaya a establecer con cualquier persona. Lo anterior cobra sentido si se asume que una de las características propias del amor contemporáneo es lo que Eva Illouz (2012; 2009) denomina la «afinidad psicológica». La afinidad psicológica se deriva de un amplio conocimiento de los gustos, intereses, valores y proyecto de vida del otro/a. Atributos que la cultura popular y las personas asocian a particularidades de tipo psicológico, y que esta investigación, siguiendo a Illouz, asocia al capital cultural, social y económico de las personas. Se reconoce así las dificultades que implica conocer nuevas personas, ya sea por las características individuales de las personas (timidez, por ejemplo) o por el tiempo necesario que implica conocer a otros. Lo cual implicaría trasladarse a lugares específicos, dejar de realizar otras actividades, entre otros motivos, se volverá sobre este punto más adelante. Otras categorías con menos acepciones son que Internet es un medio más «peligroso» para conocer gente, lo cual está directamente relacionado con la realidad o falsedad de la identidad online; y, que las relaciones por Internet son «poco serias». Por último, la categoría «otros» (ver 130 fila d tabla 5), agrupa características menos señaladas pero que remiten todas a aspectos valorados como negativos. 5.3 Los objetivos de ingreso y las razones de los usuarios. Cuando los internautas nacionales fueron consultados sobre el objetivo de ingreso a las páginas de citas – era posible marcar más de una opción- las opciones mayormente seleccionadas fueron (ver gráfico 5): «curiosidad»; «conocer nuevas personas»; y, «pasar el tiempo». Mientras las menos marcadas fueron: «encontrar pareja»; «amistad»; y «conseguir relaciones sexuales». Es curioso que la promesa y la oferta explícita de las páginas de encuentro «conseguir pareja» (Lardellier, 2014), sea una de las opciones menos seleccionada por los internautas nacionales. Es probable que detrás de estas respuestas se encuentran dos grupos de personas: aquellos que ingresaron a las páginas de citas por curiosidad, para conocer nuevas personas o para pasar el tiempo y aquellos quienes entraron con la esperanza de encontrar pareja, amigos o conseguir relaciones sexuales, sin querer señalarlo explícitamente. Como se intentará probar con posterioridad, son las mujeres quienes utilizan mayormente la estrategia de no explicitar abiertamente sus intenciones de encontrar pareja al interior de las páginas de citas. Cuando se observa cada opción de ingreso a las páginas de citas dividida por género, se puede apreciar que las mujeres eligen en mayor medida las alternativas: «curiosidad», «conocer nuevas personas», «pasar el tiempo» y «amistad» ; presentándose las mayores diferencias en la opción «pasar el tiempo», en la cual las mujeres representan el 64,7% del total contra el 35,3% que representan los hombres, y en la opción «amistad» donde las mujeres representan 62,7% y los hombres el 37,3%. En cambio, los hombres son mayoritarios en las opciones «encontrar pareja» y «conseguir relaciones sexuales»; aquí la diferencia más importante se presenta en la opción «conseguir relaciones sexuales», donde los hombres representan el 83,3% mientras las mujeres representan tan sólo el 16,7%. Gráfico 5: ¿Con qué objetivo ingresó usted a estas página s ? (frecuencias absolutas) 131 Gráfico 6: ¿Con qué objetivo ingresó usted a estas páginas? 132 Lo anterior parece confirmar el análisis de Illouz –mencionado con anterioridad - respecto a que los hombres consideran el mercado de pareja como un «mercado sexual», y así lo explicitan. Sin embargo, los gráficos anteriores no parecen manifestar lo también planteado por la autora, respecto a que las mujeres observan (principalmente) el mercado de pareja como un mercado matrimonial. Sin embargo, no es posible descartar aún del todo este punto, como se mencionó, las mujeres parecen no explicitar abiertamente su búsqueda de pareja. El análisis de la valoración que los usuarios hacen de los atributos de los otros – que se realizará un poco más adelante – quizás arroje algo de luz sobre este punto. Independiente de los objetivos explicitados por los usuarios de las páginas de citas, y más allá de la opinión de los internautas nacionales respecto a las particulares características psicológicas de estos; las razones que los usuarios esgrimen para utilizar los portales webs de encuentro reflejarían ciertas tendencias sociales: como la falta de tiempo y ciertas características de su trayectoria vital. Ambas razones son las más esgrimidas por los usuarios y usuarias de las páginas de citas a la hora de explicar sus motivaciones. Los siguientes relatos son una manifestación de aquello. «1.- Falta de tiempo por tema laboral 2.- Divorciado menos de 6 meses, y como suele suceder uno se queda sin amigas, están casadas, o sea fuera de pistas, no iba a pubs ni similares» (Hombre 50-59). « la primera vez, hace un año, terminé con mi ex pololo, y estuve así muy triste, tuve unos amigos también, pero fue como mucho de mi para él también. Terminamos y como que colapso mi mundo, y fue como que no conozco a nadie más, no había nadie con quien podía salir, y dije como podía conocer a alguien» (Mujer 20-29 años). « si tampoco estai' buscando el amor de tu vida po' weon, querís puro conocer una persona más que nada pa conversar, si nadie te va a oír, sobre tus amigos que están tan dispersos, por su trabajo, donde estudian, puta el puro fin de semana los veo de repente y eso, yo por mi pega no tengo tiempo pa' conversar con gente distinta a la que hay en tu casa » (Hombre 20-29 años). 133 «mis amigos se fueron casando, yo armé esta tienda en donde no tengo ningún tipo de compañeros de trabajo ni jefe ni nadie, mis clientas son todas mujeres me fui quedando sin muchas opciones para conocer gente o para salir con quienes solía salir» (Mujer 30-39 años). « no ehh, en este tiempo había terminado hace poco de pololiar, porque estando pololiando no estaba ni ahí con nada, había pololiado 5 años y si era curioso, por curiosidad de conocer gente porque siempre cuesta conocer gente por otras circunstancias, o te toma más tiempo, o sea conocer a alguien en el sentido de encontrarte con alguien, o teni' que salir a carretiar y que se yo, como para poder instancia de un encuentro con alguien, porque en el trabajo es súper difícil cachai', si hací' todo los días lo mismo, te vay' por los mismos lugares y es como complicado. Entonces a través de esos sitios puede ser más fácil» (Hombre 30-39 años). Como se señaló, dos tendencias importantes se conjugan en la mayor parte de los relatos que entregan los usuarios y las usuarias. Por una parte, se encuentra la falta de tiempo, producto principalmente del trabajo; como señalan Araujo y Martuccelli (2012), en Chile el trabajo es una prueba que muchas veces sobrepasa con creces la energía de los individuos. Sumado a lo anterior, se encuentra también la trayectoria vital de los sujetos. A cierta edad, señalan ellos, los círculos sociales (amigos, conocidos) se hacen cada vez más restrictivos. Los pares han retrotraído sus relaciones sociales principalmente al interior de la familia o la pareja, cuestión que varios usuarios, como lo manifiestan sus relatos, también habían realizado. Es por ello que no es de extrañar que la percepción del cierre de los círculos sociales y la perdida de los lazos de sociabilidad, sobrevenga precisamente cuando estos se hacen más necesarios, es decir, posterior a un quiebre amoroso. El quiebre de la pareja no sólo consiste en la pérdida del compañero y de los proyectos de vida en común –si es que estos existían-, sino que también en la disminución de gran parte de los lazos de sociabilidad con los otros. En Chile, a partir del informe del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) de 1998 (Güell 1999), se diagnostica lo que se ha dado en llamar una «retracción hacia lo privado». 134 Esto quiere señalar que gran parte de los vínculos de sociabilidad que antes se establecían con la comunidad: asociaciones políticas, eclesiásticas, vecinales, deportivas y/o culturales, se han retrotraído a relaciones al interior de la familia y la pareja. Lo que Richard Sennet llama la «tiranía de la intimidad» (Guevara 2007). De esta forma, como señalan Ulrich y Elisabeth Beck (2001), si no hay Dios, ni sacerdote, ni clase, ni vecino, entonces únicamente queda el tú, y la magnitud de ese tú es el vacío que reina en todo lo demás. Vacío que sólo parece surgir cuando el tú desaparece. Dado el tiempo dedicado al trabajo por las personas en el país,40 este debiera ser el espacio donde los chilenos establecieran relaciones de tipo sexual-emocional. Debido a las complicaciones que esto podría provocar, algunos de los entrevistados señalaron que preferían evitar este tipo de relaciones en el lugar de trabajo. Así, la única posibilidad de conocer nuevas personas, para ellos, sería dirigirse a lugares ideados para la sociabilidad romántica: bares, restaurantes, cafés, discotecas; cuestión que como algunos de ellos afirmaron, ya sea por tiempo o interés, no están dispuestos a realizar. En este contexto, surgen como una posibilidad las páginas de citas. Para estas personas los sitios webs de encuentro representan un triple principio de economía: de , de dinero y emocional (Lardellier 2012; 2014). Una parte importante de los entrevistados señaló conectarse a estas páginas desde sus trabajos, durante los «tiempos muertos». De este modo, estos usuarios pueden establecer interacciones con otros solteros sin gastar tiempo fuera de su horario laboral. Otros, por su parte, lo hacen desde la comodidad de su hogar, lo que les evita el traslado a los lugares de ocio-consumo romántico y en el caso de las mujeres –por supuesto no de todas ellas- el ahorro de tiempo que les lleva prepararse para asistir a dichos lugares. Por su parte, el conectarse desde la seguridad del hogar, sumado a la no-presencia corporal, implica, especialmente para ellas, un ahorro emocional; ya que los usuarios pueden poner término a las interacciones virtuales cuando lo deseen, sin ningún sentimiento de culpa. Como señala una entrevistada: Chile es el 4° país donde más se trabaja de los países de la OCDE con 2.015 horas laborales al año. El promedio de los países de la OCDE es de 1770 horas laborales al año. Fuente: http://diario.latercera.com/2014/10/15/01/contenido/negocios/10-175322-9-chile-es-el-cuarto-pais-con-mashoras-de-trabajo-entre-los-miembros-de-la-ocde.shtml (visitado el 04 de octubre del 2015). «Si hay una diferencia muy grande de cómo uno se desenvuelve, porque de partida no lo estai' mirando a la cara ¿cachai'? Y te va dando más libertad, porque tú te puedes estar rascando la guata y ahora estaba pensando ¿me cachai'? Te va dando más libertad que la otra persona no está viendo, ehhh' lo otro es que podí' cortar la comunicación en cualquier momento si no te gusta, lo dejai' de hablar lo bloqueai' y chao» (Mujer 20-29 años). El otro beneficio, especialmente para los hombres, es de dinero. Como señalan algunos de los entrevistados, especialmente los mayores de 30 años, una salida a algún lugar de ocio-consumo romántico implica, casi siempre, un gasto elevado. Si bien en algunas ocasiones ellos deciden dividir gastos con su acompañante, los entrevistados (varones) señalaron que se sienten con el deber de pagar, sobre todo cuando fueron ellos, quienes realizaron la invitación. « el papel del hombre siempre es pagar, así que estay cagao', tenís' que pagar, entonces cada salida tenís' que , más encima es la primera cita ¿cachai o no? Yo rara vez así le he dicho a la mina no, paguemos a media» (Hombre 40-49 años). «No si de repente, de repente igual estay aburrido y de repente igual no tenis plata pa ́' salir, y si invitai' a alguien no lo vay' a invitar a fumarse un pucho a la plaza po' weon', por último, tomarse un café si no tenis pa' invitarla a una disco, además, aunque cada uno pague su entrada igual tenis que rajarte en un momento pa' un trago po' weón'. Si no tenis plata ¿pa' que vay' a ir a pasar vergüenza?» (Hombre 30-39 años). 136 «la mayoría de los hombres ni siquiera invitan un vaso de agua, quieren sexo inmediatamente » (Mujer 30-39 años). «a lo menos los hombres mayores son menos amarretes, los otros lo único que se dignan es invitarte a tomar un café, y onda, después hay que partir al motel, esa es la idea ¿sabes?» (Mujer 50-59 años). El gasto en la cita, no es una mera (y racional) medición del nivel socioeconómico del acompañante, para esto existen otros criterios menos acordes a una lógica racional-instrumental, como se verá más adelante, sino que el gasto, es interpretado por las mujeres como una manifestación del interés romántico del varón hacia su acompañante. De este modo, el dinero, como señala Zelizer (2008), posee significados simbólicos y define las relaciones sociales. Es por esto quizás, que el romance supone que las personas tienen el acceso económico a los bienes de ocio-consumo romántico, a través de los cuales estas pueden disfrutar del sexo y el romance (Illouz 2009). 5.4 Las páginas de citas: una breve descripción. Las páginas de citas son definidas como un gran contenedor de «solteros» (Lardelli er 2014). Soltero(a) según la RAE41, significa en su primera acepción: que no está casado; en la segunda: suelto o libre. En Chile42, la categoría de «soltero» no es un «estado civil», por lo tanto, esta noción designa a la persona que no pertenece a ningún estado reconocido por este código, como el de «casado», «separado judicialmente», «divorciado» o «viudo»43. En las páginas de citas, soltero quiere señalar que la persona no reconoce ningún vínculo (sexual-emocional) de Versión online visitada el 14 de septiembre del 2015. Según un estudio de la OCDE del año 2010 en Chile el 39% de la población es soltera, siendo el país con mayor población en esta categoría de los países de la OCDE. Por otra parte, el censo del año 2012 señala que el 47, 23% de las personas en Chile son solteras, superando por primera vez en la historia a la población casada en el país. http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/04/680-516860-9-chile-lidera-paises-ocde-con-menospersonas-casadas-y-mas-solteras.shtml (visitado el 14 de septiembre del 2015). 43 http://www.senado.cl/creacion-del-estado-civil-de-soltero-llega-al-senado/prontus_senado/2014-1226/101247.html (visitado el 04 de octubre del 2015). 41 importancia con un otro en el momento de su inscripción; no por lo menos como para categorizarse de una manera diferente: «en una relación», «de novio», «casado» u «otro». Y si bien esta categoría, la cual encierra también a los separados y/o viudos44, puede que no diga relación con como la persona se defini en su vida offline, en las páginas de citas la gran mayoría se define a sí mismo como tal. Finalmente, como señala Lardellier (2006), muchas veces ser «soltero» es proclamarse así ante los otros. La autodefinición es una de las características de las páginas de encuentro. Así, el primer requisito para ingresar a estoss sitios webs es la creación una identidad online (un perfil). Este perfil se construye a través del llenado de una ficha. El primer paso de llenado de la ficha es la creación de un nombre o nickname con el cual el usuario será identificado por los otros; en general éste se compone de un nombre corto y un número. Posterior a esto, el usuario deberá completar la información requerida sobre su aspecto físico: estatura, peso, color de cabello, largo del pelo, color de ojos, color de piel; sobre sus características sociodemográficas: cuidad de residencia, nivel educacional, religión; y sobre sus gustos, intereses, hobbies y pasatiempos. A su vez, el usuario deberá completar a su vez las características de la persona deseada (a quien se busca). Aquí las categorías anteriores se repiten: descripción física, características sociodemográficas, gustos, intereses, hobbies y pasatiempos. El completar de estas características –propias y del otro- es rápido y no requiere mayor reflexión, pues se remite sólo a marcar una de las opciones preestablecidas sobre las características consultadas. Así, por ejemplo, en color de ojos, solo basta elegir entre: negros, cafés, verdes, azules, etc. Lo mismo ocurre con los hobbies y pasatiempos, aquí aparecen opciones como: hacer deporte, leer, ir al cine, ir a bailar, ir a cenar, entre otras. Como se observó con anterioridad, es precisamnte este llenado de la ficha lo que lleva a decir a Illouz (2007), que las páginas de citas online obligan a centrarse en las características propias, como en el propio ideal del otro a quien se busca; lo que implicaría, según la autora, un proceso de auto-inspección que podría tener efectos «reificadores» (Honneth 2007). Sin embargo, lo que aquí parece haber, más que un proceso de auto-inspección profunda, es casi un acto reflejo sin mayor reflexión. Así lo señalan algunos de los entrevistados, quienes no dan Lardellier (2006) señala que el cambio lingüístico y normativo que presenta el concepto de «soltero» a partir del último cuarto del siglo , es una manifestación del cambio social en torno a la pareja y la sexualidad. Transformación que es rápidamente apropiada por los medios de comunicación y la industria del marketing para entregar un nuevo estatus a esta categoría social. mayor importancia al llenado de la ficha, y para quienes muchas veces este procedimiento no es más que un obstáculo, afortunadamente rápidamente superable, para iniciar la navegación. Pero si bien el llenado de la ficha es un aspecto poco valorado por los usuarios de las páginas de citas, la ficha del otro es objeto de observación, en ocasiones minuciosa. Pues a partir de lo que el otro diga o exponga de sí, se podría (o no) iniciar una conversación. De este modo, el cuestionario tendría por función preparar la situación de interacción, pues la información entregada por este instrumento permitirá reducir la incertidumbre en un contexto de copresencia virtual (Zerbib 2012). Es importante resaltar que la falta de certeza, la ausencia de contexto y las limitaciones de las interacciones –como ya se señaló- son unas de las características que los internautas chilenos asocian a las páginas de citas (ver tabla 5). Todas las páginas webs analizadas, por su parte, reservan un espacio de libre descripción, es decir, sin categorías prestablecidas. En él, los usuarios deben escribir -si así lo desean- algunas líneas para autodefinirse. La mayor parte de ellos precisa algunas características de su personalidad: sencillo, cariño, respetuoso, amistoso, simpático, etc. O repite algunas ya mencionadas con anterioridad; ya sean de sí mismo, del otro a quien se busca o de la relación (o no relación) que se quiere conseguir. Aunque hay personas que van más allá, y colocan en este espacio reflexiones sobre sí mismo, sobre sus vidas, sobre el otro y/o sobre el amor, las relaciones de pareja o la vida en general. Hay también quienes escriben fragmentos de canciones, poemas, frases célebres, entre otras cosas. La observación (navegación del investigador) permite señalar que, en términos generales, las mujeres son mucho más expresivas que los hombres y utilizan en mayor medida este espacio de descripción. Los hombres por su parte, en general, no utilizan este apartado y cuando lo hacen se remiten a poner ahí una o dos líneas de texto. El último aspecto textual que deben llenar los usuarios de las páginas de encuentro, es la intención que los mueve a establecer una relación con un otro. La explicitación de las intenciones y/u objetivos que lleva a una persona a establecer una interacción: «conocer a alguien», «amistad», «tener una cita», «relación seria», «encuentro sexual», entre otros, es uno de los factores que lleva a decir – como ya se ha mencionado - que el encuentro amoroso-sexual en Internet es más racionalizado; pues éste se observa como menos espontáneo que en el mundo offline. Esto no quiere decir que en las páginas de citas las personas tengan intenciones que fuera de estas no posean, sino que las intenciones que mueven a un encuentro o un posible encuentro sexual139 emocional entre dos personas en el mundo offline deben permanecer, por lo menos en un primer momento, implícitas. 140 Fotografía 1. Mujer perfil Badoo Fotografía 2. Hombre perfil Badoo 141 Fotografía 3. Mujer perfil DatingChile Fotografía 4. Hombre perfil Match 142 Un factor que permite apreciar las fotografías expuestas más arriba, es que las páginas de encuentro –y las páginas webs en general- tienden a la convergencia en su diseño y en la interfaz con el usuario (Scolari 2004). Esta convergencia, no quiere decir que los utilizadores de las páginas de encuentro perciban a todos estos sitios como iguales. Las personas entrevistadas diferencian claramente en cuanto a la seriedad de la oferta de las páginas. Como señalan algunas de las entrevistadas: «Depende de la página, ósea, lo que comentábamos antes poh' Este tipo de páginas se suponen que son todas para lo mismo, pero llaman a distinto tipo de gente» (Mujer 20-29 años). «las páginas gratuitas son un fraude y se prestan para todo tipo de cosas» (Mujer 30-39 años). La seriedad de la oferta de estos sitios webs se encuentra directamente relacionada con el costo económico de acceso: a mayor costo de acceso, mayor seriedad de la página. Esto no responde tanto a la intencionalidad de las páginas de configurar cierta dinámica, sino a lo que realizan sus usuarios al interior de estas. Como señalan los entrevistados, si alguien está dispuesto a pagar por ingresar a estos sitios, es porque sus intenciones son serias. De este modo, el dinero además de explicitar la capacidad de pago de una persona, es una representación simbólica de las intenciones del otro. El dinero aquí tendrá la misma función que la invitación en el encuentro cara a cara. La gran cantidad de solteros que poseen las páginas de encuentro, cientos, miles si se acepta lo que ellas mismas publicitan45, puede paradojalmente impedir lo que estas mismas ofertan: acceso fácil, rápido y cómodo a miles de solteros/as. Como afirma Jon Elster, hay situaciones donde no es posible establecer una elección óptima, puesto que: «la gente no puede comparar y clasificar todas las opciones. Si hay varias acciones de las cuales ninguna es mejor puedo ser incapaz de decir Es difícil saber con certeza el número real de inscritos en estos sitios webs. A partir que las páginas de citas utilizan este número como estrategia de marketing (Lardellier 2012), no es posible determinar cuándo esta cifra es real o simplemente publicidad. Una total opacidad reina en este ámbito (Zerbib 2012). 6. Les interactions virtuelles. La conquête en ligne Après une première approche – dans le chapitre précédent – sur les sites de rencontre; ce chapitre analysera les interactions digitales qui se créent à l'intérieur de ces sites. Dans la première partie de ce chapitre seront décrites les initiales interactions en ligne entre hommes et femmes sur les sites de rencontre. Ensuite, seront exposés les critères de chacun pour établir (ou non) une interaction numérique. Pour finir, seront analysés le début du « feeling » (affinité) entre eux, et la naissance –quelque fois– de différents degrés de confiance ainsi que l'émergence d'émotions. 6.1 Le début de l'interaction virtuelle. Les hommes font le premier pas. La conversation de Charles était plate comme un trottoir de rue, et les idées de tout le monde y défilaient dans leur costume ordinaire, sans exciter d'émotion, de rire ou de rêverie. Madame Bovary Gustave Flaubert. Dans le pays, comme dans la plupart des interactions en face-à-face avec un but sexuelémotionnel, sur le site de rencontre c'est aussi l'homme qui fait – presque toujours – le premier pas (Olavarría 1999). Ce fait est reconnu par les hommes et les femmes, et bien que ces dernières précisent que quelques fois ce sont elles qui envoient un « j'aime », un « flash », un « bisou virtuel » ou un message d'accueil, en général ce sont les hommes qui s'approchent en premier. Ainsi, aussi bien les femmes qui se reconnaissent « traditionnelles » que celles qui se définissent « féministes » assument cette situation. « Euh (Elle rit) oui, en général je suis vraiment traditionnelle, j'attends que l'homme fasse le premier pas, tu vois? Et après je choisis. Alors, pour moi dans toutes les salles de tchats, ce sont les hommes qui ont commencé » (Femme 20-29 ans). « Oui, en fait c'était comme ça deux fois et comme je suis super libérale et je critique toutes les formes de machisme, je ne peux pas être si bête de faire la promotion du féminisme et ne pas faire quelque chose de productif. Mais, c'était comme ça, j'ai mis « j'aime » tu fais un clic et il apparait une photo de quelqu'un, alors, le jour d'après, au premier moment je le vois : « Salut » de toute façon il m'a répondu le jour d'après (rires), j'ai eu peur, mais tout de suite j'ai continué à bavarder » (Femme 30-39 ans). Tandis que certains hommes privilégient une salutation neutre pour une pre mière approche, du type : « Salut, comment ça va? » ou « Comment vas -tu? », d'autres profitent des informations du profil de leur interlocutrice pour commencer une conversation. Ainsi, ce deux ième groupe privilégi era la différentiation sur la neutralité. Comme il s le di sent, cela augmenterait les chances d'obtenir de réponses. « Eh bien, je regardais les photos, je regardais aussi les intérêts et moi, j'essayais de débuter une conversation en fonction de leurs intérêts et plusieurs fois on poursuivait la conversation (rires), et si tu dis seulement « Salut, comment ça va? » Il y a des chances de ne pas avoir de réponse, alors il faut rajouter quelque chose du profil. Parce que ce n'est pas pareil de dire : Salut, est-ce que cela t'intéresse? C'est-à-dire, est-ce-que tu es intéressée par ce film ou la musique que moi aussi j'aime? C'est une façon différente, car tu donnes à l'interlocutrice l'opportunité de dire « Oh, c'est vrai? Toi aussi, tu aimes ça? » Voilà, il une conversation a commencé. C'est vraiment différent quand une personne dit seulement « Bonjour! » Dans ce cas, il n'aura pas de réponse à moins qu'elle trouve quelque chose d'intéressant sur ton profil » (Homme, 20-29 ans) Dans un contexte de possibilités variées -un marché ouvert comme le dénomme Illouz (2007)le fait de se différencier est une stratégie clef (Lardellier 2004 ; 2012). Le récit antérieur semble réaffirmer ce qui a été signalé par Zerbib (2012), par rapport à la fonction facilitatrice du questionnaire dans le processus de communication. De cette façon, alors que les hommes feront 146 un effort pour établir des interactions, les femmes recevront une multitude de messages. 6.2 Critères de sélection Car il faut que tu saches, Sancho, si tu ne le sais pas encore, que deux choses par-dessus tout entrainent l'amour : ce sont la beauté et la bonne renommée. Or, ces deux choses se trouvent dans Dulcinée au degré le plus éminent, car en beauté personne ne l'égale, et en bonne renommée bien peu lui sont comparables. Et pour tout dire en un mot, j'imagine qu'il en est ainsi, sans qu'il faille rien ôter ni rien ajouter. L'ingénieux hidalgo Don Quichotte de la Manche Miguel de Cervantès Saavedra La multiplicité d'essais de rapprochement virtuel que font les hommes vers les femmes ne veut pas dire que ceux-ci, comme elles, à l'heure de répondre, n'appliquent pas des critères de sélection. Au contraire, ces critères sont faciles à reconnaître. Le graphique 7 présente ce qui, au 147 début, attire l'attention des utilisateurs des sites de rencontre à l'heure de visiter le profil d'autrui. Le graphique 8 analyse les mêmes résultats, mais classés par genre. Le graphique 9, pour sa part, signale quel type d ́évaluation font les utilisateurs de quelques attributs de l'autre personne, tels que : « l'âge », la « photographie » le « niveau d'éducation », les « goûts », le « métier » et le « revenu ». Les internautes devaient classer ces attributs dans les catégories suivantes : « très important », « important », « indifférent », « assez important », « pas important » (voir Annexe 1). Le graphique 10 présente les mêmes résultats que le graphique 9, mais classés par genre. Dans le but d'être plus intelligible dans la présentation des résultats des graphiques 9 et 10, les catégories « important/très important » et « assez important/rien d importance » ont été regroupées. Graphique 7 : Quelle est la première chose qui attire votre attention lorsque vous regardez le profil d'une autre personne pour la première fois? (Fréquences absolues) 38 40 35 33 30 25 17 20 15 11 10 5 1 0 Âge Photographie Goûts Profession 148 Graphique 8 Quelle est la première chose qui attire votre attention lorsque vous regardez le profil d'une autre personne pour la première fois? 100,0% Profession 0,0% 29,4% 70,6% Goûts 54,5% Photographie 52,6% Masculin 45,5% Fémenin 47,4% 45,5% Age 0% 20% 54,5% 40% 60% 80% 100% Graphique 9 : Quelle est l'importance que vous attribuez au profil d'une autre personne? 23% Revenu 38% 38% 46% Profession 39% 15% 81% Âge 12,9% 77% 12,9% 87% Photographie 0% 10% 20% Important/trés important 30% 40% Indifférent 50% 10% 7% 7% 79% Goûts 6% 60% 70% 80% 18% 3% 90% 100% Assez important/pas important 149 Graphique 10 : Quelle est l'importance que vous attribuez au profil d'une autre personne? a) Goûts 50,0% Fémenin 50,0% Masculin 49,1% 50,0% 43,8% 56,3% Fémenin Masculin 50,0% 72,7% 50,0% N= 61 27,3% Important/trés important N= 61 Indifférent Assez important/pas important c) Âge Important/trés important Indifférent 25,0% 50,0% 50,0% 42,0% Fémenin Masculin 47,9% 52,1% 100,0% Masculi 62,5% 37,5% 75,0% 58,0% N= 62 N=62 Important/trés important e) Profession Assez important/pas important d) Niveau d'éducation 0,0% Fémenin 50,9% 50,0% Indifférent Assez important/pas important Important/trés important Indifférent Assez important/pas important f) Revenus 150 44,4% 42,9% 57,1% 55,6% Fémenin 52,2% 47,8% Masculin Fémenin 54,2% 42,9% 57,1% Masculin 52,2% 45,8% 47,8% N= 60 N= 61 Important/trés important Indifférent Assez important/pas important Important/trés important Indifférent Assez important/pas important Dans le graphique 7, nous pouvons observer que la première chose qui attire l'attention des utilisateurs des sites de rencontres, hommes ou femmes, c'est la photo de profil (voir graphique 8). Cette information est en accord avec les réponses des utilisateurs interrogés. Comme ils l'indiquent, à travers la photo, ils peuvent percevoir si la personne est ou n'est pas captivante. « Alors, évidemment, la première chose qu'on fait c'est chercher une fille attirante ou avec une photo attractive » (Homme 30-39 ans) « Au début la photo est la manière la plus simple de savoir si une personne est ou n'est pas attractive » (Femme 20-29 ans). Les utilisateurs sont conscients que l'appréciation des autres à travers une photographie peut être stéréotypée et créer des préjugés. Toutefois, ils affirment que sur les sites de rencontre il n'y a pas d'autre manière de juger l'autre. « Alors, nous jugeons une personne par sa photo, bien que nous faisons tous partie d'une société avec des préjugés, vraiment, tout entre par le regard » (Homme 20-29 ans) Le récit précèdent appuie l'affirmation d'Eva Illouz (2012) qui dit que l'attrait sexuel est un des critères les plus importants au moment d'établir des relations de couple dans la société contemporaine. Néanmoins, la photographie a aussi une autre fonction majeure et essentielle. La photographie n'est pas seulement un critère d'évaluation du charme de l'autre, mais aussi un signe de son existence. La photographie est un élément central de l'identité virtuelle (Ardèvol, 2009), mais en même temps, elle est aussi une manifestation de l'existence « réelle » (hors ligne) de l'autre personne. Ce signe de la « réalité » aurait un certain degré rassurant dans une atmosphère de suspicion. Comme le dit un utilisateur lorsqu'il a été interrogé sur ses impressions la première fois qu'il a visité un site de rencontre : « Au début, j'avais un peu plus de confiance parce que j'avais vu des photos, contrarièrent à sur Terra (salle de tchat) où il n'y avait pas d'images. Je l'ai connue sur Messenger ou je ne sais plus, sur Facebook qui à cette époque-là existait déjà. Au début, j'avais un peu plus de confiance, parce que je pouvais rechercher des profils où qui avaient des photos, mais je ne cherchais pas des profils, par exemple, avec une photo un peu bizarre, je parlais pas avec cette personne » (Homme 20-29 ans) C'est pourquoi les femmes, qui sont la plus méfiance de ces espaces virtuels, ont comme règle de ne pas répondre à des messages de quelqu'un qui n'a pas de photo sur son profil. « Parler avec quelqu'un sans photo, euh moi, je ne le fais pas, cela ne me donne pas de confiance, alors non, je le fais pas » (Femme 20-29 ans). 152 Bien que la plupart d'entre elles soient conscientes qu'une photo peut ou peut ne pas correspondre à la réalité (hors ligne) de quelqu'un. « Moi je ne réponds pas, parce que je sais rien de l'autre personne derrière l'écran, même si une photo peut représenter un mensonge, je crois que la photo donne un peu de sécurité » (Femme 40-49 ans). Quelques femmes interrogées dans une situation similaire -sur la réalité de la photographie- ont indiqué qu'elles ne se sont jamais posé la question de l'authenticité de la photo, c'est-à-dire, l'identité hors ligne de leurs interlocuteurs. De cette manière, en poursuivant la réflexion, on peut appuyer la thèse de Susan Sontag qui explique que : « le vrai primitivisme moderne n'est pas la contemplation d'une image comme quelque chose de réel []. Plutôt la réalité ressemblée de plus en plus à ce que les caméras nous montrent » (2012 : 157). Par là, on peut dire que sur les sites de rencontre la photographie ne remplit pas seulement la fonction du corps ou est une représentation de cet, la photographie est le corps de l'autre sur le net. Olga Sabido dit : « Le corps n'est pas quelque chose d'évident, il n'est même pas empiriquement comparable stricto sensu, car nous ne voyons jamais des « corps » (cf. Le Breton, 2002), mais des hommes, des femmes, des garçons, des filles, des personnes âgées [], c'est-à-dire, nous ne voyons pas des corps mais « des corps socialement différenciés » (Bourdieu, 2003 : 38 » (2007 :208) (en italique dans le texte original). Sur les sites de rencontre, les utilisateurs ne voient pas simplement des photographies, mais des hommes et des femmes, des jeunes ou des personnes âgées, grandes ou petites, minces ou grosses, blondes ou brunes, pour nommer quelques caractéristiques possibles, et finalement, des personnes attractives ou non. L'âge est critère important à prendre en compte au moment où les utilisateurs accèdent au profil d'autres utilisateurs. Même si le proverbe dit « l'amour n'a pas d'âge », sur les sites de rencontre l'âge est un critère déterminant (voir graphique 9), peut-être encore plus que dans le 153 monde hors ligne. On peut en rendre responsable l'offre faite par les sites de rencontre concernant les rencontres intergénérationnelles. Tandis que hors d'Internet il est possible d'affirmer que - à l'avis de cet étude - les endroits les plus courant pour une rencontre romantique tels que les bars, les cafés et les discothèques se différencient habituellement par groupes d'âge : lieux pour les adolescents, les jeunes adultes, les adultes, les personnes âgées, les sites de rencontre chiliens se caractérisent par leur généraliste (Lardellier 2014), et par conséquent, les différentes générations de célibataires peuvent se rencontrer dans un même endroit. Pour cette raison, il n'est pas difficile de trouver des récits qui commentent ce phénomène. Ainsi, les utilisatrices de sites de rencontre ont affirmé qu'elles ont reçu de nombreux messages virtuels d'hommes de différent âge, certains très jeunes et d'autres très âgés. C'est peut-être pour cette raison que l'attribut « âge » est plus important pour les femmes que pour les hommes (voir graphique 10d). L'importance de l'âge peut être observée dans les récits suivants. « on peut mettre des filtres pour éviter les personnes âgées ou très jeunes [] je veux pas parler avec toutes ces personnes, des gens très âgées ou très jeunes, comme par exemple 20 ans » (Femme 20-29 ans). « Par exemple, l'homme de 36 ans, j'ai bien réfléchi avant de lui parler, je lui parle ou je ne lui parle pas? Finalement je lui ai parlé et il m'a répondu Il était historien, ça me semblait intéressant et je me suis dit, bon, je lui parle. Voilà, dans ce cas-là, le sujet de l'âge ne fut pas de problème » (Femme, 20-29 ans). « Pas trop jeune, majeur depuis un an, c'est un petit garçon (rires) parce que je crois que les hommes sont plus immatures » (Femme 20-29 ans). Un phénomène assez fréquent parmi les utilisateurs interrogés est l'interaction entre jeunes hommes et femmes plus âgées. Il n'est pas possible d'affirmer que ce phénomène soit propre à Internet, mais nous pouvons dire que ce moyen facilite ce type d'interactions. Plusieurs interrogées entre 30, 40, 50 ans et plus disent recevoir des nombreux messages d'hommes plus jeunes qu'elles. D'une part, la plupart de ces messages sont rejetés par certaines femmes en 154 arguant que ces jeunes hommes pourraient être leurs enfants et d'autre part, il y a des femmes qui n'ont pas de problème avec ce type de messages et qui peuvent aussi établir des interactions avec leurs prétendants virtuels. Certaines ont même établi des relations de caractère sexuelémotionnel avec eux, soit d'une façon virtuelle, soit d'une manière réelle (hors ligne). Pour leur part, les hommes interrogés sont aussi conscients de ce phénomène. Tandis que quelques-uns se plaignent des femmes qui cherchent des jeunes hommes sur les sites de rencontre : « En général, je vois des femmes qui cherchent des hommes plus jeunes qu'elles. Quelque chose d'amusant, je crois. Moi, avec 53 ans je suis un peu hors du « marché » ou loin du cercle des femmes qui m'intéressent, même si je considère que je suis en forme pour mon âge » (Homme 50-59 ans). D'autres hommes, en revanche, n'ont pas de mal à reconnaître qu'ils cherchent des femmes plus âgées qu'eux, surtout quand elles sont attractives ; on désigne ce genre de femmes sur Internet par l'acronyme MILF46 « Eh ben, moi aussi je cherchais des meufs sexy, pas des grosses femmes repoussantes, alors, j'ai commencé à sortir avec beaucoup de femmes comme ça s » (Homme 40-49 ans). « Entre deux et dix ans plus que moi, minces [] C'est le premier critère. La règle est : elle ne doit pas peser plus que moi ha haha » (Homme 3039 ans). Au-delà de la demande masculine et de la tendance de quelques-uns à chercher des femmes plus âgées, l'observation l'étude des sites de rencontre permet d'affirmer qu'il y a une tendance parmi les hommes à privilégier une large tranche d'âge, alors que les femmes sélectionnent leurs Mom I'd like to fuck (MILF) littéralement « mère que j'aimerais baiser ». En français l'acronyme peut être traduit par MBAB (« Mère à baiser »). Il sert à désigner une mère sexuellement attirante https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILF (consultée le 7 Juillet, 2015). 46 155 interlocuteurs à partir d'une tranche d'âge davantage restrictive. Indépendamment de la tranche d'âge sélectionnée, il est clair que sur Internet, et plus spécifiquement sur les sites de rencontre, l'âge est un critère important, il serait encore plus important que dans le monde hors ligne. Un autre critère important, par ordre décroissant, est le « niveau d'éducation » (voir graphique 7). Le graphique 8 montre que ce sont principalement les femmes qui valorisent en grande partie cette caractéristique.
11,810
johnmarshalldays00mose_4
US-PD-Books
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,899
"John Marshall day." Series of letters and endorsements in answer to circular advocating the celebration of "John Marshall day," February 4, 1901. Presented to the American bar association for its consideration
None
English
Spoken
1,243
1,703
(From B. C. Ravenscroft, Dean of Nashville College of Law.) I desire on behalf of the Nashville College of Law to express our hearty appreciation of your proposition for a "John Marshall Day." A celebration of this order would do far more toward pointing out the great benefit to be derived from a pure and incorruptible judiciary as exemplified in Chief Justice Marshall than all editorials that could be w-ritten against corruption on the bench. The opportunities for good to be derived from a "John Marshall Day" are boundless. We hope you may meet with success in se- curing the approval of the American Bar As- sociation. E. C. RAVENSCROFT. (From H. N. Ogden. Pres. of Illinois College of Law.) I have read your proposal for the setting apart of February 4th, 1901, as "John Mar- shall Day." to commemorate the One Hun- dredth anniversary of the accession to the Bench, of America's most illustrious judge and I have brought the same to the attention of the members of our faculty. We desire to endorse your proposal and to assure you that the day will be set apart and fit- tingly observed by the faculty and students of this college. Permit us to express the hope that the Law Colleges throughout the country may also appropriately observe the day and that thereby the true foundations of the rights and liberties of the American citizen may be revealed to the rising generation of lawyers and judges, and through them to the whole body of the American people. The celebration of this centennial will he a unique and most impoitant event in the judicial history of the country. Thanking vou for the courtesy, etc.. I re- main, " HOWARD N. OGDEN, President. (From B. J. Ramage, Dean of Law Depart- ment. The University of the South, Se- wame, Tennessee.) The proposed celebration of "John Mar- shall Day" meets with my heartiest ap- proval. That the event may arouse a keen- er appreciation of the services rendered the nation by the interpreter of the constitution during its formative period, will surely be the earnest wish of all who love the work of the fatliers. B. J. RAMAGE. (From H. B. Hutchins, Dean of University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor.) I certainly favor the proposition for the celebration of "John Marshall Day." The action of the Illinois State Bar Association is to be commended, and I trust that it w'ill be approved by the American Bar Associa- tion. H. B. HUTCHINS. L.«rc. 34 •'JOHM MARSHALL DAY." (From George W. Warvelle, Dean of the Chicago Law School, Chicago.) I am in receipt of your esteemed communi- cation relative to the popular observance of "John Marshall Day, " and in reply would say: the suggestion is an excellent one and is fully approved by the faculty of the Chi- cago Law School. I beg to assure you that the day will be duly observed by us with special commemorative exercises, including an address on the life and character of the distinguished jurist whose name we all hold in such veneration. GEO. W. WARVELLE, Dean. (Resolution adopted by the Bar Association of San Francisco, Cal.) Resolved, as the sense of this association, that the project proposing to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the elevation of Chief Justice John Marshall to the Bench of the United States Supreme Court, formulated and submitted by Mr. Adolph Moses, and adopted by the Illinois State Bar Associa- tion on July 7th, 1899, be and is hereby en- dorsed and approved. Re.^olved, that a copy of the above resolu- tion be sent to Adolph Moses, Esq., Ii00-B12 The Temple, Chicago, III., by the President of this association. I certify that the foregoing resolution was adopted at a stated meeting of the Bar A.s- sociation of San Francisco, held on August 11th, 1899. WM. H. FIFIELD, President. (From Frederic S. Hebard, Chicago, ad- dressed to Sec'y Hinkley.) The Illinois State Bar Association has very appropriately endorsed Mr. Moses' sug- gestion that "John Marshall Day" be ob- served. The day should be one of fervent, dignified and equitable patriotism. FREDERIC S. HEBARD. (From John L. Bridgers. Tarboro, N. C.) Your letter of the 24th inst. with enclosed paper about the "John Marshall Day" re- ceived. I shall be glad to assist in the matter all I can. JOHN L. BRIDGERS. * * * (From James A. Rohbach, Sec'y of Indiana Law School.) Indianapolis, Ind. I assure you that the Indiana Law School most heartily approves of the proposed "John Marshall Day," and wishes the enter- prise the reception and success it deserves. I individually add my hearty endorsement, and at first meeting of the Faculty of this school will present the plan to that body, and I know that they will concur in the mat- ter. JAMES A. ROHBACH. (Commercial Law League of America En- dorsement.) The following resolution was unanimously adopted by the Commercial Law League of America, at its 5th Annual Convention, at Ashury Park, N. J... July 24-29, 1899; Whereas, the Illinois State Bar Associa- tion, at its late meeting held at Chicago, endorsed the proposition of Mr. Adolph Mosos, of the Chicago Bar, to celebrate Feb- ruary 4, 1901, as "John Marshall Day," in memory of the great event when Chief Jus- tice Marshall first took his seat as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; and Whereas, The Commercial Law League of America has been invited to lend its indorse- ment to the project. Be it Resolved, By the Commercial Law League of America, that it heartily endorses such a proposition, and that it will co-oper- ate in such celebration, if the same be au- thorized by the American Bar Association, to whom the matter has been referred, at its session to be held August 28, 29 and 30, 1899, at Buffalo, N. Y. (Resolution of the Virginia State Bar Asso- ciation, adopted at its late meeting at Hot Springs, Va.) Resolved, That the Virginia State Bar As- sociation regards with sentiments of warm- est approval the movement recently inaugu- rated by the Illinois State Bar Association, upon the motion of the Hon. Adolph Moses, of the Chicago Bar, to celebrate in an appro- priate manner the coming centennial anni- versary of the elevation of John Marshall to the position of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. His exalted character as a man, his pre-eminence as a jurist, and his illustrious services in the making of the Union, entitle him to the lasting veneration and affection of all his countrymen. The lawyers of Virginia with peculiar pride will cordially unite in any movement to commemorate his labors and to e.xalt his fame. Resolved, further. That a committee of five be appointed by the president to com- municate to the American Bar Association at its approaching meeting the passage of the foregoing resolution, and to correspond with other bar associations and the bar gen- erally, looking to the accomplishment of the end in view, making a report of their ac- tion at the next session of this association, (Under the above resolution the president appointed the following committee; Messrs. Bev. B. Munford, L. L, Lewis. John A. Coke, Jackson Guy and James P. Harrison.) LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 0 011 769 506 A LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 0 011 769 506 2 H PHOTOFILE ENVELOPES MADE FROM PEKMALIFE^ PAPER COPYRITE HOWARD PAPER MILLS INC. MIN pH 7.5.
22,968
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayesville%20%28Ohio%29
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Hayesville (Ohio)
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayesville (Ohio)&action=history
Min Nan Chinese
Spoken
26
76
Hayesville sī Bí-kok Ohio chiu Ashland kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu (village). Jîn-kháu Chit ūi tī 2010 nî ê jîn-kháu-sò͘ sī 448 lâng. Ohio ê chng-thâu
1,719
https://github.com/consulo/consulo-java/blob/master/plugin/src/main/java/com/intellij/java/impl/ipp/junit/CreateAssertPredicate.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,023
consulo-java
consulo
Java
Code
308
924
/* * Copyright 2003-2009 Dave Griffith, Bas Leijdekkers * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package com.intellij.java.impl.ipp.junit; import com.intellij.java.language.codeInsight.AnnotationUtil; import com.intellij.java.language.psi.*; import consulo.project.Project; import consulo.language.psi.*; import consulo.language.psi.scope.GlobalSearchScope; import com.intellij.java.language.psi.util.InheritanceUtil; import consulo.language.psi.util.PsiTreeUtil; import com.intellij.java.impl.ipp.base.PsiElementPredicate; import org.jetbrains.annotations.NonNls; class CreateAssertPredicate implements PsiElementPredicate { public boolean satisfiedBy(PsiElement element) { if (!(element instanceof PsiExpressionStatement)) { return false; } final PsiExpressionStatement statement = (PsiExpressionStatement)element; final PsiExpression expression = statement.getExpression(); final PsiElement parent = expression.getParent(); if (!(parent instanceof PsiExpressionStatement)) { return false; } final PsiType type = expression.getType(); if (!PsiType.BOOLEAN.equals(type)) { return false; } final PsiMethod containingMethod = PsiTreeUtil.getParentOfType(expression, PsiMethod.class); return isTestMethod(containingMethod); } private static boolean isTestMethod(PsiMethod method) { if (method == null) { return false; } if (AnnotationUtil.isAnnotated(method, "org.junit.Test", true)) { return true; } if (method.hasModifierProperty(PsiModifier.ABSTRACT) || !method.hasModifierProperty(PsiModifier.PUBLIC)) { return false; } final PsiType returnType = method.getReturnType(); if (returnType == null) { return false; } if (!returnType.equals(PsiType.VOID)) { return false; } final PsiParameterList parameterList = method.getParameterList(); final PsiParameter[] parameters = parameterList.getParameters(); if (parameters.length != 0) { return false; } @NonNls final String methodName = method.getName(); if (!methodName.startsWith("test")) { return false; } final PsiClass containingClass = method.getContainingClass(); return isTestClass(containingClass); } private static boolean isTestClass(PsiClass aClass) { if (aClass == null) { return false; } final Project project = aClass.getProject(); final GlobalSearchScope scope = GlobalSearchScope.allScope(project); final JavaPsiFacade psiFacade = JavaPsiFacade.getInstance(project); final PsiClass ancestorClass = psiFacade.findClass("junit.framework.TestCase", scope); return InheritanceUtil.isInheritorOrSelf(aClass, ancestorClass, true); } }
16,902
https://github.com/vdavalon01/pyston/blob/master/Include/internal/aot_ceval_jit_helper.h
Github Open Source
Open Source
0BSD
2,021
pyston
vdavalon01
C
Code
215
1,782
#ifndef Py_INTERNAL_AOT_CEVAL_JIT_HELPER_H #define Py_INTERNAL_AOT_CEVAL_JIT_HELPER_H #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif #include "Python.h" #if PYSTON_SPEEDUPS #define JIT_HELPER(name) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name(int _not_set) #define JIT_HELPER1(name, py1) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name(int _not_set, PyObject* py1) #define JIT_HELPER2(name, py1, py2) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name(int _not_set, PyObject* py1, PyObject* py2) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(name) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name(int oparg) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG1(name, py1) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name(int oparg, PyObject* py1) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG2(name, py1, py2) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name(int oparg, PyObject* py1, PyObject* py2) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG3(name, py1, py2, py3) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name(int oparg, PyObject* py1, PyObject* py2, PyObject* py3) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME(name_) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name_(PyObject* name) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME1(name_, py1) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name_(PyObject* name, PyObject* py1) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT(name_) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name_(PyObject* name, _PyOpcache *co_opcache) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT1(name_, py1) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name_(PyObject* name, PyObject* py1, _PyOpcache *co_opcache) #define JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT2(name_, py1, py2) PyObject* JIT_HELPER_##name_(PyObject* name, PyObject* py1, PyObject* py2, _PyOpcache *co_opcache) JIT_HELPER1(UNARY_NOT, value); JIT_HELPER1(PRINT_EXPR, value); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(RAISE_VARARGS); JIT_HELPER1(GET_AITER, obj); JIT_HELPER(GET_ANEXT); JIT_HELPER1(GET_AWAITABLE, iterable); JIT_HELPER1(YIELD_FROM, v); JIT_HELPER1(YIELD_VALUE, retval); JIT_HELPER(POP_EXCEPT); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(POP_FINALLY); JIT_HELPER1(END_ASYNC_FOR, exc); JIT_HELPER(LOAD_BUILD_CLASS); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME1(STORE_NAME, v); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME(DELETE_NAME); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG1(UNPACK_SEQUENCE, seq); __attribute__((flatten)) JIT_HELPER1(UNPACK_SEQUENCE2, seq); __attribute__((flatten)) JIT_HELPER1(UNPACK_SEQUENCE3, seq); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG1(UNPACK_EX, seq); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT2(STORE_ATTR, owner, v); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT2(STORE_ATTR_CACHED, owner, v); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME(DELETE_GLOBAL); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME(LOAD_NAME); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT(LOAD_GLOBAL); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(LOAD_CLASSDEREF); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_STRING); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_LIST_UNPACK); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_SET); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_SET_UNPACK); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_MAP); JIT_HELPER(SETUP_ANNOTATIONS); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_MAP_UNPACK); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT1(LOAD_ATTR, owner); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT1(LOAD_ATTR_CACHED, owner); JIT_HELPER1(IMPORT_STAR, from); JIT_HELPER1(GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER, iterable); JIT_HELPER(FOR_ITER_SECOND_PART); JIT_HELPER(BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(SETUP_WITH); JIT_HELPER(WITH_CLEANUP_START); JIT_HELPER2(WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH, res, exc); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT(LOAD_METHOD); JIT_HELPER_WITH_NAME_OPCACHE_AOT(LOAD_METHOD_CACHED); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG1(CALL_FUNCTION_KW, names_); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG3(CALL_FUNCTION_EX_internal, kwargs, callargs, func); __attribute__((flatten)) JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG2(CALL_FUNCTION_EX_NOKWARGS, callargs, func); __attribute__((flatten)) JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG3(CALL_FUNCTION_EX_KWARGS, kwargs, callargs, func); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG2(MAKE_FUNCTION, qualname, codeobj); JIT_HELPER_WITH_OPARG(FORMAT_VALUE); #endif #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif #endif
22,094
op1249172-1001_1
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,866
Account of receipt and expenditure of Dublin Metropolitan Police, 1865
None
English
Spoken
381
592
DUBLIN METROPOLITAN POLICE. ABSTRACT ACCOUNT of all Moneys Received and Expended on Account of the Dublin Metropolitan Police Force and Public Courts in the Year ended 31 December 1865. INCOME. Detailed Items. Local Income. Total. £. s. d. £. s. d. £. s. d. £. s. d. To Balance on 1st January 1865 - - - 6,426 8 11 „ Treasury Issue, per Paymaster General - 49,500 - - „ Fines and Penalties, Act 6 & 7 Vict. c. 26 of Rates - - 25,423 214 2 - J „ Pawnbrokers’ License Duty... - 6,076 19 2 — „ Publicans’ Certificate Fees - Local Income... 40,092 8 1 Total - - - £• 96,018 17 - EXPENDITURE. By Rents „ Taxes ------- „ Building, -Repairs, Bedding, Furniture, Salaries - Pay of the Force: Superintendents - Inspectors - Inspectors - Inspectors, Sergeants, and Constables - Extra Pay Rewards Wages of Housekeepers - Commuted Allowances to Superintendent, &c. Clothing and Equipments - Fuel and Light Horses, Forage, &c. Newspapers and Advertisements - Gratuities to Constables discharged “unfit” Law Expenses - Pensions - Income Tax from Salaries, Pay and Pen-sions. Incidents: Superintendents General Miscellaneous - Miscellaneous - By Balance on 31 December 1865 Metropolitan Police Office, Dublin Castle, 7 March 1866. Police Courts. Police Force. Total. £. s. d. £. s. d. 228 19 2 836 3 9 1,065 2 11 38 3 _ 181 17 4 220 - 4 60 3 2 2,562 3 6 2,622 6 8 7,055 11 11 1,982 3 1 9,037 -.16 - 1,421 3 10 I 2,868 10 8 ^ 48,491 17 3 44,202 2 9 J 449 1 2 449 1 2 309 10 6 309 10 6 104 - _] 52 - - 156 - - - 861 4 8 5j012 18 8 5,012 18 8 13 1 1,517 9 736 8 228 4 7 246 6 2 474 10 9 681 5 10 1 406 6 8 1,121 11 7 33 19 1 John L. O'Ferrall, Commissioner of Police. James Hanlon, Accountant. Printed texts were supplied by the Cambridge University Library and digitised by the University of Southampton Library Digitisation Unit 132. > Printed texts were supplied by the Cambridge University Library and digitised by the University of Southampton Library Digitisation Unit DUBLIN METROPOLITAN POLICE.
