identifier
stringlengths 6
14.8k
| collection
stringclasses 50
values | open_type
stringclasses 7
values | license
stringlengths 0
1.18k
| date
float64 0
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
1.85k
⌀ | creator
stringlengths 0
7.27k
⌀ | language
stringclasses 471
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
1.98M
| token_count
int64 1
3.46M
| text
stringlengths 0
12.9M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
51.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/BoltApp/sleet/blob/master/gateways/adyen/request_builder.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
sleet
|
BoltApp
|
Go
|
Code
| 773 | 3,470 |
package adyen
import (
"fmt"
"regexp"
"strconv"
"github.com/BoltApp/sleet"
"github.com/BoltApp/sleet/common"
"github.com/adyen/adyen-go-api-library/v4/src/checkout"
"github.com/adyen/adyen-go-api-library/v4/src/payments"
)
const (
level3Default = "NA"
maxLineItemDescriptionLength = 26
maxProductCodeLength = 12
)
const (
shopperInteractionEcommerce = "Ecommerce"
shopperInteractionContAuth = "ContAuth"
)
const (
recurringProcessingModelCardOnFile = "CardOnFile"
recurringProcessingModelSubscription = "Subscription"
recurringProcessingModelUnscheduledCardOnFile = "UnscheduledCardOnFile"
)
var streetNumberRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d+)\s(.*)`)
// these maps are based on https://docs.adyen.com/online-payments/tokenization/create-and-use-tokens#set-parameters-to-flag-transactions
var initiatorTypeToShopperInteraction = map[sleet.ProcessingInitiatorType]string{
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeInitialCardOnFile: shopperInteractionEcommerce,
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeInitialRecurring: shopperInteractionEcommerce,
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeStoredCardholderInitiated: shopperInteractionContAuth,
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeStoredMerchantInitiated: shopperInteractionContAuth,
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeFollowingRecurring: shopperInteractionContAuth,
}
var initiatorTypeToRecurringProcessingModel = map[sleet.ProcessingInitiatorType]string{
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeInitialCardOnFile: recurringProcessingModelCardOnFile,
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeInitialRecurring: recurringProcessingModelSubscription,
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeStoredCardholderInitiated: recurringProcessingModelCardOnFile,
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeStoredMerchantInitiated: recurringProcessingModelUnscheduledCardOnFile,
sleet.ProcessingInitiatorTypeFollowingRecurring: recurringProcessingModelSubscription,
}
func buildAuthRequest(authRequest *sleet.AuthorizationRequest, merchantAccount string) *checkout.PaymentRequest {
request := &checkout.PaymentRequest{
Amount: checkout.Amount{
Value: authRequest.Amount.Amount,
Currency: authRequest.Amount.Currency,
},
// Adyen requires a reference in request so this will panic if client doesn't pass it. Assuming this is good for now
Reference: *authRequest.ClientTransactionReference,
PaymentMethod: map[string]interface{}{
"expiryMonth": strconv.Itoa(authRequest.CreditCard.ExpirationMonth),
"expiryYear": strconv.Itoa(authRequest.CreditCard.ExpirationYear),
"holderName": authRequest.CreditCard.FirstName + " " + authRequest.CreditCard.LastName,
"number": authRequest.CreditCard.Number,
"type": "scheme",
},
MerchantAccount: merchantAccount,
MerchantOrderReference: authRequest.MerchantOrderReference,
// https://docs.adyen.com/api-explorer/#/CheckoutService/latest/payments__reqParam_shopperReference
ShopperReference: authRequest.ShopperReference,
}
addPaymentSpecificFields(authRequest, request)
addShopperData(authRequest, request)
addAddresses(authRequest, request)
// overwrites the flag transactions
if authRequest.ProcessingInitiator != nil {
if shopperInteraction, ok := initiatorTypeToShopperInteraction[*authRequest.ProcessingInitiator]; ok {
request.ShopperInteraction = shopperInteraction
}
if recurringProcessingModel, ok := initiatorTypeToRecurringProcessingModel[*authRequest.ProcessingInitiator]; ok {
request.RecurringProcessingModel = recurringProcessingModel
}
}
// overwrites for citiplcc
if authRequest.CreditCard.Network == sleet.CreditCardNetworkCitiPLCC {
request.RecurringProcessingModel = "Subscription"
request.ShopperInteraction = "Ecommerce"
}
level3 := authRequest.Level3Data
if level3 != nil {
request.AdditionalData = buildLevel3Data(level3)
}
// Attach results of 3DS verification if performed (and not "R"ejected)
if authRequest.ThreeDS != nil && authRequest.ThreeDS.PAResStatus != sleet.ThreedsStatusRejected {
request.MpiData = &checkout.ThreeDSecureData{
Cavv: authRequest.ThreeDS.CAVV,
CavvAlgorithm: authRequest.ThreeDS.CAVVAlgorithm,
DirectoryResponse: authRequest.ThreeDS.PAResStatus,
DsTransID: authRequest.ThreeDS.DSTransactionID,
Eci: authRequest.ECI,
ThreeDSVersion: authRequest.ThreeDS.Version,
Xid: authRequest.ThreeDS.XID,
}
// Only pass these fields for challenge flow
if !authRequest.ThreeDS.Frictionless {
request.MpiData.AuthenticationResponse = authRequest.ThreeDS.PAResStatus
}
}
return request
}
// addPaymentSpecificFields adds fields to the Adyen Payment request that are dependent on the payment method
func addPaymentSpecificFields(authRequest *sleet.AuthorizationRequest, request *checkout.PaymentRequest) {
if authRequest.Cryptogram != "" && authRequest.ECI != "" {
// Apple Pay request
request.MpiData = &checkout.ThreeDSecureData{
AuthenticationResponse: "Y",
Cavv: authRequest.Cryptogram,
DirectoryResponse: "Y",
Eci: authRequest.ECI,
}
request.PaymentMethod["brand"] = "applepay"
request.RecurringProcessingModel = "CardOnFile"
request.ShopperInteraction = "Ecommerce"
} else if authRequest.CreditCard.CVV != "" {
// New customer credit card request
request.PaymentMethod["cvc"] = authRequest.CreditCard.CVV
request.ShopperInteraction = "Ecommerce"
if authRequest.CreditCard.Save {
// Customer opts in to saving card details
request.RecurringProcessingModel = "CardOnFile"
request.StorePaymentMethod = true
} else {
// Customer opts out of saving card details
request.StorePaymentMethod = false
}
} else {
// Existing customer credit card request
request.RecurringProcessingModel = "CardOnFile"
request.ShopperInteraction = "ContAuth"
}
}
// addAddresses adds the billing address and shipping address to the Ayden Payment request if available
func addAddresses(authRequest *sleet.AuthorizationRequest, request *checkout.PaymentRequest) {
if authRequest.BillingAddress != nil {
billingStreetNumber, billingStreetName := extractAdyenStreetFormat(common.SafeStr(authRequest.BillingAddress.StreetAddress1))
request.BillingAddress = &checkout.Address{
City: common.SafeStr(authRequest.BillingAddress.Locality),
Country: common.SafeStr(authRequest.BillingAddress.CountryCode),
HouseNumberOrName: billingStreetNumber,
PostalCode: common.SafeStr(authRequest.BillingAddress.PostalCode),
StateOrProvince: common.SafeStr(authRequest.BillingAddress.RegionCode),
Street: billingStreetName,
}
}
if authRequest.ShippingAddress != nil {
shippingStreetNumber, shippingStreetName := extractAdyenStreetFormat(common.SafeStr(authRequest.ShippingAddress.StreetAddress1))
request.DeliveryAddress = &checkout.Address{
City: common.SafeStr(authRequest.ShippingAddress.Locality),
Country: common.SafeStr(authRequest.ShippingAddress.CountryCode),
HouseNumberOrName: shippingStreetNumber,
PostalCode: common.SafeStr(authRequest.ShippingAddress.PostalCode),
StateOrProvince: common.SafeStr(authRequest.ShippingAddress.RegionCode),
Street: shippingStreetName,
}
}
}
// addShopperData adds the shoppers IP and email to the Ayden Payment request if available
func addShopperData(authRequest *sleet.AuthorizationRequest, request *checkout.PaymentRequest) {
if authRequest.Options["ShopperIP"] != nil {
request.ShopperIP = authRequest.Options["ShopperIP"].(string)
}
if authRequest.BillingAddress.Email != nil {
request.ShopperEmail = common.SafeStr(authRequest.BillingAddress.Email)
}
}
func buildLevel3Data(level3Data *sleet.Level3Data) map[string]string {
additionalData := map[string]string{
"enhancedSchemeData.customerReference": sleet.DefaultIfEmpty(level3Data.CustomerReference, level3Default),
"enhancedSchemeData.destinationPostalCode": level3Data.DestinationPostalCode,
"enhancedSchemeData.dutyAmount": sleet.AmountToString(&level3Data.DutyAmount),
"enhancedSchemeData.freightAmount": sleet.AmountToString(&level3Data.ShippingAmount),
"enhancedSchemeData.totalTaxAmount": sleet.AmountToString(&level3Data.TaxAmount),
}
var keyBase string
for idx, lineItem := range level3Data.LineItems {
// Maximum of 9 line items allowed in the request
if idx == 9 {
break
}
keyBase = fmt.Sprintf("enhancedSchemeData.itemDetailLine%d.", idx+1)
// Due to issues with the credit card networks, dont send any line item if discount amount is 0
if lineItem.ItemDiscountAmount.Amount > 0 {
additionalData[keyBase+"discountAmount"] = sleet.AmountToString(&lineItem.ItemDiscountAmount)
}
additionalData[keyBase+"commodityCode"] = lineItem.CommodityCode
additionalData[keyBase+"description"] = sleet.TruncateString(lineItem.Description, maxLineItemDescriptionLength)
additionalData[keyBase+"productCode"] = sleet.TruncateString(lineItem.ProductCode, maxProductCodeLength)
additionalData[keyBase+"quantity"] = strconv.Itoa(int(lineItem.Quantity))
additionalData[keyBase+"totalAmount"] = sleet.AmountToString(&lineItem.TotalAmount)
additionalData[keyBase+"unitOfMeasure"] = common.ConvertUnitOfMeasurementToCode(lineItem.UnitOfMeasure)
additionalData[keyBase+"unitPrice"] = sleet.AmountToString(&lineItem.UnitPrice)
}
// Omit optional fields if they are empty
addIfNonEmpty(level3Data.DestinationCountryCode, "enhancedSchemeData.destinationCountryCode", &additionalData)
addIfNonEmpty(level3Data.DestinationAdminArea, "enhancedSchemeData.destinationStateProvinceCode", &additionalData)
return additionalData
}
func buildCaptureRequest(captureRequest *sleet.CaptureRequest, merchantAccount string) *payments.ModificationRequest {
request := &payments.ModificationRequest{
OriginalReference: captureRequest.TransactionReference,
ModificationAmount: &payments.Amount{
Value: captureRequest.Amount.Amount,
Currency: captureRequest.Amount.Currency,
},
MerchantAccount: merchantAccount,
}
return request
}
func buildRefundRequest(refundRequest *sleet.RefundRequest, merchantAccount string) *payments.ModificationRequest {
request := &payments.ModificationRequest{
OriginalReference: refundRequest.TransactionReference,
ModificationAmount: &payments.Amount{
Value: refundRequest.Amount.Amount,
Currency: refundRequest.Amount.Currency,
}, MerchantAccount: merchantAccount,
}
return request
}
func buildVoidRequest(voidRequest *sleet.VoidRequest, merchantAccount string) *payments.ModificationRequest {
request := &payments.ModificationRequest{
OriginalReference: voidRequest.TransactionReference,
MerchantAccount: merchantAccount,
}
return request
}
func addIfNonEmpty(value string, key string, data *map[string]string) {
if value != "" {
(*data)[key] = value
}
}
// extractAdyenStreetFormat extracts adyen street format from generic street address
// returns (streetNumber, streetName) format
// If address does not have leading street number, will return ("", street)
func extractAdyenStreetFormat(streetAddress string) (string, string) {
streetExtraction := streetNumberRegex.FindStringSubmatch(streetAddress)
if streetExtraction == nil {
return "", streetAddress
}
return streetExtraction[1], streetExtraction[2]
}
| 6,346 |
s_G_TBTN16_VNM82_1
|
WTO
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 655 | 1,355 |
G/TBT/N/VNM/82
23 de mayo de 2016
(16-2778) Página: 1/2
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Se da traslado de la notificación siguiente de conformidad con el artículo 10.6.
1. Miembro que notifica: VIET NAM
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate (artículos 3.2 y 7.2):
2. Organismo responsable:
Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Sanidad)
Department of Medical Equipment and Construction (Departamento de Instalaciones y Equipos Médicos) 138A Giang Vo Str., Ba Dinh Dist., Ha Noi City, Viet Nam
Teléfono: (84-4) 62732273
Fax: (84-4) 38464051 Correo electrónico: byt@moh.gov.vn
Sitio Web: http://www.moh.gov.vn/
Nombre y dirección (incluidos los números de teléfono y de fax, así como las
direcciones de correo electrónico y siti os Web, en su caso) del organismo o
autoridad encargado de la tramitación de observaciones sobre la notificación, en
caso de que se trate de un organismo o autoridad diferente:
3. Notificación hecha en virtud del artículo 2.9.2 [X], 2.10.1 [ ], 5. 6.2 [ ], 5.7.1 [ ], o
en virtud de:
4. Productos abarcados (partida del SA o de la NCCA cuando corresponda; en otro
caso partida del arancel nacional. Podrá indicarse además, cuando proceda, el
número de partida de la ICS): endoscopios rígidos (ICS: 11.040)
5. Título, número de páginas e idioma(s) del documento notificado: National technical
regulation on the basic safety of Rigid Endoscopic Equipment (Reglamento técnico nacional
sobre requisitos básicos de seguridad de endoscopios rígidos). Documento en vietnamita
(11 páginas)
6. Descripción del contenido: el reglamento notificado debe ser observado por las
agencias, las empresas y las personas que fabrican exportan, importan o utilizan endoscopios de uso médico en el territorio de Viet Nam. Se establecen requisitos de
seguridad para los endoscopios y el accesori o que puede emplearse con el equipo o de
manera independiente, con fines médicos.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser, incluida, cuan do proceda, la naturaleza de los problemas
urgentes: la seguridad del equipo médico es fundamental, porque este equipo tiene una
incidencia directa en la salud de las personas. El 6 de diciembre de 2011 el Ministerio de
Sanidad promulgó la Circular N° 44/2011/TT-BYT relativa a la lista de productos y
mercancías que pueden presentar peligros y están sujetas a medidas de control del Ministerio. En esta Circular, los endoscopios rígidos se clasifican entre los productos que
pueden llegar a ser peligrosos. Los endoscopios rígidos son importados frecuentemente y
muy utilizados en instalaciones sanitarias. Por tanto, es necesario adoptar normas técnicas que establezcan criterios de seguridad específicos, para ofrecer las debidas garantías de
calidad en intervenciones de examen o tratamiento. G/TBT/N/VNM/82
- 2 -
8. Documentos pertinentes: Norma TCVN 7303-2-18:2006 (IEC 60601-2-18:1996):
Equipos electromédicos. Parte 2-2: Requisitos de seguridad particulares para los equipos
de endoscopia
Norma IEC 60601-2-18:2009 Equipos electromédicos. Parte 2-18: Requisitos particulares
de seguridad para los equipos de endoscopia.
Norma TCVN 7303-2-2:2006 (IEC 60601-2-2:1998) Equipos electromédicos. Parte 2-2:
Requisitos particulares para la seguridad básica y funcionamiento esencial de los equipos
quirúrgicos de alta frecuencia.
Norma TCVN 6196-1:2008 (ISO 15223-1:2007/Modif. 1:2008): Productos sanitarios.
Símbolos a utilizar en las etiquetas, el etiquetado y la información a suministrar. Parte 1:
Requisitos generales.
Norma TCVN 7303-1:2009 (IEC 60601-1:2005): Equipos electromédicos. Parte 1:
Requisitos particulares para la seguridad básica y funcionamiento esencial
9. Fecha propuesta de adopción: 2 de julio de 2016
Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor: 5 de septiembre de 2016
10. Fecha límite para la pres entación de observaciones: 60 días después de la fecha de
notificación
11. Textos disponibles en: Servicio nacional de información [X], o dirección, números
de teléfono y de fax y direcciones de co rreo electrónico y sitios Web, en su caso,
de otra institución:
Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Sanidad)
Department of Medical Equipment and Construction
(Departamento de Instalaciones y Equipos Médicos) 138A Giang Vo Str., Ba Dinh Dist., Ha Noi City, Viet Nam
Teléfono: (84-4) 62732273
Fax: (84-4) 38464051 Correo electrónico: byt@moh.gov.vn
Sitio Web: http://www.moh.gov.vn/
El documento está disponible en:
http://tbt.gov.vn/Ti%20liu%20upload%20c ho%20QCKT/QCKT/QCKT%20noi%20soi.rar.
| 4,202 |
https://github.com/isdev0/csharp-28-training/blob/master/addressbook-web-tests/addressbook-web-tests/Models/UserData.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
csharp-28-training
|
isdev0
|
C#
|
Code
| 60 | 163 |
namespace WebAddressbookTests
{
public class UserData
{
private string username;
private string password;
public UserData(string username, string password)
{
this.username = username;
this.password = password;
}
public string Username
{
get
{
return this.username;
}
set
{
this.username = value;
}
}
public string Password
{
get
{
return this.password;
}
set
{
this.password = value;
}
}
}
}
| 2,745 |
https://github.com/sgumhold/cgv/blob/master/cgv/render/view.cxx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
| 2,023 |
cgv
|
sgumhold
|
C++
|
Code
| 1,405 | 3,808 |
#include <cgv/render/view.h>
#include <cgv/math/geom.h>
using namespace cgv::math;
namespace cgv {
namespace render {
/// construct a parallel view with focus in the world origin looking in negative z-direction and the y-direction as up-direction with an extent of +-1
view::view()
: focus(0,0,0), view_up_dir(0,1,0), view_dir(0,0,-1), y_view_angle(0), y_extent_at_focus(2)
{
}
/// write access to focus point
view::dvec3& view::ref_focus() { return focus; }
/// write access to view up direction
view::dvec3& view::ref_view_up_dir() { return view_up_dir; }
/// write access to view dir
view::dvec3& view::ref_view_dir() { return view_dir; }
/// write access to view angle
double& view::ref_y_view_angle() { return y_view_angle; }
/// write access to extent at focus
double& view::ref_y_extent_at_focus() { return y_extent_at_focus; }
/// compute axis and angle of a rotation that the current view_dir and view_up_dir to the given target_view_dir and target_view_up_dir
int view::compute_axis_and_angle(const dvec3& target_view_dir, const dvec3& target_view_up_dir,
dvec3& axis, double& angle)
{
dmat3 R = cgv::math::build_orthogonal_frame(view_dir, view_up_dir);
R.transpose();
R = cgv::math::build_orthogonal_frame(target_view_dir, target_view_up_dir)*R;
dvec3 daxis;
double dangle;
int res = cgv::math::decompose_rotation_to_axis_and_angle(R, daxis, dangle);
axis = daxis;
angle = dangle;
return res;
}
/// compute tan of half of y view angle, if ensure_non_zero is true, replace y view angles < 0.1 with 0.1
double view::get_tan_of_half_of_fovy(bool ensure_non_zero) const
{
return tan(.008726646260*((ensure_non_zero && (y_view_angle <= 0.01)) ? 0.01 : y_view_angle));
}
///
const view::dvec3& view::get_focus() const
{
return focus;
}
///
const view::dvec3& view::get_view_up_dir() const
{
return view_up_dir;
}
///
const view::dvec3& view::get_view_dir() const
{
return view_dir;
}
///
double view::get_y_view_angle() const
{
return y_view_angle;
}
///
double view::get_y_extent_at_focus() const
{
return y_extent_at_focus;
}
/// return the depth of the focus point
double view::get_depth_of_focus() const
{
return 0.5f*y_extent_at_focus / get_tan_of_half_of_fovy(true);
}
///
double view::get_y_extent_at_depth(double depth, bool ensure_non_zero) const
{
return 2.0f*depth*get_tan_of_half_of_fovy(ensure_non_zero);
}
///
void view::set_focus(const dvec3& foc)
{
focus = foc;
}
void view::set_focus(double x, double y, double z) { set_focus(dvec3(x,y,z)); }
///
void view::set_view_up_dir(const dvec3& vud)
{
view_up_dir = normalize(vud);
}
void view::set_view_up_dir(double x, double y, double z) { set_view_up_dir(dvec3(x,y,z)); }
///
void view::set_view_dir(const dvec3& vd)
{
view_dir = normalize(vd);
}
void view::set_view_dir(double x, double y, double z) { set_view_dir(dvec3(x,y,z)); }
///
void view::set_y_extent_at_focus(double ext)
{
y_extent_at_focus = ext;
}
///
void view::set_y_view_angle(double angle)
{
y_view_angle = angle;
}
/// return whether the y view angle is zero
bool view::is_parallel() const
{
return y_view_angle == 0;
}
//! query the eye point, which is computed from focus, view dir, y extent at focus and y view angle
/*! With the y view angle approaching 0, the eye point moves infinitely far away. To avoid
numerical problems, the eye point is computed with an y view angle no less than 0.1.*/
const view::dvec3 view::get_eye() const
{
return focus - (0.5f*y_extent_at_focus / get_tan_of_half_of_fovy(true))*view_dir;
}
//! set the view dir and y extent at focus keeping focus and y view angle such that get_eye() returns the passed point, return whether this was successful.
/*! Recomputes view up direction to make it orthogonal to view direction.
In the case that the eye point is identical to the current focus point the function fails and returns false.
If the current view angle is < 0.1, the view anlge 0.1 is used for eye point calculation */
bool view::set_eye_keep_view_angle(const dvec3& eye)
{
dvec3 new_view_dir = focus - eye;
dvec3::value_type l = new_view_dir.length();
if (l < 10 * std::numeric_limits<dvec3::value_type>::epsilon())
return false;
dvec3::value_type inv_l = dvec3::value_type(1) / l;
view_dir = inv_l*new_view_dir;
y_extent_at_focus = get_y_extent_at_depth(l, true);
return true;
}
//! set view dir and y view angle keeping focus and y extent such that get_eye() returns the passed point, return whether this was successful.
/*! Recomputes view up direction to make it orthogonal to view direction.
In the case that the eye point is identical to the current focus point the function fails and returns false.
*/
bool view::set_eye_keep_extent(const dvec3& eye)
{
dvec3 new_view_dir = focus - eye;
dvec3::value_type l = new_view_dir.length();
if (l < 10 * std::numeric_limits<dvec3::value_type>::epsilon())
return false;
dvec3::value_type inv_l = dvec3::value_type(1) / l;
view_dir = inv_l*new_view_dir;
y_view_angle = atan(0.5*y_extent_at_focus*inv_l)*114.5915590;
return true;
}
/// set the view according to the standard view lookat definition from eye, focus and view up direction.
void view::view_look_at_keep_extent(const dvec3& e, const dvec3& foc, const dvec3& vud)
{
set_focus(foc);
set_view_up_dir(vud);
set_eye_keep_extent(e);
}
/// set the view according to the standard view lookat definition from eye, focus and view up direction.
void view::view_look_at_keep_view_angle(const dvec3& e, const dvec3& foc, const dvec3& vud)
{
set_focus(foc);
set_view_up_dir(vud);
set_eye_keep_view_angle(e);
}
/// call this function before a drawing process to support viewport splitting inside the draw call via the activate/deactivate functions
void view::enable_viewport_splitting(unsigned nr_cols, unsigned nr_rows)
{}
/// check whether viewport splitting is activated and optionally set the number of columns and rows if corresponding pointers are passed
bool view::is_viewport_splitting_enabled(unsigned* nr_cols_ptr, unsigned* nr_rows_ptr) const
{
return false;
}
/// disable viewport splitting
void view::disable_viewport_splitting()
{}
/// inside the drawing process activate the sub-viewport with the given column and row indices, always terminate an activated viewport with deactivate_split_viewport
void view::activate_split_viewport(context& ctx, unsigned col_index, unsigned row_index)
{}
/// deactivate the previously split viewport
void view::deactivate_split_viewport(context& ctx)
{}
/// make a viewport manage its own view
void view::enable_viewport_individual_view(unsigned col_index, unsigned row_index, bool enable)
{
}
/// check whether viewport manage its own view
bool view::does_viewport_use_individual_view(unsigned col_index, unsigned row_index) const
{
return false;
}
/// access the view of a given viewport
view& view::ref_viewport_view(unsigned col_index, unsigned row_index)
{
return *this;
}
void view::put_coordinate_system(dvec3& x, dvec3& y, dvec3& z) const
{
z = -view_dir;
z.normalize();
x = cross(view_up_dir, z);
x.normalize();
y = cross(z, x);
}
void view::put_coordinate_system(vec3& x, vec3& y, vec3& z) const
{
dvec3 dx, dy, dz;
put_coordinate_system(dx, dy, dz);
x = dx;
y = dy;
z = dz;
}
/// roll view around view direction by angle
void view::roll(double angle)
{
view_up_dir = normalize(cgv::math::rotate(view_up_dir, view_dir, angle));
}
//! rotated view around axis by angle
/*! Axis is given by point and direction, where the point is in the image center and the given depth
and the axis points into a direction in image plane given through its screen x and screen y
coordinate. The length of the axis vector gives the rotation angle in radians.
Rotation around screen x direction corresponds to yaw and around screen y direction
to gear rotations. */
void view::rotate(double axis_direction_x, double axis_direction_y, double axis_point_depth)
{
dvec3 x, y, z;
put_coordinate_system(x, y, z);
dvec3 axis_dir = axis_direction_x*x + axis_direction_y*y;
double angle = axis_dir.length();
if (angle < 10 * std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon())
return;
axis_dir *= 1.0 / angle;
dvec3 axis_point = get_eye() + axis_point_depth*view_dir;
focus = cgv::math::rotate(focus - axis_point, axis_dir, angle) + axis_point;
view_dir = normalize(cgv::math::rotate(view_dir, axis_dir, angle));
view_up_dir = normalize(cgv::math::rotate(view_up_dir, axis_dir, angle));
}
/// move along view direction by given step length in world coordinates
void view::move(double step)
{
focus += step*view_dir;
}
/// move in screen x and screen y directions by given step lengths in world coordinates
void view::pan(double step_x, double step_y)
{
dvec3 x, y, z;
put_coordinate_system(x, y, z);
focus += step_x*x + step_y* y;
}
/// zoom by given factor
void view::zoom(double factor)
{
y_extent_at_focus *= factor;
}
int view::get_modelview_projection_window_matrices(int x, int y, int width, int height,
const dmat4** DPV_pptr,
const dmat4** DPV_other_pptr, int* x_other_ptr, int* y_other_ptr,
int* vp_col_idx_ptr, int* vp_row_idx_ptr,
int* vp_width_ptr, int *vp_height_ptr,
int* vp_center_x_ptr, int* vp_center_y_ptr,
int* vp_center_x_other_ptr, int* vp_center_y_other_ptr) const
{
return 0;
}
//! given a pixel location x,y return the z-value from the depth buffer, which ranges from 0.0 at z_near to 1.0 at z_far and a point in world coordinates
/*! in case of stereo rendering two z-values exist that can be unprojected to two points in world
coordinates. In this case the possibility with smaller z value is selected. */
double view::get_z_and_unproject(context& ctx, int x, int y, dvec3& p)
{
return 0.0;
}
double view::get_z_and_unproject(context& ctx, int x, int y, vec3& p)
{
dvec3 dp(p);
double res = get_z_and_unproject(ctx, x, y, dp);
p = dp;
return res;
}
/// fill the given vector with four points covering the screen rectangle
void view::compute_screen_rectangle(std::vector<dvec3>& rect, double depth, double aspect) const
{
// compute view aligned coordinate system
dvec3 x, y, z;
put_coordinate_system(x, y, z);
// compute center of screen covering rectangle
dvec3 c = get_eye() - z*depth;
// scale x- and y-direction vectors to cover screen rectangle
double y_scale = 0.5*get_y_extent_at_depth(depth, true);
y *= y_scale;
x *= y_scale*aspect;
// construct rectangle corners
rect.push_back(c + x + y);
rect.push_back(c - x + y);
rect.push_back(c - x - y);
rect.push_back(c + x - y);
}
void view::compute_screen_rectangle(std::vector<vec3>& rect, double depth, double aspect) const
{
std::vector<dvec3> drect;
compute_screen_rectangle(drect, depth, aspect);
rect.clear();
for (const auto& p : drect)
rect.push_back(vec3(p));
}
}
}
| 29,760 |
|
apracticaltreat00gerhgoog_9
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,876 |
A practical treatise of the law of evidence
|
Starkie, Thomas, 1782-1849
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,925 | 9,028 |
' Coofesflions under the iofluenoe of hope or fear are not admissible : State v. York, 37 N. H. 175 ; State v. Wentworth, Ibid. 196 ; Shifflefs Case, 14 Grat. 652 ; State T. George, 5 Jones (Law) 233 ; Bob v. State, 32 Ala. 560 ; Meyer v. Siaie, 19 Arkansas 156 ; Fouts v. State, 8 Ohio (N. S.) 98 ; StaU t. FUher, 6 Jones (Law) 473 ; Sim(m v. State, 36 Miss. 636 ; Cain v. State, 18 Tex. 387 ; Ruther- ford y. Coinm., 2 Mete. (Ken.) 387. AUhou^^h confessions improperly obtained are not admissible, yet any facts brought to light in consequence of such con- fessions may be properly received in evidence : Jane v. Comm,, 2 Mete. (Ken.) 30. That confessions must be voluntary, without any inducements held out: we^ State v. Cook, 15 Rich. (Law) 29 ; Joe v. State, 38 Ala. 422 ; Frank v. StaU, 39 Miss. 705 ; Love v. State, 22 Ark. 336 ; McGlothlin v. State, 2 Cald. 223 ; Butler V. CVmim., 2 Duvall 435 ; Hudson v. Comm,, Ibid. 531 ; Price v. State, 18 Ohio St 418 ; Flanagin v. State, 25 Ark. 92 ; State v. Staley, 14 Minn. 105 ; Comm, V. Curtis, 97 Mass. 574 ; O'BHen v. People, 48 Barb. 274 ; Dinah v. 73 INDIRECT EVIDENCE. mediately ceases as soon as it appears that the supposed confession was made under the influence of threats or of promises, which render it uncertain whether the admissions of the accused resulted from a consciousness of guilt, or were wrung from a timid and apprehensive mind, deluded by promises of safety, or subdued by threats of vio- lence or punishment. It may be proper also to remark in this place, that some of those presumptions which have lately been touched ♦upon are to be regarded with great caution ; for it sometimes ^ ^ happens that an innocent, but weak and injudicious person, will take very undue means for his security, when suspected of a crime. A strong illustration of this is afforded by the case of the uncle, mentioned by Lord Hale. His niece had been heard to cry out, ^' Good uncle, do not kill me !'* and soon afterwards disappeared ; and he being suspected of having destroyed her for the sake of her property, was required to produce her before the justice of assize : he being unable to do this (for she had absconded), but hoping to avert suspicion, procured another girl resembling his niece, and attempted to pass her off as such. The fraud was, however, detected ; and, together with other circumstances, appeared so strongly to indi- cate the guilt of the uncle, that he was convicted and executed for State, 39 Ala. 359 ; Miller v. State, 40 Ibid. 64 ; Miller v. People, 39 111. 457 -, Aaron v. State, 39 Ala. 75 ; Williams ▼. State, Ibid. 532 ; Young ▼. Comm., 8 Bush 366 ; Cody v. State, 44 Miss. 332 ; Beeker v. Crow, 7 Bush 198 5 Thompson V. Comm., 20 Gratt. 724 ; Derby v. Derby, 21 N. J. Eq. 36 ; Frain v. Slate, 40 Ga. 529 ; Austin v. State, 51 111. 236 ; State v. Brockman, 46 Mo. 566 ; People v. Phillips, 42 N. Y. 200 ; State v. Squires, 48 N. H. 364. Discoyeries of facts which have been made in consequence of inadmissible confessions are competent evidence : Mountain v. State, 40 Ala. 344 ; People v. Jones, 32 Cal. 80; People v. Nby Yen, 34 Cal. 176; Frederick v. State, 3 W. Va. 695 ; McGlothlin v. State, 2 Cald. 223 ; Selvidge v. State, 30 Tex. 60. Confessions obtained by artifice or deceit are admissible : Comm, v. HaiHon, 3 Brewst. 461. The whole confession must be taken together : Conner v. State, 34 Tex. 659 ; Crawford v. State, 4 Cald. 190; State v. Worthington, 64 N. C. 594; Griswold T. State, 24 Wise. 144; State v. Fuller, 39 Vt. 75. When the defendant is in- duced to make confessions under a promise that he will not be prosecuted, and he afterwards makes additional confessions, they cannot be used against him unless it be shown by the best evidence that the motive which had induced the first confession had ceased to operate : State v. Lowhome, 66 N. C. 538 ; Strady V. State, 5 Cald. 300. Statements made in the presence of one under arrest on a criminal charge, to which the prisoner makes no reply, are not admissible : Comm, V. Walker, 13 Allen 570 ; People v. McCrea, 32 Cal. 98. Where a witness on a criminal trial, who testifies to a confession, did not understand ail that the prisoner said, no part is admissible : People v. GUdbert, 39 Cal. 663. PRESUMPTIONS. 74 the supposed murder of the niece, who, as it afterwards turned out, was still living. In civil cases also, the most important presumptions (as will be afterwards more fully seen) are continually founded upon the conduct of the parties : if, for instance, a man suffer a great length of time to elapse without asserting the claim which he at last makes, a pre- sumption arises, either that no real claim ever existed, or that, if it ever did exist, it has since been satisfied ;^ because, in the ordinary course of human affairs, it is not usual to allow real and well-founded claims to lie dormant. So the uninterrupted enjoyment of property or privileges for a long space of time raises a presumption of a legal right ; for otherwise it is probable that the enjoyment would not have been acquiesced in.* Upon the presumption that after a lapse of six years a debt on simple contract has been satisfied, the Legislature seems to have founded the '^'provision in the Statute of Limi- r^ic^cn tation ; a presumption liable to be rebutted by proof of a promise to pay the debt, or an acknowledgment that it still remains due, made within the six years.' The conduct of a party in omitting to produce that evidence, in elucidation of the subject-matter in dispute, which is within his power, and which rests peculiarly within his own knowledge, fre- quently affords occasion for presumption against him ; since it raises a strong suspicion that such evidence, if adduced, would operate to his prejudice. So forcible is the nature of this presumption, that the law founds upon it a most important elementary rule, which excludes secondary evidence where evidence of higher degree might have been adduced ; and this it does, because it is probable that a party who withholds the best and most satisfactory evidence from the considera- tion of the jury, and attempts to substitute other and inferior evidence for it, does so because he knows that the better evidence would not serve his purpose.* Upon the same principle, juries are called upon to raise an infer- ence in favor of a defendant in a criminal case from the goodness of his character in society ; a presumption too remote to weigh against * See Vol. II., tit. Presumptions — Limitations — Prescription. * Where a party neglects to take out execution within a year after his judg- ment, he must, in general, revive it by scire facias before he can proceed to ezecntion ; and this is founded upon a presumption that the debt or damages have in the meantime been paid. r 'See tit. Limitations. Such a promise to be available, must now be in writing. * Yidt Infra, tit. Best Evidence. 75 INDIRECT EVIDENCE. evidence ivhich is in itself satisfactory, and which ought never to have any weight except in a doubtful case.^ * Upon similar grounds, presumptions may he derived from the artificial course and order of human affairs and dealings, wherever any such course and order exist; because, in the absence of any reason to suppose the contrary, a probability arises that the usual course of dealing has been adopted. Hence presumptions are founded upon the course of trade, the course of the post, the customs of a particular trade, or of a particular class of people, and L -* ♦even the course of conducting business in the concerns of a private individual, to prove a particular act done in the usual routine of business.' ^ ^ See tit. Character. It seems to be the last remnant of compurgation. ' See Lord Torrington's caae, 1 Salk. 285 ; 1 Smith's Leading Cases 139. ^ Evidence of the general character of the defendant is admissible in his favor in a criminal prosecution ; but it is entitled to little weight, unless when the fact is doubtful or the testimony merely presumptive : State v. Wells, Coxe A'M ; United States v. Rouderhush, 1 Buldw. 514 \ Bennet v. State, 8 Humph. 118 ; Commonwealth v. Webster, 5 Cush. 295 ; Aekley v. People, 9 Barb. S. C. Rep. 609 ; Schaller v. State, 14 Mo. 502 j Harrington v. State, 19 Ohio 264 ; Long V. State, 11 Fla. 295; State t. Cresson, 38 Mo. 372. But evidence of bad character is not admissible against him, unless in rebuttal of testimony adduced by him: People v. White, 14 Wend. Ill ; People v. Bodine, 1 £dm. Sel. Cas. 36. And when such rebutting evidence is allowed, the witnesses must be con- fined to the defendant's character before he was accused of the crime in ques- tion : Martin v. Simpson, 4 McCord 262. In civil cases evidence of the general character of a party is admissible only when it is put in issue, by the pleadings : Anderson v. Long, 10 S. & R. 55 ; Atkinson v. Graham, 5 Watts 411 ; Fowler y, JStna Ins. Co,, 6 Cow. 673; Potter V. Webb, 6 Greenl. 14; Humphrey v. Humphrey, 7 Conn. 116; Gough v. St. John, 16 "Wend. 646 ; Ward v. Hemdon, 5 Port. 352 ; Setiets v. Plunket, 1 Strobh. 372 ; Thayer v. Boyle, 30 Me. 475 ; McKinney v. Ehoad, 5 Watts 343 : Nash v. Gilkeson, 5 S. & R. 352 ; Morris t. Hazlewood, 1 Bush 208. In civil suits, evidance of good character is not admissible to rebut imputations of fraud or misconduct: Boardman v. Woodman, 47 N. H. 120. After an attempt to assail the charac- ter of a plaintiff in an action of slander he may prove his good character, that being an action in which character is put in issue, being part of the allegation of the narr. : Holly v. Burgess, 9 Ala. 728 ; Winehiddle v. Porterfield, 9 Barr 137 ; Petrie v. Rose, 1 W. & S. 364 ; Shroyer v. Miller, 3 W. Va. 158. ' "I am myself," says Story, J., " no friend to the almost indiscriminate h%bit of late years of setting up particular usages or customs in almost all kinds of business and trade, to control, vary or annul the general liabilities of parties, under the common law- as well as under the commercial law. It has long ap. peared to me, that there is no small danger in admitting such loose and incon- clusive usages and customs, often unknown to particular parties and always iable to great misunderstandings and misinterpretations and abuses, to out^ > PRESUMPTIONS. 76 In all such cases the course of dealing may be proved before the jury, and is evidence in matters connected ^ith it. The usual time of credit in a particular trade is evidence to show that goods were sold at that credit ; the course of the post is evidence to show that a particular letter, proved to have been put into the post-ofiBce, was received in the usual time by the party to whom it was directed. The ground of presumption in this and a multitude of similar in- stances is, that where a regular course of dealing has once been established, that which has usually happened did happen in the par- ticular instance; and such presumptions, like all others, ought to prevail, unless the contrary be proved, or at least be encountered by an opposite presumption. Where a fact or relation is in its nature continuous, after its exist- ence has once been proved, a presumption arises as to its continuance at a subsequent time: for, from the nature of the fact or relation, a very strong presumption arises that it did not cease immediately weigh the well-known and well-settled principles of law. And I rejoice to find that of late years the courts of law, both in England and in America^ have been disposed to narrow the limits of the operation of such usages and customs, and to discountenance any further extension of them. The true and appropriate office of a usage or custom is to interpret the otherwise indeterminate intentions of parties, and to ascertain the nature and extent of their contracts, arising not from express stipulations, but from new implications and presumptions and acts of a doubtful or equivocal character. It may also be admitted to ascertain the true meaning of a particular word or of particular words in a given instrument when the word or words have various senses, some common, some qualified, and some technical, according to the subject-matter to which they are applied. But I apprehend that it can never be proper to resort to any usage or custom to con- trol or vary the positive stipulations in a written contract and a fortiori^ not in order to contradict them :" The Schooner v. Reeside, 2 Sumn. 569 ; Macomber v. Parker J 13 Pick. 182 •, Lawrence v. McGregor, 5 Ham. 311 j Sampson v. Gaxzam, 6 Port. 123 \ Cooper v. Kane^ 19 Wend. 386 ; Hone v. Mutual Safety Ins. Co., 1 Sanf. Sup. Ct. 137. A person who makes a contract is not bound by the usage of a particular business, unless it is so general as to furnish a presumption of knowledge or it is proved that he knew it : Stevens v. Beeves, 9 Pick. 198 ; Wood V. Hickok, 2 Wend. 501 ; The Paragon, Ware 322 •, Winsor v. DUlaway, 4 Mete. 221 ; Steamboat Albatross v. Wayne, 16 Ohio 513 ; Nichols v. De Wolf, 1 R. I. 147. Witnesses may be examined to prove the course of a particular trade, but not to show what the law of that trade is : Ruan v. Garden, 1 Wash. G. 0. Rep. 145; Winthrop v. Union Ins, Co., 2 Ibid. 7 ; Austin v. Taylor, 2 Ilaro. 64. A usage of an individual, which is known to the person who deals with him, may be given in evidence as tending to prove what was the contract between them : Loring v. Gumey, 5 Pick. 15 ; Naylor v. Semmes, 4 Gill. & Johns. 274 •, Searson V. Heytoard, 1 Speers 249 ; Berkshire Woollen Co. v. Porter, 7 Cash 417 ; Adams T. OUerbaek, 15 How. S. G. R. 539. 76 INDIRECT EVIDENCE. after the time when it was proved to exist, and, as there is no par- ticular time when the presumption ceases, that it still continues;^ therefore, where a partnership between two persons has once been established, its continuance at a later period is to be presumed, unless the termination be proved.^ ^ So, where the existence of a particular individual has once been shown, it will, within certain limits, be presumed that he still lives. The presumption as to a man's life after a number of years must depend upon many circum- stances ; his habits of life, his age, and constitution : the probable duration of the life of a person, as calculated upon an average, may of course be easily ascertained in every particular case : but for the r*??! ^^^ ^^ '^'practical convenience, the law lays down a rule in some instances, which appears to have been very generally adopted, ^ See tit. Partnership. * Farr v. Payne, 40 Vt. 615 j Rhone v. Gale^ 12 Minn. 54 j InnU v. Campbell^ 1 Rawie 373; 'Smith y. Knowlton, 11 N. H. 91. So that posBession continues: Bayard's Lessee v. Colfox, 4 Wash. C. C. Rep. 38, that a corporation continues to exist: People y. Manhattan Co.y 9 Wend. 351 ; even that a wren;; continues as a trespass or entry and ouster : Lewis v. Paine, 4 Wend. 423 ; Jackson, ex dem. Miller v. Porter, 4 Wend. 672. A state of peace is to be presumed by courts until the national power of the country declares to the contrary : The People y. McLeod, 1 Hill 377. If a vessel is seaworthy when the policy attaches, it will be presumed that she continues so during the time of the risk, unless it otherwise is shown in proof: Martin y. Fishing Ins. Co,, 20 Pick. 389. So the law presumes the residence of a person to continue in a place where it is shown to have been at any time, until the contrary is shown : Prather y. Palmer, 4 Pike 456 ; Cawdill y. Thorp, 1 Iowa 158. A person proved to have been insane at any time is presumed to remain so, until the contrary is proved : Sprague v. Duel, 1 Clark 90 *, Thornton v. Appleton, 29 Me. 298. The legal presumption of the continuance of life is not so strong as the legal presumption of innocence : Ijockhart v. White, 18 Tex. 102 ; Klein v. Laudmar, 29 Mo. 259 ; Sharp v. John- son, 22 Ark. 79. Proof that a letter addressed to one of the parties was deposited in the post-office, and the postage paid, carries no legal presumption that it was received, so as to make secondary evidence of its contents admissible : Freeman y. Morey, 45 Me. 50. A note once proved to exist is presumed to exist still, unless payment be shown, or other circumstances, from which a stronger counter-presumption arises : Bell v. Young, 1 Grant 175. A legal presumption is a conclusion in favor of the existence of one fact from others in proof: Tanner v. Hughes, 3 P. F. Smith 289. If bank notes are shown to have circulated as money, they will be presumed to be genuine : Hummel v. State, 17 Ohio St. 628. The presumption is that a guarantee endorsed was executed at the same time with the contract : Underwood v. Hossack, 38 111. 208. In the absence of evi- dence to the contrary, it will be presumed that a lost receipt was properly stamped: Thayer v. Barney, 12 Minn. 502. Every child is presumed to be legitimate: Strode v. Magowan, 2 Bush 621. In the absence of proof, the pre- sumption is that the laws of another state are the same as those of this state : Hill V. Grigsby, 32 Cal. 55. PRESUMPTIONS. 77 that after a person has gone abroad, and has not been heard of for seven years, it is to be presumed that he is deadJ * The various instances in which facts not in issue may properly be admitted in evidence, in order to prove some other fact by inference from them, are far too numerous to be detailed on this occasion. Some of them will be more properly adverted to in considering the evidence pecu- liar to the proof of particular issues ;" suflSce it to observe at present, » Doe dem. Knight v. Nepean, 5 B. & Ad. (27 E. C. L. R.) 86 ; 2 M. Jb W. 894. See tit. Polygamy — Ejectment by Heir-at-Law — Death. ■ Connections frequently consist in similarity of custom or tenure, see tit. Copyhold— Custom; or in unity of design or purpose, see Conspiracy. Thus 1 ^ — __ ' Wdmbaugh t. Schank, 1 Penn. 229; Newman v. Jenkins^ 10 Pick. 515; Woods V. Wood^a Admr, 2 Bay 476 ; Spurr v. Fimble, 1 Marsh. 278 ; Hull v. Common- wealth, Hardin 479 ; Innis v. Campbell, 1 Rawle 373 ; Burr v. Sims, 4 Whart. 150; Bradley v. Bradley, Ibid. 173 ; Loring v. Steinman, 1 Meto. 204 ; Forsaith V. Clark, 1 Fost. 409 ; Primm v. Stewart, 7 Tex. 178 ; Tisdale v. Ponn, Ins. Co., 26 Iowa 170; Flynn v. Coffee, 12 Allen 133; Clarke's Executors v. Canfield, 2 McCart 119. When a person has not been heard from in seven years, and when last heard from, he was beyond sea, without having any known residence abroad, the legal presumption is, that he is dead ; but there is no presumption that he died at any particular time, or even on the last day of the seven years : Mc Carter v. Camel, 1 Barb. Ch. Rep. 455. The death is generally presumed to have occurred at the expiration of the time: Smith v. Knowlton, 11 N. H. 191 ; Burr V. Sims, 4 Whart 150 ; Bradley v. Bradley, Ibid. 173 ; but not in all cases : Staie V. Moore, 11 Ired. 160. Although mere absence of a person from his place of residence does not raise a presumption of his death, until after the lapse of seven years without his being heard from, yet his absence for a much less space of time without his being heard from, in connection with other circumstances, will raise such presumption : White v. Mann, 26 Me. 361 ; Merritt v. Thompson, 1 Hilt. 550. Where a demandant claimed under one of six children of the former owner of the land, evidence that inquiries had been made in regard to the other five children and that nothing had been heard of them for seven years, was held sufficient to justify a jury in finding that they had died without issue : King v. Fowler, 11 Pick. 302 ; so after forty-eight years : Allen v. Lyons, 2 Wash, C. C. Rep. 475; so after twenty-two years: McComb v. Wright, 5 Johns. Ch. Rep. 263. It is not to be inferred however negatively from these cases, that the ordinary period for raising the presumption of death is not also sufficient to raise the presumption of death without issue ; if the party was without issue when last heard from, or if the issue has also been unheard from for seven years. In a question of survivorship in a common calamity, the legal presump- tions arising from age, sex, and physical strength, do not obtain in our juris- prudence ; but these circumstances are matters of evidence which may be con- sidered : Smith v. Croom, 7 Fla. 81. Where a vessel sailed about the time of a violent storm on her track, and no tidings were heard of her for three years, it was held that the death of those on board might be presumed : Oibbes v. riueent, 11 Rich. (Law) 323. 6 78 INDIRECT EVIDENCE. that the admissibility of such evidence always depends on some natural or artificial connection between that which is offered to be proved and that which is proposed to be inferred. In general, all the affairs and transactions of mankind are as much connected together in one uniform and consistent whole, .without chasm or interruption, and with as much mutual dependence on each other, as the phenomena of nature are; they are governed by general laws ; all the links stand in the mutual relations of cause and effect ; there is no incident or result which exists independently of a number of other circumstances concurring and tending to its existence, and these in their turn are equally dependent upon and connected with a multitude of others. For the truth of this position, the common experience of every man may be appealed to; he may be asked, whether he knows of any circumstance or event which has not fol- lowed as the natural consequence of a number of others *tend- ^ -* ing to produce it, and which has not in its turn tended to the existence of a train of dependent circumstances. Events the most unexpected and unforeseen are so considered merely from ignorance of the causes which were secretly at work to produce them ; could the mechanical and moral causes which gave rise to them have been seen and understood, the consequences themselves would not have created surprise. It is from attentive observation and experience of the mutual con- nection between different facts and circumstances, that the force of such presumptions is derived : for where it is known from experience that a number of facts and circumstances are necessarily, or are uni- formly or usually connected with the fact in question, and such facts and circumstances are known to exist, a presumption that the fact is true arises, which is stronger or weaker as experience and observa- tion show that its connection with the ascertained facts is constant, or is more or less frequent. The presumptions or inferences above alluded to are chiefly those which are deducible by virtue of mere antecedent experience of the ordinary connection between the known and the presumed facts;* but circumstantial or presumptive evidence in general embraces a far wider scope, and includes all evidence which is of an indirect nature, in order to show the necessity of calling in the aid of the military to execute process, proof of acts of violence by the mob collected in another quarter, but collected for the same purpose as those about the plaintiff's house, is admis- sible : Burdeit v. Colman, H East 183. * See tit. CiRCUVSTANTiAL Evidence. PRBSUMPTIONS. 78 "whether the presumption or inference be drawn by virtue of previous experience of the connection between the known and the inferred facts,® or be a conclusion of reason from the circumstances of the par* ticnlar case, or be the result of reason aided by experience. From what has been said, it seems to follow that all the surround- ing facts of a transaction, or as they are usually termed, the res gestce^ may be submitted to a jury, provided they can be established by com- petent means, sanctioned by the law, and afford any fair presumption or inference *as to the question in dispute; for, as has already been observed, so frequent is the failure of evidence, from "- ^ accident or design, and so great is the temptation to the concealment of truth and misrepresentation of facts, that no competent means of ascertaining the truth can or ought to be neglected by which an indi- vidual would be governed, and on which he would act, with a view to bis own concerns in ordinary life. Let it be considered, then, fir%t^ what is the kind of evidence to which he would naturally resort ; and in the next place, how far the law interferes to limit and restrain the reception of such evidence ; remembering, at the same time, that all artificial and purely conventional modes of evidence form a subject for future consideration. Where an ordinary inquirer could not obtain information from any witness of the fact which he was anxious to ascertain, either imme- diately from such witness, or mediately through others, or where the information which he had obtained was not satisfactory, his attention would be directed to the circumstances which had a connection with the transaction, as ascertained either by his own observation, or by means of the information of others, to enable him to draw his own conclusions ; and in pursuing such an inquiry, where it was a matter of importance and interest, he would neglect no circumstances which were in any way connected with the transaction, which could, either singly or collectively, enable him to draw any reasonable inference on the subject. All his experience of human conduct, of the motives by which such conduct was likely to be influenced under particular cir- camstances, of the ordinary usages, habits and course of dealing among particular classes of society, or in particular transactions, even his scientific skill in medicine, surgery or chemistry, abstract probabilities or natural philosophy, might be called into action, to enable him, by a general and comprehensive view of all the circumstances, and their * See tit. Circumstantial Evidence ; Vol. II., tit. Presumptions, 3 Bla. Comm. 371;Gilb. L.Ev. 160. 79 INDIRECT EVIDENCE. mutual relations to each other, to draw such a conclusion as reason, aided by experience, would warrant. *There is, in truth, no connection or relation, whether it be I- ^ natural or artificial, which may not afford the means of infer- ring a fact previously unknown, from one or others which are. known. Where the connection between facts is so constant and uniform that from the existence of the one that of the other may be immediately inferred, either with certainty, or with a greater or less degree of probability, the inference is properly termed a presumption,^ in con- tradistinction to a conclusion derived from circumstances by the united aid of experience and reason. Circumstantial proof is supplied by evidence of circumstances, the effect of which is to exclude any other supposition than that the fact to be proved is true. The nature and force of such proof will be more properly consid- ered at another opportunity. The mere question at present is how far the law interferes to limit and restrain the admission of evidence of collateral circumstances tending to the proof of a disputed fact. In the first place, as the very foundation of indirect proof is the establishment of one or more other facts from which the inference is sought to be made, the law requires that the latter should be estab- lished by direct evidence, in the same manner as if they were the very facts in issue. The next question then is, what limit is there to the admission of collateral evidence for the purpose of indirect proof. *The nature of the evidence, and the principles by which ^ -' it is to be appreciated, are, as has already been observed, to a great extent common to judicial and extrajudicial inquiries. Its force and efficacy, in the one case as well as in the other, must necessarily depend either on the known and ordinary connection between the facts proved and the facts disputed, or on the force and tendency of the facts proved to establish the truth of the disputed fact or issue by excluding any other supposition. ^ Sach inferences are wholly independent of any actual knowledge of the ne- cessity of the connection between the known and unknown facts. Many of the presumptions which we have to deal with, as connected with the present subject, are legal presumptions, where the law itself establishes a connection or relation between particular facts or predicaments ; as that the heir to a real estate was seised, or that a bill of exchange was founded on a good consideration. These, however, will be a subject for consideration when inquiry is made with respect to the artificial effect annexed by the law to particular evidence ; for such pre- sumptions are of an artificial and technical nature, whilst those at present con- sidered are merely natural. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. 81 Great latitude is justly allowed by the law to the reception of in- direct or circumstantial evidence, the aid of which is constantly re- quired, not merely for the purpose of remedying the want of direct evidence, but of supplying an invaluable protection against imposi- tion. The law interferes to exclude all evidence which falls within the description of "r<?« inier alios acta;'' the effect of which is, as will presently be seen, to prevent a litigant party from being con- cluded, or even affected, by the evidence, acts, conduct or declara- tions of strangers. And this rule is to be regarded, to a great extent at least, not so much as a limitation and restraint of the natural effect of such collateral evidence, biit as a restraint limited by, and co-extensive with, the very principle by which the reception of such evidence is warranted; for the ground of receiving such evidence is the connection between the facts proved and the facts dis- puted ; and there is no such general connection between the acts, con- duct and declarations of strangers, as can afford a fair and reasonable inference to be acted on generally even in the ordinary concerns of life, still less can they supply such as ought to be relied on for the purpose of judicial investigation. And therefore this extensive branch of the rule which rejects the res inter alios acta^ may be considered as founded on principles of natural reason and justice, the same with those which warrant the reception of indirect evidence. In the first place, the mere declarations of strangers are inadmis- sible, except in the instances already considered, *where on rsKoni particular grounds, and under special and peculiar sanctions, they are admissible as direct evidence of a fact. Declarations so cir- cumstanced may be used either for the purpose of directly establish- ing the principal fact in dispute, or for the purpose of proving the existence of collateral facts from which the principal fact may be inferred ; but other declarations, which are of too vague and suspi- cious an origin to be received as evidence of the facts declared, must also on the same principle, be rejected as indirect evidence. If such declarations as to the principal fact be inadmissible, they must also be at least equally inadmissible to establish any collateral fact, by the aid of which the principal fact may be indirectly inferred. It would be inconsistent to reject them when offered as direct testimony, but to receive them as collateral evidence, the more especially as even immediate testimony is in one sense but presumptive evidence of the truth ; for it is on the presumption of human veracity con- firmed by the usual legal tests, that credit is usually given .to human testimony. 82 INDIRECT EVIDENCE. If, for example, the question were whether A had waylaid and wounded jB, if the declaration of a third person, not examined on the trial, that he saw the very fact, could not be received in evidence, neither, on any consistent principle, could his declaration that he saw A near the place, armed with a weapon, be received in order to establish that fact as one of several constituting a body of circumstan* tial evidence. For circumstantial proof rests wholly on the effect of established facts, and cannot, therefore, be properly founded wholly or in part on mere declarations, which are of no intrinsic weight to prove any facts.** Neither, in general, -ought any inference or presumption to the prejudice of a party to be drawn from the mere *acts or con- L J duct of a stranger ; for such acts and conduct are but in the nature of declarations or admissions, frequently not so strong ; and such declarations are inadmissible, for the reasons already stated. An admission by a stranger cannot be received as evidence against any party ; for it may have been made, not because the fact admitted was true, but from motives and under circumstances entirely col- lateral, or even coUusively, and for the very purpose of being offered in evidence. On a principle of good faith and mutual convenience, a man's own acts are binding upon himself,' and his acts, conduct and declarations are evidence against him ; but it would not only be highly inconvenient, but also manifestly unjust, that a man should be bound by the acts of mere unauthorized strangers. But if a party ought not to be bound by the acts of strangers, neither ought their acts or conduct to be used as evidence against him for the pur- pose of concluding him ; for this would be equally objectionable in principle, and more dangerous in effect, than the other. It is true, that in the course of the affairs of life a man may frequently place reliance on inferences from the conduct of others. If, for instance, A and B were each of them insurers against the same risk, ^ to a large, and £ to a small amount, it is very possible that, on a claim made against each for loss, which was admitted and paid by A to the extent of his liability, jB, trusting to the knowledge and prudence of J., might reasonably infer that the loss insured against 'had occurred, and that he also was bound to pay his proportion. It is plain, how- ever, that such an inference would rest on the special and peculiar 4 This observation of course does not extend to aay case where the mere fact of such a declaration having been made is in itself material : any such declara- tion is of itself a fact. ' See Vol. II., tit. Admissions. ACTS OF STRANGERS. 83 circumstances of the case ; and that, so far from warranting the general admission of such evidence bj inference on a legal trial to ascertain the fact, it would supply no general rule, but must be re- garded as an exception, even in the ordinary course of business.^ *In addition to this, it is obvious that whilst an individual r3|cQ4i might with discretion rely on the conduct of others, where, under the peculiar circumstances, there was no reason for suspicion (in which case a principle of self-interest would usually secure the exercise of a sound discretion), such inferences could not be safely left to a jury, who could not possibly be put in possession of all the collateral reasons by which an individual njight properly be influ- enced in trusting to such evidence, and, which is more material, could not act on those collateral circumstances of suspicion which would have induced an individual to withhold his confidence. An act done by another, from which any inference is to be drawn. as to his knowledge of any bygone fact, is an acted declaration of the fact, and is not in general evidence of the fact, because there is no sufficient test for presuming either that he knew the fact, or that, knowing the fact, his conduct was so governed by that knowledge as to afford evidence of the fact which ought to be relied on. A man may frequently act upon very uncertain evidence of a fact ; he may have been deceived by others: and even where he has certain know ledge, his conduct may frequently be governed by motives independ- ent of the truth, or even in opposition to it. Where a party professes to act on his knowledge of the truth of a particular fact, so that his so acting is accompanied by, or is equiva- lent to a direct or express declaration of the truth of that fact, the 1 Declarations of co-conspirators are admissible against each other : State v. Thibeau, 30 Vt. 100 ; CommHh v. Ingraham, 7 Gray 46 ; Mask v. State, 32 Miss. 405; Feck v. Yorks, 47 Barb. 131 ; People v. Pitcher, 15 Mich. 397 ; Mason v. State, 43 Ala. 532 ; Dart v. Walker, 3 Daly 138 ; Street v. State, 43 Miss. 1 ; Jacobs V. Shorey, 48 N. II. 100; Ellis v. Dempsey, 4 W. Va. 126 ; Lincoln v. Claxlin, 7 Wall. 132; Jenne v. Joslyn, 41 Vt. 478 ; State v. Grady, 34 Conn. 118 ; Helser v. McGrath, 8 P. F. Smith 458 ; Bushnell v. City Bank, 20 La. Ann. 464 ; State ▼. Daubut, 42 Mo. 239. In an action on the case for conspiracy, proof of a division of thb profits of the fraudulent action is sufficient evidence of combi- nation in the first instance to render admissible the declarations of one con- spirator against the rest: Kimmell v. Geeting, 2 Grant 125 ; MDowell v. Rissel, 1 Wright 164 ; Scott v. Baker, Ibid. 350. Even where a conspiracy has been proved, the admission of one prisoner, made, not in the prosecution of the un- dertaking, but after its completion, are not admissible against another : Lynes v. State, 36 Miss. 617 ; State v. Ross, 29 Mo. 32 ; Clinton v. Estes, 20 Ark. 216 ; Thompson v. ComnCth, 1 Mete. (Ken.) 13 ; Benford v. Sanner, 4 Wright 9. 84 INDIRECT EVIDENCE. question of admissibility falls under principles already considered. A test is necessary to show, first, that he had competent knowledge of the fact ; secondly, that he faithfully communicated what he knew. The rule, therefore, in the absence of special tests of truth, ope- rates to the exclusion of all the acts or declarations or conduct of others, as evidence to bind a party, either directly or by inference ; and, in general, no declaration, or written entry, or even affidavit made by a *stranger is evidence against any man." ^ Neither *- J can any one be aifected, still less concluded, by any evidence, decree, or judgment, to which he was not actually or in consideration of law privy. As this is a rule which rests on the clearest principles of reason and natural justice, it has ever been regarded as sacred and in- violable. The importance of the principle, and the extent of its operation, make it desirable to ascertain its limits, by inquiring negatively what it does not exclude.
| 23,749 |
https://github.com/kahero-team/ping_discover_network/blob/master/example/flutter_example/lib/main.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
ping_discover_network
|
kahero-team
|
Dart
|
Code
| 432 | 1,478 |
import 'dart:io';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:ping_discover_network/ping_discover_network.dart';
void main() => runApp(MyApp());
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Flutter Demo',
theme: ThemeData(
primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
),
home: MyHomePage(),
);
}
}
class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
@override
_MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}
class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
String localIp = '';
List<String> devices = [];
bool isDiscovering = false;
int found = -1;
TextEditingController portController = TextEditingController(text: '80');
void discover(BuildContext ctx) async {
setState(() {
isDiscovering = true;
devices.clear();
found = -1;
});
String ip;
try {
ip = await _getLocalIpAddress();
print('local ip:\t$ip');
} catch (e) {
final snackBar = SnackBar(content: Text('WiFi is not connected', textAlign: TextAlign.center));
ScaffoldMessenger.of(ctx).showSnackBar(snackBar);
return;
}
setState(() {
localIp = ip;
});
final String subnet = ip.substring(0, ip.lastIndexOf('.'));
int port = 80;
try {
port = int.parse(portController.text);
} catch (e) {
portController.text = port.toString();
}
print('subnet:\t$subnet, port:\t$port');
final stream = NetworkAnalyzer.discover(subnet, port);
stream.listen((NetworkAddress addr) {
if (addr.exists) {
print('Found device: ${addr.ip}');
setState(() {
devices.add(addr.ip);
found = devices.length;
});
}
})
..onDone(() {
setState(() {
isDiscovering = false;
found = devices.length;
});
})
..onError((dynamic e) {
final snackBar = SnackBar(content: Text('Unexpected exception', textAlign: TextAlign.center));
ScaffoldMessenger.of(ctx).showSnackBar(snackBar);
});
}
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63514434/flutter-get-local-ip-address-on-android
Future<String> _getLocalIpAddress() async {
final interfaces = await NetworkInterface.list(type: InternetAddressType.IPv4, includeLinkLocal: true);
try {
// Try VPN connection first
final vpnInterface = interfaces.firstWhere((element) => element.name == 'tun0');
return vpnInterface.addresses.first.address;
} on StateError {
// Try wlan connection next
try {
final interface = interfaces.firstWhere((element) => element.name == 'wlan0');
return interface.addresses.first.address;
} catch (ex) {
// Try any other connection next
try {
final interface = interfaces.firstWhere((element) => !(element.name == 'tun0' || element.name == 'wlan0'));
return interface.addresses.first.address;
} catch (ex) {
return '';
}
}
}
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: Text('Discover Local Network'),
),
body: Builder(
builder: (BuildContext context) {
return Container(
padding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 10, vertical: 20),
child: Column(
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
TextField(
controller: portController,
keyboardType: TextInputType.number,
decoration: InputDecoration(
labelText: 'Port',
hintText: 'Port',
),
),
SizedBox(height: 10),
Text('Local ip: $localIp', style: TextStyle(fontSize: 16)),
SizedBox(height: 15),
ElevatedButton(child: Text('${isDiscovering ? 'Discovering...' : 'Discover'}'), onPressed: isDiscovering ? null : () => discover(context)),
SizedBox(height: 15),
found >= 0 ? Text('Found: $found device(s)', style: TextStyle(fontSize: 16)) : Container(),
Expanded(
child: ListView.builder(
itemCount: devices.length,
itemBuilder: (BuildContext context, int index) {
return Column(
children: <Widget>[
Container(
height: 60,
padding: EdgeInsets.only(left: 10),
alignment: Alignment.centerLeft,
child: Row(
children: <Widget>[
Icon(Icons.devices),
SizedBox(width: 10),
Expanded(
child: Column(
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
Text(
'${devices[index]}:${portController.text}',
style: TextStyle(fontSize: 16),
),
],
),
),
Icon(Icons.chevron_right),
],
),
),
Divider(),
],
);
},
),
)
],
),
);
},
),
);
}
}
| 37,872 |
US-4302179-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,979 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,059 | 2,915 |
Clamp-on artificial fingernail
ABSTRACT
An artificial fingernail is formed to have thickness variations, and curvature, that aid in securely bonding the artificial fingernail to the natural nail, and also strengthen the artificial nail.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to the application and retention ofartificial fingernails to natural fingernails; more specifically, itconcerns a simple and rapid method of attaching artificial nailscharacterized by the elimination of prior problems and disadvantages.
It has been conventional practice to adhesively attach artificialfingernails directly onto the major extents of upper exposed surfaces ofnatural fingernails. This method not only risks damage to the naturalnails as through promotion of fungus growth at the interface between thenails, but it also requires considerable time and effort and oftenresults in an unsightly cumbersome and/or fake appearance.
If the artificial nail is attached to only the forwardmost extent of thevertical nail, as for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,748,the desirably thin artificial nail tends to become too flexible,especially if it projects forwardly a considerable distance from thenatural nail; also the undersides of the lateral edge portions of theartificial nail intended to bond to the natural nail tend to raise fromthe natural nail, undesirably reducing the strength of the bond.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is a major object of the invention to provide an improved artificialfingernail characterized as overcoming the problems and difficultiesreferred to bove. Basically, the artificial nail comprises:
(a) a thin plastic sheet element sized to provide, when attached to thenatural fingernail, a forward extension of the natural fingernail,
(b) said element having a generally U-shaped boundary region extendingforwardly of the rearwardmost extent of the element,
(c) said element having an upper arch region with curvature such thatthe lateral sides of the element extend generally downwardly from thearch to be spread apart when said sides are pressed down on a naturalnail,
(d) said lateral sides having thickness at said boundary region inexcess of the thickness of the element at said arch region.
As will appear, substantially all of the boundary region, i.e. at leastboth lateral side portions of the nail, have thickness substantially inexcess of the thickness of the element at the upper arch portion (whichcontinues throughout the nail length), that differential thicknesscharacterized as increasing the strength of the nail and alsoaccommodating its flexure upon application to a natural nail, suchflexure resulting in enhanced gripping of the natural nail by thethickened side portions of the nail. The result is a more stable,stronger, and more adherent artificial nail.
Further, the artificial nail may have a crescent shaped stop at itsunderside, to engage the forward edge of the natural nail and positionthe latter, upon application.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention, as well as thedetails of an illustrative embodiment, will be more fully understoodfrom the following description and drawings, in which:
DRAWING DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of an artificial nail incorporating theinvention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged section on lines 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged section on lines 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a section on lines 4--4 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a top plan view showing application of the artificial nail toa natural fingernail;
FIG. 6 is a section on lines 6--6 of FIG. 5;
FIGS. 7 and 8 show the method of flexing the artificial nail to cause itto grip a natural nail; and
FIG. 9 is a view like FIG. 6, but showing a modification.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the drawings, a solid artificial fingernail 10 is attachable tonatural human fingernail 16 seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, for example. Theartificial, plastic nail body 11 is longitudinally elongated; forexample it may have a length greater than twice its width; however, lesslengths are also contemplated.
The FIGS. 2 and 3 cross sections of nail body 11 show it to have inunflexed condition a generally semicircular, or circular sectionconformation, i.e. to have widthwise curvature substantially greaterthan that of a typical natural nail to which it is to be applied. Notein FIG. 7 that the unflexed width ω₁ of the artificial nail body issubstantially less than the width ω₂ of the natural nail to which theartificial nail is to be applied.
FIGS. 1 and 5 show also that the artificial nail boundary along sides11a and front 11b is generally U-shaped forwardly of the rearwardmostextent of the nail element, the two sides tapering in the directiontoward front 11b. Further, the element has an upper arch region 11c withcurvature such that the lateral sides 11a extend generally downwardlyfrom the arch to be spread apart when the sides 11a are pressed down onthe natural nail. Further, the arch region along the nail length is moreflexible than the nail region at and adjacent the sides 11a by virtue ofits reduced thickness t₁ as related to relatively greater thicknesses t₂at and along the sides, whereby the center of the nail body may beflexed downwardly as in FIG. 8, while the sides being relatively lessflexible tend to remain clamped down, or "grip" against the natural nailas they are spread apart laterally. This in turn facilitates a closelyconforming gripping of the undersides of rear portions of the nail bodyto the natural nail, whereby a drop or two of glue initially applied at50 to the nail underside as seen in FIG. 7 is spread apart during naildown-flexing, to impart a very good bond between the artificial andnatural nails.
The thickness of the nail body, along its length, decreases from amaximum proximate each side 11a to a minimum near or at the top of thearch region 11c, medially of the nail (i.e along the intersection of thenail with a plane bisecting the nail, lengthwise thereof). Accordingly,substantially the entire boundary region of the nail (i.e. along andproximate edge portions 11a) exceeds substantially the thickness of thenail at the arch, these conditions prevailing substantially throughoutthe length of the nail and particularly at the nail region to be bondedto the natural nail, and contributing to the flexing and grippingcharacteristics referred to above.
The body 11 desirably has a generally concave rearward peripheral distaledge 13 forming a recess 14 to expose the main body of the natural (asfor example human) fingernail 16, as better seen in FIG. 5. Accordingly,the illustrated body 11 forms two laterally spaced, rearwardlyprojecting cusps 17 at the points of locations where the lateral sides11a meet the lateral extremities of the concave edge 13. The body 11 mayconsist of an acetate type, or other, flexible plastic material.
It will be noted that the molded plastic body has a stop shoulder orstep 20a at the proximal underside juncture of the main extent of thenail with a reduced thickness top strip portion 30 of the nail. The stopor step is preferably located forwardly of edge 13 and has crescentshape, with lateral extremities which approach and terminate at thecusps 13. The shoulder 20a is forwardly spaced from rearward edge 13 ata maximum distance indicated at "t", proximate the medial longitudinalaxis 21 of the body.
Referring now to the method of attaching the thus provided artificialfingernail 10 to the natural nail 16, an abutting contact is effectedbetween the stop shoulder 20a with the forward edge 15 of the naturalnail, as seen in FIGS. 5 and 6 with force F applied (as in FIGS. 6 and7) to flex the nail body 11 downwardly so as to "grip" the artificialnail as explained above. Preliminarily, the natural fingernail 16 may betrimmed as by scissors to provide and conform the blunt edge 15 thereofto the natural shape of edge 13; however, an exact match is notrequired. Also, a quick drying liquid adhesive is applied to anunderside crescent shaped arc portion (designated at 25) of theartificial nail, near stop 20a and edge 13, as seen in FIG. 5, the glueor adhesive also indicated at 50 in FIG. 7. Portion 25 is translucent.
When the abutting contact is made as described, the liquid adhesive oncrescent 25 is underlapped by a corresponding crescent shaped uppersurface edge portion 25a of the natural fingernail, as seen in FIG. 5.Upon quick drying of the adhesive, the two narrow crescent shapedportions are firmly bonded together, and the main surface extent of thenatural nail is not contacted by the liquid adhesive, or covered by theplastic nail, preserving the health of said main surface of the naturalnail.
The crescent shaped portions of the two nails are retained together forthe short period of time required for spreading and quick drying of theadhesive. After a few seconds, the artificial fingernail is completelyand durably secured to the natural fingernail forward of blunt edge 15.One unusually advantageous adhesive is that sold under the trademark"5-Second" nail glue, a product of Toagosei Chemical Company, Tokyo,Japan. It is otherwise known as an alpha cyanoacrylate, and is capableof curing or drying in air in about 4-6 seconds.
Additional adhesive may be applied to the rearward edge 13 and to edge15 (see FIG. 7) to strengthen the bonded attachment. Finally, the uppersurface of the artificial nail adjacent edge 13 may be filed or buffed,and nail polish applied.
FIG. 9 shows a modification wherein the step shoulder 20a has beenremoved, and the rearward extent 30a of the artificial nail overlaps andis bonded to the top and forward surface 16a of the natural nail.Otherwise, the artificial nail body 111 is the same as body 11 describedabove, with thickness variations between regions 11a and 11c as referredto.
Elongated artificial nails, as shown, are strengthened by means of thepresent invention, so as to prevent unwanted flexing thereof, forwardlyof the natural nails to which they are attached.
I claim:
1. A solid artificial fingernail attachable to a naturalfingernail, comprising(a) a thin plastic sheet element sized to provide,when attached to the natural fingernail, a forward and longitudinalextension of the natural fingernail, (b) said element having a generallyU-shaped boundary region extending forwardly of the rearwardmost extentof the element, (c) said element having a longitudinally elongated upperarch region with curvature such that the lateral sides of the elementextend generally downwardly from the arch to be spread apart when saidsides are pressed down on a natural nail, (d) said lateral sides havingthickness at said boundary region, substantially in excess of thethickness of the element at said elongated arch region, (e) said elementgradually increasing in thickness from said upper arch region laterallytoward said lateral boundary region along each of said lateral sides tofacilitate relative and flexible spreading of said lateral sidestogether with flexible bending of said arch region, for downwardlygripping the natural fingernail.
2. The artificial fingernail of claim 1wherein substantially the entire boundary region has thicknesssubstantially in excess of the thickness of the element at said archregion.
3. The artificial nail of claim 1 including said naturalfingernail onto a forward portion of which said artificial nail isbonded, with portions of said thickened boundary gripping the naturalnail and said arch being in flexed condition.
4. The artificial nail ofclaim 1 wherein the artificial nail has a semi-circular, C-shaped,un-flexed cross section in planes normal to the lengthwise dimension ofthe nail.
5. The artificial nail of claim 4 wherein the length of saidartificial nail exceeds twice the width thereof between said lateralsides.
6. The artificial fingernail of claim 1 wherein:(a) said elementhas a rearward edge and forms a recess to receive and conform generallyto the shape of the convex forward edge of the artificial fingernail,(b) there being a stop at the underside of the artificial fingernail inspaced relation to said rearward edge, the stop located to abut thenatural fingernail forward edge to position the artificial fingernail sothat an underside portion of the artificial fingernail may overlap andbe bonded to an upper surface portion of the natural nail.
7. Theartificial fingernail of claim 6 which consists of molded acetate resin.8. The artificial fingernail of claim 6 wherein said stop is generallycrescent shaped.
9. The artificial fingernail of claim 8 wherein theartificial fingernail includes two rearwardly projecting cusps towardwhich extremities of said crescent shaped stop extend.
10. Theartificial fingernail of claim 9 wherein the element includes a reducedthickness strip between said stop and said rearward edge, said stripdefining said underside portion.
11. The artificial fingernail of claim9 wherein said strip is translucent.
12. The artificial fingernail ofclaim 9 and including the natural fingernail in combination therewith,with the forward edge of the natural fingernail abutting the stop, thestrip adherent to the top surface of the natural fingernail, andincluding quick drying liquid adhesive between said strip and thenatural fingernail for effecting a bond therebetween..
| 45,362 |
W4230967565.txt_76
|
German-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,243 | 15,266 |
Named in honor of Samir Sur for achievement as
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Samir is a
student at the Roxbury Latin School, West Roxbury,
Massachusetts. (M 44931)
(16189) Riehl
(16212) Theberge
2000 AT187 . Discovered 2000 Jan. 8 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Emily Elizabeth Riehl for
achievement as a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science
Talent Search, a science competition for high school
seniors. Emily is a student at the University High
School, Normal, Illinois. (M 44930)
2000 CB84 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Ashleigh Brooks Theberge for
achievement as a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science
Talent Search, a science competition for high school
seniors. Ashleigh is a student at the Mount Ararat
School, Topsham, Maine. (M 44931)
(16191) Rubyroe
(16214) Venkatachalam
2000 AO205. Discovered 2000 Jan. 10 by J. M. Roe at
Oaxaca.
2000 CM87 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
(16215)
Venkatraman
Named in honor of Vivek Venkatachalam for achievement as a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent
Search, a science competition for high school seniors.
Vivek is a student at the Governor Livingston High
School, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. (M 44931)
(16215) Venkatraman
2000 CB104. Discovered 2000 Feb. 11 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Dheera Venkatraman for achievement as a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent
Search, a science competition for high school seniors.
Dheera is a student at the Hunterdon Central Regional
High School, Flemington, New Jersey. (M 44931)
(16219) Venturelli
2000 DL29 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Ophelia Shalini Venturelli for
achievement as a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science
Talent Search, a science competition for high school
seniors. Ophelia is a student at the Walt Whitman
High School, Bethesda, Maryland. (M 44931)
(16220) Mikewagner
2000 DB40 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Michael Jacob Wagner for
achievement as a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science
Talent Search, a science competition for high school
seniors. Michael is a student at the John F. Kennedy
High School, Bellmore, New York. (M 44931)
(16221) Kevinyang
2000 DX48 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Kevin Yang for achievement
as a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search,
a science competition for high school seniors. Kevin
is a student at the Illinois Mathematics and Science
Academy, Aurora, Illinois. (M 44931)
(16222) Donnanderson
2000 DK55 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Donna Anderson for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Anderson
is a teacher at the William Hall High School, West
Hartford, Connecticut. (M 44931)
(16225) Georgebaldo
2000 DF71 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of George J. Baldo for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Baldo is
a teacher at the Ward Melville High School, East
Setauket, New York. (M 44931)
835
(16226) Beaton
2000 DT72 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of John Beaton for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Beaton is a
teacher at the Harvest Christian Academy, Barrigada,
Guam. (M 44931)
(16230) Benson
2000 EA95 . Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Carol Benson for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Benson
is a teacher at the University High School, Normal,
Illinois. (M 44931)
(16234) Bosse
2000 FR20 . Discovered 2000 Mar. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Angelique Bosse for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Bosse is a
teacher at the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver
Spring, Maryland. (M 44931)
(16236) Stebrehmer
2000 GG51 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 5 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Stephen Brehmer for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Brehmer
is a teacher at the Mayo High School, Rochester,
Minnesota. (M 44931)
(16238) Chappe
2000 GY104 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 7 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Sean Chappe for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Chappe
is a teacher at the Hunterdon Central Regional High
School, Flemington, New Jersey. (M 44932)
(16239) Dower
2000 GY105 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 7 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Richard Dower for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Dower is a
teacher at the Roxbury Latin School, West Roxbury,
Massachusetts. (M 44932)
(16241) Dvorsky
2000 GD126 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 7 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Mary Ann Dvorsky for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Dvorsky is
836
(16246)
a teacher at the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver
Spring, Maryland. (M 44932)
(16246) Cantor
2000 HO3 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 27 by P. G. Comba
at Prescott.
Georg Cantor (1845-1918) was a German mathematician and professor at Halle. In a series of papers
beginning in 1870 he developed the theory of infinite
sets and was the first to recognize and prove that there
are different degrees of infinity. (M 41573)
(16247) Esner
2000 HY11 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 28 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of William Esner for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Esner is
a teacher at the Rambam Mesivta, Lawrence, New
York. (M 44932)
(16248) Fox
2000 HT13 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 28 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Mitchell Fox for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Fox is a
teacher at the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx,
New York. (M 44932)
(16249) Cauchy
2000 HT14 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 29 by P. G. Comba
at Prescott.
Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) was a French
mathematician who made fundamental contributions
to the theory of functions of complex variables, the
study of determinants and the mathematical theory
of elasticity. He introduced a higher level of rigor in
mathematical proofs. (M 41573)
Cantor
Named in honor of Wanda Griffis for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Griffis is a
teacher at the Murphy High School, Mobile, Alabama.
(M 44932)
(16254) Harper
2000 HZ53 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Dan Harper for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Harper is
a teacher at the Westlake High School, Austin, Texas.
(M 44932)
(16258) Willhayes
2000 JP13. Discovered 2000 May 6 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of William Hayes for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search,
a science competition for high school seniors. Hayes
is a teacher at the Bloomington High School North,
Bloomington, Indiana. (M 44932)
(16259) Housinger
2000 JR13. Discovered 2000 May 6 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Sharon Housinger for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Housinger
is a teacher at the University of Chicago Laboratory
School, Chicago, Illinois. (M 44932)
(16260) Sputnik
2000 JO15 . Discovered 2000 May 9 by J. Broughton
at Reedy Creek.
Sputnik is the Russian name of a series of artificial
satellites, the first of which ushered in the space age
on 1957 Oct. 4. (M 42675)
(16251) Barbifrank
(16262) Rikurtz
2000 HX48 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Barbi Frank for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Frank is a
teacher at the John F. Kennedy High School, Bellmore,
New York. (M 44932)
2000 JR32. Discovered 2000 May 7 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Richard Kurtz for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Kurtz is
a teacher at the South Side High School, Rockville
Centre, New York. (M 44932)
(16252) Franfrost
(16264) Richlee
2000 HQ51 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Fran Frost for mentoring a finalist
in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a science
competition for high school seniors. Frost is a teacher
at the Baton Rouge Senior High School, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana. (M 44932)
2000 JH40. Discovered 2000 May 7 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Richard Lee for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Lee is a
teacher at the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx,
New York. (M 44932)
(16253) Griffis
(16265) Lemay
2000 HJ52 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
2000 JL43. Discovered 2000 May 7 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
(16266)
Named in honor of Ron LeMay for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. LeMay
is a teacher at the Nicolet High School, Glendale,
Wisconsin. (M 44932)
(16266) Johconnell
2000 JX43. Discovered 2000 May 7 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of John McConnell for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a science
competition for high school seniors. McConnell is a
teacher at the Central High School, Grand Junction,
Colorado. (M 44932)
(16267) Mcdermott
2000 JY43. Discovered 2000 May 7 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Frank McDermott for mentoring
two finalists in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. McDermott
is a teacher at the Manhasset High School, Manhasset,
New York. (M 44932)
(16268) Mcneeley
2000 JD44. Discovered 2000 May 7 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Pam McNeeley for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. McNeeley
is a teacher at the Naperville Central High School,
Naperville, Illinois. (M 44933)
(16269) Merkord
2000 JP44. Discovered 2000 May 7 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Pat Merkord for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Merkord
is a teacher at the John B. Connally High School,
Austin, Texas. (M 44933)
(16271) Duanenichols
Johconnell
837
(16274) Pavlica
2000 JX56. Discovered 2000 May 6 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Robert Pavlica for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Pavlica is
a teacher at the Byram Hills High School, Armonk,
New York. (M 44933)
(16355) Buber
1975 UA1 . Discovered 1975 Oct. 29 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
Martin Buber (1878-1965), Austrian-born Jewish
philosopher and author, was a teacher of religious
science, ethics and social philosophy. From 1938 he
taught in Jerusalem, where he stood up for the peaceful
coexistence of Arabs and Jews. His Hebrew-German
version of the Bible shows a unique diction and
exegesis. (M 41573)
(16398) Hummel
1982 SN3 . Discovered 1982 Sept. 24 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778-1837), famous
Austrian pianist and versatile composer, Mozart’s
pupil and Beethoven’s friend {see, respectively, planets
(1034) and (1815)}, made numerous concert tours. He
was appointed conductor of the court orchestra in
Weimar in 1819 and held this position until his death.
His tomb is in the historical churchyard in Weimar
{see planet (3539)}. (M 42364)
(16418) Lortzing
1987 SD10 . Discovered 1987 Sept. 29 by F. Börngen
at Tautenburg.
Albert Lortzing (1801-1851), who was born and died
in Berlin, was a singer, an actor and later a conductor in
Leipzig, Vienna and Berlin. His romantic-comic operas
(Zar und Zimmermann, Der Wildschütz, Undine, Der
Waffenschmied) became very popular and are full of
humor. He mainly wrote the libretti himself. (M 42364)
(16435) Fándly
2000 JC55. Discovered 2000 May 6 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Duane Nichols for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Nichols is
a teacher at the Alhambra High School, Alhambra,
California. (M 44933)
1988 VE7 . Discovered 1988 Nov. 7 by M. Antal at
Piwnice.
Juraj Fándly (1750-1811) was an Enlightenment
writer, author of the first book in Bernolák’s {see planet
(13916)} language Dúverná zmlúva mezi mňı́chom a
diáblom (”The confidential pact between the monk
and the devil”, 1789). He was a zealous propagator of
this language and a well-known educator. (M 43192)
(16273) Oneill
(16438) Knöfel
2000 JS56. Discovered 2000 May 6 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Barbara O’Neill for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. O’Neill is a
teacher at the Mount Ararat School, Topsham, Maine.
(M 44933)
1989 AU6 . Discovered 1989 Jan. 11 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
German meteorologist André Knöfel (1963- ) is the
head of the Fireball Data Center of the International
Meteor Organization and an observer of minor planets.
He has located precovery observations of many objects
in the Digital Sky Survey, among them this minor
838
(16441)
planet and the transneptunian object (20000) 2000
WR106 , now (20000) Varuna. (M 42364)
(16441) Kirchner
1989 EF6 . Discovered 1989 Mar. 7 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938), painter, graphic
artist and sculptor, was a master of German expressionism and cofounder of the artist circle ”Die Bruecke”.
After 1917, he worked and lived in Switzerland. In 1937,
his art was confiscated and classified as ”degenerate”
in Germany, driving him to suicide. (M 41573)
(16459) Barth
1989 WE4. Discovered 1989 Nov. 28 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
The Swiss Protestant Reformed theologian Karl
Barth (1886-1968), ousted from his post in Germany,
was professor in Basel beginning in 1935. In Germany,
he is known as the ”Vater der Bekennenden Kirche”.
His main works are The Epistle to the Romans and
Ecclesiastical Dogmatics. (M 41573)
(16505) Sulzer
1990 TB13 . Discovered 1990 Oct. 12 by F. Börngen
and L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.
Robert Sulzer-Forrer (1873-1953), a socially minded
Swiss industrialist at Winterthur, was an outstanding
engineer with excellent skills for practical implementation. He was an enthusiastic observer of natural
phenomena and a pioneer in fast motion film technology.
(M 41573)
(16514) Stevelia
1990 VZ6. Discovered 1990 Nov. 11 by C. S. Shoemaker
and D. H. Levy at Palomar.
Steve (1949- ) and Amelia (1940- ) Goldberg
have spent years teaching beginners to observe the
night sky. Amelia’s Universe Sampler, a booklet of
simple projects for beginners with small telescopes, is
an official project of the Astronomical League. The
couple has also helped manage the annual Texas Star
Party. (M 41573)
(16522) Tell
1991 AJ3 . Discovered 1991 Jan. 15 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
Wilhelm Tell, legendary hero of the well-known
Swiss saga, distinguished himself in the fight for
independence of the Inner Swiss against the Habsburg
landvogt Gessler in the fourteenth century. Variously,
this myth was treated in literature, e.g., by Schiller
{see planet (3079)} in 1804. It still influences the Swiss
national consciousness. (M 41573)
(16524) Hausmann
1991 BB3 . Discovered 1991 Jan. 17 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
Manfred Hausmann (1898-1986), who was born in
Kassel and died in Bremen, lived for many years
Kirchner
in Worpswede {see planet (9742)} and wrote lyrical
poetry, stories and novels. Widely traveled, he studied
distant cultures and translated their works. After 1945
he turned to christianity and became a preacher.
(M 42364)
(16529) Dangoldin
1991 GO1 . Discovered 1991 Apr. 9 by E. F. Helin at
Palomar.
Daniel S. Goldin (1940- ), NASA’s administrator
from 1992 to 2001, is credited with transforming the
agency and its operations with an approach that
became known as ”faster, better, cheaper”. He has
been the agency’s longest-serving administrator and
is saluted for his vision and dynamic leadership.
(M 44594)
(16590) Brunowalter
1992 SM2 . Discovered 1992 Sept. 21 by F. Börngen
and L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.
Berlin-born Bruno Walter (1876-1962; originally B.
W. Schlesinger), great German-American conductor,
was known particularly for interpretations of Mozart,
Bruckner and Mahler {see, respectively, planets (1034),
(3955) and (4406)}. He lived in exile after 1938,
endeavoring to preserve a German mind and culture.
After World War II he conducted in Europe again.
(M 41574)
(16599) Shorland
1993 BR2. Discovered 1993 Jan. 20 by Y. Kushida and
O. Muramatsu at Yatsugatake.
John Herschel Shorland, a direct descendant of John
Herschel, has recently completed his own Herschel
Archives in Norfolk, England. These archives include
various documents and instruments associated with the
Herschels, including the 7-foot telescope probably used
by William Herschel {see planet (2000)} to discover
Uranus. (M 42675)
(16666) Liroma
1993 XL1. Discovered 1993 Dec. 7 by C. S. Shoemaker
at Palomar.
The Meiers are a family of amateur astronomers
living near Ottawa, Ontario. Linda (1950- ) is an
active observer. Between 1978 and 1984, Rolf (1953) discovered four comets and has recently built
an observatory. Son Matthew (1985- ) has joined
the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada’s Ottawa
Center. (M 41941)
(16672) Bedini
1994 BA1. Discovered 1994 Jan. 17 by A. Boattini and
M. Tombelli at Cima Ekar.
Daniele Bedini (1952- ) wrote a thesis on space
architecture, the first of its kind in Europe. He
is currently director af a university consortium in
Florence and teaches space architecture at the Space
International University in Strasbourg. (M 45339)
(16683)
Alepieri
839
(16683) Alepieri
(16715) Trettenero
1994 JY. Discovered 1994 May 3 by L. Tesi and G.
Cattani at San Marcello Pistoiese.
Alessandro Pieri (1969-2000) was an amateur astronomer from childhood and was for many years
a member of the Associazione Astrofili Valdinievole,
an organization of amateur astronomers in northern
Tuscany. He was an active meteor observer and an
astrophotographer. (M 41941)
1995 UN5. Discovered 1995 Oct. 20 at the Osservatorio
San Vittore at Bologna.
Italian astronomer Virgilio Trettenero (1822-1868)
succeeded Santini {see planet (4158)} as professor
of astronomy at Padua. At the observatory there
he observed minor planets, comets and eclipses and
calculated orbits and ephemerides. (M 45339)
(16693) Moseley
1996 HJ1 . Discovered 1996 Apr. 17 at the Saji
Observatory at Saji.
The Niji-sseiki fruit is a type of locally cultivated
pear representative of and having a strong affinity
to Tottori {see planet (4720)} prefecture, a major
pear producing area in which Saji {see planet (8738)}
village is located. In English, Niji-sseiki translates as
”twentieth Century”. (M 41941)
1994 YC2 . Discovered 1994 Dec. 26 by D. J. Asher at
Siding Spring.
Terence J. C. A. Moseley (1946- ), editor of Stardust, 1992 Aidan P. Fitzgerald Medallist and founding
member of the Irish Federation of Astronomical Societies, was the first amateur to use the recently restored
six-foot Birr telescope in Sept. 2001. (M 46683)
The name was suggested by J. C. McConnell.
(16700) Seiwa
1995 DZ. Discovered 1995 Feb. 22 by T. Kobayashi at
Oizumi.
Seiwa village, where the Seiwa-Kogen public observatory is located, is in the center of the island of
Kyushu. The village is famous for its Bunraku puppet
shows. (M 45339)
(16705) Reinhardt
(16730) Nijisseiki
(16731) Mitsumata
1996 HK1 . Discovered 1996 Apr. 17 at the Saji
Observatory at Saji.
Mitsumata is an ingredient used in traditional
Japanese papermaking and represents a local Saji
industry. Saji {see planet (8738)} village produces
the major share of this country’s handmade Japanese
paper, the paper of choice for the writing of calligraphy.
(M 41941)
(16744) Antonioleone
1995 EO8 . Discovered 1995 Mar. 4 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
Austrian stage director and theater manager Max
Reinhardt (Max Goldmann, 1873-1943) worked mainly
in Berlin and Vienna. He was a cofounder of the
”Salzburger Festspiele”. His productions of classic
dramas caused an enormous stir. In 1933 he emigrated
from Germany. (M 42364)
1996 OJ2 . Discovered 1996 July 23 by L. Tesi at San
Marcello Pistoiese.
Since the early 1970s, amateur astronomer Antonio
Leone (1940- ), of Taranto, Italy, has developed
principles of orbital motion in a manner easy for
amateurs to understand. This has resulted in two
books, Introduzione alla Meccanica Celeste and, with a
co-author, Elementi di Calcolo delle Orbite. (M 42675)
(16706) Svojsı́k
(16745) Zappa
1995 OE1 . Discovered 1995 July 30 by P. Pravec at
Ondřejov.
Antonı́n Benjamin Svojsı́k (1876-1938) founded the
Czech Boy Scout organization ”Junák” in 1912, led it
from 1914 until his death and was a member of the
executive committee of the world Scout movement.
After repeated bans between 1939 and 1989, ”Junák”
is now the most popular Czech children’s organization.
(M 41491)
1996 PF5. Discovered 1996 Aug. 9 at the Osservatorio
San Vittore at Bologna.
Italian astronomer Giovanni Zappa (1884-1923) was
an assistant at the observatory of the Collegio
Romano, adjunct astronomer at Catania, astronomer
at Capodimonte and director of the observatory of
Collurania and Collegio Romano. Interested in classical
astronomy, he calculated orbits of minor planets and
comets. (M 46011)
(16714) Arndt
(16750) Marisandoz
1995 SM54 . Discovered 1995 Sept. 21 by F. Börngen
at Tautenburg.
German patriotic writer and poet Ernst Moritz
Arndt (1769-1860), born on the island of Rügen, was
a professor of history at the University of Greifswald
{see planet (10114)} (which now bears his name), as
well as in Bonn. A passionate agitator and singer of
the German Wars for Liberation, he stood up for a
revival in Germany. (M 42364)
1996 QL. Discovered 1996 Aug. 18 by R. Linderholm
at Lime Creek.
Sandhills author Mari Sandoz (1896-1966) wrote 21
books and stories about life on the Great Plains. Her
first book, Old Jules, was published in 1935 after
it won the Atlantic Nonfiction Prize. She also wrote
Crazy Horse, a biography of the Sioux Chief, and
Cheyenne Autumn, about Native Americans leaving
the reservation. (M 45339)
840
(16755)
(16755) Cayley
1996 RE1 . Discovered 1996 Sept. 9 by P. G. Comba
at Prescott.
Arthur Cayley (1821-1895) started out as a practicing
lawyer but in 1863 became a professor of mathematics
at Cambridge. He published papers on many topics in
algebra and geometry and was the founder, together
with Sylvester {see planet (13658)}, of the theory of
algebraic invariants. (M 41574)
(16759) Furuyama
1996 TJ7 . Discovered 1996 Oct. 10 by A. Nakamura
at Kuma.
Shigeru Furuyama (1953- ) is a post-office clerk
and renowned amateur astronomer in Japan. During
his nine-year visual search for comets, Furuyama
independently discovered C/1975 T2. In 1979 he
changed from visual to photographic observing and
later discovered C/1987 W2. (M 43192)
(16761) Hertz
1996 TE8 . Discovered 1996 Oct. 3 by V. Goretti at
Pianoro.
German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894)
substantially advanced knowledge of electricity. His
experiments demonstrated the existence and examined
the nature of electromagnetic waves, thereby opening
the road to some of the most important achievements
of modern technology. (M 42364)
(16765) Agnesi
1996 UA. Discovered 1996 Oct. 16 by P. G. Comba at
Prescott.
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718-1799) was the first
woman in the western world who can properly be
called a mathematician. She wrote a treatise on
algebra that was widely translated, and in 1750 she
was appointed to a professorship at the University of
Bologna. (M 41941)
(16766) Righi
1996 UP. Discovered 1996 Oct. 18 by V. Goretti at
Pianoro.
Italian experimental physicist Augusto Righi (18501921) continued Heinrich Hertz’s research on electromagnetism and served as an inspiration to his student
Marconi {see planet (1332)}. (M 42364)
Cayley
Zelenchukskaya. He is a specialist in the study of
magnetic stars and an expert photopolarimetrist.
(M 42364)
(16794) Cucullia
1997 CQ1. Discovered 1997 Feb. 2 by J. Tichá and M.
Tichý at Kleť.
The caterpillar of the North American Asteroid
Moth Cucullia asteroides feeds on flowers of the family
Asteraceae. The Latin word cucullus means a hood,
and it refers to a hood-like arrangement of hairs on
the thorax of the adult moth. (M 41941)
The citation was prepared by J. B. Tatum.
(16797) Wilkerson
1997 CA17. Discovered 1997 Feb. 7 by A. Boattini and
L. Tesi at San Marcello Pistoiese.
Winston S. Wilkerson, uncle of the first discoverer’s
wife, is a member of the physics faculty at The Cooper
Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in
New York. His interests have concentrated on variable
stars, and he has been a member of the American
Association of Variable Star Observers for many years.
(M 43046)
(16801) Petřı́npragensis
1997 SC2 . Discovered 1997 Sept. 23 by P. Pravec at
Ondřejov.
Petřı́n is a memorable hill in the center of Prague.
There is located the Štefánik Observatory, founded
in 1928, the oldest active public observatory in the
Czech Republic. Petřı́n is also a symbol of lovers and
a place of beautiful gardens and a renowned rosarium.
(M 42675)
(16802) Rainer
1997 SP3 . Discovered 1997 Sept. 25 by E. Meyer at
Linz.
Suffering from a serious heart disease since his birth,
Rainer Gebetsroither (1976-1998) devoted his life to
observations of nature as well as to the history and
technology of railways. His parents Karin and Uwe
are long-term members of the Linzer Astronomische
Gemeinschaft. (M 45234)
(16804) Bonini
1996 XU18. Discovered 1996 Dec. 12 by M. Tichý and
Z. Moravec at Kleť.
Vladimı́r Renčı́n (1941- ) is a Czech graphic artist,
illustrator and cartoonist. He published several books
of cartoons, where various features of the Czech
character are illustrated. (M 42364)
1997 SX15. Discovered 1997 Sept. 27 by the OCA-DLR
Survey at Caussols.
Daughter of Robert and Henriette Chemin {see
planet (3913)}, observers at the Observatoire de la Côte
d’Azur Schmidt telescope, Claire Bonini (1951- ) is a
schoolteacher who been active in teaching astronomy
in French primary schools. Her 1990 experiment in a
Sevran kindergarten was extended nationally and to
other age groups. (M 46683)
(16783) Bychkov
(16807) Terasako
1996 XY25 . Discovered 1996 Dec. 14 by R. A. Tucker
at Tucson.
Victor Dmitrievich Bychkov (1952- ) is an astronomer at the Special Astrophysical Observatory,
1997 TW25. Discovered 1997 Oct. 12 by A. Nakamura
at Kuma.
Masanori Terasako (1951- ) is a renowned amateur
astronomer in Japan. Terasako started his visual comet
(16781) Renčı́n
(16809)
Galápagos
841
searching in 1971, and after sweeping for 1374 hours
he discovered C/1987 B2. He is also famous for his
telescopic meteor observations. (M 43192)
the theory of complete normed linear spaces, now
generally known as Banach spaces. (M 41941)
(16809) Galápagos
1997 YZ8. Discovered 1997 Dec. 25 by the JPL NEAT
Program at Haleakala.
Kirk Goodall (1964- ) was the Mars Pathfinder
Web Engineer, and was instrumental in setting up
the relationships with other countries and industry
for mirror websites that allowed Mars Pathfinder to
provide information to millions of people around the
world. (M 45749)
1997 US. Discovered 1997 Oct. 21 at the Starkenburg
Observatory at Heppenheim.
The Galápagos Islands are a world heritage site and
provide a living history of evolution. Assisted by the
Charles Darwin {see planet (1991)} Research Station
located there, scientists have made many discoveries.
The station also helps to preserve this National Park
with its famous animals, such as the giant tortoises
and the Darwin finches. (M 42364)
(16810) Pavelaleksandrov
1997 UY2 . Discovered 1997 Oct. 25 by P. G. Comba
at Prescott.
Pavel Sergeevich Aleksandrov (1896-1982) was a
student of Urysohn {see planet (13673)}, with whom
he later wrote a fundamental paper on compact
topological spaces. After a stint as a theater producer,
he became a professor at Moscow State University.
(M 41941)
(16857) Goodall
(16861) Lipovetsky
1997 YZ11 . Discovered 1997 Dec. 27 by R. A. Tucker
at Tucson.
Valentin Alexandrovich Lipovetsky (1945-1996) was
a senior researcher at the Special Astrophysical
Observatory, Zelenchukskaya, and headed a group
studying Blue Compact Galaxies. He was an expert
on active galactic nuclei and participated in the
production of the First Byurakan Survey. (M 42364)
(16878) Tombickler
1997 UU10 . Discovered 1997 Oct. 30 by P. Pravec at
Ondřejov.
Bedřich Onderlička (1923-1994) was a prominent
Czech astrophysicist and enthusiastic pedagogue,
head of the department of astrophysics of Masaryk
University in Brno. He specialized in stellar kinematics
and chemistry of late-type stars. (M 41941)
1998 BL9. Discovered 1998 Jan. 24 by the JPL NEAT
Program at Haleakala.
Thomas C. Bickler (1950- ) is responsible for the
NEAT camera electronics. He has experience with
imaging instruments and has worked with CCD camera
electronics systems extensively. During his 21 years at
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory he helped develop and
deliver flight hardware for Galileo, Cassini and Space
Telescope. (M 42676)
(16847) Sanpoloamosciano
(16887) Blouke
1997 XK10 . Discovered 1997 Dec. 8 by M. Mannucci
and N. Montigiani at San Polo a Mosciano.
The observatory at San Polo a Mosciano, a small
town near Florence, is operated by the Associazione
Astrofili Fiorentini. The first image of this minor
planet shows it close to the M1 nebula. This was one
of the few observations of minor planets taken at the
observatory, which is usually involved in the study of
variable stars. (M 42676)
1998 BE26. Discovered 1998 Jan. 28 by the OCA-DLR
Survey at Caussols.
Morley Blouke (1941- ) is a well-known microelectronician, whose pioneering development of thinned
CCDs gave rise to the WF/PC I focal plane. He
now heads advanced development at Scientific Imaging
Technologies, Inc., in Tigard, Oregon. (M 46683)
(16817) Onderlička
(16852) Nuredduna
1997 YP2 . Discovered 1997 Dec. 21 by A. Lopez and
R. Pacheco at Mallorca.
Created by Majorcan poet Miquel Costa i Llobera
in his poem The inheritance of the Greek genius,
Nuredduna is a priestess, a great visionary who
belonged to a primitive nation that built many
megalithic monuments called Talaiots that even
nowadays are present in the Balearic islands. (M 43046)
(16856) Banach
1997 YE8 . Discovered 1997 Dec. 28 by P. G. Comba
at Prescott.
Stafan Banach (1892-1945) was a Polish mathematician and professor at the University of Lvov. His major
contributions were in functional analysis, particularly
(16888) Michaelbarber
1998 BM26 . Discovered 1998 Jan. 29 at the Farra
d’Isonzo Observatory at Farra d’Isonzo.
Michael R. Barber (1947- ), a lawyer and amateur
astronomer in the γ -ray bursts field at the Santa
Barbara Astronomical Group, co-founded a small CCD
{see planet (15000)} brand that in 1991 developed
star tracking equipment, allowing the start of CCD
revolution in the amateur astronomer’s world. (M 46683)
(16892) Vaissière
1998 DN1 . Discovered 1998 Feb. 17 by P. Antonini at
Bedoin.
Franck Vaissière (1958- ) has been responsible for
the technical activity to the T60 association at Pic
du Midi. He also took part in Hα coronographic
observations and cowrote a book on this extraor
dinary astronomical site. He has long been treasurer
842
(16900)
of the Association des Utilisateurs de Détecteurs
Electroniques {see planet (9117)}. (M 43192)
(16900) Lozère
1998 DQ13 . Discovered 1998 Feb. 27 at the Pises
Observatory at Draveil.
At 1699 meters, Mt. Lozère is the highest summit
of the Cevennes mountains, which surround the Pises
observatory. It is also the name of the 48th French
département. (M 41941)
(16901) Johnbrooks
1998 DJ14 . Discovered 1998 Feb. 23 at the Farra
d’Isonzo Observatory at Farra d’Isonzo.
John J. Brooks (1933- ), a mechanical engineer
and amateur astronomer in the γ -ray bursts field at
the Santa Barbara Astronomical Group, co-founded a
small CCD {see planet (15000)} brand that in 1991
developed star tracking equipment, allowing the start
of the CCD revolution in the amateur astronomer’s
world. (M 46683)
(16906) Giovannisilva
Lozère
(16929) Hurnı́k
1998 FP73 . Discovered 1998 Mar. 31 by P. Pravec at
Ondřejov.
Ilja Hurnı́k (1922- ), outstanding Czech composer,
pianist, writer, musical pedagogue, speaker and popularizer, has a keen interest in science, particularly in
astronomy. (M 41941)
The name was suggested by participants of the meeting organized on the occasion of naming the Johann
Palisa Observatory and Planetarium in Ostrava-Poruba.
(16930) Respighi
1998 FF74. Discovered 1998 Mar. 29 at the Osservatorio
San Vittore at Bologna.