23,951
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhene%20cancer
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Rhene cancer
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhene cancer&action=history
Swedish
Spoken
33
66
Rhene cancer är en spindelart som beskrevs av Wesolowska, Cumming 2008. Rhene cancer ingår i släktet Rhene och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Källor Externa länkar Hoppspindlar cancer
8,226
https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/152286
StackExchange
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,012
Stack Exchange
Ahmed Banby, Anwar Said, Blaise Asidiku KATAMBA, Dumisan Brown Kaunda, Evans Troy, Franz B, Joker, Kiemdinh Sitc, Pekka, StarLordBlair, This_is_NOT_a_forum, Vishwas1112001, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/1187346, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/1259352, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/138112, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/159165, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/189276, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/464314, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/464315, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/464316, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/464317, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/464318, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/464325, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/464336, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/464338, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/63550, https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/854366, jonsca, ozmert75, swat
English
Spoken
1,018
1,355
Is altering the entire question allowed? If you have had no answers and only downvotes, is it allowed to completely change the question? As an example: Original Question: Should I begin programming with VB.NET or C++? Then getting a lot of downvotes and changing the question to Edited Question: How do I open up a new tab when pressing a hyperlink - JavaScript? Should this be allowed as the original question had no answers and no helpful comments to anyone? Do you have a link to the question? No, Im just using it as an example. As one of my questions is in a similar situation. But I can alter it to still be on scope of the old question but was wondering if I was allowed to change the content of what I was asking No, it's not allowed. There's no reason to do this. Improve the original. Reading your comment below, I understand the situation, but that instance is one that you might have to just purge and improve your others (your record doesn't look that bad, tbh, just some bad apples here and there). Yeah I've edited my questions in the hopes other users will find them useful and I'm reading through the question with upvotes and the FAQs in the hopes that my newer questions will not get be banned. We don't ban questions. We can close or delete questions, and users can find themselves banned from asking questions. There's a difference. Related: Exit strategies for "chameleon questions" The official FAQ doesn't say a great deal about editing one's own questions. The most relevant part that I can see is under What if I don’t get a good answer? where it states: First, make sure you’ve asked a good question. To get better answers, you may need to put additional effort into your question. Edit your question to provide status and progress updates. Document your own continued efforts to answer your question. This will naturally bump your question and get more people interested in it. Neither the How to Ask page nor the Community FAQ add any further insight into what are appropriate edits to one's own questions. The Edit questions and answers privilege states (emphasis added): Some common reasons to edit are: to fix grammatical or spelling mistakes to clarify the meaning of a post without changing it to correct minor mistakes or add addendums / updates as the post ages to add related resources or hyperlinks Whilst the above relates specifically to editing others' posts, I would urge you never to change the meaning of any post (including your own): it can be confusing for others who thought they had already considered your contribution (and perhaps commented or cast a vote). Besides which, it's counterproductive for you: you would then have a (hopefully) good question with a lot of down-votes, which makes your question less appealing to people browsing question lists (and therefore less likely to be answered); and there may also be close-votes (which require 3000 rep to see), which put your good question at risk of being closed prematurely. If the original question can be salvaged, attempt to do so with appropriate edits: it could help others who experience a similar issue in the future. If it's unsalvageable, the appropriate action would be to flag it for closure (or cast a close vote once you gain that privilege) rather than delete. If you have had no answers and only down votes is it allowed to completely change the questions I can't think of one good reason to do this. Just delete or abandon the question, and start a new one. Yes but then this goes against you. I've been doing this when I've realised the next day my question was totally crap. But then just yesterday I got banned because of deleting 2 questions which had no answers and only downvotes. So the mods have re-enabled my questions and I'm in the process of altering them. But I no longer need that exact question any more. And the question I asked is not likely to help other users. Cheers for the help @Team just be careful to ask good questions in the future and you will no longer be in danger of getting banned. Altering a question like that is going to screw up its timeline and Google results etc. and makes absolutely no sense. If someone sees you doing it, they may assume some sort of foul play and downvote you just for that. Don't do it. Okay thanks. I've edited my existing questions in the hopes they are more meaningful but have not changed the scope of the question. My original questions was about smart Tv development and starting to progam with it. Ive changed it to give some information of starting to develop but also added a question about corss platform support when using a smart tv for the web. Is this ok? @TeamGB It's still quite open ended and not really about a specific problem. If you can hone it down to a specific incompatibility between the two, and add specific code it would probably be stronger -- in that case it would be a radical edit, but it would be keeping with the scope and spirit of the original question. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12529203/does-my-website-need-to-work-on-a-normal-webpage-if-it-is-just-for-a-smart-tv That's the link. Should I leave it as that or edit it? @TeamGB I think it's fine there. I think we've answered your original question anyway. I was able to find that one through your profile. Yeah my original question I did a lot of research on after it got closed so that I could write an answer if anyone else needed it. So with the new one I added that info in for other uses to read. @TeamGB - "Yes but then this goes against you." Yes, and that's exactly how the system is intended to work. This is a feature, not a bug. @JackManey I know this, which is why I didn't want to delete this I'd prefer to alter my existing questions which I have done. Thanks for your help everyone
32,448
https://openalex.org/W4243094418
OpenAlex
Open Science
CC-By
2,021
Regulation of Subsoiling Tillage on the Grain Filling Characteristics of Maize Varieties From Different Eras
Li-qing WANG
English
Spoken
11,745
23,833
Regulation of Subsoiling Tillage on the Grain Filling Characteristics of Maize Varieties From Different Eras Li-qing WANG  Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Xiao-Fang YU  (  nmyuxiaofang@imau.edu.cn ) Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Ju-Lin GAO  Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Da-Ling MA  Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Liang LI  Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Shu-Ping HU  Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Research Article Research Article Keywords: spring maize, subsoiling tillage, grain ¦lling Posted Date: March 1st, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-243081/v1 License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Keywords: spring maize, subsoiling tillage, grain ¦lling Regulation of subsoiling tillage on the grain filling 1 characteristics of maize varieties from different eras 2 Li-qing WANG1 , Xiao-Fang YU1 *, Ju-Lin GAO 1*, Da-Ling MA1 , Liang LI1 ,Shu-Ping HU1 3 4 1 Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No.275, XinJian East Street, Hohhot 010019, China; 5 nmwangliqing@emails.imau.edu.cn (L.-Q.W.); nmyuxiaofang@imau.edu.cn (X.-F.Y.); 6 nmgaojulin@163.com (J.-L.G.); 2979187605@qq.com (L,L); madaling@sina.com (D.-l.M.); bthsp88@163.com 7 (S.-p.H.) 8 *Correspondence: nmyuxiaofang75@imau.edu.cn (X.-F.Y.);nmgaojulin@163.com (J.L.G.) 9 Tel.: +86-136-7482-7018 10 11 Abstract: Grain filling is the key stage for achieving high grain yield. Subsoiling tillage has been 12 widely used as a conservation tillage method in the maize planting region of China. This study 13 was conducted to explore the effects of subsoiling on the grain filling characteristics of maize 14 varieties of different eras. Five typical maize varieties from different eras (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 15 2000s and 2010s) were used as trial materials with two tillage modalities: rotation tillage and 16 subsoiling tillage. The characteristic parameters and rate parameters of grain filling were 17 compared and analyzed using the selected tillage modalities. The results showed that the grain 18 filling parameters of the 2010s variety were better than those of the other varieties, and these 19 differences mainly manifested in the filling rate parameters of the rapidly increasing and 20 slowly increasing periods. In comparison with rotation tillage, subsoiling improved the 21 maximum grain filling rate and the grain growth during the period of the maximum grain 22 filling rate to different degrees. In addition, subsoiling delayed the appearance time of the 23 maximum grain filling rate, extended the grain filling duration, and improved the mean filling 24 rate. These differences are major reasons for the significant increase in 100-kernel dry weight 25 at harvest for subsoiling in comparison with rotation tillage. Moreover, subsoiling enhanced 26 the filling rate parameters during the rapidly increasing and slowly increasing periods. The 27 filling stage filling duration and filling rate of maize varieties of different eras showed different 28 responses to subsoiling. Regulation of subsoiling tillage on the grain filling 1 characteristics of maize varieties from different eras 2 Li-qing WANG1 , Xiao-Fang YU1 *, Ju-Lin GAO 1*, Da-Ling MA1 , Liang LI1 ,Shu-Ping HU1 3 4 Abstract: Grain filling is the key stage for achieving high grain yield. Subsoiling tillage has been 12 widely used as a conservation tillage method in the maize planting region of China. This study 13 was conducted to explore the effects of subsoiling on the grain filling characteristics of maize 14 varieties of different eras. Five typical maize varieties from different eras (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 15 2000s and 2010s) were used as trial materials with two tillage modalities: rotation tillage and 16 subsoiling tillage. The characteristic parameters and rate parameters of grain filling were 17 compared and analyzed using the selected tillage modalities. The results showed that the grain 18 filling parameters of the 2010s variety were better than those of the other varieties, and these 19 differences mainly manifested in the filling rate parameters of the rapidly increasing and 20 slowly increasing periods. In comparison with rotation tillage, subsoiling improved the 21 maximum grain filling rate and the grain growth during the period of the maximum grain 22 filling rate to different degrees. In addition, subsoiling delayed the appearance time of the 23 maximum grain filling rate, extended the grain filling duration, and improved the mean filling 24 rate. These differences are major reasons for the significant increase in 100-kernel dry weight 25 at harvest for subsoiling in comparison with rotation tillage. Moreover, subsoiling enhanced 26 the filling rate parameters during the rapidly increasing and slowly increasing periods. The 27 filling stage filling duration and filling rate of maize varieties of different eras showed different 28 responses to subsoiling. For example, the grain filling rate parameters of the 2010s variety 29 during the rapidly increasing period were more sensitive to subsoiling in comparison with 30 those of the other varieties. 31 Key words: spring maize; subsoiling tillage; grain filling 32 Research Article For example, the grain filling rate parameters of the 2010s variety 29 during the rapidly increasing period were more sensitive to subsoiling in comparison with 30 those of the other varieties. 31 Key words: spring maize; subsoiling tillage; grain filling 32 1.Introduction 33 The soil type 65 was sandy loam, and the 0-30 cm soil layer contained 22.27 g·kg-1 of organic matter, 103.75 66 mg·kg-1 available nitrogen, 15.76mg·kg-1 available phosphorus, and 219.60 mg·kg-1 available 67 potassium (pH 8.23). The main meteorological factors during the maize growth period are 68 given in Fig. 1. 69 It is inevitable that increasing plant density leads to decreased grain yield. In addition, the 41 advantages and disadvantages of topsoil structure further affect the population capacity[3]. A 42 tillage layer with good structure can alleviate the adverse effects of increased density, and 43 practices that optimize this structure are key measures for optimizing maize yield in China. As 44 a conservation tillage measure, subsoiling can effectively improve soil physical and chemical 45 properties, enhance plant self-regulation ability, alleviate the cluster effect of densification, 46 effectively stabilize population yield and realize densification and yield improvement[4-5]. 47 Previous work has shown that grain filling is an important physiological process that 48 determines the yield and quality of maize grain[6-7]. Therefore, by matching appropriate tillage 49 practices[8-9], varieties[10-11], planting density[12-13] and management measures[14], as well as 50 constructing a reasonable group structure to realize full utilization of light, heat, water and 51 fertilizer resources, good filling conditions can be established to achieve coordination of ear 52 number, ear grain number and grain weight, which finally increase the maize yield per unit 53 area. 54 Studies have shown that subsoiling promoted maize root penetration, increased the 55 photosynthetic rate and delayed leaf senescence, which increased planting density and maize 56 yield[15-17]. However, few studies have assessed the effects of subsoiling on maize grain filling 57 characteristics. Therefore, using maize varieties from different eras as experimental materials, 58 the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of subsoiling on grain filling characteristics to 59 provide a basis for further exploration of the mechanisms underlying increases in planting 60 density and maize yield. 61 Field experiment were carried out at the Tumoteyou Qi Experimental Station of the Inner 64 Mongolia Agricultural University (40°33′ N, 110°31′ E) during 2018 and 2019. The soil type 65 was sandy loam, and the 0-30 cm soil layer contained 22.27 g·kg-1 of organic matter, 103.75 66 mg·kg-1 available nitrogen, 15.76mg·kg-1 available phosphorus, and 219.60 mg·kg-1 available 67 potassium (pH 8.23). The main meteorological factors during the maize growth period are 68 given in Fig. 1. 1.Introduction 33 69 2018 Daily rainfall（mm） Daily mean temperature（℃） -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Total solar radiation（w/m 2） 0 10 20 30 40 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May Daily mean temperature Daily rainfall Total solar radiation 2019 Daily rainfall（mm） Daily mean temperature（℃） -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Total solar radiation（w/m 2） 0 10 20 30 40 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May Daily mean temperature Daily rainfall Total solar radiation 70 Fig. 1 Main meteorological factors during the growth period in the experimental area 71 Total solar radiation（w/m 2） 0 10 20 30 40 2019 Daily rainfall（mm） Daily mean temperature（℃） -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Total solar radiation（w/m 2） 0 10 20 30 40 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May Daily mean temperature Daily rainfall Total solar radiation 2018 Daily rainfall（mm） Daily mean temperature（℃） -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Total solar radiation（w/m 2） 0 10 20 30 40 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May Daily mean temperature Daily rainfall Total solar radiation 2019 Daily rainfall（mm） Daily mean temperature（℃） -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Total solar radiation（w/m 2） 0 10 20 30 40 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May Daily mean temperature Daily rainfall Total solar radiation 70 Fig. 1 Main meteorological factors during the growth period in the experimental area 71 The trial used a two-factor split-plot design (tillage treatment and variety). Tillage 72 treatment was the main plot, and the two tillage practices were subsoiling (SS) with a depth of 73 35 cm and rotary tillage (RT) with a depth of 15 cm. The main plot contained subplots with 74 each variety: ZD2 (1970s), DY13 (1980s), YD13 (1990s), XY 335 (2000s), and DH618 (2010s). 75 These varieties are sold in the Chinese market and allowed to be purchased as test materials. 1.Introduction 33 Analysis of reports about maize high yield records in China and elsewhere show that 34 increasing maize yield depends on sufficient water and fertilizer conditions, varieties with high 35 yield and density tolerance, high planting density and reasonable cultivation measures[1-2]. 36 Therefore, in the context of the rigid demand for maize grain yield, the reduction of cultivated 37 land area and aggravation of water resource shortages in China, soil fertility improvement, 38 maize variety improvement and innovative cultivation techniques have become effective ways 39 to optimize maize yield per unit area. 40 It is inevitable that increasing plant density leads to decreased grain yield. In addition, the 41 advantages and disadvantages of topsoil structure further affect the population capacity[3]. A 42 tillage layer with good structure can alleviate the adverse effects of increased density, and 43 practices that optimize this structure are key measures for optimizing maize yield in China. As 44 a conservation tillage measure, subsoiling can effectively improve soil physical and chemical 45 properties, enhance plant self-regulation ability, alleviate the cluster effect of densification, 46 effectively stabilize population yield and realize densification and yield improvement[4-5]. 47 Previous work has shown that grain filling is an important physiological process that 48 determines the yield and quality of maize grain[6-7]. Therefore, by matching appropriate tillage 49 practices[8-9], varieties[10-11], planting density[12-13] and management measures[14], as well as 50 constructing a reasonable group structure to realize full utilization of light, heat, water and 51 fertilizer resources, good filling conditions can be established to achieve coordination of ear 52 number, ear grain number and grain weight, which finally increase the maize yield per unit 53 area. 54 Studies have shown that subsoiling promoted maize root penetration, increased the 55 photosynthetic rate and delayed leaf senescence, which increased planting density and maize 56 yield[15-17]. However, few studies have assessed the effects of subsoiling on maize grain filling 57 characteristics. Therefore, using maize varieties from different eras as experimental materials, 58 the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of subsoiling on grain filling characteristics to 59 provide a basis for further exploration of the mechanisms underlying increases in planting 60 density and maize yield. 61 2. Materials and methods 62 2.1 Trials and measurements 63 Field experiment were carried out at the Tumoteyou Qi Experimental Station of the Inner 64 Mongolia Agricultural University (40°33′ N, 110°31′ E) during 2018 and 2019. 1.Introduction 33 The soil type 65 was sandy loam, and the 0-30 cm soil layer contained 22.27 g·kg-1 of organic matter, 103.75 66 mg·kg-1 available nitrogen, 15.76mg·kg-1 available phosphorus, and 219.60 mg·kg-1 available 67 potassium (pH 8.23). The main meteorological factors during the maize growth period are 68 given in Fig. 1. 69 to optimize maize yield per unit area. 40 It is inevitable that increasing plant density leads to decreased grain yield. In addition, the 41 advantages and disadvantages of topsoil structure further affect the population capacity[3]. A 42 tillage layer with good structure can alleviate the adverse effects of increased density, and 43 practices that optimize this structure are key measures for optimizing maize yield in China. As 44 a conservation tillage measure, subsoiling can effectively improve soil physical and chemical 45 properties, enhance plant self-regulation ability, alleviate the cluster effect of densification, 46 effectively stabilize population yield and realize densification and yield improvement[4-5]. 47 Previous work has shown that grain filling is an important physiological process that 48 determines the yield and quality of maize grain[6-7]. Therefore, by matching appropriate tillage 49 practices[8-9], varieties[10-11], planting density[12-13] and management measures[14], as well as 50 constructing a reasonable group structure to realize full utilization of light, heat, water and 51 fertilizer resources, good filling conditions can be established to achieve coordination of ear 52 number, ear grain number and grain weight, which finally increase the maize yield per unit 53 area. 54 Studies have shown that subsoiling promoted maize root penetration, increased the 55 photosynthetic rate and delayed leaf senescence, which increased planting density and maize 56 yield[15-17]. However, few studies have assessed the effects of subsoiling on maize grain filling 57 characteristics. Therefore, using maize varieties from different eras as experimental materials, 58 the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of subsoiling on grain filling characteristics to 59 provide a basis for further exploration of the mechanisms underlying increases in planting 60 density and maize yield. 61 2. Materials and methods 62 2.1 Trials and measurements 63 Field experiment were carried out at the Tumoteyou Qi Experimental Station of the Inner 64 Mongolia Agricultural University (40°33′ N, 110°31′ E) during 2018 and 2019. 1.Introduction 33 76 2018 Daily rainfall（mm） Daily mean temperature（℃） -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May Daily mean temperature Daily rainfall Total solar radiation 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May 1 Apr 1 June1 July 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 May Fig. 1 Main meteorological factors during the growth period in the experimental area Fig. 1 Main meteorological factors during the growth period in the experimental area The planting density was 75000 plants•hm-2. Interline planting was used with a row spacing of 77 0.6 m. The plot length and width were each 6 m, and the trial area was 6 × 6 m. The dosages of 78 N, P2O5 and K2O were 465 kg•hm-2, 210 kg•hm-2, and 202.5 kg•hm-2, respectively. P2O5 and K2O 79 were applied as basal fertilizer at seeding. At V6, V12, and R2, N was applied as fertilizer at the 80 ratio of 3:6:1. Subsoiling was achieved with a five-shovel subsoiling plough, and the traction 81 power source was a John Deere 1654 tractor. The plots were irrigated four times during the 82 growth period (seeding stage, V12, R1 and R2) at a rate of 750 m3/hm2. The main soil physical 83 characteristic indexes in the trial area are given in Table 1. 84 85 Table 1 Main soil physical properties in the test area 86 Years Tillage method VE R3 Soil compaction (Kpa) Soil moisture content Soil compaction (Kpa) Soil moisture content 2018 RT 2194.19 0.17 2675.5 0.15 SS 1775.23 0.19 2443.14 0.16 2019 RT 2352.46 0.17 1333.41 0.19 SS 1850.77 0.14 1143.86 0.16 87 2.2 Measurement 88 2.2.1 Grain filling characteristics 89 From 15 days after pollination, samples were collected at 3-day intervals until the end of 90 filling. At each sampling point, three ears were collected per plot, and 100 kernels were 91 collected from the middle of each ear. The kernels were weighed and placed into an oven for 92 30 min at 105 °C, after which they were dried at 80 °C to a constant weight, and their weight 93 was measured[10]. 1.Introduction 33 The collection of experimental material, which complied with relevant 94 institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. 95 A logistic equation[18] was used to fit the grain filling process, calculate grain filling 96 characteristic parameters, and analyze grain filling growth. The logistic equation was 97 calculated as follows: 98 W=A/(1+Be-Ct) 99 In the equation above, t is the number of days after flowering (blooming day t0=0), w is 100 the 100-kernel weight after flowering (grain weight on flowering day=w0), A is the theoretical 101 maximum 100-kernel weight, and B and C are shape parameters. The filling parameters were 102 derived from the first and second derivatives of the equation. 103 t1 (the start date of the filling peak period)=(lnB-1.317)/C, corresponding to the grain 104 weight (w1) at this time: w1=A/(1+Be-Ct1); 105 t2 (the end date of the filling peak period)=(lnB+1.317)/C, corresponding to the grain weight 106 (w2) at this time: w2=A/(1+Be-Ct2); 107 t3 (the grain weight reaches 99% after flowering, the effective filling 108 period)=(lnB+4.59512)/C, corresponding to the grain weight (w3) at this time. 109 The filling duration of the gradually increasing period was calculated as T1=t1-t0. The 110 increase in grain weight during the rapidly increasing period was calculated as w1=W1-W0. The 111 mean filling rate of the gradually increasing period was calculated as v1=w1/T1. 112 The filling duration of the rapidly increasing period was calculated as T2=t2-t1. The increase 113 in grain weight during the rapidly increasing period was calculated as w2=W2-W1. The mean 114 filling rate of the rapidly increasing stage was calculated as v2=w2/T2. 115 The filling duration of the slowly increasing period was calculated as T3=t3-t2. The increase 116 in grain weight of the slowly increasing period was calculated as w3=W3-W2. The mean filling 117 rate of the slowly increasing stage was calculated as v3=w3/T3; 118 The planting density was 75000 plants•hm-2. Interline planting was used with a row spacing of 77 0.6 m. The plot length and width were each 6 m, and the trial area was 6 × 6 m. The dosages of 78 N, P2O5 and K2O were 465 kg•hm-2, 210 kg•hm-2, and 202.5 kg•hm-2, respectively. P2O5 and K2O 79 were applied as basal fertilizer at seeding. At V6, V12, and R2, N was applied as fertilizer at the 80 ratio of 3:6:1. 1.Introduction 33 Subsoiling was achieved with a five-shovel subsoiling plough, and the traction 81 power source was a John Deere 1654 tractor. The plots were irrigated four times during the 82 growth period (seeding stage, V12, R1 and R2) at a rate of 750 m3/hm2. The main soil physical 83 characteristic indexes in the trial area are given in Table 1. 84 Table 1 Main soil physical properties in the test area 86 Years Tillage method VE R3 Soil compaction (Kpa) Soil moisture content Soil compaction (Kpa) Soil moisture content 2018 RT 2194.19 0.17 2675.5 0.15 SS 1775.23 0.19 2443.14 0.16 2019 RT 2352.46 0.17 1333.41 0.19 SS 1850.77 0.14 1143.86 0.16 87 2 2 M t 88 Table 1 Main soil physical properties in the test area 2.2.1 Grain filling characteristics From 15 days after pollination, samples were collected at 3-day intervals until the end of 90 filling. At each sampling point, three ears were collected per plot, and 100 kernels were 91 collected from the middle of each ear. The kernels were weighed and placed into an oven for 92 30 min at 105 °C, after which they were dried at 80 °C to a constant weight, and their weight 93 was measured[10]. The collection of experimental material, which complied with relevant 94 institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. 95 A logistic equation[18] was used to fit the grain filling process, calculate grain filling 96 characteristic parameters, and analyze grain filling growth. The logistic equation was 97 calculated as follows: 98 W=A/(1+Be-Ct) In the equation above, t is the number of days after flowering (blooming day t0=0), w is 100 the 100-kernel weight after flowering (grain weight on flowering day=w0), A is the theoretical 101 maximum 100-kernel weight, and B and C are shape parameters. The filling parameters were 102 derived from the first and second derivatives of the equation. 1.Introduction 33 103 t1 (the start date of the filling peak period)=(lnB-1.317)/C, corresponding to the grain 104 weight (w1) at this time: w1=A/(1+Be-Ct1); 105 t1 (the start date of the filling peak period)=(lnB-1.317)/C, corresponding to the grain weight (w1) at this time: w1=A/(1+Be-Ct1); t2 (the end date of the filling peak period)=(lnB+1.317)/C, corresponding to the grain weigh (w2) at this time: w2=A/(1+Be-Ct2); t2 (the end date of the filling peak period)=(lnB+1.317)/C, corresponding to the grain weight 106 (w2) at this time: w2=A/(1+Be-Ct2); 107 t3 (the grain weight reaches 99% after flowering, the effective filling period)=(lnB+4.59512)/C, corresponding to the grain weight (w3) at this time. t3 (the grain weight reaches 99% after flowering, the effective filling 108 period)=(lnB+4.59512)/C, corresponding to the grain weight (w3) at this time. 109 The filling duration of the gradually increasing period was calculated as T1=t1-t0. The 110 increase in grain weight during the rapidly increasing period was calculated as w1=W1-W0. The 111 mean filling rate of the gradually increasing period was calculated as v1=w1/T1. 112 The filling duration of the gradually increasing period was calculated as T1=t1-t0. The 110 increase in grain weight during the rapidly increasing period was calculated as w1=W1-W0. The 111 mean filling rate of the gradually increasing period was calculated as v1=w1/T1. 112 The filling duration of the rapidly increasing period was calculated as T2=t2-t1. The increase 113 in grain weight during the rapidly increasing period was calculated as w2=W2-W1. The mean 114 filling rate of the rapidly increasing stage was calculated as v2=w2/T2. 115 The filling duration of the slowly increasing period was calculated as T3=t3-t2. The increase 116 in grain weight of the slowly increasing period was calculated as w3=W3-W2. The mean filling 117 rate of the slowly increasing stage was calculated as v3=w3/T3; 118 The filling duration of the slowly increasing period was calculated as T3=t3-t2. The increase 116 in grain weight of the slowly increasing period was calculated as w3=W3-W2. The mean filling 117 rate of the slowly increasing stage was calculated as v3=w3/T3; 118 The final grain growth was A. Tmax (maximum filling rate time)=lnB/C, Wmax (growth at 119 the maximum filling rate)=A/2, Rmax (the maximum filling rate)=(CWmax)•(1-Wmax/A), P 120 (time to complete approximately 90% of total accumulation)=6/C, and vmean (the mean filling 121 rate)=W3/t3. 1.Introduction 33 122 2.2.2 Determination of grain weight 123 At physiological maturity, ten ears were randomly selected from each plot and air-dried, 124 after which 100 kernels were collected from the middle of each ear and weighed, and this 125 weight was converted to the hundred grain weight with 14% moisture content[19]. The 126 determination of grain weight, which complied with GB/T 5519-2008 national standard. 127 2.3 Statistical analysis 128 Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SAS 9.4 statistical 129 software. The factor analysis was carried out using SPSS 25.0. The filling dynamic fitting was 130 carried out using Curve Expert 1.4 software, and Sigmaplot 12.5 was used to create figures. 131 3. Results 132 3.1 Effect of subsoiling on the 100-kernel weight of maize varieties from different eras 133 Analysis of variance showed that the effects of the different tillage methods, varieties and 134 years on the 100-grain weight were significant at p<0.01. The interactions of tillage 135 method*varieties and years*years were also significant, but the effect of tillage method*variety 136 was not significant (Table 2). 137 138 Table 2 Variance analysis of the effect of tillage method and variety on the 100-grain weight of maize 139 Source DF Mean Square Tillage method (M) 1 38.53** Main area error 2 1.27 Variety (V) 4 181.46** V*M 4 0.40 Secondary area error 16 0.54 Years 1 7.95** Note: "*" means significant difference, and "**" means extremely significant difference. 140 141 Under the rotation tillage (RT) condition, the mean grain weight of each of the 1970s-1990s 142 varieties was lower than that of the 2010s variety, but the 100-kernel weight of DH618 (2010s) 143 was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with ZD2, the 100-kernel weight of DY13, YD13, 144 XY335, and DH618 increased by 1.17 g, -1.14 g, 3.62 g and 7.24 g in 2018, respectively, and 145 increased by 1.81 g, 1.99 g, 6.07 g and 10.50 g in 2019, respectively (Fig. 2). 146 Subsoiling tillage significantly increased the 100-kernel weight of each variety (P<0.05). 147 However, there were significant differences in the responses of the varieties to subsoiling. 148 Compared with RT, the mean 100-kernel weight of ZD2, DY3, YD13, XY335 and DH618 for 149 2018-2019 increased by 1.14 g, 1.35 g, 1.69 g, 1.75 g and 2.09 g, respectively. 150 The final grain growth was A. 1.Introduction 33 Tmax (maximum filling rate time)=lnB/C, Wmax (growth at 119 the maximum filling rate)=A/2, Rmax (the maximum filling rate)=(CWmax)•(1-Wmax/A), P 120 (time to complete approximately 90% of total accumulation)=6/C, and vmean (the mean filling 121 rate)=W3/t3. 122 .1 Effect of subsoiling on the 100-kernel weight of maize varieties from different eras Table 2 Variance analysis of the effect of tillage method and variety on the 100-grain weight of maize 139 Source DF Mean Square Tillage method (M) 1 38.53** Main area error 2 1.27 Variety (V) 4 181.46** V*M 4 0.40 Secondary area error 16 0.54 Years 1 7.95** Note: "*" means significant difference, and "**" means extremely significant difference. 140 Table 2 Variance analysis of the effect of tillage method and variety on the 100-grain weight of maize Source DF Mean Square Under the rotation tillage (RT) condition, the mean grain weight of each of the 1970s-1990s 142 varieties was lower than that of the 2010s variety, but the 100-kernel weight of DH618 (2010s) 143 was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with ZD2, the 100-kernel weight of DY13, YD13, 144 XY335, and DH618 increased by 1.17 g, -1.14 g, 3.62 g and 7.24 g in 2018, respectively, and 145 increased by 1.81 g, 1.99 g, 6.07 g and 10.50 g in 2019, respectively (Fig. 2). 146 Subsoiling tillage significantly increased the 100-kernel weight of each variety (P<0.05). 147 However, there were significant differences in the responses of the varieties to subsoiling. 148 Compared with RT, the mean 100-kernel weight of ZD2, DY3, YD13, XY335 and DH618 for 149 2018-2019 increased by 1.14 g, 1.35 g, 1.69 g, 1.75 g and 2.09 g, respectively. 150 2019 Variety ZD2 DY13 YD13 XY335 DH618 * * * ** 2018 Variety ZD2 DY13 YD13 XY335 DH618 100-grain weight（g） 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 RT SS 151 Fig. 2 Effects of deep loosening tillage on the 100-grain weight of different ages maize varieties 152 3.2 Effect of subsoiling on the kernel dry matter accumulation of maize varieties from different 153 eras 154 Fig. 2 Effects of deep loosening tillage on the 100-grain weight of different ages maize varieties 152 3.2 Effect of subsoiling on the kernel dry matter accumulation of maize varieties from different 153 eras 154 weight increased gradually, and maximum dry weight was achieved at physiological maturity. 1.Introduction 33 177 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2019 SS 2018 RT Kernel dry matter（g 100-kernels） 0 10 20 30 40 50 Days after flowering（d） 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 ZD2 DY13 YD13 XY335 DH618 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2019 SS 2018 RT Kernel dry matter（g 100-kernels） 0 10 20 30 40 50 Days after flowering（d） 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 ZD2 DY13 YD13 XY335 DH618 179 Fig. 3 Effects of deep loosening tillage on the dry weight of 100 grains of maize varieties in different ages 180 181 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2019 Kernel dry matter 0 Days after flowering（d） 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 ZD2 DY13 YD13 XY335 DH618 179 Fig. 3 Effects of deep loosening tillage on the dry weight of 100 grains of maize varieties in different ages 180 181 3.3 Effect of subsoiling on the filling characteristic of maize varieties from different eras 182 3.3.1 Fitting equation for the filling dynamic curves of maize varieties from different eras 183 The days after flowering (t) and weight after flowering (W) were used as the independent 184 variable and dependent variable, respectively, in the logistic equation to simulate the grain 185 filling process. According to the functional relationship between dry weight and days after 186 flowering, the grain filling process was divided into three stages: gradually increasing stage, 187 rapidly increasing stage and slowly increasing stage. The parameters of the fitting equation 188 allowed the characteristic parameters of each filling stage to be obtained. The fitting equation 189 determination coefficient (R2) of the filling process of the tested maize varieties was greater 190 than 0.99, so the logistic equation was determined to fit the grain filling process of maize 191 varieties from different eras (Table 3). 192 193 Table 3. Fitting equation of the grain growth curve of each treatment 194 Year Tillage method Variety Fitting equation R2 2018 RT ZD2 y=29.48/(1+33.92*exp(-0.12x)) 0.997 DY13 y=30.26/(1+39.44*exp(-0.12x)) 0.998 YD13 y=29.24/(1+39.76*exp(-0.12x)) 0.998 XY335 y=35.04/(1+45.05*exp(-0.11x)) 0.998 DH618 y=39.33/(1+48.03*exp(-0.10x)) 0.998 SS ZD2 y=29.89/(1+37.33*exp(-0.12x)) 0.997 DY13 y=31.40/(1+32.01*exp(-0.10x)) 0.997 YD13 y=30.68/(1+46.74*exp(-0.12x)) 0.998 XY335 y=32.60/(1+34.28*exp(-0.10x)) 0.997 DH618 y=30.20/(1+41.96*exp(-0.12x)) 0.998 Days after flowering（d） Fig. 1.Introduction 33 156 The kernel dry weight of the tested varieties showed no significant difference from 0-45 d after 157 flowering; however, as the filling process continued, the difference increased progressively. 158 The kernel weight of ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335, and DH618 increased by 24.66 g, 23.91 g, 23.34 159 g, 24.07 g and 24.49 g, respectively, from 0-43 d after flowering in 2018, and it increased by 4.74 160 g, 6.19 g, 5.76 g, 10.52 g and 13.95 g, respectively, from 43-75 d after flowering. In 2019, the 161 kernel weight of ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335, and DH618 increased by 22.03 g, 22.54 g, 20.91 g, 162 21.18 g and 21.16 g, respectively, from 0-43 d after flowering, and it increased by 6.89 g, 7.69 g, 163 9.67 g, 13.19 g and 15.60 g, respectively, from 43-75 d after flowering. These results show that 164 the period from 45-75 d after flowering was the main stage during which significant differences 165 between the kernel dry weight of the old and new varieties manifested. 166 Compared with RT, subsoiling tillage improved the kernel dry weight of the tested 167 varieties, but the extent of the improvement of kernel dry weight by subsoiling was inconsistent 168 for different filling processes. From 0-43 d after flowering in 2018, the kernel weight of ZD2, 169 DY13, YD13, XY335, and DH618 changed by -0.03 g, -0.64 g, -0.10 g, -0.33 g and -0.58 g, 170 respectively. However, from 43-75 d after flowering, the kernel weight increased by 0.43 g, 1.00 171 g, 1.01 g, 1.38 g and 1.65 g, respectively. In 2019, the kernel weight of ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335, 172 and DH618 changed by 0.18 g, -0.10 g, -0.23 g, -0.53 g and -1.13 g, respectively, from 0-43 d after 173 flowering, and the kernel weight increased by 1.84 g, 1.94 g, 1.85 g, 2.38 g and 3.69 g, 174 respectively, from 43-75 d after flowering. These results show that subsoiling mainly increased 175 the kernel dry weight from 43-75 d after maize flowering, and the effect became more obvious 176 as the originating era of the variety became more recent. 1.Introduction 33 212 195 3.3.2 Effect of subsoiling on the filling characteristic parameters of maize varieties from 196 different eras 197 As shown in Table 4, the trends of the two-year trial data were basically consistent for 198 filling characteristic parameters under the RT and subsoiling conditions. The filling parameters 199 tended to increase, decrease, and then increase again during variety replacement over the last 200 several decades; YD13 had the lowest values, and DH618 had the highest values. Therefore, the 201 data for 2018 and 2019 were averaged for the following analysis. Under the RT condition, the 202 A values of ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335 and DH618 were 29.35 g, 30.42 g, 30.19 g, 35.32 g and 203 38.91 g, respectively; the Tmax values were 30.91 d, 32.25 d, 33.44 d, 37.23 d and 39.42 d, 204 respectively; the Wmax values were 14.67 g 100-kernel-1, 15.21 g 100-kernel-1, 15.10 g 100-kernel- 205 1, 17.66 g 100-kernel-1 and 19.45 g 100-kernel-1, respectively; the Rmax values were 0.83 g 100- 206 kernel-1d-1, 0.84 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.81 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.88 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.93 g 100- 207 kernel-1d-1, respectively; the P values were 53.09 d, 54.45 d, 56.02 d, 60.84 d and 63.31 d, 208 respectively; the Gmean values were 0.41 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.41 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.39 g 100- 209 kernel-1d-1, 0.42 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.44 g 100-kernel-1d-1. During period when the kernel 210 weight was increasing, all of the filling parameters of the modern varieties improved to 211 different degrees. 212 .3.2 Effect of subsoiling on the filling characteristic parameters of maize varieties from different eras For the subsoiling condition in comparison with RT, the A values of ZD2, DY13, YD13, 213 XY335 and DH618 increased by 4.43%, 4.03%, 5.02%, 5.11%, 5.96%, respectively; the Wmax 214 values increased by 4.46%, 4.01%, 4.84%, 5.12%, and 5.96%, respectively, the Rmax values 215 increased by 1.81%, 1.79%, 1.23%, 2.29%, and 4.86%, respectively, the P values increased by 216 2.79%, 2.12%, 4.03%, 2.67%, and 1.19%, respectively, the Gmean values increased by 1.13%, 217 0.29%, 0.55%, 1.56%, and 2.59%, respectively. These results indicate that subsoiling tillage can 218 effectively control the filling characteristic parameters of different ages maize varieties, and the 219 effect was more obvious with varieties that were generated more recently. 1.Introduction 33 3 Effects of deep loosening tillage on the dry weight of 100 grains of maize varieties in different ages 180 181 Table 3. Fitting equation of the grain growth curve of each treatment 194 Year Tillage method Variety Fitting equation R2 2018 RT ZD2 y=29.48/(1+33.92*exp(-0.12x)) 0.997 DY13 y=30.26/(1+39.44*exp(-0.12x)) 0.998 YD13 y=29.24/(1+39.76*exp(-0.12x)) 0.998 XY335 y=35.04/(1+45.05*exp(-0.11x)) 0.998 DH618 y=39.33/(1+48.03*exp(-0.10x)) 0.998 SS ZD2 y=29.89/(1+37.33*exp(-0.12x)) 0.997 DY13 y=31.40/(1+32.01*exp(-0.10x)) 0.997 YD13 y=30.68/(1+46.74*exp(-0.12x)) 0.998 XY335 y=32.60/(1+34.28*exp(-0.10x)) 0.997 DH618 y=30.20/(1+41.96*exp(-0.12x)) 0.998 Table 3. Fitting equation of the grain growth curve of each treatment 2019 RT ZD2 y=29.21/(1+32.02*exp(-0.11x)) 0.997 DY13 y=30.57/(1+31.34*exp(-0.10x)) 0.997 YD13 y=31.13/(1+33.04*exp(-0.10x)) 0.998 XY335 y=35.60/(1+34.97*exp(-0.09x)) 0.997 DH618 y=38.48/(1+37.24*exp(-0.09x)) 0.998 SS ZD2 y=33.11/(1+32.95*exp(-0.09x)) 0.997 DY13 y=36.23/(1+50.59*exp(-0.11x)) 0.999 YD13 y=38.02/(1+36.39*exp(-0.09x)) 0.997 XY335 y=40.56/(1+53.28*exp(-0.10x)) 0.999 DH618 y=41.89/(1+46.78*exp(-0.09x)) 0.998 195 3.3.2 Effect of subsoiling on the filling characteristic parameters of maize varieties from 196 different eras 197 y /( p( )) 195 3.3.2 Effect of subsoiling on the filling characteristic parameters of maize varieties from 196 different eras 197 As shown in Table 4, the trends of the two-year trial data were basically consistent for 198 filling characteristic parameters under the RT and subsoiling conditions. The filling parameters 199 tended to increase, decrease, and then increase again during variety replacement over the last 200 several decades; YD13 had the lowest values, and DH618 had the highest values. Therefore, the 201 data for 2018 and 2019 were averaged for the following analysis. Under the RT condition, the 202 A values of ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335 and DH618 were 29.35 g, 30.42 g, 30.19 g, 35.32 g and 203 38.91 g, respectively; the Tmax values were 30.91 d, 32.25 d, 33.44 d, 37.23 d and 39.42 d, 204 respectively; the Wmax values were 14.67 g 100-kernel-1, 15.21 g 100-kernel-1, 15.10 g 100-kernel- 205 1, 17.66 g 100-kernel-1 and 19.45 g 100-kernel-1, respectively; the Rmax values were 0.83 g 100- 206 kernel-1d-1, 0.84 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.81 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.88 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.93 g 100- 207 kernel-1d-1, respectively; the P values were 53.09 d, 54.45 d, 56.02 d, 60.84 d and 63.31 d, 208 respectively; the Gmean values were 0.41 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.41 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.39 g 100- 209 kernel-1d-1, 0.42 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.44 g 100-kernel-1d-1. During period when the kernel 210 weight was increasing, all of the filling parameters of the modern varieties improved to 211 different degrees. 1.Introduction 33 220 Table 4 Response of the grain filling characteristic parameters of maize varieties from different eras to 221 tillage methods 222 Year Tillage method Variety A Tmax Wmax Rmax P Gmean (g) (d) (g 100- kernel-1) (g 100-kernel- 1d-1) (d) (g 100-kernel- 1d-1) 2018 RT ZD2 29.48 29.36 14.74 0.88 49.99 0.432 DY13 30.26 31.47 15.13 0.88 51.39 0.423 YD13 29.24 31.22 14.62 0.86 50.86 0.413 XY335 35.04 35.64 17.52 0.94 56.16 0.441 DH618 39.33 38.07 19.66 1.00 58.99 0.468 SS ZD2 29.89 30.08 14.95 0.90 49.86 0.433 DY13 30.68 33.07 15.34 0.89 51.61 0.418 YD13 30.20 32.47 15.10 0.87 52.14 0.413 XY335 36.23 36.96 18.12 0.96 56.52 0.447 DH618 40.56 39.40 20.28 1.02 59.46 0.473 2019 RT ZD2 29.21 32.46 14.60 0.78 56.18 0.383 DY13 30.57 33.02 15.29 0.80 57.51 0.393 YD13 31.13 35.66 15.57 0.76 61.17 0.374 XY335 35.60 38.82 17.80 0.81 65.52 0.396 DH618 38.48 40.77 19.24 0.85 67.62 0.412 SS ZD2 31.40 34.24 15.70 0.79 59.27 0.390 DY13 32.60 35.11 16.30 0.82 59.60 0.400 YD13 33.20 37.51 16.55 0.77 64.40 0.377 XY335 38.02 40.98 19.01 0.83 68.41 0.403 DH618 41.89 44.01 20.94 0.92 68.66 0.429 Note: Tmax is the time when the maximum grouting rate was reached; Wmax is the grain growth at the maximum 223 filling rate; Rmax is the maximum grouting rate; P is the active grouting stage; Gmean is the average grouting rate; A 224 is the ultimate growth rate of the grain. 225 226 Note: Tmax is the time when the maximum grouting rate was reached; Wmax is the grain growth at the maximum 223 filling rate; Rmax is the maximum grouting rate; P is the active grouting stage; Gmean is the average grouting rate; A 224 is the ultimate growth rate of the grain. 225 226 2.3.3 Path analysis of grain filling characteristic parameters and 100-kernel weight 227 In order to clarify the direct and indirect relationships between grain filling parameters 228 and maize grain kernel weight, path-coefficient analysis was performed for five filling 229 characteristic parameters and 100-kernel weight (Table 5). Highly significant positive 230 correlations were identified between Tmax, Wmax, P and 100-kernel weight (P<0.01), and 231 significant positive correlations were identified between Rmax, Gmean and 100-kernel weight 232 (P<0.05). The correlation coefficients were ranked as follows:Wmax>Tmax>P>Rmax> Gmean. 233 Wmax and 100-kernel weight had a positive direct correlation, and their correlation coefficient 234 was 0.939. 1.Introduction 33 245 246 2.3.4 Effect of subsoiling on the filling rate parameters of maize varieties from different eras 247 The durations of each stage of maize grain filling were ranked as follows: slowly increasing 248 stage>rapidly increasing stage>gradually increasing stage. The mean filling rates of each stage 249 were ranked as follows: rapidly increasing stage>gradually increasing stage>slowly increasing 250 stage (Table 6). With the exception of the grain filling rate of the gradually increasing stage, the 251 other grain filling rate parameters increased to different degrees during maize variety 252 replacement over the last several decades. Under RT, the two-year mean T1 durations of ZD2, 253 DY13, YD13, XY335, and DH618 were 19.26 d, 20.30 d, 21.14 d, 23.87 d and 25.52 d, respectively, 254 whereas those of T2 were 23.31 d, 23.91 d, 24.59 d, 26.71 d and 27.79 d, respectively; and those 255 of T3 were 29.01 d, 29.75 d, 30.61 d, 33.24 d and 34.59 d. For ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335, and 256 DH618, the V1 values were 0.33 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.32 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.31 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 257 0.32 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.32 g 100-kernel-1d-1, whereas their V2 values were 0.73 g 100-kernel- 258 1d-1, 0.74 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.72 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.77 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.82 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 259 respectively, and their V3 values were 0.21 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.21 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.20 g 100- 260 kernel-1d-1, 0.22 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.23 g 100-kernel-1d-1. 261 Under the subsoiling condition, the grain filling duration was prolonged during different 262 stages of grain filling in comparison with RT, and the increase in filling duration was greatest 263 during the gradually increasing stage. The averaged two-year data revealed that the filling 264 durations of ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335, and DH618 were prolonged by 4.80%, 7.83%, 5.01%, 265 5.80% and 8.33%, respectively, during the gradually increasing stage. In addition, subsoiling 266 increased the filling rate of ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335, and DH618 during the rapidly increasing 267 stage by 2.05%, 2.04%, 0.70%, 2.61%, and 4.29%, respectively, but it had little effect on the filling 268 rate during other stages. These results indicate that subsoiling mainly extended the filling 269 duration during the gradually increasing stage and improved the filling rate during the rapidly 270 increasing stage. Moreover, maize varieties from more recent eras were found to be more 271 sensitive to the effect of subsoiling in comparison with relatively older varieties. 1.Introduction 33 Tmax, Rmax, P and Gmean showed positive indirect correlations mainly through 235 Wmax and 100-kernel weight, and their correlation coefficients were 0.866, 0.495, 0.667, and 236 0.484, respectively. Comprehensive analysis suggests the use of rational cultivation to postpone 237 the appearance of the maximum filling rate during the kernel filling process, while increasing 238 the maximum filling rate to increase kernel growth and achieve the goal of increasing 100- 239 kernel weight. 240 Table 5 Path analysis of grain filling characteristic parameters 241 Index Correlatio n coefficient Direct path coefficient Coupling diameter factor X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 2.3.3 Path analysis of grain filling characteristic parameters and 100-kernel weight In order to clarify the direct and indirect relationships between grain filling parameters 228 and maize grain kernel weight, path-coefficient analysis was performed for five filling 229 characteristic parameters and 100-kernel weight (Table 5). Highly significant positive 230 correlations were identified between Tmax, Wmax, P and 100-kernel weight (P<0.01), and 231 significant positive correlations were identified between Rmax, Gmean and 100-kernel weight 232 (P<0.05). The correlation coefficients were ranked as follows:Wmax>Tmax>P>Rmax> Gmean. 233 Wmax and 100-kernel weight had a positive direct correlation, and their correlation coefficient 234 was 0.939. Tmax, Rmax, P and Gmean showed positive indirect correlations mainly through 235 Wmax and 100-kernel weight, and their correlation coefficients were 0.866, 0.495, 0.667, and 236 0.484, respectively. Comprehensive analysis suggests the use of rational cultivation to postpone 237 the appearance of the maximum filling rate during the kernel filling process, while increasing 238 the maximum filling rate to increase kernel growth and achieve the goal of increasing 100- 239 kernel weight. 240 Table 5 Path analysis of grain filling characteristic parameters Table 5 Path analysis of grain filling characteristic parameters 241 Index Correlatio n coefficient Direct path coefficient Coupling diameter factor X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X1 0.893** 0.209 0.866 -0.021 -0.174 0.013 X2 0.976** 0.939 0.193 -0.059 -0.138 0.041 X3 0.540* -0.113 0.039 0.495 0.040 0.079 X4 0.683** -0.191 0.191 0.677 0.023 -0.017 X5 0.527* 0.080 0.033 0.484 -0.111 0.041 Note: X1 stands for Tmax, X2 stands for Wmax, X3 stands for Rmax, X4 stands for P, X5 stands for Gmean, 242 and Y stands for 100-grain weight. 1.Introduction 33 Tmax is the time when the maximum grouting rate was reached; Wmax 243 is the grain growth at the maximum filling rate; Rmax is the maximum grouting rate; P is the active 244 grouting stage; Gmean is the average grouting rate; A is the ultimate growth rate of the grain. 245 246 2.3.4 Effect of subsoiling on the filling rate parameters of maize varieties from different eras 247 The durations of each stage of maize grain filling were ranked as follows: slowly increasing 248 stage>rapidly increasing stage>gradually increasing stage. The mean filling rates of each stage 249 were ranked as follows: rapidly increasing stage>gradually increasing stage>slowly increasing 250 stage (Table 6). With the exception of the grain filling rate of the gradually increasing stage, the 251 other grain filling rate parameters increased to different degrees during maize variety 252 replacement over the last several decades. Under RT, the two-year mean T1 durations of ZD2, 253 DY13, YD13, XY335, and DH618 were 19.26 d, 20.30 d, 21.14 d, 23.87 d and 25.52 d, respectively, 254 whereas those of T2 were 23.31 d, 23.91 d, 24.59 d, 26.71 d and 27.79 d, respectively; and those 255 of T3 were 29.01 d, 29.75 d, 30.61 d, 33.24 d and 34.59 d. For ZD2, DY13, YD13, XY335, and 256 DH618, the V1 values were 0.33 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.32 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.31 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 257 0.32 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.32 g 100-kernel-1d-1, whereas their V2 values were 0.73 g 100-kernel- 258 1d-1, 0.74 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.72 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.77 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.82 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 259 respectively, and their V3 values were 0.21 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.21 g 100-kernel-1d-1, 0.20 g 100- 260 kernel-1d-1, 0.22 g 100-kernel-1d-1 and 0.23 g 100-kernel-1d-1. 261 X5 0.527* 0.080 0.033 0.484 -0.111 0.041 Note: X1 stands for Tmax, X2 stands for Wmax, X3 stands for Rmax, X4 stands for P, X5 stands for Gmean, 242 and Y stands for 100-grain weight. Tmax is the time when the maximum grouting rate was reached; Wmax 243 is the grain growth at the maximum filling rate; Rmax is the maximum grouting rate; P is the active 244 grouting stage; Gmean is the average grouting rate; A is the ultimate growth rate of the grain. Note: the extraction method was principal component analysis, Y1 represents the grouting duration, and Y2 represent 1.Introduction 33 272 Table 6 Response of grain filling rate parameters of different ages maize varieties to tillage methods 274 Year Tillage method Variety T1 V1 T2 V2 T3 V3 (d) (g 100-kernel-1d-1) (d) (g 100-kernel-1d-1) (d) (g 100-kernel-1d-1) 2018 RT ZD2 18.39 0.34 21.95 0.78 27.31 0.22 DY13 20.19 0.32 22.56 0.77 28.08 0.22 YD13 20.05 0.31 22.33 0.76 27.79 0.21 XY335 23.31 0.32 24.65 0.82 30.68 0.23 DH618 25.12 0.33 25.90 0.88 32.23 0.25 SS ZD2 19.14 0.33 21.89 0.79 27.24 0.22 DY13 21.74 0.30 22.66 0.78 28.20 0.22 YD13 21.03 0.30 22.89 0.76 28.48 0.21 XY335 24.55 0.31 24.81 0.84 30.88 0.24 DH618 26.35 0.33 26.10 0.90 32.49 0.25 2019 RT ZD2 20.13 0.31 24.66 0.68 30.70 0.19 DY13 20.40 0.32 25.25 0.70 31.42 0.20 YD13 22.23 0.30 26.85 0.67 33.42 0.19 XY335 24.43 0.31 28.77 0.71 35.80 0.20 DH618 25.92 0.31 29.68 0.75 36.94 0.21 SS ZD2 21.23 0.31 26.02 0.70 32.38 0.20 DY13 22.03 0.31 26.17 0.72 32.57 0.20 YD13 23.37 0.30 28.27 0.68 35.18 0.19 XY335 25.96 0.31 30.03 0.73 37.37 0.20 DH618 28.94 0.31 30.14 0.80 37.51 0.22 N t T1 t th i filli d ti f th d ll i i t V1 t th i filli 275 y g g p In order to clarify the internal dependence of the grain filling rate and duration at each 281 stage, factor analysis was performed using the two-year trial data (Table 7). Under RT, the factor 282 load difference of the filling duration was small at each stage (T1=0.96, T2=0.96, T3=0.96), which 283 indicated that the proportion of the filling duration of each stage was nearly identical. Under 284 subsoiling, the factor load difference of the grain filling duration between T1 and T2/T3 was 285 large (T1=0.91, T2=0.97, T3=0.97), which indicated that the effect of subsoiling on the grain 286 filling duration was stronger during the rapidly increasing and slowly increasing stages. In 287 addition, the factor load of the filling rate during the rapidly and slowly increasing stages was 288 higher than that of the gradually increasing stage, which showed that the filling rate during the 289 rapidly and slowly increasing stages contributed more to the mean filling rate in comparison 290 with that of the gradually increasing stage. 4. Discussion 302 Previous studies have shown that the grain weight of maize is mainly determined by the 303 filling rate and filling duration. Therefore, improving the grain filling rate and ensuring that 304 grain filling is maintained for an appropriate duration could increase grain weight and yield[20- 305 23]. Fang et al.[24] showed that the grain filling rate determined dry matter accumulation and 306 affected yield, and they showed that the implementation of a reasonable planting method could 307 improve the grain filling rate. Gasura et al.[25] reported that extending the active grain filling 308 period and increasing the mean filling rate increased maize yield. Daynard et al.[26] found that 309 prolonging the filling duration increased the 100-kernel dry weight of maize. On the basis of 310 previous studies, the present study further explored the characteristics of maize grain filling 311 and revealed that improving the mean filling rate and delaying the occurrence of the maximum 312 filling rate led to increased grain growth during the period of the maximum filling rate. In 313 addition, we found that the filling rates of the rapidly increasing and slowly increasing stages 314 primarily determined the mean filling rate, whereas that of the gradually increasing stage had 315 a weaker influence on the mean filling rate. Therefore, during the period from 20 days after 316 silking to physiological maturity, which encompasses the rapidly increasing and slowly 317 increasing stages of grain filling, the level of plant material accumulation was strongly 318 correlated with the mean filling rate, and implementing practices that maximize plant dry 319 matter accumulation will be beneficial to the further improvement of grain weight. 320 Conservation agriculture, such as the use of no tillage, less tillage, and straw mulch, has 321 been an important strategy for the sustainable development of worldwide agriculture in the 322 past few decades, because conservation agriculture can improve soil properties while 323 increasing income and crop yields[27]. Farming methods are a key factor affecting soil systems 324 in China, where soil management and seeding are mainly performed using small tractors, and 325 a significant portion of farmland is subjected to methods involving less tillage or no tillage, 326 which increase the surface soil bulk density and osmotic resistance, which have deleterious 327 effects on crop growth[28-30]. Previous studies demonstrated that the use of optimized farming 328 methods increased crop yield[31-32]. 1.Introduction 33 Therefore, during the period from 20 days after 316 silking to physiological maturity, which encompasses the rapidly increasing and slowly 317 increasing stages of grain filling, the level of plant material accumulation was strongly 318 correlated with the mean filling rate, and implementing practices that maximize plant dry 319 matter accumulation will be beneficial to the further improvement of grain weight. 320 Conservation agriculture, such as the use of no tillage, less tillage, and straw mulch, has 321 been an important strategy for the sustainable development of worldwide agriculture in the 322 past few decades, because conservation agriculture can improve soil properties while 323 increasing income and crop yields[27]. Farming methods are a key factor affecting soil systems 324 in China, where soil management and seeding are mainly performed using small tractors, and 325 a significant portion of farmland is subjected to methods involving less tillage or no tillage, 326 which increase the surface soil bulk density and osmotic resistance, which have deleterious 327 effects on crop growth[28-30] Previous studies demonstrated that the use of optimized farming 328 the average grouting rate. T1 represents the grain filling duration of the gradually increasing stage, V1 represents the 296 average grain filling rate of the gradually increasing stage, T2 represents the grain filling duration of the rapidly 297 increasing stage, V2 represents the average grain filling rate of the rapidly increasing stage, T3 represents the grain 298 filling duration of the slowly increasing stage, and V3 represents the average grain filling rate of the slowly increasing 299 stage. 300 1.Introduction 33 These results demonstrate that appropriate tillage 291 measures can improve the filling rate during the rapidly increasing and slowly increasing 292 stages, and thus improve the mean filling rate. 293 Table 7 Parameter factor analysis of grain filling rate 294 Farming methods SS SS Index Y1 Y2 Y1 Y2 T1 0.961 0.249 0.914 0.340 V1 -0.414 0.766 -0.055 0.721 T2 0.958 -0.233 0.970 -0.211 V2 0.021 0.985 -0.001 0.983 T3 0.958 -0.234 0.971 -0.210 V3 0.022 0.992 -0.069 0.971 Note: the extraction method was principal component analysis, Y1 represents the grouting duration, and Y2 represents 295 Table 7 Parameter factor analysis of grain filling rate the average grouting rate. T1 represents the grain filling duration of the gradually increasing stage, V1 represents the 296 average grain filling rate of the gradually increasing stage, T2 represents the grain filling duration of the rapidly 297 increasing stage, V2 represents the average grain filling rate of the rapidly increasing stage, T3 represents the grain 298 filling duration of the slowly increasing stage, and V3 represents the average grain filling rate of the slowly increasing 299 stage. 300 301 4. Discussion 302 Previous studies have shown that the grain weight of maize is mainly determined by the 303 filling rate and filling duration. Therefore, improving the grain filling rate and ensuring that 304 grain filling is maintained for an appropriate duration could increase grain weight and yield[20- 305 23]. Fang et al.[24] showed that the grain filling rate determined dry matter accumulation and 306 affected yield, and they showed that the implementation of a reasonable planting method could 307 improve the grain filling rate. Gasura et al.[25] reported that extending the active grain filling 308 period and increasing the mean filling rate increased maize yield. Daynard et al.[26] found that 309 prolonging the filling duration increased the 100-kernel dry weight of maize. On the basis of 310 previous studies, the present study further explored the characteristics of maize grain filling 311 and revealed that improving the mean filling rate and delaying the occurrence of the maximum 312 filling rate led to increased grain growth during the period of the maximum filling rate. In 313 addition, we found that the filling rates of the rapidly increasing and slowly increasing stages 314 primarily determined the mean filling rate, whereas that of the gradually increasing stage had 315 a weaker influence on the mean filling rate. 4. Discussion 302 For example, subsoiling increased yield by improving the 329 100-kernel weight of maize[33]. Zhai et al.[34] showed that subsoiling increased the maximum and 330 mean kernel filling rates, which significantly increased the maximum kernel weight at harvest. 331 Cai et al.[35] et al. showed that subsoiling increased kernel weight, improved plant resistance to 332 environmental stresses, and increased yield. In this study, we further analyzed the filling 333 characteristics of maize varieties from different eras using subsoiling, and we showed that, 334 compared with conventional rotation, subsoiling significantly improved kernel weight by 335 increasing the maximum filling rate and prolonging the duration of the maximum grain filling 336 rate. The beneficial effects of subsoiling on filling characteristics were likely observed because 337 subsoiling tillage the bottom of the ploughed stratum, increased the topsoil depth, improved 338 water storage and moisture conservation, promoted root growth and development[36-37], 339 maintained a high leaf area index and photosynthetic rate after anthesis, and slowed the 340 subsequent decrease in photosynthetic rate. Therefore, the implementation of subsoiling tillage 341 was beneficial for maize because it led to the production of more photosynthetic products[38], 342 thus increasing the grain filling rate and kernel weight. 343 344 4 Conclusion 345 During variety replacement over the last several decades, kernel weight was significantly 346 increased, while kernel growth during the period of the maximum kernel filling rate was 347 improved, the durations of the active filling period and maximum filling rate were prolonged, 348 and the maximum filling rate and mean filling rate were increased. Compared with the other 349 trial varieties, the 2010s variety had a longer gradually increasing period, and its filling rates 350 during the rapidly increasing and slowly increasing period were improved to different degrees. 351 Subsoiling tillage increased the maximum grain filling rate, postponed the occurrence of the 352 maximum filling rate, prolonged the duration of the gradually increasing period, improved the 353 filling rates of the rapidly increasing period and slowly increasing period, and increased grain 354 weight. The filling rate of the rapidly increasing period of the 2010s variety was more sensitive 355 to subsoiling tillage in comparison with the other trial varieties. 356 357 Author Contributions:Performed the experiments: L-q.W., J-l.G. and S-p.H. Analyzed the data: 358 L-q.W., D-l.M. and X-f.Y.. Revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content: 359 X-f.Y., J-l.G. and D-l.M. ,Wrote the paper: L-q.W, L.L. and X-f.Y. 4. Discussion 302 . 360 Funding: 361 Acknowledgments: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of 362 China (grant no. 31560360), the Science & Technology Innovation Projects for High Yield and 363 Efficiency of Grain (grant no. 2017YFD0300804), the National Maize Industrial Technology 364 Systems (grant no. CARS-02-50), and the Crop Science Observation & Experiment Station in 365 Loess Plateau of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. of China (grant no. 25204120). 366 Conflicts of Interest: Page: 12 367 The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 368 369 References 370 1. Hai-Peng H, Wei M A, Noor M A, et al. Quantitative design of yield components to simulate yield 371 formation for maize in China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 019(003):P.668-679. 372 2. Li Shaokun, Wang Keru, Yang Xiaoxia, Han Dongsheng, Wang Yuhua, Xie Ruizhi, Hou Peng, Ming 373 Bo. Technology and Benefit Analysis of High Yield Record Field in Maize.Crops,2017(06):1-6. (in 374 Chinese with English abstract) 375 3. Shulan Wang, Hao Wang, Muhammad Bilal Hafeez, et al. No-tillage and subsoiling increased maize 376 yields and soil water storage under varied rainfall distribution: A 9-year site-specific study in a semi- 377 arid environment. 2020, 255. 378 4. Yu Xiaofang, Sun Hongli, Gao Julin, Wang Zhigang, Yang Hengshan, Zhang Ruifu, Hu Shuping, 379 Sun Jiying. Mechanism behind densification and yield increase of spring maize with different 380 density-tolerance regulated by subsoiling [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural 381 Engineering,2019,35(13):35-46. (in Chinese with English abstract) 382 maintained a high leaf area index and photosynthetic rate after anthesis, and slowed the 340 subsequent decrease in photosynthetic rate. Therefore, the implementation of subsoiling tillage 341 was beneficial for maize because it led to the production of more photosynthetic products[38], 342 thus increasing the grain filling rate and kernel weight. 343 Author Contributions:Performed the experiments: L-q.W., J-l.G. and S-p.H. Analyzed the data: 358 L-q.W., D-l.M. and X-f.Y.. Revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content: 359 X-f.Y., J-l.G. and D-l.M. ,Wrote the paper: L-q.W, L.L. and X-f.Y. . 360 Author Contributions:Performed the experiments: L-q.W., J-l.G. and S-p.H. Analyzed the data: 358 L-q.W., D-l.M. and X-f.Y.. Revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content: 359 X-f.Y., J-l.G. and D-l.M. ,Wrote the paper: L-q.W, L.L. and X-f.Y. . 360 Author Contributions:Performed the experiments: L-q.W., J-l.G. and S-p.H. Analyzed the data: 358 L-q.W., D-l.M. and X-f.Y.. 4. 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Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China 440 Plain[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2010, 18(12):-. 441 30. ?íp, Václav, Vavera R , Chrpová, Jana, et al. Winter wheat yield and quality related to tillage practice, 442 input level and environmental conditions[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2013, 132:77-85. 443 31. Piao L , Qi H , Li C , et al. Optimized tillage practices and row spacing to improve grain yield and 444 matter transport efficiency in intensive spring maize[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016, 198:258-268. 445 32. Shi Y , Yu Z , Man J , et al. Tillage practices affect dry matter accumulation and grain yield in winter 446 wheat in the North China Plain[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016. 447 33. Zhang Ruifu, Yang Hengshan, Gao Julin, Zhang Yuqin, Wang Zhigang, Fan Xiuyan, Bi Wenbo. Effect 448 of subsoiling on root morphological and physiological characteristics of spring maize[J]. 449 Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(05):78-84. (in Chinese with 450 English abstract) 451 34. Lichao Zhai,Ping Xu,Zhengbin Zhang, et al.Effects of deep vertical rotary tillage on dry matter 452 accumulation and grain yield of summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China[J]. Soil & 453 Tillage Research,2017,170:167-174. 454 35. Hongguang Cai, Wei Ma, Xiuzhi Zhang, et al. Effect of subsoil tillage depth on nutrient accumulation, 455 root distribution, and grain yield in spring maize. 2014, 2(5):297-307. 456 36. Bian D , Jia G , Cai L , et al. Effects of tillage practices on root characteristics and root lodging 457 resistance of maize[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016, 185:89-96. 458 36. Bian D , Jia G , Cai L , et al. Effects of tillage practices on root characteristics and root lodging 457 resistance of maize[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016, 185:89-96. 458 37. Dahai Guan, Mahdi M. Al-Kaisi, Yushi Zhang, et al. Tillage practices affect biomass and grain yield 459 through regulating root growth, root-bleeding sap and nutrients uptake in summer maize. 2014, 460 157:89-97. 461 38. Zhou Baoyuan, Sun Xuefang, Ding Zaisong, Ma Wei, Zhao Ming. Effect of Tillage Practice and 462 Fertilization on Dry Matter Accumulation and Grain Yield of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura 463 Sinica,2017,50(11):2129-2140. Figure 2 Effects of deep loosening tillage on the 100-grain weight of different ages maize varieties 3.2 Effect of subsoiling on the kernel dry matter accumulation of maize varieties from different eras Effects of deep loosening tillage on the 100-grain weight of different ages maize varieties 3.2 Effect of subsoiling on the kernel dry matter accumulation of maize varieties from different eras Figure 3 Effects of deep loosening tillage on the dry weight of 100 grains of maize varieties in different ages Figure 3 Effects of deep loosening tillage on the dry weight of 100 grains of maize varieties in different ages Effects of deep loosening tillage on the dry weight of 100 grains of maize varieties in different ages
33,518
https://github.com/belczyk/elasticops/blob/master/src/ElasticOps/Extensions/CollectionExtensions.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,015
elasticops
belczyk
C#
Code
73
272
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Caliburn.Micro; using ElasticOps.Attributes; namespace ElasticOps.Extensions { public static class CollectionExtensions { public static IEnumerable<T> OrderByPriority<T>(this IEnumerable<T> collection) { return collection.OrderBy(x => GetPriority(x)); } private static int GetPriority(object obj) { var attrs = obj.GetType().GetAttributes<PriorityAttribute>(true); if (!attrs.Any()) return int.MaxValue; return obj.GetType().GetAttributes<PriorityAttribute>(true).Min(x => x.Priority); } public static void ForEach<T>(this IEnumerable<T> enumerable, Action<T> action) { Ensure.ArgumentNotNull(enumerable, "enumerable"); Ensure.ArgumentNotNull(action, "action"); foreach (var t in enumerable) { action(t); } } } }
6,893
https://github.com/mspsanjuan/sd/blob/master/api/core/tm/routes/permisos.ts
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
sd
mspsanjuan
TypeScript
Code
195
591
import * as express from 'express'; import permisos from '../../../auth/permisos'; import { actualizarPermisosUsuario } from '../controller/permiso'; import { Auth } from '../../../auth/auth.class'; import * as config from '../../../config.private'; import * as codes from '../../../connect/fhir/controllers/errorCodes'; const router = express.Router(); router.get('/permisos', Auth.authenticate(), (req, res, next) => { res.send(permisos); }); router.patch('/permisos/usuario/:idUsuario/organizacion/:idOrganizacion/modulo/:modulo', Auth.authenticate(), async (req, res, next) => { if (!Auth.check(req, 'usuarios:test:superusuario')) { return next(codes.status.unauthorized); } else { try { res.json(actualizarPermisosUsuario( req.params.idUsuario, req.params.idOrganizacion, req.params.modulo, req.body.permisos )); } catch (e) { return next(e); } } }); function makeString(item, parent) { if (item.child) { let rs = []; item.child.forEach((i) => { rs = [...rs, ...makeString(i, parent + (parent.length > 0 ? ':' : '') + item.key)]; }); return rs; } else { if (item.type === 'boolean') { return [parent + (parent.length > 0 ? ':' : '') + item.key]; } else { return [parent + (parent.length > 0 ? ':' : '') + item.key + ':<b>xxx</b>']; } } } if (config.enablePermisosDoc) { router.get('/permisos/doc', (req, res) => { let rs = []; permisos.forEach((i) => { rs = [...rs, ...makeString(i, '')]; }); let respuesta = ''; rs.forEach(line => { respuesta += '' + line + '<br>'; }); res.send(respuesta); }); } export = router;
3,833
https://github.com/Legion-Engine/Hivemind/blob/master/messages/workspace_response.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
Hivemind
Legion-Engine
Python
Code
9
27
class WorkspaceResponse: def __init__(self, workspace: str): self.workspace = workspace
3,317
https://github.com/akolov/swift-toolkit/blob/master/Sources/ToolKit/Classes/WeakBox.swift
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
swift-toolkit
akolov
Swift
Code
43
98
// // WeakBox.swift // ToolKit // // Created by Alexander Kolov on 2018-07-16. // Copyright © 2018 Alexander Kolov. All rights reserved. // public struct WeakBox<T: AnyObject> { public init(_ value: T) { self.value = value } public weak var value: T? }
1,951
https://github.com/Matthelonianxl/nifty-wallet/blob/master/old-ui/app/components/menu-droppo.js
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,022
nifty-wallet
Matthelonianxl
JavaScript
Code
338
1,181