Italian astronomer Lorenzo Respighi (1824-1889)
was professor of optics and astronomy and director
successively of the observatories of Bologna and of
Campidoglio in Rome. He compiled stellar catalogues,
observed the planets and discovered three comets. He
introduced the use of the objective prism in stellar
spectroscopy. (M 45339)
(16951) Carolus Quartus
1998 DY23. Discovered 1998 Feb. 18 at the Osservatorio
San Vittore at Bologna.
Italian astronomer Giovanni Silva (1882-1957) was
an assistant at the International Latitude Station at
Carloforte and later director of the Padua Observatory
until 1952. He contributed to classical astronomy,
celestial mechanics, geodesy, astrophysics and the
calculus of probability. (M 45339)
1998 KJ. Discovered 1998 May 19 by P. Pravec at
Ondřejov.
Karel IV (1316-1378), king of Bohemia and Holy
Roman Emperor, supported cultural and scientific
advancement. Charles University, which he founded
in Prague, was the first university in central Europe.
During his 30-year reign the Czech lands did not
experience the hardship of wars. (M 42364)
The name was suggested by M. Juřı́k.
(16908) Groeselenberg
(16953) Besicovitch
1998 DD33 . Discovered 1998 Feb. 17 by E. W. Elst
and T. Pauwels at Uccle.
Groeselenberg is the hill in Uccle where the Royal
Observatory is located. The name refers to ”a hill
covered with spiny bushes”. Well-known minor-planet
discoverer Henri Debehogne {see planet (2359)} lives
there on a street with the same name. (M 47168)
1998 KE5 . Discovered 1998 May 27 by P. G. Comba
at Prescott.
Abram Samuilovitch Besicovitch (1891-1970) taught
at various institutions in the Soviet Union and later
at the University of Cambridge. He had an astounding
geometric intuition and proved many counter-intuitive
results, particularly with regard to sets of points of
fractal dimension. (M 41942)
(16912) Rhiannon
1998 EP8 . Discovered 1998 Mar. 2 by the OCA-DLR
Survey at Caussols.
Rhiannon was a version of the celtic horse-goddess
Epona and of sovereignty. She was mistress of the
Singing Birds. Sometimes she appeared as a beautiful
woman in dazzling gold on a white horse. (M 42364)
(16915) Bredthauer
1998 FR10. Discovered 1998 Mar. 24 by the OCA-DLR
Survey at Caussols.
Richard Bredthauer (1946- ) has been a CCD
{see planet (15000)} designer for the last 23 years,
providing high-performance CCDs to the astronomical
community. Richard has also fabricated several flight
CCDs for NASA missions. including the Hubble Space
Telescope. (M 46683)
(16969) Helamuda
1998 UM20. Discovered 1998 Oct. 29 at the Starkenburg
Observatory at Heppenheim.
Helamuda is an acronym for Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, the museum of the federal state
of Hessen. This unique institution features exquisite
collections in both fine arts and natural sciences and
conducts paleontological excavations at the nearby
Messel site. (M 42364)
(16984) Veillet
1999 AA25. Discovered 1999 Jan. 15 by the OCA-DLR
Survey at Caussols.
Christian Veillet (1954- ) was for several years
head of the lunar-ranging station at the Observatoire
de la Côte d’Azur. Now senior astronomer for the
Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, he is project scientist
(17019)
for the megaprime project. He recently discovered that
the transneptunian object 1998 WW31 is a binary.
(M 46683)
(17019) Aldo
1999 DV3 . Discovered 1999 Feb. 23 by M. Tombelli
and G. Forti at Montelupo.
Amateur astronomer Aldo Tombelli (1921-2001) was
the father of the first discoverer. (M 43046)
(17020) Hopemeraengus
1999 DH4 . Discovered 1999 Feb. 24 by I. P. Griffin at
Cocoa.
Hope (1994- ), Merope (1995- ) and Aengus
(1998) are the children of discoverer. (M 41942)
(17023) Abbott
1999 EG. Discovered 1999 Mar. 7 by J. Broughton at
Reedy Creek.
Bud Abbott (1897-1974) was the gravely-voiced
straight man of the Abbott and Costello {see planet
(17024)} comedy duo. Together they were masters of
the straight man-funny man relationship. (M 42676)
(17024) Costello
1999 EJ5 . Discovered 1999 Mar. 15 by J. Broughton
at Reedy Creek.
Louis Costello (1906-1959) was the funny man of the
Abbott {see planet (17023)} and Costello comedy duo.
Their relationship created a magical chemistry that
would take them from the burlesque stage to radio to
broadway to film and, finally, to television. (M 42676)
(17025) Pilachowski
1999 ES5 . Discovered 1999 Mar. 13 by R. A. Tucker
at Tucson.
Caty Pilachowski (1949- ) is a specialist in the study
of stellar evolution and compositions, nucleosynthesis
and astroseismology. A long-time member of the
scientific staff of the National Optical Astronomy
Observatories, she was recently elected to serve
as president of the American Astronomical Society.
(M 43192)
(17029) Cuillandre
1999 FM6. Discovered 1999 Mar. 17 by the OCA-DLR
Survey at Caussols.
Jean Charles Cuillandre (1968- ) is a French
astronomer whose interest in CCDs {see planet
(15000)} has always been very strong. He worked on
all the generations of CCD arrays used at the CFHT
telescope, including the 12K camera, with which he
has produced exquisite color pictures of many celestial
objects. (M 46683)
(17038) Wake
1999 FO21 . Discovered 1999 Mar. 26 by J. Broughton
at Reedy Creek.
Born in New Zealand, Australian journalist Nancy
Wake (1912- ) joined the French Resistance during
World War II, taking part in many risky sabotage raids
Aldo
843
and helping hundreds of people to escape capture.
(M 43382)
(17045) Markert
1999 FV32 . Discovered 1999 Mar. 22 by D. J. Tholen
at Mauna Kea.
Thomas H. Markert (1948-1996) made some of
the first x-ray observations of binary star systems,
supernova remnants, suspected black holes and local
group galaxies. He helped develop much of the
instrumentation used on major x-ray observatories,
including Einstein’s FPCS and Chandra’s HETG
spectrometers. (M 41942)
(17058) Rocknroll
1999 GA5 . Discovered 1999 Apr. 13 by J. Broughton
at Reedy Creek.
Rock and roll music, which had its roots in AfricanAmerican rhythm and blues, remains a prominent form
of popular music worldwide since hitting the charts in
the 1950s. (M 43046)
(17059) Elvis
1999 GX5 . Discovered 1999 Apr. 15 by J. Broughton
at Reedy Creek.
Elvis Aaron Presley (1935-1977) was a flamboyant
American singer. Known as the king of Rock and
Roll {see planet (17058)}, he had a popularity that
contributed toward making that genre a world-wide
phenomenon. (M 43046)
(17076) Betti
1999 HO. Discovered 1999 Apr. 18 by P. G. Comba at
Prescott.
Enrico Betti (1823-1892) taught at the University of
Pisa and published on various topics in algebra and
analysis. His research on the analysis situs (topology)
of hyperspaces led to the definition of the ”Betti
numbers”, which characterize the connectivity of a
manifold. (M 41942)
(17078) Sellers
1999 HD3 . Discovered 1999 Apr. 24 by J. Broughton
at Reedy Creek.
Peter Sellers (1925-1980) was an English character
actor whose extraordinary abilities of mimicry and
comedic characterization first blossomed in BBC radio’s
The Goon Show. He later became a star of Hollywood
films such as Dr. Strangelove and The Pink Panther.
(M 42676)
(17166) Secombe
1999 MC. Discovered 1999 June 17 by J. Broughton
at Reedy Creek.
Welshman Harry Secombe (1921-2001) was the chuckling roly-poly singer-actor-comedian ”Neddy Seagoon”
of The Goon Show fame. On receiving a knighthood he
referred to himself as ”Sir Cumference”. Secombe was
a unique combination of comedian with a magnificent
tenor singing voice. (M 42676)
844
(17184)
(17184) Carlrogers
1999 VL22 . Discovered 1999 Nov. 13 by C. W. Juels
at Fountain Hills.
Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987) was a psychologist who
developed a very popular method of psychotherapy
called client-centered therapy. Two of his books are
Client Centered Therapy (1951) and On Becoming
a Person (1961). He was president of the American
Psychological Association during 1946-1947. (M 43193)
(17185) Mcdavid
1999 VU23 . Discovered 1999 Nov. 14 by C. W. Juels
at Fountain Hills.
David McDavid (1950- ), an astronomer specializing in the photometry and polarimetry of Be stars, was
a coinvestigator of the NASA International Ultraviolet
Explorer (1989-1995). He is also an accomplished
saxophone player. The citation was prepared by M.
Trueblood. (M 45340)
(17190) Retopezzoli
1999 WY8. Discovered 1999 Nov. 28 by S. Sposetti at
Gnosca.
Reto Pezzoli (1959- ) is the best friend of
the discoverer. They have spent lots of unforgettable
summer and winter nights observing meteors. (M 41574)
(17220) Johnpenna
2000 CX26 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of John Penna for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Penna is
a teacher at the Governor Livingston High School,
Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. (M 44933)
(17222) Perlmutter
2000 CU44 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Frances Perlmutter for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Perlmutter
is a teacher at the Horace Mann School, Bronx, New
York. (M 44933)
(17224) Randoross
2000 CP58. Discovered 2000 Feb. 5 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Randolph Ross for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Ross is a
teacher at the Great Neck South High School, Great
Neck, New York. (M 44933)
(17225) Alanschorn
2000 CS60. Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Alan Schorn for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Schorn is
Carlrogers
a teacher at the John L. Miller - Great Neck North
High School, Great Neck, New York. (M 44933)
(17233) Stanshapiro
2000 DU58 . Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Stan Shapiro for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Shapiro is
a teacher at the Midwood High School at Brooklyn
College, Brooklyn, New York. (M 44933)
(17240) Gletorrence
2000 EK95 . Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Glenda Torrence for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Torrence
is a teacher at the Montgomery Blair High School,
Silver Spring, Maryland. (M 44933)
(17247) Vanverst
2000 GG105 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 7 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Mary VanVerst for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. VanVerst
is a teacher at the Illinois Mathematics and Science
Academy, Aurora, Illinois. (M 44933)
(17250) Genelucas
2000 GW122. Discovered 2000 Apr. 11 by C. W. Juels
at Fountain Hills.
Gene A. Lucas (1946- ), an amateur astronomer
and telescope maker since 1961, cofounded the
Saguaro Astronomy Club in Phoenix in 1977 and was
an astrovideography pioneer in live public-television
broadcasts of comet 1P/Halley during 1985-1986.
(M 43193)
(17251) Vondracek
2000 GA127 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 7 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Mark Vondracek for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Vondracek
is a teacher at the Evanston Township High School,
Evanston, Illinois. (M 44933)
(17253) Vonsecker
2000 GW136. Discovered 2000 Apr. 12 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
Named in honor of Claire VonSecker for mentoring
a finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. VonSecker
is a teacher at the Walt Whitman High School,
Bethesda, Maryland. (M 44933)
(17258) Whalen
2000 HK90 . Discovered 2000 Apr. 29 by the LINEAR
at Socorro.
(17262)
Named in honor of Patrice Whalen for mentoring a
finalist in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Whalen is
a teacher at the Humanities and Sciences Institute,
Phoenix, Arizona. (M 44933)
(17262) Winokur
2000 JS62. Discovered 2000 May 9 by the LINEAR at
Socorro.
Named in honor of Bruce Winokur for mentoring
two finalists in the 2002 Intel Science Talent Search, a
science competition for high school seniors. Winokur
is a teacher at the Stuyvesant High School, New York,
New York. (M 44933)
(17269) Dicksmith
2000 LN1. Discovered 2000 June 3 by J. Broughton at
Reedy Creek.
A big-hearted Australian and avid adventurer, Dick
Smith (1944- ) made the first helicopter flight around
the world in 1983 and to the north pole in 1987. On
a bet last year he accomplished a balloon flight from
New Zealand to Australia against the prevailing wind.
(M 42676)
(17283) Ustinov
2000 MB1 . Discovered 2000 June 24 by J. Broughton
at Reedy Creek.
The English actor-writer-producer Peter Ustinov
(1921) is an excellent character actor, who has
made made over 50 films. He is also a prolific playwright,
a satirical comedian and a television documentary
maker, while in recent years he has established a
considerable reputation as a raconteur. (M 43046)
(17285) Bezout
2000 NU. Discovered 2000 July 3 by P. G. Comba at
Prescott.
Étienne Bezout (1739-1783) was a French algebraist
of great manipulative skills. He studied the problem
of reducing multiple equations to a single one by
elimination of variables, and proved that the degree of
the resulting equation is the product of the degrees of
the original equations. (M 41942)
(17286) Bisei
2000 NB6 . Discovered 2000 July 8 by the Bisei
Spaceguard Center at Tokyo-Okayama.
Bisei is the town in Okayama prefecture where the
Bisei Spaceguard Center and the Bisei Astronomical
Observatory are located. The town is famous for
its local law protecting the night sky against light
pollution. (M 45234)
(17314) Aisakos
1024 T-1. Discovered 1971 Mar. 25 by C. J. van Houten
and I. van Houten-Groeneveld at Palomar.
Aisakos, a son of Priam {see planet (884)} from his
first marriage, was a seer, as had also been his maternal
grandfather, Merops. Aisakos said that Hecuba’s {see
Winokur
845
planet (108)} future son would bring disaster to Troy.
(M 42365)
(17351) Pheidippos
1973 SV. Discovered 1973 Sept. 19 by C. J. van Houten
and I. van Houten-Groeneveld at Palomar.
Pheidippos was a hero from Nisyros, in the Kalydnian
islands. Son of king Thessalos, brother of Antiphos
and grandson of Heracles {see planets (13463) and
(5143), respectively}, he fought against Telephos, king
of Mysia. (M 42365)
(17354) Matrosov
1977 EU1. Discovered 1977 Mar. 13 by N. S. Chernykh
at Nauchnyj.
Vladimir Mefodievich Matrosov (1932- ) is known
for his research in theoretical mechanics, the dynamics
of nonlinear and complex systems and stability theory.
He has worked in Kazan, Novosibirsk and Irkutsk.
(M 43383)
(17399) Andysanto
1983 RL. Discovered 1983 Sept. 6 by C. S. Shoemaker
and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.
Andrew G. Santo (1961- ) is a spacecraft engineer
at the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins
University. His diligent work as Spacecraft System
Engineer throughout the development, launch and
operations phases ensured the success of NEAR
Shoemaker, NASA’s initial ”faster, better, cheaper”
Discovery mission. (M 42676)
(17408) McAdams
1987 UZ1. Discovered 1987 Oct. 19 by C. S. Shoemaker
and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.
Jim V. McAdams (1961- ) optimizes spacecraft
trajectories at the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns
Hopkins University. He designed trajectories for the
NEAR Shoemaker mission from the formative phase
of NASA’s Discovery Program in 1989 to landing on
(433) Eros in 2001. (M 42676)
(17412) Kroll
1988 KV. Discovered 1988 May 24 by W. Landgraf at
La Silla.
Reinhold Kroll, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de
Canarias, is known for his research on magnetic, chemically peculiar stars, particularly infrared observations
of them. He was a fellow student of the discoverer at
the University of Göttingen. (M 42365)
(17447) Heindl
1990 HE. Discovered 1990 Apr. 25 by E. F. Helin at
Palomar.
Clifford J. Heindl (1926- ) has guided the Earth
and Space Sciences Division of the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory since 1978 as its deputy manager. His
exceptional insight, outstanding administrative skills,
expert knowledge, dedication to duty and personal
integrity have earned him the highest respect at JPL.
(M 41942)
846
(17459)
Andreashofer
(17459) Andreashofer
(17496) Augustinus
1990 TJ8. Discovered 1990 Oct. 13 by F. Börngen and
L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.
Innkeeper Andreas Hofer (1767-1810) headed the
Tyrolese popular rising against French occupation and
was executed by a firing squad on order of Napoleon.
His patriotic and heroic engagement is the subject of
numerous dramatic plays, stories and poems, notably
by Rosegger, Eichendorff {see planets (7583) and (9413),
respectively} and Koerner. (M 42365)
1992 DM2 . Discovered 1992 Feb. 29 by F. Börngen at
Tautenburg.
Aurelius Augustinus (354-430), born in North Africa,
converted to Christianity in Milan and was bishop of
the antique town Hippo from 395. His principal works
De Civitate Dei, De Trinitate Dei and Confessiones,
strongly influenced Christian theology and ethics.
(M 43383)
(17472) Dinah
1992 JH. Discovered 1992 May 3 by T. Seki at Geisei.
Educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Takuma Dan (1858-1932) returned to Japan in
1881 and became a lecturer in astronomy at Tokyo
Imperial University. He later directed the Japanese
mining industry and became a financier. (M 43383)
1991 FY. Discovered 1991 Mar. 17 by T. Niijima and
T. Urata at Ojima.
| 36,670 |
https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/247480
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Brian Hitchcock, Hot Licks, Hugh, ermanen, https://english.stackexchange.com/users/113845, https://english.stackexchange.com/users/64985, https://english.stackexchange.com/users/70861, https://english.stackexchange.com/users/95331
|
English
|
Spoken
| 155 | 262 |
What word could you use for seeing a picture then seeing the real thing later?
I have been searching everywhere for a verb that means seeing a picture of something then seeing the real thing later.
I'd say "deja view".
Plane-spotting from photos was/is called 'Recognition'. I thought Déjà vu was something you imagined or believed you had seen.
@Hugh - I didn't say "vu".
see something with one's own eyes ?
Why would you think there should be such a verb? Perhaps you should broaden your question to accept a phrase or an idiom.
Recognize (Wiktionary)
identify (someone or something) from having encountered them before;
know again. Example "I recognized her when her wig fell off"
Identify (Dictionary.com)
5.Biology. to determine to what group (a given specimen) belongs.
Encounter (Oxford OL)
Meet (someone) unexpectedly: what do we know about the people we encounter in our daily lives?
serendipity
It if was a pleasant surprise.
| 4,564 |
https://github.com/testfairy/appium-session-generator/blob/master/webdriverio-template/node_modules/webdriverio/build/commands/element/isEnabled.d.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
appium-session-generator
|
testfairy
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 12 | 51 |
/// <reference types="webdriverio/webdriverio-core" />
export default function isEnabled(this: WebdriverIO.Element): Promise<boolean>;
//# sourceMappingURL=isEnabled.d.ts.map
| 35,831 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull%20Creek%20%28suba%20sa%20Tinipong%20Bansa%2C%20Montana%2C%20Blaine%20County%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bull Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Blaine County)
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bull Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Blaine County)&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 73 | 106 |
Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Bull Creek.
Suba ang Bull Creek sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Blaine County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. Ang Bull Creek mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Mississippi River ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mississippi River (suba) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Montana (estado)
| 21,860 |
1955176_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 2,116 | 3,025 |
92 B.R. 737 (1988)
In re MORREN MEAT AND POULTRY COMPANY INC., d/b/a Morren Foods, Debtor,
Richard REMES, Trustee of Morren Meat and Poultry Company, Inc., d/b/a Morren Foods, Appellant-Plaintiff,
v.
ASC MEAT IMPORTS, LTD., Appellee-Defendant.
No. K-86-313-CA-4.
United States District Court, W.D. Michigan, S.D.
June 29, 1988.
*738 Lisa J. Sommers, Detroit, Mich., for appellant-plaintiff.
Robert E.L. Wright, Kalamazoo, Mich., for appellee-defendant.
OPINION
ROBERT HOLMES BELL, District Judge.
Before this Court is an appeal from the Bankruptcy Court by Plaintiff-Appellant, Richard Remes, Trustee of Morren Meat and Poultry Company (Morren), seeking to void a transfer from debtor Morren to transferee, ASC Meat Imports, Ltd. (ASC), as a preference, having occurred within 90 days of Morren filing bankruptcy.
BACKGROUND
Morren is a meat wholesaler to retail merchants. ASC is a supplier to meat wholesalers. Morren purchased meat from ASC only once and paid for it with two checks. The details of the transaction are as follows. Morren placed its single, one-time order for meat with ASC. On September 14, 1984, ASC issued an invoice, No. 2097, in the amount of $41,580.00 to Morren. The preprinted invoice provided a seven day payment term and a 1.5% 30 day service charge term:
TERMS NET CASH 7 DAYS
. . ..
A service charge of 1.5% per month may be computed on all balances outstanding over 30 days. Annual percentage rate 18%.
Morren received the goods from ASC on September 18, 1984. On October 15, 1984, 31 days after the invoice date and 27 days after receipt of the goods, ASC received Morren's company check for $20,790 equalling one-half of the invoice total. On October 24, 1984, 40 days after the date of the invoice and 36 days after delivery of the goods, ASC received Morren's second check for $20,790.00 equalling one-half of the invoice total. Each of the two payments were made within 90 days of Morren's filing for bankruptcy. No evidence indicates that ASC demanded payment *739 within seven days or attempted to assess and collect a service charge during the term that the bill was unpaid, as provided in the invoice, rather ASC accepted the checks as payment in full.
Morren's Trustee claims that the two payments constitute a preference since they were made within 90 days of Morren's filing bankruptcy. The creditor-transferee ASC, on the other hand, maintains that the transfers satisfied a debt made in the ordinary course of business and were paid according to ordinary business terms. Accordingly, ASC asserts that the trustee cannot void the transfers because they qualify under the ordinary course of business exception to the trustee in bankruptcy's avoiding powers as specified in § 547(c)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2). Section 547(c)(2) provides:
(c) The trustee may not avoid under this section a transfer . ..
(2) to the extent that such transfer was
(A) in payment of a debt incurred by the debtor in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee;
(B) made in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee; and
(C) made according to ordinary business terms.
This Court notes that Congress amended the Bankruptcy Code in 1984 (Bankruptcy and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub.L. No. 98-353, [BAFJA]) and deleted the 45 day rule in former § 547(c)(2)(B), which additionally required that the ordinary course of business payment be, "made not later than 45 days after such debt was incurred." Originally Congress selected the 45 day period as a "normal trade credit cycle. . . . Congress treated as nonpreferential an ordinary course payment of trade credit in the first 15 days of the month following the month in which the goods were shipped or the services were performed." Levin, An Introduction to the Trustee's Avoiding Powers, 53 Am.Bankr. L.J. 173, 186-187 (1979).
However, Appellant Trustee argues that the ordinary business exception of 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2) does not apply an isolated business transaction because no ordinary course of business has been established. Further, Appellant Trustee contends that if § 547(c)(2) does apply then the preprinted seven day payment term establishes the course of business as between Morren and ASC. Since Morren paid ASC in two checks, 31 and 40 days after the invoice date, Appellant Trustee concludes that the transfers were outside of the ordinary course of business as defined by the seven day payment term. Appellant Trustee also asserts that the existence of the 30 day service charge term does not supplant the seven day payment term with the 30 day service charge period. The 30 day service charge provision does not modify or waive the ordinary course of business as established by the seven day payment term. Additionally, Appellant Trustee argues that: (1) the debtor's and transferee's individual dealings with third parties are not germane to availability of the ordinary business exception to the disputed transfers between Morren and ASC, (2) the number of preference actions filed by the Appellant Trustee is not relevant in evaluating the Morren-ASC transfers, and (3) the 45 day rule is not relevant to the present dispute because Congress deleted it from the Code.
ASC responds that the ordinary business exception properly does apply to the two disputed transfers. ASC claims that the mere fact that no prior course of dealing existed does not render the ordinary business exception inapplicable. ASC relies on In re: Agency Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, Inc., 58 B.R. 877, 878 (Bankr.D.N. H.1986) where the ordinary course of business exception applied, although no payment term existed. Moreover, ASC argues that the payment and service charge terms on the preprinted invoice forms do not establish the "ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee." 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(B). Rather, ASC contends, if Morren's and ASC's ordinary course of business was established *740 at all, then it was established by their initial and isolated transaction.
ANALYSIS
This Court initially recognizes Congress' intent in passing 11 U.S.C. § 547 as:
[Its] purpose is to leave undisturbed normal financial relations, because [doing so] does not detract from the general policy of the preference section to discourage unusual action by either the debtor or his creditors during the debtor's slide into bankruptcy.
H.R.Rep. No. 595, 95th cong., 1st Sess. 373, reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 5787, 5963, 6329. Other courts have similarly acknowledged Congress' intent:
The trustee's power to avoid transfers is intended to discourage creditors from racing to the courthouse to dismember a failing debtor, thus enabling the debtor to solve its difficult financial situation. The Section 547(c)(1) and (2) exceptions further the goal of enabling debtors to rehabilitate themselves by insulating normal business transactions from the trustee's avoidance power. Without these exceptions creditors would be reluctant to conduct business with a struggling enterprise for fear that any payments made by the debtor could later be avoided. A crabbed reading of the Section 547(c)(2) exception would only undermine this beneficial purpose.
O'Neill v. Nestle Libbys P.R., Inc., 729 F.2d 35, 37 (1st Cir.1984).
This Court recognizes the fundamental issue in this dispute as whether the two transfers made within 40 days of the invoice date in an isolated and solitary transaction were sufficiently in the ordinary course of business for purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(A), (B), and (C).
As an exception to trustee's in bankruptcy powers of avoidance, the burden is on ASC to establish the applicability of the exception. In re: McCormick, 5 B.R. 726, 730 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Ohio 1980). The parties do not dispute that Morren's debt to ASC was incurred in the ordinary course of business and thereby satisfies 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(A).
The parties do dispute whether the transfers were "made in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee." 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(B). Some courts have interpreted this section to contemplate an evaluation of the course of dealing between the parties themselves. In re: Ewald Bros., 45 B.R. 52, 56-57 (Bkrtcy.Minn.1984); In re: Production Steel, 54 B.R. 417 (Bkrtcy.M. D.S.Tenn.1985). This Court concurs that the course of dealing between the parties themselves is indeed a factor to consider and that § (B) contemplates an evaluation of the parties prior subjective dealings, when such exist. However, this Court is not convinced that § (B) requires a history of prior dealings as a sine qua non in order to afford a transferee the protections of § 547(c)(2). Section (B) specifies a transfer "made in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and transferee." The statute states: "affairs of the debtor and the transferee," (emphasis added) not "affairs between the debtor and the transferee." The existence of prior dealings between the parties would definitely aid this Court in assessing the ordinary character of the transfers, but the absence of such prior dealings certainly does not preclude this Court from determining that the transfers were ordinary for purposes of § 547(c)(2). Again, the issue is whether the transfers were sufficiently ordinary to invoke the protection of § 547(c)(2).
As between the parties themselves, this Court finds that the ordinary course of dealing is not adequately defined by either the parties' prior course of dealings or the invoice terms. As to the former, no prior course of dealings exists. As to the latter, the invoice terms were not specifically assented to by Morren. Further, the TA provides no authority for its assertion that, "this Court must rule that the terms of the transaction between them establish both the ordinary course of business between the Debtor and ASC under § 547(c)(2)(B) and ordinary business terms under § 547(c)(2)(C)." Furthermore, this Court acknowledges that the parties' actual conduct could potentially modify contractual *741 terms and practically define the parties' ordinary course of business. And this Court does recognize, however, that the only course of business between the parties is their respective conduct in the instant case. This Court notes that ASC did not attempt to enforce the preprinted 7 day payment term or 30 day service charge provision. Rather, ASC accepted Morren's split payment as payment in full without assessing any service charge and without question. Thus, this Court is not convinced that here, in the case of an isolated transaction preprinted terms on a invoice definitively define the ordinary course of business for purposes of § 547(c)(2).
While the ordinary course of business remains undefined, this Court notes the absence in these two transfers of any indicia suggesting unusual conduct between Morren and ASC removing the transfers out of the ordinary course of business. The transfers were simply payments on an open book account with no unusual attempts at collecting on the debt.
The parties also dispute whether the transfers were, "made according to ordinary business terms." § 547(c)(2)(C). Whereas § (B), in part, provides a subjective test as between the parties, § (C) provides an objective test to further qualify a transfer for protection under the ordinary business exception. Section (C) is not limited by the phrase, "of the debtor and the transferee." Although the statute is silent on the scope of the courts' purview in evaluating "ordinary business terms," courts may and do properly consider normal business terms within the industry. In re: Production Steel, 54 B.R. 417 (Bkrtcy.M. D.S.Tenn.1985). Therefore, the phrase, "ordinary business terms" for purposes of § (C) is not limited to the course of prior dealing between the parties themselves or the preprinted invoice terms. Accordingly, this Court notes the affidavit of Richard Atkinson which indicates in paragraphs 12-14:
12. That the sale to the Debtor was in the ordinary course of business and according to ordinary business terms.
13. That the payments made by the Debtor were made in the ordinary course of business and according to ordinary business terms, it being customary in the meat processing business for purchasers to make partial payments for shipments.
14. That approximately twenty (20%) percent of all sales made by ASC are paid for by partial payments, and 95% are paid for more than 7 days after delivery.
Again, this Court notes that no attendant circumstances exist suggesting anything other than payment according to ordinary business terms. There were no NSF, cashier's, or certified checks, no advance or C.O.D. payments, and no wire transfers. Based upon the materials submitted, this Court finds that the goods were simply ordered, shipped, and paid for according to ordinary business terms within the meat processing industry.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, this Court denies the appeal of Richard Remes, Trustee of Morren Meat and Poultry Company, Inc. d/b/a Morren Foods from the Order of the Bankruptcy Court (Nims, J.) in NK-84-03823, dated July 28, 1986.
| 20,264 |
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20%28Mississippi%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Madison (Mississippi)
|
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madison (Mississippi)&action=history
|
Min Nan Chinese
|
Spoken
| 18 | 59 |
Madison sī Bí-kok Mississippi chiu Madison kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu (city).
Liân-kiat
Koaⁿ-hong bāng-chām
Mississippi ê chng-thâu
| 5,282 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onell%20Soto
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Onell Soto
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onell Soto&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,153 | 1,594 |
Onell Asiselo Soto (November 17, 1932 – August 5, 2015) was an Episcopal bishop residing in Miami, Florida. Prior to his retirement in 2002 he was appointed by Henry N. Parsley to serve as Assistant Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama, beginning on August 1.
He served in a similar position for four years in Atlanta. In 1987, he was elected bishop of the Anglican Church in Venezuela.
He died on Wednesday, August 5, 2015, in Chicago, IL.
Biography
Soto was born in 1932 in Omaja, a small town founded by American immigrants in the province of Oriente, Cuba. The son of Juan Aurelio Soto Vega and María de Los Angeles Almaguer Mayo, Soto spent his childhood in his hometown until 1938 when he moved with his family to a small town named San Agustín, where his father was head of the Army post.
He received his primary education in San Agustín's public school. In 1945 he won a scholarship to study in a rural training school in Victoria de las Tunas, a city 30 miles from home. After a year of study there, Soto entered the Methodist mission school in Omaja. He graduated with honors in 1947 and received a scholarship to study secondary education at Irene Toland School in Matanzas, 100 miles from Havana. Soto graduated with honors in 1952, and enrolled three months later at the University of Havana's School of Medicine where he completed four years of medical training..
In 1956 the university was closed for political reasons and was not opened until 1960, after the triumph of Fidel Castro's revolution.
In 1957, he left Cuba for the United States and enrolled in Boston University's College of Liberal Arts. In 1959, he returned to Cuba, and worked for two years as a chemistry technician at a flour mill in Havana.
On July 4, 1960, he married Nina Ulloa, director of Christian Education of the Episcopal Church in Cuba. In November of the same year, they left Cuba for the United States and settled in Sanatorium, Mississippi, where Soto worked as a medical assistant at the Mississippi State Sanatorium, a TB hospital. In August 1961, he entered the School of Theology of the University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. Soto paid part of his studies by teaching Spanish in two Episcopal High Schools while studying at Sewanee.
He received his Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1964 (later upgraded to Master's), and went to Austin, Texas, where he worked on a Master's degree at the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest.
He and his wife, Nina, became U.S. citizens on September 8, 1966 in San Antonio, Texas.
On St. Peter's Day, June 29, 1964, he was ordained deacon in Gadsden, Alabama, by George M. Murray, then Bishop of Alabama. On August 18, 1965 he was ordained priest in Bogotá, Colombia, by David B. Reed then Bishop of Colombia.
The Sotos arrived in Quito, Ecuador, as appointed missionaries of the Episcopal Church on September 15, 1965 where he became Vicar of St. Nicholas' Episcopal Church. He established the first Spanish-speaking congregation and organized a strong ecumenical movement in the city.
After serving for six years in Ecuador, he was appointed Executive Secretary of Province IX of the Episcopal Church in 1971. At that time the province consisted of the dioceses of Mexico, Central America, Ecuador, Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. While in El Salvador, he organized the provincial office and set up a wide communication system throughout the province and the rest of Latin America. During this time he traveled widely and helped to foster better inter-Anglican and ecumenical relations through personal visits and communication.
He remained in El Salvador until December 18, 1977 when he was then appointed Mission Information and Education Officer of the World Mission Unit at the Episcopal Church Center in New York City. In that post, he had the opportunity to travel around the world as a mission reporter and interpreter.
In 1978, he was appointed mission information and education officer at the Episcopal Church Center in New York.
During his 10-year tenure he visited almost every province of the Anglican Communion and produced World Mission News, a newsletter about Anglican affairs and the worldwide missionary work of the Church. He also founded Anglicanos, a similar publication in Spanish in 1984.
On March 11, 1987, he was elected bishop of the Diocese of Venezuela. His consecration took place on July 11, 1987 at St. Mary's Cathedral, Caracas. James Ottley, Bishop of Panama and President of Province IX, presided at the ceremony. The co-consecrators were Orland U. Lindsay, primate of the West Indies; Olavo V. Luiz, primate of Brazil; and Haydn Jones, retired bishop of Venezuela.
In October 1988, the University of the South awarded him a doctor of divinity degree honoris causa.
During his episcopate in Venezuela, he led the Church in that country from a chaplaincy church to a national church under Venezuelan leadership. His dreams were realized on April 8, 1995, when a special convention of the Church in Venezuela elected Orlando Guerrero, a 50-year-old priest, ordained in 1980, as the first Venezuelan national to be elected to the Anglican episcopate.
Before his departure from Caracas, the President of Venezuela, Rafael Caldera, granted him the Order of the Liberator Simón Bolívar for his contribution to "the moral and spiritual welfare" of the country.
As Assistant Bishop of Atlanta he worked closely with the diocesan, Frank Allan. Besides the normal pastoral work of the diocese, he helped in deployment, higher education, and ecumenical relations, Hispanic ministry and relations with the companion diocese of Ecuador.
In 1999 he accepted the invitation of the Diocese of Alabama to do the same ministry as assistant bishop after his retirement in Miami in 2002.
He attended, in several capacities, all the General Conventions of the Episcopal Church since 1969.
Soto and his wife, Nina, a Christian educator also a native of Cuba, have four grown children and six grandchildren who live in the Chicago, Washington, San Diego and Sacramento. Nina is the editor of Día a Día, the Spanish version of Forward's Day by Day in Spanish.
From May 1, 1995 until his retirement in 2002, he was Assistant Bishop of Atlanta sharing the pastoral ministry with the diocesan, Frank Allan. The Diocese of Atlanta has 90 congregations and nearly 300 clergy. As Assistant Bishop, he helped in the episcopal ministry and served in deployment, higher education, ecumenical relations, Hispanic ministry and relations with the companion diocese of Ecuador.
Soto died on August 5, 2015, in Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago IL. He was eighty-two years and eight months old.
References
1932 births
2015 deaths
Episcopal bishops of Atlanta
Episcopal bishops of Alabama
Seminary of the Southwest alumni
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
People from Las Tunas Province
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Cuban Episcopalians
20th-century American Episcopalians
Episcopal bishops of Venezuela
| 40,751 |
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%20%D7%9C%D7%90%20%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
עלילה לא ליניארית
|
https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=עלילה לא ליניארית&action=history
|
Hebrew
|
Spoken
| 1,213 | 4,078 |
עלילה לא ליניארית, במהותה, היא עלילה של יצירה נרטיבית שאינה מוצגת בסדר כרונולוגי, אלא מוצג בה שלב מתקדם של העלילה קודם לשלבים מוקדמים ממנו, בניגוד לעלילה ליניארית, בה סדר האירועים בעלילה מוצג בסדר כרונולוגי.
בקולנוע, סרט לא ליניארי יכול לכלול סיפור מסגרת ונושא מרכזי מקשר, אך נעשים בו דילוגי זמן רבים, במטרה לספק רקע והקשר או לאפיין קווי עלילה בצורה שלא הייתה מתאפשרת בתיאור רציף של המתרחש. סיפור המסגרת והנושא המרכזי הם אלו שיאפשרו בדרך כלל לצופה לקשר בין הפרטים ולהגיע לידי הבנה של הרעיון או המסר המרכזי בסרט.
תיאור כללי
ישנו הבדל מהותי בין עלילה לא ליניארית בספרים לעומת סרטים ומחזות. בספרות המדובר באמצעי נפוץ הרבה יותר, ופעמים רבות עוצר הסופר את הבאת העלילה כסדרה, לשם הצגת חומר רקע הדרוש להבנת יתרת הסיפור או להצגת מניעיה של דמות ועלילותיה בעבר שלהן השלכות על ההווה. המדיום הספרותי מאפשר לסופר לקשר בין הפרטים ולהסביר לקורא את משמעותם בעלילה. לעומת זאת, בקולנוע ובתיאטרון קל יותר לצופה להבין את העלילה כאשר זו נשטחת לפניו בסדר כרונולוגי ולא בדילוגי זמנים, וכאשר ישנה התפתחות ברורה של העלילה במובני סיבה ותוצאה, עד לשיא העלילה.
מאחר שבסרט קולנוע קל יותר לצופה להבין את הפרטים כשהם מוצגים בסדר רציף, תסריט המציג את סדר ההתרחשות באופן ליניארי וברור הוא בגדר מוסכמה קולנועית. אף על פי כן, ישנם סרטים השוברים מוסכמה זו ומציגים את עלילתם במבנה ספרותי יותר. סרט כזה בוחן דמויות, אירועים או מצבים על ידי סידור מחדש של ציר הזמן, מטעמים דרמטיים או נושאיים, באופן שמותיר רושם רב יותר מזה שהיה נוצר בהצגה ליניארית של הפרטים.
בקולנוע
על אף שפעמים רבות כשיוצא לאקרנים סרט בעל עלילה לא ליניארית הוא נחשב לקיצוני וחדשני, סרטים כאלו נוצרו כבר בראשית תולדות הקולנוע. דוגמאות מוקדמות לכך הם "אי-סובלנות" של ד.וו גריפית' (1916), שהציג ארבעה סיפורים המתרחשים בתקופות שונות אך משתלבים יחד לקראת סופו, "האזרח קיין" (1941), שנחשב לאחד הסרטים הבולטים בתחום, ו"הכוח והתהילה" (1933), שנחשב מקור השראה חשוב ל"אזרח קיין".
סרט במבנה עלילה לא רציף ישים דגש בדרך כלל על אפיון הדמויות וטבען, תוך ניצול יתרונות מבנה עלילה זה לעומת מבנה העלילה הקונבנציונלי, שמוגבל על ידי תיאור רציף של התרחשויות ועל ידי עלילה מוכוונת־מטרה. כך, תתאר לעיתים העלילה את מהלך חייה הכולל של הדמות (למשל ב"אזרח קיין"); או שהמטרה שמנסה להשיג הדמות הראשית היא שאיפה כלשהי בלתי גשמית, ועל כן כזו שקשה לתרגמה לרצף פעולות מעשיות שיקדמו את העלילה, אך כזו שיכולה לשמש בסיס רעיוני איתן, שסביבו תיבנה האחידות הנושאית. אולם לא תמיד משמש אפיון הדמויות ככלי המרכזי להנעת העלילה בידי יוצר הסרטים הלא רציפים, וכך למשל סרטיו של קוונטין טרנטינו "כלבי אשמורת" ו"ספרות זולה", הנושאים אופי עלילתי לא ליניארי, מבכרים תיאור התרחשויות ואירועים וכן התפתחויות לא צפויות ("טוויסטים" בעלילה) ככלי להנעת העלילה ולפתרון מצבים סבוכים המתוארים בה.
אולם הצגת העלילה באופן לא ליניארי, אין פשרה כי קהל הצופים יבין את הסרט באופן שונה. בסרטים מסוג זה על הצופה לקשר בין הפרטים השונים, להבין מהם את קשרי הסיבה והתוצאה בין ההתרחשויות וכך לקבל תמונה ברורה באשר למשמעות שניסה הסרט להעביר. לעיתים סרטים אלו כושלים בהיבט זה, לדוגמה הסרט "חיים בצל הסיוט" (1990) בכיכובו של טים רובינס, שאופן הצגת העלילה בו הביא את מרבית הצופים להיכשל בניסיון להבינו, כשלא הצליחו לקשר בין הפרטים השונים שתוארו בו ולהגיע להבנה ברורה של הסיפור.
שילוב מקטעי הזמן
הנושא המרכזי
מרכיב בסיסי בסרטים לא רציפים הוא האחידות הדרמטית, כלומר השילוב בין התפתחות העלילה והתרחשויותיה ובין הנושאים המרכזיים שלה. במרבית הסרטים העלילה היא מוכוונת־מטרה ומוכוונת־התרחשות – המטרה שמנסה הדמות הראשית להשיג ופעולותיה למען השגתה משמשות כבסיס אחיד לעלילה, ומשמעות הסיפור ניתנת בדמות השינויים שהיא עוברת בדרכה לכך. בסרטים לא רציפים, על אף שלהתרחשות יש תפקיד חשוב בעיצוב העלילה, השתלשלות המאורעות לא נקבעת אך ורק כתולדות של ניסיון להגשים מטרה כלשהי אחת ויחידה. לעומת זאת, הנושא המרכזי הוא שמכתיב את מבנה העלילה ומגדיר מה היא תתאר.
הנושא המרכזי תופס תפקיד חשוב בהכוונת העלילה וכן בהאחדה הנושאית של ההתרחשויות. ככל שמבנה העלילה פוסח בין הזמנים במידה רבה יותר, כך נדרש שההתרחשויות יהיו בעלות מכנה משותף איתן יותר, בדמות הנושא המרכזי. קישור בין פרטי העלילה השונים ילמד בסופו של דבר מהו נושאו המרכזי של הסרט או מסרו הכללי. הסרט עצמו אמנם מחולק לרצפי סצנות בעלות מכנה משותף (sequences), שמושתתים על אותם עקרונות כמו סרטים רציפים, קרי פיתוח העלילה על־בסיס יסוד מוביל ומניע כלשהו, דרך קונפליקט, עד שהעניין המתואר מגיע לשיא; אך חלקי העלילה הללו אינם מנותקים אחד מהשני, והנושא או הקונפליקט המרכזי הוא שממקד את העלילה ומחבר חלקים אלו יחדיו.
סרט לא רציף שמתמקד בדמות מסוימת, ינתח את עולמה הפנימי והרגשי. הנושא המרכזי יכול להיות צורך מסוים שיש לדמות וסידור העלילה ישליך על הקשר בין מעשיה לצורך זה. למשל, הסרט "האזרח קיין" עוסק בחוסר יכולתו למצוא אהבה של אדם שאינו יכול להעניקה. קיין מנסה לאורך הסרט למצוא אהבה, אך כושל כל פעם בשל אי־יכולתו להעניקה חזרה. כמו כן, על אף נחישותו להשיג את מטרותיו השונות, בסופו של דבר אי־יכולתו להעניק אהבה הורסת את מערכות היחסים שלו. הסרט "כלבי אשמורת", שמתאר שוד כושל של חנות תכשיטים ואת הניסיונות להבין את הגורמים לכישלון, ושכאמור אינו מתמקד בעיצוב דמויות, אינו נתלה על נושא מרכזי דווקא שממקד את העלילה, כי אם על מסר כללי, שאין לתלות אמון באלו המפרים את חוקי החברה.
עלילת מסגרת
בסרטים לא רציפים ישנה עלילת מסגרת כלשהי, שמשמשת כנקודת ייחוס לשאר ההתרחשויות וכבסיס להקשר שבו יסופרו הפרטים. בכל פעם שהסרט מדלג בין הזמנים, הצופים נעזרים בעלילת המסגרת כדי להבין היכן עומד האירוע הנוכחי שמתואר ביחס לשאר העלילה וכיצד הוא מקדם אותה. כך הוא מאפשר לצופים להתמקד בתחום זמן מסוים ובהתרחשות מסוימת, כמו שהיו עושים בסרט רציף בעל עלילה מוכוונת־מטרה. לעלילת המסגרת תפקיד מהותי אף יותר והיא מעוררת עניין במידה רבה יותר, כאשר ישנם מכשולים וקשיים כלשהם עמם צריכה הדמות הראשית להתמודד על מנת להשיג את המטרה שמכוונת את עלילת המסגרת.
למשל, בסרט "האזרח קיין" עלילת המסגרת מתארת את העיתונאי תומפסון בניסיונותיו להבין מהי משמעות המילה "רוזבאד" שאמר קיין בטרם מת, וזוהי גם המטרה שמכוונת את העלילה ומערימה על תומפסון קשיים המניעים את העלילה. בסרט "רשומון" (1950) עלילת המסגרת מתארת שלושה אנשים שיושבים תחת שער רשומון בגשם השוטף, בניסיון לפענח את נסיבותיו של אירוע רצח ואונס. העדויות הסותרות שמתקבלות באשר למקרה מקשות על הפענוח. בסרט "הרומן שלי עם אנני" (1977) סיפור המסגרת מציג את הדמות הראשית אלבי מדברת אל המצלמה, כבמעין קטע סטנד-אפ על מערכות יחסים, וניסיונו להשיב את אנני – עמה ניהל מערכת יחסים שהביאה אושר לו אך לא לה – הוא שמניע את העלילה. בסיפור המסגרת של "כלבי אשמורת" משתכנים במחסן אלה מהפושעים ששרדו באירוע השוד, ומנסים להבין מה השתבש. עליהם להתמודד עם פחדיהם והתנהגות חבריהם, וכן עם הפציעה החמורה של אחד מהם (מר אורנג'), שמסבכים את העלילה.
סרט שאינו לא־רציף
לעיתים מבלבלים להחשיב סרטים רציפים במהותם כסרטים לא רציפים. כך, למשל, סרט שמתחיל בפלאשבק לעבר ובסופו חוזר להווה, כמו "להציל את טוראי ראיין" או "איש קטן גדול", אינו סרט לא רציף. הפלאשבק יכול להתרחש לאחר שהוצג ראשית פתרונה של הבעיה המרכזית, ואז יחזור הסרט ויציג את הגורמים לה, בתיאור רציף עד לנקודה בה התרחש הפלאשבק, וזאת כדי לגרות את העניין והמתח של הצופה ולגרום לו לתהות באשר למהות העניין (למשל הסרטים "שדרות סאנסט" ו"דרכו של קרליטו"). ישנם אף סרטים המציגים פלאשבק ארוך בנקודת זמן מסוימת (כמו "קזבלנקה") או כמה פלאשבקים קצרים לאורכם (כמו "קאובוי של חצות" או "אנשים פשוטים"). יש גם סרטים המציגים שתי עלילות במקביל, אך כל אחת מהן מתנהלת בצורה רציפה, ולכן הסרט הוא רציף במהותו, למשל "החשוד המיידי", "אמדאוס" או "הפצוע האנגלי".
קישורים חיצוניים
Linda Cowgill, Non-Linear Narratives: The Ultimate In Time Travel, Plots Inc. Productions
רשימה של סרטים בעלי עלילה לא ליניארית
הערות שוליים
טכניקות ספרותיות
מונחים ספרותיים
| 11,223 |
6020247_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 311 | 430 |
—In a proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78 to review a determination of the Board of Education of the Manhasset Union Free School District, s/h/a Manhasset Public Schools, dated September 21, 1995, which adopted the findings and recommendations of a Hearing Officer and denied the petitioner retroactive membership in the New York State Teacher’s Retirement System, the appeal is from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Suffolk County (Werner, J.), entered November 12, 1996, which, inter alia, granted the petition and annulled the determination.
Ordered that the judgment is reversed, on the law, without costs or disbursements, the determination is confirmed, the petition is denied, and the proceeding is dismissed on the merits.
Contrary to the appellant’s contention, a notice of claim pursuant to Education Law § 3813 was not a condition precedent to the commencement of this proceeding (see, Matter of Piaggone v Board of Educ., 92 AD2d 106). Nevertheless, the petition must be denied on the merits.
The determination of the Board of Education of the Manhasset Union Free School District, s/h/a Manhasset Public Schools, which denied the petitioner’s application for retroactive membership in the New York State Teacher’s Retirement System (see, Retirement and Social Security Law § 803) was not arbitrary and capricious or without a rational basis. The petitioner’s prior membership in the retirement system and her response in her most recent employment application that she is no longer a member of the system, were sufficient to establish that she participated in “a procedure that a reasonable person would recognize as an explanation or request requiring a formal decision by him or her to join a public retirement system” (Retirement and Social Security Law § 803 [b] [3] [iii]; see, Matter of Clark v Board of Educ., 90 NY2d 662). Consequently, the petitioner was ineligible for retroactive membership. Mangano, P. J., Santucci, Joy and Lerner, JJ., concur.
| 42,688 |
https://github.com/mburger-stsci/nexoclom/blob/master/nexoclom/utilities/database_connect.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
nexoclom
|
mburger-stsci
|
Python
|
Code
| 98 | 251 |
import psycopg
from nexoclom.utilities.read_configfile import read_configfile
DEFAULT_DATABASE = 'thesolarsystemmb'
DEFAULT_PORT = 5432
def database_connect(return_con=True):
"""Wrapper for psycopg.connect() that determines which database and port to use.
:return:
:param database: Default = None to use value from config file
:param port: Default = None to use value from config file
:param return_con: False to return database name and port instead of connection
:return: Database connection with autocommit = True unless return_con = False
"""
config = read_configfile()
database = config.get('database', DEFAULT_DATABASE)
port = config.get('port', DEFAULT_PORT)
if return_con:
con = psycopg.connect(dbname=database, port=port)
con.autocommit = True
return con
else:
return database, port
| 20,184 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6gefjell%20%28bungtod%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Hægefjell (bungtod)
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hægefjell (bungtod)&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 181 | 344 |
Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Hægefjell.
Bungtod ang Hægefjell (Norwegian: Hægefjell,vesle) sa Noruwega. Nahimutang ni sa munisipyo sa Kviteseid ug lalawigan sa Telemark fylke, sa habagatang bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Oslo ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Hægefjell.
Ang yuta palibot sa Hægefjell kasagaran kabungtoran, apan sa amihang-kasadpan nga kini mao ang kabukiran. Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga ka metro ug km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Hægefjell. Kunhod pa sa 2 ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Hægefjell. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang Kviteseid, km sa amihanan sa Hægefjell. Hapit nalukop sa lasang nga dagomkahoy ang palibot sa Hægefjell. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Hægefjell, mga bungtod, busay, mga kalapukan, ug mga walog talagsaon komon.
Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga bungtod sa Telemark fylke
Kabukiran sa Noruwega nga mas taas kay sa 500 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel
sv:Hægefjell (kulle)
| 23,393 |
bpt6k2629790_2
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Le Temps
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,284 | 15,738 |
v"'SM le, ZëSje du front, rien. A sigmler1 r-;Eéministre de d'intérieur a radiodiffusé fc 'M-himistre de d'intérieur a radiodinus~ a' |22 heures, le.'communiqué suivant Front:dù P'or3 ët-du nôrd^-ouest': Notre aviatio% ii bombardé, à 10 heures ce ;matin, le port du Fer* roL Un de nq,s appareils a lancé sur Le croiseur en' éonstrùâtipti Canariàs une bombe de 250 kilogs oui ''à 'détruit lepont supérieur. A midi, nos. nvia-* ïeu'rs ont bombardé Valladolid, lançant plusieurs 'bonifies "'sur la ligne 'de tchemin 'de fër. La voie férréï a' été détruite sur une longueur, de plus 'œuntiilorhètreï Un train "chargé d'explosifs te été [bombardé' et 'détruit: Front d'Aragon Notre' action dans 'cette; fégiark tfèst limitée à quelques, coups de main sur 'lés positions ennemies, et a de légers, bombardements. Front sud Dans le secteur de Montora, les forces gouvernementales ont soutenu un combat de 'deux' heures avec., les insurgés, quise sont reti* rés avec despertes importantes. L'aviation 7'ÂPU-$liçjaïiïe les a bombardés, dans leur fuite. ̃ Vîffr'ont ducentre L'à,rii.U0$ 'a;;bQmbarM;:U^ éosHions: çnriem,îë$ surlëGuadàri'uma. Douze, ^at*, tieè civilss.e 'sont rendus dans nos lignes. 'Sur, le: front de' Talavera et dé Santal piallà; tiptre' aviation, a bombardé, <W& efficQSité. toutes' 'lés positions ennemies r.?«K M0tres: frpiits péri a signaler. tes Informations des nationaux Le iposle dé Radio-Séville .a" 'donné, .'dans, fion [émission de .13 î, 30, les informations suivantes;: Tous. $e$ critiques, militairjes sont d'accord Vour attribue f me •importance capitale à la pris& Se" Maqueda, "qui était, défendue par, plusieurs, lianes de fortifications, construites selon La technique la plus, moderne.. Les pertes, des marxistes, 'ont été. lourdes, et le butin de n.oj. troupes. cons.iIdérablei plusieurs batteries, de p^ttatlleuses. et torie quantité, de munitions.. ~Tolèd~a devient inmnienant le. deuxième ob]ec'tif "des nationaux > qui veulent dégager le$ MroioJués: défenseurs de l'Alcazar. Devant l imminence du danger les rouges ont laissé à leur artillerie le soin de réduire l'Alcazar démontrant, 'ainsi, que liurs desseins ne. tendent, qu & la aes^ truciion systématique. • ""Eief après, la p'risc .'de Tonijos par la colonne 'Caste i'orf, 'les. trouves., nationales n'étaient plus ̃qu'à vingt et un kilomètres, de, Tolède. La rapidité d'une telle avance a provoqué le départ pré~ civité dUqénéral Asensio. de ToMdé pour Madrid. La ̃ capitale s& trouve maintenant attaquée, su^ 'deux fronts continus. 'Dans, M région de Bttbao, les. objectifs, que», 's'étaient fixé $. les tïpypM: natioMles, ont tous •<£$??. ~ttéizits, fl Prfs "de. Changement dàlïs 'les Astuncs,ôii 'Votif Wa enregistré aucune, attaque importante, On a découvert de nombreux cadavres de marxistes, dans, la région de San Estevan,, après les 'écheoS que la colonne nationale a infligés a ;nas értn~m~s. mSGtftTmjoiitriéi d'hier, ne peut laisser les •marxistes que dans un pessimisme accru. La. 'ré'sistance désespérée, qui était, oppos.ee. a l'origine auZWùèmeé national; se transforme enfuie Iqnteuse. et, à MqdritT, le chaos ne va pas tardez 'àrégner. ••̃̃ ̃ ̃̃ Dans son allocution d'hier soir, le 'général ;Queipo dé ILlaiio s'est exprimé ainsi 'Sur te fro.nt nord-est, nos'lrqupes continuent' leur kvanoe sur Bllbao.Les colonnes parties de' Saïnt-Séfiastien et de Vitoria se sont emparées de la presque totalité de la province du Guipuzcoa, Elles se. trouvent à '5 kilomètres .d'Eihar, qui constitue, aux dires ides gouvernementaux", "u?e. forteresse "de premier ordre 'etnous allons voir le temps 'que résistera cette pre^ tepdue. forteresse. D'autre part, nos troupes ont occupé àurourd'iïui -Durango. sur le front des Asturies, plusieurs attaqués ont étérepousséés* Gyiedô a 'démeiiti lés nouveUes" transmises ,par Madrid/suivant desquelles la ville aurait été atta-> «Se Le colonel Aranda a déclare qu'il n'y avait dans U ville aucflne.«pidémie. que les marxistes n'avaient xsbs atta"crué, «t qu'au contraire ses troupes avanoent ^ton-ieu^eraéni vers le 'sud pour, opérer1 leur jonction iveo la colonne fluj vient £ son secours; Sur le front de Talavera, nos colonnes se reposent 'de leurs derniers efforts, eh occupait le terrain etien ïaisànf l'Inventaire de l'important matériel capturt,Elles se préparent à de nouvelles .attaques.. Sur le front du sud, 'des opérations, de nettoyage ;et quelques fusillades ont é'u lîeu," notamment *'dafis les •eny^onç'.ae. Boi^a et; 3e' Grenade, ̃ Au ûuipuzboa et dans les Asturies Les nationaux pottrauivent leur avance :Las natu~ ponr~uivent leur a~ance Ori annonce à Burgos; que les troupes; du général Moîa poursuivent leur* avance; dans le Guilouzcoa. Après avoir pris Vergarai elles dominent actuellement -Hacencia de' Las Armas; ou se trouve une importante, fabrique de canons. D'aulre part,on annonce que les colonnes de IVitoria continuent à progresser en direction d'E^corïaza' et d'Arechavaleta. Sur le front du Sud-Ouest Une contre-offensive des troupes gouvernementales ? ;d~&ÓúpèJ!goÍ1vérnementales? i Oa" télégraphié de Madrid î Le front du Sud-ouest, que le communiqué ''officiel appelle le secteur de Talavera-SantaOialla. n'a sribi hier aucune modification. Cest l'impression, qu'en a rapportée .uiî représentant d.~ l~a ~nco Havas.' Lés f.oreës gouvernementale~ de 1 agence Ifavas.' es loraes gouvernementales, qui ont situé leurs lignes sur des positions excellentes, ont poursuivi le bombardement du village de Torrijos, dont les abords n'offrent,sembleyt-il, aucune -valeur, stratégique. Cet 'important secteur que traverse la ^ïivière Guadarrama, est parfaitement. organisépar,, les troupes loyal.es; et, les: renforts arrivés pourraient très bien inquiéter le§ insurgés, qui risquent de se trouver pris comme dans une tenaille, puisqu'ils ne paraissent '-pas. tenii; actuellement des positions, ^rita&lenentj stratégiques. On apprend, tfaiUlèurs", en1 dernière Heure, :q.ue' les loyalistes ont commencé une opération de gr.aij.de envergure $ur cette Partie, ..du frohtt 'qui. leur à permis ujl^Tançe de trois kilomètres. Ojv cfcoit que.; les. républicains vont,non seulement consolider "leurs. noùvelles.pd.sitîons,« niàte s tenter une nouvelle opération, tes détails maîi, tenter une nQ!1VenfoP~rat~on. Lefi détail mj!1J, p quent encore. Le slè*së de l'Alcazar de Tolède On télégraphie de Madrid à r agence. Havasf:. Mercredi, quatre cents hommes des troupes -loyales ont' été lancés à. l'assaut des restes de l'Alcazar de -Tolède fit,, aux premières heures de ce matin, les rebelles, qui étaient encore retranchés dans le. réfectoire et dans les cuisines, ont été "réduits à l'impuissance. Les forces loyales sont maintenant maîtresses des restes de la forteresse. "Le -président du conseil S'esï rendu à Tolède et a félicité les-troupes, ̃̃Dans une des dépendances de la; forteresse,, jpn S trouvé uji' exemplaire du journal que les assiégés -publiaient chaque jour. Ce' journal, intitulé El Alcazar, se composait de deux ou trois feuillets détachés selon "l'importance, des informations. 'Il était tiré au cyclostyle. Sa lecture démontre que. le.s assiégés étaienthabituellement informés, grâce à la radio, sur fes. événements qui. se déroulaient hors de Talède^ La marche des nationaux f sur Tolède et Madrid Eadio-Club; Ténériffe.communique Les '.troupes ̃< ducolonel Yaguft ^continuent leur avance' sur Des proclamations ont ét.éj •jetées;:= lui* PAlcaza^ paï-l'aViatidn .nationaliste, pour informer les assiégés que', d'ici quarantej huit heures, l'attaque de la ville sera déclenchée en vue de les libérer. -'̃'>. '•••'̃ Le général Franco, qui était, hier à ;Tal.ave.r.a,: a été applaudi par les troupes. ̃ Nayalcarnero, village important. à l'est -de Ma-: queda, et à. trente-rctoq kilomètres .de Madrid, a •été bombardé pas l'aviation nationaliste. Plus au nord, l'attaque est commencée suc San Martin de Val de Iglesias. ,r "̃ "l Dans quelques jours, Madrid seraattaqué sur, deux fronts continus celui de Talavera fit .celjai de. Guadarrama..et Somos.ierra. ̃ ̃ • On télégraphie. ;dè Burgos S l'agence Hayas II est probable qu'au cours de 1S journée [dlâUri •Jourd'huf la colonne Yague continuera l'investissement direct de Tolède, avec pour premier objee-;tif Santa Cruz «t Retamar, à lô kilomètres ge; Quismondo. L'ennemi, selon les derniers télégrammes xeçus"; à' Burgos, esquisse actuellement une jésistanjîe sur les plateaux où se trouvent la, source de la rivière iV.alfe Hermoso. ̃ ̃ .Au nord de Madrid, les troupes du général Mola poursuivent leur action, pour forcer,, au. col de tozoya, le passage de la Somosierra. En fin de journée, les troupes nationalistes s'emparaient du village de Yergara'Apresa, au terme d'une action déclenchée à raube ôt' qui dura; toute iajdUftiée. Ce n'est que sur ce point seulement que;rennemi fait preuve de quelque résistance à' raVan.ce. géS troupes gatignâlistes. A Madrid 'f; ,t .C Ù» conseil des ministres examine la situation -militaire ,Un Conseil des ministres a été tenu, hier aprèsmidi, "à Madrid, avec.. la .collaboration de tout l'état-major. 1 Les ministres de la mârine et do l'air ont eu un intéressant échange de vues, tendant à mettre au 'clair la Situation générale sur tous les fronts. Le conseil a étudié également le projet du -mi*nistre de l'agriculture sur la nationalisation de toutes les terres appartenant aux insurgés et,leur distribution aux. paysans et ouvriers agricoles.. M. Dario Marco, député de la .gauche républir ;caine, est nommé sous-secrétaire d'Etat aux Jrfi* ivaux publics. Le ministre de l'intérieur a annoncé que le recrutement des nouveaux gardes d'assaut se poursuit aveo enthousiasme. Deux cents candidats sont inscrits quotidiennement. En raison des circonstances actuelles, la stature minimum exigée est abaissée de 1 m. '70à 1 m. -65. • ̃̃̃ .1 Le ministre de l'intérieur a décidé, d'autre part, qu'à partir du 24 septembre tous lea propriétaires d'hôtels et de pensions devront faire un rapport de tous leurs hôtes. Les propriétaires de maisons particulières hébergeant des personnes, qui ne résident pas habituellement à Madrid, seront astreints au même rapport. Les infractions; à e_ette disposition seront sévèrement punies, ̃;̃ A la junte de Burgos Les conceptions gouvernementales' des nationaux On télégraphiede Burgos à l'agença HavasK>̃• Le général Mola a ainsi défini ce que devrait être, selon lui, la conception gouvernementale du parti nationaliste '̃ C'«stl'armée, a-Hl ;dit, qui doit gouverner, et cela parce qu'elle est seule à avoir assez d'autorité, pour maintenir en liateon les éléments hétérogènes gui corn-* posent l'Kspagne." Ce sont, en effet, les militaires qui dirigent les services gouvernementaux de Burgos, et ils n'ont •placé que quelques civils à 'la tête de certains services spéciaux. ̃ On sait que le gouvernement se -fait appeler « Junte de défense nationale ». Cette junte est essentiellement composée de généraux d'abord, son président, Gonzalo Cabanellas, puis les généraux Davila, Franco, Mola, Ponte, Luis Orgaz Yoldf, commandant du Maroc espagnol, Queipo de't îlano. Tous ces généraux, à l'exception, du. général Cabanellas,, commandent sur différents ïr.onts. • ̃ C'est ensuite le secrétaire général .de Junte: Je colonel Montanez, dont les missions multiples consistent essentiellement à répartir entre les divers organismes du gouvernement qu'on pour-, rait appeler sous-secrétariats d'Etat les affaires de leur compétence. Ces sous-secrétariats sont 1* Le sôus-secrétariat du commerce, chargé de régler le rythmedes • importaiionS' et desexpor* tations, de dresser les statistiques agricoles, elci 2°! Le sous-secrétariat aux travaux publics qui se divise" enplusieuïs sections, '(trafic feMOviâira. et routieicommuiiicatKi'ns 'télégraphiques, télé-phoniques ^t radio)* ̃•̃̃ ;•" â^-Lé «jus-secï-étariat Sàux; finances; donll'attrW bution essentielle est d'établir Ife budget' quoti-» dien dont peuvent disposer. les nationaux, et qui est chargé aussi de la réouverture, dans les provinces occupées, des succursales de la. Banque d'Espagne et de veiller à la régularité destransactions. C'est lui encore, qui surveille le paiement des retraites^ et des indemnités de tous ordres, par exemplecelles, résultant des accidents -.du travau. 5° Enfin, ie bureau, de presse, à la tête duquel se trouve' le journaliste et député madrilène bien. connu, M. Juan îPujol, qui est chargé d'établir ia liaison entre les journalistes, la presse étrangère et le gouvernement. C'est, 'lui qui-fait publier le journal officiel de la Junte,' qui s'intitule Boletin oficiàl de la Junta de défense, nacional. Il semble que cette organisation gouvernementale embryonnaire doive être le modèle de ce que le gouvernementespagnol, en «asde victoire Ses natip.nay" ̃̃ :> v ̃' Saisie d'un chemin de fer anglais 1 Oïï "télégraphie Sa Londres '̃ 3La compagnie de chemins de fer « Grè'at Southern. Èailway » d'Espagne annonce que les ouvriers espagnols se sont saisis du matériel .et des voles, et que les dirigeants anglais de la compagnie ont été contraints de quitter le territoire espagnol. '̃̃ Le chargé d'affaires de Grande-Bretagne à Madrid aprotesté auprès des autorités espagnoles contre 'ce§ laits. • Y ï): En Catalogne Le programme de la C. N. T. On télégraphie 4e Barcelone R. Le journal Solidaridai' Obrera déclare que les; problèmes posés, par la Confédération nationale .= 'ûtiïtravail sont ceux de.:tous les hommes et,,de= < toutes les. provinces d'Espagne, e| quej pour celte raison, la C. N. T. jdoit intervenir, dans toutes lej! branches de la vie au pays; ̃> La journal dément que lapropo.siiiijntendant à1 la "création d'un conseil national de la défense soit née du désir d'annuler l'influence marxiste,;?.: te'C..N.T. nei: «herolie' à' iénéfloî;er d'aucun privi'lège-; eRû.-ïie, demande q^e .d'assumer la responsabilité d.e.la direction" de:la,guerre et àe" l'àiimïûistratjôn. f_u ̃;tjiique.; ». :̃ Le journal affirme finalement -que la principale préoccupation de la G. N. T. est de gagner Ja guerre et. de créer, une Espagne nouvelle, née de }.a réypr. •lotion, V "̃̃̃ Exécutions et condamnations Hier ont été fusillés à Barcelone les, trois lieuteVriaijis d:infanteriè du régiment 4eBadajpi:, .cçiii4ai|inés:â!mor.t lundi dernier. Le tribunal populaire a rendu également sa Sentencedans le procès intenté contre six autres chefs dé la même unité.' Le ̃capitaine Luis Oller" et ̃ le?' lieutenants TomasManriqué et Ernésto Queivedp: ont -été -condamnés à mort; le lieutenant Re'èàrefô(Sarcla Aléa, à la peine 'de prison perpétuelle; le sous-lieutenant José Pjeda a été acquitté. A propos de l'arrestation de Français ̃̃ :•. -̃ •' à Puigcerda •̃ ̃ r̃. M'. Lucien "Vogel, direéteur-' de' Vu, fait savoir que Mme Odette Caillou, née Jacqueline Doriral, qui a -étéarrêtée' par. le comité antifasciste de Buigeerda, 'n'estet n'a jamaisété envoyée spépiafède cet .h.eb.dom.adaire, com'mg il a été 'diKà à •0tti' ̃̃ "̃̃̃'̃̃ .'̃*•.̃̃ Les combats autour de Huesca On télégraphié de Barcelone ;t •̃ :Vln ̃pés!>.ro'TCes rëpubli'câinesont rJigs ;attaques"îancée£ ces; jours-ci pâr;;1es^ in.supgôs' pour s'ouvrir un chemin vers, fes positions v:derCastillo, Monte. Aragon et le col de Quintp, cernée -par les forcés loyales. Un violent combat aeu <îieu près duvillage de Quincena, ou une colonne 'ennemiie/: qui escortait un convoi de vivrez,! essayait depasser à travers les lignes gouverne-» •mentales souslaprotection -de rartiHerie,d«i Huesca. Cette colonne était, précédée -de. trois tanks armés de mitrailleuses.. Le eolonel"' Sandino annonce, d'autre -paît, que: lés forces gouvernementales ont réalisé-une: avance "considérable et occupé, le point stfatëgï-î que connu sous. le nom de « casa del Franceà «i! |§ituë. aux portées, de Ja villa de Etaesca^ • kt QOAKTIER gpMAL DES NATIONAUX 1 1 i Il .1~, Vers yte victoire • • (De notre envoyé spécial) • ̃̃̃̃'̃' *̃' '̃ Burgos, 21 septembre.;'r « Vers la, victoire ? Non, monsieur. Nous sommes: déjà dans la victoire. » C'est le général Car; banellas lui-même qui nous reprenait, ainsi dansson vaste bureau de la capitainerie générale de Burgos, devenue le siège de-la JuntadeDefensa Na,çional dô Espafla. Qu'il nous pardonne' ;aûitc lié titré Qi-'dessus. Aussi bien, nous proposo&si nous, et cela ne saurait lui déplaire, de montrer; ;que'la vi.ctoiré'»"a6qnlse3ou entrevue1 é«hapj îpera difficilement aux trempes nationales»'. -V: y.* '̃!• ̃̃̃̃ :̃' ̃ '̃».̃•• ̃̃•̃̃ '̃(" ̃̃ fk Le bilan des opérations > .̃ lie, S août dernier, nous établissions le bilan'de: trois semaines de guerre. Après avoir montré diië' les deux camps pouvaient à bon droit se vànlcr, de, quelques succès, nous manifestions notre "!in~; capacité a prévoir l'issue du conflit il fallait klftendre qu'un événement considérable fît pencher la balance en faveur de l'un des partis. Les troupes marocaines, dont nous disions qu'elles pourraient jouer unrôte capital -dans l'affaire, ont pris ied dans éninsulepCe endant le~ fait~ décisif, pied dans la péninsule. Cependant, le1 fait: décisif, la prise de Madrid pour les nationaux pas plus que celle de Saragosse, par exemple, pour leurs adversaires, ne s'est pas produit. Exagérionsnous le poids de l'intervention coloniale ?. -Les milices. républicaines auraient-elles donné plus qu'on'n'en attendait ? L'issue de la guerre resteraitelle encore problématique? Pas pournous.; et'Voiei nos raisons. '•• ;• Le bilan des opérations depuis le 8 août est presque'entièrement à l'actif des nationaux.Ils ont pris l'initiative de la plupart des mouvements: Cette expression « Offensive :fond. sans repos ni trêve »y que El. Sol du 19 septembre, détache en gros caractères, ne repose sur aucune réalité, L'armée nationale du nord, ayant pris Irun; set Saint-Sébastien, a coupé l'une .des deux sorties de ses adversaires sur la France. Elle poursuit sa marche vers Bilbao et Santander, dont la: résistance' apparaît déjà, fort compromise. Les .défenseurs de ces deux villes qui ont à partager leurs vivres avec les nombreux réfugiés du GuK puzcoa– savent la déroute infligée à ceux-ci par les troupes navarraises ils ne vivent pas dans cette ignorance qui permet à beaucoup de Madrilènes de oroire encore à une victoire rapide^çt facile. Leur moral est forcément atteint. Azpeitàa; set Azcoitiâ prises, voilà que se précise lff meflïKè" sur l'importante cité d'Eibar, avec ses satellitÊS^ tElgoiBài« et Plasencia de las Armas, rienes de îè'ûi'ôfabriques d'armes. Si Eibar tombe, Bilbao et Santander ne sauraient résister longtemps. ̃ Le gé-, néral Mola a lancé un ultimatum qui fixe l'auraique la;ëàte du 25. Sans aller jusqu'à croire que les deux grands ports; se rendront ce jour-là,' oti-; peut considérer que leur capitulation ne .tardée^" point. r ̃ ̃> Du côté d'Qviedo, ville prise, ou presque prise,tant de fois, par le communiqué de Madrid, les dernières semaines n'ont rien àtherié que de favorable pour la junte de Burgos. ment~a o~eusiîs, autour encoy tolnb~eq~ our. 'C'est sans doute autour de Hues'eà ope le sort des. armés leur a' été le plus favorable. Mais rnêïae'; 'i si leurs troupes ont obtenu là quelques succès* dont il est -difficile de contrôler" l'.importsnce, le fait patent; c'est .que la ville, dont la prisé îi'ëtait plus (combien1 defois?) qu'une question. d'heures, 'reste toujours aux mains des nationaux." 'L'aventurer, de Majorque n'est pas moins déçe^ vante; Car enfin, si les troupes du commandantBayo ont débarqué dans la plus grande desB aléares, c'était 'bien -pour laconquérir.. Il est-diffleile dé considérer leur retraite comme unbrillant succès." • • -̃ Par contre, l'armée des nationaux du sud peut à bon droit proclamer qu'elle a fait de bonne besogne. On dirait plus exactement « les armées du sua »,carsf l'élément principalcommandé directement par le général Franco n'a pour objectif que la capitalememede rEspagne,d'autres éléments £ lacés-, sous la direction du général Quèipo de làno,poursuivent sans arrêt la tâche de pacifier l'Andalousie.Ces troupes ont occupé Antequera, puis Ronda, deux villes importantes au point de vue des communications et dont la chute ouvre/ laroute." de Malaga. Cette dernière ville, malgré;, ses" défenses; nature fcrjnidabjes .(que ÉfinnaLs /ni Maroc La restriction des échanges entre les zones française et espagnole On télégraphie de Rabat;: 'A la suite de la publication du. dahir restreignantles échanges commerciaux entre le Maroc français et le Maroc espagnol, la chambre d'agriculture des régions de Rabat, Gharb et Ouezzan et les associations de colons ;-de ces mêmes régions ont adressé au général Noguès, résident général .,au Maro une lettre, dans laquelle ils le prient d'attirer l'attention du gouvernement français sur. -lesconséquences de cette mesure. Celle-ci risque, en. effet, soulignent ces' associations, de priver d'un marché les producteurs indW gènes et français au profit de la concurrence .étrangère. Sauvetage de deux aviateurs naufragés On télégraphie ae Tanger ̃ Qû .apprend que le bateau français P. L. 'M. -17 rencontré hier matin, par 36"25 de latitude Nord e(. 7°02 de longitude Ouest, l'épave, d'un, avion /espàgnôlj Je B. A,. N. Fr Z.-201, sur lequel deux ̃h'bmmës luttaient contre' lés éléments. Les deux rescapés, Miguel Ruiz, mécanicien, et Rodolphe Bayla, r,adiô, qui ont été pris à 'bord du" bateau, sont en bonne santé. Il$ seront débarqués. à .Portde-Bouc. Deux de leurs compagnons, ont-ils déclaré,, ont abandonné l'épave dans la soirée, de mardi, pour partir! à la dériyej sur aà petit pa not. '̃ ̃. La Croix Rouge et la question des otages on télégràphfa de Saint-Jean-de-Luz Le docteur Junod, délégué de la Croix-Rouge Internationale, est arrivé à Biarritz en avion, venant de Genève. Il s'est rendu aussitôt à Saint-Jeande-Luz, où il a eu un entretien avec M.Herbette, ambassadeur de France en Espagne. On sait que ledocteur Junod s'occupe activement' de l'a humanisation » de la guerre civile espagnole. Il s'est déjà rendu' à Madrid, Burgos,Santander, Pampelune, ,et a discuté avec les diverses autorités espagnoles la question des otages.' • Jusqu'à présent, il n'a obtenu, de part et d'autre, que des' promesses. Or, aujourd'hui! il y.a à :Bilbao, près de 4,000 otages, dont 1,700 sont parqués-dans des cargos, ancres dans .le Nervion,. en face de points' visés par l'ennemi comme par exemple, le terrain de l'aviation. Ces otages, parmi lesquels figurent sdé grands noms d'Espagne; dont quelques-uns n'ont jamais appartenu à un parti politique, quelconque et qui ont ëté arrêtés simplement parce qu'ils étaient, par exemple,, abonnés au journal' A B C, de Madrid* sont dans le dénuement le plus complet. Ils ne sont pas maltraités, mais né mangent pas à leur faim; ̃ ̃ De l'autre côté, à Burgos, Pampelune, Vitoria, ;la situation est semblable. Plusteurs milliers de tisonniers attendent: anxieusement J'a» fin de legr ̃misérable; incarcération. • ;i. .Le.. docteur Junùd, ,.a rendu' égalejnent' visite ,'à ^gr-Mathieu, éyêqu.e de.Dax, 'qui est' allé .mardi ̃à^ilfcao. Tous deux se/sont longuement entretenue; en vue de coordonner .leurs efforts. Le .délégué, de.la Croix-RoUga, qui va partir aujourd'hui pour Bilbao, va demander que les cargos soient changés de place et qu'ils soient transférés en face de Las Arenas, prèsde la' zone des consulats. Il va demander également que les prisonniers sojent placés sous la protection de la Croix-Rouge internationale et que les femmes soient libérées. On croit savoir qu'une' première satisfaction va être obtenue • un député emprisonné^ a Bilbao va être échangé ~cç»nti.e. un députa détenu ̃ à (VK, toria. '̃̃ sent bion ceux :qui ont fait en automobilo la route de Cordoue à la mer) tombera sans doute, maintenant que les troupes venues d'Algésiras ,peu,vênt avancer par la côte sans craindre d'être attaquées dans le, dos par les « rouges » de Ronda. La marche de la colonne Yagùe Mais les opérations les plus intéressantes et dont le résultat, à notre sens, justifie l'optimisme des Burgalais, ce sont évidemment celles qui ont du.g6n&,al, à 75 kilo mètres, :tte Madrid après; ;«v&ir,rparcouru.; plus de 1,11~res,:flt¡", Malifilil !aprè$:(lir,rcouru. pIus!ie ÀpO kUom$tres en cinq semaines. Dans l.a nuit. du 2 ^.oût partait de Séville une colonne que çomr mandait le lieutenant-colonel 'Yague. Nous avons eu l'honneur de connaître au printemps dernier à Tétouan, dans sa caserne placée comme un,nid 'd'aigle au-dessus de la villeje colonel Yagiie.Grand, musclé, le visage rasé, un ajr à la fois étergique et bon enfant, le regard intelligent, l'abord cordial et sans façon des coloniaux, ce chef nous avaitffait .une impression extrêmement favorable, et nous avions vu en lui un spécimen de ces officiers de l'armée, marocaine espagnole dont les nôtres font l'éloge • volontiers. Il commandait la 2* 'légion du Tercio. Avec lui partaient les lieutenants-colonels Tella Cantos, chef de la V légion, et Asencio Cabanillas (qu'il ne faut pas confondre avec le général « rouge » Asensio), chef des Regulares (troupes indigènes) de Tétouan, et le commandant Castejon, chef de la 5* Bandera (bataillon) et qui est passé depuis à la tète de la 2* légion en remplacement du colonel Yagüe qui, lui, est devenu chef suprême du-' Tercio. Une parenthèse 'la légion étrangère espagnole, ou Tercio, n'est pas comp'osée d'étrangers exclusivement; bien ̃ au contraire, la presque totalité de ses soldats. sont des Espagnols. '̃̃̃ i Cette colonne sa dirigeait vers Madrid à l'ouest, par la route d'Estrémadure. Elle progressait rapidement, s'écartait un instant pour prendre à 50 kilomètres sur la gauche, après un combat mémorable, la ville de Badajoz, occupait • Mérida eL enfin opérait sa jonction avec l'armée du nord du général Mola dans la ville de-Cacérès, où le fénéral Franco, a installé depuis son état-major, La marche sur Madrid se poursuivait alors par deux routes celle qui de Mérida se dirige vers Logrosan et traverse la sierra de Guadalupe; celle qui, plus au nord et sur un terrain moins i tourmenté, s'avance vers Talavera, mais rejoint ^d'abord la première à Oropesa, à 150kilbmètr'ës ide Madrid..Des troupes, étaient déjà^ parties dp -ïa capitale-pour arrêter le colonel Y-agùe dans ,sa progression rapide. Les premiers .engagements eurent, lieu d'une part à Logrosan, puis autour du célèbre monastère de Guàdalupe, bien connu dés touristes (que sont devenus les fameux Zur.barans ? Que reste-t-il du patio mudéjar?) d'autre part aux abords de Navalmoral de la 'Mata. Partout les Madrilènes cédèrent, et bientôt les deux colonnes se rejoignaient sous Oropesa, que le général Asensio qui avait établi son état-major dans le vieux manoir, transformé. en hôtellerie par le « Patronato » du tourisme dut abandonner précipitamment. Il l'a installé maintenant à Madrid même, dans l'édifice du ministère de la guerre. Bientôt Talavera 'est prise; c'est une agglomération importante située à. 117 kilomètres de la capitale, au point de jonction 'de deux vallées, celle de l'Alberohe qui conduit vers Madrid, celle du Tage qui mène à Tolède. A 3 kilomètres à l'est dQ Talavera, le pont stratégique de l'Àlberche, qu'emprunta la grande route de Séville à Madrid, est aux" mains des nationaux, qui ont poussé leur avantage beaucoup plus loin, après Santa-Olalla, jusqu'à Maqueda (célèbre par son château et par le Clerigo avaredu Lazà,rtllo d&.Tormes), d'où se détache, la route qui -par Torrijos.se dirige vers .Tolède (à 40; kilomètres). c!est en cet endroit, exactement dans la plaine en triangle que forment Je Tage et son affluent l'Alberche, et la route de.. Tolède, que se jouerait les « rouges » ne le. cachent pas lé sort de Madrid. « Attention au -front de Ta'lavera "ï» répète tous les jours la presse 'madri'iène,j' ̃' •'̃• Les récents. succès <Ju général Franco i *Les dérnièreç nouvelles nous ont rendp ^compte.. d'ëp̃ cptmb'ati favorables à l'armée £ur-' général'. Mais d'autres menaces pèsent sur Madrid. Les colonnes opérant autour de Sigüenza, et qui ont atteint, près de la route de Saragosse, le village e de La Torresavinan, se trouvent à soixante kilõï mètres de Guadalajara, à cent vingt de Madrid, dans une région plate où les progrès pourraient être rapides. Pour peu que leur pression s'accentue, il faudra que les défenseurs de Madrid, qui ont envoyé vers Talavera le gros des masses dont ils disposent, en rappellent une partie pour faire face aux ennemis du nord-est et peut-être aussi bientôt à ceux du nord. N'oublions pas enfin que. parallèlement à la sierra de'. Gredos, d'autres troupes s'avancent par la vallée du Tietar (un autre affluent du Tage) vers San Martin de Valdeiglesias et Madrid. Si elles progressent un tant soit peu, elles atteindront les barrages de l'Albërche, où'se trouvent les usines électriques qui alimentent la capitale, et obligeront à la retraite la colonne Mangada, qui, au nord de l'Escurial, a pris Peguerinos et Navalperal de Pinares et s'est installée à proximité de la route de San-Rafael £ Avila, L'encerclement de Madrid Ainsi se présente l'encerclement de Madrid, encerclement incomplet, puisque tout un côté, celui du sud-est reste libre. Nous avons essayé sans succès de savoir s'il était dans les plans de l'étatmajor national de laisser ouverte cette porte .par laquelle les « rouges » pourraient fuir vers Valence et Alicante. Nous croirions. volontiers qu'il n'est pas dans les intentions des attaquants de .contraindre leurs adversaires à une lutte désespérée dans un cercle infranchissable, mais de leur permettre d'abandonner la ville lorsqu'il sera impossible de la défendre. On n'a pas agi autrement pour Saint-Sébastien, et la ville n y a rien perdu. On peut se demander aussi si les assaillants se dirigeront d'abord vers Tolède ou s'ils se porteront délibérément sur Madrid. Les intentions des chefs sont impénétrables, et nous nous garderions de rien avancer sur ce sujet., En résumé, la capitale n'est pas encore prise, mais sa chute ne paraît point douteuse. Notre opinion se fonde sur la méthode avec laquelle les opérations ont été menées jusqu'ici par les spépialistes de la guerre qui commandent chez les nationaux, sur le nombre et la qualité de leurs soldats et sur l'armement dont ils disposent, surtout en comparaison de ce que les ennemis peuvent opposer. Sans doute les « rouges » ont-ils accumulé pour défendre Madrid des masses de miliciens, et, dit-on, de miliciennes. Mais le témoignage d'observateurs favorables à leur cause nous instruit sur la façon dont ces gens combattent autour de Huesca et de Saragosse, les opérations s'effectuent dans un désordre complet. Comment en •serait-il bien différemment, sur un autre front? Par ailleurs, les journaux de Madrid ne sont-ils pas remplis d'appels à la discipline? Nous lisons « Celui, qui, au, cours du .combat, agit à sa guise, fait cause commune avec l'ennemi. » Cela est édifiant. '̃̃̃̃•< > ̃̃•' '-•-•̃ Du côté des nationaux, les observations de 0$ genre sont Inutiles! Soldats, « requêtes"», phalangistes/obéissent nous pouvons en témoigner comme des troupes dignes de ce nom. Le nombre? Ou bien nos yeux nous trompent, ou bien les nationaux ont encore des masses' d'hommes à jeter dans la lutte. Chaque jour défilent dans les rues de Burgos et deValladolid, sans parler des'autres centrée, de quoi garnir, copieusement n'importe quel point du front. L'armement? On organise sans cesse de nouvelles unités à Saragosse ont été constituées ces jours derniers un nouveau bataillon du Tercio, la bandera « Palafox », et un bataillon de « requêtes », le « tercio Monserrat », Composé uniquement de Catalans qui se sont'jurés de conquérir. Barcelone. On n'est pas arrivé, et il s'en faut c'est là notre impression domi-inante, à la limite de l'effort. Si besoin était; on ferait encore beaucoup pour emporter la partie. Comment, dans ces conditions, douterio.ns-ho.us de e .l'issue de la guerre? Il ne nous reste plus qu'à rapporter ici un autre mot du général. Cabaneilas. LA FRANCE D'OUTRE-MER AFRIQUE DU NORD 3 ,t y ,< Êa propagande antïfrançaise" -'̃ de la-Fédération anarchiste ibérique Là 'Journée industrielle du 23 .septembre' publie l'information suivante « Le jeudi 10 septembre -1936, à 22 heures, le poste à ondes courtes E. 0, N. I. radio C. N. T. Barcelone, au service de la Fédération anarchiste ibérique, a diffusé l'allocution suivante, prononcée en arabe vulgaire par un indigène nord-africain qui dit avoir travaillé comme ouvrier en France et avoir accompli neuf ans de service militaire dans l'armée française » Je m'adresse à mes frères indigènes de la Tunisie, de l'Algérie et du Maroo, aux ouvriers et aux soldats indigènes. Nous voulons ta révolution. Jusqu'à présent nous avons été les esclaves des capitalistes européens* J'ai, moi-même travaillé comme ouvrier en France pour 20 francs par jour, alors que les Européens qui travaillaient ave moi en touchaient 40 à 60. Nous avons été exploités, mais tout cela est fini grâce à la C.N.T. et à, la F.A.I., aidées par le gouvernement français, là Russie, l'Angleterre, etc. Je suis maintenant parfaitement heureux; rien ne me manque, j'ai le, théâtre, le cinéma et tput gratuit. Nous sommes tous patrons et libres. Nous sommes aidés par !e gouvernemeïit français et il y a aveo nous-ties Français, des Anglais et même des Chinois. Venez nous rejoindre; l'heure est venue, de la guerre sainte qui doit nous débarrasser des infidèles,! Je m'adresse particulièrement à mes frères, les soldats ̃Indigènes aii service de la France dans l'Afrique du Nord. Fprme2.ïmmédlateffient des groupes. Gard'ei Bien vos armes. Méflez-vous de tous les fascistes. L'heure de la guerre sainte est arrivée t Je m'adresse particulièrement aux soldats indigènes, artilleurs, tirafflleurs marocains du camp d'Aïn-BorJa à Casablanca. Nous avons des amis aussi parmi lès zouaves ^ie cette ville ils vous guideront..Çërrez bien vos armes et retournez-le» contre les chefs qui" s'oppô1 seraient -à la guerre sainte. Venez tous; traversez la frontière du Maroc espagnol, emparèz-vous des re-' belles espagnols et faites comprendre à nos frères soldats au -service de l'Espagne qu'ils sont dans l'erreur. Venez nous joindre après avoir tué et brûlé ce porc de Franco et toute sa bande, ainsi que la khaiiîat Qè Tetuan, qui est un chien infidèle. Brùlez-les loi' nous brûlons vlïs tous les Marocains du îUf que nous faisons prisonniers. Ce sont des traîtres, des infidèles. 'Indigènes, mes frères, Tùnislens, Algériens et Marocains, venez tous avec nous. Prenez vos armes et vos munitions, ô guerriers de la guerre sainte, retournez-les contre vos chefs et venez; embarquez-vous sur des bateaux français qui vous transporteront gratuitement auprès de nous. Je sais que vous craignez l'Italie. N'ayez aucune crainte, Mussolini est un porc, ancien ouvrier comme nous. Ne craignez pas l'Allemagne non plus. La Russie est là pour nous aider, et le gouvernement français est avec nous. Civils, ouvrière, achetez des armes et veaez! Si les armuriers refusent de vous en donner, prenez-les de torca et venez Si les autorités fascistes du Maroc sont contre vous,, tuez-les et brûlez-les pour la cause de la guerre sainte N'épargnez que ceux qui sont avec nous. Les commerçants sont tous des fascistes qui nous ont pris, notre bien. Pillez et brûlez! Retournez vos armes contre. les autorités frainçaises fascistes tuez çt brûlez 1 L'Andalousie était notre bien ainsi que toute l'Afrique du Nord. Les gens d'ici sont Sers de descendre de nous. 'Il faut Jes reprendra aux ohiens infidèles.. L'heure de la guerre sainte est arrivée. On ne meurt qu'une fois, et vous, savez, mes frères, que celui qui tombe. pour la guerre sainte est sûr d'entrer au paradis, Ne. craignez rien' tous nos .ennemis 'n'ont, plusde religion. lis ont* brùli eux-mêmes-toutes "leurs églises. Nous, sommes forts, combattant; .pour frotre' paya..et. pour je; prolétariat imJigène. ( Méftez-vous! MÉfiez^fôus surtout des tirailleurs' s$-, négalais ce sont ûes. Brutes qui'ne connaissent querla consigne. Ils 'disent '« Service, service camarades après. » Serrez bien vos armes, l'heure est arrivée pour la guerre sainte. Jésus-Christ lui-même a dit -que .nous étions tous frères, et vous acceptez d'être les esclaves des capitalistes fascistes. Prenez vos armes demain ou après-demain, emparez-vous du Maroo espagnol et venez! Nous reprendrons notre pays et ensuite nous nous lemparerons de l'Italie et de l'Allemagne. Méfiezvous 1 Tenez, bien vos armes. Soldats de la guerre sainte, tuez. et brûlez! La Journée industrielle ajoute "«, Cette émission s'est terminée par le chant de l'Internationale. » Nous ignorons si cette propagande et ce document, qui ne souffre aucun démenti, sont connus du: gouvernement français. On sait, de reste, qu'en ce qui concerne le gouvernement de Madrid, il n'a aucune autorité sur la Fédération anarchiste ibé rique. » Il n'est pas possible, malgré tout, que le scandale dure et que ceux qui le provoquent trouvent encore chez nous la moindre sympathie, non seulement active, mais platonique. «•' NOUVELLES DE L'ÉTRANGER eRANDE-BRETAÛIMË: M. Attlee contre la création dJon Froat populaire Notre correspondant particulier de Londres nous téléphone jeudi matin 24 septembre. M. Attlee, chef du groupe parlementaire du Labour Party, parlant hier à; Blackburn, a combattu l'idée de la formation d'un. Front, pogulaire en Angleterre. t Suivant lui, les systèmes, politiques, ne, sont, pas des objets d'exportation et ce n'est pas <ùne raison parce qu'un Front populaire a été constitue en France pour que l'on imite 'cet exemple en Angleterre, ̃'̃ ̃ Tout en reconnaissant tes services rendus à la cause de la .démocratie p^r' les libéraux et les radicaux anglais, il a indiqué que l'idéal socialiste reste l'obstacle insurmontable qui doit toujours empêcher la coopération eataa libéraux .et travaillistes. • ,•.̃•• =•̃ ^•̃̃̃ !̃̃ •VBEL6IQUE. • -̃ ̃̃ :̃̃ •̃ p .̃• 1 ̃̃ ̃ i ̃̃'< • •̃̃; :> Les socialistes belfles contre le Front populaire. beloes con~.pe le,_ Pont p "• Notre ̃ correspondant pàftidulier de Bruxelfes'' rtôus télépHone jeudi matin 24 septembre *:̃••' Le conseil général du parti,socialiste'a examina hier la question de la réalisation d'un Front populaire aussi bien sur le plan politique que sur te plan gouvernemental. Les débats ont été rapidement épuisés étant donné, que Jés' déinocrates chrétiens, dont le 'Concours .est indispensable, pour la constitution d'une majorité parlementaire, n'acoeptent pas de participer à une formation populaire comprenant les communistes, les éocialistes, certains libéraux radicaux et eux-mêmes'. Dès lors, une combinaison de Front populaire; apparaissait comme n'étant pas viable. C'est ce" 'qu'a; constaté le conseil général du parti socialiste belge.. M: Eeckleers, député d'Anvers et leader socialiste flamand, a déclaré que lé -mot -d'ordre dbit être « Ni Moscou ni Berlin, » et que le parti socialiste devait rester lui-même, comme les partis frères de Scandinavie, 4e Hollande et d'Angleterre. Finalement, un .ordre du jour a été voté a l'unanimité moins cinq voix et trois abstentions. Cet ordre du jour réaffirme la foi des socialistes dans la possibilité de concentrer les forces démocratiques de défense des libertés .constitutipnnelles. Il constate qu'un « front populâir-è .»' n'est concevable en Belgique qu'avec l'appui de groupements pouvant incontestablement constituer, Une ̃ majorité dans le pays; qu'à défaut de ce çqnfcouj's, pareil front, vu les circonstances açtù'élleç, ne;pourrajt aboutir qu'à la formation d'URe..niinôrité;d'oppo"si^tion et à l'impossibilité de. constituer une majorité de gouvernement. Il constate, .ep s3ap;pùyarit sur l'exemple des événements du mois de jqip, qùe.la classe ouvrière est capable d'atteindre ses objectifs quand elle est unanime dans la lutte et répudie avec énergie toutes les violences, qui sont contraires au passer et ayx> tradjtjpns di^^parti ouvrier belge. • Eh sommé/' Ie:" parti socialiste" â'pris'. la -même position d'opposition à l'égard' d'un groupement de Front populaire que la commission syndicale de Belgique, qui groupe plus d'sn-demi-million de syndiqués. qui ̃••. ̃̃ ̃̃̃ ̃̃̃; -•.<•.• "̃ 'DÀWEIS/IRK. •j La situation ppMtitpié H Notre correspondant particulier:, de .Copenhague ho^a télégraphie ,;i • ̃ • ̃•̃ Dans le nouveau Landstihg,:à"la siîite;"des élections partielles de mardi, la situa't'iiort-'se'préseii.te de la façon suivante •' '̃" '̃ ̃̃̃̃̃'̃ ̃̃'̃̃Pour le gouvernement, 38 socialistes "et 'radicaux où, après les élections dés îles Ferroe S9, et contre le gouvernement -37. ïpiè!)ï .ssi'A "SUpnïtoïë.QU, .homme il en ;est iMS&r %a$.lmsmtmnVn:'$m Chambra ."dèà nêiietl. ̃TbuffTé pbuVôir;lip,p'Krtiefldruit au, Fôlïétiijg, Ce changement de Constitution, trouvé dans" Té parti conservateur des voix favorables; mais une telle modification exige des solutions parlementaires et un plébiscite. Lefaitle plus marquant des élections qui .viennent d'avoir lieu est là chute. du parti de gauche modéré agrarien (vehstre) qui, petit à petit a perdu son 'influence dans le pays, en partie du fait du ton autoritaire des paysans mécontents' dont la voix se fit' entendre de temps en temps, même à l'étranger.' • Cette attitude ne correspondrait pas auxhabitudes démocratiques du pays -et les élections s'en sont ressenties. • .v r Elles se sont démoulées dans Je calme ,et dans une atmosphère vraiment démocratique. ̃ LITHUANIE Election du président dé la Diète On' télégraphie de Kaunas ̃̃ M. Sakenis, contrôleur. a-été 'élu présideat de la Diète. Celle-ci a progédé. également à l'éiéoJ tifin de son bureau, • ̃ .̃ t: .̃•̃̃• CèÏNE ;V:;V. Assassinat d'un marin japonais '=̃• On. télégraphie de Shanghaï ..̃̃ -̃:•; ̃;̃;• Un groupe de Chinois a tiré plusieurs coups de revolver sur trois marins japonais qui" ge'prohïënaient dans la concession internationale. ̃̃'̃̃ Un marin a été tué et' lés. deux autres 'blesSësï Un Chinois a été arrêté. ̃̃ ">/̃̃ '"̃ Un second télégramine précise; '?:;fl .u .» G'esb dans V" '1" < f C'est dans -le"quartier "aie Henkioir,à^Sîiaïig}ïaï^ qu'un marin japonais a été tué d'un coup de feu et que. deux ;autrès' ont été: blessés. Les*: matelots appartenaient à la compagnie de débarquement navale, japonaise. L'une des victimes s?est affaissée, la mort a été instantanée. Les autres ont été blessées à la poitrine et au bras. Cet incident est le plus grave de tous ceux qui se. sont produits récemment. A la suite du dernier, un Tsataillon de fusiliers marins -a débarqué du navire amiral Idzumo, peur renforcer les comV pagnies. de débarquement à Honkjo.u. Portant .le casque et baïonnette au canon, les fusiliers marins sont entrés à Honkiou, cependant que les résidants chinois s'enfuyaient en désordre. ue les ré~ Des marins japonais patrouillent dans le quartier de Honkiou, dans la concession internationale, et dans la zone de territoire chinois avoisinante. Les autorités chinoises ont'protesté contre cette occupation d'une partie du territoire chinois. Les autorités navales japonaises ont répondu qu'ôllôs agissaient selon le droit de défense. -L'amiral Kondo, commandant Le corps japonais de débar-"que.ment, a invité la population a rester câliner' Les milieux chinois pensent .que les auteurs ûit; crime sont des agents provocateurs cherchant .'à! envenirder les agents pmvooate).Ù'$chêrèh~nt ,à¡, envenimer les relations sinoi-jàp'onaises âù1 mo-i ment de l'ouverture de;négociatiohs âu-côurs-des'-f quelles on devait envisager le ̃ rajustement des rapports entre les deux pays. "••' Ayertisseinent japonais ••̃ >̃•: au gouvernement de Niàinldn '-•"̃' •' On télégraphie de Shanghaï .̃ M. Kawagoe, ambassadeur du Japon, à l'issue. d'une conférençô. avec des. f oçctionnaite^s ;diplomatiques militaires; et.. navals iaponai^à"; r^ïnis. on ,« avertissement ;>>àu"'gduvernement//de -Naiïkïh, dans, lequel il déclaré ̃natainmént;-qû'5e;' «'=dês;:me surés-fi5ien;'pliis s'évérés'qué^récèàéHimëhï.'dèvaiBnt être prises afin d'étouffer* rantlriipponismé en Chine.», '̃̃ ̃ ,:̃• '• .-•.̃̃• On pense généralement que Jes jiégociatKtns; qui!; étaient ^-en cours entre.le ministre des affairés étrangères chinois; le général CliàngChun>éy'anv-bassadeur du Japon en Chine,; M. S:. Kawagoe, eh vue d'ar.river à un règlement de,.s" p.rpblèmei-iniV1 vue d'ar.river à. u.n ¡'èglemer¡t d~;¡ problème;; ,i]1I(' ressant les deux pays, seront 'rompues. L'àn;bu>sadeur du Japon, dans son avertissement, 'à ac-v cusë le gouvernement chinois de manquer-à sa parole vis-à-vis du Japon 'et l'-adéfclarl: entière'ment responsable es l'activité* antinippone «nChine.̃•:•̃̃ Enfin l'on télégraphie de T-okia qu'a lasuite du ` meurtre l'empereur a.autorisé: l'amirauté -a envoyer des renforts en Chine, pour, prendre toutes les mesures, nécessaires à. la' .protection dès, ressortissants japonais en Chine et de"leurs biens. Le transport Muroto est déjà arrivé du Jappn: %vec des contingents, d'infanterie de: mariné. •'̃ v •" L'amiral Nagano, ministre de'làmarine, d;ui dé-'vait accompagner aujourd'hui "l'empereur -au Hokaido, pù'îcelui-ci "doit assistej aux-'mjw'osjivrjes d'automne, a décidé-de rester à -TbîïK ••< LES CON FLITS DU TRAVAIL Dans les chocolateries et confiseries de la région parisienne Ainsi que le Temps l'a annoncé, la grève est effective dans la corporation des chocolatiers et confiseurs.' <le' la régibn parisienne. Le mouvement affecte. de 6,000 à 7,000 ouvriers. • Ace .sujet, la chambre syndicale de la chocolaterie et de, la confiserie de la régip.n parisienne a jMiblié la note suivante 'Au cours des dernières semaines, deux syndicats /ouvriers représentant Uun la, tendance cégétiste et l'autre celle des syndicats chrétiens étaient réunis en ̃ iyie délégation unique pour discuter avec la délégation • patçfihçilé un, contrat. collectif sous la présidence d'un ©présentant du ministre du travail. Après "avoir élaboré en commun toutes les clauses générales de la convention, le syndicat cégétiste a subitement refusé d'achever la discussion en présence du syndicat chrétteri. Les conversations ont dû être suspendues, bien que la suspension des pourparlers ne s'omit pas le fait de la délégation patronale, en attendant.:qùintërvienne une décision du ministre tranchant -Je conflit survenu entre les deux délégations ouvrières. AL'es -organismes ouvriers dépendant de la Ci G. T, oiît immédiatement déoienché la grève. avec, occupation' le 22" septembre, dans la chocolaterie ejt. la oonfl série. /̃'• ̃ • Malgré les protestations écrites d'une forte proportion, du. personnel, supérieure au tiers de l'effectif, la ̃ JlBerté de travail ne peut. être. assurée et presque toutes les, usines vont se trouver dans l'obligation 'de fermer^ Le.s, .usines »sont occupées à. la fois par les. grévistes' et par les ouvriers, qui ne. veulent pas faire la grève. Ces derniers, qui représentent à peu pies, un tiers' des ouvriers, ont signé une protestation contre :1a grève et l'ont remise hier au mi'nistère de l'intérieur.. -u Quelques bagarres se sont produites dans la journée, dans trois usines. Dans les usines de torréfaction de café Depuis plug' d'une semaine, les principales maisons de torréfaction de café à Paris sont -occupées. Dans le textile de Lille Le .comité^ central textile de la région lilloise a coinmuniflué: hier soir Les délégués, patronaux et la délégation ouvrière conduite p^r M. Georges Dumoulin se sont réunis ce .matin, à 11 heures, sous la présidence de M. Vincent, inspecteur divisionnaire adjoint au travail. ,M. Vincent a donné lecture aux délégués patronaux et ouvriers du texte de la convention collective qui sér,a. signée vendredi prochain 25 septembre, à ifheures. Ce. texte a :été entièrement approuvé par les deux 'délégations. Dans le textile des Vosges -La | préfecture des Vosges a publié, hier, à 21-' heures,, là note suivante: -Au -coursd'une nuit' de pourparlers qui; se sont établis officieusement entre les délégations patronale «t. ouvrière, les ouvriers ont estimé qu'ils ne pouvaient accepter les prépositions patronales. -Ils.' décidèrent alors de tenir aujourd'hui mercredi ùji.o réunion dèsresponsables et des. secrétaires de syndicats, réunion qui .s'est tenue dans la salle du .cdijseil. général. Au cours de cette réunion, les patrons donnèrent connaissance officiellement de leurs propositions. Les ouvriers invoquèrent, les raisons de l'impossibilité dans laquelle Ils se trouvaient de -donner lêlir ac<îuiesoejnent, ^et il fut déoidé que les, pourparlers/étaient 'simplement suspendus.' 'i''M.' Maro Rucart remeroia les délégations des gros ejffortsqu'elles, avaient accomplis au cours de cette nuit dé travail et les informa' qu'il regagnait Paris,, en démeurant -néanmoins' à leur disposition pour présider leur proohaine réunion plénière. ;'La. délégation ouvrière a, de son côté, communiqué, la note ci-après:' ::Lès; délégués ouvriers du textile vosgien, membres d)i; comité de' grève, se sont réunis en vue d'entendre léùrj mandataires à la suite de l'entrevue dé la.nuit cfetnïëre qui eut lieu à la préfeoture. Après avoir oS'àmine;ies différences existant encore entre les propositions patronales et leur cahier de revendications, ils ont' vivement" apprécjé. les; premiers résultats obtenus, eji particulier -pour leurs camarades. touchant habituelltSnènt, dé -bas salaires, suite aux rajustements opérés eii-vue'de trouver un acoord général, décident d'aban'di?nner, leur dernière oontre-proposition et décident de demander une augmentation générale de 10' O/0 (dix .pour cent), au cours de là nouvelle entrevue qui aura lieu' ,sans doute demain, à 15 heures. Tous sont unaniTnésà 'continuer Je mouvement dans. le calme et la' n n'ayant qu'un' but: avoir des salaires leur perjnéttkntlde .vivre, eux et.leûr famille. •̃•̃̃.̃ •̃ ̃̃̃ '̃ -ALyon ̃̃ Le 'conflit de la « Rhodiaceta» continue sans m£aucun changement intervienne dans la situation. La direction informe que la paye du personnel s'effectue régulièrement par mandats, njàis que pour, répondre à certaines, demandes, lai société s'est mise d'accord avec la mairie du oinquième arrondissement pour, organiser la paye directement dans les locaux de la mairie. Le syndicat du textile; d'autre part, se déclare 'décidé à continuer, la, lutte, tout en envisageant l'élargissement du conflit aux corporations sui.vftntes tetotures, apprêts, apprêts de tulle, bonne|ei:ie, blaQchisjserie, dégraisipage,: sparterje, gateûri, soierie et velours, viscoses. ̃ Dans les autres départements 1 Un important mouvement de grève est dé61enich'4 à Honîleur.Déjà-mardi-les ouvriers des établissements Duchesne et ceux des établissements Ul•lèryy; qui assurent le déchargement des bois, ainsi que* les dockers des établissements Frémont frèrps, avaient; cessé le travail. A une réunion, tenue S»He dû' peMple,. assistaient par esprit de solidajrjjté' lés., ouvriers charbonniers de la Société norm.ande'.de combustibles, des établissements Patin eit^Gie, des établissements Lefebvre-Canteleu, ainsi que ceux' de la Compagnie du. phosphoguano. Hier, la grève était générale. Les patrons Cherchent de leur côté à résoudre le conflit, et une délégation s'est rendue à Caen pour soumettre au pféifet du Calvados le dossier du litige. Il n'y a pas i5'.(îçcupatibn d'usine.. Aucun changement ne. s'egt produit dans le conÏKt'des catiers de Dieppe. Six nouveaux chalutiers, entrés au port ont été déchargés de leur JPESUIl-I-EXpM DU %Wfy& '̃ 'DU 2& SEPTEMBRE 1936 (9) LEMLMM VIII (Suite) Le premiôj: mouvement du jeune homme fut des prudente retraite, puis, touché d'une telle infortune, il tendit à l'enfant une pièce d'argent. A ce, moment, les ailes blanches et frémissantes d'une cornette traversèrent la cour de la -léproserie. Une religieuse de l'ordre des filles de. la charité s'avança en souriant Monsieur, dit-elle avec obligeance, si vous désirez entrer ? Nos malades ne sont pas fâchés qu'on les vienne visiter. Ilssavent être discrets Dl'âiÙeurs, libre à vous de prendre quelques précautions. Ils ne s'en formaliseront pas. Jamil regarda longuement cette femme. Elle était jeune et jolie de visage. Toute sa personne resplendissait. de santé fraîche et de contentement intérieur. ̃̃'« Qû'était-elle venue faire en cette géhenne ? 2 •̃ :Skandar effendi ne comprenait pas. Il n'osa, néanmoins, se dérober. Je s.uis Arabe, ditril, et natif de Jérusalem. Peu 'importe, notre maison est ouverte à totis," et "vous y serez le bienvenu. D'ailleurs, vos coreligionnaires sont ici la majorité. Il suivit la religieuse à travers les services de, l'hôpital, dont elle lui faisait les honneurs avec là meilleure grâce.. "̃i-. La vie de ces malheureux doit être bien pénible ? ?` 7, Détrompezvous. J'en sais qui ne se plai griterit pas de leur sort, et je ne pense pas m'avancer beaucoup en déclarant que certains sont heureux.. ,-r Ils ne regrettent point leur liberté ? ̃ Autrefois^ sans doute, ils pouvaient circuler librement dans Jérusalem, mais ils 4ta|erit en butte aux insultes et au mépris du peuple." Les étrangers s'en écartaient avec horreur parce que, livrés à eux-mêmes, ils n'étaient que ̃ d.e lamentables plaies vivantes, tandis qu'aujourd'hui, bien soignés, mieux nourris, Trad.uctloa.et reorojiuotioa toîerdit»^ poisson, mais,, ne pouvant être ravitaillés en charbon et en glace, ont regagné le bassin. Une trentaine de chalutiers se trouvent actuellement immobilisés dans le port. A Tours, où 3,000 ouvriers du bâtiment ont cessé le travail depuis trois semaines, une réunion de conciliation a eu lieu; à la préfecture entré le% délégués patronaux et ouvriers, sous la présidence du préfet .et du maire. Aucune solution na pu intervenir. A Marseille, à la suite d'un différend, entre commissionnaires et, titulaires d'emplacements publics, -la grève a éclaté hier sur les marchés de la ville. Des incidents se sont produits entre les maraîchers et les grévistes, et l'on dut faire appel à la garde mobile pour, rétablir le calme. A Tunis, les établissements occupés par les grévistes ont été évacués. Cependant, 'la police a en vain tenté d'obtenir l'évacuation d'un atelier italien,' où les grévistes se sont enfermés. L'établissement est gardé et le ravitaillement est rendu impossible aux occupants. D'autre part, les fondeurs de métaux, s'estimant dans l'impossibilité de donner satisfaction aux exigences de leurs ouvriers, ont décidé le lockout. En, conséquence, six fonderies sont restées fermées.