const Component = require('react').Component const h = require('react-hyperscript') const inherits = require('util').inherits const findDOMNode = require('react-dom').findDOMNode const ReactCSSTransitionGroup = require('react-addons-css-transition-group') module.exports = MenuDroppoComponent inherits(MenuDroppoComponent, Component) function MenuDroppoComponent () { Component.call(this) } MenuDroppoComponent.prototype.render = function () { const speed = this.props.speed || '300ms' const useCssTransition = this.props.useCssTransition const zIndex = ('zIndex' in this.props) ? this.props.zIndex : 0 this.manageListeners() const style = this.props.style || {} if (!('position' in style)) { style.position = 'fixed' } style.zIndex = zIndex style.overflow = 'hidden' return ( h('.menu-droppo-container', { ref: 'menuDroppoContainer', style, }, [ useCssTransition ? h(ReactCSSTransitionGroup, { className: 'css-transition-group', transitionName: 'menu-droppo', transitionEnterTimeout: parseInt(speed), transitionLeaveTimeout: parseInt(speed), }, this.renderPrimary()) : this.renderPrimary(), ]) ) } MenuDroppoComponent.prototype.renderPrimary = function () { const isOpen = this.props.isOpen if (!isOpen) { return null } const innerStyle = this.props.innerStyle || {} return ( h('.menu-droppo', { key: 'menu-droppo-drawer', style: innerStyle, }, [ this.props.children ]) ) } MenuDroppoComponent.prototype.manageListeners = function () { const isOpen = this.props.isOpen const onClickOutside = this.props.onClickOutside if (isOpen) { this.outsideClickHandler = onClickOutside } else if (isOpen) { this.outsideClickHandler = null } } MenuDroppoComponent.prototype.componentDidMount = function () { if (this && document.body) { this.globalClickHandler = this.globalClickOccurred.bind(this) document.body.addEventListener('click', this.globalClickHandler) // eslint-disable-next-line react/no-find-dom-node var container = findDOMNode(this) this.container = container } this.transitionStarted = this.transitionstartOccured.bind(this) /* * transitionstart event is not supported in Chrome yet. But it works for Firefox 53+. * We need to handle this event only for FF because for Chrome we've hidden scrolls. */ this.refs.menuDroppoContainer.addEventListener('transitionstart', this.transitionStarted) this.transitionEnded = this.transitionendOccured.bind(this) this.refs.menuDroppoContainer.addEventListener('transitionend', this.transitionEnded) } MenuDroppoComponent.prototype.componentWillUnmount = function () { if (this && document.body) { document.body.removeEventListener('click', this.globalClickHandler) document.body.removeEventListener('transitionstart', this.transitionStarted) document.body.removeEventListener('transitionend', this.transitionEnded) } } MenuDroppoComponent.prototype.globalClickOccurred = function (event) { const target = event.target // eslint-disable-next-line react/no-find-dom-node const container = findDOMNode(this) if (target !== container && !isDescendant(this.container, event.target) && this.outsideClickHandler) { this.outsideClickHandler(event) } } MenuDroppoComponent.prototype.transitionstartOccured = function (event) { this.refs.menuDroppoContainer.style.overflow = 'hidden' } MenuDroppoComponent.prototype.transitionendOccured = function (event) { if (!this.props.constOverflow) { this.refs.menuDroppoContainer.style.overflow = 'auto' } } function isDescendant (parent, child) { var node = child.parentNode while (node !== null) { if (node === parent) { return true } node = node.parentNode } return false }
21,665
educationitspri00jollgoog_2
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,879
Education, its principles and practice
Combe, George, 1788-1858
English
Spoken
7,597
10,010
|! —none of which are setentiyic in spirit or treatment, ho (iii His Work as a Scientific Educationist, of his published works, the “Essays on Phrenology,” 1819, he has a special section on education, as interpret by the new philosophy. In 1822, in his larger treatise, tl “System of Phrenology ;" in numerous articles in the Pi logical Jowrnal, from its commencement, in 1823; in 1828, in the “ Constitution of Man;” and throughout all his sub sequent works, the principles of Mental Science are constantly ‘brought to bear on the same subject. Before 1819, in this educational reformation, there had appeared in English, Rous | seau's “ Emile,” in 1762; Kames’ * Hints on Education,” an Vicesimus Knox's “ Liberal Education,” in 1781; Bell's “ Ex- periments in Education,” in 1797, followed by his other works; | Kageworths' “Practical Education,” in 1798; Lancaster's “Trac- tate,” in 1803, and his “ Improvements in Education,” in 18 Phage sacle enczeabives aol nalvanioads One of the first scientific studies of education in English was Spurzheim’s “ Principles of Education,” not published till 1821, to which George Combe confesses abundant obligations. George Combe was thus writing on the Science of Education in the early part of the century, when very few were engaged in that work; and there is no doubt that he was one of the earliest of © the few investigators into the subject who, like Spurzhei Spencer, Carpenter, Bain, and others, have endeavoured a ~ render it traly philosophical, by basing it on the Science — ~ of Mind in connection with its Physiological relations. 3. The need of improving and extending the range of the | 4 “Emile ou de I'Education” wos first published, in French, at Amsterdam, in 1762; in English, in London, in the same year, in 4 vols, as “Emilins and Sophia, or a New System of Education ;” again in London tn 1763, and in Edinburgh in 1778 and 1783. Pestalozzi'a “Leonard and Gertrude,” | though published in 1781, was not translated till 1885 (London, 2 vol); Bie | excellent ‘Letters on Early Education," addressed in 1818-19 to J. P. Greaves, ‘were translated in 1827, the year of his death ; and his valuable work, ** How | Gertrnde teaches hor Children,” after 1830. Pestalozzi’s system was first made known in England, in May 1826, by the Rev, Charles Mayo, in a lecture befors the Royal Institution, Richter’s ** Levana,” as already noted, written in 1806, was not translated till 1843; Simpson's ‘'Philosophy of Education” and — Stow’s “Moral Training” appeared in 1684, Ix Popular Lectures on Science established. others, he is still in advance of general educational practice, In connection with certain of these, he occupies as yet, along with a few educationists, a unique position, viz. those by which a child is instructed in his own mental constitution, and in the principles of moral, social, and political life; that — is, in the elements of Mental and Moral Philosophy, and Social, Economical, and Political Science. In advocating these as necessary subjects in a full course of school instrue- tion, he has been ably supported by William Ellis, in the Birkbeck Schools, in which they form a regular and essen- tial part of the instruction given, except Mental Science and the Relation of man’s nature to the universe of which he forms a part, as already explained, which yet wait for recognition in our schools.’ Another excellent sphere of labour in providing broader instruction for the people, in which this friend of man was one of the earliest workers, was “ the diffusion of useful know- ledge,” by means of popular lectures on scientific subjects, One of the first attempts at giving such lectures was made by Dr John Anderson, the founder of Anderson's College, in Glasgow, who, when appointed to the Chair of Natural Philosophy in Glasgow University, delivered a bi-weeldy course to classes of working men, until his death in 1796, The first session, under Dr Garnett, of Anderson’s College, founded in 1796, was attended by about a thousand of both sexes. In the same year, Dr Thomas Beddoes, the celebrated physician, and son-in-law of Edgeworth, began the system of true popular science lectures to audiences of both sexes in Bristol, by a course of Physiology. In 1800, that remarkable man, Dr Birkbeck, the successor of Dr Garnett, innugurated a most successful course of popular lectures to the mechanics of Glasgow, on “the mechanical properties of solid and fluid bodies,” Twenty-one years, however, elapsed before the idea was adopted by any other town, when Edinburgh led the way by founding, in 1821, “The Edinburgh School of Arts,” “to supply instruction in the various branches of science which are of practical application to mechanics in their 1 See an account of the Birkbeck Schools and their course of study, p. 230, Ixii Earlier Labouvers in this field. on there some years after its foundation, till formed, in 1838, into “The General Sessional School” in Market Street, Edinburgh. Almo the beginning of his labours, from 1828, Stow invited to witness his system, He gradually gave them more matic instruction in its principles and in those of education, and was one of the most earnest workers in 1 field, till he finally succeeded in founding, in 1888, the Normal College in Scotland, if not in Britain ; before this date, above a hundred teachers, who did it good in disseminating his principles both at home a1 In the Edinburgh Model Infant School, opened in 1829, of George Combe was one of the founders and promoters, tet were regularly prepared for Infant schools throughout country. High praise is also due to Professor Pillans, of E burgh University, whose articles, in 1828, on the training o teacher did great service in drawing attention to the s and no doubt hastened the establishment of Normal but his higher idea of having this training carried on in Universities, amidst the elements of broader culture and alo side of other professions, had to wait much longer for nition, and only began to be possible with the recent fo ation of the Bell Chairs of Education in Edinburgh and Andrews.’ In 1886, the Home and Colonial School Society commenced the training of Infant school teachers, under the admirable superintendence of Dr, and Miss Mayo. The — subject was agitated in Parliament from an carly date | by Brougham and others, but it was not till 1836 that | any grant was allowed for the building of Normal Colleges. | From that date, these institutions rose with surprising + See Memoir of David Stow,” by the Rev. William Fraser, p. 180 (Lom~— don: James Niabet & Co,), 2 In the second of two letters to T. F, Kennedy, Esq., M.P., on * The Principles of Elementary Teaching,” written in 1827, and published in 1828 ; now included in his “*Contributions to the Canse of Education” (London: Cente eee in No, 120, 1834, Seminaries for Teachers,” also ineluded in the samo work, PP gk Pha eazia balan of taschirs in Vaiveralien recoramanded at tx Galt date by Mr Cunningham, the first Principal of Stow's Normal School, p. 649, Ixiv Relation of the Churches to Educateon. 5. Religious Instruction, and the relation of the Churches ta education generally were, from the first, vexed and vexing questions. The churches had for generations conducted the education of the country, and it was natural that they should — not, without a struggle, part with their power, and with a work which they deemed, from its nature and its relations to religion, peculiarly their own. They fought long and hard, and when at last roused from the lethargy of the past, they accomn- | plished a wonderful amount of good in extending and improy- ing education throughout the land. The motives for these abundant labours may not have been at all times the most disinterested, but good work was done. The churches were Jong much too strong for the friends of a non-ecclesiastical system under Government control to make much progress, but the national party has now succeeded in securing @ National system, more or less complete, throughout the British Islands. In this contest, George Combe was the most prominent and powerful of the combatants, declaring equally against voluntary and church conduet of education. . The deeper question as to Religious Instruction in schools roused more opposition and acrimony than that of a National versus a Church system of education, As advocates of the separation of doctrinal teaching from national schools, the s0- — called “Secular” party have always been strongly opposed in this country, and subjected to much misrepresentation and even social persecution, as enemies alike of God, religion, and mankind. Still it has gradually grown in strength and influence, and has embraced men both inside and outside the — churches, including in Scotland no less a churchman than Dr Chalmers! Their idea has been, as already said, that Theo- — logy should be taught by the churches, each body making arrangements for the Theological instruction of its own adher- ents, and that other subjects alone should be taught in schools, In Britain, George Combe was the chief advocate of these unpopular views regarding State and Religious Education, with the notable and essential difference, already pointed out, that he deemed all-important the careful cultivation, in school, 4 See Dr Chalmers’ latest viows on this subject in Appendix No. VI., p. 782. Ixvi George Combe on Non-Sectarian education. Education Acts and their conscience clauses, a success, which, though incomplete, would have surprised him, so much more rapid has it been than he anticipated. In all these labours, George Combe and his friends en- countered the strongest opposition, and had to bear much abuse and misrepresentation. The controversy was stormy, if not violent, and special letters, speeches, and books were written against them. These attacks, and the bad odour of his position, were borne by him with philosophic calmness, and evoked from him no recrimination, not even strong words, beyond a firm correction of error and a fuller discussion and explanation of the ideas of his party, in different forms, but chiefly in his larger work on “The Relation between Science and Religion,” published in 1857." It is only justice to George Combe, moreover, to bear in mind his special views, as already explained, in regard to the function of the school in the culture of the Moral and Religious faculties. No misrepresentation could be farther from the truth than that he was not a religious man, for no part of his nature was stronger than his religious and moral faculties, which gave him, in this direction, a calm but undying enthusiasm ; and there never has lived a more earnest advocate of Religious and Moral training, as one of the most important elements in the education and progress of mankind.* 6. The part played by Government in these educational struggles ia important and interesting. The controversy as to the relation that the Government of a country should bear to the education of the people was protracted and vehement, fiercely contested on both sides, the opponents of Government interference being long too powerful for the advocates of the right and duty of Government to educate the people. From the earliest attempt to rouse Government interest and obtain inquiry into popular education, in 1816, when Brougham succeeded in getting a committee appointed “to inquire into * See p. 586, for an account of the straggle. * See chap. vii. p 201, for some account of the ‘Secular School" move- ment, originated by George Combe, and tho agitation for National Unsectarian Education of that time, Ixviii_ George Combe on a National System. moving spirit in the great agitation which was carried on after this time in favour of National Unsectarian Secular Educa- tion under Government control; and this it became one of the great aims of the rest of his life to endeavour to achieve." His pen was ever busy in this cause. He was intimately conversant with all the actors and agencies in favour of these views, both public and private, both inside and outside of Parliament ; and his wise counsels and untiring efforts were enthusiastically devoted, amidst opposition and odium, to the advancement of these all-important social problems. The meetings which he so eloquently addressed, in 1851, in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Paisley, Manchester, and elsewhere, and his admirable discussion of the whole sub- ject in the Westminster Review, in 1852,° when he was above sixty years of age, are proofs of his continued enthusiasm in the great questions involved in National Education, and his dissatisfaction with the partial solutions then in progress. His views on the subject were and still are in advance of British practice on several points—as in regard to Free schools supported only by rates, universal compulsory edu-~ cation, and the total exclusion of doctrinal teaching from Public schools. There is no doubt that to George Combe personally, the country is more indebted than to any other single individual for the development. of National Education 4s now greatly accomplished, and for the prevalence of broader views regarding the function of Government in the education of the people. 1 See Part Firat, I]. aupra, far an enumeration of the pamphlets he issued, and the speeches he made, at this time. * Article on ‘*Secular Education,” in the number for July 1852, See p. 587 — _Ixx Mts Educational Labours little known. his services are greatly unknown, They could hardly have — been otherwise to the present generation. His educational writings appeared mostly in an evanescent shape, in which — they could scarcely live beyond his more immediate eontem- poraries, They have hitherto been little accessible, and they — haye never been presented till now in a collected form, so as to be seen in their full extent and value. As he wrote no “special treatise on the subject, his name has not become associated with a known educational work, as Rousseau’s with Emile, Pestalozzi’s with Leonard and Gertrude, Richter’s with Levana. Then the story of his life has only just appeared,’ Thus his abundant labours in educational and social progress are little known, His unpopular views have, no doubt, to some extent, prevented full justice being done to him; while his fame or notoriety in other walks may also have overshadowed his deserts in this one, eminent as they have been. But his influence on the education of his own time, through his frequent writings and unremitting labours in the cause, was undoubtedly very great. George Combe was the true champion of certain higher ideas, when a champion was most needed. Even in his own lifetime, he saw many of these | ideas, long fought for, incorporated with the educational sys- tems of the day, Had he survived twenty years longer, he would have seen some of his most cherished thoughts, once most fiercely opposed, become greatly triumphant, and this with a rapidity that would have surprised himself. As he says, he “did not expect to see these principles generally reduced to practice in this age.” His views “embraced cen- turies of time;” and “seeing the slow progress of the human race in the past, he did not anticipate miracles in the future,” though he had faith in the truth and vitality of these prin- ciples to “ vindicate their own might.” Had he lived till now, he would have witnessed, in Scotland, the establishment of a National System of Education; universal School Boards, in whose hands, and not in Church or voluntary agencies, the 4 “The Life of George Combe,” by Charles Gibbon, in two volumes (London: Macmillan & Co., 1878); sbly written, and important alike to the the philosopher, the reformer, and the philanthropist, and to all interested in human progress and in the growth of human well-being. ee | h— (Isxii True Character of the Secular Schools. title “Secular” was adopted, as expressing the aim of what was a much greater endeavour, From various causes, the word mice peteee very clexciom to he Sait eee pea skies poloenon! aoe suid thesgel Se it had when first used by George Combe, in a purely educa- tional sense. The name denoted to him and to his friends much more than it did, and still does, even to the advocates of “secular” education in schools; embracing every subject, Religious training included, which related to the present “secular” world. In addition to its theological obnoxious- ness, it also did great injustice to what was much higher and broader, by putting forward a minor peculiarity of these schools as the only distinction between them and others—the real truth being, that they embraced a wider scheme of training and instruction than any other, nothing less than the outline of education sketched by George Combe. In now judging of what he and his friends intended in their schools, the mere “secular” peculiarity should be put aside as a smaller matter, in an educational point of view, and the broad edueation sought to be given there should receive the attention it un- doubtedly deserves. It was a pity and a Joss that, from various external causes, these schools were given up; for their scheme was broader and better than any Code will yet be for many a day. It is good, however, that so much of George Combe's outline is still embodied in the Birkbeck Schools, which stand greatly alone in this respect, and give the broadest traini and preparation of children in the work and objects of life now existing; and it is devoutly to be wished, that they will he centres whence a truer and more adequate and practical education will pervade the country and regulate the eur- riculum of our schools! Had religious polemics not been roused by the brand of “secularism” written on the very pediment of the schools of George Combe and his friends, much more good might have been achieved by them in this direction? ] Tn America, George Combe’s influence has been greater 1 See p, 280 and p. 252, for the history and characteristics of these schools, * Bee 1p. 267, and letter from Mr W. Matticu Williams, in the Appendix, Pp. valuable, that they form one of the few treatments of the subject resting on a acientific basis and conducted in a scientific manner—on the study of the whole physical and mental constitution of man; and they should thus furnish ex- cellent materials towards constructing the future Science and Art of Education, which are still only in their infancy. Tn fine and by way of summary estimate of his educational position, George Combe has, beyond all question, done excel- lent service to education by pen, voice, and action in the past, and he wil] exert a wider and deeper influence in the years to come. He was the right man, in the right place, and at the right time, It may seem that, had he appeared a little later, his success might have been greater, as his views would have encountered less opposition than they did at a time so educa- tionally blind and so theologically rigid. We are apt so to reason regarding strong men who have had largely to create and to educate their own audience, which could not have existed afterwards, had it not been prepared by themselves to accept views so obnoxious to their contemporaries. George Combe was in his true place in the van of educational reform, as in other fields bearing on the progress of thought and well-being. He had the real spirit of a pioneer, the stuff that makes the champion of new ideas, possessing the fearless courage of his opinions —opinions never uttered till fully conquered by himeelf — filled with deathless enthusiasm, generously tolerant of difference of opinion, grandly forbear- ing under even merciless attack,! sustained by calm philo- sophy born of invineible faith im the might of truth, and inspired with a genuine, all-embracing philanthropy. His 1 In.a speech mae in New York, in Murch 1840, speaking of the opposition he had encountered, George Combe said: “ Many were the shafts of ridicule that were hurled against me, and bitter the taunts poured forth by a hostile press; bot they never penetrated to my soul, disturbed my peace, or hapeded my prosperity. I mention this, not in the spirit of vain-glory, but to confirm the young in the assurance that the path of truth and independence may be safely trodden, even against a world in arms, if courage and perseverance be added to prodence in the wiyanoe." Ixxvi His Ultimate position as Educationist. scientific students. The present issue of his works is an attempt to do George Combe more justice in this less known but most honourable field of his many labours; and, through their means, to contribute towards the final solution of im- portant educational questions, and the development of the Educational Science of the future, so inseparably bound up with human happiness and human progress. Bes non Verba Queen. George Combe's Motto. We must teach the child Wuar ir is, Wuere ir ts, Wuar ir oucHur To Do, and How iT sHOULD Do 17, in order best to fulfil the objects of its existence. George Combe. Je vous préche un art difficile; cest de gouverner sans préceptes, et de tout fatre en ne faisant rien. Rousseau PART FIRST. WHAT IS EDUCATION? ITS NEED AND NATURE. (4 What is Education? — instructed, before they will yield their full harvest of enjo ~ In regard to thom, Education becomes of paramount importance. Man's relations ~The Creator has so arranged the external world as to hold forth to external ma root inducements to man to cultivate his higher powers, nay, ala to constrain him to do ao, The philosophic mind, in surveying the 1 world as un OG aaa n " within certain limits, to the influence of bis will. Man is introduc on earth apparently helpless and unprovided for as a hon | stranger; but the soil on which he treads is endowed with a thousand , capabilities of production, which require only to be elicited by intelligence to make it yield him the richest returns. ‘The impetuow torrent rolls its waters to the main; but as it dashes over { mountain cliff, the human hand is capable of withdrawing 14 ita conrse, and rendering its powers subscrvient to his will Ovos ‘ extends over half the globe her liquid plain, in which no p appears, and the rude winds oft lift her waters to the sky; but, | there the skill of man may launch the strong-knit bark, spread for the canvas to the gule, and make the trackless deep a highy Hisratlonalfac- through the world. Tn such a state of things, knowledge is truly tik power over OWE; and it is obviously the interest of human beings to b nature, acquainted with the constitution and relations of every around them, that they may discover its capabilities of ministering to their own advantage, Farther, where these physical energies are too great to be controlled, man has received intelligence by which he may observe their course, and accommodate his conduet to their influence, This capacity of adaptation is a valuable substitute for the power of regulating them by his will. Man cannot arrest sun in its course, so as to avert the wintry storms, and cause p espe eee c noees evan tiat but, by the proper exercise 6 his intelligence and corporal energies, he is able to foresee the approach of bleak skies and rude winds, and to place himself in rear, to build, to fabricate, and to store up provisions; and, by ava ing himself of these resources, and accommodating his conduct to — | oe te. What is Education? Neuch a mene ax T have described. Many are not aware that human fi nw nd than those of the lower animals, and that they lead to worse resi "when not directed by reason. They imagine that if they a feeling strongly, such as tho love of offspring, or the love of God, they cannot err in the mode of gratifying it; consequently, thoy act with all the energy of impulse, and all the blindness of infatus- tion. A mighty change will be effected in human co the people at lange become acquainted with the in Be a a ee feelings, and with tho fact that knowledge is the grand elen without which reason cannot be sufficiently exerted. ; ~ Man, therefore, being an improvable being, haa been furnished ~~ with reason, and been left to discover, by the exercise of it, his o nature, the nature of external objects, and the relations bet himself and them, and to adapt the one to the other in this temp for his own advantage, When he shall do so, and fi also his moral and religious duties, he will assume his proper stat _—~.,08 a rational being. The only limit to this proposition is, that each — of his faculties, bodily and mental, and every external object, have received a definite constitution, and are regulated by precise laws, so that limits have been set to human aberration, and also to human | | attainments; but, within these limite, a wide seope for producing — ] bappitens, by ‘harmonious and wiss adaptations, or misery, by diss cordant and foolish combinations, exists. | act Ido not predicate what dogroo of perfection man is capable of | BRC ghd on eth by Whans mace. Looking at the condition of the | inferior animals, I should not expect optimism, because disease and doath are incident to them all; but, on dispassionately comparing the enjoyments of the inferior creatures, in relation to their natures, with the past and present enjoyments of the human race, in relation | to their superior capacities, I fear that man does not surpass them to the extent which he ought to do, if he made a proper use of the means fairly in his power of promoting his own happiness, Com- paring the civilized Christian inhabitanta of modern Europe, with the ignorant, ferocious, filthy, und helpless savages of New South | | Wales, we perceive a vast advance; but I do not believe that the ae | every one hh of his own, which, in his mind, hold the place FLEENE i k promoting the happi- ness of human beings, in their various conditions of husbands and — wives, parents and children, masters and servants, teachers and Its Need Inherent in Man’s Constitution. 11 \ pupils, governors and subjects, appears like indulging a warm imagination in fanciful harangues. They are of opinion that. the experience of six thousand years is sufficient to show that man is not destined in this life to be differont from what he has always been and now is; and that any measures pretending greatly to improve his condition, however desirable, are not at all to be believed in by sensible and practical people. This state of things could not exist if education were founded on a truo system of human nature, and an exposition of its relations to the external world.’ Next to the duty of providing for the physical health and enjoy- ment of their children, parents are bound to train and educate them es properly, so as to fit them for the discharge of the duties of life. for of 1 The grounds of this obligation are obvious. The human body and mind consist of a large assemblage of organs and faculties, each possessing native cnergy and an extensive sphere of action, and capable of being used or abused, according as it is directed. The ; extensive range of these powers, a prime clement in the dignity of ; man, renders education exceedingly important. education ; lb al Maisingeadis- Unpxs the goneral torm Education, two very different, procssnes ang Seta es Math frequently confounded—namely, ¢raining and instruction. ‘Train- CHAPTER II, THE NATURE AND OBJECTS OF EDUCATION, 1, EDUCATION INCLUDES BOTH TRAINING AND INSTRUCTION. ing, in reference to education, means strengthening and enlivening, ‘by means of exercise, the mental functions ; while instruction refers” to the communication of knowledge* This world appears to me to be « vast theatre constituted for ~ exertion, in which enjoyment is the natural consequence of industry, ~ morality, and intelligence ; and suffering that of ignorance, vice, and — sloth, Tho constitution of the world, physical and moral, that of the human mind and body, as well as the relations between them, — are fixed and determinate ; and aman becomes prosporous and happy ~ in proportion to the degree in which his social institutions and per- sonal conduct harmonize with these unchangeable elements of nature. Each individual of the race is born ignorant of everything; but capacities are bestowed on him to loarn all that is essontial to his welfare. The mighty machinery of nature, physical and moral, is constantly revolving within him (in his own mind and body), and around him; and he cannot by possibility avoid oxperioncing ite influence. To be prosperous, he must adjust his conduct and posi- Passe sherry, he mo nfl ‘Edaeaon mean teachag the a "therefore, he must, or suffer, Education means teaching the indi- vidual what it concerns him to know relative to his own constitution, and that of the moral and physical world in which he is destined to live and act; and it includes trafning him to habits of action suit- able to that destination.’ 2 Preface to Cald “Thoughts on Physical Education” ; (Edinburgh, Mackubice and Stewart) sot * Remarks on National Education, p. 1. — a wine) What is Education? Tees? toy acd tn: econbianteon: Such a being, therefore, when first introduced into active life, would be helpless, bewildered, and We may gi him instruction, but it doet not penetrate into i learned to read and write, and the effects were most conspicuous, ‘Tho cars heard, and the eyes eaw, and the understanding appeared to SrOEabiof fonedesbsd acd) mmielfoda fuisoasece’ wilt a shea ing them gome simple processes in his trade, but had found that the lesson of yesterday was not retained in the mind till today; that ‘no spontaneous suggestion presented itself, even when circumstances rendered it evident to a trained understanding; and that their lnbour, in consequence, was without value in any department of - akilled art. Their muscles had been trained to act, almost without the direction of their brains; and beyond labour which museles could execute independently of intelligence, they were powerless. (2) On the sitis fa she Fotellecbaal, condisions-of mnodnosted aay But the Mooval facultive; constitutes only « small, although an important portion of the mind: Man is endowed, besides, with moral sentiments and {animal propensities, depending, like his intellect, on corebral organs for their powers of manifestation. Each organ ia more or lea {capable of action in proportion to its size, temperament, and the training which it has received. In a rude and uncultivated con- dition of the intellect, the moral sentiments are left without stimulus ~ and dirvetion. These sentiments produce the emotions of benevo- lence and veneration, and the love of justice. Prosperous external | cireumstances, generally speaking, are favourable to their develop- ment. A man steeped in poverty and oppressed by want, finds his \selfish faculties excited, and lacks not only moral stimulus, but physical means for practising the benevolent virtues. One buried \in ignorance cannot exercise a well-directed and enlightened venera~ | = The GRE 1 thm for ting etki ts date ‘Training, which, Erne itn. 88 philosopher, he inalinca to do, he reilly includes Instraction fat One great object of oducation is the attainmont of knowledge iteelf, , study of languages, the individual will enter om active Tife in a state of qualification for practical business similar to that of a man fi (the practice of architecture who should have completed only hi studies in drawing, He will be deficient in many acquirements | that would be substantially usoful for tho preservation of health an the successful conducting of affairs.* 2, DEFINITIONS OF EDUCATION, VIEWED AS TRAINING. When George Combe defines education solely as | the definition. Training is the process by which al the facu. ‘are to be educated. These faculties can be truly educated only by ee eteat ee cay ou ie eee 3 they naturally act, and by which they are stimulated into acti | the teeing or Hoowitg facie can only act when their aj | propriate objects are presented, that is, when knowledge or things are supplied to them; in other words, those faculties must receive Instruction. Training, therefore, embraces and defines all duca- ine ad, lcaepltcally “ecusideeed: 3k 36 the: Only, faculties, and to a lesser function of these faculties, the supplying 0 them with food, which food can be properly supplied and assim only when administered according to the principles of Training. 7 Speech at Glaagow, in 1951, on National Education ; from North British Daily Mail. * Lectures on Popular Education, p. 29. |senenaemstea myers suffrage, placed. Lcgetcanunng ge mance m PART SECOND. WHAT SUBJECTS SHOULD BE TAUGHT IN OUR SCHOOLS? THE ELEMENTS OF INSTRUCTION AND TRAINING. sounds, loo at To limit the education of an individual who is destined to to | port of ahusband, father, and member of society, toirsedings accounts, and the dead languages, would be similar to a education i | who could draw a plan ofa handsome cottage, might be rearing a fubric corresponding to it, if ho wer ftv in ~ Italian, appear to me to be more valuable acquirements than ~and Latin.* » One great object of education is theattainment of knowledge i lf. 28 What Subjects should be Taught in our Schools? slave, to his mill, where it may be made to grind his corn, weave cloth, forge his iron, or spin his thread, according to the di arn to it by his skill ; or he may inclose water in strong n Wind affords an instance of the powers which man cannot contro but to which he may accommodate his conduct, Hoe cannot ‘the air as he does the stream; but he may give to his mil revolving top, so that let the wind blow from what point it I | jis sails shall apread their bosoms directly to the breem. He bid the air measure its motions to suit his objects, according as surface, and, if gently blowing, shall be caught by a broad sail Man has no power over the direction of the wind on the ocean ; but by the skilfuladaptation of tho helin, masts, and sails, | hé/may-aleer<to hid desdinsd haven: How much of observation, haw | 2g lets a of the powers which man can wield, to those which defy his unt bo pu forth blom thee parons feta of is ingen ‘be accomplished ! ‘What we ecought ‘These illustrations are of general application. In common life we cloner may never need to forge, to weave, to steer, or to spin; but we must | all prosecute some vocation of usefulnoss and duty, otherwise we exist in vain. In whatever sphere of life we move, we are by the clements of nature, which aminister to our health and enjoy- ment, or to our detriment and discomfort, according as we use them wisely or the reverse, according as we adapt our conduct to their real qualities or run counter to their influence, Woe are surrounded by human beings, and aro influenced by the great tides of public affairs 5 and without knowledge of external nature, and of the nature of man, his history, laws, and institutions, we éhall be no more capable of — = 4 saoeation enabling the peasant’sson todo thist Tt suffices to enable the plo hex © man to become the fellow labourer and the guide of his horse; b more knowledge, and, what is of still greater advancement, gives strength to their intellects and firm their moral emotions, which fit them for studying and in the profits of the farm with that superior individual. remarks apply to all other trades and occupations. You who are engaged in manufactures requiring skill and ledge, know well how much more valuable labour becomes, - combined with vigorous and enlightened intellect, and pure resolve. Now, will reform of Parliament and universal suf give you strength of intellect, skill, knowledge, and morality, with- outany education, training, or effort of your own? If not, how o it mise you in the scale of social enjoyment, if it leave you intellectu ally ignorant and morally weak 1 Impossible, The Great God heaven and eayth has pronounced the decree that the world ia, Him, given to the intelligent, the moral, the industrious, and economical ; and that toil, poverty, and privation are assigned all who neglect to cultivate and apply the noble mental powers: which He has endowed them. And who shall reverse or the fiat of Omnipotence? Look at France ; her people lately : universal suffrage; but they were ignorant ; and the legidlature whisll they chose could not reverse the decrees of God, and render ignorant and untrained men ina day, or a year, prosperous and wealthy. By all means, It us extend the suffrage and improve our laws, and let justice be done to all. But Jet no man deceive you, that it is possible by Acts of Parliament to banish poverty, privation, disease, and early death, while the causes of them remain; and the causes of these evils lie, not entirely, but to a great extent, in the state of | our own minds and bodies, The political economist who counsels” you to practice industry and economy, advises well; but all | enlightened men of this class are the grand advocates also of a fo Baty ot be Dee indispensable necessity of our observing them, ‘attain prosperity ; and we must train our children to Imowledge, These measures will not banish all vice in many individuals thess spring from organic defects, diminish them ; and this must precede all other plans for human improvement, unless we can work mirnclen* general proposition, it may he traly asserted that individual born into this world only a body, a m ‘From speech to Working Clases, delivered at Paisley Sept. ‘Theaimsof One great use of knowledge is the preservation of health. This, — frae education sichongh too much overlooked in many of the established systema of | =) Soi Kites 1a tha een of Sie Sater 16, ie oe who mado. strong speech regarding Goorge Combe's views contained in Inte of which Ue beeing cherish ala mocng of a Chand Sel Scotland's Endowment Scheme, the same month. ‘Theelementa Knowledge of man himaclf, his mental 33 of general ols nd his institutions, belongs to the cof oe oman useful education should embrace instruction in mental ph i | thay doula mot bo made tho grunt cbjecta of edneatice, or tha puai- ness of life. Fe I AS mentee te a anciont and classical literature on their own account, desire to ace them cast into utter oblivion. Tadmit them to Sie a sk Bs a eee Ho Se turn for them, learn them easily, and enjoy them much. They ought, 4 Soo this Intter thought more fally worked out in Part Second, Chap. v, * “Constitution of Man,” 9th edition, pp. 306-8. il (48 What Subjects should be Tigh nese Sposel the moral and intellectual world ; and this also is of vast i YA cortain portion of our enjoyment comes from tho ind external physical objects. But think, for a moment, how derived from the influence of the moral and intellectual around us, and how much happiness or misery we may cause | others ‘This happiness depends on agreeable affeetions of the mental faculties, and on their regulation and exercise. The Phil [RES 8 Whe cakes Ry eh YS a ee y ourselves, and to direct our faculties to proper objects, ought to be the next branch of juvenile education. ‘The Principles The applications of Phrenology, as the Philosophy of Min @f,Morals sul branch out into the foundations of Natural Religion; into Theory of Morals ; into the Duties of Life, so as to obtain the highest gratification of the faculties and to avoid abuses of them; into # principles of Tasto and Criticism; and into the philosophy of Fine Arts. In short, it contains the elementary principles on wh ‘all sciences connected with human feelings and enjoyments mu | necessarily rest. Hisreligions In a philosophical education, religion must, of necessity, find a Slucation, Jace, because Venoration is implanted in tho mind, and the D Being is its highest and most legitimate object. Religion, in ~~ is the pouring forth of the emotions, Wonder, Vencration, Hop A This is explained and developed in George Combe's work, “ The Const | considered in relation to externad objects.” parts, with their modes of action. It affords striking examp order, and invariable sequence, in the constitution and of action of material objects ; and may be used to demonstrate to th young, that the material world is actually and practically goven by Divine wisdom. ~ Awaromy and Prrsiotoar: These sciences unfold the | these conditions and pain and suffering, and D | death, the pupil may be led to comprehend that his health are, within certain limits, committed to his own discretion, and the Divine power is constantly operating, in and through his ong for his advantage and enjoyment, while he acts in conformity the laws of his constitution. scheme of creation, it puts it in his power, to a certain extent, to co operate in the plans of Providence for his own improvement. — ‘as Pumosopay of Mixp; The objects of this acience aro the external senses, and the internal faculties of emotion, observation, — and reflection. It can be studied successfully only by means of reflection on consciousness, and observation of the organs of the several faculties, and the influence of their size, age, health, disease, and taining, on the mental manifestations The mind of man, in ao far as he is concerned, forms the centre to which the objects of all the other sciences are related ; and his deepest interest is involved in ———— a of churches may be submitted to the same test with advantage; for thay « “ ua wlso profess to show the way in which man should walk on earth, as % ; its suecess in expounding fulfil the requirements of God's natural laws, |, and writing is the forming of these signs ourselves, ‘Tho || not convey their own meaning; they are merely sounds and forms ; and we must be instructed in their meaning before wo ean derive any words are employed to designate, should, therefore, go hand in hand — means of which the order of God’s secular Providence is now executed and maintained. Moreover, it does not expound the arrangements: in nature by which even its own precepts in regard to the dutics | and interests of this life are enforced and rendered practical, | ‘The amomnt of Hence secular instruction, such as is now recommended, is neces tion between secular and religious education, because, in point of fact, when we instruct children in the order of nature, and train them to | (56 Waad Subjects should be Taught in our Schools? iould punish so severely that the offender loses more time in und rgoing his ‘them. chastisement than would be requisite to obey them. instructed to such an extent that she could maintain her high quali- ties unimpaired through life, would, as a mother, be a treasure of thy highest value ce kind! jons towards them, would be delightful in iteclf; and the young ~ iy net become mothers, would at least be sisters, — or friends, and could never want opportunities to pructise their (60 What Subjects should be Taught in our Schools? | beauty of form and an elegance of proportion that render it capabl ‘impressions in cul ' discontent. Te call Sos Seams Se oy Sai 5 Wisdom. Tey are nec ‘The Creator has taught tho inferior creatures to rear thelr Td fae successfully by instinet ; Tick be est 0 comfort See Theextent and Tt has boon said, that it is better to call in the aid of » phy Tiekatudy, than to study medicine for one’s self. But I do not propose 1 of Infancy, applied to Edueation,” and of similar works by other authors.—(G. C.) ‘Ths opel (made much more gratifying progress since George Combes time. (62 What Subjects should be Taught in our Schools. who has not studied mental philosophy, to write out a catalogue of | the desires, emotions, and intellectual powars,"which she conceives “her children to be endowed with; to describe the particular objects | of each faculty, ite proper ephere of sction, the sbusea into which if is most prone to fall, and also the best method of directing each to [Sees ties, ike ee ee hartful abermtions,—we know well that she could not execute atask. Tentreat any lady, who has a family and who has | no aid from mental philosophy, to make the experiment for her own satisfaction. She will discover, in her own mind, a vast field of ignorance, of which, before making trial, she could not have conjec- 7 or, in other words, subsequently studied Phrenology, have appreciated the value and importance of the light which it has shed on their practical duties.
34,714
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EC%B0%BD%EC%9A%B1
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
임창욱
https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=임창욱&action=history
Korean
Spoken
105
428
임창욱(林昌郁, 1949년 5월 7일 ~ )은 대한민국의 기업인이다. 원래는 미원그룹의 회장이었지만, 현재는 대상그룹의 명예회장이다. 본관은 조양이다. 학력 1968년 서울고등학교 졸업 1975년 한양대학교 화학공학 학사 1978년 와세다대학교 대학원 고분자공학 석사 경력 1997년 대상그룹 명예회장 대상문화재단 이사장 1987년 ~ 1997년 미원그룹 회장 1980년 한남화학 대표이사 1979년 ~ 1987년 미원그룹 부회장 1978년 미원종합개발 대표이사 가족 관계 아버지 : 임대홍 (林大洪, 1920년 4월 27일 ~ 2016년 4월 5일) 배우자 : 박현주 (朴賢珠, 1952년 3월 7일 ~ ) 장녀 : 임세령 (林世玲, 1977년 8월 13일 ~ ) 차녀 : 임상민 (林尚敏, 1980년 6월 6일 ~ ) 부산광역시 출신 1949년 출생 살아있는 사람 한양대학교 동문 서울고등학교 동문 대한민국의 기업인 조양 임씨
26,627
https://github.com/luboid/WCF.StructureMap/blob/master/Wcf.JsonErrorHandler/JsonErrorHandler.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
WCF.StructureMap
luboid
C#
Code
180
734
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Runtime.Serialization; using System.Runtime.Serialization.Json; using System.ServiceModel; using System.ServiceModel.Channels; using System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher; using System.ServiceModel.Web; using System.Web; namespace Wcf.JsonErrorHandler { /** * http://adaptivepatchwork.com/2009/10/07/exception-shielding-for-json-wcf-services/ * https://blog.tallan.com/2014/09/29/wcf-webhttp-and-custom-json-error-messages/ * https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/carlosfigueira/2011/06/07/wcf-extensibility-ierrorhandler/ * https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/carlosfigueira/2011/08/15/wcf-extensibility-webhttpbehavior/ */ public class JsonErrorHandler : IErrorHandler { List<IErrorHandler> errorHandlers; public JsonErrorHandler(List<IErrorHandler> errorHandlers) { this.errorHandlers = errorHandlers; } public bool HandleError(Exception error) { foreach (var baseHandler in this.errorHandlers) { if (baseHandler.HandleError(error)) { return true; } } return false; } public void ProvideFault(Exception error, MessageVersion version, ref Message fault) { var handled = false; var accept = WebOperationContext.Current != null ? WebOperationContext.Current.IncomingRequest.Accept : string.Empty; var soapAction = WebOperationContext.Current != null ? WebOperationContext.Current.IncomingRequest.Headers["SOAPAction"] : null; if (error != null && accept.IndexOf("application/json", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase) > -1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(soapAction)) { fault = Message.CreateMessage(version, null, new JsonErrorBodyWriter(error)); var wbf = new WebBodyFormatMessageProperty(WebContentFormat.Json); var prop = new HttpResponseMessageProperty { StatusCode = error is FaultException ? HttpStatusCode.BadRequest : HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError, StatusDescription = error.Message }; prop.Headers[HttpResponseHeader.ContentType] = "application/json; charset=utf-8"; fault.Properties[WebBodyFormatMessageProperty.Name] = wbf; fault.Properties[HttpResponseMessageProperty.Name] = prop; handled = true; } if (!handled) { foreach (var baseHandler in this.errorHandlers) { baseHandler.ProvideFault(error, version, ref fault); } } } } }
21,701
5944320_1
Court Listener
Open Government
Public Domain
null
None
None
Unknown
Unknown
125
172
— Order unanimously modified on the law and as modified affirmed with costs to plaintiff and new trial granted on the issue of damages, in accordance with the following Memorandum: Supreme Court properly granted plaintiffs motion to set aside the verdict for zero damages as against the weight of the evidence (see, CPLR 4404 [a]). Upon our review of the record, however, we conclude that the court’s conditional assessment of damages in the amount of $750 is not reasonably grounded. Accordingly, we modify the order ap*941pealed from to provide that a new trial is granted on the issue of damages. (Appeal from Order of Supreme Court, Oneida County, Tenney, J. — Set Aside Verdict.) Present — Callahan, J. P., Boomer, Green, Lawton and Davis, JJ.
46,394
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4838224
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
null
Baby Boy
None
Multilingual
Semantic data
243
548
Baby Boy album by Snoop Dogg Baby Boy instance of album Baby Boy publication date 2001 Baby Boy performer Snoop Dogg Baby Boy genre gangsta rap Baby Boy Freebase ID /m/01gbbks Baby Boy Baby Boy instância de álbum Baby Boy data de publicação 2001 Baby Boy intérprete Snoop Dogg Baby Boy género gangsta rap Baby Boy identificador Freebase /m/01gbbks Baby Boy Baby Boy ist ein(e) Album Baby Boy Veröffentlichungsdatum 2001 Baby Boy Interpret Snoop Dogg Baby Boy Genre Gangsta-Rap Baby Boy Freebase-Kennung /m/01gbbks Baby Boy Baby Boy nature de l’élément album Baby Boy date de publication 2001 Baby Boy interprète Snoop Dogg Baby Boy genre artistique gangsta rap Baby Boy identifiant Freebase /m/01gbbks Baby Boy muziekalbum van Snoop Dogg Baby Boy is een muziekalbum Baby Boy datum van uitgave 2001 Baby Boy uitvoerend artiest Snoop Dogg Baby Boy genre gangstarap Baby Boy Freebase-identificatiecode /m/01gbbks Baby Boy Baby Boy esiintymä kohteesta musiikkialbumi Baby Boy julkaisupäivä 2001 Baby Boy esittäjä Snoop Dogg Baby Boy lajityyppi gangsta rap Baby Boy Freebase-tunniste /m/01gbbks Baby Boy Baby Boy instancia de discu Baby Boy data d'espublización 2001 Baby Boy intérprete Snoop Dogg Baby Boy identificador en Freebase /m/01gbbks Baby Boy Baby Boy instancia de álbum Baby Boy fecha de publicación 2001 Baby Boy intérprete Snoop Dogg Baby Boy género gangsta rap Baby Boy Identificador Freebase /m/01gbbks Baby Boy Baby Boy sampla de albam ceoil Baby Boy dáta foilsithe 2001 Baby Boy taibheoir Snoop Dogg Baby Boy seánra rap gangsta
42,581
1086260_1
Caselaw Access Project
Open Government
Public Domain
null
None
None
Unknown
Unknown
798
1,008
Casey, J. Appeal (transferred to this court by order of the Appellate Division, Second Department) from a judgment of the Supreme Court (Benson, J.), entered September 5, 1990 in Dutchess County, upon a decision of the court in favor of defendant. Defendant had installed and maintained a concrete box culvert under Fiddlers Bridge Road in the Town of Clinton, Dutchess County, since the 1930s. Fiddlers Bridge Road was the southerly boundary of plaintiffs' property, which they purchased in 1970, and Center Road the easterly boundary. The culvert carried drainage across plaintiffs' property in a defined channel, past a spring that provided drinking water and eventually into Wappingers Creek. In 1980 plaintiffs installed a pond in this lowlying swampy area and regraded and reshaped the land. When the pond was installed, a pipe running from the box culvert to the pond was also installed. Plaintiffs' repeated complaints to defendant about erosion, flooding and the like resulted in defendant's installation in July 1985 of a replacement culvert containing a pipe that was 42 inches in diameter. Plaintiffs' complaint alleges that defendant was negligent in this installation and that, in May 1986, large amounts of surface water and road chemicals contained therein were caused to flow through the culvert and to be deposited on plaintiffs' land to their damage and adversely affecting their pond. Plaintiffs claimed negligent installation of the replacement culvert and served a notice of claim pursuant to General Municipal Law § 50-e and 50-i on August 4, 1986, within 90 days from the time the claim arose because a continuing wrong sounding both in negligence and nuisance was alleged. Defendant's initial default in answering was excused and the resulting default opened in an order that was affirmed on appeal (138 AD2d 445). Defendant then answered and, after the parties stipulated to many of the facts, the case proceeded to a nonjury trial. After the evidence had been presented, Supreme Court found that defendant had constructed the replacement culvert in accordance with good engineering principles and, therefore, was not negligent, that defendant did not employ improper methods of controlling the surface water and did not increase the drainage across plaintiffs' property. Judgment was entered in favor of defendant, giving rise to this appeal. We find these determinations supported by the record and affirm. One theory of negligence advanced by plaintiffs' expert witness, Robert Ptak, was that defendant should not have approved three neighboring subdivisions which unduly caused increased run off through the culvert. However, this witness admitted on cross-examination that when forming his opinion he did not take into consideration the four culverts that had been installed for that purpose on Nine Partners Road (east of Center Road). The witness further admitted that he did not know the number of houses that had been built in the subdivisions, which made his calculation of increased runoff speculative. Defendant's expert witness, David Crawford, testified that no drainage at all from one of the subdivisions flowed through the culvert but was collected by four other culverts on Nine Partners Road and emptied into a large ravine. As to the other two subdivisions, Crawford testified that the areas developed were so small in comparison to the previously open area that the increased amount of runoff would be insignificant. The issuing of the permits to the separate subdivisions cannot be considered negligence (see, Beck v City of New York, 23 Misc 2d 1036, affd 16 AD2d 809). Crawford also testified that the reconstruction of the culvert was an appropriate method of repairing it and that the repair was done in accord with good engineering principles. Although plaintiffs claimed that the erosion and flooding were achieved as a result of the difference in higher elevation of the culvert's discharge pipe over the old box culvert, plaintiffs failed to offer evidence of any increase in the rate of flow of water through the culvert after the replacement. The record, therefore, supports the conclusion of Supreme Court that plaintiffs failed to show negligence by defendant in the installation of the culvert; failed to prove that the amount of drainage was substantially increased by the replacement culvert; and failed to prove that the drainage increased the rate of erosion or flooding. Having failed to prove negligence, a claim of nuisance based thereon is not supportable (see, Copart Indus. v Consolidated Edison Co., 41 NY2d 564, 569). There is no proof that defendant committed an act evidencing an intent to divert water onto plaintiffs' property. In the absence of a showing of nuisance or trespass, Supreme Court properly denied plaintiffs' request for injunctive relief, and for failure of plaintiffs' proof in regard to defendant's negligence Supreme Court properly dismissed the complaint. Weiss, P. J., Crew III, Mahoney and Harvey, JJ., concur. Ordered that the judgment is affirmed, with costs..
13,050
https://github.com/proofpoint/execution-monitor/blob/master/src/main/java/com/proofpoint/event/monitor/AmazonEmailAlerter.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,015
execution-monitor
proofpoint
Java
Code
319
889
/* * Copyright 2011 Proofpoint, Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package com.proofpoint.event.monitor; import com.amazonaws.services.simpleemail.AmazonSimpleEmailService; import com.amazonaws.services.simpleemail.model.Body; import com.amazonaws.services.simpleemail.model.Content; import com.amazonaws.services.simpleemail.model.Destination; import com.amazonaws.services.simpleemail.model.Message; import com.amazonaws.services.simpleemail.model.SendEmailRequest; import com.google.common.base.Preconditions; import com.proofpoint.log.Logger; import org.weakref.jmx.Managed; import javax.inject.Inject; public class AmazonEmailAlerter implements Alerter { private static final Logger log = Logger.get(AmazonEmailAlerter.class); private final String fromAddress; private final String toAddress; private final AmazonSimpleEmailService emailService; @Inject public AmazonEmailAlerter(AmazonEmailAlerterConfig config, AmazonSimpleEmailService emailService) { Preconditions.checkNotNull(config, "config is null"); Preconditions.checkNotNull(emailService, "emailService is null"); fromAddress = config.getFromAddress(); toAddress = config.getToAddress(); this.emailService = emailService; } @Override public void failed(Monitor monitor, String description) { try { sendMessage("Failed: " + monitor.getName(), "Failed " + monitor.getName() + ": " + description + "\n" + "\n" + "Event: " + monitor.getEventType() + "\n" + "Filter: " + monitor.getEventFilter() + "\n" ); log.info("Sent failed alert for monitor %s", monitor.getName()); } catch (Exception e) { log.error(e, "Failed to send failed alert"); } } @Override public void recovered(Monitor monitor, String description) { try { sendMessage("Recovered: " + monitor.getName(), "RECOVERED " + monitor.getName() + ": " + description + "\n" + "\n" + "Event: " + monitor.getEventType() + "\n" + "Filter: " + monitor.getEventFilter() + "\n" ); log.info("Sent recovery notice for monitor %s", monitor.getName()); } catch (Exception e) { log.error(e, "Failed to send recovered alert"); } } @Managed public void sendMessage(String subject, String body) { SendEmailRequest request = new SendEmailRequest() .withSource(fromAddress) .withDestination(new Destination().withToAddresses(toAddress)) .withMessage(new Message() .withSubject(new Content(subject)) .withBody(new Body(new Content(body)))); emailService.sendEmail(request); } }
40,639
https://github.com/hyun-yang/practical-ionic/blob/master/ch10_test/src/app/setting/setting.page.ts
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,022
practical-ionic
hyun-yang
TypeScript
Code
56
224
import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core'; import {ThemeService} from '../services/theme.service'; import {UtilService} from '../services/util.service'; import {LanguageService} from '../services/language.service'; @Component({ selector: 'app-setting', templateUrl: './setting.page.html', styleUrls: ['./setting.page.scss'], }) export class SettingPage implements OnInit { constructor(public utilService: UtilService, public themeService: ThemeService, public languageService: LanguageService) { } ngOnInit() { } themeSelect(event: CustomEvent) { this.themeService.changeTheme(event.detail.value); } languageSelect(event: CustomEvent) { this.languageService.changeLanguage(event.detail.value); } }
34,763
https://github.com/BryanWille/java-faculdade/blob/master/meusprojetos/src/fat.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
java-faculdade
BryanWille
Java
Code
66
165
import java.util.Scanner; public class fat { public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner keyb = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Digite o número que você deseja saber o fatorial: "); int num = keyb.nextInt(); System.out.println("O seu fatorial é: " +fatorialInterativo(num)); keyb.close(); } public static int fatorialInterativo(int num) { int fat = 1; for (int cont = 1; cont <= num; cont++) { fat *= cont; } return fat; } }
4,904
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer%20Judenplatz
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Großer Judenplatz
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Großer Judenplatz&action=history
German
Spoken
96
178
Der Große Judenplatz war ein Platz im heutigen Bezirk Mitte/Gartenfeld von Trier. Er ist im Jahr 1360 urkundlich erwähnt („uf der großer platze“) und liegt eingezwängt zwischen Hauptmarkt, Stockstraße, Stockplatz und Jakobstraße und befand sich vermutlich im nördlichen, trichterartig breiten Abschnitt der Judengasse des einstigen Trierer Judenviertels. In diesem rund 7000 m² großen Areal rund um den Großen Judenplatz lebten rund 300 Mitglieder der jüdischen Gemeinde Trier. Durch einen Torbogen vom Hauptmarkt aus, der mit einer Kette abgeschlossen werden konnte, hatte man Zugang zum Platz. Das Viertel ist sehr eng bebaut. Literatur Judenplatz Großer Judenplatz Großer
32,240
https://github.com/jack-Dong/one_hot_to_binary_code/blob/master/train_script/train_cifar10_to_binary.py
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
one_hot_to_binary_code
jack-Dong
Python
Code
10
37
import importlib from train_eval import train_eval cfg = importlib.import_module('config.cifar10') train_eval(cfg)
36,811
https://github.com/cwolsen7905/UbixOS/blob/master/doc/html/d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.js
Github Open Source
Open Source
BSD-3-Clause
null
UbixOS
cwolsen7905
JavaScript
Code
100
998
var group__lwip__opts__stats = [ [ "ETHARP_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga3a8359abf4fff8ffdc449e5007f93275", null ], [ "ICMP6_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga714006cd5c5b0eb333159d0f677616a0", null ], [ "ICMP_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga472ad3f6da741f5b287d66ad3051242b", null ], [ "IGMP_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga4d12af1356b9fd60717984be51e27740", null ], [ "IP6_FRAG_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gaaa08a181c11ff8b471549e8f52c9939b", null ], [ "IP6_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga6a211b787c97bce3af4273b29c95d9c2", null ], [ "IP_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gaf50575a4895e26ea2c01d1f2269487be", null ], [ "IPFRAG_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gac9a4fbb46df3c0f479a334d0e34fb74f", null ], [ "LINK_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gae58b452782d0327ae728192686c5a84a", null ], [ "LWIP_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga542b58734cc01902c5e099f6efdc5f1b", null ], [ "LWIP_STATS_DISPLAY", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gacdc38ed58d1900b5d3d109a65be1c3d1", null ], [ "MEM_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga61ec04a08c4fde690d10819e582656a7", null ], [ "MEMP_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gab8c2430be0e567a7499a95454aaa6041", null ], [ "MIB2_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga5b01047eeb149a0b0ffe33d760d8370f", null ], [ "MLD6_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gaf263df10b63b38201cae3d2dd5fb0b9e", null ], [ "ND6_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga753161114df60299a28d51c092c756cf", null ], [ "SYS_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#ga0173549afa76553583e5a02c6a791218", null ], [ "TCP_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gaa02ec5c5bc0edebe418680c54d044f58", null ], [ "UDP_STATS", "d2/df9/group__lwip__opts__stats.html#gaef64b11bf71f0d6d5bafaf6092462276", null ] ];
38,651
https://github.com/liruqi/bigfoot/blob/master/Interface/AddOns/Collector/Module/MountFilter.lua
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
bigfoot
liruqi
Lua
Code
464
1,672
--[[ @Date : 2016-07-26 11:48:39 @Author : DengSir (ldz5@qq.com) @Link : https://dengsir.github.io @Version : $Id$ ]] BuildEnv(...) MountFilter = Addon:NewModule(Filter:New(MOUNT_JOURNAL_FILTER_TYPES), 'MountFilter', 'AceEvent-3.0', 'AceHook-3.0') function MountFilter:OnInitialize() self.displayedCache = {} self.collectedCache = {} self.mountCache = {} end function MountFilter:OnEnable() self:UpdateCache() self:RegisterEvent('COMPANION_LEARNED', 'UpdateCollected') self:RegisterEvent('COMPANION_UNLEARNED', 'UpdateCollected') self:RegisterEvent('MOUNT_JOURNAL_SEARCH_UPDATED', 'Refresh') self:RegisterEvent('MOUNT_JOURNAL_USABILITY_CHANGED', 'Refresh') self:RegisterMessage('COLLECTOR_PLANLIST_UPDATE', 'Refresh') self:ResetFilterAndSort() self:Refresh() end ---- Cache function MountFilter:GetNumDisplayedMounts() return #self.displayedCache end function MountFilter:MakeSortValue(mount, isCollected, isFavorite, inPlan) local key1 do if self:IsNewAtTop() and mount:NeedsFanfare() then key1 = 1 elseif self:IsFavoriteAtTop() and isFavorite then key1 = 2 elseif isCollected then key1 = 3 elseif self:IsPlanAtTop() and inPlan then key1 = 4 else key1 = 99 end end local key2 do local sortKey = self:GetSortKey() if sortKey == 'Name' then key2 = 0 elseif sortKey == 'Progress' then key2 = 999 - (mount:GetProgressRate() or -1) * 100 elseif sortKey == 'Model' then key2 = MODEL_SORT_ORDER[mount:GetAttribute('Model')] or 99 else key2 = mount:GetAttribute(sortKey) end end return format('%02d%04d%s', key1, key2, mount:GetName()) end function MountFilter:MatchMount(mount, isCollected, isFavorite, inPlan) local searchString = self.searchString if searchString and searchString ~= '' then return strfind(mount:GetName(), searchString, 1, true) end if self:IsOnlyCurrentArea() then return mount:IsInCurrentArea() end -- if isCollected then -- if isFavorite and not self:IsTypeFilterChecked('Favorite', 1) then -- return false -- end -- if not isFavorite and not self:IsTypeFilterChecked('Favorite', 2) then -- return false -- end -- else -- if inPlan and not self:IsTypeFilterChecked('Plan', 1) then -- return false -- end -- if not inPlan and not self:IsTypeFilterChecked('Plan', 2) then -- return false -- end -- end for filter in pairs(MOUNT_JOURNAL_FILTER_TYPES) do local attr = mount:GetAttribute(filter) if attr and not self:IsTypeFilterChecked(filter, attr) then return false end end return true end function MountFilter:GetDisplayed(index) return self.displayedCache[index] end function MountFilter:GetRealIndex(mount) return self.displayedIndex[mount:GetID()] end function MountFilter:Refresh() if not MountJournal or not MountJournal:IsVisible() then return end self:UpdateDisplayed() self:SendMessage('COLLECTOR_MOUNT_LIST_UPDATED') end function MountFilter:IterateMounts() return ipairs(self.mountCache) end function MountFilter:UpdateDisplayed() if self:IsOnlyCurrentArea() then SetMapToCurrentZone() end local displayedCache = {} local sortVal = {} local numOwned = 0 for i = 1, C_MountJournal.GetNumDisplayedMounts() do local id = select(2, C_MountJournal.GetDisplayedMountInfo(i)) local mount = Mount:Get(id) local hideOnChar, isCollected, isFavorite, inPlan = mount:GetStat() if not hideOnChar or IsGMClient() then if self:MatchMount(mount, isCollected, isFavorite, inPlan) then tinsert(displayedCache, i) sortVal[i] = self:MakeSortValue(mount, isCollected, isFavorite, inPlan) end end end table.sort(displayedCache, function(a, b) return sortVal[a] < sortVal[b] end) self.displayedCache = displayedCache end function MountFilter:UpdateCache() for _, i in ipairs(C_MountJournal.GetMountIDs()) do local name, id, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, isCollected = C_MountJournal.GetMountInfoByID(i) local mount = Mount:Get(id, i) mount:SetMountID(i) tinsert(self.mountCache, mount) self.collectedCache[id] = isCollected or nil end self:SendMessage('COLLECTOR_MOUNT_CACHED', self.mountCache) end function MountFilter:UpdateCollected() for _, mount in ipairs(self.mountCache) do if mount:IsCollected() then if not self.collectedCache[mount:GetID()] then mount:SetIsNew(true) Profile:DelPlan(COLLECT_TYPE_MOUNT, mount:GetID()) self.collectedCache[mount:GetID()] = true self:SendMessage('COLLECTOR_LEARNED', COLLECT_TYPE_MOUNT, mount:GetID()) end else self.collectedCache[mount:GetID()] = nil end end self:Refresh() end function MountFilter:GetMountCount() local count = 0 for k, v in pairs(self.collectedCache) do count = count + 1 end return count end
18,031
https://github.com/hamarb123/dotnet-api-docs/blob/master/samples/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR_System/system.CodeDom.Compiler.TempFileCollection/VB/program.vb
Github Open Source
Open Source
CC-BY-4.0, MIT
2,022
dotnet-api-docs
hamarb123
Visual Basic
Code
144
411
 '<Snippet1> Imports System.CodeDom.Compiler Imports System.IO Class Program Shared Sub Main(ByVal args() As String) ' Create a directory in the current working directory. Directory.CreateDirectory("testDir") Dim tfc As New TempFileCollection("testDir", False) ' Returns the file name relative to the current working directory. Dim fileName As String = tfc.AddExtension("txt") Console.WriteLine(fileName) '<Snippet2> ' Name a file in the test directory. Dim file2Name As String = "testDir\test.txt" ' Add the file to the temp directory and indicate it is to be kept. tfc.AddFile(file2Name, True) '</Snippet2> Console.WriteLine(tfc.Count) ' Create and use the test files. Dim fs1 As FileStream = File.OpenWrite(fileName) Dim fs2 As FileStream = File.OpenWrite(file2Name) Dim sw1 As New StreamWriter(fs1) Dim sw2 As New StreamWriter(fs2) sw1.WriteLine("Test string") sw2.WriteLine("Test string") sw1.Close() sw2.Close() tfc.Delete() Console.WriteLine(tfc.Count) Try ' This call should succeed. File.OpenRead(file2Name) ' This call should fail. File.OpenRead(fileName) Catch e As FileNotFoundException Console.WriteLine(e.Message) End Try End Sub End Class '</Snippet1>
16,311
4499563_1
Court Listener
Open Government
Public Domain
null
None
None
Unknown
Unknown
1,303
1,713
Trussell: The petitioner’s complaint is based upon the Commissioner’s letter dated March 21, 1925, reciting the result of an audit of petitioner’s income and profits-tax returns for the years 1918 and 1919, and asserting deficiencies for both of said years and rejecting a claim for abatement of a jeopardy assessment for additional income and profits taxes for the year 1917. *972The issue presented involves only the additional taxes for the year 1917. The Commissioner interposed a plea to the effect that the Board had no jurisdiction as to the year 1917 and moved that the action be dismissed. At the hearing upon this motion it appeared that the petitioner is a Massachusetts corporation, organized in the year 1920 as the successor to a corporation of the same name organized in the year 1916; that on March 28, 1918, the predecessor corporation filed its income and profits-tax return for the year 1917; that on December 28, 1920, it executed and filed a waiver of the three-year statute of limitations respecting the assessment of taxes under the Act of 1916, as amended by the Act of 1917; that on January 21, 1924, the Commissioner issued and forwarded to the petitioner a preliminary notice commonly known as a 30-day letter, indicating the finding of additional tax liability for the years 1917 and 1918, and requested petitioner to furnish waivers for each of said years. On January 30, 1924, the petitioner forwarded a protest against such additional taxes; applied for a hearing, and set up the claim that it should have the benefit of sections 210 and 328 of the Revenue Acts of 1917 and 1918, and further pleaded that the five-year limitation contained in the Revenue Act of 1921 had already run against the assessment of additional taxes for the year 1917 and at the same time forwarded a waiver as to the year 1918. On February 12, 1924, the Commissioner acknowledged the receipt of these documents and denied the request for a hearing as to 1917 unless a waiver was furnished. On February 28 or 29, 1924, the petitioner received from the collector of its district a demand for the payment of additional taxes for the year 1917 in the amount of $28,310.77. On March 10, 1924, the petitioner filed a claim for abatement of said 1917 additional taxes. Further correspondence between the petitioner and the Commissioner followed from the petitioner on April 18, November 8, December 1, 1924, and February 25, 1925, and from the Commissioner on December 10, 1924, and February 17, 1925, and finally the Commissioner’s deficiency letter dated March 21, 1925, which is in full as follows: March. 21, 1925. IT: E: SM-60-D SEW-21833 A-21834 B-21835 William A. Slatee Muís, Inc., % Ropes, Gray, Boy den, and PerJcms, 60 State Street, Boston, Mass. Sins: Aji audit of your income and profits tax returns for the taxable years 1918 and 1919, indicates a deficiency in tax amounting to $107,007.36, the details of which are set forth in the attached statement. *973In accordance with the provisions of Section 274 of the Revenue Act of 1024, you are allowed 60 days from the date of mailing of this letter within which to file an appeal to the United States Board of Tax Appeals contesting in whole or in part the correctness of this determination. Where a taxpayer has been given an opportunity to appeal to the United States Board of Tax Appeals and has not done so within the 60 days prescribed and an assessment has been made, or where a taxpayer has appealed and an assessment in accordance with the final decision on such appeal has been made, no claim in abatement in respect of any part of the deficiency will be entertained. If you acquiesce in this determination and do not desire to file an appeal, you are requested to sign the inclosed agreement consenting to the assessment of the deficiency and forward it to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C., for the attention of IT: E: SM-SEW. In the event that you acquiesce in a part of the determination, the agreement should be executed with respect to the items agreed to. Respectfully, D. H. Blair, Ofimmissioner. J. G. Bright, Deputy Commissioner. B Inelosures s Statements. Agreements — Form A, STATEMENT. IT:E: SM-60-D SEW-21833 A-21834 B-21835 In re: William A. Slater Mills, Inc., 60 State Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Tear. Deficiency in tax. 1918-$65,608.82 1919- 41,399.04 Total- 107, 007. 86 After careful consideration and review and an examination of all the facts submitted, your application under the provisions of Section 210 and 327 for assessment of your profits taxes for the years 1917, 1918, and 1919, under Sections 210 and 328 of the Revenue Acts of 1917 and 1918, respectively, has^ been denied, for the reason that no abnormality affecting either your capital or income has been disclosed which would bring your ease within the scope of Section 210 or Paragraph (d) of Section 327. Further, the audit of your case discloses no exceptional hardship evidenced by gross disproportion between the tax computed without the benefit of Sections 210 and 328 and the tax computed by reference to the representative corporations specified in those sections. The deficiency in tax of $65,608.82 and $41,399.04 for the years 1918 and 1919, respectively, of which you were advised in Bureau letter dated February 17, 1925, is, therefore, sustained. *974In accordance with the above conclusions, your claim for the abatement of $28,310.11 for 1911, will be rejected in full. (Italics ours.) The Collector of Internal Revenue for your district will be notified of the rejection at the expiration of thirty days from the date of this letter. Upon receipt of notice and demand from that official payment should be made to his office in accordance with the conditions of his notice. Bureau letter dated March IT, 1925, stating that the deficiency in tax had been assessed against you is in error, and is hereby revoked. The petition was filed with the Board on May 15, 1925. While all the foregoing proceedings leading np to this case were had prior to the enactment of the Revenue Act of 1926, this cause, and any and all proceedings had before the Board, are now governed and controlled by the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1926, and especially by section 283 (f) of said Act, a part of which reads as follows: (f) If any deficiency in any income, war-profits, or excess-profits tax imposed by the Revenue Act of 191(5, the Revenue Act of 1917, the Revenue Act of 1918, or the Revenue Act of 1921, or by any such Act as amended, was assessed before June 8, 1924, but was not paid in full before that date, and if the Commissioner after June 2, 1924, but before the enactment of this Act finally determined the amount of the deficiency, and if the person liable for such tax appealed before the enactment of this Act to the Board and the appeal is pending before the Board at the time of the enactment of this Act, the Board shall have jurisdiction of the appeal. * * * The Board has heretofore had occasion to interpret and apply the above-quoted provisions of the Revenue Act of 1926 in Appeals of Covert Gear Co., 4 B. T. A. 1025; Elizabeth W. Stranahan, 4 B. T. A. 1141; and Nice Ball Bearing Co., 5 B. T. A. 484. We are convinced that the facts and the history leading up to this cause of action bring it clearly within the provisions of the above section 283 (f) and the rules laid down in the appeals cited above. The Commissioner’s motion is, therefore, denied, and the cause is restored to the general calendar to await such further appropriate action as may be deemed necessary.
35,253
https://github.com/TrakHound/MTConnect.NET/blob/master/src/MTConnect.NET-Models/Models/Components/Interfaces/IAuxiliariesModel.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,023
MTConnect.NET
TrakHound
C#
Code
150
275
// Copyright (c) 2023 TrakHound Inc., All Rights Reserved. // TrakHound Inc. licenses this file to you under the MIT license. namespace MTConnect.Models.Components { /// <summary> /// Auxiliaries organizes Auxiliary component types. /// </summary> public interface IAuxiliariesModel : IComponentModel { /// <summary> /// Environmental is an Auxiliary that represents the information for a unit or function involved in monitoring, managing, or conditioning the environment around or within a piece of equipment. /// </summary> EnvironmentalModel Environmental { get; } /// <summary> /// ToolingDelivery is an Auxiliary that represents the information for a unit involved in managing, positioning, storing, and delivering tooling within a piece of equipment. /// </summary> ToolingDeliveryModel ToolingDelivery { get; } /// <summary> /// WasteDisposal is an Auxiliary that represents the information for a unit comprised of all the parts involved in removing manufacturing byproducts from a piece of equipment. /// </summary> WasteDisposalModel WasteDisposal { get; } } }
9,583
https://github.com/wso2/carbon-commons/blob/master/components/ganalytics/org.wso2.carbon.ganalytics.publisher/src/main/java/org/wso2/carbon/ganalytics/publisher/GoogleAnalyticsData.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,023
carbon-commons
wso2
Java
Code
2,352
6,971
/* * Copyright (c) 2005-2014, WSO2 Inc. (http://www.wso2.org) All Rights Reserved. * * WSO2 Inc. licenses this file to you under the Apache License, * Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except * in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, * software distributed under the License is distributed on an * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the * specific language governing permissions and limitations * under the License. */ package org.wso2.carbon.ganalytics.publisher; public class GoogleAnalyticsData { /** General **/ private String protocolVersion = "1"; private String trackingId; private Integer anonymizeIP; private Integer queueTime; private String cacheBuster; /** Client **/ private String clientId; private String userId; /** Session **/ private String sessionControl; private String IPOverride; private String userAgentOverride; /** Traffic Sources **/ private String referrer; private String campaignName; private String campaignSource; private String campaignMedium; private String campaignKeyword; private String campaignContent; private String campaignId; private String googleAdwordsId; private String googleDisplayAdsId; /** System **/ private String screenResolutoin; private String viewPortSize; private String documentEncoding; private String screenColors; private String userLanguage; private String javaEnabled; private String flashVersion; /** Hit **/ private String hitType; private Integer nonInteractionHit; /** Content Information **/ private String documentLocationUrl; private String documentHostName; private String documentPath; private String documentTitle; private String screenName; private String linkId; /** App Tracking **/ private String appName; private String appId; private String appVersion; private String appInstallerId; /** Event Tracking **/ private String eventCategory; private String eventAction; private String eventLabel; private Integer eventValue; /** E-Commerce **/ private String transactionId; private String transactionAffiliation; private Double transactionRevenue; private Double transactionShipping; private Double transactionTax; private String itemName; private Double itemPrice; private Integer itemQty; private String itemCode; private String itemCategory; private String currencyCode; /** Social Interactions **/ private String socialNetwork; private String socialAction; private String socialActionTarget; /** Timing **/ private String userTimingCategory; private String userTimingVariableName; private Integer userTimingTime; private String userTimingLabel; private Integer pageLoadTime; private Integer dnsTime; private Integer pageDownloadTime; private Integer redirectResponseTime; private Integer tcpConnectTime; private Integer serverResponseTime; /** Exceptions **/ private String exceptionDescription; private Integer fatalException; /** Custom Dimensions **/ private String customDimension; private String customMetric; /** Content Experiments **/ private String experimentId; private String experimentVariant; private GoogleAnalyticsData(DataBuilder builder) { /** General **/ this.protocolVersion = builder.protocolVersion; this.trackingId = builder.trackingId; this.anonymizeIP = builder.anonymizeIP; this.queueTime = builder.queueTime; this.cacheBuster = builder.cacheBuster; /** Client **/ this.clientId = builder.clientId; this.userId = builder.userId; /** Session **/ this.sessionControl = builder.sessionControl; this.IPOverride = builder.IPOverride; this.userAgentOverride = builder.userAgentOverride; /** Traffic Sources **/ this.referrer = builder.referrer; this.campaignName = builder.campaignName; this.campaignSource = builder.campaignSource; this.campaignMedium = builder.campaignMedium; this.campaignKeyword = builder.campaignKeyword; this.campaignContent = builder.campaignContent; this.campaignId = builder.campaignId; this.googleAdwordsId = builder.googleAdwordsId; this.googleDisplayAdsId = builder.googleDisplayAdsId; /** System **/ this.screenResolutoin = builder.screenResolutoin; this.viewPortSize = builder.viewPortSize; this.documentEncoding = builder.documentEncoding; this.screenColors = builder.screenColors; this.userLanguage = builder.userLanguage; this.javaEnabled = builder.javaEnabled; this.flashVersion = builder.flashVersion; /** Hit **/ this.hitType = builder.hitType; this.nonInteractionHit = builder.nonInteractionHit; /** Content Information **/ this.documentLocationUrl = builder.documentLocationUrl; this.documentHostName = builder.documentHostName; this.documentPath = builder.documentPath; this.documentTitle = builder.documentTitle; this.screenName = builder.screenName; this.linkId = builder.linkId; /** App Tracking **/ this.appName = builder.appName; this.appId = builder.appId; this.appVersion = builder.appVersion; this.appInstallerId = builder.appInstallerId; /** Event Tracking **/ this.eventCategory = builder.eventCategory; this.eventAction = builder.eventAction; this.eventLabel = builder.eventLabel; this.eventValue = builder.eventValue; /** E-Commerce **/ this.transactionId = builder.transactionId; this.transactionAffiliation = builder.transactionAffiliation; this.transactionRevenue = builder.transactionRevenue; this.transactionShipping = builder.transactionShipping; this.transactionTax = builder.transactionTax; this.itemName = builder.itemName; this.itemPrice = builder.itemPrice; this.itemQty = builder.itemQty; this.itemCode = builder.itemCode; this.itemCategory = builder.itemCategory; this.currencyCode = builder.currencyCode; /** Social Interactions **/ this.socialNetwork = builder.socialNetwork; this.socialAction = builder.socialAction; this.socialActionTarget = builder.socialActionTarget; /** Timing **/ this.userTimingCategory = builder.userTimingCategory; this.userTimingVariableName = builder.userTimingVariableName; this.userTimingTime = builder.userTimingTime; this.userTimingLabel = builder.userTimingLabel; this.pageLoadTime = builder.pageLoadTime; this.dnsTime = builder.dnsTime; this.pageDownloadTime = builder.pageDownloadTime; this.redirectResponseTime = builder.redirectResponseTime; this.tcpConnectTime = builder.tcpConnectTime; this.serverResponseTime = builder.serverResponseTime; /** Exceptions **/ this.exceptionDescription = builder.exceptionDescription; this.fatalException = builder.fatalException; /** Custom Dimensions **/ this.customDimension = builder.customDimension; this.customMetric = builder.customMetric; /** Content Experiments **/ this.experimentId = builder.experimentId; this.experimentVariant = builder.experimentVariant; } public String getProtocolVersion() { return protocolVersion; } public String getTrackingId() { return trackingId; } public Integer isAnonymizeIP() { return anonymizeIP; } public int getQueueTime() { return queueTime; } public String getCacheBuster() { return cacheBuster; } public String getClientId() { return clientId; } public String getUserId() { return userId; } public String getSessionControl() { return sessionControl; } public String getIPOverride() { return IPOverride; } public String getUserAgentOverride() { return userAgentOverride; } public String getReferrer() { return referrer; } public String getCampaignName() { return campaignName; } public String getCampaignSource() { return campaignSource; } public String getCampaignMedium() { return campaignMedium; } public String getCampaignKeyword() { return campaignKeyword; } public String getCampaignContent() { return campaignContent; } public String getCampaignId() { return campaignId; } public String getGoogleAdwordsId() { return googleAdwordsId; } public String getGoogleDisplayAdsId() { return googleDisplayAdsId; } public String getScreenResolutoin() { return screenResolutoin; } public String getViewPortSize() { return viewPortSize; } public String getDocumentEncoding() { return documentEncoding; } public String getScreenColors() { return screenColors; } public String getUserLanguage() { return userLanguage; } public String getJavaEnabled() { return javaEnabled; } public String getFlashVersion() { return flashVersion; } public String getHitType() { return hitType; } public Integer isNonInteractionHit() { return nonInteractionHit; } public String getDocumentLocationUrl() { return documentLocationUrl; } public String getDocumentHostName() { return documentHostName; } public String getDocumentPath() { return documentPath; } public String getDocumentTitle() { return documentTitle; } public String getScreenName() { return screenName; } public String getLinkId() { return linkId; } public String getAppName() { return appName; } public String getAppId() { return appId; } public String getAppVersion() { return appVersion; } public String getAppInstallerId() { return appInstallerId; } public String getEventCategory() { return eventCategory; } public String getEventAction() { return eventAction; } public String getEventLabel() { return eventLabel; } public Integer getEventValue() { return eventValue; } public String getTransactionId() { return transactionId; } public String getTransactionAffiliation() { return transactionAffiliation; } public Double getTransactionRevenue() { return transactionRevenue; } public Double getTransactionShipping() { return transactionShipping; } public Double getTransactionTax() { return transactionTax; } public String getItemName() { return itemName; } public Double getItemPrice() { return itemPrice; } public Integer getItemQty() { return itemQty; } public String getItemCode() { return itemCode; } public String getItemCategory() { return itemCategory; } public String getCurrencyCode() { return currencyCode; } public String getSocialNetwork() { return socialNetwork; } public String getSocialAction() { return socialAction; } public String getSocialActionTarget() { return socialActionTarget; } public String getUserTimingCategory() { return userTimingCategory; } public String getUserTimingVariableName() { return userTimingVariableName; } public Integer getUserTimingTime() { return userTimingTime; } public String getUserTimingLabel() { return userTimingLabel; } public Integer getPageLoadTime() { return pageLoadTime; } public Integer getDnsTime() { return dnsTime; } public Integer getPageDownloadTime() { return pageDownloadTime; } public Integer getRedirectResponseTime() { return redirectResponseTime; } public Integer getTcpConnectTime() { return tcpConnectTime; } public Integer getServerResponseTime() { return serverResponseTime; } public String getExceptionDescription() { return exceptionDescription; } public Integer isFatalException() { return fatalException; } public String getCustomDimension() { return customDimension; } public String getCustomMetric() { return customMetric; } public String getExperimentId() { return experimentId; } public String getExperimentVariant() { return experimentVariant; } /** * This class can be used to generate a data object adhering to the Google Analytics Measurement Protocol v1 * https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/protocol/v1/parameters */ public static class DataBuilder { /** General **/ private String protocolVersion = "1"; private String trackingId; private Integer anonymizeIP; private Integer queueTime; private String cacheBuster; /** Client **/ private String clientId; private String userId; /** Session **/ private String sessionControl; private String IPOverride; private String userAgentOverride; /** Traffic Sources **/ private String referrer; private String campaignName; private String campaignSource; private String campaignMedium; private String campaignKeyword; private String campaignContent; private String campaignId; private String googleAdwordsId; private String googleDisplayAdsId; /** System **/ private String screenResolutoin; private String viewPortSize; private String documentEncoding; private String screenColors; private String userLanguage; private String javaEnabled; private String flashVersion; /** Hit **/ private String hitType; private Integer nonInteractionHit; /** Content Information **/ private String documentLocationUrl; private String documentHostName; private String documentPath; private String documentTitle; private String screenName; private String linkId; /** App Tracking **/ private String appName; private String appId; private String appVersion; private String appInstallerId; /** Event Tracking **/ private String eventCategory; private String eventAction; private String eventLabel; private Integer eventValue; /** E-Commerce **/ private String transactionId; private String transactionAffiliation; private Double transactionRevenue; private Double transactionShipping; private Double transactionTax; private String itemName; private Double itemPrice; private Integer itemQty; private String itemCode; private String itemCategory; private String currencyCode; /** Social Interactions **/ private String socialNetwork; private String socialAction; private String socialActionTarget; /** Timing **/ private String userTimingCategory; private String userTimingVariableName; private Integer userTimingTime; private String userTimingLabel; private Integer pageLoadTime; private Integer dnsTime; private Integer pageDownloadTime; private Integer redirectResponseTime; private Integer tcpConnectTime; private Integer serverResponseTime; /** Exceptions **/ private String exceptionDescription; private Integer fatalException; /** Custom Dimensions **/ private String customDimension; private String customMetric; /** Content Experiments **/ private String experimentId; private String experimentVariant; /** * Builder constructor, use this to build a GoogleAnalyticsData object. Retrieve this object by calling * the build() method. The constructor takes the minimum required parameters. NOTE: depending on the hitType, * additional parameters maybe required. * @param trackingId * @param protocolVersion * @param clientId * @param hitType */ public DataBuilder(String trackingId, String protocolVersion, String clientId, String hitType) { this.trackingId = trackingId; this.protocolVersion = protocolVersion; this.clientId = clientId; this.hitType = hitType; } /** * Use this method to retrieve a new GoogleAnalyticsData object. * @return GoogleAnalyticsData object */ public GoogleAnalyticsData build() { return new GoogleAnalyticsData(this); } public DataBuilder setProtocolVersion(String protocolVersion) { this.protocolVersion = protocolVersion; return this; } public DataBuilder setTrackingId(String trackingId) { this.trackingId = trackingId; return this; } public DataBuilder setAnonymizeIP(int anonymizeIP) { this.anonymizeIP = anonymizeIP; return this; } public DataBuilder setQueueTime(int queueTime) { this.queueTime = queueTime; return this; } public DataBuilder setCacheBuster(String cacheBuster) { this.cacheBuster = cacheBuster; return this; } public DataBuilder setClientId(String clientId) { this.clientId = clientId; return this; } public DataBuilder setUserId(String userId) { this.userId = userId; return this; } public DataBuilder setSessionControl(String sessionControl) { this.sessionControl = sessionControl; return this; } public DataBuilder setIPOverride(String IPOverride) { this.IPOverride = IPOverride; return this; } public DataBuilder setUserAgentOverride(String userAgentOverride) { this.userAgentOverride = userAgentOverride; return this; } public DataBuilder setReferrer(String referrer) { this.referrer = referrer; return this; } public DataBuilder setCampaignName(String campaignName) { this.campaignName = campaignName; return this; } public DataBuilder setCampaignSource(String campaignSource) { this.campaignSource = campaignSource; return this; } public DataBuilder setCampaignMedium(String campaignMedium) { this.campaignMedium = campaignMedium; return this; } public DataBuilder setCampaignKeyword(String campaignKeyword) { this.campaignKeyword = campaignKeyword; return this; } public DataBuilder setCampaignContent(String campaignContent) { this.campaignContent = campaignContent; return this; } public DataBuilder setCampaignId(String campaignId) { this.campaignId = campaignId; return this; } public DataBuilder setGoogleAdwordsId(String googleAdwordsId) { this.googleAdwordsId = googleAdwordsId; return this; } public DataBuilder setGoogleDisplayAdsId(String googleDisplayAdsId) { this.googleDisplayAdsId = googleDisplayAdsId; return this; } public DataBuilder setScreenResolutoin(String screenResolutoin) { this.screenResolutoin = screenResolutoin; return this; } public DataBuilder setViewPortSize(String viewPortSize) { this.viewPortSize = viewPortSize; return this; } public DataBuilder setDocumentEncoding(String documentEncoding) { this.documentEncoding = documentEncoding; return this; } public DataBuilder setScreenColors(String screenColors) { this.screenColors = screenColors; return this; } public DataBuilder setUserLanguage(String userLanguage) { this.userLanguage = userLanguage; return this; } public DataBuilder setJavaEnabled(String javaEnabled) { this.javaEnabled = javaEnabled; return this; } public DataBuilder setFlashVersion(String flashVersion) { this.flashVersion = flashVersion; return this; } public DataBuilder setHitType(String hitType) { this.hitType = hitType; return this; } public DataBuilder setNonInteractionHit(int nonInteractionHit) { this.nonInteractionHit = nonInteractionHit; return this; } public DataBuilder setDocumentLocationUrl(String documentLocationUrl) { this.documentLocationUrl = documentLocationUrl; return this; } public DataBuilder setDocumentHostName(String documentHostName) { this.documentHostName = documentHostName; return this; } public DataBuilder setDocumentPath(String documentPath) { this.documentPath = documentPath; return this; } public DataBuilder setDocumentTitle(String documentTitle) { this.documentTitle = documentTitle; return this; } public DataBuilder setScreenName(String screenName) { this.screenName = screenName; return this; } public DataBuilder setLinkId(String linkId) { this.linkId = linkId; return this; } public DataBuilder setAppName(String appName) { this.appName = appName; return this; } public DataBuilder setAppId(String appId) { this.appId = appId; return this; } public DataBuilder setAppVersion(String appVersion) { this.appVersion = appVersion; return this; } public DataBuilder setAppInstallerId(String appInstallerId) { this.appInstallerId = appInstallerId; return this; } public DataBuilder setEventCategory(String eventCategory) { this.eventCategory = eventCategory; return this; } public DataBuilder setEventAction(String eventAction) { this.eventAction = eventAction; return this; } public DataBuilder setEventLabel(String eventLabel) { this.eventLabel = eventLabel; return this; } public DataBuilder setEventValue(int eventValue) { this.eventValue = eventValue; return this; } public DataBuilder setTransactionId(String transactionId) { this.transactionId = transactionId; return this; } public DataBuilder setTransactionAffiliation(String transactionAffiliation) { this.transactionAffiliation = transactionAffiliation; return this; } public DataBuilder setTransactionRevenue(double transactionRevenue) { this.transactionRevenue = transactionRevenue; return this; } public DataBuilder setTransactionShipping(double transactionShipping) { this.transactionShipping = transactionShipping; return this; } public DataBuilder setTransactionTax(double transactionTax) { this.transactionTax = transactionTax; return this; } public DataBuilder setItemName(String itemName) { this.itemName = itemName; return this; } public DataBuilder setItemPrice(double itemPrice) { this.itemPrice = itemPrice; return this; } public DataBuilder setItemQty(int itemQty) { this.itemQty = itemQty; return this; } public DataBuilder setItemCode(String itemCode) { this.itemCode = itemCode; return this; } public DataBuilder setItemCategory(String itemCategory) { this.itemCategory = itemCategory; return this; } public DataBuilder setCurrencyCode(String currencyCode) { this.currencyCode = currencyCode; return this; } public DataBuilder setSocialNetwork(String socialNetwork) { this.socialNetwork = socialNetwork; return this; } public DataBuilder setSocialAction(String socialAction) { this.socialAction = socialAction; return this; } public DataBuilder setSocialActionTarget(String socialActionTarget) { this.socialActionTarget = socialActionTarget; return this; } public DataBuilder setUserTimingCategory(String userTimingCategory) { this.userTimingCategory = userTimingCategory; return this; } public DataBuilder setUserTimingVariableName(String userTimingVariableName) { this.userTimingVariableName = userTimingVariableName; return this; } public DataBuilder setUserTimingTime(int userTimingTime) { this.userTimingTime = userTimingTime; return this; } public DataBuilder setUserTimingLabel(String userTimingLabel) { this.userTimingLabel = userTimingLabel; return this; } public DataBuilder setPageLoadTime(int pageLoadTime) { this.pageLoadTime = pageLoadTime; return this; } public DataBuilder setDnsTime(int dnsTime) { this.dnsTime = dnsTime; return this; } public DataBuilder setPageDownloadTime(int pageDownloadTime) { this.pageDownloadTime = pageDownloadTime; return this; } public DataBuilder setRedirectResponseTime(int redirectResponseTime) { this.redirectResponseTime = redirectResponseTime; return this; } public DataBuilder setTcpConnectTime(int tcpConnectTime) { this.tcpConnectTime = tcpConnectTime; return this; } public DataBuilder setServerResponseTime(int serverResponseTime) { this.serverResponseTime = serverResponseTime; return this; } public DataBuilder setExceptionDescription(String exceptionDescription) { this.exceptionDescription = exceptionDescription; return this; } public DataBuilder setFatalException(int fatalException) { this.fatalException = fatalException; return this; } public DataBuilder setCustomDimension(String customDimension) { this.customDimension = customDimension; return this; } public DataBuilder setCustomMetric(String customMetric) { this.customMetric = customMetric; return this; } public DataBuilder setExperimentId(String experimentId) { this.experimentId = experimentId; return this; } public DataBuilder setExperimentVariant(String experimentVariant) { this.experimentVariant = experimentVariant; return this; } } }
17,528
https://github.com/byrantwithyou/DPCourseProject-Poi/blob/master/src/tools/adboard/AdDisplayBoard.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
DPCourseProject-Poi
byrantwithyou
Java
Code
65
205
package tools.adboard; import tools.Tools; import java.util.Date; /** * @author Hou Xianda */ public class AdDisplayBoard { /** * 通过静态方法直接将接收到的广告打印出来 * @param adTerminal 发送广告的终端 * @param ad 需要展示的广告 */ public static void showAd(AdTerminal adTerminal, Advertisement ad) { /* System.out.println("The Current time is: " + new Date().toString()); ad.show(); */ System.out.println("tools.adboard.AdDisplayBoard" + " :: " + "showAd()" + " : " + "Show Ad method called"); } }
30,720
https://github.com/Guama1239/JavaInputValidation/blob/master/HW9P3ArrayplusMethods.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
JavaInputValidation
Guama1239
Java
Code
90
296
/************ * CS200 * Fall, 2019 * Luis Rosales * Instructor: Y. Gutstein * *HW9 Arrays Problem 3 due 11/13/2019 * File name: HW9P3ArrayplusMethods.java ************/ public class HW9P3ArrayplusMethods { public static void main (String[] args) { int [] nums1 = {1,2,3};int [] nums2 = {1,2,3,1}; int [] nums3 = {1,22};int [] nums4 = {22,22}; System.out.println(commonEnd(nums1, nums2)); System.out.println(commonEnd(nums1, nums3)); System.out.println(commonEnd(nums1, nums4)); System.out.print(commonEnd(nums4, nums3)); } public static boolean commonEnd(int[] a, int[] b) { boolean result = false; if (a[0] == b[0] || a[a.length-1] == b[b.length-1]) result = true; return result; } }
15,473
upanishads01ml_5
English-PD
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,879
The Upanishads
Müller, F. Max (Friedrich Max), 1823-1900 tr
English
Spoken
7,853
12,268
Professor Weber takes Aitareya and Mahaitareya here as names of works, but he admits that in the 5'ankhayana Gr/hya-sutras they are clearly names of /?/shis (Ind. Stud. I, p. 389). * He translates II, i-II, 3, 4^ leaving out the rest of the third adhyaya ; afterwards II, 4-II, 7. * Bibliotheca Indica, the Atharvawa-upanishads, p. 394. [3] g XCVlll UPANISHADS. possessed one gloss by Naraya;^endra on ^aiikara^s com- mentary, and another by Anandatirtha on a different gloss for the entire Upanishad. The gloss by Naraya;,;endra ^, however, is, so Dr. Rost informs me, the same as that of Ananda^iiana, while, so far as I can see, the gloss contained in MS. E. I. H. 2386 (also MS. Wilson 401), to which Cole- brooke refers, is not a gloss by Anandatirtha at all, but a A gloss by Vi^vej-varatirtha on a commentary by Anandatir- thabhagavatpada/^arya, also called Pur//apra^ua/^arya, who explained the whole of the Mahaitareya-upanishad from a Vaish;<!ava point of view. IV. THE kaushItaki-brAhma.va-upanishad. The Kaushitaki-upanishad, or, as it is more properly called, the Kaushitaki-brahmawa-upanishad, belongs, like the Aitareya-upanishad, to the followers of the Rig-veda. It was translated into Persian under the title of Kokhenk, and has been published in the Bibliotheca Indica with ^ahka- rananda's commentary and an excellent translation by Professor Cowell. Though it is called the Kaushitaki-brahma;/a-upanishad, it does not form part of the Kaushitaki-brahma;/a in 30 adhyayas which we possess, and we must therefore account for its name by admitting that the Arawyaka, of which it formed a portion, could be reckoned as part of the Brah- ma;/a literature of the Rig-veda (see Aitareya-ara;^yaka, Introduction, p. xcii), and that hence the Upanishad might be called the Upanishad of the Brahma;/a of the Kaushi- takins ^. From a commentary discovered by Professor Cowell it appears that the four adhyayas of this Upanishad * A MS. in the Notices of Sanskrit MSS., vol. ii, p. 133, ascribed to Abhi- navanaraya^iendra, called AtmashaAabhashya^ika, begins like the gloss edited by Dr. Rber, and ends like Saya^ia's commentaiy on the seventh adhyaya, as edited by Rajendralal Mitra. The same name is given in MS. Wilson 94, iS'rimatkaival)'endrasarasvatipUj^apada«ishya-srimadabhinavanaraya«endrasara- svati. * A Maha-kaushitaki-brahma«a is quoted, but has not yet been met with. INTRODUCTION. XCIX were followed by five other adhyayas, answering, so far as we can judge from a few extracts, to some of the adhyayas of the Aitareya-ara;/yaka, while an imperfect MS. of an Ara;/yaka in the Royal Library at Berlin (Weber, Catalogue, p. 20) begins, like the Aitareya-ara;/yaka, with a descrip- tion of the Mahavrata, followed by discussions on the uktha in the second adhyaya ; and then proceeds in the third adhyaya to give the story of /fitra Gahgyayani in the same words as the Kaushitaki-upanishad in the first adhyaya. Other MSS. again adopt different divisions. In one MS, of the commentary (MS. A), the four adhyayas of the Upanishad are counted as sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth (ending with ityarawyake navamo 'dhyaya//) ; in another (MS. P) the third and fourth adhyayas of the Upanishad are quoted as the fifth and sixth of the Kaushitakyarawyaka, possibly agreeing therefore^ to a certain extent, with the Berlin MS. In a MS. of the vSahkhayana Ara//yaka in the Royal Library at Berlin, there are 15 adhyayas, i and 2 corresponding to Ait. Ar. i and 5 ; ^-6 containing the Kau- shitaki-upanishad ; 7 and 8 corresponding to Ait. Ar. 3 \ Foley seems to have known a MS. in which the four adhyayas of the Upanishad formed the first, seventh, eighth, and ninth adhyayas of a Kaushitaki-brahmawa. As there were various recensions of the Kaushitaki-brah- ma;/a (the vSahkhayana, Kauthuma, &c.), the Upanishad also exists in at least two texts. The commentator, in some of its MSS., refers to the various readings of the 6"akhas, explaining them, whenever there seems to be occasion for it. I have generally followed the text which is presupposed by 5ahkarananda's Dipika, and contained in MSS. F, G (Cowell, Preface, p. v), so far as regards the third and fourth adhyayas. According to Professor Cowell, Vidyara;/ya in his Sarvopanishadarthanubhiitiprakaj-a fol- lowed the text of the commentary, while vSahkara-^arya, if we may trust to extracts in his commentary on the Vedanta-sutras, followed the other text, contained in MS. A (Cowell, Preface, p. v). ^ See Weber, History of Sanskrit Literature, p. 50. g2 UPANISHADS. The style of the commentator differs in so marked a manner from that of vSankara/^arya, that even without the fact that the author of the commentary on the Kaushitaki- upanishad is called vSahkarananda, it would have been difficult to ascribe it, as has been done by some scholars, to the famous ^"ahkaraX'arya. vS"ankarananda is called the teacher of Madhava/^arya (Hall, Index, p. 98), and the dis- ciple of Anandatma Muni (Hall, Index, p. 116). I have had the great advantage of being able to consult for the Kaushitaki-upanishad, not only the text and com- mentary as edited by Professor Cowell, but also his excellent translation. If I differ from him in some points, this is but natural, considering the character of the text and the many difficulties that have still to be solved, before we can hope to arrive at a full understanding of these ancient philoso- phical treatises. V. THE vA(;asaneyi-saj/hitA-upanishad. The Vao-asaneyi-sa;;zhita-upanishad, commonly called from its beginning, tsk or Ijavasya, forms the fortieth and concluding chapter of the Sawhita of the White Ya^ur-veda. If the Sawhitas are presupposed by the Brahmawas, at least in that form in which we possess them, then this Upanishad, being the only one that forms part of a Sawhita, might claim a very early age. The Sawhita of the White Ya^ur-veda, however, is acknowledged to be of modern origin, as compared with the Sawhita of the Black Ya^ur-veda, and it would not be safe therefore to ascribe to this Upanishad a much higher antiquity than to those which have found a place in the older Brahma;/as and A Ara/zyakas. There are differences between the text, as contained in the Ya^ur-veda-sa;«hitaj and the text of the Upanishad by itself. Those which are of some interest have been men- tioned in the notes. In some notes appended to the translation of this Upanishad I have called attention to what seems to me INTRODUCTION. CI its peculiar character, namely, the recognition of the necessity of works as a preparation for the reception of the highest knowledge. This agrees well with the position occupied by this Upanishad at the end of the Sa;//hita, in which the sacrificial works and the hymns that are to accompany them are contained. The doctrine that the moment a man is enlightened, he becomes free, as taught in other Upanishads, led to a rejection of all discipline and a condemnatiqn of all sacrifices, which could hardly have been tolerated in the last chapter of the Ya^ur-veda- sa;/^hita, the liturgical Veda par excellence. Other peculiarities of this Upanishad are the name Is, lord, a far more personal name for the highest Being than Brahman ; the asurya (demoniacal) or asurya (sunless) worlds to which all go who have lost their self; Matari^-van, used in the sense of prawa or spirit ; asnaviram, without muscles, in the sense of incorporeal ; and the distinction between sambhiiti and asambhuti in verses 12-14. The editions of the text, commentaries, and glosses, and the earlier translations may be seen in the works quoted before, p. Ixxxiv. A'//ANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. a^z/Andogya-upanishad. FIRST PRAPAT^ZTAKA. First Khanda^. 1. Let a man meditate on the syllable ^ Om, called the udgitha; for the udgitha (a portion of the Sama-veda) is sung, beginning with Om. The full account, however, of Om is this: — 2. The essence ^ of all beings is the earth, the essence of the earth is water, the essence of water ^ The A7^andogya-upanishad begins with recommending medi- tation on the syllable Om, a sacred syllable that had to be pro- nounced at the beginning of each Veda and of every recitation of Vedic hymns. As connected with the Sama-veda, that syllable Om is called udgitha. Its more usual name is pra^/ava. The object of the Upanishad is to explain the various meanings which the syllable Om may assume in the mind of a devotee, some of them being extremely artificial and senseless, till at last the highest meaning of Om is reached, viz. Brahman, the intelligent cause of the universe. ^ Akshara means both syllable and the imperishable, i.e. Brahman. ^ Essence, rasa, is explained in different ways, as oingin, sup- port, end, cause, and effect. Rasa means originally the sap of trees. That sap may be conceived either as the essence extracted from the tree, or as what gives vigour and life to a tree. In the former case it might be transferred to the conception of effect, in the latter to that of cause. In our sentence it has sometimes the one, sometimes the other meaning. Earth is the support of all beings, water pervades the earth, plants arise from water, man lives by plants, speech is the best part of man, the Rig-veda the best part of speech, the Sama-veda the best extract from the J^t^, udgitha, or the syllable Om, the crown of the Sama-veda, r^ANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. the plants, the essence of plants man, the essence of man speech, the essence of speech the Rig-veda, the essence of the Rig-veda the Sama-veda \ the essence of the Sama-veda the udgitha (which is Om). 3. That udgitha (Om) is the best of all essences, the highest, deserving the highest place ^, the eighth, 4. What then is the Rik ? What is the Saman ? What is the udgitha ? This is the question, 5. The Rik indeed is speech, Saman is breath, the udgitha is the syllable Om, Now speech and breath, or Rik and Saman, form one couple, 6. And that couple is joined together in the syllable Om. When two people come together, they fulfil each other's desire. 7. Thus he who knowing this, meditates on the syllable (Om), the udgitha, becomes indeed a ful- filler of desires, 8. That syllable is a syllable of permission, for whenever we permit anything, we say Om, yes. Now permission is gratification. He who knowing this meditates on the syllable (Om), the udgitha, becomes indeed a gratifier of desires, 9. By that syllable does the threefold know- ledge (the sacrifice, more particularly the Soma- sacrifice, as founded on the three Vedas) proceed. When the Adhvaryu priest gives an order, he says Om, When the Hotrz priest recites, he says Om. When the Udgatrz priest sings, he says Om, ^ Because most of the hymns of the Sama-veda are taken from the Rig-veda, ^ Parardhya is here derived from para, highest, and ardlia, place. The eighth means the eighth or last in the series of essences. I rRAPAr//AKA, I KHAiVDA, lO. — all for the glory of that syllable. The threefold knowledge (the sacrifice) proceeds by the greatness of that syllable (the vital breaths), and by its essence (the oblations) ^ lo. Now therefore it would seem to follow, that both he who knows this (the true meaning of the syllable Om), and he who does not, perform the same sacrifice 2. But this is not so, for knowledge and ignorance are different. The sacrifice which a man performs with knowledge, faith, and the Upanishad ^ is more powerful. This is the full account of the syllable Om. ^ These are allusions to sacrificial technicalities, all intended to show the importance of the syllable Om, partly as a mere word, used at the sacrifices, partly as the mysterious name of the Highest Self. As every priest at the Soma-sacrifices, in which three classes of priests are always engaged, has to begin his part of the cere- monial with Om, therefore the whole sacrifice is said to be de- pendent on the syllable Om, and to be for the glory of that syllable, as an emblem of the Highest Self, a knowledge of whom is the indirect result of all sacrifices. The greatness of the syllable Om is explained by the vital breaths of the priest, the sacrificer, and his wife ; its essence by rice, corn, &c., which constitute the oblations. Why breath and food are due to the syllable Om is explained by the sacrifice, which is dependent on that syllable, ascending to the sun, the sun sending rain, rain producing food, and food producing breath and life. ^ He who simply pronounces the syllable Om as part of his recitation at a sacrifice, and he who knows the hidden meaning of that syllable, both may perform the same sacrifice. But that per- formed by the latter is more powerful, because knowledge is better than ignorance. This is, as usual, explained by some comparisons. It is true that both he who knows the quality of the haritaki and he who does not, are purged alike if they take it. But on the other hand, if a jeweller and a mere clod sell a precious stone, the knowledge of the former bears better fruit than the ignorance of the latter. ^ Upanishad is here explained by yoga, and yoga by devatadi- vishayam upasanam, meditation directed to certain deities. More B 2 A'i^ANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. Second KiiAiVDA^ 1. Whent he Devas and Asuras ^ struggled toge- ther, both of the race of Pra^apati, the Devas took the iidgttha ^ (Om), thinking they would vanquish the Asuras with it. 2. They meditated on the udgitha ^ (Om) as the breath (scent) in the nose ^, but the Asuras pierced it (the breath) with evil. Therefore we smell by the breath in the nose both what is good- smellinof and what is bad-smelling-. For the breath was pierced by evil. 3. Then they meditated on the udgitha (Om) as speech, but the Asuras pierced it with evil. There- fore we speak both truth and falsehood. For speech is pierced by evil. 4. Then they meditated on the udgitha (Om) as the eye, but the Asuras pierced it with evil. There- likely, however, it refers to this very upanishad, i.e. to the udgitha- vidya, the doctrine of the secret meaning of Om, as here explained. ^ A very similar story is told in the Br/had-ara^^yaka I, i, 3, i. But though the coincidences between the two are considerable, amounting sometimes to verbal identity, the purport of the two seems to be different. See Vedanta-sutra III, 3, 6. ^ Devas and Asuras, gods and demons, are here explained by the commentator as the good and evil inclinations of man ; Pra- ^apati as man in general. * Udgitha stands, according to the commentator, for the sacri- ficial act to be performed by the Udgatr/, the Sama-veda priest, w'th the udgitha hymns ; and as these sacrificial acts always form part of the (7yotish/oma &c., these great Soma-sacrifices are really intended. In the second place, however, the commentator takes udgitha in the sense of Udgatr?', the performer of the udgitha, which is or was by the Devas thought to be the breath in the nose. I have preferred to take udgitha in the sense of Om, and all that is implied by it. * They asked that breath should recite the udgitha. Comm. I PRAPArHAKA, 2 KHANDA, Q. fore we see both what is sightly and unsightly. For the eye is pierced by evil. 5. Then they meditated on the udgitha (Om) as the ear, but the Asuras pierced it with evil. There- fore we hear both what should be heard and what should not be heard. For the ear is pierced by evil. 6. Then they meditated on the udgitha (Om) as the mind, but the Asuras pierced it with evil. Therefore we conceive both what should be con- ceived and what should not be conceived. For the mind is pierced by evil. 7. Then comes this breath (of life) in the mouths They meditated on the udgitha (Om) as that breath. When the Asuras came to it, they were scattered, as (a ball of earth) would be scattered when hitting a solid stone. 8. Thus, as a ball of earth is scattered when hit- ting on a solid stone, will he be scattered who wishes evil to one who knows this, or who persecutes him ; for he is a solid stone. 9. By it (the breath in the mouth) he distinguishes neither what is good nor what is bad-smelling, for that breath is free from evil. What we eat and drink with it supports the other vital breaths (i. e. the senses, such as smell, &c.) When at the time of death he - does not find that breath (in the ^ Mukhya pi"a;/a is used in two senses, the principal or vital breath, also called jreshMa, and the breath in the mouth, also called asanya. ^ According to the commentator, the assemblage of the other vital breaths or senses is here meant. They depart when the breath of the mouth, sometimes called sarvambhari, all-supporting, does no longer, by eating and drinking, support them. A-HANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. mouth, through which he eats and drinks and Hves), then he departs. He opens the mouth at the time of death (as if wishing to eat). TO. Aiigiras ^ meditated on the udgitha (Om) as that breath, and people hold it to be Ahgiras, i. e. the essence of the members (angana;;/ rasa/^) ; 11. Therefore Br/haspati meditated on udgitha (Om) as that breath, and people hold it to be Brz- haspati, for speech is br/hati, and he (that breath) is the lord (pati) of speech ; 12. Therefore Ayasya meditated on the udgitha (Om) as that breath, and people hold it to be Ayasya, because it comes (ayati) from the mouth (asya) ; 13. Therefore Vaka Dalbhya knew it. He was the Udgatr^ (singer) of the Naimishiya-sacrificers, and by singing he obtained for them their wishes. 14. He who knows this, and meditates on the syllable Om (the imperishable udgitha) as the breath of life in the mouth, he obtains all wishes by singing. So much for the udgitha (Om) as meditated on with reference to the body ^. ^ The paragraphs from 10 to 14 are differently explained by Indian commentators. . By treating the nominatives ahgiras, br/haspatis, and ayasyas (here the printed text reads ayasyam) as accusatives, or by admitting the omission of an iti after them, they connect paragraphs 9, 10, and 11 with paragraph 12, and thus gain the meaning that Vaka Dalbhya meditated on the breath in the mouth as Ahgiras, Br^Tiaspati, and Ayasya, instead of those saints having themselves thus meditated ; and that he, knowing the secret names and qualities of the breath, obtained, when acting as Udgatr/ priest, the wishes of those for whom he sacrificed. Ten a is diffi- cult to explain, unless we take it in the sense of tenanujish/a//, taught by him. * Adhyatma means with reference to the body, not with refer- ence to the self or the soul. Having explained the symbolical I PRAPAriTAKA, 3 KHAiVDA, 4. Third Khanda. 1. Now follows the meditation on the udottha o with reference to the gods. Let a man meditate on the udgitha (Om) as he who sends warmth (the sun in the sky). When the sun rises it sings as Udg3.tr I for the sake of all creatures. When it rises it destroys the fear of darkness. He who knows this, is able to destroy the fear of darkness (ignorance). 2. This (the breath in the mouth) and that (the sun) are the same. This is hot and that is hot. This they call svara (sound), and that they call pra- tyasvara ^ (reflected sound). Therefore let a man meditate on the udgitha (Om) as this and that (as breath and as sun). 3. Then let a man meditate on the udgitha (Om) as vyana indeed. If we breathe up, that is pra//a, the up-breathing. If we breathe down, that is apana, the down-breathing. The combination of pra;^a and apana is vyana, back-breathing or holding in of the breath. This vyana is speech. Therefore when we utter speech, we neither breathe up nor down. 4. Speech is Ri^, and therefore when a man utters a J^z/k verse he neither breathes up nor down. meaning of Om as applied to the body and its organs of sense, he now explains its symbolical meaning adhidaivatam, i.e. as appHed to divine beings. ^ As applied to breath, svara is explained by the commentator in the sense of moving, going out ; pratyasvara, as applied to the sun, is explained as returning every day. More likely, however, svara as applied to breath means sound, Om itself being called svara {J^/i. Up. I, 4, 3), and prasvara in the Rig-veda-pratijakhya, 882. As applied to the sun, svara and pratyasvara were probably taken in the sense of light and reflected light. 8 X-JfANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. Rik is Saman, and therefore when a man utters a Saman verse he neither breathes up nor down, Saman is udgitha, and therefore when a man sings (the udgitha, Om) he neither breathes up nor down. 5. And other works also which require strength, such as the production of fire by rubbing, running a race, stringing a strong bow, are performed with- out breathing up or down. Therefore let a man meditate on the udgitha (Om) as vyana. 6. Let a man meditate on the syllables of the udgitha, i. e. of the word udgitha. Ut is breath (pra;<ja), for by means of breath a man rises (ut- tish//^ati). Gi is speech, for speeches are called gira/^. Tha is food, for by means of food all subsists (sthita). 7. Ut is heaven, gi the sky, tha the earth. Ut is the sun, gi the air, tha the fire. Ut is the Sama-veda, gi the Ya^r-veda, tha the Rig-veda^ ^ The commentator supplies explanations to all these fanciful etymologies. The heaven is ut, because it is high ; the sky is gt, because it gives out all the worlds (gira«at); earth is tha, because it is the place (sthana) of living beings. The sun is ut, because it is high. The wind is gi, because it gives out fire, &c. (gira^at) ; fire is tha, because it is the place (sthana) of the sacrifice. The Sama- veda is ut, because it is praised as svarga; the Ya^ur-veda is gi, because the gods take the oblation off'ered with a Ya^us; the Rig-veda is tha, because the Sama verses stand in it. All this is very childish, and worse than childish, but it is interesting as a p'lase of human folly which is not restricted to the Brahmans of India. I take the following passage from an interesting article, ' On the Ogam Beithluisnin and on Scythian Letters,' by Dr. Charles Graves, Bishop of Limerick. ' An Irish antiquary,' he says, ' writing several hundred years ago, proposes to give an account of the origin of the names of the notes in the musical scale. ' " It is asked here, according to Saint Augustine, What is chant- ing, or why is it so called .? Answer. From this word cantalena; I PRAPATZfAKA, 3 KHAiVDA, 7. Speech yields the milk, which is the milk of speech itself^, to him who thus knowing meditates on those and cantalena is the same thing as lenis cantus, i. e. a soft, sweet chant to God, and to the Virgin Mary, and to all the Saints. And the reason why the word putncc {ptincta) is so called is be- cause the points (or musical notes) tii, re, mi, fa, sol, la, hurt the devil and puncture him. And it is thus that these points are to be understood : viz. When Moses the son of Amram with his people in their Exodus was crossing the Red Sea, and Pharaoh and his host were following him, this was the chant which Moses had to protect him from Pharaoh and his host — these six points in praise of the Lord : — ' "The first point of these, i. e. ut: and tii in the Greek is the same as liber at in the Latin; and that is the same as saer in the Gaelic ; i. e. O God, said Moses, deliver us from the harm of the devil, ' "The second point of them, i.e. re: and re is the same as saer ; i. e. O God, deliver us from everything hurtful and malignant. ' "The third point, i. e. mi : and mi in the Greek is the same as militum in the Latin ; and that is the same as ridere (a knight) in the Gaelic ; i. e. O God, said Moses, deliver us from those knights who are pursuing us. '"The fourth point, i. e._/a; and/s in the Greek is the same as famulus in the Latin ; and that is the same as mug (slave) in the Gaelic; i.e. O God, said Moses, deliver us from those slaves who are pursuing us. '"The fifth point, i.e. sol: and sol is the same as grian (sun); and that is the same as righteousness ; because righteousness and Christ are not different ; i. e. O Christ, said Moses, deliver us. '"The sixth point, i.e. la, is the same as lav; and that is the same as indail (wash); i.e. O God, said IMoses, wash away our sins from us. '"And on the singing of that laud Pharaoh and his host were drowned. '"Understand, O man, that in whatever place this laud, i.e. this chant, is sung, the devil is bound by it, and his power is extirpated thence, and the power of God is called in." ' We have been taught that the names of the first six notes ^ The milk of speech consists in rewards to be obtained by the Rig-veda, &c. Or we may translate. Speech yields its milk to him who is able to milk speech. lO A'/7AND0GYA-UPANISIIAD. syllables of the name of udgitha, he becomes rich in food and able to eat food. 8. Next follows the fulfilment of prayers. Let a man thus meditate on the Upasara;^as, i. e. the objects which have to be approached by meditation : Let him (the Udgatr/) quickly reflect on the Saman with which he is going to praise ; 9. Let him quickly reflect on the Rik in which that Saman occurs ; on the 7?/shi (poet) by whom it was seen or composed ; on the Devata (object) which he is going to praise ; 10. On the metre in which he is going to praise; on the tune with which he is going to sing for himself; 1 1. On the quarter of the world which he is going to praise. Lastly, having approached himself (his name, family, &c.) by meditation, let him sing the hymn of praise, reflecting on his desire, and avoiding all mistakes in pronunciation, &c. Quickly ^ will the desire be then fulfilled to him, for the sake of which he may have offered his hymn of praise, yea, for which he may have offered his hymn of praise^. in the gamut were suggested by the initial syllables of the first six hemistichs in one of the stanzas of a hymn to St. John : Ut queant laxis i?^sonare fibris Mixz. gestorum Favi\vX\ tuoruni, SolvQ. polluti La\yi\ reatum, -5'ancte /oannes.' ^ Abhyaj'O ha yat, lit. depend on it that it will be fulfilled, but always explained by quickly. See Kh. Up. II, i, 4; III, 19, 4; V, 10, 7. Frequently, but wrongly, written with a dental s. ^ The repetition of the last sentence is always an indication that a chapter is finished. This old division into chapters is of great importance for a proper study of the Upanishads. I PRAPAr^AKA, 4 KHANDA, 5. II Fourth Khanda. 1. Let a man meditate on the syllable Om, for the uclgitha is sung beginning with Om. And this is the full account of the syllable Om : — ■ 2. The Devas, being afraid of death, entered upon (the performance of the sacrifice prescribed in) the threefold knowledge (the three Vedas). They covered themselves with the metrical hymns. Be- cause they covered (/V^ad) themselves with the hymns, therefore the hymns are called /'/^andas. 3. Then, as a fisherman might observe a fish In the water, Death observed the Devas in the Ri'l', Ya^s, and Saman-(sacrifices). And the Devas seeing this, rose from the 7?//^, Ya^s, and Saman-sacrlfices, and entered the Svara ^, i.e. the Om (they meditated on the Om). 4. When a man has mastered the RIg-veda, he says quite loud Om ; the same, when he has mas- tered the Saman and the Ya^iis. This Svara is the imperishable (syllable), the immortal, free from fear. Because the Devas entered it, therefore they be- came Immortal, and free from fear. 5. He who knowing this loudly pronounces (pra- ;/auti) ^ that syllable, enters the same (imperish- able) syllable, the Svara, the Immortal, free from fear, and having entered It, becomes immortal, as the Devas are immortal. ' Cf. I, 3, 2. ^ Pra«auti, he lauds, i. e. he meditates on. Comm. 1 2 ^fl-ANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. Fifth KHAivjoA. 1. The udgitha is the pra;^ava\ the pra;/ava is the udoritha. And as the udoritha is the sun 2, so is the pra/mva, for he (the sun) goes sounding Om. 2. ' Him I sang praises to, therefore art thou my only one,' thus said Kaushitaki to his son. 'Do thou revolve his rays, then thou wilt have many sons.' So much in reference to the Devas. 3. Now with reference to the body. Let a man meditate on the udgitha as the breath (in the mouth), for he goes sounding Om ^ 4. * Him I sang praises to, therefore art thou my only son,' thus said Kaushitaki to his son. ' Do thou therefore sing praises to the breath as manifold, if thou wishest to have many sons.' 5. He who knows that the udgitha is the pra- ?2ava, and the pra;^ava the udgitha, rectifies from the seat of the Hotrz priest any mistake committed by the Udgatrz priest in performing the udgitha, yea, in performing the udgitha. Sixth KiiAiVDA. I, The Rik (veda) is this earth, the Saman (veda) • is fire. This Saman (fire) rests on that Rik (earth) ^. Therefore the Saman is sung as resting on the Rik. ^ Pra«ava is the name used chiefly by the followers of the Rig- veda, udgitha the name used by the followers of the Sama-veda. Both words are intended for the syllable Om. '' Cf. Kh. Up. I, 3, I. 2 The breath in the mouth, or the chief breath, says Om, i. e. gives permission to the five senses to act, just as the sun, by saying Om, gives permission to all living beings to move about. * The Sama verses are mostly taken from the Rig-veda. I PRAPArfl-AKA, 6 KUANDA, 8. 1 3 Sa is this earth, a ma is hre, and that makes Sama, 2. The 7?//^ is the sky, the Saman air. This Saman (air) rests on that J^i^ (sky). Therefore the Saman is sung as resting on the J^i^. S a is the sky, a ma the air, and that makes Sama. 3. 7??X' is heaven, Saman the sun. This Saman (sun) rests on that J^i^ (heaven). Therefore the Saman is sung as resting on the 7?//^. Sa is heaven, a ma the sun, and that makes Sama. 4. i?//C' is the stars, Saman the moon. This Saman (moon) rests on that J^i'/c (stars). Therefore the Saman is sung as resting on the J^i)^. Sa is the stars, a ma the moon, and that makes Sama. 5. J^//c is the white hght of the sun, Saman the bhie exceeding darkness ^ (in the sun). This Saman (darkness) rests on that i?//^ (brightness). There- fore the Saman is suns: as restingf on the J^i^. 6. Sa is the white hght of the sun, a ma the blue exceeding darkness, and that makes Sama. Now that golden ^ person, who is seen within the sun, with golden beard and golden hair, golden altogether to the very tips of his nails, 7. Whose eyes are like blue lotus's^, his name is ut, for he has risen (udita) above all evil. He also who knows this, rises above all evil. 8. jRi^ and Saman are his joints, and therefore he is udgitha. And therefore he who praises him ^ The darkness which is seen by those who can concentrate their sight on the sun. ^ Bright as gold. ^ The colour of the lotus is described by a comparison with the Kapyasa, the seat of the monkey (kapipr?sh//^anto yena upavi^-ati). It was probably a botanical name. 14 ^J/ANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. (the ut) is called the Ud-gatr^'^ (the out-singer). He (the golden person, called ut) is lord of the worlds beyond that (sun), and of all the wishes of the Devas (inhabiting those worlds). So much with reference to the Devas. Seventh Khanda. 1. Now with reference to the body. J^i/c is speech, Saman breath ^. This Saman (breath) rests on that J^i^ (speech). Therefore the Saman is sung as resting on the R//^. Sa is speech, ama is breath, and that makes Sam a. 2. jRi/e is the eye, Saman the self ^. This Saman (shadow) rests on that J^ik (eye). Therefore the Saman is sung as resting on the Ril'. Sa is the eye, ama the self,and that makes Sam a. 3. J^i'^ is the ear, Saman the mind. This Saman (mind) rests on that Ri^ (ear). Therefore the Saman is sung- as resting^ on the J^i/c. Sa is the ear, ama the mind, and that makes Sama. 4. J^i/c is the white light of the eye, Saman the blue exceeding darkness. This Saman (darkness) rests on the J^i^ (brightness). Therefore the Saman is sung as resting on the Rz/e. Sa is the white light of the eye, ama the blue exceeding darkness, and that makes Sama. 5. Now the person who is seen in the eye, he is 7?//^, he is Saman, Uktha*, Ya^us, Brahman. The form of that person (in the eye) is the same ^ as the ^ Name of the principal priest of the Sama-veda. ^ Breath in the nose, sense of smelling. Comm. ' The shadow-self, the likeness or image thrown upon the eye ; see ir/i. Up. VIII, 9, I. * A set of hymns to be recited, whereas the Saman is sung, and the Ya^us muttered. 6 Cf. A7/. Up. I, 6, 6. I PRAPAri^AKA, 8 KHAiVDA, 2. I 5 form of the other person (in the sun), the joints of the one {Rik and Saman) are the joints of the other, the name of the one (ut) is the name of the other. 6. He is lord of the worlds beneath that (the self in the eye), and of all the wishes of men. Therefore all who sing to the vi//a (lyre), sing him, and from him also they obtain wealth. 7. He who knowing this sings a Saman, sings to both (the adhidaivata and adhyatma self, the person in the sun and the person in the eye, as one and the same person). He obtains through the one, yea, he obtains the worlds beyond that, and the wishes of the Devas ; 8. And he obtains through the other the worlds beneath that, and the wishes of men. Therefore an Udgatr/ priest who knows this, may say (to the sacrificer for whom he officiates) ; 9. ' What wish shall I obtain for you by my songs ? ' For he who knowing this sings a Saman is able to obtain wishes through his song, yea, through his song. Eighth Khaa^da. 1. There were once three men, well-versed in udgitha \ .5'ilaka ^'alavatya, A'aikitayana Dalbhya, and Pravaha/^^a 6^aivali. They said : ' We are well- versed in udgitha. Let us have a discussion on udgitha.' 2. They all agreed and sat down. Then Prava- ha;^a C^aivali ^ said : ' Sirs, do you both speak first, ^ Cognisant of the deeper meanings of udgitha, i. e. Om. "^ He, though not being a Brahmawa, turns out to be the only one who knows the true meaning of udgitha, i. e. the Highest Brahman. 1 6 ^ffANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. for I wish to hear what two Brahma;2as^ have to say.' 3. Then ^S^ilaka 6alavatya said to A^aikltayana Dalbhya : ' Let me ask you.' ' Ask,' he rephed. 4. 'What is the origin of theSaman?' 'Tone (svara),' he rephed. ' What is the origin of tone ? ' ' Breath,' he rephed. ' What is the origin of breath ? ' ' Food,' he rephed. ' What is the origin of food ? ' ' Water,' he rephed. 5. ' What is the origin of water ? ' ' That world (heaven),' he rephed. ' And what is the origin of that world ? ' — He replied : ' Let no man carry the Saman beyond the world of svarga (heaven). We place (recognise) the Saman in the world of svarga, for the Saman is extolled as svarga (heaven).' 6. Then said ^'ilaka K^alavatya to A^'aikitayana Dalbhya : ' O Dalbhya, thy Saman Is not firmly established. And if any one were to say, Your head shall fall oif (if you be wrong), surely your head would now fall.' 7. ' Well then, let me know this from you, Sir,' said Dalbhya. ' Know it,' replied .Silaka 6alavatya. ' What is the origin of that world (heaven) ? ' ' This world,' he replied. ' And what is the origin of this world ? ' — He replied : ' Let no man carry the Saman be- yond this world as its rest. We place the Saman ^ In V, 3, 5, Pravahawa Gaivali is distinctly called a ra^anyabandhu. I PRAPATjffAKA, 9 KllANDA, 4. I 7 in this world as its rest, for the Saman is extolled as rest.' 8. Then said Pravaha;2a 6^aivali to KS'ilaka ^Sala- vatya : ' Your Saman (the earth), O ^'alavatya, has an end. And if any one were to say, Your head shall fall off (if you be wrong), surely your head would now fall.' ' Well then, let me know this from you, Sir,' said 6alavatya. ' Know it,' replied 6^alvali. Ninth Khanda. 1. * What is the origin of this world ? ' ' Ether ^' he replied. For all these beings take their rise from the ether, and return into the ether. Ether is older than these, ether is their rest. 2. He is indeed the udgitha (Om = Brahman), greater than great (parovariyas), he is without end. He who knowing this meditates on the udgitha, the greater than great, obtains what is greater than great, he conquers the worlds which are greater than great. 3. Atidhanvan ^'aunaka, having taught this udgi- tha to Udara-^a;2<3filya, said : ' As long as they will know in your family this udgitha, their life in this world will be greater than great. 4. ' And thus also will be their state in the other world.' He who thus knows the udgitha, and meditates on it thus, his life in this world will be greater than great, and also his state in the other world, yea, in the other world. ^ Ether, or we might translate it by space, both being intended, however, as names or symbols of the Highest Brahman. See Vedanta-sutra I, i, 22. [3] C 1 8 riyANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. Tenth Khanda. 1. When the Kurus had been destroyed by (hail) stones ^, Ushasti A'akrayawa Hved as a beggar with his virgin^ wife at Ibhyagrdma. 2. Seeing a chief eating beans, he begged of him. The chief said : ' I have no more, except those which are put away for me here.' 3. Ushasti said : * Give me to eat of them.' He gave him the beans, and said : * There is something to drink also.' Then said Ushasti : ' If I drank of it, I should have drunk what was left by another, and is therefore unclean.' 4. The chief said : ' Were not those beans also left over and therefore unclean ? ' ' No,' he replied ; ' for I should not have lived, if I had not eaten them, but the drinking of water would be mere pleasure ^' 5. Having eaten himself, Ushasti gave the re- maining beans to his wife. But she, having eaten before, took them and put them away. 6. Rising the next morning, Ushasti said to her : ' Alas, if we could only get some food, we might gain a little wealth. The king here is going to offer a sacrifice, he should choose me for all the priestly offices.' ^ When they had been killed either by stone weapons, or by a shower of stones, which produced a famine in the land. Comm. ^ A/iki is not the name of the wife of Ushasti, nor does it mean strong enough to travel, ^'aiikara explains it as anupa^atapayo- dharadistrivyani,'ana, and Anandagiri adds, SvairasawMre 'pi na vyabhikara^ahketi dar^ayitum a/ikyeti vi^eshawam. She was so young that she was allowed to run about freely, without exciting any suspicion. Another commentator says, Gr/had bahirgantu- marha anupa^atapayodhara. ' Or, according to the commentator, ' water I can get whenever I like.' I PRAPAr77AKA, II KHAiVKA, 2. 1 9 7. His wife said to him : ' Look, here are those beans of yours.' Having eaten them, he went to the sacrifice which was being performed. 8. He went and sat down on the orchestra near the Udgatr/s, who were going to sing their hymns of praise. And he said to the Prastot?'^ (the leader) : 9. ' Prastotrz, if you, without knowing ^ the deity which belongs to the prastava (the hymns &c. of the Prastotrz), are going to sing it, your head will fall off.' 10. In the same manner he addressed the Udgatr^' ; ' Udgatr?, if you, without knowing the deity which belongs to the udgitha (the hymns of the Udgatr/), are going to sing it, your head will fall off.' 11. In the same manner he addressed the Pra- tihartr/; ' Pratihartr/, if you, without knowing the deity which belongs to the pratihara (the hymns of the Pratihartrz), are going to sing it, your head will fall off.' They stopped, and sat down in silence. Eleventh Kuanda, 1. Then the sacrificer said to him: *I should like to know who you are. Sir.' He replied : ' I am Ushasti A'akrdya;/a.' 2. He said : ' I looked for you, Sir, for all these sacrificial offices, but not finding you ^, I chose others.' ^ The commentator is at great pains to show that a priest may oflflciate without knowing the secret meanings here assigned to certain parts of the sacrifice, and without running any risk of punishment. Only, if another priest is present, who is initiated, then the uninitiated, taking his place, is in danger of losing his head. ^ Should it be avittva, as in I, 2, 9 .? C 2 20 X-//ANDOGYA-UPANISHAD. 3- ' But now, Sir, take all the sacrificial offices.' Ushasti said : ' Very well ; but let those, with my permission, perform the hymns of praise. Only as much wealth as you give to them, so much give to me also.' The sacrificer assented. 4. Then the Prastotr/ approached him, saying : ' Sir, you said to me, " Prastotr/, if you, without knowing the deity which belongs to the prastava, are going to sing it, your head will fall off," — ^which then is that deity?' 5. He said: ' Breath (pra/za). For all these beings merge into breath alone, and from breath they arise. This is the deity belonging to the prastava. If, without knowing that deity, you had sung forth your hymns, your head would have fallen off, after you had been warned by me.' 6. Then the Udgatr^ approached him, saying: * Sir, you said to me, " Udgatr/, if you, without knowing the deity which belongs to the udgttha, are going to sing it, your head will fall off," — which then is that deity ? ' 7. He said : 'The sun (aditya). For all these beings praise the sun when it stands on high. This is the deity belonging to the udgitha. If, without knowing that deity, you had sung out your hymns, your head would have fallen off, after you had been warned by me.' 8. Then the Pratihartrz' appr"oached him, saying : ' Sir, you said to me, " Pratihartrz', if you, without knowing the deity belonging to the pratihara, are going to sing it, your head will fall off," — which then is that deity ? ' 9. He said : ' Food (anna). For all these beings I PRAPAJTFAKA, 12 KHAA^DA, 5. 21 live when they partake of food. This is the deity belonging to the pratihara. If, without knowing that deity, you had sung your hymns, your head would have fallen off, after you had been warned by me ^' Twelfth Khaa^da. 1. Now follows the udgitha of the dogs. Vaka ^ Dalbhya, or, as he was also called, Glava Maitreya, j went out to repeat the Veda (in a quiet place). 2. A white (dog) appeared before him, and other dogs gathering round him, said to him : ' Sir, sing and get us food, we are hungry.' 3. The white dog said to them : ' Come to me to-morrow morning.' Vaka Dalbhya, or, as he was also called, Glava Maitreya, watched. 4. The dogs came on, holding together, each dog keeping the tail of the preceding dog in his mouth, as the priests do when they are going to sing praises with the Vahishpavamana hymn I After they had settled down, they began to say Hiri. 5. 'Om, let us eat! Om, let us drink! Om, may the divine Varima., Pra^apati, Savitr/^ bring us food! Lord of food, bring hither food, bring it, Om ! ' ^ There are certain etymological fancies for assigning each deity to a certain portion of the Sama-veda ceremonial. Thus prawa is assigned to the prastava, because both words begin with pra. Aditya is assigned to the udgitha, because the sun is ut. Anna, food, is assigned to the pratihara, because food is taken, pratihr/yate, &c. ^ This alludes to a ceremony where the priests have to walk in procession, each priest holding the gown of the preceding priest. * The commentator explains Varu«a and Pra^apati as epithets of Savitr/, or the sun, meaning rain-giver and man-protector. 22 zhandogya-upanishad. Thirteenth Khaa^da ^. T. The syllable Hau - is this world (the earth), the syllable Hai ^ the air, the syllable Atha the moon, the syllable I ha the self, the syllable l'^ is Agni, fire.
19,649
5684995_1
Court Listener
Open Government
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None
None
English
Spoken
732
1,049
OPINION OF THE COURT Per Curiam. Gary E. Botchman has submitted an affidavit dated March 1, *942005, wherein he tenders his resignation as an attorney and counselor-at-law (22 NYCRR 691.9). Mr. Botchman was admitted to the bar at a term of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Second Judicial Department on May 27, 1987, under the name Gary Edward Botchman. On February 15, 2005, Mr. Botchman pleaded guilty before United States Magistrate Judge Michael Orenstein in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York to one count of conspiracy under 18 USC § 371, a federal felony. Mr. Botchman avers that his resignation is submitted voluntarily, free from coercion and duress, and with a full awareness of the implications of its submission, including being barred by Judiciary Law § 90 and the rules of the Second Department from seeking reinstatement for at least seven years. Mr. Botchman concedes that he pleaded guilty as set forth above. He admits that between January 1999 and September 2001 he knowingly and intentionally conspired with others to devise a scheme to defraud a financial institution, Equicredit Corporation (hereinafter Equicredit), a mortgage banking company with a branch office in Hauppauge, New York, and to obtain money owed by and under the custody and control of Equicredit, by means of materially false and fraudulent pretenses, representations, and promises. In furtherance of the conspiracy, Mr. Botchman submitted or caused to be submitted to Equicredit, documents in support of residential mortgage loan applications, knowing that those documents contained materially false statements and representations regarding, inter alia, the true identity of the seller and the settlement agent, the period of time during which the seller owned the property prior to the sale, and the buyer’s financial information. Included among the documents were HUD-1 real estate closing statements, title reports, and deeds. Based on the false statements and representations, Equicredit was induced to disburse in excess of $3 million in loan proceeds. Mr. Botchman avers that he committed the aforesaid acts and acknowledges that he could not successfully defend himself on the merits against charges predicated upon such acts. Although no clients had yet asserted monetary claims against Mr. Botchman at the time he submitted his resignation, he is aware that the Court, in an order permitting him to resign, could require him to make monetary restitution to any persons whose money or property may have been misapplied, or to reimburse the Lawyers’ Fund for Client Protection for same. Mr. *95Botchman further acknowledges that any order issued pursuant to Judiciary Law § 90 (6-a) could be entered as a civil judgment against him and he specifically waived the right afforded him by Judiciary Law § 90 (6-a) (f) to be heard in opposition thereto. The Grievance Committee for the Ninth Judicial District supports acceptance of the resignation. Inasmuch as the proffered resignation comports with applicable Court rules, it is accepted, Gary E. Botchman is disbarred, and his name is stricken from the roll of attorneys and counselors-at-law, effective immediately. Prudenti, PJ., Florio, H. Miller, Schmidt and Santucci, JJ., concur. Ordered that pursuant to Judiciary Law § 90, effective immediately, Gary E. Botchman, admitted as Gary Edward Botch-man, is disbarred, and his name is stricken from the roll of attorneys and counselors-at-law; and it is further, Ordered that Gary E. Botchman, admitted as Gary Edward Botchman, shall promptly comply with this Court’s rules governing the conduct of disbarred, suspended, and resigned attorneys (see 22 NYCRR 691.10); and it is further, Ordered that pursuant to Judiciary Law § 90, effective immediately, Gary E. Botchman, admitted as Gary Edward Botch-man, is commanded to desist and refrain from (1) practicing law in any form, either as principal or as agent, clerk, or employee of another, (2) appearing as an attorney or counselor-at-law before any court, judge, justice, board, commission, or other public authority, (3) giving to another an opinion as to the law or its application or any advice in relation thereto, and (4) holding himself out in any way as an attorney and counselor-at-law; and it is further, Ordered that if Gary E. Botchman, admitted as Gary Edward Botchman, has been issued a secure pass by the Office of Court Administration, it shall be returned forthwith to the issuing agency and he shall certify to the same in his affidavit of compliance pursuant to 22 NYCRR 691.10 (f).