| 30,819 |
bub_gb_DOpAAAAAcAAJ_9
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,851 |
Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig bekannter Conchylien
|
Rudolf Amandus Philippi
|
German
|
Spoken
| 6,936 | 14,292 |
Area magellanica Chemnitz vol. VII. Fig. 539 bat bisher zu den zweifelhaften Arten gehurt, indem Niemand dieselbe seit Chemnitz gesehen zu haben scheint. Ich besitze eine Area , welche ganz genau mit Chcmnilzens Besehreibung and Abbildung übereinkommt , aber nicht von der Magellanstrasse. sondern von Sicilien herstammt, und die ich für eine monströse Form von A barbats halte Digitized by Google Haliotis Tab. IX. April 1850. t. Haliotis Gruneri, vide Tab. IX. Fig. 1. H. testa elliptira, parum sed aequaliter convexa, rufa, fere uoicolore; liris elevatis spiralibus circa 35 ad 40, cum minoribus alternantibus inter suturam et foramina; liris circa 9 irre- gularibus inter foramina et marginem ; foraminibus septem perviis, parum tubuloais ; spira parva, apicali; margarita alba. Long. 30"'; lat 19"'; alt. 6'/,'". H. Gruneri Ph. Zeitsch. f. Malakoi. 1848. p. 16. Patria: China; communicavit oL Gruner. Die Gestalt dieser Art ist fut genau elliptuch; die Wölbung gleichmässig, ohne die Km Senkung, welch« bei manchen Arten z. B. bei der folgenden, bei U. sanguinea, II. speciosa etc. so auffallend i<t. Eben <o ist der Tbeil zwischen den Löchern nnd dem Rande gleichmässig gewölbt. Wellenförmige, dem Vorderrande pa- rallele Falten , wie >ie bei so vielen Ualiotis-Arten vorkommen, fehlen dieser Art gänzlich, oder sie sind kaum angedeutet ; dafür sind die erhabenen Spiralleisten aehr regelmässig, abwechselnd breiler nnd schmaler, durch achmale, liefe Furchen geschieden, und durch die gedrängten Anwachsstreiren gekerbt. Die Spira ist sehr klein, and steht beinahe senkrecht über dem Rande. Die Färbung ist braunroth, fast ganz gleichmässig, gegen die Spira hin weisslich mit lebhaften rolhen Flecken. Die Innenlippe liegt vollkommen horizontal und ist ziemlich breit Die Perlenmulter ist weiss und irisirend. Das Gehinse ist maasig dickschalig. In Reeve's Monographie finde ich keine Art, auf welche ich gegenwärtige beziehen könnte, und stehe daher nicht an, aie für neu so ballen. (Ph.) 3. Haliotis decussata Pb. vide Tab. IX. fig. 2. H. testa ovato-ohlonga, modice convexa, in medio dorso depressa; liris profundis spiralibus, slriis- que conrertia incremenli decussata, fusca, radiis albidis, maculiaque rubris saepc picta; foraminibus quinque perviis, baud tubulosis; parte inter foramina et labium declivi, parum convexa; spira parva, acutiuscula; margarita alba. Long. 25'"; latit. 17"'; altit. S'/«'". 12 Digitized by Google 90 H »Ii otis Tab. IX. 14 An H. rosacea Reeve Coach, icon. t. XVI. gp. 60? »testa ovata, convexo-depressa, spiraliter crebrilirata , liris striis ezsculptis undiqoe decusnalis; roraminibus peculiariter ob- longo-ovatis, qua terms pervüa; extus corallo-rubro et roseo-albicante marmorata, rubro-viridi punetato.« Es liegen sechs Exemplare dieser Art vor mir, welche nur in der Färbung und in der Gestalt der Inncnlippe abweichen, indem diese bei der Hain«: der Exemplare in der Nahe der Spira eine starke Convexität zeigt, während sie bei den andern fast von der Spira an gradlinigt verläuft. Alle haben in der Mitte des Rückens eine merkliche Einsenkung, eine sehr schräge Abdachung von den Löchern nach dem Rande bin, welche kaum gewölbt, aber auch nicht im oberen Theil concav ist, so wie die auffallende Sculptur, die aus zahlreichen erhabenen von noch zahlreicheren gedrängteren Anwachssireifen durchschnittenen Spiralleislen besteht, wodurch die Oberfläche manchen gerippten Geweben ähnlich wird. Die Spira steht ziemlich hervor, ist aber klein. Die Löcher, deren fünf oder sechs olTen sind, stehen in einer wenig erhabenen Röhre, and hallen in der Gestalt das Kittel zwi- schen eiförmig nnd kreisförmig. Die Färbung ist in den meisten Fällen braun, bisweilen stark ins Rothe fallend, bisweilea mit grossen rotben Flecken, in der Gegend der Spira oft weiss und rothbraun gescheckt, bisweilen treten weissliche schiefe Strahlen auf, oder eine weisse Binde verläuft in der Mitte des Rückens; selten wird dieses Weiss in Grün umgewandelt. Der äussere Rand der Innenlippe ist auffallender roth als bei andern Arten. Diese lonenlippe ist massig breit nnd beinahe horizontal. Die Perlenmutter ist weiss, mit schönem Schiller. Mein Freund Dunker besitzt ein riesenmässiges Exemplar von 39 Linien Länge. Ich habe diese Art lange für II. rosacea gehalten, allein da keines der Exemplare vier Löcher, noch auch überhaupt Löcher von „auffallend länglich-eiförmiger Gestalt" besitzt, da keines derselben eine „ausser- ordentlich reiche Färbung" zeigt, wie sie Reeve von seiner H. rosacea verlangt, endlich da die Oberfläche nicht wohl gekörnt ist (Reeve sagt von jener Art, sie habe a most delicate beaded appearance), so möchte ich sie lieber für neu halten. (Ph.) 5. Baliotis »Tina Chemo, vide Tab. IX. fig. 3. M testa suborbiculari-ovata, modice convexa, alba, aurantio rubro et spadiceo varia; anfrae- tibus supra planiusculis, rugis radiantibus in medio inier suturam et forainina in tubercula tcrininaiis sculpla; foraminibus tubulosis, quinis perviis; parte testae infra forainina fere perpendiculari, superius laevi, basi liris tribus subgranosis cincla; labio lato, piano, coneavo; spira maxima. Long. 20"'; lat 16"'; alt. 7'/ r H. ovina Chemn. Conch. Cab. vol. X. p. 315. tab. 166 fig. 1609. — Gmel. Syst. nat p. 3691 Nr. 17. — vix Reeve Conch. icon. tab. IX. fig. 28. Pairia: Nova Hollandia (Cuniing.) Das abgebildete Exemplar meiner Sammlung scheint mir genau mit der Abbildung und Beschreibung von Chemnitz übereinzustimmen. Die Gesl.lt nähert sich sehr stark der kreisförmigen, und du Gewinde nimmt Patria: Iß Haliotis Tab. IX. beinahe die Hälfte des Durch messers ein. Die einzelnen Windungen sind von der Naht bii zu den Seitenlöchera massig gewölbt, dann «teil abfallend, io dl» die Spitxe der auf ziemlich langen Röhren beflndlichea Löcher senkrecht Ober dem Rande liegt. Die Sculplur zeigt achwach angedeutete concentriiehe Linien, deutlichere As- wachsstreifen and in der Mitte zwischen den Seitenlöchern and der Naht eine Reihe rundlicher Höcker, welche auf der letzten Windung in Runzeln übergehe, die von ihnen bis zur Naht verlaufen. Der Scilenlheil unterhalb der Löcher ist im obern Tbeil schwach concav und fast ganz glatt, unten mit drei schmalen Leisten begränzt, welche da, wo sie von den Anwachsitreifen durchschnitten werden, kleine Knötchen haben. Es sind vier oder fünf Löcher offen. Die Innenlippe ist breit, und nicht nur von der Spira bis zum entgegengesetzten Ende auf- fallend concav, sondern anch von innen nach aussen sehr merklich geneigt Die Perlenmutter, ist weiss, mit lebhaftem Schiller. (Pb.) 4. Haliotis latilabris Pb. Tide Tab. IX fig., 4.-^ H. testa suborbiculari-ovala , valde depressa, alba, viridi et fusco varia; anfractibns supra planiusculis; lincis concenlricis rugisque obliquis partim eminentibus; tuberculis in seriein foraminibus parallelam dispositis valde conspieuis; parte testae infra foramina valde declivi; labio latissimo, piano, subconvexo; spira maxima. Long. 23'/,'"; lat 17'/,'"; alt. 6 '/,"'. U. latilabris Ph. Zeitschr. für Malaie. 1848. p. 15. An H. ovina Reeve Conchol. icon. tab. IX. fig. 28? Patria: Insulae Liew-Kiew inter lnsulam Formosam et Japoniam. Diese Art wird meist mit der vorhergehenden verwechselt, und möglicherweise ist sie nur eine Varietät derselben, doch habe ich noch keine Uebergfinge gesehn. Sie unterscheidet sich durch folgende Merkmale: 1) Die Spira ist zwar auffallend gross, aber doch merklich kleiner; 8) die Windungen sind oben weil flacher; 3) der äussere Theil derselben unterhalb der Seilenlöcher ist weit starker abschüssig; 4) Die Innenlippe ist weit breiler, von der Spira bis zum entgegengesetzten Ende viel weniger concav, und von innen nach aussen aufsteigend, nicht von innen nach aussen geneigt; 5) endlich scheint die Färbung verschieden, nämlich weiss, grün und braun marraorirt. Das eine, hier abgebildete Exemplar meiner Sammlung ist weiss, hi« und da in dai Grasgrüne Obergehend mit einzelnen kleinen braunen Tröpfchen und grossen braungronen Flecken, das andere fast ganz rothbraun, mit einzelnen milebweissen Strahlen die in das Meergrüne übergehen, und mit wellenförmigen parallelen braunen Linien auf das Angenehmste verziert sind. Beide Exemplare unterscheiden sich auch dadurch, dass das letztere eine sehr glatte Oberfläche hat, wahrend das erste deutlichere erhabene Parallelliniea, namentlich unterhalb der Löcher zeigt 5. lialiotis neglecta Ph. vide Tab. IX. fig. 5. 5 M testa ovalo-oblonga, convexiuscula, spiraliter lirata, albida, rufo maculata ; foraminibus 4 — 5 12» Digitized by Google Haliotit Tab. IX. 16 perviis; parte ioter foramina et margioem convexa; spira minima, laterali. Long. 1 1'"; lat. 6 — 6'V"; alt. 8 — 8»/,'". H. oeglecta Ph. Zeitscbr. f. Malakoz. 1848. p. 16. Patria: Mare Mediterranem* ad oram Siciltae. Unter vielen hundert Exemplaren der H. lamellosa oder wie -an tonst die Art de* Mitlelmeeret nennen will, fand ich Tier Exemplare dieier von mir bia dabin aberseheoen Art Sie unterscheidet tich wesentlich von jungen Exemplaren jener: 1) durch ihre weit schmalere Gutalt ; 2) durch eine viel kleinere Spira ; 3) durch die Wölbung des äusseren zwischen den Seitenlöchern nnd dem Rande befindlichen Theiles des Gehäuses, welcher keine Spur von Rinne zeigt; 4) indem die Kante, welche die Löcher tragt, wenig oder gar nicht hervorragt; gende Spira. Sammtliche Exemplare zeigen sehr starke concentrische Leisten, deren ich 24 — 32 zwischen der Spira und den Lochen, and ungefähr 7 zwischen den Löchern and dem Rande zahle, nnd sind weilt mit rost- rothen Flecken, oder blass roth mit dankleren Flecken. (Ph.) Digitized by Google Fasclolarla Tab. II. Aprü 1850. Fasciolaria ponderosa Jonas vide Tab. IL F. testa maxima ponderosa, fusifonni, mcdio veotricoaa, laeviuscnla, sab epidertnide crassa lutea carnea inferne transversim fusco-lineata ; anfraciibus novem paullo infra medium nodoso- spinosis, ultimo superne nodifero nodis magnis productis patentibus; cauda breviuscula recta; apertura oblongo-ovata, intus fusco-striata; labro denticulato; columella cylindracea, colore hepatica, basi triplicata. Patria: Diete Art iit die schwerste und gröaate ihres Geschlechts, so dsss sie Dicht einmal unverkleinert auf der Tafel abgebildet werden konnte. Sie ist spindelförmig, in der Mitte bauchig, aber weit weniger als F. tre- pezium, mit einer dicken braungelben Epidermis bedeckt und unter derselben im obern Theil fleischrotb, im untern weisslich mit braunen Querlinien, ähnlich wie jene Art, der sie am nächsten kommt. Die Windungen, neun an der Zahl, haben etwaa unterhalb der Mitte, die letzte oberhalb der Mitte eine Reihe Knoten, etwa 6 bis 8 an der Zahl, welche auf den letzten Windungen grade abstehend, sehr verlängert, und beinahe dornen- artig, an der Spitze aber stumpf sind. Der Schwanz, oder wie die Alten richtiger sagten, die Nase ist kurzer nnd dicker als bei F. trapezium. Die Mündung ist länglich-eiförmig und zeigt innen erhabene braune Querlinien. Der Rand der Anssenlippe ist gezihaelt Die Spindel ist cylindriscb, blsss leberfarben, am Grunde mit drei Davila gibt in seinem Catalog eine 1 Fuss 7 Zoll lange Trompe marine an, welche hierher zu gehören scheint und Chemnitz hat sie offenbar auch gekannt, denn er sagt Conen. Cabin. vol. IV. p. 138: „Da ich diesen Arlikul schon geschlossen, so sandle mir Herr Spengler noch eine dritte Gattung persianischer Kleider, die bohl sind." Digitized by Google 94 Kasein Um» Tab IL 6 Chemnitz unterscheidet a. a. 0. ausser der eben angefahrten noch zweierlei Gattungen von persianischen Kleidern. „Die eine Art ist schwerer, plumper, grober. Sie hat eine doppelte Reihe von Knoten und Backein auf dem Racken ihrer untersten Windung. Sie ist an ihrem kurzem Schnabel platter, breiter, auch etwas genabelt.« Diese Art, von der Figur 1298 keine besondere Vorstellung gibt, ist an der Afrikanischen Küste bei Zanzibar etc. xu Hause, und ist von Reeve Conen, icon. sp. 16 abgebildet; es scheint nicht die Linneische Form zu sein. „Die andere Art, fährt Chemnitz fort, — ist um ein grosses leichter, in der Taille gestreckter, am Schnabel spindelförmiger und verlängerter, und hat auf dem Rücken nur eine einfache Reihe von Knoten. Wir bekommen sie hierselbst zum öftern von Tranquebar." Diese Form ist sehr gut von Rumph t. 49. K., so wie im Coach. Cab. IV. t. 139 ig. 1299 abgebildet. iPh.) Digitized by Google Bulimus Tab. IX. April 1850. 1. Balimus oaledooicos Petit, vide Tab. IX. fig. 2. B. »testa imperforata, ovato-acuta , crassa, ponderosa, aub epidermide olivacea rufescena, lonpitu- dinaliter striata, lioeis elevatis aubdecussata; spira conica, acuta; anfractus sex, convexius- culi, ultimua apiram paullo superans, poatice gibbosus; apertura irregularis, oblonge, an- gustala ; peristoma album, incrassatum, non rcflexum , marginibus callo crasso, nitido, uni- dentato junctis, dextro superne sinuoso, columellari dente lato verticali munito.« Pfr. Long. 32"'; diam. 177»'"- B. caledonicns Petit Revue Zool. 1846. p. 53. — Pfeift*. Monogr. Helic. viv. II. p. 140. — Reeve Conch. Icon. sp. 163. Patria: Nova Caledonia. Das länglich-eiförmige allmahlig zugespitzte Gehäuse ist ziemlich solide, nodarchbobrt, und besteht sus sechs Windungen, von denen die oberen schwach gewölbt, die letzte, welche etwas langer als das Gewinde iil, ziemlich bauchig, and der Aussenlippe gegenüber starker aufgetrieben ist. Die Naht ist einfach, and steigt kurz vor der Mündung etwas in die Höhe. Die Oberfläche seigt feine, der Lange nach verlaufende Run- sein, welche oben an der Naht gröber und tiefer sind, so wie schwach vertiefte, weitläufiger stehende Quer- liaica. Die Oberfläche ist mit einer ziemlich starken, glänzenden, olivengrflnen Epidermis bedeckt, unter welcher du Gebiase safrangelb oder blass braunrotü ist. Die Mündung ist eingezogen, indem der sehr dicke weiss« Mundsaum viel enger als der innere Theil der Mündung ist. Der Muadsaom der Anssenlippe zeigt oben eine tiefe Einbacht, and steigt dann senkrecht herab; der Columellarrand ist ebenfalls beinahe senkrecht nnd elwaa buchtig, und auf der letzten Windung steht ein kräftiger horizontaler Zahn. Der Schlund ist dunkel purpurrote Die zusammengezogene Mündung, and die Bucht in der Aassenlippe erinnert an die Helii Boissieri Charp., Digitized by Google 96 Bul.mui Tib. IX. 42 2. Bulimus feneatratus Pfr. vide Tab. IX. fig. I und 5. B. »testa perforata, subfusiformi-oblonga, solidula, longitudinaliter profunde uodulato-sulcosa, alba, fasciia subquinquo et sthgis undulatis nigiicanli-casianeia fenestrata; satura crenulata; apira conica, acuta; anfractua 6'/i convexiuaculi , ultimus spiram paallo 8uperans; cola- mella aubplicata, oblique recedena, lilacea; apertura oblongo-ecmiovalis, intua lilacina; pe- ristoma expansum, margine columellari auperne angulatim reflexo, subapprcsso.« Pfr. Long. 16'/,"'; diam. 9V,"'. B. feneatratua Pfr. Proceed. Zool. Soc 1846. p. 29. — Monogr. Helic. viv. II. p. 101. — Beeve Conch. icon. ap. 214. Patria : Bespublica Mexkana. Das Gehäuse ist ziemlich dünnschalig, mit einem engen NabelriU, verlängert kegelförmig, und besteht ans 6'/ s Winduag, welche mässig gewölbt sind. Die Oberfläche derselben ist mit nnregelmissigeo, erhabenen, der Aussenlippe parallelen Runzeln bedeckt, und auf weissem Grunde mit 3 — 5 mehr oder weniger dunkel braoarothen Querbinden versiert, welche meist dergestalt unterbrochen sind, dass sie aus viereckigen, fenster- ähnlicben Flecken zusammengesetzt erscheinen. Die Naht ist nach Pfeiffer gekerbt , an meinen Exemplaren ist aie durchaus einfach. Die Mündung ist länglich eiförmig, oben spitx, der Hundsaum einfach, der der Aussen- lippe erweitert, etwas zurückgeschlagen, der der Innenlippe oben wiokelarlig erweitert, und Aber Jen NabelriU mnickgeschlagen. Die Spindel ist etwas gedreht, und tritt schief nach innen zurück. Die Exemplare von Pfeiffer und Reeve haben eine schöne, blassviolette Mündung, die steinigen eine ungefärbte Mündung , welche die Färbung der Ausseuseite durchscheinen lisit. (Ph.) 3. Bulimus liveacena Pfr. vide Tab. IX. fig. 3. B. »teata vix perforata, ovato-turrita , laevis, liveacenti-albida , strigis nonnullis fuscidulis signata; apira elongata acuta; anfractua 7 planiusculi, ultimus spira brevior; apertura angusta, oblonga, intus fusceseeos; peristoma simplex, margine columellari vix revoluto, perfora- tionem minimam tegente.« Pfr. Alt. 10 W"; diam. 5"'. B. live scens Pfr. Symbol. II. p. 48. — Monogr. Helic. viv. p. I7&. Patria: Bespublica Mcxicana. Das Gehäuse ist ziemlich dünnschalig, sehr eng durchbohrt, beinahe thurmförmig, and besteht ans sieben, wenig gewölbten, durch eine einfache Naht getrennten Windungen, von denen die letzte etwa zwei Fünftel der ganzen Länge einnimmt. Die Oberfläche ist sehr glatt, indem die Anwachsstreiren wenig merklich sind , gegen die Mündung hin sieht man mehrere bräunliche Streifen, Zeichen früherer Muodsiume. Die Mün- dung ist schmal, länglich eiförmig, der Mundsaum einfach, innen bräunlich; der zurückgeschlagene Spindelrand bedeckt den engen NabelriU fast vollständig. Die Färbung ist schmutzig weiss, die Spitze bald weiss, bald rata; die letzte Windung hat bisweilen zwei, bisweilen drei brenne Querbinden. (Pb.) Digitized by Google 43 finlimas Tab. IX. 97 4. Bulimua connivens Pfr. vide Tab. IX. fig. 4. B. »testa umbilicata, ovato-conica , solidula, oblique plicatula, opaca, alba; spira conica, apice acutiuscula, lutescens; anfractus t>'-\, convcxiiisculi , ultimum spira m acquans, basi rotun- datus, mcdio obsolete angulatus; columella subrecedens; apertura rotundato-ovalis, intus fuscula; peristoma tenue, breviter cxpansum, marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui junctis, columellari dilatato, patente.« Pfr. Long. 9"'; diam. fere 6"'. B. connivens Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malakoz. 1847. p. 148. — Reevo Conch. Icon. sp. 388. Patria: Cabon •) in Guinea. Diese Art steht merkwürdiger Webe dem B. derelictus Brod., welcher tits Cobija in Bolivien stammt, am nächsten, welcher indessen weiter genabelt, nicht so gefältelt ist, und eine weit 'grössere , im Verhältnis! längere Mündung besitzt. Das Gehäuse gegenwartiger Art ist ziemlich solide, kegelförmig, und besteht aus 67, Windungen, welche schwach gewölbt sind; die letzte Windung jedoch ist vollkommen wohl gerundet, und zeigt in der Verlängerung der Naht eine schwache Andeutung von Kante. Die obersten zwei Windungen sind vollkommen glatt nnd gelblich , die folgenden mit zarten, schrägen, der Mündung parallelen Filtchen besetzt und weiss , ins Fleischrothe oder Bläuliche ziehend. Die letzte Windung geht allmählig in den Nabel über, dessen OefTnung massig weit ist, der aber innen sehr eng wird. Die Mündung ist sehr breit eiförmig, so dass sie aich der Krcisgestalt nähert. Der Mundsaum ist einfach, duna, etwas ausgebreitet und schwach zurückgeschlagen, und seine Ränder sind einander bedeutend genähert. Der Schlund ist etwas bräunlich, (Ph.) 5. Bulimus serperastrus Say, vidc Tab. IX. fig. 6. B. »testa rimato-perforata, fusiformi-oblonga , subarcuatim striatula, alba, faseiis 5 — 6 anguslis, spadieeis strigisque undulatis interdum ornata; spira turrita, apice obtusiuscula; anfractus 7, convexiusculi , ultimus */» longitudinis subaoquans; columella subplicata, oblique rece- dens; apertura oblongo-ovalis, intus concolor; peristoma simplex, medioeriter cxpansum, margine dextro arcuato, columellari arcuatim reflcxo, rimam profundam formante.« (Pfr. nomine B. Liebmanni.) Long. 157,"'; diam. 7". B. serperastrus Say (.testa umbilicata, conica vel elongato-subovata, albida vel alba faseiis suhsex, saturate rufis, inlerruptis, magis minusve confluentibus ; spira interrupte 3 — 4 fasciata; sutura medioeris; anfractus convexiusculi; apertura spiram vix acquans; labrum . subexpansum, margine columellari superne dilatato. Long. 17„ diam 7, 0 poll.«) Dcscr. of new terr. shells p. 25. B. serperastrus Beeve Cooch. icon. sp. 25'i. •) Die Angabe bei Pfeiffer a a. 0. „babilat in provincia Senegalensi" beruht auf einem Irrthum 13 Digitized by Google 98 Bnlinnt Tab. IX. 44 B. Liebmanni Pfr. Zeitsch. f. Malakoz. 1846. p. 158 — id. Monogr. Hebe. viv. II. p. 10«. Patria: Res publica Mexicana, inier Vera Cruz et Mexico (Say), Yucatan (Largilliert). Rceve bildet a. a. 0. gegenwärtige Art unter den Namen B. serperastrua Say «ehr gut ab , und ich zweifle nicht im mindesten, daas diese Figur genau dem B. Liebmanni Pfr. entspricht. Ich glaube, dass Reeve die Sayscbe Art richtig erkannt hat. Der von Say gebrauchte Ausdruck: tesU umbilicata ist allerdinga un- genau, und die weiteren Worte: conica, vel elongala subovata scheinen auf den ersten Blick wenig zu unserer Art zu passen, vergleicht man aber damit die Dimensionen, so stimmen diese genau, und man sieht, daaa Say Bit jenen Ausdrücken clongalo - «ubovata dasselbe hat sagen wollen, was Pfeiffer fusiformi-oblonga nennt, und was ich eine lesta sublurrita nennen wurde. Alles Uebrige in Say's kurzer Beschreibung passt Wort für Wort. Das Gehäuse ist ziemlich dünn, beinahe thurmförmig , ziemlich glatt, die Oberfläche Hude ich wenigste» in der Sculptur nicht ausgezeichnet, und die Anwachsstreifen von gewöhnlicher Beschaffenheit, und wenig hervorragend. Ich zihle 7 Windungen, die nur schwach gewölbt sind-, die obersten zwei sind ungefärbt, blass rosenroth, die folgenden weiss, mit sechs dunkelbraunen unterbrochenen Querbinden, von denen nur 4 auf den obere Windun- gen sichtbar sind, und die zuweilen in einander fliessen. Auf meinen Exemplaren hat namentlich die dritte und vierte Binde diese Neigung zusammen zu fliessen. Diese Querbinden sind, wie Say angibt, häufig unterbrochen. Die Mundung nimmt etwa V» der ganzen Länge ein, bisweilen etwas mehr, ist länglich -eiförmig mit alark ge- bogener Aussenlippe, und von derselben Färbung wie das Gehäuse aussen. Der Hundsanm ist einfach, mässig auagebreitet, der Spindelrand zurückgeschlagen, so dass dadurch eine Nabelspalle entsteht, (eigentlich genabelt scheint^ das Gehäuse nicht zu sein). Die Spindel selbst ist etwas gebogen and tritt nach innen schief «rück. (Pn.) <J. Bulimus miltocheilus Reeve, vido Tab. IX. flg. 7. B. *testa subperforata , veutroso-fusiformis, tenuis, longitudinaliter valide plicata, lineisque trans- versis minutissiinis sculpta, diaphana, nitida, flavescenli-albida ; spira turrita, apice obtusa; anfractus quinque plani, uliimus V. longiludinis aequans, basi attenuato-saccatus, pone coluniellam impresso - canaliculatus; columclla superne tenuiler introrsum plicata, tum strictiuscula; apertura oblonga intus concolor; peristoma pulchre miniaceum, marginibus subparalleli8 callo lenuissimo vis junetis, dextro vix expanso, columellari reflexo, superne adoalo, umbilicum siniulantr.« Ffr. Long. 32"'; lat. 12"'. Tr. miltocheilus Reeve Conch. icon. sp. 322. — Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malakozoologic 1848. p. 121. Patria: San Chrisloval, una ex insulis Salomonis. Die obige Beschreibung von Pfeiffer ist nach einem Exemplar meiner Sammlung gemacht worden; ich habe seitdem mehrere gesehn, die von französischen Naturalienhändlern verbreitet worden sind. Es ist unstreitig Digitized by Google 45 Balimai Tab. IX. 99 eine der schönsten Bulimui-Arten. Du Geblase ial dünnschalig, durchscheinend, thurmförmig, aüaählig xuge- tpiUt, die Spitze selbst ist jedoch stumpf. Die Basis selbst ist bald mehr spindelförmig verschmälert, bald breiter, immer auffallend, wie Pfeiffer sehr passend saft, sackförmig. Das Verhältnis* der letzten Windung aar Spin vanirt «o. 5:4 bn 3:2. Die oberen Windungen sind eben, die lernen anffallead der Lenge nach ge- rsltet. Die Oberfläche aeigt ausserdem sehr feine Querstreifen anter der Lonne. Die Epidermis ist schwach gelblich und überaus dünn , so dass man rersnetat ist zu glauben , sie fehle ganz. Die {Mündung ist länglich eiförmig; der Mundsaum ist wenig erweitert, verdickt, schön mennigroth, woher der Artname genommen ist; die Aussenlippe ist wenig gebogen, die Innenlippe in bedeutender Linge derselben parallel und dann dnreh einen sehr dünnen Callus mit ibr verbunden. Die Spindel ist in ihrem oben Tbeil stark zusammenge- druckt, und dreht sich schräg nach innen. Hinter dem verdeckten Spindelrand ist eine Nabelspalte, und manche Exemplare zeigen aussen eine nach der Basis der Mündung verlaufende Kante. — Die nächsten Verwandten dieser Art sind unstreitig die Brasilianischen B. multicolor, egregins, goniostomus, deren Vaterland etwa 155 Grade oder 2300 Meilen entfernt ist (Ph.) 7. Bulimns unidentatus Sow. vide Tal). IX. fig. 8. B. .testa subimperforata, ovata, crasaa, ponderosa, irregulariter malleata, roseo-albida ; anfractus quinque convcxiusculi, ullimus spira brevior, peroblique descendens; coluinella leviter arcuala; apertura parvuh, ovalts; perisloma late expansum, incrassato-reflexum, castaneum marginibus callo castaneo junetis, dextro medio dente conico, obtuso munito. Pfr. Alt. 27'"; lat. 17'-. Partula unidentata Sow. in Tankerv. Catal. App. p. VII. — Gray Ann. of Phil. new. Scr. IX. p. 415. Bulimus unidentatus Pfr. Symb. III. p. 88. — Monogr. Helic. viv. II. p. 54. — Reeve Conch. Icon. ep. 19*2. Patria: Brasilia (ex Reeve). Diese Art, welche ich vor einigen Jahren von einem französischen Naturalienhändler erkaufte, scheint ziemlich selten zu sein, und Reeve bemerkt a. a. 0. es sei noch kein Exemplar in (gutem Zustand mit seiner Epidermis bekannt. Auch mein Exemplar hat nur sehr schwache Ueberreste derselben , welche zeigen , dass sie ziemlich stark und braungelb, ungefähr wie bei B. ovatus gewesen ist. Dasselbe scheint auf glühenden Kohlen gelegen, und das Thier zur Speise gedient zu haben. — Das Gehäuse ist ziemlich dickschalig, lang- lieb eiförmig, mit dichten feinen Längsrunzeln, die von entfernter stehenden Querlinien unterbrochen sind, eine Sculptur, welche mehr an manche Varietäten von Cassis crumena als an B. mallcalus erinnert. Dabei ist dasselbe etwas unregelmässig , nämlich auffallend vom Rücken nach der Bauchseite hin zusammengedrückt, was zufällig sein mag. Die fünf Windungen sind mässig gewölbt, die letzte bauchig, und zaletzl weit schräger herabstei- gend, als die übrigen; sie ist in meinem Exemplar, and ebenso in dem von Reeve abgebildeten, eher etwu 13* Digitized by Google 100 Bali mos Tab. IX. Unjer als die Spira, nicht iptra brcvior, wie Pfeiffer sagt; diea Verhältnis« mag wohl etwa« variiren. Dio Mündung ist auffallend eng, langlich-eiformig, mit einem aasgebreiteten, verdicktet, am Rande umgeschlagenen, braunen in« Rosenrothe fallenden Hundsaam, welcher durch eine Schwiele von derselben Farbe verbanden ist, and in der Milte der Aassenlippe einen stumpfen, conischen Zahn trägt, welcher dieser Art eine entfernte Aehnlichkeit mit B. planidens gibt. Die Spindel zeigt nichts Auffallendes. Mein Exemplar zeigt keine Spnr von Nabelrits. Die Farbe desselben ist ganz weiss, nur auf dem Rucken der letzten nnd vorletzten Windung rosenrolh; daa bei Reeve abgebildete Exemplar ist fast ganz rosenrolh. (Pb.) Digitized by Google Lochia Tab. I I April 1850. 1. Lucina bullata Ph. vide Tab. 11. fig. 1. L. testa suborbiculari, subglobosa, inaequilatera, laevi, tenni, alba; extremitate antica longe minore, subrostrata; apicibus prominentibua involutis; cardine edentulo; lamina cardinali angustissima ; fovea ligamenü margini parallela ; margine intus concolore. Long 15"'; alt 12"'; erat«. 11"'. L. bullata Ph. Zeitsch. f. Malakoz. 1847. p. 76. Patria: .... Daa massig dünne Gehäuse ist lehr schief; die Wirbel stehen im dritten Theil der Länge, und sind sehr hervorragend und eingerollt. Der Schlossrand ist beinahe gradlinigt, vorne vorgezogen; der hintere Rand ist abgerundet, eben so der Bauebrand, und dieser steigt vom auf, so dass die vordere Eitremität geschnäbelt erscheint , and die grösste Höhe des Gebautes erst in hinteren Drittheil desselben liegt. Die Oberfläche ist glatt; man erkennt keine Area, wohl aber kann man, wenn man will, eine lanzelltiche Lnnnla unterscheiden, di« jedoch nicht anschrieben ist Das Schloss ist vollkommen xahnlos, die Scblossplatte sehr schmal, and dt* Ligament fast parallel mit dem Schlossrande. Der hintere riemenförmige Mu.kdeindruck bildet einen tiem- lich offene» Winkel mit dem HanUleindtnck. Die Färbung ist innen wie aussen rein weiss. Von allen zahnlosen Lucina-Arten unterscheidet sich gegenwärtige durch ihre eiugerollten Wirbel und die schmale, spitxliche Vorderseite leicht. (Ph.) 2. Lucina clausa Ph. vide Tab. 11. fig. 2. L. testa suborbiculari, lentiformi, lactea, laevi, tenuissime transversim striata; linea impressa in utroque latere lobum separante, quorum anticus magis in oculos cadit; tunula Digitized by Google 102 Luc ins Tab. II. 6 cordata, profundissiina; area null a ; ligamento omnino occulto; dentibus cardinalibua obsoletis; laterali antico valido, poatico obsoleto. All. 13"'; long. 13"'; crass. 7"'. L. clausa Ph. Zeitschr. f. Malakoz. 1848. p. 151. Patria: . .. Diese Art iteht der L. lactea Poli «ehr nahe, uod kann bei oberflächlicher Betrachtung leicht mit derselben verwechselt werden. Sie ist aber bedeutead grösser, die beiden Abiheilungen so jeder Seite der Wirbel, welche bei jener Art des Mittelmeere.* kaum angedeutet sind, sind hier sehr in die Augen füllend, namentlich der vordere Lappen, welcher auch im Umriss durch eine ziemlich tiefe Bncht abgetrennt erscheint Die sehr tiefe und verbällnusmässig kurze Lunula dient ebenfalls dam, die L. clausa von den L. lactea an un- terscheiden, auch sind die Schlosszähne bei L. lactea stärker, die Seitenzähne dagegen schwacher, während umgekehrt bei L. clausa die Schlosszähne undeutlich , die Seilencähne aber stark entwickelt sind, namentlich der vordere. Die Sknlptur ist bei beiden Arten dieselbe; ausser den sehr feinen Qnerstreifeu entdeckt das bewaff- nete Auge noch sehr zarte Längsslreifen. Das Ligament ist äusserlich nicht im geringsten sichtbar, und wie bei jener Art des Mittelmeeres ia einer schief herabsteigenden Grube befestigt. Der vordere riemenrflrmig« Muskeleindruck ragt noch Ober den vordem Schlosszahn heraus, und endigt zwischen diesem und den Rucken- rande, nahe bei der Lunula. (Ph ) 3. Lucina cryptella d'Orb. vide Tab. II. flg. 3. L. testa 8tibnrbiculari , lentiformi, obliqua, alba, tenuissime transversim striata, postice oblique truueata, antice angustata et distinete lob ata; lunula dislincta, cordala, imprcssa; ligamento omnino occulto; dentibus cardinalibus lateraltbusque minutis, fere obsoletis. Long. 7"'; alt. 7"'; crass. 4'/«"'. L. cryptella d'Orb. Voy. Am. merid. 1846. p. 588. t. 84. fig. 18, 20 nomine L. brasilianae. L. brasiliensis Ph. Zcitscb. f. Malakoz. 1818. p. 150. Patria : Ora Brasiliao. Das Gehäuse dieser Art ist ziemlich dünn aber fest, beinahe kreisrund, sehr schief, hinten länger und höher, mehr oder weniger deutlich abgestutzt, voru auffallend schmäler, kürzer; durch eine von dem Wirbel ausstrahlende Furche wird dieser vordere Theil vom Rest des Gehäuses geschieden. Ein deutlicher, vorspringen- der Winkel liegt unmittelbar hinter der Bncht, welche im Umriss des Gehäuses die eben erwähnte Trennung andeutet. Die Oberfläche ist fein in die Quere gestreift, und hie und da mit gröberen Runzeln versehen. Du Schloss ist fast genau wie bei L. lactea Poli, doch treten die Seitenzähnchcn etwas deutlicher hervor. Es ist eine deutliche, herzförmige, eingedruckte, aber nicht sehr tiefe Lunula vorhanden. Die graubräunlicbe, sehr dünne Epidermis scheint der Schale sehr fest anzuhängen. — Von L. lactea Poli unterscheidet sich diese Art durch die sehr schiefe Gestalt, die schmalere, deutlicher getrennte Vorderseite und die breitere abgestutzte Hin- terseite. — D'Orbigny meint a. a. 0. die L. cryptella könne wegen des gänzlich inneren Ligamente* ein eigenes Subgenus Lucmida bilden, und scheint dabei übersehen zu haben, dass dieses Subgcnus ganz mit Loripes Cuvier, eigentlich Poli, zusammenfällt. (Ph.) Digitized by Google 7 Luc in« T«b. II. 103 4. Lucina divergens Pb. vide Tab. II fig. 4. L. Ie#)ta ovato-orbiculari, compressa, lentiformi, aequilatera, lactea, coatis radianlibua, dicho- tomi8, rugisquc concenlricia, costas decussantibus sculpta; costis anticia et posticis in- curvatie; inargine intus undulato-crenato. Long. 8Vj'"j alt. 7'/,'"; crass. 4'". Patria: Oceanua Pacificus? ex itinere pericosmio anno 1832 attulit frater E. U Pbilippi. Ej g-ibt n«brere Lucilla- Arten , welcbe sich durch strahlenförmige Rippen, die von concentrischen Fur- chen zierlich gekerbt werden, auszeichnen, und die man oft unter dem Namen L. pecten Lamk. zusammen- geworfen ßndeL Die vorliegende Art ist beinahe kreisförmig, fast vollkommen gleichseitig , und hat ziemlich grobe , dicholomische Rippen , von denen die iusserslen beiderseiU bogenförmig gekrümmt sind , so dass sie senkrecht auf dem Rande stehen. Diese sehr charakteristische Bildung hat der Zeichner ganz und gar über sehn. Erhabene concenlriscbe Runzeln laufen Ober die Rippen hinweg, und erzeugen eine Skulptur, die am besten mit dem Flechtwerk eines Korbes verglichen werden kann. Die Lunula ist herzförmig- lanzettlich, glatt und ziemlich vertieft, so dass die kleinen Wirbel stark gekrümmt erscheinen. Das Scbloss teigt in der linken Schale zwei Schlosstihne , von denen der vordere sehr klein, gleichsam nur ein einsprin- gender Hand der Lunula ist, und jederseils einen stark vorspringenden Seitenzahn. Die rechte Schale hat zwei tiemlich gleich grosse 8chlosszlhne , und jederseils zwei Seitenzahne. Die Grube für das Ligament »oft vom Wirbel schräg nach innen. Die Moskeleindrucke sind wie gewöhnlich. Der Rand ist innen wellenförmig ge- faltet Das Gehäuse ist innen und aussen weiss. (Pb.) 5. Lucina pecten Lamk. vide Tab. II. flg. 5. L. testa suborbiculari , compressiuscula , lenlifortni, subaequilalera, alba, coslia grossius- culis, omnibus radiantibus, rugisque conccntricis sublamellaribus sculpta; inargine simplici. Long. 9'/»'"; alt. 9'"; crass. 5 — 5'/,"'. L. pecten Lamk. hiat. nat vol. V. p.513. Nr. 17 »testa orbiculato-transversa, plantilnto-convexa, albida; costellis rotundatis, Iransversim strialis, radiantibus« — ed. 2. vol. VI. p. 230. — Delessert Recueil t. 6 flg. 8. Lamarck gibt als Vaterland seiner Art den Senegal an. und gibt ihr nur eine Grösse von 14 mill = 6,l"'. Das abgebildete Exemplar ist vom AntillUchen Meer, wo diese Art häufig zu sein scheint Ich glaube indessen, dass diese Form von den Antillen einerlei mit der vom Senegal ist, da so viele Conchylien beiden gegenüberstehenden Küsten des Atlantischen Oceans gemeinschaftlich angehören, und die kurze Diagnose Lamarcks so wie die Abbildung bei Delessert dieser Annahme wenigstens nicht widerspricht, eine Diagnose, welche freilich eben so gut auf die vorhergehende und auf die folgende Art passt. Die westindische Art ist beinahe kreisförmig, weniger transversa als die vorhergehende, fast ganz gleichseitig. Ihre Rippen sind sam tntlich gradlinigt, gerundet, selten dicholomisch , und die Querrunzeln stehen entfernter und sind häufig lamcllcoartig , namentlich zu beiden Seit«n. Der Rand ist inwendig vollkommen glatt, nicht gefallet. Lunula, Scbloss, Muskeleindrücke sind eben io wie bei jener. (Ph.) Digitized by Google Lucina Tab. IL 8 6. Lucina reticulata (Tellina) Poli, non Lamarck, vide Tab. II. fig. & L. lesta orbiculato-trans versa, rompresea, lentiformi, valde inaequilatera, postice pro- ducta, albida, striis imprcssis radiantibus sali« confertis atriisque transvcrsis costato-reti- culata; margine tenuisaime crenulato. Long. 8"'; alt 7"; crass. 4"'. Tellina reticulata Poli Test. utr. Sicil. t. 30 fig. 14, non Chemn., non Anglorum. Lucina reticulata Payr. Catal. Cor», p. 43 Nr. 70, non Lamarck. Lucina poctcn Ph. Moll. Sicil. I. p. 31. tab. III fig. 14 bene. II. p. 24 uon Lucina pecten Lumk. Patria: Mare Mcditerraneum. Eine merkwürdige Confusion hat über diese Art geherrscht. Ich habe sie mit L. pecten Lamk. ver- wechselt, deren oben angefahrte Diagnose recht gut darauf pnsst, während die von Dclessert gegebene Abbil- dung wohl die vorige Art vorstellt. Deshayes vereinigt in der zweiten Ausgabe von Lamarck die Puliscbe Art mit L. squamosa, welche durch coslas inibnealo -squamosa», ano vulvaqne excavatis sehr verschieden ist. Der Name L. reticulata Poll mus« bleiben, denn erstens hat er die Priorität vor der Laniarckschen L. reti- culata, und zweitens ist die Laniarckscbc L. reticulata gar keine Lucina Lamarck gründet sie auf Chem- nitz vol. VI. t. 12 fig. IIS, welches deutlich ein Amphidesma ist, und citirt ferner mit einem ? Matou» Tellina reticulata Act. Soc. Lin. VIII. p. 54 l. 1 fig. 9, welche identisch mit Tellina crassa MI Die Poliscbe Tellina reticulata unterscheidet sich leicht von unserer Lucina pecten, divergens, so wie von L. squamosa und reticulata durch ihre sehr schiefe Gestalt, durch die reinen, schmalen, selten diebo- tomischen Rippen, die feinen, gedrängten Querlinien, welche die Zwischenräume grubig punetirt erscheinen lassen, und den fein gekerbten Innenrand, welcher besonder» dem Gefühl auffällt, t Ph ) 7. Lucina texlilis Ph. vide Tab.. II fig. 7. L. testa subquadrato-orbicularis, subaequilatcra, tumida, ulbida, lincis elevatis cool'crlis radiantibus, dichotomis, transversisque reticulata; cxtremilatc postica oblique trunenta, subsinuata; depressione postica striis radiantibus orbn; lunula prolunde impressa, cordata; dentibus cardinalibus laleralibusque distinetis. Long. 6"'; alt. 5'/»"'; crass. 4'/ t '". Patria: .... Das Gehäuse ist ziemlich dünnschalig , aufgetrieben, gleichseitig, kreisförmig, sich den Quadratischen nähernd, indem der Bauchrand sehr stark gebogen, und in der Mitte beinahe winklig ist. Die hintere Extremi- tät ist schräg abgestutzt, beinahe etwas ausgebuchte», und vom Wirbel bis zu dieser Stelle verläuft eine schwache Einsenkuog, welche nur dem Rande parallele Streifen zeigt, ohne alle Längsstreifen, welche letztere, dicht gedringt, und nach dem Rande hin dichotomisch sich vermehrend , den übrigen Theil der Schale bedecken , und mit den Querstreiren ein erhabenes tiemlich zarte* Netzwerk bilden. Leider ist diese Skulptur in der Abbildung nicht deutlich wiedergegeben. Du Schlou zeigt nichts Auffallende! ; Schloassähne und Seiteozikne find beide sehr Digitized by Google 0 Lucina Tab. II. 105 deutlich. Ebenso »eigen Muskel- und Manleleindrücke nichts Besondere». Die Lunula ist stark vertieft. Inwen- dig zeigen sich nach dem Rand hin strahlenförmige Furchen. Der Rand selbst scheint gekerbt za sein. — Am nächsten ist L. lex tili s offenbar mit L. costata d'Orb. verwandt, welche aber ungleichseitiger Ist, and eine verschiedene Skulptur hat. (Ph.) ? Lucina obliqua Ph. vide Tab. II. fig. 8. L. tesla suborbiculari, inaequilatera, valde obliqua, compressa, lenliformi, laeviuscula, lactea ; latere antico produeto, postico breviore, subtruncato, depresso; lunula cordata, profunde exca- vata; denlibus cardinalibus latcralibusque dislinclis; fovea ligamenti margini pa- rallela, parum profunda. Alt. 6V 4 "', long. 67«"'; crass. 3'". Patria: Ora Amcricae occidentalis? Dem äusseren Ansehn nach ist diese Art leicht mit L. lactea Poli zu verwechseln, sie unterscheidet sich jedoch bereits im l'mriss durch den deutlichen, weit spitzeren Scblosswinkel, stark vorgezogene Vorderseite, abgestutzte Hinlerseile, die in der Abbildung nicht hinreichend wiedergegeben ist, und eine auffallende Ein- drückung, welche vom Wirbel bis zur Abstulzung der Hinterseite verläuft. Wesentlicher ist der Unterschied im Schloss, indem die Grube für das Ligament flach ist, dem Rande parallel verläuft, und keinesweges den innern Rand der Schlossplatte unterbricht. (Ph.) 9. Luc i na pisum Ph. vide Tab II. flg. 9. L. testa parva, suborbiculari, subglobosa, aequilatera, lactea, bifariam oblique striata, striis salis distanlibus; dentibus cardinalibus latcralibusque validm, latcrali antico approximato; fovea pro ligamento margini parallela; margine tenuisaimc denticulato. Long. 3V»'"; alt 3'/,"'; crass. 2%": Patria: Mazatlau. Diese Art ist eine von den sieben lebenden Arten , welche durch ihre sparrenförmige Streifung sich auszeichnen, und welche nebst mehreren fossilen Arten unter dem Namen L divaricata wie unter einem Collektiv-Nemen begriffen werden. Linne*» Teilina divaricata ist unstreitig die kleine .,erhsengrosse* Art des Mittelmeeres, welche ich, indem ich sehr mit Unrecht dem gewöhnlichen Gebranch folgend der in den Samm- lungen weit häufigeren westindischen Art den Namen Lucina divaricata lies», den neuen Namen L commutata beigelegt habe, während Krynicki sie L. trifaria genannt hat: in Weslindien kommen zwei Arten vor. L. ser- rata d'Orb. = L. Chemnitzii Ph. and L. quadrisulcata d'Orb. = L. divaricata der meisten Sammlun- gen; zwei Arten kommen auf Ile de France und im benachbarten Meere vor, L. Serhe Mensis d'Orb. und L. ornatissima d'Orb. Hierzu kommt noch L. gibba Gray (— L. sphaeroides Conr. Jour. Acad. nat. »c. of Phil. VI. p. 262. Chemo. VI. fig. 130). Unsere L. pisum stimmt durch ihre geringe Grösse und bauchige Gestalt mit L. divaricata L (non aurtomm = L. commutata Ph.) Oberein. unterscheidet sich aber sehr leicht durch gleichseitige GeslMt. weit gröbere und weil entfernter stehende Streifen, und durch die seichle. dem Ra- ckenrande parallele l.ipamentgrube. (Ph ) 14 Digitized by Google Cjreiia Tab. III. April 1850. 1. Cyrena rotundata Lea, vidc Tab. III. fig. 1. C. testa ovato-orbiculari, satis compressa, concentricc striata et snbrugosa, rugis obliquis distanti- bus valde conspieuis in latere antico, lineis duabus clevatis ab apice radiantibus satis conspieuis in latcre postico; epidermide nitida olivacea, laevi; pagina interna maxima ex parte violacea; dentibus cardinalibus in utraque valva tribus, majoribus snbbifldis; latera- libus crenulatis, posticis longioribus compressis, anticis brevioribus, crassioribus. Long. 3'/»"; alt. 2" 10"'; crass. 1" 6"'. C. rotundata Lea Observ. etc. I. p. 219. t. XVII. fig. 51. — Idcm Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. V. t. 17. fig. 51. — Ilanley enlargcd and cnglish edit. of Lamarcks spec. of Shells p. 93. Patria: Java. In der Form nähert sich das Gehäuse sehr dem Kreisförmigen, doch ist die hintere Seite höher und breiter ab die Vorderseite. Die Wirbel liegen im dritten Thefl der Lfingc, sind mästig vorstehend und abge- rieben. Die Oberfläche zeigt ausser den Anwachsstreifen entrernte Runzeln , besonders auf beiden Extremitäten, von denen die auf der vordem Extremität, welche etwas schräg verlaufen, besonders auffallen Diese lassen einen der Lunnla entsprechenden Theil frei und glatt. Die Epidermis ist olivengrün, glatt und glänzend, (nach Lea vorn gelbbraun, hinten dunkelbraun). Zwei vom Wirbel ausstrahlende Linien verlaufen aur der hinteren Extremität vom Wirbel ans , sind aber nicht sehr auffallend. Das Ligament ist knrz. Die Schlosszähne, jeder- seits drei, stehen weitläuftig auseinander, und die beiden grösseren in jeder Schale sind schwach zweilhcilig. Der hinlere Scilenzahn ist massig lang, dünn, und stark gekerbt; der vordere Seitenzahn ist bedeutend kürzer, «tumpfer, und gleichfalls gekerbt. Die Muskeleindrucke sind klein, wenig vertieft, und der Hantcleindruck ohne Spur einer Bucht. Die Färbung ist innen nach den Wirbeln hin weiss, ins Röthlicbe ziehend, nach dem Rande hin violett. — Das Gehäuse ist ziemlich dünoschubg. (Fh.) 14* Digitized by Google 108 Cyrena Tab. UL 12 % Cyrena violacea Lamarck, vido Tab. III. fig. 2. C. testa late ovata, inaequilatcra, solida , trnnsversim rugosa, rugis pracsertim in latcre antico conspicuis; epidermide olivacea, Iaevi; angulo dislincto declivitatcm posteriorem cingente; dentibus cardinnlibus utrinque tribus; lateralibus brcvibus, serrulalis, poslico rcmoto; pagina interna alba et violacea. Long. 3"; alt fere 2V,»; crass. V/ % u. C violacea Lamk. hist. nal. etc. vol. V. p. 563. — Ed. 2. vol. VI. p. 275. Encycl. m6th. t. 301. fig. 1. a. b. — Desh. Enc. me'th. vers. vol. II. p. 49. — Delessert Recueil etc. t. 7. fig. 5. spccimen decorticatum. C. Childrenae Gray 1825 Ann. ol pbil. new. ser. 9. p. 137. Venus Childreni Wood Suppl. t. 2. fig. 13? Patria: China? Gegenwärtige Art ist a. a. 0. in der Encycl. meth. sehr gnt abgebildet, wie Deshayes in der »weiten Ausgabe von Lamarck richtig bemerkt hat; Lamarck halte diese Figur irrthnmlich tu Cyprina islandica citirt, und Deshayes vergessen, sie an dieser Stelle zu streichen. Gray, welcher den lrrlhum Lamarck's in Betreff dieser Figur a. a. 0. erkannte, gründete auf dieselbe Figur der Cyrena violacea seine C. Childrenae nnd vermuthlich soll Wood's Venus Childreni dieselbe Art «ein, doch ist die Figur der letitcren etwas kürzer, so da« Ilanley in der enlarged english edilion of Lamarck diese Venus Childreni Tür nahe ver- wandt wenn Oberhaupt verschieden von Cyrena rotundata erklärt. Mit dieser Art hat C. violacea offen- bar die nächste Verwandtschaft. Die Oberfläche des Gehäuses hat eine ganz ähnliche Beschaffenheit, nur laufen die Runzeln der Vorderseite dem Bauchrande vollkommen parallel; sie lassen ebenfalls einen Raum für eine Art Lunula frei und glatt; die Epidermis ist ebenso olivengrün, glalt und glänzend, doch ist der hinlere Tbeil mit lamellenartigen Anwachsstreifen versehen, und die hintere der beiden erhabenen Linien, welcbe, wie bei der vorigen Art erwähnt ist, vom Wirbel ausstrahlen , tritt bei C. violacea als deutliche Kante hervor. Diese Art hat endlich ebenso wie die vorige eine grösstenteils violette Färbung, die bei jungen Individuen fast die ganze Schale einnimmt, mit zunehmendem Alter aber der weissen, bisweilen ins Rölhliche fallenden Färbung mehr Platz einräumt. Die Gestalt ist weit mehr eiförmig als bei C. rotundata, hinten schräg abgestutzt uad etwas winklig. Das Ligament ist länger, und das Schloss auch etwas verschieden, indem namentlich die Seilensähne kürzer sind, und der hintere erst in einer grösseren Entfernung von den Wirbeln beginnt. Auch ist das Ge- häuse dickschaliger. Herr Houssoo bildet in seinem Werke über die Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken von Java unter dem Namen C. violacea var. javanica eine sehr viel kürzere Form mit schmaler Schossplalte , und langem hin- terem Seitenzahn ab, welche vielleicht zu C. rotundata, keinenfalls aber zu C violacea gehören kann. (Ph.) 3. Cyrena ceylonica (Venus) Chemn. vido Tab. III. fig. 3. C. trigono-ovata, inaequilatcra, tumida, laevi, epidermide luteo-olivacea concentrice la- Digitized by Google 13 Cyrena Tab. III. 109 melloso-striata vestita; apicibas ad longiludinis sitts, erosis; margine doraali antico valde rotundato; pagina interna lactea; dentibus carrlinalibus utrinque tribus, majoribus duobus bifidis, lateralibus brevibus, integris. Long. 28"'; alt. 25'"; crass. 16"'. Venus ceylonica Cheron. vol. VI. p. 333. t. 32. fig. 336. — Venus coaxans Gm. p. 3278. Cyrena zeylanica Lamck. hist. nat. V. p. 564 - ed. 2. VI. p. 276. (n. b. Figura Rumph tab. 43. H. rudia et dubia; figura Encycl. t 302. fig. 4. huc non spectat, speciem fere triangulärem, margine dorsali utroque fere rectilineo insignern refert; pariter figura Blain- villei Manuel de Malac. t. 73. fig. 2 speciem diversam, longo alliorem, forte C. pa- puain exhibet).
| 34,615 |
https://github.com/blue-jam/join-icpc-jag/blob/master/src/components/JagForm.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
join-icpc-jag
|
blue-jam
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 524 | 2,369 |
import React, { MouseEvent, useState } from 'react';
import TextInput from './Form/TextInput';
interface WishList {
problem: boolean;
staff: boolean;
affair: boolean;
}
interface EmailGenerateResult {
error?: string;
emailSubject: string;
emailBody: string;
}
const generateEmailBody = (
organization: string,
name: string,
handleName: string,
icpcYear: string,
icpcSchool: string,
icpcTeam: string,
wishList: WishList
): EmailGenerateResult => {
if (!name) {
return { error: '氏名は必須です', emailBody: '', emailSubject: '' };
}
if (!organization) {
return { error: '所属は必須です', emailBody: '', emailSubject: '' };
}
const emailTitle = `ICPC OB OGの会入会希望 （${name}）`;
let emailBody = 'こんにちは\n\n';
emailBody += `${organization}の${name}です。ICPC OBOGの会への入会を希望します。\n`;
emailBody += `必要情報は下記のとおりです。\n\n`;
emailBody += `氏名: ${name}\n`;
if (handleName) {
emailBody += `ハンドルネーム: ${handleName}\n`;
}
if (icpcYear || icpcSchool || icpcTeam) {
emailBody += `ICPC経験: `;
if (icpcYear) {
emailBody += icpcYear && `${icpcYear}年に`;
emailBody += icpcSchool && `${icpcSchool}の`;
emailBody += icpcTeam && `${icpcTeam}という`;
if (icpcSchool || icpcTeam) {
emailBody += 'チームで';
}
emailBody += '参加しました。\n';
}
}
emailBody += `JAGで担当したいこと:\n`;
if (wishList.problem) {
emailBody += ` - 問題作成\n`;
}
if (wishList.staff) {
emailBody += ` - 合宿・大会の現地スタッフ\n`;
}
if (wishList.affair) {
emailBody += ` - 事務仕事\n`;
}
if (Object.values(wishList).every(flag => !flag)) {
emailBody += ` - メーリングリストの受信のみ\n`;
}
emailBody += `\n以上です。よろしくお願いします。\n\n`;
emailBody += `${name}`;
return { emailBody, emailSubject: emailTitle };
};
const JagForm: React.FunctionComponent = () => {
const [name, setName] = useState('');
const [organization, setOrganization] = useState('');
const [handleName, setHandleName] = useState('');
const [icpcYear, setIcpcYear] = useState('');
const [icpcSchool, setIcpcSchool] = useState('');
const [icpcTeam, setIcpcTeam] = useState('');
const [wishList, setWishList] = useState({
problem: false,
staff: false,
affair: false
});
const [receiverEmail, setReceiverEmail] = useState('');
const [emailBody, setEmailBody] = useState('');
const handleGenerateButtonClick = (e: MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => {
e.preventDefault();
const { error, emailBody } = generateEmailBody(
organization,
name,
handleName,
icpcYear,
icpcSchool,
icpcTeam,
wishList
);
if (error) {
window.alert(error);
return;
}
setEmailBody(emailBody);
};
const handleSubmitButtonClick = (e: MouseEvent) => {
e.preventDefault();
const { error, emailBody, emailSubject } = generateEmailBody(
organization,
name,
handleName,
icpcYear,
icpcSchool,
icpcTeam,
wishList
);
if (error) {
window.alert(error);
return;
}
setEmailBody(emailBody);
window.location.href = `mailto:${receiverEmail}?subject=${encodeURI(
emailSubject
)}&body=${encodeURI(emailBody)}`;
};
return (
<div>
<form>
<div>
<img
src="https://jag-icpc.org/?plugin=attach&refer=FrontPage&openfile=question.png"
alt=""
/>
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="receiver-email">送信先メールアドレス</label>
<TextInput
id="receiver-email"
value={receiverEmail}
setValue={setReceiverEmail}
/>
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="name">氏名（本名）</label>
<TextInput id="name" value={name} setValue={setName} />
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="organization">所属</label>
<TextInput
id="organization"
value={organization}
setValue={setOrganization}
placeholder="学校名または企業名"
/>
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="handle">ハンドルネーム</label>
<TextInput id="handle" value={handleName} setValue={setHandleName} />
</div>
<div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="icpc-year">ICPCに参加した年</label>
<TextInput id="icpc-year" value={icpcYear} setValue={setIcpcYear} />
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="icpc-school">ICPC参加時の所属</label>
<TextInput
id="icpc-school"
value={icpcSchool}
setValue={setIcpcSchool}
/>
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="icpc-team">チーム名</label>
<TextInput id="icpc-team" value={icpcTeam} setValue={setIcpcTeam} />
</div>
</div>
<fieldset>
<legend>JAGに入ってやりたいこと</legend>
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
checked={wishList.problem}
onChange={e => {
setWishList(
Object.assign({}, wishList, {
problem: e.target.checked
})
);
}}
/>
問題作成（原案、問題文作成・校正、データセット作成、テスターなど）
</label>
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
checked={wishList.staff}
onChange={e => {
setWishList(
Object.assign({}, wishList, {
staff: e.target.checked
})
);
}}
/>
現地スタッフ（夏合宿やICPCアジア地区予選）
</label>
<label>
<input
type="checkbox"
checked={wishList.affair}
onChange={e => {
setWishList(
Object.assign({}, wishList, {
affair: e.target.checked
})
);
}}
/>
事務
</label>
</fieldset>
<button onClick={handleGenerateButtonClick}>加入メールを生成</button>
<button onClick={handleSubmitButtonClick}>メーラーを起動する</button>
<div>
OSとブラウザ、メーラーの組み合わせによって、起動したときに文字化けをすることがあります。
文字化けが起こる場合は、生成結果をコピーしてメーラーに貼り付けてください。
</div>
</form>
<hr />
<h2>生成結果</h2>
<div>
<div>
<textarea
id="email-body"
value={emailBody}
readOnly={true}
cols={100}
rows={18}
/>
</div>
<div>
<button
disabled={!emailBody}
onClick={e => {
e.preventDefault();
const emailBodyForm = document.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>(
'#email-body'
);
if (emailBodyForm) {
emailBodyForm.select();
document.execCommand('copy');
window.alert('コピーしました');
}
}}
>
コピー
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
);
};
export default JagForm;
| 22,174 |
sn85026213_1861-12-29_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,224 | 9,332 |
BUSINESS WORLD. New Year's Day. —We advise our friends to call at G. A. Hunte's Clothing Store, No. 293 and 2)2 Towery, and rank their New Year's purchases. This firm has on hand an extensive and varied stock of dress ready-made goods, which is to be sold at the lowest possible prices, if you would appear to advantage among your female agents. Moes on New Year's Day, go to the Here of the above-named firm and buy your garments. Just the Thing.— “I have just thought of a welcome Christmas present for my husband,” said an affectionate wife the other day. “He has always been so proud of his Knox Hats, and never missed buying a new one every season until this Winter. I will buy him a Knox Hat, I will go down to No. 212 Broadway, and surprise him Christmas with a perfect beauty of a Dresses Hat.” Such a wife is a treasure. HOLIDAY CLOTHING! OVERCOATS!! NEW STYLES!! NEW STYLES!! FOR MEN, BOYS, YOUTHS AND CHILDREN. SEW, URGE AYO SPLENDID STOCK. NOW IS THE TIME FOR BARGAINS AT THE GREAT READY-MADE CLOTHING HOUSE, OAK HALL. No. 84, 80 and 88 FULTON STREET, AND GRANITE. HALL, 142 FULTON ST. THEO. R. B. DEGROOT. Wbkf.ler & Wilson’s Sewing Machine AT REDUCED FICICES, WITH G (ass Cloth Presser, Improved Loop Check. New Style Hemmer, Binder, Corder, etc., etc. Office— No. LOS BROADWAY, New York. For Family and Manufacturing Use, No. 495 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Trusses—Radical Curb of Hernia, or JUJtture.—Dr. S. M. Marsh, of the well known house of Marsh & Co, No 2 Vesey street, Astor House, opposite the church, devotes special attention to the surgical adaptation of his Radical cure Truss. Also every kind of Trusses, Supports, Shoulder Braces, Elastic Stockings, and Mechanical appliances for Deformities. (A lady attendant.) To the Public.—The undersigned, being well known as a writer, would offer his services to all requiring LITERARY AND PRACTICAL. He will furnish Addresses, Orations, Essays, Presentations, Speeches, Replies, and lines for Albums, Acrostics—Prepare matter for the Press—Obituaries, and write Poetry upon any subject. Address (post paid) VYNLEY JOHNSON, Baltimore City. New York, December 29, 1881, Mason and Slidell to be Given Up. The 11 cases bell of the Trent affair is, for the present, at least, adjusted. Mr. Seward’s able letter disposes of every question of difficulty by a simple and perspicacious line of argument, which, while deferring to British demands, consents to do so on purely American policy and in agreement with strictly American precedents. It upholds the act of Capt Wilkes as the act of a faithful government servant, who, in the absence of Instructions, decided to assume certain responsibilities from patriotic motives. It explains the mixed motives of “ prudence and generosity” which restrained Capt. W. from seizing the Trent, as contraband, according to the law of nations, (which he was clearly empowered to do,) and it makes no admission except the single one—that the matter of alleged contraband ought properly to have been carried to a neutral port, and there adjudicated upon by neutral courts of Admiralty. It cites the opinion of James Madison, and that fixed policy of our Government which led to the war of 1812, and grants that, to us, we must allow the greatest latitude to the claims of neutrals founded on neutral rights. Finally, it accepts the admitted fact of incomplete seizure as a sufficient basis of the demand for rendition of the four rebels, and places them at the disposal of Lord Lyons. Mr. Seward happily says that, “if the safety of the Union required the detention of the captured persons, it would be the right and duty of this government to detain them. But the effectual check and waning proportions of the existing insurrection, as well as the comparative unimportance of the captured persons themselves, when dispassionately weighed, happily forbid me from resorting to this defense!” Lord Lyons, in a brief note of reply to Mr. Seward, says: “I will without delay do myself the honor to confer with you personally on the arrangements to be made for delivering the four gentlemen to me, in order that they may again be placed under the protection of the British flag.” So terminates the first chapter of international complication. Whether we shall have others, in due time, in the political history of the Rebellion or not, one thing is certain—that we have a prudent and diplomatic administration to attend to them. The War. The movement of troops is being silently conducted. We are assured, by excellent authority, that there are not at this time in the vicinity of Washington over seventy-five thousand troops. Two months since there were reported at the Adjutant General's office three hundred and sixty-five regiments; a week ago the report made to the same office was seventy-five regiments. From Washington, then, there have been sent to the West, and to the South by sea, nearly three hundred thousand troops within the past eight weeks. Of this vast number, it is thought one hundred thousand have been forwarded to Kentucky — there are in that State one hundred and fifty thousand men — a large number also have been gathered around Annapolis to join the expedition under General Burnside; many regiments are being forwarded to Port Royal and Ship Island; and Hatteras Inlet and Santa Rosa Island are also being rapidly strengthened with men. The policy of the Government, at present, is not to disturb the rebel batteries along the Potomac, and to keep the brigands under Beauregard, Johnson and Smith at Centreville, while it largely strengthens its outlying posts, preparatory to and in support of the movements which are shortly to be made by Generals Halleck and Burnside. What we have stated as the actual strength of the Army of the Potomac is, we repeat, from a reliable source—from one who is and has been for some months in daily intercourse with the regiments there. We accept his statement as reliable. It at once assures us that outgenerals are lost asleep, and that the Government is resolved on pushing with vigor the war for the support. Prescription of the cause of the rebellion. They will strike the brigands hip and thigh before many weeks, and perhaps drive into their heads, now receptacles of gas and vaunt, the thought that they have, in their insane efforts to injure others, but applied the torch to their own houses, beneath the falling walls of which they will surely perish. Time will teach the brigands a lesson that will profit them for all the future—a lesson that was necessary—namely, that the Great Republic is a government built on a rock, “against which even the gates of hell can not prevail.” Significant.—The Irish inhabitants of Montreal (Canada) held a meeting on Monday last to consider the propriety of raising a militia battalion for the British service, and D’Arcy McGee and others spoke in favor of the movement. The meeting was very boisterous, and considerable opposition was made by the Irishmen present. Cheers were given for Thomas Francis Meagher and for the sixty-ninth New York Regiment, and a good deal of sympathy was exhibited for the American cause. Secretary Seward, in answering an inquiry of the California Senate, states his reason for requiring California passengers to procure passports, to be that disloyal persons take advantage of the California steamers to leave as Aspinwall. He speaks of the system as a temporary requirement, and of his reluctance to transmit communication between the Atlantic States and the possessions of the United States on the Pacific. The London Times, and War. The great organ of public opinion in England is nothing if not critical. And yet, in a recent number, it argues that “if Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Seward are really inclined to do justice and to save their country,” they can readily do so by arguments addressed “to the minds of the multitude who have the naval and military work to do.” “Way should they care for any others?” it asks, “American public opinion now resides in camps and lives only by force of arms.” Having established to its conviction, if not satisfaction, this important point, it adds, in the same paragraph, “We yet have hopes, but, if those hopes are disappointed, the event will show how hapless is a nation which, even in its relations with Foreign Powers, is governed by its own populace." We quote to show how logical the London Times is in its endeavors to arouse the prejudices of Englishmen and plunge Great Britain in a war which would inevitably lead to its downfall— placing France in Europe and the United States in America in the front rank as the manufacturing and exporting nations of the globe. Its contradictions can hardly be put in the form of a syllogism; but we will try: Prop. 1. Mr. Seward and Mr. Lincoln can “save their country” by appealing to the navy and the military, as American public opinion now “resides in camps.” Prop. 2. The United States is a hapless nation because it is “governed by public opinion.” Conditions: Forget honor and dignity, give way before our bluster, and perhaps you May, that is what is left of you, be "saved." If British reasons as blind to the consequences of a war with the United States as the London Times is deaf to common sense, we must unhesitatingly write that the people of England—for England is about all there is of Britain in a special sense—stand in a perilous position, and we fear naught will bring them to reassn short of a thorough bleeding by American lancets. The London Times will find that even with the "great rebellion" on our hands, we can presently, if God wills, be prepared to meet England on the ocean and the land. What we have done once we may do over again, and working at the same rate, we would be able, alone, in our merchant yards, to turn out in one year, 583 ships of 1,000 tons each. In our six navy yards, where the choicest materials are stocked for building a fleet of 100 ships, sixty more men-of-war ships might be built in one year, making a total of 613 men-of-war ships of all classes, varying in their armament from 3 to 60 guns. More than a hundred of our greatest engineering firms would complete all the machinery necessary to be put in these ships in less than a year. Our capabilities and facilities of building ships have not in the least suffered by the loss of the seceded States. They never were shipbuilding States, and as late as 1860 they only built (combined) one full-rigged ship, while the Northern States built 110 ships of the same description. That is to say, in plain words, all the seceded States combined did not build even ‘one percent.’ of the sea-going ships built in the United States.” Mr. McKay also adds, that in less than one year, by selecting from our staunchest merchant vessels, we can have at sea two thousand war ships. So much for the sea. Now for the land. We have at present under arms, including infantry, cavalry, artillery, &c., six hundred and fifty thousand men, and yet the “sedentary” military force of the loyal States has hardly been tapped. If necessary, we can place on a war-footing three millions of men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. In other words, without interfering, to a prejudicial extent, with the industrial resources of the country, we can organize a second army, in a few months, of half a million of men for defensive and offensive purposes! The London Times may not know these facts; but if its government is determined on a war with us, it will soon find out that we cannot “save” the Republic, but teach the people of England a lesson that they will not forget for a century—if ever. The people of the United States do not desire a quarrel with Britain; but they are perfectly cool under her threats. England has had a foretaste of American valor, and may learn that now we are twenty-four millions, all the victories will not be recorded on her side. Should, unfortunately, hostilities be commenced by England, she would doubtless have it pretty much her own way for the first three or four months; but at the expiration of the first year, on balancing her accounts, she would find the deficit side of the sheet largely in excess of the credit side. Great Britain may bluster, but she dare not go to war with the United States. Talking and flirting are different things. Employment in the City. With here and there an exception, the mechanics and laborers of our city are kept pretty constantly employed. It is true there is much distress among us; but on investigation it has been found that there are fewer applicants for eleemosynary assistance at this period of the year than there was at any time during the month of December last year. This satisfactory state of our domestic affairs may be accounted for in many ways. Emigration having been arrested, there are fewer applicants for relief from the city, or from private charitable associations; and, also, because a large proportion of those who were never producers, but always consumers, have entered, volunteer regime nts, and now derive subsistence from government—which, at the same time, is employing in shipbuilding, sailing, casting, steam engine building, and in a hundred other branches of industry beside, thousands of intelligent citizens. Unless the rebellion is brought to a speedy conclusion, we need apprehend little suffering in New York this winter. Should, however, it be found that our arms are universally triumphant, much distress may be apprehended, as works contest, plated by the government would doubtless be abandoned, and it would make some Little time before the industrial interests could be replaced on a peace footing. This, doubtless, may be considered extraordinary language to hold; but it should be remembered that the course of a mighty stream cannot be diverted from its channel in a moment—neither can the volume of trade be changed at the bidding of the authorities at Washington. When this rebellion broke upon us, we were in anything like a condition to meet it. Our manufactories were not adapted to the making of cannon or small arms; and in other respects, we were entirely wanting. It has taken months to change all this; and it would perhaps require quite as much time to get back to where we were in April last. Therefore, the cessation of hostilities at this season would cause much suffering among the people, especially among those who depend on daily employment. Should, however, the rebellion continue, we shall presently be in such a position that we shall be enabled to meet any requirement that may be demanded, whether it be in making small arms, heavy guns, clothing for the army and navy, ships of war, or in fact anything necessary to the maintenance of a nation engaged in hostilities. With us, war can be made the normal condition of our existence, and not peace; but as a civilized people, we prefer the latter, believing that strength and respect and courage are seen to as good advantage in the cultivation of amicable relations with the world as in constituting ourselves its scourge. Many persons apprehended that there would be great distress experienced during the present winter; but thus far, we are happy to state, their conjectures have proved false. There is really less want, less poverty among us today than we had reason to hope for, or believed there would be. Alderman Dayton, the other night charged that James B. Taylor offered himself $500 for his vote on a question before the Board, and asked for a Committee of Inquiry. We hope his request will be granted. The Aldermen owe it to themselves to have this matter cleared up. We rather fancy, however, that when the Aldermen come to tell the story under oath, it will turn out to be a very different affair than what his language would seem to imply. But be that as it may, we see and his motion for a Committee of Inquiry. Lotus have the facts. We want to know whether Taylor really offered to buy votes or refused to make loans under suspicious circumstances. The New Market Project. The action of the Common Council in the matter of the purchase of the Gansevoort property as the site of a new Wholesale Market, is variously commented on by the press and the people. In some quarters it is denounced as a swindle and an outrage. There can be no question, however, that a large majority of our citizens approve of this purchase. This approval, however, is only on the supposition that the business of Washington Market is at once to be transferred to the new ground, and that the site of the present market shall be sold to pay for it. It has been asserted that the City still owns a property. Now we have taken some pains to get the facts, because the people of this city are not now in a condition to vote a gratuity of nearly half a million dollars for which no consideration is to be given. We regret to say that our researches have not resulted in the discovery of any evidence that will sustain the theory that the site to this land is still vested in the city. In 1852, a resolution was passed by the Common Council directing the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund to sell this property (then all under water) to D. Randolph Martin or some one else, at a price to be fixed by them. Under this order of the corporation, the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund advertised for bids for this property. Some thirty or forty proposals were made in answer to this advertisement. The highest sum offered was $160,000, by Reuben Lovejoy, to whom the property was awarded. For reasons of his own, Lovejoy subsequently transferred his purchase to St. I met Draper and requested the Comptroller to make out the deed to that gentleman. The deed was accordingly so made out, but before its delivery Draper backed out, in consequence of a doubt as to his ability to hold the property, he, being at the time an officer of the corporation, this put the property back into the hands of Lovejoy, who again transferred his right to Joseph B. Varnum, who paid in the purchase money and took the deed. The whole transaction in reference to this sale is therefore regular and according to law. The officers of the Corporation having the power directed the sale—the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund publicly advertised for proposals and awarded the property to Reuben Lovejoy, the highest bidder—Lovejoy disposed of his right to Draper first, and when it was thrown back on his hand by Draper, he subsequently transferred his interest to Varnum, who took the deed, and paid down the purchase money in accordance with the terms of sale. The pretext attempted to be set up that the sale is void because the property was sold to Draper, who by law was prohibited from purchasing Corporation property is a quibble unworthy of a moment's consideration. The property never was sold to Draper. It was sold by the Corporation to Reuben Lovejoy, and the deed was made out to his assignee, Joseph B. Varnum. The recent decision of the Court of Appeals, however, put the question of title to rest if there had been any doubt before. We regret to see that some of our contemporaries. lies are trying to befog this question by making extracts from that decision, which give an unfair version of the action of the Court in the premises. After a careful reading of the whole paper, we beg to say that we do not believe there is a respectable lawyer in the State who will say that there is the ghost of a chance or the recovery of this property by the city in any other way than by purchasing it from its present owners. We hold, therefore, that two points are conclusively settled: First, that it is very desirable that the city should secure this land as a site for a new Wholesale Market; and second, that as Mr. Varnum and his associates have a good and valid title to the property, the only way to get it is to buy it from them. The only point to be settled then, is as to the price. We have made a calculation as to the cost per lot, at the price proposed to be paid, including the mortgage now held by the city and the unpaid interest, and find that it will be a trifle over $4,000 per lot. Now we have been assured by intelligent tax payers that property similarly situated anywhere in the vicinity of this property cannot be bought for less than $6,000 a lot. If this is true the sooner the purchase is consummated the better. When the war is over and New York assumes her destined place as the center of the business world of a reunited people, the value of this property will be put down at a million of dollars. Military Hospitals and Sickness. The loss in the Federal service by disease and accidents, in proportion to that by hostile arms, is ninety-six and a half percent. Ever since the battle of Manassas, with the daily chance of a desperate conflict in all that period imminent, there have, we are most credibly assured, never been three hundred spare beds in the hospitals at Washington. The Sanitary Commission have no power to supply the want, for the reason that the superanuated Surgeon-in-Chief, who is master of the situation, has the will and the power to keep this order of things in status quo. Probably, he reasons with the rebels that defeat on our side is certain, and in that case the wounded can be left with the rebels, who have used us so well heretofore. Expeditions are started to far-off places without either a proper medical staff or sufficient medical stores. The expedition at Port Royal has only medical stores for half the force, and an attempt to build a hospital at the base of operations has been met by a veto, and the poor sick men are, and have to remain, in places formerly used for a barracks, and where the patients are lying in bunks, as in an emigrant ship, one above the other, sick of a variety of contagious disorders, and in places where three men have actually been frozen to death in a recent cold night. The New York Times has had the daring to uphold this condition of things, and to pronounce the Surgeon-in-Chief an ill used, maligned, and persecuted individual—the victim of a conspiracy on the part of contractors and disappointed prosecutors. The journal endeavored to deny that a frost could have happened in South Carolina, because such a thing was unusual, and, forsooth, because the mean temperature of the Winter rarely fell below the freezing point. It might as well have reasoned that water never froze in New York in winter, because the weather was rarely very cold in November. The fact, to the contrary, was in evidence that three men had been frozen to death—that frost sufficient to destroy water had visited Port Royal, and with the increase of the cold the deaths kept pace. For these facts, one of the most able of our army surgeons is voucher. The Times further declared that General McClellan coincided in the veto with the Surgeon-in-Chief, when if such approval had been given, the approval might have been simply a complete matter of form—for the Surgeon-in-Chief in medical matters is the superior authority, and if he judged a hospital fit or needless, the disapproval by General McClellan would have either been invalid or regarded as a piece of apparent presumption in so young an officer toward one so venerable through years and experience. It is conceded that the Surgeon-in-Chief is loyal enough and incorruptible enough, and there is no disposition to blame him for shortcomings which are only believed to be the result of exceeding age. The simple fact is—the key to many an inexplicable act—that this country is precisely in the condition England found itself in at the outbreak of the Crimean war. There the Duke of Wellington was the oracle on all things military, and all that “the Duke” believed right was received accordingly; but the veteran saw everything in the light of his former experience—knew that the British had always conquered with the old materials, and relied faithfully on the conviction that they could do the same again. The world that had moved on so rapidly elsewhere was stayed in England in military matters, and when the war ensued the country had not much recovered from the effects of the great incubus. The country was full of officials cradled in the Wellingtonian faith, and the blunders of the first part of the Russian war were costly and tremendous penalties. The long peace has left America full of elderly gentlemen full of elderly ideas, who hold office by official descent—by special law. The sagacity and activity of Presidents, of commanding Generals, of Secretaries, of patriotic commissions, are reduced to imbecility—the evil is a hydra with gorgon eyes, that nothing but the untrammelled strength of the nation can effectively destroy. The Secretary of War has ordered for Col. Berdan’s Brigade the “Spences Magazine Rifle.” This gun fires eight times without charging, and can be recharged and ready for eight additional rounds in almost the same time that the ordinary musket can be loaded once. In appearance it is not unlike the “Sharpe Rifle.” There is not the least leakage of gas, and all the parts work freely. Neither caps nor primers are required, the detonating powder being in a medal cartridge with the powder and ball. This rifle has been tested by Col. Berdan and the Ordnance Board. These expensive weapons will not be given to any other cores. It is understood that she was made at Gen. McClellan’s personal request. INDEPENDENT CORRESPONDENCE. Just from the Hon. Horace Gribble to K Haul, Esq. If I were to attempt a commentary upon the abuse which I receive daily at the hands of contemporaries, I should resemble my respected ancestors, Mrs. Pettingill, when she tried to sweep back the Atlantic with her house-mop. I should be equally powerless if I essayed to convert my adversaries into perfect gentleman or reasonable beings. Vain speculation! Only by becoming a model of good breeding myself could I hope to induce others to pursue a line of strict courtesy and reasonable beings. For that—as the French people said to Louis Philippe—Vest trap tard—It is too late! But what good does it do to pitch into my soul? I don't want to do anything that people don't generally like. I want to arrive at the harmonious developments of human kind in a state of nudity, as the divine philosopher Fourier might happily express it. Never was a man more misunderstood, and I may say unappreciated, than myself. I have endeavored humbly, on all occasions, to do the greatest good to the greatest number, leaving myself out of the question, and where I have failed to leave, myself out of the question, my friends have invariably done it for me. ' I confess, indeed, to many grievous sins, bath of commission and omission. My sins of commis sion, however, do not partake of that charaoter which applies to commission on shoddy uniforms, linen unmentionables, and groceries, such as ’ some of my editorial acquaintances in Albany j i and New York are pretty familiar with. But I I shall “ nothing extenuate” regarding my short j comings, and feel content to throw myself on the 9 mercy of friends and enemies, with an open face ai-d a “ round, unvarnished tale.” If it was I, in J. days past, who was simple enough to believe in the profession of friendship made by lobby politi cians, and if, during many years, I suffered my self to be led, like an oid white-faced bull I remember on the farm, when I was a bey, by a ring in his nose— peeoatimus ! I have sinned! 3 [This animal sometimes become fractious, and f was coaxed into quiet by the smell of carrots and mangel-wurzeis, held at intervals before his nos trils.] If it was I wh« went so far iu the service of 3 those wiiy fellows I have mentioned as to assist in the bargain and sale of agreat statesman, for the T sake ot a miserable chance of local fleshpots of c which I was never allowed to partake, beyond an j unsubstantial smell of their odor at a distance, j peccavimus ! If it was I who encouraged fanatics, needy adventurers, speculative charlatans, and »i fidel philosophers, by being ever too ready to lend an ear to their specious sophistries, thereby i misleading honest enthusiasts, who had faith in } my joegment, toward all sorts of bogs and quag mires, in the delusive hope of bettering their wcrlcly condition— peccavimus! If it was I who at one time was so carried away by fatuous ( credulity as to believe in the promises of offloe. Personal profit and aggrandizement, and generally abusing, on all occasions, both public good and public decency— secrecy I did not know the fellows then as I know them now. So, in sackcloth and ashes, do penance for the enormities of which I have been guilty; and I ask pardon in a contrite spirit for the same. I likewise entreat forgiveness for all and shortcomings in the way of leaving things undone that I ought to have done; such as neglecting to show up the rascalities of rogues in power and rogues out of power, whether of my own party or otherwise; refusing to brand a knave on the eve of an election, for fear his exposure might endanger our party ticket; keeping silence concerning swindling operations that I feared were going on, and which a word from me at the right time might have broken up; winking at the craft and double-dealing of officials belonging to our party, because they assumed to be zealous advocates of the faith; allowing my agents or subordinates to visit personal spite upon offenseless persons who stood in their way or wore obnoxious to them, and never rebuking such subordinates, or permitting those assailed to defend themselves before me; continuing for years a passive witness of sharp political practice, this nest legislation, underhand filching, and open venality, without lifting potential voice and opposing with obloquy the authors and abettors of such corruption; in short, submitting to be an accomplice before and after the acts of whole sale kravery which leaders of my party and their tools were constantly perpetrating, when I ought to. have. “Placed in every honest hand a whip, To lash the rascals naked through the world.” Making a clean breast of the high catalogue of frailties with which I am justly chargeable, as above confessed, I ask just once to put myself right on the record, and begin de novo as a reformer. Henceforth I shall keep my skirts clear of all contact with dissembling philanthropists, double-dealing demagogues, pottage-selling Esau, I at Judases who betray with a kiss. Henceforth I shall endeavor to be choice in companions and confectants, remembering the lesson of my old copy book—that “evil communications corrupt good manners.” In the future, I will try to call men and things by their right names, and tear off the disguises of hypocrisy and wrong-doing, whether they consist of the robes of freedom or the banner of patriotism. I shall assume the “right of search,” as applied to belligerents on the one hand and false-bottomed neutrals on the other, and promise both friends and foes that “sheep's clothing” shall not hide “wolves,” nor an honorable flag cover piratical purposes. Horaus Gubv. A Happy New Year! Ere the readers of the Dispatch shall again be held its familiar face, 1861 will be numbered among the years of the past, and we shall have entered a new cycle of time in which we sincerely trust and believe that the Demon of Discord, which has turned once smiling and fruitful fields into gold, has been laid in the hell from which conspirators summoned it, to curse and blight all that it touched. When, one year ago, we contemplated with proud satisfaction the progress of the Republic, which from its population and resources had taken foremost rank among the nations—a republic to which the oppressed turned with fond yearning—we little thought we would so soon have fallen from our high estate, and find ourselves contending with traitors, who were seeking, with assassin-like blows, to destroy a government under the wings of which they had been nurtured and brought into consideration. But the curtain has fallen—the dark deed has been committed. May History, while writing of the events of 1861, blot the past with her tears. Let us, however, vail the past as much as possible in bright anticipations of the future. If the present year has been one of disaster, let us with trusting hearts, with undeviating faith in the justice of our cause, bid each other a happy New Year—a year in which sorrows will be forgotten in joyous emotions, born of renewed love and a reunited land, that for all the future will be the patriot’s home—the exile’s haven. What the Union Forces have Accomplished in Missouri Within the past two weeks, the Union forces in Missouri have captured 2,500 rebels, including seventy commissioned officers. They have taken also 1,200 horses and mules, 100 stands of arms, two tons of powder, and an immense amount of commissary stores and camp equipment. At Lexington, a large factory for casting rebel cannon, shot and shell, has been demolished, and a great number of rebel craft have been captured or destroyed on the Mississippi. General Price has been cut off from all supplies and recruits from Northern Missouri, and is in full retreat for Arkansas. The Union forces under General Halleck’s immediate supervision have been led by Generals Pope, Prentiss and McKeon, and have sustained a loss of only one hundred men in the accomplishment of these important results. The damage done to the Northern Missouri, Hannibal and St. Joseph Road, by the rebels, has been greatly exaggerated. Repairs have been prosecuted with vigor, and the lines of telegraph and railroad are now in full operation. Ten bridge-burners have been shot, and fifty are in confinement, awaiting their doom. General Halleck has issued an order to shoot everyone caught in the act of attempting to burn any bridge. Major Glover’s scouting party had been a great success, he having returned from Camden County with ten wagon loads of subsistence, our rebel captain, and thirteen men who had deserted from Price's army, since the commencement of the rebel retreat. General Pope's official report contains nothing not already given. IMPORTANT FROM WASHINGTON In the midst of the storm, the surrender of Maron and Slidell—Gen. Burnside's expedition—Excitement at Yorktown in anticipation of an attack—Later from Kentucky. Washington, Dec. 28, 1861. The decision of the President in the matter of the surrender of Mason and Slidell has, it is understood, the approval of every member of the Cabinet. The time and manner of the departure of the Rebel Commissioners and their Secretaries, will be left to Lord Lyons. Gen. Burnside is at Fort Monroe, consulting with Gen. Wool and Com. Goldsborough, in relation to the former's contemplated movements. Considerable excitement prevails at Yorktown in anticipation of an attack. All the sick were removed on the 21st, by order of Gen. Magruder. A dispatch dated Nashville on the 25th says that Gen. Crittenden, with 12,000 men was within 40 miles of Hopkinsville, Ky., and would advance upon that place at three points. The Southern Rights citizens there are sending their families and stock to the South. A force of not less than 60,000 men, the advance of Gen. Buell's army, has crossed the Green river, and is within five miles of Gen. Hindman's advance. Great preparations have been made by the rebels for the defense of Bowling Green, and show a terrible conflict to be impending. THE WAR. We note but little of special interest in the dispatches received yesterday concerning the movements of the Federal forces. All was quiet along the lines of the Potomac. Elsewhere will be found the striking events of the week. MISCELLANEOUS FEMS. Judge Ainy arrived at Washington on Friday with important advices from New Mexico. Col. Canby, in command of that military department, has retaken Forts Craig and Stanton, and had started for Fort Fillmore, which he expected to recapture; thence he intended to drive the rebel from Arizona. On his journey Judge Arny passed the camps of about six thousand Indians on the Big Bend of the Arkansas, who expressed their loyalty to the Union. Kit Carson and his rangers were south of the Rio Grande. The U. S. transport Baltic arrived at this port on Thursday, from Fort Pickens. The Seventy-fifth New York Regiment were landed safely and were well received by Wilson's Z leaves. Colonel Wilson had been requested by his officers to resign, but objected. The privateer Sumter was blockaded at Cienega by the U. S. steamer Iroquois. At Fort Pickens the health of the troops (now about 2,500) was very good, and the spirits of all were raised by the arrival of reinforcements and the prospect of more. Reports from Kentucky state that there are only 1,500 rebels at Cumberland Gap under Col. Rains. Their pickets extend to six miles on the Kentucky side of the Gap. A gentleman who arrived at Louisville on Friday, states that there was a fight Tuesday night between one hundred and eighteen rebels and forty-seven federals, in which sixteen of the former were wounded, but none of the latter. The English schooner Victoria, after running the blockade off Point Isabel, was caught and sent to Key West. She had a rebel clearance. The schooner Eugenie was also captured. Two rebel agents on board, who were trying to get to Key West, were captured. Two rebel agents on board, who were trying to get to Key West, were captured. Mexico, were secured. Their names are Thomas S. Rodgers, of Texas, and Mr. Zachary, of New Orleans. Gov. Uuitin, of Pennsylvania, has formally appointed Lieut-Col. Wistar to the command of the regiment under the late Col. Baker. The commission was accompanied by a private letter, eulogizing Col. Wistar’s bravery in the battle at Ball’s Bluff, and promising to promote any individuals in his regiment whom he might designate as deserving. A Government spy reports that merchandise and mails for the Rebels are constantly passed from Maryland to Virginia at various points on the upper Potomac, and that secessionists go to and fro with impunity. A number from Virginia passed Christmas with their Maryland sympathizers. A company of rebel cavalry, commanded by a man named Benjamin, left Concordia, Tennessee, on the 28th ult., for Bowling Green, Kentucky. Their standard was a large-sized black flag, upon which, in bold relief, was the pirate's emblem—death’s head and cross-bones. Charles F. Adams, jr., who holds the post of First Lieutenant in a Massachusetts cavalry regiment, is the son of our present Minister to England, grandson of the sixth President, and great-grandson of the second President of the United States. By careful examination it has been ascertained, beyond doubt, that nine-tenths of all the sickness in camps is caused by sleeping upon the ground; and the neglect being susceptible of improvement causes much dissatisfaction among the soldiers. The New Hampshire Information that the rebel army at Manassas and Centreville, was never more numerous and in better condition than at present, and that they are anxious for Gen. McClellan to attack them, and are daily expecting him. The Government has no information upon which to base a belief that more than two rebel privates are now on the seas. One is the steamer Sumter, and the other the schooner Sally, and the existence of the latter is very problematical. Capt. Grover, of the Tenth infantry, U. S. A., some time ago appointed by Col. Berdan, Colonel of his First Regiment of Sharpshooters, has just arrived from New Mexico, and will report at once for duty. The following members have been expelled from the Kentucky Assembly for aiding the rebellion: J. M. Elliott, D. Mathewson, A. H. Bione, G. H. Gilvertot, G. R. Morrill, G. W. Ewing, J. C. Gilbert, and J. A. King. It is reported that the Rebels have increased their force at Dranesville to about 13,060 men, and that a second battle there will very likely soon take place. Later reports say that the number is not near as large as above stated. The British prize-schooner Jane Campbell, of Liverpool, arrived at this port on Thursday. She was laden with salt and flannel for the rebels, and was captured by the steamer State of Georgia, while lying off Beaufort. In the skirmish at Newmarket Bridge, between two companies of the Twentieth Regiment N. Y. Volunteers and a large number of rebels, six of the former were slightly injured, while ten of the enemy were known to be killed. The Portland Argus says an office was opened in that city about a week since, for enlisting men for the navy, and already upward of nine men. ety men have been obtained and sent forward for the service. Gen. Reynolds, who has distinguished himself by his brilliant exploits in Western Virginia, recently returned to Indianapolis, and had a most enthusiastic reception. Mr. Stanton, brother of F. P. Stanton, of Kansas, arrested for complicity with the rebellion in Tennessee, has taken the oath of allegiance, and been released from Fort Lafayette. The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Indiana Regiments have been ordered to Romney, to reinforce General Kelley for the Winchester expedition. Late advices from Nassau, N.P., state that several vessels have arrived there from Southern ports, having run the blockade, and all flying the Confederate flag. The 249 prisoners released from Fort Warren were taken to Craney Island on Sunday last, to be exchanged for an equal number of our troops imprisoned at Richmond. An extensive conflagration is reported to have occurred in Yorktown, Va., about a week ago. The iron steamer Mississippi, which is now lying at Boston nearly ready for sea, has been chartered by the Government for a trip South. Over 300 first-class seamen have entered the naval service from Gloucester, Mass., since the close of the fishing season. General Halleck has issued a proclamation declaring the railroads of Missouri under martial law. The clothes of Jackson, the murderer of Ellsworth, were found last week in the house of ex-Senator Thomas, in Alexandria. Gen. W. T. Sherman returned to his command in Missouri, on the 21st. It is said in Washington that a general order has been issued.
| 13,655 |
5439096_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,812 | 2,139 |
McKinstry, J., dissenting:
I dissent. The California Pacific Eailroad- Company issued, certain bonds, on each of which, and over the signature and seal of the Central Pacific Eailroad Company, was written the. following:
“ Whereas, the California Pacific Eailroad Company, maker of the foregoing bond, has leased its railroad, and the branches thereof, to the Central Pacific Eailroad Company; now therefore, in consideration of said lease, and of other valuable considerations thereunto moving, the said Central Pacific Eailroad Company hereby guarantees the payment of the foregoing bond, both principal and the interest, to the holder thereof, according to the terms of said bond and the coupons thereto attached.”
It is admitted that a corporation can exercise no powers ex*61cept such as are conferred on it by its charter. The statement of this proposition has sometimes been made more elaborate (without changing it in substance or effect)—by adding, “ and such incidental powers as are necessary to carry out the powers expressly conferred.”
The clause of the third section of the Act of 1861, which declares that the corporation shall be held “ generally to possess all the powers and privileges, for the purpose of carrying on the business of the corporation, that private individuals and natural persons now enjoy,” gives no additional primary powers to the corporation.
That clause follows after an enumeration of certain powers specifically conferred, and is but declaratory of the rule that powers incidental to the expressed powers conferred may be employed by a corporation. It is a legislative enunciation of the rule always recognized by the Courts that the implied or incidental powers which may be exercised by a corporation shall be ascertained by reference to the case of an individual upon whom should be conferred limited powers like those expressly granted to the corporation by its charter. If the clause quoted means more than this, what does it mean less than a grant to the corporation of every power which may be employed by an individual carrying on a private business for his personal emolument? lío Court has heretofore decided, nor has counsel contended, that the last was the proper construction.
The language of a section of the statute under which the defendants were operating is: “ Any railroad corporation organized under the act to which this is amendatory, shall have the right to lease the whole or any portion of their railroad to any other corporation organized under this act.”
There is no pretense that the power which the defendant, the Central Pacific, attempted to employ was expressly granted by its charter, or that it can be derived from any portion of the statute under which it was created, except the section last recited.
The only question presented, therefore, is whether by virtue of a power to rent a railroad a railroad company has the right to guarantee the bonds of another corporation ?
It has been urged that a corporation may employ any appro*62priate and proper, means to the exercise of a power expressly-conferred. It may be admitted that it is not confined to the means which the Courts may deem most appropriate, or is not confined to one of several modes, all reasonably adapted to the object in view; but, whatever the means employed, they must be such as directly lead to the end, which is the exercise of a power expressly conferred. Neither in law nor morals can a sham be substituted for a reality. Under the pretense of exercising a principal power actually conferred, the directors of a corporation cannot exercise another and distinct principal power not conferred, and therefore prohibited.
By the laws of Iowa a railroad corporation was authorized to issue its own bonds to raise money for the construction of its railroad, and was also authorized to receive the bonds of cities and counties donated to it to aid in the construction of the same railroad. In The Railroad Company v. Howard, (cited in the prevailing opinion herein) it was held that the railroad company might guarantee the bonds of a city so donated. It would seem that a bare statement of the facts would show the broad difference between that case and the present. Smead v. The Indianapolis., etc., R. Co. 11 Ind., (also cited in the prevailing opinion) was a case in which the Supreme Court of Indiana held (under a charter which authorized the defendant to connect with any other road in an adjoining State, and “ to make such contracts and agreements with any such road constructed in an adjoining State for the transportation of freight and passengers, or for the use of its road, as to the Board of Directors may seem proper,”) that the company could agree to pay the foreign company for widening its track, and other proper considerations. Whether decided properly or not, I cannot admit that case to be analogous to the one before us. In Stewart v. Erie and Western Transportation Company, 14 Minn., (also cited in the prevailing opinion) it was simply held that it was competent for a railroad company, if not restrained by its charter, to enter into contracts with connecting carriers for the purpose of providing for through transportation over its road and the routes of such carriers.
Nor, in my, view, is it correct to say, as insisted by counsel, *63that there is a perfect analogy between the nature of the implied powers which may be exercised by a private corporation and that of the powers which may be exercised by the Congress of the United States under the provision of the Constitution—“ To make all laws which are necessary and proper for carrying into execution the several powers vested in them by the Constitution.” (Art. 1, sec. 8.) Assuming (for the sake of the argument) what it is not necessary to admit in the present case, to wit: that McCollock v. The State of Maryland, 4 Wheat. (the United States Bank case) was correctly decided, the decision of the Court there turned in an eminent degree on the point that a wide discretion was vested in the legislative department of the Government to determine what was necessary, appropriate, and proper legislation to carry out the powers conferred on the Congress.
Ordinary corporations, under our laws, are subject to the same rules of construction as are individual citizens. The directors have no right to exercise any power as conferred by implication, or by the section declaratory of what would have been implied, except such as is incidental to and leads up to the principal power; such as, in accordance with the law applicable to individuals clothed with special authority, can be declared to be included within the principal power granted. Neither a corporation nor an individual can exceed the power granted, by assuming a right to construe the power for itself or himself. It is always a question of law for the Courts (the facts being found) whether a special, limited power conferred on a person, natural or artificial, has been exceeded; the discretion to be indulged by the person as to the means to be employed in exercising the power must be confined to the selection of such as— in accordance with established legal principles, and in view of the ends for which the express power was granted—are included within the express power.
I dissent from the statement that, under our system, the directors of a corporation are the corporation. The artificial person can, of course, act only through agents; but it is a mistake to say that these agents of the corporation are in no sense the agents of nor responsible to the stockholders. If the directors go *64beyond their authority, the stockholders who are injured may complain. The directors are trustees, clothed with limited powers, to be exercised for the benefit of the stockholders ; to say, in this connection, that they constitute the corporation itself, means, if it means anything, that they are not responsible to anybody for an abuse of their trust. They act for and on behalf of the stockholders, and the relation between them—at least in equity—is that of agent and principal.
If this were a question between two ordinary persons I suppose there would be little diffiulty in deciding it. If an agent, simply authorized to rent property for the use of an individual,should undertake to indorse, in the name of his principal, the promissory notes of the landlord, would any Court in the land hesitate to declare that he had exceeded his power ? If, after providing in the lease for a quarterly or annual rent, he had inserted a clause that the contingent liability for a large amount of the landlord’s paper, sought by him to be guaranteed in the same instrument, should constitute a part of the consideration for the use of the premises leased, would this be any the less an attempt on the part of- the agent to do that which he had no power to do ? In such a case the power would be construed with reference to the object for which it was given, and to the legal effect of the language employed.
The powers referred to in the clause of the statute (which are the same as those which would be implied in the absence of that clause) are such as are incidental to the principal powers conferred. A principal power cannot be exercised because another principal power has been conferred; otherwise there are no bounds to the powers which may be exercised by a corporation, and the whole doctrine of limited agency would be at an end. The corporation is as absolutely prohibited from exercising the powers not granted, when this is sought to be accomplished under the pretense of exercising a power which has been granted, as when it is attempted boldly without such pretense.
If, after having provided in a lease for the payment of am annual rent, the trustees may impose a contingent liability of vast amount upon their beneficiaries by guaranteeing the bonds of the lessor, payable in twenty years — “ both principal and in*65terest”—they may in like manner, and as part of the consideration, stipulate to establish a bank, and extend a line of discount to the lessor, or its directors; or may agree to build steamships to rim from San Francisco to the Chinese ports, with peculiar privileges in the way of freight or passage to the officers or members of the other corporation.
I do not understand that the Courts, in dealing with this class of questions, are to ignore the common understanding of ordinary terms, or to give an interpretation to the language of a statute—in itself simple and direct—which neither accords with its natural meaning, nor with the legal principles applicable to transactions of the same character between individuals.
Mr. Justice Crockett expressed no opinion.
| 18,786 |
https://github.com/Cren700/hz_test/blob/master/pc/static/js/admin/posts/praise.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
hz_test
|
Cren700
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 88 | 374 |
if (typeof (HZ) == "undefined" || !HZ) {
var HZ = {}
}
HZ.Comment = (function() {
function _init(){
// 获取列表
_getList();
$('.datepicker').datepicker();
$(document).on('click', '.pagination a', function(e){
e.preventDefault();
var p = $(this).attr('data-ci-pagination-page');
_getList(p);
});
$('.js-btn-submit').on('click', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
_getList();
});
}
function _getList(p){
var post_id = $('input[name="post_id"]').val(),
user_id = $('input[name="user_id"]').val(),
p = p ? p : 1;
$.ajax({
url: baseUrl+'/posts/queryPraise.html',
data: {p: p, post_id: post_id, user_id:user_id},
dataType: 'HTML',
type: 'GET',
success: function(res){
if($('#praise-list-content').html()) {
$('#praise-list-content').html(res);
}
}
});
}
return {
init: _init
}
})();
$(document).ready(function(){
HZ.Comment.init();
})
| 22,025 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162079
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Mount Baw Baw
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 712 | 2,301 |
Mount Baw Baw
Berg in Australien
Mount Baw Baw ist ein(e) Berg
Mount Baw Baw geographische Koordinaten
Mount Baw Baw Staat Australien
Mount Baw Baw liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Victoria
Mount Baw Baw Freebase-Kennung /m/03375w
Mount Baw Baw GeoNames-Kennung 2176587
Mount Baw Baw Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel
Mount Baw Baw Bild Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
Mount Baw Baw Material Granodiorit
Mount Baw Baw Peakware-Berg-ID 2072
Mount Baw Baw VICNAMES-ID 10174
Mount Baw Baw Zeitraum Devon
Mount Baw Baw OpenStreetMap-Knotenkennung 702322193
Mount Baw Baw GEOnet-Names-Server-Kennung -1557918
Mount Baw Baw
Mount Baw Baw jest to góra
Mount Baw Baw współrzędne geograficzne
Mount Baw Baw państwo Australia
Mount Baw Baw znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Wiktoria
Mount Baw Baw identyfikator Freebase /m/03375w
Mount Baw Baw identyfikator GeoNames 2176587
Mount Baw Baw wysokość nad poziomem morza
Mount Baw Baw ilustracja Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
Mount Baw Baw materiał granodioryt
Mount Baw Baw identyfikator gór Peakware 2072
Mount Baw Baw identyfikator VICNAMES Place 10174
Mount Baw Baw era dewon
Mount Baw Baw identyfikator węzła OpenStreetMap 702322193
Mount Baw Baw identyfikator GNS -1557918
mont Baw Baw
montagne de Victoria, en Australie
mont Baw Baw nature de l’élément montagne
mont Baw Baw coordonnées géographiques
mont Baw Baw pays Australie
mont Baw Baw localisation administrative Victoria
mont Baw Baw identifiant Freebase /m/03375w
mont Baw Baw identifiant GeoNames 2176587
mont Baw Baw altitude
mont Baw Baw image Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
mont Baw Baw matériau granodiorite
mont Baw Baw identifiant Peakware 2072
mont Baw Baw identifiant VICNAMES 10174
mont Baw Baw période Dévonien
mont Baw Baw identifiant d'un nœud OpenStreetMap 702322193
mont Baw Baw identifiant GNS Unique Feature -1557918
Mount Baw Baw
mountain in Victoria, Australia
Mount Baw Baw instance of mountain
Mount Baw Baw coordinate location
Mount Baw Baw country Australia
Mount Baw Baw located in the administrative territorial entity Victoria
Mount Baw Baw Freebase ID /m/03375w
Mount Baw Baw GeoNames ID 2176587
Mount Baw Baw elevation above sea level
Mount Baw Baw image Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
Mount Baw Baw made from material granodiorite
Mount Baw Baw peakware mountain ID 2072
Mount Baw Baw different from Mount Baw Baw Alpine Resort
Mount Baw Baw VICNAMES Place ID 10174
Mount Baw Baw time period Devonian
Mount Baw Baw OpenStreetMap node ID 702322193
Mount Baw Baw GNS Unique Feature ID -1557918
Mount Baw Baw
berg in Australië
Mount Baw Baw is een berg
Mount Baw Baw geografische locatie
Mount Baw Baw land Australië
Mount Baw Baw gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Victoria
Mount Baw Baw Freebase-identificatiecode /m/03375w
Mount Baw Baw GeoNames-identificatiecode 2176587
Mount Baw Baw hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Mount Baw Baw afbeelding Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
Mount Baw Baw materiaal granodioriet
Mount Baw Baw Peakware-identificatiecode voor berg 2072
Mount Baw Baw VICNAMES-identificatiecode voor plaats 10174
Mount Baw Baw periode Devoon
Mount Baw Baw OpenStreetMap-identificatiecode voor knoop 702322193
Mount Baw Baw GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -1557918
Mount Baw Baw
Mount Baw Baw instans av berg
Mount Baw Baw geografiska koordinater
Mount Baw Baw land Australien
Mount Baw Baw inom det administrativa området Victoria
Mount Baw Baw Freebase-ID /m/03375w
Mount Baw Baw Geonames-ID 2176587
Mount Baw Baw höjd över havet
Mount Baw Baw bild Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
Mount Baw Baw huvudsakligt material Granodiorit
Mount Baw Baw tidsperiod Devon
Mount Baw Baw OpenStreetMap nod-ID 702322193
Mount Baw Baw GNS-ID -1557918
Mount Baw Baw
マウント・バウ・バウ
マウント・バウ・バウ 分類 山
マウント・バウ・バウ 位置座標
マウント・バウ・バウ 国 オーストラリア
マウント・バウ・バウ 位置する行政区画 ビクトリア州
マウント・バウ・バウ Freebase識別子 /m/03375w
マウント・バウ・バウ GeoNames識別子 2176587
マウント・バウ・バウ 標高
マウント・バウ・バウ 画像 Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
マウント・バウ・バウ 材料 花崗閃緑岩
マウント・バウ・バウ VICNAMES 場所ID 10174
マウント・バウ・バウ 時代 デボン紀
マウント・バウ・バウ OpenStreetMapのノードID 702322193
マウント・バウ・バウ GNS一意特徴識別子 -1557918
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт
неинкорпорированная территория в штате Виктория, Австралия
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт это частный случай понятия гора
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт географические координаты
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт государство Австралия
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт административно-территориальная единица Виктория
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт код Freebase /m/03375w
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт код GeoNames 2176587
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт высота над уровнем моря
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт изображение Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт сделано из Гранодиорит
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт код Peakware 2072
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт эра девонский период
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт ID точки в OpenStreetMap 702322193
Маунт-Бо-Бо-Алпайн-Резорт код GNS -1557918
جبل مونت باو باو
جبل مونت باو باو واحد من جبل
جبل مونت باو باو بتقع فى التقسيم الادارى ڤيكتوريا (اوستراليا)
جبل مونت باو باو معرف فرى بيس /m/03375w
جبل مونت باو باو الصوره Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
抱抱山
抱抱山 隶属于 山
抱抱山 地理坐标
抱抱山 国家 澳大利亚
抱抱山 所在行政领土实体 維多利亞州
抱抱山 Freebase標識符 /m/03375w
抱抱山 GeoNames編號 2176587
抱抱山 海拔
抱抱山 图像 Baw-baw-view-gippsland.jpg
抱抱山 材料 花崗閃長岩
抱抱山 相異於 抱抱山高山度假村
抱抱山 時期 泥盆纪
抱抱山 開放街圖節點ID 702322193
抱抱山 GNS獨特地形編號 -1557918
Mount Baw Baw
crëp te l'Australia
| 16,512 |
9102a979263498f27d53da0084b168b3
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,019 |
Arrêté du 9 novembre 2017, article 6
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 103 | 129 |
Les conditions et le montant de la rémunération due en contrepartie de la cession avec ou sans droit de reproduction et de diffusion des ouvrages et documents à caractère périodiques ou non périodiques, sur support papier ou numérique, édités, diffusés, détenus ou conservés par la direction de l'information légale et administrative sont fixés par le directeur de l'information légale et administrative. Pour les abonnements servis hors du territoire de la France métropolitaine, un complément de rémunération est appliqué selon le tarif postal en vigueur à la date de mise en service de l'abonnement ou de son renouvellement en fonction du lieu de destination.
| 18,648 |
https://openalex.org/W4285792184
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,022 |
Review of the Thermochemical Degradation of PET: an Alternative Method of Recycling
|
Jose Nolasco Cruz
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,177 | 15,106 |
Journal of Ecological Engineerin Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330
https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/151766
ISSN 2299–8993, License CC-BY 4.0 Received: 2022.06.11
Accepted: 2022.07.18
Published: 2022.08.01 Received: 2022.06.11
Accepted: 2022.07.18
Published: 2022.08.01 ABSTRACT Plastics play an important role in our lives due to their versatility, lightness and low production cost. They can be
found in almost every industry such as automotive, construction, packaging, medical, and engineering applications
among others. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most consumed plastics worldwide in the packaging
sector, which is why its useful life is usually very short, causing serious problems due to high disposal in the envi
ronment and urban landfills. The thermochemical degradation of PET has been studied by some researchers and it
has been found that its degradation products are of high added value, which is why this work focuses on presenting
the results obtained in the literature. Keywords: thermal degradation, PET, recycling, Keywords: thermal degradation, PET, recycling, José Nolasco Cruz1, Karla Donjuan Martínez1, Álvaro Daniel Zavariz2
Irma Pérez Hernández3 José Nolasco Cruz1, Karla Donjuan Martínez1, Álvaro Daniel Zavariz2
Irma Pérez Hernández3 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca - Valle de Santiago
km 3.5 + 1.8 Community of Palo Blanco, Salamanca, Gto., 36885, Mexico 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca - Valle de Santiago
km 3.5 + 1.8 Community of Palo Blanco, Salamanca, Gto., 36885, Mexico 2 Universidad Veracruzana, Lomas del Estadio, 91090 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Veracruz, Adolfo Ruiz Cortínez s/n, Costa Verde, Boca
del Rio, Ver., 94294, México 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Veracruz, Adolfo Ruiz Cortínez s/n, Costa Verde, Boca
del Rio, Ver., 94294, México * Coresponding author's e-mail: j.nolascocruz@ugto.mx Journal of Ecological Engineering
Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330
https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/151766
ISSN 2299–8993, License CC-BY 4.0 Recycling methods Most of the polymers are processed from oil,
and it is for this reason that their recycling is of
the utmost importance through thermochemi
cal processes. They can be converted into pet
rochemical hydrocarbons again, although some
compounds such as mixed plastics, hard plastics
and elastomers cannot be pelletized and recycled
using traditional methods, and can only be re
cycled through thermochemical degradation of
macromolecules into lower weight molecules. The products obtained depend mainly on the
type of waste, according to its composition and
its physical and chemical characteristics (Othman
et al., 2008). Other applications that are given to
the liquids obtained from the pyrolysis process
are in the use of motor generators, diesel engines,
heaters, turbines, ovens, among others (Bridgwa
ter, 2012). On the other hand, it has been studied
that most of the compounds obtained tend to be
volatile, which can be recovered and processed
into liquid products for later application in other
processes. This work aims to collect and contrast Recycling methods according to Al-Salem et
al. (2017) are listed as follows: •
Primary recycling: where the plastic undergoes
a grinding process and is reintroduced to heat
ing to be reprocessed within the production line. •
Secondary recycling: it is similar to prima
ry recycling, except that the plastic waste is
poured into an extruder and mixed with virgin Table 1. Proximal and elemental analysis of plastics Table 1. INTRODUCTION The physical-chem
ical characteristics of the liquid product recovered
from the pyrolysis process have characteristics
similar to those of traditional fuels such as den
sity, viscosity and calorific value. These recov
ered liquid hydrocarbons can be used as fuel for
combustion engines or thermal machines without
generating any problem in the devices (Kalargaris
et al., 2017a, 2017b, 2018; Miskolczi et al., 2009;
Ratio & Engine, 2021). polystyrene (Lin et al., 2010; Scott et al., 1990;
Yoon et al., 1999), poly(vinyl chloride) (Lin et
al., 2010; Scott et al., 1990), polyethylene (PE)
(Elordi et al., 2009; Garforth et al., 1998; Lin et
al., 2010; Scott et al., 1990; Yoon et al., 1999)
poly(vinyl chloride and polypropylene (Ali et
al., 2011; Cardona & Corma, 2000; Kim & Kim,
2004; Miskolczi et al., 2009). The physical-chem
ical characteristics of the liquid product recovered
from the pyrolysis process have characteristics
similar to those of traditional fuels such as den
sity, viscosity and calorific value. These recov
ered liquid hydrocarbons can be used as fuel for
combustion engines or thermal machines without
generating any problem in the devices (Kalargaris
et al., 2017a, 2017b, 2018; Miskolczi et al., 2009;
Ratio & Engine, 2021). different studies reported in the literature about
the thermochemical degradation of polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) as well as to exemplify a gen
eral overview of its degradation mechanism. Table 1 shows the proximal analyzes of dif
ferent plastic resins – it allows determining what
number of volatile compounds can be recovered
when degraded. INTRODUCTION the technologies is the thermochemical degrada
tion better known as pyrolysis. This technique is a
recycling alternative for materials or products that
are not easily recycled through traditional meth
ods. The process is responsible for degrading the
components of larger molecular size into products
of lower molecular weight such as liquids, gases
and coal (Calderón Sáenz, 2016; Kalargaris et al.,
2017a, 2017b, 2018; Miandad et al., 2017; Mis
kolczi et al., 2009; Ratio & Engine, 2021). The high demand for fuel and energy at the
national and international levels, the scarcity of
oil sources and the increase in the prices of fuels
obtained from oil have begun to motivate various
researchers to seek different alternative sources of
energy in order to reduce the high commands the
resources that are available. On the other hand, the
scientists presents a serious problem in the dis
posal of solid waste, which is beginning to have
a high environmental impact. Some studies show
that the accumulation of plastics tends to be close
to 25.8 million tons in Europe (Al-Salem et al.,
2017). All this must be solved through practices
which help to solve or, failing that, minimize all
these problems in the best economic and environ
mental conditions. In the last two decades, various
studies have focused and concentrated their efforts
on developing technologies which allow the reuse
or recycling of waste into energy sources, within Thermochemical degradation can be slow or
fast considering the residence times of the pro
cess. Authors have investigated this process to
different types of plastics such as: tire waste (Is
lam et al., 2004; Ucar et al., 2005), waste elec
tronic equipment, and other waste from different
products or devices (Dou et al., 2007; Elordi et
al., 2009; Garforth et al., 1998; Islam et al., 2004;
Kodera et al., 2006; Lin et al., 2010; Miskolczi et
al., 2009; Murphy et al., 2012; Scott et al., 1990;
Yoon et al., 1999). The plastics included are: 319 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 polystyrene (Lin et al., 2010; Scott et al., 1990;
Yoon et al., 1999), poly(vinyl chloride) (Lin et
al., 2010; Scott et al., 1990), polyethylene (PE)
(Elordi et al., 2009; Garforth et al., 1998; Lin et
al., 2010; Scott et al., 1990; Yoon et al., 1999)
poly(vinyl chloride and polypropylene (Ali et
al., 2011; Cardona & Corma, 2000; Kim & Kim,
2004; Miskolczi et al., 2009). THERMOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION
OF PET Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) consists of a
pair of aromatic rings with a short aliphatic chain,
a rigid molecule when compared to other aliphatic
polymers such as a polyolefin or polyamide. The
crystalline structure that forms PET is unique and
corresponds to a triclinic unit, its crystallization
speed is slow due to the limited movement of its
chains that prevent the growth of crystals at tem
peratures greater than 200 °C. This slow crystal
lization gives rise to amorphous zones with high
clarity that are very common in the manufacture
of bottles, thin films and packaging materials (Fig
ure 2) (Venkatachalam et al., 2012). Recycling methods Proximal and elemental analysis of plastics
Type of plastics
Plastics
type marks
Moisture
(wt%)
Fixed carbon
(wt%)
Volatile
(wt%)
Ash
(wt%)
Referenes
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
0.46
7.77
91.75
0.02
Zannikos et al., 2013
0.61
13.17
86.83
0.00
Heikkinen et al., 2004
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
0.00
0.01
99.81
0.18
Ahmad et al., 2013
0.00
0.03
98.57
1.40
Heikkinen et al., 2004
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
0.80
6.30
93.70
0.00
Hong et al., 1999
0.74
5.19
94.82
0.00
Heikkinen et al., 2004
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
0.30
0.00
99.70
0.00
Park et al., 2012
-
-
99.60
0.40
Aboulkas et al., 2010
Polypropylene (PP)
0.15
1.22
95.08
3.55
Jung et al., 2010
0.18
0.16
97.85
1.99
Heikkinen et al., 2004
Polystyrene (PS)
0.25
0.12
99.63
0.00
Parthasarathy &
arayanan, 2014
0.30
0.20
99.50
0.00
Park et al., 2012
Polyethylene (PE)
0.10
0.04
98.87
0.99
Jung et al., 2010
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
0.00
1.12
97.88
1.01
Othman et al., 2008
Polyamide (PA) or Nylons
0.00
0.69
99.78
0.00
Othman et al., 2008
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
0.16
2.88
97.12
0.00
Heikkinen et al., 2004 320 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 material, which significantly reduces produc
tion costs. widely used in the manufacture of plastic bottles
for soft drinks (Al-Salem et al., 2017). The temperature that PET can tolerate with
out reaching deformation and without degrading
is higher than that of other polymeric materials,
its melting point is 260 °C. PET has significant
mechanical strength, toughness and thermal re
sistance up to 150–175 °C. Crystallized PET has
good resistance to temperatures up to 230 °C. Its
chemical, hydrolytic and solvent resistance con
stitute some of the qualities due to the rigidity of
the polymeric chains of PET. Due to its excellent
wrinkle resistance and good abrasion resistance,
this polymer can be treated with crosslinking res
ins to impart permanent wash and wear properties
(Venkatachalam et al., 2012). •
Tertiary recycling: this method deals with
the chemical alteration in the structure of the
polymer and is reformed in a chemical or ther
mo-chemical way, the purpose of this method
is to recover valuable compounds that can be
reused to produce various products. •
Energy recovery: this method is about recov
ering steam, electrical energy or heat through
the combustion of plastic waste (Fig. 1). Properties and global demand for
polyethylene terephthalate Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become
one of the plastics with the highest demand for the
food packaging and packaging area, being mostly
carbonated beverages such as soft drinks, mineral
water, juices, soft drinks, among other products. In
another of its industrial and commercial uses are
electrical insulators, labels, magnetic tapes and pho
tographic films (Çepelioğullar and Pütün, 2013). PET belongs to the group of thermoplastic
polymers and is a polyester synthesized from
terephthalate acid and a diol, commonly ethyl
ene glycol. PET is a ubiquitous thermoplastic
polymer used from everyday household objects
to sophisticated engineering applications. Due
to its great resistance to water and humidity, it is According to the Plastics Europe (2019) ap
proximately 359 million tons of plastics are gen
erated in the world and 7.7% refers to PET, that
is, 27,653 million annual tons of polyethylene
terephthalate, its main sector being the area of Figure 1. Recycling of plastics based on the recovery of municipal solid waste. Figure 1. Recycling of plastics based on the recovery of municipal solid waste. 321 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 products of thermal degradation at 600 °C, they
observed that higher temperatures increased the
yields of acetophenone at high temperatures. Figure 2. Developed molecular structure
and chemical formula of the PET monomer
Adaptation of (Huang et al., 2018) The addition of catalysts in the pyrolysis
of synthetic polymers improve deoxygenation
reactions, ZSM-5 has been used effectively for
these purposes, reducing the amount of acids
contained in the products, however, it increas
es the amount of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) and carbon resulting in a low amount
of liquid and high amounts of carbon and gases
(Elordi et al., 2009). On the other hand, catalysts
such as calcium oxide (CaO) have been studied
to improve the quality of the pyrolytic liquid, as
shown in Figure 3, degradation in the presence
of CaO tends to degrade aromatic acids into aro
matic hydrocarbons, since the selectivity tends
to release OHs from polyaromatic compounds
(Yoshioka et al., 2005). Figure 2. Developed molecular structure
and chemical formula of the PET monomer
Adaptation of (Huang et al., 2018) containers and packaging. Due to its applications,
PET tends to have a very short life and a very high
disposal rate. Properties and global demand for
polyethylene terephthalate On the other hand, on the subject of
recycling, it is reported that only 32.5% is recov
ered and of this, 24.9% ends up in landfills due to
the technical and economic difficulties that recy
cling plastics represents (Sharma et al., 2014). The thermochemical degradation or pyrolysis
of PET has been studied by various researchers
analyzing the products obtained from its degrada
tion. One of the existing problems in its decompo
sition by means of heat is the tendency to release
compounds such as benzoic acid, which has corro
sive and oxidative properties, which is why most
of the reported studies have focused on studying
pyrolysis using catalysts. Thermal and catalytic degradation The thermal degradation mechanism is main
ly to decompose and separate terephthalic acid
and benzoic acid, then benzoic acid enters the
decarboxylation stage forming acetophenone. Artetxe et al. (2010) identified benzoic acid and
acetylbenzoic acid as the most abundant in the Figure 3. Mechanism of thermal degradation of PET (beta scission). Adaptation of (Diaz-Silvarrey et al., 2018; Du et al., 2016) Figure 3. Mechanism of thermal degradation of PET (beta scission). Adaptation of (Diaz-Silvarrey et al., 2018; Du et al., 2016) 322 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 Vijayakumar and Fink (1982) assess the py
rolysis of polyethylene terephthalate and poly-
butylene terephthalate at a temperature of 400 °C
in a vacuum at a pressure of 1 Pa. The products
were identified by chromatography and mass
spectrometry and were found to contain highly
volatile compounds as shown in the Table 1 as
they are; acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, styrene,
and ethylbenzene. On the other hand, the less vol
atile products contained benzoic acid, terephthal
ic acid, mono-vinyl esters and higher oligomers. and in the gaseous product, close to 37.02 wt.%
at a 1:1 ratio. 5, found carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, methane, ethylene, hydrogen, ethane. Sarker et al. (2011) studied the catalytic py
rolysis of polyethylene terephthalate, using cal
cium hydroxide (CaOH)2 as a catalyst. The tests
were carried out in a round bottom boiling flask
with 40 g of PET and 80 g CaOH2 at a tempera
ture of 405 °C. Different degradation products
were obtained, 14.25 wt.% liquid yield, 12.5
wt.% gas, 51.6% residues (carbon, catalyst) and
21.75 wt.% water. The liquid product was ana
lyzed by gas chromatography and compounds
such as benzene (C6H6), heptacosane (C27H56) and
benzene-ethamine-3 were detected. In another study conducted by Martín-Gullón
et al. (Martín-Gullón et al., 2001) the thermal de
composition kinetics of polyethylene terephthal
ate residues was evaluated. This was carried out
under strict conditions where different proportions
of oxygen were evaluated by thermogravimetry
between temperatures of 25 to 800 °C. The com
position of the gas was analyzed and it was found
to contain an appreciable amount of poly aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH). From the results obtained, it
was observed that polyethylene terephthalate has
a high thermo-stability, the first mixture of hydro
carbons was obtained at a temperature of approxi
mately 250 °C and its decomposition did not begin
until 400 °C. Thermal and catalytic degradation The solid decomposed rapidly in a
range of 420 to 477 °C, around 90% decomposi
tion, the process was finished. In another study carried out by Kumagai et al. (2015), make a comparison between different cata
lysts (CaO, CaOH2) in order to observe the yields
of the different products. For this, 0.5 g of PET was
used with a catalyst ratio of 1:1, in a vertical tube
reactor at a temperature of 600 °C. From the ex
periment it was obtained that the highest gaseous
yield was obtained with CaO, close to 25.2 wt.%,
in terms of liquid yield an approximate of 37.7
wt.% was achieved and approximately 19.9 wt.%
as residue. The chemical found in the highest pro
portion was benzene. Dhahak et al. (2019) evaluates the thermal
pyrolysis of PET, they used PET powder, the
samples were 0.5 g and used different tempera
tures (410, 430, 450 and 480 °C), with residence
time of 120, 90, 60, 60, respectively, the ramp
heating rate was set at 5 °C/min. The gaseous
products were analyzed and CO2 and CO were
found, mostly, and to a lesser extent ethylene and
benzene. In the waxy products, the one with the
greatest presence was benzoic acid. Under pyrolytic conditions almost 70% of the
material decomposed into light and semi-volatile
compounds. At least more than 45 wt.% of the
PET degraded to CO/CO2 and about 4 wt.% of the
yield in light hydrocarbons, where the 2.8 wt.%
corresponds to methane. A high emission of ben
zene near 11 wt.% was noted, while the yield of
toluene presented a moderate value of 2.5 wt.%. Several of the compounds obtained are highly
toxic, especially CO/CO2, followed by benzene,
toluene, and methane. Park et al. (2020) performs catalytic pyrolysis
in the presence of carbon-based palladium, in a
Pd/PET ratio of 0.01 to 0.05, a tubular furnace was
used in a temperature range of 400–700 °C, the
gaseous yields obtained at a concentration of cata
lyst of 0.01 were close to 43% and for 0.05 they
increased to 49%, the liquid yield was 39% and
had a decrease to 33%, and for the carbonaceous
residue it was from 18% to 19%. Compounds such
as: 2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid, fluorenone, tri
phenylene, biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid, p-terphe
nyl and o-terphenyl were found in the liquid. Yoshioka et al. Experimental schemes In this section, the different types of reactors
used in the pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthal
ate are discussed, since it is one of the most im
portant components, due to the fact that several
studies show significant differences in the pro
cesses. Claudinho and Ariza (2017) a round-bot
tomed flask placed on a heating mantle was used
as a reactor. The flask was connected to a recircu
lating glass condenser and the liquid product was
recovered in a two-necked flask (Figure 4). condenser with ethanol recirculation at -5 °C was
used. The products were recovered in a ball flask
immersed in salted ice (Figure 5). Kongsupapkul et al. (2017) study pyroly
sis in a batch type reactor with a condenser of
gaseous products and different sampling points
(Figure 6). The reactor was heated in an elec
tric furnace and the reaction temperature in the
pyrolysis zone was measured. In another study
carried out by Kumagai et al. (2015) an electri
cally heated vertical tube reactor equipped with
a steam generator was used, the liquid products
were collected in two condensers cooled by wa
ter and liquid nitrogen. The gaseous products
were collected in a gas bag. Helium was used as
inert gas with a flow rate of 50 ml/min (Figure 7). Hang et al. (2020) carry out thermal and cata
lytic pyrolysis in a horizontal tubular quartz reac
tor in an inert atmosphere with nitrogen (N2). The
reactor was loaded with polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) and the catalyst was put on the walls of the
reactor; the nitrogen flow was 200 ml/min for 10
minutes to eliminate the oxygen inside the tube. For the recovery of the condensable products, a Table 2. Thermal and catalytic degradation The compounds
found within the gaseous products were CO, H2,
C3H8, C2H6, CH4 and CO2, with methane being
one of the largest with 35.61 wt.% and CO2 with
the lowest composition with 1.78 wt.%. Figure 4. Experimental setup scheme, (1) raw
material, (2) ball flask, (3) heating mantle,
(4) temperature controller, (5) condenser,
(6) water inlet, (7) water outlet, (8) recovery
flask, (9) gas recuperator, (10) light gas
outlet (Claudinho and Ariza, 2017) Thermal and catalytic degradation (2004) carry out a thermo
chemical degradation in the presence of calcium
hydroxide (CaOH)2 as a catalyst, they used a
quartz reactor at a temperature of 700 °C, differ
ent ratios of PET/catalyst 1:0, 1:1, 1: 3, 1:5 and
1:10. The highest liquid yield was obtained in the
ratio of 1:10, approximately 45.51 wt.%, and the
highest percentage of residues was at a ratio of
1:1 with approximately 36.10 wt.%. The highest
gas yield was obtained at a ratio of 1:5 with an
average of 37.02 wt.%. The products were quanti
tatively analyzed by GC-MS, FID, GC-TCD and
a large proportion of benzene was found in the
liquid product, close to 35.85 wt.% at a 1:10 ratio, Another study carried out by Li et al. (2021),
the catalytic pyrolysis of PET in the presence of
zeolite type (A4) is studied, the tests were carried
out in a fluidized bed semi-batch type reactor with 323 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 Figure 4. Experimental setup scheme, (1) raw
material, (2) ball flask, (3) heating mantle,
(4) temperature controller, (5) condenser,
(6) water inlet, (7) water outlet, (8) recovery
flask, (9) gas recuperator, (10) light gas
outlet (Claudinho and Ariza, 2017) 15 g of material at a temperature of 500 °C for 20
minutes. The products obtained from the degrada
tion were gas, wax, tar and carbon. It was observed
that the presence of this catalyst increased the gas
eous yield from 35 to 43 wt.%, the tar improved
the yield from 23 to 26.5 wt.%, on the other hand,
the coal decreased from 20 to 18.5 wt.% and fi
nally the waxes were reduced from 22 to 12 wt.%
compared to thermal pyrolysis. The compounds
found within the gaseous products were CO, H2,
C3H8, C2H6, CH4 and CO2, with methane being
one of the largest with 35.61 wt.% and CO2 with
the lowest composition with 1.78 wt.%. 15 g of material at a temperature of 500 °C for 20
minutes. The products obtained from the degrada
tion were gas, wax, tar and carbon. It was observed
that the presence of this catalyst increased the gas
eous yield from 35 to 43 wt.%, the tar improved
the yield from 23 to 26.5 wt.%, on the other hand,
the coal decreased from 20 to 18.5 wt.% and fi
nally the waxes were reduced from 22 to 12 wt.%
compared to thermal pyrolysis. Experimental schemes Concentrated information on the pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
References
Plastic /
catalyst type
Reactor
Process parameters
Products
Temperature
Duration
Liquid
wt.%
Gas
wt.%
Solid
wt.%
Vijayakumar & Fink, 1982
PET
-
400
-
-
-
-
Martín-Gullón et al., 2001
PET
-
400
-
-
-
-
Yoshioka, Grause et al., 2004
PET/CaOH2
quartz reactor
700
-
34-45
23- 37
21-36
Yoshioka et al., 2005
PET/CaOH2
quartz reactor
700
30
9.7-35
34-38
6.6-26
Sarker et al., 2011
PET/ CaOH2
ball flask
405
-
14.25
12.5
51.6
Kumagai et al., 2015
PET/CaO,
CaOH2
vertical tube
reactor
600
-
37.7
25.2
19.9
Kongsupapkul et al., 2017
PET/MgO-ZSM-
23-Zeolite
batch reactor
440
60
20
76
4
Dhahak et al., 2019
PET
-
410, 430,
450, 480
120, 90,
60, 60
-
-
-
Park et al., 2020
PET/Pd
tube furnace
400-700
-
39-33
43-49
18-19
Pet & Chloride, 2020
PET/NaCl
tube reactor
450-600
30
-
-
-
Li et al., 2021
PET/ Zeolite
(A4)
fluidized bed
semibatch
500
20
22-12
35-43
coal (20-18.5)
tar (23-26.5) Table 2. Concentrated information on the pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 324 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 Figure 5. Experimental setup scheme, (1) N2 cylinder, (2) manometer, (3) flow meter,
(4) tube furnace, (5) quartz reactor, (6) quartz vessel, (7) condenser, (8) ethanol cooling,
(9) calcium oxide recuperator, (10) water trap, (11) gas recuperator (Hang et al., 2020)
igure 6. Experimental setup scheme, (1) raw material, (2) reactor, (3) condenser, (4) water tank, (5) water
ump, (6) cooling water, (7) separator, (8) gaseous product, (9) liquid products (Kongsupapkul et al., 2017) Figure 5. Experimental setup scheme, (1) N2 cylinder, (2) manometer, (3) flow meter,
(4) tube furnace, (5) quartz reactor, (6) quartz vessel, (7) condenser, (8) ethanol cooling,
(9) calcium oxide recuperator, (10) water trap, (11) gas recuperator (Hang et al., 2020) Figure 5. Experimental setup scheme, (1) N2 cylinder, (2) manometer, (3) flow meter,
(4) tube furnace, (5) quartz reactor, (6) quartz vessel, (7) condenser, (8) ethanol cooling,
(9) calcium oxide recuperator, (10) water trap, (11) gas recuperator (Hang et al., 2020) Figure 6. Experimental setup scheme, (1) raw material, (2) reactor, (3) condenser, (4) water tank, (5) water
pump, (6) cooling water, (7) separator, (8) gaseous product, (9) liquid products (Kongsupapkul et al., 2017) Figure 6. Experimental schemes Scheme of experimental setup, (1) He tank, (2) flow meter, (3) raw material, (4) quartz
reactor, (5) electric furnace, (6) water tank, (7) storage tank. N2, (8) gas bag (Yoshioka et al., 2005) Figure 9. Experimental setup scheme, (1) He tank, (2) flow meter, (3) raw material, (4) quartz reactor, (5)
electric furnace, (6) cold ethanol trap, (7) trap of N2, (8) gas bag, (9) water pump (Yoshioka et al., 2004) Figure 9. Experimental setup scheme, (1) He tank, (2) flow meter, (3) raw material, (4) quartz reactor, (5
electric furnace, (6) cold ethanol trap, (7) trap of N2, (8) gas bag, (9) water pump (Yoshioka et al., 2004 Experimental schemes Experimental setup scheme, (1) raw material, (2) reactor, (3) condenser, (4) water tank, (5) water
pump, (6) cooling water, (7) separator, (8) gaseous product, (9) liquid products (Kongsupapkul et al., 2017) Figure 7. Experimental setup scheme, (1) helium
tank, (2) flow meter, (3) raw material, (4) reactor,
(5) steam generator, (6) glass tank, (7) electric
furnace, (8) water pump, (9) water tank, (10)
nitrogen tank, (11) gas bag (Kumagai et al., 2015) nitrogen were used. The gaseous products were
recovered in a bag (Figure 8). Yoshioka et al. (2004) used an experimen
tal setup based on a quartz and wool reactor, the
sample was placed inside the reactor and the re
actor was filled with helium as inert gas at a flow
rate of 50 ml/min, the liquid products were re
covered through two traps, one trap cooled with
ethanol and the other with liquid nitrogen, as for
the non-condensable gases, they were recovered
in a bag for gases (Figure 9). Figure 7. Experimental setup scheme, (1) helium
tank, (2) flow meter, (3) raw material, (4) reactor,
(5) steam generator, (6) glass tank, (7) electric
furnace, (8) water pump, (9) water tank, (10)
nitrogen tank, (11) gas bag (Kumagai et al., 2015) According to the studies reported by vari
ous authors, there are different experimen
tal schemes, among the simplest such as the
implementations made with a ball flask and
a heating mantle. The simplicity of this pro
cess allows easy experimentation at the labo
ratory level, the scaling of this scheme would
be almost impossible or very complex due to
the container used as a reactor. On a medium
scale, batch or batch type reactors are usually Yoshioka et al. (2005) used a quartz reactor
with a diameter of 16 mm, helium was used as in
ert gas with a flow of 50 ml/min. For the recovery
of the products, traps cooled by water and liquid 325 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 Figure 8. Scheme of experimental setup, (1) He tank, (2) flow meter, (3) raw material, (4) quartz
reactor, (5) electric furnace, (6) water tank, (7) storage tank. N2, (8) gas bag (Yoshioka et al., 2005) Figure 8. Scheme of experimental setup, (1) He tank, (2) flow meter, (3) raw material, (4) quartz
reactor, (5) electric furnace, (6) water tank, (7) storage tank. N2, (8) gas bag (Yoshioka et al., 2005) Figure 8. PRODUCTS OBTAINED interesting, this due to the ease in their opera
tion and in their assembly. The disadvantage of
this scheme is the scalability which becomes
more complex and the energy cost is usually
very high due to the heating to be done for
each batch. At an industrial level, fluidized bed
reactors are usually the most interesting. The products generally obtained from the
thermochemical degradation of PET tend to vary
according to the type of catalyst used. Table 3
lists the compounds according to what has been
reported in some studies and the catalysts used. 326 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 Table 3. PRODUCTS OBTAINED Compounds obtained with different catalysts
Product / compound
Catalyst
References
Gases
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Hang et al., 2020
Hydrogen
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/zeolite
Li et al., 2021; Yoshioka et al., 2005; Yoshioka,
Grause, et al., 2004
Carbon monoxide
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/zeolite
Dhahak et al., 2019; Li et al., 2021; Yoshioka
et al., 2005; Yoshioka, Grause, et al., 2004
Methane
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/zeolite
Li et al., 2021; Yoshioka et al., 2005; Yoshioka,
Grause, et al., 2004
Carbon dioxide
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/zeolite
Dhahak et al., 2019; Li et al., 2021; Yoshioka
et al., 2005; Yoshioka, Grause, et al., 2004
Ethene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/zeolite
Li et al., 2021; Yoshioka et al., 2005; Yoshioka,
Grause, et al., 2004
Ethane
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/zeolite
Li et al., 2021; Yoshioka et al., 2005; Yoshioka,
Grause, et al., 2004
Liquids
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Benzene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/CaO
Dhahak et al., 2019; Kumagai et al., 2015; Sarker
et al., 2011; Yoshioka et al., 2005
Toluene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Styrene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Benzaldehyde
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Phenol
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Indene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
2-propanoylbenzoic acid
PET/Mgo-ZSM-23-zeolite
Kongsupapkul et al., 2017
Solids
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Acetophenone
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Benzoic acid
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/Mgo-ZSM-23-zeolite
Dhahak et al., 2019; Kongsupapkul et al., 2017;
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Naphthalene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
4-Methyl-benzoic acid
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/Mgo-ZSM-23-zeolite
Kongsupapkul et al., 2017; Yoshioka et al., 2005
2,5-Dimethylacetophenone
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005)
2-Methyl-naphthalene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005)
Biphenyl
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO/Mgo-ZSM-23-zeolite
Kongsupapkul et al., 2017; Yoshioka et al., 2005
Diphenylmethane
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
4-Methyl-biphenyl
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
1,4-Diacetylbenzene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Fluorine
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
4-Ethyl-biphenyl
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
Anthracene
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005
4-Acetyl-biphenyl
PET/Ca(OH)2/NiO
Yoshioka et al., 2005) Benzene, which is one of the most reported
products, is used industrially as a solvent, and as
an intermediate starting material in the synthe
sis of various chemicals. Another of its potential
uses is as a gasoline additive, since products are
made with it, such as ethylbenzene, cumene and
cyclohexane. Other products in gaseous form
such as hydrogen, methane, ethane and ethene,
are used in the industrial branch in different pro
cesses, for example in the area of refrigeration. The thermal degradation of PET offers a wide
range of compounds with high added value. PRODUCTS OBTAINED One of the areas of opportunity is the improvement in
the separation of the various products in order to
use them separately. jenvman.2017.03.084 the thermochemical degradation of this plastic
turns out to be more complex, unlike polypro
pylene or polyethylene, either high or low, to
be degraded requires high amounts of energy
or the use of catalysts which help improve re
actions. of decomposition, and thereby avoid
the formation of benzoic and terephthalic crys
tals. Based on this, several authors have chosen
to study the catalytic pyrolysis of this material
and have reported various compounds obtained
from its degradation. 4. Ali, M.F., Ahmed, S., & Qureshi, M.S. (2011). Cata
lytic coprocessing of coal and petroleum residues
with waste plastics to produce transportation fuels. Fuel Processing Technology, 92(5), 1109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.01.006 5. Alston, S.M., Clark, A.D., Arnold, J.C., & Stein,
B.K. (2011). Environmental impact of pyrolysis
of mixed WEEE plastics part 1: Experimental py
rolysis data. Environmental Science and Technol
ogy, 45(21), 9380–9385. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es201664h The products obtained show the potential to
be used in various industrial sectors, one of the
compounds with the highest value is benzene,
which is used for the synthesis of other mole
cules with high added value. Studies also report
aromatic compounds such as styrene and tolu
ene. used in the production of octane improvers,
cumenes, cyclohexenes, among others. 6. Artetxe, M., Lopez, G., Amutio, M., Elordi, G., Ola
zar, M., & Bilbao, J. (2010). Operating conditions
for the pyrolysis of poly-(ethylene terephthalate) in
a conical spouted-bed reactor. Industrial and En
gineering Chemistry Research, 49(5), 2064–2069. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie900557c 7. Bridgwater, A.V. (2012). Review of fast pyrolysis
of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass and
Bioenergy, 38, 68–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biombioe.2011.01.048 The recycling of PET through its thermo
chemical degradation has the potential to be used
as an alternative for those wastes that have been
contaminated, or that have not been recycled
mechanically or traditionally. This allows com
pounds to be recovered and re-entered into the
commercial chain, reducing its final disposal in
landfills or the environment. 8. Calderón Sáenz, F. (2016). La Producción de
Combustibles Vehiculares a partir de Plásticos de
Deshecho. 1–226. http://www.cynarplc.com 9. Cardona, S.C., & Corma, A. (2000). Tertiary re
cycling of polypropylene by catalytic cracking in
a semibatch stirred reactor. Use of spent equilib
rium FCC commercial catalyst. Applied Catalysis
B: Environmental, 25(2–3), 151–162. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00127-7 Acknowledgment 10. Claudinho, J.E.M., & Ariza, O.J.C. (2017). A study
on thermo - Catalytic degradation of PET (poly
ethylene terephthalate) waste for fuel production
and chemical products. Chemical Engineering
Transactions, 57, 259–264. https://doi.org/10.3303/
CET1757044 This work was developed with the financial
support of the National Council of Science and
Technology (CONCAYT), México under nation
al scholarship program. CONCLUSIONS Polyethylene terephthalate is a thermo
plastic that, unlike polyethylene, maintains a
cyclic group within its chains, offering an im
provement in the rigidity and mechanical resis
tance of the material. Due to the cyclic group, 327 327 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 jenvman.2017.03.084 jenvman.2017.03.084 REFERENCES Thermal
and kinetic behaviors of biomass and plastic wastes
in co-pyrolysis. Energy Conversion and Man
agement 75, 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enconman.2013.06.036 27. Kalargaris, I., Tian, G., & Gu, S. (2018). Experi
mental characterisation of a diesel engine running
on polypropylene oils produced at di ff erent pyroly
sis temperatures. Fuel, 211(July 2017), 797–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.101 17. Garforth, A.A., Lin, Y.H., Sharratt, P.N., & Dwyer,
J. (1998). Production of hydrocarbons by catalytic
degradation of high density polyethylene in a labo
ratory fluidised-bed reactor. Applied Catalysis A:
General, 169(2), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0926-860X(98)00022-2 28. Kim, S.S., & Kim, S. (2004). Pyrolysis charac
teristics of polystyrene and polypropylene in a
stirred batch reactor. Chemical Engineering Jour
nal, 98(1–2), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S1385-8947(03)00184-0 18. Hang, J., Haoxi, B., Ying, L., & Rui, W. (2020). Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Poly (Ethylene Tere
phthalate) (PET) with Zeolite and Nickel Chloride. Polymers. 29. Kodera, Y., Ishihara, Y., & Kuroki, T. (2006). Novel
process for recycling waste plastics to fuel gas us
ing a moving-bed reactor. Energy and Fuels, 20(1),
155–158. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0502655 19. Heikkinen, J.M., Hordijk, J.C., De Jong, W., &
Spliethoff, H. (2004). Thermogravimetry as a tool
to classify waste components to be used for energy
generation. Journal of Analytical and Applied Py
rolysis, 71(2), 883–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. JAAP.2003.12.001 30. Kongsupapkul, P., Cheenkachorn, K., & Tonti
sirin, S. (2017). Effects of MgO-ZSM-23 Zeolite
Catalyst on the Pyrolysis of PET Bottle Waste. The
Journal of King Mongkut’s University of Technol
ogy North Bangkok, 10(3), 205–211. https://doi. org/10.14416/j.ijast.2017.08.004 20. Hong, S.-J., Oh, S. C., Lee, H.-P., Kim, H.T., & Yoo,
K.-O. (1999). A Study on the Pyrolysis Characteris
tics of Poly ( vinyl chloride ). Journal of the Korean
Institute of Chemical Engineers, 37(4), 515–521. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ba47/466c6c87e9
70bcd6f699c835bec5ebf95089.pdf 31. Kumagai, S., Hasegawa, I., Grause, G., Kameda,
T., & Yoshioka, T. (2015). Thermal decomposition
of individual and mixed plastics in the presence of
CaO or Ca(OH)2. Journal of Analytical and Applied
Pyrolysis, 113, 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaap.2015.04.004 21. Huang, Y.W., Chen, M.Q., Li, Q.H., & Xing, W. (2018). A critical evaluation on chemical exergy
and its correlation with high heating value for
single and multi-component typical plastic wastes. Energy, 156, 548–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. energy.2018.05.116 32. Li, C., Ataei, F., Atashi, F., Hu, X., & Gholizadeh,
M. (2021). Catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene
terephthalate over zeolite catalyst: Characteristics
of coke and the products. International Journal of
Energy Research, 45(13), 19028–19042. https://doi. org/10.1002/er.7078 22. Islam, M.N., Islam, M.N., & Beg, M.R.A. REFERENCES 11. Dhahak, A., Hild, G., Rouaud, M., Mauviel, G.,
& Burkle-Vitzthum, V. (2019). Slow pyrolysis of
polyethylene terephthalate: Online monitoring of
gas production and quantitative analysis of waxy
products. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrol
ysis, 142(July), 104664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaap.2019.104664 1. Aboulkas, A., El harfi, K., & El Bouadili, A. (2010). Thermal degradation behaviors of polyethylene
and polypropylene. Part I: Pyrolysis kinetics and
mechanisms. Energy Conversion and Manage
ment, 51(7), 1363–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enconman.2009.12.017 12. Diaz-Silvarrey, L.S., McMahon, A., & Phan,
A.N. (2018). Benzoic acid recovery via waste
poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) catalytic pyroly
sis using sulphated zirconia catalyst. Journal of Ana
lytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 134(August), 621–
631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.08.014 2. Ahmad, I., Ismail Khan, M., Ishaq, M., Khan, H.,
Gul, K., & Ahmad, W. (2013). Catalytic efficiency
of some novel nanostructured heterogeneous solid
catalysts in pyrolysis of HDPE. Polymer Degrada
tion and Stability, 98(12), 2512–2519. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.009 13. Dou, B., Lim, S., Kang, P., Hwang, J., Song, S., Yu,
T.U., & Yoon, K.D. (2007). Kinetic study in model
ing pyrolysis of refuse plastic fuel. Energy and Fuels,
21(3), 1442–1447. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef060594c 3. Al-Salem, S. M., Antelava, A., Constantinou, A.,
Manos, G., & Dutta, A. (2017). A review on ther
mal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic solid waste
(PSW). Journal of Environmental Management,
197(1408), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 14. Du, S., Valla, J.A., Parnas, R.S., & Bollas, G.M. (2016). Conversion of Polyethylene Terephthalate 328 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 Based Waste Carpet to Benzene-Rich Oils through
Thermal, Catalytic, and Catalytic Steam Pyroly
sis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineer
ing, 4(5), 2852–2860. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acssuschemeng.6b00450 P.R., Rao K., Kelkar A.K. 2012. Degradation and
recyclability of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). In:
Intech,75-98. http://gx.doi.org/10.5772/48612. 25. Kalargaris, I., Tian, G., & Gu, S. (2017a). Com
bustion, performance and emission analysis of a
DI diesel engine using plastic pyrolysis oil. Fuel
Processing Technology, 157, 108–115. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.11.016 15. Elordi, G., Olazar, M., Lopez, G., Amutio, M., Ar
tetxe, M., Aguado, R., & Bilbao, J. (2009). Catalytic
pyrolysis of HDPE in continuous mode over zeolite
catalysts in a conical spouted bed reactor. Journal
of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 85(1–2), 345–
351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.10.015 26. Kalargaris, I., Tian, G., & Gu, S. (2017b). The utili
sation of oils produced from plastic waste at differ
ent pyrolysis temperatures in a DI diesel engine. Energy, 131, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. energy.2017.05.024 16. Çepelioğullar Ö. & Pütün A.E. (2013). REFERENCES (2004). The fuel properties of pyrolysis liquid derived from
urban solid wastes in Bangladesh. Bioresource Tech
nology, 92(2), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biortech.2003.08.009 33. Lin, H.T., Huang, M.S., Luo, J.W., Lin, L.H., Lee,
C.M., & Ou, K.L. (2010). Hydrocarbon fuels pro
duced by catalytic pyrolysis of hospital plastic
wastes in a fluidizing cracking process. Fuel Pro
cessing Technology, 91(11), 1355–1363. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.03.016 23. Jung, S.H., Cho, M.H., Kang, B.S., & Kim, J.S. (2010). Pyrolysis of a fraction of waste polypro
pylene and polyethylene for the recovery of BTX
aromatics using a fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Pro
cessing Technology, 91(3), 277–284. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.10.009 34. Martín-Gullón, I., Esperanza, M., & Font, R. (2001). Kinetic model for the pyrolysis and combustion of
poly-(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Journal of
Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 58–59, 635–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(00)00141-8 24. Venkatachalam S., Nayak S.G., Labde J.V., Gharal 329 Journal of Ecological Engineering 2022, 23(9), 319–330 jfrea/r101202 jfrea/r101202 jfrea/r101202 35. Miandad, R., Barakat, M.A., Aburiazaiza, A.S.,
Rehan, M., Ismail, I.M.I., & Nizami, A.S. (2017). Effect of plastic waste types on pyrolysis liquid
oil. International Biodeterioration and Biodegra
dation, 119, 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ibiod.2016.09.017 46. Scott, D.S., Czernik, S.R., Piskorz, J., & Radlein,
D.S.A.G. (1990). Fast Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes. Energy and Fuels, 4(4), 407–411. https://doi. org/10.1021/ef00022a013 47. Sharma, B.K., Moser, B.R., Vermillion, K.E., Doll,
K.M., & Rajagopalan, N. (2014). Production , char
acterization and fuel properties of alternative diesel
fuel from pyrolysis of waste plastic grocery bags. Fuel Processing Technology, 122, 79–90. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.01.019 36. Miskolczi, N., Angyal, A., Bartha, L., & Valkai, I. (2009). Fuels by pyrolysis of waste plastics from
agricultural and packaging sectors in a pilot scale re
actor. Fuel Processing Technology, 90(7–8), 1032–
1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.019 37. Murphy, F., McDonnell, K., Butler, E., & Devlin,
G. (2012). The evaluation of viscosity and density
of blends of Cyn-diesel pyrolysis fuel with conven
tional diesel fuel in relation to compliance with fuel
specifications en 590:2009. Fuel, 91(1), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.06.032 48. Ucar, S., Karagoz, S., Ozkan, A.R., & Yanik,
J. (2005). Evaluation of two different scrap
tires as hydrocarbon source by pyrolysis. Fuel,
84(14–15), 1884–1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fuel.2005.04.002 49. Usman, N., & Masirin, M.I.M. (2019). Perfor
mance of asphalt concrete with plastic fibres. In
Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Con
crete. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/
b978-0-08-102676-2.00020-7 38. Othman, N., Basri, N.E.A., & Yunus, M.N.M. (2008). REFERENCES Determination of Physical and Chemical
Characteristics of Electronic Plastic Waste (Ep-
Waste) Resin Using Proximate and Ultimate Analy
sis Method. Iccbt, 16, 169–180. 50. Vijayakumar, C.T., & Fink, J.K. (1982). Py
rolysis studies of aromatic polyesters. Ther
mochimica Acta, 59(1), 51–61. https://doi. org/10.1016/0040-6031(82)87092-5 39. Park, C., Kim, S., Kwon, Y., Jeong, C., Cho, Y.,
Lee, C.G., Jung, S., Choi, K.Y., & Lee, J. (2020). Pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate over car
bon-supported pd catalyst. Catalysts, 10(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050496 51. Yoon, W.L., Park, J.S., Jung, H., Lee, H.T., & Lee,
D.K. (1999). Optimization of pyrolytic coprocess
ing of waste plastics and waste motor oil into fuel
oils using statistical pentagonal experimental de
sign. Fuel, 78(7), 809–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0016-2361(98)00207-5 40. Park, S.S., Seo, D.K., Lee, S.H., Yu, T.U., & Hwang,
J. (2012). Study on pyrolysis characteristics of re
fuse plastic fuel using lab-scale tube furnace and
thermogravimetric analysis reactor. Journal of Ana
lytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 97, 29–38. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.JAAP.2012.06.009 52. Yoshioka, T., Grause, G., Eger, C., Kaminsky, W.,
& Okuwaki, A. (2004). Pyrolysis of poly(ethylene
terephthalate) in a fluidised bed plant. Polymer Deg
radation and Stability, 86(3), 499–504. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.06.001 41. Parthasarathy, P., & Narayanan, S.K. (2014). Pyrol
ysis of Mixtures of Palm Shell and Polystyrene: An
Optional Method to Produce a High-Grade of Py
rolysis Oil. Environmental Progress & Sustainable
Energy, 33(3), 676–680. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep 53. Yoshioka, T., Handa, T., Grause, G., Lei, Z., Ino
mata, H., & Mizoguchi, T. (2005). Effects of metal
oxides on the pyrolysis of poly(ethylene tere
phthalate). Journal of Analytical and Applied Py
rolysis, 73(1), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaap.2005.01.004 42. Pet, T., & Chloride, N. (2020). Catalytic Fast Py
rolysis of Poly ( Ethylene. 43. Plastics Europe, 2019. (2019). Plásticos – Situ
ación en 2019. Plastic Europe. https://www. plasticseurope.org/es/resources/publications/
2511-plasticos-situacion-en-2019 54. Yoshioka, T., Kitagawa, E., Mizoguchi, T., &
Okuwaki, A. (2004). High selective conversion of
poly(ethylene terephthalate) into oil using Ca(OH)2. Chemistry Letters, 33(3), 282–283. https://doi. org/10.1246/cl.2004.282 44. Ratio, C., & Engine, D. (2021). Characterization
and Impact of Waste Plastic Oil in a Variable Com
pression Ratio Diesel Engine. 55. Zannikos, F., Kalligeros, S., Anastopoulos, G.,
& Lois, E. (2013). Converting Biomass and
Waste Plastic to Solid Fuel Briquettes. Journal
of Renewable Energy, 2013, 1–9. https://doi. org/10.1155/2013/360368 45. Sarker, M., Kabir, A., Rashid, M.M., Molla, M., &
Din Mohammad, A.S.M. (2011). Waste Polyethyl
ene Terephthalate (PETE-1) Conversion into Liquid
Fuel. REFERENCES Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Ener
gy and Applications, 1, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4303/ 330
| 13,542 |
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki%20Martin
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Riki Martin
|
https://az.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riki Martin&action=history
|
Azerbaijani
|
Spoken
| 2,212 | 6,380 |
Enrike Martin Morales (; ), daha çox Riki Martin adı ilə tanınır. Latınamerikan qrupu olan Menudo ilə fəaliyyətə başlamışdır. 1991-ci ildə solo-kariyeraya başlamışdır. Riki 8 studiya albomu buraxmışdır ki, bütün dünya üzrə bu albomların satış sayı 65 milyonu keçmişdir. Həmçinin Riki Martin xeyri məqsədləri üçün "Riki Martin fondu"nu (ispan: Fundacion Ricky Martin) yaratmışdır.
Həyatı
Riki Martin 24 dekabr 1971-ci ildə Puerto – Rikonun paytaxtı San Xuan şəhərində psixoloq Enrike Martin Neqoni və buxqalter Nereydi Moralesin ailəsində doğulmuşdur. Valideynləri onun iki yaşı olanda ayrılmışdılar. Rikinin doğma Erik və Daniel Martin adlı iki qardaşı, Vanessa Martin adlı bir bacısı, ögey Fernando və Anhel Fernandez adlı iki qardaşı var. Riki katolik ailəsində böyümüşdü və çox sakit və sözə qulaq asan uşaq idi, amma Menuda qrupuna qoşulana qədər…
Musiqi fəaliyyətinin başlanması
Riki (o zaman Enrike) musiqi fəaliyyətinə 13 yaşında, 1984-cü ildə məşhur latınamerikan qrupu Menuda ilə başladı. Riki bu qrupun 6 il üzvü oldu, lakin 6 il sonra solo – karyeraya başlamağı qərara aldı və 1990-cı ildə boy-bendin tərkibindən çıxdı. Məktəbi bitirdikdən sonra Riki San – Xuandan Nyu – Yorka köçdü. Orda ona uğur gülümsədi və o, meksika serialı olan "Alcanzar Una Estrella" serialında Pablo roluna dəvət aldı, 1991-ci ildə serialın davamı "Alcanzar Una Estrella — 2" çəkildi. Seriala çəkildikdən sonra o, özünə Riki Martin (ispan: Ricky Martin) ləqəbini götürdü və "Sony Discos" musiqi şirkəri ilə müqavilə bağladı. Riki 1991-ci ildə ispan dilində ilk studiya albomunu – "Ricky Martin"i buraxdı. Bu albomda Argentinada və Puerto – Rikoda qızıla çevrilən "Fuega Contra Fuega" – "Alov alova qarşı" mahnısı buraxıldı. Alboma dəstək üçün Riki Cənubi Amerika turnesinə çıxdı – "Ricky Martin Tour".
1993-cü ildə Riki "Me Amaras" – "Sən Məni sevəcəksən" adlı ikinci studiya albomunu buraxdı. Albom üçün Riki Laura Braniqanın "Self Control" – " Que dia es hoy" mahnısının kaver – versiyasını hazırladı. Albom çox qısa müddət ərzində təxmini 1 milyon nüsxə ilə bütün dünyada satıldı. Sonra, 1994-cü ildə Riki amerikan serialı olan "Əsas hospital" serialının çəkildiyi Kaliforniyaya gəlir. Riki serialda barmen və müğənni Migel Mores rolunu canlandırır.
Avropada uğurları
1995-ci ildə "A Medio Vevir" – "Həyatın yarısı" adlı albomunu çıxarmaqla Riki latınamerika musiqisinə baxışı dəyişdi. "Maria" sinqlı ilə Riki latınamerika musiqisinin təkcə balladadan ibarət olmadığını sübut etdi. Bu sinqlla Riki Avropada məşhur oldu, amma nəyin ki, rəqs ritimli mahnılar Rikiyə uğur gətirdi, həmçinin "Te Extrano, Te Olvido, Te Amo" balladaları da Avropada çox uğurlu oldu.
"A Midio Vivir Tour" dünya turnesini başa vurduqdan sonra Riki Nyu – Yorka qayıdır. Orada "Tərkedilmişlər" tamaşasında iştirak edir. O, əsas rollardan biri olan Marius Portmers obrazını canlandırır. Çıxışlar Brodveydə keçirilirdi.
Seriallara çəkildikdən sonra Riki yenidən studiyaya qayıdır və dördüncü albomu olan "Vuelve" ni ispanca buraxır. RİAA albomu platin albom olaraq qiymətləndirmişdi. Albom qısa müddət ərzində 8 milyon nüsxə ilə satılmışdı. Həmçinin həmin il Riki 1998-ci ildə Fransada keçiriləcək futbol üzrə dünya çempionatının himnini yazmaq üçün seçilmişdi. Himn üçün yazılan mahnı "The Cup of Life" – "La Copa de la Vida" – "Həyat kuboku" oldu.
Ricky Martin 1999:
İspandilli ölkələrdəki uğurlarından sonra Riki qərara aldı ki, ingiliscə albom çıxarsın – "Ricky Martin". Albom 1999-cu ildə bir neçə sponsorun köməyi ilə buraxıldı. Həmçinin albomda Madonna ilə duet "Cuidada Con Mİ Corazon" — "Mənim qəlbimlə ehtiyatlı ol" və isveçli müğənni Meeylə olan duet "Private Emotion" – "Gizli hisslər" yerləşdirilmişdi. Riki Türkiyədə çox məşhur olduğu an o, "Private Emotion" mahnısını Sertab Erenerlə duet olaraq ifadə etdi. Bu mahnı türk bonus – trekinə daxil oldu.
İlk ən kommersial və məşhur, uğurlu sinql "Livin la Vida Loca" – "Dəli həyatı yaşamaq" Birləşmiş Ştatlar, Böyük Britaniya, Avstraliya, Argentina, Braziliya, Fransa, Yunanıstan, İsrail, Hindistan, İtaliya, Yaponiya, Qvatamela, Meksika, Rusiya, Azərbaycan, Türkiyə, Cənubi Afrika və s. kimi ölkələrdə birinci yerə sahib oldu. Bundan sonra Billboard Hot 100`də ikinci yeri tutan "She is All İ Ever Had" – "O, mənim hər şeyimdir" sinqlı bu uğuru təkrarladı. Albom 1999-cu ilin ən çox satılmış albomlarından biri oldu. Yeddi dəfə platin albom olaraq sertifikatlaşdırılan albom 22 milyon nüsxə ilə satıldı.
Sound Loaded 2000:
İlk ingilisdilli albomun uğur qazanmasından sonra Riki 2000-ci il noyabrda buraxılmış "Sound Loaded" albomunu hazırlamağı qərara aldı, amma albom ABŞ-də yalnız 3-cü yeri tuta bildi. Albomda üç uğurlu sinql oldu: birinci "She Bangs" – "Onun zarafatları", ikinci Kristina Aqileriya ilə duet olan "Nobady wants to be lonely" – "Heç kim tək olmaq istəmir". Hər iki sinql ABŞ çarxlarında birinci yeri tuta bildi. Albomun əsas sinqlı olan "Loaded" – "Yüklənilmiş" sinqlı isə yalnız 97-ci yerdə qərarlaşa bildi. Albom ABŞ-də 2 milyon nüsxə tirajı ilə satıldı. "La Historia" və "The Best of Ricky Martin" 2001 – 2003 2001-ci ilin başlanğıcında Riki ABŞ-nin latınamerikan çarxlarında birinci pilləyə qədər yüksəlmiş və 5 həftə ərzində bu yeri saxlaya bilmiş ispan dilində mahnıları tərkibində birləşdirən "La Historia" albomunu buraxdı. Bu alboma həmçinin Martinin 2 köhnə mahnısı "Fuego Contra Fuego" və "El Amor de Mi Vida" yeni aranjımanda daxil edilmişdi. İlin sonunda Riki ingilis dilində olan mahnılarından ibarət olan "The Best of Ricky Martin" albomunu buraxdı. Albom yalnız 1 milyon tirajla satıldı. Alboma yeni mahnı daxil edilməmişdi, yalnız "Amor" sinqlına 2 remiks edilmişdi. Sinql və remikslər Avropanın bir neçə radiostansiyasında yayımlandı.
"Almas Del Silencio" ilə köklərinə qayıtma
2003-cü ildə Riki ispanca "Almas Del Silencio" – "Ruhun sakitliyi" albomunu buraxdı. Yeni albom haqqında Riki deyir: "Mən özümə, keçmişimə qayıtmaq istədim. Mən öz dərinliyimdə bir neçə il əvvəl yaşadığım həmin emosiyaları, həmin adrenalini axtarırdım." Albom Bilboard 200-də 20-ci yerlə debüt etdi. Bir neçə həftə sonra birinci yerə sahib oldu və 6 həftə ərzində bu yeri qoruyub saxlaya bildi. Albomda 5 sinql var idi. Onlardan üçü "Tal Vez", "Jaleo", "Y Todo Quede En Nada" ABŞ-nin latınamerikan çartlarında liderlik edirdilər. Albom 3 milyon nüsxə tirajı ilə satılmışdı.
Life Riki 11 noyabr, 2005-ci ildə ingiliscə "Life" albomunu çıxardı. Alboma daxil olan mahnıların çoxunu Riki özü bəstələmişdi. Albom haqqında Riki demişdi: "Mən öz emosiyalarımı birləşdirdim. Mən düşünürəm ki, bu albom həyat kimi özündə çox səsləri birləşdirir. Onda kədərdən, sevincdən, hisslərdən danışılır. Mənim hisslərim bu albomun bir hissəsidir." Albom Bilboard 200-də 6-cı olaraq debüt etdi. Yeni sinql "İ don`t care" – "Mənim vecimə deyil" Ameri və Fat Joe ilə birgə yazılmışdı.
İkinci sinql "Drop it on Me" olmalı idi, amma bu efirdə və radiostansiyalarda yayımlanmadı. Bundan sonra Riki "Life" albomuna dəstək üçün "Una Noche con Ricky Martin/One night with Ricky Martin" – "Riki Martinlə bir gecə" adlı növbəti dünya turnesinə çıxdı. Turne 15 noyabrda Latın Amerikasında – Meksikada başladı. Latın Amerikası və ABŞ-ni əhatə edən biu turne başa çatdıqdan sonra Riki "İt`s Allright" adlı yeni sinqlını təqdim etdi. Sonra Riki bu sinqlı fransız müğənni Muretto Pakoro ilə duet şəklində təqdim etdi. Fransada sinql 4-cü pilləyə qədər yüksəldi. Riki 2006-cı ildə Turen şəhərində keçirilmiş Qış Olimpiya oyunlarının bağlanış mərasimində çıxış etdi. Bir neçə gün sonra Riki dünya turunun davam edəcəyini bildirdi. Bu turne Avropa və Afrikanı əhatə edən "Una Noche Con Ricky Martin" – "Riki Marinlə bir gecə" turnesi idi. Turne 21 aprel Mançestr, Böyük Britaniyada başlayıb, 3 iyul Təl – Əviv, İsraildə bitdi. 2007-ci ildə Martinin "Blanco y Negro" – "Ağ və qara" adlı yeni turnesi təşkil edildi. Tur San – Xuan, Puerto – Rikoda başlayıb, 14 oktyabr Medison – Skver – Qarden idman kompleksində Nyu – York, ABŞ-də başa çatdı.
Həmin il Riki italyan müğənni Eros Ramazotti ilə birgə "Non Siamo Soli" mahnısını ifa etdi. Mahnıya klip də çəkildi.
Musiqi səhnəsinə qayıdış
2006-cı il noyabrda "Only One Night" şousunda səhnə arxasında baş verən maraqlı, gülməli və digər anları əhatə edən "MTV Gündəlik: Riki Martin" realiti – şousu start götürdü. Elə bu vaxtlarda növbəti albom "MTV unplugged" buraxıldı. Disk 7 noyabrda CD və DVD .əklində buraxıldı, daha sonra 2007-ci ildə isə özündə CD və DVD- ni birləşdirən boks şəklində buraxıldı. Albomun ilk sinqlı "Tu Recuerodo" ispan müğənni La Mari ilə birgə yazılmışdı, sinql ABŞ-nin bütün latınamerikan çartlarında birinci oldu. Albom Latın Amerikasında liderlik edirdi. Bilboard 200-də isə 39-cu yerdə qərarlaşdı. 18 noyabr 2008-ci ildə Riki "Ricky Martin 17" adlı bir neçə mahnısını əhatə edən yığma albomu buraxdı.
Doqquzuncu studiya albomu və ilk kitab
2009-cu ilin iyun ayında Riki yeni studiya albomu üzərində çalışdığını və albomun 2010-cu ilin yazında hazır olacağını bildirdi. Albomda olan mahnılar həm ispan, həm də ingilis dilində idi. Həmçinin Riki 2010-cu ildə yeni sinql çıxaracağını söz verdi. Bu Martinin 9-cu studiya albomu idi. Həmçinin Riki həyatı haqqında kitab yazacağını söz vermişdi. "Me" – "Mən" adlanan kitab 2012-ci ildə Riki heyranlarına təqdim edildi.
Şəxsi həyatı
Riki Martin 2000 və 2006-cı illərdə "People" jurnalının araşdırmaları və sorğularına görə "Dünyanın 50 ən yaraşıqlı insanından biri" kimi qiymətləndirilmişdir. Riki Martin meksikalı aparıcı Rebeka De Alba ilə sevgi münasibəti yaşamışdır. 14 illik ayrılıqdan sonra onlar yenidən birlikdə olmağı və qısa müddət ərzində evlənməyi qərara aldılar, lakin "Life" albomunun təqdim edilməsindən sonra ayrıldılar. 1999-cu il "Ricky Martin" albomundan sonra Rikinin seksual oriyentasiyası ilə bağlı şayiələr yayıldı və Rikiyə onun seksual oriyentasiyası ilə bağlı suallar verməyə başladılar. Riki bu suallara cavab verməkdən qaçmadı və "Plus 7 Days" jurnalına müsahibəsində dedi: "Mən müasir insanam, yaşayıram və üzərimdə heç bir günah görmürəm. Müasir dövrdə hər şey etmək olar, amma təbii ki, istsna hallar mövcuddur. Əgər mən geyəmsə, niyə bu haqda açıq danışmayım? Xeyr, mən qadınları və seksi sevən normal bir kişiyəm. Bəli, mən qaynar puerto-rikolu ovçuyam, amma kişilər məni maraqlandırmır." 2008-ci ilin avqust ayında Riki suraqat ana vasitəsilə dünyaya gələn əkiz oğlan uşaqları atası oldu. 10 dekabrda Riki "People" jurnalına müsahibəsində oğlanlarının adlarının Valentino və Matteo olduğunu bildirdi. Əkizlərin doğulmasından sonra Martinin meneceri bildirdi: "Riki çox xoşbəxtdir, uşaqlarının dünyaya gəlməsi onun həyatında yeni bir başlanğıc oldu. O, cəmiyyətin diqqətindən kənarda qalacaq və 1 il ərzində öz vaxtını yalnız uşaqları ilə keçirəcək" 2009-cu il iyunda Riki ispan telekompaniyası Tv Aqui-nin jurnalına müsahibə verdi. Öz cavablarında o, biseksual olduğunu bildirdi. O dedi ki, onun ürəyi qadına aid olduğu kimi kişiyə də aid ola bilər, lakin Riki jurnala belə bir müsahibə verdiyini qəbul etmədi və bildirdi ki, bu jurnalın piar məqsədli layihəsidir. Riki Martin: "Ha, Riki Martinin qəlbi! Demək, iş bunda imiş! Eşidin, siz kişilər və ya qadınlar, mən heç vaxt bu mövzuda danışmamışam!!!" Xeyriyyəçilik fəaliyyəti. Riki Martin fondu Martin xeyriyyə işləri ilə məşğul olan Riki Martin fondunun banisidir. Riki kasıblar üçün düşərgələr açır, uşaqlarla özü şəxsən maraqlanır. Fond xeyriyyə əməllərinə görə bir neçə mötəbər mükafata layiq görülmüşdür: Bilboard, ALMA Award, GLAAD, Beynəlxalq Humanitar Mükafat, Kəlküttədə 2 suriyalı qızı xilas etdiyi üçün İspan təşəkkürü və s. Həmçinin Riki müasir quldarlığa qarşı çıxdığına və böyük uğur qazandığına görə ABŞ Dövlət Depatamenti tərəfindən "Müasir Quldarlığın bitməsinin Qəhrəmanı" mükafatını almışdır.
Siyasi baxışları
Riki 2001-ci ildə Corc Buşun andiçmə mərasiminə dəvət edilmişdi. Çıxışı zamanı Buşu səhnəyə rəqs etməyə dəvət edir. Bu, bütün dünyanın kütləvi informasiya vasitələrinin əsas mövzusuna çevrildi. Riki Buşa olan münasibətini "Asignature Pendiente" mahnısında bildirmişdir. Sonra o, ABŞ prezidentinə olan münasibətini Puerto –Rikoda konsert zamanı "Asignature Pendiente" mahnısını ifa edərkən Buşla şəkil ekrana gəldiyi zaman ona orta barmağını göstərir. Bu zalda və mətbuatda böyük səs-küy yaratdı. Özünü müdafiə üçün Riki dedi: "Mən həmişə müharibəni və onu aparanları mühakimə edəcəyəm" Riki Puerto – Rikoda demokratik seçkilərdə qalib gəlmiş Hilari Klintonu dəstəkləyirdi.
Diskoqrafiya
İspanca studiya albomları
1. Ricky Martin – 1991 2. Me Amoras – 1993 3. A Medio Viver – 1995 4. Vuelve – 1998 5. Almas del Silencio – 2003
İngiliscə studiya albomları
1. Ricky Martin – 1999 2. Sound Loaded – 2000 3. Life – 2005 4. Music+Soul+Sex/Musica+Alma+Sexo – 2011 Konsert albomları 1. MTV unplugged – 2006 2. Black&White Tour – 2007 Kompulyarsiyalar 1. La Historia – 2001 (ispan)
2. The Best of Ricky Martin – 2001 (ispan)
3. Ricky Martin 17 – 2008 (qarışıq)
Dünya turları 1. Ricky Martin Tour – 1992 2. Me Amaras Tour – 1993 −1994 3. A Medio Vivir tour – 1995 – 1997 4. Vuelve World Tour – 1998 5. Livin la Vida Loca World Tour – 1999 – 2000 6. Una Noche Con Ricky Martin World Tour – 2005–2006 7. Black&White World Tour — 2007 8. Musica+Alma+Sexo – 2011 Mükafatlar 1. Lo Nuestro (10 qələbə)
2. World Music Awards (8 qələbə, 2 nominasiya)
3. Latin Billboard Music Awards (7 qələbə, 10 naminasiya)
4. MTV Video Music Awards (5 qələbə, 6 nominasiya)
5. ALMA Awards (5 qələbə)
6. Latınamerikan musiqisi üzrə Qremmi (4 qələbə, 6 nominasiya)
7. Ritmo latin Music Awards (3 qələbə, 2 nominasiya)
8. Premius Juventod (3 qələbə, 10 nominasiya)
9. Blockbuster Entertainment Awards (3 qələbə, 2 nominasiya)
10. Billboard Music Awards (3 qələbə)
11. American Music Awards (2 qələbə, 2 nominasiya)
12. MTV Asia — Best Male Artist (2000 – 2006)
13. International Dance Music Awards (2 qələbə)
14. Gremmy (1 qələbə, 7 nominasiya)
15. MTV Europe Music Awards Ən yaxşı ifaçı (2000, nominasiya 1998, 1998, 2001), ən yaxşı pop – müğənni (nominasiya 1999)
16. People's Choice Awards (1 qələbə, 3 nominasiya)
17. American Latino Medio Arts (1 qələbə)
18. BMI Latin Award — Song of the Year – Livin la Vida Loca (2000)
19. Ios Premios Telehit (1 qələbə)
20. Teen Choice Awards (1qələbə)
21. Brit Awards (2 nominasiya)
Filmoqrafiya
1. Həmişəlik dostlar (serial, 1987) – Riki rolunda 2. Ulduzlara çatmaq (serial, 1990) – Pablo Loredo rolunda 3. Ulduzlara çatmaq – 2 (serial, 1991)
4. Ulduza çatmaq əvəzinə (1992) – Enrike rolunda 5. Sudan quru çıxan (1993) – Martin rolunda 6. Əsas hospital (1995) – Migel Mores rolunda 7. Cənnəti ayaqlayın (1996) – Sandoval rolunda 8. Riki Marin: Şəxsi həyat (2003) – Riki Martin rolunda 9. Glee (2012, 3 sezon, 12 seriya) – David Martines rolunda
İstinadlar
ABŞ mesenatları
Puerto-Rikoda doğulanlar
Qremmi mükafatı laureatları
| 25,110 |
https://github.com/simnalamburt/caskroom.github.io/blob/master/js/search.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,018 |
caskroom.github.io
|
simnalamburt
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 233 | 887 |
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
var initialUrl = location.href,
queryURL = window.location.search;
var searchFromURL = function searchFromURL(queryURL) {
var matchQueryOnly = /^\?q=(.+)/,
decoded = decodeURIComponent(queryURL.replace(/\+/g, " ")),
query = matchQueryOnly.exec(decoded)[1];
$("#search-input").val(query);
renderResults(query);
}
var notifyUnavailable = function notifyUnavailable(jqXHR, errorThrown) {
var disable = function (r, d) {
$("#search-view").html(r(d));
$("#search-input").prop("disabled", true);
}
if (jqXHR.status === 403 && jqXHR.getResponseHeader("X-RateLimit-Remaining") <= 0) {
var resetTime = jqXHR.getResponseHeader("X-RateLimit-Reset"),
minutesLeft = Math.ceil((resetTime - Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)) / 60);
disable(renderers.searchRateLimited, { timeLeftInMinutes: minutesLeft });
} else {
disable(renderers.searchUnavailable);
}
}
var loadCasks = function loadCasks(data) {
$('#search-input').attr('disabled', false).focus();
caskList = pre.indexCaskData(data)
if (queryURL) searchFromURL(queryURL);
}
var caskList;
pre.retrieveCaskData(loadCasks, notifyUnavailable);
/* Rendering */
var renderers = { search: doT.template($("#search").html()),
searchPrompt: doT.template($("#search-prompt").html()),
searchUnavailable: doT.template($("#search-unavailable-error").html()),
searchRateLimited: doT.template($("#search-rate-limited-error").html()) };
var search = function search(q) {
var queryString = q.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9]/g, ""),
regexp = new RegExp(queryString, "i");
var results = caskList.filter(function(el) { return regexp.test(el.entryName) })
return results;
}
var renderResults = function renderResults(q) {
var results = search(q);
$("#search-view").html(renderers.search(results));
}
/* Input */
var debounce = function debounce(fn) {
var timeout;
return function () {
var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments),
ctx = this;
clearTimeout(timeout);
timeout = setTimeout(function () {
fn.apply(ctx, args);
}, 200);
};
};
$("#search-input").on("keyup", debounce(function() {
var fieldedQuery = $(this).val();
if (fieldedQuery < 1)
$("#search-view").html(renderers.searchPrompt);
else renderResults(fieldedQuery);
}));
$("#search-input").on("keyup keypress", function(e) {
var key = e.keyCode || e.which;
if (key === 13) {
e.preventDefault();
return false;
}
});
new Clipboard('.sh-copy-btn'); // copy code to clipboard
});
| 6,421 |
https://github.com/MitchellTesla/Quantm/blob/master/Algorithms/python/buildmaster_config/custom/factories.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Quantm
|
MitchellTesla
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,284 | 4,907 |
from buildbot.process import factory
from buildbot.steps.shell import Configure, Compile, ShellCommand
from .steps import (
Test,
Clean,
CleanupTest,
Install,
LockInstall,
Uninstall,
UploadTestResults,
)
master_branch_version = "3.10"
CUSTOM_BRANCH_NAME = "custom"
# This (default) timeout is for each individual test file.
# It is a bit more than the default faulthandler timeout in regrtest.py
# (the latter isn't easily changed under Windows).
TEST_TIMEOUT = 20 * 60
def regrtest_has_cleanup(branch):
# "python -m test --cleanup" is available in Python 3.7 and newer
return branch not in {CUSTOM_BRANCH_NAME}
class TaggedBuildFactory(factory.BuildFactory):
factory_tags = []
def __init__(self, source, *, extra_tags=[], **kwargs):
super().__init__([source])
self.setup(**kwargs)
self.tags = self.factory_tags + extra_tags
class FreezeBuild(TaggedBuildFactory):
buildersuffix = ".freeze" # to get unique directory names on master
test_timeout = None
factory_tags = ["freeze"]
def setup(self, **kwargs):
self.addStep(Configure(command=["./configure", "--prefix", "$(PWD)/target"]))
self.addStep(Compile(command=["make"]))
self.addStep(
ShellCommand(
name="install", description="installing", command=["make", "install"]
)
)
self.addStep(
Test(
command=[
"make",
"-C",
"Tools/freeze/test",
"PYTHON=../../../target/bin/python3",
"OUTDIR=../../../target/freezetest",
]
)
)
##############################################################################
############################### UNIX BUILDS ################################
##############################################################################
class UnixBuild(TaggedBuildFactory):
configureFlags = ["--with-pydebug"]
compile_environ = {}
interpreterFlags = ""
testFlags = "-j2"
makeTarget = "all"
test_timeout = None
test_environ = {}
def setup(self, parallel, branch, test_with_PTY=False, **kwargs):
self.addStep(
Configure(
command=["./configure", "--prefix", "$(PWD)/target"]
+ self.configureFlags
)
)
compile = ["make", self.makeTarget]
testopts = self.testFlags
if "-R" not in self.testFlags:
testopts += " --junit-xml test-results.xml"
# Timeout for the buildworker process
self.test_timeout = self.test_timeout or TEST_TIMEOUT
# Timeout for faulthandler
faulthandler_timeout = self.test_timeout - 5 * 60
if parallel:
compile = ["make", parallel, self.makeTarget]
testopts = testopts + " " + parallel
if "-j" not in testopts:
testopts = "-j2 " + testopts
cleantest = [
"make",
"cleantest",
"TESTOPTS=" + testopts + " ${BUILDBOT_TESTOPTS}",
"TESTPYTHONOPTS=" + self.interpreterFlags,
"TESTTIMEOUT=" + str(faulthandler_timeout),
]
test = [
"make",
"buildbottest",
"TESTOPTS=" + testopts + " ${BUILDBOT_TESTOPTS}",
"TESTPYTHONOPTS=" + self.interpreterFlags,
"TESTTIMEOUT=" + str(faulthandler_timeout),
]
self.addStep(Compile(command=compile, env=self.compile_environ))
self.addStep(
ShellCommand(
name="pythoninfo",
description="pythoninfo",
command=["make", "pythoninfo"],
warnOnFailure=True,
env=self.test_environ,
)
)
# FIXME: https://bugs.python.org/issue37359#msg346686
# if regrtest_has_cleanup(branch):
# self.addStep(CleanupTest(command=cleantest))
self.addStep(
Test(
command=test,
timeout=self.test_timeout,
usePTY=test_with_PTY,
env=self.test_environ,
)
)
if branch not in ("3",) and "-R" not in self.testFlags:
self.addStep(UploadTestResults(branch))
self.addStep(Clean())
class UnixTraceRefsBuild(UnixBuild):
def setup(self, parallel, branch, test_with_PTY=False, **kwargs):
# Only Python >3.8 has --with-trace-refs
if branch not in {'3.7'}:
self.configureFlags = ["--with-pydebug", "--with-trace-refs"]
return super().setup(parallel, branch, test_with_PTY=test_with_PTY, **kwargs)
class UnixVintageParserBuild(UnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".oldparser" # to get unique directory names on master
test_environ = {'PYTHONOLDPARSER': 'old'}
class UnixRefleakBuild(UnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".refleak"
testFlags = "-R 3:3 -u-cpu"
# -R 3:3 is supposed to only require timeout x 6, but in practice,
# it's much more slower. Use timeout x 10 to prevent timeout
# caused by --huntrleaks.
test_timeout = TEST_TIMEOUT * 10
factory_tags = ["refleak"]
class UnixInstalledBuild(TaggedBuildFactory):
buildersuffix = ".installed"
configureFlags = []
interpreterFlags = ["-Wdefault", "-bb", "-E"]
defaultTestOpts = ["-rwW", "-uall", "-j2"]
makeTarget = "all"
installTarget = "install"
test_timeout = None
factory_tags = ["installed"]
def setup(self, parallel, branch, test_with_PTY=False, **kwargs):
if branch == "3.x":
branch = master_branch_version
elif branch == "custom":
branch = "3"
installed_python = "./target/bin/python%s" % branch
self.addStep(
Configure(
command=["./configure", "--prefix", "$(PWD)/target"]
+ self.configureFlags
)
)
compile = ["make", self.makeTarget]
install = ["make", self.installTarget]
testopts = self.defaultTestOpts[:]
# Timeout for the buildworker process
self.test_timeout = self.test_timeout or TEST_TIMEOUT
# Timeout for faulthandler
faulthandler_timeout = self.test_timeout - 5 * 60
testopts += [f"--timeout={faulthandler_timeout}"]
if parallel:
compile = ["make", parallel, self.makeTarget]
install = ["make", parallel, self.installTarget]
testopts = testopts + [parallel]
test = [installed_python] + self.interpreterFlags
test += ["-m", "test.regrtest"] + testopts
cleantest = test + ["--cleanup"]
self.addStep(Compile(command=compile))
self.addStep(Install(command=install))
self.addStep(LockInstall())
# FIXME: https://bugs.python.org/issue37359#msg346686
# if regrtest_has_cleanup(branch):
# self.addStep(CleanupTest(command=cleantest))
self.addStep(
ShellCommand(
name="pythoninfo",
description="pythoninfo",
command=[installed_python, "-m", "test.pythoninfo"],
warnOnFailure=True,
)
)
self.addStep(
Test(command=test, timeout=self.test_timeout, usePTY=test_with_PTY)
)
self.addStep(Uninstall())
self.addStep(Clean())
class UnixAsanBuild(UnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".asan"
configureFlags = ["--without-pymalloc", "--with-address-sanitizer"]
factory_tags = ["asan", "sanitizer"]
# See https://bugs.python.org/issue42985 for more context on why
# SIGSEGV is ignored on purpose.
compile_environ = {'ASAN_OPTIONS': 'detect_leaks=0:allocator_may_return_null=1:handle_segv=0'}
test_environ = {'ASAN_OPTIONS': 'detect_leaks=0:allocator_may_return_null=1:handle_segv=0'}
# These tests are currently raising false positives or are interfering with the ASAN mechanism,
# so we need to skip them unfortunately.
testFlags = ("-j1 -x test_ctypes test_capi test_crypt test_decimal test_faulthandler test_interpreters")
class UnixAsanDebugBuild(UnixAsanBuild):
buildersuffix = ".asan_debug"
configureFlags = UnixAsanBuild.configureFlags + ["--with-pydebug"]
class UnixBuildWithoutDocStrings(UnixBuild):
configureFlags = ["--with-pydebug", "--without-doc-strings"]
class AIXBuildWithoutComputedGotos(UnixBuild):
configureFlags = [
"--with-pydebug",
"--with-openssl=/opt/aixtools",
"--without-computed-gotos",
]
class AIXBuild(UnixBuild):
configureFlags = [
"--with-pydebug",
"--with-openssl=/opt/aixtools",
]
class NonDebugUnixBuild(UnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".nondebug"
configureFlags = []
factory_tags = ["nondebug"]
class PGOUnixBuild(NonDebugUnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".pgo"
configureFlags = ["--enable-optimizations"]
factory_tags = ["pgo"]
def setup(self, parallel, branch, *args, **kwargs):
# Only Python >3.10 has --with-readline=edit
if branch not in {'3.7', '3.8', '3.9'}:
# Use libedit instead of libreadline on this buildbot for
# some libedit Linux compilation coverage.
self.configureFlags = self.configureFlags + ["--with-readline=edit"]
return super().setup(parallel, branch, *args, **kwargs)
class ClangUnixBuild(UnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".clang"
configureFlags = [
"CC=clang",
"LD=clang",
]
factory_tags = ["clang"]
class ClangUbsanLinuxBuild(UnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".clang-ubsan"
configureFlags = [
"CC=clang",
"LD=clang",
"CFLAGS=-fsanitize=undefined",
"LDFLAGS=-fsanitize=undefined",
]
testFlags = "-j4"
factory_tags = ["clang", "ubsan", "sanitizer"]
class ClangUnixInstalledBuild(UnixInstalledBuild):
buildersuffix = ".clang-installed"
configureFlags = [
"CC=clang",
"LD=clang",
]
factory_tags = ["clang", "installed"]
class SharedUnixBuild(UnixBuild):
configureFlags = ["--with-pydebug", "--enable-shared"]
factory_tags = ["shared"]
class LTONonDebugUnixBuild(NonDebugUnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".lto"
configureFlags = [
"--with-lto",
]
factory_tags = ["lto", "nondebug"]
class LTOPGONonDebugBuild(NonDebugUnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".lto-pgo"
configureFlags = [
"--with-lto",
"--enable-optimizations",
]
factory_tags = ["lto", "pgo", "nondebug"]
class NoBuiltinHashesUnixBuild(UnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".no-builtin-hashes"
configureFlags = [
"--with-pydebug",
"--without-builtin-hashlib-hashes"
]
factory_tags = ["no-builtin-hashes"]
class NoBuiltinHashesUnixBuildExceptBlake2(UnixBuild):
buildersuffix = ".no-builtin-hashes-except-blake2"
configureFlags = [
"--with-pydebug",
"--with-builtin-hashlib-hashes=blake2"
]
factory_tags = ["no-builtin-hashes-except-blake2"]
##############################################################################
############################ WINDOWS BUILDS ################################
##############################################################################
class WindowsBuild(TaggedBuildFactory):
build_command = [r"Tools\buildbot\build.bat"]
remote_deploy_command = [r"Tools\buildbot\remoteDeploy.bat"]
remote_pythonInfo_command = [r"Tools\buildbot\remotePythoninfo.bat"]
test_command = [r"Tools\buildbot\test.bat"]
clean_command = [r"Tools\buildbot\clean.bat"]
python_command = [r"python.bat"]
buildFlags = ["-p", "Win32"]
remoteDeployFlags = []
remotePythonInfoFlags = []
testFlags = ["-p", "Win32", "-j2"]
cleanFlags = []
test_timeout = None
factory_tags = ["win32"]
remoteTest = False
def setup(self, parallel, branch, **kwargs):
build_command = self.build_command + self.buildFlags
test_command = self.test_command + self.testFlags
if "-R" not in self.testFlags:
test_command += [r"--junit-xml", r"test-results.xml"]
clean_command = self.clean_command + self.cleanFlags
if parallel:
test_command.append(parallel)
self.addStep(Compile(command=build_command))
if self.remoteTest:
# deploy
self.addStep(
ShellCommand(
name="remotedeploy",
description="remotedeploy",
command=self.remote_deploy_command + self.remoteDeployFlags,
warnOnFailure=True,
)
)
# pythonInfo
self.addStep(
ShellCommand(
name="remotepythoninfo",
description="remotepythoninfo",
command=self.remote_pythonInfo_command + self.remotePythonInfoFlags,
warnOnFailure=True,
)
)
else:
self.addStep(
ShellCommand(
name="pythoninfo",
description="pythoninfo",
command=self.python_command + ["-m", "test.pythoninfo"],
warnOnFailure=True,
)
)
timeout = self.test_timeout if self.test_timeout else TEST_TIMEOUT
test_command += ["--timeout", timeout - (5 * 60)]
# FIXME: https://bugs.python.org/issue37359#msg346686
# if regrtest_has_cleanup(branch):
# cleantest = test_command + ["--cleanup"]
# self.addStep(CleanupTest(command=cleantest))
self.addStep(Test(command=test_command, timeout=timeout))
if branch not in ("3",) and "-R" not in self.testFlags:
self.addStep(UploadTestResults(branch))
self.addStep(Clean(command=clean_command))
class WindowsRefleakBuild(WindowsBuild):
buildersuffix = ".refleak"
testFlags = ["-j2", "-R", "3:3", "-u-cpu"]
# -R 3:3 is supposed to only require timeout x 6, but in practice,
# it's much more slower. Use timeout x 10 to prevent timeout
# caused by --huntrleaks.
test_timeout = TEST_TIMEOUT * 10
factory_tags = ["win32", "refleak"]
class SlowWindowsBuild(WindowsBuild):
test_timeout = TEST_TIMEOUT * 2
testFlags = ["-j2", "-u-cpu", "-u-largefile"]
class Windows64Build(WindowsBuild):
buildFlags = ["-p", "x64"]
testFlags = ["-p", "x64", "-j2"]
cleanFlags = ["-p", "x64"]
factory_tags = ["win64"]
class Windows64RefleakBuild(Windows64Build):
buildersuffix = ".refleak"
testFlags = ["-p", "x64"] + WindowsRefleakBuild.testFlags
# -R 3:3 is supposed to only require timeout x 6, but in practice,
# it's much more slower. Use timeout x 10 to prevent timeout
# caused by --huntrleaks.
test_timeout = TEST_TIMEOUT * 10
factory_tags = ["win64", "refleak"]
class Windows64ReleaseBuild(Windows64Build):
buildersuffix = ".nondebug"
buildFlags = Windows64Build.buildFlags + ["-c", "Release"]
testFlags = Windows64Build.testFlags + ["+d"]
# keep default cleanFlags, both configurations get cleaned
factory_tags = ["win64", "nondebug"]
windows_icc_build_flags = ["--no-tkinter", "/p:PlatformToolset=Intel C++ Compiler 16.0"]
class WindowsArm32Build(WindowsBuild):
buildFlags = ["-p", "ARM", "--no-tkinter"]
# test_multiprocessing_spawn doesn't complete over simple ssh connection
# skip test_multiprocessing_spawn for now
remoteTest = True
remoteDeployFlags = ["-arm32"]
remotePythonInfoFlags = ["-arm32"]
testFlags = [
"-p",
"ARM",
"-x",
"test_multiprocessing_spawn",
"-x",
"test_winconsoleio",
"-x",
"test_distutils",
]
cleanFlags = ["-p", "ARM", "--no-tkinter"]
factory_tags = ["win-arm32"]
class WindowsArm32ReleaseBuild(WindowsArm32Build):
buildersuffix = ".nondebug"
buildFlags = WindowsArm32Build.buildFlags + ["-c", "Release"]
remotePythonInfoFlags = WindowsArm32Build.remotePythonInfoFlags + ["+d"]
testFlags = WindowsArm32Build.testFlags + ["+d"]
# keep default cleanFlags, both configurations get cleaned
factory_tags = ["win-arm32", "nondebug"]
| 11,655 |
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiho%C4%8Desk%C3%A9%20matky
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Jihočeské matky
|
https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jihočeské matky&action=history
|
Czech
|
Spoken
| 340 | 896 |
Jihočeské matky jsou občanské sdružení, jehož hlavní činností je zveřejňování informací o jaderné energetice a alternativních zdrojích energie. Veřejnost často vnímá toto sdružení pouze jako nejhlasitějšího českého odpůrce jaderné elektrárny Temelín, Jihočeské matky se však angažují mj. v řešení problému chemické úpravny uranových rud MAPE v Mydlovarech nebo ve výstavbě dálnice D3. Nejznámější představitelkou sdružení je bývalá první místopředsedkyně Strany zelených, místostarostka Českého Krumlova a bývalá ministryně školství Dana Kuchtová.
Historie sdružení
Jihočeské matky vznikly jako neformální seskupení zájemců o ochranu životního prostředí na konci roku 1989, formálně byly zaregistrovány v roce 1992. Název sdružení vychází z toho, že v době vzniku tvořily ženy výraznou většinu členské základny. Podle současných stanov může být jihočeskou matkou i muž.
Činnost sdružení byla nejprve omezena na svolávání demonstrací. Ty byly organizovány např. v den výročí katastrofy v ukrajinské jaderné elektrárně Černobyl nebo v období okolo roku 1993, kdy vláda Václava Klause rozhodovala o dostavbě temelínské elektrárny.
Po schválení dostavby většina lidí rezignovala na další veřejný odpor. V té době se Jihočeské matky rozhodly omezit veřejná vystoupení proti elektrárně a zaměřily se na informační přesvědčování veřejnosti o ekologické i ekonomické nevýhodnosti jaderné energetiky. Sdružení pořádá semináře, výstavy a tiskové konference, vytváří studie, vede správní řízení a soudní spory s úřady.
Jako protiváha později vzniklo sdružení Jihočeští taťkové, které Jihočeským matkám v otázkách jaderných elektráren oponuje.
Financování činnosti sdružení
Jihočeské matky jsou svými odpůrci často obviňovány, že jejich názor na jadernou energetiku je ovlivněný tím, že jsou financovány rakouskými odpůrci jaderné elektrárny Temelín. Sdružení vazbu na rakouské sponzory nepopírá a argumentuje tím, že „protemelínští“ jednotlivci a sdružení jsou upláceni provozovatelem JE Temelín – společností ČEZ. V roce 2008 sdružení Jihočeské matky podle hornorakouské zprávy obdrželo z financí na podporu zdravotnictví 40 545 eur (1,03 milionu korun).