42,263
https://github.com/luca-esse/FluentEvents/blob/master/src/FluentEvents.Azure.SignalR.UnitTests/FluentEventsPluginOptionsExtensionsTests.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,021
FluentEvents
luca-esse
C#
Code
128
667
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using FluentEvents.Plugins; using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration; using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection; using Moq; using NUnit.Framework; namespace FluentEvents.Azure.SignalR.UnitTests { [TestFixture] public class FluentEventsPluginOptionsExtensionsTests { private Mock<IFluentEventsPluginOptions> _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock; [SetUp] public void SetUp() { _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock = new Mock<IFluentEventsPluginOptions>(MockBehavior.Strict); } [TearDown] public void TearDown() { _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock.Verify(); } [Test] public void UseAzureSignalRService_WithConfigureAction_ShouldAddPlugin([Values] bool isHttpClientBuilderActionNull) { var httpClientBuilderAction = isHttpClientBuilderActionNull ? (Action<IHttpClientBuilder>) null : builder => { }; _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock .Setup(x => x.AddPlugin(It.IsAny<AzureSignalRPlugin>())) .Verifiable(); _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock.Object.UseAzureSignalRService(options => { }, httpClientBuilderAction); } [Test] public void UseAzureSignalRService_WithConfiguration_ShouldAddPlugin([Values] bool isHttpClientBuilderActionNull) { var httpClientBuilderAction = isHttpClientBuilderActionNull ? (Action<IHttpClientBuilder>)null : builder => { }; _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock .Setup(x => x.AddPlugin(It.IsAny<AzureSignalRPlugin>())) .Verifiable(); _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock.Object.UseAzureSignalRService( new ConfigurationRoot(new List<IConfigurationProvider>()), httpClientBuilderAction ); } [Test] public void UseAzureSignalRService_WithNullConfigureAction_ShouldThrow() { Assert.That(() => { _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock.Object.UseAzureSignalRService((Action<AzureSignalRServiceOptions>)null); }, Throws.TypeOf<ArgumentNullException>()); } [Test] public void UseAzureSignalRService_WithNullConfiguration_ShouldThrow() { Assert.That(() => { _fluentEventsPluginOptionsMock.Object.UseAzureSignalRService((IConfiguration)null); }, Throws.TypeOf<ArgumentNullException>()); } } }
47,705
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulins-l%C3%A8s-Metz
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Moulins-lès-Metz
https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moulins-lès-Metz&action=history
Uzbek
Spoken
44
140
Moulins-lès-Metz Fransiyaning Lotaringiya mintaqasida joylashgan kommunadir. Moselle departamenti Metz-Campagne tumani tarkibiga kiradi. Aholisi 4663 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi (1999). Aholi zichligi — har kvadrat kilometrga 666,1 nafar kishi. Geografiyasi Maydoni — 7,0 km2. Dengiz sathidan 165 – 196 m balandlikda joylashgan. Manbalar Moselle shaharlari
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US-11918105-A_2
USPTO
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In another study, 33 elite unrelated male British mountaineers with a history of ascents beyond 7000 m without the use of supplemental inspired oxygen were identified by the British Mountaineering Council. DNA was extracted from a mouthwash sample of the 25 male respondents, and ACE genotype determined using a three-primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification (51). Genotype distribution was compared to that of 1906 British males free from clinical cardiovascular disease (52). Mean (SD) age was 40.6 (6.5) years in the 25 subjects, and 55.6 (3.2) years amongst the 1906 controls. Both groups were in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. Both genotype distribution and allele frequency differed significantly between climbers and controls (p 0.02 and 0.003 respectively), with a relative excess of II genotype and deficiency of DD genotype. Amongst the 15 climbers who had ascended beyond 8000 m without oxygen, none was of DD genotype [6 (40%) II and 9 (60%) ID: I allele frequency 0.65]. Further, ranked by number of ascents without oxygen, the top performer climbing over 8000 m was of II genotype (5 ascents, compared to a mean of 2.4±0.3 ascents for the >8000 m group, or 1.44±0.3 ascents for the climbers overall), as were the top two in this group for number of additional 7000 m ascents (>100 and 18, compared to a mean of 10.3±6.5 ascents). Further, among athletes, an excess of the I allele is found amongst endurance runners, and an excess of the D allele amongst sprinters. Provisional data suggest that the D allele is found in excess in athletes in whose sport power (rather than endurance) plays an important role. These data suggest that many aspects of human physical performance may be associated with the I allele, and thus with lower tissue ACE levels. Thus, total cardiac work is higher per unit of external work amongst those with two D alleles than those without, and ability to train to improve calf strength, biceps power, and press-ups were all associated with the I allele, with trainability being graded as II>ID>DD. These changes in performance may be partly related to changes in body composition, with a preservation of body mass and slight overall anabolic effect being associated with the I allele when compared to a lack of anabolism (or slight catabolic effect) being seen in those with a D allele. The marked changes in performance by genotype with more modest changes in muscle mass suggest that there is not only a genotype-associated effect on performance mediated through muscle bulk per se, but also an effect mediated through efficiency of muscle metabolism. This hypothesis is supported by the genotype-effect on energy stores in the form of fat. Since the I allele is a surrogate marker for lower tissue ACE levels, it would seem likely that increased skeletal muscle performance, metabolic performance, limitation of catabolism, and promotion of anabolism may all be achieved by reducing tissue RAS activity pharmacologically. Both the inhibition of kinin degradation and antagonists to receptors for ATII might be expected to have such effects. The above data therefore suggest a metabolic role for human renin-angiotensin systems which has significant effects on the human as a whole. In hindsight, although there are data in the prior art to support possible beneficial effects on muscle blood flow and glucose uptake in diseased states, there are no data to suggest any clinically or physiologically significant effects on whole body morphology, muscle or whole human physical performance, or on overall nutritive or morphological state. The data, however, do provide support and potential scientific rationale for the present invention. These data suggest that endurance performance may indeed be improved by treatment with the specified agents. Pure power performance might also be improved, but possibly less effectively. The effects on mixed sport might depend very much on the relative contributions of power and endurance to success. There might be a number of means through which the observed and anticipated effects might be mediated. These include: - - (i) an increase in blood flow to tissues through vasodilation; - (ii) an increase in blood flow to tissues through angiogenesis (the growth of new vessels); - (iii) subsequent on (i), a fall in peripheral vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output; - (iv) an increase in metabolic fuel (oxygen, fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids) uptake by tissues; - (v) an alteration in the balance of the fuel utilised (such as, for example, a shift towards the use of fatty acids from which more energy can be derived than from equivalent amounts of glucose); - (vi) an alteration in the supply of fuel from, for example, fat and liver stores; - (vii) a primary shift in both qualitative and quantitative substrate metabolism (such as lactate metabolism) and energy store release (such as fatty acid release) by metabolically active tissues including the liver; - (viii) a change in skeletal muscle cell type, reflected perhaps in a change in the relative numbers of type I and type II myocytes. This may be an important factor in the changes in performance which we are seeing. - (ix) a change in the numbers of mitochondria within cells; - (x) a change in the efficiency of metabolism within a cell or organism, reflected by the ability to perform more external, mechanical, or biochemical work for a reduced utilisation of oxygen or metabolic substrate or energy. Other mechanisms may also apply. The following Examples illustrate the invention and the evidence on which it is based, and also show how it may be put into effect in particular instances. Example 1 This Example demonstrates that ACE inhibitors increase the mitochondrial membrane potential of cardiomyocytes. It is based on observation of the potential difference (ΔΨ_(m)) across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is generated by the extrusion of protons to the outside of the mitochondrion during the transport of electrons from electron-carrying coenzymes to molecular oxygen. Part of the energy stored in ΔΨ_(m) is utilised to support the synthesis of most of the ATP derived from aerobic metabolism. Thus, ΔΨ_(m) is an indicator of the energisation state of the mitochondrion, and also of the efficiency of oxygen utilisation to generate chemical energy. To investigate whether some of the therapeutic properties of ACE inhibitors could be accounted for by an increase in ΔΨ_(m), this parameter was examined in rat cardiomyocytes, following pre-treatment with the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. More particularly, cardiomyocytes were isolated from new-born Sprague-Dawley rats hearts and maintained in 30 mm tissue culture dishes in the presence of DMEM supplemented with 1% foetal calf serun at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere. For experiments, cultures were treated with 1 μM lisinopril or with an equivalent amount of vehicle for various lengths of time, before analysis of ΔΨ_(m). To measure ΔΨ_(m), the mitochondrial-specific probes rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) were used. Cells were incubated for 15 min with 2.5 μM Rh123 or for 10 min with 10 μg/ml JC-1 (Molecular Probes) in fresh culture medium, at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The cells were then washed twice with cold PBS, resuspended by trypsinisation and stored in the dark at 4° C. until the time of analysis (usually within 30 min). Flow cytometry was performed on a FACScan instrument. Data were acquired and analysed using Lysis II software (Becton Dickinson). Results: Cationic lipophilic fluorochromes such as Rh123 serve as reporter molecules to monitor mitochondrial activity. These dyes accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix in accordance with the Nernst equation. When used in combination with flow cytometry, they are effective probes to estimate changes of ΔΨ_(M) in intact cells. As shown in FIG. 1, pre-treatment of cardiomyocytes with 1 μM lisinopril for 36 hours caused an increase in Rh123 fluorescence of about 30%, indicating that ACE inhibition induced an increase in ΔΨ_(m). JC-1 is a more reliable and sensitive fluorescent probe for assessing changes in ΔΨ_(m). At low concentrations, JC-1 exists mainly in a monomeric form which is characterised by the emission of green fluorescence. Upon accumulation in the mitochondrial matrix JC-1 forms J-aggregates in proportion to the magnitude of ΔΨ_(m). These aggregates are characterised by the emission of red fluorescence. Thus, an increase in the red to green fluorescence ratio indicates an increase in ΔΨ_(m). FIG. 2 shows that treatment of rat cardiomyocytes with 1 μM lisinopril for various lengths of time caused a progressive increase in red fluorescence (●) with a corresponding decrease in green fluorescence (∘). Thus, the ratio of red to green fluorescence (□) increased as the time of incubation with lisinopril progressed. These experiments demonstrate that treatment with ACE inhibitors increases ΔΨ_(m). This indicates that ACE inhibitors may protect against ischaemic situations and/or improve mechanical/biosynthetic performance by increasing the efficiency of energy transduction in the mitochondrion. Example 2 Ninety military recruits were studied before and after military training of 12 weeks duration. These were randomised to receive the AT1-receptor antagonist Losartan or placebo. There was a consistent trend for the recruits to improve their VO2max at anaerobic threshold, although a distinction was observed, according to genotype. The results shows a gain of 2.1±6.8 ml/min for II genotype on placebo vs. −1.1±6.5 ml/min for DD genotype on placebo, and a gain of 0.3±6.3 ml/min for II on losartan vs. −1.8±6.3 ml/min for DD on Losartan. When combined, the difference in gain was 1.3±6.6 ml/min for II on vs. −1.4±6.4 ml/min for DD: p 0.07). The data for VO2max showed a similar trend, as did measures of muscle fatigue. These data are consistent with an enhanced ability, especially for those of II genotype (and thus lower ACE activity) to achieve higher workloads, before reaching anaerobic threshold, and therefore to be more resistant to fatigue in situations of moderate to intense exercise. Example 3 The bioactive element of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) is angiotensin II (AT II). Elevations of AT II in plasma or in local tissue would indicate conditions in which inhibition of the RAS may have significant therapeutic benefit even where partial inhibition of the RAS has been achieved (such as by therapy with ACE inhibitors). ATT II was measured as follows: Blood samples were collected after supine rest of at least 10 minutes. An antecubital polyethylene catheter was inserted and 10 ml of venous blood were drawn. After immediate centrifugation, aliquots (EDTA plasma sample) were stored at −70° C. until analysis. Angiotensin II was measured using a commercially available radioimmunoassay (IBL, Hamburg, Germany, sensitivity 1.5 pg/ml). After extraction of the plasma samples, AT II is assayed by a competitive radioimmunoassay. This radioimmunoassay is using a rabbit anti-AT II antiserum and a radio-iodinated AT II tracer. Bound and free phases are separated by a second antibody bound to solid phase particles, followed by a centrifugation step. The radioactivity in the bound fractions is measured and a typical standard curve can be generated. The test has a cross-reactivity with AT I of <0.1% and a within and between run reproducibility between 3.9 and 8.6%. The reference range for healthy subjects is 20 to 40 pg/ml. A variety of cachectic conditions, for instance due to chronic heart failure, AIDS, liver cirrhosis, and cancer has been studied. Results are presented in FIG. 3, where the bars (from left to right) relate to AIDS cachexia (n=6), cancer cachexia (n=7), cardiac cachexia (n=17), idiopathic cachexia (n=2), liver cirrhosis cachexia (n=6), malnutrition (n=6) and non-cachectic heart failure (n=11). Activation of the RAS has been found, in the cachectic conditions, as evidenced by elevated plasma AT II levels (mean AT II plasma levels were clearly above the upper limit of the normal range of 20 to 40 pg/ml). This is not dependent on any specific aetiology for the cachectic disorder; in fact, elevated AT II plasma levels (i.e. RAS activity) are also found in cases of idiopathic cachexia, i.e. cachexia of unknown origin. Nevertheless, activation of the RAS is apparently specific for cachectic disorders, as it is not seen in patients with a similar degree of weight loss consequent upon malnutrition. Example 4 Experiments were conducted, to demonstrate that the blockade of the RAS is of benefit for cachectic patients, even if previously treated with an ACE inhibitor. Patient 1 had cachexia due to chronic heart failure (CHF) (age 74 years, male, weight 50.0 kg, height 178 cm, previous weight loss 15.3 kg in 3 years=chronic weight loss). Patient 2 had CHF and a muscle myopathy suffering from idiopathic cachexia (age 38 years, male, weight 62 kg, height 180 cm, previous weight loss 11 kg in year=recent weight loss). Each was treated with Losartan (50 mg once daily). Clinical status and parameters of body composition, strength and treadmill exercise capacity were studies, at baseline and during follow-up. Both patients had evidence of CHF with impaired exercise capacity and impaired left ventricular function (LVEF<40%). Both patients had a good compliance. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (patient 1 and 2) was performed in the erect position using a body fat analyser (TANITA TBF-305, Tanita Corporation, Ill., USA). Lean and fat mass were automatically analysed based on equations supplied and programmed into the machine by the manufacturer. These equations are based upon a comparison with measurements in a health population. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (patient 1): Whole body DEXA-scans were performed using a Lunar model DPXIQ total body scanner (Lunar Radiation Company, Madison, Wis., USA, Lunar system software version 4.3c). The subject was at each time point scanned rectilinearly from head to toe. A scan takes less than 20 min. The mean radiation dose per scan is reported to be about 0.75 μSv (53), about 1/50th of a normal chest X-ray. The DEXA method can be used to obtain from body density analyses values of fat tissue mass, lean tissue mass. The technical details of DEXA, performance and segment demarcation have been described (54, 55). The error of lean tissue measurements is >2% and of fat tissue measurements <5% (56). Treadmill exercise test (Patients 1 and 2): The patients underwent symptom limited treadmill exercise testing. A standard Bruce protocol with the addition of a “stage 0” consisting of 3 min at a speed of 1 mile per hour with a 5% gradient was used. The patients breathed through a one-way valve connected to a respiratory mass spectrometer (Amis 2000, Odense, Denmark) and minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were calculated on line every 10 seconds using a standard inert gas dilution technique. Patients were encouraged to exercise to exhaustion. Exercise time and oxygen consumption at peak exercise adjusted for total body weight (peak VO₂ in ml/kg/min) were measured as an index of the exercise capacity. Assessment of quadriceps muscle strength (Patients 1 and 2): The subjects were seated in a rigid frame, with the legs hanging freely. An inelastic strap attached the ankle to a pressure transducer. The recording (Multitrace 2, §, Jersey, Channel Islands) from the pressure transducer was used to assess strength and to provide visual feedback to the subject. A plateau of maximum force production indicated that the contraction was maximal. The best of three voluntary contractions on each leg, with a rest period of at least one minute in-between, was taken to represent the maximal voluntary quadriceps muscle strength of the right and left leg, respectively. Results include a follow-up of 126 days for patient 1 and 83 days for patient 2. Both patients were also studied at intermediate time points. Both patients improved during treatment by 1 NYHA symptom class. In both patients, the exercise capacity improved during the study (exercise time: patient 1 and 2, peak VO₂: patient 2). There was evidence that in both patients, quadriceps muscle strength improved in both legs. These clinical benefits were achieved against the background of a weight gain of 4.6 kg in patient 1 (lean and fat tissue gain), and by stopping the process of weight loss and apparently improving the general clinical status and relative muscle performance, i.e. muscle quality (patient 2). No side-effects of treatment were observed. Example 5 The SOLVD treatment study (57) was a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of enalapril treatment in clinically stable patients with a LVEF of 35% or less and evidence of overt congestive heart failure. The precise details of study organisation, inclusion criteria, run-in period (2 to 7 days) and stabilization period (14 to 17 days), randomisation, treatment titration and follow-up have been reported previously (57). Based also on data not otherwise available, the results have been re-analysed, restricted to subjects who participated in the SOLVD treatment trial, who had been free of edema at baseline, who had survived for at least 4 months thereafter, who had weight measurements at baseline and from at least one follow-up visit at 4 months or later. The baseline clinical characteristics of these 2082 patients were not significantly different from the characteristics of the total study population. Of the 2082 patients, 1055 patients were randomised to treatment with enalapril (2.5 to 20 mg per pay) and 1027 patients to treatment with placebo. Body weight at baseline and during follow-up were measured per protocol. Body height was not recorded. Comparison of means between groups was carried out using an unpaired t-test. Comparison of proportions between groups was made by employing the chi-square test. With regards to the definition of the presence of cachexia different, a priori suggested, cut-points (58) of 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% and 15.0% weight loss were considered. To address the question of whether or not ACE inhibitors influence the risk of first occurrence of cachexia, the cumulative incidence ofcachexia in the two treatment groups was plotted, and analysed employing the log-rank statistic (59). In the analysis of first occurrence of cardiac cachexia, at any given follow-up visit, absence of information on cardiac cachexia (i.e. weight not documented at this visit) is treated as censored. The effect of cardiac cachexia on survival is assessed using Cox proportional hazard analysis (58). For these analyses, cardiac cachexia is treated as a time-dependent covariate. The assessment of cardiac cachexia at 4, 8, and 12 months was used in the analysis. These are the time points in the follow-up period with relatively high proportion of complete information on cachexia status. The primary analysis was intention-to-treat. Statistical significance is claimed at a computed p-value <0.05 (two-sided testing). Estimates of effects are provided along with their 95% confidence intervals. Results are adjusted for a priori identified prognostic factors such as age, gender, NYHA functional class, LVEF (up to or more than 25%), and treatment status (enalapril vs placebo, in the case of assessing the effect of cardiac cachexia on survival). Of the 2082 CHF patients in this study, 657 (31.6%) developed up to 7.5% weight loss during follow-up. The cumulative frequency of cardiac cachexia increased continuously over time. The frequency of ≧7.5% weight loss (cross-sectional) at 1 year was 8.5% and it increased to 15.5% (2 years), and 17.2% (3 years). At baseline, patients who developed cardiac cachexiawith ≧7.5% weight loss during follow-up were 1.3 years older (mean 61.2 vs 59.9, p<0.01), had 2.7 kg higher weight (mean 80.5 vs 77.8 kg, p<0.001), and they were slightly more frequently treated with diuretics (87.2 vs 82.6%, p<0.01). Of the patients in this study, 375 (18.0%) were female. Female CHF patients developed cardiac cachexia more frequently (39.5% vs 29.8% in males for 27.5% weight loss, p<0.001). Otherwise the baseline clinical characteristics, particularly with regards to NYHA class, LVEF, and disease etiology, ofpatients who developed cardiac cachexia and those who did not were similar. The following clinical characteristics at baseline were independently related to the subsequent development of cardiac cachexia: age (RR, p<0.001), NYHA class, LVEF, and treatment. The development of cardiac cachexia was closely related to subsequently impaired survival. All a priori identified competitive cut-points for cardiac cachexia were related to impaired survival, independent of the effects of age, gender, NYHA class, LVEF, and treatment allocation. Of the 756 deaths observed during follow-up, 223 occurred in patients who had been classified as cachectic (27.5% weight loss) at the last visit prior to death, i.e. 29.5% of deaths in CHF patients occurred with cardiac cachexia being present. Amongst different cut-offs for cardiac cachexia between 5 and 15%, weight loss ≧6.5% was the strongest predictor of impaired mortality. The crude effect of cachexia (weight loss ≧6.5%) on survival was highly significant: RR 1.47 (95% confidence interval: 1.27 to 1.70), p=0.00000017. Patients who were allocated to treatment with enalapril had a significantly lower risk of developing cardiac cachexia during follow-up. The crude effect of treatment allocation with enalapril was significantly related to a reduced risk of developing cardiac cachexia: RR 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 0.95), p=0.0085. Treatment allocation to enalapril had a significantly beneficial effect on survival independently of the effect of age, gender, NYHA class, and LVEF also in this subset of patients of the SOLVD treatment trial (p<0.01). When adjusted also for the presence of cardiac cachexia (6.5% weight loss) at 4 or 8 months, the treatment effect remained significant. In patients who developed weight loss of at least 7.5% at any time point, only 10 patients with subsequently recorded weights equal to or higher than the baseline weight were found (enalapril group: 6, placebo: 4). This demonstrates that significant weight loss, i.e. cardiac cachexia, is a frequent event in CHF patients. Weight loss ≧7.5% occurs in about ⅓ of patients over 3 years. Spontaneous reversal of the weight loss is a very rare event occurring in less than 2% of cases. Cardiac cachexia is closely and independently linked to impaired survival of CHF patients. Treatment with an ACE inhibitor, enalapril, in addition to conventional therapy, reduced the frequency of the risk of death and the risk of developing cardiac cachexia. Overall, enalapril therapy reduced the risk of developing cardiac cachexia by 19%. REFERENCES - 1. Kem & Brown, N. Eng. J. Med 323(16) 1136-1137 (1990) - 2. Yamada et al, Circ. Res. 68 141-149 (1991) - 3. Campbell et al, J. Clinl Invest. 7831-39 (1986) - 4. Ohkubo et al, J. Biol. Chem. 261 319-323 (1986) - 5. Naftilan et al, J. Clin. Invest. 87 1300-1311 (1991) - 6. Gunther et al, J. Cell. Biol. 92 289-298 (1982) - 7. Dzau, Circulation 77(Suppl. I) I-1-I-3 (1988) - 8. Dzau, Circulation 77(Suppl. I) I-4-I-13 (1988) - 9. Campbell, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 10(Suppl. 7) S1-S8 (1987) - 10. Campbell, J. Clin. Invest. 79:1 (1987) - 11. Admiraal et al, Hypertension 15 44-55 (1990) - 12. Lilly et al, Circ. Res. 57(2) 312-318 (1985) - 13. Swales et al, Clin Exp. Hypertens. A 5(7-8) 1127-1136 (1983) - 14. Iwai & Inagami, J. Hypertens. 10 717-724 (1992) - 15. Ferrario et al, Hypertension 18(5 Suppl.) III 126-133 (1991) - 16. Dzau, J. Hypertens. 7 933-936 (1989) - 17. Sibony et al, Hypertension 21 827-835 (1993) - 18. Yosipov et al, Hypertension 23 369-374 (1994) - 19. Re et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 119 220-225 (1984) - 20. Eggena et al, Hypertension 22(4) 496-501 (1993) - 21. Brink et al, J. Clin. Invest. 97(11)2509-2516 (1996) - 22. Tamura et al, Am. J. Physiol. 272(2) R1704-1711 (1997) - 23. Shimizu et al, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 20(5) 369-372 (1993) - 24. Jacob et al, Metabolism 45(5) 535-541 (1996) - 25. Henriksen et al., Diabetes 45(Suppl. 1) S125-S128 (1996) - 26. Hoenack & Roesen, Diabetes 45(Suppl. 1) S82-S87 (1996) - 27. Rattigan et al, Am. J. Physiol. 271(1 Pt. 1) E96-E103 (1996) - 28. Sabbah et al, Am. J. Physiol. 270(1 Pt. 2) H115-H120 (1996) - 29. Schieffer et al, Am. J. Physiol. 269(2) H1507-H1513 (1995) - 30. Henriksen & Jacob, Metabolism 44(2) 267-272 (1995) - 31. Dragovic et al, Diabetes 45(Suppl. I) S34-S37 (1996) - 32. Vaghy et al, Peptides 16(8) 1367-1373 (1995) - 33. Zhang et al, Circulation 95(1) 14-16 (1997) - 34. Seyedi et al, Hypertension 26(1) 164-170 (1995) - 35. Coats, Cardiology 87(Suppl. 1) 11-15 (1996) - 36. Munzel et al, Herz 18(Suppl. 1) 400-405 (1993) - 37. Dietze et al, Diabetes 45(Suppl. 1) S110-S114 (1996) - 38. Moan et al, J. Hum. Hypertension 9(Suppl. 5) S45-S50 (1995) - 39. Broqvist et al, Eur. Heart J. 13(9) 1217-1224 (1992) - 40. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said patient is male..
32,528
https://github.com/prespik/starter-dashboard-react-tailwind/blob/master/src/app/index.tsx
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,021
starter-dashboard-react-tailwind
prespik
TSX
Code
122
332
import { memo, ComponentType } from 'react'; import { Switch, Route, BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom'; import { Public, Private } from './routes'; import { NotFound } from './pages'; import { connect } from 'react-redux'; import { compose } from 'redux'; interface StateReduxAuth { AuthReducer: { isLogin: Boolean }, } function App({ isLogin = false }) { console.log(`iko ${isLogin}`) return ( <BrowserRouter> <Switch> { isLogin ? Private.map(({ key, path, component }) => ( <Route key={key} path={path} component={component} exact ></Route> )) : Public.map(({ key, path, component }) => ( <Route key={key} path={path} component={component} exact ></Route> )) } <Route path="*" component={NotFound} /> </Switch> </BrowserRouter> ); } const mapStateToProps = (state: StateReduxAuth) => ({ isLogin: state.AuthReducer.isLogin }) const withConnect = connect(mapStateToProps, null); export default compose<ComponentType>(withConnect, memo)(App);
47,337
https://github.com/OpenXIP/xip-libraries/blob/master/src/database/dicom/SoXipDicomExtractSlice.cpp
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,021
xip-libraries
OpenXIP
C++
Code
223
875
/* Copyright (c) 2011, Siemens Corporate Research a Division of Siemens Corporation All rights reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. */ #include "SoXipDicomExtractSlice.h" #include <Inventor/errors/SoErrors.h> #include <dcmtk/dcmdata/dctk.h> #include <xip/inventor/core/SbXipImage.h> #include <xip/inventor/core/SoXipSFDataImage.h> #include <xip/inventor/core/SoXipDataImage.h> #include <xip/inventor/dicom/SoXipDataDicom.h> #include <xip/inventor/dicom/xipivDicomUtils.h> SO_ENGINE_SOURCE( SoXipDicomExtractSlice ); SoXipDicomExtractSlice::SoXipDicomExtractSlice() { SO_ENGINE_CONSTRUCTOR( SoXipDicomExtractSlice ); SO_ENGINE_ADD_INPUT(image, (0)); SO_ENGINE_ADD_INPUT(sliceIndex, (-1)); SO_ENGINE_ADD_OUTPUT(output, SoXipSFDataImage); SO_ENGINE_ADD_OUTPUT(numSlices, SoSFShort); mOutput = 0; } SoXipDicomExtractSlice::~SoXipDicomExtractSlice() { if (mOutput) { mOutput->unref(); mOutput = 0; } } void SoXipDicomExtractSlice::initClass() { SO_ENGINE_INIT_CLASS( SoXipDicomExtractSlice, SoEngine, "Engine" ); } void SoXipDicomExtractSlice::evaluate() { if (mOutput) { mOutput->unref(); mOutput = 0; } int nSlices = 0; if (image.getValue()) { nSlices = image.getValue()->getNumSlices(); if ((sliceIndex.getValue() < nSlices) && (sliceIndex.getValue() >= 0)) { // convert dicom data to xip image SbXipImage *img = new SbXipImage(); if (!img) { SoMemoryError::post("SbXipImage"); } else if (image.getValue()->getPixelData(*img, sliceIndex.getValue())) { // create instance of SoXipDataImage mOutput = new SoXipDataImage(); mOutput->ref(); mOutput->set(img); } } } SO_ENGINE_OUTPUT(numSlices, SoSFShort, setValue(nSlices)); SO_ENGINE_OUTPUT(output, SoXipSFDataImage, setValue(mOutput)); }
41,137
https://github.com/tm012/cxai_mtu/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/QAController.php
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
cxai_mtu
tm012
PHP
Code
3,980
22,502
<?php namespace App\Http\Controllers; use Illuminate\Http\Request; use App\FileUpload; use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Storage; use ZipArchive; use Cookie; use DateTime; use Session; use Redirect; use Carbon\Carbon; use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth; use DB; use Excel; use File; use Zipper; use App\triggers; use App\posts; use App\tags; use App\post_tags; use App\User; use App\comments; use App\post_triggers; use Illuminate\Filesystem\Filesystem; use App\vote_user_id_comment; use App\referenceurls; use App\post_referenceurls; use App\edit_history; use App\post_plagiarism; class QAController extends Controller { public function check_similar_post(){ $unix_timestamp_diff = 0; $date = new DateTime(); $unix_timestamp_start = $date->getTimestamp(); $unix_timestamp_end = $date->getTimestamp(); $unix_timestamp_diff = ($unix_timestamp_end - $unix_timestamp_start)/60/1000; $break = 0; $myCart = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '=', 0)->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->get(); //dd($myCart); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ if($unix_timestamp_diff < 6){ // dd($value->post); $need_status_update = 0; $current_post_id = $value->post_id; $current_post = $value->post; $myCart1 = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post_id', '!=', $current_post_id)->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->get(); foreach($myCart1 as $key => $value1){ $matching_post_id = $value1->post_id; $matching_post = $value1->post; $sim = similar_text($current_post, $matching_post, $perc); // echo '<br>'; // echo $current_post_id; // echo (float) $perc; // echo '<br>'; // echo $matching_post_id ; // echo '<br>'; if((float) $perc > 50){ if (post_plagiarism::where('post_id', '=', $current_post_id)->where('compare_post_id', '=', $matching_post_id)->exists()) { } else{ $bike_save = New post_plagiarism; $bike_save ->post_id = $current_post_id; $bike_save ->compare_post_id = $matching_post_id; $bike_save ->plagiarism = $perc; $bike_save -> save(); $need_status_update = 1; } } } ##need update here if($need_status_update> 0){ $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'is_approval' => -1 ); DB::table('posts') ->where('post_id', '=', $current_post_id) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); }else{ $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'is_approval' => 1 ); DB::table('posts') ->where('post_id', '=', $current_post_id) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); } $date = new DateTime(); $unix_timestamp_end = $date->getTimestamp(); $unix_timestamp_diff = ($unix_timestamp_end - $unix_timestamp_start)/60/1000; } } } // do { // $date = new DateTime(); // $unix_timestamp_end = $date->getTimestamp(); // $unix_timestamp_diff = ($unix_timestamp_end - $unix_timestamp_start)/60/1000; // } while (($unix_timestamp_diff < 9) && ($break == 0)); // $updateDetailsUsers=array( // 'is_approval' => $unix_timestamp_start // ); // DB::table('posts') // ->where('post_id', '>', 0) // ->update($updateDetailsUsers); } public function tag_list(Request $request){ return view('tag_list'); } public function create_docs_excel (Request $request){ dd("stop"); //create dominion xls START $paymentsArray = []; // Define the Excel spreadsheet headers $paymentsArray[] = ['post title', 'post', 'topics','tags']; $dominions_records = posts::where('post_id', '>', 0)->get(); for ($x = 0; $x < count($dominions_records); $x++) { #topics $myCart = DB::table('post_triggers') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_triggers.post_id') ->join('triggers', 'post_triggers.trigger_id', '=', 'triggers.trigger_id') ->where('posts.post_id', '=', (string) $dominions_records[$x]["post_id"]) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id','triggers.trigger')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $topic_string=""; $z =0; foreach ($myCart as $p) { $topic_string=$topic_string.(string) $p->trigger; if(($z+1) == count($myCart)){ }else{ $topic_string=$topic_string.','; } $z=$z+1; } // dd($topic_string); #tags $myCart = DB::table('post_tags') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_tags.post_id') ->join('tags', 'post_tags.tag_id', '=', 'tags.tag_id') ->where('posts.post_id', '=', (string) $dominions_records[$x]["post_id"]) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id','tags.tag')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $tag_string=""; $z =0; foreach ($myCart as $p) { $tag_string=$tag_string.(string) $p->tag; if(($z+1) == count($myCart)){ }else{ $tag_string=$tag_string.','; } $z=$z+1; } $paymentsArray[] = [(string) $dominions_records[$x]["post_title"],(string) $dominions_records[$x]["post"],(string) $topic_string,(string) $tag_string]; } // Generate and return the spreadsheet \Excel::create('Posts', function($excel) use ($paymentsArray) { // Set the spreadsheet title, creator, and description $excel->setTitle('CSV'); $excel->setCreator('Laravel')->setCompany('MTU'); $excel->setDescription('Keystamps'); // Build the spreadsheet, passing in the payments array $excel->sheet('sheet1', function($sheet) use ($paymentsArray) { $sheet->fromArray($paymentsArray, null, 'A1', false, false); }); })->store('csv', public_path().'/files/Posts' ); // } public function index(Request $request){ $myCart = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->limit(5)->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->get(); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => $myJSON_recent,'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => "", 'search_cat'=> '','look_for_comment' => '']); # return view('index'); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' => "", 'search_cat'=> '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } public function get_more_records(Request $request){ $query_type = $request->query_type; if($query_type =="recent"){ $myCart = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->limit(5)->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->where('post_id', '<', $request->last_record_recent)->get(); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return $myJSON_recent; } else{ return "no record"; } } } public function query(Request $request, $id){ //dd($id); $specific_query = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post_id', '=', $id)->get(); $parent_comments = DB::table('comments')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post_id', '=', $id)->where('parent_comment_id', '=', 0)->get(); //dd($parent_comments); if (!$parent_comments->isEmpty()) { return view('query', ['specific_query' => $specific_query,'parent_comments'=> $parent_comments,'current_post_id'=>$id,'answer_exists'=>'1']); } else{ return view('query', ['specific_query' => $specific_query,'current_post_id'=>$id,'answer_exists'=>'0']); } #return view('query'); } public function ask_query(Request $request){ try { # echo (string) $request->refernce_url . "\n"; $reference_url = "https://pages.mtu.edu/~shanem/AI-web/google.html?transform=".(string) $request->transform."&image=".(string) $request->image; if(((string) $request->transform == "")|| ((string) $request->image=="")){ $reference_url = ""; } /*(string) $request->reference_url;*/ } catch (Exception $e) { # echo 'Caught exception: ', $e->getMessage(), "\n"; $reference_url = ""; } return view('ask_query', ['reference_url' => $reference_url]); } public function need_to_login(Request $request){ Session::put('login_specific_redirect', (string) $request->redirect_to); // return view('ask_query'); } public function add_comment(Request $request){ ##$request->trigger_id is now contains trigger name if (DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $request->trigger_id)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'qus')->count() > 0) { // user found $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'trigger_belong_to' => 'all' ); DB::table('triggers') ->where('trigger', '=', $request->trigger_id)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'qus') ->update($updateDetailsUsers); $trigger_id = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $request->trigger_id)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'all')->value('trigger_id'); // $trigger_id = DB::table('tags')->where('trigger', '=', $request->trigger_id)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'qus')->value('tag_id'); }elseif (DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $request->trigger_id)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'ans')->count() > 0) { # code... $trigger_id = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $request->trigger_id)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'ans')->value('trigger_id'); }elseif (DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $request->trigger_id)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'all')->count() > 0) { # code... $trigger_id = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $request->trigger_id)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'all')->value('trigger_id'); } else{ $bike_save = New triggers; $bike_save ->trigger = $request->trigger_id; $bike_save ->trigger_header = "NONE"; $bike_save ->trigger_belong_to = "ans"; $bike_save -> save(); $trigger_id = $bike_save->id; } $bike_save = New comments; $bike_save ->comment = str_replace('<br>', "\n", $request->comment); $bike_save ->trigger_id = $trigger_id; $bike_save ->post_id = $request->post_id; $bike_save ->parent_comment_id = $request->parent_comment_id; $bike_save ->commented_unix_time = $request->commented_unix_time; $bike_save ->user_id = Auth::user()->id; $bike_save -> save(); $comment_id = $bike_save ->id; if((int) $comment_id > 0){ $number_comments = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post_id', $request->post_id)->value('total_responses'); $number_comments = (int) $number_comments + 1; $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'total_responses' => $number_comments, 'is_answered' => 1 ); DB::table('posts') ->where('post_id', $request->post_id)->where('is_approval', '>=', 0) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); } return $comment_id ; // return view('ask_query'); } public function search_home(Request $request){ $myCart = DB::table('tags')->get(); $i = 0; if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$i]["search"] = $value->tag . " - Tag" ; $i=$i +1; } } $myCart = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', '>', 0)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'qus')->orWhere('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'all')->get(); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$i]["search"] = $value->trigger . " - Topic" ; $i=$i +1; } } $myCart = DB::table('posts')->where('post_id', '>', 0)->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->get(); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$i]["search"] = $value->post_title . " - Title" ; $i=$i +1; } } $myCart = DB::table('users') # ->join('users', 'posts.user_id', '=', 'users.id') #->join('triggers', 'post_triggers.trigger_id', '=', 'triggers.trigger_id') ->where('users.id', '>', 0) // ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id') ->distinct()->get(); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$i]["search"] = $value->name . " - Author" ; $i=$i +1; } } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return $myJSON_recent; } public function index_populate($myCart){ if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => $myJSON_recent,'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'look_for_comment' => '']); # return view('index'); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'look_for_comment' => '']); } } public function get_tags(Request $request){ $tags = DB::table('tags')->where('tag_id', '>', 0)->get(); return $tags; } public function search_index(Request $request){ // $query = User::query(); // if ($this == $that) { // $query = $query->where('this', 'that'); // } // if ($this == $another_thing) { // $query = $query->where('this', 'another_thing'); // } // if ($this == $yet_another_thing) { // $query = $query->orderBy('this'); // } // $results = $query->get(); //https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38204188/how-to-build-dynamic-queries-with-laravel //https://www.tutorialrepublic.com/faq/how-to-extract-substring-from-a-string-in-php.php //https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37142882/php-check-if-string-contains-space-between-words-not-at-beginning-or-end $search_type = ""; //dd($request->search); // dd(substr($request->search, -8)); if(substr($request->search, -8) == "- Author"){ $search_type = "Author"; #dd(substr($request->search, 0, -9)); $myCart1 = DB::table('posts') ->join('users', 'posts.user_id', '=', 'users.id') #->join('triggers', 'post_triggers.trigger_id', '=', 'triggers.trigger_id') ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->where('users.name', '=', substr($request->search, 0, -9)) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart2 = DB::table('comments') ->join('users', 'comments.user_id', '=', 'users.id') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'comments.post_id') ->where('users.name', '=', substr($request->search, 0, -9)) ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->where('comments.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart = $myCart1->merge($myCart2); $myCart =$myCart->unique(); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => $myJSON_recent,'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => $request->search,'search_cat' => 'Author','look_for_comment' => '']); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' =>"",'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } elseif ($request->search == 'answered_queries') { # code... $search_type = "Answered"; #dd(substr($request->search, 0, -9)); $myCart = DB::table('posts') ->join('comments', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'comments.post_id') #->join('triggers', 'post_triggers.trigger_id', '=', 'triggers.trigger_id') ->where('posts.post_id', '>', 0) ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->where('comments.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => $myJSON_recent,'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => $request->search,'search_cat' => 'Answered','look_for_comment' => '']); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' =>"",'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } elseif(substr($request->search, -7) == "- Title"){ $search_type = "Title"; $myCart = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post_title', substr($request->search, 0, -8))->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->distinct()->get(); // QAController::index_populate($myCart); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => $myJSON_recent,'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => $request->search,'search_cat' => 'Title','look_for_comment' => '']); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' =>"",'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } elseif(substr($request->search, -7) == "- Topic"){ $search_type = "Trigger"; // dd(substr($request->search, 0, -8)); $trigger_id = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', substr($request->search, 0, -8))->value('trigger_id'); if ($trigger_id != 0) { $myCart = DB::table('post_triggers') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_triggers.post_id') ->join('triggers', 'post_triggers.trigger_id', '=', 'triggers.trigger_id') ->where('triggers.trigger_id', $trigger_id) ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','triggers.trigger') ->distinct()->get(); // dd($myCart); #DB::table('posts')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->where('trigger_id', $trigger_id )->get(); // QAController::index_populate($myCart); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => array_reverse($myJSON_recent),'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => $request->search,'search_cat' => 'Topic','look_for_comment' => '']); # return view('index'); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' =>"",'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' =>"",'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } elseif (substr($request->search, -5) == "- Tag") { # code... $search_type = "Tag"; $tag_id = DB::table('tags')->where('tag', substr($request->search, 0, -6))->value('tag_id'); if ($tag_id != 0) { //$myCart = DB::table('posts')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->where('trigger_id', $trigger_id )->get(); $myCart = DB::table('post_tags') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_tags.post_id') ->join('tags', 'post_tags.tag_id', '=', 'tags.tag_id') ->where('tags.tag_id', $tag_id) ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered') ->distinct()->get(); // dd($myCart); //QAController::index_populate($myCart); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => array_reverse($myJSON_recent),'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => $request->search,'search_cat' => 'Tag' ,'look_for_comment' => '']); # return view('index'); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' => "",'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' => "",'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } elseif ($request->search == trim($request->search) && strpos($request->search, ' ') !== false) { # code... $search_item = $request->search; $search_type = "Words"; $search_item = strtolower($search_item); $search_item_array = explode(" ",$search_item); $remove_items_from_array = array( 'a', 'an', 'the', 'and', 'or', 'but', 'aboard', 'about', 'above', 'across', 'after', 'against', 'along', 'amid', 'among', 'anti', 'around', 'as', 'at', 'before', 'behind', 'below', 'beneath', 'beside', 'besides', 'between', 'beyond', 'but', 'by', 'concerning', 'considering', 'despite', 'down', 'during', 'except', 'excepting', 'excluding', 'following', 'for', 'from', 'in', 'inside', 'into', 'like', 'minus', 'near', 'of', 'off', 'on', 'onto', 'opposite', 'outside', 'over', 'past', 'per', 'plus', 'regarding', 'round', 'save', 'since', 'than', 'through', 'to', 'toward', 'towards', 'under', 'underneath', 'unlike', 'until', 'up', 'upon', 'versus', 'via', 'with', 'within', 'without', '&' ); $search_item_array = array_diff($search_item_array,$remove_items_from_array); $search_item_array = array_values($search_item_array); ########first level of search $myCart1 = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post_title', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->distinct()->get(); $myCart2 = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%')->where('post_title', 'not like', '%'.$search_item.'%')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp = $myCart1->merge($myCart2); $myCart_temp =$myCart_temp->unique(); $myCart7 = DB::table('comments') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'comments.post_id') ->where('comments.is_approval', '>=', 0) // ->where('tags.tag_id', $tag_id) ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->where('posts.post_id', '<', 0) ##because now it is showing in comment in separate query , stopping this query ->where('comments.comment', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%') ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp1 = $myCart_temp->merge($myCart7); $myCart_temp1 =$myCart_temp1->unique(); ###################### #####################second level of search $query = DB::table('posts')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id'); for ($x = 0; $x < count($search_item_array); $x++) { if($x == 0){ $query =$query->where('post_title', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } else{ $query = $query->where('post_title', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } } $myCart9 = $query->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0)->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp = $myCart_temp1->merge($myCart9); $myCart_temp =$myCart_temp->unique(); $query = DB::table('posts')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id'); for ($x = 0; $x < count($search_item_array); $x++) { if($x == 0){ $query =$query->where('post', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%')->where('post_title', 'not like', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } else{ $query = $query->where('post', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%')->where('post_title', 'not like', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } } $myCart10 = $query->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0)->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp1 = $myCart_temp->merge($myCart10); $myCart_temp1 =$myCart_temp1->unique(); $query = DB::table('comments') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'comments.post_id') ->where('posts.post_id', '<', 0) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id'); for ($x = 0; $x < count($search_item_array); $x++) { if($x == 0){ $query =$query->where('comments.comment', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } else{ $query = $query->where('comments.comment', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } } $myCart11 = $query->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('comments.is_approval', '>=', 0)->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp = $myCart_temp1->merge($myCart11); $myCart_temp =$myCart_temp->unique(); ###############third level of search $query = DB::table('posts')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id'); for ($x = 0; $x < count($search_item_array); $x++) { if($x == 0){ $query =$query->where('post_title', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } else{ $query = $query->orWhere('post_title', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } } $myCart3 = $query->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0)->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp1 = $myCart_temp->merge($myCart3); $myCart_temp1 =$myCart_temp1->unique(); $query = DB::table('posts')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id'); for ($x = 0; $x < count($search_item_array); $x++) { if($x == 0){ $query =$query->where('post', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%')->where('post_title', 'not like', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } else{ $query = $query->orWhere('post', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%')->where('post_title', 'not like', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } } $myCart4 = $query->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0)->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp = $myCart_temp1->merge($myCart4); $myCart_temp =$myCart_temp->unique(); ######## // $myCart7 = DB::table('comments') // ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'comments.post_id') // ->where('comments.is_approval', '>=', 0) // // ->where('tags.tag_id', $tag_id) // ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) // ->where('comments.comment', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%') // ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') // ->distinct()->get(); // $myCart_temp1 = $myCart_temp->merge($myCart7); // $myCart_temp1 =$myCart_temp1->unique(); $query = DB::table('comments') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'comments.post_id') ->where('posts.post_id', '<', 0) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id'); for ($x = 0; $x < count($search_item_array); $x++) { if($x == 0){ $query =$query->where('comments.comment', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } else{ $query = $query->orWhere('comments.comment', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } } $myCart8 = $query->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('comments.is_approval', '>=', 0)->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp1 = $myCart_temp->merge($myCart8); $myCart_temp1 =$myCart_temp1->unique(); ############ fourth lebel of search - tags $myCart5 = DB::table('post_tags') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_tags.post_id') ->join('tags', 'post_tags.tag_id', '=', 'tags.tag_id') // ->where('tags.tag_id', $tag_id) ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->where('tags.tag', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%') ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp = $myCart_temp1->merge($myCart5); $myCart_temp =$myCart_temp->unique(); $query = DB::table('post_tags') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_tags.post_id') ->join('tags', 'post_tags.tag_id', '=', 'tags.tag_id')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered','posts.user_id'); for ($x = 0; $x < count($search_item_array); $x++) { if($x == 0){ $query =$query->where('tags.tag', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } else{ $query = $query->orWhere('tags.tag', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item_array[$x].'%'); } } $myCart6 = $query->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0)->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp1 = $myCart_temp->merge($myCart6); $myCart_temp1 =$myCart_temp1->unique(); $myCart = $myCart_temp; if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => $myJSON_recent,'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => $request->search,'search_cat' => 'Words','look_for_comment' => 'Words']); # return view('index'); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' =>$request->search,'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => 'Words']); } } else{ if(substr($request->search, -6) == "- Word"){ $search_item = str_replace(' ', '', substr($request->search, 0, -7)); //dd($search_item); } else{ $search_item = str_replace(' ', '', $request->search); } $search_type = "Word"; $myCart1 = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post_title', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->distinct()->get(); $myCart2 = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%')->where('post_title', 'not like', '%'.$search_item.'%')->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->distinct()->get(); // $mm = $myCart1 + $myCart; $myCart_prev = DB::table('posts')->where('is_approval', '>=', 0)->where('post', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->distinct()->get(); //dd($myCart_prev); $myCart_temp = $myCart1->merge($myCart2); $myCart_temp =$myCart_temp->unique(); $tag_id = DB::table('tags')->where('tag', 'LIKE', $search_item)->value('tag_id'); #if ($tag_id != 0) { //$myCart = DB::table('posts')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->where('trigger_id', $trigger_id )->get(); $myCart3 = DB::table('comments') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'comments.post_id') ->where('comments.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->where('posts.post_id', '<', 0) // ->where('tags.tag_id', $tag_id) ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->where('comments.comment', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%') ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart_temp1 = $myCart_temp->merge($myCart3); $myCart_temp1 =$myCart_temp1->unique(); $myCart7 = DB::table('post_tags') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_tags.post_id') ->join('tags', 'post_tags.tag_id', '=', 'tags.tag_id') // ->where('tags.tag_id', $tag_id) ->where('posts.is_approval', '>=', 0) ->where('tags.tag', 'LIKE', '%'.$search_item.'%') ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered')->orderBy('posts.post_id', 'DESC') ->distinct()->get(); $myCart = $myCart_temp1->merge($myCart7); $myCart =$myCart->unique(); #} // dd($myCart); #DB::table('post_triggers') # ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_triggers.post_id') # ->join('triggers', 'post_triggers.trigger_id', '=', 'triggers.trigger_id') # ->where('post', 'LIKE', '%'.$request->search.'%') # ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered') #->distinct()->get(); // dd($myCart); #DB::table('posts')->orderBy('post_id', 'DESC')->where('trigger_id', $trigger_id )->get(); // QAController::index_populate($myCart); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => $myJSON_recent,'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => $request->search,'search_cat' => 'Word','look_for_comment' => 'Word']); # return view('index'); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' =>$request->search,'search_cat' => '','look_for_comment' => 'Word']); } } ############ // dd(explode(" - ",$request->search)); } public function get_triggers_ans(Request $request){ $triggers = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', '>', 0)->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'ans')->orWhere('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'all')->orWhere('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'qus')->get(); return $triggers; } public function check_last_vote(Request $request){ if (vote_user_id_comment::where('user_id', '=', $request->user_id)->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->exists()) { // user found if (vote_user_id_comment::where('user_id', '=', $request->user_id)->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('last_vote', '=', $request->vote_type)->exists()) { return "not ok"; }else{ $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'last_vote' => $request->vote_type ); DB::table('vote_user_id_comments') ->where('user_id', '=', $request->user_id)->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); $total_pos_vote = vote_user_id_comment::where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('last_vote', '=', 1)->get()->count(); $total_neg_vote = vote_user_id_comment::where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('last_vote', '=', 0)->get()->count(); $total_vote_for_this_comment = $total_pos_vote - $total_neg_vote; $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'vote' => $total_vote_for_this_comment ); DB::table('comments') ->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('is_approval', '>=', 0) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); if(vote_user_id_comment::where('user_id', '=', $request->user_id)->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->count() == 1){ //if($request->vote_type == 1){ if(($total_vote_for_this_comment == 1) || ($total_vote_for_this_comment == -1) ){ $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'vote' => 0 ); DB::table('comments') ->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('is_approval', '>=', 0) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); DB::table('vote_user_id_comments') ->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->delete(); $total_vote_for_this_comment = 0; } //} } return $total_vote_for_this_comment; } }else{ $bike_save = New vote_user_id_comment; $bike_save ->user_id = $request->user_id; $bike_save ->comment_id = $request->comment_id; $bike_save ->last_vote = $request->vote_type; $bike_save -> save(); $total_pos_vote = vote_user_id_comment::where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('last_vote', '=', 1)->get()->count(); $total_neg_vote = vote_user_id_comment::where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('last_vote', '=', 0)->get()->count(); $total_vote_for_this_comment = $total_pos_vote - $total_neg_vote; $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'vote' => $total_vote_for_this_comment ); DB::table('comments') ->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('is_approval', '>=', 0) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); return $total_vote_for_this_comment; } } public function add_new_query(Request $request){ // dd($request->triggers[0]); if(count($request->triggers) > 0){ $tags_array = explode (",", $request->question_tags1); $bike_save = New posts; $bike_save ->reference_url = $request->reference_url; $bike_save ->post_title = str_replace('<br>', "\n", $request->post_title); #$request->post_title; $bike_save ->trigger_id = 0; $bike_save ->post = str_replace('<br>', "\n", $request->post); #$request->post; $bike_save ->posted_unix_time = $request->posted_unix_time; $bike_save ->user_id = Auth::user()->id; $bike_save -> save(); $post_id = $bike_save ->id; if((int) $post_id > 0){ if($request->custom_topics !=""){ $custom_topics_array = explode (",", $request->custom_topics); for ($x = 0; $x < count($custom_topics_array); $x++) { if (triggers::where('trigger', '=', $custom_topics_array[$x])->where('trigger_belong_to', '=','ans')->exists()) { // user found $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'trigger_belong_to' => 'all' ); DB::table('triggers') ->where('trigger', '=', $custom_topics_array[$x])->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'ans') ->update($updateDetailsUsers); $trigger_id = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $custom_topics_array[$x])->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'all')->value('trigger_id'); }elseif (triggers::where('trigger', '=', $custom_topics_array[$x])->where('trigger_belong_to', '=','qus')->exists()) { $trigger_id = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $custom_topics_array[$x])->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'qus')->value('trigger_id'); # code... }elseif (triggers::where('trigger', '=', $custom_topics_array[$x])->where('trigger_belong_to', '=','all')->exists()) { $trigger_id = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger', '=', $custom_topics_array[$x])->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'all')->value('trigger_id'); # code... }else{ $bike_save = New triggers; $bike_save ->trigger = $custom_topics_array[$x]; $bike_save ->trigger_header = "Custom Topics-Comments"; $bike_save ->trigger_belong_to = "qus"; $bike_save -> save(); $trigger_id = $bike_save->id; } $bike_save = New post_triggers; $bike_save ->trigger_id = $trigger_id; $bike_save ->post_id = $post_id; $bike_save -> save(); } } if($request->reference_list!= ""){ $custom_reference_list_array = explode (",", $request->reference_list); // use App\referenceurls; // use App\post_referenceurls; for ($x = 0; $x < count($custom_reference_list_array); $x++) { $bike_save = New referenceurls; $bike_save ->reference_url = $custom_reference_list_array[$x]; $bike_save -> save(); $referance_list_id = $bike_save->id; $bike_save = New post_referenceurls; $bike_save ->post_id = $post_id; $bike_save ->referance_list_id = $referance_list_id; $bike_save -> save(); } } for ($x = 0; $x < count($tags_array); $x++) { if($tags_array[$x] !=""){ if (DB::table('tags')->where('tag', '=', $tags_array[$x])->count() > 0) { // user found $tag_id = DB::table('tags')->where('tag', $tags_array[$x])->value('tag_id'); }else{ $bike_save = New tags; $bike_save ->tag = $tags_array[$x]; $bike_save -> save(); $tag_id = $bike_save->id; } $bike_save = New post_tags; $bike_save ->tag_id = $tag_id; $bike_save ->post_id = $post_id; $bike_save -> save(); } } for ($x = 0; $x < count($request->triggers); $x++) { $bike_save = New post_triggers; $bike_save ->trigger_id = $request->triggers[$x]; $bike_save ->post_id = $post_id; $bike_save -> save(); } return Redirect::to('ask_query')->with('message', 'Recorded. Your post will be checked for plagiarism in this site. If found, it will be removed.'); } else{ return Redirect::to('ask_query')->with('message', 'Try Again'); } } else{ return Redirect::to('ask_query')->with('message', 'You need to select atleast one trigger'); } } public function search_with_tag(Request $request){ $tag_id = $request->tag_id; $search_type = $tag_id . " - Tag"; $myCart = DB::table('post_tags') ->join('posts', 'posts.post_id', '=', 'post_tags.post_id') ->join('tags', 'post_tags.tag_id', '=', 'tags.tag_id') ->where('tags.tag_id', $tag_id) ->select('posts.post_id','posts.post','posts.user_id','posts.trigger_id','posts.posted_unix_time','posts.created_at','posts.updated_at','posts.post_title','posts.is_top_query','posts.total_responses','posts.is_answered') ->distinct()->get(); // dd($myCart); //QAController::index_populate($myCart); if (!$myCart->isEmpty()) { foreach($myCart as $key => $value){ // dd($value->post); $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["post_id"] = $value->post_id; $osi[$key]["post"] = $value->post; $osi[$key]["user_id"] = $value->user_id; $osi[$key]["trigger_id"] = $value->trigger_id; $osi[$key]["post_title"] = $value->post_title; $osi[$key]["posted_unix_time"] = $value->posted_unix_time; $osi[$key]["total_responses"] = $value->total_responses; $trigger_name = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_id', $value->trigger_id)->value('trigger'); $user_name = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('name'); $user_image_url = DB::table('users')->where('id', $value->user_id)->value('image_url'); $osi[$key]["trigger_name"] = $trigger_name; $osi[$key]["user_name"] = $user_name; $osi[$key]["user_image_url"] = $user_image_url; $last_id = $value->post_id; } $myJSON_recent = $osi; return view('index', ['myJSON_recent' => $myJSON_recent,'recent_exists'=> '1','last_id'=>$last_id,'search_type' => $search_type, 'search_cat'=> 'Tag' ,'look_for_comment' => '']); } else{ return view('index', ['recent_exists'=> '0','last_id'=>0,'search_type' => "", 'search_cat'=> '','look_for_comment' => '']); } } public function get_related_quries_for_ask_query_title(Request $request){ $query_title = $request->query_title; //https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_wildcards.asp $products = posts::where('post_title', 'LIKE', '%'.$query_title.'%')->select('post_id','post_title')->limit(5)->get(); return $products; } public function edit_replies(Request $request){ $post_id = comments::where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->value('post_id'); $last_comment = comments::where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->value('comment'); $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'comment' => str_replace('<br>', "\n", $request->comment) ); DB::table('comments') ->where('comment_id', '=', $request->comment_id)->where('is_approval', '>=', 0) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); $bike_save = New edit_history; $bike_save ->post_id = $post_id ; $bike_save ->comment_id = $request->comment_id; $bike_save ->edit = $last_comment; $bike_save ->type = 0; $bike_save -> save(); return 1; } public function get_custom_topics_qus(Request $request){ // $tags = DB::table('tags')->where('tag_id', '>', 0)->get(); $tags = DB::table('triggers')->where('trigger_header', '=', 'Custom Topics-Comments')->where('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'qus')->orWhere('trigger_belong_to', '=', 'all')->get(); return $tags; } public function modal_comment_post_edit_main(Request $request){ #dd($request->all()); $current_post = posts::where('post_id', '=', $request->post_id)->value('post'); $current_post_title = posts::where('post_id', '=', $request->post_id)->value('post_title'); if($current_post != $request->post_body){ $bike_save = New edit_history; $bike_save ->post_id = $request->post_id; $bike_save ->edit = $current_post; $bike_save ->type = 2; $bike_save -> save(); $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'post' => str_replace('<br>', "\n", $request->post_body) #$request->post_body ); DB::table('posts') ->where('post_id', '=', $request->post_id)->where('is_approval', '>=', 0) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); } if($current_post_title != $request->post_title){ $bike_save = New edit_history; $bike_save ->post_id = $request->post_id; $bike_save ->edit = $current_post_title; $bike_save ->type = 1; $bike_save -> save(); $updateDetailsUsers=array( 'post_title' => str_replace('<br>', "\n", $request->post_title) #$request->post_title ); DB::table('posts') ->where('post_id', '=', $request->post_id)->where('is_approval', '>=', 0) ->update($updateDetailsUsers); } return 1; } public function search_arena(Request $request){ return view('search_arena'); } public function insert_query_api(Request $request){ //,$topics,$title,$tags;$details //https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22846897/how-to-create-a-laravel-hashed-password //https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32701107/how-to-decrypt-hash-password-in-laravel // $hashed = \Hash::make($password); // echo $hashed; // echo '<br>'; // echo bcrypt($password); // POST parameters password, email, post_title, post, question_tags, triggers,reference_url //http://localhost:8000/api/insert_query_api $dt = Carbon::now(); if( strlen($request->password) == 60 && preg_match('/^\$2y\$/', $request->password )){ $password = $request->password; }else{ $password = bcrypt($request->password); } if (User::where('email', '=', $request->email)->where('password', '=', $password)->exists()) { // user found $user_id = User::where('email', '=', $request->email)->where('password', '=', $password)->value('id'); if(count($request->triggers) > 0){ $tags_array = explode (",", $request->question_tags); $bike_save = New posts; $bike_save ->post_title = str_replace('<br>', "\n", $request->post_title); #$request->post_title; $bike_save ->reference_url = $request->reference_url; $bike_save ->trigger_id = 0; $bike_save ->post = str_replace('<br>', "\n", $request->post); #$request->post; $bike_save ->posted_unix_time = $dt->format('m/d/Y H:i:s'); $bike_save ->user_id = $user_id; $bike_save -> save(); $post_id = $bike_save ->id; if((int) $post_id > 0){ for ($x = 0; $x < count($tags_array); $x++) { if($tags_array[$x] !=""){ if (DB::table('tags')->where('tag', '=', $tags_array[$x])->count() > 0) { // user found $tag_id = DB::table('tags')->where('tag', $tags_array[$x])->value('tag_id'); }else{ $bike_save = New tags; $bike_save ->tag = $tags_array[$x]; $bike_save -> save(); $tag_id = $bike_save->id; } $bike_save = New post_tags; $bike_save ->tag_id = $tag_id; $bike_save ->post_id = $post_id; $bike_save -> save(); } } for ($x = 0; $x < count($request->triggers); $x++) { $bike_save = New post_triggers; $bike_save ->trigger_id = $request->triggers[$x]; $bike_save ->post_id = $post_id; $bike_save -> save(); } //return Redirect::to('ask_query')->with('message', 'Inserted'); return "Inserted"; } else{ // return Redirect::to('ask_query')->with('message', 'Try Again'); return "Try Again"; } } else{ // return Redirect::to('ask_query')->with('message', 'You need to select atleast one trigger'); return "You need to select atleast one trigger"; } }else{ return "Record not found"; } // if(\Hash::check($password, $hashed)){ // dd("true"); // } // else{ // $password= bcrypt($password); // dd("false"); // } } }
50,019
https://github.com/MuhammadFahru/ForDev/blob/master/resources/views/user/posts/form.blade.php
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,020
ForDev
MuhammadFahru
Blade
Code
182
783
<div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-8"> <div class="card p-4"> <div class="row mb-2"> <div class="col-lg-1"> <img src="{{ asset('/img/ava.png') }}" width="150%"> </div> <div class="col-lg-8"> <p>Penulis</p> <p class="small text-secondary mintop-1">Post 10</p> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="judul">Judul Thread</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" id="judul" name="judul" value="{{ old('judul', $post->judul) }}"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="editor1">Isi Thread</label> <textarea id="editor1" name="konten" class="form-control">{{ old('konten', $post->konten) }}</textarea> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="card p-4"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="thumbnail">Thumbnail</label><br> <img src="{{ asset('storage/') }}<?= !empty($post->thumbnail) ? "/" . $post->thumbnail : '/thumbnail_thread/default.jpg' ?>" class="thumbnail-post" id="output"><br> <div class="custom-file mt-4 w-500"> <input type="file" class="custom-file-input" id="thumbnail" name="thumbnail" onchange="loadFile(event)" accept=".jpg,.png,.jpeg"> <label class="custom-file-label" for="thumbnail">Choose</label> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="select1">Pilih Kategori</label> <select id="select1" name="category"> @foreach ($categories as $category) <option {{ $category->id == $post->category_id ? 'selected' : '' }} value="{{ $category->id }}">{{ $category->name }}</option> @endforeach </select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="select2">Pilih Tag</label> <select id="select2" class="form-control" name="tags[]" multiple> @foreach ($post->tags as $tag) <option selected value="{{ $tag->id }}">{{ $tag->name }}</option> @endforeach @foreach ($tags as $tag) <option value="{{ $tag->id }}">{{ $tag->name }}</option> @endforeach </select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary w-100 mt-2">{{ $submit ?? 'Post'}}</button> </div> {!! $delete ?? '' !!} </div> </div> </div>
32,236
https://openalex.org/W4206935240
OpenAlex
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2,021
Preparative-scale synthesis of nonacene
Andrej Jančařík
English
Spoken
6,850
13,481