Odkazy
Reference
Externí odkazy
Oficiální web Jihočeských matek
Ekologické spolky v Česku
Instituce v jaderné energetice
Jaderná elektrárna Temelín
Energetika v Česku
Jaderná technika v Česku
Objekty nazvané po státech a územích
Životní prostředí v Jihočeském kraji
Politika v Jihočeském kraji
Spolky v Českých Budějovicích
Organizace založené roku 1992
| 13,629 |
https://github.com/karlpilkington/fiss/blob/master/make_templates.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,014 |
fiss
|
karlpilkington
|
Shell
|
Code
| 9 | 38 |
#!/bin/bash
PWD="$(dirname $0)"
pushd $PWD
go-bindata -prefix="templates/" templates/
popd
| 45,420 |
b3045492x_0002_35
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,740 |
The works of John Locke, esq
|
Locke, John, 1632-1704
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,609 | 10,900 |
as you here call it, or, under what pretence, or colour, foever ; for that, what you fay, is but a pretence, the very exprefiion difcovers. For, does any one ever judge infincerely for himfelf, that he needs penalties to make him judge more fincerely for himfelf? A man may judge wrong for himfelf, and may be known, or thought, to do fo : But who can either know, or fuppofe, another is not fincere, in the judgment he makes for himfelf, or (which is the fame thing) that any one knowingly puts a mixture of fallhood into the judgment he makes ? For, as fpeaking infincerely is to fpeak otherwile than one thinks, let what he fays be true, orfalfe; fo judging infincerely muft be to judge otherwife, than one thinks, which I imagine is not very fealible. But how improper foever it be, to talk of judging infincerely for one’s felf, it was better for you in that place, to fay, penalties were to bring men to judge more fincerely, rather than to fay, more rightly, or more truly : for, had you laid, the magiftrate might ufe penal¬ ties, to bring men to judge more truly, that very word had plainly difeovered, that he made himfelf a judge of truth for them. You; therefore, wifely chofe to fay, what might beft cover this contradi&ion to yourfelf, whether it were fenfe or no, which, perhaps, whilft it founded well, every one would not Hand to examine. One thing give me leave here to obferve to you, which is, That, when you Ipeak of the entertainment, fubjedts are to give to truth, i. e. the true religion, you call it believing ; but this, in the magiftrate, you call knowing. Now let me afk you, Whether any magiftrate, who laid penalties on any, who di£» fented, from what he judged the true religion, or, as you call it here, were a- lienated from the truth, was, or could be determined, in his judging of that truth, by any afturance, greater than believing? When you have refolved that, you will then fee, to what purpofe is all you have faid here, concerning the magiftrate’s knowing the truth; which, at laft, amounting to no more, than the afturance, wherewith a man certainly believes, and receives a thing for true, will put every magiftrate under the fame, if there be any obligation to ufe force, while he believes his own religion. Befides, if a magiftrate knows his religion to be true, he is to ufe means, not to make his people believe, but know ft al- fo ; knowledge of them, if that be the way of entertaining the truths of reli¬ gion, being as neceflary to the fubjedls, as the magiftrate. I never heard yet of a mafter of mathematicks, who had the care of informing others, in thofe truths, whoever went about to make any one believe one of Euclid’s propofitions. Pa <r. 65, 66. The pleafantnefs of your anfwer, notwithftanding what you fay, doth re- A. p. 22. main ftill the fame : for you making, (as is to be feen) “ the power of the ma- “ giftrate, ordained for the bringing men to take fuch care, as they ought, of “ their falvation the reafon why it is every man’s intereft, to veft this power, in the magiftrate, muft fuppofe this power, fo ordained, before the people veft- ed it ; or elfe, it could not be an argument for their veiling it, in the magiftrate. For, if you had not here built upon your fundamental fuppofition, that this power of the magiftrate is ordained by God, to that end, the proper and in¬ telligible way of expreffing your meaning had not been to fay, as you do; A. p. 22. “ As the power of the magiftrate is ordained, for bringing, &c. fo, if we fup- “ pofe this power veiled in the magiftrate by the people:” in which way of fpeaking this power of the magiftrate is evidently fuppofed, already ordained. But a clear way of making your meaning underftood, had been to fay, That for the people to ordain fuch a power of the magiftrate, or to veft fuch a power in the magiftrate, (which is the fame thing) was their true intereft : but whe¬ ther it were your meaning, or your exprefiion, that was guilty of the abfurdity, I lhall leave it with the reader. A s to the other pleafant thing of your anfwer, it will ftill appear, by barely T. 2. p. 218. reciting it: the pleafant thing, I charge on you, is, that you fay, That “ the A. p. 22. “ power of the magiftrate is to bring men to fuch a care of their falvation, “ that they may not blindly leave it, to the choice of any perfon, or their own “ lulls, or paflions, to preferibe to them what faith, or worlhip, they lhall “ embrace j” and yet that ’tis their bell courfe “ to veft a power in the magif- 2 “ trate,” A third letter concerning Toleration. 337 “ trate,” liable to the fame lulls and paffions, as themfelves, to chufe for them. To this you anfwer, by alking, where it is that you fay, that it is the people’s belt courfe, to veil a power in the magiftrate, to chufe for them ? That you tell me, I do not pretend to (hew. If you had given yourfelf the pains to have gone on, to the end of the paragraph, or will be pleafed to read it, as I have here again' fet it down, for your perulal, you will find that I, at leaft, pre¬ tended to Ihew it : my words are thefe ; “ If they veil a power in the magif- « trate, to punilh them, when they diflent from his religion, to bring them to “ a«ft, even again!! their own inclination, according to reafon and loundjudg- “ ment,” which is (as you explain yourfelf, in another place) “ to bring them <c to confider rcafons and arguments, proper and fufficient, to convince them ;” « how far is this from leaving it to the choice of another man, to prelcribe to “ them, what faith, or worlhip, they (hall embrace ?” Thus far you cite my words, to which let me join the remaining part of the paragraph, to let you fee, that I pretended to fhew that the courfe, you propofed to the people, as beft for them, was to veil a power in the magiftrate, to chufe for them. My words, which follow thofe, where you left off, are thefe; “ Efpecially, if we confi- Lt2. p , 2ss “ der, that you think it a ftrange thing, that the author would have the care “ of every man’s foul left to himfelf. “If the blind lead the blind, both lhall fall into the ditch,” fays our Savi¬ our. If men, apt to be milled by their paffions and lulls, will guard themfelves from falling into error, by punilhments, laid on them, by men, as apt to be milled by paffions and lulls, as themfelves, how are they the fafer from falling into error ? Now, hear the infallible remedy for this inconvenience, and admire; the men, to whom they have given this power, mull not ufe it, ’till they find thofe, who gave it them, in an error. A friend, to whom I ffiewed this expe¬ dient, anfwered, This is none : for why is not a man, as fit to judge for himfelf, when he is in an error, as another to judge for him, who is as liable to error, himfelf? I anfwered, This power, however, in the other can do him no harm, but may indiredtly, and at a diftance, do him good ; becaufe the magiftrate, who has this power to punilh him, mull never ufe it, but when he is in the right, and he, that is puniffied, is in the wrong. But, faid my friend, who lhall be judge, whether he be in the right, or no? For men, in an error, think them¬ felves in the right, and that, as confidently, as thofe, who are moll fo. To which I replied, No body mull be judge ; but the magiftrate may know, when he is in the right. And fo may the fubjedt too (faid my friend) as well as the Vol. II. 4 Q_ magiftrate. 338 A third letter concerning Toleration. magidrate, and therefore, it was as good dill be free from a punifhment, that gives a man no more fecurity from error, than he had without it. Befides, laid he, who mud be judge, whether the magidrate knows, or no? For he may midake, and think it to be knowledge and certainty, when it is but opi¬ nion and belief. It is no matter, for that, in thisfcheme, replied I, the magif¬ trate, we are told, may know, which is the true religion, and he' mud not ufe force, but to bring men to the true religion j and, if he does, God will, one day, call him to an account for it, and fo all is fafe^ As fafe as beating the air can make a thing, replied my friend : for if believing, being affured, being confidently perfuaded, that they know, that the religion, they profefs, is true, or any thing elfe, fhort of true knowledge, will ferve the turn, all magidrates will have this power, alike j and fo men will be well guarded, or recovered from falfe religions, by putting it into the magidrate’s hand, to punifh them, when they have alienated themfelves from it. I f the magidrate be not to punifh men, but when he knows, i. e. is infalli¬ bly certain (for fo is a man, in what he knows) that his national religion is all true, and knows alfo, that it has been propofed to thofe, he punifhes, with dif¬ fident evidence of the truth of it : ’twould have been as good, this power had never been given him, fince he will never be in a condition to exercife it ; and, at bed, it was given him to no purpofe, fince thofe, who gave it him, were, one with another, as little difpofed to confider impartially, examine diligently, dudy, find, and infallibly know the truth, as he. But, faid he, at parting, to talk thus of the magidrate’s pun idling men, that rejed the true religion, without telling us, who thofe magidrates are, who have a power to judge, which is the true religion, is to put this power in all magidrates hands, alike, or none. For to fay, he only is to be judge, which is the true religion, who is of it, is but to begin the round of enquiries again, which can, at lad, end no where, but in every one’s fuppofing his own to be it. But, laid he, if you will continue to talk on thus, there is nothing more to be done with you, but to pity, or laugh at, you, and fo he left me. I assure you, Sir, I argued this part of your hypothefis, with all the ad¬ vantage, I thought, your anfwer afforded me : and, if I have erred in it, or there be any way to get out of the drait (if force mud, in your way, be ufed) either of the magidrate’s punifhing men, for rejeding the true religion, with¬ out judging, which is the true religion ; or elfe that the magidrate fhould judge, which is the true religion j which way ever of the two, you fiiall determine it, I fee not of what advantage it can be to the people (to keep them from chufing amifs) that this power, of punifhing them, fhould be put into the magidrate’s hands. And then, if the magidrate mud judge, which is the true religion, (as how he fhould, without judging, punifh any one, who rejeds it, is hard to find) and punifh men, who rejed it, till they do embrace it, (let it be, to make them confider, or what you pleafe) he does, I think, chufe their religion for them. And if you have not the dexterity, to chufe the national religion, where-ever you are, I doubt not but you would think fo too, if you were in France, tho’ there were none but moderate penalties laid on you, to bring you, even againft your own inclination, to ad according to, what they there call, reafon and found judgment. T h at paragraph and mine, to which it is an anfwer, runs thus. L. 2. Page 3 12. “ I do nei- “ ther you, nor the magif- “ trate, injury, when I fay, “ that the power, you give “ the magidrate, “of punifh- “ ing men, to make them “ confider reafons and argu- “ ments, proper and fufiici- “ ent L. 3. page 67. “ But it feems you have not “ done with this yet: for you fay,” you do nei¬ ther me, nor the magidrate, injury, when you fay, that the power, I give the magidrate, of punifhing men, to make them confider reafons and arguments, proper and fufficient to con¬ vince them, is to convince them of the truth of his religion, (whatever that be) and to bring them A third letter concerning Toleration. « ent to convince them,” is <c to convince them of the « truth of his religion, and « to bring them to it. For <* men will never, in his opi- «« nion, ad according to rea- « fon and found judgment, “ (which is the thing, you <{ here lay, men fhould be “ brought to, by the magif- “ trate, even againft their «« own inclination) ’till they “ embrace his religion. And, “ if you have the brow of an <{ honeft man, you will not “ fay, the magiftrate will “ ever punilh you, to bring «< you to conlider any other “ reafons and arguments, but “ fuch as are proper to con- “ vince you, of the truth of <c his religion, and to bring “ you to that. Thus you “ fhift, forwards and back- “ wards. You fay, “thema- ** giftrate has no power to ct punilh men tocompel them *< to his religion; but only to “ compel them, to conlider « reafons and arguments, “ proper to convince them of “ the truth of his religion; which is all one, as to fay, «* no body has power to chufe «* your way for you to Jeru- ** falem ; but yet, the lord of “ the mannor has power to <c punilh you, “ to bring you “ to confider reafons and ar- “ guments proper and fuffi- “ cient to convince you,” “ (of what? ) that the way “ he goes in, is the right, “ and fo to make you join in “ company, and go along <c with him. So that, in ef- “ fed, what is all your going “ about, but to come, at laft, “ to the fame place again; “ and put a power into the “ magiftrate’s hands, (under “ another pretence ) to com- “ pel men to his religion; “ which ufe of force the au- “ thor has fufficiently over-. “ thrown, and you yourfelf “ have quitted. But I am “ tired to follow you lo of- v “ ten, them to it. “Which feems a little ftrange and “ plealant too. But thus you prove it:” for men will never, in his opinion, ad according to reafon and found judgment, till they embrace his religion. And, if you have the brow of an honeft man, you will not fay, the magiftrate will ever punilh you, to bring you to confider any other reafons and arguments, but fuch as are proper to convince you, of the truth of his religion, and to bring you to that. Which (be- lides the pleafant talk of fuch reafons and argu¬ ments, as are proper and fufficient to convince men, of the truth of the magiftrate’s religion, “ though it be a falle one) is juft as much as to “ fay, it is fo, becaufe, in the magiftrate’s opi- “ nion, it isfo; and, becaule it is not to be c‘ expeded, that he will ad againft his opinion. “ As, if the magiftrate’s opinion could change “ the nature of things, and turn a power to “ promote the true religion, into a power to “ promote a falfe one. No, Sir, the magif- <c trate’s opinion has no fuch virtue. It may, indeed, keep him from exercifing the power, c‘ he has, to promote the true religion: anditmay “ lead him to abufe the pretence of it, to the “ promoting a falfe one: but it can neither de- “ ftroy that power, nor make it any thing, but “ what it is. And, therefore, whatever the cc magiftrate’s opinion be, his power was given “ him ( as the apoftles power was to them) for edification only, not for deftrudion : and it “ may always be faid of him, (what St. Paul faid “ of himlelf) that “ he can do nothing againft “ the truth, but for the truth.” And, therefore, “ if the magiftrate punilhes me, to bring me to “ a falfe religion ; it is not his opinion, that will “ excufe him, when he comes to anfwer for it, “ to his judge. For certainly, men are as ac- “ countable for their opinions ( thofe of them, I “ mean, which influence their pradice) as they “ are for their adions.” “H ere is, therefore, no fhifting forwards “ and backwards, as you pretend; noranycir- “ cle, but in your own imagination. For tho’ “ it be true that I fay,” the magiftrate has no power to punilh men, to compel them to his re¬ ligion ; “ yet I no where fayj nor will it follow “ from any thing I do fay, that he has power” to compel them, to confider reafons and argu¬ ments, proper to convince them of the truth of his religion. “ But I do not much wonder, “ that you endeavour to put this upon me. For “ I think, by this time, it is pretty plain, that, “ otherwife, you would have but little to fay : “ and it is “ an art very much in ufe among . “ fome fort of learned men, ” when they cannot “ confute, what an adverfary does fay, to make “ him fay, what he does not ; that they may “ have 34° A third letter concerning Toleration. “ ten, round the fame cir- “ have fomething, which they can con* “ cle.” <c fute.” Th e beginning of this anfwer is part of the old fong of triumph; “ What! “ reafons and arguments, proper and fufficient to convince men, of the truth “ offahhood?” yes, Sir, the magiftrate may ufe force, to make men confider thofe reafons and arguments, which he thinks proper and fufficient, to convince men, of the truth of his religion, though his religion be a falfe one. And this is as poliible, for him to do, as for a man, as learned as yourfelf, to write a book, and ufe arguments, as he thinks, proper and fufficient to convince men, of the truth of his opinion, though it be a falfhood. As to the remaining part of your anfwer, the queffion is not, tc Whether the « magiftrate’s opinion can change the nature of things, or the power he has, “ or excufe him to his judge, for mifufing of it? ” but this, thatfmce all ma- giffrates, in your opinion, have commiifion, and are obliged to promote the true religion, by force; and they can be guided, in the difcharge of this duty, by nothing, but their own opinion of the true religion. What advantage can this be, to the true religion, what benefit to their fubjeCts, or whether it amounts to any more, than a commiflion, to every magiftrate, to ufe force, for the promoting his own religion? to this queftion, therefore, yon will do well to apply your anfwer, which a man of lefs fkill than you, will be fcarce able to do. You tell us, indeed, that “ whatever the magiftrate’s opinion be, his power “ was given him (as the apoftles power was to them) for edification only, and ‘ ‘ not for deftruCtion.” But, if the apoftles power had been given them for one end, and St. Paul, St. Peter, and nine other of' the twelve, had had nothing to guide them, but their own opinion, which led them to another end; I afk you, whether the edification of the church could have been carried on, as 4 it was? You tell us farther, that “ it may always be faid, of the magiftrate ( what “ St. Paul faid of himfelf) that he can do nothing againft the truth, but for the “ truth.” Witnefs the King of France. If you fay this, in the fame fenfe, that St. Paul faid it, of himfelf, who, in all things, requifite for edification, had the immediate direction and guidance of the unerring fpirit of God, and fo was infallible, we need not go to Rome, for an infallible guide, every country has one, in their magiftrate. If you apply thefe words to the magiftrate, in another fenfe, than what St. Paul fpoke them in, of himfelf, fober men will be apt to think, you have a great care to infinuate into others, a high veneration for the magiftrate; but that you yourfelf have no over-great reverence for the fcripture, which you thus ufe: nor for the truth, which you thus de¬ fend. To deny the magiftrate, to have a power, to compel men to his religion: but yet to fay, the magiftrate has a power, and is bound to punifti men, to make them confider, ’till they ceafe to rejeCt the true religion; of which true religion he muft be judge, or elfe nothing can be done, in difcharge of this his duty, isfo like going round about, to come to the fame place, that it will al¬ ways be a circle, in mine and other people’s imagination, and not only there, but in your hypothefis. All that you fay, turns upon the truth, or falthood, of this propofition; Page 76. “ that whoever punilhes any one, in matters of religion, to make him confider, “ takes upon him to be judge for another, what is right, in matters of religi- “ on.” This, you think, plainly involves a contradiction; and fo it would, if thefe general terms had, in your ufe of them, their ordinary and ufual meaning. But, Sir, be but pleafed to take along with you, that, whoever puniflies any man, your way, in matters of religion, to make him confider, as you ufe the word confider, takes upon him to be judge for another what is right, in mat¬ ters of religion; and you will find it fo far from a contradiction, that it is a plain truth. For, your way of punching is a peculiar way, and is this: that the l magiftrate. A third letter concerning Toleration. magiftrate, where the national religion is the true religion, Hi ou Id punifh thofe, who diflent from it, to make them confider, as they ought, i. e. ’till they ceafe to rejedt or, in other words, 'till they conform to it. If, therefore, he punifhes none but thofe, who diffent from, and punifhes them, ’till they con¬ form to that, which he judges the true religion, does he not take on him to judge for them, what is the true religion ? ’Tis true, indeed, what you fay, there is no other reafon to punifh another, to make him confider, but that he fhould judge for himfelf ; and this will al¬ ways hold true, amongft thofe, who, when they fpeak of confidering, mean confidering, and nothing elfe. But then, thefe things will follow from thence: i. That, in inflicting of penalties, to make men confider, the magiftrate of a country, where the national religion is falfe, no more mifapplies his power, than he, whofe religion is true ; for one has as much right to punifh the negli¬ gent, to make him confider, ftudy, and examine matters of religion, as the Page 27. other. 2. If the magiftrate punches men, in matters of religion, truly to make them confider, he will punifh all, that do not confider, whether con- formifts, or nonconformifts. 3. If the magiftrate punifhes, in matters of re¬ ligion, to make men confider, it is, as you fay, “ to make men judge for them- “ felves : for there is no ufe of confidering, but in order to judging.” But then, when a man has judged for himfelf, the penalties, for not confidering, are to be taken off : for elfe, your faying, “ that a man is punifhed to make “ him confider, that he may judge for himfelf,” is plain mockery. So that ei¬ ther, you muft reform your fcheme, or allow this propofition to be true, viz. “ Whoever punifhes any man, in matters of religion, to make him, in your “ fenfe, confider, takes upon him to judge for another, what is right in mat- « ters of religion:” and with it the conclufion, viz. “Therefore, whoever «* punifhes any one, in matters of religion, to make him confider, takes upon « him to do, what no man can do ; and, confequently, mifapplies his power *' of punching, if he has that power. Which conclufion, you fay, you fhould “ readily admit as fufficiently demonftrated, if the propofition, before-men- “ tioned, were true.” But farther, if it could enter into the head of any law-maker, but you, to punifh men, for the omiflion of, or to make them perform, any internal adl of the mind, fuch as is confideration ; whoever, in matters of religion, would lay an injunction on men to make them confider, could not do it without judging for them in matters of religion, unlefs they had no religion at all ; and then, they come not within our author’s toleration, which is a toleration only of men of different religions, or of different opinions in religion. For, fuppofing you the magiftrate, with full power, and (as you imagined) right, of punifli- ing any one, in matters of religion, how could you pofiibly punifh any one, to make him confider, without judging for him, what is right, in matters of reli¬ gion ? I will fuppofe myfelf brought before your worfliip, under what character you pleafe, and then I defire to know what one, or more, queftions, you would afk me, upon my anfwer to which, you could judge me fit to be punifhed, to make me confider, without taking upon you to judge for me, what is right, in matters of religion ? For I conclude, from the fafhion of my coat, or the colour of my eyes, you would not judge, that I ought to be punifhed, in matters of religion, to make me confider. If you could, I fhould allow you, not only as capable, but much more capable, of coaCtive power, than other men. B u t, fince you could not judge me to need punifliment, in matters of re¬ ligion, to make me confider, without knowing my thoughts, concerning reli¬ gion, we will fuppofe you (being of the church of England ) would examine me, in th.e catechifm and liturgy of that church, which, pofiibly, I could nei¬ ther fay, nor anfwer right to. ’Tis like, upon this, you would judge me fit to be punifhed, to make me confider. Wherein, ’tis evident, you judged for me, that the religion of the church of England was right ; for, without that judg¬ ment of yours, you would not have punifhed me. We will fuppofe you to go yet farther, and examine me concerning the gofpel, and the truth of the prin- Vol. II. 4 R ciples 342. A third letter concerning Toleration. ciples of the chriftian religion, and you find me anfwer therein, not to your liking: here again, no doubt, you will punifh me, to make me confider ; but is it not, becaufe you judge for me, that the chriftian religion is the right ? Go on thus, as far as you will, and, ’till you find, I had no religion at all, you could not punifh me, to make me to confider, without taking upon you to judge for me, what is right, in matters of religion. To punifti, without a fault, is injuftice; and to punifh a man, without judging him guilty of that fault, is alfo injuftice ; and, to punifti a man, who has any religion, to make him confider, or, which is the lame thing, for not having fufficiently confidered, is no more, nor lefs, but punifhing him, for not being of the religion, you think beft for him ; that is the fault, and that is the fault, you judge him guilty of, call it confidering, asyoupleafe. For let him fall into the hands of a magiftrate, of whofe religion he is, he judgeth him to have confidered fufficiently. From whence ’tis plain, ’tis religion is judged of, and not confideration, or want of confideration. And ’tis in vain to pretend, that he is puniffied, to make him judge for himfelf: for he, that is of any re¬ ligion, has already judged for himfelf ; and, if you punifh him, after that, un¬ der pretence to make him confider, that he may judge for himfelf, ’tis plain you punifti him, to make him judge otherwise, than he has already judged, and to judge, as you have judged for him. Your next paragraph complains, of my not having contradicted the follow¬ ing words of yours, which I had cited, out of your A. p. 26. which that the reader may judge of, I ftiall here fet down again. “ And all the hurt, that “ comes to them, by it, is only the fuffering fome tolerable inconveniencies, “ for their following the light of their own reafon, and the dictates of their “ own confidences; which certainly is no fuch mifchief to mankind, as to u make it more eligible, that there ftiould be no fuch power veiled in the ma- “ giftrate ; but the care of every man’s foul fhould be left to him alone, (as “ this author demands, it ftiould be:) that is, that every man ftiould be fuffer- “ ed quietly, and, without the leaft moleftation, either to take no care at all “ of his foul, if he be fo pleafed ; or, in doing it, to follow his own ground- “ lefs prejudices, or unaccountable humour, or any crafty feducer, whom he “ may think fit, to take for his guide.” To which I fhall here fubjoin my an¬ fwer, and your reply. L. 2. page 316. “ Why ftiould not “ the care of every “ man’s foul be left “ to him,” rather “ than the magifi- “ trate? Is the magiC- “ trate like to be more “ concerned for it? Is “ the magiftrate like “ to take more care “ of it? Is the magif- “ trate commonly “ more careful of his “ own, than other <c men are of theirs ? “ Will you fay, the “ magiftrate is lefs “ expofed, in matters “ of religion, to pre- “ judices, humours, “ and crafty feducers, “ than other men? If you L. 3*p. 76. “Which words you fet down at large; “ but inftead of contradicting them, or offering to ftiew, “ that the mifchief fpoken of, is fuch, as makes it more “ eligible, &c. you only demand,” Why ftiould not the care of every man’s foul be left to himfelf, rather than the magiftrate? Is the magiftrate like to be more con¬ cerned for it? Is the magiftrate like to take more care of it, &c. “ As if, not to leave the care of every man's “ foul to himfelf alone, were, as you exprefs it after- “ wards,” “ to take the care of men’s fouls from them- “ felves:” or, as if to veft a power in the magiftrate, “ to procure, as much as in him lies (i. e. as far as it “ can be procured, by convenient penalties) that men “ take fuch care of their fouls, as they ought to do, •* were to leave the care of their fouls “ to the magif- “ trate, rather than to themfelves:” Which no man, <c but yourfelf, will imagine. I acknowledge, as freely “ as you can do, that, as every man is more concerned, “ than any man elfe can be: fo, he is likewife more “ obliged to take care of his foul, and that no man can, “ by any means, be difcharged of the care of his foul; “ which, when all is done, will never be faved, but by “ his own care of it. But do I contradfol any thing of j “ this, A third letter concerning Toler at ion. heart, and fay all this, what then will be got by the change? And why may not the care of every man’s foul be left to himfelf? efpeci- ally, if a man be in fo much danger to mifs the truth, who is differed qui¬ etly, and, without the lead: moledati- on, either to take no care of his foul, if he be fo pleafed, or to follow his own prejudices, &c. For, if want of moledation be the dangerous date wherein men are likelied to mifs the right way, it mud: be confefled, that, of all men, the ma¬ gidrate is mod: in danger to be in the wrong, and fo the unfitted: ( if you take the care of men’s fouls from themfelves) of all men, to be entrud- ed with it. For he never meets with that great and only antidote of yours, againd error, which you here call mo- ledation. He ne¬ ver has the benefit of your fovereign remedy , punfih- ment,to make him confider , which you think fo necef- fary, that you look on it, as a mod dangerous date, for men to be without it; and, therefore, tell us,” “ ’Tis eve- very man’s true in- tered, not to be left wholly to him- “ felf tt this, when I fay, that the care of every man’s foul ought not to be left to himfelf alone? or, that it is the filtered of mankind, that the magidrate be en- truded and obliged to take care, as far as lies in him, that no man neglecd his own foul : I thought, I con- fefs, that every man was, in fome fort, charged with the care of his neighbour’s foul. But, in your way of reafoning, he that affirms this, takes away the care of every man’s foul, from himfelf, and leaves it to his neighbour, rather than to himfelf. But, if this be plainly abfurd, as every one fees it is, then fo it mud be, likewife, to fay, that he, that veds fuch a power, as we here fpeak of, in the magidrate, “ takes away the care of men’s fouls, from themfelves, and places it in the magidrate, rather than in them¬ felves. “ What trifling, then, is it to fay, here, “ if you cannot lay your hand, upon your heart, and fay all this, (viz. that the magidrate is like to be more con¬ cerned, for other men’s fouls, than themfelves, &c. ) What then will be got by the change?” For it is plain, here is no fuch change, as you would infinuate: but the care of fouls, which I aflert to the magidrate, is fo far from difcharging any man, of the care of his own foul, or leflening his obligation to it, that it ferves to no other purpofe, in the world, but to bring men, who otherwife would not, to confider, and do, what the filtered of their fouls obliges them to.” “ It is therefore manifed, that the thing, here to be confidered, is not, whether the magidrate be” like to be more concerned for other men’s fouls, or to take more care of themfelves : nor, Whether he be common¬ ly more careful of his own foul, than other men are of theirs : nor, Whether he be lefs expofed, in matters of religion, to prejudices, humours, and crafty feducers, than other men : nor yet, Whether he be not more in danger to be in the wrong, than other men, in regard that he never meets with that great and only antidote of mine (as you call it) againd error, which I here call moledation. “ But the point, upon which this matter turns, is only this, Whether the falvation of fouls be not better provided for, if the magidrate be obliged to procure, as much as in him lies, that every man take fuch care, as he ought, of his foul, than if he be not fo obliged, but the care of every man’s foul be left to himfelf alone : which certainly any man of common fenfe may eafily determine. For, as you will not, I fuppofe, deny, but God has more amply provided, for the falvation of your own foul, by obliging your neighbour, as well as yourfelf, to take care of it ; though ’tis poffible, your neighbour may not be more concerned for it, than yourfelf; or may not be more careful of his own foul, than you are of yours; or may be no lefs expofed, in his matters of religion, to prejudices, 6c c. “ felf in matters of “ you to it, than if he be not; tho’ it may fall out, “ religion.” “ that he will not do, what he is obliged to do in that u cafe : fo, I think, it cannot be denied, but the falva- “ tion of all men’s fouls is better provided for, if, befides the obligation, which x‘ every man has, to take care of his own foul (and that, which every man’s “ neighbour has, likewife, to do it) the magiflrate alfo be entrufted and obliged “ to fee, that no man negleit his foul, than it would be, if every man were left “ to himfelf, in this matter : becaufe, tho’ we fhould admit that the magiflrate “ is not like to be, or is not ordinarily more concerned for other men’s fouls, “ than they themfelves are, &c. it is, neverthelefs, undeniably true Hill, that “ whoever negledts his foul, is more likely to be brought to take care of it, if “ the magiflrate be obliged to do what lies in him, to bring him to do it, than “ if he be not. Which is enough to fhew, that it is every man’s true interefl, “ that the care of his foul fhould not be left to himfelf alone, but that the ma- “ giflrate fhould be fo far entrufted with it, as I contend, that he is.” Your complaint of my not having formally contradi&ed the words above- Page 27. cited, out of A. p. 26. looking, as if there were fome weighty argument in them : I muft inform my reader, that you have fubjoined to thofe, wherein you recommend the ufe of force, in matters of religion, by the gain, thofe, that are punifhed, fhall make by it, though it be mifapplied by the magiflrate, to bring them to a wrong religion. So that thefe words of yours, “ all the “ hurt that comes to them by it,” is all the hurt, that comes to men by a mis¬ application of the magiftrate’s power, when, being of a falfe religion, he ufes force to bring men to it. Th 1 s is the fum of what you fay, if it has any coherent meaning in it : for it being to fhew the ufefulnefs of fuch a power, veiled in the magiflrate, un¬ der the mifcarriages and milapplications it is, in common practice, obferved to be liable to, can have no other fenfe. But, I having proved, that, if fuch a power be, by the law of nature, veiled in the magiflrate, every magiflrate is obliged to ufe it, for the promoting his religion, as far as he believes it to be true, fhall not much trouble myfelf, if, like a man of art, you fhould ufe your Skill, to give it another fenfe : for fuch is your natural talent, or great caution, that you love to fpeak indefinitely, and, as feldom as may be, leave yourfelf ac-^ countable for any propofitions, of a clear, determined fenfe; but, under words of doubtful, but feeming plaufible fignification, conceal a meaning, which, plainly exprefled, would, at firft fight, appear to contradidl your own pofitions, or common fenfe. Inftances whereof, more than one, we have here, in this fentence of yours. For, 1. The words, tolerable inconveniencies, carry a ve¬ ry fair fhew, of fome very flight matter ; and yet, when we come to examine them, may comprehend any of thofe feverities, lately ufed in France. For thefe tolerable inconveniencies are the fame, you, in this very page and elfe- where, call convenient penalties. Convenient, for what ? In this very place, they muft be fuch, as may keep men “ from following their own groundlefs “ prejudices, unaccountable humours, and crafty feducers.” And you tell us. Page 4S. the magiflrate may require men, “ under convenient penalties, to forfake their “ falfe religions, and embrace the true.” Who now muft be judge, in thefe cafes, what are convenient penalties ? Common fenfe will tell us, the magis¬ trate, that ufes them : but befides, we have your word for it, that the magif- A. P. 50. trate’s prudence and experience enables him to judge befl, what penalties do a- gree, with your rule of moderation, which, as I have Shewn, is no rule at all. So that, at laft, your tolerable inconveniencies are fuch, as the magiflrate fhall judge convenient, to oppofe to men’s prejudices, humours, and to feducers; fuch, A third letter concerning Toleration. fuch, as he {hall think convenient, to bring men from their falfe religions, or to punifh their rejecting the true ; which, whether they will not reach men’s eftates and liberties, or go as far as any the king of France has ufed, is more than you can be fecurity for. 2. Another let ol good words we have here, which, at firft hearing, are apt to engage men’s concern, as if too much could not be done, to recover men from fo perilous a ftate, as they feem to defcribe 5 and thofe are “ men’s following their own groundlefs prejudices, unaccounta- “ hie humours, or crafty feducers.” Are not thefe exprellions to fet forth a deplorable condition, and to move pity in all, that hear them ? Enough to make the unattentive reader ready to cry out, Help, for the Lord’s fake ; do any thing, rather than fuffer fuch poor, prejudiced, feduced people, to be eternally loft. Whereas, he that examines, what perfons thefe words can, in. your fcheme, defcribe, will find, they are only fuch, as any where diftent from thofe articles of faith, and ceremonies of outward worfhip, which the magis¬ trate, or, at leaft you, his director, approve of. For whilft you talk thus, of the true religion, in general, (and that fo general, that you cannot allow your felf to defcend fo near to particulars, as to recommend the fearching and ftudy of the fcriptures to find it) and that the power, in the magiftrate’s hands, to ufe force, is to bring men to the true religion ; I afk, Whether you do not think, either he, or you, muft be judge, which is the true religion, before he can exercife that power ? and then, he muft ufe his force upon all thofe, who diftent from it, who are then the prejudiced, humourfome, and feduced, you here fpeak of. Unlefs this be fo, and the magiftrate be judge, I afk, Who {hall refolve, which is the prejudiced perfon, the prince, with his politicks, or he that buffers for his religion ? Which the more dangerous feducer, Lewis the XIVth, with his dragoons, or Mr. Claud, with his fermons? It will be no fmall difficulty to find out the perfons, who are guilty of following ground¬ lefs prejudices, unaccountable humours, or crafty feducers, unlefs, in thofe places, where you {hall be gracioufly pleafed to decide the queftion; and, out of the plenitude of your power and infallibility, to declare, which of the civil fovereigns, now in being, do, and which do not, efpoufe the one, only, true religion; and then, we {hall certainly know, that thofe, who diftent from the religion of thofe magiftrates, are thefe prejudiced, humourfome, feduced per¬ fons.
| 19,421 |
US-51719507-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,007 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 257 | 717 |
10. The method according to claim 9, in which the values {dot over (ρ)}_(A)(t_(R)) and {dot over (ρ)}_(B)(t_(R)) are determined in accordance with the following relationships: sin θ_(A)(t _(R))·{dot over (ρ)}_(A)(t _(R))−sin θ_(B)(t _(R))·{dot over (ρ)}_(B)(t _(R)) =−cos θ(t _(R))·ρ_(A)(t _(R))·{dot over (θ)}_(A)(t _(R))+cos θ_(B)(t _(R))·ρ_(B)(t _(R))·{dot over (θ)}_(B)(t _(R)) cos θ_(A)(t _(R))·ρ_(A)(t _(R))·{dot over (θ)}_(A)(t _(R))+cos θ_(B)(t _(R))·ρ_(B)(t _(R))·{dot over (θ)}_(B)(t _(R)) =sin θ_(A)(t _(R))·ρ_(A)(t _(R))·{dot over (θ)}_(A)(t _(R)−sin θ) _(B)(t _(R))·ρ_(B)(t _(R))·{dot over (θ)}_(B)(t _(R)) wherein: {dot over (θ)}_(A) and {dot over (θ)}_(B) represent the variations of azimuth measurement θ_(A) and θ_(B) over time; and t_(R) corresponds to a reference moment.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein {dot over (θ)}_(A)(t_(R)) and {dot over (θ)}_(B)(t_(R)) are determined by Kalman filtering.
12. The method according to claim 10, wherein {dot over (θ)}_(A)(t_(R)) and {dot over (θ)}_(B)(t_(R)) are determined graphically.
13. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the step of determining the real position of the source detected, which includes the step of: calculating the radial speed values {dot over (ρ)}_(A)(t_(R)) and {dot over (ρ)}_(B)(t_(R)) and frequency f_(A)(t_(R)) and f_(B)(t_(R)) values minimizing a likelihood criterion determined in accordance with the following relationship: $\Delta = {{{f_{0\; A} - f_{0B}}} = {{{{f_{A}\left( t_{R} \right)}/\left( {1 - \frac{{\overset{.}{\rho}}_{A}\left( t_{R} \right)}{c}} \right)} - {{f_{B}\left( t_{R} \right)}/\left( {1 - \frac{{\overset{.}{\rho}}_{B}\left( t_{R} \right)}{c}} \right)}}}}$ wherein f_(0A) and f_(0B) represent the estimations of the frequency f₀ of the emitted signal, obtained by use of measurements respectively relative to the signal measured by antenna A and the signal measured by antenna B..
| 7,980 |
https://github.com/MegafonWebLab/megafon-ui/blob/master/packages/ui-core/src/components/Carousel/Carousel.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
megafon-ui
|
MegafonWebLab
|
TSX
|
Code
| 1,259 | 4,738 |
import React from 'react';
import { breakpoints, cnCreate, filterDataAttrs } from '@megafon/ui-helpers';
import throttle from 'lodash.throttle';
import * as PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import SwiperCore, { Autoplay, Pagination, EffectFade } from 'swiper';
import { Swiper, SwiperSlide } from 'swiper/react';
import { PaginationOptions } from 'swiper/types/components/pagination';
import NavArrow, { Theme as ArrowTheme } from 'components/NavArrow/NavArrow';
import throttleTime from 'constants/throttleTime';
import usePrevious from '../../hooks/usePrevious';
import checkBreakpointsPropTypes from './checkBreakpointsPropTypes';
import useGradient from './useGradient';
import './Carousel.less';
SwiperCore.use([Autoplay, Pagination, EffectFade]);
export const NavTheme = {
LIGHT: 'light',
GREEN: 'green',
} as const;
export const EffectTheme = {
SLIDE: 'slide',
FADE: 'fade',
} as const;
const SlidesPerView = {
AUTO: 'auto',
} as const;
const GradientTheme = {
DEFAULT: 'default',
GREEN: 'green',
BLACK: 'black',
SPB_SKY_0: 'spbSky0',
SPB_SKY_1: 'spbSky1',
SPB_SKY_2: 'spbSky2',
} as const;
type SlidesPerViewType = typeof SlidesPerView[keyof typeof SlidesPerView];
type NavThemeType = typeof NavTheme[keyof typeof NavTheme];
type EffectThemeType = typeof EffectTheme[keyof typeof EffectTheme];
type GradientThemeType = typeof GradientTheme[keyof typeof GradientTheme];
export type SlidesSettingsType = {
[key: number]: {
// количество отображаемых слайдов
slidesPerView: number | SlidesPerViewType;
// количество переключаемых за 1 раз слайдов
slidesPerGroup?: number;
// расстояние между слайдами в px
spaceBetween: number;
};
};
export interface ICarouselProps {
/** Ссылка на корневой элемент */
rootRef?: React.Ref<HTMLDivElement>;
/** Дополнительные классы для корневого элемента */
className?: string;
/** Дополнительные классы для корневого и внутренних элементов */
classes?: {
root?: string;
innerIndents?: string;
container?: string;
containerModifier?: string;
prev?: string;
next?: string;
slide?: string;
};
/** Дополнительные data атрибуты к внутренним элементам */
dataAttrs?: {
root?: Record<string, string>;
slider?: Record<string, string>;
prev?: Record<string, string>;
next?: Record<string, string>;
slide?: Record<string, string>;
};
/** Настройки слайдов */
slidesSettings?: SlidesSettingsType;
/** Смена слайдов с зацикливанием */
loop?: boolean;
/** Автоматическая прокрутка */
autoPlay?: boolean;
/** Настройки пагинации */
pagination?: PaginationOptions;
/** Задержка для авто прокрутки */
autoPlayDelay?: number;
/** Скорость смены слайдов */
transitionSpeed?: number;
/** Пороговое значение свайпа при котором выполняется сдвиг слайдов в карусели */
threshold?: number;
/** Порядковый номер первого видимого слайда */
initialSlide?: number;
/** Отключение смены слайда свайпами */
disableTouchMove?: boolean;
/** Активный слайд по центру экрана */
centeredSlides?: boolean;
/** Тема навигации */
navTheme?: NavThemeType;
/** Эффект анимации */
effectTheme?: EffectThemeType;
/** Css селектор элемента, при перетаскивании которого не будет происходить смена слайдов */
noSwipingSelector?: string;
/** Свайп к слайду, по которому произведен клик */
slideToClickedSlide?: boolean;
/** Ref на swiper */
getSwiper?: (instance: SwiperCore) => void;
/** Обработчик клика по стрелке вперед (должен быть обернут в useCallback) */
onNextClick?: (index: number) => void;
/** Обработчик клика по стрелке назад (должен быть обернут в useCallback) */
onPrevClick?: (index: number) => void;
/** Обработчик смены слайда (должен быть обернут в useCallback) */
onChange?: (currentIndex: number, previousIndex: number, slidesPerView?: number | 'auto') => void;
/** Наличие градиента по краям контейнера */
gradient?: boolean;
/** Цвет градиента */
gradientColor?: GradientThemeType;
}
const getAutoPlayConfig = (delay: number) => ({
delay,
waitForTransition: false,
disableOnInteraction: false,
stopOnLastSlide: true,
});
const defaultSlidesSettings: SlidesSettingsType = {
[breakpoints.MOBILE_SMALL_START]: {
slidesPerView: 1,
spaceBetween: 16,
},
[breakpoints.MOBILE_BIG_START]: {
slidesPerView: 3,
spaceBetween: 20,
},
[breakpoints.DESKTOP_MIDDLE_START]: {
slidesPerView: 4,
spaceBetween: 20,
},
};
const cn = cnCreate('mfui-carousel');
const Carousel: React.FC<ICarouselProps> = ({
rootRef,
className,
classes: {
root: rootClass,
innerIndents: innerIndentsClass,
prev: prevClass,
next: nextClass,
container: containerClass,
containerModifier,
slide: slideClass,
} = {},
dataAttrs,
slidesSettings = defaultSlidesSettings,
autoPlay = false,
autoPlayDelay = 5000,
loop = false,
transitionSpeed = 300,
threshold,
initialSlide = 1,
disableTouchMove = false,
centeredSlides = false,
navTheme = 'light',
effectTheme = 'slide',
noSwipingSelector,
children,
pagination,
getSwiper,
onNextClick,
onPrevClick,
onChange,
slideToClickedSlide = false,
gradient = false,
gradientColor = 'default',
}) => {
const [swiperInstance, setSwiperInstance] = React.useState<SwiperCore>();
const [isBeginning, setBeginning] = React.useState(true);
const [isEnd, setEnd] = React.useState(false);
const [isLocked, setLocked] = React.useState(false);
const childrenLen: number = Array.isArray(children) ? children.length : 0;
const prevChildrenLen: number = usePrevious(childrenLen) || 0;
const isChildrenLenDiff = childrenLen !== prevChildrenLen;
const gradientStyles = useGradient(gradient, { instance: swiperInstance, slidesSettings, isLocked });
const increaseAutoplayDelay = React.useCallback(
({ params, autoplay }: SwiperCore) => {
if (typeof params.autoplay !== 'object' || !autoplay.running) {
return;
}
autoplay.stop();
// eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign
params.autoplay.delay = autoPlayDelay * 3;
autoplay.start();
},
[autoPlayDelay],
);
const handlePrevClick = React.useCallback(() => {
if (!swiperInstance) {
return;
}
swiperInstance.slidePrev();
onPrevClick?.(swiperInstance.realIndex);
increaseAutoplayDelay(swiperInstance);
}, [swiperInstance, onPrevClick, increaseAutoplayDelay]);
const handleNextClick = React.useCallback(() => {
if (!swiperInstance) {
return;
}
swiperInstance.slideNext();
onNextClick?.(swiperInstance.realIndex);
increaseAutoplayDelay(swiperInstance);
}, [swiperInstance, onNextClick, increaseAutoplayDelay]);
const handleSwiper = React.useCallback(
(swiper: SwiperCore) => {
setSwiperInstance(swiper);
setLocked(swiper.isBeginning && swiper.isEnd);
getSwiper?.(swiper);
},
[getSwiper],
);
const handleReachBeginnig = React.useCallback(() => {
setBeginning(true);
}, []);
const handleReachEnd = React.useCallback(({ params, autoplay }: SwiperCore) => {
setEnd(true);
if (!params.loop && autoplay.running) {
autoplay.stop();
}
}, []);
const handleFromEdge = React.useCallback((swiper: SwiperCore) => {
setBeginning(swiper.isBeginning);
setEnd(swiper.isEnd);
}, []);
const handleSlideChange = React.useCallback(
({ realIndex, previousIndex, params }: SwiperCore) => {
onChange?.(realIndex, previousIndex, params.slidesPerView);
},
[onChange],
);
const handleRootClick = (e: React.SyntheticEvent<EventTarget>) => {
const elem = e.target as Element;
const isBullet = elem.classList.contains('swiper-pagination-bullet');
if (isBullet && swiperInstance) {
increaseAutoplayDelay(swiperInstance);
}
};
const handleNavDisplay = (swiper: SwiperCore) => {
setBeginning(swiper.isBeginning);
setEnd(swiper.isEnd);
setLocked(swiper.isBeginning && swiper.isEnd);
};
// https://github.com/nolimits4web/Swiper/issues/2346
const handleSwiperResize = React.useCallback(() => {
throttle((swiper: SwiperCore) => {
handleNavDisplay(swiper);
if (swiper.params.slidesPerView === SlidesPerView.AUTO) {
swiper.slides.css('width', '');
}
}, throttleTime.resize);
}, []);
const handleSlideFocus = (index: number) => (e: React.FocusEvent) => {
if (loop) {
// for correctly scroll the looped carousel to the focused element, we need to get its real index in the DOM-collection of slides
// because swiper does not provide this, only data-swiper-slide-index, whose values are in the range from 0 to children.length - 1,
// but method slideTo needs to be passed a real slide index in DOM-collection
const slideSelector = `.${cn('slide')}`;
const slide = (e.nativeEvent.target as Element).closest(slideSelector);
const realIndex = Array.prototype.indexOf.call(slide?.parentNode?.children, slide);
swiperInstance?.slideTo(realIndex);
return;
}
swiperInstance?.slideTo(index);
};
const disableFocusOnSlideClick = (e: React.MouseEvent) => {
if ((e.nativeEvent.target as HTMLElement).closest(`.${cn()}`)) {
e.nativeEvent.preventDefault();
}
};
React.useEffect(() => {
if (!swiperInstance) {
return undefined;
}
const windowResizeHandler = () => handleNavDisplay(swiperInstance);
const windowResizeHandlerThrottled = throttle(windowResizeHandler, throttleTime.resize);
window.addEventListener('resize', windowResizeHandlerThrottled);
return () => {
window.removeEventListener('resize', windowResizeHandlerThrottled);
};
}, [slidesSettings, swiperInstance]);
React.useEffect(() => {
if (swiperInstance && isChildrenLenDiff) {
handleNavDisplay(swiperInstance);
}
}, [isChildrenLenDiff, swiperInstance]);
return (
<div
{...filterDataAttrs(dataAttrs?.root)}
ref={rootRef}
className={cn({ 'nav-theme': navTheme }, [className, rootClass])}
onClick={handleRootClick}
style={gradientStyles}
>
<Swiper
{...(containerModifier ? { containerModifierClass: containerModifier } : {})}
{...filterDataAttrs(dataAttrs?.slider)}
className={cn(
'swiper',
{
'default-inner-indents': !innerIndentsClass,
gradient,
'gradient-color': gradient && gradientColor,
},
[innerIndentsClass, containerClass],
)}
breakpoints={slidesSettings}
watchSlidesVisibility
watchOverflow
loop={loop}
pagination={{ clickable: true, ...pagination }}
autoplay={autoPlay ? getAutoPlayConfig(autoPlayDelay) : false}
speed={transitionSpeed}
threshold={threshold}
initialSlide={initialSlide - 1}
allowTouchMove={!disableTouchMove}
centeredSlides={centeredSlides}
effect={effectTheme}
slideToClickedSlide={slideToClickedSlide}
fadeEffect={
effectTheme === EffectTheme.FADE
? {
crossFade: effectTheme === EffectTheme.FADE,
}
: undefined
}
noSwipingSelector={
noSwipingSelector ? `.swiper-pagination, ${noSwipingSelector}` : '.swiper-pagination'
}
onSwiper={handleSwiper}
onReachBeginning={handleReachBeginnig}
onReachEnd={handleReachEnd}
onFromEdge={handleFromEdge}
onSlideChange={handleSlideChange}
onTouchEnd={increaseAutoplayDelay}
onResize={handleSwiperResize}
>
{React.Children.map(children, (child, i) => (
<SwiperSlide
{...filterDataAttrs(dataAttrs?.slide, i + 1)}
key={i}
className={cn('slide', slideClass)}
onFocus={handleSlideFocus(i)}
onMouseDown={disableFocusOnSlideClick}
>
{child}
</SwiperSlide>
))}
</Swiper>
<NavArrow
dataAttrs={{ root: dataAttrs?.prev }}
className={cn('arrow', { prev: true, locked: isLocked }, [prevClass])}
onClick={handlePrevClick}
disabled={!loop && isBeginning}
theme={ArrowTheme.PURPLE}
/>
<NavArrow
dataAttrs={{ root: dataAttrs?.next }}
className={cn('arrow', { next: true, locked: isLocked }, [nextClass])}
view="next"
onClick={handleNextClick}
disabled={!loop && isEnd}
theme={ArrowTheme.PURPLE}
/>
</div>
);
};
Carousel.propTypes = {
rootRef: PropTypes.oneOfType([
PropTypes.func,
PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.shape({ current: PropTypes.elementType }), PropTypes.any]),
]),
className: PropTypes.string,
classes: PropTypes.shape({
root: PropTypes.string,
innerIndents: PropTypes.string,
container: PropTypes.string,
containerModifier: PropTypes.string,
prev: PropTypes.string,
next: PropTypes.string,
slide: PropTypes.string,
}),
dataAttrs: PropTypes.shape({
root: PropTypes.objectOf(PropTypes.string.isRequired),
slider: PropTypes.objectOf(PropTypes.string.isRequired),
prev: PropTypes.objectOf(PropTypes.string.isRequired),
next: PropTypes.objectOf(PropTypes.string.isRequired),
slide: PropTypes.objectOf(PropTypes.string.isRequired),
}),
slidesSettings: PropTypes.objectOf(
checkBreakpointsPropTypes({
slidesPerView: PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.number, PropTypes.oneOf(Object.values(SlidesPerView))])
.isRequired,
spaceBetween: PropTypes.number.isRequired,
slidesPerGroup: PropTypes.number,
}),
),
pagination: PropTypes.shape({
el: PropTypes.string,
bulletElement: PropTypes.string,
dynamicBullets: PropTypes.string,
clickable: PropTypes.bool,
renderBullet: PropTypes.func,
bulletClass: PropTypes.string,
bulletActiveClass: PropTypes.string,
modifierClass: PropTypes.string,
}),
loop: PropTypes.bool,
threshold: PropTypes.number,
autoPlay: PropTypes.bool,
autoPlayDelay: PropTypes.number,
disableTouchMove: PropTypes.bool,
centeredSlides: PropTypes.bool,
transitionSpeed: PropTypes.number,
navTheme: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.values(NavTheme)),
effectTheme: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.values(EffectTheme)),
noSwipingSelector: PropTypes.string,
getSwiper: PropTypes.func,
onNextClick: PropTypes.func,
onPrevClick: PropTypes.func,
onChange: PropTypes.func,
gradient: PropTypes.oneOfType([PropTypes.bool]),
gradientColor: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.values(GradientTheme)),
};
export default Carousel;
| 1,447 |
sn86076216_1916-09-23_1_3_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,730 | 3,722 |
FOR SALE - Fine driving team harness and spring wagon outfit complete. Will sell at a sacrifice. Call at The Pioneer Stables. Spring. Spring is looked upon by many as the most delightful season of the year, but this cannot be said of the rheumatic. The cold and damp weather brings on rheumatic pains which are anything but pleasant. They can be relieved, however, by applying Chamberlain's Liniment. Obtainable everywhere. Safe Medicine for Children. "Is it safe?" is the first question cough medicine for children. Chamberlain's Cough Remedy has long been a favorite with mothers of young children as it contains no opium or other narcotic, and may be given to a child as confidently as to an adult. It is pleasant to take, too, which is of great importance when a medicine must be given to young children. This remedy is most effectual in relieving coughs, colds and croup. Obtainable everywhere. The Brands You Will Eventually Buy Canadian Club Old Crow Old Overholf Mayfield THE TAVERN BAR, W. E. Me TAGGART, PROP. Phone 451 DOES THE COUNTRY EDITOR MAKE FAIR AVERAGE PROFIT Few editors of country newspapers are good business managers. Most country editors are "worked" to give away columns of space in free publicity for which they ought to get a fair decent advertising rate. Sometimes it seems as if they do not appreciate their own value and power. With few exceptions, the thousands of country editors throughout the United States are shame. fully underpaid, their profits are nothing in proportion to the service that they render. Usually the local constable makes at least as much as the local editor, often more. This condition is due, often, to the editor's lack of appreciation of himself, of the service that he renders, of the value of his advertising medium. Thousands of editors cut their rates which destroys the advertisers' confidence. Many thousands actually carry advertising in ready print form for which they receive not one cent, and that, of course, is suicidal. If the country editor would demand and get a fair price for his advertising, render good service to the business man by careful printing display and good position, take the place that belongs to him, namely that average profit of the average country editor in a short time would be what it should be, that is to say not less than six dollars a year per subscriber. NEVADA COPPER BELT R. R TIME TABLE NO departs arrives 11:57 P. M. 2 | 1:28 A.M. 3 | 3:07 P. M. 4 | 4:28 P.M. 7 | 11:40 A. M. 8 | 1:28 P.M. 5 For Hudson and Hudson leaves Mason Daily except Sunday, 9:00 A. M. 6 From Hudson and Hudson daily except Sunday, connects with No. 7. Hotel Golden RENO, NEVADA $1.00 AND UP EUROPEAN Owned and Operated by RENO SECURITIES CO. Geo. Wingfield, President. Frank Golden, Jr. Mgr. Humphrey, Vice-Pres. C. F. Burton, Secy. & Trs. For above all other brands in purity, wholesomeness, flavor and general high quality are our famous brands of Wines and Liquors, which are made from the choicest selected ingredients, carefully distilled and fully aged before being bottled. You will find these goods to be all we recommend them and a positive proof of their purity is the fact that doctors often recommend them. Silver Palace Saloon FABRI & PANELLI Proprietors No Matter for What Purpose You Want Iron Fence We Can Supply Your Wants For Residences, Divisions on Property Lines, Cemeteries, Private Burying Grounds, Cemetery Lots, Church and School Property, Court Houses and Jails Beautify and Protect the Cemetery Lot WE are direct factory representative in this section for The Stewart Iron Works Co., “The World's Greatest Iron Fenceworks.” Their immense output enables them to figure on a small manufacturing profit, thereby giving us advantage of the lowest prices, which puts us in a position to quote low prices to the property owners. For Best Price Call On or Address DAVIES BROS. MONUMENTAL WORKS. - MINDEN, NEV. WANTS GOVERNMENT TO BUY THE RAILROADS Industrial strikes result in war, loss of time and energy, destruction of property, engender class hatred and frequently murder. The trainmen want an eight-hour day. The railroad managers declare they have applications from idle men wanting work sufficient in number to run the trains. Unfortunately, many former machinists and other shop employees have patiently waited for this, their opportunity, to wreak vengeance on the trainmen for not helping the machinists and shopmen in their strike some four years ago. This division enmity and idleness of the workers fostered and nursed for years, is the hope of the employers. The par value of the railroad stocks amounts to some $8,500,000,000, mostly water. The bonded indebtedness amounts to a like sum—in fact, a greater amount than is necessary to construct and equip the roads. The net income of the stockholders is approximately $1,000,000,000 per annum, about $10 for every man, woman, and child in the United States. The interest on the bonded indebtedness of the railroads is somewhat $350,000,000. Without skilled workers, the railroads cannot run nor pay interest or bonds nor dividends to stockholders. The owners of stocks and bonds with their multiplicity of parasites represented by lobbyists and attorneys, stock brokers, etc., are not necessary to run the railroads. The money interests had laws enacted for the bankrupts. During the civil war, drafts were paid $13 per month in currency. Class interests had the Dick military bill enacted during Roosevelt's term and during the present session of congress, the draft bill was passed. The men are willing to work for the government. Why not let the government buy the railroad valuation after deducting their bonded indebtedness and pay for the railroads and the bonds in non-interest-paying currency? It would eliminate the interest on the bonds, the dividends on the capital stock, amounting to some $1,350,000,000; eliminate the high-priced salaries of several hundred railroad presidents, vice presidents, board of directors, secretaries, treasurers, unnecessary clerks, state and federal lobbyists, eliminate thousands of railroad passes, railroad attorneys; and save the renting of luxuriously furnished offices. This saving could be used to lessen the cost of carriage for and enlarge the usefulness of the postal service, the granting of the eight-hour request, the employment of many not otherwise employed, like lowering equalizing of freight and passenger rates and materially reducing the cost of living. If advisable, 2 percent of any earnings could be provided for the redemption of the non-interest-paying currency. The owners of the stocks and bonds would receive pay for their property the income tax would be increased, the investment of this vast sum in other industries would unfold wonderful possibilities. JOHN E. PELTON PAYS VISIT TO RENO; MADE FORTUNTE FROM FAMOUS NATIONAL MINE John F. Pelton, known throughout Colorado and Nevada as a successful mining man, now taking his ease in a palatial mansion at Pasadena, California, was in Reno yesterday on business. Mr. Pelton bought the famous National mine on a bond just before the high grade was discovered in the Stab Brothers' lease, for $20,000. The deal was made by his son, George Pelton, who paid $1,000 cash and had the deeds put in escrow in a Winnemucca bank. Before the second payment became due, the Stab Brothers made the famous strike and all Nevada were wild over the ore. The owners of the property refused to tender the money due on the mine and litigation resulted. The matter finally was compromised. Mr. Pelton was manager of the National mine for about four years, finally disposing of his interest to the minority stockholders of Chicago. He is credited with a cleanup of about $5,000,000 from an investment of $20,000, of which only $1,000 of his own money was put up, the balance many times that amount coming from royalties on the leases. He is a large shareholder in the Eastern Star and Ontario Circle mines at Gold Circle and of late has invested heavily in the Cerbat range in Arizona.—Reno Gazette. The Stahl brothers mentioned in the article are now working and developing a valuable property at Masonic just over the California line. UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA PRESS BULLETIN University Handbook for Students: The activities of the Young Women's Christian Association on the University Campus are numerous. One of the latest responsibilities which this organization has assumed is the publication of a university handbook. The book is planned particularly to meet the needs of new students, and it contains much of the information which the freshman ought to have, but which he ordinarily doesn't acquire save by experience. The message of welcome by the President, which appears first in the pamphlet, is followed by an article on campus traditions. It deals with the unwritten laws of the University, and the penalties for their violation; upper-class control, class functions; and describes the special articles of apparel permitted to the various classes. Woe to the “Fresh” who attempts to wear corduroys or appears without his “beany” during the first semester! The little book also contains the constitution and by laws of the Association Students, and the resolutions of the Block N Society. It describes the organizations of the campus, and contains the rules of the Women’s Pan-Hellenic Association. The University songs and class yells are included, as well as other extraordinary knowledge to smooth the way for the new students. The Y.W.C.A. plans to continue the publication of the book, adding new departments as necessary. The university dormitories;— in two residence halls at the University are now housing more students than at any previous time. Lincoln Hall is at present providing accommodation for about ninety-eight men, and others are expected to arrive this week. Getting the girls settled in their rooms at Manzanita Hall has been considerably complicated by the fire which recently damaged a section of the lower floor. While plastering and painting was in progress, “doubling up” in rooms was necessary, and was done cheerfully, but the interior rearranging is now completed and the girls will be permanently settled immediately. Improvements in the furnishing and decorating of the dormitory have added much to its new attractiveness as a home. Seventy-five girls, nearly half of whom are new at the University now live in Manzanita Hall. The system of self-government and upper-class control, which was inaugurated by the girls last year, aids in the harmonious management of the hall, Miss Elizabeth Kempton, the new matrons, is receiving the cooperation of the girls in her aim to make the hall a real home. An upper-class advisor is provided to look after each freshman and assist her during the difficult first days. A New Opportunity for Nevada's Electrial Graduates:—The National Electric Light Association has organized an educational committee to recommend to members companies for establishing opportunities for electrical graduates in Central States. Work. The Association's membership controls practically all the electric light and power business in the United States and their decision to encourage the employment of technical graduates will develop a great increase in the opportunities for electrical students. The personnel of the committee includes A. Stinn, of the Stockwell Electric Company; John A. B. O. Vice President; Manager of the Pacific Electric Company, and the Managers of the great operating companies in New York, Chicago, and other large cities. Dr. J. G. Scrugham, of the Engineering College of the University of Nevada, Professor Harris T. Ryan, of Stanford, and Professor C. L. Corey, of California, are the only western college representatives on the committee. The remaining membership is drawn from Harvard, Yale, Cornell, Purdue, Wisconsin, and Johns Hopkins Universities. The committee will also devise plans for educational opportunities for employees of member companies and recent practical subjects for search to be engineering colleges of the country. Football:—Thirty-five men, several of them weighing around 190 pounds, appeared on Mackay Field last night in suits for the first football practice of the season. There were 18 men who were on the squad last year and 8 who made the team last year. Coach T. R. Glasscock and Professor Charles Haseman are directing the practice. Professor Haseman taking charge of the new men and breaking them in practice will be held every night and a game will be played on September 16, with a town team. In addition to those who reported last night, there will be 18 more on the field in another week. They have been successful wherever they have operated. They also made a fortune in the National mine. AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATION The agricultural appropriation act for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, which was approved by the President on August 11, 1916, appropriates $24,948,952 for continuing the work of the department, for carrying out new legislation, and for developing new agricultural projects. This is an increase of $1,977,070 over the appropriation for the fiscal year 1916. This total, however, does not include $600,000 for printing and binding $3,000,000 for carrying out the provisions of the meat inspection act, $1,580,000 for extension work in agriculture and home economics under the cooperative agricultural extension act, $5,000,000 for the cooperative construction of rural post roads, and $1,000,000 for roads and trails in the national forests under the Federal aid road act. If these additional items as shown in the prepared table, are included, it will be seen that the sum of $36,128,852, an increase of $8,124,770, will be available to the department for all purposes. This figure, however, does not include the $70,000,000 made available, under the Federal aid road act, for rural post roads during the next four years, the $9,000,000 for roads and trails in the national forests available under the same act during the next nine years, or the $2,000,000 appropriated for continuing the purchase of eastern forest lands under the terms of the Weeks law during the fiscal year 1918. It does not show sums which will be available in successive years for In agricultural extension work under the cooperative agricultural extension act. The appropriation carried by the act will be increased by $500,000 each year, until the fiscal year 1922-23. For that year, and annually thereafter, there will be available to the States from this source $4,580,000, and the States themselves must contribute at least $4,100,000. It must be borne in mind in considering these various totals that the item of $1,250,000 for the eradication of foot-and-mouth and other contagious diseases of animals is an emergency fund and will not be expended unless these is an outbreak. The foot-and-mouth disease has now been eradicated. FOR SALE—Second hand Adams washing machine in excellent condition for $3.50. Call at Dillon & West. PHONE WASATCH 2364 W. H. ENGELMAN, Sec. * Trees. Associated Consulting Engineers ORE SHIPPER’S DEPARTMENT (MOOCHERS) Are you paying freight on Water? Are your moistures excessive? Are your cars properly weighed and cleaned out at the sampler or Smelter? Are you getting paid full value for your ore, or are you losing ore by excessive moisture and another portion by properly cleaned car? Are your settlements as prompt as they should be? If not, let us “Mooch” for you. We have competent men at the various Samplers and Smelters to see that our Client's ores are correctly weighed and sampled, that his cars are clean when weighed light, and that he gets a prompt and correct settlement for his ore. For this service and anything that may come up in interest of shipper. Our charge is based on tonnage and will be furnished on application. We are saving money for others, why not for you? CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT S. M. MORRIS Designers of Mine, Mill Power Industrial Plants, Steel and Concrete Structures MINING DEPARTMENT W. H. PARKER Mine Examinations and Reports, Mineralogists Ore Shipper's Representatives SMELTER SETTLEMENTS AND ORE CONTRACTS METALLURGICAL AND CHEMISTRY A. E. CUTER Metallurgical Testing Laboratory, Mill Tests of all Kinds, Process Investigations (35) 602-603 DOOLY BLOCK P. PEUGEOT, Manager & SALT LAKE CITY 0)6 RUB . ITALIAN RESTAURANT AND BAR FRANK ROSASCHI, PROP. HOME COOKED ITALIAN MEALS TRY OUR SUNDAY DINNERS : HOICEST WINES, LIQUORS, AND CIGARS LATEST QUOTATIONS ON FORD CADS F. O. B. Yerinton, Nevada 5 passenger touring car - - $423.20 2 passenger runabout $408.20 JAMES F. NUGENT AGENT FOR LYON, STORY, and PART of MINERAL COUNTIES EUGENE F. HOWARD OF DAYTON Announces his candidacy for Republican nomination as candidate for the long term as COUNTY COMMISSIONER LYON COUNTY.
| 26,605 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44914002
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Jan, Kosh, crashwap, guido, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1231450, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1873386, https://stackoverflow.com/users/389099, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5724303
|
English
|
Spoken
| 218 | 441 |
RegEx NPP - Need some assistance with a lookaround
In NPP, I am attempting a search/replace to turn a broken line back into a single line of text. (This will be used often)
However, when I search/replace in Notepad++, it removes the entire first line. Clearly I am doing something wrong with my look-around.
Regex101 fiddle to work with.
50TH-ST-TA5000-1#sh in efm-g 1/11/4
Alias : EZE-P SCHOENFELD ASSET
Provisioned Links : 11/5, 11/6, 11/30, 11/31,
13/1, 13/2
Active Links : 11/5, 13/2
Inhibited Links : None
Upstream Downstream
Rate kbps : 6400 6400
besides the fact there is no lookaround in your regex, what are your using for substitution? there is no \1 replacement in your regex101
Is this what you're looking for?
Hi Jan, that deleted the first line also (try it in Notepad++). @ᴳᵁᴵᴰᴼ I tried so many things, I must have missed that in the copy/paste - I'll add the look-around I used. Thanks
You went too complex way. Please try this:
find: ,\s+[\r\n]+\s+
replace: ,--- (comma and 3 spaces)
Thanks Kosh. I got almost what I was looking for with a slight modification: (?<=,)\s+[\r\n]+\s+ - and then I only needed to add back the spaces (i.e. replace with three spaces)
@crashwap, Great! Happy to help! However lookbehind variant is more expensive in resources J.
| 23,903 |
in.ernet.dli.2015.181442_69
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,541 | 10,801 |
And liquid lapse of inurinuring streams; by these, ^roiitureslhat liv'd and mov’d, and walk'd, or flew, vJ branches warbling ; all things Mmil’d nh fragruuco, aud with joy iny heart o erflow’d. own afterward described as surprised at hi; of an ^ taking a survey of himself am Sent . 'vorks of nature. He likewise is repre lie m \ ^ ^i*^Cf>veriDg, by the light of reason, tha ctfect* thing about him, must have been th< uid th^^ Being intiniieiy gm^d and powerful itdoratr right to his worship am those address to the .Sun, and L ans of the creation which made the most dis tinguished figure, is very natural aud amusing to the imagination : ** Thou Sun,” said I, fair light. And thou onlighU'n'd earth, so fresh and gay. Yc hills, aud dales, ye rivers, woods, and plains, And ye that live and move, fair creatures, tell, Tell, if ye saw, how came I thus, how here ?" His next sentiment, when upon his first going to .sleep he fancitts himself losing his existence, and j falling away into nothing, can never be suflitiently admiicd. I’lis dream, in which he still pre.^erves the consciou.sness of his existence, together with liis removal into the garden which was prepared for his i reception, arc also circumstances finely imagined, and grounded upon what is delivered in sat red story. These, and the like wonderful incidents in this part of the work, have in them all the beauties of novelty, at the same time that they have all the graces of nature. They are sui h as none but a great genius could have thought of; though, upon the perusal of them, they seem to rise of thcm.s»dvos from the subject of which he treats, lii a word, though they are na- tural, they are not obvious; which is tlic true cha- racter of all lino writing. The impression which the interdiction of the tree of'life left in the mind of our first parent is described j with great stieng.h and judgment: as the image of the several beasts and birds pa.ssing in review be- fore him is very beautiful and lively - Kach bird and beast btdu ld Approaehing iwo siml two, these eow'ring low Witli bliuuli hnieiil; each turd stoop’d on hi.'( wing I iiuin'd tliMu a.s they pa.^«’(l.— — — Adam, in the next place, describes a conference which he held with his Maker upon the suliject of siditude. The poet here represents the Supreme Being as making an essay of his own work, and put- ting to the irtal that reasoning faculty with which he had endued his creatnn?. Adam urges, in this di- vine colloquy, the impossibility of his being hapjiy, though he was the inhabitant of Paradise, and lord of the whole creation, without the conversation and .'>ocicty of some rational creature who should par-, take those blessings with him. This dialogue, which is supported chietty by the beauty of the thoughts, without other poetical ornainems, is as fine a part an any in the whole poem. The more the reader ex- amines the justness and delicacy of its sentinmnts, j the more ho will find himself pleased with it. The j poet has wonderfully preserved the character of uia | jesty and tondoscension in the Creator, and, at the same time, that of humility and adoration in the creature, as particularly in the following lines : Thus I presumptuous ; aiul the vision bright. As with a smile more brighten'd, thus reply d, &c. I with leave of sjteech implor'd, And humble deprecation, thus reply'd ; •• Let not my words offend thee. Heavenly Power, My Maker, be propitious while 1 speak,” Adam then proceeds to give an account of hjg second sleep, and of the diaam in which ho beheld the formation of Kve. The new pa-siou that was awakened in him at the sight ot her is touched very finely : Under hB forming hand.s a creature grew, Manlike, hut diff'rent sex; so lovely fair, Tluit whut seem'd fair in all the world, seem’d now Minin, or in her sumni d up. iii her couUun'u And in her look.i, which from that time Infus'd Sweetuc.'(S into my heart, unfelt before; And into all things frum her air inspir'd 1 be spirit of love uud amorous delight 40? THE SPECTATOR. Adam's distress upon losing sight of this beautiful phantom, with his exclamations of joy and gratitude at the discovery of a real creature who resembled the ajiparition which had heoii presented to him in his dream; the approaches he makes to her, and his manner of courtship, are all laid together in a most exquisite propriety of soiitiments. Though this part of the poem is worked up with great warmth and spirit, the love which is described in it is every way suitable to a state of innocence. Jf tile reailer compares the description which Adam here gives of his leading Eve to the nuptial bower, with that which Mr. Drydea has made on the same occasion in a scone of his Full of Man, he will bo sensible of the groat care which Milton took to avoid all thoughts on so delicate a subject that might he offensive to religion or good manners. The sentiments are chaste, but not cold; and con- vey to the mind ideas of the most transporting jias- sion, and of the greatest purity. What a noble mixture of rapture and innocence has the autlior joined together, in the rcdectiori which Adam makes on the pleasures of love, compared to those | of sense ! Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought My Riory to ihc sum of earthly hhss Wliioh I enjoy: and must confess to find In all tkings else delight indeed, but .such As us’d or not, works m the mind !>(► ehango, Nor vehement desire ; those delioacu's 1 mean of taste, sight, smell, herl»s, fruits, and novvers. Walks, and the inciody of birds; but here Far otherwi.se, transported I behold, Truiispi*rted touch ; here pnssnm lirst I felt, (Commotion strange ! iit hU enjoy nient.s ol.so Superior and uumov'd, here only weak Agumsl the charm of boauly's powerful glauc«. Or nuture fail’d in me, and left sume part Not proof enough suc'h oltjecl to .su.slaiu ; ■>r from my .side subdue ung, took pet hap.s More than enough ; at least on her bestow’d Too much of oriiameut. In outsvanl show Kiaborate, of inward less e.xact. When I approach Her loveiino.ss, nu absolute she sfcin.s, And in herself complete, so well to know Her own, that what she wills to do or .say. Seems wisest, virtuouscst, discreetest, be.st; All higher knowledge m her presence falls Degraded ; wisdom in discourse with her Loses discountenanc'd, and like folly shews: Authority und reason on her wait, As one intended first, not after made Occa.sioiially ; and, to coiiHuinmatc all, Cireatness of mind and nohicne.ss their seat Build in lier lovehe.st, and create an awe About her, as a guard angelic plac'd. These sentiments of love in our first parent gave the angel such an insight into huiiian nature, that he seems apprehensive of the evils which might befal the species in general, as well as Adam in particular, from the excess of this passion. He therefore fortifies him against it by timely admoni- tions ; which very artfully prepare the mind of the reader for the occurrences of the next book, where the weakness, of which Adam here gives such distant discoveries, brings about that fatal event which is the subject of the poem. His discourse, which follows the gentle rebuke he received from the angel, shows that his love, however violent it might appear, was still founded in reason, and consequently not im- proper for Paradise : Neither her outside form’d so fair, nor aught In )>rocroation common to all kinds (Though higher of the genial bed by far Aad with mysterious reverence I deem), So much delights me. as those graceful avta '1 nose thousand decencies inav daily flow Fron. &1, her words uid actions, mul vdth love And sweet compliance, which declare unfeign'd IJiiloii of mind, or in us both one soul ; Harmony to behold in wedded pair Adam’s speech, at parting with the angel, has in it a deference and gratitude agreeable to an inferior nature, and at the same time a certain dignity ami greatneas suitable to the father of mankind in his state of iuiiucence. L. No. 3IG.] MONDAY, AFBIL 7, 1712. Con.suctudinein benignitiitis lartrilioni muncrum lonue auto peno. Hire est gravlutn hominiim uiqiic maguomni . ill;i quasi a.sscntatorum populi, niullitudmis leviiatcin volupiiiii. qiiaai tltdlantium. — Ti'i.i.. I estcoin a hahii of bcmn;uity ^^n'lilly preferable to munifu ence. The I'oruier is peculiar to ^rcat aud di»tingui.'<hed ppr.soi;s; llie latter beloiig.s to batferer.s <»f tbo people, who tickle tlip levity of the mulliude with a kind of pleasure. Whkn we consider the offices of human life, then* is, incthiiiks, something in what we ordinarily (all generosity, which, when carefully examined, seems to flow rather from a loo.se aud unguarded temjx-r than an honest and liberal mind. For this reason, it i.s absolutely uee’essary that all liberality should have for its basis and supjrort, frugality. By tins means the beneficent spirit works in a man frtbii t!ie eqnviction.s of reason^ not from the impulsrs vf passion. The generous man in the ordinary accep- tation, (without respect of the demands of his oirt family, will .soon find upmi the foot of his account, that he has sacrificed to fools, knaves, flatterer'', (m the deservedly unhappy, all the opportnnitii's of affording any future assistance where it ought to be. Let him therefore reflect, that if to bestow be in itself laudable, should not a man take care to secure i an ability to do things ]>ruisewortfiy as long as lie lives ? Or could there be a more cruel piece of rail- lery upon a man who should have reduced his for- tune below the capacity of acting acetwding to bis natural temper, than to say of hirr*, “ That geiitle- mun was generous ?” My beloved author therefoifi has^ in the sentence on the top of my pajier, turned his eye with a certain satiety from beholding tbo addre.sscs to the people by largesses and other cuter- tainments, which he assorts to be in general vicious, and arc always to bo regulated according to the circumstances of time and a man’s own turtune. A constant benignity in commerce with the rest of the worlfl, which ought to run through all a man's ac- tions, has effects m<irc useful to those whom vnu oblige, and is less ostentatious in yourse.f. He turiis his rccommeudatiun of this virtue on cominei’ioal life; and, according to him, a citizen who is trun in his kindnesses, and abhors severity in his ‘b‘- mauds; he who, in buying, selling, lending, doiiig acts of good neighbourhood, is just and easy ; In* who appears naturally averse to disputes, and ® ovo the sense of little sufferings; bears a noble charac- ter, and docs much more good to mankind than any other man’s fortune, without commerce, can poss^m'.^ support. For the citizen, above all other men, opportunities of arriving at “ that highest Imit o wealth," to be liberal without the least expens'i^ o a man's own fortune. It is not to be deniei such a practice is liable to hazard; but this fore adds to the obligation, that, among who obliges is as much concerned to keep the a < a secret as he who receives it. The unhappy tinctions among us in England are so gycat, t la celebrate the intercourse of commercial ‘*‘**‘”j , , (vryth which I am daily made acquainted) wou to raise the virtuous man so many enemies o 403 THE SPECTATOR. contrary party, I am obliged to conceal all I know of “ Tom the Bounteous,** who lends at the ordinary interest, to give men of less fortune opportunities of making greater advantages. He conceals, under a rough air and distant behaviour, a bleeding compas- sion and womanish tenderness. This is governed by the most exact circumspection, that there is no industry wanting in the person whom he is to serve, and that he is guilty of no improper expenses. This 1 know of Tom ; but who dare say it of so known a tory ? The same care I was forced to use some time ago, in the report of another’s virtue, and said fifty instead rrf a hundred, because the man I pointed at was a whig. Actions cf this kind are popular, without being invidious: for every man of ordinary circumstances looks upon a man who has this known benignity in his nature as a person ready to be his friend upon such terms as he ought to expect it; and the wealthy, who may envy such a character, r.m do no injury to its interests, but by the imitation of it, in which the good citizens will rejoice to be rivalled. I know not how to form to myself a grealer idea of human life, than in what is the practice of some wealthy men whom 1 could name, that make no step to the improvement of their own fortunes, wlicrcin they do not also advance those of othei* men, who would languish in poverty without thal munificence. In a nation where there are .so many public funds to bo supported, I know not whether he can be called a good subject who does not embark some part of his fortune with the state, to whose vi- gilance he owes the security of the whole. This certainly is an immediate way of laying an obliga- tion upon many, and extending your benignity the furthest a man can possibly who is not engaged in commerce. But he who trades, besides giving the state some part of this sort of credit he gives his hanker, may, in all occurrences of life, have his eye upon removing want from the door of the industrious, uid defending the unhappy upright man from bank- ruptcy. e wealthy man, when he has repaid yon, is upon a balance with you ; but the person whom you fa- oured with a loan, if he be a good man, will think ^rniself in your debt after he has paid you. The eaithy and the conspicuous are not obliged by the b!n c!* Ibink they conferred a ^ben they received one. Your good offices thin^ suspected, and it is with them the same the m their favour as to receive it. But have below you, who knows, in the good you cirpii respected himself more than hia to does not act like an obliged man only ftlso tl? whom he has received a benefit, but capable of doing him one. And from you, he is so far it in _ii that he will labour to extenuate actions and expressions. Moreover the regard to what you do to a great man at best is taken notice of no further than by himself or his family ; but what you do to a man of a humble fortune (pro- vided always that he is a good and a modest man) raises the affections towards you of all men of that cha- racter (of which there are many) in the whole city.” There is nothing gains a reputation to a preacher so much as his own practice ; 1 am therefore casting about what act of benignity is in the power of a Spectator. Alas ! that lies but in a very narrow compass : and I think the most immediately under my patronage are either players, or such whose cir- cumstances bear an affinity with theirs. All, there- fore, I am able to do at this time of this kind, is to tell the town, that on Friday the 11th of this instant, April, there will be performed, in York-buildings, a concert of vocal and instrumental music, for the be- nefit of Mr. E<lward Keen, the father of twenty children ; and that this day the haughty George Powell hopes all the good-natured part of the town will favour him, whom they applauded in Alexander, Timon, Lear, and Orestes, with their company this night, when he hazards all his heroic glory for their approbation in the humbler condition of honest Jack Falstaff. — T. No. 347.] TUESDAY, APRIL S, 1712. Quis furor, o cives! qua* tanta Ucenlia ferrl ! Lucan, lib. L t. What blind, detested fury, could afford Such horrid licence to the barb'rous sword! I no not question but my country readers have been very much surprised at the several accounts they have met with in our public papers, of that spe- cies of men among us, lately known by the name of Mohocks. I find the opinions of the learned, as to their origin and designs, are altogether various, in- somuch that very many begin to doubt whether in- deed there were ever any such society of men. The terror which spread itself over the whole nation some years since on account of the Irish is still fresh in most people’s memories, though it afterward ap- peared there was not the least ground for that gene- ral consternation. The late panic fear was, in the opinion of many deep and penetrating persons, of the same nature. These w’iR have it, that the Mohocks are like those spectres and apparitions which frighten several t(»wns and villages in her majesty’s dominions, though they were never seen by any of the inhabi- tants. Others are apt to think that these Mohocks are a kind of bull-beggars, first invented by prudent married men, and masters of families, in order to deter their wives and daughters from taking the air at unseasonable hours ; and that when they tell them the Mohocks will catch them,” it is a cau- tion of the same nature with that of our forefathers, when they bid their children have a care of Raw- head and Bloody-bones. For my own part, I am afraid there was too much reason for the great alarm the whole city has been in upon this occasion ; though at the same time I must own, that I am in some doubt whether the fol- lowing pieces are genuine and authentic; and the more so, because 1 am not fully satisfied that the name, by which the emperor subscribes himself, is altogether conformable to the Indian orthography. I shall only further inform my readers, that it was some time since I received the following letter and manifesto, though, for particular reasons, I did not think fit to publish them till now. 2 D 2 4(4 TII^ SPECTATOR. “ To THE Spectator. “ Sir, “ Finding? tliat our earnest endeavours for the good of mankind have been basely and maliciously represented to the world, we .send you enclosed our imperial manilcsto, whit hit is our will and pleasure ^hat you forthwith communicute to the public, by inserting it in your next daily paper. Wo do not doubt of your ready com}diance in this particular, and therefore bid you heartily farewell. (Signed) “Taw Waw Eben Zan Kaiadau, Emperor of the Mohocks.” 77ie Matiifesto of Taw Waw Ehtn Zan Kuludar, Emperor of the Muhorka,'* “ Whereas we have received information, from sundry quarters of this great and populous city, of several outrages committed on the legs, arms, noses, and other parts of the good people of England, by such as have styled themselves our subjects ; in order to vindicate our imperial dignity from those false aspersions which have been cast on it, as if we ourselves might have eiu'ouraged or abetted any such practiees, we have, by these pres»‘nts, thought fit to signify our utmost abhorrence and detestation of all such tumultuous and irregular proceedings; and do hereby further give notice, that if any person or persons has or have suffered any wound, hurt, da- mage, or detriment, in his or thcirlindior limbs, other- wise than .shall be hereafter specitied, the said per- son or persons, upon applying themselves to . such as we shall appoint for the inspection and rediess of the grievances afore.said, shall he lorlhwith committed to the care of our principal surgeon, and he cured at our own expense, in some one or other of those hos- pitals which we are now erecting for that purpo.se. “ And to the end that no one may, mther through Ignorance or inadvertency, incur those penallit-s which we have thottght tit to iiillict on jicrsons of loose and dissolute lives, wo do hereby notify to tiie public, that if any man bo knocked down or as- saulted while he is employed in his lawful husiiiess, at proper hours, that it is not done by our or(h;r ; ana we do hereby permit and allow any •-uch person, SO knocked down or assaulted, to rise again, and de- feud himself in the best manner that he is able, “ We do also cominaiid all anu every our good subjects, that they do not presume, upon any pre- text whatsoever, to issue and sally forth from their respective quarters till between the hours of eleven and twelve. That llicy never tip the lion u}>ou man, woman, or child, till the dock at 8t. Dunstan’s shall have struck one. “ That the sweat be never given hut between the hours of one and tw'o ; always provided, that our hunters may begin to hunt a little after the close of the evening, any thing to the contrary herein not- withstanding. Provided also, that if ever they are reduced to the necessity of pinking, it shall always be in the most fleshy parts, and such as are least exposed to view “ It is also our imperial will and pleasure, that our good subjects the sweaters do establish tlieir hummunis in such dose placc.s, alleys, uook.s, and I corners, that the patient or patients may not be in danger of catching cold. “ That the tumblers, to whose care we chiefly commit the female sex, confine themselves to Drury- lane, and the purlieus of the Temple; and that ever) other patty end division of our subjects do | each of them keep within the respective quarters wg have allotted to them. Provided, novertheles.s, that nothing herein contained shall in any wise be con- strued to extend to the hunters, who have our full licence and permi.^8ion to eiiti-r into any part of tlie town wherever their game shall lead them. “ And whereas wc have nothing more at our im- perial heart than the reformation of the cities of London and Westminster, which to our unsfieakahlo satisfaction we have in some measure alrefulv <‘lle( t( d we do hereby earnestly pray and exort all ^lU.^I)alul^' fathers, housekecpeis, and masters oi' familict;, either of the aforesaid cities, not only to repair theimselves to their respeetivo habitations at earlv and seasonable hours, lait al.so to keep their wives and daughters, sons, servants, and apprcntice.s, from aiipearing in (ho streets at those times and seasons which may expose them to military di.scipline, ns it is practised by our good subjects the Mohoiks; and we do further promise on our imperial word, that as soon as the reformation aforesaid shall be brought about, wc will forthwith cause all hostilities to cease. “ Given from our court at the Devil-tavern, X. “ March 15, 1712.’* No. .m] WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9, 1712. Invidiam plaearo para.s, virtute reliela? — Hou, 2 Sal. ni 13, 'I'o .shun diar.action, would st ihou virtue Ily “ Mu. Si'ian’ATOK, “I HAVE not seen you lately at any of the placos where I visit, so ihal I am afraid you are wlndly uiiHc<|uainled with what passes among my jiart ul the world, who are, though 1 say it. without contm- versy, the most accompli.siied and best bred of the town. Give me leave to tell you, that I am c.x- trcmely discomposed when I hear scandal, and iim an utter enemy i<> all nuiniuT of dftt action, and think it the greatest meanness tliat peo))le of dis- tiiiirtion can be guilly of. However, it is hardly possible to come into company where you do imt find them pulling one another to pieces, and that from no other provocation but that of hearing any one commended. Merit, botli as to wit and beauty, is become no other than the possession of a lew trifling people’s favour, which you cannot possibly arrive at, if you have really any thing in you th^t is deserving. What they would bring to pass is, to make all good and evil consist in report, and wi'h whispers, calumnies, and imperliuencies, to liave the conduct of those reports, Hy this meaus, inno- cents arc bias eU upon their first appearance in town ; and there is uothiug more required to make u young woman the object of envy ami hatred, than to deserve love and admiration. This abominable endeavour to suppress or lessen every thing that is praiseworthy is as fiequciit among the men as the Women. If I can reincmher what passed at a visit last night, it will serve as an instaiu c (hut the sexes arc equally inclined to defamation, with equal lua- five and impotence. Jack Triplett came into niy Lady Airy’s about eight of the clock. \ouku<|" the manner wo sit at a \ i.sjt; and I need not describe the circle; but Mr. Triplett came in, iutroduccti by Iwo tapers supported by a spruce servant, whose h<nr is undtir a cup till my lady’s t:audles are all lighb' up, and the hour of ccieuiony begins; I »ay Triplett came in, and singing (for be is really b'”"* cofiipany) t Every feature, charming creature ; bo'wetit ou, ‘ It is a most uureacouable tlii«g» | 405 THE SPECTATOR. cannot go peaceably to see their friends, but these murderers are let loose. Such a shape ! such an air ! what a glance was that as her chariot passed l)vmine’.' — My lady herself inU’rmpted him; ‘ Pray, who is this tine thing!’—* I warrant,’ says anothev, ‘ ’tis TOC creature 1 was telling your ladyship of just — ‘ You were telling of?’ says Jack ; ‘ I wish 1 had been so happy as to have come in and hoard vou ; for 1 have ind words to say what she is; but if an agreeable height, a modest air, a virgin shame, and impatience of heing behold amidst a blaze of ten thousand charms’ The whole room flow (lUt — ‘ Oh, Mr.TripIett !’ -When Mrs. T.ofty, a known prude, said she knew whom the gentloniaii meant ; but she was indeed, as be civilly represented lior, impatient of being beheld- Then turning to the lady ne.xt to her ‘The most unbred creature \oii ever saw I’ Another pursued the discourse : ‘As nnhred, madam, as you may think her, she is ex- tremely hclied if she is the novice she ajipears ; she was last week at a hall till two in the morning: .Mr. Triplett knows wiiether he was the hapjiy man that ttmk care of her home; but' This was hdlowcd by some particular exception that each wonmn in the room marie to some peculiar grace or advantage; so that Mr. Triplett was heaton from one limb ami feature to another, till ho was forced to resign jjlio whole woman. In the end, I took notice Triplett recorded all this malice in his heart ; and saw in his eonntcnanc.e, and a certain waggisli shrug, that he designed to rejicat the conversation ; I therefore let the (ii.scourse die, and sorm after took an occasion to recommend a certain gentleman of my ac<piain- tuiice for a person of singular modesty, coinage, integrity, and withal as a man of an entertaining conversation, to which advantages lie had a shape and manner peculiarly graceful. Mr. Triplett, who is a woman’s man, seemed to hear me with patience enough commend the qualities of his mind, lie ncvijr heard indeed hut that he wa.s a very honest man, and no fool; hut for a line gentleman, he must ask pard.ori. U])on no other foundati<in than this, Mr, 'i'ripictt took t)cctisiou to give the gentle- man’s pedigree, by what metliods some ]>ait of the estate was acfpiired, how much it was behohien to a marriage for the j)resent circumstances of it: after all, he could see nothing but a common man in his his breeding, or understanding. Mr. Spectator, this impertinent humour '>f diminishing «;very one who i.s produc ed in conver- ^'ation to their advantage, runs through the world; ami I am, I confess, so fearful of the iVnce of ill longues, that I have begged of all tliose who are mv I'rll-wishers never to commend me, for it will hut bring my frailties into examination; and 1 had lather be unobserved, than conspicuous for disputed perfections. I am confident a thousand young people, w’ho would have been ornaments to society, oHV(‘, from feur of scandal, neve’' dared to exert anisclves in the polite arts of life, ^'heir lives •'ive passed away in an odious rusticity, in spile of advantugca of person, genius, and fortune, vicious terror of jjeing blamed in nffte uiv. people, and a wicked pleasure in Sm- to olhdi^fi j both which I lecommeud anl ''r wisdom to animadvert upon; how * successful in it, I need not say toast”* ' m deserve of the town; but new bt’auty, and new wits “I am, Sir, lOur most obedient bundle Servant, “ Maky.” No. 319.] THURSDAY, ATUIL 10, 1712. ■ . — Quos jlli* tiHiorum Mfixmius huu<l ur^cet. metus ; iiulfi rueiuli In fcrruni mens prona vins. maniaHiue capaces Morti.H Lee AN. 1. 4.')4. Thrice happy they beneath their northern skies. Who that worst fear, the fear of dc'ath, despise! Ilencc they no cares for tins frail heini; feel. Hut rush undaunted on the pointed steel, rrovokc approaching fate, and bravely .scorn I To spare that life which nm.st so .soon return. — ItmvK, ^ Tam very mtich pleased with a consolatory letter of Phalaii.s,* to one who hud lo.st a son that wtts h I young man of great merit. The thought with wlticii j he comforts the afilictod father i.s, to the be.st ol mv memory, a.s follows ; — I'hat liesiiould coinsidcr (leutli h.id set a kind of seal upiui hi.s .sou’s character, at)|| placed him out of the reach of vice and infamy : that, while he lived, he was still within the possibility of railing away from virtue, and losing the fame ol , whieh he was possessed. Death only eloses a man’s reputation, and determines it as good or bad. Tlii.s, among other motives, may be one reason why we arc naturally averse to the launching out into a man’s praise till his head is laid in the dust. W'hiist he is capable ol (.hanging, we may be forced to retiJict our opinions. He may forfeit the esteem .\e Itave conceived of him, and some lime or other .ipjH'ar to us under a diflerent light from what he docs at present. In short, as the life of any man cannot be called hap])y or unhapjty, so neititcr can it be pronounced vicious or viituou.s before the cou- clusion of it. I It was upon this consideration that Epamiiiondas, 'being asked whellier Ciiabrias, Iphierate.s, or he himself, deserved most to be esteemed ? “ You must llrst see us die,” saith he, “ before that (pies- tioii can be answered.” A.s there is not a more melancholy consideration to a good man than his being obnoxious to such a ( haiigc, 80 thcie i.s nothing more glorious than to j keeji uj) a uniformily in his actions, and preserve the beauty of his chtiraeter to the last. The end of a man’.s life is often compared to the winding up of a wc’ll-writlcn play, where the prin- cipal persons still act in character, whatever the fate is which they undergo. There i.*< searet* a great jierson in the (irecian or Roman hi.story, who.se I death has not been remarked upon by some writer or other, and censured or applaiideit according to the genius or principles of the ]icrson wht» bus de- scanted on it. Monsieur de St. Eviemond is very particular in setting forth the constancy and courage <*f I’ctronius Arhitiu' during his last moments, and ihink.s he discovers in them a greatei tirmness of mind and re.solutioii than in the Uealh of Seneca, Cato, or Socrates. There is no (jue.stion hut this polite author’s aflectation of appearing singular in ' ills remarks, and making disettveries which had es- caped the observations of others, threw him into this course of rellectmn. It was Feironius’s merit that he died in the same gaiety of temper in which he livi'd: hut as his life was altogether loose and di.ssoiute, the iiulilb'reiice which he showed at the close of it is to he looked upon a.s a piece of natural carelessness and levity, rather than fortitude. The resolution of So( rates proceeded from very difl'creut motives, the consciousness of a well-spent life, and T. • The reader hardly needs t6 be told, that the authcnl^'ity of the epistles of Phaluris ha.s been suspected, and is suspi- cious; hut if the It'llers are good, it is of little consequence who wrote them THE SPECTATOR ihe prospect of a happy eternity. If the ingenious author above mentioned was so pleased with gaiety of humour in a dying man, he might have found a much nobler instance of it in our countryman Sir 'rhomas More. This great and learned man was famous for en- livening his ordinary discourses with wit and plea- santry; and as Erasmus tells him, in an o{)istle dedicatory, acted in all parts of life like a second Democritus. He died upon a point of religion, and is respected as a martyr by that side for which he suflered. That innocent mirth, which had been so conspicu- ous in his life, did not forsake him to the last. He maintained the same cheerfulness of heart upon the scaffold which he used to show at his table ; and 4lbou laying his bead on the block, gave instances ot that good humour with which he had always eii- tertaiaed his friends in the most ordinary occur- rences. His death was of a piece with his life. There was nothing in it new, forced, or affected. He did not look upon the severing his head from his body as a circumstance that ought to produce any change in the disposition of his mind ; and as he died under a fi.xed and settled hope df immor- tality, he thought any unusual degree of sorrow and concern improper on such an occasion, as he had nothing in it which could deject or terrify him. There is no great danger of imitation from this example. Men’s natural fears will be sufficient guard against it. I shall only observe, that what was philosophy in this extraordinary man would be frenzy in one who does not resemble him as well in the cheerfulness of his temper as in the sanctity of his life and mannei's. I shall conclude this paper with the instance of a person who seems to me to have shown more intre- pidity and greatness of soul in his dying moments than what we meet with among any of the m<»st celebrated (i reeks and Romans. I met with this instance in the Histor) of the Revolutions iu Por- tugal, written by the Abbot do Vertot. When Don Sebastian, king of Portugal, had in- vaded the territories of Muli Moluc, emperor of Morocco, in order to dethrone him, and set the crown upon the head of his nephew, Moluc was wearing away with a distemper which he himself knew was incurable. However, he prepared for the reception of so formidable an enemy. He was, in- deed, so far spent with his sickness, that he did not expect to live out the whole day, when the la.st de- cisive battle was given ; but, knowing the fatal con- sequences that would happen to his children and people, in case he should die before he put an end to that war, he .commanded his principal officers, that if he died during the engagement, they should conceal his death from the army, and that they should lide up to the litter in which bis corpse was carried, under the pretence of receiving orders from him as usufil. Before the battle began, ho was carried through all the ranks of his army in an open litter, as they stood drawn up iu array, ehcouraging them to fight valiantly in defence of their religion and country. Finding afterward the battle to go against him, though he was very near his last agonies, he threw himself out of his litter, rallied his army, and led them on to the charge ; which afterward ended in a complete victory on the side of the Moors. He had no sooner brought his men to the engagement, but finding himsell utterly spent, he was agtin re- placed 4 n his litter, where, laying his finger on his mouth, to enjoin aeciecy to his officers who stood about him, he died a few moments after in that j posture. — L No. 350.1 FRIDAY, APRIL 11, 172^. Ea animi elalio qute ceniitur in periculis, si justitia vacal pu^natque pro sui.s commodis, in vitio est. — T ull. That elevation of mind which is displayed in dangers, if it wants justice, and lights for its own conveniency, is vicious. C.APTAIN Sentry was last night at the club, and produced a letter from Ipswich, which his corre- spondent desired him to communicate to his friend the Spectator. It contained an account of an en- gagement between a French privateer, commanded by one Dominick Potticre, and a little vessel of that place laden with corn, the master whereof, as I re- member, was one Goodwin. The Englishman de- fended himself with incredible bravery, and beat off the French, after having been boarded three or four times. The enemy still came on wdth greater fury, and hope«i by his number of men to carry the prize; till at last the Englishman, finding himsedf sink apace, and ready to peri.sh, struck ; but the effeet which this singular gallantry had upon the captain of the privateer was no other tlian an unmanly de- sirp of vengeance for the loi^s he had sustained in histseveral attacks. He told the Ipswich man in a speaking-trumpet, that he would not takehim aboard, and that he stayed to see him sink. The Englishman at the same time observed a disorder in the vessel, which he rightly judged to proceed from the disdain which the ship’s crew had of their captain’s inhu- manity. W'itb this hope he went into his boat, and approached the enemy. He was taken in by the sailors in spite of their commander : but, though they received him against his command, they treated him, when he was in the .ship, in the manner he directed. Pottiere caused his men to hold Goodwin, while he beat him with a stick, till he fainted with loss of blood and rage of heart ; after which he I ordered him into irons, without allowing him any food, but such as one or two of the men stole to him under peril of the like usage : and having kept him several days overwhelmed with the misery of stench, hunger, and soreness, he brought him into Calais. The governor of the place was soon ac- quainted with all that had passed, dismissed Potticre from his charge with ignominy, and gave Goodwin all the relief which a man of honour would bestow upon an enemy barbarously treated, to recover the imputation of cruelty upon his prince and country. When Mr. Sentry had read his letter, full of many other circumstances which aggravate the bar- barity, he fell into a sort of criticism upon magna nimity and courage, and argued that they were in- separable ; and that courage, without regard to jus- tice and humanity, was no other than the fierceness of a wild beast “ A good and truly bold spirit, continued he, “ is ever actuated hj reason, and a sense of honour and duty. The affectation of such a spirit exerts itself in an impudent aspect, an over- bearing confidence, and a certain negligence ot giAg <^euce. This is visible in all tne cocking yotRhs see about this town, who are noisy in assemblies, unawed by the jPrescnce of wise and virtuous men; in a word, insensible of all the ho- nours and decencies of human life. A shameless lellow takes advantage of merit clothed with modesty and magnanimity, and, in the eyes of little people, appet^rs sprightly and agreeable : while the man o resolution and§true gallantry is overlooked and dm- j regarded, if not despised. There is a pr' prictv m THE SPECTATOR. 40? all things ; and I bL*licv<‘ what you scholars call just and sublime, in opposition to turgid and bombast expression, may give you an idea of what I mean, when I say modesty is the certain indication of a great spirit, and impudence the affectation of ii. He that writes with judgment, and never rises into improper warmths, mauilests the true force of genius; lu like manner, he who is quiet and equal in all his behaviour is sup})orted in that deportment by what we may call true courage. Alas ! it is not so easy a thing to be a brave man as the unthinking part of mankind imagine. To dare is not all that there is ill it The privateer we were just now talking of had boldness enough to attack his enemy, hut not greatness of mind enough to admire the same quality exerted by that enemy in defending himself. Thus his base and little mind was wholly taken up in the sordid regard to the prize of wliich he failed, and the damage done to his own vessel ; and therefore he used an honest man, who defended his own from him, in tltc manner as he would a thief that slomld rob him, “ He was equally disappointed, and had not spirit enough to consider, that one case would be laudalde, and the other criminal. Malice, rancour, hutroil, vengcau(‘o, are what tear the breasts of moan inpn in fight; but fame, glory, conquests, desires of »p- portuiiities to pardon and oblige their opposers, are what glow in the minds of the gallant.” The cap- tain emled his discourse with a sjiecimeu of his hdok-learning ; and gave us to understand that he Itad read a French author on the subject of justness in point of gallantry. “ I love,” said Mr. Sentry, ” a critic who mixes the rules of life with annota- tions upon writers. My author,” added he, “ in his discourse upon epic poetry, takes occasion to speak of the same quality of courage drawn in the two different characters of Turnus and iEneas. He makes courage the chief and greatest ornament of Turnus ; but in iEneas are many others which out- shine it; among the rest, that of piety. Turnus is, therefore, all along painted by the poet full of os- tentation, his language haughty and vain-glorious, as placing his honour in the manifestation of his valour : .tineas speaks little, is slow to action, and shows only a sort of defensive courage. If equipage and address make Turnus appear more courageous than jEneas, conduct and success prove JEneas more valiant than Turnus.” — T. No. 35L] SATURDAY, APRIL 12 1712. In te omnia domus Inclinata recunibit. V iRo. Mn. xii. 59. On thee the fortunes of our house depend. Ip we look into the three great heroic poems which have appeared in the world, wo may observe ^nat they are built upon very slight foundations, fonier lived near 300 years after the Trojan war; ^uu, as the writing of history was not then in use among thy Greeks, we may very w'cll suppcise that e tradition of Achilles and Ulysses had brought very few (Particulars to his knowledge; />ugh there is no question but he has wrought into vvo poyms such of their remarkable adventures Were still talked of among his contemporaries, hisn^ of ^neas, on which Virgil founded and’ likewise very bare of circumstances, emk..ic L- ^ means afforded him an«>pportunity of shing it with fiction, and giving a full range to his own invention. We find, however, that he has interwoven, in the course of his fable, tho prin- cipal particulars, which were generally believed among the Romans, of JEneas’s voyage and settle-, inent in Italy. The reader may find an abridgement of the whole story, as collected out of (he ancient historians, and as it was received among the Romans, in Dionysius Halicarnassus.
| 41,821 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegodyphus%20dumicola
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stegodyphus dumicola
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stegodyphus dumicola&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 104 | 196 |
Stegodyphus dumicola est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Eresidae.
Distribution
Cette espèce se rencontre en Afrique australe et en Afrique centrale. Elle a été observée en Afrique du Sud, au Lesotho, au Swaziland, au Mozambique, au Zimbabwe, au Botswana, en Namibie et en Angola.
Description
Le mâle mesure et la femelle .
Ces araignées vivent en colonie.
Publication originale
Pocock, 1898 : The Arachnida from the province of Natal, South Africa, contained in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, , , [page 201] (texte intégral).
Liens externes
Notes et références
Eresidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
| 12,309 |
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20M.%20Cumpston
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
James M. Cumpston
|
https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James M. Cumpston&action=history
|
Indonesian
|
Spoken
| 60 | 116 |
James M. Cumpston (1837 – 24 Mei 1888) adalah seorang prajurit Union Army pada Perang Saudara Amerika. Ia meraih Medal of Honor atas pengabdiannya pada Valley Campaigns of 1864.
Referensi
Pranala luar
Military Times Hall of Valor
Findagrave entry
Tokoh Ohio dalam Perang Saudara Amerika
Penerima Medal of Honor Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat
Penerima Medal of Honor Perang Saudara Amerika
| 42,166 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125968719
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Dollet
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 13 | 34 |
Dollet
page d'homonymie de Wikimedia
Dollet nature de l’élément page d'homonymie de Wikimédia
| 9,506 |
https://openalex.org/W2032739035
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,011 |
Design of Glycopeptides Used to Investigate Class II MHC Binding and T-Cell Responses Associated with Autoimmune Arthritis
|
И. Андерссон
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,876 | 11,818 |
SUPPORTING INFORMATION SUPPORTING INFORMATION Design of Glycopeptides Used to Investigate Class II MHC Binding
and T-Cell Responses Associated with Autoimmune Arthritis Ida E. Andersson,1# C. David Andersson,1# Tsvetelina Batsalova,2 Balik Dzhambazov,2 Rikard
Holmdahl,2 Jan Kihlberg,1,3 and Anna Linusson3* 1 Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. 2 Medical Inflammation
Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77
Stockholm, Sweden. 3 AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden. 1 Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. 2 Medical Inflammation
Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77
Stockholm, Sweden. 3 AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden. Contents
S1-S2
Contents
S3-S4
Amino acid descriptors
S5
Amino acid derivatives incorporated into virtual peptides at positions p260 and p263
S6-S9
Docking software parameter tuning and constraints
S10
Table of amino acids selected for p260 and p263 based on docking scores
S11-12
Score and loading plots from the PCA based on physicochemical properties of amino
acids in p260 and p263
S13
Table with yields, purity and MALDI-TOF data for the synthesized glycopeptides
S14-19
HPLC chromatograms for the modified glycopeptides
S20
Initial Aq binding affinity assay
S21
Dose-response curves for binding to Aq
S22
Dose-response curves for Aq-restricted T-cell responses
S23
Dose-response curves for binding to DR4
S24
Dose-response curves for DR4-restricted T-cell responses S1 S25
PLS Permutations experiments
S26
RMSD vs. simulation time plots for the whole complex and the ligand
S27
The distance between the GalHyl264 CA and the Aq Lys11C as a function of the
simulation time
S28
R f S25
PLS Permutations experiments
S26
RMSD vs. simulation time plots for the whole complex and the ligand
S27
The distance between the GalHyl264 CA and the Aq Lys11C as a function of the
simulation time
S28
References RMSD vs. simulation time plots for the whole complex and the ligand The distance between the GalHyl264 CA and the Aq Lys11C as a function of the
simulation time S28 S2 Table 1. Descriptors describing the amino acids in peptide position p260. Table 1. Descriptors describing the amino acids in peptide position p260. std_dim3
*Calculated in MOE 2008.10, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Suite 910 - 1010 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada H3A 2R7, 2008. Design of Glycopeptides Used to Investigate Class II MHC Binding
and T-Cell Responses Associated with Autoimmune Arthritis Descriptor*
Descriptor*
Descriptor*
Weight
logP(o/w)
chi0v
vdw_area
SlogP
chi0v_C
vdw_vol
logS
chi1v
vol
PEOE_PC+
chi1v_C
density
PEOE_RPC+
chi0
dens
PEOE_RPC-
chi0_C
glob
PEOE_VSA+0
chi1
diameter
PEOE_VSA-0
chi1_C
radius
PEOE_VSA_FHYD
VAdjEq
AM1_E
PEOE_VSA_FNEG
VAdjMa
AM1_Eele
PEOE_VSA_FPNEG
VDistEq
AM1_HF
PEOE_VSA_FPOL
VDistMa
AM1_HOMO
PEOE_VSA_FPOS
weinerPath
AM1_IP
PEOE_VSA_HYD
weinerPol
AM1_LUMO
PEOE_VSA_NEG
zagreb
a_count
PEOE_VSA_POS
balabanJ
a_IC
PC+
BCUT_PEOE_0
a_ICM
PC-
BCUT_PEOE_2
a_nH
RPC+
BCUT_PEOE_3
b_1rotN
RPC-
BCUT_SLOGP_0
b_1rotR
ASA
BCUT_SLOGP_3
b_count
ASA+
BCUT_SMR_0
b_rotN
ASA-
BCUT_SMR_1
b_rotR
ASA_H
BCUT_SMR_2
b_single
ASA_P
BCUT_SMR_3
a_heavy
CASA+
GCUT_PEOE_1
a_nC
CASA-
GCUT_PEOE_2
a_nF
DASA
GCUT_PEOE_3
a_nN
DCASA
GCUT_SLOGP_1
a_nO
FASA+
GCUT_SLOGP_2
a_nS
FASA-
GCUT_SLOGP_3
b_heavy
FASA_H
GCUT_SMR_0
a_acc
FASA_P
GCUT_SMR_1
a_don
FCASA+
GCUT_SMR_2
a_hyd
FCASA-
GCUT_SMR_3
Kier1
VSA
Kier2
vsa_hyd
Kier3
apol
KierA1
bpol
KierA2
dipole
KierA3
pmi
KierFlex
rgyr
SMR
std_dim1
mr
std_dim2
std_dim3
*Calculated in MOE 2008.10, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Suite 910 - 1010 Sherbr
Canada H3A 2R7, 2008. S3 INTRODUCTION Initial docking experiments with Aq and the peptide sequence Ac-Ile260-Ala-Gly-Phe263-Lys-Gly-
Glu-Gln267-NH2 (referred to as the original peptide) using default parameter settings in OMEGA [1]
and FRED [2] revealed that the software were not able to reproduce the original peptide pose when
docking a randomized low-energy conformation of the same. In order for a virtual screen (VS) to be
fruitful we, and others [3], believe that the docking software used in the screening should be able to
reproduce the binding mode and the X-ray ligand. Using OMEGA default parameters generated a
conformations with an RMSD of 2.74 Å compared to the original peptide conformation. The altered
settings resulted in conformations with an RMSD of 2.6 Å. In FRED the best suggested pose had an
RMSD of 4.07 while the most resembling pose generated by OMEGA had an RMSD of 2.60 Å to
the original peptide. The high RMSD values were mainly due to differences in the sequence Gly265-
Glu266-Gln267. RMSD between these residues and the corresponding residues in the original peptide
was 5.71. The RMSD between the amino acids in position p260 to p263 (which anchor to MHC),
was 1.66 Å. Furthermore, the results from dockings of a set of ten trial peptides revealed wrongly
positioned anchoring residues. Visual studies of the docking solutions revealed that the suggested
peptide pose did not interact with the protein at the two crucial anchoring points (P1 and P4 pockets
in Aq), or that the peptide was turned in the binding pocket. We have previously shown that altering docking software parameters can has significant effects on
docking outcome and that statistical design is an excellent way of explore these effects [4]. Hence,
software parameters were varied according to design of experiments (DoE) and the original peptide
and the trial peptides were docked with constraints (see Methods in the main paper) using these
different parameter settings. Table 2. Descriptors describing the amino acids in peptide position p263. Table 2. Descriptors describing the amino acids in peptide position p263. p
g
p p
p
p
*Calculated in MOE 2008.10, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Suite 910 - 1010 Sherb
Canada H3A 2R7, 2008. Descriptor*
Descriptor*
Descriptor*
Weight
logP(o/w)
chi0v
vdw_area
SlogP
chi0v_C
vdw_vol
logS
chi1v
vol
PEOE_PC+
chi1v_C
density
PEOE_PC-
chi0
dens
PEOE_RPC+
chi0_C
glob
PEOE_RPC-
chi1
diameter
PEOE_VSA_FHYD
chi1_C
AM1_dipole
PEOE_VSA_FNEG
VAdjEq
AM1_E
PEOE_VSA_FPNEG
VAdjMa
AM1_Eele
PEOE_VSA_FPOL
VDistEq
AM1_HF
PEOE_VSA_FPOS
VDistMa
AM1_HOMO
PEOE_VSA_FPPOS
weinerPath
AM1_IP
PEOE_VSA_HYD
weinerPol
AM1_LUMO
PEOE_VSA_NEG
zagreb
a_count
PEOE_VSA_POS
balabanJ
a_IC
PC+
BCUT_PEOE_1
a_ICM
PC-
BCUT_PEOE_2
a_nH
RPC+
BCUT_SLOGP_1
b_1rotR
RPC-
BCUT_SLOGP_2
b_count
ASA
BCUT_SMR_1
b_rotR
ASA+
BCUT_SMR_2
b_single
ASA-
GCUT_PEOE_1
a_heavy
ASA_H
GCUT_PEOE_2
a_nBr
ASA_P
GCUT_PEOE_3
a_nC
CASA+
GCUT_SLOGP_0
a_nCl
CASA-
GCUT_SLOGP_1
a_nF
DASA
GCUT_SLOGP_2
a_nI
DCASA
GCUT_SLOGP_3
a_nN
FASA+
GCUT_SMR_1
a_nO
FASA-
GCUT_SMR_2
a_nS
FASA_H
GCUT_SMR_3
b_heavy
FASA_P
SMR
a_acc
FCASA+
mr
a_don
FCASA-
std_dim1
a_hyd
VSA
std_dim2
Kier1
vsa_hyd
std_dim3
Kier2
apol
KierFlex
Kier3
bpol
KierA1
dipole
KierA2
pmi
KierA3
rgyr S4 rporated into virtual peptides at positions p260 a
ed amino acids) or supplier ID Figure 1. Amino acid derivatives incorporated into virtual peptides at positions p260 and p263
named by CAS number (Fmoc-protected amino acids) or supplier ID S5 Docking constraints A constraint was used to restrict the positioning of the Lys264 amino group in the docked peptide
poses. Specifically, it was forced to always be projecting ‘out’ from the protein-binding cleft. A
substructure of the Lys264 amino group represented by a Daylight SMART string [5] was given to
FRED, which constrained the positioning of the amino group to a sphere around the original
position. Table 4. FRED Parameters Subjected to Design of Experiments. Table 4. FRED Parameters Subjected to Design of Experiments. Table 4. FRED Parameters Subjected to Design of Experiments. level
exhaustive score
optimization
clash scaleb
1
chemgauss3a
chemgauss3a
0.25
2
shapegauss
shapegauss
0.5
3
plp
plp
0.7c
4
cgoc
screenscore
1.0
aDefault setting. bclash scale has no default setting. cTuned settings. Tuning of FRED docking parameters and OMEGA parameters Tuning of FRED docking parameters and OMEGA parameters
Peptide conformations docked using FRED were pre-generated using OMEGA[2] with settings
tuned according to the findings of Kirchmair and co-workers [6] (Table 3). DoE was applied to
investigate the effects on the docking outcome of adjustable parameters in FRED full factorial
parameter design [7]. The aim was to relate the parameter settings to the root mean square deviation
(RMSD) value between the original peptide from the comparative model of Aq and the resulting S6 conformations or docking poses. The full factorial design exhaustively generated combinations of all
parameters and their respective settings resulting in N parameter sets according to N = Xk where X
was the number of parameter levels and k was the number of parameters. The chosen parameter
values in FRED (Table 4) were varied in a three-level full factorial design using MODDE software
[8]. conformations or docking poses. The full factorial design exhaustively generated combinations of all
parameters and their respective settings resulting in N parameter sets according to N = Xk where X
was the number of parameter levels and k was the number of parameters. The chosen parameter
values in FRED (Table 4) were varied in a three-level full factorial design using MODDE software
[8]. A parameter screen was performed to ensure that FRED was able retrieve a conformation closely
resembling the original peptide. The qualitative parameters exhaustive score and optimization (Table
4) had settings corresponding to scoring functions and the scoring functions included in this study
were selected to be as different as possible in the way that they consider different types of molecular
interactions. For example, Shapegauss[9] does not consider hydrogen bonds contrary to
Chemgauss3, Plp [10], CGO and Screenscore [11]. Chemgauss3 considers desolvation energies but
the other scoring functions do not. The parameters presented in Table 4 were subjected to a full
factorial design resulting in 64 (43) parameter settings. The conformational library of the original
peptide generated by OMEGA (see the Introduction) was docked in FRED using all 64 settings
generated by the factorial design and the default setting. The final scoring function was Chemgauss3
(default). Table 3. Tuned OMEGA-settings. Table 3. Tuned OMEGA-settings. Table 3. Tuned OMEGA-settings. OMEGA parameter
Tuned setting
ewindow
0.25
rms
0.6
maxconf
1000
buildff
Mmff94s_Trunc Evaluation of Docking Parameter Tuning The top pose for each docking was evaluated by calculation of RMSD to the original peptide. The
parameter settings resulting in the best dockings (i.e. low RMSD to original peptide) were further
evaluated by an additional docking run using the original peptide and control runs using a set of ten
trial peptides (Table 5). These dockings were evaluated by visual inspection of the positioning of the
amino acid side chains in p260 and p263 and by RMSD calculations between the peptide backbone
of the 260-263 fragment to the original peptide structure. A docking was considered successful when
both these side chains pointed down into their respective protein cavity pockets with a backbone
RMSD < 3 Å. S7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Parameters were tuned in OMEGA inspired by results presented by Kirchmair et al. [6] which
indicated that a high setting on ewindow (i.e. 25 kcal/mol or above in OMEGA version 2.0) was
desirable, or else, valuable conformations were at risk of being rejected in the final conformation
ensemble. The same study indicated that a low setting on the rms parameter was beneficial for low
RMSD to crystal conformations. Hence, OMEGA was run with settings according to Table 3 and all
other parameters were kept at their default values. Subsequent experiments with OMEGA, not
included in the present study, where parameters were varied according to a statistical experimental
design resulted in conformations with an RMSD of 1.6 to the original peptide. Tuning of parameters in FRED Table 4. For FRED, different settings on the parameter exhaustive
score influenced the results the most. Setting clash scale to 1.0 gave no docking solutions. The
parameter optimization had little or no effect on the results and we decided to turn off optimization
to save time in the extensive FRED VS. The tuned settings in FRED resulted in docking solutions
equal to default setting docking solutions for the original peptide but improved results for the ten
trial peptides (Table 5), in terms of backbone RMSD of the p260-p263 fragment. The reason for
exhaustive scoring CGO, used in the tuned settings, being able to rank good poses high is possible
due to the nature of the scoring function where the shape of the ligand is matched to the original
ligand. RMSD values of the peptide backbone top scored trial peptides versus the backbone of the
original peptide are presented in Table 5. Visual inspections of docking poses revealed that, in
general, an RMSD higher than 8 Å indicated incorrectly turned peptides and an RMSD less than 3 Å
indicated peptides where amino acids in p260 and p263 were in the vicinity of their anchor-
positions. Applying the tuned docking settings, all top ranked docking poses were correctly turned in
the Aq binding site (Table 5) as opposed to the default settings where three out of ten were
incorrectly turned. Finally, an additional benefit of using the tuned settings was a slight reduction in
time consumption for each docking. S8 Table 5. Table of trial peptide backbone p260-p263 fragment RMSD (compared to the ori
ligand) docked with default and tuned docking parameters in FRED. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Peptide p260
p263
FRED default
RMSD (Å)
FRED tuned
RMSD (Å)
original
N
H
O
N
H
O
1.6
1.8
1
N
H
O
N
H
O
2.8
2.8
2
N
H
O
N
H
O
15.9
4.48
3
N
H
O
N
H
O
3.2
3.58
4
N
H
O
N
H
O
0.9
1.0
5
N
H
O
N
H
O
N
5.7
6.0
6
N
H
O
N
H
O
1.7
1.7
7
N
H
O
N
H
O
14.9
5.9
8
N
H
O
N
H
O
14.0
5.4
9
N
H
O
N
H
O
6.2
6.5
10
N
H
O
N
H
O
5.8
5.6 Table 5. Table of trial peptide backbone p260-p263 fr
ligand) docked with default and tuned docking parameter
Peptide p260
p263
FRED default
RMSD (Å)
FRED tuned
RMSD (Å)
original
N
H
O
N
H
O
1.6
1.8
1
N
H
O
N
H
O
2.8
2.8
2
N
H
O
N
H
O
15.9
4.48
3
N
H
O
N
H
O
3.2
3.58
4
N
H
O
N
H
O
0.9
1.0
5
N
H
O
N
H
O
N
5.7
6.0
6
N
H
O
N
H
O
1.7
1.7
7
N
H
O
N
H
O
14.9
5.9
8
N
H
O
N
H
O
14.0
5.4
9
N
H
O
N
H
O
6.2
6.5
10
N
H
O
N
H
O
5.8
5.6 Table 5. Table of trial peptide backbone p260-p263 fragment RMSD (compared to the original
ligand) docked with default and tuned docking parameters in FRED. 1.8 S9 Table 6. Amino acids selected for p260 based on docking scores. Corresponding molecular
structures can be found in Figure 1. Table 6. Amino acids selected for p260 based on docking scores. Corresponding molecular
structures can be found in Figure 1. CAS name
CAS name
CAS name
CAS name
Supplier ID
102410-65-1
159611-02-6
214750-76-2
71989-28-1
acros_MW210
109425-51-6
161321-36-4
220497-61-0
76265-70-8
fa21102
111061-55-3
163437-14-7
220497-62-1
77284-32-3
mfcd03428499
117322-30-2
167015-23-8
251316-98-0
87720-55-6
senn_MW174
130309-35-2
175453-07-3
252049-16-4
109425-51-6_taut#
132327-80-1
180414-94-2
35661-60-0
132684-59-4
186320-06-9
478183-62-9
132684-60-7
198561-07-8
67436-13-9
135112-28-6
201531-88-6
68858-20-8
135944-07-9
202920-22-7
71989-23-6
139551-74-9
205528-32-1
35661-60-0
# One additional tautomeric form of histidine Table 7. Amino acids selected for p263 based on docking scores. Corresponding molecular
structures can be found in Figure 1. Table 7. Amino acids selected for p263 based on docking scores. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Corresponding molecular
structures can be found in Figure 1. CAS name
CAS name
CAS name
CAS name
CAS name
Supplier ID
103213-31-6
169555-95-7
198560-41-7
205526-36-9
252049-13-1
mfcd01863048
109425-51-6
173963-93-4
198560-43-9
205528-32-1
252049-16-4
mfcd01863771
112883-43-9
174132-31-1
198560-68-8
206060-40-4
35661-40-6
mfcd03428499
130309-35-2
175453-07-3
198561-04-5
211637-74-0
71989-38-3
134486-00-3
175453-08-4
199006-54-7
211637-75-1
95753-55-2
135673-97-1
177966-59-5
201484-26-6
213383-02-9
96402-49-2
136590-09-5
177966-60-8
201484-50-6
214852-56-9
109425-51-6_taut#
143824-78-6
184962-88-7
202920-22-7
220497-47-2
159611-02-6
185379-40-2
205526-26-7
220497-48-3
169243-86-1
186320-06-9
205526-27-8
247113-86-6
# One additional tautomeric form of histidine S10 Figure 3. Score and loading plots for p260 amino acids from the PCA based on physicochemical
properties. a) Score values of PC4 versus PC5. Selected amino acids are indicated by red circles. b)
Loading values of PC1 versus PC2. c) Loading values of PC2 versus PC3. d) Loading values of PC4
versus PC5. Figure 3. Score and loading plots for p260 amino acids from the PCA based on physicochemical
properties. a) Score values of PC4 versus PC5. Selected amino acids are indicated by red circles. b)
Loading values of PC1 versus PC2. c) Loading values of PC2 versus PC3. d) Loading values of PC4
versus PC5. S11 Figure 4. Score and loading plots for p263 amino acids from the PCA based on physicochemi
properties. a) Score values of PC4 versus PC5. Selected amino acids are indicated by red circles
Loading values of PC1 versus PC2. c) Loading values of PC2 versus PC3. d) Loading values of P
versus PC5. Figure 4. Score and loading plots for p263 amino acids from the PCA based on physicochemical
properties. a) Score values of PC4 versus PC5. Selected amino acids are indicated by red circles. b)
Loading values of PC1 versus PC2. c) Loading values of PC2 versus PC3. d) Loading values of PC4
versus PC5. S12 Table 8. Glycopeptide characterization. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION O
OH
HO
HO
OH
O
NH2
N
H
Gly-Glu-Gln-Gly-Pro-Lys-Gly-Glu-Thr273
O
H2N
N
H
H
N
N
H
H
N
R1
O
O
O
O
O
CH3
R2
264
259
P1
P4 P4
Glycopeptide
R1
R2
Isolated
yield
HPLC
purity (%)
MALDI-TOF
Calculated mass
[M+H]+/[M+Na]+
MALDI-TOF
Observed mass
[M+H]+/[M+Na]+
2
F
32.6 mg
(40 %)
>99
1671.79/1693.77
1671.83/1693.75
3
OH
34.5 mg
(42%)
>99
1669.79/1691.77
1669.79/1691.73
4
S
N
38.1 mg
(47 %)
>99
1660.75/1682.73
1660.79/1682.72
5
F
35.7 mg
(43 %)
>99
1685.80/1707.78
1685.84/1707.77
6
24.2 mg
(29 %)
>99
1673.86/1695.84
1673.86/1695.80
7
S
N
33.5 mg
(41%)
>99
1674.76/1696.75
1674.78/1696.70
8
CH3
31.3 mg
(38 %)
>99
1665.80/1687.78
1665.76/1687.71
9
31.4 mg
(39 %)
>97
1657.83/1679.81
1657.80/1679.77
10
N
31.5 mg
(39 %)
>97
1652.78/1674.76
1652.85/1674.73
11
CH3
40.2 mg
(48 %)
>99
1693.83/1715.81
1693.87/1715.80
12
OH
36.1 mg
(46 %)
>99
1695.81/1717.79
1695.83/1717.74
13
N
36.8 mg
(44 %)
>99
1680.81/1702.79
1680.86/1702.79
14
S
N
38.5 mg
(46 %)
>99
1694.73/1716.71
1694.73/1716.65
15
S
N
CH3
36.7 mg
(44 %)
>99
1708.75/1730.73
1708.77/1730.70
16
S
N
N
42.1 mg
(51 %)
>99
1695.73/1717.71
1695.77/1717.68
17
O
NH2
S
N
39.2 mg
(47 %)
>99
1675.72/1697.70
1675.75/1697.67
18
O
NH2
25.7 mg
(30 %)
>99
1668.77/1690.75
1668.77/1690.71
19
O
NH2
OH
28.0 mg
(34 %)
>99
1684.77/1706.75
1684.76/1706.69
20
22.0 mg
(26 %)
>99
1705.73/1727.81
1705.89/1727.83
21
22.8 mg
(27 %)
>99
1699.78/1721.76
1699.84/1721.78 P4 20 S13 S14
Figure 5. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 2-5. Glycopeptide 2
Glycopeptide 3
Glycopeptide 4
Glycopeptide 5 Glycopeptide 2
Glycopeptide 3 Figure 5. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 2-5. Glycopeptide 4
Glycopeptide 5 Glycopeptide 4
Glycopeptide 5 Glycopeptide 5 Figure 5. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 2-5. S14 Figure 6. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 6-8. Glycopeptide 6
Glycopeptide 7
Glycopeptide 8 Glycopeptide 6 Glycopeptide 6 Figure 6. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 6-8. Glycopeptide 7
Glycopeptide 8 Fi
6
C h
f
l
id
6 8
Glycopeptide 7
Glycopeptide 8 Figure 6. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 6-8. S15 Figure 7. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 9-12. Glycopeptide 9
Glycopeptide 10
Glycopeptide 11
Glycopeptide 12 Glycopeptide 9
Glycopeptide 10 Figure 7. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 9-12. Glycopeptide 11
Glycopeptide 12 Figure 7. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 9-12. Glycopeptide 11
Glycopeptide 12 Figure 7. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 9-12. S16 Figure 8. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 13-16. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Glycopeptide 13
Glycopeptide 14
Glycopeptide 15
Glycopeptide 16 Glycopeptide 13
Glycopeptide 14 Glycopeptide 13 Glycopeptide 13 Figure 8. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 13-16. Glycopeptide 15
Glycopeptide 16 Glycopeptide 15
Glycopeptide 16 Figure 8. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 13-16. S17 S18
Figure 9. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 17-20. Glycopeptide 17
Glycopeptide 18
Glycopeptide 19
Glycopeptide 20 Glycopeptide 17
Glycopeptide 18 Figure 9. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 17-20. Glycopeptide 19
Glycopeptide 20 Figure 9. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 17-20. Glycopeptide 19
Glycopeptide 20 Figure 9. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 17-20. S18 Figure 10. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 21. Glycopeptide 21 Figure 10. HPLC chromatograms for glycopeptides 21. S19 Table 9. Aq binding assay performed in order to identify active and inactive glycopeptides by
competitive inhibition of biotinylated CII259-273 binding to the Aq protein by 1-21. The assay was
performed with six antigen concentrations (0.16-500 µM) but % inhibition is only reported for 500
µM, which was the concentration used to define active glycopeptide (i.e. glycopeptides that showed
more than 30% inhibition at 500 µM).a O
OH
HO
HO
OH
O
NH2
N
H
Gly-Glu-Gln-Gly-Pro-Lys-Gly-Glu-Thr273
O
H2N
N
H
H
N
N
H
H
N
R1
O
O
O
O
O
CH3
R2
264
259
Peptide
R1
R2
%
inhibition
(500 µM)
Peptide
R1
R2
%
inhibition
(500 µM)
1
85 ± 3
12
OH
1 ± 4
2
F
96 ± 1
13
N
1 ± 5
3
OH
54 ± 5
14
S
N
53 ± 3
4
S
N
91 ± 0
15
S
N
CH3
67 ± 1
5
F
48 ± 4
16
S
N
N
-37 ± 9
6
69 ± 6
17
O
NH2
S
N
2 ± 10
7
S
N
55 ± 10
18
O
NH2
11 ± 5
8
CH3
80 ± 5
19
O
NH2
OH
22 ± 3
9
67 ± 1
20
-9 ± 11
10
N
15 ± 7
21
1± 6
11
CH3
44 ± 1
a Data are expressed as the percentage of biotinylated CII259-273 bound in the absence
competitor glycopeptide and are represented as mean values of triplicates ± one standard deviation a Data are expressed as the percentage of biotinylated CII259-273 bound in the absence of
competitor glycopeptide and are represented as mean values of triplicates ± one standard deviation. S20 Figure 11. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Inhibition of binding of a fixed concentration of biotinylated CII259-273 Lys264 peptide
to recombinant Aq protein upon incubation with increasing concentrations of non-modified CII259-
273 (1) or the modified glycopeptides 2-9, 11, and 14-15, respectively. Aq bound biotinylated
CII259-273 Lys264 peptide was detected in a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using europium
labeled streptavidin. The points represent the average of triplicates and error bars are set to ± one
standard deviation. Figure 11. Inhibition of binding of a fixed concentration of biotinylated CII259-273 Lys264 peptide
to recombinant Aq protein upon incubation with increasing concentrations of non-modified CII259-
273 (1) or the modified glycopeptides 2-9, 11, and 14-15, respectively. Aq bound biotinylated
CII259-273 Lys264 peptide was detected in a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using europium
labeled streptavidin. The points represent the average of triplicates and error bars are set to ± one
standard deviation. S21 Figure 12. Response of Aq-restricted T-cell hybridomas after incubation with syngeneic spleen cel
and increasing concentrations of non-modified CII259-273 (1) or the modified glycopeptides 2-
11, and 14-15, respectively. Glycopeptide binding to Aq proteins on the spleen cells allow
recognition by the T-cell hybridoma resulting in IL-2 secretion into the supernatant. Secreted IL-
was subsequently quantified by a sandwich ELISA using the DELFIA system. The points represen
the average of triplicates and error bars are set to ± one standard deviation. Figure 12. Response of Aq-restricted T-cell hybridomas after incubation with syngeneic spleen cells
and increasing concentrations of non-modified CII259-273 (1) or the modified glycopeptides 2-9,
11, and 14-15, respectively. Glycopeptide binding to Aq proteins on the spleen cells allows
recognition by the T-cell hybridoma resulting in IL-2 secretion into the supernatant. Secreted IL-2
was subsequently quantified by a sandwich ELISA using the DELFIA system. The points represent
the average of triplicates and error bars are set to ± one standard deviation. S22 Figure 13. Inhibition of binding of a fixed concentration of biotinylated CLIP peptide to
recombinant DR4 protein upon incubation with increasing concentrations of non-modified CII259-
273 (1) or the modified glycopeptides 1-21. DR4 bound biotinylated CII259-273 Lys264 peptide was
detected in a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using europium labeled streptavidin. The points
represent the average of triplicates and error bars are set to ± one standard deviation. Figure 13. Inhibition of binding of a fixed concentration of biotinylated CLIP peptide to
recombinant DR4 protein upon incubation with increasing concentrations of non-modified CII259-
273 (1) or the modified glycopeptides 1-21. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DR4 bound biotinylated CII259-273 Lys264 peptide was
detected in a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using europium labeled streptavidin. The points
represent the average of triplicates and error bars are set to ± one standard deviation. S23 Figure 14. Response of DR4-restricted T-cell hybridomas after incubation with syngeneic spleen
cells and increasing concentrations of glycopeptides 1-21, respectively. Glycopeptide binding to
DR4 proteins on the spleen cells allows recognition by the T-cell hybridoma resulting in IL-2
secretion into the supernatant. Secreted IL-2 was subsequently quantified by a sandwich ELISA
using the DELFIA system. The points represent the average of triplicates and error bars are set to ±
one standard deviation. Figure 14. Response of DR4-restricted T-cell hybridomas after incubation with syngeneic spleen
cells and increasing concentrations of glycopeptides 1-21, respectively. Glycopeptide binding to
DR4 proteins on the spleen cells allows recognition by the T-cell hybridoma resulting in IL-2
secretion into the supernatant. Secreted IL-2 was subsequently quantified by a sandwich ELISA
using the DELFIA system. The points represent the average of triplicates and error bars are set to ±
one standard deviation. S24 Figure 15. Permutation tests where the order of response-values have been permutated 100 times
and R2 and Q2 for these 100 PLS-models have been plotted against the similarity between the
original Y and the permutated Y. a) Results from the Aq PLS model. b) Results from the DR4 PLS
models. Figure 15. Permutation tests where the order of response-values have been permutated 100 times
and R2 and Q2 for these 100 PLS-models have been plotted against the similarity between the
original Y and the permutated Y. a) Results from the Aq PLS model. b) Results from the DR4 PLS
models. S25 Complex (protein + ligand) rmsd
a) S26
Figure 16. RMSD plotted as a function of the simulation time for a) the complex (i.e. the α1 and
domains of Aq and the glycopeptide) backbone C and N atoms or b) the glycopeptide backbone C
and N atoms. 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Complex (protein + ligand) rmsd
1 (Ile-Phe)
9 (Cpr-Cha)
7 (Hle-Thia)
6 (Hle-Cha)
Time (ps)
rmsd /? 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ligand backbone rmsd
1 (Ile-Phe)
9 (Cpr-Cha)
7 (Hle-Thia)
6 (Hle-Cha)
Time (ps)
rmsd /? RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a)
b) Ligand backbone rmsd
b) 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ligand backbone rmsd
1 (Ile-Phe)
9 (Cpr-Cha)
7 (Hle-Thia)
6 (Hle-Cha)
Time (ps)
rmsd /? b) Figure 16. RMSD plotted as a function of the simulation time for a) the complex (i.e. the α1 and β1
domains of Aq and the glycopeptide) backbone C and N atoms or b) the glycopeptide backbone C
and N atoms. Figure 16. RMSD plotted as a function of the simulation time for a) the complex (i.e. the α1 and β1
domains of Aq and the glycopeptide) backbone C and N atoms or b) the glycopeptide backbone C
and N atoms. S26 Distance Aq-Lys11C and ligand-Lys264CA Figure 17. The distance between the GalHyl264 CA and the Aq Lys11C as a function of the
simulation time. 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Distance Aq-Lys11C and ligand-Lys264CA
1 (Ile-Phe)
9 (Cpr-Cha)
7 (Hle-Thia)
6 (Hle-Cha)
Frame
rmsd /? 264
q
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Distance Aq-Lys11C and ligand-Lys264CA
1 (Ile-Phe)
9 (Cpr-Cha)
7 (Hle-Thia)
6 (Hle-Cha)
Frame
rmsd /? Figure 17. The distance between the GalHyl264 CA and the Aq Lys11C as a function of the
simulation time. Figure 17. The distance between the GalHyl264 CA and the Aq Lys11C as a function of the
simulation time. S27 References References 1. OMEGA (2007) 2.2.0. OpenEye Scientific Software Inc. 3600 Cerrillos Road, Suite 1107,
Santa Fe, NM 87507. (2007) 2.2.3. Openeye Scientific Software Inc. 3600 Cerrillos Road, Suite 1107, Santa
M 87507. 3. Verdonk ML, Berdini V, Hartshorn MJ, Mooij WTM, Murray CW, et al. (2004) Virtual
screening using protein-ligand docking: Avoiding artificial enrichment. J Chem Inf Comput
Sci 44: 793-806. 4. Andersson CD, Thysell E, Lindström A, Bylesjö M, Raubacher F, et al. (2007) A
multivariate approach to investigate docking parameters' effects on docking performance. J
Chem Inf Model 47: 1673-1687. 5. Jones G, Willett P, Glen RC, Leach AR, Taylor R (1997) Development and validation of a
genetic algorithm for flexible docking. J Mol Biol 267: 727-748. 6. Kirchmair J, Wolber G, Laggner C, Langer T (2006) Comparative performance assessment
of the conformational model generators omega and catalyst: A large-scale survey on the
retrieval of protein-bound ligand conformations. J Chem Inf Model 46: 1848-1861. p
g
7. Box GE, Draper NR (1987) Empirical Model-Building and Respons Surfaces. New York:
John Wiley & sons, Inc. 8. MODDE (2008) 8.0.2. Umetrics AB. Box 7960, Umeå, Sweden. 9. McGann MR, Almond HR, Nicholls A, Grant JA, Brown FK (2003) Gaussian docking
functions. Biopolymers 68: 76-90. 10. Verkivker GM, Bouzida D, Gehlaar DK, Rejto PA, Arthurs S, et al. (2000) Deciphering
common failures in molecular docking of ligand-protein complexes. J Comput-Aided Mol
Des 14: 731-751. 11. Stahl M, Rarey M (2001) Detailed analysis of scoring functions for virtual screening. J Med
Chem 44: 1035-1042. S28
| 22,132 |
US-202016865859-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,020 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,968 | 9,842 |
FIG. 29A illustrates the Physician tab that displays information about the patient's other physicians and provides a listing of letters sent to the patient's other physicians in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 29B illustrates the New Letter Popup when the letter link in FIG. 29A is selected in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 30 illustrates the Letters/Document tab that displays letters and documents transferred from the EMR system in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 31 illustrates the Summary panel that is a permanent note feature allowing the user to save and change the same note that is always visible when viewing the patient in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 32A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the Retina Flowsheet illustrated in FIG. 15 in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 32B illustrates the medical treatment information of the Retina Flowsheet of FIG. 32A in more detail.
FIG. 33A illustrates a modified Command Center in which the display panels are replaced by panels for ordering clinical tests and procedures, diagnostic images, and medications in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 33B illustrates an example popup display window illustrating abnormal test results over time.
FIG. 34A illustrates the Place FA order dialog box that pops up when the user clicks the column header for the FA exam in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 34B illustrates another example of in situ ordering for the Procedure columns OD and OS in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 35 illustrates a possible flowsheet for glaucoma in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention, which is similar to that presented above in FIG. 12A with respect to the first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 36 presents a flowsheet for diabetes in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 37 illustrates an exemplary Financial Flowsheet in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 38 illustrates a view of the Notes tab in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 39 illustrates how the Command Center enables the user to add notes in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 40 illustrates a view of the Alerts tab notes in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 41A illustrates a view of the Image tab in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 41B illustrates an alternative presentation of the Image tab in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 42A illustrates a view of the Guidelines Summary tab in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 42B illustrates an exemplary cognitive system enhanced clinical decision support system for providing cognitive enhanced guidance analysis and summary.
FIG. 43 illustrates a view of the Published Guidelines in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 44 illustrates a view of the Medication Order panel in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 45 illustrates the Medication Alternatives (Suggested) sub panel of the six sub panels illustrated in FIG. 44.
FIG. 46 illustrates a view of the Lab Order panel in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 47 illustrates the Locations/Costs sub panel of the sub panels of FIG. 46.
FIG. 48 illustrates a view of the Imaging Order panel in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 49 illustrates the Locations/Cost sub panel of the sub panels illustrated in FIG. 48.
FIG. 50 illustrates the Recommendations sub panel of the sub panels illustrated in FIG. 48.
FIG. 51 illustrates a view of the Procedure panel in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 52 illustrates the Recommendations sub panel of the sub panels illustrated in FIG. 51.
FIG. 53 illustrates the Considerations sub panel of the sub panels illustrated in FIG. 51.
FIG. 54 illustrates the Locations/Costs sub panel of the sub panels illustrated in FIG. 51.
FIG. 55 illustrates a Physician Quality Reporting panel within the Smart Evaluation control panel.
FIG. 56A illustrates the View Configuration page that provides the user a mechanism to create or modify dynamic dashboards to accommodate their unique requirements in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 56B illustrates the Panel Configuration page that provides the user a mechanism to create or modify display panels to use when populating the dynamic dashboards as described in FIG. 56A.
FIG. 57 illustrates the Command Center architecture and connectivity to external Health Information Technology systems and third party services in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 58 illustrates the architecture of a central controlling server platform and multiple geographically distributed edge server platforms.
FIG. 59A illustrates integration of the Command Center with the user's existing Health Information Technology (HIT) and third party services using either industry standard message-based protocols or API-based methods in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 59B illustrates systems integration standards used to communicate between the Command Center and external Systems in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 60 illustrates an overview of the industry standard CCOW workflow and the various components involved in several transactions in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 61 illustrates a standard workflow when data is received from an external system through any of the messaging standards or API methods in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 62 illustrates a detailed flowchart of the data import process in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 63 illustrates a flowchart of the Clinical Evaluation Algorithm in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 64 provides a diagram of the tables used to determine if imported data is relevant to the FlowsheetMapping table and to store data for display on the in the flowsheet database fields in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 65 illustrates a Financial Analysis Algorithm for processing financial payment information in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 66A illustrates generally the process for ordering a procedure in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 66B illustrates the logic used to check for pre-authorization and/or a referral in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 67 illustrates the precertification process that is invoked by presentation of a CPT Procedure code and an ICD10 Diagnosis code in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 68 illustrates the referral process that is invoked by presentation of a CPT Procedure code and an ICD10 Diagnosis code in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 69 illustrates the classes of data that are stored as part of the core tables in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 70 illustrates the interoperability tables that are used to handle receiving and sending of data between systems in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 71 illustrates the supporting tables that include tables for handling behind the scenes processing in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 72A illustrates an exemplary clinical decision support system in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 72B illustrates an exemplary cognitive system enhanced clinical decision support system for providing cognitive enhanced guidance.
FIG. 72C illustrates an exemplary cognitive system enhanced clinical decision support system for alternative diagnosis identification.
FIG. 73 illustrates a diagram of the tables used to display data on the Note tab (FIG. 39) in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 74 illustrates a diagram of the tables used to display Alerts that are generated for a patient in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 75 illustrates the ViewLayout table that stores the panels and tabs that make up the view and how they are positioned in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 76 illustrates the Panel table that stores references to the data displayed within a panel in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 77 illustrates the view XML that provides means for moving and storing the different display panel and flowsheet views in exemplary embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 78 illustrates the panel XML that provides means for setting up the display panels and flowsheets in exemplary embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 79 illustrates the guideline tables that are used to store individual guidelines, groups of guidelines in order to store common information about the group, and associations of those groups with clinical codes (such as ICD10, CPT, RxNorm) in accordance with the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Exemplary embodiments of a Data Command Center in accordance with the invention are described below with respect to FIGS. 1-79. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the illustrated embodiments described are for exemplary purposes only and are not limited to the specific process and interfaces described.
Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings.
The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use embodiments of the invention. Various modifications to the illustrated embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles herein can be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from embodiments of the invention. For example, though the invention is described for use with an EMR system in an exemplary embodiment, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the systems and methods described herein may be used for numerous other applications where much data is presented to the viewer, including, for example, interfaces to stock tracking and purchasing software, industrial monitoring systems, and the like. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not intended to be limited to embodiments shown, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. The following detailed description is to be read with reference to the figures, in which like elements in different figures have like reference numerals. The figures, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of embodiments of the invention. Skilled artisans will recognize the examples provided herein have many useful alternatives that fall within the scope of embodiments of the invention.
Some embodiments herein provide one or more technological solutions in the realm of one or more of data assimilation and recordation with real-time communications across a network, computers, or the Internet to improve the performance of, and technology of, data assimilation and recordation, communication and messaging software, systems and servers by providing automated functionality that effectively and more efficiently manages data assimilation and recordation and related automatic triggering of new computing events in the network based on the data gathered during an actual event in ways that cannot effectively be done, or done at all, manually. For example, some embodiments herein provide one or more technological solutions to processing a user interface including a single page quick review “summary sheet” that is rendered by pulling key data points from EMR interactive notes allowing a physician to provide the best possible care. Further, the improved assimilation and recordation, communication and messaging software, and systems and servers enable centralized collection and review of information and two-way auto-population of the user interface from billing or other parts of local and remote electronic medical record systems that can reduce human error, and can cut down on medical errors. This technology can allow a physician or other healthcare worker to quickly access and review critical medical and procedure data using consistent data visualization field formats. This technology can automatically summarize each patient visit on one line on one page that can be seen and through pattern recognition, and rapidly visualized. This technology can allow a physician to instantly evaluate a patient's situation, and catch potential billing errors.
Some embodiments herein provide one or more technological solutions to providing a user interface that functions as a “command center” for the physician's decision-making. Using data collection, assimilation and recordation with real-time communications across a network, computers, or the Internet, some embodiments of the invention described herein provide an information hub where the lifetime of a patient's medical and surgical history, diagnostic tests results, and prescribed medications can be accessed. Further, the user interface can provide alerts regarding the reasons for the patient's visit, and can include messages from staff that can be programmed to self-delete and not be viewable after it has been removed.
Some embodiments of the invention provide a user interface that can function as an epicenter for physician care allowing medical synthesis of the problems confronting the patient. To make the best decisions, the physician needs to understand the entire picture of a patient's life, while being able to hone in on any detail. Some embodiments of the invention can function as an EMR similar to how a ganglion cell is to the brain or the spinal cord to the body. Some embodiments of the invention provide the ability for the findings of a physician during “today's visit” to be rapidly entered into the relevant fields/tabs/screens within an EMR, streamlining data entry required for documentation and interpretation. Some embodiments of the invention can provide a starting point for caring for a patient, where new orders can be placed or messages can be sent. Using a summary review table, the physician can navigate and interact with the entire EMR for the patient without the need to access multiple screens, and can be interoperable to enable extraction of pertinent information from other sources.
Medical sub-specialization, information overload, and increased complexity of reimbursements for service all conspire to remove the physician from caring for a patient. Some embodiments of the invention can save the physician time that can be used for time with the patient rather than time used with a computer screen and a mouse. Finally, presented here is the new tool that makes the computer age successfully replace the paper age in properly caring for patients. Some embodiments of the invention can allow the physician and hospitals to comply with insurance companies and the government which demand that they comply and be responsible for their billing. Some embodiments of the invention can help transform the mindset of a physician from being a medical provider without any knowledge of business or finance, to a physician able to participate in revenue cycle management. Some embodiments of the invention can, therefore, insert the physician back into being the quarterback of the healthcare system. Some embodiments of the invention can give the physician the time to be a healer while at the same time rapidly synthesizing information that can cut costs and improve outcome quality. In an ever-expanding interoperable complex world, some embodiments of the invention can function as a physician's genie and magic carpet that seamlessly transports the physician though the maze of data entry and provides the overview needed for medical synthesis.
Some computerized or electronic medical record (“EMR”) systems provide computerized interfaces between medical professionals and staff and one or more medical records databases. Some embodiments of the invention disclosed herein include a command center visual display system and method that can be linked to or otherwise accessed from a conventional EMR system. In some other embodiments, any conventional EMR system can be coupled or linked with the command center visual display system and method described herein.
Some embodiments of the command center visual display system and method can be interfaced with a variety of systems including but not limited to EMRs, Health Information Exchanges (HIEs), Billing Clearinghouses, Insurance Companies, Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) as well as third party services to provide information and services used in data presentation.
Some embodiments of the invention include a command center visual display system and method that can be included as an add-on software package to a conventional medical record system. In some embodiments, tasks associated with an add-on software program can be seamlessly linked and/or incorporated into one or more core software tasks or modules of the conventional medical record system. In some embodiments, a message-based interface can be used to connect and transmit data between one or more software modules of the command center visual display system and method, and one or more conventional medical records systems and/or one or more patient records and/or databases comprising patient records. In some embodiments, application programming interfaces (hereinafter “APIs”) can be used to connect and transmit data between one or more software modules of the command center visual display system and method, and one or more conventional medical records systems and/or one or more patient records and/or databases comprising patient records. For example, in some embodiments of the invention, the command center visual display system and method can be configured to receive patient data from a health information exchange or a medical provider. In some further embodiments, the command center visual display system and method can auto-populate various data fields (including information fields, tables, or windows) from a variety of sources. The sources can include electronic, physical (paper records), and human input. In some embodiments, an electronic dataflow can be established between the command center visual display system and method and one or more computer systems of servers that comprise patient information (e.g., electronic medical records). In some embodiments, the dataflow comprises a one-way flow from the source to the command center visual display system and method. In some other embodiments, the dataflow comprises a two-way flow from the source to the command center visual display system and method, and from the command center visual display system and method to the source. This information can be any medical diagnosis information prepared by a medical practitioner, any medical procedures or services provided to the patient, including procedures or services by claims made, or billings or payments including billing signed off by a physician as detailed above, billings, payments, or other information from anywhere in the EMR chart not limited to treatment summaries, and/or diagnosis summaries, and/or patient feedback summaries, and/or other physician summaries, patient outcome summaries, and so on. In some further embodiments, new software features of the command center visual display system and method can be added to an existing application without modifying the existing code of the existing application. In some other embodiments, the command center visual display system and method can function as an independent application, not linked, overlaid, or otherwise interfaced with any conventional medical record system.
First Embodiment of Data Command Center
FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a Data Command Center (CC) implemented as a data interface to a medical record system 100 in accordance with a first set of embodiments of the invention. In accordance with the first set of embodiments, a user, such a medical practitioner, can utilize a conventional medical record system to launch or enter a command center visual display system that can display information dashboards, tables, charts, windows, as tailored by a user. FIG. 2 illustrates a medical record window 200 of the medical record system 100 in accordance with a first set embodiments of the invention described herein. In some embodiments, the medical record window 200 of a conventional medical record system can include a command center visual display system launch icon 250 to facilitate access to and/or launch of one or more embodiments of the command center visual display system and method. It will be appreciated that the “icons” used herein are graphical elements with links to associated dynamic or static data in the same system or a remote system. Of course, the icons may simply be links. For the ease of description, whenever the text refers to “icons” such “icons” may be graphical elements with links or simply links to associated dynamic or static data.
In some embodiments, a user can use the command center visual display system launch icon 250 or other displayed icon or display element to access or launch the command center visual display system and method described herein. In some further embodiments, the launch icon 250 can be used to temporarily halt the medical record system 100 and access or launch the command center visual display system and method. In some other embodiments, the launch icon 250 can be used to access or launch the command center visual display system and method while the medical record system 100 continues to run in parallel, continues to run in a background mode, and/or is switched to an idle mode.
Referring to FIG. 3, illustrating a medical record dashboard selection window useful for selecting and launching embodiments of the invention described herein. In some embodiments, after a user selects or clicks the launch icon 250, a medical record dashboard selection window 300 can be displayed. The medical record dashboard selection window 300 can include one or more selectable medical record dashboards from which a user can select to access at least one medical record dashboard. For example, in one non-limiting example embodiment, the user can select “Retina Flowsheet” 305 to access and/or launch a medical record dashboard including a retina flowsheet. In some further embodiments, the at least one medical record dashboard can include any number of selectable medical records for any medical condition, and/or any medical diagnosis, and/or any medical treatment.
Some embodiments of the invention comprise one or more displayed tables and/or dashboards that function as a Data Command Center. The Data Command Center can enable a user to work with a single display that can be configured as a central medical record entry, access, update, recording, and archival site. For example, FIG. 4A illustrates a medical record dashboard 400 in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can be displayed by the user following the user's selection of at least one medical record dashboard from the medical record dashboard selection window 300. In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display data from one or more medical records, and/or track medical procedures and services based on claims made or billing signed off by a physician for one or more delivered medical procedures or services. Some embodiments of the invention include a command center visual display system and method that can dynamically link to various external databases comprising patient information that can be displayed in the medical record dashboard 400. For example, in some embodiments, the command center visual display system and method can function as a portal to patient information prepared by the user or patient information from other sources. Further, in some embodiments of the invention, the medical record dashboard 400 can be auto-populated as a function of claims made or billing signed off by a physician. In this instance, any data displayed within the medical record dashboard 400 is derived from one or more claim records that have been billed for one or more procedures or services have previously been provided to the patient. In some other embodiments, auto-population can be enabled in both directions interacting as a switchboard between the entire EMR and the medical record dashboard 400 along with what is added to any window, sub-window, column or entry in the medical record dashboard 400 being automatically added to the appropriate part of the chart for documentation before finalizing the encounter.
In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display information related to any medical procedures or services in relation to care of a patient. For example, in some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display information related to medical procedures or services in relation to retinal eye medical care of a patient. In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display information including components where there is a summary of the patient's problem list that a user can input patient information and constantly update and change. Further, this information can be auto-populated with the touch of a button into a designated location such as the current plan documenting the patient's current visit (thus aiding documentation for the current visit). Further, whatever is important for a user to input into the day's visits for documentation can be initially inputted in the table, and then permanently into the day's patient visits. Further, the summary section of the medical record dashboard 400 can be constantly fluid, and can be changed at every visit rather than being written to an unchangeable document or file (e.g., such as a PDF). Further, any patient data that is inputted, received, analyzed, or created can be auto-populated into any portion of the dashboard 400, and/or can form a dataflow out of the medical record dashboard 400 to another electronic system or server, or another user, observer, or other 3^(rd) party.
In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display various windows and sub-windows based on a user preference and/or current or previous user interaction with the medical record dashboard 400. For example, in some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display a problems window 425 and/or a surgeries window 450 where information related to a patient's medical problems and surgeries can be displayed in information columns 600, 700 respectively. Further, in some embodiments, patient information related to allergies and drugs can be displayed within the allergies/drug section 460. This information can be auto-populated from a variety of sources, or inputted by a user.
In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can include a summary window 475 enabling a user to view and edit summary information related to the patient, any details of care provided to the patient, and/or and any medical diagnosis information prepared by a medical practitioner. Further, in some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can also display detailed information related to any medical procedures or services provided to the patient, including procedures or services that are auto-populated by claims made, or billings or payments including billing signed off by a physician as detailed above. For example, in some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display a command center visual display window 50X) including information columns 800 that can be auto-populated by claims made or billings signed off by a physician. The auto-population can include billings, payments, or other information from anywhere in the EMR chart. For example in some embodiments, the information that is auto-populated can include treatment summaries, and/or diagnosis summaries, and/or patient feedback summaries, and/or other physician summaries, and so on. For example, in some embodiments, the command center visual display system and method can display and/or auto-populate at least one field, table, or window with at least one of a patient's prior medical procedures, diagnostic tests, surgeries, current medications, current illnesses, treated illnesses, and so on. The command center visual display system and method can auto-populate various data fields via an electronic dataflow established between the command center visual display system and method and one or more computer systems of servers that comprise patient information (e.g., such as electronic medical records). The dataflow can comprise a two-way flow from the source of patient data to the command center visual display system and method, and from the command center visual display system and method to the source. In some embodiments of the invention, this information can be any medical diagnosis information, any medical procedures or services provided to the patient, procedures or services by claims made, or billings or payments including billing signed off by a physician as detailed earlier, any information from anywhere in the EMR chart including treatment summaries, and/or diagnosis summaries, the patient's prior medical procedures, diagnostic tests, surgeries, current medications, current illnesses, treated illnesses, and/or patient feedback summaries, and/or other physician summaries, patient outcome summaries, treatment summaries, and/or diagnosis summaries, and/or patient feedback summaries, and/or other physician summaries or treatments. The medical record dashboard 400 can include miscellaneous information identifying the patient, information related to the patient's insurance plan, physicians and referring physicians, and the patient's current balance. Other information can relate to the patient's prior visit, prior diagnosis or procedure and any important information relevant to the next visit. Additional information can relate to the current visit, including history of illness and chief or current medical complaint, billing information, and retrievable medical information including pharmacy information. For example, in some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can include a patient insurance entry 401, referring physician entry 402, and primary care physician entry 403. The medical record dashboard 400 can also include patient balance entry 404, and a high deductible plan entry 405. Important patient information related to a pending or current visit can include a “days left post op period” entry 406 and/or an information alert 465. In some embodiments, the information alert 465 can be auto-populated based on other information or entries in the medical record dashboard 400. In other embodiments, the information alert 465 can be set by any user to alert the user or other user of information relevant to the patient. In some embodiments, the information alert 465 can comprise a daily technician update, including information to medical information such as blood pressure, or whether the patient is pregnant, or any other urgent information with which a member of a health care team can alert another member. Further, this information can become permanent or can be deleted from the dashboard 400, and from any record or table accessible from the dashboard 400, including any medical record. Further, this information can serve as or be configured as a “sticky note” that can be removed from any of the above-mentioned records. For example, the “sticky note” can be an electronic sticky note riding on the dashboard or any record accessible from the dashboard. Further, the dashboard 400 can provide improvement as described where test interpretations and evaluation of patients, once documented and billed, usually become date stamped, and cannot be easily amended without applying a new date of amendment. In some embodiments, the command center visual display system and method can improve and follow care that not necessarily be used as part of a particular day's medical record. In some other embodiments, a daily technician update can be accessed or otherwise made visible to the user in at least one other portion of the dashboard 400. In some embodiments, the information alert 465 can be displayed in a specific color and/or with a specific graphic and/or animation. For example, in some embodiments, the information alert 465 can comprise a flashing red animation. To protect the physician during an audit, a statement on the dashboard 400 can be added that “notes on this table” are not necessarily added at the time listed as the date and not for documentation in a medical record, but as a rapid reminder medical decision making and cliff note reference tool. As another example, if this patient's records were ever sent to another physician or insurance company or were audited, this is critical information a physician is often not privy to and an icon on the table may alert the physician of this fact. By selecting this or another icon, the history of this audit or records release request or other occurrence can be seen. So, if an insurance company is requesting a medical necessity report or other information that is needed by a billing office or anyone else, the physician may be informed on the table so that the physician can instantly decide what is needed. A report can be dictated or chart information transmitted within or outside the practice in an expedited manner. Often just an office worker decides what to send in reply to an outside entity request. By using this tool at the point of care when a patient is being examined, the patient may be consulted by the physician to correct any information that needs clarification, and decisions and reports can most accurately be made. Additionally, physicians remotely can be alerted about requests and one summary table rapidly allows for more rapid and accurate communication.
Some embodiments include an alert or access to one or more letters or results from outside (icon 407) systems or third parties. Some further embodiments include an alert or access to letters sent 408. The letters can be written, typed, and/or one or more dictated letters from the user and/or another medical provider. Some embodiments include an entry or access to the current day's history, the current day's plan, and/or to the current day's billing. For example, some embodiments include a “Today's history” button or icon 409, a “Today's plan” button or icon 411, and a “Todays billing” button or icon 413. In some further embodiments, a correspondence button or icon 436 can be used to view, access, enter, and/or auto-populate correspondence related to a patient's care. This can include any medical record and/or any correspondence generated while the patient is under care by the user and/or any other physician or medical practitioner, medical services provider, and/or medical insurance company.
In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display a summary of the patient's problem list that a user can input patient information and constantly update and change. For example, some embodiments include the ability to enter or access current complaints of the patient (button 430). In some embodiments, a user can add or update one or more entries of the patient's chief or current complaints, and/or a user can view one or more entries of the patient's chief or current complaints using the button 430. In some embodiments, if a user activates (e.g., by clicking using a cursor) the button 430, information related to the patient's current medical problems or complaints can be shown and/or displayed and/or updated by any user or user's assistant. In some embodiments, the information can be auto-populated into the medical record dashboard 400 and/or to any other accessible window displayed by the command center visual display system and method.
In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can display a today's examination access button 432 that a user can use to view and/or input patient information, patient examination results, tests, notes, or any information relevant to the medical care of the patient. In some embodiments, a user can add or update one or more entries of the today's examination, and/or a user can view one or more entries of the examination. In some embodiments, if a user activates (e.g., by clicking using a cursor) the button 432, information related to the patient's examination including medical problems or complaints patient information, patient examination results, tests, notes, etc., can be shown and/or displayed and/or updated by any user or user's assistant. In some embodiments, the information can be auto-populated into the medical record dashboard 400 and/or to any other accessible window displayed by the command center visual display system and method. In some embodiments, any stored or displayed patient's examination can be cleared from the medical record dashboard 400 following some time period once the patient visit is complete. In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can remove display or access to a previous patient's examination details once the patient visit has ended. In some other embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can remove display or access to a previous patient's examination details later in the day of the patient's visit, or before the following day, or at any time selectable by the user or user's assistant. In some embodiments, the information can be auto-populated into the medical record dashboard 400 and/or to any other accessible window displayed by the command center visual display system and method. In some embodiments, the information can be auto-populated into any EMR system for recordation into one or more EMR's of the patient. In some embodiments of the invention, for any auto-populated information that includes technical information without any associated professional interpretation, the command center visual display system and method can provide a visual and/or audible alert to enable a user to provide an update for auto-population to an EMR system.
In some embodiments, the medical record dashboard 400 can also include at least one link to information from external databases, providers, hospitals (e.g., such as a discharge summary), clinics and/or testing laboratories, etc., (e.g., where the information can include the overall diagnostic imaging center of the practice for certain pieces of equipment and into the machine to actually see all of the study). In the latter example, the medical record dashboard 400 can receive information from at least one database and/or server and/or controller coupled to receive data from the diagnostic equipment. Further, some embodiments may include an entry or access to the National Patient Registry or other kind of registry (link 415), hospital EMR (link 417), imaging center 419 (including accessing software imaging and diagnostic management systems to handle many diagnostic images and studies or specific diagnostic equipment), and ePrescribe link 421.
In some embodiments, the user can access at least one ePrescribe database, server, and/or website directly from the dashboard 400 using the ePrescribe link 421. Further, in some embodiments, orders can be auto-populated into the plan or order screen of EMR (“Orders” link 423). For example, in some embodiments, during or after completion of a patient examination, any medical service, medical test or diagnostic, or other medical service can be auto-populated into an order section of the chart. In some embodiments, any recommendation for a return visit can be viewed, accessed, and/or auto-populated using the return visit button or icon 434. For example, in some embodiments, the recommendations can be any advised next steps in the patient's care, any diagnosis, prescriptions, tests, etc. In some embodiments, the aforementioned “Today's plan” button or icon 411 can be used to view, access, and/or auto-populate details and systems including for a day's activities for the patient examination.
In some embodiments, a single button or icon entitled “Imaging Center” (button 424 a) can take a user (e.g., a physician) instantly or immediately to the piece or pieces of diagnostic equipment that were used that or another day for testing so the physician can now measure and enter the findings. This can be internal in the user's practice so that any diagnostic equipment can be accessed. In some embodiments, the same or another button can provide a link in the major table to an image or diagnostic management software system. In this way, some embodiments can handle the tremendous amount of diagnostic equipment and images, and unlike prior art tables that just provide access to a PDF, these embodiments provide access to not just one single piece of diagnostic equipment but all of them and the complete study, not just a “slice”, can be evaluated and comparison of changes over time made.
Once entered, the data can be auto-populated into the dashboard 400 (e.g., such as a retina flowsheet) under other column 1200 (FIG. 4C), where each clinical research study would have other factors followed such as central macular thickness (“CMT”), or ischemic index (“ISI”). Further, the second button (button 424 b) can take the user to either the company sponsoring the clinical research website (sometimes a pharmaceutical company and other times a company that invented a device). The clinical researcher could immediately go to this website and input any data that was obtained from that visit from the diagnostic equipment button 424 a, and/or to a research spreadsheet where the user (e.g., a clinical researcher in this example embodiments) can input the data, or where the data can be auto-populated (e.g., from the other column 1200 or into the other column 1200).
Further details of the problems window 425, surgeries window 450, and command center visual display window 500 and are provided in FIGS. 4B-4D illustrating enlarged views of portions of the medical record dashboard 400. For example, FIG. 4B illustrates a portion of the medical record dashboard of FIG. 4A in accordance with some embodiments of the invention. As illustrated, in some embodiments, the information columns 600 of the problems window 425 can include a date and time information in entered date column 610, a timeline column 620, an “ICD” column 630 for international classification of disease codes including international classification of disease codes version 9 or version 10 (hereinafter collectively referred to as “ICD code”) information, location of the problem or disorder (shown as “OD”, “OS”, “OU” identifying right eye, left eye, both eyes), or from any part of the body, and a diagnosis column 650 for detailing information related to an initial diagnosis or final diagnosis of a patients problem or disorder that can be auto-populated or inputted. Further, in some embodiments, the information columns 700 of the surgeries window 450 can include information related to services or procedures that were provided to the patient (procedure columns 720), a description of the services or procedures performed (description columns 730), and when the services or procedures were provided (timeline columns 710). Referring to FIG. 4C, in some embodiments of the invention, the surgeries window 450 can include location information 740, surgeon or physician information 750, and a comments section 760.
Referring to the command center visual display window 500, the information columns 800 can include a date column 805, and a procedure column 810 illustrating or providing access to information detailing one or more procedures performed on the patient. Further, the procedure column 810 can include an “OD” column 815, and “OS” column 820 providing right and left eye procedure information, or could be a body part (i.e., orthopedic surgery limb versus spine). In some embodiments, information related to the medical provider, the location where the procedure was performed, and office visit information can be provided to the user in the provider column 830, and unit column 840, and office visit column 845.
In some embodiments of the invention, the user can view information related to tests and procedures performed on the patient. For example, in some embodiments, these can include information related to one or more medical imaging procedures such as an optical coherence tomography (“OCT”), or fluorescein angiography (“FA”), and/or indocyanine green chorioangiography (“ICG”), or any current procedural terminology code (hereinafter “CPT code”), including any CPT code found in the American Medical Association CPT 2015 professional edition or other edition, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference. Moreover, the user can view information related to tests and procedures performed on the patient based on an ICD code. Other clinical vocabularies such as Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (hereinafter “SNOMED codes”) can be used in other embodiments as the system is not limited.
In some embodiments of the invention, the user can compare patient clinical information, such as labs and vitals, before and after a selected medication has been prescribed or a procedure has been performed to better understand the effect of the medication or procedure on the patient. Similarly in other embodiments, the user can examine how the current patient compares against other patients in the practice and population in general to better understand outcomes.
In some embodiments, medical procedures performed (including any of the aforementioned medical imaging procedures) that have been billed and claimed can be viewed or accessed by a user within any of the “OCT” column 850 (split as an “OD” column 855 and “OS” column 860), an “FA” column 870 (split as an “OD” column 872 and “OS” column 874), and/or “ICG” column 880 (split as “OD” column 882 and “OS” column 884).
Referring to FIG. 4C, illustrating a portion of the medical record dashboard of FIG. 4A in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the information columns 800 can include a photo column 890 configured to enable a user to access any photographic images of the patients eyes including optical and auto-fluorescent images of the eyes (“OU” column 892 and “AF” column 894). In some embodiments, if visual function tests were performed, information can be viewed or accessed in the visual field “VF” column 900 (including an “OD” column 910, “OS” column 920, and/or “OU” column 930). Some embodiments also include an extended ophthalmology column 1000 (including “OD” column 1050 and “OS” column 1070), and a visual acuity column (“VA” column 1100, including “OD” column 1150, and “OS” column 1170). In some embodiments, as described earlier, other details of various tests, procedures or services can be viewed or accessed in the other column 1200. Further, information associated with any of the user-accessible tests, procedures or services or other notes provided by the user and/or medical provider can be viewed or accessed in the notes column 1300 using one or more notes access icon 1350 and/or by viewing a note entry 1375 (e.g., and/or any note entered using the note entry window 1305). The information can also be auto-populated into the EMR plan pages. The command center visual display system and method can auto-populate various data fields of the medical record dashboard of FIG. 4A via an electronic dataflow established between the command center visual display system and method and one or more computer systems of servers that comprise patient information (e.g., such as electronic medical records). The dataflow to and from the medical record dashboard of FIG. 4A can comprise a two-way flow from the source of patient data to the command center visual display system and method, and from the command center visual display system and method to the source.
Some embodiments of the invention include visual cues, icons, or markers representing and/or enabling access to detailed information related to medical services, procedures or tests provided to the patient. Further, by employing data visualization techniques to train the user's eye to quickly identify these icons or markers can increase the efficiency of user accessing key medical indicators such as test results and surgical histories. For example, in some embodiments, medical services, procedures or tests performed or provided can be assigned a visual code, icon, or graphical marker. For example, FIG. 4B at least shows visual cues, icons, or markers 885 representing medical services, procedures or tests performed or provided to the patient. In some embodiments, the information columns 800 within the command center visual display window 500 can include at least one “test done, no image attached” icon 885 a, one or more “see image in order viewer” icon 885 b, at least one “view order interpretation” icon 885 c, and/or at least one “procedure billed or claims made” icon 885 d, where an appearance in the medical record dashboard 400 represents a claim was made, and a change in color or other method (italics, bold, etc. can represent whether the bill was paid. Further, FIG. 4D illustrates another portion of the medical record dashboard 400 of FIG. 4A in accordance with some embodiments of the invention and shows example of “test done, no image attached” icon 885 a. “see image in order viewer” icon 885 b, “view order interpretation” icon 885 c, and “procedure billed or claims made” icon 885 d, where an appearance in the medical record dashboard 400 represents a claim was made, and a change in color or other notification method can represent whether the bill was paid. Data visualization icons and markers housed in the table can be used to quickly identify billing or coding errors, and thus can empower the physician to be proactive and thorough in areas of compliance with insurance guidelines. The use of these icons to identify potential errors in coding can provide an additional level of protection and proofing to reduce and prevent potential billing and/or malpractice errors.
| 26,172 |
https://github.com/meandnano/weatherbot/blob/master/tests/weather_redis_test.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
weatherbot
|
meandnano
|
Python
|
Code
| 82 | 331 |
import pytest
from redis import Redis
from app import weather
@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def redis_conn() -> Redis:
instance = Redis(host="redis", port=6379, db=0)
yield instance
instance.close()
@pytest.fixture
def redis_mem(redis_conn: Redis, request) -> Redis:
"""Removes all contents of the current DB after each test"""
def finalizer():
redis_conn.flushdb()
request.addfinalizer(finalizer)
return redis_conn
def test_from_dto_succeeds(redis_mem: Redis):
state: weather.WeatherState = {
"place_name": "New Ark",
"weather_desc": "cloudy",
"temp": 18.5,
"temp_feels_like": 11.6,
"pressure": 108,
"humidity": 56,
"cloud": 80,
"wind_speed": 1.1,
"when": 0.0,
}
redis_mem.hset(name=1, mapping=state)
read = redis_mem.hgetall(1)
assert state == weather.from_dto(read)
| 25,347 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procris
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Procris
|
https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Procris&action=history
|
Vietnamese
|
Spoken
| 34 | 84 |
Procris là chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Tầm ma.
Các loài
Chi này gồm các loài:
Procris crenata C.B.Rob.
Procris pedunculata (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Wedd.
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
| 39,184 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66493882
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
Damien Doumer, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7442601
|
English
|
Spoken
| 207 | 312 |
VLC Xamarin iOS bindings. Can't play several media items with one player
I have an app that uses VLC media player bindings in Xamarin iOS
When I play instantiate a MediaPlayer object, and play one media item as follows:
var media = new Media(libVLC, new Uri(mediaItem.MediaUri));
await media.Parse();
Player.Play(media);
The player works perfectly well.
But once I want to play the next media item, that is I use the same player to play a new instance of Media,
The media player blocks my UI. It just hangs there, without any error message.
I would love to use MediaList, but as mentioned here, the functionality is limited, and if I will like to play a specific item in my list I wouldn't be able to.
Please can someone help ?
I believe this was solved on the Discord chat.
The problematic code isn't included in the Q (please always include full repro code), but it turns out to be the LibVLC callback issue. When calling back into LibVLC from a LibVLC event, use a threadpool scheduler.
Yeah, I didn't call it in a thread safe manner. I also noticed that if I call the play in call backs and I use Xamarin's Device.BeginInvokeOnMainThread, it also resolves the issue.
| 30,780 |
https://github.com/mandeldl/mnemonist/blob/master/test/vp-tree.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
mnemonist
|
mandeldl
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 527 | 1,516 |
/* eslint no-new: 0 */
/**
* Mnemonist Vantage Point Tree Unit Tests
* ========================================
*/
var assert = require('assert'),
VPTree = require('../vp-tree.js'),
levenshtein = require('leven');
var WORDS = [
'book',
'back',
'bock',
'lock',
'mack',
'shock',
'ephemeral',
'magistral',
'shawarma',
'falafel',
'onze',
'douze',
'treize',
'quatorze',
'quinze'
];
var WORST_CASE = [
'abc',
'abc',
'abc',
'bde',
'bde',
'cd',
'cd',
'abc'
];
function identity(a, b) {
return +(a !== b);
}
// function print(tree) {
// var data = tree.data,
// stack = [[0, 0]],
// L = data.length / 2;
// while (stack.length) {
// var [index, level] = stack.pop();
// if (data[index + 1]) {
// console.log('-'.repeat(level * 2) + '[' + tree.items[data[index]] + ', ' + data[index + 1] + ']');
// }
// else {
// console.log('-'.repeat(level * 2) + '[' + tree.items[data[index]] + ']');
// }
// if (data[index + 2])
// stack.push([data[index + 2], level + 1]);
// if (data[index + 3])
// stack.push([data[index + 3], level + 1]);
// }
// }
describe('VPTree', function() {
it('should throw if invalid arguments are given.', function() {
assert.throws(function() {
new VPTree(null);
}, /distance/);
assert.throws(function() {
new VPTree(Function.prototype);
}, /items/);
});
it('should properly build the tree.', function() {
var tree = new VPTree(levenshtein, WORDS);
assert.strictEqual(tree.size, 15);
assert.deepEqual(tree.data, [14, 6, 8, 4, 9, 7, 28, 24, 13, 5, 0, 12, 12, 4, 0, 16, 11, 2, 0, 20, 10, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8.5, 48, 44, 8, 7, 0, 32, 4, 1.5, 40, 36, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 56, 6, 8, 0, 52, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
});
it('should also work in the worst case scenario.', function() {
var tree = new VPTree(identity, WORST_CASE);
assert.strictEqual(tree.size, 8);
assert.deepEqual(tree.data, [7, 1, 8, 4, 6, 1, 24, 20, 2, 0, 0, 12, 1, 0, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 28, 5, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0]);
});
it('should be possible to find the k nearest neighbors.', function() {
var tree = new VPTree(levenshtein, WORDS);
var neighbors = tree.nearestNeighbors(2, 'look');
assert.deepEqual(neighbors, [
{distance: 1, item: 'book'},
{distance: 1, item: 'lock'}
]);
neighbors = tree.nearestNeighbors(5, 'look');
assert.deepEqual(neighbors, [
{distance: 1, item: 'book'},
{distance: 1, item: 'lock'},
{distance: 2, item: 'bock'},
{distance: 3, item: 'mack'},
{distance: 3, item: 'shock'}
]);
});
it('should be possible to find every neighbor within radius.', function() {
var tree = new VPTree(levenshtein, WORDS);
assert.deepEqual(tree.neighbors(2, 'look'), [
{distance: 2, item: 'bock'},
{distance: 1, item: 'book'},
{distance: 1, item: 'lock'}
]);
assert.deepEqual(tree.neighbors(3, 'look'), [
{distance: 3, item: 'shock'},
{distance: 2, item: 'bock'},
{distance: 1, item: 'book'},
{distance: 3, item: 'mack'},
{distance: 3, item: 'back'},
{distance: 1, item: 'lock'}
]);
});
it('should be possible to create a tree from an arbitrary iterable.', function() {
var tree = VPTree.from(new Set(WORDS), levenshtein);
assert.strictEqual(tree.size, 15);
assert.deepEqual(tree.nearestNeighbors(2, 'look'), [
{distance: 1, item: 'book'},
{distance: 1, item: 'lock'}
]);
});
it('should be possible to insert arbitrary items in the tree.', function() {
var items = WORDS.map(function(item) {
return {value: item};
});
var tree = new VPTree(function(a, b) {
return levenshtein(a.value, b.value);
}, items);
assert.deepEqual(tree.nearestNeighbors(2, {value: 'look'}), [
{distance: 1, item: {value: 'book'}},
{distance: 1, item: {value: 'lock'}}
]);
});
});
| 19,831 |
US-61951107-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,007 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,921 | 9,175 |
Strained-silicon CMOS device and method
ABSTRACT
The present invention provides a semiconductor device and a method of forming thereof, in which a uniaxial strain is produced in the device channel of the semiconductor device. The uniaxial strain may be in tension or in compression and is in a direction parallel to the device channel. The uniaxial strain can be produced in a biaxially strained substrate surface by strain inducing liners, strain inducing wells or a combination thereof. The uniaxial strain may be produced in a relaxed substrate by the combination of strain inducing wells and a strain inducing liner. The present invention also provides a means for increasing biaxial strain with strain inducing isolation regions. The present invention further provides CMOS devices in which the device regions of the CMOS substrate may be independently processed to provide uniaxially strained semiconducting surfaces in compression or tension.
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/930,404 filed Aug. 31, 2004.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present invention claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application 60/582,678 filed Jun. 24, 2004, the entire content and disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to semiconductor devices having enhanced electron and hole mobilities, and more particularly, to semiconductor devices that include a silicon (Si)-containing layer having enhanced electron and hole mobilities. The present invention also provides methods for forming such semiconductor devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
For more than three decades, the continued miniaturization of silicon metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) has driven the worldwide semiconductor industry. Various showstoppers to continued scaling have been predicated for decades, but a history of innovation has sustained Moore's Law in spite of many challenges. However, there are growing signs today that metal oxide semiconductor transistors are beginning to reach their traditional scaling limits. A concise summary of near-term and long-term challenges to continued complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) scaling can be found in the “Grand Challenges” section of the 2002 Update of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). A very thorough review of the device, material, circuit, and systems can be found in Proc. IEEE, Vol. 89, No. 3, March 2001, a special issue dedicated to the limits of semiconductor technology.
Since it has become increasingly difficult to improve MOSFETs and therefore CMOS performance through continued scaling, methods for improving performance without scaling have become critical. One approach for doing this is to increase carrier (electron and/or hole) mobilities. Increased carrier mobility can be obtained, for example, by introducing the appropriate strain into the Si lattice.
The application of strain changes the lattice dimensions of the silicon (Si)-containing substrate. By changing the lattice dimensions, the electronic band structure of the material is changed as well, The change may only be slight in intrinsic semiconductors resulting in only a small change in resistance, but when the semiconducting material is doped, i.e., n-type, and partially ionized, a very small change in the energy bands can cause a large percentage change in the energy difference between the impurity levels and the band edge. This results in changes in carrier transport properties, which can be dramatic in certain cases. The application of physical stress (tensile or compressive) can be further used to enhance the performance of devices fabricated on the Si-containing substrates.
Compressive strain along the device channel increases drive current in p-type field effect transistors (pFETs) and decreases drive current in n-type field effect transistors (nFETs). Tensile strain along the device channel increases drive current in nFETs and decreases drive current in pFETs.
Strained silicon on relaxed SiGe buffer layer or relaxed SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) has demonstrated higher drive current for both nFET [K. Rim, p. 98, VLSI 2002, B. Lee, IEDM 2002] and pFET [K. Rim, et al, p. 98, VLSI 2002] devices. Even though having strained silicon on SGOI substrates or strained silicon directly on insulator (SSDOI) can reduce the short-channel effects and some process related problems such as enhanced As diffusion in SiGe [S. Takagi, et al, p. 03-57, IEDM 2003; K. Rim et al, p. 3-49, IEDM 2003], the enhancement in the drive current starts to diminish as devices are scaled down to very short channel dimensions [Q. Xiang, et al, VLSI 2003; J. R. Hwang, et al, VLSI 2003]. The term “very short channel” denotes a device channel having a length of less than about 50 nm.
It is believed that the reduction in drive currents in very short channel devices results from source/drain series resistance and that mobility degradation is due to higher channel doping by strong halo doping, velocity saturation, and self-heating.
In addition, in the case of biaxial tensile strain, such as strained epitaxially grown Si on relaxed SiGe, significant hole mobility enhancement for pFET devices only occurs when the device channel is under a high (>1%) strain, which is disadvantageously prone to have crystalline defects. Further, the strain created by the lattice mismatch between the epitaxially grown Si atop the relaxed SiGe is reduced by stress induced by shallow trench isolation regions, wherein the effect of the shallow trench isolation regions is especially significant in the case of devices having a dimension from the gate edge to the end of the source/drain region on the order of about 500 nm or less. [T. Sanuki, et al, IEDM 2003].
Further scaling of semiconducting devices requires that the strain levels produced within the substrate be controlled and that new methods be developed to increase the strain that can be produced. In order to maintain enhancement in strained silicon with continued scaling, the amount of strain must be maintained or increased within the silicon-containing layer. Further innovation is needed to increase carrier mobility in pFET devices.
SUMMARY
The present invention provides a strained nFET device, in which improved carrier mobility is provided in a device channel subjected to a tensile uniaxial strain in a direction parallel to the device channel. The present invention also provides a strained pFET device, in which improved carrier mobility is provided by a compressive uniaxial strain imported to the device in a direction parallel to the device channel. The present invention further comprises a CMOS structure including pFET and nFET devices on the same substrate, in which the device channels of the pFET devices are under a uniaxial compressive strain and the device channels of the nFET devices are under a uniaxial tensile strain, both in a direction parallel to the device channels.
The foregoing is achieved in the present invention by forming a transistor on a semiconducting surface having a biaxial tensile strain, in which the semiconducting surface is epitaxially grown overlying a SiGe layer, or a biaxial compressive strain, in which the semiconducting surface is epitaxially grown overlying a silicon doped with carbon layer, and then inducing a uniaxial tensile or compressive strain on the device channel. The uniaxial tensile or compressive strain is produced by a strain inducing dielectric liner positioned atop the transistor and/or a strain inducing well abutting the device channel. Broadly, the inventive semiconducting structure comprises:
a substrate comprising a strained semiconducting layer overlying a strain inducing layer, wherein said strain inducing layer produces a biaxial strain in said strained semiconducting layer;
at least one gate region including a gate conductor atop a device channel portion of said strained semiconducting layer, said device channel portion separating source and drain regions adjacent said at least one gate conductor; and
a strain inducing liner positioned on said at least one gate region, wherein said strain inducing liner produces a uniaxial strain to said device channel portion of said strained semiconducting layer underlying said at least one gate region.
The strain inducing layer may comprise Size, in which the biaxial strain in the strained semiconducting surface is in tension, or the strain inducing layer may comprise silicon doped with carbon, in which the biaxial strain of the strained semiconducting surface is in compression.
A tensile strain inducing liner positioned atop a transistor having a device channel in biaxial tensile strain produces a uniaxial tensile strain in the device channel, in which the uniaxial strain is in a direction parallel with the device channel and provides carrier mobility enhancements in nFET devices. A compressive strain inducing liner positioned atop a transistor having a device channel in a biaxial tensile strain produces a uniaxial compressive strain in the device channel, in which the uniaxial strain is in a direction parallel to the device channel and provides carrier mobility enhancements in pFET devices. A compressive strain inducing liner positioned atop a transistor having a device channel in biaxial compressive strain produces a uniaxial strain in the device channel, in which the uniaxial compressive strain is in a direction parallel to the device channel and provides carrier mobility enhancements in pFET devices.
Another aspect of the present invention is a semiconducting structure in which strain inducing wells adjacent the biaxially strained device channel induce a uniaxial compressive strain or a uniaxial tensile strain parallel to the device channel. Broadly, the inventive semiconducting structure comprises:
a substrate comprising a strained semiconducting layer overlying a strain inducing layer, wherein said strain inducing layer produces a biaxial strain in said strained semiconducting layer;
at least one gate region including a gate conductor atop a device channel portion of said strained semiconducting layer of said substrate, said device channel separating source and drain regions; and
strain inducing wells adjacent said at least one gate region, wherein said strain inducing wells adjacent said at least one gate region produce a uniaxial strain to said device channel portion of said strained semiconducting layer.
Strain inducing wells comprising silicon doped with carbon positioned within a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer and adjacent a device channel produce a tensile uniaxial strain within the device channel, wherein the uniaxial strain is in a direction parallel to the device channel. The tensile uniaxial strain can provide carrier mobility enhancements in nFET devices.
Strain inducing wells comprising SiGe positioned within a biaxial compressively strained semiconducting layer and adjacent a device channel produce a compressive uniaxial strain within the device channel, wherein the uniaxial strain is in direction parallel to said device channel. The compressive uniaxial strain can provide carrier mobility enhancements in pFET devices.
Another aspect of the present invention is a complementary metal oxide semiconducting (CMOS) structure including nFET and pFET devices. Broadly, the inventive structure comprises:
a substrate comprising a compressively strained semiconducting surface and a tensile strained semiconducting surface, wherein said compressively strained semiconducting surface and said tensile strained semiconducting surface are strained biaxially;
at least one gate region atop said compressively strained semiconducting layer including a gate conductor atop a device channel portion of said compressively strained semiconducting layer of said substrate;
at least one gate region atop said tensile strained semiconducting layer including a gate conductor atop a device channel portion of said tensile strained semiconducting layer of said substrate;
a compressive strain inducing liner atop said at least one gate region atop said compressively strained semiconducting surface, wherein said compressive strain inducing liner produces a compressive uniaxial strain in said device channel portion of said compressively strained semiconducting layer, wherein said compressive uniaxial strain is in a direction parallel to said device channel portion of said compressively strained semiconducting surface; and
a tensile strain inducing liner atop said at least one gate region atop said tensile strained semiconducting layer, wherein said tensile strain inducing liner produces a uniaxial strain in said device channel portion of said tensile strained semiconducting layer, wherein said tensile uniaxial strain is in a direction parallel to said device channel portion of said tensile strained semiconducting layer.
Another aspect of the present invention is a complementary metal oxide semiconducting (CMOS) structure including nFET and pFET devices. Broadly, the inventive structure comprises:
a substrate comprising a tensile strained semiconducting layer having a pFET device region and an nFET device region;
at least one gate region within said pFET device region including a gate conductor atop a pFET device channel portion of said tensile strained semiconducting layer;
at least one gate region within said nFET device region including a gate conductor atop an nFET device channel portion of said tensile strained semiconducting surface of said substrate;
a compressive strain inducing liner atop said at least one gate region in said pFET device region, wherein said compressive strain inducing liner produces a compressive uniaxial strain in said pFET device channel; and
a tensile strain inducing liner atop said at least one gate region in said nFET device region, wherein said tensile strain inducing liner produces a uniaxial tensile strain in said nFET device channel.
The above described structure may further include strain inducing wells adjacent at least one gate region in the nFET device region and the pFET device region, wherein the strain inducing wells in the pFET device region increases compressive uniaxial strain and the strain inducing wells in the nFET device region increases tensile uniaxial strain.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method of forming the above-described semiconducting structure, which includes a stress inducing liner and/or strain inducing wells that provide a uniaxial strain within the device channel portion of the substrate. Broadly, the method of present invention comprises the steps of:
providing a substrate having at least one strained semiconducting surface, said at least one strained semiconducting surface having an internal strain in a first direction and a second direction having equal magnitude, wherein said first direction is within a same crystal plane and is perpendicular to said second direction;
producing at least one semiconducting device atop said at least one strained semiconducting surface, said at least one semiconducting device comprising a gate conductor atop a device channel portion of said semiconducting surface, said device channel separating source and drain regions; and
forming a strain inducing liner atop said at least one gate region, wherein said strain inducing liner produces a uniaxial strain in said device channel, wherein said magnitude of strain in said first direction is different than said second direction within said device channel portion of said at least one strained semiconducting surface.
Another aspect of the present invention is a method of increasing the biaxial strain within the semiconducting layer. The biaxial strain within the semiconducting layer may be increased in compression or tension by forming an isolation region surrounding the active device region having an intrinsically compressive or tensile dielectric fill material. In accordance with the inventive method, the uniaxial strain may be induced by forming a set of strain inducing wells adjacent the at least one gate region instead of or in combination with, the strain inducing liner.
The present invention also provides improved carrier mobility in semiconducting devices formed on a relaxed substrate, wherein a uniaxial strain parallel to the device channel of a transistor is provided by the combination of a strain inducing liner positioned atop the transistor and a strain inducing well positioned adjacent to the device channel. Broadly the inventive semiconductor structure comprises:
a relaxed substrate;
at least one gate region including a gate conductor atop a device channel portion of said relaxed substrate, said device channel portion separating source and drain regions adjacent said at least one conductor;
strain inducing wells adjacent said at least one gate region; and
a strain inducing liner positioned on said at least one gate regions, wherein said strain inducing liner and said strain inducing wells produce a uniaxial strain to said device channel portion of said relaxed portion of said substrate underlying said at least one gate region.
Another aspect of the present invention is a complementary metal oxide semiconducting (CMOS) structure including nFET and pFET devices, wherein the devices may be formed on a substrate having biaxially strained semiconducting surfaces and/or relaxed semiconducting surfaces. Broadly, one method for providing a CMOS structure formed on a substrate having both relaxed and biaxially strained semiconducting surfaces comprises providing a substrate having a first device region and a second device region, producing at least one semiconducting device atop a device channel portion of said substrate in said first device region and said second device region; and producing a uniaxial strain in said first device region and said second device region, wherein said uniaxial strain is in a direction parallel to said device channel of said first device region and said second device region. The first device region may comprise a biaxially strained semiconducting surface and the second device region may comprise a relaxed semiconducting surface.
In accordance with the present invention, producing a uniaxial strain in the first device region and the second device region further comprises processing the first device region and the second device region to provide a combination of strain inducing structures. The first device region may comprise a biaxially strained semiconducting surface and a strain inducing liner atop at least one semiconductor device, a biaxially strained semiconducting surface and strain inducing wells adjacent at least one semiconducting device, or a combination thereof. The second device region may comprise a relaxed substrate, a strain inducing liner atop at least one semiconducting device and strain inducing wells adjacent to at least one semiconducting device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation (through a cross-sectional view) of one embodiment of the inventive semiconducting device including a nFET device channel having a uniaxial tensile strain, in which the uniaxial tensile strain is in a direction parallel with the device channel.
FIG. 2. is a pictorial representation (through a cross-sectional view) of another embodiment of the inventive semiconducting device including a pFET device channel having a uniaxial compressive strain atop a SiGe layer, in which the uniaxial compressive strain is in a direction parallel to the device channel.
FIG. 3 is a pictorial representation (through a cross-sectional view) of another embodiment of the inventive semiconducting device including a pFET device channel having a uniaxial compressive strain atop a Si:C layer, in which the uniaxial compressive strain is in a direction parallel to the device channel.
FIG. 4 is a pictorial representation (through a cross-sectional view) of one embodiment of the inventive CMOS structure including the nFET device depicted in FIG. 1 and the pFET device depicted in FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a pictorial representation (through a cross-sectional view) of one embodiment of the inventive CMOS structure including the nFET device depicted in FIG. 1 and the pFET device depicted in FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a pictorial representation (through a cross-sectional view) of another embodiment of the inventive semiconducting device including a nFET device channel having a uniaxial compressive strain formed atop a relaxed semiconducting substrate.
FIG. 7 is a pictorial representation (through a cross-sectional view) of another embodiment of the inventive semiconducting device including a pFET device channel having a uniaxial tensile strain formed atop a relaxed semiconducting substrate.
FIG. 8 is a pictorial representation (through a cross-sectional view) of one embodiment of the inventive CMOS structure including a relaxed substrate region and a biaxially strained semiconductor region.
FIGS. 9( a)-9(c) are pictorial representations of the relationship between lattice dimension and uniaxial strain parallel to the device channel in compression and tension.
FIG. 10 is a plot of I_(off) v. I_(on) for nFET devices having tensile strain inducing and compressive strain inducing dielectric layers (tensile strain inducing and compressive strain inducing liners).
FIG. 11 is a plot of I_(off) v. I_(on) for pFET devices having tensile strain inducing and compressive strain inducing dielectric layers (tensile strain inducing and compressive strain inducing liners).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a CMOS structure including pFET and nFET devices, in which the symmetry of the unit lattice in the device channel of each device type can be broken down into three directions, where the lattice dimension (constant) of each direction is different by at least 0.05%. The lattice directions in the device channel include: parallel to the channel plane (x-direction), perpendicular to the channel plane (y-direction) and out of the channel plane (z-direction).
The present invention further provides a strained silicon nFET in which the lattice constant parallel to the nFET device channel is larger than the lattice constant perpendicular to the nFET device channel, wherein the lattice constant differential is induced by a tensile uniaxial strain parallel to the device channel. The present invention also provides a strained silicon pFET in which the lattice constant perpendicular to the pFET device channel is larger than the lattice constant parallel to the pFET device channel, wherein the lattice constant differential is induced by a compressive uniaxial strain parallel to the device channel. The present invention further provides a pFET and/or nFET device on a relaxed substrate surface wherein the combination of a strain inducing liner and a strain inducing well produce a uniaxial strain parallel to the device channel portion of the pFET and/or nFET device.
The present invention is now discussed in more detail referring to the drawings that accompany the present application. In the accompanying drawings, like and/or corresponding elements are referred to by like reference numbers. In the drawings, a single gate region is shown and described. Despite this illustration, the present invention is not limited to a structure including a single gate region. Instead, a plurality of such gate regions is contemplated.
Referring to FIG. 1, in one embodiment of the present invention, an n-type field effect transistor (nFET) 20 is provided having a uniaxial tensile strain in the device channel 12 of the layered stack 10, in which the uniaxial tensile strain is in a direction parallel to the length of the device channel 12. The length of the device channel 12 separates the extensions 7 of the source and drain regions 13, 14 of the device. The uniaxial tensile strain within the device channel 12 of the nFET 20 is produced by the combination of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 and a tensile strain inducing liner 25. The gate region 5 comprises a gate conductor 3 atop a gate dielectric 2.
The biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 is formed by epitaxially growing silicon atop a SiGe strain inducing layer 17. A biaxial tensile strain is induced in epitaxial silicon grown on a surface formed of a material whose lattice constant is greater than that of silicon. The lattice constant of germanium is about 4.2 percent greater than that of silicon, and the lattice constant of a SiGe alloy is linear with respect to its' germanium concentration. As a result, the lattice constant of a SiGe alloy containing fifty atomic percent germanium is about 2.1 times greater than the lattice constant of silicon. Epitaxial growth of Si on such a SiGe strain inducing layer 17 yields a Si layer under a biaxial tensile strain, with the underlying SiGe strain inducing layer 17 being essentially unstrained, or relaxed, fully or partially.
The term “biaxial tensile” denotes that a tensile strain is produced in a first direction parallel to the nFET device channel 12 and in a second direction perpendicular to the nFET device channel 12, in which the magnitude of the strain in the first direction is equal to the magnitude of the strain in the second direction.
The tensile strain inducing liner 25, preferably comprises Si₃N₄, and is positioned atop the gate region 5 and the exposed surface of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 adjacent to the gate region 5. The tensile strain inducing liner 25, in conjunction with the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15, produces a uniaxial tensile strain on the device channel 12 ranging from about 100 MPa to about 3000 MPa, in which the direction of the uniaxial strain on the device channel 12 is parallel to the length of the device channel 12.
Before the tensile strain inducing liner 25 is formed, the device channel 12 is in a biaxial tensile strain, wherein the magnitude of the strain produced in the direction perpendicular to the device channel 12 is equal the strain produced in the direction parallel to the device channel 12. The application of the tensile strain inducing liner 25 produces a uniaxial strain in the direction parallel to the device channel (x-direction) 12, wherein the magnitude of the tensile strain parallel to the device channel 12 is greater than the magnitude of the tensile strain perpendicular to the device channel 12. Further, the lattice constant within the nFET device 20 along the device channel 12 is greater than the lattice constant across the device channel 12.
Still referring to FIG. 1, in another embodiment of the present invention, tensile strain inducing wells 30 are positioned adjacent to the device channel 12 in respective source and drain regions 13, 14. The tensile strain inducing well 30 comprises silicon doped with carbon (Si:C) or silicon germanium doped with carbon (SiGe:C). The tensile strain inducing wells 30 comprising intrinsically tensile Si:C can be epitaxially grown atop a recessed portion of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15. The term “intrinsically tensile Si:C layer” denotes that a Si:C layer is under an internal tensile strain, in which the tensile strain is produced by a lattice mismatch between the smaller lattice dimension of the Si:C and the larger lattice dimension of the layer on which the Si:C is epitaxially grown. The tensile strain inducing wells 30 produce a uniaxial tensile strain within the device channel 12 in a direction parallel to the nFET device channel 12.
In one embodiment, the tensile strain inducing wells 30 may be omitted when the tensile strain inducing liner 25 is provided. In another embodiment of the present invention, the tensile strain inducing liner 25 may be omitted when the tensile strain inducing wells 30 are provided. In yet another embodiment, both the tensile strain inducing wells 30 and the tensile strain inducing liner 25 are employed. The method for forming the inventive nFET 20 is now described in greater detail.
In a first process step, a layered stack 10 is provided comprising a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15. The layered stack 10 may include: tensile strained Si on SiGe, strained Si on SiGe-on-insulator (SSGOI) or tensile strained Si directly on insulator (SSDOI). In a preferred embodiment, layered stack 10 comprises tensile SSGOI having a silicon-containing biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 atop a SiGe strain inducing layer 17.
In a first process step, a SiGe strain inducing layer 17 is formed atop a Si-containing substrate 9. The term “Si-containing layer” is used herein to denote a material that includes silicon. Illustrative examples of Si-containing materials include, but are not limited to: Si, SiGe, SiGeC, SiC, polysilicon, i.e., polySi, epitaxial silicon, i.e., epi-Si, amorphous Si, i.e., a:Si, SOI and multilayers thereof. An optional insulating layer may be positioned between the SiGe strain inducing layer 17 and the Si-containing substrate 9.
The SiGe strain inducing layer 17 is formed atop the entire Si-containing substrate 10 using an epitaxial growth process or by a deposition process, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The Ge content of the SiGe strain inducing layer 17 typically ranges from 5% to 50%, by atomic weight %, with from 10% to 20% being even more typical. Typically, the SiGe strain inducing layer 17 can be grown to a thickness ranging from about 10 nm to about 100 nm.
The biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 is then formed atop the SiGe layer 17. The biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 comprises an epitaxially grown Si-containing material having lattice dimensions that are less than the lattice dimensions of the underlying SiGe layer 17. The biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 can be grown to a thickness that is less than its critical thickness. Typically, the biaxially tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 can be grown to a thickness ranging from about 10 nm to about 100 nm,
Alternatively, a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 can be formed directly atop an insulating layer to provide a strained silicon directly on insulator (SSDOI) substrate. In this embodiment, a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 comprising epitaxial Si is grown atop a wafer having a SiGe surface. The biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 is then bonded to a dielectric layer of a support substrate using bonding methods, such as thermal bonding. Following bonding, the wafer having a SiGe surface and the SiGe layer atop the strained Si layer are removed using a process including smart cut and etching to provide a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 26 directly bonded to a dielectric layer. A more detailed description of the formation of a strained Si directly on insulator substrate 105 having at least a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 is provided in co-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,156 entitled STRAINED Si ON INSULATOR STRUCTURES, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Following the formation of the stacked structure 10 having a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15, nFET devices 20 are then formed using conventional MOSFET processing steps including, but not limited to: conventional gate oxidation pre-clean and gate dielectric 2 formation; gate electrode 3 formation and patterning; gate reoxidation; source and drain extension 7 formation; sidewall spacer 4 formation by deposition and etching; and source and drain 13, 14 formation.
In a next process step, a tensile strain inducing liner 25 is then deposited at least atop the gate region 5 and the exposed surface of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 adjacent to the gate region 5. The tensile strain inducing liner 25 in conjunction with the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 produces a uniaxial tensile strain within the device channel 12 of the nFET device having a direction parallel with the device channel 12. The tensile strain inducing liner 25 may comprise a nitride, an oxide, a doped oxide such as boron phosphate silicate glass, Al₂O₃, HfO₂, ZrO₂, HfSiO, other dielectric materials that are common to semiconductor processing or any combination thereof. The tensile strain inducing liner 25 may have a thickness ranging from about 10 nm to about 500 nm, preferably being about 50 nm. The tensile strain inducing liner 25 may be deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD).
Preferably, the tensile strain inducing liner 25 comprises a nitride, such as Si₃N₄, wherein the process conditions of the deposition process are selected to provide an intrinsic tensile strain within the deposited layer. For example, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) can provide nitride stress inducing liners having an intrinsic tensile strain. The stress state of the nitride stress including liners deposited by PECVD can be controlled by changing the deposition conditions to alter the reaction rate within the deposition chamber. More specifically, the stress state of the deposited nitride strain inducing liner may be set by changing the deposition conditions such as: SiH₄/N₂/He gas flow rate, pressure, RF power, and electrode gap.
In another example, rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) can provide nitride tensile strain inducing liners 25 having an internal tensile strain. The magnitude of the internal tensile strain produced within the nitride tensile strain inducing liner 25 deposited by RTCVD can be controlled by changing the deposition conditions. More specifically, the magnitude of the tensile strain within the nitride tensile strain inducing liner 25 may be set by changing deposition conditions such as: precursor composition, precursor flow rate and temperature.
In another embodiment of the present invention, tensile strain inducing wells 30 may be formed following the formation of the nFET devices 20 and prior to the deposition of the tensile strain inducing liner 25. In a first process step, a recess is formed within the portion of the biaxially tensile strained semiconducting layer 15, in which the source and drain regions 13, 14 are positioned. The recess may be formed using photolithography and etching. Specifically an etch mask, preferably comprising a patterned photoresist, is formed atop the surface of the entire structure except the portion of the biaxially tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 adjacent the gate region. A directional (anisotropic) etch then recesses the surface of the biaxially tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 overlying the source and drain regions 13, 14 to a depth of about 10 nm to about 300 nm from the surface on which the gate region 5 is positioned.
In a preferred embodiment, the tensile strain inducing wells 30 encroach underneath the sidewall spacers 4 that abut the gate electrode 3 in the gate region 5. By positioning the tensile strain inducing wells 30 closer to the device channel 12, the strain produced along the device channel 12 is increased. The tensile strain inducing wells 30 may be positioned in closer proximity to the device channel 12 by an etch process including a first directional (anisotropic) etch followed by an non-directional (isotropic) etch, in which the non-directional etch undercuts the sidewall spacers 4 to provide a recess encroaching the device channel 12.
In a next process step, silicon doped with carbon (Si:C) is then epitaxially grown atop the recessed surface of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 overlying the source and drain regions 13, 14 forming the tensile strain inducing wells 30. The epitaxially grown Si:C is under an internal tensile strain (also referred to as an intrinsic tensile strain), in which the tensile strain is produced by a lattice mismatch between the smaller lattice dimension of the epitaxially grown Si:C and the larger lattice dimension of the recessed surface of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 on which the Si:C is epitaxially grown. The tensile strain inducing wells 30 produce a uniaxial tensile strain within the device channel 12 of the nFET device 20 having a direction parallel with the device channel 12. Although Si:C is preferred, any intrinsically tensile material may be utilized, such as Si, intrinsically tensile nitrides and oxides, so long as a uniaxial tensile strain is produced within the device channel 12.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a tensile strain inducing isolation region 50 is then formed comprising an intrinsically tensile dielectric fill, wherein the intrinsically tensile dielectric fill increases the magnitude of the strain within the biaxially tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 by about 0.05 to about 1%. The isolation regions 50 are formed by first etching a trench using a directional etch process, such as reactive ion etch. Following trench formation, the trenches are then filled with a dielectric having an intrinsic tensile strain, such as nitrides or oxides deposited by chemical vapor deposition. The deposition conditions for producing the intrinsically tensile dielectric fills are similar to the deposition conditions disclosed above for forming the tensile strained dielectric liner 25. A conventional planarization process such as chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) may optionally be used to provide a planar structure.
Referring to FIG. 2 and in another embodiment of the present invention, a p-type field effect transistor (pFET) 45 is provided having a uniaxial compressive strain in the device channel 12 of the substrate 10, in which the uniaxial compressive strain is in a direction parallel to the length of the device channel 12. In this embodiment, the uniaxial compressive strain is produced by the combination of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 and a compressive strain inducing liner 55.
The biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 is epitaxially grown Si atop a SiGe strain inducing layer 17 similar to the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 described above with reference to FIG. 1. The biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15, can comprise epitaxial silicon grown atop a SiGe strain inducing layer 17, in which the Ge concentration of the SiGe strained inducing layer 17 is greater than 5%.
Referring back to FIG. 2, the compressive strain inducing liner 55, preferably comprises Si₃N₄, and is positioned atop the gate region 5 and the exposed surface of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 adjacent to the gate region 5. The compressive strain inducing liner 55 in conjunction with the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 produces a uniaxial compressive strain on the device channel 12 ranging from about 100 MPa to about 2000 MPa, in which the direction of the uniaxial strain is parallel to the length of the device channel 12.
Before the compressive strain inducing liner 55 is formed, the device channel 12 is in a biaxial tensile strain, wherein the magnitude of the tensile strain produced in the direction perpendicular to the device channel 12 is equal the tensile strain produced in the direction parallel to the device channel 12. The application of the compressive strain inducing liner 55 produces a uniaxial compressive strain in a direction parallel to the device channel 12. Therefore, the lattice constant within the pFET device 45 across the device channel 12 is greater than the lattice constant along the device channel 12.
Still referring to FIG. 2, and in another embodiment of the present invention, compressive strain inducing wells 60 are positioned adjacent the device channel 12 in respective source and drain regions 13, 14. The compressive strain inducing wells 60 comprising intrinsically compressive SiGe can be epitaxially grown atop a recessed portion of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15. The term “intrinsically compressive SiGe layer” denotes that a SiGe layer is under an intrinsic compressive strain (also referred to as an intrinsic compressive strain), in which the compressive strain is produced by a lattice mismatch between the larger lattice dimension of the SiGe and the smaller lattice dimension of the layer on which the SiGe is epitaxially grown. The compressive strain inducing wells 60 produce a uniaxial compressive strain within the device channel 12. The uniaxial compressive strain within the device channel 12 can be increased by positioning the compressive strain inducing wells 60 in close proximity to the device channel. In one preferred embodiment, the compressive strain inducing wells 60 encroach underneath the sidewall spacers 4 that abut the gate electrode 3 in the gate region 5.
The method for forming the inventive pFET 45 is now described. In a first process step, a layered structure 10 is provided having a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15. In one embodiment, the layered structure 10 comprises a biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 overlying a SiGe strain inducing layer 17, in which the SiGe strain inducing layer 17 is formed atop a Si-containing substrate 9. The Si-containing substrate 9 and the SiGe layer 17 are similar to the Si-containing substrate 9 and the SiGe layer 17 described above with reference to FIG. 1.
Following the formation of the layered structure 10, pFET devices 45 are then formed using conventional processes. The pFET devices 45 are formed using MOSFET processing similar to those for producing the nFET devices 20, as described with reference to FIG. 1, with the exception that the source and drain regions 13, 14 are p-type doped.
Referring back to FIG. 2, in a next process step, a compressive strain inducing liner 55 is then deposited at least atop the gate region 5 and the exposed surface of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 adjacent to the gate region 5. The compressive strain inducing liner 55 may comprise a nitride, an oxide, a doped oxide such as boron phosphate silicate glass, Al₂O₃, HfO₂, ZrO₂, HfSiO, other dielectric materials that are common to semiconductor processing or any combination thereof The compressive strain inducing liner 55 may have a thickness ranging from about 10 nm to about 100 nm, preferably being about 50 nm. The compressive strain inducing liner 55 may be deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).
Preferably, the compressive strain inducing liner 55 comprises a nitride, such as Si₃N₄, wherein the process conditions of the deposition process are selected to provide an intrinsic compressive strain within the deposited layer. For example, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) can provide nitride strain inducing liners having a compressive internal strain. The stress state of the deposited nitride strain inducing liner may be set by changing the deposition conditions to alter the reaction rate within the deposition chamber, in which the deposition conditions include SiH₄/N₂/He gas flow rate, pressure, RF power, and electrode gap.
In another embodiment of the present invention, SiGe compressive strain inducing wells 60 may be formed following the formation of the pFET devices 45 and prior to the deposition of the compressive strain inducing liner 55. In a first process step, a recess is formed within the portion of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 adjacent to the gate region 5, in which the source and drain regions 13, 14 are positioned. The recess may be formed using photolithography and etching. Specifically an etch mask, preferably comprising patterned photoresist, is formed atop the surface of the entire structure except the portion of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 adjacent the gate region. A directional etch process then recesses the surface of the biaxial tensile strained semiconducting layer 15 overlying the source and drain regions 13, 14 to a depth of about 10 nm to about 300 nm from the surface on which the gate region 5 is positioned. In a preferred embodiment, the compressive strain inducing wells 60 may be positioned in closer proximity to the device channel by an etch process including a first directional (anisotropic) etch followed by a non-directional (isotropic) etch, in which the non-directional etch undercuts the sidewall spacers 4 to provide a recess encroaching the device channel 12. By positioning the compressive strain inducing wells 60 closer to the device channel 12, the strain produced along the device channel 12 is increased.
| 36,402 |
https://github.com/cerule-it/Content-Localization/blob/master/src/Content.Localization.NetCore/ContentServiceCollectionExtensions.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Content-Localization
|
cerule-it
|
C#
|
Code
| 119 | 375 |
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Text;
namespace Content.Localization
{
public static class ContentServiceCollectionExtensions
{
public static IContentBuilder AddContentLocalization(this IServiceCollection services )
{
return new NetCoreLocalizationBuilder(services);
}
public static IServiceCollection GetServices(this IContentBuilder builder)
{
if (builder is null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(builder));
}
return ((NetCoreLocalizationBuilder)builder).Services;
}
public class NetCoreLocalizationBuilder : IContentBuilder
{
public IServiceCollection Services { get; }
public IContentLogger ContentLogger { get; set; } = new NullContentLogger();
public NetCoreLocalizationBuilder(IServiceCollection services)
{
Services = services;
}
public IContentBuilder AddContentSource<TContentSource>() where TContentSource : IContentSource
{
return this;
}
public IContentBuilder AddContentSource<TContentSource>(Func<TContentSource> factory) where TContentSource : IContentSource
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
public IContentBuilder AddLogger<TLogger>(Func<TLogger> factory) where TLogger : IContentLogger
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
}
}
}
| 45,650 |
https://github.com/dylanmoz/modern-chart/blob/master/docs/src/pages/line.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
modern-chart
|
dylanmoz
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 369 | 914 |
// @flow
import React from 'react'
import Link from 'gatsby-link'
import glamorous from 'glamorous'
import { Motion, spring } from 'react-motion'
import { Container, Row, Col } from 'glamorous-grid'
import { PrismCode } from 'react-prism'
import Card from '../util/Card'
import slideUp from '../util/slideUp'
import { LineChart } from '../../../src'
const CardAnimated = slideUp(Card)
const series1 = [{
color: 'rgb(107, 157, 255)',
data: [
{ date: new Date(2017, 3, 1), value: 1 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 4, 1), value: 2 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 5, 1), value: 6 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 6, 1), value: 3 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 7, 1), value: 1 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 8, 1), value: 5 }
]
}]
const series2 = [{
color: 'rgb(252, 137, 159)',
data: [
{ date: new Date(2017, 3, 1), value: 4 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 4, 1), value: 4 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 5, 1), value: 0 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 6, 1), value: 1.5 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 7, 1), value: 2 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 8, 1), value: 1 },
]
}]
const series3 = [{
color: '#ff9900',
data: [
{ date: new Date(2017, 6, 1), value: 0 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 7, 1), value: 2 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 8, 1), value: 2 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 9, 1), value: 4 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 10, 1), value: 5 },
{ date: new Date(2017, 11, 1), value: 9 },
]
}]
const options = [
{ series: series1, title: 'Option 1' },
{ series: series2, title: 'Option 2' },
{ series: series3, title: 'Option 3' }
]
let i = 0
class LineDemo extends React.Component<any> {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {
option: options[i]
}
}
change = () => {
i += 1
this.setState({ option: options[i % options.length] })
}
render() {
return (
<Container fluid pt={24}>
<Row justifyContent="center">
<Col span={{ sm: 1, xl: 3/4 }}>
<CardAnimated>
<Row justifyContent="center">
{options.map((option, i) => (
<Col key={i} auto textAlign="center">
<button
key={option.title}
onClick={() => this.setState({ option: options[i] })}
>
{option.title}
</button>
</Col>
))}
</Row>
<Row justifyContent="center">
<Col span={1}>
<LineChart
series={this.state.option.series}
/>
</Col>
</Row>
</CardAnimated>
</Col>
</Row>
</Container>
)
}
}
export default LineDemo
| 9,398 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20Sant%C3%B3rsola
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Guido Santórsola
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guido Santórsola&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 112 | 214 |
Guido Santórsola (* 18. November 1904 in Canosa di Puglia, Italien; † 24. September 1994 in Montevideo, Uruguay) war ein südamerikanischer Komponist und Dirigent.
Seine Jugendzeit verbrachte er in Brasilien, er studierte Violine und Komposition unter anderem ab 1922 am Trinity College of Music in London, das er 1925 wieder verließ und nach Brasilien zurückkehrte. Später lebte er in Uruguay.
Viel komponierte er für Gitarre. Eines seiner bekanntesten Werke ist „Giga“. Es handelt von einer ärmlichen Frau und ihrem Aufstieg in den Adel.