Preparative-scale synthesis of nonacene ančařík, Jan Holec, Yuuya Nagata, Michal Šámal, Andre Gourdon Andrej Jančařík, Jan Holec, Yuuya Nagata, Michal Šámal, Andre To cite this version: Andrej Jančařík, Jan Holec, Yuuya Nagata, Michal Šámal, Andre Gourdon. Preparative-scale syn- thesis of nonacene. Nature Communications, 2022, 13 (1), pp.223. ￿10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0￿. ￿hal-03697330￿ Preparative-scale synthesis of nonacene Andrej Jančařík, Jan Holec, Yuuya Nagata, Michal Šámal, Andre Gourdon To cite this version: Andrej Jančařík, Jan Holec, Yuuya Nagata, Michal Šámal, Andre Gourdon. Preparative-scale syn- thesis of nonacene. Nature Communications, 2022, 13 (1), pp.223. ￿10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0￿. ￿hal-03697330￿ Preparative-scale synthesis of nonacene Andrej Jančařík, Jan Holec, Yuuya Nagata, Michal Šámal, Andre Gourdon Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 1 GNS Group, CEMES-CNRS, 29 Rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France. 2 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic. 3 Japan Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan. 4Present address: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France. ✉email: andrej.jancarik@u-bordeaux.fr; andre.gourdon@cemes.fr HAL Id: hal-03697330 https://hal.science/hal-03697330v1 Submitted on 16 Jun 2022 L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ARTICLE Results and discussion The final step is a thermal or photochemical cheletropic decarbonylation in the solid-state yielding the corresponding acenes in quantitative yields without any non-volatile by-products. It has been shown that this method of decarbonylation was very effective to prepare sensitive high-quality materials, such as pentacene and hexacene37, for optoelectronic devices. Our exploration of nonacene 1 commenced with the synthesis of such a carbonylated precursor 7a/7b which can be easily transformed in the solid-state form to the nonacene by simple heating. The synthesis of the precursors 7a/7b leading to nonacene 1 follows the route shown in Fig. 3 with four synthetic steps starting from the diene 2, which can be prepared in two steps from the tetraene shown in Fig. 2 above35. However, both types of generation, in stabilizing matrices or on surfaces in UHV only give minute amounts of materials and cannot be used for macroscopic amounts of materials needed for applications. Indeed, the preparation of acenes longer than pentacene in a pure state is very recent despite 70 years of claims29, and so far limited to hexacene and heptacene. In 2012, Chow and coworkers isolated hexacene by decarbonylation of a monoketone precursor in the solid-state and its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction30. They demonstrated that a field-effect transistor made with a single crystal of hexacene showed a hole mobility significantly higher than pentacene. In 2017, Bettinger et al. have reported the formation of heptacene in the solid-state by thermal cycloreversion from a mixture of diheptacenes obtained in solution16. More recently, we have also obtained heptacene and benzohexacene by cheletropic decarbonylation at moderate temperature, confirming the thermal stability of these higher acenes31. And lately, Miyazaki et al. prepared stable thin films of heptacene32. The preparation of even longer acenes in bulk form has been indeed an attracting challenge since Clar’s prediction in 1964 claiming that the synthesis of octacene (and beyond) was a remote target33. And in a recent review, C. Tönshoff and H. F. Bet- tinger conclude that “It is not even clear if acenes larger than that of heptacene can exist outside the special environment provided by matrix isolation or on-surface synthesis”34. The key reaction of the synthetic sequence is the double Diels- Alder reaction of the diene 2 and the in situ generated bis(aryne) obtained by fluoride-induced decomposition of 2,5-bis(- trimethylsilyl)-1,4-phenylene bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) 338–40. Results and discussion p However, acenes longer than pentacene are challenging to prepare and to handle. First, intermolecular π−π stacking between these planar and rigid molecules rapidly limits their solubility as their sizes increase. Second, acenes possess only one Clar aromatic sextet spread over the whole skeleton, leading to a decrease of the HOMO-LUMO gap with an increasing number of benzene rings, and therefore to an increase of the chemical reactivity. Although photooxidation with molecular oxygen can be avoided by working under argon, rapid dimerization in solu- tion even at low concentration might become a problematic limitation. As nonacene was expected to be highly insoluble and reactive, we followed an alternative route: our strategy is based on pure soluble and chemically stable masked nonacene, that could be deprotected quantitatively by heating at medium temperatures in the solid-state. In previous contributions, we have shown31,35,36 that 7,7‐dimethoxy‐2,3,5,6‐tetramethylenebicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane (further in the text as tetraene) (Fig. 2), which can be prepared at the tens of grams scale, can undergo successive Diels-Alder reaction with arynes to provide non-planar, soluble, and not fully delocalized acene precursors. In these compounds, one of the benzene rings is bridged by a dimethyl ketal group. Several strategies have been pursued to prepare long acenes, all relying on the same concept masked stable and soluble precursors are prepared and purified by standard in-solution chemistry techniques and, in a final step, the masking groups are removed in the solid-state or at low temperature in very dilute conditions on surfaces or in matrices12. In particular Neckers, Bettinger and coworkers have explored the photogeneration, in stabilizing matrices, of hexacene13, heptacene14–17, octacene, nonacene18, and undecacene19 by photodecarbonylation of precursors comprising two bridging α-diketone groups, follow- ing Yamada’s concept20 using the Strating-Zwanenburg21 reaction. Long acenes can also be prepared by the on-surface synthesis in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and observed at liquid helium temperature and their electronic structures mapped by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Higher acenes up to undecacene have been obtained by deoxygenation of epoxides4,22,23, dehydrogenation of partially saturated precursors24,25, or thermal or photo decarbonylation of diketone adducts26–28. Cleavage of this ketal yields the corresponding polyaromatic acene precursors comprising norbornadiene-7-one moieties, mentioned simply as ketone precursors in this report. These compounds are at least partially soluble, chemically stable and can be purified by standard in-solution techniques, such as chromatography or recrystallization. They are stable enough to be stored in the dark for long period of time. ARTICLE ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 1 Fig. 1 Molecular structure of nonacene 1. This topological representation shows one of the nine Clar’s structures with one single aromatic sextet. O O ver the last decade, particular attention has been brought to long unsubstituted acenes (longer than pentacene) from both experimental and theoretical points of view1. The nature of their electronic structure, such as gap stabilization2–4 and open-shell singlet ground state for longer acenes is still actively discussed5–9. Furthermore, longer acenes can be seen as the narrowest zig-zag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNR) and could display spin-polarized edge-states of interest for carbon-based spin electronics10,11. Fig. 1 Molecular structure of nonacene 1. This topological representation shows one of the nine Clar’s structures with one single aromatic sextet. Fig. 1 Molecular structure of nonacene 1. This topological representation shows one of the nine Clar’s structures with one single aromatic sextet. MMUNICATIONS | (2022) 13:223 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications Preparative-scale synthesis of nonacene Andrej Jančařík1,2,4✉, Jan Holec1, Yuuya Nagata 3, Michal Šámal2 & Andre Gourdo During the last years we have witnessed progressive evolution of preparation of acenes with length up to dodecacene by on-surface synthesis in ultra-high vacuum or generation of acenes up to decacene in solid matrices at low temperatures. While these protocols with very specific conditions produce the acenes in amount of few molecules, the strategies leading to the acenes in large quantities dawdle behind. Only recently and after 70 years of synthetic attempts, heptacene has been prepared in bulk phase. However, the preparative scale synthesis of higher homologues still remains a formidable challenge. Here we report the preparation and characterisation of nonacene and show its excellent thermal and in-time stability. 1 GNS Group, CEMES-CNRS, 29 Rue J. Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France. 2 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic. 3 Japan Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan. 4Present address: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France. ✉email: andrej.jancarik@u-bordeaux.fr; andre.gourdon@cemes.fr 1 1 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2022) 13:223 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications TURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2022) 13:223 | https://doi.org/10.1038/ NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 O O a O O m n O m n m n b c Acene Acene Fig. 2 Schematic strategy of the preparation of various acenes starting from 7,7‐dimethoxy‐2,3,5,6‐tetramethylenebicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane. Diels-Alder addition (a) with arynes, followed by aromatization gives a non-planar bridging dimethylketal, which can be deprotected (b) to yield a polyaromatic precursor bridged by a carbonyl group. (c) Solid-state thermal or photochemical decarbonylation gives the acene with only carbon monoxide as by-product. Fig. 2 Schematic strategy of the preparation of various acenes starting from 7,7‐dimethoxy‐2,3,5,6‐tetramethylenebicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane. Diels-Alder addition (a) with arynes, followed by aromatization gives a non-planar bridging dimethylketal, which can be deprotected (b) to yield a polyaromatic precursor bridged by a carbonyl group. (c) Solid-state thermal or photochemical decarbonylation gives the acene with only carbon monoxide as by-product. O O 1 a c d e -CO d e -CO 2 3 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O OTf TMS TMS TfO 6a 6b 7a 7b 5a/b O O 2 TfO TMS O O 4 5a/b b Fig. 3 Synthesis of nonacene 1. a CsF, acetonitrile/THF (4:1), room temperature, 16 h., 62% (anti : syn 1:2); b CsF, acetonitrile/THF (5:1), room temperature, 16 h., 98% (anti : syn 1:2); c DDQ, toluene, room temperature, 4 h. 94%; d TMSI, room temperature, 24 h., 94% for 7a and 48 h., 95% for 7b; e neat 350 °C, 20 min., quant. TMS 5a/b Fig. 3 Synthesis of nonacene 1. a CsF, acetonitrile/THF (4:1), room temperature, 16 h., 62% (anti : syn 1:2); b CsF, acetonitrile/THF (5:1), room temperature, 16 h., 98% (anti : syn 1:2); c DDQ, toluene, room temperature, 4 h. 94%; d TMSI, room temperature, 24 h., 94% for 7a and 48 h., 95% for 7b; e neat 350 °C, 20 min., quant. Fig. 4 Ortep representation of isomer 5b. Thermal ellipsoids represent 50% probability level. and 7b in 94 and 95% yield, respectively. The anti-isomer 7b is less soluble in many organic solvents than its counterpart 7a, likely due to the ability to pack in quasi-one-dimensional chains with efficient π-π stacking, which is not the case for U-shape isomer 7a. Both isomers are colourless chemically stable compounds. Decarbonylation of 7a/7b in the solid-state can be followed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) as shown in Fig. 5. Results and discussion Alternatively, the Diels-Alder reaction can be carried out from the aryne precursor 4 (synthesized from the same tetraene in three steps in 33% yield), with the diene 2. The formed mixture of these two isomers syn and anti 5a/5b can be easily separated on silica gel. As expected the NMR spectra of the two isomers are almost identical and owing to their symmetry and to the distance between the ketal groups, it is not possible to assign their struc- tures by proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy. Fortunately, slow evaporation of a solution of the isomer 5b in a mixture of solvents (hexane/EtOAc) provided suitable crystals for X-ray analysis (Fig. 4). It shows that the two naphthalene ends of the anti-isomer 5b are perfectly parallel to each other and the angle between naph- thalene and anthracene units is 105.5°. Surprisingly, these products 5a and 5b were formed in the ratio 1:2 in favor of syn-isomer 5a. Indeed, considering the distance between the reactive sites, a statistical ratio 1:1 was initially expected. In order to investigate the stereoselectivity of the Diels- Alder reactions between the diene 2 and the benzyne compounds in acetonitrile, their transition states (TS) were determined by using density functional theory (DFT)41. By using Gaussian 16, To answer this question, we present here the synthesis of nonacene 1 (Fig. 1) and demonstrate its surprising stability. 2 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2022) 13:223 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 - 11,9% 160 °C 190 °C syn-isomer - 13,0% 195 °C 200 °C Temperature °C an-isomer Fig. 5 TGA thermograms of 7a/7b. These curves show the weight loss of two CO groups (ca 12 and 13%; calcd. 10.5 %). Fig. 6 FTIR spectra (KBr pellets) of a carbonylated precursor and of nonacene 1. The spectrum of the precursor 7b is in blue, with a strong CO peak at 1781 cm−1 and that one of the resulting nonacene 1 is in red, after 1 min. heating at 350 °C in glovebox. ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467 021 27809 0 - 11,9% 160 °C 190 °C syn-isomer - 13,0% 195 °C 200 °C Temperature °C an-isomer Fig. 5 TGA thermograms of 7a/7b. These curves show the weight loss of two CO groups (ca 12 and 13%; calcd. 10.5 %). Temperature °C Temperature °C an-isomer TGA thermograms of 7a/7b. These curves show the weight loss of two CO groups (ca 12 and 13%; calcd. 10.5 %). Fig. 6 FTIR spectra (KBr pellets) of a carbonylated precursor and of nonacene 1. The spectrum of the precursor 7b is in blue, with a strong CO peak at 1781 cm−1 and that one of the resulting nonacene 1 is in red, after 1 min. heating at 350 °C in glovebox. Fig. 6 FTIR spectra (KBr pellets) of a carbonylated precursor and of nonacene 1. The spectrum of the precursor 7b is in blue, with a strong CO peak at 1781 cm−1 and that one of the resulting nonacene 1 is in red, after 1 min. heating at 350 °C in glovebox. The spectrum of the precursor 7a shows (Fig. 7) three groups of signals, one at 57 ppm (bridgehead sp3 carbons), a complex peak at 120–137 ppm (aromatic carbons) and the carbonyl carbons at 193 and 198 ppm. Despite the symmetry of the molecule, the different environments in the solid-state of the two carbonyl groups is a cause of these two signals. After heating the sample for 20 min at 200 °C under inert atmosphere, the carbonyl signals disappear and the aromatic region get narrower (Fig. 7). How- ever, a smaller and broader sp3 signal at 54 ppm remains. We attribute this peak to partial dimerization/polymerization by of the decarbonylated compound. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 g y g A weight loss of 11.9% for syn-isomer and 13.0% for anti- isomer (calcd 10.5%) correspond to the loss of two carbonyl groups per molecule. The full decarbonylation occurred below 190 °C in a one-step process for both isomers. However, in the case of syn-isomer 7a, the TGA thermogram consists of a gradual weight loss starting at about 60 °C. This can be explained by a lower thermal stability compared to the anti-isomer (starting around 180 °C). The decarbonylation is accompanied by a colour change from white to anthracite and the formation of nonacene. Under these conditions, nonacene is surprisingly thermally stable up to almost 500 °C. The formation of nonacene 1 by loss of two carbonyl groups is also evident during the high-resolution DCI MS measurement of 7a/7b in which only a peak at m/z 478.1731 from 7a or 478.1727 from 7b corresponding to the formula C38H22 (calcd m/z: 478.1722) was recorded. Fig. 4 Ortep representation of isomer 5b. Thermal ellipsoids represent 50% probability level. Revision C.0141, the geometries of TS were optimized with QST3 method at the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) level of theory with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) to include solvent effects (acetonitrile). Subsequently, single-point energy calculations of TS were calculated at the M06-2X/6-31 + G(d,p) level of theory with PCM (acetonitrile)42. Based on the activation energy determined by the calculations, anti/syn ratio was estimated to 1/ 1.64, which is consistent with the observed stereoselectivity in the experiment (anti/syn = 1/2) (See supporting information for details). The decarbonylation process was also followed by FTIR experiments (Fig. 6), where the stretching vibration of carbonyl peak at 1780 cm−1 disappear after heating the carbonyl precursor in KBr pellet. This spectrum of nonacene is very similar to that of pentacene, hexacene, and heptacene with bands at 3042, 1298, 906, 735, and 463 cm−1 and in agreement with calculated spectra (see Supplementary Fig. 4). The isomers 5a and 5b underwent smooth aromatization by DDQ at room temperature in almost quantitative yield. Then, the two dimethylketal groups of 6a/6b were cleaved by trimethylsilyl iodide, which afforded the corresponding carbonyl isomers 7a This transformation has been also followed by solid-state cross- polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) NMR spectroscopy. 3 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 C sp3 300 °C C=O C sp3 200 °C Fig. 7 Thermal decarbonylation of 7a. Evolution of the CPMAS 13C NMR spectra of 7a (left) in function of the temperature. C sp3 Fig. 7 Thermal decarbonylation of 7a. Evolution of the CPMAS 13C NMR spectra of 7a (left) in function of the temperature. C=O C sp3 C=O C sp3 O O 7b 350 °C 1 Fig. 8 Thermal decarbonylation of the precursors. Evolution of the CPMAS spectra of 7a/7b by decarbonylation at 350 °C for 20 min to form the nonacene 1. Fig. 8 Thermal decarbonylation of the precursors. Evolution of the CPMAS spectra of 7a/7b by decarbonylation at 350 °C for 20 min to form the nonacene 1. n of the precursors. Evolution of the CPMAS spectra of 7a/7b by decarbonylation at 350 °C for 20 min to form the nonacene 1. using low energy lasers (see Supplementary Fig. 2). This experi- ment cannot be done in the case of nonacene which is too insoluble and precipitates before dimerizing (vide infra). experiment, the suspension was mixed with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as a matrix and then drop-casted on an ITO glass slide and dried. These ITO glass slides were introduced in a MALDI chamber, and the high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded. Both spectra showed only the parent peak corre- sponding to the nonacene 1, and no trace of a dimer as was observed for heptacene16. These results suggest that, in contrast with heptacene, nonacene 1 is so highly insoluble that just after decarbonylation, immediate precipitation of the monomer pre- vents the dimerization in solution. In contrast, attempts to dec- arbonylate the precursors 7, thermally in drop-casted thin films or photochemically in dichloromethane solutions at low tem- perature (7 K) have been unsuccessful, showing a rapid decom- position of the compounds in these conditions. Keeping these samples in the NMR rotor at room tempera- ture in a glove box for 2 months did not lead to any degradation or dimerization of nonacene 1 suggesting that the nonacene prepared under these conditions is stable (see Supplementary Fig. 3). This important result is comforted by the observation that bulk heptacene31 or even thin films of heptacene32 are also stable for months at RT when stored in a nitrogen-filled glove- box. Alternatively, nonacene 1 can also be obtained by dec- arbonylation in a solvent at high temperature. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 Upon heating at higher tem- peratures, this peak decreases whereas the peak attributed to the aromatic carbons gets narrower with a decrease of the shoulder at 137 ppm. The evolution of the CPMAS spectrum of the isomer 7b is very similar (See Supplementary Fig. 3). decarbonylation process was much cleaner with only a sharp doublet in the aromatic region without any signs of dimerization. This behaviour is somehow reminiscent to that of heptacene as described by Bettinger et al.16. The reduction of 7,16-heptace- nequinone in cyclooctanol produces a mixture of two diheptacene molecules. The diheptacenes undergo thermal cleavage to hep- tacene by retro [4 + 4] cyclization at high temperatures in the solid state, but some of the heptacene reacts back to the dimers. In this case, passing from diheptacene to heptacene only neces- sitates limited movements of the aromatic rings which are face to face in the crystal. In the case of nonacene, the planarization requires important changes in the geometries and it is likely that the orientations of the molecules are not in favour of a new [4 + 4] cyclization. This behaviour is very similar to that observed for the preparation of hexacenohexacene from its decarbonylated syn-isomer precursor36. In order to verify if we could detect a dimer, we have synthesized in solution dimers of heptacene by thermal decarbonylation of the heptacene carbonyl precursor (see Supplementary Methods). But these dimers are, as expected, not very stable and are cleaved during MS MALDI experiments Based on the TGA experiment, the formed nonacene is sur- prisingly stable almost up to 500 °C, which allows to realize the extrusion of carbonyl groups at much higher temperature. In a new experiment, we carried out the decarbonylation of the pre- cursors 7a/7b at 350 °C for 20 min (Fig. 8). Gratifyingly, the 4 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2022) 13:223 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunication 4 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2022) 13:223 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications References 48, 5209–5211 (2007). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD2Cl2): 57.55, 120.88, 121.22, 126.57, 126.76, 128.34, 131.61, 133.31, 137.61, 137.93, 194.46 ppm. 16. Einholz, R. et al. Heptacene: Characterization in Solution, in and in Films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 4435–4442 (2017). CP MAS: 56.99 (bridgehead), 120.20–137.12 (aromatic), 193.26 and 197.73 (C=O) ppm. 17. Mondal, R., Tönshoff, C., Khon, D., Neckers, D. C. & Bettinger, H. F. Synthesis, Stability, and Photochemistry of Pentacene, Hexacene, and Heptacene: A Matrix Isolation Study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 14281–14289 (2009). DCI MS: calcd for C38H22 478.1722 (M – 2xCO); found 478.17 18. Tönshoff, C. & Bettinger, H. F. Photogeneration of Octacene and Nonacene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 4125–4128 (2010). Synthesis of 7b. In a well-dried Schlenk flask, 6b (25 mg, 39.89 μmol) was sus- pended in anhydrous dichloromethane (4 mL) under argon. Then trimethylsilyl iodide (23 μL, 159.6 μmol, 4 equiv.) was added dropwise and the heterogenous reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Next day the het- erogeneous reaction mixture was stirred on-air at room temperature for 6 h to complete the hydrolysis of the formed iodo-methoxy intermediate. The product was collected by filtration over a glass frit filter S4, washed with mixture of solvents (dichloromethane: acetone, 4:1) to afford pure compound 7b (20 mg, 94%) as a white solid. Synthesis of 7b. In a well-dried Schlenk flask, 6b (25 mg, 39.89 μmol) was sus- pended in anhydrous dichloromethane (4 mL) under argon. Then trimethylsilyl iodide (23 μL, 159.6 μmol, 4 equiv.) was added dropwise and the heterogenous reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Next day the het- erogeneous reaction mixture was stirred on-air at room temperature for 6 h to complete the hydrolysis of the formed iodo-methoxy intermediate. The product was collected by filtration over a glass frit filter S4, washed with mixture of solvents (dichloromethane: acetone, 4:1) to afford pure compound 7b (20 mg, 94%) as a white solid. 19. Shen, B., Tatchen, J., Sanchez-Garcia, E. & Bettinger, H. F. Evolution of the Optical Gap in the Acene Series: Undecacene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 10506–10509 (2018). 20. Yamada, H. et al. Photochemical Synthesis of Pentacene and its Derivatives. Chem. - A Eur. J. 11, 6212–6220 (2005). 21. Strating, J., Zwanenburg, B., Wagenaar, A. & Udding, A. C. Evidence for the expulsion of bis-CO from bridged α-diketones. Tetrahedron Lett. 10, 125–128 (1969). 22. Krüger, J. et al. References The mother liquor was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane: acetone 3:1) to get the second portion of the product as a white solid. The combined yield was (130 mg, 95%). Synthesis of 7a. In a well-dried Schlenk flask, 6a (160 mg, 0.255 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) under argon. Then trimethylsilyl iodide (109 μL, 0.766 mmol, 3 equiv.) was added dropwise and the homogeneous reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The next day the heterogeneous reaction mixture was stirred on-air at room temperature for 6 h to complete the hydrolysis of formed iodo-methoxy intermediate. The product was collected by filtration over a glass frit filter S4, washed with mixture of solvents (hexane: dichloromethane, 4:1) to afford the first portion of pure compound 7a as a white solid. The mother liquor was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane: acetone 3:1) to get the second portion of the product as a white solid. The combined yield was (130 mg, 95%). 10. Fujita, M., Wakabayashi, K., Nakada, K. & Kusakabe, K. Peculiar Localized State at Zigzag Graphite Edge. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 65, 1920–1923 (1996). g g p g y p 11. Ruffieux, P. et al. On-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbons with zigzag edge topology. Nature 531, 489–492 (2016). 12. Herwig, P. T. & Müllen, K. A Soluble Pentacene Precursor: Synthesis, Solid- State Conversion into Pentacene and Application in a Field-Effect Transistor. Adv. Mater. 11, 480–483 (1999). 13. Mondal, R., Adhikari, R. M., Shah, B. K. & Neckers, D. C. Revisiting the Stability of Hexacenes. Org. Lett. 9, 2505–2508 (2007). 14. Mondal, R., Shah, B. K. & Neckers, D. C. Photogeneration o Polymer Matrix. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 9612–9613 (2006). 14. Mondal, R., Shah, B. K. & Neckers, D. C. Photogenerati Polymer Matrix. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 9612–9613 (2006). 15. Bettinger, H. F., Mondal, R. & Neckers, D. C. Stable photoinduced charge y J , ( ) 15. Bettinger, H. F., Mondal, R. & Neckers, D. C. Stable photoinduced charge i i h Ch C 48 5209 5211 (2007) 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2Cl2): 4.99 (4H, s), 7.41–7.44 (4H, m), 7.78–7.81 (4H, m), 7.93 (4H, s), 8.04 (4H, s), 8.36 (2H, s). y 15. Bettinger, H. F., Mondal, R. & Neckers, D. C. Stable photoinduced charge separation in heptacene. Chem. Commun. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 For instance, the soluble precursor 7a was dissolved in chlorobenzene and the solution was thoroughly degassed. This solution was heated at 200 °C for 10 min and the formation of a dark violet precipitate was observed. This suspension was drop-casted on an indium-tin- oxide (ITO) glass slide without any matrix and dried. In a parallel In summary, pure nonacene can be prepared by thermal bis- decarbonylation of precursors either in the solid-state, or in high boiling point solvents. This long acene is surprisingly thermally stable up to 450 °C and does not decompose for months at room 5 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 temperature under dry argon. Our preparation procedure could as well be applied for the construction of substituted nonacenes and to even longer acenes, opening the way to OFETs and molecular spintronics applications. MALDI MS: calcd for C38H22 478.1722; found:478.182 (without matrix); 478.179 (with DHB as a matrix). See SI 30 and SI31. MALDI MS: calcd for C38H22 478.1722; found:478.182 (without matrix); 478.179 (with DHB as a matrix). See SI 30 and SI31. Data availability The authors declare that all the important data to support the findings in this paper are available within the main text or in the supplementary information. CCDC-2071402 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via https:// www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/. Extra data are available from the corresponding author upon request. Methods Direct synthesis of 6a/6b. A well-dried Schlenk flask was charged with diene 2 (200 mg, 0.72 mmol) and CsF (480 mg, 3.16 mmol, 4.0 equiv.) under argon and then anhydrous acetonitrile (16 mL) was added. The heterogenous mixture was cooled to 0 °C and then solution of aryne precursor bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-phe- nylene bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (298 mg, 0.58 mmol, 0.8 equiv.) in anhy- drous THF (4 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. Progress of the reaction was controlled by TLC, eluent (hexane - EtOAc 3:2). Reaction time depending on a scale of the reaction (1–3 days). After the evaporation of the solvent, the residue was chromatographed on silica gel (hexane: acetone 3:1) to get the desired product as a mixture of two isomers as a colourless solid. This mixture (146 mg, 0.23 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (15 mL) under argon. The solution was cooled to 0 °C and then DDQ (53 mg, 0.231 mmol, 2 equiv.) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 10 min. and then 6 h at room temperature. The volume of the reaction mixture was reduced to a half and the mixture was filtered over a frit S4. The solid was washed with toluene and finally with methanol to get the first isomer 6b (40 mg) as a white solid. The mother liquor was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane: acetone 3:1) to get the second isomer 6a (82 mg) as a white solid. The ratio of isomers is 1:2 and combined yield is 54% after two synthetic steps. Received: 1 April 2021; Accepted: 3 December 2021; References 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2Cl2): 3.23 (6H, s), 3.26 (6H, s), 4.71 (4H, s), 7.33–7.36 (4H, m), 7.68 – 7.71 (4H, m), 7.70 (4H, s), 7.77 (4H, s), 8.12 (2H, s) ppm. 5. Plasser, F. et al. The Multiradical Character of One- and Two-Dimensional Graphene Nanoribbons. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 2581–2584 (2013). 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD2Cl2): 51.54, 51.58, 55.20, 120.43, 120.87, 124.77, 125.96, 126.04, 128.14, 131.39, 133.08, 142.94, 143.61 ppm. DCI MS: 627 ([M + H] + ). HR DCI MS: calcd for C44H35O4 627.2530; found 627.2511. 6. Hachmann, J., Dorando, J. J., Avilés, M. & Chan, G. K.-L. The radical character of the acenes: A density matrix renormalization group study. J. Chem. Phys. 127, 134309 (2007). y 7. Jiang, D. & Dai, S. Electronic Ground State of Higher Acenes. J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 332–335 (2008). 6b. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): 3.21 (6H, s), 3.22 (6H, s), 4.71 (4H, s), 7.37–7.40 (4H, m), 7.72–7.77 (4H, m), 7.73 (4H, s), 7.77 (4H, s), 8.12 (2H, s) ppm. 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD2Cl2): not measured due to the low solubility DCI MS: 627 ([M + H]+). HR DCI MS: calcd for C44H35O4 627.2530; found 627.2523. 8. Malrieu, J.-P. & Trinquier, G. Can a Topological Approach Predict Spin- Symmetry Breaking in Conjugated Hydrocarbons? J. Phys. Chem. A 120, 9564–9578 (2016). 9. Yang, Y., Davidson, E. R. & Yang, W. Nature of ground and electronic excited states of higher acenes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E5098 (2016). 10. Fujita, M., Wakabayashi, K., Nakada, K. & Kusakabe, K. Peculiar Localized 9. Yang, Y., Davidson, E. R. & Yang, W. Nature of ground and electronic excited states of higher acenes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E5098 (2016). k b h k d k b l l d Synthesis of 7a. In a well-dried Schlenk flask, 6a (160 mg, 0.255 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) under argon. Then trimethylsilyl iodide (109 μL, 0.766 mmol, 3 equiv.) was added dropwise and the homogeneous reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The next day the heterogeneous reaction mixture was stirred on-air at room temperature for 6 h to complete the hydrolysis of formed iodo-methoxy intermediate. The product was collected by filtration over a glass frit filter S4, washed with mixture of solvents (hexane: dichloromethane, 4:1) to afford the first portion of pure compound 7a as a white solid. References Q ( g q ) p mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 10 min. and then 6 h at room temperature. The volume of the reaction mixture was reduced to a half and the mixture was filtered over a frit S4. The solid was washed with toluene and finally with methanol to get the first isomer 6b (40 mg) as a white solid. The mother liquor was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane: acetone 3:1) to get the second isomer 6a (82 mg) as a white solid. The ratio of isomers is 1:2 and combined yield is 54% after two synthetic steps. 1. Dorel, R. & Echavarren, A. M. Strategies for the Synthesis of Higher Acenes. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 14–24 (2016). 2. Korytár, R., Xenioti, D., Schmitteckert, P., Alouani, M. & Evers, F. Signature of the Dirac cone in the properties of linear oligoacenes. Nat. Commun. 5, 5000 (2014). 3. Schmitteckert, P., Thomale, R., Korytár, R. & Evers, F. Incommensurate quantum-size oscillations in acene-based molecular wires—Effects of quantum fluctuations. J. Chem. Phys. 146, 092320 (2017). 4. Krüger, J. et al. Electronic Resonances and Gap Stabilization of Higher Acenes on a Gold Surface. ACS Nano 12, 8506–8511 (2018). 6a. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2Cl2): 3.23 (6H, s), 3.26 (6H, s), 4.71 (4H, s), 7.33–7.36 (4H, m), 7.68 – 7.71 (4H, m), 7.70 (4H, s), 7.77 (4H, s), 8.12 (2H, s) ppm. 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD2Cl2): 51.54, 51.58, 55.20, 120.43, 120.87, 124.77, 125.96, 126.04, 128.14, 131.39, 133.08, 142.94, 143.61 ppm. DCI MS: 627 ([M + H] + ). HR DCI MS: calcd for C44H35O4 627.2530; found 627.2511. 6a. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2Cl2): 3.23 (6H, s), 3.26 (6H, s), 4.71 (4H, s), 7.33–7.36 (4H, m), 7.68 – 7.71 (4H, m), 7.70 (4H, s), 7.77 (4H, s), 8.12 (2H, s) ppm. 13C NMR (126 MHz, CD2Cl2): 51.54, 51.58, 55.20, 120.43, 120.87, 124.77, 125.96, 126.04, 128.14, 131.39, 133.08, 142.94, 143.61 ppm. DCI MS: 627 ([M + H] + ). HR DCI MS: calcd for C44H35O4 627.2530; found 627.2511. 6a. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2Cl2): 3.23 (6H, s), 3.26 (6H, s), 4.71 (4H, s), 7.33–7.36 (4H, m), 7.68 – 7.71 (4H, m), 7.70 (4H, s), 7.77 (4H, s), 8.12 (2H, s) ppm. 6a. 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The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/. 42. Pieniazek, S. N., Clemente, F. R. & Houk, K. N. Sources of Error in DFT Computations of C-C Bond Formation Thermochemistries: π→σ Transformations and Error Cancellation by DFT Methods. Angew. Chem. Int Ed. 47, 7746–7749 (2008). Transformations and Error Cancellation by DFT Methods. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 7746–7749 (2008). References 49, 4012–4015 (2010). 30. Watanabe, M. et al. The synthesis, crystal structure and charge-transport properties of hexacene. Nat. Chem. 4, 574–578 (2012). Author contributions A.J. and J.H. performed the syntheses and characterization of all products. M.S realized all the MALDI experiments. Y.N. did the simulations and calculations. A.J. and A.G. designed and supervised the project. p p 31. Jancarik, A., Levet, G. & Gourdon, A. A Practical General Method for the Preparation of Long Acenes. Chem. - A Eur. J. 25, 2366–2374 (2019). g 32. Miyazaki, T. et al. Heptacene: Synthesis and Its Hole‐Transfer Property in Stable Thin Films. Chem. Eur. J. 27, 10677–10684 (2021). References Imaging the electronic structure of on-surface generated hexacene. Chem. Commun. 53, 1583–1586 (2017). CP MAS: 55.83 (bridgehead), 119.23–136.01 (aromatic), 195.55 (C = O) ppm. DCI MS 478 ([M 2 CO]+) CP MAS: 55.83 (bridgehead), 119.23–136.01 (aromatic), 195.55 (C = O) ppm. DCI MS: 478 ([M – 2 x CO]+). HR DCI MS: calcd for C38H22 478.1722 (M – 2xCO); found 478.1731. 23. Krüger, J. et al. Decacene: On-Surface Generation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 11945–11948 (2017). 24. Zuzak, R. et al. Nonacene Generated by On-Surface Dehydrogenation. ACS Nano 11, 9321–9329 (2017). Preparation of Nonacene 1. Nonacene was obtained by heating 7a or 7b in the solid state at 350 °C under vacuum for 15 min or as a suspension by heating a purged solution of 7a in chlorobenzene 10 min. at 200 °C CP MAS: 125.5–128.8 ppm 25. Zuzak, R. et al. Higher Acenes by On-Surface Dehydrogenation: From Heptacene to Undecacene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 10500–10505 (2018). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2022) 13:223 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunication 6 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 26. Urgel, J. I. et al. On-Surface Synthesis of Heptacene Organometallic Complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 11658–11661 (2017). thanked for comments and corrections of the manuscript. A.J. acknowledges funding from the Foundation EXPERIENTIA and from ERDF/ESF “UOCHB MSCA Mobility” (No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/ 0.0/17 050/0008490). This research has received funding from the EraNET Cofund Initiatives QuantERA under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme grant agreement ORQUID. This project has received financial support from the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs and JST-ERATO (No. JPMJER1903) and JSPS-WPI. thanked for comments and corrections of the manuscript. A.J. acknowledges funding from the Foundation EXPERIENTIA and from ERDF/ESF “UOCHB MSCA Mobility” (No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/ 0.0/17 050/0008490). This research has received funding from the EraNET Cofund Initiatives QuantERA under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme grant agreement ORQUID. This project has received financial support from the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs and JST-ERATO (No. JPMJER1903) and JSPS-WPI. Complexes. J. 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Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0. 36. Jančařík, A. et al. Synthesis and Absorption Properties of Long Acenoacenes. Chem. Eur. J. Chem. 27, 202101577 (2021). Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Andrej Jančařík or Andre Gourdon. 37. Watanabe, M., Chen, K.-Y., Chang, Y. J. & Chow, T. J. Acenes Generated from Precursors and Their Semiconducting Properties. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 1606–1615 (2013). Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Uwe Bunz, Tahsin Chow and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available. Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Uwe Bunz, Tahsin Chow and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available. 38. Yoshida, S. & Hosoya, T. The Renaissance and Bright Future of Synthetic Aryne Chemistry. Chem. Lett. 44, 1450–1460 (2015). 39. Pena, D. Bottom-up Approaches to Nanographenes through Organic Synthesis. In Ideas in Chemistry and Molecular Sciences (ed. Pignataro, B.) 235–261 (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010). Reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints © The Author(s) 2022 Acknowledgements The authors thank Yannick Coppel (LCC-Toulouse) for recording CP-MAS spectra, David Neumeyer (CEMES) for recording TGA spectra, Christian Bourgerette (CEMES), and Isabelle Seguy (LAAS) for help in spin-coating experiments. We also thank Sébastien Joulié (CEMES) for TEM experiments and Sonia Mallet-Ladeira (LCC) for XRD of powders of precursors. We gratefully acknowledge Nathalie Saffon, from the Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, who solved the X-ray structure. Vladimír Vrkoslav (IOCB, Prague) is gratefully accredited for the MALDI experiments. Colin Martin (NAIST-CEMES) is The authors thank Yannick Coppel (LCC-Toulouse) for recording CP-MAS spectra, David Neumeyer (CEMES) for recording TGA spectra, Christian Bourgerette (CEMES), and Isabelle Seguy (LAAS) for help in spin-coating experiments. We also thank Sébastien Joulié (CEMES) for TEM experiments and Sonia Mallet-Ladeira (LCC) for XRD of powders of precursors. We gratefully acknowledge Nathalie Saffon, from the Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, who solved the X-ray structure. Vladimír Vrkoslav (IOCB, Prague) is gratefully accredited for the MALDI experiments. Colin Martin (NAIST-CEMES) is © The Author(s) 2022 7 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2022) 13:223 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27809-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunicatio
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https://github.com/WesterosCraft/StatuesMod/blob/master/src/main/java/com/shynieke/statues/items/StatueBlockItem.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
2,020
StatuesMod
WesterosCraft
Java
Code
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package com.shynieke.statues.items; import com.shynieke.statues.blocks.AbstractStatueBase; import com.shynieke.statues.compat.curios.CuriosCompat.StatueCurioCapabilityProvider; import com.shynieke.statues.init.StatueTabs; import net.minecraft.block.Block; import net.minecraft.block.BlockState; import net.minecraft.entity.EntityType; import net.minecraft.inventory.EquipmentSlotType; import net.minecraft.item.BlockItem; import net.minecraft.item.BlockItemUseContext; import net.minecraft.item.Item; import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack; import net.minecraft.nbt.CompoundNBT; import net.minecraftforge.common.capabilities.ICapabilityProvider; import net.minecraftforge.fml.ModList; import javax.annotation.Nullable; public class StatueBlockItem extends BlockItem { public StatueBlockItem(Block blockIn, Item.Properties builder) { super(blockIn, builder.group(StatueTabs.STATUES_BLOCKS)); } @Nullable @Override public EquipmentSlotType getEquipmentSlot(ItemStack stack) { return EquipmentSlotType.HEAD; } public boolean isBaby() { if(this.getBlock() instanceof AbstractStatueBase) { return (((AbstractStatueBase) this.getBlock())).isBaby(); } else { return false; } } public EntityType<?> getEntity() { if(this.getBlock() instanceof AbstractStatueBase) { return (((AbstractStatueBase) this.getBlock())).getEntity(); } else { return EntityType.BAT; } } @Nullable @Override protected BlockState getStateForPlacement(BlockItemUseContext context) { BlockState state = super.getStateForPlacement(context); ItemStack stack = context.getItem(); if(Block.getBlockFromItem(stack.getItem()) instanceof AbstractStatueBase) { if(stack.hasTag() && stack.getTag().get("Traits") != null) { state = state.with(AbstractStatueBase.INTERACTIVE, true); } } return state; } @Override public ICapabilityProvider initCapabilities(ItemStack stack, @Nullable CompoundNBT nbt) { if(ModList.get().isLoaded("curios")) return new StatueCurioCapabilityProvider(stack); else return null; } }
39,919
bpt6k624744v_5
French-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
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L'Ouest-Éclair
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En voici les résultats Pouliches de 1 an. 1 prime de 100 francs. M. Jouannic, à Lapaul, Locoal-Mendon, pour Jante, par Chatelaudren : 1 prime de 100 francs. M. Le Bihan François, à Kervernique, en Ploërmel, pour Javeline, par Dola : 1 prime de 50 francs. M. Le Vondre Joseph, à Belgouard, en Brech, pour Justine, par Forum : 1 prime de 50 frs. M. Le Borgne Joseph, au bourg de Landevennec, pour Joueuse, par Feuillant. Pouliches de 2 ans. 1 prime de 150 francs. M. Daniel Yves, au Lac, en La Trinité-sur-Mer, pour Idole, par Violoniste : 1 prime de 150 francs. M. Tuai Pierre, au Manémeur, en Erdeven, pour Mette, par Dosta; 1 prime de 76 francs. M. Le Fur François, du Val en Landevennec, pour Irène, par Dunois : 1 prime de 75 frs., M. Ouillas Joseph, du Témo, en Pluneret, pour Image, par Botmeur. Pouliches de 3 ans. Une prime de représentation de 300 francs et une autre de conservation de 650 frs., M. Le Bohellec Henri, de Kerpenhir, en Locmaria-quer, pour Helvétie, par Ariel; 1 prime de 275 frs. M. Le Pur François du Val, en Landevennec, pour Hermine, par Irénèur; 1 prime de 100 francs. M. Quintin Mathurin, de Locmaria, en Ploërmel, pour Houët, par Tremeur La fête de l'Association Amicale des Méridionaux de Bretagne Hier avait lieu dans les salons de l'Hôtel Dugueaden la tête annuelle de l'Association Amicale des Méridionaux de Bretagne, que préside avec tant d'élégance et de bonne humeur M. Durdent. Ce fut une fête des plus réussies, des plus gaies, de plus vivantes, comme doit être une fête de Méridionaux. Cette-ci débuta par une matinée de concert au cours de laquelle ont eu le plaisir d'entendre quelques-uns de nos meilleurs artistes Rennais. Des artistes dont la réputation est fameuse et dont on ne dit jamais trop de bien. Ce fut dans l'ordre du programme. M. Renaud, dans son paysannerie. Avec l'accent du terroir qu'il connaît si bien, il débita pendant un quart d'heure d'horloge, dans le patois de chez nous, deux monologues dont l'audience se divertit fort. Un peu plus tard, on l'entendit, dans un autre genre, réciter la perfection, très exactement, très exquisement, très joli, très bien. Le Rêve de Sapho et les Imprécations de Sapho. Mme Rocca suivit. Accompagnée au piano par Mme Vacher, elle chanta fort bien Le Rêve de Sapho et les Imprécations de Sapho. Mme Moquery lui succéda. Notre nouvelle artiste du théâtre municipal, remporta, comme toujours, un très grand succès. Délicieusement, elle chanta de sa belle voix de soprano un air de Samson et Dalilah et La Lettre extraite de l'opéra de Mozart. Elle fut félicitée et nous l'entendîmes à nouveau avec toujours plus de plaisir. Puis nous eûmes aussi la bonne fortune d'entendre Mlle Yvonne Lelay, jeune planète de 12 ans, déjà bien connue qui nous fit apprécier ses belles qualités dans la Valse de Chopin et Le petit Agneau blanc. Mlle Jacqueline Vacher, à son tour, accompagnée par Mme Vacher, Interpréta parfaitement deux morceaux de violoncelle. Ces deux jeunes artistes se firent encore applaudir, l'une accompagnant l'autre, dans Le Dernier Sommeil de la Vierge. M. Henry Vacher, le chansonnier bien connu de la Butte du Champ de Mars divertit fort l'assistance avec ses chansons d'actualité. Quelques Jolies trouvailles. bravo C'était l'heure de la sauterie. On fit place nette et les danseurs s'en donnèrent cœur joie, aux accents d'un brillant orchestre, jusqu'à l'heure du dîner. Le Banquet Ce fut un joyeux banquet par petites tables. De nombreuses dames y assistaient. A la table d'honneur présidait M. Durdez, président de l'Association, ingénieur conseil président de la société Rennaise d'Escrime membre du Rotary International. Nous avons en outre, noté la présence de Mme Durdez: M Brault, président d'honneur: M Vacher, vice-président. et Mme: M. Baly, vice-président: M Courault, secrétaire: M. Lapeyre, trésorier: M. Malleau, directeur de la Maison Centrale M Peyrousère, commissaire divisionnaire de la brigade mobile, et Mme: M. Koudeline et Mme: M. Mocquery et Mme: M. Ponnavoy, etc. A l'issue de ce banquet, M Durdez prit la parole pour adresser ses remerciements à toute l'assistance et à tous ceux qui se dévouèrent pour la réussite de cette fête. Puis il fit appel aux membres de l'Association qui doivent, autour des siens, faire de la propagande et amener de nouveaux adhérents. Il suggéra, en outre, cette excellente idée, qui se réalisa du reste, de créer un Annuaire des Méridionaux de Bretagne. Pour cela, il suffit d'envoyer au président de l'Association, son nom, son adresse, etc. C'est là chose facile. M. Durdez termina en levant son verre à la prospérité de l'Association, à tous les amis, à toutes les dames présentes, au pays du Midi et à la Bretagne si accueillante. C'est l'heure des chansons. Les artistes ne manquent pas. On va les mettre à contribution. Ils le feront tous du reste avec joie. C'est de bonne grâce en effet, que M. Koudeline, le premier, se lève. Il est ovationné. Il sourit, de son bon sourire franc. Mais voici que sa voix s'élève, puissante. Il chante l'« Air de la Calomnie » du Barbier de Séville. Il le détaille à merveille, et lorsqu'il se tait, un crépitement de bravos éclate. M. Koudeline va nous quitter. Il laissera à Rennes bien des sympathies. C'est le tour de Mme Mocquery. Nous sommes délicieusement ravis de l'entendre chanter avec toute son âme. "Les Mamans", elle aussi (c'est l'habitude) est l'objet d'une ovation. La parole est aux chanteurs gais. M. Malleau, directeur de la Maison Centrale, chante "J'ai l'habitude d'aimer d'un amour sincère", chanson provençale saluée par un triple ban. M. Henry Vacher sort une nouvelle chansonnette, rechantant "gentiment quelques Rennais connus". L'inénarrable M. Gaston Lapeyre, déchaine le rire avec ses chansons comiques. Des braves encore pour M. René Lapeyre qui pousse une tyrolienne à la perfection. Et la fête continue. Elle continue par un bal très réussi, où l'on remarque un grand nombre de charmantes danseuses dans des toilettes superbes. De l'entrain, du rire de la galanterie. Les heures passent, rapides, et l'on s'aperçoit tout à coup qu'il est 5 heures du matin. Alors chacun regagne son lit, fatigué, mais content d'avoir, dans l'air du Pays, passé une excellente journée, magnifiquement préparée par M. Durdez et ses collaborateurs. Que nous ne manquons pas de féliciter. M. Ahceli FEU DE CHEMINEE. Un feu de cheminée nécessitant l'intervention du service d'incendie, s'est déclaré samedi soir, vers 20 h. 30, chez M. Cazin, boulevard de Rennes. Pas de dommage à signaler LES EPAVES. Liste des objets trouvés et déclarés au Commissariat de police : un gilet de laine, un crik d'auto, un parapluie de femme, un gant d'enfant, trois porte-monnaie, un portefeuille, un soulier. Saint-Mare-le-Blanc ARRESTATION D'UN VOLEUR. L'auteur du vol de bicyclette commis au pré Mdiee de M. Lebarbier, un sujet tchéco-slovaque, Myo Belian, a été arrêté par la gendarmerie de Dreux. DOMPIERRE-DrCHEMIN APRÈS L'INCENDIE DE MORFONTAINE Le dégât s'élève à 92.000 francs remboursés L' « Ouest-Eclair » a relaté hier matin un grave incendie qui s'est déclaré vendredi soir chez M. Huet, entrepreneur de battages à Morfontaine. Les dégâts sont importants si l'on en juge par les chiffres suivants qui forment un total de 2000 francs : 12.500 kilogrammes de foin, valeur 5.000 fr ; un hangar, valeur 12.000 fr ; une machine à battre grand travail, une longue-comble, une égreneuse, le tout évalué 70.000 fr ; 1000 francs de pots de chardonneret et 4 000 fr de matériel agricole. DU JOUR La victoire de Leclerc, champion de France de cross-country Paris, 7 mars. (De notre correspondant sportif parisien.) Tout vient point à qui sait attendre. Leclerc a attendu dix ans avant de remporter le championnat de France de cross-country, hier, à Maisons-Laffitte, où il a fait une course d'attente avant de lâcher nettement Vigneron et Lahitte, par un sprint qui lui est cher. Leclerc est le parfait exemple de la persévérance récompensée et sa victoire est une histoire toute morale dont le titre pourrait être "La vertu sportive triomphe". Que nous voilà donc, loin avec ce triomphe du sport et des valeurs sportives de toutes les manigances, de toutes les combinaisons, de tous les petits trucs. ETAT CIVIL. Naissances. François Blain à Loliverie. Décès. Julien Sullbrots, 26 ans et François Blain. 75 ans. Avalanches-sur-Sélche ETAT CIVIL. Naissances. Marie Noël, au Val. Mariage. Ambroise Chesnel, domicilié à Vitré, et Marcelle Menais, à la Grand'Anselme. Dictée. Jean Dagrin, 58 ans, à l'hospice Retiré LE VOLEUR COURAIT VITE. Mais les gendarmes étaient encore plus rapides que lui puisqu'ils l'ont rattrapé. Il s'agit d'un nommé Alphonse-Krémiens Jouaud, 24 ans, du Genest (Mayenne). Ayant trouvé le long d'un mur un vélo qui avait été déposé par M. Grillon du Theil-de-Bretagne, il s'en empara, l'enfourcha et se mit à pédaler furieusement dans la direction du Theil. Aussitôt prévenus, les gendarmes se mirent à sa poursuite et le rattrapèrent après une chasse de 3 kilomètres. Ce vélo fut rendu à son propriétaire et le voleur, qui a déjà plusieurs condamnations, fut reconduit en prison. DERNIÈRES NOUVELLES COMMERCIALES Foires de la Région · AIZAY, le 7 mars. Animaux gras amenés et vendus : 80; génisses et petits bœufs première qualité 4-4,10, deuxième qualité 3,50, troisième qualité 3, gros œufs première qualité 3,80,25, deuxième qualité 3,25, troisième qualité 2,90 vaches première qualité 3,60-3,80, deuxième qualité 3,30, troisième qualité 2,70 taureaux première qualité 3,40-3,50 deuxième qualité 3, troisième qualité 2,75 le kilo vit. Animaux de travail amenés : 50 paires de bœufs et 250 taureaux bœufs blancs de choix six dents de 6,200 à 6 600 bœufs commodes de 5,500 à 5,900 bœufs de 4 dents de 6,000 à 5,600 jeunes bœufs de 3 ans de 4,600 à 5,000 la paire taureaux avec deux grandes dents blancs en beau bétail 1,800 à 2,000 en ordinaires 1,300 à 1,600 taureaux de pays de 1,200 à 1,500 petite taureaux de 900 à 1,200 pièce. Les deux-tiers des amenés furent vendus. Vaches amenées 160, vendues 100: Jeunes amouillantes de 4 à 6 ans bien préparées de 2.600 à 2.800 vaches âgées de 1.300 à 2.000 suivant situation bêtes communes avec pas trop d'âge de 2.200 à 2.400 taures de 3 ans prêtes à faire de 1.700 à 2.300 taures avancées sans grandes dents de 1.500 à 1.800 taures sans situation de 1.200 à 1.600 pièce. Veaux de lait amenés 120, vendus 110: première qualité en veaux de 100 kilos à 6 première qualités en veaux plus jeunes de 5.40 à 5.60: veaux de qualité moyenne de 6 & 5.50 le kilo viv. Moutons amenés 10: Jeunes agnelles de première qualité 7, brebis première qualité 6, deuxième qualité 5.50, troisième qualité 5: moutons 6-6.50 le kilo viv. Porcs de lait arrivages modérés gros laitons 150-160, moyens 130-135 petits porcelets 120 nourrains de à mots 180-200 gros nourrains de 3 mots 180-200 gros nourrains 250-280 pièce porcs gras 6-6.40 le kilo sur pied. On cote poulets gros 60, moyens 50, petite 35-40 la paire lapins Jeunes 13-18 vieux 20-38 pièce. Beurre 13 fr. la livre oeufs 6-6 la douzaine Foire d'olognes approvisionnée sans surcharge de marchandise Vente moyenne ayant des cours se soutenant péniblement. Les expéditions ont eu lieu sur Paris et départements voisins ainsi que dans les localités régionales. BAUGÉ, 7 mars. Foin 250; paille 200: farine. 225: blé. 180: avoine 120: orpre 100; seigle 100. Le kilo lapine. 6 78: poulets 11; poules. 9: canards. 8.60. Beurre. 21 fr.: mute. la douzine 3 60. un porcelet vendu 8.75. et 25 canards vendus 5 fr. Marchés de la Région. CHAMPAGNEaux. 6 mars. Poulets, 35 48: canards. 25 à 32: pigeons, 10 11: le tout la couple: lapins. 14 20 fr. la pièce: muets. 5 fr la douzaine; beurre de ferme. 11 fr. de laiterie. 12.70, le demi-kilo. Marché peu important, cours étant constants. SAINT PHILBERT GRAND LIEU, 4 mars Beurre en détail 22 à 22.76 le kilo: œufs 4.50 à 6 fr la douzaine. Poulets gros, la couple. 50 à 55 fr.; moyens. 40 à 45; petits 30 à 35 lapins la pièce. 15 à 20: pigeons, la couple. 6 à 7: canards la pièce. 12 à 14. RENSEIGNEMENTS MILITAIRES Recrutement, sursis d'incorporation, réforme, pensions etc. S'adresser à Ramus. Quai-Célat, Rennes. Joindre un X. en timbres-poste pour la réponse. scandales qu'ont défrayé, ces jours derniers dans la chronique de l'athlétisme ! Comme il est réconfortant de penser qu'un homme qui, depuis des années, travaille, si l'on osait dire, d'arrache-pied son style et sa force de coureur, sans d'autre souci que celui de gagner la première place tout en s'amusant, tout en se recréant et aussi tout en s'assurant un bulletin physique de bonne santé, arrive à décrocher le prix d'excellence au sport le plus ingrat, le plus difficile, le plus démoralisant d'entre tous. On a coutume de dire que dans le royaume des aveugles, les borgnes sont rois. Ainsi pourrait-on penser que de la médiocrité des concurrents du National, Leclerc s'est montré le moins médiocre. Tel n'est pas le cas. La valeur moyenne des coureurs du Championnat de France était celle de ces dernières années, même celle des années où, devant une équipe anglaise médiocre, le cross-country français remportait très aisément le Championnat des Six Nations, sur n'importe quel sol britannique, belle ou française. La victoire de Leclerc a donc été très régulière, je dirais même très justifiée. Mais il a fallu que le champion d'hier fut en grande forme pour avoir pu soutenir le train enragé mené par Rérolle, dès le début de la course. Ainsi Rérolle part comme un fou. Tactique qui lui est personnelle, il a la ferme conviction qu'après huit kilomètres de course de cet acabit, il aura écœuré tout le monde et qu'il n'aura plus qu'à se laisser vivre sur son avance. Mais il a compté sans les vertus sportives de ceux dont il a négligé le moral. Vigneron et Rochard s'accrochent à lui et ne le lâchent pas. C'est alors que le cœur de Rérolle défaille. Surpris de tant d'opiniâtreté l'ancien champion voit le courage lui manquer, il possède encore les ressources suffisantes pour poursuivre sa marche en avant, mais ne fait pas appel à elles tout comme Guillemot autrefois. Rérolle n'insiste pas et rentre dans le rang. Vigneron et Rochard sont seuls en tête. La défaillance de Rérolle les a surpris. Ils marchaient derrière lui en quelque sorte la cravache, ils avaient devant eux l'entraineur. Ils n'ont plus personne pour stimuler leur énergie. Ils ralentissent forcément le train, c'est tout ce qu'il y a de plus normal. Alors Lahitte et Leclerc qui se tenaient sagement, prudemment derrière eux, en vue de l'effort final, voient que le moment est venu d'agir. Leurs foulées régulières les rapprochent des leaders. Ceux-ci sont finalement rejoints, puis dépassés. 118 ont trop présumé de leurs forces. Ils doivent renier la place. Au sprint Leclerc règle facilement Lahitte. Voilà l'histoire du championnat d'hier. La belle et grande épreuve a mis en vedette un athlète modeste, qui travaille pour gagner sa vie, qui a femme et enfant et qui considère le sport comme un moyen de maintenir sa bonne santé. Le travail en semaine, le sport le samedi après-midi et le dimanche et un peu d'éducation physique chaque matin et chaque soir, n'est-ce pas la vraie formule que tous les citoyens Français devraient suivre ? Robert Combes. CHAMPIONNAT DE LA L.O.F.A. LE CLASSEMENT DES EQUIPES SECONDES EN PREMIERE DIVISION A Première Section Lorient-Sports en battant une fois l'U. S. Ouvrière et en réussissant ensuite le match nul s'est qualifié pour jouer la finale. Deuxième Section Sous-Groupe B. Les trois clubs étant égalité il fut décidé de jouer une poule «liminatoire». C'est le Stade Dinanais qui en est sorti vainqueur, après avoir battu l'Étoile Dinanaise qui avait elle-même éliminé la Jeanne d'Arc de Saint-Servan. La finale de cette section a commencé dimanche. Elle a permis aux Cheminots vainqueur du sous-groupe A de battre l'ES St-Brieuc, gagnant du sous-groupe C. Dimanche l'ES St-Brieuc recevra le Stade Dinanais. Troisième Section Sont entrées le B.C. de l'Ouest vainqueur sans concurrent, et l'U.S. du Mans. L'U.S. de la Baule gagnant dans son groupe a déclaré forfait. EN DIVISION D'HONNEUR Equipes secondes Le Stade Briochin et l'U.S. Servannaise et Malouine qui se trouvaient à égalité dans leur groupe se sont rencontrées dimanche Le Stade Briochin a battu son adversaire et s'est ainsi qualifié pour rencontrer le vainqueur de l'autre groupe, le Stade Quimperois. Le premier de ces matchs de finale aura lieu dimanche prochain à Quimper. Equipes troisièmes Un match unique qui se jouera dimanche à Morlaix entre le Stade Briochin et le Stade Quimpérois désignera le Champion de l'Ouest 1932 Equipes quatrièmes La finale se déroulera à Rennes en mars, entre le F.C. Lorientais seul engagé dans son groupe et l'U.S. Servannaise et Malouine qui ont battu le Drapeau de Fougères et le Dinard A.S.C. EN DIVISION B En match retour, le C. Universitaire Angevin a confirmé la victoire obtenue le dimanche précédent sur l'A.S. de Vitré. À Oullins, l'U.S. Oullinese ayant battu le Stade Léonard, après avoir déjà un match nul est vainqueur de son groupe. Le C. Universitaire Angevin et l'U.S. Oulmontaise participeront donc avec le S-A. d'Angers, le Stade Charlié de Blois et les Cadets de Bretagne à la poule finale qui servira de barrage et en même temps à désigner le champion de l'Ouest de la 1re division A. Le champion étant celui des deux premiers nommés Qui se classera dans le mieux dans cette poule. En équipes seconde dans chaque groupe, se disputera un match unique, à Blois pour le groupe A. La St-Maure de Dinan et le Stade Relecquton seront aux prises, Pour le groupe B le match se jouera à Vannes entre l'U. S. de Méan-Penhoët et l'U. S. Quimières. Laval, 7 mars. (De notre correspondant sportif.) Devant une affluence considérable, les dirigeants du Stade Lavallois nous ont déclaré que le record de la recette était battu et de très loin. Les Angevins du Sporting-Club de l'Ouest ont triomphé du Stade Lavallois par un score très net, trop net même pour bien représenter la physionomie de la partie. Certes les meilleurs ont gagné et il ne viendra à l'idée de personne de contester cela mais n'empêche qu'au bout de 50 minutes de jeu les deux équipes étaient à égalité (1 à 1) et qu'à ce moment-là il était difficile de prévoir le vainqueur du match. Jusque-là les Angevins avaient fait une belle démonstration de football mais s'étaient montrés très inefficaces, et les Lavallols, par leur allant, leur vitesse, leur ardeur, avaient bien résisté, ce montrant même souvent fort dangereux. Tout d'un coup la belle mécanique lavallolse s'arrêta net et en moins de trois minutes les visiteurs avaient deux buts d'avance alors ce fut un et sauf quelques réactions des Lavallols, les Angevins furent les maîtres incontestés du terrain, finissant le match avec quatre buts d'avance. Malgré la grande affluence, le Match se déroula devant un public calme et sportif au possible. Les belles phases de Jeu furent nombreuses et nous pouvons dire que le match d'hier fut le plus beau de la saison. L'arbitre, M. Riaux, de Rennes, se tira très convenablement de cette tâche difficile. La partie À 14 h. 30 précises les deux équipes se présentèrent dans les formations annoncées. M. Bouësse, député de la Mayenne, membre de la Commission d'éducation physique à la Chambre, ancien joueur et secrétaire général du Stade Lavalle, vint donner, au milieu des acclamations frénétiques du public, le coup d'envoi de cette importante rencontre. Le Stade Lavallois qui avait gagné le toss jouait avec le vent dans le dos mais avec un bien gênant soleil dans les yeux. La première attaque est conduite par les stadistes la triplette arrive devant les buts mais Renier botte en 6 mètres. Sur le dégagement de Martineau la balle parvient à Leveque, celui-ci ouvre sur Gautier qui centre aussitôt. Le Des reprend, transmet à Brandveiner et celui-ci loge la balle au fond des filets de Bribault il n'y a pas trois minutes de jeu. S.C.O. 1: 0. Dans le public c'est de la consternation, mais les stadistes ne se laissent pas abattre et voici Le Page qui met au-dessus. Sur une dangereuse combinaison Poremba-Le Dez-Chaigne, l'arrière Coulon met en corner. Donné sans résultat ce corner est repris par Favrot qui lance Ferrette et celui-ci seul devant Martineau tire au but mais la balle sort. Le Dez à l'aile gauche angevine est un danger constant pour la défense lavallolse. Sur une de ses échappées Coulon dégage in extremis en corner. Le Page, bien servi, s'échappe et shooté au but Martineau bloque mais chargé par Hervé, n'a d'autre ressource que de mettre en corner. Un autre corner bien donné par Le Page fait passer le frisson dans le dos des supporters angevins. Le S.C.O. remonte vers les buts de Bribault et obtient un corner. Ferrette manque une occasion superbe, puis Le Dez « shoot » de 90 mètres sans résultat. Sur centre de Chaigne, les minutieux met en corner. Un hors-jeu de Gautier arrête une attaque angevine et les cinq dernières minutes de la mi-temps se passent dans les 18 mètres angevins, dans lesquels brillent un Gervot et un Martineau. Cougeon shooté deux fois au but mais le goal bloque et c'est le repos. Le S.C.O. mène par un but à 0. À la reprise, le Stade Lavallois remonté à bloc part à l'assaut des buts adverses et Martineau intervient avec appui sur un dur shoot de Renier. Par Le Dez le S.C.O. se donne de l'air mais pour peu de temps. Bientôt Brandveiner la suite d'une action personnelle marque un quatrième but. Sur un centre de Le Dez, Brilhault dégage au poing dans les pieds de Chalgrin et sans peine celui-ci obtient le 5e but. S.C.O. 6 S.J.L. 1. À Laval. Alix, Coulon sont blessés, aussi l'équipe est-elle sérieusement modifiée. Hervé Joue arrière, Heslot demi-centre. Il reste dix minutes à jouer. Le Stade se reprend et se montre fort dangereux. Les joueurs Angers possède une solide équipe au jeu sec et académique mais beaucoup trop lent. Nous citerons l'honneur Martineau. goal de classe Gernot, arrière remarquable Levêque, demi-centre inlassable couvrant beaucoup de terrain, alimentant sans cesse sa ligne d'attents et venant souvent en aide aux défenseurs Poremba, centre avant merveilleux au milieu du terrain mais inefficace devant les buts Brandveiner, réalisateur remarquable Le Dez, ailier gauche qui dimanche dernier une des plus belles parties de sa carrière. Au Stade Lavallois toute l'équipe joua avec un courage digne d'un meilleur sort nous féliciterons en particulier Coulon, Alix, Heslot Ferrette qui se montrèrent supérieurs à leurs partenaires. Le championnat est terminé les stadistes lavallois ont pris la seconde place de leur groupe, ce qui est très honorable quand l'on sait que ce sont les Angevins du S.O.O. QUI occupent la première. 46 Xavier Boiron, À Rennes: MONTAGNARDS (2) bat JACQUES-CARTIER de Pintamé par 2 buts à 1 Rennes, 7 mars. Parvenue des Jeunes. Jouée sur le terrain des Cadets de Brognard. La Jacques-Cartier a le coup d'envoi et d'emblème pendant 16 minutes et vante le camp montagnard puis le Jura se lance l'attaque et marque le premier but à la 22e minute. La Jacques-Cartier réagit et vient inquiéter la défense montagnarde, mais celle-ci se laisse pas prendre en défaut. Latempe arrive sur le score de 1 à 0 à faveur des Montagnards. En deuxième mi-temps la Jacques-Cartier semble vouloir prendre le jeu, mais une défaillance se fait sentir chez elle. Les Montagnards pressent alors la défense adverse. Une faute de l'arrière vaut un penalty qui est accordé aux Montagnards et transformé. Montagnard 2, Paramê 0. La Jacques-Cartier veut sauver l'honneur mais ne peut franchir la défense montagnarde. Celle-ci faiblit un moment et à nouveau les avants de Paramé bombardent les buts montagnards. Un arrière montagnard fait une faute et c'est le penalty transformé en but. À la fin approche et le résultat reste en faveur des Montagnards. Les 22 joueurs sont à féliciter par leur tenue correcte. Arbitrage impartif de M. Ribet, des Cheminots Rennais. Cette partie comptait pour le championnat de la L.O.F.A. de 2e division, équipes secondes. À Châteaubriant, le 1er mars, les équipes de Quincié-Briassus, champion du district Anjou-Basse-Loire, et de Châteaubriand, champion du district Haute-Bretagne se sont rencontrées dimanche à Châteaubriand sur un terrain neutre, celui des Voltigeurs, par un beau temps, et devant un public très nombreux. Quincié-Briassus a le coup d'envoi. Après cinq minutes de jeu, Châteaubriand obtient un penalty qui est shooter sans résultat. Dans la remise en jeu, Quincié-Briassus obtient son tour un penalty et ouvre la marque. Quelques minutes après, il marque un deuxième but. Châtelaugiron ne se décourage pas, se défend bien, mais malgré ses efforts, il ne pourra tromper la vigilance adverse, et la mi-temps est sifflée sur le score de 2 à 0 en faveur de Quincé-Brissac. Pendant la deuxième mi-temps, Châtelaugiron cherche à égaliser, mais ne pourra sauver l'honneur, et Quincé-Brissac marque son troisième but. Quincé-Brissac possède une belle équipe pratiquant un beau jeu, n'ont été battus qu'une fois pendant la saison, par suite de l'absence de son goal. Elle envoie à gravir tous les échelons de l'Association. Châtelaugiron nous a présenté une équipe moins pulsante mais pleine d'allant. Remarqué le goal Darat qui fit une partie superbe, faisant de beaux arrêts, ce qui évita une plus grosse défaite à son club, et le demi-centre Moguelat nul fut le meilleur de tous les joueurs. Partie arbitrée par M. Cormier de Combrère. S-4 MATCHES AMICAUX À Guignen-Penhoët U. S. GUIGNENOISE (1) bat les VETERANS par 7 buts à 9 GUEMÈNET-PENHOËT, le 1er mars, Les vétérans ont, pour ce jour, retrouvé leur souplesse passée, et les Jeunes, tous jours dispos, ont bonne envie de vaincre. Bons débuts du côté des premiers malheureusement leurs coups mal assortés envoient souvent le ballon en touché. La poussée fait une cellule descendante brutement arrêtée par le goal Marrot. Les jeunes enlèvent le premier but par Trivière. La supériorité momentanée des vétérans marque la fin de la première mi-temps; leurs essais sont régulièrement repoussés par le goal Onillon. Une vive descente de Quérard assura un second point aux Jeunes. 2e mi-temps. Comme à la première, excellents débuts des vétérans, ce qui leur vaut un but marqué par Cormier. Puis les jeunes en marquent trois consécutivement, suivis bientôt de sixième et d'un septième but. Sur penalty. Roul, des Vétérans, marque un but. Malgré leur défaite, nous devons adresser des félicitations aux vétérans, qui se sont montrés tous pleinement entraînés. À signaler l'entrain particulier du joueur Moquet. Arbitrage sérieux et impartial. Babl. COUPE PERLE (Demi-finale) À Châteaubriand S.A. Châteaubriand (1) bat A.S. Nantaise (1) par 14 à 5 à Châteaubriand. 7 mars. Le beau temps avait attiré au stade V. Maudit un nombreux public qui s'en retournait enchanté d'avoir assisté à une belle partie de rugby. Nantes fit preuve d'une sportivité que l'on rencontre rarement en championnat. Les deux équipes se tenaient près l'une de l'autre s'efforcant d'offrir du beau jeu. Châteaubriand se montrait supérieur par ses trois-quarts et ses six avants. A.C. ne se démoralisait pas et dominait même légèrement dans tous les compartiments du jeu. À Châteaubriand, Lestrade qui avait fait sa rentrée est figuré pour son très sportif hautement apprécié ainsi que Thomas, Benou, Loyseau, etc. À Nantes, Savare est toujours le plus fort et le meilleur joueur de son équipe. Après lui, le demi de mêle et le trois-quarts centre droit se font remarquer. L'arbitrage de M. Gautier sut plaire à tous les spectateurs et joueurs. À Châteaubriand, en championnat des Patronages de la Loire-Inférieure, VOLTIGEURS CASTELBRIAND (B) bat E. St-NAZAIRE (S) par 13 à 4. CHATEAUDEBRIANT, le 7 mars. • en triomphant de l'E. S. Nazarilena, le second des voltigeurs a trouvé sa voie pour sortir champions de leur série. Savenay qui a été battu par Saint-Nazaire par 20 à 8, sera dimanche l'adversaire des Voltigeurs. Nous pouvons espérer que les voltigeurs seront vainqueurs, ce sera la récompense de leurs efforts et de leurs dévoués supporters. Cette partie jouée par un temps superbe avait attiré sur les touches un nombreux public qui put apprécier le beau jeu des deux équipes malgré quelques cafouillages. Après quelques minutes de jeu, Morfouesse, un des meilleurs joueurs Castelbrunais, ouvre la marque. Saint-Nazaire, sur faute des locaux, marque 2 buts sur coup franc. Les Voltigeurs ripostent par les files et à la mi-temps mènent par 7 points d'avance, le score étant de 9 à 2. À la reprise, les Voltigeurs conservent l'avantage et la fin est sifflée sur le score de 13 à 4 en faveur de ces derniers. Aux Voltigeurs, partie courageuse de toute l'équipe et si l'on veut chercher les meilleurs, nous citerons Morfouesse et Vételé. À Saint-Nazaire, les ailes furent bonnes et la défense accrocheuse. Arbitrage parfait de M. Carel, de la Saint-Rogatien de Nantes. Le Circuit du Morbihan, organisé par « L'Echo de l'Ouest » et les Cafés « À l'Épée (16 et 17 avril) Les engagés Nous avons dit quelle importance est attribuée, par les maisons de cyclistes, au Circuit du Morbihan qui doit se courir en deux étapes les 16 et 17 avril prochains. Avant d'engager définitivement leurs coureurs, les Directeurs Sportifs attendent la grande course pascale Paris-Bouc Épinard qui doit leur permettre de juger la forme de chacun. Nous avons cependant le plaisir d'annoncer à nos lecteurs, la participation certaine du populaire routier Jef Demuysère, le brillant vainqueur de 1930. Le coureur belge défendra les couleurs de Génial-Lucifer. À ce jour, la liste des engagés s'étale comme suit Alcyon 1. Leducq. 2. Marcel Bidot. 3. Jean Aerts. 4. Réservé. 5. Réservé. 6. Réservé. Génial-Lucifer 7. Émile Joly. 8. Louyet. 9. Jef Demuysère, 10. Réservé. 11. Réservé. 12. Réservé. Dréata 13 Ferdinand Le Drogo. 14. Paul Le Drogo. 15. Réservé. 16. Réservé. 17. Réservé. 18. Réservé. AUGUSTIN GAGNE LA COURSE DE L'I.S.P. PONT-CHATELAINE Pont-Château. 7 mars. La première course cycliste sur route organisée par l'I.S.P. et annoncée à nos lecteurs s'est déroulée ce matin sur le circuit de Clos Bodin, Le Calvaire et Versailles. Ce trajet parcouru sept fois était de 35 kilomètres. Il s'est effectué en une heure, 2 minutes 35 secondes. Ce résultat prouve que la course a été menée avec beaucoup d'entrain, le circuit étant accidenté. Voici l'ordre d'arrivée 1. Augustin, de Saint-Nazaire: 2. Geffray, de Saint-Nazaire; 3. Glaud, de Saint-Nazaire; 4. Boussaud, de Pont-Château; 5. Perraud, de Sainte-Reine. Les spectateurs ont remarqué le beau retour de Boussaud qui a eu la malchance d'avoir une crevaison au dernier tour. Nous rappelons que la deuxième course sur route organisée par l'I.S.P. aura lieu dimanche prochain. Rendez-vous pour tous les coureurs à 10 heures du matin auprès du vélodrome de Villeneuve. Tous les Jeunes cyclistes du canton de Pont-Château et des cantons limitrophes qui désirent prendre part soit aux courses sur piste soit aux courses sur route, sont invités à se faire inscrire chez M. Albaret, secrétaire de l'U.S.P. AU VELO-SPORT DE PRIZEGAT Le circuit annoncé pour le 13 mars est reporté au 3 avril. COURSE D'ENTRAINEMENT CYCLO-PÉDESTRE DE LA PÉDALE NANTAISE Nantes, le 7 mars. La deuxième d'entraînement de la Pédale n'est courue par un temps merveilleux et fut menée à très vive allure. Les coureurs se sont toujours maintenus en peloton. Jusqu'à l'arrivée. À noter l'abandon de Mogullon au sixième tour sur crevaison. Il était en très bonne position. L'abandon également du coureur Esnault sur crevaison au onzième tour. Le train était si rapide et l'arrivée si proche qu'il lui aurait été impossible de rejoindre. Voici l'arrivée 1. Guimard; 2. Chartier 3 Mousseau; 4. Chauffard; 5. Peslherc; 6. Basset; 7. Badeau; 8. Oravolle (débutant). Le second mantra sera couru à Angers Le CHALLENGE de L'AVANT-GARDE L'Avant-Garde fera courir le dimanche 20 mars, pour la deuxième fois, son challenge de l'Avant-Garde. Ce cross-country sera couru selon les règlements FQ.S-P.F. et F.F.A.B.B., et par conséquent ouvert à tous les coureurs adhérents de l'une ou de l'autre de ces fédérations. Cette épreuve comprend deux courses, l'une réservée aux Juniors sur une distance de 6 kilomètres environ, l'autre aux seniors sur une distance de 8 kilomètres environ. Les engagements seront clos le 17 mars. Ils devront être adressés à M. Callaud. 1. rue Louis-de-Rothschild, à Angers. Le départ de la première course sera donné à 15 heures au Champ des Martyrs. route de la Garenne. L'année commence avec un classement dans chaque catégorie par équipe de trois hommes sans élimination des Individuels et des hommes en surnombre. En cas d'ex-æquo, l'équipe classée première sera celle ayant classé le plus tôt ses trois premiers hommes. La garde du challenge pour un an sera confiée à l'équipe ayant totalisé le plus petit nombre de points dans l'addition des places de ses trois premiers seniors et de ses trois premiers Juniors. En cas d'ex-æquo, il sera attribué à l'équipe classée première dans la course seniors. Le challenge sera attribué définitivement à la société qui l'aura gagné trois années consécutives ou quatre années non consécutives. Le tenant pour la première année est l'Avant-Garde. Grand gala de boxe, le 18 mars, à Saint-Nazaire Le programme mis sur pied par Le Bon. est un programme de choix, le plus beau jusqu'à ce jour. Cette belle soirée pourrait être appelée la soirée des Champions. En effet, nous verrons dans le cercle enchanté Mafsonneave (mouchetard) champion de l'Atlantique; Olivier (plume), champion de l'Atlantique; Gouaud (léger), champion de l'Atlantique; Lièvre (mi-moyen), finaliste des championnats de l'Atlantique; Marjoux (moyen), finaliste des championnats de l'Atlantique. Voilà pour Saint-Nazaire. Pour Nantes, Lorho (moyen), champion de l'Atlantique; Durieux (léger), finaliste des championnats de l'Atlantique. Pour Saint-Brieuc, Denis (plume), finaliste des championnats de Bretagne, vainqueur de Sabatier et d'Olivier. Pour Tours, Caillault ou Levillain, l'un champion de l'Ouest 1931 et l'autre vainqueur du challenge de l'Auto. Pour Paris, X. adversaire de Gouaud. C'est donc, comme nous le disions dans notre précédent article, une épreuve qui regroupera le 18 mars, sur le ring de l'Athénée, presque tous les boxeurs devant participer aux championnats de l'Ouest, à l'exception de ceux de Rouen et du Havre. On pourra se faire une idée des chances des Nantais dans les Championnats de l’Ouest qui auront lieu le 3 avril à Rouen. À côté des champions, nous aurons également les boxeurs suivants qui se produiront le 18 mars. Pour Saint-Nazaire, Émile et Pascal Lepennuis, Quefféleán, Mayet. Pour Nantes, Moriceau, Lebastard (alias Jahier) et X. À cette soirée, sera inaugurée une nouvelle formule pour essayer de sortir le meilleur léger après Gougaud et Durieux, Émile Lepennuis, mis à part. Nous aurons de un côté, 3 Nantais, Lebastard, Moriceau et X, de l'autre, 3 Nazairiens, Pascal Lepennuis, Quefféleán et Mayet. Exemple de l'épreuve : Il combat, Mayet contre X. X. vainqueur; 2e combat, Quefféleán contre Moriceau, Moriceau, vainqueur 2e tour tirage au sort qui donne, Quefféleán exempt et X., contre Lepennuis, X., vainqueur. 3e tour finale Quefféleán contre X.. X., vainqueur Les organisateurs ont mis hors tournoi, le match Durieux-É. Lepennuis. Ces deux hommes étant bien les deux meilleurs légers après Gougaud. Il s'agit donc de connaître les 3 meilleurs légers de l'Atlantique. Le n° 1 est Gougaud. Le n° 2 sera au vainqueur du combat Lepennuis-Emile Durieux. Le n° 3 au vainqueur du tournoi. CHAMPIONNATS SCOLAIRES DE TIR EN 1932 L'Union des Sociétés de Tir de France organise en 1932, comme les années précédentes, des championnats scolaires de tir à l'arme de guerre et à la carabine à 10 mètres, entre les Élèves des Lycées, Collèges, Écoles primaires supérieures et Écoles primaires. Ces championnats seront tirés du 1er avril au 17 mai 1932, dans les conditions prévues par les règlements de l'Union. Ces règlements seront adressés aux Directeurs d’Établissements et d’Écoles. Les demandes d’inscription doivent parvenir avant le 1er avril 1932, directement au siège de l’Union, 46, rue de Provence, Paris. À cet effet, l’Union porte à la connaissance des Écoles, les dispositions suivantes : 1. Carabine scolaire. L’Union des Sociétés de Tir de France dispose en faveur des Écoles primaires de garçons de 50 carabines réduction du fusil modèle 1886, carabine de haute précision de 6 mm pour le tir scolaire et de préparation militaire, nouveau modèle de l’Union des Sociétés de Tir de France. Dix de ces carabines sont affectées en prix aux dix premières écoles classées au championnat des Écoles primaires de 1932. Les 40 autres seront attribuées par vote de tirage au sort aux écoles dont les Directeurs en feront la demande directement à l’Union le 1er mars de chaque année. 2. Bois de garantie. La validité de tous les bons de garantie contre les accidents scolaires de tir délivrés par l’Union aux Instituteurs est prorogée pour l’année 1932-1933 avec le même capital de 20000 fr. Les Écoles qui n’en sont pas pourvues peuvent les demander directement à l’Union des Sociétés de Tir de France. 3. Récompenses. Indépendamment des prix en nature attribués aux écoles et élèves, des récompenses d'un autre ordre (diplôme d'honneur ou lettres de félicitations ou récompense d'un ordre plus élevé) pourront être accordées par l'Union aux Directeurs d'École ou Instituteurs Instructeurs de tir, qui lui seront signalés pour leur dévouement à la cause du tir. CONCOURS DEPARTEMENTAL DE POULAINS ET POULICHES DE NOZAY Un concours de poulains et pouliches aura lieu à Nozay le mardi 12 mars, à 8 heures du matin. Les inscriptions seront prises à partir de 7 h. 30 du matin, en commençant par les pouliches de deux ans. Le concours est réservé aux pouliches des cantons de Nozay et de Derval, de 2 et 3 ans issue d'un étalon de l'État ou approuvé ou autorisé, de race celtique ou artilleries et trait léger. Il y sera donné pour les pouliches de 2 ans une prime de 300 fr., 2 de 250 fr., 2 de 200 fr., 1 de 150 fr. et 1 de 100 fr. pour les pouliches de 3 ans, 1 prime de conservation de 800 fr., 2 de 700 fr., 2 de 500 fr., 2 de 400 fr., 4 de 300 fr., et 9 de 200 fr. Les primes seront décernées par un Jury composé de M. l'Inspecteur général des Haras du 3e arrondissement ou de son délégué, du colonel commandant la circonscription de remonte militaire, et de deux membres désignés par M. le Ministre de l'Agriculture sur la proposition de M. le Préfet. Pour le règlement détaillé de ce concours, voir les affiches dans les mairies. DISTINCTION DÉMÉRITÉE Nous sommes heureux d'apprendre que notre ami M. C. Ancelin, directeur de notre chronique hippique régionale, vient d'être promu chevalier du Mérite Agricole. Nous lui adressons nos plus chaleureuses félicitations. COURSES À ENGHIEEN Paris, le 7 mars. Malgré un programme modeste, un public nombreux avait fait le déplacement aujourd'hui à Enghien attiré sans doute par le Les 4 ans qui disputaient le Prix Courgolot, l'épreuve principale de la journée, étaient bien médiocres. Les faveurs du public se partageaient entre l'Ichelle et le Chat-Botté qui n'ont pas donné longtemps d'illusions à leurs partisans avant qu'un tour ait été accompli, on était fixé sur leur sort. Tous deux à l'arrière-garde étaient parfaitement incapables d'améliorer leur position et de rejoindre les deux leaders Pricard et Dominicain entre lesquels la partie s'est jouée d'un bout à l'autre. Après s'être disputés à qui prendrait la tête, Pricard après la Butte rejoignit. L'Ichelle en 3ème position depuis le départ conservait sa place. Peaulogué après une tentative de dérobade doublée de la double haie avait suivi dans le lointain. Résultats PRIX DU MÉDOC (steephle, à vendre, 7.500 francs, 3.800 mètres, 7 partants) Morceau de Roi (Härdt), M. Dumont; Piflero (Bertini), M. Blarroche. Non placés Charles-Quint (Cervoni), Master Quack (Costadoat), L'Allumeuse (Dominici), Lampo (G. Verzède), Petite Corse (H. Howes) Prix DU LOT (haies, 12.000 francs, 3.300 mètres, 4 partants) Cyrano Perrin, M. E. Knayan; Wazidon (Capit), M. Bataille. Non placés Carica (P. Rolfoi), Alcide (L. Cyr), Luci. PRIX DE LA Gironde. Haies à vendre 10000 francs, 2.800 mètres 1 Gold Rush (Teasdale). a M de Mola: 2 Christabelle (Cervois, a M. Monnat). 3 Ami du Peuple (Maubert). Il M. Du Non placés: Asturi (E Lethien). Olive Noire (G Brillet). King (M. Maginot). Masked Bandit (A. Cérézi). Beatrix de Sannois (R. Haes). Bail Trap (J. Cap). Indépendance (C. Poujadel). Prix Courcolet steeple, hand. 20.000 francs. 3.500 mètres 6 partants 1 1. Pricard (Locki). Il M de la Brunère. 2 Dominicien (Howes). Il M. Me Cune Non placés: Michelme (R. Duchesne). Peau Rouge (M Leroy). Chat botté (C. Costadolati). Luceole (F Rigoul). Prix Gascon (haies). 15.000 francs. 2.200 mètres 6 partants. 1 Vert (Fast Gleizes). a M Sibor. 2 Samba (Fretoule). a M Delor Non placés: Nador (S. Bush). Hibernule VI (R. George). Métropolitain (G Costadolati). Sabeen (R Bagniolo). Prix DES Graves steeple 12000 fr., 8.400 mètres 6 partants 1 Sea Rover (Teasdale). a M. de Mola. 2 Guzal (Bañaderia). a M La Montagne. Non placés: Glennera (Howes). Jubilé (R. Haes). Volceliste (H. Gletsch). Sans Argent (M-C Dore). Prix DIABLE monté. 10.000 fr., 2.100 mètres 17 partants 1 Fetsanvil (Berlioz). a Mme Tortel. 2 Esclaven (Devresse). R M Mortain. 3 FCnea (Hanse Haras de la Verrerie). Non placés: Spur (S. Marie). Gatigny (A Dezieray). Dona (Chrétien). Drôlette (Sourdeau). Filé de la Lune (Gougeon). Faon (A. Lheureux). Fulvie (F. Gougeon). Et Paso (Biache). Échalote (A Scurriolle). Grand Duc (A Choiselet). Fallot (A Boulivet). Dame d'honneur (L Boude). Excelistor (C Verzé). Erratum (A. Forclan). Paris Mutuel 1e c. Morceau-de-Pri Il le 80 Piffero p. 9 r. 16 » p 3c Gold-Rush o. 29 00 belle 911 90 Amt-du-requin P. U à Flotte Est arrivé de Brest, le transport Loiret, le 6. En route vers Cherbourg, l'aviso Quentin-Bose velt. le S. Suez, l'aviso Dunkerque, le 7. Quiberon, la 2Escadre, le 7. COMMANDEMENT Forces aériennes de mer M. le capitaine de corvette Noël, du port de Toulon, a été nommé au commandement de la base d'aéronautique maritime de Marignane. DESIGNATIONS D’OFFICIERS-MARINIERS BREST, le 7 mars. Sont destinés Le maître mécanicien Pléjeau, pour le Strasbourg; le maître fourrier Faou; les seconds-maîtres de manœuvre Allais et Carrée; le second-maître timonier Deschanel le second-maître fusilier Euzen les seconds-maîtres électriciens Kerleguer et Gourmel les seconds-maîtres radios Le Gall et Laurent les seconds-maîtres chauffeurs Pencreach et Pellenec, pour Toulon tous sur le Commandant Teste le second-maître électricien Quistinlet, Direction du Port de Lorient. pour le Poncelet; le maître fourrier Gallec, pour l’Ouragan. Lorient, le 7 mars. Sont destinés Le maître électricien Le Bon, le maître mécanicien Quéré, le maître chauffeur Cutulle, le second-maître chauffeur LeClère, le second-maître électricien Paugam, pour Toulon sur le Commandant Teste. Le Gouay, maître mécanicien, Strasbourg Guistinat, second-maître électricien, Poncelet. LES RÉSULTATS DE L'ÉCOLE TECHNIQUE SUPÉRIEURE DE L'ARTILLERIE NAVALE Voici la liste par ordre de mérite des élèves ayant obtenu le brevet de capacité de l'école technique supérieure de l'artillerie navale (promotions octobre 1930-février 1932). 1° Brevets de capacité avec mention honorable. Launay, laboratoire central de l’A. N. Yvinic, Brest; Burban, Lorient; Paulhac, Toulon; Bordas, Ruelle Cordebœuf, Ruelle Migret, Ruelle; Delaunay, Paris; Le Garff, Lorient. 13 e. 10 COURSES À COMPIÈGNE Partants probables Steeple-Chase DE LA Société DU DEMI-sang. (Chevaux de selle 10.500 mètres; 14.500 mètres) Echo (Magmot) Monte-tout-de-sus Il de la Tour De Caen (Galaurchil; Chinchilla (Romain); Damoiselle IV (Sindler) Flocon de Nuit (Luc); Echappatoire Il (Tremeau) Fleur de Lys IV (Nebolt); Dédée Il (de Vaulxier) Flèche li ou Fauvette IV (Chaintreau); Déesse 111. Prix DE L'ORTILÉ (haies à obstacle. 11.000 francs. 2.800 mètres). Pierrepont (Feger); Rameau (Galaurchil); Rosario Il (George); Baron de Crac (Sawicki); St-Gregoire (Pabry); Le Phalène (Tremeau); Eu d'Or (Howes); Bébert (Rochet); Bapet IX (de Verthamlt; Aurea (Turner); Renaissance (Holmes); La Caline (Lescalle); La Vallouise (Fayel). Prix de Champlieu (haies. 22.000 fr. 3.000 mètres). Old Glory (Joiner); Sorcova (Neel); Renaissance (Holmes); Mimy Thérèse (Howes); St-Rieul (Warren) Alphonsine (Rochet) Town Talk (Faye) Alta (Costadoat); Robert Bruce (X.). Prix DE VIEUX MOULIN (steeplechase handicap. 15.200 fr. 3.500 mètres) Riponnet (Warren); Don Bartolo (Reinette): Ferdinand (Neel); Very Well (de Verthamlt; Dinatri (Perrin); Aille (Luc); Le Boudeur (Sentier); Pomocho (Teasdale); Babbler (Holmes). Paix DES AMATEURS DU Trotting monté ou attelé. 4.000 fr. 2.400 mètres. Francisque (Bertéaux); Granville Il (IX.); Gigolette Mondaine (Bourgeois); Edelweiss III (Auguste) Fée Bonheur ou Doryllée (Doumet); Fémina (Vestard) Camelia (D'Heudeux); Entrechat (Baudry); Firmament (Gaudin); François Faber (Vrommant); Evane (Morvillers); De Pompipan (Buisson Champillon) (Rouget); Eric Leyburn (Hellard) Depressiaux - Van Dyck; Duchesse de Bretagne (Duriez); Eperdute III (D'Haen); Carmen VI (Pelissol); Eblouissante ou Favorita (Arson); César Il (Marmouset); Carrouche (Tieclerc); Fleuret (Jeanne); Gaucho (X.) Edouard P. (de Manie); Malalda M. (Falleur); El Paso (X.); Elégante Il (Wannepanl); Duc des Communes (Guitton); Denti (Gullielmi); Vertueux (Mailard); Upsilon V (Ix.).