Werkauswahl
Chor Nr. 1
Konzert für 2 Gitarren
Preludio No.1 da serie a Suite a antiga
Komponist (Brasilien)
Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Brasilianer
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1994
Mann
| 3,942 |
https://github.com/leapmotion/libuvcxx/blob/master/examples/minimumExample.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
libuvcxx
|
leapmotion
|
Python
|
Code
| 66 | 198 |
import numpy as np # `pip install numpy`
import cv2 # `pip install opencv-python`
import leapuvc # Ensure leapuvc.py is in this folder
# Start the Leap Capture Thread
#cv2.waitKey(20000)
leap = leapuvc.leapImageThread()
leap.start()
# Capture images until 'q' is pressed
while((not (cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'))) and leap.running):
newFrame, leftRightImage = leap.read()
if(newFrame):
# Display the raw frame
cv2.imshow('Frame L', leftRightImage[0])
cv2.imshow('Frame R', leftRightImage[1])
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
| 38,848 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41214462
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Chasiempis ridgwayi
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 745 | 2,421 |
Chasiempis ridgwayi
species of bird
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxon name Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instance of taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxon rank species
Chasiempis ridgwayi parent taxon ‘Elepaio
Chasiempis ridgwayi short name
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Art der Gattung Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi wissenschaftlicher Name Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi ist ein(e) Taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxonomischer Rang Art
Chasiempis ridgwayi übergeordnetes Taxon Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi Kurzname
Chasiempis ridgwayi
specie di uccello
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome scientifico Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi istanza di taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi livello tassonomico specie
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxon di livello superiore Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome in breve
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nombre del taxón Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instancia de taxón
Chasiempis ridgwayi categoría taxonómica especie
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxón superior inmediato Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nombre corto
Chasiempis ridgwayi
espèce d'oiseau
Chasiempis ridgwayi nom scientifique du taxon Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nature de l’élément taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi rang taxonomique espèce
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxon supérieur Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nom court
Chasiempis ridgwayi
вид птица
Chasiempis ridgwayi име на таксон Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi екземпляр на таксон
Chasiempis ridgwayi ранг на таксон вид
Chasiempis ridgwayi родителски таксон Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi кратко име
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi международное научное название Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi это частный случай понятия таксон
Chasiempis ridgwayi таксономический ранг вид
Chasiempis ridgwayi ближайший таксон уровнем выше Элепайо
Chasiempis ridgwayi краткое имя или название
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi wetenschappelijke naam Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi is een taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxonomische rang soort
Chasiempis ridgwayi moedertaxon elepaio
Chasiempis ridgwayi verkorte naam
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxon nomen Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi est taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi ordo species
Chasiempis ridgwayi parens Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nomen breve
Chasiempis ridgwayi
вид птахів
Chasiempis ridgwayi наукова назва таксона Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi є одним із таксон
Chasiempis ridgwayi таксономічний ранг вид
Chasiempis ridgwayi батьківський таксон Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi коротка назва
Chasiempis ridgwayi
especie de páxaru
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome del taxón Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instancia de taxón
Chasiempis ridgwayi categoría taxonómica especie
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxón inmediatamente superior Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome curtiu
Chasiempis ridgwayi
speiceas éan
Chasiempis ridgwayi ainm an tacsóin Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi sampla de tacsón
Chasiempis ridgwayi rang an tacsóin speiceas
Chasiempis ridgwayi máthairthacsón Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi ainm gearr
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nume științific Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi este un/o taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi rang taxonomic specie
Chasiempis ridgwayi taxon superior Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nume scurt
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome do táxon Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instância de táxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi categoria taxonómica espécie
Chasiempis ridgwayi táxon imediatamente superior Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome curto
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi naukowa nazwa taksonu Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi jest to takson
Chasiempis ridgwayi kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Chasiempis ridgwayi takson nadrzędny Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nazwa skrócona
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi tên phân loại Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi là một đơn vị phân loại
Chasiempis ridgwayi cấp bậc phân loại loài
Chasiempis ridgwayi đơn vị phân loại mẹ Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi tên ngắn
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi emri shkencor Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instancë e takson
Chasiempis ridgwayi emër i shkurtër
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi tieteellinen nimi Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Chasiempis ridgwayi taksonitaso laji
Chasiempis ridgwayi osa taksonia Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi lyhyt nimi
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome do taxon Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instancia de taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi categoría taxonómica especie
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome curto
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi taksonomia nomo Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi estas taksono
Chasiempis ridgwayi taksonomia rango specio
Chasiempis ridgwayi mallonga nomo
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nem brefik
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi kurta nomo
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi izen zientifikoa Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi honako hau da taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi maila taxonomikoa espezie
Chasiempis ridgwayi goiko maila taxonomikoa Chasiempis sandwichensis
Chasiempis ridgwayi izen laburra
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome taxológico Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instância de táxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi categoria taxonômica espécie
Chasiempis ridgwayi nome curto
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nom científic Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instància de tàxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi categoria taxonòmica espècie
Chasiempis ridgwayi tàxon superior immediat Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi nom curt
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instancia de Taxón
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nomine del taxon Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi instantia de taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi rango taxonomic specie
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nom scientific Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi natura de l'element taxon
Chasiempis ridgwayi reng taxonomic espècia
Chasiempis ridgwayi nom cort
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi takson adı Chasiempis ridgwayi
Chasiempis ridgwayi nedir takson
Chasiempis ridgwayi takson seviyesi tür
Chasiempis ridgwayi ana takson Chasiempis
Chasiempis ridgwayi kısa adı
| 25,705 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2420995
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Lasioglossum musculoides
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 2,111 | 7,122 |
Lasioglossum musculoides
soort uit het geslacht Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides taxonomische rang soort
Lasioglossum musculoides wetenschappelijke naam Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides moedertaxon Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides is een taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS-identificatiecode 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides EOL-identificatiecode 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides GBIF-identificatiecode 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides oude FaEu-identificatiecode 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides nieuwe FaEu-identificatiecode 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides Observation.org-identificatiecode voor taxon 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides eBiodiversity-identificatiecode 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides NCBI-identificatiecode 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides BOLD Systems-identificatiecode voor taxon 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides EUNIS-identificatiecode voor soort 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI-identificatiecode C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides cấp bậc phân loại loài
Lasioglossum musculoides tên phân loại Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides đơn vị phân loại mẹ Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides là một đơn vị phân loại
Lasioglossum musculoides TSN ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides ID Bách khoa toàn thư Sự sống 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides định danh GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides ID Fauna Europaea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides mã số phân loại NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides ID ĐVPL BOLD Systems 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides
espèce de coléoptères
Lasioglossum musculoides rang taxonomique espèce
Lasioglossum musculoides nom scientifique du taxon Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon supérieur Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides nature de l’élément taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant Système d'information taxinomique intégré 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant Encyclopédie de la Vie 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant EU-nomen 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant Fauna Europaea 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant Observation.org d'un taxon 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant eElurikkus 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides Identifiant NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant BOLD Systems 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant European Nature Information System des espèces 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant Catalogue of Life 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides identifiant Open Tree of Life 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
species of insect
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon rank species
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon name Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides parent taxon Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides instance of taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides Encyclopedia of Life ID 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides GBIF taxon ID 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides Fauna Europaea ID 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides Fauna Europaea New ID 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides Observation.org taxon ID 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides eBiodiversity ID 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides NCBI taxonomy ID 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides BOLD Systems taxon ID 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides EUNIS ID for species 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides Catalogue of Life ID 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides Open Tree of Life ID 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
specie di coleottero
Lasioglossum musculoides livello tassonomico specie
Lasioglossum musculoides nome scientifico Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon di livello superiore Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides istanza di taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo Fauna Europea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo Observation.org 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo eBiodiversity 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides identificativo Catalogue of Life 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides
especie de insecto
Lasioglossum musculoides categoría taxonómica especie
Lasioglossum musculoides nombre del taxón Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxón superior inmediato Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides instancia de taxón
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador de taxón en GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Fauna Europaea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides Fauna Europaea New ID 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides Observation.org ID 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador BOLD Systems de taxón 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador EUNIS para especies 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Catalogue of Life 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Open Tree of Life 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides ordo species
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon nomen Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides parens Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides est taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxonomisk rang art
Lasioglossum musculoides vetenskapligt namn Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides nästa högre taxon Smalbin
Lasioglossum musculoides instans av taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS-TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides Encyclopedia of Life-ID 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides Observation.org-ID 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides NCBI-ID 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides Open Tree of Life-ID 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides
Art der Gattung Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides taxonomischer Rang Art
Lasioglossum musculoides wissenschaftlicher Name Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides übergeordnetes Taxon Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides ist ein(e) Taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS-TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides EOL-ID 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides GBIF-ID 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides FaEu-ID 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides FaEu-GUID 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides Observation.org-Taxon-ID 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides eElurikkus-ID 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides NCBI-ID 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides BOLD-ID 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides EUNIS-Taxon-ID 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides CoL-ID 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides OTT-ID 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
espécie de inseto
Lasioglossum musculoides categoria taxonómica espécie
Lasioglossum musculoides nome do táxon Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides táxon imediatamente superior Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides instância de táxon
Lasioglossum musculoides número de série taxonômico do ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Encyclopedia of Life 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador taxonomia NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides
вид насекомо
Lasioglossum musculoides ранг на таксон вид
Lasioglossum musculoides име на таксон Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides родителски таксон Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides екземпляр на таксон
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides
вид насекомых
Lasioglossum musculoides таксономический ранг вид
Lasioglossum musculoides международное научное название Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides ближайший таксон уровнем выше Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides это частный случай понятия таксон
Lasioglossum musculoides код ITIS TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides идентификатор EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides идентификатор GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides код Fauna Europaea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides код Fauna Europaea New 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides код Observation.org 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides код eBiodiversity 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides идентификатор NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides код таксона в BOLD Systems 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides код вида EUNIS 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides код Catalogue of Life 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides код UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides код Open Tree of Life 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
вид комах
Lasioglossum musculoides таксономічний ранг вид
Lasioglossum musculoides наукова назва таксона Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides батьківський таксон Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides є одним із таксон
Lasioglossum musculoides номер у ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор у GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор Fauna Europaea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides новий ідентифікатор Fauna Europaea 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор Observation.org 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор виду eBiodiversity 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор таксона BOLD 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор EUNIS 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
especie d'inseutu
Lasioglossum musculoides categoría taxonómica especie
Lasioglossum musculoides nome del taxón Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxón inmediatamente superior Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides instancia de taxón
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador taxonómicu NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides
specie de albină
Lasioglossum musculoides rang taxonomic specie
Lasioglossum musculoides nume științific Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon superior Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides este un/o taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides identificator EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identificator Fauna Europaea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides
speiceas feithidí
Lasioglossum musculoides rang an tacsóin speiceas
Lasioglossum musculoides ainm an tacsóin Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides máthairthacsón Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides sampla de tacsón
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Lasioglossum musculoides naukowa nazwa taksonu Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides takson nadrzędny Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides jest to takson
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator Fauna Europaea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator Observation.org 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator eBiodiversity 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator pojęcia w UMLS C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides identyfikator Open Tree of Life 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
lloj i insekteve
Lasioglossum musculoides emri shkencor Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides instancë e takson
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS-TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taksonitaso laji
Lasioglossum musculoides tieteellinen nimi Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides osa taksonia Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS-tunnistenumero 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides Fauna Europaea -tunniste 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides Observation.org-tunniste 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides NCBI-tunniste 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides BOLD Systems -taksonitunniste 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides lajin EUNIS-tunniste 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides Catalogue of Life -tunniste 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides Open Tree of Life -tunniste 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides ტაქსონომიური რანგი სახეობა
Lasioglossum musculoides ტაქსონის სახელი Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides არის ტაქსონი
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides EOL-ის იდენტიფიკატორი 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides NCBI-ის იდენტიფიკატორი 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides
espécie de inseto
Lasioglossum musculoides categoria taxonômica espécie
Lasioglossum musculoides nome taxológico Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides táxon imediatamente superior Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides instância de táxon
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides
speco di insekto
Lasioglossum musculoides identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides
especie de insecto
Lasioglossum musculoides categoría taxonómica especie
Lasioglossum musculoides nome do taxon Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon superior inmediato Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides instancia de taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Fauna Europaea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Observation.org 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador eBiodiversity 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador BOLD Systems de taxon 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador EUNIS 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Catalogue of Life 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Open Tree of Life 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides reng taxonomic espècia
Lasioglossum musculoides nom scientific Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon superior Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides natura de l'element taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides identificant ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identificant Encyclopedia of Life 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificant GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identificant NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides
especie d'insecto
Lasioglossum musculoides instancia de Taxón
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides maila taxonomikoa espezie
Lasioglossum musculoides izen zientifikoa Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides goiko maila taxonomikoa Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides honako hau da taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS-en identifikadorea 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides EOL-en identifikatzailea 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides GBIFen identifikatzailea 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides Observation.org taxonaren identifikatzailea 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides eBiodiversity identifikatzailea 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides NCBI-ren identifikatzailea 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
espècie d'insecte
Lasioglossum musculoides categoria taxonòmica espècie
Lasioglossum musculoides nom científic Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides tàxon superior immediat Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides instància de tàxon
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador ITIS 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Encyclopedia of Life 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador GBIF 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Fauna Europaea 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Fauna Europaea (nou) 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Observation.org 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador eBiodiversity 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador BOLD Systems de tàxon 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador EUNIS 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Catalogue of Life 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides identificador Open Tree of Life 3271209
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides rango taxonomic specie
Lasioglossum musculoides nomine del taxon Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taxon superior immediate Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides instantia de taxon
Lasioglossum musculoides ID EOL 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides ID NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides taksonomia rango specio
Lasioglossum musculoides taksonomia nomo Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides supera taksono Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides estas taksono
Lasioglossum musculoides ITIS-TSN 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides taksonomia identigilo NCBI 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides takson seviyesi tür
Lasioglossum musculoides takson adı Lasioglossum musculoides
Lasioglossum musculoides ana takson Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum musculoides nedir takson
Lasioglossum musculoides Entegre Taksonomik Bilgi Sistemi Taksonomik Seri Numarası 758860
Lasioglossum musculoides Encyclopedia of Life kimliği 2744033
Lasioglossum musculoides Küresel Biyoçeşitlilik Danışma Tesisi kimliği 1354079
Lasioglossum musculoides Fauna Europaea kimliği 232709
Lasioglossum musculoides Fauna Europaea New kimliği 4d9e0d51-46fc-4582-94f9-5b0a9e70d87e
Lasioglossum musculoides Observation.org kimliği 173988
Lasioglossum musculoides eBiodiversity kimliği 68990
Lasioglossum musculoides NCBI taksonomi kimliği 1039875
Lasioglossum musculoides BOLD Systems takson kimliği 694125
Lasioglossum musculoides Avrupa Doğa Bilgi Sistemi tür kimliği 254824
Lasioglossum musculoides Google Bilgi Grafiği kimliği /g/1216404r
Lasioglossum musculoides Catalogue of Life kimliği 6NZDF
Lasioglossum musculoides UMLS CUI C5245467
Lasioglossum musculoides Open Tree of Life kimliği 3271209
| 23,148 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4870940
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Battle of Dushi Ford
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 95 | 252 |
Battle of Dushi Ford
battle between warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shao (200)
Battle of Dushi Ford instance of battle
Battle of Dushi Ford part of Battle of Guandu
Battle of Dushi Ford Freebase ID /m/06w79xs
두씨진 전투
두씨진 전투 다음 종류에 속함 전투
두씨진 전투 다음의 한 부분임 관도 대전
두씨진 전투 Freebase 식별자 /m/06w79xs
Batalla de Dushi Ford
Batalla de Dushi Ford instancia de batalla
Batalla de Dushi Ford forma parte de Batalla de Guandu
Batalla de Dushi Ford Identificador Freebase /m/06w79xs
ogun Dushi Ford
ogun
ogun Dushi Ford jé ara ogun Guandu
| 11,200 |
2015/32015R0430/32015R0430_CS.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
Czech
|
Spoken
| 473 | 1,447 |
L_2015070CS.01004301.xml
14.3.2015
CS
Úřední věstník Evropské unie
L 70/43
PROVÁDĚCÍ NAŘÍZENÍ KOMISE (EU) 2015/430
ze dne 13. března 2015
o stanovení paušálních dovozních hodnot pro určení vstupní ceny některých druhů ovoce a zeleniny
EVROPSKÁ KOMISE,
s ohledem na Smlouvu o fungování Evropské unie,
s ohledem na nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) č. 1308/2013 ze dne 17. prosince 2013, kterým se stanoví společná organizace trhů se zemědělskými produkty a zrušují nařízení Rady (EHS) č. 922/72, (EHS) č. 234/79, (ES) č. 1037/ 2001 a (ES) č. 1234/2007 (1),
s ohledem na prováděcí nařízení Komise (EU) č. 543/2011 ze dne 7. června 2011, kterým se stanoví prováděcí pravidla k nařízení Rady (ES) č. 1234/2007 pro odvětví ovoce a zeleniny a odvětví výrobků z ovoce a zeleniny (2), a zejména na čl. 136 odst. 1 uvedeného nařízení,
vzhledem k těmto důvodům:
(1)
Prováděcí nařízení (EU) č. 543/2011 stanoví na základě výsledků Uruguayského kola mnohostranných obchodních jednání kritéria, podle kterých má Komise stanovit paušální hodnoty pro dovoz ze třetích zemí, pokud jde o produkty a lhůty uvedené v části A přílohy XVI uvedeného nařízení.
(2)
Paušální dovozní hodnota se vypočítá každý pracovní den v souladu s čl. 136 odst. 1 prováděcího nařízení (EU) č. 543/2011, a přitom se zohlední proměnlivé denní údaje. Toto nařízení by proto mělo vstoupit v platnost dnem zveřejnění v Úředním věstníku Evropské unie,
PŘIJALA TOTO NAŘÍZENÍ:
Článek 1
Paušální dovozní hodnoty uvedené v článku 136 prováděcího nařízení (EU) č. 543/2011 jsou stanoveny v příloze tohoto nařízení.
Článek 2
Toto nařízení vstupuje v platnost dnem zveřejnění v Úředním věstníku Evropské unie.
Toto nařízení je závazné v celém rozsahu a přímo použitelné ve všech členských státech.
V Bruselu dne 13. března 2015.
Za Komisi,
jménem předsedy,
Jerzy PLEWA
generální ředitel pro zemědělství a rozvoj venkova
(1) Úř. věst. L 347, 20.12.2013, s. 671.
(2) Úř. věst. L 157, 15.6.2011, s. 1.
PŘÍLOHA
Paušální dovozní hodnoty pro určení vstupní ceny některých druhů ovoce a zeleniny
(EUR/100 kg)
Kód KN
Kód třetích zemí (1)
Paušální dovozní hodnota
0702 00 00
EG
65,8
MA
85,1
TR
84,9
ZZ
78,6
0707 00 05
JO
229,9
MA
176,1
TR
186,3
ZZ
197,4
0709 93 10
MA
117,1
TR
188,5
ZZ
152,8
0805 10 20
EG
47,5
IL
71,4
MA
45,4
TN
59,1
TR
65,4
ZZ
57,8
0805 50 10
TR
49,2
ZZ
49,2
0808 10 80
BR
68,9
CA
81,0
CL
103,0
CN
91,1
MK
28,7
US
167,6
ZZ
90,1
0808 30 90
AR
108,8
CL
99,5
CN
90,9
US
124,8
ZA
109,7
ZZ
106,7
(1) Klasifikace zemí podle nařízení Komise (EU) č. 1106/2012 ze dne 27. listopadu 2012, kterým se provádí nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (ES) č. 471/2009 o statistice Společenství týkající se zahraničního obchodu se třetími zeměmi, pokud jde o aktualizaci klasifikace zemí a území (Úř. věst. L 328, 28.11.2012, s. 7). Kód „ZZ“ znamená „jiného původu“.
| 17,748 |
https://openalex.org/W2407310686
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,016 |
The comprehensive summary of surgical versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
|
Ji Cheng
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,183 | 14,052 |
The comprehensive summary of surgical versus non-surgical
treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
of randomized controlled trials
Research Paper: Pathology Ji Cheng1, Jinbo Gao1, Xiaoming Shuai1, Guobin Wang1 and Kaixiong Tao1
1 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Correspondence to: Kaixiong Tao, email: kaixiongtaowhuh@126.com
Keywords: obesity; bariatric surgery; meta-analysis; systematic review; Pathology Section
Received: April 16, 2016
Accepted: May 20, 2016
Published: May 24, 2 Correspondence to: Kaixiong Tao, email: kaixiongtaowhuh@126.com
Keywords: obesity; bariatric surgery; meta-analysis; systematic review; Pathology Section Received: April 16, 2016
Accepted: May 20, 2016
Published: May 24, 2016 Published: May 24, 2016 Abstract Background: Bariatric surgery has emerged as a competitive strategy for obese
patients. However, its comparative efficacy against non-surgical treatments remains
ill-defined, especially among nonseverely obese crowds. Therefore, we implemented
a systematic review and meta-analysis in order for an academic addition to current
literatures. Methods: Literatures were retrieved from databases of PubMed, Web of Science,
EMBASE and Cochrane Library. Randomized trials comparing surgical with non-
surgical therapies for obesity were included. A Revised Jadad’s Scale and Risk of
Bias Summary were employed for methodological assessment. Subgroups analysis,
sensitivity analysis and publication bias assessment were respectively performed
in order to find out the source of heterogeneity, detect the outcome stability and
potential publication bias. Results: 25 randomized trials were eligibly included, totally comprising of
1194 participants. Both groups displayed well comparability concerning baseline
parameters (P > 0.05). The pooled results of primary endpoints (weight loss and
diabetic remission) revealed a significant advantage among surgical patients rather
than those receiving non-surgical treatments (P < 0.05). Furthermore, except for
certain cardiovascular indicators, bariatric surgery was superior to conventional arms
in terms of metabolic secondary parameters (P < 0.05). Additionally, the pooled
outcomes were confirmed to be stable by sensitivity analysis. Although Egger’s test
(P < 0.01) and Begg’s test (P<0.05) had reported the presence of publication bias
among included studies, “Trim-and-Fill” method verified that the pooled outcomes
remained stable. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery is a better therapeutic option for weight loss,
irrespective of follow-up duration, surgical techniques and obesity levels. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ Results 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular
accidents. As an integrative product of multifactorial
impacts, a definite etiological explanation of obesity
remains obscure, leading to the absence of effective
strategies targeting its development [5]. Follow-up duration In terms of weight loss, surgical approach was
superior to conventional strategies among patients with
1-year (P < 0.00001), 2-year (P < 0.00001) or long-
term (3 years or more) follow-up duration (P < 0.00001)
(Figure 2). Weight loss Nevertheless, long-term (3-year or more) efficacy
of surgical versus non-surgical interventions is rarely
described, especially lacking of a well summarized
evidence. Additionally, the clinical value of bariatric
surgery for nonseverely obese patients requires further
analysis. Hence we performed this systematic review
and meta-analysis in order to comprehensively make
comparisons between both strategies, aiming to provide
novel evidences for future guidelines. Overall patients undergoing surgical interventions had more weight
loss than those receiving non-surgical managements (P <
0.00001) (Figure 2). General characteristics According to SAGES [6] and NICE [7] guidelines,
multicomponent interventions are currently the treatment
of choice, including lifestyle intervention, dietary
restriction, pharmaceutical and surgical management. Despite of its first-line status, non-surgical treatments lead
to poor compliance and unfavorable endpoint satisfaction
among obese patients. As is reported, the glycemic control
of obesity-related diabetes is merely accomplished amid
40% of patients undergoing conventional medications
[8]. Meanwhile, lifestyle reformation fails to reduce the
probability of obesity-associated lethality as well as the
hazards of cardiovascular accidents among obese crowds
[9]. The preliminary 1076 entries were rigorously
screened to generate 25 eligible studies for pooling
analysis, with a total amount of 1194 participants and
individually ranging from 16 to 150 (Figure 1A). Merely
2 studies were performed by developing nations while
14 trials originated from industrialized countries, each of
Australia and US accounting for the maximum amount of
5. None of the included trials featured adolescent subjects
except for O’Brien 2010. Female patients dominated the
sexuality proportion towards male counterparts, with a
ratio of 740 to 454. Among the included trials, in general,
it was mutually comparable between both comparative
interventions regarding the baseline confounding elements
(Table 1). [ ]
Bariatric surgery, initially reported in 1995 [10],
has been regarded as an effective supplement to current
regimen, especially for those suffering from severe obesity
(body mass index > 40) [6, 7]. By mechanically altering
the physiological mode of gastrointestinal absorption,
bariatric surgery triggers remarkable decline on excessive
weight, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular risk and correlative
mortality compared to conservative therapeutics [4,
11, 12]. Moreover, by meta-analyzing short-term
observational studies, Muller et al [8] has investigated
that in contrast to non-surgical remedies, bariatric surgery
favorably produces therapeutic benefit among patients
with nonsevere obesity (body mass index 30-35), which
is a vital addition to current guidelines that surgical
intervention is recommended for patients with body
mass index > 35, especially the morbidly obese sufferers
(body mass index > 40) [6]. Therefore, the updated NICE
guidance (CG189) has broadened the indications that as
a second-line option, all patients with body mass index >
30 should be assessed for bariatric surgery following the
refractoriness to non-surgical interventions [2]. i Summary of methodological assessment According to Revised Jadad’s Scale, 13 trials were
appraised as high-quality in methodology, while DSS,
Heindorff 1997 and Mingrone 2002 were identified as
low-quality investigations (Table 2). Since a relatively small fraction of subitems were
assessed with low risk of bias, DSS, Heindorff 1997,
Mingrone 2002 and O’Brien 2013 were considered with
high risk of internal bias. The overall amount of low risk
subitems was 61, followed by 37 of unclear risk and 14 of
high risk, implying a substantially low risk of bias within
our pooled analysis (Figure 1B). Introduction [2]. During the past three decades, the epidemiological
prevalence of obesity has quadrupled to 25% among
UK population, including 2.4% of which are affected by
morbid obesity (body mass index > 40) [3]. At present,
it is appraised that approximately two thirds of overall
population in US have been clinically diagnosed as
overweight or obese [4]. Characterized by excessive
adipose storage, obesity is commonly accompanied by
a variety of comorbidities, mainly comprising of type Emerging as a costly burden of global healthcare
system, obesity has currently attracted worldwide
attentions due to its uncontrollably rising incidence,
especially in industrialized countries [1]. Economically,
the annual expense directly linked to overweight (body
mass index 25-30) and obesity (body mass index > 30)
is estimated to be almost 16 billion pounds globally www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39216 Oncotarget Levels of obesity Among patients with nonsevere obesity (body
mass index 30-35; P < 0.00001) and severe obesity (body
mass index > 35; P < 0.00001), metabolic surgery was a
more effective tool for losing weight against non-surgical
treatments (Figure 4). Our pooled outcomes suggested that surgical
patients had a higher rate of diabetic remission than those
undergoing non-surgical interventions (P < 0.00001)
(Supplementary Figure S1). Remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus Remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus 0.00001), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P < 0.00001),
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (P < 0.00001) and
biliopancreatic diversion (P < 0.00001) (Figure 3). Follow-up duration Patients undergoing bariatric surgery achieved
significantly higher rate of diabetic remission compared
to recipients of conservative therapeutics, based on pooled Surgical techniques Non-surgical therapeutics were unable to outstrip
bariatric surgery regarding weight loss among obese
patients, irrespective of sleeve gastrectomy (P < www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39217 Table 1: Baseline features of included studies Table 1: Baseline features of included studies
Trial title: Relevant articles deriving from an identical clinical trial were mathematically combined and individually identified
with an official acronym. Those trials lacking a specific abbreviation were demonstrated by surnames of the first author and
publication year. M/F: male/female; BMI: body mass index; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; NA: not available; Y: years; Table 2: Revised Jadad’s Scale assessment
Trial
Randomization
Allocation concealment Blindness
Withdrawal
Total
DIBASY
2
1
0
1
4
Dixon 2008
2
1
0
1
4
Dixon 2012
2
1
2
1
6
DSS
1
0
0
1
2
Heindorff 1997
1
1
1
0
3
Liang 2013
2
1
1
1
5
Mingrone 2002
1
1
1
0
3
O'Brien 2006
2
2
0
1
5
O'Brien 2010
2
1
0
1
4
O'Brien 2013
1
1
1
1
4
Parikh 2014
2
2
1
1
6
Reis 2009
2
1
1
1
5
SLIMM-T2D
2
2
1
1
6
STAMPEDE
2
1
0
1
4
TRAMOMTANA
2
1
0
1
4
TRIABETES
2
1
1
1
5 www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39218 0.00001), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P < 0.00001),
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (P < 0.00001) and
biliopancreatic diversion (P < 0.00001) (Figure 3). Levels of obesity
Remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Overall
Table 3: Outcomes of weight loss by sensitivity analysis
P value
Overall
Follow-up duration
Surgical techniques
Levels of obesity
1-year
2-year
Long-
term
SG
RYGB
LAGB
BPD
Nonsevere Severe
Random effects <0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
Fixed effects
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
With
low-
quality
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
Without low-
quality
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
Previous
criteria
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
Altered criteria <0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.0001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
SG: sleeve gastrectomy; RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; LAGB: laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding; BPD:
biliopancreatic diversion;
Table 4: Revised Jadad’s Scale
Random sequence production
a. Adequate (computer generated random numbers or similar methods) (2 points)
b. Unclear (a randomized trial but without description of randomization methods) (1 point)
c. Surgical techniques Inadequate (an alternative allocation without randomization) (0 point)
Allocation concealment
a. Adequate (a central institution-controlled allocation) (2 points)
b. Unclear (random numerical table or other similar methods) (1 point)
c. Inadequate (alternative allocation without adequate concealment) (0 point)
Blindness
a. Adequate (comparable placebo or similar methods) (2 points)
b. Unclear (a blind trial without details statement) (1 point)
c. Inadequate (inappropriate blind methods or non-blind trials) (0 point)
Withdrawal
a. Description (a detailed statement about the numbers and reasons of withdrawals) (1 point)
b. No description (no statement about the numbers and reasons of withdrawals) (0 point) Table 3: Outcomes of weight loss by sensitivity analysis Table 3: Outcomes of weight loss by sensitivity analysis
P value
Overall
Follow-up duration
Surgical techniques
Levels of obesity
1-year
2-year
Long-
term
SG
RYGB
LAGB
BPD
Nonsevere Severe
Random effects <0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
Fixed effects
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
With
low-
quality
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
Without low-
quality
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
Previous
criteria
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
Altered criteria <0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.0001
<0.00001 <0.00001
<0.00001
SG: sleeve gastrectomy; RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; LAGB: laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding; BPD:
bili
ti di
i Levels of obesity Concerning the diabetic remission rate, both
nonseverely (P = 0.0004) and severely obese (P < 0.0001)
sufferers significantly benefited from surgical remedies,
compared with non-surgical patients (Supplementary
Figure S3). Figure S2). Regardless of 1-year (P < 0.00001), 2-year (P <
0.00001) or long-range follow-up (P = 0.006), bariatric
surgery was far more efficient to eliminate excessive
weight than non-surgical interventions (Supplementary
Figure S4). Overall In contrast to conserved managements, there
was a much better remission rate of diabetes amid
surgical recipients, irrespective of sleeve gastrectomy
(P < 0.00001), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P < 0.00001),
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (P = 0.0008) and
biliopancreatic diversion (P = 0.001) (Supplementary
Figure S2). Among obese subjects, our quantitative analysis
reported that operative treatments induced higher
percentage of excessive weight loss against traditional
therapeutics (P < 0.00001) (Supplementary Figure S4). Secondary endpoints results of 1-year (P < 0.0001), 2-year (P = 0.004) and
long-term follow-up (P < 0.0001) (Supplementary Figure
S1). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39219 Surgical techniques It was a statistical advantage to surgically reduce
the excessive mass of obese enrollees instead of
conventional treatments, whichever of sleeve gastrectomy Figure 1: Selection flow chart and risk of bias summary. A. Flow chart of the entire selection process; B. Risk of bias summary. Figure 1: Selection flow chart and risk of bias summary. A. Flow chart of the entire selection p Figure 1: Selection flow chart and risk of bias summary. A. Flow chart of the entire selection process; B. Risk of bias summary. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39220 0.00001) (Supplementary Figure S6). 0.00001) (Supplementary Figure S6). (P < 0.00001), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P < 0.00001),
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (P = 0.0008) and
biliopancreatic diversion (P < 0.00001) was performed
(Supplementary Figure S5). Levels of obesity A better alleviation on fasting glucose was observed
among patients undergoing bariatric surgery, in contrast
to those receiving conventional remedies (P < 0.00001)
(Supplementary Figure S7). Recipients of bariatric surgery gained greater loss of
excessive weight in comparison to those undergoing non-
invasive treatments, according to the subgroup analysis
of both nonsevere (P < 0.00001) and severe obesity (P < l
/
Figure 2: The forest plot of weight loss (kg) in terms of follow-up duration. Figure 2: The forest plot of weight loss (kg) in terms of follow-up duration. Overall A higher percentage reduction on glycated
hemoglobin was surgically achieved among patients
with 1-year (P < 0.00001), 2-year (P = 0.02) and long-
term follow-up (P < 0.00001), rather than those with
conservative interventions (Supplementary Figure S10). With respect to decrease on systolic pressure among
enrolled participants, metabolic surgery has a significant
advantage against non-surgical remedies (P < 0.00001)
(Supplementary Figure S16). Levels of obesity Bariatric surgery was more effective to cut down
waist circumference than non-surgical interventions,
including sleeve gastrectomy (P < 0.0001), Roux-en-Y
gastric bypass (P < 0.00001), laparoscopic adjustable
gastric banding (P < 0.00001) and biliopancreatic
diversion (P < 0.00001) (Supplementary Figure S14). Compared
to
non-surgical
regimen,
both
nonseverely (P = 0.001) and severely obese (P <
0.00001) patients obtained greater downregulation on
fasting glucose following the surgical interventions
(Supplementary Figure S9). Levels of obesity Bariatric surgery featuring sleeve gastrectomy (P =
0.36), laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (P = 0.36)
and biliopancreatic diversion (P = 0.90) was statistically
comparable with non-surgical strategies in terms of
reduction on systolic pressure, except for the dominant
efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P = 0.007)
(Supplementary Figure S17). There was a greater decrease on glycated
hemoglobin percentage following bariatric operations than
non-surgical strategies, among nonseverely (P < 0.00001)
and severely obese patients (P < 0.00001) (Supplementary
Figure S12). Surgical techniques Regarding the efficacy of systolic pressure
reduction, patients with 2-year postoperative follow-up
equaled to those receiving conventional interventions (P =
0.30), while bariatric surgery was a superior option among
sufferers with 1-year (P = 0.001) and long-range follow-up
(P = 0.02) (Supplementary Figure S16). Irrespective of sleeve gastrectomy (P < 0.0001),
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P < 0.00001), laparoscopic
adjustable gastric banding (P = 0.002) and biliopancreatic
diversion (P = 0.03), bariatric surgery was significantly
superior to non-surgical approaches in terms of reducing
elevated glycated hemoglobin (Supplementary Figure
S11). Follow-up duration Regardless of 1-year (P = 0.0005), 2-year (P =
0.0003) or long-term follow-up (P = 0.02), surgical
management was significantly effective in decreasing
fasting glucose compared to non-surgical interventions
(Supplementary Figure S7). Overall Metabolic surgery led to more reduction on
percentage of glycated hemoglobin among obese
participants than conventional managements (P < 0.00001)
(Supplementary Figure S10). Overall Compared to baseline values, a greater loss on
waist circumference was obtained amid surgical patients,
instead of non-surgical counterparts (P < 0.00001)
(Supplementary Figure S13). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39221 Follow-up duration None of sleeve gastrectomy (P = 0.0005), Roux-
en-Y gastric bypass (P < 0.00001) and laparoscopic
adjustable gastric banding (P < 0.0001) fell behind in
fasting glucose reduction against conserved therapeutics,
except for biliopancreatic diversion, which was
statistically equivalent to contrastive group (P = 0.05)
(Supplementary Figure S8). Among the three subgroups of 1-year (P < 0.00001),
2-year (P < 0.00001) and long-term follow-up (P <
0.00001), patients that were surgically treated obtained
larger decline on waist circumference than those were
conventionally cured (Supplementary Figure S13). Glycated hemoglobin Based on the pooled outcomes featuring nonseverely
(P < 0.00001) and severely obese sufferers (P < 0.00001),
more reduction on waist circumference was observed
following surgical management in contrast to traditional
treatments (Supplementary Figure S15). Levels of obesity In comparison to conservative interventions,
bariatric surgery played a preponderant and comparable www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39222 www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39223 interventions were inferior to non-invasive remedies
amid patients with long-term follow-up (P = 0.03)
(Supplementary Figure S19). role among nonseverely (P < 0.00001) and severely obese
patients (P = 0.41) respectively, in terms of reduction on
systolic pressure (Supplementary Figure S18). Overall There was no significant difference between
surgical and non-surgical strategies towards diastolic
pressure reduction among included patients (P = 0.50)
(Supplementary Figure S19). Diastolic pressure Although Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P = 0.03) were
in a significantly superior status, the remaining techniques
were statistically comparable to conservative regimens
concerning the decrease on diastolic pressure, inclusive
of sleeve gastrectomy (P = 0.67), laparoscopic adjustable
gastric banding (P = 0.57) and biliopancreatic diversion (P
= 0.52) (Supplementary Figure S20). Levels of obesity Bariatric surgery had a comparable impact on
attenuating diastolic pressure against conventional
therapies, within patients being followed up for 1-year
(P = 0.26) and 2-year (P = 0.55). However, surgical Patients undergoing both interventions exhibited
comparable efficacy on diastolic pressure reduction Figure 4: The forest plot of weight loss (kg) in terms of obesity levels. Overall According to our pooled outcomes, surgical patients
with 1-year (P < 0.0001) and 2-year (P < 0.0001) follow-
up had a greater decline on triglycerides level than those
being conventionally treated, except for the comparable
efficacy among patients with long-term follow-up (P =
0.06) (Supplementary Figure S22). A favorable outcome of surgical patients was
observed due to their greater increase on high density
lipoprotein against those were conservatively healed (P <
0.00001) (Supplementary Figure S28). Levels of obesity Patients that were surgically managed benefited
from a greater loss on triglycerides level than those
were non-surgically intervened, regardless of nonsevere
obesity (P < 0.00001) and severe obesity (P < 0.0001)
(Supplementary Figure S24). Surgical techniques The recipients of sleeve gastrectomy (P = 0.003)
and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P < 0.00001) displayed
a higher increase on high density lipoprotein. However,
the increase on high density lipoprotein was identically
obtained between non-surgical treatments and bariatric
surgery of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
(P = 0.19) and biliopancreatic diversion (P = 0.27)
(Supplementary Figure S29). Surgical techniques In terms of reducing triglycerides level, Roux-
en-Y gastric bypass (P = 0.0005) and laparoscopic
adjustable gastric banding (P = 0.004) exerted a more
evident influence among enrolled patients, while sleeve
gastrectomy (P = 0.08) and biliopancreatic diversion (P =
0.14) was therapeutically comparable with conventional
remedies (Supplementary Figure S23). Follow-up duration Comparable to surgical patients with 1-year (P
= 0.24) and 2-year follow-up (P = 0.14), recipients of
conventional strategies exceled those with long-term
postoperative follow-up duration, with regard to the
reduction on low density lipoprotein (P < 0.00001)
(Supplementary Figure S31). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39224 regardless of nonsevere obesity (P = 0.23) and severe
obesity (P = 0.73) (Supplementary Figure S21). gastrectomy (P = 0.67), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P =
0.78) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (P =
0.62) (Supplementary Figure S26). High density lipoprotein High density lipoprotein Follow-up duration Despite of 1-year (P < 0.00001), 2-year (P = 0.0005)
and long-term follow-up (P = 0.001), metabolic surgery
led to more increase on high density lipoprotein among
included patients, compared to non-surgical recipients
(Supplementary Figure S28). Follow-up duration Among obese patients, both surgical and non-
surgical interventions led to comparable efficacy
in reduction of low density lipoprotein (P = 0.21)
(Supplementary Figure S31). Among obese sufferers being followed up for 1-year
(P = 0.18) and 2-year (P = 0.07), there was no therapeutic
difference between both interventions. However, patients
with long-term follow-up achieved more reduction on
total cholesterol following non-surgical managements, in
contrast to bariatric surgery (P = 0.03) (Supplementary
Figure S25). Overall Comparing bariatric surgery and non-surgical
interventions, the magnitude of total cholesterol reduction
was independent of treatment strategies among obese
patients (P = 0.13) (Supplementary Figure S25). Total cholesterol Whether participants with nonsevere (P < 0.00001)
or severe obesity (P < 0.00001), bariatric surgery was a
more capable pattern of elevating high density lipoprotein
than traditional modes (Supplementary Figure S30). Overall Patients with severe obesity featured a surgical
advantage in terms of total cholesterol reduction (P =
0.01), while nonseverely obese counterparts reported no
significant difference between surgical and non-surgical
interventions (P = 0.76) (Supplementary Figure S27). More decrease on triglycerides level was obtained
among surgical participants, other than those receiving
conventional therapies (P < 0.00001) (Supplementary
Figure S22). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Sensitivity analysis Firstly, by interchanging random-effects and fixed-
effects models, the overall as well as subgroup outcomes
of primary endpoints (weight loss and diabetic remission)
were confirmed to be statistically stable (Table 3). Secondly, by eliminating four low-quality trials of
DSS, Heindorff 1997, Mingrone 2002 along with O’Brien
2013, the stability of primary endpoints were numerically
verified, irrespective of overall or subgroup analysis
(Table 3). Thirdly, since O’Brien 2010 merely contained
adolescent participants, the inclusion criteria had
been altered by excluding it from pooling analysis. Consequently, results of primary endpoints remained
stable under circumstances of novel criteria (Table 3). Fourthly, by individually removing the eligible
studies from primary endpoints, the steadiness of our
meta-analysis was graphically proved with aid of STATA
12.0 (Supplementary Figure S34). Publication bias It is empirically regarded that compared to severe
obesity, patients suffering from nonsevere obesity manifest
with better general conditions which makes it more
economical to be conventionally cured. However, deriving
from our pooled evidence, nonseverely obese patients
should rather receive bariatric surgery than conservative
managements, which is similar to those featuring morbid
obesity and is a vital addition to current literatures. Concerning the primary endpoints of weight loss
(Egger: 0.002; Begg: 0.003) and diabetic remission
(Egger: 0.001; Begg: 0.043), Egger’s test and Begg’s test
consistently confirmed the presence of publication bias
among the included studies (Supplementary Figure S35). However, by “Trim and Fill” method, the pooled outcomes
were mathematically equivalent although 2 trials were
added for weight loss (before: P < 0.00001; after: P <
0.0001) and 6 added for diabetic remission (before: P <
0.00001; after: P < 0.0001) (Supplementary Figure S36). Adolescent obesity and overweight crowds have
been targeted as further research highlights of bariatric
surgery. Uncontrollable weight increase has severer
impacts on pubescents than adults, simultaneously
damaging their sexual development and intelligence
growth [43]. O’Brien et al [23] had reported a randomized
trial constituted by juveniles that laparoscopic adjustable
gastric banding led to more reduction on excess weight Surgical techniques the dominant role of bariatric surgery at 5-year follow-
up [38], its contrastive efficacy against non-surgical
interventions remains advantageous according to our
pooled analysis, especially concerning the long-term
durability of weight loss and hyperglycemic remission. It is experimentally explanatory that physiological
adaptation instead of mechanical reconstruction seems
to mainly contribute to the prolonged impacts on energy
homeostasis. Adaptive gastrointestinal remodeling,
neuroendocrine hormone changes, bile acid signaling
and gut microbiota adjustment play combined roles
in ameliorating metabolic abnormality and sustaining
postoperative energy balance [39]. Nevertheless, along
with the increasing follow-up period, the cardiovascular
improvement has been therapeutically offset among
patients undergoing bariatric surgery, which is confirmed
by the comparable outcomes of certain endpoints in our
pooled analysis (systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, total
cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein). Hence, distant
benefits of cardiovascular disorders remain controversial
following bariatric surgery, despite Gloy et al [4] had
convinced surgeons with short-term advantages on
cardiovascular indicators. The close interplay between
obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases has been
extensively investigated [40]. Following improvements
on metabolic status, the lowered risk of cardiovascular
accidents is relatively comprehensible among patients
with short-term period of follow-up. Thus the long-term
insignificance on cardiovascular endpoints seems to blame
on those mechanisms independent of ameliorated obesity
and hyperglycemia. One possible explanation is that
except for biliopancreatic diversion, the prevalent surgical
styles including sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y and
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding fail to adequately
impose on cholesterol homeostasis than medication of
statins, which consequently culminates in angiosclerosis
and hypertension. Besides, cardiovascular dysfunctions
are easier to be emotionally and genetically affected,
which is inappropriate to simply identify it as metabolic
comorbidities [41, 42]. Based on subgroup statistics of sleeve gastrectomy
(P = 0.34), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (P = 0.71) and
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (P = 0.46), it
was mathematically comparable between surgical and
non-surgical patients regarding the decrease on low
density lipoprotein. Nevertheless, patients undergoing
biliopancreatic diversion had an advantage over those
were conventionally cured (P < 0.00001) (Supplementary
Figure S32). Levels of obesity There was no statistical significance between
bariatric surgery and non-surgical intervention concerning
the reduction on low density lipoprotein, according to
subgroup analysis of nonseverely (P = 0.76) and severely
obese patients (P = 0.09) (Supplementary Figure S33). Surgical techniques Besides the preponderant role of biliopancreatic
diversion (P = 0.004), patients receiving bariatric
surgery gained comparable efficacy of total cholesterol
reduction against non-surgical enrollees, including sleeve www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39225 Discussion Although Golomb et al had retrospectively doubted www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39226 than lifestyle intervention, as well as improved life-quality. However, more persuasive investigations are still needed
to clarify its clinical worthiness on teenager obesity. Additionally, a substantial proportion of diabetic patients
are just overweight instead of clinically obese. But the
actual role of bariatric surgery among such populations
remains undetermined. By a randomized research,
Wentworth et al [44] firstly described a favorable effect
of glycemic control and weight loss among overweight
patients undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric
banding in contrast to those with non-surgical treatments. This probably hints that bariatric surgery may fit for all
crowds with weight redundancy despite long-term and
pooled evidences are scarce. randomised OR obesity surgery”. Both abstracts and full-
texts were elaborately examined for fear of omission or
ineligible inclusion. Additionally, citation lists of formerly
published meta-analysis were screened as well. Study selection Studies were eligibly included because of the
following criteria: 1. English-written and officially
published trials until December 2015; 2. Randomized
controlled trials evaluating the comparative efficacy
of surgical versus non-surgical interventions among
obese patients (body mass index > 30); 3. Adequate raw
data of interested endpoints including metabolic and
cardiovascular indicators; Notwithstanding the statistical outcomes are of
great strength in both methodology and statistics, there
are still some limitations within. First of all, the internal
heterogeneity is still in a considerable level despite the
subgroup analyses have been additionally performed. Difference from chemical examination methods, surgical
manipulation techniques and diversified non-surgical
interventions (life-style and medications) may contribute
to inerasably internal heterogeneity. More accurate
grouping on different confounding factors may benefit
the source seeking of heterogeneity. Secondly, raw data
of life-quality and survival prognostication are inadequate
for meta-analyzing, making it less valuable in terms
of comparisons on life expectancy. Moreover, mutual
comparison of financial burdens is still lacking, blockading
a more comprehensive appraisal of both strategies. Studies were eventually eliminated due to the
following reasons: 1. Duplicated publications; 2. Inadequate sample-size ( < 10); 3. Lack of follow-up
materials; materials and Methods Firstly, a Revised Jadad’s Scale [48] was employed
in order for a rigorous appraisal of the study design. A
total of four categories consisted of the scale, including
randomization, allocation concealment, blindness and
withdrawal, with a maximum score of seven. Studies
graded with four points or more were identified as high-
quality trials (Table 4). In line with the PRISMA Checklist [46] and
Cochrane Collaboration protocols [47], the pooled analysis
was designed and implemented in a standard manner. The
entire procedures were independently performed by two
investigators. Any discrepancy was resolved by mutual
discussion. Secondly, as an addition to Revised Jadad’s Scale,
Review Manager 5.3 assisted us to summarize the risk of
bias amid the qualified literatures. The symbol of green,
yellow and red represented low risk of bias, unclear risk
of bias and high risk of bias respectively, in terms of seven
constituted categories (random sequence generation;
allocation concealment; blinding of participants and
personnel; blinding of outcome assessment; incomplete
outcome data; selective reporting; other bias). The higher Data extraction With regard to baseline, primary (Weight loss;
Remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus) and secondary
parameters (Excessive weight loss; Fasting glucose;
Glycated hemoglobin; Waist circumference; Systolic
pressure;
Diastolic
pressure; Triglycerides; Total
cholesterol; High density lipoprotein; Low density
lipoprotein), a well-prepared electronic form was
designed to facilitate date extraction from tables, figures,
text contents and supplementary information within the
eligible trials. Overlapped data deriving from a single
registered trial was mathematically combined to prevent
repetitive counting. All continuous variables were rounded
to one decimal place. Taken together, despite of the shortcomings of
surgical therapeutics (a forced alteration of diet habits;
large load of exercise required; 8% of revision rate)
[45], bariatric surgery is a more efficient technique for
ameliorating obesity and its relevant comorbidities, in
contrast to non-surgical interventions. However, more
rigorously designed trials with long-term follow-up
duration are still required for future supplements and
updates. Search strategy In order to guarantee the integrity of literature
retrieval, databases of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE
and Cochrane Library were electronically searched
with a search term “bariatric randomized OR bariatric References Review Manager 5.3 was employed as a statistical
platform for our quantitative analysis. The effect-sizes
of dichotomous and continuous variable were calculated
by models of odds ratio and weighted mean difference
respectively, along with 95% confidence interval. If the
source data on endpoints were not offered explicitly,
median was statistically regarded as mean while standard
deviation was derived from range, interquartile range or
95% confidence interval as appropriate [47, 49]. A demand-
based merging of subgroups was rigorously conducted to
enable sole pairwise comparisons. If necessary, numeric
change from baseline values was computed in accord
with the statistical instructions of Cochrane Handbook
[47]. The overall statistical heterogeneity was quantified
by the degree of inconsistency (I2) [50]. Revealing a
substantially lower heterogeneity, the fixed-effects model
was recommended in the setting of I2 < 25%. Otherwise a
random-effects model was preferred under the remaining
circumstances [51], in order for adjustment of potential
variations across the retrieved studies. For the sake
of detecting internal stability, sensitivity analysis was
accomplished via eliminating low-quality trials, exclusion
of controversial studies and comparing the outcome
variation between fixed-effects and random-effects
models. Moreover, the incorporated outcomes were
additionally classified into various subgroups for purpose
of more specific and instructive discoveries. With aid of
STATA 12.0, publication bias was numerically examined
by Begg’s test and Egger’s test [52]. A “Trim and Fill”
method was conducted in the setting of significant
publication bias, in order for adding inadequate studies as
well as examining the stability of outcomes. Significant
difference was denoted as P < 0.05. 1. Dietz WH, Baur LA, Hall K, Puhl RM, Taveras EM, Uauy
R and Kopelman P. Management of obesity: improvement
of health-care training and systems for prevention and care. Lancet. 2015; 385:2521-2533. 2. UK NCGC. (2014). Obesity: Identification, Assessment
and Management of Overweight and Obesity in Children,
Young People and Adults: Partial Update of CG43. (London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
(UK)). 3. Stegenga H, Haines A, Jones K and Wilding J. Identification, assessment, and management of overweight
and obesity: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2014; 349:g6608. 4. Gloy VL, Briel M, Bhatt DL, Kashyap SR, Schauer PR,
Mingrone G, Bucher HC and Nordmann AJ. Bariatric
surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: a
systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised
controlled trials. BMJ. 2013; 347:f5934. 5. Yanovski SZ and Yanovski JA. Long-term drug treatment
for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39227 proportion that green occupies, the lower risk of bias there
is [47]. and National Natural Science Foundation of China
(81572413). The recipients are Guobin Wang and
Kaixiong Tao respectively. and National Natural Science Foundation of China
(81572413). The recipients are Guobin Wang and
Kaixiong Tao respectively. Acknowledgments 9. Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, Coday
M, Crow RS, Curtis JM, Egan CM, Espeland MA, Evans
M, Foreyt JP, Ghazarian S, et al. Cardiovascular effects of
intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J
Med. 2013; 369:145-154. We sincerely thank all staff in our department for
offering methodological assistances. Conflicts of interest 10. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, Long SB,
Morris PG, Brown BM, Barakat HA, DeRamon RA, Israel
G, Dolezal JM. Who would have thought it? An operation
proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset
diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg. 1995; 222:339-350, 350-352. We declare that there is no conflict of interest among
all included authors. Grant support 11. Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J,
Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Dahlgren S, Larsson B, Narbro K,
Sjostrom CD, Sullivan M and Wedel H. Lifestyle, diabetes,
and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric
surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:2683-2693. This study was financially supported by Research
Fund of Public Welfare in Health Industry, Health and
Family Plan Committee of China (No.201402015) www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget References 2014;
311:74-86. 6. SAGES guideline for clinical application of laparoscopic
bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009; 5:387-405. 7. UK CFPH and UK NCCF. (2006). Obesity: The Prevention,
Identification, Assessment and Management of Overweight
and Obesity in Adults and Children. (London: National
Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK)). 8. Muller-Stich BP, Senft JD, Warschkow R, Kenngott HG,
Billeter AT, Vit G, Helfert S, Diener MK, Fischer L,
Buchler MW and Nawroth PP. Surgical versus medical
treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in nonseverely obese
patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2015; 261:421-429. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Int J Androl. 2010; 33:736-744. 17. Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee WJ, Connett JE, Inabnet
WB, Billington CJ, Thomas AJ, Leslie DB, Chong K,
Jeffery RW, Ahmed L, Vella A, Chuang LM, et al. Roux-
en-Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management
for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and
hyperlipidemia: the Diabetes Surgery Study randomized
clinical trial. JAMA. 2013; 309:2240-2249. 27. Halperin F, Ding SA, Simonson DC, Panosian J, Goebel-
Fabbri A, Wewalka M, Hamdy O, Abrahamson M, Clancy
K, Foster K, Lautz D, Vernon A and Goldfine AB. Roux-
en-Y gastric bypass surgery or lifestyle with intensive
medical management in patients with type 2 diabetes:
feasibility and 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2014; 149:716-726. 18. Nguyen KT, Billington CJ, Vella A, Wang Q, Ahmed L,
Bantle JP, Bessler M, Connett JE, Inabnet WB, Thomas A,
Ikramuddin S and Korner J. Preserved Insulin Secretory
Capacity and Weight Loss Are the Predominant Predictors
of Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Randomized to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Diabetes. 2015;
64:3104-3110. 28. Ding SA, Simonson DC, Wewalka M, Halperin F, Foster
K, Goebel-Fabbri A, Hamdy O, Clancy K, Lautz D, Vernon
A and Goldfine AB. Adjustable Gastric Band Surgery or
Medical Management in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A
Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;
100:2546-2556. 19. Heindorff H, Hougaard K and Larsen PN. Laparoscopic
adjustable gastric band increases weight loss compared to
dietary treatment: a randomized study. Obes Surg. 1997; 7. 29. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, Brethauer SA, Kirwan
JP, Pothier CE, Thomas S, Abood B, Nissen SE and Bhatt
DL. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy
in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;
366:1567-1576. 20. Liang Z, Wu Q, Chen B, Yu P, Zhao H and Ouyang X. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
on type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension: a randomized
controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013; 101:50-56. 30. Kashyap SR, Bhatt DL, Wolski K, Watanabe RM, Abdul-
Ghani M, Abood B, Pothier CE, Brethauer S, Nissen S,
Gupta M, Kirwan JP and Schauer PR. Metabolic effects of
bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and type
2 diabetes: analysis of a randomized control trial comparing
surgery with intensive medical treatment. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36:2175-2182. 21. Mingrone G, Greco AV, Giancaterini A, Scarfone A,
Castagneto M and Pugeat M. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39228 12. Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, Halverson RC, Simper
SC, Rosamond WD, Lamonte MJ, Stroup AM and Hunt SC. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J
Med. 2007; 357:753-761. with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or an intensive
medical program: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144:625-633. 23. O’Brien PE, Sawyer SM, Laurie C, Brown WA, Skinner
S, Veit F, Paul E, Burton PR, McGrice M, Anderson M
and Dixon JB. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
in severely obese adolescents: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010; 303:519-526. 13. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Guidone C,
Iaconelli A, Nanni G, Castagneto M, Bornstein S and
Rubino F. Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus conventional
medical treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5
year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised
controlled trial. Lancet. 2015; 386:964-973. 24. O’Brien PE, Brennan L, Laurie C and Brown W. Intensive
medical weight loss or laparoscopic adjustable gastric
banding in the treatment of mild to moderate obesity: long-
term follow-up of a prospective randomised trial. Obes
Surg. 2013; 23:1345-1353. 14. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Guidone C,
Iaconelli A, Leccesi L, Nanni G, Pomp A, Castagneto
M, Ghirlanda G and Rubino F. Bariatric surgery versus
conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J
Med. 2012; 366:1577-1585. 25. Parikh M, Chung M, Sheth S, McMacken M, Zahra T,
Saunders JK, Ude-Welcome A, Dunn V, Ogedegbe G,
Schmidt AM and Pachter HL. Randomized pilot trial
of bariatric surgery versus intensive medical weight
management on diabetes remission in type 2 diabetic
patients who do NOT meet NIH criteria for surgery and the
role of soluble RAGE as a novel biomarker of success. Ann
Surg. 2014; 260:617-622, 622-624. 15. Dixon JB, O’Brien PE, Playfair J, Chapman L, Schachter
LM, Skinner S, Proietto J, Bailey M and Anderson M. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for
type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;
299:316-323. 16. Dixon JB, Schachter LM, O’Brien PE, Jones K, Grima
M, Lambert G, Brown W, Bailey M and Naughton MT. Surgical vs conventional therapy for weight loss treatment
of obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012; 308:1142-1149. 26. Reis LO, Favaro WJ, Barreiro GC, de Oliveira LC, Chaim
EA, Fregonesi A and Ferreira U. Erectile dysfunction and
hormonal imbalance in morbidly obese male is reversed
after gastric bypass surgery: a prospective randomized
controlled trial. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Sex hormone-binding globulin
levels and cardiovascular risk factors in morbidly obese
subjects before and after weight reduction induced by diet
or malabsorptive surgery. Atherosclerosis. 2002; 161:455-
462. 31. Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, Wolski K, Brethauer SA,
Navaneethan SD, Aminian A, Pothier CE, Kim ES, Nissen
SE and Kashyap SR. Bariatric surgery versus intensive
medical therapy for diabetes—3-year outcomes. N Engl J 22. O’Brien PE, Dixon JB, Laurie C, Skinner S, Proietto J,
McNeil J, Strauss B, Marks S, Schachter L, Chapman L
and Anderson M. Treatment of mild to moderate obesity www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39229 Med. 2014; 370:2002-2013. 41. Dicker D, Yahalom R, Comaneshter DS and Vinker S. Long-Term Outcomes of Three Types of Bariatric Surgery
on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Control and Remission. Obes Surg. 2015. Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print] 32. Malin SK, Samat A, Wolski K, Abood B, Pothier CE, Bhatt
DL, Nissen S, Brethauer SA, Schauer PR, Kirwan JP and
Kashyap SR. Improved acylated ghrelin suppression at
2 years in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: effects of
bariatric surgery vs standard medical therapy. Int J Obes
(Lond). 2014; 38:364-370. 42. Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J,
Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Dahlgren S, Larsson B, Narbro K,
Sjostrom CD, Sullivan M and Wedel H. Lifestyle, diabetes,
and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric
surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:2683-2693. 33. Singh RP, Gans R, Kashyap SR, Bedi R, Wolski K,
Brethauer SA, Nissen SE, Bhatt DL and Schauer P. Effect
of bariatric surgery versus intensive medical management
on diabetic ophthalmic outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2015;
38:e32-e33. 43. Dhaliwal J, Nosworthy NM, Holt NL, Zwaigenbaum
L, Avis JL, Rasquinha A and Ball GD. Attrition and the
management of pediatric obesity: an integrative review. Child Obes. 2014; 10:461-473. 34. Maghrabi AH, Wolski K, Abood B, Licata A, Pothier C,
Bhatt DL, Nissen S, Brethauer SA, Kirwan JP, Schauer PR
and Kashyap SR. Two-year outcomes on bone density and
fracture incidence in patients with T2DM randomized to
bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy. Obesity
(Silver Spring). 2015; 23:2344-2348. 44. Wentworth JM, Playfair J, Laurie C, Ritchie ME, Brown
WA, Burton P, Shaw JE and O’Brien PE. Multidisciplinary
diabetes care with and without bariatric surgery in
overweight people: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet
Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014; 2:545-552. 45. Wise J. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget All obese patients with type 2 diabetes should be
assessed for bariatric surgery, says NICE. BMJ. 2014;
349:g7246. 35. Burguera B, Jesus TJ, Escudero AJ, Alos M, Pagan A,
Cortes B, Gonzalez XF and Soriano JB. An Intensive
Lifestyle Intervention Is an Effective Treatment of Morbid
Obesity: The TRAMOMTANA Study-A Two-Year
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Endocrinol. 2015; 2015:194696. 46. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J and Altman DG. Preferred
reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses:
the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009; 339:b2535. 36. Courcoulas AP, Goodpaster BH, Eagleton JK, Belle SH,
Kalarchian MA, Lang W, Toledo FG and Jakicic JM. Surgical vs medical treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus:
a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2014; 149:707-
715. 47. Higgins J GS. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews
of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The
Cochrane Collaboration. 2011. 48. Clark HD, Wells GA, Huet C, McAlister FA, Salmi LR,
Fergusson D and Laupacis A. Assessing the quality of
randomized trials: reliability of the Jadad scale. Control
Clin Trials. 1999; 20:448-452. 37. Courcoulas AP, Belle SH, Neiberg RH, Pierson SK,
Eagleton JK, Kalarchian MA, DeLany JP, Lang W and
Jakicic JM. Three-Year Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery
vs Lifestyle Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2015; 150:931-940. 49. Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B and Hozo I. Estimating the mean
and variance from the median, range, and the size of a
sample. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005; 5:13. 50. Higgins JP and Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity
in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002; 21:1539-1558. 38. Golomb I, Ben DM, Glass A, Kolitz T and Keidar A. Long-term Metabolic Effects of Laparoscopic Sleeve
Gastrectomy. JAMA Surg. 2015; 150:1051-1057. 51. DerSimonian R and Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986; 7:177-188. 39. Dixon JB, Lambert EA and Lambert GW. Neuroendocrine
adaptations to bariatric surgery. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;
418 Pt 2:143-152. 52. Peters JL, Sutton AJ, Jones DR, Abrams KR and Rushton
L. Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in
meta-analysis. Jama. 2006; 295:676-680. 40. Mozaffarian D. Dietary and Policy Priorities for
Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A
Comprehensive Review. Circulation. 2016;133:187-225. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 39230
| 28,377 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lees%20Millpond
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Lees Millpond
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lees Millpond&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 42 | 83 |
Ang Lees Millpond ngalan niining mga mosunod:
Heyograpiya
Tinipong Bansa
Lees Millpond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Isle of Wight County), Virginia,
Lees Millpond (tubiganan sa Tinipong Bansa, Prince George County), Virginia,
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2017-02
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa
| 34,847 |
https://github.com/sc0ttj/surf/blob/master/.gitignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
surf
|
sc0ttj
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 19 | 110 |
# path: /home/klassiker/.local/share/repos/surf/.gitignore
# author: klassiker [mrdotx]
# github: https://github.com/mrdotx/surf
# date: 2020-11-02T12:11:53+0100
config.h
surf
surf.o
webext-surf.o
webext-surf.so
TODO.md
| 11,811 |
US-1912701085-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,912 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,266 | 1,601 |
Building construction.
0. P. POND.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. APPLICATION FILED JUNE 1, 1912.
Patented Sept. 30, 1913.
2 SHBETS-SHEET lv O. P. POND.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
APPLICATION FILED JUNE 1, 1912.
1,074,526, Patented Sept. 30, 1913.
2 SHEETS-SHEET 2v anus. onto.
1?. YOND, F lHILAIDELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.
surname eousrnuotriou.
Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Sept. 31), 1913.
Application filed June 1, 1912. Serial no. 701,085.
T 0 all whom it may concern Be it known that I CLARKE P. Pom), a
citizen of the United States, residing in I Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, have invented certain Improvements in Build ng Construction, of which the following IS a specification. V D
One object of my invention is to provide a novel building construction particularly designed for the purpose of preventing ac cumulation of-gases in its upper part and to assist in the removal of such gases; the arrangement of the parts being such as to provide a substantially uniform distribution of daylight and fresh air throughout the entire width of the building.
I further desire to provide an improved form of building construction which shall include a monitor roof of novel form especially 29 designed with a view to carrying'away rain water in the'most satisfactory manner and at the same time provide the most advantageous distribution of ligl'it as well as the most effective ventilation for the building.
These objects and other advantageous ends I secure as hereinafter set forth, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which: v
Figure 1, isa transverse section of a buildinp constructed according to my invention,
portions of the side extensions of the building being omitted; Fig. 2, is a transverse vertical section of one side of the building shown in Fig. 1, and Fig. 3, is a vertical section on an enlarged scale illustrating the detail construction of the sides of the monitor,
The building constructed according to my invention is to he understood as provided with any suitable number of sets of roof 4O trusses with their necessary columns, ties,
and struts placed at proper mtervals,;as s.
Well understood by those skilled in this parilt'llldl' art; the drawings illustrating one such set of parts as found in a single plane extending transversely of the building.
in the above drawings 1 represents a central vertical column while 2 indicates the columns at the extreme sides of the building, although it is to he noted that said columns 0 may be in other positions as may be required for the support of traveling cranes, or for other purposes, without'departing from my invention. These columns serve to support the horizontally extended roof truss 3 which has upper and lower chords 4 and 5 connected by vertical and diagonal members 6 and 6 as shown.
The central column 1, or its equivalent structure, has a vertical extension 7, and at a distance on either side of the line of said column equal to approximately one-third of the distance between it and one side of the building, I provide light columns or struts 8 which extend to a height above that of the central column 7, to which they are connected by suitable trusses 9. The upper portion of the column extension 7 is con nected to the upper chord at of the truss 3 by tie rods 10 at points adjacent the bases of the columns 8.
The columns 7 and 8 with the trusses9 of the various sets of transverse elements constitute a frame for a monitor and these are connected by longitudinally extending rafters 11. on which is mounted the monitor roof 12, which, owing to the construction heretofore described, slopes from its edges toward its center which is in the vertical plane including the various columns 7.
From a point above the middle of each of the columns 8, structural members 13 extend downwardly at an angle of about 30 degrees to the vertical to the upper chord member 4 of the truss 3, and the outer portionsof these latter trusses are likewise connected together by longitudinally extending rafters 14 on which is mounted the roof proper 15. The supports for this latter are of such dcsign that its outer portion (equal to about one-quarter of its width) slopes inwardly from its edge, from whence the roof slopes upwardly to the bases of the inclined members 13 on which it extends for a short distance.
The inclined members 13 as well as the hung or hinged at their upper edges and may be provided with any suitable means whereby all the sashes in each line can be simultaneously swung out to the open position indicated in dotted lines in Fig. 1.
The various columns 2 are likewise connected by a series of horizontally extending members 22 which are provided with the necessary vertical members to form a series of window frames, of which the windows of the upper two sets 28 are arranged in two lines designed to swing outwardly from their upper edges. The lower portions of these windows are provided with vertically movable sashes 24, so that the entire area of each side of the building from the roof l5 downwardly, as well as practically the entire area of both sides of the monitor, are formed for the admission of light. It is further to be noted that with the monitor construction described it is an impossibility for objectionable gases to accumulate in the building when the windows are open, for the inclination of the roof 12' is such that rising gases are at once directed outwardly to one side or the other of the building instead of accumulating in the upper part thereof as in the ordinary construction, and thereafter falling into its lower portions when they become cooled. 7
Owing to the peculiar arrangement of the windows in the side portions of the monitor, the central parts of the building are illuminated in the best and most etfieient manner, as are also thoseother parts immediately under the roof l5, owing to the light delivered through the windows 23 and 24: as well as to that admitted through the windows in the sides of the monitor. The peculiar arrangement of the windows 20, 21 and 23 is such that these may be kept open even during severe storms.
The construction of the monitor roof 12 in the manner shown, makes it possible to remove all the water falling on or delivered upon said roof through suitable drain pipes (not shown) arranged to'collect the same from its central depression, thus avoiding delivery of water upon the laterally extend ing roofs l5.
1. A building having a monitor, the upper part of the sides of said monitorbeing substantially vertical and the lower parts thereof being outwardly inclined to the main roof of the building said sides being for the greater part formed by windows.
2. A building having a frame formed of a series of substantially parallel elements, each of said elements consisting of columns; a truss carried by said columns; a central column; auxiliary columns supported by the truss and extending vertically to a height above the central column; means for connecting said auxiliary columns with the central column; longitudinally extending members connecting the various elements of the frame; a roof sloping from points above the auxiliary columns downwardly to the central columns; and main roofs extending respectively from points adjacent the bases of the auxiliary columns outwardly to the sides of the building. 1
In testimony whereof, I have signed my name to this specification, in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.
CLARKE P. POND;
Witnesses:
WILLIAM E. BRADLEY, WM. B'ARR.
| 23,727 |
https://github.com/Clancey/zwave-lib-dotnet/blob/master/ZWaveLib/CommandClasses/WakeUp.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
zwave-lib-dotnet
|
Clancey
|
C#
|
Code
| 579 | 1,875 |
/*
This file is part of ZWaveLib Project source code.
ZWaveLib is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
ZWaveLib is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with ZWaveLib. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
/*
* Author: Generoso Martello <gene@homegenie.it>
* Project Homepage: https://github.com/genielabs/zwave-lib-dotnet
*/
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
namespace ZWaveLib.CommandClasses
{
public class WakeUp : ICommandClass
{
public CommandClass GetClassId()
{
return CommandClass.WakeUp;
}
public NodeEvent GetEvent(ZWaveNode node, byte[] message)
{
NodeEvent nodeEvent = null;
byte cmdType = message[1];
switch (cmdType)
{
case (byte)Command.WakeUpIntervalReport:
if (message.Length > 4)
{
uint interval = ((uint)message[2]) << 16;
interval |= (((uint)message[3]) << 8);
interval |= (uint)message[4];
nodeEvent = new NodeEvent(node, EventParameter.WakeUpInterval, interval, 0);
}
break;
case (byte)Command.WakeUpNotification:
WakeUpNode(node);
nodeEvent = new NodeEvent(node, EventParameter.WakeUpNotify, 1, 0);
break;
}
return nodeEvent;
}
public static ZWaveMessage Get(ZWaveNode node)
{
return node.SendDataRequest(new byte[] {
(byte)CommandClass.WakeUp,
(byte)Command.WakeUpIntervalGet
});
}
public static ZWaveMessage Set(ZWaveNode node, uint interval)
{
return node.SendDataRequest(new byte[] {
(byte)CommandClass.WakeUp,
(byte)Command.WakeUpIntervalSet,
(byte)((interval >> 16) & 0xff),
(byte)((interval >> 8) & 0xff),
(byte)((interval) & 0xff),
0x01
});
}
public static ZWaveMessage SendToSleep(ZWaveNode node)
{
ZWaveMessage msg = null;
var wakeUpStatus = (WakeUpStatus)node.GetData("WakeUpStatus", new WakeUpStatus()).Value;
if (!wakeUpStatus.IsSleeping)
{
// 0x01, 0x09, 0x00, 0x13, 0x2b, 0x02, 0x84, 0x08, 0x25, 0xee, 0x8b
msg = node.SendDataRequest(new byte[] {
(byte)CommandClass.WakeUp,
(byte)Command.WakeUpNoMoreInfo,
0x25
}).Wait();
wakeUpStatus.IsSleeping = true;
var nodeEvent = new NodeEvent(node, EventParameter.WakeUpSleepingStatus, 1 /* 1 = sleeping, 0 = awake */, 0);
node.OnNodeUpdated(nodeEvent);
}
return msg;
}
public static void WakeUpNode(ZWaveNode node)
{
// If node was marked as sleeping, reset the flag
var wakeUpStatus = node.GetData("WakeUpStatus");
if (wakeUpStatus != null && wakeUpStatus.Value != null && ((WakeUpStatus)wakeUpStatus.Value).IsSleeping)
{
((WakeUpStatus)wakeUpStatus.Value).IsSleeping = false;
var wakeEvent = new NodeEvent(node, EventParameter.WakeUpSleepingStatus, 0 /* 1 = sleeping, 0 = awake */, 0);
node.OnNodeUpdated(wakeEvent);
// Resend queued messages while node was asleep
var wakeUpResendQueue = GetResendQueueData(node);
for (int m = 0; m < wakeUpResendQueue.Count; m++)
{
Utility.logger.Trace("Sending message {0} {1}", m, BitConverter.ToString(wakeUpResendQueue[m]));
node.SendMessage(wakeUpResendQueue[m]);
}
wakeUpResendQueue.Clear();
}
}
public static void ResendOnWakeUp(ZWaveNode node, byte[] msg)
{
int minCommandLength = 8;
if (msg.Length >= minCommandLength && !(msg[6] == (byte)CommandClass.WakeUp && msg[7] == (byte)Command.WakeUpNoMoreInfo))
{
byte[] command = new byte[minCommandLength];
Array.Copy(msg, 0, command, 0, minCommandLength);
// discard any message having same header and command (first 8 bytes = header + command class + command)
var wakeUpResendQueue = GetResendQueueData(node);
for (int i = wakeUpResendQueue.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
byte[] queuedCommand = new byte[minCommandLength];
Array.Copy(wakeUpResendQueue[i], 0, queuedCommand, 0, minCommandLength);
if (queuedCommand.SequenceEqual(command))
{
Utility.logger.Trace("Removing old message {0}", BitConverter.ToString(wakeUpResendQueue[i]));
wakeUpResendQueue.RemoveAt(i);
}
}
Utility.logger.Trace("Adding message {0}", BitConverter.ToString(msg));
wakeUpResendQueue.Add(msg);
var wakeUpStatus = (WakeUpStatus)node.GetData("WakeUpStatus", new WakeUpStatus()).Value;
if (!wakeUpStatus.IsSleeping)
{
wakeUpStatus.IsSleeping = true;
var nodeEvent = new NodeEvent(node, EventParameter.WakeUpSleepingStatus, 1 /* 1 = sleeping, 0 = awake */, 0);
node.OnNodeUpdated(nodeEvent);
}
}
}
public static bool GetAlwaysAwake(ZWaveNode node)
{
var alwaysAwake = node.GetData("WakeUpAlwaysAwake");
if (alwaysAwake != null && alwaysAwake.Value != null && ((bool)alwaysAwake.Value) == true)
return true;
return false;
}
public static void SetAlwaysAwake(ZWaveNode node, bool alwaysAwake)
{
node.GetData("WakeUpAlwaysAwake", false).Value = alwaysAwake;
if (alwaysAwake)
WakeUpNode(node);
}
private static List<byte[]> GetResendQueueData(ZWaveNode node)
{
return (List<byte[]>)node.GetData("WakeUpResendQueue", new List<byte[]>()).Value;
}
}
}
| 39,805 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59735517
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
Simon Martineau, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6551309
|
English
|
Spoken
| 323 | 752 |
how to execute jenkins pipeline from config file
I have a generic multibranch project that I use on about 100 different git repos. The jenkins jobs are automatically generated and the only difference is the git repo.
Since they all build in the same way and I don't want to copy the same jenkins groovy file in all repos, I use "Build configuration -> mode -> by default jenkinsfile".
It breaks the rule to put the jenkinsfile in SCM as I would prefer to do. To minimize the impact, I would like that groovy file to only checkout the "real" jenkinsfile and execute it.
I use that script:
pipeline {
agent {label 'docker'}
stages {
stage('jenkinsfile checkout') {
steps {
checkout([$class: 'GitSCM',
branches: [[name: 'master']],
doGenerateSubmoduleConfigurations: false,
extensions: [[$class: 'RelativeTargetDirectory',
relativeTargetDir: 'gipc_synthesis']],
submoduleCfg: [],
userRemoteConfigs: [[url: 'ssh://git@camtl1bitmirror.gad.local:7999/mtlstash/mvt/gipc_synthesis.git']]]
)
}
}
stage('Load user Jenkinsfile') {
//agent any
steps {
load 'gipc_synthesis/jenkins/synthesis_job.groovy'
}
}
}
}
The problem I have with that is I can't have another pipeline in the groovy file I am loading. I don't want to define only functions but really the whole pipeline in that file. Any solution to that problem? I am also interested in solution that would completely avoid the whole issue.
Thank you.
You can have a shared library with your pipeline inside:
// my-shared.git: vars/build.groovy
def call(String pathToGit) // and maybe additional params
{
pipeline {
agent { ... }
stages {
stage('jenkinsfile checkout') {
steps {
checkout([$class: 'GitSCM',
branches: [[name: 'master']],
doGenerateSubmoduleConfigurations: false,
extensions: [[$class: 'RelativeTargetDirectory',
relativeTargetDir: 'gipc_synthesis']],
submoduleCfg: [],
userRemoteConfigs: [[url: pathToGit]]]
)
}
}
}
}
}
and use it in your Jenkinsfile e.g. like this:
#!groovy
@Library('my-shared') _
def pathToGit = 'ssh://git@camtl1bitmirror.gad.local:7999/mtlstash/mvt/gipc_synthesis.git'
build(pathToGit)
This looks like a great solution. I must admit I did not understand how it would solve my problem the first time I read it but I found more information about global libraries there: https://jenkins.io/doc/book/pipeline/shared-libraries/. I will definitely try it.
| 1,545 |
https://github.com/1thorarinn/wpheadless/blob/master/wordpress/mu-plugins/inc/admin-footer.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
wpheadless
|
1thorarinn
|
PHP
|
Code
| 23 | 87 |
<?php
if (!is_admin()) return;
add_filter( 'admin_footer_text', function () {
echo '<span id="footer-thankyou">Thank you for creating with WordPress <a href="https://github.com/WpHeadless/wpheadless" target="_blank">Headless Bundle</a></span>';
} );
| 16,372 |
https://github.com/przemyslawkarcz/Apartment-Creator-Hibernate/blob/master/src/test/java/com/example/apartment_creator/DecorativeAccessoriesRepositoryTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
Apartment-Creator-Hibernate
|
przemyslawkarcz
|
Java
|
Code
| 337 | 1,669 |
package com.example.apartment_creator;
import com.example.apartment_creator.Entities.Equipment.DecorativeAccessories;
import com.example.apartment_creator.Entities.Premises.BathRoom;
import com.example.apartment_creator.Entities.Premises.BedRoom;
import com.example.apartment_creator.Entities.Premises.Kitchen;
import com.example.apartment_creator.Entities.Premises.LivingRoom;
import com.example.apartment_creator.Repositories.Equipment.DecorativeAccessoriesRepository;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.annotation.DirtiesContext;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import java.util.List;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = ApartmentCreatorApplication.class)
public class DecorativeAccessoriesRepositoryTest {
@Autowired
DecorativeAccessoriesRepository decorativeAccessoriesRepository;
@Test
public void findDecorativeAccessoriesById(){
DecorativeAccessories decorativeAccessoriesById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findDecorativeAccessoriesById(25);
assertEquals("Barbados landscape photo no.1", decorativeAccessoriesById.getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void addNewDecorativeAccessories(){
DecorativeAccessories decorativeAccessories = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.addNewDecorativeAccessories("Some name");
assertEquals("Some name", decorativeAccessories.getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void deleteDecorativeAccessoriesById(){
DecorativeAccessories decorativeAccessories = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.addNewDecorativeAccessories("Some new name");
Integer gotId = decorativeAccessories.getId();
decorativeAccessoriesRepository.deleteDecorativeAccessoriesById(gotId);
assertNull(decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findDecorativeAccessoriesById(gotId));
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void changeNameOfExistingDecorativeAccessoriesById(){
//Old name of an item with id=28: 'Abu Dhabi picture'
DecorativeAccessories decorativeAccessoriesById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findDecorativeAccessoriesById(28);
decorativeAccessoriesById.setDecorativeAccessoriesName("New name");
assertEquals("New name", decorativeAccessoriesById.getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void findLivingRoomById(){
LivingRoom livingRoomById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findLivingRoomById(1);
assertEquals("Living room", livingRoomById.getRoomName());
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void findKitchenById(){
Kitchen kitchenById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findKitchenById(2);
assertEquals("Kitchen", kitchenById.getKitchenName());
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void findBedRoomById(){
BedRoom bedRoomById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findBedRoomById(5);
assertEquals("Bedroom: 3", bedRoomById.getBedRoomName());
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void findBathRoomById(){
BathRoom bathRoomById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findBathRoomById(6);
assertEquals("Bathroom", bathRoomById.getBathRoomName());
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void addNewDecorativeAccessoriesItemToLivingRoom() {
decorativeAccessoriesRepository.addNewDecorativeAccessoriesItemToLivingRoom(1, "New deco item in living room");
LivingRoom livingRoomById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findLivingRoomById(1);
List<DecorativeAccessories> decorativeAccessories = livingRoomById.getDecorativeAccessories();
for (DecorativeAccessories next : decorativeAccessories){
System.out.print("ID: " + next.getId() + ", Name: "+ next.getDecorativeAccessoriesName() + " | ");
assertEquals("New deco item in living room", next.getLivingRoom().getDecorativeAccessories().get(1).getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
}
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void addNewDecorativeAccessoriesItemToKitchen(){
decorativeAccessoriesRepository.addNewDecorativeAccessoriesItemToKitchen(2, "New deco item in kitchen");
Kitchen kitchenById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findKitchenById(2);
List<DecorativeAccessories> decorativeAccessories = kitchenById.getDecorativeAccessories();
for (DecorativeAccessories next: decorativeAccessories){
System.out.println("ID: " + next.getId() + ", Name: " + next.getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
assertEquals("New deco item in kitchen", next.getKitchen().getDecorativeAccessories().get(1).getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
}
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void addNewDecorativeAccessoriesItemToBedRoom(){
decorativeAccessoriesRepository.addNewDecorativeAccessoriesItemToBedRoom(4, "New deco item in bedroom");
BedRoom bedRoomById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findBedRoomById(4);
List<DecorativeAccessories> decorativeAccessories = bedRoomById.getDecorativeAccessories();
for (DecorativeAccessories next : decorativeAccessories){
System.out.println("ID: " + next.getId() + ", Name: " + next.getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
assertEquals("New deco item in bedroom", next.getBedRoom().getDecorativeAccessories().get(1).getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
}
}
@Test
@DirtiesContext
public void addNewDecorativeAccessoriesItemToBathRoom(){
decorativeAccessoriesRepository.addNewDecorativeAccessoriesItemToBathRoom(6, "New deco item in bathroom");
BathRoom bathRoomById = decorativeAccessoriesRepository.findBathRoomById(6);
List<DecorativeAccessories> decorativeAccessories = bathRoomById.getDecorativeAccessories();
for (DecorativeAccessories next : decorativeAccessories){
System.out.println("ID: " + next.getId() + ", Name: " + next.getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
assertEquals("New deco item in bathroom", next.getBathRoom().getDecorativeAccessories().get(2).getDecorativeAccessoriesName());
}
}
}
| 12,175 |
sn85035776_1905-05-26_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,905 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,558 | 4,857 |
St. Blotitor^Kegialcr BENJ. PATTERSON EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR Worcester, FRIDAY, May 26, 1900 The New York Times wants to know why the farmer isn't the happiest man in the world. We are inclined to think he is, but he doesn't know it. George W. F. Gaunt, Master of the State Grange, has announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for Senator of Gloucester county. Speaker Avis is also a candidate, and it is asserted that there will be some hot weather politics from now until election. But why don't the Republicans of Gloucester county settle their factions differences before they get to the polls. Personal ambition ought to be subordinate to the broader claims of party success. Send Speaker Avis to the Senate and Mr. Gaunt to the Assembly, and let him in turn have the Senatorial nomination. By that arrangement a sure victory would be guaranteed and all proper interests justly conserved. Mayor John Weaver, of Philadelphia, made a bold move on Wednesday, and showed that he understands playing the game of politics when it is necessary to take a hand. The gas works lease furnished the occasion, and Mayor Weaver created a genuine sensation by asking for the resignations of Peter E. Costello, Director of Public Works, and David J. Smyth, Director of Public Safety, and promptly naming in their stead, A Lincoln Acker and Col. Sheldon Potter. This is a solar plexus. blow at the machine, which has forced the gas lease through Councils in the face of the most pronounced and determined opposition ever manifested by the people of Philadelphia, and Mayor Weaver declares that he will now play the game to the end, and has retained Elihu Root and James Gay Gordon as counsel to conduct the battle. If the Mayor wins out, he will make a place for himself in civic administration that will entitle him to enduring fame, and place him in the list as one of Philadelphia's greatest mayors. Fall politics are already beginning to excite more or less interest, and this bit of news comes from Trenton, the center from which radiates all political information, at least where it all converges. Charles R. Bacon, the Trenton correspondent of the Philadelphia Record, in commenting on State politics, has this to say concerning Salem county: "Salem county may also get into an early and lively campaign for Senator. The county is close at the best of times, frequently giving majorities one way when they were expected the other, and completely upsetting the calculations of its political leaders. Senator James Strimple stated during the winter that he would not be a candidate for re-election because he had had about all he cared for of the Legislature, but, like Senator Ferrell, he may be induced to change his mind if the Democratic leaders can see a chance of victory ahead. There has been some talk of inducing Editor Robert Gwynne, the "Sunbeam," to accept the nomination, but that modest, unobtrusive, and careful leader declares that such an announcement is wholly premature. On the broad ground of patriotism and love of fair play, it is urged, "Bob" ought to make the fight. The, if he were elected, he could make things hum in the Senate chamber at Trenton. But there is probably little prospect of the brilliant and hustling editor getting into the fray, and if Senator Strimple adheres to his declaration, the Democrats will have to find a new man for the honor. The Republican leaders have not yet decided who is to be named, although Assemblyman Thos. E. Hunt, who has served two terms in the lower house, has some friends who are pushing his candidacy, claiming that he has shown enough strength in his two campaigns for election to the Assembly to entitle him to the higher place. Besides, he has won the favor of the small army of fishermen along the river by fathering legislation in their interest, and it is claimed that he can get their support. The name most talked of, however, is that of William Plummer, Jr., of Quinton, a well-known business man, and who was a delegate from the First district to the Republican National Convention last year. It is claimed by the backers of Plummer that he can command support from both factions of the party in the county and win more easily than any other man, and that is the kind of a candidate they will have to have this year, because there will be no State ticket to help anyone through. NEWS AT COUNTY SEAT SALEM, May 35, 1905. One week from today the month of June will be due. How quickly the spring has gone, and the summer will pass almost before we are aware of it. May has been a pleasant month, though cool, and June will be an introduction to summer, and we hope that both in the promise and passage it will prove all that may be expected of it. Memorial Day will be appropriately observed here as usual, under the direction of Johnson Post. The veterans are growing old, and their ranks are thinning, but they are always loyal to the memory of their old comrades. Abuse! Pure A considerable of a "howl" to use the language of one of our citizens, has gone up from the business men of this city over the new train schedule and mail arrangement, and every effort is being made to bring about a change. The old train schedule was by far the most preferable and satisfactory, while the new one suits no one, except possibly one or two, while it practically isolates us, so far as all local mail is concerned, in the afternoon, a condition that is unjust and unfair to the business interests of this city, and in fact all along the line south of Woodbury. The aid of the Board of Trade is to be invoked, we understand, and a determined effort made to remedy this handicap that has been put upon us. Ex-Mayor Grwin, who is indeed a many-sided man, is now engaged in promoting a company to put upon the market a patent dried yeast, that promises "millions" to its backers. The energy and push of the genial ex-Mayor deserves the greatest success. Mr. Furman Charles and family spent Sunday at Atlantic City. Rev. Robert Hugh Morris was a Phil. Allegheny visitor on Friday. Miss T. D Foster visited Bridgeton friends from Saturday to Monday. Mrs. Bertha Richman and Mrs. Cooper Oliphant visited Philadelphia on Friday. Miss Elizabeth Souders is to have a summer school during the month of June. Miss Elizabeth Souders was entertained at dinner on Sunday by Mrs. A. C. Reed. Miss Reba Handle gave a May party to a number of friends on Saturday afternoon. Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Riley, of near Woodstown, spent Sunday with Mr. and Mrs. Aubrey C. Reed. Mr. and Mrs. Alex. Van Lier and Wm. Nichols went to Bridgeton on Wednesday to the May concert of the musical union. The public schools closed here on Wednesday for the summer holidays. All the teachers are to return next September. Miss Carrie Garton, of Palatine, and Miss Elizabeth Riley, of Shirley, spent last week visiting Hiram Van Metz and wife. Miss Wanda Rodgers, Mrs. Reed and son James, spent Tuesday and Wednesday visiting John Camp and wife, of Pittsgrove. Dr. and Mrs. McGeorge and Miss Alice Biiderback, of Woodstown, spent Sunday at the home of Mr. and Mrs. William Biiderback. Miss Helen Sturr spent from Wednesday to Friday in Bridgeton. She attended a piazza play at South Jersey Institute while in Bridgeton. Rev. S. Joseph Cleeland, of Chester, passed. Through town on Friday to visit Fortescue. He contemplates renting a cottage there for the mouth of August. By some error, the names of Dr. and Mrs. J. P. Cheesman and Miss Clemencia Cheesman and Mr. and Mrs. Fred Lashley were omitted from the list of guests at the Hulick-Morris wedding of last week. They were there. The recital given by Rev. Robert H. Morris on Saturday evening was one of the finest of the kind ever given in Elmer. Mr. Morris is quite an artist in this line of work. The receipts of the evening were something over $38. At the congregational meeting of the Presbyterian Church, on Wednesday evening, Mr. S. P. Foster acted as moderator, and Mr. Boswick was clerk. The business brought before the congregation was the resignation of the pastor. Mr. Foster stated the peculiar condition of the resigning of Mr. Morris, which was to the effect that pressure from New Brunswick Church had been very strong in pleading that Mr. Morris "come over into Macedonia" to help them. Then he spoke of what good Mr. Morris had done for our little church, and how much we wanted our pastor to remain. Mr. Foster then requested Mr. Morris to state his side of the case. Mr. Morris said briefly that while personally he much preferred remaining with this church, the call had been so strong that he felt compelled to place his decision in the hands of others. He then retired from the meeting, and a vote by ballot was taken deciding to refuse to grant him his release. The commissioners appointed by the congregation to plead their side of the case were Messrs. Edward W Newkirk and Mr. Peter Miller, the session will appoint two others. All of these men will represent the church at the next Presbytery meeting to be held at Vineland some time in June. After some minor business was brought before the congregation, they adjourned. Alcyon Park will open Saturday evening with the greatest attractions ever secured by the management. See their advertisement in another column. THE MOST SALE OF FINE MILLINERY (Second Floor.) We could probably better afford the sacrifice, say in July, but we've started an innovation in department store sales by shaping our buying plans in a way to be able to give seasonable bargains in season, and millinery goes in on that basis. For this week just see the opportunities to those who haven't bought their Summer headwear yet: $5 and $6 Trimmed Hats at $150 Each These are those stylish gems of Millinery Art that are so popular this season, including the natural colored straws and the reds, the browns, the navys and the blacks, in a great variety of beautifully trimmed effects of ribbons and flowers. Three of our big millinery tables full of these Hats for the first who come on Saturday. Don't miss this great sale at $3.50 A line of Children's Trimmed Hats in mixed straws of red, brown and navy, of the regular 5c grade, in the MAY SALE, at 50c. each. $7.50 and $8.00 Models at $5.00 Here's another very beautiful line of Trimmed Hats for Ladies' and Misses' in white straws and a variety of the newest Spring shades: dower and ribbon trimmed, and although fall $7.50 and $8 value prevails among them, you have your choice in the MAY SALE tomorrow at $5.00 A line of Ready-to-wear Hats for Ladies' and Misses' in red, brown, navy and natural straws, are marked $1, $1.50, $2.25, $2.25. WEAR MUNOER & LONG CLOTHING OUR SUITS AT $16.50 Stylishly made in pure Worsteds in the popular grays and mixtures: strictly hand-made and practically custom-made suits: lined with fine Princess Serge, in three and four-button long sack coats. MEN'S SERGE SALE Here are the popular Blue Serges, and we haven't one but what we can guarantee the color to be true American blue, made up in those nobby long sack coats, with the newest back vent to the coat: fine mohair and Princess Serge linings; carefully made button holes; correctly shaped at the neck and shoulders... A GOOD SPRING SALE FOR $7.50. TOO MEN'S DRESS TROUSERS Several hundred pairs of Men's fine Dress Trousers to select from, most any style or pattern your fancy craves, but above everything else, you're sure of an absolute fit with any pair you pick out. all the newest and popular Fabrics and surprisingly good value at $2, $2.50, $3, $3.50, up to $6. WHITE AND EANCY VESTS FROM $1.50 TO $3.00 STRAW HATS FOR MEN If you've decided to don the new straw hat for Sunday, come in tomorrow and see the newest narrow brim kind, very nobby styles, at $1.50, $2, $2.50, $3.50, PANAMA HATS. TOO. OF COURSE Closed at 6 P. M.—Saturdays 10 P. M. Munger & Long DEPARTMENT STORE Broadway and FARMING STREET Federal Street Right Randy to Haddon Avenue Station ALLOWAY There was a light frost here on Sunday morning. Charles B. McKason is having his house freshly painted. Miss Bertha Shaffer, of Aldine, is spending some time at Alloway. Mrs. Frank DuBois attended a convention at Woodbury on Tuesday. Mr. and Mrs. William Perry, of Salem, was in town on Wednesday. Mrs. Truman Clayton will spend the summer months with relatives in Colorado. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Jenkins, of Jersey City, have been spending some time at Alloway. Strawberries have made their appearance in town, grown by our strawberry growers. Mr. and Mrs. S. B. Wentzell, of Salem, spent the last of the week in Alloway and Philadelphia. Daniel Osborn visited Deerfield, and also his brother, David Osborn, at Finley station, on Sunday. Woodie Newkirk, of Philadelphia, is spending this week with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Enoch Newkirk. Daniel Osborn, Sr., and Miss Bessie Newkirk spent a few days recently with William and Abdon Osborn, his sons, at Daretown. Raymond Bates, employed by Strawbridge & Clothier, Philadelphia, spent over Sunday with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Bates. Miss Maude Dorrell passed another milestone on Thursday last, and friends gave her a pleasant surprise in honor of the occasion in the evening. Presiding Elder Dr. Edmund Hewitt, of Camden, will preach in the M. E. Church on Thursday evening, and hold the first quarterly conference. The Osborn brothers, Jeremiah and Daniel, are building a new portico across the front and sides to each side door, at the home of William E. McPherson. Bun to Mr. and Mrs. William W. McPherson, the first of last week, a little daughter, and on Saturday night the stock left a fine boy at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Bates, Jr. About fourteen city boarders spent Saturday and over Sunday at G. S. Hitchcock's. They came to open the bass fishing season and were very successful. Some of our own fishermen had good luck also. Albert Bell was buried at Alloway on Wednesday, May 24th. He had lived in Alloway or near it all his early life, but died at the home of his daughter at Quinton, where he had been living for some time. Abner Shimp started on Saturday for a trip to California. On Friday evening his friends gathered at his mother's home, where he was staying, and gave him a pleasant time for him to carry the thoughts of on his long journey. Many of our citizens were present. Miss Bessie Miller entertained the members of the Tabard Inn Club last week with her usual hospitality. An observation contest took up some little time and was won by Miss M. Claire Dunham. The company then retailed the donkey with vigor. Mass Leah B. Reeves entertains next. Rev. Levanus Myers has been tendered the principalship of the reboot at Wildwood, and has accepted the offer. Miss Rosena Foster and a girl friend, from Elmer, spent Wednesday and Thursday with Miss Laura A. Wilbraham. Our schools closed on Friday, with a treat of ice-cream and cake given by the teachers of the different rooms. The principal, Miss M. E. Remster, took her pupils on a long straw ride through the country, stopping at a beautiful shady place for refreshments. They had a delightful time, though they are always sure of that when entertained by their beloved teacher. Several of our young ladies and gentlemen, and some older ones, were subpoenaed and compelled to go to Philadelphia on Thursday and Friday, to appear at the trial of Kerr, the shirt factory owner, whose factory here was burned, and the insurance companies, who refused to pay the insurance, which was in court last week. Some of them were not called up at all, and as all their expenses were met by the side, they looked on the journey as an amusing pastime. Masonic Day will be observed on Tuesday afternoon and evening here, under the auspices of Camp No. 58. P. O. S. of A. A number of good speakers have promised to be present, and the Glaspey cornet band, with the Alloway life and drum corps, will furnish the music. The procession will form at 1 o'clock, p. m. and march to the different cemetery to decorate the graves, after which they will return to Maple Grove, in front of the Town Hall, for the speeches and singing. The speakers of the afternoon and evening are: Revs. S. Stock and E A. Miller, Jr., of Alamo; Rev. William E Greenbank, of Minot; Rev. B F. Sheppard, of Fairton; Rev. C R. Tilton, of Roadstown; Rev. H S. Kidd, of Quinton; J S. Bradway, of Woodstown; Hon. Isaac Nichols, of Bridgeton, and Rev. Levan Myers, of Alloway. Value of Bank Stock The Salem County Board of Assessors has fixed the value of the capital stock of the several national banks in the county for taxing purposes, as follows: Salem National Bank, $13,000 City National Bank of Salem, $13,000 First National Bank of Woodstown, Pentgrove National Bank, $87,000 The amount to tax the stock of the Elmer Bank was left with the three assessors there to determine. These valuations were fixed upon in the event of the Board's not receiving notice from the State; Board of the new law in reference to the taxing of National Bank stock. COURSES LAMING Wesley Thompson and Harvey Read took Dinner on Thursday, with Captain and Mrs. Tomlin, at the National Cemetery at Fort Mott. The captain and his estimable lady have recently taken charge of the cemetery. Mrs. Tomlin is the daughter of Rev. James Morrell, who was well known in South Jersey. Captain and Mrs. Tomlin were married at the close of the Civil War, and went West to reside. They have three sons and a daughter living in various sections of the West. The Prudentia is paying out each business day, to Policyholders and Beneficiaries, an average of nearly $5,000 in dividends, endowments, claims, etc. Write for information. The Prudentia Insurance Co. of America. Home Office, Newark, N.J. Incorporated as a Stock Company by the State of New Jersey. John F. Dyden, President. Leslie D. Ward, Vice President. Edgar B. Ward, 2nd Vice President. Forest F. Dyden, 3rd Vice President. Wilbur S. Johnson, 4th Vice President and Comptroller. Edward Gray, Secretary. W. E. Perry, Assistant Superintendent. Room 1, Mecum Building, Broadway and Walnut Street, Salem, N.J. Keep Your Eye on the Grand Opening! Saturday, May 27 with a Big Vaudeville Show to Commence the Season. Mack has been booking acts all winter for this season, and we will be able to present to you some of the best people on the road with the greatest acts to be seen anywhere. We have for this Saturday evening: Delmore and Darrel, The California Duo. Kenny & Company. Presenting a Laughable Farce. "WHO IS WHO?" (This is a strong show.) Davis and Wible, The Singing Comedians. Bert Kennedy, Comedian. Henry and Young, In Eccentric Comedy. Decollation Day Tuesday, (DAY 30 ALL DAY PROGRAM. Races of all kinds in the morning. FREE CONCERT by Clayton Concert Band from 1 to 2:30 P. M. BASEBALL, commencing at 3:30, Alcyon Team and Forest Field Club of Philadelphia. Vaudeville and Comedy Performance in the evening by the following artists: RENSETTA and LARUE, the greatest comedy acrobatic team on the vaudeville stage. THE UNKNOWN HOBO. Keep your eye on him. ED. MORTON, the great Western Coon Shouter. THE LIPPINCOTTS, one of the neatest singing acts on the stage, just closed on the Proctor Circuit, New York City. Our old favorites, JORDEN AND WHITE, of Dumont's Minstrels. Doors open at 8 o'clock. Performances commence at 8:30. Come early, for this is a big show, all the amusements of the park running all day and evening. We have added four more alleys, making eight as Ane alleys as you will find anywhere. Seating room in this building for 400, where you can enjoy the cool breezes from the lake while looking at the bowlers. BALLOON ASCENSION at 6 o'clock by Jewell Bros., the great Balloonists, of Trenton, who make the high ascension at the Trenton Fair. CARR BROS., PROPRIETORS. Daniel Jaquette and wife were calling on friends in Pennsgrove on Monday. Harry Cable and family, of Pennsgrove, spent last Saturday at Daniel Jaquette's. Wesley Thompson and Lewis Wilson were calling on friends in Pedricktown on Monday. Martin Callahan and family, of Shiloh, spent Sunday and Monday at John Branoriff's. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Guest and Miss Hannah Cook were over-Sunday visitors at Harry Whitesell's. Simon Cunningham and family, of Pennsgrove. Sgrove were entertained on Sunday at William Whitesell's. George D. Thompson, of Pennsgrove, spent this week with his grandparents. Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Thompson. If you want a good horse, see M., Newton at Sharptown.
| 9,027 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3214925
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Preethi, Sela7, ddeger, dipeg, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6665164, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6665165, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6665166, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6665204, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6665398, user6665166
|
English
|
Spoken
| 99 | 208 |
Sending a Message from a iPhone to a Mac
How would I send a message to an App on my mac (which I develop) from my iPhone via WiFi?
This message would then make something happen in the Mac App.
This is just a fun app for myself so it doesn't need any security like SSL.
I'd recommend looking into a tutorial on Bonjour.
http://www.mobileorchard.com/tutorial-networking-and-bonjour-on-iphone/
http://www.macresearch.org/cocoa-scientists-part-xxviii-bonjour-and-how-do-you-do
Use TCP to create a connection. Here's a tutorial: http://dev.im.ethz.ch/wiki/Socket_communication_on_the_iPhone
But TCP is extremely common protocol, so on the Mac side you can probably just read up on TCP sockets and be fine.
| 17,684 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73402716
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,022 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 441 | 1,054 |
Is there a way to extract a common interface from multiple classes in C#
I've got some code generated from an XSD, one of the properties is an array that can be one of 7 different classes, all these classes share some fields so I would like to create an interface so I can iterate over the array and access the 'tpl' property without having to do a huge switch statement and casting.
I've done this manually for now just for the 'tpl' property but I was wondering if there was a tool or way to paste all the classes into something and it would identify the common properties and generate an interface for me?
My Google fu is only comming up with things that will extract an interface from a single class or keep a class and interface in sync.
/// <remarks/>
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("DT", typeof(DT2))]
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("IP", typeof(IP2))]
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("OPDT", typeof(OPDT2))]
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("OPIP", typeof(OPIP2))]
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("OPOR", typeof(OPOR2))]
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("OR", typeof(OR2))]
[System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("PP", typeof(PP2))]
public object[] Items {
get {
return this.itemsField;
}
set {
this.itemsField = value;
}
}
Well I managed to write this myself, wasn't too hard after all.
Created a new Console App, added my other project as a reference. Add each Class to the list of lists then intersect each list with the previous to remove any items that don't exist in all Classes.
It's a bit rough and could be extended to public methods, and possibly a filter on the reflection to make sure the properties are actually public as well.
Would welcome any comments on how to improve it.
var listOfLists = new List<List<Properties>>();
listOfLists.Add(GetPropertyList<Class1>());
listOfLists.Add(GetPropertyList<Class2>());
listOfLists.Add(GetPropertyList<Class3>());
var output = Intersect(listOfLists);
WriteInterfaceOut(output);
static List<Properties>? Intersect(List<List<Properties>> listOfLists)
{
List<Properties>? outputList = null;
foreach (var item in listOfLists)
{
if (outputList == null)
{
outputList = item;
continue;
}
outputList = outputList.Intersect(item, new Properties.Comparer()).ToList();
}
return outputList;
}
static void WriteInterfaceOut(List<Properties>? list)
{
Console.WriteLine("public interface IRenameMe \r\n{");
foreach (var item in list)
{
Console.WriteLine($" public {item.TypeName} {item.Name} {{get; set;}}");
}
Console.WriteLine("}");
Console.ReadKey();
}
static List<Properties> GetPropertyList<T>()
{
var list = new List<Properties>();
PropertyInfo[] myPropertyInfo;
myPropertyInfo = typeof(T).GetProperties();
for (int i = 0; i < myPropertyInfo.Length; i++)
{
list.Add(new Properties() { Name = myPropertyInfo[i].Name, TypeName = myPropertyInfo[i].PropertyType });
}
return list;
}
public class Properties
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public Type TypeName { get; set; }
public class Comparer : IEqualityComparer<Properties>
{
public bool Equals(Properties? x, Properties? y)
{
return x?.Name == y?.Name && x?.TypeName == y?.TypeName;
}
public int GetHashCode([DisallowNull] Properties obj)
{
unchecked
{
var hash = 17;
hash = hash * 23 + obj.Name.GetHashCode();
hash = hash * 23 + obj.TypeName.GetHashCode();
return hash;
}
}
}
}
| 21,592 |
|
https://github.com/JBildstein/SpiderEye/blob/master/Playground/SpiderEye.Playground.Core/Bridge/Models/SomeDataModel.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
SpiderEye
|
JBildstein
|
C#
|
Code
| 23 | 51 |
namespace SpiderEye.Playground.Core
{
public class SomeDataModel
{
public string Text { get; set; }
public int Number { get; set; }
}
}
| 18,153 |
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling%20Waage
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Erling Waage
|
https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erling Waage&action=history
|
Norwegian
|
Spoken
| 73 | 216 |
Erling Waage (født 13. juni 1895 i Haugesund, død 15. august 1960) var en norsk friidrettsutøver som representerte
Haugesund IL.
Han vant 6 NM-gull og 23 NM-medaljer i høyde uten tilløp, lengde uten tilløp, kule, slegge, diskos,
spyd og stav i perioden 1913–1946.