1,153
https://github.com/YANGQUNGONGSHE/jesusYQ_U3d/blob/master/Assets/Scripts/View/Mediator/MeMediator.cs
Github Open Source
Open Source
Apache-2.0
2,018
jesusYQ_U3d
YANGQUNGONGSHE
C#
Code
378
1,995
using System; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using LitJson; using strange.extensions.dispatcher.eventdispatcher.api; using strange.extensions.mediation.impl; using UnityEngine; using WongJJ.Game.Core; using WongJJ.Game.Core.StrangeExtensions; public class MeMediator : EventMediator { [Inject] public UserModel UserModel { get; set; } [Inject] public MeView MeView { get; set; } private string[] _mBookName; private string[] _mBookId; private BookModel _mRecord; public override void OnRegister() { MeView.SetBut.onClick.AddListener(SetClick); MeView.EditorDataBut.onClick.AddListener(EditorDataClick); MeView.FansAndFocusBut.onClick.AddListener(FansAndFocusClick); MeView.LikeBut.onClick.AddListener(LikeClick); MeView.PersonalBut.onClick.AddListener(PersonalButClick); MeView.ChangeBookBut.onClick.AddListener(ChangeBookButClick); MeView.BlBut.onClick.AddListener(BlButClick); MeView.CollectBut.onClick.AddListener(CollectClick); MeView.AccountBookRecordFiler.OnCellClick = OnCellClick; dispatcher.AddListener(CmdEvent.ViewEvent.EditorAccountDataOptionFinish,UpdateAccountFinish); dispatcher.AddListener(CmdEvent.ViewEvent.QueryUserReadRecordCoutFinish,QueryUserReadRecordCoutFinish); SetUiInfo(); GetBookList(); Dispatcher.InvokeAsync(GetBookRecordInfo, LocalDataObjKey.LastReadRecord); } #region Click Event private void BlButClick() { MeView.IsVisibleBookListPart(false); } private void ChangeBookButClick() { MeView.IsVisibleBookListPart(true); } private void PersonalButClick() { UserModel.PostModel = new PostModel() { HeadTexture2D = DefaultImage.ImHeadTexture2D, Author = UserModel.User, FromType = FromViewType.FromAccountView }; iocViewManager.DestroyAndOpenNew(MeView.GetUiId(),(int)UiId.Personal); } private void EditorDataClick() { UserModel.EditorUserDataType = EditorUserDataType.AccountCenter; iocViewManager.DestroyAndOpenNew(MeView.GetUiId(),(int)UiId.EditorUserData); } private void LikeClick() { UIUtil.Instance.ShowWaiting(); iocViewManager.DestroyAndOpenNew(MeView.GetUiId(),(int)UiId.MyLikePosts); } private void FansAndFocusClick() { iocViewManager.DestroyAndOpenNew(MeView.GetUiId(),(int)UiId.FocusAndFans); } private void SetClick() { iocViewManager.DestroyAndOpenNew(MeView.GetUiId(),(int)UiId.Setting); } private void CollectClick() { iocViewManager.DestroyAndOpenNew(MeView.GetUiId(),(int)UiId.Collect); } #endregion #region dispatcher Event private void UpdateAccountFinish() { SetUiInfo(); } private void QueryUserReadRecordCoutFinish(IEvent eEvent) { var recordCount = eEvent.data as ReadRecordCount; if(recordCount==null)return; MeView.SetReadRecordCountUi(recordCount); } #endregion private void OnCellClick(int index, BookModel bookModel1) { dispatcher.Dispatch(CmdEvent.Command.QueryUserReadRecord, new ReadRecordData() { Type = QueryReadRecordType.QueryReadCount, ParentType = "节", ParentidPrefix = bookModel1.Id, UserId = UserModel.User.Id.ToString() }); MeView.IsVisibleBookListPart(false); MeView.SetChioseedBookName(bookModel1.BookName); LocalDataManager.Instance.SaveJsonObj(LocalDataObjKey.LastReadRecord, bookModel1); } private void GetBookList() { var bookDatas = new List<BookModel>(); //_mBookName = new[] { "论语", "孟子", "中庸", "大学", "圣经", "老子", "尚书", "春秋", "诗经" }; //_mBookId = new[] { "lunyu", "mengzi", "zhongyong", "daxue", "bible", "laozi", "shangshu", "chunqiu", "shijing" }; _mBookName = new[] {"圣经", "论语", "老子"}; _mBookId = new[] {"bible", "lunyu", "laozi"}; for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) { var bookModel = new BookModel() { Id = _mBookId[i], BookName = _mBookName[i] }; bookDatas.Add(bookModel); } MeView.AccountBookRecordFiler.DataSource = bookDatas; MeView.AccountBookRecordFiler.Refresh(); } private void GetBookRecordInfo(string key) { var json = (string)LocalDataManager.Instance.LoadJsonObj(key); if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(json)) { _mRecord = JsonMapper.ToObject<BookModel>(json); } else { _mRecord = new BookModel() { BookName = "圣经", Id = "bible" }; } dispatcher.Dispatch(CmdEvent.Command.QueryUserReadRecord, new ReadRecordData() { Type = QueryReadRecordType.QueryReadCount, ParentType = "节", ParentidPrefix = _mRecord.Id, UserId = UserModel.User.Id.ToString() }); MeView.SetChioseedBookName(_mRecord.BookName); } private void SetUiInfo() { if(UserModel.User==null)return; MeView.NickName.text = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(UserModel.User.DisplayName) ? UserModel.User.DisplayName : UserModel.User.UserName; MeView.HeadImage.texture = DefaultImage.ImHeadTexture2D; } public override void OnRemove() { MeView.SetBut.onClick.RemoveListener(SetClick); MeView.LikeBut.onClick.RemoveListener(LikeClick); MeView.EditorDataBut.onClick.RemoveListener(EditorDataClick); MeView.FansAndFocusBut.onClick.RemoveListener(FansAndFocusClick); MeView.PersonalBut.onClick.RemoveListener(PersonalButClick); MeView.ChangeBookBut.onClick.RemoveListener(ChangeBookButClick); MeView.BlBut.onClick.RemoveListener(BlButClick); MeView.CollectBut.onClick.RemoveListener(CollectClick); MeView.AccountBookRecordFiler.OnCellClick -= OnCellClick; dispatcher.RemoveListener(CmdEvent.ViewEvent.EditorAccountDataOptionFinish, UpdateAccountFinish); dispatcher.RemoveListener(CmdEvent.ViewEvent.QueryUserReadRecordCoutFinish, QueryUserReadRecordCoutFinish); } private void OnDestroy() { OnRemove(); _mBookId = null; _mBookName = null; _mRecord = null; } }
8,844
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20365681
Wikidata
Semantic data
CC0
null
Template:Schools in Wirral
None
Multilingual
Semantic data
12
24
Template:Schools in Wirral Wikimedia template Template:Schools in Wirral instance of Wikimedia template
8,673
sn87060190_1895-06-06_1_1_1
US-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,895
None
None
English
Spoken
4,234
5,584
EVENING BULLETIN. to require drastic measures, but a number of complaints have been received. District attorneys in the far west have been instructed to prosecute anyone infringing on the public lands. In case this does not have the desired effect, troops may be asked for. Cholera Infantum Dests in the Far West. An Appetite for the Actual Effects of Life. Alaskan, O., June 0. The miners of Muskogee met in the rain yesterday afternoon and voted to accept the new scale of 5 cents, under protest, and at the same time framed a strong appeal to Governor McKinley to send relief. They ask for help on the ground that they are now physically weak from long destitution and that at the new state they cannot supply themselves with the necessaries of life, even with steady work. Missions were held elsewhere in the district, the scale being rejected, at Navarro, Last Greenville, Dalton, and Pigeon Run. In the southern Ohio field preparations are in progress for immediate resumption. Sails via Her First Trip. New York, June 0. The American line steamship St. Louis left her pier at the foot of Canal street promptly at 11 o'clock yesterday to enter upon her first voyage across the ocean. She carried the full number of cabin and saloon passengers for which she has accommodations. A heavy fog enveloped the river and harbor, which prevented the greeting of the St. Louis by steam and sailing vessels as she passed toward the ocean, such as she would have received had the atmosphere been clear. Attempted Shakedown. Spokane, June 0. A. H. Chigty, keeper of a hotel at Willow Springs, went into the office of Joseph Fisher, capitalist and extensive property owner of this city, a little before noon. Yesterday, Jocked the door and threatened to kill Fisher if he did not give him $1,000. Fisher wrote out a scheme for the sum, but payment was stopped and Fisher was arrested. He blames Fisher for foreclosing on his property and ways his life was worried to death by financial reverses. Surveyor of the Colliuit Dispatch. Majewski, June 6. A telegram received from Acapulco states that the Barravestra (arrived there with Chilberg of Seattle, who was seen by Officer Hansen immediately after the disaster on one of the life rafts with six other men, having two oars. The Barravestra also has aboard Johnson, Gonzales, Peters, and Crow. These four will proceed to San Francisco on the Colon. The survivor, from the life raft, is J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing are J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. The list of the missing is as follows: J. J. Noon, Jose Peguoros, A. S. Martin, and two others. In the dynamite. Pout Townsend, Wash., June 0. Professor Nash, chief of the British educational bureau in India, and husband of a Hindu princess, jumped overboard from the steamer City of Topeka a few miles north of Queen Charlotte sound last Monday and was drowned. The body was upt recovered. FITZSIMMONS READY. Dallas, Texas, Likely to Get the Big Fight. It Ever Comes OH. New York, June 0. The proposed Corbett-Fitzsimmons mill at Dallas still remains the topic of discussion among the sporting men here. Manager Brady said last night that he was perfectly satisfied with the arrangements made by the Dallas representatives that his man would be in the ring and ready on the day to be fixed in the latter part of October by the Dallas people. The Associated Press reporter called on Fitzsimmons at his residence last night. In response to a number of questions, the ex-middleweight champion said: "I feel perfectly satisfied that the contest will take place at Dallas, as the business men there, through their representative, Mr. Stuart, seem to be on the level. "There has been some remarks on questioning my sincerity in this affair, and some persons have been unkind enough to say I will weaken, I can assure you that I am just as ready to meet Corbett as I would be to meet an inferior in the ring. Corbett, I believe, has said that I was not in his class, but if Charlie Mitchell was in his class, then I certainly must be, and I cannot see where I could possibly be left out. Depend upon my word, Mr. Corbett has a big contract on his hands and when he meets me he will tackle a better man than he has ever met before." "Give me a fair, trustworthy referee and I have no doubt that I shall prove myself the better man. It is just possible that I may weigh 20 pounds lighter than Co.bett, but I can easily make up for that and our relative weights may be 103 and 187." Philip J. Dwyer, stakeholder for the coming fight between Corbett and Fitzsimmons, when seen last night said: "I am perfectly satisfied that Fitzsimmons and Corbett will meet to test their scientific capabilities in the latter part of October near Dallas, I have now in my possession $25,000, $10,000 each from the principles said bets and $5,000 cash from Dallas people. As yet, I have not received the $5,000 forfeit money which was promised by Fitzsimmons and Corbett, but I feel certain that the men or their backers will put this money up before the end of this week." Dan Stewart expressed the utmost confidence as to the posting of the pugilists' forfeit before the ending of the week, "I will remain here," said he, "until next Monday or Tuesday, and I am quite satisfied that the arrangements have so far made will be carried out to the letter." OPENING NEW T-PAFFIC. He Exchanged. For -American Flour to Chinese Rice. Seattle, Wash., June 0. James J. Hill, president of the Great Northern, while here spent most of his time in conference with Woo Gen, Seattle manager of the house of the Woo Chong company of Hong- Kong, and made searching inquiries respecting the disposition of Chinese toward flour as an article of food. Woo Gen was of the opinion that if flour could be laid down in China for 62 1-2 cents per sack of 50 pounds, it could be sold at a profit of 75 cents by dealers and compete with rice. He thought that if the great masses of China only began to use flour they would not go back to rice, and if it could be placed within the reach of laboring classes a demand would be created so large that all the flour mills on the Pacific coast could not supply one-tenth of the calls made on them. Hill's idea is to carry flour so as to give it to the Chinese flour half a cent per pound. Under return cargoes of rice be as to supply the markets here at half a cent per pound. He wants to be assured of a permanent demand before taking up the enterprise, and says that if the Great Northern does not put on a line of steamers they will get the largest and best possible to be obtained. Defended Himself With a Gun. Detroit, June 0. Yesterday evening Oscar S. Fisher of Spring Wells met Hugh McAfee. It is claimed that McAfee stepped up to Fisher and after repeated threats of killing him, which he is alleged to have made before, struck him in the face. At this Fisher drew his revolver and shot McAfee in the region of the heart. The wounded man died soon afterward and Fisher was arrested. Both Gold and Silver. Si'iiinofikli), Ills., June 6. The Democratic state silver convention adjourned last night after a session in the course of which there was but little dissent. Resolutions were adopted declaring in favor of both gold and silver as the standard money of the United States, at the ratio of 10 to 1, without waiting for the action of any other nation. Mrs. Cleveland at Gray Gables. Buzzahama Bay, Mass., June 6. A special train bearing Mrs. Cleveland and her two children and two maids and also Mrs. Olney, wife of the attorney general, reached Gray Gables station at 10:15 last night. Mrs. Olney went direct to the mainland near summer home. The Canal a Success, Kiel, June 6. The steamer Palatka, with Prince Hehele and other members of the council of ministers aboard, traversed the Baltic canal for a hundred kilometers. This trial, it is considered, demonstrates the complete success of the canal. Hunter Accidentally Shoots Himself. Columbus, Ind., June 6. Samuel Smallwood, a well-to-do citizen of Jonesville, while hunting squirrels yesterday accidentally shot himself, and died in a few minutes. ACCUSING A DEAD MAN Miss Harrington's Murderer Never to Be Punished. BELIEF OF SAN FRANCISCO POLICE State Senator illicit Accused of Striking the Fatal Illness That Lived the Young Man. Lady's Life An 'Alibi' Not Home Out by a Strict Investigation. Daily in the Letter Found in Miss Harrington's Room. San Francisco, June 0. The Evening Post states that the entire detective force of this city is convinced that over Senator Buck struck the blows which killed Miss Nellie Harrington in her flat last Saturday. Buck died Tuesday from the effects of injuries sustained by being thrown from a cart while being driven by a policeman to the office of the chief of police. The local police of detectives said: "I don't want to talk about this murder because I hate to fight dead men." The conclusions of the police are said to be based on the contents of 15 private letters found in Miss Harrington's room, which are said to indicate between the murdered woman and the scene even greater intimacy exists. On the back of the picture, Miss Harrington had left a written request that it be destroyed at her death. The alibi of Buck, as stated by his family, is not borne out by police investigation. Detectives state that members of the family, from the time of the arrival of Miss Maryville train at 11:30 until 1:30, are stated by his son, Senator Buck actually left home a few minutes later. An Oakland resident named Chamberlain came across the ferry with Buck and Chamberlain's bookkeeper states that his employer arrived at his office before 1 o'clock. This, the police say, would give Buck time to proceed to the Ellis street residence of Miss Harrington, commit the crime, and get away before the hour of the hour of the hour. The alarm of fire was rang in from the flat. In trying to fasten the crime on Buck, the detectives are piling up cumulative evidence. They say the dead senator's actions after the tragedy were suspicious. When he returned to Oakland on the ferry, many of his acquaintances discussed the murder, but Buck kept silent, and although he had the afternoon papers with the accounts of the crime, he said nothing for his "family of the murderer, although all the members know Miss Harrington well." It has been proved that Buck was in the habit of making midday calls on Miss Harrington, and the murderer must have been on intimate terms to secure admission to her room and to make his exit unnoticed. Buck's remarks to the policeman who went to his house on Saturday were: "I know what the police want me for," is also considered by the detectives to corroborate their theories. The most unfortunate feature of the police theory is that the accused is dead, and no testimony can be offered in reply to the police suspicious. JUDGE LONG'S PENSION CLAIM. It Is Now Likely to Go to the United States Supreme Court For a Decision. Washington, June 0. The pension case of Judge Charles D. Long of Michigan, which has been before the local courts in one form or another for some time, was finally determined yesterday by the court of appeals, the commissioners, of pensions coming out victorious, though the probabilities are that the case will now be taken to the supreme court of the United States. About a year ago, Commissioner of Pensions Lochran caused the pension of Judge Long to be reduced from $13 to $50 per month. Subsequently, the case came before Judge Bradley of the district supreme court, and he decided in effect that the commissioner of pensions had no authority to reduce the pension. The court of appeals yesterday reversed that decision, holding that a pension is not a vested right except in a very limited sense, as shown by the act of Dec 21, 1885, that the courts cannot interfere, in matters of this kind and that the commissioner of pensions had a perfect right to review the acts of his predecessors. Freight Runs Into a Passenger Train. Pakis, Tenn., June 6. An accident that came near resulting in serious loss of life occurred here yesterday. While a Louisville and Nashville passenger train was standing at the station, a freight train, which the flagman had not signaled, crashed into it, telescoping the two rear coaches and carrying the passenger train a hundred yards down the track before it. J. Wilson, wife, and three children of Arkansas and several other passengers were badly shaken up, but not seriously injured. The trainmen escaped by jumping. A crowd of passengers, who were standing on the platform, were warned in time to escape injury. Little Child Fatally Injured. Erie, Ind., June 6. A frightful accident occurred to the 3-year-old daughter of Jacob Wilkinson. The father was hauling stone and the little one was on the wagon with him. As the train stopped, the child was struck by the train and instantly killed. The child was taken to the hospital, where it was found to be in a critical condition. They drove along the child reached out, trying to touch the troo with a switch. She lost her balance and fell out, her hair getting entangled in the wheel, which grazed her head, almost tearing off her entire scalp. The child will die. Buffalo, June 6. Mrs. Henry Perrine of this city, mother of Mrs. Cleveland, has been asked to visit Gray Gables next month. SENATOR THURSTON INTERVIEWS. How the Presidential Question Will Be in Politics. Salt Lake City, June 6. Senator J. M. Thurston in an interview on the political situation, said: "At the time I opposed Bryan for the honor, I thought the position that the United States could not take care of all the silver in the world, but should take care of the American product under such conditions as would make a silver dollar as good as a gold dollar anywhere. I believe the Republican party will unite a declaration substantially the same as that of the national platform in 1892. It binds the party to take care of the American produce, and I believe the obligation will be recognized. "The large wing of the Democratic party which made with the Populists will declare for free and unlimited coinage of silver. I feel now that they will be two great conventions. When the convention is held, I believe the free silver wing of the party will be in the hands of the free silver wing of the party." The party will be in control, though it may not be a nominee on account of the two-thirds rule. "I do not see how the Republican can go any further than they did in 1892 without declaring for free and unlimited coinage. The disposition of the silver Republicans to bolt is only found to any great extent in Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, and Nevada. The Republicans of Oregon, California, Washington, and the Dakotas will support the party declarations." What the Northwestern Miller Has to Say About the Alaskans. Minneapolis, June 0. The Northwestern Miller says: Flour output last week at Minneapolis, 21,700; St. Paul, 1,500; Duluth, 1,500; Milwaukee, 1,500; total, 411,853. At Minneapolis, business was light, but selling off and taking only what can be absolutely got along with. The weather's sales were somewhat under 100,000 barrels. Prices on the day are easier, particularly after Tuesday's decline in wheat. Some firm, however, are extremely light. The output is likely to show another decrease, but may be a considerable one. The export shipments were 41,200 barrels against 13,500 the week before. Fee is weak and slow, nearby stuff about the only thing sought after. With superior-Duluth mills, the market was far from satisfactory. Jobbers evidently reselling at prices under those of millers. Foreign bids are much below the mill. The export shipments were 13,183 barrels, against 515,400 the week before. DEPUTIES ON GUARANTEE. The Situation at the O'Connell Mines is Quiet. Martin's Ferry, O., June 6. Everything was quiet at the Gaylord works Wednesday. It was the intention of the company to make an effort to start the works Wednesday morning, but only seven miners appeared to be in, and these were sent home, telling them to return Thursday. Several deputies were on the ground. Several of the alleged rioters were arrested Tuesday night, and others were arrested by deputy United States marshal. They have the names of the participants. One of the men arrested was carried a revolver 14 inches long. None of the men who were assaulted are unable to work. Only eight of the men were found at Bridgeport. Some of the men were afraid to return to work. Hanged by a Mob. Washington, June 5. -A special to The Post from Birmingham, Ala., says that near Harrisburg, Ala., Monday night Jim Powell, colored, entered the room of Mary Bussey, aged 15, daughter of a prominent farmer, and attempted to assault her. She screamed for help. The latter came, but the negro escaped. A posse was hastily organized and gave chase, capturing Powell near Galera Tuesday evening. He was taken back to Strasburg and identified. The posse then left with him ostensibly for the county jail at Clanton, but Powell's body was found yesterday morning hanging to a tree a mile from Strasburg. International Courtesies, Southampton, June 6. The mayor of Southampton gave a lunch yesterday in honor of the officers of the United States and Italian warships now in these waters. There was a distinguished company present, including the United States consul here, Mr. Warner S. Kinkead. The mayor proposed the health of the president of the United States. In toasting the officers of both squadrons, the mayor dwelt upon the fact that such interchanges of courtesies were doing much for the preservation of peace. Little Blue River Overflowed. Berlin, Neb., June 6.- Not before in seven years has the Little Blue river gone over its banks. It has deluged the whole of the Blue bottom from two to five feet. The gardeners had just completed planting 20 acres of colt and other garden truck, which is all swept away; damage $2,000. Weatherfield Brothers' mill is flooded and some fears are felt for the foundation. All traffic west of Hebron has been cut off, as none of the bridges on the river can be crossed. Revolutary Flays. London, June 6. The Times correspondent at Tan. Anarivo telegraphs that playcards have been secretly affixed to church doors in that place, inciting the people to kill the Mauroasse aucen and premier and to welcome the French. FOR CIGARS. Several Expedition Doing Fitted Out in United States. ARMS FOR THE INSURGENTS. The United States authorities at Washington and the Spanish Legation have been notified and are informed of all the movements of the expedition and the names of the ships in use. Havana, June 6. The government authorities have information of an expedition from Dauphin island and other places in the bayou of the Mississippi river, which is being fitted out with a considerable armed force to help the rebels here. The United States authorities at Washington and the Spanish Legation there have been notified and are informed of all the movements of the expedition and the names of the ships in use. The authorities also have their eyes on some suspicious movements about Mobile. In reply to direct inquiries, the acting captain general says there is no truth whatever in recent reports that Marti is still alive. He says the corpse of Marti has been identified beyond the slightest question. No news concerning Maximo Gomez has been received since May 20, the day of the fight at Dos Bids, where Marti was killed and Gomez reported wounded. The acting captain general says that the reports that Marti is alive are being circulated by Cubans for the express purpose of keeping up the courage of the people interested in the expedition now rendezvousing at Dauphin island. The troops stationed at Jiguabos have had a skirmish with the insurgents, who lost two killed, and another encounter took place at Sabinalla on the railroad to Santiago de Cuba and not far from Jiguabos. In The latter encountered the insurgents at Banalt and the enemy retreated, leaving a number of saddled horses behind. At Jobo and Arroyo Nurrango, bands of insurgents have been surprised by the troops and compelled to retreat, leaving four dead on the field. The volunteers from Palmer were attacked near Sigual, and the enemy lost two killed. One prisoner and a quantity of arms were captured. Captain General Martinez de Campos arrived here at 11:30 p.m. from Santa Clara. Maceo's band of insurgents have burned the plantation of Victoria, belonging to the heirs of Mrs. Colas of California, and they have also destroyed by fire the sugar plantation belonging to the estates of Jose Butno in Tunica. STILL BELIEVE MARTI LIVES. He Is Expected to Be Heard From In the Near Future. New York, June 0. The Cuban patriots in this city confidently assert that Jose Marti, whom the Spanish officers reported as having been killed in a recent engagement between the regular troops and the insurgents, is alive, and will be heard from at the proper time. Benjamin Guerra, who is treasurer for the revolutionists in this city, in speaking of the conflicting reports of Marti's death, said: "I am absolutely sure that Marti lives. He is somewhere in the camps of the Cuban patriots, and is being well cared for. I personally received a telegram from Pancho Gomez in which he assured me that he has good evidence that Marti is alive. The last letter received by Mr. Guerra from Marti was dated May 9, and at That date Marti was 200 miles from the spot where is reported to have been killed, and from plans given then he had no idea of visiting the spot in which he is reported to have met his end." CATTLEMEN CONCENTRATING. t A DIoody llattle Imminent in the Klkheud Mountaius. Denver, June 0. A special to The News by courier from Eddy,Colo.,says: A contingent of somo 40 horsemen passed through Twenty Milo park yes terday from Ergeria park and Rock Creek, bound for the cattlemen's rendez vous on tho Hayden bottoms. Provis ion wagons followed and tho goneral aspect of tho party was that of busiuoss. Cowboys aud ranchers composed the party. No blood has yet been spilled, and will not be until tho opposing forces moot if at all. Tho battle, if tho cow boys meet resistance, will occur near the head of Elkhead, in tho Elkhoad mountains, !i5 miles northwest from Haydon. A rumor from Dunk, who has just joined tho Ergoria park forces, states that the entire male population of Wil liams park has started across tho coun try for the Elkhead rendezvous. CAPTURED BUT ESCAPED. A Murderer Terrorizing Everyone Ho Meets With Ills Gun. Claiiksvillk, Tenu., June 6. Wil liam Mallory, who brutally murdered his stepfather, Luko Allon, near here last Friday, was captured by Sheriff Collier, but m somo manner mado his escape aud is hiding in tho numerous bluffs on Spring creek, in this county. Ho is roaming over tho country bare footed, and armed with the same pistol with which ho committed tho murder. Ho is terrorizing tho citizens, colored people especially, by threatening all he meets with his gun. A posse is now on the hunt for him. When captured ho ym ebpotlBK rapbjte RECRUITS uX .'U .j- . i . ,... . ,.
18,720
https://github.com/atelier-saulx/selva-client/blob/master/server/modules/selva/lib/util/trx.h
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
selva-client
atelier-saulx
C
Code
390
717
/* * Copyright (c) 2020-2022 SAULX * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT */ #pragma once #ifndef _UTIL_TRX_H_ #define _UTIL_TRX_H_ #include "cdefs.h" typedef uint64_t trxid_t; /** * Global transaction state. * A transaction is reentrant and the same transaction can call Trx_Begin() * multiple times. A transaction ends when Trx_End() is called the same number * of times as Trx_Begin() was called. The last call to Trx_End() initializes a * new transaction. */ struct trx_state { trxid_t id; /*!< Id of the transaction. */ trxid_t cl; /*!< Colors used in the transaction. */ trxid_t ex; /*!< Traversals that have finished. */ }; /** * Transaction label/element state. * When used to hold the current reentrant state the variable is typically * called trx_cur, while the label in the traversed data structure is * called trx_label. */ struct trx { trxid_t id; /*!< Id of the currently executing transaction. */ trxid_t cl; /*!< Color of the currently executing traversal. */ }; /** * Start a new traversal. * This function will either start a new transaction or select a new color * for an open transaction. */ int Trx_Begin(struct trx_state * restrict state, struct trx * restrict trx); /** * Sync the transaction id to the label. * This function is only useful if you want to update the latest transaction * id to the label but you don't need to know later on if the transaction * (traversal) actually visited the node. */ void Trx_Sync(const struct trx_state * restrict state, struct trx * restrict label); /** * Visit a node. * @returns 0 if the node should not be visited; * 1 if the node should be visited. */ int __hot Trx_Visit(struct trx * restrict cur_trx, struct trx * restrict label); /** * Test if cur_tx has visited label. */ int Trx_HasVisited(const struct trx * restrict cur_trx, const struct trx * restrict label); /** * End traversal. */ void Trx_End(struct trx_state * restrict state, struct trx * restrict cur); /** * Calculate the age of the given label. * The label age is practically a distance or a difference between the current * id and when the label was stamped with an id the last time. */ static inline long long Trx_LabelAge(const struct trx_state * restrict state, const struct trx * restrict label) { return (long long)(state->id - label->id); } #endif /* _UTIL_TRX_H_ */
29,307
https://github.com/wvffle/Ystring/blob/master/src/Ystring/Generic/DecoderAlgorithms.hpp
Github Open Source
Open Source
BSD-2-Clause
null
Ystring
wvffle
C++
Code
320
1,014
//**************************************************************************** // Copyright © 2015 Jan Erik Breimo. All rights reserved. // Created by Jan Erik Breimo on 2015-06-03 // // This file is distributed under the Simplified BSD License. // License text is included with the source distribution. //**************************************************************************** #pragma once #include <cstdint> #include <utility> namespace Ystring { namespace EncodedString { template <typename Decoder, typename UnaryPred> bool advanceIf(Decoder& str, UnaryPred pred) { auto pos = str.getLogicalBegin(); char32_t ch; if (!str.next(ch) || !pred(ch)) { str.setLogicalBegin(pos); return false; } return true; } template <typename Decoder, typename UnaryPred> bool advanceIfNot(Decoder& str, UnaryPred pred) { auto pos = str.getLogicalBegin(); char32_t ch; if (!str.next(ch) || pred(ch)) { str.setLogicalBegin(pos); return false; } return true; } template <typename Decoder1, typename Decoder2, typename BinaryPred> bool advanceIfEqual(Decoder1& a, Decoder2& b, BinaryPred compare) { auto aPos = a.getLogicalBegin(); auto bPos = b.getLogicalBegin(); char32_t aCh, bCh; bool aNext = a.next(aCh); bool bNext = b.next(bCh); if (!aNext && !bNext) return false; if (!aNext || !bNext || !compare(aCh, bCh)) { a.setLogicalBegin(aPos); b.setLogicalBegin(bPos); return false; } return true; } template <typename Decoder, typename UnaryPred> bool advanceUntil(Decoder& str, UnaryPred pred) { while (advanceIfNot(str, pred)) {} return str.begin() != str.end(); } template <typename Decoder, typename UnaryPred> bool advanceWhile(Decoder& str, UnaryPred pred) { while (advanceIf(str, pred)) {} return str.begin() == str.end(); } template <typename Decoder1, typename Decoder2, typename BinaryPred> bool advanceWhileEqual(Decoder1& str, Decoder2& cmp, BinaryPred compare) { while (advanceIfEqual(str, cmp, compare)) {} return cmp.begin() == cmp.end(); } template <typename Decoder1, typename Decoder2> bool advanceWhileEqual(Decoder1& str, Decoder2& cmp) { return advanceWhileEqual(str, cmp, [](char32_t a, char32_t b){return a == b;}); } template <typename Decoder1, typename Decoder2, typename BinaryPred> Decoder1 search(Decoder1& str, Decoder2& cmp, BinaryPred compare) { while (true) { auto copyOfStr = str; auto copyOfCmp = cmp; if (advanceWhileEqual(copyOfStr, copyOfCmp, compare)) { str.setLogicalEnd(copyOfStr.getLogicalBegin()); std::swap(str, copyOfStr); return copyOfStr; } if (!str.skip()) break; } return str; } template <typename Decoder1, typename Decoder2> Decoder1 search(Decoder1& str, Decoder2& cmp) { return Ystring::EncodedString::search(str, cmp, [](char32_t a, char32_t b){return a == b;}); } }}
4,731
https://github.com/zhanshigong889/simbest-boot-cores/blob/master/src/main/java/com/simbest/boot/security/license/VerifyLicense.java
Github Open Source
Open Source
MIT
null
simbest-boot-cores
zhanshigong889
Java
Code
312
1,516
package com.simbest.boot.security.license; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.time.LocalDate; import java.time.LocalDateTime; import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import cn.hutool.core.util.StrUtil; import com.simbest.boot.config.AppConfig; import com.simbest.boot.util.encrypt.Base64Encryptor; import com.simbest.boot.util.encrypt.RsaEncryptor; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import com.simbest.boot.base.exception.Exceptions; import com.simbest.boot.constants.ApplicationConstants; import com.simbest.boot.util.BootAppFileReader; import com.simbest.boot.util.DateUtil; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; /** * <strong>Title : VerifyLicense.java</strong><br> * <strong>Description : </strong><br> * <strong>Create on : 2020年7月1日下午7:05:31</strong><br> * <strong>Modify on : 2020年7月1日下午7:05:31</strong><br> * <strong>Copyright (C) Ltd.</strong><br> * * @author LJW lijianwu@simbest.com.cn * @version <strong>V1.0.0</strong><br> * <strong>修改历史:</strong><br> * 修改人 修改日期 修改描述<br> * -------------------------------------------<br> */ @Slf4j @Component public class VerifyLicense { @Autowired private RsaEncryptor rsaEncryptor; @Autowired private Base64Encryptor base64Encryptor; @Autowired private AppConfig appConfig; public boolean vertify() { boolean flag = Boolean.FALSE; try { if (StrUtil.equals(appConfig.getLicenseKeyCon(),"H") ){ LocalDateTime keyDateTime = getLicenseDateTime(); if (StrUtil.isBlankIfStr(keyDateTime)){ return Boolean.TRUE; } flag = DateUtil.localDateTimeIsBefore(keyDateTime,LocalDateTime.now()) || DateUtil.localDateTimeIsEqual(keyDateTime,LocalDateTime.now()); //log.warn("VerifyLicense================1>>>>>>{}",keyDateTime.toString()); //log.warn("VerifyLicense================2>>>>>>{}",LocalDateTime.now().toString()); //log.warn("VerifyLicense================3>>>>>>{}",DateUtil.localDateTimeIsBefore(keyDateTime,LocalDateTime.now())); }else { LocalDate keyDate = getLicenseDate(); if (StrUtil.isBlankIfStr(keyDate)){ return Boolean.TRUE; } flag = DateUtil.localDateIsBefore(keyDate,LocalDate.now()) || DateUtil.localDateIsEqual(keyDate,LocalDate.now()); } return flag; } catch (Exception e) { Exceptions.printException(e); return flag; } } private LocalDateTime getLicenseDateTime(){ try { String fileKeyStr = getKeyFromFile(ApplicationConstants.LICENSE_KEY_PATH); if (StrUtil.isEmpty(fileKeyStr)){ return null; } String dateStr = rsaEncryptor.decrypt(base64Encryptor.decrypt(fileKeyStr)); LocalDateTime keyDateTime = LocalDateTime.parse(dateStr, DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(ApplicationConstants.FORMAT_DATE_TIME)); return keyDateTime; } catch (Exception e) { Exceptions.printException(e); } return null; } private LocalDate getLicenseDate(){ try { String fileKeyStr = getKeyFromFile(ApplicationConstants.LICENSE_KEY_PATH); if (StrUtil.isEmpty(fileKeyStr)){ return null; } String dateStr = rsaEncryptor.decrypt(base64Encryptor.decrypt(fileKeyStr)); LocalDate keyDate = LocalDate.parse(dateStr, DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(ApplicationConstants.FORMAT_DATE)); return keyDate; } catch (Exception e) { Exceptions.printException(e); } return null; } @SuppressWarnings("unused") private String getKeyFromFile(String filePath) { try { //String bufferedReader = BootAppFileReader.getClasspathFileToString(filePath); BufferedReader bufferedReader = BootAppFileReader.getClasspathFileJar(filePath); String line = null; List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(); while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) { list.add(line); } StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(); stringBuilder.append(list.get(0)); return stringBuilder.toString(); //return bufferedReader; }catch (Exception e){ Exceptions.printException( e ); return null; } } public static void main(String[] args) { DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(ApplicationConstants.FORMAT_DATE_TIME); LocalDateTime a = LocalDateTime.parse("9999-12-30 10:30:10", dateTimeFormatter); LocalDateTime b = LocalDateTime.now(); System.out.println("a=====>" + a); System.out.println("b=====>" + b); boolean flag = DateUtil.localDateTimeIsBefore(a,b); System.out.println( flag ); } }
10,557
<urn:uuid:a7e86535-eefc-45bf-895e-37e3e5a67c25>
French Open Data
Open Government
Various open data
null
https://www.ugap.fr/laboratoire-1/consommables-scientifiques-gauss-32634/filtration-36272/membranes-et-tubes-a-dialyse-36349/spectrapor-1-mwco-6000-8000-largeur-10-mm-longueur-10-m-p3476213
ugap.fr
Dutch
Spoken
206
439
Magazine Acheter Juste / Nos produits et services / Laboratoire /.../ Filtration / Membranes et tubes à dialyse Toile à blutter Filtres seringue Tamis inox Unités de filtration Filtres sans seringue Filtres en fibre de verre Capsules filtres Systèmes de filtration Supports à filtre Membranes de filtration Chromatographie Filtration papier Cartouches d'extraction Filtration par centrifugation Autres produits Meilleure vente Gauss Spectrapor 1 MWCO 6000-8000 largeur 10 mm longueur 10 m Références : UGAP : 3476213 | Fournisseur : 734-0662 | Constructeur : 132645 Fournisseur : Description Tubulure à membrane de dialyse rc 1 spectra/por(tm), 6000 à 8000 dalton mwco Documents annexes Page catalogue Fichier PDF Caractéristiques Caracteristique(s)Longueur 10 mSeuil de coupure des masses moléculaires MWCO 1 DaLargeur 10 mmOffre Développement Durable ouiCatalogue papier catalogue LaboratoireClassement dans le catalogue fournisseur 41104923Délai de péremption 12Gamme MULTIWELL PLATE FILTERSLibellé produit fabricant 15 m spectra/por 1 membranes mwco 6000-8000, 10 mm wLibellé produit habituel 15 m spectra/por 1 membranes mwco 6000-8000, 10 mm wLieu de stockage Belgique - HaasrodeLivré avec avec couvercleLieu de fabrication États-UnisMarque SPECTRUM LABORATORIESNomenclature CHU 18.52.Nomenclature CNRS NB24Nomenclature Nacres NB.24Nomenclature INSERM NB.NB24Nomenclature IRSN 187Nomenclature CEA SHP16Page catalogue 0744Quantité 1Référence distributeur 11495839Référence fabricant 132645Téléphone du titulaire 08.25.02.30.30Titulaire V W R INTERNATIONALMatière téflonColoris incoloreReprise en cas d’erreur client oui
45,900
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocquegney
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Bocquegney
https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bocquegney&action=history
Uzbek
Spoken
44
136
Bocquegney Fransiyaning Lotaringiya mintaqasida joylashgan kommunadir. Vosges departamenti Épinal tumani tarkibiga kiradi. Aholisi 103 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi (1999). Aholi zichligi — har kvadrat kilometrga 22,4 nafar kishi. Geografiyasi Maydoni — 4,6 km2. Dengiz sathidan 332 – 411 m balandlikda joylashgan. Manbalar Vosges shaharlari
16,973
https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chironomus%20bifimbriatus
Wikipedia
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,023
Chironomus bifimbriatus
https://min.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chironomus bifimbriatus&action=history
Minangkabau
Spoken
36
100
Chironomus bifimbriatus adolah saikua langau dari famili Chironomidae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva spesies iko dapek ditamukan habitatnyo di paraiaran ataupun semi parairan. Rujuakan Chironomidae
24,139
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44937358
StackExchange
Open Web
CC-By-SA
2,017
Stack Exchange
Esteban Martinena Guerrero, eyllanesc, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5394184, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6622587
English
Spoken
761
2,300
QGraphicsItem position not updated (PyQt4) I'm trying to guess how to update the position of the edge when the nodes are moved or why it's not been automatically updated. I have found that the position of the nodes is not updated if I remove the self.update() from the mouseReleaseEvent but I don't know which is the mecanism to get the same on the edge class. Can anybody help me with this? EDIT: With "position" I mean the value got by getPos() or getScenePos() for the QEdgeGraphicItem. It's printed on the output for the nodes and the Edge. #!/usr/bin/env python import math from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui from PyQt4.QtGui import QGraphicsView, QGraphicsTextItem class QEdgeGraphicItem(QtGui.QGraphicsItem): Type = QtGui.QGraphicsItem.UserType + 2 def __init__(self, sourceNode, destNode, label=None): super(QEdgeGraphicItem, self).__init__() self.sourcePoint = QtCore.QPointF() self.destPoint = QtCore.QPointF() self.setAcceptedMouseButtons(QtCore.Qt.NoButton) self.setFlag(QtGui.QGraphicsItem.ItemIsMovable) self.setFlag(QtGui.QGraphicsItem.ItemSendsGeometryChanges) # self.setCacheMode(QtGui.QGraphicsItem.DeviceCoordinateCache) self.source = sourceNode self.dest = destNode self.label = QGraphicsTextItem("WHY IN THE HELL IS IT IN 0,0", self) self.label.setParentItem(self) self.label.setDefaultTextColor(QtCore.Qt.black) self.source.addEdge(self) self.dest.addEdge(self) self.adjust() def adjust(self): if not self.source or not self.dest: return line = QtCore.QLineF(self.mapFromItem(self.source, 0, 0), self.mapFromItem(self.dest, 0, 0)) self.prepareGeometryChange() self.sourcePoint = line.p1() self.destPoint = line.p2() def boundingRect(self): if not self.source or not self.dest: return QtCore.QRectF() extra = 2 return QtCore.QRectF(self.sourcePoint, QtCore.QSizeF(self.destPoint.x() - self.sourcePoint.x(), self.destPoint.y() - self.sourcePoint.y())).normalized().adjusted(-extra, -extra, extra, extra) def paint(self, painter, option, widget): if not self.source or not self.dest: return # Draw the line itself. line = QtCore.QLineF(self.sourcePoint, self.destPoint) if line.length() == 0.0: return painter.setPen(QtGui.QPen(QtCore.Qt.black, 1, QtCore.Qt.SolidLine, QtCore.Qt.RoundCap, QtCore.Qt.RoundJoin)) painter.drawLine(line) painter.setBrush(QtCore.Qt.NoBrush) painter.setPen(QtCore.Qt.red) painter.drawRect(self.boundingRect()) print "Edge:"+str(self.scenePos().x()) + " " + str(self.scenePos().y()) class QNodeGraphicItem(QtGui.QGraphicsItem): Type = QtGui.QGraphicsItem.UserType + 1 def __init__(self, label): super(QNodeGraphicItem, self).__init__() # self.graph = graphWidget self.edgeList = [] self.newPos = QtCore.QPointF() self.setFlag(QtGui.QGraphicsItem.ItemIsMovable) self.setFlag(QtGui.QGraphicsItem.ItemSendsGeometryChanges) # self.setCacheMode(QtGui.QGraphicsItem.DeviceCoordinateCache) # self.setZValue(1) self.size = 40 self.border_width = 4 def type(self): return QNodeGraphicItem.Type def addEdge(self, edge): self.edgeList.append(edge) edge.adjust() def boundingRect(self): x_coord = y_coord = (-1*(self.size/2)) - self.border_width width = height = self.size+23+self.border_width return QtCore.QRectF(x_coord, y_coord , width, height) def paint(self, painter, option, widget): x_coord = y_coord = -(self.size / 2) width = height = self.size painter.save() painter.setBrush(QtGui.QBrush(QtGui.QColor(100, 0, 200, 127))) painter.setPen(QtCore.Qt.black) painter.drawEllipse(x_coord, y_coord, width, height) painter.restore() print "Node: " + str(self.scenePos().x()) + " " + str(self.scenePos().y()) def itemChange(self, change, value): if change == QtGui.QGraphicsItem.ItemPositionHasChanged: for edge in self.edgeList: edge.adjust() return super(QNodeGraphicItem, self).itemChange(change, value) def mousePressEvent(self, event): self.update() super(QNodeGraphicItem, self).mousePressEvent(event) def mouseReleaseEvent(self, event): self.update() super(QNodeGraphicItem, self).mouseReleaseEvent(event) if __name__ == '__main__': import sys app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv) QtCore.qsrand(QtCore.QTime(0, 0, 0).secsTo(QtCore.QTime.currentTime())) node1 = QNodeGraphicItem("Node1") node2 = QNodeGraphicItem("Node2") edge = QEdgeGraphicItem(node1,node2) view = QGraphicsView() view.setCacheMode(QtGui.QGraphicsView.CacheBackground) view.setViewportUpdateMode(QtGui.QGraphicsView.BoundingRectViewportUpdate) view.setRenderHint(QtGui.QPainter.Antialiasing) view.setTransformationAnchor(QtGui.QGraphicsView.AnchorUnderMouse) view.setResizeAnchor(QtGui.QGraphicsView.AnchorViewCenter) view.scale(0.8, 0.8) view.setMinimumSize(400, 400) view.setWindowTitle("Example") scene = QtGui.QGraphicsScene(view) scene.setItemIndexMethod(QtGui.QGraphicsScene.NoIndex) scene.setSceneRect(-400, -400, 800, 800) view.setScene(scene) scene.addItem(node1) scene.addItem(node2) scene.addItem(edge) view.show() sys.exit(app.exec_()) Thank you. What do you mean when you say it is not updated, I see that if you move the QEdgeGraphicItem It is that you have implemented it in a wrong way, the position is the center of the rectangle in which the item is drawn, and you have not worked with them. Exactly what do you want to get in your project? I edited the question to be more clear. I mean the value of getPos() and getScenePos() of the QEdgeGraphicItem. I print those values on the output for the Nodes and the Edge on every repain to see any change. Node position are updated, edge podition don't. This is not changing because you've never moved it. I want to get the current position of the Edge. If its not updated any child item is draw at 0,0. As you said the position should be the center of the bounding rect, but getScenePos return 0,0. And I don't know how to get it right. That you use the paint function does not imply that the figure has moved, but you have drawn it elsewhere. The movement of the edge always depend on the node position. I got this from the QT Elastic Node example. Maybe I missed something. Do you have any solution for this? What I can do is create classes differently and print those data, would that be okay? I know that paint() only draw. The changes on the edge are computed on the adjust() method. It call prepareGeometryChange() that I guessed it should also update the position, but it don't. Thank you but What I really need is the QEdgeGraphicItem label, that is set as a child item, to be drawn in the middle of the edge. But as you can see it's drawn on the middel of the scene. It's because the position of its father is 0,0. Okay, so wait, please. How do you want the text, aligned with the line? It would be alwais horizontal. @eyllanesc, any clue?
41,231
<urn:uuid:8c6e2777-757b-44f4-9943-70dfa4d95c3d>
French Open Data
Open Government
Various open data
null
https://bea.aero/les-enquetes/evenements-notifies/?cHash=e537238031b4a89e4310d77843748c4f&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=searchResult&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5BfacetAction%5D=add&tx_news_pi1%5BfacetTitle%5D=searchManufacturer_stringS&tx_news_pi1%5BfacetValue%5D=EVEKTOR+AEROTECHNIK
bae.aero
French
Spoken
85
189
Constructeur - EVEKTOR AEROTECHNIK EV97 (6) SPORTSTAR RTC (6) Accident de l'Evektor Aerotechnik EV97 immatriculé G-SJES survenu le 24/07/2019 à Larche (04) Perte de contrôle lors d'un demi-tour, en montagne Accident de l'ULM Evektor Aerotechnik EV97 immatriculé G-EVPH survenu le 24/05/2016 à Calais Ouverture de la verrière en montée initiale, perte de contrôle en tangage Accident du Evektor Aerotechnik Team Eurostar identifié 73-OH le 24/09/2015 à Fréjus (83) Ouverture de la verrière lors de la montée initiale, perte de contrôle, collision avec le sol, incendie
41,955
https://github.com/felder/Tools/blob/master/functions/bampfa/concatOtherNum.sql
Github Open Source
Open Source
ECL-2.0
2,020
Tools
felder
SQL
Code
156
482
-- DROP FUNCTION utils.concatOtherNum (id VARCHAR); -- Concatenates Other Numbers associated with a collection object -- Accepts csid of a collection object CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION utils.concatOtherNum(id character varying) RETURNS character varying LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE STRICT AS $function$ DECLARE othernumstr VARCHAR(300); BEGIN select array_to_string( array_agg( o.numbervalue || case when o.numbertype is null or o.numbertype = '' then '' else ' (' || o.numbertype || ')' end order by ho.pos), '; ') into othernumstr from collectionobjects_common coc join hierarchy ho on ( coc.id = ho.parentid and ho.name = 'collectionobjects_common:otherNumberList') join othernumber o on (ho.id = o.id) where coc.id = $1 and o.numbervalue is not null and o.numbervalue != '' group by coc.id; RETURN othernumstr; END; $function$ ; GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION utils.concatOtherNum (id VARCHAR) TO PUBLIC; /* select coc.objectnumber, utils.concatOtherNum(coc.id) othernumber from collectionobjects_common coc where coc.id in ( '96d5db9b-443f-419d-8e54-d63a497289ba', 'e4b43c50-b7f3-4545-999d-8646c793b656'); objectnumber | othernumber -------------------+--------------------------------------------------- INV.2015.126.1-55 | OBJ0363; OBJ0366; TR.87.1969.1-35; TR.8.1970.1-18 1983.24.3 | EL15.77.7 (previous) (2 rows) */
43,611
bpt6k7621410g_1
French-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
1,893
Le Journal
None
French
Spoken
8,261
13,240
PAYS D'OUEST Hugo et Guernesey Guernesey. Il est assez compliqué de s'en aller de Paris à Saint-Pierre-Port de Guernesey, • par Saint-Malo. Le voyage ne se fait pas tout d'une traite. L'arrêt du soir et de la nuit à Saint-Malo — l'arrêt de la journée du lendemain à Jersey. En tout, trois étapes, une étape de terre, deux courses de mer. Mêmes arrêts par Granville, Port-Bail, Saint-Brieuc. Il y a une autre voie, qui est celle de Cherbourg. De Cherbourg, on va directement à Guernesey, mais une fois par semaine seulement. Ne pas se tromper de jour, et ne pas trop s éloigner du bateau, a l'escale d'Auregny. Toutes ces prévisions et toutes ces précautions rendent le déplacement difficile a ceux des Français qui sont peu géographiques, peu marins, peu pratiques loin de chez eux — et mal pourvus d'argent. Car il y aurait bien une manière assez expéditive, ce serait d'aller de Paris à Guernesey en passant par l'Angleterre : c'est le chemin que prennent les lettres pressées. Mais cette méthode, comme les autres, est assez dispendieuse. Malgré ies prix auxquels sont montées les gibelottes et les fritures, Saint-Mandé, Asnières, et autres localités, sont tout le même plus facilement abordables. C'est fâcheux, cette série d'obstacles pour beaucoup, et cet obstacle principal pour le plus grand nombre, car il y a dans l'île anglaise de Guernesey, pour les gens de Paris, un attrait particulier, un aimant spécial fait pour agir sur leur sensibilité : Hauteville-House, la maison de Victor Hugo. On est déjà venu, on y vient chaque saison. Il y a sur une table, dans l'une des salles du rez-de-chaussée, un gros registre qui sera bientôt couvert de signatures. Mais la foule n'est pas venue, la grande famille des lecteurs de Hugo. C'est elle, après les Anglais en tournée, après les isolés de la politique, des arts, des lettres, c'est cette foule, cette masse anonyme, qui pourrait faire d'une telle habitation le but d'un pèlerinage. Ce pèlerinage aura lieu, on peut l'annoncer avec certitude. Les prix de transport, qui ont déjà diminué, diminueront encore. On s'en ira loin, pour pas cher, par terre et par eau. Un départ de bateau coïncidera avec une arrivée de train et des troupes de promeneurs s'en iront passer une journée à Guernesey entre deux séances de bureau, d'atelier ou de boutique. Seulement, il y aurait peut-être urgence à se hâter pour organiser ce train de plaisir vers la nature et la poésie, si l'on veut donner une occasion dé joie à une fraction de l'humanité qui a bien mérité qu'on lui fasse cette invitation au voyage, qu'on lui offre ce festin de l'esprit. Je veux parler de la population contemporaine de Hugo, de tous ceux et de toutes celles qui ont pu entrevoir le vieux poète pendant les jours de sérénité et de respect qu'il vécut à Paris, depuis l'année du siège. Ce sont les fidèles obscurs,— ceux qui paraient naïvement pour voir leur grand homme aux endroits où leur journal leur avait dit qu'il serait, ou qu'il passerait, — ceux qui l'ont peutêtre vu entrer a l'Académie, ou au Sénat, ou au théâtre de la Gaîté, le jour du centenaire de Voltaire, ou à l'Hôtel de Ville, le jour du premier bal, — ceux qui l'ont aperçu, installé en bonhomme sur une impériale d'omnibus, ceux auxquels on a dit brusquement : « C'est Victor Hugo 1 » et qui en ont eu un coup au cœur. Ce sont les acheteurs des livraisons à deux sous des Misérables, des Travailleurs de la Mei,, des Châtiments, — ceux qui remplissaient les profonds étages en amphithéâtre des théâtres où l'on a joué Hernani, Ruy-Blas, Lucrèce Borgia, — tous ceux qui voulaient des belles phrases, des cris de poète, des idées simples et fortes. C'est à ceux-là, qui ne s'expriment pas par l'écriture, qui s'expriment au petit bonheur de la parole, qui montrent qu'ils ont compris et qu'ils sont émus par leurs interjections, leur enthousiasme, leurs yeux brillants de lièvre,— c'est à ceux-là aussi qu'étaient destinés les livres de Hugo, les mêmes livres qui stupéfient les artistes, les rares, les méfiants et les dédaigneux. Ce sont les pèlerins attendus par la maison de Hauteville-House, là-bas,dans l'île anglaise de Guernesey, au milieu des rochers formidables et des flots tumultueux. Les passants de Paris, admis ainsi à denier par les vestibules, les salles, les chambres, l'escalier du logis où habita le poète, connaîtraient au maximum l'impression particulière toujourséprouvée par la foule dans les endroits où il s'est passé quelque événement extraordinaire. Même là où elle ne sait trop le détail des faits, leurs causes, leurs conséquences, sur un champ de bataille dominé par une ruine, dans les galeries d'une abbaye ou d'un château, lorsqu'elle suit le guide et qu'elle essaye de s'assimiler la monotone explication, on a la sensation d'une bonne volonté infinie, d'une attention concentrée, d'un désir de savoir. Au long des salles d'un musée, au cours d'une promenade trop prolongée parmi les statues brisées et les vieilles toiles, il y a de l'ahurissement et de la fatigue. Mais le respect persiste, comme devant un mystère. Dans la maison de Hugo, les hommes et les femmes d'aujourd'hui auraient de ce même recueillement qu'ils ont à Couev et à Pierrefonds. au Louvre et à Cluny, mais l'inquiétude vague que l'on aperçoit dans les yeux errants, mais l'attitude d'ennui et de mélancolie disparaîtraient. Sûrement, il y aurait un intérêt passionné à pénétrer chez celui qu'ils ont vu, qu'ils ont frôlé, auquel ils ont serré la main, ou qu'ils ont su, tout au moins, vivant parmi eux, dont la mort les a touchés comme une catastrophe personnelle, qu'ils ont veillé dans sa demeure et sous l'Arc-de-Triomphe, qu'ils ont conduit au Panthéon. Ils entreraient, attristés par la rue triste, par les pauvres arbres du seuil, et immédiatement ils connaîtraient le réconfort et la beauté de l'intérieur, la sombre richesse, le bois massif, la lourdeur des tapisseries, la lumière des miroirs. Ils s'en iraient, curieux, avides, de la salle à manger aux faïences claires à la chambre à coucher où se dresse le lit de Garibaldi, où Garibaldi n'a pas couché. Ils monteraient vers les réduits capitonnés et le belvédère où Hugo a écrit ses livres. Ils respireraient les fleurs du jardin. Ils reviendraient à la chaire des ancêtres, à la cheminée en foame d'H au groupe de faïence de la Vierge et du Christ enfant qui porte le globe, avec cette inscription : NOTRE DAME DE BONSECO VRS.1756 — groupe et inscription que Hugo a expliqués en ces quatre vers qui sillonnent fa salle à manger : Le peuple est petit, mais il sera grand. Dans tes bras sacrés, ô mère féconde, 0 liberté sainte au pas conquérant, Tu portes l'enfant qui porte le monde. Je ne crois pas à une déception pour ces visiteurs qu'il me plaît d'évoquer ici. La visite dans la maison de Hugo, c'est une promenade dans son cerveau. L'harmonie de l'œuvre n'est pas rompue. C'est le poète qui a agencé toutes ces pièces, mis la main à tous ces meubles, voulu tous ces ornements et toutes ces inscriptions. Le romancier de Notre-Dame de Parois, le poète de la Légende des siècles sont présents, à chaque instant. La mer est encore retentissante des imprécations des Châtiments ! Tous les paysages de l'île, tous les lointains de l'horizon surgissent dans le champ de la vision pour certifier les pages des Travailleurs de la mer. Il y a des livres écrits là que l'on ne pourra plus relire désormais sans avoir la sensation du vent qui passe sur la page, des rochers qui se dressent au bout des lignes, des mots colorés par la réverbération sousmarine. L'assaut de l'Océan est sur ces livres, il y a le déferlis, l'écume de la lame. L'œuvre ressemble à l'île, apparaît, dans l'imagination, fleurie, farouche, entourée d'eau. GUSTAVE GEFFROY. NOS ÉCHOS L e général Lucas de Peslouan, le colonel t Debatisse et le lieutenant-colonel Rou vray, ont été reçus, hier matin, a Fontainebleau, par M. le président Carnot. I 1 est inexact que la reine Elisabeth de Roumanie soit à la veille de rentrer à Bucarest. La souveraine continuera de séjourner à Neuwied, dans la Prusse rhénane. L a reine-régente d'Espagne est rentrée, r avant-hier, à Madrid, avec toute la cour. M Gustave Roger, agent général de la e Société des auteurs dramatiques, est depuis hier, en deuil de sa mère. L a duchesse de Montpensier a quitté r Paris, hier soir, par le train de dix heures et demie. Son Altesse se propose de passer deux jours à son palais de San Telmo, avant de se rendre à Séville. D éplacements de chasse et de pêche. Le prince de Galles, dans la forêt de Mar, chez son gendre, le duc de Fife, a tué, lundi dernier, dix cerfs, dont deux dix cors. La duchesse de Fife a été, le même-jour, aussi heureuse à la pêche que son père avait été triomphant à la chasse. Son Altesse a pêché sept saumons, dont plusieurs pesaient dix livres anglaises. N os confrères demandaient, il y a deux jours, si le clergé de France ne serait pas invité aux fêtes franco-russes. Il ne nous appartient pas de résoudre la question, et nous ignorons les résolutions prises, à cet égard, par le gouvernement de la République. Mais, ce que nous sommes en mesure d'affirmer, c'est que M. l'amiral Gervais et son état-major sont allés en grande cérémonie, à Saint-Pétersbourg, rendre visite au métropolite d'abord, et au procureur général du Saint-Synode, ensuite. Il est à supposer que M. l'amiral Avelian manifestera l'intention d'agir de même à l'égard de M. l'archevêque de Paris. D ans la liste des candidats admis cette année à l'Ecole Polytechnique, nous relevons les noms de MM. Labordère, de Grellet de Fleurelle, Le Jamtel, Champagne de Labriolle, Karman, de Drouin de Bouville, de Rotalier, Loriot de Rouvray, Raynal de Tissonière, du Bousquet, de Pange, de Geoffre de Chabrignac, de PontevèsGévaudan, Desportes de la Fosse, Delahaye d'Anglemont et Lefébure. C'est M. André Bachellery qui entre à l'Ecole avec le numéro I* vous apprendrai-je que la plupart des V jeunes bandes parisiennes, élégantes et riches, ont toutes une sorte de speaker officiel ? Non. Vous le savez aussi bien que moi. C'est un homme d'esprit à heure fixe, un prince de Ligne au petit pied qui fait des mots pour tout le monde, a toujours ses poches bourrées de commérages, de bruits de coulisses et de nouvelles à la main. Il va sans dire qu'on l'héberge bien plus souvent qu'il n'héberge les autres, qu'il monte les chevaux d'autrui et lui prend quelquefois ses femmes. Tel est le cas d'Augustin de B***. Augustin s'est naguère fait pincer en train de serrer de trop près la maîtresse du petit vicomte de S***, la flave Macha Pipapoff. — C'était pour rire, a dit Augustin. Mais S*** n'a pas ri. Il y a eu voie défait, puis duel. S*** a été assez gravement blessé. Or (surprenante conclusion), Augustin est, depuis hier, fiancé à Mlle Claire de S***, — la propre sœur du petit vicomte. - Est-ce assez fin de race ?. PETITS PORTRAITS Grisier Avant d'être nommé directeur du théâtre de l'Ambigu, on peut dire, sans crainte de le fâcher, que c'est un homme qui a-z-eu des malheurs. Pour ne pas faire condamner un citoyen qui avait imité sa signature, il paya vingt-huit mille francs sans sourciller. Cristi/ faut avoir le cœur bien placé! D'autres chagrins vinrent ensuite et malgré les succès remportés sur différentes scènes, ces chagrins ne le quittèrent pas. C'est alors que quelques amis se groupèrent autour de lui et, grâce à eux, il fut nommé directeur. Que fera-t-il? Démolira-t-il les vieux moules d'autrefois ? Détruira-t-il les personnages en carton? Oui et non. Il marchera de l'avant en respectant toutefois les beaux morceaux de jadis : l'Aïeule en est la preuve. Actif et nerveux. Fétichard au suprême degré. Signe particulier : Adore sa femme et ses enfants, et enverrait tout au diable pour avoir toujours son petit monde auprès de lui. P. E chos de l'armée. r Par une décision toute récente du mi nistre de la guerre, la tenue, en ce qui concerne le chapeau, la plume et le képi des généraux, est modifiée. Désormais, la plume du chapeau sera blanche pour le ministre de la guerre, les maréchaux, les généraux commandant en chef, les membres titulaires du conseil supérieur de la guerre, les généraux commandant les corps d'armée, les généraux de division présidents des comités techniques d'état-major, de l'infanterie, de la cavalerie, de l'artillerie et du génie. La soutache en argent de 3 millimètres, portée jusqu'ici par les généraux commandant en chef et les généraux commandant les corps d'armée, à la jonction du bandeau et du turban, sera portée, à l'avenir, par le ministre de la guerre, les généraux commandant en chef, les membres titulaires du conseil supérieur de la guerre, les généraux commandant les corps d'armée et les présidents des comités techniques d'état-major, de l'infanterie, de la cavalerie, de l'artillerie et du génie. v oilà qui va révolutionner tout l'Orient. La Turquie, renonçant à son calen drier, est sur le point d'adopter le calendrier grégorien. Et l'on dit que la Grèce ne tardera point à suivre cet exemple. Il paraît que ce sont les instances des financiers — gênés par la différence des dates — qui ont amené la Sublime-Porte à cette réforme. c e soir, réouverture du Pôle Nord, rue de Clichy. Nous avons dit que la re cette de cette première soirée serait versée à la souscription des fêtes franco-russes. Et pour que la somme soit plusjimportante, il a été décidé que les entrées de faveur seraient supprimées. T toujours très en faveur, dans le monde élégant, les fêtes de nuit du Casino de Paris. Mais il ne faudrait pas croire que les samedis et les mercredis soient les seuls jours où une foule selected emplisse le Casino ; car, hier soir vendredi, dans les loges, j'ai reconnu, très entourées : Marion de Lorme, Berthe d'Egreville, Clémence de Pibrac, Berthe de Lucinge, Andrée Mijbac, Fany Robert et Delphine Delizy. NOUVELLE A LA MAIN A l'école.. LE PROFESSEUR. — Un cocher fait 8 kilomètres à l'heure, cependant qu'un autre qui le suit en fait 9. Mais le premier cocher a 3 kilomètres d'avance. Où se rencontreront-ils ? Tous LES ÉLÈVES) à la fois. — Chez le marchand de vin. UN DOMINO ROSE. LA VIE DROLE LES MODES DE CET HIVER L'heure avancée, le courrier qui piaffe dans la cour, l'apéritif qui m'attend pantelant dans sa coupe, tout se conjure pour que -j'emprunte à la plume d'autrui ma tâche de ce jour. Je ne sais pas si mon jeune et vaillant ami Narcisse Lebeau destinait à la publicité l'amicale épistole que je reçus, de lui, ce matin. Je n'ai de son intention qu'un souci relatif. Et puis, d'ailleurs, je n'ai de comptes à rendre à personne. Quelques fragments de ladite correspondance : « Voici que, tel notre vieil ami Deibler, » les jours raccourcissent, mon cher Allais, et » je comprends le désir qui te hante, au mo» moment où tu vas rentrer à Paris, de savoir » quelles sont les nouvelles modes, les récentes » créations de nos grands couturiers, en un » mot, ce qu'on devra porter cet hiver, sous » peine de passer pour l'avant-dernier des con » dit tà.lire de hestiaux. » Côté des hommes : Nulle transformation » palpitante, sauf en ce qui concerne le cha» peau haut de forme, lequel, désormais, sera » à claire-voie, pour permettre à nos élégants » d'en faire une volière où prendront leurs ébats » des oiseaux multicolores. » Côté des dames, autre barcarole : sache » qu'à partir de l'année prochaine, les jeunes » filles ne se marieront plus en blanc. Cette » couleur était trop salissante. En effet, une » jeune mariée s'était à peine roulée cinq » heures environ dans le charbon de terre que » sa robe n'était plus mettable : d'où dépense » incompatible avec la plupart des budgets » parisiens. » On adoptera, pour les hyménées, le cos» tume mi-partie vert et rouge, plus économi» que et d'un effet autrement gai. » Le marquis de Lachaize-Persay qui, jeudi, » mariera ses deux filles à Saint-Augustin, a » l'intention de leur faire porter le costume de » son écurie : casaque bleue, manches et toque » cerises. On ne sait encore laquelle des deux, » Yseult ou Radegonde, aura l'écharpe dans » cette épreuve bien parisienne. » — Onasoupé aussi, me disait, l'autre soir, » le prince X. des coiffures de mariées dont la » fleur d'oranger fait tous les frais. La fleur » d'oranger ! A quoi rime, par le temps qui » court, ce prétentieux symbole ? » Et le prince ajoutait : » — Remplacez donc cet emblème usé par » une bonne garniture de légumes frais, de » légumes de pot-au-feu, de préférence. » Et l'idée a si bien fait son chemin que, » déjà, plusieurs de nos grandes modistes vien» nent d'adjoindre à leur magasin une petite » fruiterie. » Ces détails paraîtront peut-être frivoles à i&gt; tes lecteurs, mon cher Allais; n'oublie pas de » dire à ceux de tes correspondants qui s'étonne» raient de notre sollicitude pour les choses de » la mode, que, toi et moi, sommes dans la vie » les derniers refuges du dandysme et qu'il » n'est pas de jour que Dieu fasse — on avouera » que le bougre en fait quelques-uns — où » nous ne mettions en pratique cette assertion » de Baudelaire : Le véritable dandy doit » vivre et mourir devant sa glace (au moins » pour ce qui concerne la première partie de a cette phrase remarquable). » Permets-moi de terminer par une anecdote » qui te montrera que, pendant ton absence, }) nous n'avons pas cessé d'être le peuple le » plus poli et le plus spirituel delà terre. » Pas plus tard qu'hier soir, dans l'omnibus » Gare Saint-Laza-¡'e-placeBaint-Michel, un » jeune homme chauve qui gelait sur la plate» forme est allé offrir sa place à une vieille » dame, logée au fond du véhicule. » A bientôt, mon cher Allais; je pro» fite de ce que tu es à Honfleur, pour te prier » de me rapporter un gros coquillage avec » cette inscription : Souvenir de Biarritz. » Ton vieux franco-russe. » NARCISSE LEBEAU. » Sois tranquille, mon vieux Lebeau, tu auras ta conque. Te souviens, l'année dernière, quand je suis revenu de Belgique et que je t'ai rapporté un bouchon sur lequel j'avais fait graver ces mots: SOUVENIR DE LIÈGE ? On était jeune, alors. ALPHONSE ALLAIS. UN SAINT HOMME Dans mes pérégrinations de cet été, on m'a montré la tombe d'un saint. Ce saint était même un évêque : une coïncidence qui arrive, mais plus rare qu'on ne croit. L'évêque, d'ailleurs, d'un très pauvre évêché, loin de tout, relégué dans les montagnes. Même pour devenir le titulaire sacrifié d'un évêché de rebut, cela ne se fait pas tout seul. Et un véritable saint, ignorant l'intrigue et n'ayant que l'ambition de faire son salut, aura moins de chances que tout autre de décrocher la timbale épiscopale. Aussi, Mgr Eusèbe M. n'eût-il jamais obtenu la crosse et la mitre s'il n'avait eu pour frère le géné ral M., un des lieutenants de prédilection de Napoléon Ier. Un soudard, ce général M., aussi mal embouché qu'héroïque! Un jour où Bonaparte, alors encore premier consul, mis en disposition généreuse par un nouveau fait d'armes du général, demandait à celui-ci : c Que pourrais-je bien faire pour toi? » le grossier mais valeureux sabreur répondit : « Pour moi? Rien. aujourd'hui, du moins. Mais j'ai un sacré imbécile de frère qui est curé. Fais-en un évêque. » Alors, le premier Consul : — C'est facile. Ton curé aura de l'avancement. Et l'évêché de D.,un des plus pauvres de France, se trouvant justement vacant, le frère du général M. fut le jour même bombardé évêque de D. Son élévation subite ne changea en rien le saint homme. Il resta un cœur .simple et une belle âme, un tantinet naïf, mais véritablement bon et chrétien, qui aurait donné sa chemise aux pauvres. Il eut si peu l'ambition de monter plus haut que; quelques années après, lorsque Napoléon, devenu empereur, manda auprès de lui tous les évêques et archevêques pour obtenir leur consentement à son divorce avec Joséphine, Mgr Eusèbe se montra un déplorable courtisan. Dès que celui devant qui pliaient toutes les volontés eut acheve de lui expliquer ce qu'il exigeait de lui, Mgr Eusèbe, sans se laisser intimider par le regard d'acier de son tout-puissant interlocuteur, répondit qu'il ne pouvait pas répondre séance tenante. — Et pourquoi donc, s'il vous plaît? Je n'ai pas encore imploré les lumières du Saint-Esprit. — Eh bien ! implorez. Et que ce ne soit pas long, surtout. je vous donne vingt-quatre heures. Et, le surlendemain, le courageux prélat vint dire à l'empereur que l'Eglise ne pouvait pas admettre le divorce. Le dictateur grommela un « nom de Dieu » 1 Puis, avec un grand coup de poing sur la table : — Foutez-moi le camp dans votre trou. Et que je n'entende jamais plus parler de vous. Mgr Eusèbe salua, rouge jusqu'aux oreilles, et repartit paisiblement pour D. Cinq prélats seulement du haut clergé de l'empire, y compris lui, avaient eu la même indépendance. Tel était l'homme. Aussiresta-t-il toujours évêaue de D. le nlus. nauvre évêché de France, où il mourut sous le règne de Louis-Philippe, très vieux et en odeur de sainteté. Les tournées épiscopales, chaque année, au printemps, il les faisait seul avec son vieux domestique, dans une carriole délabrée, attelée d'un seul cheval, tout son équipage. Et célle qui lui tenait le plus au cœur, de ces tournées, c'était celle qui le faisaitrevivre quelques heures dans son ancienne cure, la plus isolée et la plus pauvre du pauvre diocèse. , Du bourg le plus rapproché, il fallait, pour s'y rendre, cinq grandes heures de voiture, et par des chemins féroces à casser les ressorts et les essieux. On partait à l'aube. Rien que des montées a pic, où il fallait mettre pied à terre pour soulager Coco, et des descentes vertigineuses, bordées de précipices. Plusieurs torrents à traverser, où, quand il avait plu, Coco avait de l'eau jusqu'au poitrail. Mais qu'importaient a Monseigneur les difficultés d'une route dont les moindres contours lui étaient familiers ! Ces rochers, ces gorges profondes, ces châtaigneraies, ces bouquets de pins, ces champs d'oliviers, lui semblaient autant de vieux amis auxquels il souriait au passage, amusé de les revoir tels qu'autrefois, intéressé, heureux. Et des exclamations lui échappaient ; il communiquait ses impressions à son domestique, en provençal. Puis, du haut de la dernière montée quand il découvrait tout la-bas, au fond d'un entonnoir de collines, sa première cure, son clocher, son église, la fumée au-dessus des toits de ses anciennes ouailles, il ne disait plus rien. Mais son cœur battait très fort, car, au fond de ce trou, il venait de revoir sa jeunesse. Avant la première maison du village, Monseigneur mettait pied à terre, impatient de fouler de nouveau ce sol que ses pieds avaient arpenté si solides, si légers, à vingt-six ans. Puis, pendant que son domestique, avant d'installer Coco dans l'écurie de l'unique auberge, allait déposer à la sacristie la malle contenant les ornements épiscopaux, Mgr Eusèbe, agenouillé dans la poussière, au pied de la croix du bord de la route, priait avec tout son cœur : « Merci, mon Dieu, » mille fois merci de m'avoir encore » accordé la grâce de me retrouver une » fois de plus sur ce coin de terre que » j'aime toujours et qui me rappelle » mes plus heureux souvenirs !. » Et, en se relevant, il apercevait le curé, son successeur, accouru à sa rencontre. Un ancien camarade du Grand-Séminaire, M. le curé Michaud, et un saint homme aussi, probablement. Les deux vieillards s'embrassaient avec effusion. Entre la grand'messe, et les Vêpres que suivait la Confirmation, le repas frugal que Mgr Eusèbe faisait au presbytère, en tête-à-tête avec l'abbé Michaud, lui semblait délicieux. Quelle joie de se retrouver dans la petite salle à manger carrelée, aux rideaux de percale blanche! Rien n'avait changé. Tout lui était familier, l'usure de certains carreaux, jusqu'à une grande tache d'humidité .au plafond. Et, au dessert, avec quel sourire de bonté et de reconnaissance il remerciait Madelon, la servante de l'abbé Michaud, qui apportait avec componction une crème au chocolat faite exprès pour Monseigneur. Une sorte de dragon à moustache, d'ailleurs, cette Madelon, massive et charnue, n'ayant pas tout à fait atteint l'âge canonique, mais rachetant largement par un excès de laideur cette légère infraction aux règlements ecclésiastiques. Or, une année, comme Mgr Eusèbe, pour faire plaisir à Madelon, redemandait de cette crème au chocolat annuelle, son domestique arriva de l'auberge où était remisé Coco, avec une mine toute déconfite. Le cheval de Monseigneur, éreinté par le mauvais état des chemins, et un violent orage essuyé en venant, avait à peine touché à son avoine, et une de ses jambes était tout enflée. Repartir, tout de suite, après les Vêpres et la Confirmation, pour refaire le même trajet de cinq heures par des chemins détrempés, et la nuit, sans lune, était une chose imprudente, impossible. Il fallait absolument attendre jusqu'au lendemain matin. — Eh bien ! s'écria Monseigneur avec son beau calme, nous en serons quittes pour coucher ici. Vous, mon vieux Baptistin, à l'auberge où vous prendrez le plus grand soin de Coco. Et moi — ajouta-t-il en se retournant vers l'abbé Michaud — chez mon cher condisciple du Grand-Séminaire, qui ne me refusera pas l'hospitalité pour une nuit. Et, enchanté au fond du contretemps qui allait le faire dormir une fois de plus sous ce toit affectionné, il se replongea dans son assiette, trouvant la crème au chocolat meilleure, sans s'apercevoir d'une suite de coups d'œil significatifs, de gestes même échangés entre l'abbé Michaud et sa servante. Celle-ci surtout faisait une figure, haussait les épaules, dardait sur son maître des regards impérieux. Tellement, qu'à la fin, l'abbé Michaud, pour avoir la paix mais visiblement gêné, balbutiant presque, hasarda des objections. C'était sans doute un immense honneur que voulait lui faire Sa Grandeur, mais peu réalisable. Comment l'héberger convenablement ? Sa Grandeur connaissait bien le presbytère, aussi exigu que de son temps : au rez-de-chaussée, cette petite salle à manger et la cuisine; au premier étage, une seule chambre; au second, le grenier où couchait Madelon. Mais lui, en fort bons termes avec le château voisin, allait s'y rendre aussitôt. Et le comte, dès qu'il connaîtrait son embarras, se ferait un plaisir. — Jamais de la vie! Gardez-vous bien d'aller déranger les Grands de la terre!. Je sais, vous n'avez qu'un lit. nous ne sommes que deux vieillards : nous le partagerons. Et, avec une anffélique bnnfrnmie, il aiouta ; — Deux vieillards pas très gros, ni l'un ni l'autre. Allez! nous ne nous battrons pas !. L'abbé Michaud et Madelon durent se résigner à ne pas contrarier leur évêque. Le soir, après un frugal repas, mais une longue et délicieuse causerie, évoquant un tas de souvenirs de jeunesse, 1 abbé Michaud et son hôte firent leur prière en commun, et montèrent enfin se coucher. Il était près de minuit quand les deux camarades de lit éteignirent leur bougie. Vers cinq heures du matin, est-ce que Sa Grandeur, encore profondément endormie, ne crut pas sentir une main le tapoter à plat sur cette partie inférieure et charnue, que, faute d'un mot plus noble, les ecclésiastiques, comme les' laïques, sont obligés d'appeler « la fesse » ? Sa Grandeur, instinctivement,, s'écarta un peu, puis se remit tout de; suite à ronfler. Mais, au bout de quelques minutes, les mêmes tapotements; sous sa chemise relevée le réveillèrent tout à fait, et il entendit ces mots,grom-: melés en provençal, par son voisin de lit : Madelon. Cinq heures !. Va sonner l'Angélus. PAUL ALEXIS. : Cornélius Herz ET LES TROIS DOCTEURS c Le gouvernement anglais vient de faire savoir officiellement au gouvernement français que, de l'avis des trois médecins, Cornélius Herz ne peut pas être transporté. » (Tout des Agences) PREMIER DOCTEUR. — Good morning, cher monsieur Herz. Nous sommes délégués ici pour vous examiner. CORNÉLIUS HERZ. — Encore ! Tout le monde sait cependant parfaitement à quoi s'en ttnic sur ma santé. DEUXIÈME DOCTEUR. — La question n'est pas là. Vous vous égarez. PREMIER DOCTEUR. Comment ça va-t-il, aujourd'hui? CORNÉLIUS. — Pas fort. Pas fort. En vérité, les railleries perpétuelles dont je suis l'objet me font mal. Ah! les hommes ne sont pas tout sucre ! DEUXIÈME DOCTEUR, finement. — Je vous demande pardon. Il y en a. J'en connais un. TROISIÈME DOCTEUR. Je vous trouve la moral moins bon. Vous devriez vous occuper, vous amuser. CORNÉLIUS, très sombre. — Tout me rase ! PREMIER DOCTEUR. — Que n'allâtes-vous aux représentations de la Comédie-Française ? Il fallait assister à la réception de Zola ! CORNÉLIUS. — Peuh ! Que. valent ses documents humains à côté des miens ? Si Zolà veut m'en acheter, nous pourrons noys entendre. TROISIÈME DOCTEUR. — Puisque la littérature ne vous attire pas, retournez aux affaires. CORNÉLIUS. — .Qu'on m'y repince ! Il n'ea reste que pour les filous! PREMIER DOCTEUR. — Tout cela, c'est de l'enfantillage. Remontez-vous, cher monsieur Herz. Vous avez une famille : cela suffit à rattacher un homme à la vie. CORNÉLIUS, très abattu. — Non, non, mes chers médecins, il est trop tard. Je n'entreprendrai plus à présent d'oeuvre nouvelle. Quand j'ai fait mes quatre repas, joué au crockgt avec mes enfants, dormi une nuit d'un seul trait., je ne suis plus bon à rien. Je ne vaux pas un penny. DEUXIÈME DOCTEUR. — Il est très bas. TROISIÈME DOCTEUR. — Je crois, mes distingués confrères, qu'il ne nous reste qu'à rédiger notre rapport au gouvernement de Sa Gra cieuse Majesté. (L'is distingués confrères approuvent.). PREMIER DOCTEUR. — Il résulte de' notre consultation que l'honorable Cornélius Herz ne peut plus être ému par rien. DEUXIÈME DOCTEUR. — Qu'il est indifférent à tout. TROISIÈME DOCTEUR. — Et qu'à plus forte ais on, il ne saurait être transporté ! CORNÉLIUS. — Messieurs, je vous remercie de tout cœur. Vous me connaissez connue moimême. (Exeunt savantissimi doctores.) EDMOND DESCHAUMES. Le Procès Uniqncrcz-Scgonzac (DE NOTEZ ENVOYÉ SPKCaL) Paquebot VOrénoque. En rade de Lisbonne. Me voici à peu près au tiers de mon voyage pour le Sénégal, et je tiens à mettre à profit le séjour forcé que nous faisons ici, en rade de Lisbonne, pour vous envoyer quelques renseignements. Je dis que nous sommes contraints.de demeurer en rade de Lisbonne, sans possibilité de descendre à terre, ce qui est navrant après deux jours de fatigue en plein Océan : les bords du Tage m'eussent consolé du golfe de Gascogne. Mais, enfin, c'est la décision prise à notre égard : il nous est absolument interdit de quitter VOrénoque, bien que nous ayons patente nette, sans un décès, sans même un malade à bord. » Heureusement, la rade où vient se jeter le Tage est magnifique : presque pas de vagues, une brise qui mollit de plus en plus, relevant cependant làbas et déployant le pavillon d'un navira ami, d'un navire de guerre russe ! Restons donc sur le pont du paquebot — puisqu'aussi bien il n'y a pas moyen de faire autrement et laissez-moi vous dire quels sont ses passagers — et, parmi eux, surtout, ceux qui s'en vont à Saint-Louis, appelés, comme moi, à des titres divers, par le procès Quiquerez-Segonzac. Un mot, d'abord, du haut personnel de l'Orénoque, tout à fait de premier choix. C'est M. Gustave Bourdon, lieutenant de vaisseau, qui commande : un marin att coup d'œil sûr et un homme du monde accompli. Le commissaire de la marine, très affable, se nomme M. de Lagaucherie. Comme passagers : des officiers allant' all Sénégal et au Soudan ; un ingénieur des Donts et chau&amp;iéei. ML Marcruift, choifli BV totre gouvernement pour organiser les services du Dahomey. Et, maintenant que j'ai passé ma petite revue — qui n'intéresse en rien l'affaire Quiquerez-Segonzac — quelques détails sur les passagers qui se rendent au Sénégal pour ce procès. Vous savez déjà que MeLéon-Renault et ion secrétaire, M* Brion, se sont embarqués avec moi à Bordeaux. Nécessaire ment, ils se montrent très réservés l'un et l'autre, se refusant à s'entretenir , au moins pour l'instant, des détails d'un procès qui ne leur sont même pas entièrement connus. L'instruction nouvelle, celle qui a suivi le rapport du capitaine Fortin, est en effet toute récente, et M. Couchard, avocat-défenseur à Saint-Louis — élu député du Sénégal aux dernières élections, comme vous savez — est seul à en avoir pu la communication officielle. Ce ne sera donc qu'à Saint-Louis que je pourrai me renseigner complètement. Me Léon Renault, du reste, paraît intimement convaincu de l'innocence de son client, et il ne met pas en doute que le conseil de guerre de Saint-Louis, composé, comme il le sera nécessairement, d'officiers distingués et impartiaux, ne le rende à la liberté. Trois témoins à décharge ont pris également passage sur l'Orénoque. Je me suis bien gardé de chercher à les interviewer ; je sais la conduite qu'on doit avoir en pareil cas, et, de leur côté, ces témoins ne sont pas gens à se départir de la réserve qui leur est commandée. Cependant, en dehors des faits eux-mêmes sur lesquels ils déposeront, j'ai pu avoir quelques indications utiles que je vous fournis dès maintenant, ne serait-ce que pour économiser sur les dépêches — nombreuses et cofiteuses que je vous câblerai de SaintLouis. Ces trois témoins s'appellent : MM. Jacquet, Palazot et de Châteauneuf-Randon. M. Jacquet, lieutenant de vaisseau, chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, commandait l'aviso le Brandon, en station sur la côte d'Afrique, d'avril à juin 1891. Dans le courant d'avril, il aurait reçu à son bord Quiquerez et de Segonzac — et au commencement du mois de juin suivant, de Segonzac seul, quelques jours après la mort de Quiquerez, qui est exactement du 22 mai 1891. De Segonzac était accompagné des tirailleurs sénégalais mis à la disposition des deux explorateurs, au mois de mars précédent, par le colonel Dodds, alors commandant supérieur des troupes au Sénégal. Ces tirailleurs sénégalais, qui ne quittaient pas leur chef Quiquerez, qui couchaient auprès de la paillote où il a été trouvé, la tête traversée d'une balle, qu'ont-ils vu ? qu'ont-ils dit aux hommes d'équipage du Brandon? qn'est-ce que M. Jacquet a su lui-même, a pensé ? Telles sont les questions qui, vraisemblablement, serontposées à ce témoin. M. Palazot, agent général de la C" Française du wharf du grand Bassam, était au Grand Lahou au moment de l'arrivée de .Quiquerez et de Segonzac ; il les a vus, connus tous les deux et sera en mesure d'éclairer le conseil de guerre sur les relations cordiales ou non existant entra les deux explorateurs. Le troisième témoin est M. de Châteauneuf-Randon, capitaine au 131e régiment d'infanterie à Orléans, qui a dû connaître Quiquerez en Tunisie et au Tonkin. Telles sont les premières indications que j'ai pu recueillir et qui me paraissent avoir de l'intérêt. -.. 1 ':. Pendant que je vous écris, j'aperçois, sur le pont, une trentaine de nègres, dont la tranquillité, la placidité m'avaient fort étonné depuis Bordeaux. Très civilisés, ces nègres-là, avais-je pensé plusieurs fois, en. les voyant jouer aux dominos ou aux cartes. Mais les voilà qui s'agitent, dansent et se mettent à crier comma des fous. On vient de leur annoncer que l'Orénoque reprenait la mer demain matin. Et c'est en langue anglaise et en langue française surtout, les formules les plus joyeuses pour célébrer ce départ prochain. Renseignements pris, ces nègres sont les fameux Paï-pi-Bri qui ont fait, ces derniers temps, les délices des Parisiens au Jardin d'Acclimatation — et qui retournent en Afrique. On se souvient qu'ils étaient présentés comme des sauvages, des hommes extrêmement méchants, n'ayant d'autre ressource pour se faire comprendre que leur horrible jargon. Ah 1 bien, oui ! 0 Parisiens ! Vais-je seulement trouver de vrais nègres à Dakar ! MARCEL PRADIER. Nous prions nos souscripteurs, dont l'abonnement expire le 30 septembre, de vouloir bien nous faire parvenir leur renouvellement. Toute demande de changement d'adresse doit être accompagnée de l'ancienne et de 0 fr. 50 en timbres-poste pour la confection de nouvelles bandes. LA RÉCEPTION DE L'ESCADRE RUSSE Le gala de l'Opéra Une délégation du Comité de la Presse a eu, hier, une entrevue avec M. Dupuy, président du conseil, et M. Poincaré, ministre des beaux-arts, relativement à l'organisation de la représentation de gala à l'Opéra et à la liste des invitations. Les délégués du Comité de la Presse ont de nouveau insisté auprès du président du conseil sur ce qu'il y avait de délicat et de difficile dans la mission que le gouvernement faisait l'honneur de confier à la Presse française. Mais M. Dupuy ayant déclaré que la décision du conseil des ministres était irrévocable, le président de la Commission des théâtres a alors exposé au président du conseil et au ministre des beaux-arts les grandes lignes du rapport qu'il allait soumettre au Comité. MM. Dupuy et Poincaré ont approuvé et la commission des théâtres, convoquée exprès, a adopté à l'unanimité le projet proposé par son président et dont voici l'esprit et le résume : Dans l'impossibilité matérielle où il se trouve de donner des places à toutes les élites delaFrance,en dehors de tout esprit de parti et de toute distinction politique, le président de la Commission des théâtres, s'inspirant de l'esprit qui anime le gouvernement, et pour établir l'indépendance et la sûreté de son choix, a proposé deux classifications dans les invitations : 1° Les invitations individuelles; 2°^es invitations par catégories. Naturellement, la plus large place possible sera réservée aux officiers de terre et de mer, puisqu'il s'agit d'honorer de la façon la plus éclatante les officiers russes. M. Dupuy a promis d'insister auprès du ministre de la guerre pour que tous les officiers des armées de terre et de mer, y compris les officiers de la réserve et de l'armée territoriale, soient priés d'assister à la représentation en uniforme. Les invitations individuelles qui seront adressées dans l'ordre établi par le protocole comprendront, non seulement le président de la République et M"" Carnot au premier rang, et tout le haut personnel politique, diplomatique , parlementaire, judiciaire et militaire, mais encore toutes les célébrités des sciences, des lettres et des arts. Une place sera faite également aux anciens présidents de la Chambre et du Sénat, aux anciens présidents du conseil depuis 1870, aux anciens ambassadeurs, aux maréchaux, aux généraux, et, pour que la salle ait un caractère éclectique et élégant, des places seront encore réservées aux présidents des grands Cercles, des grandes Sociétés de courses et d'élevage, etc. En un mot, le Comité s'attachera à ce que le gala du 21 octobre soit une assemblée de toutes les illustrations dans tous les mondes, dans tous les milieux. Il faut bien qu'on sache, du reste, que cette fête que va offrir la Presse à nos hôtes n'est pas une fête donnée par la Presse à la Presse, et que celle-ci sera modeste dans la répartition qu'elle se fera à elle-même. Pour le deuxième classement, celui des invitations par catégories, il sera procédé par voie de tirage au sort, pour éviter que ce soit le Comité lui-même qui procède par élimination. Dans cette seconde catégorie figureront au premier plan les souscripteurs généreux pour lesquels le Comité avait le devoir de reconnaître leur concours ; les jgéraux et colonels de l'armée de Paris, les sénateurs, les députés, les membres de la Presse départementale, les élèves des écoles de l'Etat," les étudiants, les Syndicats industriels et commerciaux de Paris, les sommités du commerce et de l'industrie, les associations des auteurs , compositeurs, etc., etc. Ils auront aussi à leur disposition un nombre proportionnel de billets à tirer au sort. Les catégories appelées à faire des tirages au sort enverront au président de la ommissionthéâtrale les noms des bénéficiaires de ces dits tirages, pour que des invitations personnelles puissent leur être adressées par le Comité. Ces invitations seront -rigoureusement personnelles. Ceux à qui elles seront adressées et qui ne pourraient pas en profiter seront priés de les renvoyer au Comité. Quand le travail préparatoire sera terminé, il sera livré à la publicité dans tous ses détails, après avoir été dûment approuvé. programme définitif des fêtes Voici le programme officiel des fêtes 'qui seront données à l'occasion de la visite en France de l'escadre russe : Vendredi, 13 octobre. -Arrivée de l'escadre russe à Toulon vers midi. Dans l'après-midi, visite à l'arsenal et à l'Hôtel de Ville. Le soir, dîner offert par le ministre de la marine. Samedi, 14 octobre. — Dîner offert par le:vice-amiral de Boissoudy, à bord du Formidable. Ce dîner sera suivi d'un bal auquel seront conviés les officiers de terre et de mer. Dimanche, 15 octobre. — A onze heures du matin, déjeuner offert par la municipalité. Dans l'après-midi, fête des fleurs. Le soir, gala au théâtre. Lundi, 16 octobre. — Visite complète de l'arsenal, puis déj euner offert par l'amiral de La Jaille. Entre quatre et cinq heures de l'après-midi, départ pour Paris. Il n'y. aura pas d'arrêt. Le dîner aura lieu dans le tram. Mardi, 17 octobre. — Arrivée à Paris à 9 h. 17 du matin. Déjeuner au Cercle militaire. A quatre heures, audience par M. le président de la République. Le soir, à l'Elysée, dîner et bal. Mercredi, 18 octobre. — Déjeuner offert par l'ambassadeur de Russie, suivi de réception à l'ambassade. Le soir, dîner à l'Hôtel de Ville, retraite aux flambeaux, concert à l'Hôtel de Ville. Jeudi, 19 octobre. — Visite de Paris par les soins de la municipalité. A midi, lunch au Bois de Boulogne offert par la municipalité. Le soir, bal à l'Hôtel de Ville. Vendredi, 20 octobre. — Déjeuner offert par le ministre des affaires étrangères. Réception et sauterie au ministère des affaires étrangères. Samedi, 21 octobre. — Déj euner offert par te président du conseil, suivi de réception. Soirée de gala à l'Opéra, souper au Cercle militaire. Dimanche, 22 octobre. Déjeuner au ministère de la guerre. Réception des officiers russes par le général Saussier à l'Ecole militaire. Carrousel dans la galerie des Machines. Banquet de la Presse au Champ de Mars. Feu d'artifice à la tour Eiffel. Lundi 23 octobre.Déj euner au Cercle militaire. — Grandes eaux à Versailles.Dîner au ministère de la marine. — Réception ouverte au ministère de la marine. Mardi 24 octobre. — Déj euner offert par le président de la République. — Réception à l'Elysee pour prendre congé. — A onze heures du soir, départ pour Toulon. Mercredi, 25 octobre. — Arrêt à Lyon. Jeudi, 26 octobre. — Arrêt à Marseille. — Le soir, arrivée à Toulon. Vendredi, 27 octobre. — Lancement du Ja uréguiberry. Samedi, 28 octobre. — Départ de l'escadre russe. Les commerçants des grands boulevards A la réunion des commerçants des grands boulevards, tenue hier soir, il a été donné connaissance : 1° du montant des souscriptions, qui s'élèvent déjà au chiffre de 8,749 fr.; 2° du projet de décoration de la rue de la Paix, qui consistera en une frégate toute recouverte de fleurs. En ce qui concerne les grands boulevards, de la Bastille à la place de la Madeleine, on élèverait, de 45 en 45 mètres, des mâts artistiques, dont la décoration serait confiée à M. Renaud, architecte de l'Opéra. Les écussons seraient remplacés par des corbeilles de fleurs, et les mâts seraient reliés entre eux par des banderoles aux couleurs françaises et russes. L'amiral Avellan à Cadix Le Souvenir d'Azow est entré, hier, en rade de Cadix, avec l'amiral Avellan, salué par une salve d'artillerie. L'amiral a rendu visite au préfet. Il est revenu déjeuner à bord du cuirassé Empereur Nicolas Ier, navire amiral. Le soir, l'amiral et son état-major ont assisté au banquet que la ville a donné en leur honneur. La ville était pavoisée. GARLABAN. Le Complot contre M. Carnot Interview de M. Lépine Nos lecteurs sont au courant de cette histoire de complot contre M. Carnot, racontée, hier, par notre confrère la Libre Parole. Nous avons publié, dans notre seconde édition, un long extrait de l'article et chacun serappelle qu'il y était dit que le président de la République renoncerait à aller à Toulon recevoir les officiers russes, et cela sur les conseils de MM. Lépine, préfet de police, et Develle, ministre des affaires étrangères, qui l'avaient avisé qu'un attentat était projeté contre lui. Deux conspirateurs « Italiens » avaient, paraît-il, reçu mandat « d'exécuter » M. paraît-il, ils devaient quitter leur pays ces Carnot ; JOUTS-CI pour venir à Paris. Dans la soirée, nos confrères du soir démentirent l'information; ils insérèrent une note laconique disant que « le récit publié au sujet d'un prétendu complot contre la vie du président de la République était dénué de tout fondement ». En somme, on ne savait trop à quoi s'en tenir. Seul, le préfet de police, M. Lépine, devait connaître le fond des choses : je suis allé le lui demander. Je dois dire tout d'abord que ses premières paroles, dès qu'il connut l'objet de ma visite, furent pour protester contre l'attitude qu'on lui a pretée « racontant en tremblant, à M. Carnot, l'histoire du complot qui se tramait contre lui ». Non, mais, voyez-vous. ça ? me dit M. Lépine. Me voyez-vous allant prévenir le président de la République qu'il se préparait un coup contre lui et le suppliant de faire attention ! — Mais enfin, qu'y a-t-il de vrai dans cette histoire ? — Rien, absolument rien ; c'est une fumisterie ! D'ailleurs, à l'époque où votre confrère me dit 4 Fontainebleau, j'étais à la chasse, dans les montagnes de Sauvain (Loire), et rien n'est venu m'y aviser personnellement que l'un des services de la Préfecture de police ait trouvé trace d'un complot quelconque. Alors, comme je faisais remarquer à M.Lépine qu'il venait d'appeler la nouvelle « une fumisterie », et que je lui demandais ce qu'il entendait par là, voici ce qu'il me raconta : — Il y a quelque temps, si vous vous en souvenez, votre confrère la Libre Parole publia, à propos de la mort du général de Miri bel, une lettre de l'un de ses lecteurs.Celuici déclarait que, au moment du passage du convoi, il avait entendu deux « Italiens » se féliciter du décès de notre chef d'état-major général. Ces gens auraient même ajouté des choses beaucoup plus compromettantes. Est-ce ce même lecteur qui a découvert le pacte des « deux Italiens » contre la vie de M. Carnot? Je l'ignore; mais, toujours est-il qu'une lettre à peu près semblable à la première fut envoyée, cette fois, à l'un des services de la Sûreté. Vous dire qu'on ne s'est pas préoccupé du tout de la missive, serait sans doute exagéré. Mais, ce qu'il y a de sûr, de certain, ce qui a été établi : c'est que le complot n'existait que dans l'imagination de celui qui a expédié la lettre. — En somme, dis-je, il y a tout de même eu une enquête ? — Oh ! il a dû y en avoir une. Maintenant, peut-être un agent indiscret. peutêtre bien aussi l'auteur de la lettre a-t-il avisé votre confrère. cela, je l'ignore, je ne m'en préoccupe pas. Mais, comme je vous le disais tout à l'heure, pour ma part, je puis vous démentir d'une façon absolue que nous ayons découvert un complot, une association, quoi que ce soit enfin. Et comme je prenais congé du préfet de police : — V^yez-vous, me dit M. Cavard, son chef de cabinet, qui avatit assisté à notre conversation, voyez-vo«s tout ce qui arrive au président de la République. Il y a quelque temps, on annqn ? -cit qu'il était à l'agonie. qu'il était mort! Aujourd'hui, on dit qu'on veut l'assassiner. Que dirat-on demain ? H. LEFRANCIER. LONDRES AD JOUR LE JOUR Londres, 29 septembre. Ce qui m'amuse surtout dans les discours politiques prononcés en Angleterre, c'est que les orateurs parlent pendant une heure et demie, sans rien dire, ou tout au moins sans arriver à une conclusion très impatiemment attendue M. Gladstone, pour lequel les vacances parlementaires n'existent pas, a, mercredi, voulu définir à Gargill, en Ecosse, où le premier mininistre est supposé devoir se reposer, la situation véritable du home rule bill, si promptement rejeté par la Chambre des lords. D'après le Great old Man, cette loi, ou mieux ce projet de loi, est le plus important qui ait été voté depuis 1851. Les lords, qui ne représentent pas l'opinion publique, qui ne doivent leur dignité qu'au privilège de la naissance, n 'ont pas voulu l'accepter, mais ils seront bien forcés, un jour ou l'autre, de rendre à l'Irlande toutes ses libertés. Seulement, par quels moyens M. Gladstone obligera-t-il les Lords à se réunir aux Communes, c'est ce que le chef du cabinet libéral ne dit pas. Voici la conclusion de son discours ; elle vaut la peine qu'on s'y arrête : « Pour nous, si je puis parler au nom de'cette majorité que je dirige depuis plusieurs mois, c'est notre espoir, et c'est notre croyance que nous trouverons, avec l'aide de Dieu, les moyens d'atteindre notre but. »Quels sont ces moyens, voilà ce que l'illustre homme d'Etat n'a pas voulu confier à ses auditeurs enthousiastes, et c'est dommage ; car on aurait été fixé sur l'époque approximative du bonheur complet des Irlandais.
28,269
https://github.com/Cacodemon345/Raze/blob/master/platform/Windows/src/compat-to-msvc/io_math.c
Github Open Source
Open Source
RSA-MD
2,021
Raze
Cacodemon345
C
Code
97
302
// Some libraries expect these functions, for which Visual Studio (pre-2013) falls down on the job. #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #ifndef _MSC_VER # include <stdint.h> int64_t _ftelli64( FILE *stream ); int _fseeki64( FILE *stream, int64_t offset, int origin ); #endif int fseeko(FILE *fp, off_t offset, int whence) { return _fseeki64(fp, (int64_t)offset, whence); } int fseeko64(FILE *fp, off64_t offset, int whence) { return _fseeki64(fp, (int64_t)offset, whence); } off_t ftello(FILE *stream) { return (off_t)_ftelli64(stream); } off64_t ftello64(FILE *stream) { return (off64_t)_ftelli64(stream); } long lround(double d) { return (long)(d > 0 ? d + 0.5 : ceil(d - 0.5)); }
532
<urn:uuid:1bb08d83-aa1e-48c8-9ce5-53b8575678f1>
French Open Data
Open Government
Various open data
null
https://www.economie.gouv.fr/toutes-les-actualites-vous-orienter/thematique/droits-de-succession-7090/thematique/epargne-et-investissements-mobiliers-7072/thematique/micro-entreprise-6943
economie.gouv.fr
French
Spoken
18
29
Toutes les actualités - Page 1 sur 3 Entreprises - Droits de succession, Epargne et investissements mobiliers, Micro-entreprise
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sn85025007_1836-09-05_1_3_1
US-PD-Newspapers
Open Culture
Public Domain
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English
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6,594
ALEXANDRIA: V.mNPAV MORNING. SKIT. 5. 18:<j. LATEST FROM FLORIDA, A letter to the Editor of the Alexandria Gazette, dated Defiance, Micanopy, Aug. 21, 1833. For the information of your readers, you are informed that a severe end-winded battle occurred this morning with a large party of Indians, at the recently evacuated post, and Maj. Pierce, who has very recently arrived in Florida, left this post at 3 o'clock, with a detachment of 120 mounted men, with whom he might surprise this large party, having been seen at Fort Drain by his spies last evening. He was not disappointed; however, the surprise was not as great as it might have been. We killed three stragglers before they passed over their heads and killed four more of the main body, while the bodies we also passed over. These are certain of, and have good reason to be killed several others, which we did not have. We killed several others, which we did not have. Some of the bodies were examined by one or two of the settlers of this tribe, who were born with us as guides. They were pronounced to be Micastikies, the first settlers of this country. They were usually thought better, after they had gained a majority of votes. Grunnel and recovered a little from their terrene, than any Italians I have seen in India, and I have seen engagements with several different parties, in different sections of the country. One killed and thirteen wounded, one thought to be mortally wounded. From the extent of the line of the Indians and the number seen, I estimate their force to have been over two hundred. The all or lasted about twenty minutes, when the ammunition having been improperly expended, we were ordered to re-which was done coolly and in good order. The distance is ten miles, and we arrived with wounded, about 6:30 p.m., A.M. The Indians at Fort Diane are all burnt, and the Indians appear to have been staying there, collecting the corn from the plantations. I ought to state that all of the detachment were not in the employment, for a guard was left with the men and another with the wagon for the wounded. The force engaged was about nine to five. I have just learned that three other men were being deployed in the hammock, by the men, but we did not pass over the pen. And the detachment and officers on duty at Fort Diane, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel T. A. Tripp, and Lieutenant Colonel T. A. Tripp, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel T. A. Tripp, and Lieutenant Colonel T. A. Tripp, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel T. A. Tripp. I recall the actions of mounted men, commanded by Ft. S. S. Field, 2nd Regiment. I recall the state that this is one of the first attempts to surprise the Indians at their encampment in the war; and the number killed on their side has been surpassed on no occasion since the battle of the Wilderness. The active force of regulars in Florida, north of Tampa Bay, is two hundred and fifty — the most sick or wounded. I am, Sir, very respectfully, V.m ohd't. servant, A.H. Id 3*1 U»*t. r. S. Ait., one of the command. \ Van lluii'ii co-temporary the oilier day. com* limited upon <Mir observations relative to tin profligacy of a portion ol lie* newspaper press j in relereuce to the elections, admitted tlieii go- ( m ral i orrectm ss, I ut laid mod nt the hi.line up- j i on t)ie nf>j)nsitnm journals. W e do not agree i there. We will give a sample nmtnt. The Lou- j i-viile Ky. Advertiser/ V. U.; immediately upon the heel ol the Kentucky election boldly an* h“inu *'s with unblushing 'dhontery the certain- j t>j »l Mr. Van Ilmen's re* eiving the v«»teol that > tb* -because tin* Whig < iovernor, ('larkes , najonty did n >t t.n i, d gn.nnO!! Is not that pro tl'g.ie} ? The ILtleigh (t\) Standard (\. I’.,) w ifli f qua) shamelessness, * 1»*i lares that "the re al!; i»l the election •*( that state satisfics every n / that.Mr. Van Linen will most ckutaim.y n reive th»* vote ol North I’arolina. 7 I he; g (»o\* lieu is elected hy upwaids ol five t m and majority. Is not this profligacy?— j W e might go on to quote a nuniher of siu h i» - s mi e >. m»t that we exonerate some ol the op ii "it: *u pnnt> lioin a similar charge—not at all "’me ol them ha\v/t»'/ most egregirously— hut to *' 1 *w that \\ * w. ia* correct in blaming the unserti I'lih-U'pai tisun prints attached u>/*♦»//< intrtua. ; I i tin* .uitJiV'S that was made to Mr Clay hy «* i«‘ » i pit* riti/.vis o| Woodlord t "minty hy., the occasion of the recent dinner given to •• 11 ? * t*\ in adusion was delicately but beauti ■ y m.iiie to ihe fact that honors t ) tin* .sun t1 #*j| p 11• > iu M‘rhi 4*1 the grave »>f ii,«* /.*/<»* la tiie »♦*;*..it of Mr. C‘lays speech it is ' ; la If ui ie.cn mg to this allusion, he was : uiv!. i if*.i, aiuI did 114kt lor >ome ni‘ime»it>* i 'Uui** lux c**uip<»stire. t he makes a l.mgli at this tnlmte of filial love and i 4/?i *a, an I ridicules the honor«d'le leelingsol •biti nl >on which impelled him to she ! a tear * '* t;: iu in u v 411 a fond mothei! (. I am urging the people in that city, says there is no law recognized thereby a certain class of the population—and that it cannot with propriety, be called an American city. This very fact is made to exercise a very important influence in the political affairs of the country. Here, this, in the end, will be for weal or for remains to be seen. For our own parts, we have fearful misgivings. The United States Gazette thinks that the President of the U.S. will give Lieutenant Adams the Navy, “his walking papers", for striking the intermeddling abolitionist in Boston, and the intermeddling abolitionist in Boston, and the intermeddling, in consequence of a personal interview given to him by said Sewell. We opine that the "tender meddle nor make an act the matter." FOREIGN POLITICS. The Fredericksburg Arena copies and approves our article on British Politics, published a few days ago, and adds some thoughts and suggestions which are no less correct in themselves than happily expressed. The article on British politics, from the Alexandria Gazette, which we publish today, is written in a spirit of which we entirely approve. It is a mistake to suppose, that the moderation with which intelligent Americans view to reign revolutionary efforts results from a want of sympathy in the cause of liberty, or a jealousy lest other nations should also participate in the blessings of free government. It springs, entirely, from their just appreciation of the difficulties to be encountered in the attainment of such a desirable end, and from a conviction, that, without the necessary prerequisites of religion, morality and intelligence, every attempt of the kind must terminate in calamitous disappointment, even should it not rivet more strongly than ever, the chains of political slavery. The seed must be sown before the fruit can be reaped; the eye that has been couched of its mental darkness must not be too suddenly exposed to the perfect light of day. The fault of the propagandists of the French school is, that, impatient for results, they look for the effect before the cause, and risk the peace and comparative happiness of nations, in blind efforts for the immediate attainment of that which it requires centuries to mature and complete. Such exertions are always unfavorable to the cause of liberty in the end. Fired of struggles in which life and prosperity, for the protection of which government is chiefly instituted, are over insecure, the exhausted community gladly take refuge from the horrors of anarchy in the tranquility of despotism. This is the history of the great majority of recorded revolutions. Rome, Florence, England, France, all tell the same late, and we much fear that Spain and her long-term American colonies are destined to present the same sad example. The lesson is yet to be learned by mankind that revolution should be the last instead of the first step, in the progress of political emigration— that violent, premature effect so far from promoting, almost always and by destroying, the very object for which they are made. No people are more attached to their peculiar institutions than those of the United States; none appreciate more highly the blessings of civil and political liberty, or desire more sincerely that the glorious light in which they sit, may dawn upon more benighted regions in the earth: and it is for these very reasons, they view with reluctance and alarm, those hasty, immature, and ill-conceived attempts, which, beginning in blood, invariably end in disappointment and despair. A little gleam, a light flash, they seem but to darken the gloom of the long night which they over in. We must confess, however, that our fears are not excited for England, than those of many of our contemporaries. The dear sense, the manly independence, the combined firmness and moderation, which characterize the English mind, are to us guarances, that the desire of reform. which now so strongly agitates that nation, will not be gratified at the expense of the nobler and better parts of that venerable fabric beneath which human liberty has ever found a refuge and a hope. When Gen. Harrison yielded to the importunities of his friends in Kentucky and Ohio, and agreed to accept the office of brigadier General in the regular Army, he was necessarily compelled to resign the station he had so long occupied, with unvarying approbation, as Governor of the Territory of Indiana. He tore himself with much regret from the endearing ties of social intercourse and mutual friendship, which had grown up between himself and the early pioneers of that "lovely land of sylvan shade," where he thought he had cast his lot for life. The following extract from his letter of resignation has in it a tone: "I, on leaving an office so important as that which I now give up, and to which I have been successively appointed by an Adams and a Jefferson, I cannot but derive a great satisfaction from the reflection that I have been fortunate enough to execute every command that I have received from the general government. It is a source of great pride to me to know, that during my administration, upwards of a hundred years, in which no small share of the whole powers of the government has been involved, I have been fortunate enough to execute every command that I have received from the general government." Government were placed in my hands. I have uniformly given those powers a construction, the most I have to the liberties of the people; that no instance of injustice or oppression to an individual has been charged against me; no civil officer, deriving his commission from me, has been dismissed; and that, from the day of assuming the government, to that of my departure from the territory, I have never ceased to receive unequivocal evidence of attachment and affection from its citizens. We have received the prospectus for a sheet to be called the “Gaily Correspondent,” to be published in Washington, during the session of Congress. It will contain an abstract of the. Daily proceedings of Congress, with descriptions of occurrences in both branches of that body, and the current political, social, and fashionable news of the capital. The terms are $10 for the session. It is to be edited by Louis Hawes of Washington, and James L. Otis of Philadelphia. The correspondent will present the greatest facilities to the conductors of the public press for the procurement of valuable information in Washington, and it is for them that the paper has been established - no subscription to be received from any other members of the community than from those conducting a news paper. COUNTY NEWS! The subscribers intend to continue their business at the late formerly occupied by John A. Cartwright. Being determined to spare no pains to please all who may favor them with their work, they would respectfully solicit a share of public patronage. A. ROBERT J. MASH. Alleged Wants from fourteen to sixteen years of age, are warned. Apprentices to earn the Pegged Shoe Making business. A place for the subscriber. W.M. HAN. A CARD. WILL please the public in the different departments of the United States and Canada. The Hon. Walter Lowrie, Secretary of the Senate, has been elected Corresponding Secretary and General Agent of the Western Board of Foreign Missions at Pittsburgh. The Rev. Barnabas Bates has resigned his office as Assistant Postmaster of the City of New York. The King George Van Buren Corresponding Committee, have added to their list the names of about one hundred individuals. We have never heard the Jackson Van Buren strength of the county rated beyond 30 votes. At the last contest, between Taliaferro and Chinn, the latter received 24.— Fredericksburg Arena. About the middle of last month, Gen. Gaines sent an officer of the United States Army into Texas to reclaim some deserters. He found them already enlisted in the Texan service to the number of two hundred. They still wore the uniform of our army, but refused, of course, to return. The commander of the Texan forces was applied to enforce their return; but his only reply was that the soldiers might go, but he had no authority to send them back. This is a new view of our Texan relations. COMMERCIAL. ALEXANDRIA MARKET—September 5. Flour.—After our report was made up on Friday afternoon, for Saturday’s paper, Flour was bought from wagons at $8.50. Salt.—Liverpool Ground Alum Salt, is worth $3.50 by the cargo, and selling from stores at $2.50. Sacks from stores $2.75. Pianist.—Sales yesterday of 400 tons at $4.50—it is much in demand—retail price $5.50. NEW YORK MARKET—Sept. 1. Flour.—The quantity of Flour that has arrived in the last week, is larger than common, on account of the recent decline in prices. Of vessels performing quarantine on M.u cy's Island, latter end of the month is gradually dull; the quality has been from 84 to 85 for fresh ground, choice brands, and 8 to 8 Canal, common to fancy brands. The arrivals this day are very light and probably will be so for the next 5 or 10 days. The prices will of course be regulated accordingly. Sour Flour remains as before. A kkivci). Si i* i i:mi:i ir 5. Packet 1»! iir Amulet, Harding, 7 days from Boston; with Rum, Wine, Plaister, Ac., to Win. Fowle & Co. and right for the district. Brig Hannah, Hanna, Lubec; Plaister to order. Brig Hannah A Abigail, Spading, Lubec; plasterer for foot getow n. Schr Eliza, Heaihorn, Charleston, S days; ballast to 11 J. Fox. Schr Alligator, Rappahannock; timber for the Navy Yard. Several hay and liver craft, with usual cargo. A strong breeze from the Southward. Sailed, Si:i*ti:mbeii 3. Packet Inig Wankinco, Rydei, Machodoc, to finish loading, for Boston. Ci AH AN'S ACADEMY. HATEFUL for the encouragement he has received, the subscriber respectfully informs his friends and the public that on the 11th ult, he reopened his ACADEMY on the corner of King and Patrick streets. The course of studies will comprise the English, French, Spanish, Greek, and Latin languages, together with the Mathematics, Reading, Writing, History, Geography, the use of the Globes, and such other brands as are usually taught in Academics. In returning our thanks to those who have already favored us, we renew our promise of sparing neither pains nor expense for the improvement of the pupils entrusted to our care. As we are desirous of having occasion as stated as possible and limited as to number, in order that our attention, not being distracted by the many, may be the more profitable to the few, we invite parents, who wish to enter their children, to apply immediately. Young gentlemen intending to qualify themselves for Engineering or the Navy, will find it to their advantage to give us a call. With respect to discipline, we would merely remark, that though we are totally averse from cruelty and harshness, we are equally determined, that the established rules of the Academy shall be respected and observed. We wish not to subject our scholars to a servile tear, but by wholesome government to inspire them with a due degree of respectful obedience; in a word, we wish them to be equal to their equals, but submissive to their superiors. and with the cooperation of the parents, we feel quite confident of being able to effect our desire. GAIIAN. The principles on which we teach penmanship are so infallible, that it is impossible for those persons guided by them not to improve, so soon as they can be done. FOR AMSTERDAM, the fast sailing coppered ship JOHN MARSHALL, Philip (Tandell master— will have despatch and take one hundred barrels of freight daily. Application is made. FOR FREIGHT. The regular packet brig AMULF, master, will have despatch. For freight or passage, having superior accommodations, apply to M. H. H. H. & Co. MADEIRA WINE. PIPES and 2:30 Ur. Casks Ingham's brand, ready from brig Amulet, for sale by WM. FOWLE & Co. SACKS Mown Salt, factory filled, for sale by S. P. HENRY PAIN. SACKS Mown Salt, factory filled, for sale by S. P. HENRY PAIN. QUICK.L.L. -ti X1, \ 1I1IDS. i.rinie Darba.locs Siurar. (..r sale /Uhy " 11 F.N R V DAINGEIIFIKLD. POSTS. . an cr:m;u aiui i.-cii-t — c-i ale 4 WU by J & G. I THOMAS young ladies’ academy, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SISTERS OF CHARITY. THE exercises of the Young Ladies’ Academy, under the direction of the Sisters of Charity, will be resumed on the first Monday in September. The course of instruction embraces the English and French Languages, Orthography, Reading, Grammar, Rhetoric, Composition, Writing, Practical and Theoretical Arithmetic, Algebra, Book-Keeping, Ancient and Modern Geography, Physics, Sacred and Profane History, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Chemistry, Botany, Music, Drawing, Painting on Velvet, Oriental Tinting, Mezzotinto, Japanning, Bronzing, Transferring, Ebony and Wax work, Plain and Ornamental Needlework, Embroidery. Each department is subdivided into classes to suit the capacity, age, and proficiency of the young ladies. Terms, for Day Scholars, from $3 to $8. EXCHANGE CHARGES. Music, per quarter, - - $10 French, do. - - - $7 Drawing, do.... $5 Painting on velvet, with oil colors, $5 For complete knowledge of wax-work $10 Mezzotinto, Bronzing, Japanning, Transfering, Oriental Tinting, Ebony, and Embroidery, each, $5 For Board and Tuition, exclusive of extra branches, - - $120 Washing and Mending, per annum, $5 Bed and Bedding, supplied by the institution, $5 Board and Tuition, payable six months in advance, - $100 Use of the instrument, per quarter, $1 Alexandria, sept 1 — 5t PIANO. VERY superior three-stringed, square PIANO, made on the German market. Principle, will be exchanged, at its value, for a young man servant, of good character, who has been accustomed to wait in the house, or to attend to horses. He is not wanted for sale, but for the use of the individual who inserts this advertisement, and who resides near Alexandria. A handsome Carriage and Harness, yellow mounting... will be disposed of in the same way. Enquire at office. sept d—eo1t Office of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Co. ) Washington, Sep. i, i^r,. ^ AN adjourned general meeting of the stockholders of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, will be held in the City Hall, in the city of Washington, on Tuesday next, the 6th inst., commencing at 12 o’clock, M. sept 2— lit JOHN P. INGLE, Secretary. MILLS, LAM), AND MINERAL SPRING, FOR SALE. I WILL sell, on the most accommodating terms, the property called Sulky Mills, situated in the County of Prince William, Va., near the Loudoun line. The Merchant Mill runs two pairs of Rurs, capable of making twenty-five barrels of four per day. There is also a Corn and Plaster Mill attached to the above is a good Saw Mill, which may be made very profitable, as it is in a neighborhood, where lumber is much wanted, and timber quite abundant. If required, I would sell with the Mills two or three hundred acres of good land, on which there is a Mineral Spring of very valuable water, last growing into notice, and would, no doubt, be much resorted to it improved. Mr. Will. Dean, of Alexandria, is acquainted with my terms, which will be found to be extremely moderate. G. H. CARTER, a 11 g 22—eofj vv __. DUNN'S THIS DAY. Maryland State Lottery, Class 18, for 1-SW*. To be drawn in Baltimore, on Monday, Sept. 5. 75 numbers—13 drawn ballots. RICHEST PRIZE $20,000! Tickets $5.00; halves $2.50; quarters $1.20. Delaware State Lottery, class No. 30, for $30. To be drawn at Hudson Union, Tuesday, Sept. 6. CAPITAL PRIZE $1,000. Tickets only $1 on shares variety of numbers of J. C. MAXFIELD. One dollar in the corner of King and Royals, Drawing of Del. State Lottery. Extra Class. For sale this day Maryland State Lottery, (class 18, for 1866, To be drawn at Baltimore, on Monday, Sept. 75 numbers—13 drawn ballots. HIGHEST PRIZE 20,000 DOLLARS. Tickets $5.00; halves $2.50; quarters $1.25. Delaware State Lottery, Class No. 10. To be drawn at Wilmington, Del., on Monday, September 1st. CAPITAL PRIZE, $1,000. Tickets only $1.00—shares in proportion. To be had in a variety of numbers at J. W. Wilson's Exchange Office, opposite the Bank of Delaware, class 3-r. Auction Sales. BY GEORGE WHITE. REAL ESTATE AT AUCTION ON Thursday, the 15th day of September next, will be offered at public auction the following valuable property:— A wharf Lot beginning at the intersection of Union and Queen streets, and running thence Southwardly fifty feet on the East side of Union street and extending into the river. Also, a lot on the west side of Union street, opposite the Steam Mill, 65 feet front and extending to the rear 110 feet (more or less) to a 20 foot alley. Also, one moiety of a wharf Lot adjoining the public fish-wharf, fronting on the East side of Union street 104 feet, and extending into the river; on this Lot is a good Dwelling House and a Cooper’s Shop. This property will be sold subject to Clagett & Page’s Lease of the wharf which has three years to run from June last. Also, one moiety of a Lot on the West side of Union street. Immediately opposite the last named, fronting on said street 50 feet, and running west to Water street; on this lot is an excellent three-story brick Bake-House covered with slate. Also, a lot of ground on the west side of Water street, immediately opposite the last named lot, binding on said street 50 feet by 140 feet in depth. One third of the purchase money will be required in hand, and the residue in one and two years with interest, the payments to be secured by a lien upon the property. The sale to commence at 10 o’clock precisely, at the intersection of Union and Queen streets. FARM FOR SALE. WILL be sold on Thursday, the 15th September next, the residence of the late Wm. Carlin, containing 106 acres, lying in the county of Alexandria, D.C. adjoining the lands of Mr. G. W. P. Custis, Mr. Whiting, and Mr. Rin gold, about 3½ miles from Georgetown, 4½ from Washington City, and 6 miles from Alexandria. About one half of this land is well timbered and the cleared land is very susceptible of improvement, and in a pretty good state of cultivation at present. There is a tolerable comfortable Dwelling House, Kitchen, and other outbuildings, and an orchard of excellent fruit, with a well of first-rate water in the yard. Persons wishing to purchase can view the premises by calling on Mr. James H. Carlin, who resides on the farm. Terms made known at sale. The sale to take place on the premises at 12 o’clock. JOHN D. HARRISON, JACOB BONTZ, Attorneys at Law. SALE. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, in the County of Alexandria. Exandria, pronounced "Tit May" in the suit of John C. Vouell and Wells. Ahjr0WS and Nancy his wife, against Norman H. Vowcll, and Mary his wife, and John D. Vowcll: The subscriber will offer for sale at public auction on Saturday the 17th day of September next, on the premises for cash, at 11 o'clock, one large Brick House, at the corner of Prince and Union streets, fronting on the west side of Union street 30 feet, and on the north side of Prince street 30 feet. Also, one vacant lot on the north side of Prince street, between Union and Water street, fronting on Prince street 40 feet, and running back 88 feet 3 inches. Also two other Brick Houses at the corner of Prince and Water streets, fronting on the north side of Prince street 40 feet, and on the east side of Water street 22 feet. D. MINOR, D. M. Aug 30— ts for A. Hunter, Marshal. SUGARS, TEA, COFFEE, &c. NOW receiving per Schooners Victory and Alexandria, from New York: Ships Porto Rico and St. Croix Sugars 30 barrels White Brazil and Porto Rico 10 barrels Loaf and Lump 5 bags Rio and old white Java Coffee 13 half chests Gunpowder, Imperial and Young Muscovado Teas, part of extra fine quality 25 boxes and cases Gunpowder and Imp 10 boxes prime Goshen Cheese 10 cases pine apple do 10 boxes No. 1 Rock Candy;—preserved Ginger, in cases 25 boxes best Plug Tobacco, 12s 50 lbs No. 1 Cavendish Tobacco 30 dozen Corn Brooms and Whisks 15 boxes Poland Starch 1 case best Spanish Float Indigo in boxes No. 1 Chocolate 10 lbs Jujube Paste 100 boxes Rosin Soap and Candles 150 reams Cap and Letter Paper 100 doz fancy Shaving Soap 100 boxes do do 50 doz bottles London Mustard 45 casks French Muscat, Malaga and Sherry Wines 10 baskets superior Champagne do On Hand, 100 sacks Liverpool Blown Salt 115 barrels Nett and Gross Herrings 0 bales Soft Shell Almonds 12 bags Philadelphia Shot, assorted Dupont's Powder, 10 kegs; Cloves; Cinnamon Brown and Loaf Sugars; (offer; leas British Blacking; black Ink; Spanish Salts Raisins; Cigars, Bed Cords; Leading Lines Scotch and Black Pepper Snuff; Chipped Logwood Allspice and Pepper; Nutmegs; Mace Gold and Pale Sherry. Old Madeira, Sicily, Port, and 1. P Teneriffe Wines Madder; Alum; Ground and Race Ginger Saltpetre; Brimstone, &c — together with all other articles usually kept in a Grocery Store; all of which is offered on as accommodating terms as can be had in Baltimore or this District. Purchasers, generally, are respectfully requested to call and examine for themselves. WILLIAM N. McVIGG, all at the corner of Front and Wharf. REMOVAL WM. H. MILLER has removed to the brick warehouse, on King street between Water street and Ramsay's wharf, next door to R. Wheat & Son, where he will purchase Rye, and Corn. For sale, Sugar in hogsheads and barrels, Coffee, in bags and barrels, Sperm Oil, in barrels, Paint Oil, White Lead, Robert's and Lewis' brands, Timothy and Clover Seed, Also, New Wheat Family Flour, and Corn Meal, fresh ground. CLARET WISES, FILBERTS, CASES (1 dozen bottles each), Claret, AO 5 bales filberts, for sale by Sept.
28,133
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15537084
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Ja͢ck, Wesley Schleumer de Góes, cegfault, ernie, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1010175, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1146264, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1338292, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1636883, https://stackoverflow.com/users/759517, kkirsche
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How to change a value permanently in another PHP file I am using a configuration file for something I am working on. In that configuration file, I have a line like $twelveHourTimeEnabled = true;. I want to be able to switch true to false in this but am not sure the way to change just that line from true to false. Currently, I am using separate files that switches the two, but I know this must be grossly inefficient. $fn = "config.php"; $file = fopen($fn, "w+"); $size = filesize($fn); $twelveHourConfig = "12hrconfig.php"; $twelveHourConfigFile = file_get_contents($twelveHourConfig); fwrite($file, $twelveHourConfigFile); fclose($file); How would I switch the true value to false, or vice versa without requiring two other files to read in? EDIT: This project is a PHP plug-in for a desktop app (Alfred App for Mac OS X) which returns TV information to the user wherever they are. For this reason, this action is being done when a keyword is called. For this reason there is no way to use a database, etc. EDIT 2: Sorry, I have no experience with JSON or other file IO operations as I normally deal with CRUD. Also, know that I have no control over the user machines, etc. This needs to function with PHP that would be installed by default when someone installs Mac OS X. Nothing more. If someone can explain JSON I would be happy to use it, I just don't know anything about it, how to use it, etc. the context is not clear, but it looks like a 'time' thing, so why not a db with a timestamp? Well, you can use a ini configuration, xml or json file instead, it's more safe and easy. Added to what mario said; you should keep in mind that if that exact phrase ($twelveHourTimeEnabled = true;) would be somewhere in a comment or an if-else construct it might ruin the purpose. Always check if there are more matches and then handle them correctly. If possible, it's better to store such settings in a database tho, it's cleaner/more readable and easier accessible. Off-course that is off-topic, but just saying. Thanks guys. Sadly that isn't an option as this is not a web based application, but an extension to Alfred App for Mac OS X. For this reason, the config file is being used to allow a keyword, set by the user, to trigger the change in the config file for easier use. I'd store all your data in a config file, not a PHP file. JSON is pretty easy to use for this, as you can open the file, read it in, json_decode() it into an object or array, modify items, then json_encode() it and write the file out again I agree with the JSON idea. There is also XML and SQLite, but I think JSON will be the easiest, IMO Sorry, I have no experience with JSON and for two lines of configuration by the time the extension is done, I really don't need overkill like this. I just don't know how to search in other files and change info as I've never handled any form of file IO before, only CRUD. I'm not familiar with OS X in any detail, but your last comment about this needing to function in a standard environment makes me wonder - doesn't OS X protect binary directories from write operations? Also, PHP read and write JSON from file I'm not sure why you think JSON is overkill. You really only need four PHP methods for this - 2 for reading/writing files, and 2 for encoding/decoding JSON. Heck, you don't even need to understand JSON to use it as described below, but it might be nice to be able to look at the configfilename and read it, so you could learn a bit of JSON as you go ;) The basics are let's say you have an array with your config in it, e.g.: $configArray['key'] = 'value'; To write this out in json: file_put_contents('configfilename', json_encode($configArray)); To read the file: $configArray = json_decode(file_get_contents('configfilename'), true); Note the second argument to json_decode has been explicitly set to true, so that $configArray will be an associative array. That's a personal preference; by default it'll be an object. (This answer is based heavily on this question regarding reading/writing JSON.) For configuration files I would recommend the following setup. Let's assume this is the contents of config.php: <?php return array( 'opt1' => 'value1', 'opt2' => 'value2', ); Then, to load this configuration: <?php $config = require 'config.php'; // $config['opt1'] == 'value1' Modifying the configuration can be done by changing the array and writing it back: $config['opt2'] = 'value2 but different'; file_put_contents('config.php', '<?php return ' . var_export($config, true) . ';'); To swap configuration files in your case, you could simply use copy(): copy('12hrconfig.php', 'config.php'); Thanks. I just thought there must be an easier way to simply change the value from true to false (or vice versa). That would allow me to remove the two other configuration files and reduce the overall size of the extension. @kkirsche I've added an example how to modify the configuration and writing it back into the file.
40,539
https://github.com/jeff1865/xresearch4webshow/blob/master/xbase2/src/main/java/com/yg/webshow/core/realtime/SolrIndexJoblet.java
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package com.yg.webshow.core.realtime; public class SolrIndexJoblet { }
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