Medaljer i norske mesterskap
Referanser
Norske lengdehoppere
Norske høydehoppere
Norske diskoskastere
Norske kulestøtere
Norske sleggekastere
Norske spydkastere
Norske stavhoppere
Norgesmestere i friidrett
Personer fra Haugesund kommune
Friidrettsutøvere for Haugesund IL
| 25,058 |
https://github.com/razvanbrb/restful-chinook/blob/master/client/app/actions.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
restful-chinook
|
razvanbrb
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 337 | 1,308 |
import renderAllAlbums from './view.js'
const actions = {
saveAlbum: (album)=>{
fetch('/api/albums', {
method: 'POST',
body: JSON.stringify(album),
headers: {
'Content-type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
},
})
.then(res => {
if (!res.ok) {
throw res;
}
return res.json();
})
.then(albumData => {
console.log(albumData);
document.querySelector('.save').style.display= 'inline-block';
setTimeout(function(){ document.querySelector('.save').style.display= 'none'; }, 3000);
return fetch('api/albums');
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => {
renderAllAlbums(data, document.querySelector('#getAllalbums'));
renderAllAlbums(data, document.querySelector('.albums-list'));
})
.catch(err => {
alert('unable to save your changes');
console.error(err);
});
console.log(album);
},
searchMatch: ()=>{
const value = document.querySelector('#searchMatch').value;
let input = document.getElementById('searchMatch');
let filter = input.value.toUpperCase();
let ul = document.getElementById('newList');
let li = ul.children;
for (let i = 0; i < li.length; i++) {
let txtValue = li[i].innerText;
if (txtValue.toUpperCase().indexOf(filter) > -1) {
li[i].style.display = "";
} else {
li[i].style.display = "none";
}
}
},
editAlbum: (album)=>{
const idToEdit = album[1][0].AlbumId;
actions.id = idToEdit;
document.querySelector('.btn').innerHTML = "Edit Album";
document.querySelector('.save-btn').value = "Edit";
document.querySelector('#album-form').open = true;
document.querySelector('#artist').value = album[1][0].ArtistId;
document.querySelector('#name').value = album[1][0].Album;
window.scrollTo({top: 80, behavior: 'smooth'});
},
editCurrentAlbum: (album)=> {
const id = actions.id;
document.querySelector('.btn').innerHTML = "Create New Album";
document.querySelector('.save-btn').value = "Save";
const data = {
Name: album.Name ,
ArtistID: album.ArtistID
}
console.log(data);
fetch(`/api/albums/${id}`, {
method: 'PUT',
body: JSON.stringify(data),
headers: {
'Content-type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
},
})
.then(res => {
if (!res.ok) {
throw res;
}
return res.json();
})
.then(albumData => {
document.querySelector('.save').style.display= 'inline-block';
setTimeout(function(){ document.querySelector('.save').style.display= 'none'; }, 3000);
return fetch('api/albums');
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => {
renderAllAlbums(data, document.querySelector('#getAllalbums'));
renderAllAlbums(data, document.querySelector('.albums-list'));
})
.catch(err => {
alert('unable to save your changes');
console.error(err);
});
console.log(album);
},
deleteAlbum: async (album)=>{
const id = album[1][0].AlbumId;
const result = await fetch(`/api/albums/${id}`, {
method: "DELETE",
headers: {
"content-type": "application/json; charset=UTF-8",
},
});
if (!result.ok) {
alert(`Something went wrong:`);
console.log("Error from put: ", result);
} else {
const resNew = await fetch("/api/albums");
const dataNew = await resNew.json();
renderAllAlbums(dataNew, document.querySelector('.albums-list'));
renderAllAlbums(dataNew, document.querySelector('#getAllalbums'));
}
},
// Dropdown select Artist list
selectArtist: (data)=> {
const artistList = data.map(album=>{
return [album.Artist,album.ArtistId]});
const uniqArtist = Array.from(new Set(artistList.map(JSON.stringify)), JSON.parse)
.forEach(item=> {
const selection = document.querySelector('#artist');
const artist = document.createElement('option');
artist.innerHTML = item[0];
artist.value = item[1];
selection.appendChild(artist);
})
}
}
export default actions;
| 19,277 |
jstor-108332_1
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,347 | 9,887 |
STOP Early Journal Content on JSTOR, Free to Anyone in the World This article is one of nearly 500,000 scholarly works digitized and made freely available to everyone in the world by JSTOR. Known as the Early Journal Content, this set of works include research articles, news, letters, and other writings published in more than 200 of the oldest leading academic journals. The works date from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. We encourage people to read and share the Early Journal Content openly and to tell others that this resource exists. People may post this content online or redistribute in any way for non-commercial purposes. Read more about Early Journal Content at http://about.jstor.org/participate-jstor/individuals/early- journal-content. JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary source objects. JSTOR helps people discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content through a powerful research and teaching platform, and preserves this content for future generations. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization that also includes Ithaka S+R and Portico. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. [ 573 ] XXVIII. On the Motion of Gases. By Thomas Graham, Esq., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in University College, London ; Hon. Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; Corresponding Member of the Royal Academies of Sciences of Berlin and Munich, of the National Institute of Washington, 8$c. Received June 18, — Read June 18, 1846, J.HE spontaneous intermixture of different gases, and their passage under pressure through apertures in thin plates and by tubes, form a class of phenomena of which the laws have been only partially established by experiment. The separation of two gases by a porous screen, such as a plate of dry stucco, will prevent for a short time any sensible intermixture arising from slight inequalities of pressure, but such a barrier is readily overcome by the diffusive power of the gases, which is fully equal to their whole elastic force. Hence a cylindrical glass jar with a stucco top, filled with any gas and standing over water, affords the means of demonstrating the un- equal diffusive velocities of air and the gas, by the final contraction or expansion of the gaseous contents of the jar, after the escape of the gas is completed. Compared with the volume of air which has entered, the volume of gas which has passed simul- taneously outwards is found to be in the inverse proportion of the square root of the specific gravity of the gas. The diffusive velocities therefore of different gases are inversely as the square root of their densities ; or the times of diffusion of equal volumes directly as the square root of the densities of the gases*. Such is also the theoretical law of the passage of gases into a vacuum, according to the well-known theorem that the molecules of a gas rush into a vacuum with the velocity they would acquire by falling from the summit of an atmosphere of the gas of the same density throughout ; while the height of such an atmosphere, composed of different gases, is inversely as their specific gravities. This is a particular case of the general law of the movement of fluids, well-established by observation for liquids, and extended by analogy to gases. The experiments which have already been made upon air and other gases, by M. P. S. Girard-^ and by Mr. Faraday^, are sufficient to show that the discharge of light is more rapid than that of heavy gases ; and are interesting as first approximations, although incomplete and lending a very imperfect support to the theoretical law. Indeed some results obtained by these experimenters * On the Law of the Diffusion of Gases ; Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xii. p. 222 ; or Philosophical Magazine, 1834, vol. ii. pp. 175, 269, 351. f Annales de Chimie, &c, 2de S6r., t. 16. p. 129. % Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. iii. p. 354 ; and vol. vii. p. 106. 574 PROFESSOR, GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. and others, appear wholly inconsistent with that law, such as Mr. Faraday's curious observations of the change of the relative rates of hydrogen and defiant gases in passing through a capillary tube under different pressures ; and my own observation, that carbonic acid gas is forced by pressure through a porous mass of stucco as quickly or more so than air is, although more than a half heavier ; and that other gases pass in times which have no obvious relation to their diffusive velocities*. In studying this subject, I found that it was necessary to keep entirely apart the two cases of the passage of a gas through a small aperture in a thin plate and its passage through a tube of sensible length. The phenomena of the first class then became well-defined and simple, and quite agreeable to theory. Those of the second class also attained a high degree of regularity, where the tubes were of great length, or being short were of extremely small diameter. Capillary glass tubes, which varied in length from twenty feet to two inches, were found equally available and gave similar results, where a sufficient resistance was offered to the passage of the gas. The rate of discharge of different gases from capillary tubes appears to be inde- pendent of the nature of the material of the tube, in so far as the rates were found to be similar for tubes of glass and copper, and even for a porous mass of stucco. But while the discharge by apertures in thin plates is found to be dependent in all gases upon a constant function of their specific gravity, the discharge of the same gases from tubes has no uniform relation to the density of the gases. Both hydrogen and carbonic acid, for instance, pass more quickly through a tube than oxygen, although the one is lighter and the other heavier than that gas. I shall assume then for the present, that in the passage of gases through tubes we have the interference of a new and peculiar property of gases ; and on the ground of a radical difference in agency speak of the two classes of phenomena under different names. The passage of gases into a vacuum through an aperture in a thin plate I shall refer to as the Effusion of gases, and to their passage through a tube as the Transpiration of gases. The deter- mination of the coefficients of effusion and transpiration of various gases will be the principal object of the following paper. Part I.— EFFUSION OF GASES. 1. Effusion into a Vacuum by a glass jet. The glass jet was formed from a short piece of a capillary thermometer tube, of which the bore was cylindrical, to which a conical termination was given by draw- ing it out when softened by heat and breaking the point. The aperture at the point of the jet was cylindrical, in a flat surface, and so small that it could only be seen distinctly by means of a magnifying-glass ; its size, compared with other apertures, may be expressed by the statement that one cubic inch of air of the usual tension passed into a vacuum through this aperture in 2-18 seconds. By means of a perforated * Edinburgh Transactions, xii. 238. Phil. Trims. MDCCCXLVI.J°&fe. XXXIlLp.57J. ^ I (Si I ^ PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. 575 cork this glass jet was fixed within a block-tin tube, through which the gas was to be drawn ; with the point of the tube directed towards the magazine of gas, so that the gas in passing towards the vacuum entered the conical point of the jet instead of issuing from it. This form of the aperture reduced the rubbing surface of glass to a thin ring, or made it equivalent to an aperture in a very thin plate ; but the mode of placing the jet, or direction in which the current passed through the aperture, was found afterwards to be of little consequence. The gas for an experiment was contained in a glass jar, of an elliptical form, balanced like a gasometer over water, and terminated at top and bottom with two short hollow cylindrical axes, of an inch in diameter ; its capacity between two marks, one on each of the cylindrical ends, being 227 cubic inches. From this gasometer the gas was conveyed directly into a U-shaped drying tube, 18 inches in length and 0*8 inch in diameter, filled in some cases with fragments of chloride of calcium, in others with fragments of pumice-stone soaked in oil of vitriol ; the pumice, when used, having been first washed with water, to deprive it of soluble chlorides. From the drying tube, the gas entered the tin tube occupied by the glass jet, one end of that tube being connected with the drying tube, and the other with an exhausted re- ceiver on the plate of an air-pump. The apparatus described is exhibited in fig. 1 of Plate XXXIII., with the exception of the elliptical gasometer, the place of which is occupied there by the counterpoised jar A in the water-trough. The gas was thus forced through the minute aperture by the whole atmospheric pressure. In making an experiment with any other gas than atmospheric air, a considerable quantity of the gas was first blown through the drying tube, from the gasometer, to displace the air in the former; and to do this quickly an opening was made into the air-channel beyond the drying tube, at G, by which gas might be allowed to escape into the atmosphere without proceeding further or being drawn through the glass aperture into the vacuum. This side aperture was closed by a brass screw and leather washer. In making an experiment, the gasometer was filled with the gas to be effused, and then connected with the air-pump receiver, in which a constant degree of exhaustion was maintained by continued pumping. The interval of time was noted in seconds, which was required for the passage of a constant volume of gas, amounting to 227 cubic inches, namely, that contained between the two marks in the elliptical gasometer. Or, the volume of gas effused was more strictly 227 cubic inches, minus the volume of aqueous vapour which saturates air at the temperature of the experiment ; the vapour being withdrawn from the gas, after it left the elliptical measure and before it reached the effusion aperture. It is scarcely necessary to add that great care is necessary during these and all other experiments on gases, to maintain a uniform temperature. The use of a fire or stove in the room in which the experiments were conducted was therefore avoided, and such arrangements made that the temperature was kept for five or six hours within a range of a single degree of Fahrenheit's scale. Hydrogen. — In the experiments first made with air and hydrogen the temperature 576 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. was 59° Fahr., and the height of the barometer 30*14 inches ; a uniform exhaustion was maintained in the air-pump receiver of 29*3 inches, as observed by the gauge barometer attached. The constant volume of dry air passed into the vacuum, or was effused, in three experiments, in 494, 495, and again in 495 seconds. The constant volume of dry hydrogen was effused, in two experiments, in 137 and again in 137 seconds. Calculating from 495 seconds as the time for air, we have — Time of effusion of air 1* Time of effusion of hydrogen ..... 0*277 Or, the result may be otherwise expressed, taking the reciprocals of the last numbers : Velocity of effusion of air 1 Velocity of effusion of hydrogen . . . . 3*613 The specific gravity of hydrogen gas, according to the most recent and exact deter- mination, that of Regnault, is 006926, referred to air as unity ; of which the square root is 0*2632, and the reciprocal of the square root 3*7994 ; to which the numbers for the time and velocity of hydrogen above certainly approximate. Oxygen and Nitrogen. — Temperature 60° ; exhaustion maintained at 29*3 inches. The constant volume of air was effused in 494 seconds, of oxygen in 520 seconds, and of nitrogen in 486 seconds, in one experiment made upon each gas. Hence the following results : Time of effusion. Square root of density. Velocity of effusion. Reciprocal of square root of density. 1 1-053 0-984 1 1-0515 0-9856 1 0-9500 1-0164 1 0-9510 1-0146 The densities made use of are those of M. Regnault, namely, 1*10563 for oxygen, and 0*97137 for nitrogen. It will be observed, that the times of effusion of these two gases correspond as closely with the square roots of their densities as the mode of ob- servation will admit of; the times observed being within one second of the theore- tical times. Carbonic Oxide. — This gas was prepared by the action of oil of vitriol upon pure crystallized oxalic acid, and subsequent washing with alkali. The temperature during the effusive experiment was 60°*3 ; the usual exhaustion was maintained. The time of effusion of air was 494 seconds ; of the same volume of carbonic oxide 488 seconds : Time of effusion, air =1. Square root of density. Velocity of effusion. Reciprocal of square root. 0-987 0-9838 1-0123 1*0165 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. 577 The effusion-rate of this gas approaches therefore very closely to the theoretical number. In the calculations the density of carbonic oxide is taken at 0*96779? as found by Wrede. Carburetted Hydrogen., CH 2 . — This was the gas of the acetates, prepared by heat- ing a mixture of acetate of soda with dry hydrate of potash and lime. The temperature of the gases effused being 59 0, 5, and the exhaustiou 29*3 inches ; the constant volume of air passed through the aperture in 493 seconds, of carburetted hydrogen in 373 seconds : Time, air = 1.. Theoretical time. Velocity. Theoretical velocity. 0-756 0-7449 1-322 1-3424 The density of carburetted hydrogen is taken at 0*5549 in the calculations. Carbonic Acid and Nitrous Oxide. — In the first experiment with carbonic acid, the gasometer with the gas was floated as usual over water; thermometer 58°*5. The effusion of air took place in 495 seconds, of carbonic acid in 595 seconds. To dimi- nish the loss of the latter gas occasioned by its solubility in water, a second experiment was made over brine : the time required by the carbonic acid was now 603 seconds. The velocity of effusion of carbonic acid is by the first experiment 0*832 ; by the second it approaches more nearly the theoretical number, calculated from 1*52901 (Regnault) as the density of this gas, as appears below : Time, air =1. Theoretical time. Velocity. Theoretical velocity. 1-218 1-2365 0-821 0-8087 The observation on nitrous oxide was made on a different occasion, with a tempe- rature of 62°*5. The time of effusion of air was then 488 seconds; of nitrous oxide 585 seconds, the gas being collected over water : Time, air =1. Theoretical time. Velocity. Theoretical velocity. 1-199 1-2365 0-834 0-8087 The specific gravity of nitrous oxide is assumed in the calculations to be the same as that of carbonic acid. The time of effusion of both of these gases is shortened by the loss of a portion of the gas, by solution in the water of the pneumatic trough during the period of the experiment, and falls below the theoretical number. In carbonic acid over brine, where the injury is least from this cause, the observed velo- city is, however, still within one-seventieth part of that calculated from the specific gravity of the gas. MDCCCXLVI. 4 F 578 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. Olefiant Gas. — When this gas is prepared by heating sulphuric acid, of specific gravity 1*6, with strong alcohol at the temperature of 320°, in the proportion of six parts of the former to one of the latter, it appears to come off at first very pure, as it is entirely absorbed by the perchloride of antimony, and contains therefore no carbonic oxide. But it is really contaminated, I find, by a portion of another heavier gas or vapour (not ether vapour), which cannot be entirely removed from it by washing with alkaline water, oil of vitriol, or strong alcohol, and which may raise the density of the gas above that of air. As the evolution of gas proceeds, the proportion of the heavy compound diminishes, and it finally disappears, and the gas attains its theoretical density j but it is then again contaminated with more or less carbonic oxide. The latter gas, however, being of sensibly the same density as olefiant gas, is not likely to exert any influence upon its effusion rate. But before these facts were ascertained this jet became unserviceable from an accident, and the experiments made with it were all made upon the dense olefiant gas, and gave an effusion time which slightly exceeded that of air. 2. Effusion into a Vacuum by a perforated brass plate A. A minute circular aperture was made by means of a fine drill in a thin plate of sheet brass ^gth of an inch thick, and the opening still further diminished by blows from a small hammer, of which the surface was rounded. A small disc of the brass plate was then punched out, having the aperture in the centre, which was soldered upon the end of a short piece of brass tube, of quill size, so as to close the end of the cylinder. This brass tube was then fixed, by means of a perforated cork, within the tin tube, used as formerly, for conveying the gas from the gasometer jar to the air-pump receiver ; so that the gas should necessarily flow through the small aperture in its passage, as before through the glass jet. The aperture was of an irregular triangular form, in consequence of the hammering of the plate. One cubic inch of air of usual tension passed into a vacuum through this aperture in 12-56 seconds. The volume of gas effused in an experiment was the same as before, and the other arrangements similar, but the aperture in the brass plate being smaller than that of the glass jet, the effusion was considerably slower. The constant volume of 227 cubic inches of the following gases passed into a vacuum of 29*3 inches by the attached mercurial gauge, at the temperature of 63 0, 3, in the following times : — (1.) Air in 47' 32", or 2852 seconds. (2.) Nitrogen in 46' 47", or 2807 seconds. (3.) Oxygen in 50' 1", or 3001 seconds. (4.) Hydrogen in 13' 8", or 788 seconds. (5.) Carbonic acid (over brine) in 56' 54", or 3414 seconds. PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. These results, referred to air as unity, are as follows : — 579 Air Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen .... Carbonic acid. Time of effusion. 1 0-9842 1-0502 0-2763 1-1971 Theoretical time. 1 0-9856 1-0515 0-2632 1-2365 Velocity of effusion. 1 1-0160 0-9503 3-607 0-8354 Theoretical velocity. 1 1-0146 0-9510 3-7994 0-8087 The experimental results of the velocity of effusion of nitrogen and oxygen accord very closely with theory, the velocity of the first being only 0*0014 in excess, and the second 0*0007 in deficiency. Indeed the differences fall within the unavoidable errors of observation in determining the specific gravity of these gases, unless con- ducted with the greatest precautions. Of hydrogen, the velocity of effusion observed is 3*607 times instead of 3*80 times greater than air. It thus suffers a small but sensible reduction of its velocity, which can be referred, as will afterwards appear, to the thickness of the plate and the aperture being in consequence sensibly tubular. A portion of the carbonic acid gas must have been absorbed by the brine during the long continuance of the experiment, nearly an hour; to which the quickness of the rate of that gas may be referred ; the velocity of its passage being thus apparently increased from 0*81 to 0*835. The experiment was varied by observing the time in which gas entered a vacuous receiver upon the plate of the air-pump, in quantity sufficient to depress the gauge barometer from 28 to 23 inches. An exhaustion was always made at first of upwards of 29 inches, and the instant noted at which the mercury passed the 28th and 23rd inches of the scale. The times of effusion were as follows, the temperature being 66°. Experiments. Velocity of effusion. 1. 2. 3. Mean. Observed. Calculated. Air 474 501 468 467 357 573 474 502 469 469 474 500-7 468-5 468 337 573 1 0-9467 1-0117 1-0128 1-3278 0-8272 1 0-9510 1-0146 1-0147 1-3369 0-8087 Oxveen 499 defiant gas 573 The same close correspondence is manifest here between the observed and calcu- lated velocities. The whole results leave no doubt of the truth of the general law, that different gases pass through minute apertures into a vacuum in times which are as the square roots of their respective specific gravities; or with velocities which are inversely as the square roots of their specific gravities ; that is, according to the same law as gases diffuse into each other. It appears that the proper effect of effusion can only be brought out in a perfect 4 f2 580 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. manner when the gas passes through an aperture in a plate of no sensible thickness, for when the opening becomes a tube, however short, the effluent gas meets a new resistance which varies in the different gases according to an entirely different law from their rates of effusion, namely, the resistance of transpiration. The deviation is most considerable in hydrogen, which rapidly loses velocity if carried through a tubular opening, when compared with air. This was illustrated by experiments made upon the glass jet of the former observations ; which was operated upon in four dif- ferent conditions as to length. The point had been drawn out rather long at first, so that it admitted of portions of 0*2 inch, 0*1 inch, and 0*07 inch, being broken off successively before it was reduced to the form of a blunt cone, which it had when used in the experiments already detailed. Air and hydrogen were effused from this jet into the exhausted receiver till the mercurial gauge fell from 28 to 4 inches, with the jet in the different states described. When the glass jet was of greatest length, the time of air was 335 and 337 seconds in two experiments, and of hydrogen 120 seconds in two experiments; which give 2*800 as the velocity of effusion of hydrogen. After the first portion was broken from the point, by which of course the aperture was enlarged, the time of air was 175 seconds in two experiments, of hydrogen 55 and 56 seconds ; giving 3*153 for the effusive velocity of hydrogen. After the second abridgement in its length, the time of passage of air by the jet was 110 seconds in two experiments, of hydrogen 33, 32 and 33 seconds in three experi- ments ; giving 3*33 for the velocity of hydrogen. When still further reduced in length, a larger jar being used as the vacuous re- ceiver, the time of air was in two experiments 408 and 410 seconds ; of hydrogen in three experiments, 122, 120 and 122 seconds, giving 3*38 for the velocity of hydrogen. Thus, as the jet was progressively shortened, the relative velocity of the passage of hydrogen continually rose, passing through the numbers 2*8, 3*153, 3*33 and 3*38. By reversing the direction of the stream of gas through the aperture in its last con- dition, the effect of friction was still further diminished, and the velocity of hydrogen raised to 3*61, as in the experiments previously recorded, which were made with this jet in an inverted position. It may be fairly presumed, therefore, that if the length of the tube or thickness of the plate containing the aperture was still further di- minished, the effusive velocity of hydrogen, compared with air, would be increased, and approximate more nearly to 3*80, the theoretical number. The tubularity of the opening quickens, on the contrary, the passage of carbonic acid and nitrous oxide in reference to air ; for these gases are more transpirable than air, although less effusive : hence their observed time of effusion is always sensibly less than their calculated time. PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. 581 3. Effusion of Nitrogen and Oxygen, and of mixtures of these Gases under different pressures, by a second perforated brass plate B. This brass plate was of the same thickness as the last (^^th of an inch) ; the aper- ture was circular and also -^th of an inch in diameter, as measured by a micrometer ; and the velocity with which air of the usual tension passed into a vacuum by the aperture, one cubic inch in 6*08 seconds. The rate of passage was therefore rather more than twice as quick as by the first perforated plate A. A two-pint jar was used as the air-pump receiver, or aspirator-jar, as it may be called ; and the capacity of the vacuous space into which the gas effuses, including the tubes and channels of the air-pump as well as the jar, was found to be 72*54 cub. in. An exhaustion was always first made of about 29 inches by the gauge baro- meter of the pump, and then the gas allowed to enter from a counterpoised bell-jar over water (fig. 1, Plate XXXIII.). The instant was noted at which the mercury fell to 28 inches, when the observation began, and again at 20 and 12 inches, or after two in- tervals of 8 inches each ; and again at 4 and 2 inches by the gauge barometer. The ex- periments were made successively on the same dayin the order given, with the barometer at 29*34 inches and thermometer at 49°. A small thermometer placed within the aspirator-jar was observed to rise 1° Fahr. very uniformly during the continuance of an experiment. The effusion of air is repeated at the close of the experiments to de- termine whether or not any change of rate had occurred during their continuance. Table I. — Effusion. Gauge barometer in inches. Air. Nitrogen. Oxygen. Mixture of 50 nitrogen + 50 oxygen. I. II. I. 11. I. 11. I. II. 28 20 12 8 4 2 II 120 123 68 84 57 «/ 120 122 68 84 57 II 119 120 67 83 55 II 119 120 67 83 54 II 126 128 72 89 59 // 126 130 72 88 59 122 125 70 85 57 // 122 125 69 86 57 452 451 444 444 474 475 459 459 Table II. — Effusion. 25 nitrogen + 75 oxygen. 75 nitrogen + 25 oxygen. Air. Gauge barometer in inches. I. II. I. II. // // // // 28 20 122 122 122 121 120 12 125 125 122 122 123 8 70 69 68 68 68 4 85 86 85 85 83 2 57 57 56 56 57 459 459 453 453 451 582 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. The near approach to equality in the times from 28 to 20, and from 20 to 12 inches throughout the whole of these experiments, is very remarkable. Under an average pressure of 24 inches in the former portion of the scale and of 16 in the latter, the gases effuse with nearly equal velocities ; which confirms the observation of MM. De Saint- Venant and Wantzel, on the passage of air through a minute aperture, namely, that above two-fifths of an atmosphere, the further increase of the pressure is attended with a very slight increase in the velocity of passage*. In the experiments above with an increase of pressure from 16 to 24, or of one-half, the increase in ve- locity is not in general more than one-sixtieth part. In the table which follows the average times are given, which the gauge barometer required to fall from 28 to 12 inches, and from 12 to 4 inches, taken from the pre- ceding table, for air, nitrogen and oxygen, and also the ratio between the times of these gases, that of air being taken as unity, with their relative velocities, also re- ferred to the velocity of air. Gauge barometer. Time in seconds. Time of air = 1. Velocity of air = 1. Air. Nitrogen. Oxygen. Nitrogen. Oxygen. Nitrogen. Oxygen. From 28 to 12 inches. From 12 to 4 inches. 242-5 152-0 239 150 255-0 160-5 0-9855 0-9868 1-0515 1-0558 1-0146 1-0133 0-9510 0-9470 These results do not indicate any material difference between the ratios of effusion of these gases at different pressures. At the low as well as the high pressure, the velocities are in close accordance with the law of effusion ; indeed they correspond as closely as the shortness of the time of observation justifies any inference ; the small deviations observable being quite within the amount of errors of observation. The results for the mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen are as follows, for similar divisions of the scale : — Gauge barometer. Time in seconds. Time, air = 1. r. 50N + 50O. II. 25 N + 75 0. III. 75 N + 25 0. 1. Mixture. II. Mixture. III. Mixture. From 28 to 12 inches. From 12 to 4 inches. 247 155 252 157 243-5 153 1-0185 10197 1-0391 1-0329 1-0041 1-0066 In these instances, as well as in the unmixed gases, the results do not justify the inference of any difference in the ratios of effusion at low from the ratios which hold at high pressures. It appears, on comparing the times observed of the mixtures with the times calcu- lated from the unmixed gases, that they sensibly agree. Thus the mean rate or time * Journal de l'Ecole Royale Polytechnique, tome xvi. 27 mc Cahier, 1839, p. 85. This memoir contains a valuable mathematical discussion of the velocities with which air flows into a receiver at different degrees of exhaustion. PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. 588 of 50 nitrogen + 50 oxygen, or square root of the specific gravity of that mixture, is 1*0191, the observed rate 1*0185; of 25 nitrogen + 75 oxygen, the mean rate is 1*0354, the observed rate 1*0391 ; of 75 nitrogen + 25 oxygen, the mean rate is 1*0025, the observed time 1*0041, in the range between 28 and 12 inches of the gauge barometer. Lastly, the particular mixture forming atmospheric air has already been seen to have the rate corresponding with its specific gravity or its composition. It may hence be inferred that any mixture of oxygen and nitrogen will possess the average rate of effusion of its constituent gases. 4. Effusion of Air, Carbonic Oxide, Oxygen, and of a mixture of Carbonic Oxide and Oxygen at different "pressures, by Plate B. The carbonic oxide was prepared according to Mr. Fownes's process, by heating oil of vitriol upon ferrocyanide of potassium : the gas was collected, as a measure of precaution, over alkali. The arrangements were similar to the last ; barometer at 29*29 inches, thermo- meter 52°. Table III. — Effusion. Gauge barometer in inches. Air. Carbonic oxide. Oxygen. Mixture of 50 carbonic oxide + 50 oxygen. I. II. I. II. I. II. I. II. 28 20 12 8 4 2 u 118 120 67 81 56 119 120 66 82 56 116 118 66 80 55 117 137 66 81 55 125 126 71 86 60 126 126 71 86 60 // 121 123 68 83 58 121 122 68 83 58 442 443 435 436 468 469 453 452 The passage of the gases is somewhat quicker throughout than in the preceding experiments with the same plate, but the ratio between their velocities remains con- stant. Comparing again the same portions of the scale, we have — Gauge barometer. Time in seconds. Time, air = 1. Air. Carbonic oxide. Oxygen. Mixture. Carbonic oxide. Oxygen. Mixture. From 28 to 12 inches 238-5 148 234 146-5 251-5 157 243 151 0-9811 0-9898 1-0545 1-0608 1-0188 1-0202 Taking 0*96779 as the specific gravity of carbonic oxide, the square root is 0*9838, which corresponds closely with the observed time above, being intermediate between the times for the two different portions of the scale. 584 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. The time of effusion also of the mixture of carbonic oxide and oxygen in equal volumes is obviously the square root of the density of the mixture of the two gases : Observed time of mixture .... 1-0188 Calculated time of gases . . . . TO 182 The observed time of effusion of the mixture being within one thousandth part of the calculated time. 5. Effusion of Carbonic Acid, Air, and of mixtures of Carbonic Acid and Air, at different pressures, by Plate B. The arrangements continued the same as in last experiments ; barometer 29*58 in. ; thermometer 49°. Table IV. — Effusion. Gauge barom. in inches. Air. Carbonic acid. First mixture, 75C0 2 +25 air. Second mixture, 123 69 85 58 // 121 123 70 84 59 tt 145 150 83 103 71 it 146 149 84 103 70 // 141 143 81 98 68 140 143 80 99 67 *t 135 137 76 95 64 // 134 137 77 94 64 128 131 74 90 61 128 131 73 90 61 456 457 552 552 531 529 507 506 484 483 Comparing again the times in the two divisions of the scale adopted in the pre- ceding tables : Time in Seconds. Gauge barometer. Air. Carbonic acid. Mixture I. Mixture II. Mixture III. From 28 to 12 inches. From 12 to 4 inches. 244 154 295 187 283-5 179 271-5 171 259 163-5 Time of Effusion, time of Air = 1. Gauge barometer. Carbonic acid. Mixture I. Mixture II. Mixture III. Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. Observed. Calculated. From 28 to 12 inches. From 12 to 4 inches. 1-2090 1-2143 1-2365 1-2365 1-1618 1-1818 1-1127 1-1245 1-0618 1-0647 The calculated number for carbonic acid (1*2365) is the theoretical time, or square root of the density of the gas ; the calculated times for the mixtures are also the square roots of the respective gravities of those mixtures. The times of effusion of carbonic acid compared with air do not therefore differ PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. 585 more than the numbers 1*209 and 1*214, in the two divisions of the scale; or 1 part in 242, a deviation which may be considered as within the errors of observation. The mixtures of carbonic acid and air have also the mean times of the pure gases. 6. Effusion of mixtures containing Hydrogen. * [I was induced to examine the effusion of mixtures of hydrogen and other gases very minutely, in order to elucidate if possible certain singular peculiarities which were observed in the transpiration of these mixtures by tubes. A new plate E was employed, composed of thin platinum foil yj^th of an inch in thickness, with a cir- cular aperture ^io tn °f an mcn m diameter, as measured by Mr. Powell by means of a micrometer. It was desirable to simplify the experiment at the same time by operating upon a constant volume of gas, measured before effusion, and drawn into an aspirator-jar which was maintained vacuous, or as nearly so as possible, by un- interrupted exhaustion. The gas was measured in a globular jar, to which more particular reference will be made hereafter. It contained 65 cubic inches between two marks, one upon each of its tubular axes, and was supported vertically over the water of a pneumatic trough. The little brass tube upon which the perforated plate is fixed (a. in fig. 5, Plate XXXIII.) was now made to screw upon the end of one of the stop-cocks, namely, L (fig. 1.), which is immediately attached to the aspirator-jar, and projected up- wards within the block tin tube H. The perforated plate was fixed to the end of its brass tube by means of soft solder. The results thus obtained I consider superior in value to those already detailed, from the longer periods of observation, the time for air generally amounting to 800 or 900 seconds ; from the new plate being thinner and its aperture of a regular cir- cular form ; and from the greater simplicity of the conditions of the experiment, namely, the passage of the gases into a sustained vacuum under the whole atmospheric pressure. The series of experiments is divided into five sections, each containing the experi- ments of one day, to which the height of the barometer and the temperature are added. Two observations were made of the time of effusion in seconds for each gas, which are given under the columns of experiments I. and II., and the mean of the two ex- periments is added in a third column. This mean is expressed in the column which follows, with reference to the time of oxygen as 1. The additional column headed " calculated times of mixtures, oxygen = I," contains times of the mixtures, calculated from their specific gravities, being the square roots of the densities of the respective mixtures. The observed times of the hydrogen mixtures will be seen to correspond very closely with these calculated numbers, the maximum divergences not exceeding that of pure hydrogen itself. * The passages and tables in this paper, which are inclosed in brackets, as the following to p. 587, have been added during the progress of the paper through the press, and the date of the addition is in each case noted at the end of the last paragraph. — S. H. C. MDCCCXLVI. 4 G 586 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES. Table V. — Effusion into a sustained vacuum by platinum plate E. n. Mean. Oxygen=l. Cal. time, Oxygen =1 Barometer. Temp. Fahr. Section I. Oxygen Air Hydrogen Carburetted hydrogen Carbonic oxide Nitrogen Air Carbonic acid Section II. Oxygen Air Hydrogen 25H + 75 Air 50H + 50 Air 75H + 25 Air 80H + 20 Air 90H + 10 Air 95H+ 5 Air Air Section III. Oxygen Air Hydrogen 12-5H + 87-50 .... 25 H + 75 O .... 37-5H + 62-50 .... 50 H + 50 O .... 62-5H + 37-50 .... 75 11 + 25 O .... H + 20 H + 10 H+ 5 O O O 80 90 95 Air Section IV. Oxygen Air Carbonic oxide .... Hydrogen 25H + 75CO 50H + 50CO 75H + 25CO 80H + 20CO 90H+10CO 95H+ 5CO Air Section V. Oxygen Air Nitrogen Hydrogen 25H + 75N 50H + 50N 75H + 25N 80H + 20N 90H + 10N 95H+ 5N Hydrogen Air ..; 909 866 242 624 849 850 864 1053 912 868 240 756 633 483 444 358 309 864 912 867 239 853 796 733 661 586 501 460 368 312 860 914 870 854 238 749 626 478 445 360 314 870 915 870 855 241 753 631 480 442 359 309 241 869 909 865 242 622 850 851 1051 912 867 240 756 633 483 444 358 309 910 865 241 855 796 733 661 586 501 461 368 312 913 869 853 239 748 626 478 445 360 314 914 869 854 241 753 631 478 442 359 310 909 865-5 242 623 849-5 850-5 1052 912 867-5 240 756 633 483 444 358 309 911 866 240 854 796 733 661 585-5 501 460-5 368 312 913-5 869-5 853-5 238-5 748-5 626 478 445 360 314 914-5 869*5 854-5 241 753 631 479 442 359 309-5 1-0000 0-9521 0-2662 0-6853 0-9345 0-9356 1-1573 1-0000 0-9512 0-2631 0-8289 0-6940 0-6296 0-4868. 0-3925 0-3388 1-0000 0-9506 0-2634 0-9374 0-8737 0-8046 0-7255 0-6427 0-5499 0-5055 0-4039 0-3424 1-0000 0-9518 0-9343 0-2610 0-8193 0-6852 0-5231 0-4871 0-3940 0-3437 1-0000 0-9508 0-9344 0-2635 0-8234 0-6899 0-5238 0-4833 0-3925 0-3379 0-8328 0-6951 0-5224 0-4805 0-3830 0-3296 0-9396 0-8750 0-7990 0-7289 0-6435 0-5449 0-5000 0-3954 0-3309 0-8199 0-6848 0-5155 0-4745 0-3793 0-3213 0-8213 0-6859 0-5163 0-4752 0-3797 0-3215 30-396 68 30-288 66 30-219 66 29-673 64 29-500 63 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OP GASES, 587 The principal results of the preceding table, and also the results of two series of experiments or mixtures of hydrogen with carburetted hydrogen (C H 2 ) and with carbonic acid, are exhibited by means of the curves projected in Plate XXXIV, for the purpose of comparing with them the results of the transpiration of the same mixtures exhibited in Plate XXXV, which I have not yet succeeded in reconciling with any physical law. Feb. 1846.] The numbers at the top and bottom of the Plate, which apply to the vertical lines, express the times of effusion, the time of oxygen being taken as 100 ; while the num- bers to the right of the table, and which apply to the horizontal lines, express the volumes of hydrogen in 100 volumes of the mixture. Thus the curves all terminate above in a common point, 26*3, the time of 100 hydrogen ; and each terminates below with the proper time of the particular gas which is mixed with hydrogen, the propor- tion of hydrogen being then 0, and that of the other gas 100 ; that is, the curve of the carburetted hydrogen mixtures at 72*32 ; the curve of the nitrogen mixtures at 93'5 ; that of the air mixtures at 95*1 ; that of the oxygen mixtures at 100, and that of the carbonic acid mixtures at 116. 7. Effusion of Air of different Elasticities or Densities, by brass plate B. In all the experiments hitherto described, the air or gas effused was under the atmospheric pressure, which varied only within narrow limits. It was desirable to know whether the time remained constant for the passage into a vacuum of equal volumes of air of all densities, which the theory of the passage of fluids into a vacuum requires. The air was drawn into the receiver of an air-pump (fig. 2. Plate XXXIII.), main- tained vacuous by continued pumping, from the globular gas receiver a, placed in a deep glass basin half-filled with water and used as a pneumatic trough ; this basin and the globular vessel being placed on the plate of a second air-pump under a large bell-jar in which a partial exhaustion could be maintained during the conti- nuance of the experiment. The vessel a had tdbular openings at top and bottom; its capacity between the marks b and c in these necks was 65 cubic inches ; the lower tube was expanded under the mark b into an open funnel ; the upper tube was cylin- drical with a flange or lip, and had a sound cork fitted into it. A short brass tube d, of quill size, soldered to the end of the stopcock e, descended into the bell-jar and passed through the cork of a, which was perforated. The vessel a having thus an air-tight communication with the exhausted receiver v of the first air-pump, by the tube F, the drying tube U and the tube H ; a measured quantity of air (65 cubic inches) could be drawn from it by observing the time which the water of the trough took to rise from the mark b to c. The perforated brass plate, through which the gas had to pass, was attached to the stopcock L, as before, and was therefore within the tube H. It is represented of one-fourth of its linear dimensions in fig. 5, Plate XXXIII. 4 g2 588 PROFESSOR GRAHAM ON THE MOTION OF GASES.
| 47,047 |
sn84020631_1890-05-26_1_3_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,582 | 7,574 |
irrra .mn'mnfawaaai i ' sT""s""g S2 S ESS I , : TTTHO ! -?! j J i to J .. - r-r M- r : a a 5 s a I 'ia i- - SANTA FE. Few Pacta for the General Inform' tion of T.urista and Siglit Seers Visiting the 'A CAPITAL CITY OP NEW MEXICO, OFFICIAL DIKECXUKV. SANTA FE HOCTHKKN AND DKNVKK & RIO C4KANDK RAILWAY COS. Scenic Route of the West and Shortcut line to Pueblo, Colorado Springs and l'enver, c'0lo;.n Santa Kb, N. M., Feb. 1. IM-O. Mail and Express No. 1 and i-Daily except snuiiay. At :" 6:40 ",(.0H Vi-XO 10::i6 7:4U 6:' 8:40 iM Lv 11:00 9:W 9:00 Santa Ke, N. M. KsTianola . .. D.... Serviletla . ..1) ..Aulouito. C'olo. B Alamosa til I.a Veta B Cucliara Jo Pueblo . .Colorado Springs.. Denver Kansas City, Mo. 2dd .. . .St. Louis. .. 10:4.i 2.11 !:(RI , l:2T. 'J-M llb'io 12:lii 2A. am l.v am Ar 4:ul) pin LvJ0:H0prn Ar 2:45 am 10.25 pra Lv 7 :4i) pin rid d. Denver, Colo... !.... Chicago, 111. 2d ( pra pin pm pin pra pm am 1:00 am 7:00 am 6:4ri pin liTiW am l.v (i:t0 am Ar TEERITOrUAL. Deleeate m Congress anthoky Jnsira Governor L. Bratjkobo Fkinck Secretary B. H. Thoh.u. Solicitor General Edward I.. IUrti.ku. Auditor Trisidad Alahiu treasurer Aktonio Uimz ySai.azak AdinfnMtflfmerai W. . rLKTcnwt Stc'y Bureau ol Immigration Max Fuosi JUDICIARY Chief Justice Snprcme Court.. Associate Justice 1st district.. Associate Justice 2d district. .. Associate Justice ill! district. .. Presiding Justice 4th district. U. S. District the Capital Hotel, corner of plaza, where all information relative to through freight and ticket rates will be cheerfully given and through tickets sold. Free elegant new chair cars to Cnchara Junction. Through Pullman sleepers between Pueblo, Leadville and Ogden. Passengers for Denver take new broad gauge Pullman sleepers from Cnchara. All trains now go over Comanche pass daily. Berths secured by telegraph. Chas. Johnson, Gen. Supt. CLOSING OF MAILS. A. M. P. M. P. M. Mixed going east 4:16 7:80 Mail closes going west 7:00 Mail arrives from east 12:05 10:14 Mail arrives from west 5:50 CHURCH DIRECTORY. Methodist Episcopal Church. Lower San Francisco St. Rev. G. P. Fry, Pastor, residence next the church. Presbyterian Church. Grant St. Rev. George G. Knith, Pastor, residence Clarion Gardens. Church of the Holy Faith (Episcopal). Upper Palace Avenue. Rev. Edward W. Meany, B.A. (Uxon), residence Cathedral St. Congregational Church. Near the University. FEATURAL ORDER. MONTEZUMA LODGE, No. 1, A.F. & A.M. Meets on the first Monday of each month. SANTA FE CHAPEL, No. 1, K.A.M. Meets on the second Monday of each month. SANTA FE COMMANDERY, No. 1, Knights Templar. Meet on the fourth Saturday of each month. SANTA FE LODGE OF PERFECTION, No. 1, 14th degree A.A.S.R. Meets on the third Monday of each month. AZOLIAN MUNICIPAL, No. 8, I.O.O.F. Meets every Friday night. SANTA FE LODGE, No. 2, K. of P. Meets first and third Wednesdays. UNION MEXICO DIVISION, No. 1, Uniform Rank K. of P. Meets first Wednesday in each month. SANTA FE LODGE, No. 2307, U.U.O.F. Meets first and third Thursdays. GOLDEN LODGE, No. 3, A. O. D. W. Meets every second and fourth Wednesdays. CAKLETON COUNTY, No. 3, W. A. K., meets First and third Wednesdays of each month, at the hall, south side of the plaza. DR. SANDEN'S ELECTRIC BELT Warranted for CUMBING and SUSPENDIUM 2Ivll&M&mtf, Made for the Tk, 'Cll.u.u. Current. of Electric O."'-"J " :Af Kwtrlfi Current in the Inland, or we correct in CStU K.i Cr"'orj cc,ufWti. ; and of worn worn uueollj for two months. Sealed pamphlets free. AIDE ELECTRIC CO., SKINNER BLOCK, OEVER, COLA A ROOK FOR THE MILLION FREE? QUICK TREATMENT WITH MEDICAL ELECTRICITY For all CHRONIC, ORGANIC and NERVOUS DISEASES in both sexes. It is no longer till you read this book. Address THE PERU CHEMICAL CO., MILWAUKEE, WIS W. G. GIBSON, Architect and Practical Builder WATER STREET, near Exchange Hotel. SUBSCRIBE The best day printing medium in the entire south west, and giving every day the largest and fullest report of the legal and court proceedings, military movements and other matters of general interest opening at the territorial capital. THE PUBLIC is fully equipped with the latest newspaper, newly furnished with special machinery, in which work is turned out expeditiously and cheaply; and a bindery whose specialty of fine black book work and ruling is not excelled by any. THE BODY WANT IT. Smita Fe, the city of the Holy Faith of ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... It was puelle n'exisieu on me Hil.fi nrevioils to the l.)t!i century, lis imtne was O-sru-ii lio iie, Imt it Laa been uliaii'loneil loni! before toronailo's time. flio ypaiiinh town of iintii re was foiuul od in lti'Jo, it is then faro the second o,l nt Kiironeuii settlement Mill extunl n he United Stales. In 1S04 came the irst venturesonio American trader the forerunner of the great line of mei chants who have made tralhc over the Santa Fe world-wide in its celebrity. The climate of New Mexico is considered the finest on the continent. The high altitude is unsurpassed, and the altitude is unsurpassed, and by traveling from point to point almost any desired temperature may be enjoyed. The altitude of some of the principal points in the territory is as follows: Santa Fe, 7,017; Costilla, 7,774; Tierra Amarilla, 7,485; Glorieta, 7,717; Taos, 5,865; Las Vegas, 6,452;imarron, 6,845; Bernalillo, 5,704; Albuquerque, 4,918; Socorro, 4,355; Las Cruces, 3,844; Silver City, 5,946; H. Station, 5,800. The mean temperature at the government station at Santa Fe, for the years named, was as follows: 1874, 48.9 degrees; 1875, 48.0 degrees; 1876, 48.0; 1876, 48.0; 1879, 50.6; 1880, 46.0; which shows an extraordinary uniformity, for tuberculosis diseases the death rate in New Mexico is the lowest in the union, the ratio being as follows. Now England, 25; Minnesota, 14; Southern States, 6; and New Mexico, 3. DISTANCES. Santa Fe is distant from Kansas City 869 miles; from Denver, 338 miles; from Trinidad, 216 miles; from Albuquerque, 85 miles; from Deming, 316 miles; from El Paso, 340 miles; from Los Angeles, 1,032 miles; from San Francisco, 1,281 miles. EXAMINATIONS. The base of the monument in ihe irrand nlaza is. according to latest correct ed measurements, 7,019.5 feet above the level of the sea ; Bald mountain, toward the northeast and at the extreme north ern end of the Santa re mountains, 12,661 feet above sea level ; Lake Teak, to the right (wli sre the Santa Fe creek has its source), is iz.iho ieet mgn ; uie uiviue (Tcsuque road) 7,ii; flgua rna, o,mi ; Oieneiruilla (west 6,025; La Baiada, 5,514 ; mouth of Santa Fe creek (north of Pena Blanca). 5.225; Sandia mountains (highest point), 10,608; Old Placers, 6,801 ; Lob Cerrillos mountains (south), 5,584 feet in height. WniCII UTILE, IT BB ? Wlileh Is tho fairest, a rose or a lily t w nion in the sweetest, a peaeh or a pw lerry s ooquetish, and chaxmini is Millr- Dora Is gentle and fair. ' kM Jweot as a flower was her face when I kljsal (T.OVA IR thn rnmimra unA llilly, my plnymntp, I love s like a sister." But Dora 1 cbooeo for my wile. Tliat Is ri?ht younp; n.an. mnrry the fri you love, by nil mouns, if sbe will W 7,,V lUould her health become' dclleotJ ? and'hor" beauty fodo ni ter marr aje, remember that this is usually due. to fun jtional disturbnnces weaknesses, irr-fiUariti,a, or painful disor- fi, '""r' Kr la 'he cure of which Dr.Iieice i Favorite Pre.cription Is suaran. leed to (rive satisfnctlnn. or money refunded. bittlewrS c""ifl" .uinu.t-SS amstresses. "shop-if e.a," housek"erl' ppetlzinif f.,r.iiiii v..oratire toein atrenifth-Kiver. Copyright. ISfS, hf Wobl ' Dm. Mid. Ail's. Dr. PIERCE'S ELLETS regulate and o!er.n.--o the bowels. They uro purely leotly lmnuis.!. Sno aVucelau. 6 ceaU a tit er, stomach and ejretable and por voa. floid b Business Directory. At the heart of the law, Catawba, Knaeliel & Clancy, Ktlnard L. Kartlett, K. A. Fl-ke, Geo. W. Killell, R. K. Tvilcbell, J. K. Krust, J. C. Preston, The Seat Discovery. You have heard your friends and neighbors full of telling about it. You may yourself be one of the many who know "from personal experience just how good a thing it is. If you have ever tried it, you are one of its staunch friends, because the wonderful thing about it is that when once given a trial, Dr. King's New Discovery ever after holds a place in the house. If you have never used it and should be afflicted with a cough, cold, or any throat, lung, or chest trouble, secure a bottle at once and give it a fair trial. It is guaranteed every time or money refunded. Trial bottles free at C. M. Creamer's drug store. Sleepless Nights Made miserable by that terrible cough. Shiloh's Cure is the remedy for you. C. M. Green, Man of the House to Peddler. Get out of here or I'll whistle for the dog. Well, now, but wouldn't you like to buy a nice via. Supremely Delightful To the emaciated and dull, it is the sense of return, lux health and strength produced by Hostetter's Stomach Bitters. When that promoter of vigor is tested by persons in feeble health, its restorative effect, its vitalizing potency, so it evinces itself in improved appetite, digestion, and nightly repose, the silent conditions under which strength and vigor are in vogue. A kind in flesh and strength ensues, and the nourishment of the body is healthful. As such, it follows the fall of the leaf, does disease follow the footsteps of declining strength, when the premature use of the vitiated vegetable is followed. Dyspepsia, constipation, and other wasting diseases are prompt to act upon the affected area. Avert disease, there are, with the tonic which must only lessen the strength, but not irritate and counterbalance the function of the stomach, liver, and kidney troubles. Are you Americans still as fond of ball as ever? Yes, indeed. Why, all our best families are adding ball rooms to their homes. Familiarity! Upplucntt's Magazine, With its varied and excellent contents, is a library in itself. It was indeed a happy thought to print an entire novel in each number. Not a short novelette, but a long story such as you used to tret in book form and pay from $1 to $1.50 for. Not only that, but with each number. An Idyl in the Bible. Girl in the choir car, Hunting tramp, Home art. ( I.irtle vein olnui'iuii, i Itccu our rtcpf, t Tcacliinir. li m rl work, j N ants a ret. I-'ahlnsj drummer, 'OroMi the aille, Awfully horrid, hut lias tu smile. Mutual mash, Koiind it out, Traveling on Tno Wabash K'mte. Catarrh Cured Health and sweet breath secured by Shiloh's Catarrh Remedy, ice fifty cents. Nasal injector free. C. M. Creamer. i he Ph. I Young Smith. You didn't stay very long at The Poplars last evening, where you went to see the Pipps girl. Youiiii Hrovtn. No. I didn't. Old Pipps broke iu on us aud gave me a hint to no. What did he say? He opened the utitside door and asked me w hat 1 thought of rapid transit. n nut inn jou do f I gave him an iui mediate illustration of it. Notice of Mortgage Sale. Notice is hereby uiven that the under signed, by virtue of a power of sale con tained in a certain luortiniife executed b Alexander II. Allun. Iiearini' date March 30, 1889, and recorded on pages 223 to 225 of hook F of ihe record of imirtuaifes, etc., m the ollice of the recorder of the county of Santa Fe, N M. will, on tin 5th day of June, MM, on San Fruncii-co street, in the city of antu Fe, N. M.. and in front ol the place of business cf the undersigned, at 11 o'clock iu the fore noon of xaid day, expose and sell at pub lic unction to the highest bidder for cash all the follow i nut described lots, tract and parcels of land and real ef-lute, siuiate, lying and being iu the county ol S..nta Fe and territory of Now Mexico, and more particularly described as fol- ows: All of lots 1. 2. 3.4.5.6.7.8. , 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, in lock 8; also lots 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24 and 25, iu block 5 ; also lot 7 iu block in Allan's liiidilaud addition to Santa Fe, as per plat on lile in the recorder's nice ut bauta He N. M.; also all that certain tract, piece or parcel of laud t-ituate, lying and being at the place known as the Uuena Vista, in precinct io. a, county ot hauta re, and measur ang Brewing Go. I'roprJetorn of tli ROCKY MOUNTAIN BREWERY, ' DICNVEK. COI.O. With a Capacity of 150,000 Barrels per Annum. ADOLPH J. ZAFJC, Cen'l Rflangr. CELEBRATED PILSENER BOTTLED BEER a Specialty Locitl A Kent, H. 1 1 AN LEY. Albuquerque Foundry & Machine Comp'y R. P. HALL, Secretary and Treasurer. IKOW AWT! BRASH CASTINOS.DKIC, COAL AND LtTMBBR CARt, 1BAFT INO, I'DUKI H, (IK ATK BAKS, K A KBIT M KTA L, tlOLVMHi ANI) IKON FKIIM-i rK BUILDINOS. REPAIRS ON MINING AND Albuquerque, MILL MACHINERY A SPECIALTY. New Mexico. SANTA FE BAKERY Bread, Pies and Cakes. Groceries Sloan. DENT I MI'S. I. AV, ttaidny. 8UKVUVOICS. Wm. WhltB. Vlrat National Hank. Second Natl .nl Bunk. IXSUrtAN'CK 4GENT.S. Wm. Berger. Johu ray. you get an abundauco of other coutribti lions, which gives you a good magazine ! ing sixty-three varas from east to west besides the novel. i and hounded on the north bv lands ol It docs not follow in old beaten paths the Uelgadns and on Ihe south by tht J. R. HUDSOTJ, Hauuraturar of MEKCHANT8. A. Staab, Wh lfmil Meridianrtl.B. OROCKKIK9. W. tt. Kiumert, No. 0. Cartwright & Urlawold, Mo, S. N. Beaty. W. F. Pollin. UNIVERSITY. THERE ARE SOME FIFTY-FIFTH STREET MORE OR LESS HISTORY IN AND ABOUT THE OLD SINCE THE OLD SINCE THE OLD SPANISH CASTLE. The adobe palace stands on the spot where the old Spanish palace had been erected shortly after 1005. That ancient structure as destroyed in 1080 and the present one was constructed between 1007 and 1716. The chapel of San Miguel was built between 1030 and 1080. In the latter years the Indians destroyed it. Fully restored in 1711, it had previously, and after 1093, been the only Spanish chapel in Santa Fe. It still remains the oldest church in use in New Mexico. The walls of the old cathedral date in part from 1022; but the edifice proper is from the past, century. Old Fort Marcy was first recognized and used as a strategic military point by the Pueblo Indians when they revolted against Spanish rule in 1080 and drove out the enemy after besieging the city for nine days. The American army under Kearney constructed old Fort Marcy in 1846. Fort Marcy of the present day is garrisoned by three companies of the 10th U. S. infantry, under command of Captains Gregory Barret, J. F. Stretch and Duggan, and here at 9 a. m. daily occurs guard mounting, a feature of military maneuvering ever of interest to the tourist. Other points of interest to the tourist are: The Historical Society's rooms; the "Garita," the military quarter; chapel and cemetery of Our Lady of the Rosary; the church museum at the new cathedral, the archbishop's gardens; church of Our Lady of Guadalupe with its rare old works of art; the soldiers' monument, monument to the Pioneer Path-Finder, Kit Carson, erected by the G. A. R. of New Mexico; St. Vincent hospital, conducted by Sisters of Charity, and the Orphans' industrial school; the Indian training school; Loreto Academy and the chapel of Our Lady of Light. The sightseer here may also take a vehicle and enjoy a day's outing with both pleasure and profit. The various spots of interest to be visited are Tesuque pueblo, aking in the divide en route; Monument rock, up in picturesque Santa Fe canon; the Aztec mineral springs; Nambe pueblo; Agua Fina village; the turquoise mines; place of the assassination of Governor Perez; San Ildefonso pueblo, or the ancient cliff dwellers, beyond the Rio Grande. THK CITY OF SAKTA F is making a steady modern growth; has now a population of 8,000, and has every assurance of becoming a beautiful modern city. Her people are liberal and enter prising, and stand ready to foster and en courage any legitimate undertaking hav ing for its object the building up and im provement of the place. Among the present needs of Santa Fe, and for which liberal bonuses in cash or lauds could un doubtedly be secured, may be mentioned a canning factory ; a wool scouring plant and a tannery. Skilled labor of all kinds Is in demand at good wages. The cost of living it reasonable, and real vropeity, both Inaide and tmbnrban, to itMdlly ad- XV. A. McKenzle. K. I. Frnnz. CLOTHING & OEMS' FLKMSIUNQ. Sol. Splttcrlbfr. IHlUlJIllSl'S. O. H. trmer. GKNKKAL MKICCtHNDlSK. Abe Gold. Sol. Lnwlttkl ft Hon. MISCELLANEOUS. F. Sohnepple, Bakery. A. Ktraohner, Meat Mhop. John Ollnger, lluilertaker & Kiubaluier. A. Boyle, Florist. J. WeltMier, Book Store. Grant Klvenburg, Nursery, Ice Merchant. Fischer ttrewlng Co., Brewery. D. if. Chase, Photographer. J. O. Schumann, Shoe Merchant. Sol. Lowltikl & Mod. Lirnry Ntable. Dudruw & Hughe. Tra, infer Teams, Coal and Lumber. W. H. Slaughter. Ktrner. HOTELS. Palace Hotel. KxchaniCM Hotel. JEWELERS 8. Nidtz. J. K. liuilMon. Clliil' HOUSE. John Conway. CAKPKNTKKS. A. Windsor. W. O. Gibson. Simon Fllger. "Mancel's Specific," CURES NerreaaDebtMry, Bxkannlea, FVemarare Pe. cay, Partial ar Tetal Iaipoiaacy, aad All WEAK" r.asi arblag fetal arar-taxaiia of mind or body. MEN f uffartaf feem tba Mkim aid mkmi that hare . rigto la yantaral taaprad.aoii aaa raly oa a apaedy uiU I rraumeat ruteraalaa to kwlta aad uvalau. rt lea, ta.0 by aaall securely sealed. T? irtOtrtO la armrad trm tk arsurlptlim ot an ld aad axaarlaaesd ky.iolsn, and may bs nIM on Mamsdyaaaaaalsd la sflfHy, aad w, thnrn nasadMatlMaM f ks Midieal frottitm Vow slla, a aad Laboratory Jfsm.t'. gpeoillo. j-. -U S0A U, Mow Ysrk ctu FOR MEN ONLY! HrUOl I IIC General and NERVOUS DEBILITY V 1 1 L V Wknw of Body and Mind: Effort Vfk of ErrM. or Esomui in Old or Young Robbiat. Row. A!frlool O V Rctnn.d. How to kalanr an Slnmrllin WKAK, INDHVF UOl'KIl oniMNS a I'AKTH o! HUlll lkiolnlrli oatalllmi 1IORK lllKATHhT- RrorOU I. aaj VfslHtl1 IrtMU 47 Blalra. Tarrllorica, and rarrlr. f ooatrhM foam write taraa. lUwa. tjllnelwalloa, aad aroahanUa taM) Ira. Mn- HUICAL 89., WtJt,M which is an easy task but is perpetually discovering new and pleasant ones, and following them, too. The ringing blows which have been struck on the gateway of popular favor, have resounded throughout the entire- land, and to-d AV Lippincott's Magazine slams in the front rank of monthly publications, and it is the most widely-read-and-talked-of publication of its kind in the world. For full particulars, address Lippincott's Magazine, Philadelphia. $3 per year, 26 cents single number. The publisher of this paper will receive your subscriptions. Will You Suffer With dyspepsia and liver complaint? Shiloh's Vitalizer is guaranteed to cure you. C. M. Creamer. People never know, either in disputed or other matters, how much may be said on each side until they hear two women talking over a fence. The First Step. Terms you are run down, can't eat, can't sleep, can't think, can't do anything to your satisfaction, and you wonder what ails you. You should heed the warning, you are taking the first step into nervous prostration. You need a nerve tonic and Electric Bitters you will find the exact remedy for restoring your nervous system to its normal, healthy condition. Surprising results follow the use of this great tonic and alterative. Your appetite returns, good digestion is restored, and the liver and kidneys resume healthy action. Try a bottle. Price 50c, at C. M. Creamer's drug store. Goethe says life is a quarry out of which a man must chisel a character. Other people will chisel him out of it quick enough if it be for their interest to do so. People Everywhere Confirm our statement when we say that Acker's English Remedy is in every way superior to any and all other preparations for the throat and lungs, in whooping cough and croup it is magic and relieves at once. We offer you a sample bottle free. Remember, this remedy is sold on a positive guarantee by A. C. Ireland, druggist. Mrs. Backley: What's the matter, Henry? You look disgusted. Daskley: Why, I gave a poor widow $100 on the sly to buy coal with and she didn't tell anybody. A Little to Yourself. It is surprising that people will use a common, ordinary pill when they can secure a valuable English one for the same money. Dr. Acker's English pills are a positive cure for sick headache and all liver troubles, they are small, sweet, easily taken and do not gripe. Sold by A. C. Ireland, druggist. A whirligig The trotting sulky. There is no use hunting for bear truth in the stock market just now. A Child Killed. Another child killed by the use of opiate, giving in the form of soothing syrup. Why mothers give their children such deadly poison is surprising when they can relieve the child of its peculiar troubles by using Acker's Baby Soother. It contains no opium or morphine. Sold by A. C. Ireland, jr., druggist. William Waldorf Astor has just sold 1,000,000 worth of real estate. He wanted to buy a little ice, I suppose. The mopquet is never asked to call again after he presents his bill. Advice to Mothers. Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup should always be used when children are cutting teeth, it relieves the mother at once; it produces natural, quiet sleep by relieving the child from pain, and the little cherub awakes as "bright as a button." It is very pleasant to taste. It soothes the child, softens the gums, allays all pain, relieves wind, regulates the bowels, and is the best known remedy for diarrhea, whether arising from teething or other causes. Twenty-five cents a bottle. This month is called May because it may rain and it may not. Bucklen's Arnica Salve. The best Salve in the world for cuts, bruises, sores, ulcers, salt rheum, fever sores, tetter, chapped hands, chilblains, corns, and all skin eruptions, and positively cures piles, or no pay required. It is guaranteed. Invented to give perfect satisfaction. Or money refunded. Price 26 cents per box. For sale by the Mexican Filigree Jewelry, Arroyo del Pino and on the east by lands of Mrs. J. M. Johnson and on the west by lands of M. E. Quibel. The First National Bank of Santa Fe, By K. J. Paine, Cashier. Santa Fe, N. M., May 13, 1910. That Hacking Cough can be so quickly cured by Shiloh's Cure. We guarantee it. C. M. Creamer. I think, said a disappointed and discouraged actor, that I would have made the hit of my life by not being born. A Sure Cure for the Whisky Habit. Dr. Livingston's Antidote for the liquor habit, will cure any case of the use of liquor drinking, from the moderate drinker to the drunkard, in from ten to thirty days. The antidote can be given in collet without the knowledge of the person taking it, and the cure will follow just the same as if he was taking it of his own choice. It will not injure the health in any way. If you have a loved one in the power of the habit, or a friend you would like to see rescued, send to us, and get a trial bottle, and you will never regret the small amount it will cost you. Address Livingston Chemical Co., Portland, Oregon, and mention this paper. Never place so your minister as sermon. ATCH REPAIRING A SPECIALTY. Mite L. L. L. Bringing and all kinds of Hanging Moulding, including Vases, Vases, and other miscellaneous items. A. SANTA FE, B. ON THE PLAZA, much confidence in to sleep during the state, Insurance MINING EXCHANGE. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Flirting is good fun until one of the fl irts suddenly changes about from year to year. Guard Against the Strike, And always have a bottle of Acker's English Remedy in the house. You cannot tell how soon croup may strike your little one, or a cough or cold may fasten itself upon you. One dose is a preventive and a few doses a positive cure. All throat and lung troubles yield to its treatment. A sample bottle is given you free and the remedy guaranteed by A. C. Ireland, jr., druggist. If we could all of us have everything that we want most of us would still want something to feel unhappy about. There is another mean thing about the Chinese. Every one of them is a tailbearer. French Tansy Wafers, the Ladies' Friend. For female irregularities of all kinds, no matter what the cause, and for the suffering such as so many women endure at certain periods there is nothing equal, the wafers are made from pure drugs especially imported by us, and the recipe is used by one of the most celebrated physicians of France, who in twenty years never had a single case they failed to relieve. Sent by mail securely sealed on receipt of $2. To be had only of the Livingston Chemical Co., Portland, Ore. The new Mexican Croup, And bronchitis Shiloh's Cure. Whooping Cough Immediately relieved by C. M. Creamer. A professor of sound ideas. acoustics ought to have ESTABLISHED IN 1862. The oldest, reliable, and strongest apr in New Mexico. Pioneer Associated Press The dispatch, territorial down, the supreme court decisions, and the laws enacted by the last legislature assemble. The greatest musicians are all getting married. Thomas Damrosch, etc. Young men, be wise. When harmony lovers become Benedicts, it means something. Shiloh's Vitalizer is what you need for constipation, loss of appetite, dizziness, and all symptoms of dyspepsia. Price ten and seventy-five cents per bottle. C. M. Creamer. The New Mexican Printing Company is fully prepared to do all kinds of legal and commercial work at the lowest rates and to the satisfaction of patrons. Our new "team presses" are kept constantly in operation. Keep to the Right. Do not be imposed on by any of the numerous imitations, imitations, etc., which are flooding the world. There is only one Swift's Specific and there is nothing like it. Our remedy contains no Mercury, Potash, Arsenic, or any poisonous substance whatever. It builds up the general health from the first does, and has never failed to eradicate contagions blood poison and its effects from the system. So sore to get the genuine. Send your address for our Treatise on Blood and Skin Diseases, which will be mailed free, SWIFT SPECIFIC CO., Atlanta, Ga. A COMPLETE BINDERY DEPARTMENT Complete, first Class bindery connected with the establishment. Ruling and binding of bank, railroad, record, and all descriptions of blank work. Thorough workmanship and best of material kept constantly in view. A. 3D DRESS New Mexican Printing Company.
| 27,447 |
https://github.com/apache/hive/blob/master/ql/src/java/org/apache/hadoop/hive/ql/ddl/table/constraint/drop/AlterTableDropConstraintOperation.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, BSD-3-Clause, Python-2.0, BSD-2-Clause
| 2,023 |
hive
|
apache
|
Java
|
Code
| 238 | 600 |
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.ddl.table.constraint.drop;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.api.NoSuchObjectException;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.ddl.DDLOperation;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.ddl.DDLOperationContext;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.ddl.DDLUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.HiveException;
/**
* Operation process of dropping a new constraint.
*/
public class AlterTableDropConstraintOperation extends DDLOperation<AlterTableDropConstraintDesc> {
public AlterTableDropConstraintOperation(DDLOperationContext context, AlterTableDropConstraintDesc desc) {
super(context, desc);
}
@Override
public int execute() throws Exception {
if (!DDLUtils.allowOperationInReplicationScope(context.getDb(), desc.getDbTableName(), null,
desc.getReplicationSpec())) {
// no alter, the table is missing either due to drop/rename which follows the alter.
// or the existing table is newer than our update.
LOG.debug("DDLTask: Alter Table is skipped as table {} is newer than update", desc.getDbTableName());
return 0;
}
try {
context.getDb().dropConstraint(desc.getTableName().getDb(), desc.getTableName().getTable(),
desc.getConstraintName());
} catch (NoSuchObjectException e) {
throw new HiveException(e);
}
return 0;
}
}
| 12,060 |
https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/87818
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 196 | 238 |
Where do I store project data in Unity?
In Unity the PhysicsManager has project data. It exists across scenes but its data is unique to each project. If it make my own CustomManager, where/how to I store its data so that it's associated with the project, not a particular scene.
Most of the examples show storing data in properties in components on GameObjects but the PhysicsManager is not a component of a GameObject as far as I can tell. I want my custom manager to do whatever PhysicsManager is doing to store its data.
Any examples, pointers, links to articles?
Depending on the amount of data you have to store PlayerPrefs should be perfect for that. If player prefs is not enough or does not suits your needs you can store project custom data in a text file (personally i place it in resources but it could be anywhere) and read it when needed
for ex : i made a plugin for unity to define different sizes atlases path, and everything is stored in a textfile where i have some JSON arrays, and when i load my scene i read my file and forget about it
| 48,042 |
|
https://github.com/om4rezz/Dynamic-Web-Generator/blob/master/app/Page.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
Dynamic-Web-Generator
|
om4rezz
|
PHP
|
Code
| 25 | 86 |
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Page extends Model
{
public function site()
{
return $this->belongsTo(Site::class);
}
public function menu()
{
return $this->hasMany(Menu::class);
}
}
| 7,003 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19854575
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
Grundy, Soner Gönül, dev hedgehog, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2800473, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2881286, https://stackoverflow.com/users/447156, https://stackoverflow.com/users/661933, nawfal
|
English
|
Spoken
| 323 | 637 |
Error When Calling Intersect With Expression Tree API
I am learning Expression Trees so bear with me on this one.
The idea is to call intersect an to receive the num 3.
Guess I missing something. Can you tell me what am I doing wrong here please?
static void Main(string[] args)
{
List<int> arr1 = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
List<int> arr2 = new List<int> { 6, 7, 8, 9, 3 };
var ex =
Expression.Lambda<Func<List<int>>>(
Expression.Call(
Expression.Constant(arr1), typeof(List<int>).GetMethod("Intersect"), Expression.Constant(arr2)));
....
Why is this throwing that value cannot be null?
What is the error exactly?
Error text is value cannot be null. I wrote it at the bottom.
possible duplicate of Why does it return null when I try to invoke generic methods?
Intersect is extension method, so typeof(List<int>).GetMethod("Intersect") return null
for solve try get them from Enumerable
UPDATE
for get Intersect try this
var intersectMethod = typeof(Enumerable).GetMethods().First(a => a.Name == "Intersect" && a.GetParameters().Count() == 2).MakeGenericMethod(typeof(int));
better
var intersectMethod = typeof(Enumerable).GetMember("Intersect").First().MakeGenericMethod(typeof(int));
Good suggestion but now I get Unhandled Exception: System.Reflection.AmbiguousMatchException: Ambiguous match
found. Any ideas???
yes, find method that you want, public static IEnumerable<TSource> Intersect<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second); or public static IEnumerable<TSource> Intersect<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> first, IEnumerable<TSource> second, IEqualityComparer<TSource> comparer); and get concrete
The first one shall match to what I wrote is my expression why is it still wrong?
it wrong because GetMethod in you case get only by name, and names same
I dont get it. Could you edit your question with the correct code please?
And why is it not working the way I wrote it down? Why do I need First() and MakeGenericMethod?
You need First() to specify method what you want, because Enumerable class has several methods with same name, you need MakeGenericMethod to specify generic type what you want use
I get that but is it not working with GetMethod("Intersect", new Type[] { type })?
no, for more see GetMethod for generic method
| 7,492 |
ACCOTEXT000043525426
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| null |
NGE GENIE CIVIL
|
ACCO
| null |
Spoken
| 1,182 | 1,962 |
ACCORD COLLECTIF CONCERNANT LES TRAVAUX EXECUTES
de NUIT, de WEEK-END
sur le chantier GARE SNCF de MORET SUR LOING (77)
Entre les soussignés :
La société NGE GC, Société par Actions Simplifiée, dont le siège social est à SAINT ETIENNE DU GRES (13103) Parc d’Activités de Laurade,
Représentée par xxx,
D’une part,
ET :
L’organisation syndicale CGT
Représentée par xxx
L’organisation Syndicale CFDT
Représentée par xxx
L’organisation Syndicale FO
Représentée par xxxx
D’autre part,
Préambule :
Cet accord est conclu dans le cadre de de la réalisation de la mise en accessibilité PMR de la Gare SNCF, travaux pour le compte de la SNCF.
Les travaux seront réalisés du 9 Avril 2021 au 24 Octobre 2021
Pour ce chantier, la société NGE GENIE CIVIL effectuera des travaux de Génie Civil de quais.
Le travail de nuit est contractuellement prévu par la SNCF et justifié par l’arrêt des voies de circulation du trafic SNCF.
Pour répondre aux exigences de notre client contraint par la continuité du service public et la reprise de la circulation, il apparaît donc indispensable d’adapter l’organisation du temps de travail des personnels intervenant sur le chantier aux contraintes de réalisation énoncées ci-dessus.
Article 1 – Champ d’application - personnel concerné
Le présent accord concerne les salariés de la société NGE GC, pour les catégories socioprofessionnelles : ouvriers, ETAM et cadres amenés à intervenir sur le chantier.
Les dispositions du présent accord complètent celles des conventions collectives et accords d’entreprise applicables aux ouvriers, ETAM et cadres des travaux publics.
Si des dispositions légales réglementaires ou futures devaient être plus avantageuses ; elles seraient appliquées à la place du présent accord. Si ces dispositions étaient moins avantageuses, les dispositions du présent accord continueraient à être appliquées dans les conditions qu’il prévoit.
Seuls subsistent les avantages individuels, attribués par contrat de travail, qui ne relèveraient pas du statut collectif et qui ne seraient pas en contradiction avec celui-ci.
Article 2 - Durée de l’accord
L’accord est conclu pour une durée de 1 mois correspondant à la durée prévisionnelle du chantier et entrera en application à compter du vendredi 9 avril 2021 à 21 h 00.
Il pourra être prolongé par avenant, en fonction des besoins liés à la réalisation des travaux.
Article 3 – Personnel concerné
Le présent accord concerne les salariés de la société NGE GC, pour les catégories socioprofessionnelles ouvriers et ETAM amenées à intervenir sur le chantier, telles que définies par les conventions collectives précédemment citées.
Afin de permettre à l’entreprise d’assumer sa charge de travail, le nombre prévisible de personnes concernées par cet accord sera d’environ 30 salariés :
- 2 Conducteur de Travaux,
- 4 Chefs de chantier
- Du personnel ouvrier de travaux publics en fonction des spécialités requises et en effectif correspondant aux besoins du chantier.
Article 4 : Définition du travail de nuit
Il s’agit de tout travail effectué au cours d’une période d’au moins neuf heures consécutives, commençant au plus tôt à 21h00, s’achevant au plus tard à 7h00 et comprenant l’intervalle entre minuit et 5h00.
Article 5 – Organisation du temps de travail et horaires des équipes
Travaux de Week-end :
1er poste du vendredi 22 h00 au samedi 08 h 00
2nd poste du samedi 08 h 00 à 18 h 00
3ième poste du samedi 18 h 00 au dimanche 04 h 00
4ième poste du dimanche 04 h 00 à 14 h 00
5ième poste du dimanche 14 h 00 au lundi 00 h 00.
Pour les salariés ayant accompli plus de 270 heures de nuit par an, une journée de repos compensateur sera octroyée.
Une pause d’une heure non décomptée du temps de travail sera accordée.
Article 5 Bis – Travail de nuit
Le marché n’ayant pas défini avec exactitude les nuits travaillées sur le chantier car dépendant de l’avancement de celui-ci, il sera donc établi mensuellement un état récapitulatif des nuits travaillées et envoyés aux quatre signataires de cet accord.
Article 6 : Rémunération et contreparties
Article 7 : Déplacement / sécurité des salariés
Les trajets domicile-chantier s’effectuent au moyen des véhicules personnels des salariés (comme pour le reste du chantier). Pas de déplacements autres à prévoir.
Article 8 : Hygiène et sécurité
Toutes les mesures de prévention applicables sur ce chantier sont consignées dans un Plan Particulier de Sécurité et de Protection de la santé (P.P.S.P.S).
Les notices d’information particulières seront mises à disposition des salariés, elles concernent :
les travaux à proximité d’une voie ferrée (sans circulation de trains durant la nuit),
Intervention dans les emprises ferroviaires sous annonce SNCF Réseau et/ou interception ferroviaire.
Le P.P.S.P.S ainsi que les notices d’information seront commentés à chaque salarié lors de son arrivée sur le chantier lors de l’accueil sécurit
Un correspondant sécurité sera spécifiquement désigné afin d’effectuer un contrôle de la bonne mise en œuvre des mesures de prévention décrites dans le P.P.S.P.S.
Ce document est à disposition des salariés qui souhaiteraient le consulter, au bureau du chantier.
Dispositions spécifique COVID – 19
Des mesures barrières dans la lutte contre le COVID-19 ont été mises en place sur le chantier :
Distanciation 1m
Port de masque et gants quand coactivité ou partage de documents/outils
Covoiturage limité
Création de bases vie secondaires sur le chantier et lavage des mains toutes les 2 heures
Un additif au PPSP a été remis au CSPS, suite de la parution de l’additif au PGC et des préconisations de l’OPPBTP.
Article 9 : Changement d’affectation
Tout salarié souhaitant une réaffectation pourra le faire savoir par lettre motivant sa demande, adressée au service du personnel.
Article 10 : Révision et dénonciation
Chaque partie signataire peut demander la révision ou la dénonciation de tout ou partie du présent accord, selon les dispositions légales et réglementaires en vigueur.
Article 11 : Dépôt légal
Un exemplaire du présent acte sera dépose auprès du Secrétariat-greffe du Conseil de Prud’hommes d’Arles et de la Préfecture de Seine et Marne, et un exemplaire auprès de la Direction Régionale des Entreprises, de la Concurrence, de la Consommation, du Travail et de l’Emploi via la plateforme « TéléAccords ».
Article 12 : Publicité de l’accord
Les parties au présent accord conviennent que l’article 6 soit occulté et qu’il ne fasse donc pas l’objet d’une publication sur la base de données nationale pour des raisons de confidentialité vis-à-vis des entreprises concurrentes.
Article 13 : Affichage
Cet accord sera mis à disposition des salariés sur le chantier et sera présent sur le tableau d’affichage.
Fait à Saint Etienne du Grès, le 17 mars 2021, en six exemplaires,
Pour la société NGE GC Pour la CGT
Pour la CFDT
Pour FO
Annexe concernant les week-ends travaillés :
Du 9 au 11 Avril 2021
Du 28 au 30 Mai 2021
Du 04 au 06 Juin 2021
Du 11 au 13 Juin 2021
Du 6 au 08 Août 2021
Du 24 au 26 Septembre 2021
Du 15 Octobre au 17 Octobre 2021
Du 22 Octobre au 24 Octobre 2021.
Fait en six exemplaires originaux à Saint Etienne du Grès, le 17 Mars 2021
Pour la société NGE GENIE CIVIL Pour la CGT
Pour la CFDT Pour FO
| 40,285 |
https://github.com/hamdiwanis/NativeScript/blob/master/apps/app/ui-tests-app/font/fonts-weight/main-page.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
NativeScript
|
hamdiwanis
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 76 | 407 |
import { EventData } from "tns-core-modules/data/observable";
import { SubMainPageViewModel } from "../../sub-main-page-view-model";
import { WrapLayout } from "tns-core-modules/ui/layouts/wrap-layout";
import { Page } from "tns-core-modules/ui/page";
export function pageLoaded(args: EventData) {
const page = <Page>args.object;
const wrapLayout = <WrapLayout>page.getViewById("wrapLayoutWithExamples");
page.bindingContext = new SubMainPageViewModel(wrapLayout, loadExamples());
}
export function loadExamples() {
const examples = new Map<string, string>();
examples.set("system", "font/fonts-weight/system");
examples.set("sans-serif", "font/fonts-weight/sans-serif");
examples.set("serif", "font/fonts-weight/serif");
examples.set("monospace", "font/fonts-weight/monospace");
examples.set("courier-new", "font/fonts-weight/courier-new");
examples.set("helvetica", "font/fonts-weight/helvetica");
examples.set("custom-fontawesome", "font/fonts-weight/custom-fontawesome");
examples.set("custom-muli", "font/fonts-weight/custom-muli");
examples.set("custom-sofia", "font/fonts-weight/custom-sofia");
examples.set("font-fallback", "font/fonts-weight/font-fallback");
return examples;
}
| 26,127 |
sn83045462_1939-06-11_1_112_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,939 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 182 | 313 |
TOONERVILLE FOLKS The Dwarf FONTAINE FOX and his Model Airplane "Why, POONE them nudists! They're shooting at me!" Maybe that will keep him from FLYING OVER HERE TAKING PICTURES LIKE THAT!" Hey! The Dwarf was over the nudist COLONY TAKING PICTURES AND THEY SHOT AT HIM! Yes, and p,o, I'm gonna FIX 'EM!") YOU WANT ME TO SLIP THAT BAG OVER IT, TIE IT TIGHT AND THEN SAW THE LIMB OFF THE a. * uro? He got a paper bag and a saw FROM ME AND GUESS WHAT HE'S GONNA DO WITH 'EM?” “Better so slow with that! Suppose you X, SHOULD FALL AND BUST THAT BAS OPE^ Ml NOW ALL I GOT TO DO IS TO HIT THEIR ISLAND WITH THE BOMB!” “Boy! If he really props that on ’EM I WOULPN’T MISS IT FOR ■ —> ^ ENNYTHINSl ” ) z <-o. <nJvi C, /- ti J “That ought land right in the MIDDLE OF ’em!!” HEARD A RUMOR IN THE VILLAGE THAT THE DWARF WAS GONNA DROP A HORNET'S NEST DOWN ON THE NUDIST Colony! Sounds like he has!
| 1,429 |
bpt6k5461069x_13
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Annales de la Société entomologique de France
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,222 | 17,069 |
D 1. Segments dorsaux de l'abdomen 2 et 3 gibbeux et obtusémeiit proéminents au milieu de la marge postérieure Groupe VIL C4 1. Antennes fortes, massue de 4 articles, le 10° article excavô et dilaté en dessous Groupe VIII. A 1. Articles des antennes 3-7 petits, uioniliformes, massue de quatre arlicles, très tranchée, un peu plus longue, que la moitié de l'antenne Groupe IX. Tableau du genre Ctenisophus A 2. Carène infra-jugulaire terminée, de chaque côté, par une épine mince, acérée, B 2. Couleur d'un roux châtain. C 2. Troisième article des palpes plus long que large, triangulaire à la base, mais allongé et atténué vers te sommet Groupe I. C 1. Troisième arlicle des palpes triangulaire, plus ou moins transversal, au moins aussi large que long. D 2. Massue des antennes d très tranchée Groupe IL D 1. Massue des antennes d presque indistincte Groupe III. B 1. Couleur d'un brun noir Groupe IV. Al. Carène infra-jugulaire terminée, de chaque côté, par un tubercule plus ou moins émoussé qui remplace l'épine Groupe V. B4 2. Les quatre derniers articles des antennes toujours plus longs que larges. Ç'3. Antennes longues, arlicles 8-10 de même longueur, (464) Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 343 s'épaississant graduellement, 8 trois fois plus longque large. Tête assez courte, très brièvement ovale, fortement étranglée avant le tubercule antennaire. Prothorax convexe, même un peu gibbeux de chaque côté de la fossette médiane qui est légèrement sulciforme. Élytres assez convexes. Palpes à 3e arlicle bien plus long que large, presque en triangle isocèle, 4e polit, transversalement ovoïde. 9 Antennes assez allongées, arlicles 3-7 un peu obconiques, égaux, de moitié plus longs que larges, 8 un peu plus étroit, transversal, 9 presque globuleux, 10 plus long que les deux précédents réunis, un peu obeonique, beaucoup plus gros, 11 subcylindrique. obtus au sommet, — Long. 1,60 mill. validicornis n. sp. C 2. Antennes un pou moins longues et plus épaisses, articles 8-10 s'épaississant graduellement, 8 trois fois, 9 à peine doux fois. 10 largement deux fois, 11 plus de deux fois plus longs que larges, le dernier un peu épaissi et brusquement atténué, au sommet. Tête plus étroite, à côtés un peu parallèles. Prothorax moins convexe; nullement gibbeux autour de la fossette médiane. Troisième article des palpes moins allongé, à peine plus long que sa plus grande largeur. — Fig. 99. 9 Antennes semblables; mais un peu plus courtes,arlicles 3-7 un peu moins longs, 8 fortement et 9 légèrement transversaux, 10 moins obeonique, moins gros, 11 au contraire, contraire, beaucoup plus gros, ovoïde. — Long. 1,60 mill Batvrîngi n. sp. C 41. Antennes, surtout la massue, notablement plus courtes, articles 8-10 presque de même épaisseur; cylindriques, 11 notablement plus épais et presque ovoïde. Tête un peu triangulaire. Prothorax nullement gibbeux. Palpes plus grêles et plus petits, mais conformés comme chez C1. validicornis. — Long. 1,4-0 mill. sejuamosus Raffray (*). (1) Dans la description originale je n'avais sous les yeux que des femelles, et l'exemplaire que j'ai indiqué comme femelle est une variété ou pourrait ôlre une autre espèce dont le mâle serait encore inconnu. Fig. 99. 344 A. RAFFRAY. r&fiSï B 11. Massue des antennes d; beaucoup plus courte et plus épaisse, très tranchée, articles, 8 un peu obeonique, à peine plus long que large, 9 un peu plus étroit, presque transversal, 10 un peu plus gros et carré, 11 plus gros, presque du double plus long, ovoïde un peu allongé, obtus au sommet, Le 3e article des palpes est presque ovoïde, un peu triangulaire à la base et oblique, le 4e aussi long que lui, fusiforme et transversal. Tête assez large, un peu triangulaire avec des yeux énormes. Prothorax plus court que dans les espèces précédentes, presque transversal, nullement gibbeux.Élytres à peu près carrés. Espèce très distincte par la massue des antennes plus courte et plus épaisse. — 9 inconnue. — Long. 1,40 mill. — Fig. 100... irregularis n. sp. Fig. 100. Gen. Ctenicellus n. gen. Ce nouveau genre est presque de tout point semblable à Ctenisophus et j'avais même attribué à ce dernier te Ct. laticollis qui, avec l'espèce nouvelle décrite plus loin, constitue ce nouveau genre, Le dessous de la tête, qui présente des caractères intéressants dans cette tribu, est construit tout difl'éremment. Chez Ctenisophus on voit en arrière de la gorge, non loin du cou, une forte carène transversale, bien limitée et obliquement tronquée de chaque côté, où elle esl terminée par un angle aigu ou une épine plus ou moins longue. Dans Ctenicellus, la conformation est tout autre : il y a encore une carène transversale, mais moins accentuée et qui se prolonge, de chaque côté, en fort canthus arrondi; en arrière des yeux, une carène longitudinale mince, en lame de couteau, descend du menton et se réunit perpendiculairement à la carène transversale; de chaque côté de cette carène longitudinale, dans l'angle formé par l'intersection des deux carènes, la gorge est creusée eii fossette ronde qui aide à Fig. 101. Tête de Ctenisophus vernalU vue en dessous. (466) Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 343 loger les palpes qui sont d'ailleurs bien plus épais et plus courts que dans Ctenisophus. Ce nouveau genre diffère aussi de Enoptostomus Schaum, en ce que le 2e article des palpes est pénicillé, tandis qu'il est mutique dans Enoptostomus. Le dessous de la tête présente du resle, dans ces deux genres, beaucoup d'analogie : dans les deux il y a la carène longitudinale, mais dans Enoptostomus, la carène transversale fait défaut et, en tout cas, si on en pressent des vestiges, sous l'épaisse pubescence glanduleuse qui garnit l'intersection de la gorge el du cou, il n'y a pas trace de son prolongement latéral en canthus en arrière des yeux. Pour faire mieux comprendre les différences, je donne les figures du dessous de la tôle de Ctenisophus vernalis, — Fig. 101, et de Ctenicellus major, — Fig. 102. Fig. 102. Télé de Ctenicellus major vue en dessous. Ctenicellus major n. sp. — Elongatus, rufus, albido-squamosus. Caput triangulatim elongatum -, fronte consirklum, tuberculo antennario leviler transverso, basi oblonge foveala cl foveis duabus alle■ris rotundatis inter oculos maximos. Palpi crassi, articulis 2 brevi, crasso, apice valde clavaio, breviter sed distincte appendiculalo, 3 magno, crasso, oblique et irregulariter ovato, 4 crasso, transversim triangulari, angulo inlcrno apicali acute et brevissime appendiculalo, 3 et 4 exius longe appcndiculatis. Antennae elongatae, articulis 1 subquadrato, 2 quadraio-elongalo, 3-6 latitudine sua paulo longioribus et longitudine decrescentibus, 7 quadrato, sequentibus crassioribus et ad apicem latitudine leviler crescentibus, 8 fere.tripla, 9 et 10 duplo laliludine sua longioribus, 8 et 9 cylindricis, 1.0 leviler obeonico, il latitudine sua tripla longiore, subcylindrico, ad apicem leviler incrassaio, obtuso. Prolhorax leviter transrersu-s, anticc angustatus, ad médium lateribus rolundatus, dein ad basin leviler sinuose attenuatus,.utrinque sulco laterali sinuato, parum profundo, disco obsolète Irigibboso, fovea média basali oblonga. Elytra latitudine sua longiora, basi leviler attenuata, lateribus leviler obliquis, basi bifoveata, stria dorsali intégra, subrecia. Abdomenelylris subaequalc, segmento primo dorsali sequentibus paulo breviorc. Melasternum profunde sulcatum. Pedes simplices. — Long. 2,10 mill. Australie : Melbourne. 346 A. RAFFRAY. (467) Cette espèce diffère de C. laticollis, par la taille bien plus grande, la forme plus allongée, mais surtout par les antennes bien plus longues, les articles de la massue tous beaucoup plus longs que larges. Tableau du genre Desimia A 2. Pubescence assez abondante, un peu squameuse. B 3. Tête longue, étroite (sans les yeux), atténuée en avant, assez convexe Groupe I. B 2. Tête à peine plus longue que large, assez rétrécie en avant, assez convexe Groupe II. B 1. Tête un peu plus longue que large, peu rétrécie en avant, entièrement concave en dessus Groupe IR. A 1. Pubescence presque nulle Groupe IV. Desimia cavicéps n. sp. — Elongata, subparallela, parum convexa. Caput latitudine sua longius, lateribus subparallelum, fronte abrupte incisum, tuberculo frontali subquadrato, transverso, medio sulcato, lateribus postice obliquo et, subcarinato, vertke concavo, anterius sulco longitudinali lato ct profundo, posterius foveis duabus, occipile transversimconvexo, infra spina posl-oculari brevissima, obtusa. Oculi permagni. Palpi minuti, graciles, articulis 2, 3, 4 ovatis, 2 et 3paulo crassioribus, 4 magis fusiformi, apice longe et maxime acuminato, istis tribus, extus, minute appendkulatis. Protliorax breviter ovatus, fovea média basali ovata, angulis dense squamosis. Elytra latitudine sua multo longiora, ad basin vix attenuata, humeris nolatis, stria suturait dorsalique profunda, basi lata, Abdomen elylris subaequale, postice attenuatum, segmento primo dorsali sequente dimidio longiore. Métasternum profunde sulcatum. Pedes elongati-, femoribus parum crassis, tibiis anticis leviter medio incrassatis, posticis longis, redis, gracilibus d. — Long. 2 mill. Afrique australe : Reddesburg. Cette espèce diffère de toutes les autres par sa forme bien plus allongée," plus plate ; l'épine post-oculaire est à peine distincte. Tableau du genre Enoptostomus A 4. Massue des antennes grande, bien marquée, les articles 8-10 croissant graduellement ou subégaux. Groupe I. A 3. Massue très tranchée, articles, 9 de moitié plus long que 8, 10 carré Groupe IL (468) Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 347 A 2. Massue des antennes à peine distincte, les articles 8-10 grossissant graduellement Groupe III. A 1. Massue des antennes très marquée, 9° arlicle bien plus petit que le 8"' Groupe IV. Enoptosêoinus crassicornis n. sp. — Oblongus, rufo-caslaneu-s, antennis pedibusque rufis, disperse albido-squamosus. Caput trapézoïdale, anterius leviter attenuatum, deplanatum, fronte. abrupte conslriclum, tuberculo frontali mediocri, cordiformi, sulcato el basi minute foveato, vertke inler oculos foveis duabus. Palporum articulis 2 subangulato et apice multo crassiore, 3 oblique et irregulariter fusiformi, 4 paulo minore, el graciliore, transversim fusiformi, duobus ultimis breviter appendiculatis. Oculi maximi, Antennae parum elongatae, sal crassac Prolhoraxleviter iransversus, antrorsum attenuatus, medio lateribus leviler rolundatus, dein ad basin subreclus, basi sulcis tribus brevibus. Elytra latitudine sua vix longiora, basi attenuata, lateribus obliquis, stria dorsali intégra, subrecia. Abdomen elytris fere longius, segmento primo dorsali sequente fere dimidio breviorc, Melasternum profunde sulcaium, Femoribus parum incrassatis, tibiis leviter ad apicem crassioribus et incurvis. d Aniennaruni articulis 1, 2 quadrato-elongalis, 3-7 moniliformibus, sal validis, sequentibus crassioribus, 8 subcylindrico, laliludine sua dimidio longiore, 9,10 quadralis, 10 atlamen paululum majore, 11 multo majore, ovato, apice obluso. 9 Aniennaruni articulis 3-7 moniliformibus, 6 et 7 perparum longioribus, 8 cl 9 leviter transversis, 10 multo majore, subconko-lruncato, latitudine aequilongo. Il magno, ovato, obiuso. Elytra paululum breviora. — Long. 1,40-1,60 mill. Sumatra : Palembang. Cette espèce qui provient du même pays que Ctenisophus irregularis, pourrait être facilement confondue avec ce dernier auquel elle ressemble beaucoup, mais dont elle diffère profondément par ses caractères génériques. Tableau du genre Odontalg-us A 2. Segments dorsaux de l'abdomen sans tubercules caréniformes; antennes variables, mais toujours assez grêles. B 2, Antennes longues, grêles, articles 3-7 plus longs que larges, allant en décroissanl Groupe 1. 348 A. RAFFRAY. (469) B 1. Antennes moins longues, plus épaisses, articles 4-7 carrés Groupe IL A 1. Segments dorsaux de l'abdomen avec 5 tubercules caréniformes ; antennes très épaisses, articles 2-10 transversaux Groupe III. Odontalgus gracilis n. sp. — Subovatus, parum crassus, castaneus, vel rufo-castancus, parum nitidus, dense albido-squamosus, pedibus et antennis rufis, i star uni articulis tribus ultimis infuscatis. Caput triangulatim elongatum, tuberculo ùntennario mediocri, basi foveato, occipitc transversim elevaio, verticc abrupte declivi et bifoveato. Antennae elongatae, graciles, articulis 1 cylindrico, 5 ovc.lo, 3-7 obeonicis, longitudine decrescentibus, 3 laliludine sua duplo longiore, 8 minuta, valde transverso. Prolhorax subconicus, valde crucialim tubcrculatus et trifoveatus. Elylra quadrata, basi leviter attenuata, carinis parum clevatis. Abdomen medio longitudinaliter carinalum, segmentis dorsalibus apice medio leviler mucronatis et brevissime fasciculaiis. Melasternum Muni profunde sulcatum, isto sulco pubescentia glandulosa oblecto. Pedes médiocres, femoribus parum incrassatis, tibiis leviler sinuatis. d Aniennaruni articulis 3-7 paulo brevioribus, 9, 10, il crassioribus, clavant magnam formantibus, latitudine sua tripla longioribus, cylindricis, 11 ad apicem incrassalo ct summo rotundalo. Mdasiernum multo profundius sulcatum, utrinque subgibbosunt. 9 Antennarum articulis 3-7 paulo longioribus, 9, 10, 11 ovatis, 10praecedente dimidio majore, il multo majore, duobus prascedentibus cunclis longiore, apice obluso. — Long. 1,20-1,30 mill. Sumatra : Palembaiig. Cette espèce diffère de Od. vcsiiius Schauf., par ses antennes beaucoup plus longues, la coloration plus terne et les côtes des élytres moins larges, moins saillantes; l'abdomen est caréné loiigitudinalement au milieu. Odontalgus validus n. sp. — Crassus, piceovel rufo-castancus, subopacus, sat dense squamosus. Caput fronte minus conslridum, tuberculo aniennario mediocri, profunde sulcato et basi foveato, foveis duabus allsris inter oculos, occipitc sal elevaio, postice profunde sinuato. Antennae crassac, articulis 1 cylindrico, 2 quadrato-elongato, 3-7 subcylindiicis, latitudine sua paululum longioribus, 8 minore, leviler transverso, 9 subgloboso, 10 duplo majore, subgloboso, 11 magno, subcylindrico, laliludine sua plus quam duplo longiore, apice rotundalo. (470) Gênera ct catalogue des Psélaphides. 349 Prolhorax irregulariter conicus, maxime cruciatim Irituberculalus cl quinque-foveaius. Elytra subquadrato, basi leviler attenuata et lateribus paulo rotundata, carinis lotis, sat elevatis. Abdomen posike rotundatum, haud carinaium. Métasternum Muni late sulcaium. Femoribus parum crassis, Iibiis siniplicibus, redis 9. — Long. 1,601,70 mill. Sumatra : Palembang. Bien que je ne connaisse de cette espèce que la femelle, je n'hésite pas à la considérer comme nouvelle. Elle est beaucoup plus grosse que les autres espèces du même pays, variant du châtain foncé au châtain roux, peu brillante et densément squameuse. Elle ressemble davantage à Od. vesperlinus Raffr., d'Abyssinie, mais les antennes sont beaucoup plus épaisses. CATALOGUE. CTENISTINI RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent, 1890, pp. 140, 141; Trans. S. Afr. Pbil. Soc 1897, p. 100. — GANGLBAUER, Kàf. Mittel. II, 1895, p. 845. BIOTUS CASEY, Bull. Calif. Ac. Se 1887, p. 456; Col. Not, V, p. 497. formicarms CASEY, Bull. Cal. Ac. Se 1887, p. 456. — BRENDEL, Bull. Un. Iowa, I, 1890, p. 233, pl. VL f. 14 Californie. T ATINUS HORN; Trans. Amer. Enl. Soc. 1868, p. 127. — CASEY, Col. Not, V, p. 497. montïieoruiïs BRENDEL, Proc Ent. Soc Pbil. 1866, p. 190; Bull. Un. Iowa, I, p. 232, pl. VI, f. 15. — CASEY, Col. Not, V, p. 498. — RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl. 1890, pl. II, ff. 47, 47' Amer, septenirionale : Virginie, Tennessee. 350 A. RAFFRAY. (471) brevicornis CASEY, Col. Nol, V, 1893, p. 498 Amer, septentrionale : Texas. 2 CHENNIUM LATREILLE, Gen. Crust, Insecl. III, 1807, p. 77. — AUBE, Psel. Mon. 1833, p. 14; Ann. Soc, ont, Fr. 1844, p. 88. — JACQ. DUVAL, Gen. Col. Eur. I, p. 133. — SAULCY, Bull. Soc Hist, Nat, Metz (Spec. I), p. 41. — BEITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, pp. 450, 453. — RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent, 1890, pp. 140, 142. — GANGLBAUER, Kàf. Mitteleur. II, 1895, p. 845. bituberculatum LATREILLE, Gen. Crust, Insect, III, 1807, p. 77. — AUBE, Psel. Mon. 1833, p. 14, pl. 78, f. 2; Ann. Soc ent. Fr. 1844, p. 89. — Jacq. DUVAL, Gen. Col. Eur. I, pl. 42, f. 208. — SAULCY, Spec. I, p. 43. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 456; Deuts. Ent, Zeits. 1887, p. 503. — GANGLBAUER, Kàf. Mitteleur. II, 1895, p. 503. (.Larve) XAMBEU, Rev. d'Ent. 1889, p. 332; Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. XXXIX, 1892, p. 61. — GANGLBAUER, Kâf. Mittel. II, 1895, p. 846 France. Allemagne. Italie, Autriche. Espagne. Paulinoi REITTER, Deuts. Ent. Zeits. 1887, p. 503... Portugal : Guarda, Eppelsheimi REITTER, loc. cit. p. 504 Italie : Modène. Steigerwaldi REITTER, Verh. z. b.Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 456 Croatie. J»rometheus SAULCY, Pet, nouv. ent. 1875, p. 39; Verh. naturf. Ver. Rrûnn, XVI, 1878, p. 131, pl. II, f. 11. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 456 Caucase : Tiflis. antennatum REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 456 Caspienne : Hamarat. Kiesenwetteri SAULCY, Spec. I, p. 44. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 456 ; Salonique judaeum SAULCY, loc cit. p. 45. — REITTER, loc cit. p. 456 Jérusalem. . (472) Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 351 ANITRA CASEY, Col. Nol. V, 1893, p. 499. g-lalternla CASEY, loc cit. p. 500, pl. 1, ff. 15, 15a Amer, septenirionale : Arizona. T CHENNIOPSIS madecassa n. sp Madagascar : Suberbieville. T CENTROTOMA HEYDEN, Stelt. Ent, Zeits. 1849, p. 182. —JACQ. DUVAL, Gen. Col. Eur. I, p. 133. — SAULCY, Spec, I, p. 46'. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, ISSi, pp. 450, 453. — RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl, 1890, p. 140, 142.— GANGLBAUER, Kàf. Mittel. II, 1895, p. 848. ïucifuga HEYDEN, Slett, Ent. Zeits, 1849. p. 182. — JACQ. DUVAL, Gen. Col. Eur. 1, pl. 43, f. 213. — SAULCY, Sp. I, p. 48. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 457. — GANGLBAUER, Kâf. Mittel. II, 1895, p. 848 ... Autriche. Allemagne. France orientale. Italie septentrionale Ludyi REITTER, Nalurg. Ins. Deutschl. III, p. 20; Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1884, p. 63 Tyrol méridional : Bozen. penicillata SCHAUFUSS, Sitzg. Ges. Isis, Dresd. 1863, p. 23; Nunq. ot. H, p. 363. — SAULCY, Spec I, p. 48. —REITTER, Verh. z. b.Ges. Wien,1881,p.457 ; 1884, p. 63. — GANGLBAUER, Kàf. Mittel. II, 1895, p. 848. France méridionale : Tarbes, Béziers, Pyrénées. Portugal : Guarda. Espagne centrale Syrie. rubra SAULCY, Ann. Soc ent. Fr. 1864, p. 258 (Syrie). Brsiclîi SAULCY, Spec I, p. 50 " Salonique. globulipalpus SCHMIDT, Beilr. Mon. Psel. p. 14, pl. H, f. 10 Inde : Calcutta, prodiga SHARP, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 107. Japon. 6 352 . A. RAFFRAY. (473) CTENISTES REICHENBACH, Mon. Psel. 1816, p. 75.— AUBE, Psel. Mon. 1833, p. 17; Ann. Soc. ont, Fr. 1844, p. 96. — ' JACQ. DUVÀL, Gen. Col. Eur. I, p. 132. — SAULCY, Bull. Metz (Sp. I), 1874, p. 55. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, pp. 450, 453. — RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent. 1890, pp. 141, 142. — GANGLBAUER, Kâf. Mittel. II, 1895, p. 849. Bionyx LE PELET. et SERV., Enc Méth. Ins. X, 1825, p. 221. Groupe I. Kiesemvetteri SAULCY, loc. cit. p. 60. — RAGUSA (in liti.), Bull. Soc. Ent, It. III, 1871, p. 374. REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 458 Algérie. Corse. Sicile. andalusicus SAULCY. Berl. Eut, Zeits. 1870 (Beih.), p. 180; Spec. I, p. 62. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 458 Andalousie : Sierra de Cordoba. deserlicola RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent. 1882, p. 9, pl. I, f. 9, pl. IL f. 10 Abyssinie : Samarii. Djibouti, zanzibaricus RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent, 1887, p. 24... Zanzibar. Groupe IL palpalis REICHENBACH, Mon. Psel. 1816, p. 76, pl. I, LA.— AUDE. Mon. Psel. 1833, p. 17, pl. 79, f, 1; . . Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1844, p. 97. — JACQ. DUVAL, Gen. Col. Eur. I, pl. 42, f. 207.-SAULCY, Spec. I, p. 57. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 458. — GANGLBAUER, Kàf. Mittel. II, p. 830 Europe méridionale el orientale. Syrie. Dejeani SERVILLE, Encycl. Méth. X, p. 221. — AUBE, Psel. Mon. 1833, p. 18, pl. 70, f. 2. canaliculatus REITTER, Deuts. Ent. Zeits. 1887, p. 504, (Caucase. Turco'mànic. Birmanie). Stauilingeri SCHAUFUSS, Sitzg. Ges.Isis, Dresd. 1861, p. 47; 1863, p. 115, pl. Vin, f. 1; Nunq. ot.ï, p. 38. — SAULCY, Rull. Metz (Sp. I), p. 59. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 458... Andalousie. Tunisie sud. (474) Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 353 Groupe III. sainenensis RAFFRAY, Rev. Mag.Zool. 1877, p. 281, pl. III, ff. 4, 9, 10 Abyssinie : Sémiène, Agamiè. imitat-or REITTER, Deuts. Ent, Zeits. 1882, p. 179. RAFFRAY, Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc 1897, p. 104... Afr. occidentale : Addah. Natal : Sàlisbury. parviceps RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl. 1887, p. 26 Arabie : La Hadj, Itedjaz. opaeus SCHAUFUSS (Enoptostomus), Nunq. ot. III, p. 511— Indes orientales. Groupe IV. brevicornis SAULCY, Spec.I, p. 61.— REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien. 1881, p. 458 Algérie : Oran. australis RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent, 1887, p. 25; Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc. 1897, p. 103 '. ' Le Cap : Siellenbosch, Uitenhage Orange : Bolliavillc. Natal. mitis SCHAUFUSS, Tijds. Eut, XXV, p. 74; Notes Leyd. Mus. IV, p. 154 Bornéo. Batavia. Sumatra nord et sud. ? ©eulatus SHARP, Trans. Soc Ent, Lond. 1874, p. 110 Japon. Groupe V. Marthae REITTER, Deuts. Eut, Zeits. 1891, p. 19.'... Arménie : Araxe, Ordoubad. Groupe VI. Braunsi RAFFRAY, Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc. 1898, p. 406, pl. XVIII; f. 25 Le Cap'.Port Elizabelh, crassicornis n. sp Birmanie. Groupe VIL ciu'vitiens RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl, 1882, p. 10.. Abyssinie : Bogos. Espèce douteuse. niimeticus SHARP, Trans. Soc. Ent. Lond. 1883. p. 295 Japon. 19 Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., Lxxm [1901]. 23 354 A. RAFFRAY. (475) CTENISOMORPHUS RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl, 1890, pp. 140,142; Ami. Soc, eut. Fr. 1892, p. 497. major RAFFRAY, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1877, p. 280, pl. III, f. 2 ■'. Abyssinie : Samarh. elaniticus RAFFRAY, Bull. Soc. eut, Fr. 1903. p. 185. Palestine : Akabah. alternans RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc. eut, Fr. 1892, p. 498, pl. X, f. 10 Sumatra. T CTENISOMIMUS O'IVeili RAFFRAY (Sognorus), Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc. _ 1898, p. 405, pl. XVIII, f! 26 Le Cap : Uitenhagc. 1 SOGNORUS REITTER; Verh. naturf". Ver. Brûnn, XX; p. 202; Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 458.' — RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent. 1890, pp. 141, 143; Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc. 1898, p. 404, — CASEY, Col. Not. V, 1893, p. 201. Pilopius CASEY, Col. Not. VIL 1897, p. 617. Groupe I. Oberthuri PEREZ ap. REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 458... Espagne : Escortai. Portugal .Sierra d'Eslrella, Groupe IL consobrinus LECONTE, Rost, Journ. VI, 1850, p. 79. — RRENDEL, Bull. Un. Iowa, I, p. 236, pl. VI, f. 17. CASEY, Col. Not. VII, 1897, p. 619 Amer, septentrionale : Est du Mississipi. çalcaratus BAUDI, Berl. Ent. Zeits. 1869, p. 405. — SAULCY, Spec. I, p. 63. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 458 Chypre. Tarsous. Groupe III. Croissandeaui REITTER, Wien. Ent, Zeit. 1891, p. 139 Turcomank : Syr-Daria. (476) Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 335 Groupe IV. Heydeni REITTER, Deuts. Enl, Zeits. 1870, p. 373 Amasia. birmauns SCHAUFUSS (Enoptostomus), Tijds. Ent, XXIX, 1886, p. 270 Birmanie. Groupe V. Feyeriimhofll RAFFRAY, Bull. Soc. ent, Fr. 1903, p. 186 Palestine : Bosra d'Edom. Groupe VI. lacuslris CASEY, Col. Nol, VII, 1897, p. 619 Canada. Michigan. Indiana. Illinois. Iowa. saginatus CASEY, loc, cil, p. 620 Canada. Massachusetts. georgianus CASEY, loc cil, p. 621. Amer, septentrionale : Géorgie, piceus LECONTE, Rosi. Journ. VI, p. 79. — BRENDEL, Bull. Un. Iowa,I, p. 235, pl. VI, f. 18. CASEY, Col. Nol, VIL p. 619 Amer, seplcnlrionalc : Est du Mississipi, îowensis CASEY, Col. Not, VII, p. 622. Amer, septentrionale : Iowa. granicollis CASEY, loc cit. 1897, p. 622 Amer, septentrionale : New York. 0oridanus CASEY, loc cit. p. 623. Amer, seplcnlrionalc : Floride, •Kiinmermanni LECONTE; Bost, Journ. VI. p. 79. — BRENDEL; Bull. Un. Iowa, I, p. 236. — CASEY, Col. Not, V, ]). 501; loc cit. VII, p. 619 Nouvelle Orléans. Mexique. Amazones. Colombie, eindereïïa CASEY, Col. Nol, VII, 1897, p. 624 Texas. impressipennis CASEY, loc cil, 1897, p. 624 Texas. puïvereus LECONTE, Ann. Lyc. V, p. 214. —BRENDEL, Bull. Un. Iowa, I, p. 234," pl. VI, f. .10. CASKYJ Col. Not, V, p. 501 ; loc cit. VII, p. 619 Amer, septentrionale : Pensylvanie, Californie, Arizona! ocuïaris CASEY, Col. Not. Y, 1893, p. 502 Amer, septenirionale : Arizona. abruptus CASEY, loc. cit. p. 502. Amer, septentrionale : Arizona. Groupe VII. gibbiventris REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1882, p. 283 Java : Batavia. 356 A. RAFFRAY. (477) Groupe VIII. angustior FAIRMAIRE (Ceniroplithalmus), Bull. Soc, ent, Fr. 1898, p. 33.7. — RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc enl. Fr. 1899, p. 519 ". Madagascar. Groupe IX. Simoui REITTER, Deuts. Eut. Zeils. 1882, p. 179 Afrique occidentale : Addah, Espèces d'affinités douteuses. breviceps SHARP, Trans. Enl. Soc, Lond. 1883, p. 296. Japon. discedens SHARP, loc. cil. 1883, p. 296 Japon. ~25 CTENISOPHUS RAFFRAY, Proc. Linn. Soc N. S. Wales, 1900. p. 208. Groupe I. Krcuslerî KING (Ctenistes), Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1866, p. 300. — BLACKBURN, Trans. R. Soc South Austr. 1899. p. 137. — RAFFRAY, Proc Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, 1900, p. 209 Australie : Gawler, Adélaïde, Sydney, Melbourne. vernalis KING (Tmesiphorus), Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1863, p. 40. RAFFRAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1900, p. 212 d Australie : New South Wales, Wide Bay. 9 Hesperi KING, loc. cit. 1863, p. 40. Groupe II. morosus RAFFRAY, Proc. Linn. Soc N. S. Wales, 1900, p. 209. Tasmanie, Australie : Port Augusta, SwanRiver,Melbourne. patruelis RAFFRAY, loc. cit. p. 210 Australie : Swan River. înaeeptalis RAFFRAY, Proc, Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1900, p. 211 ; Australie : Swan River. papuaiias RAFFRAY, Ann. Mus. Nat, Hung. Budapest, 1903, p. 93 Nouvelle-Guinée : Baie de l'Astrolabe. parvus SHARP, Trans. Enl. Soc Lond. 1874. p. 486. Australie : Victoria, (478) Gênera et catalogue des Psèla2)hides. 357 Adeiaidae BLACKBURN, Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr. 1889, p. 136 Australie : Adélaïde. simples SHARP, Trans. Soc. Ent, Lond. 1874, p. 486. Australie : Victoria. Groupe III. impressus SHARP, loc cit. p. 485. — RAFFRAY, Proc, Linn. N. S. Wales, 1900, p. 211 Australie : Melbourne, Groupe IV. tenebricosoes BLACKBURN, loc. cil, 1889, p. 137— Australie : Port Lincoln. Groupe V. Botvringi n. sp Siam. validicornis n. sp Sumatra : Palembang. stfuatnosus RAFFRAY (Enoptostomus), Ann. Soc. enl. Fr. 1892, p. 499 Sumatra nord et sud. irreguîaris n. sp Sumatra : Palembang. 7F CTENICELLUS laticollis RAFFRAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1900, p. 213, pl. X, f. 36. Australie : Adelai.de. major n. sp Australie : Melbourne. 2 CTENISODES RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc. ent, Fr. 1896, p. 274. laticeps RAFFRAY, loc. cit. p. 275 Mexique. 7 DESIMIA REITTER, Verh. naturf. Brûnn, XX, p. 202; Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, -18S1, p. 457. — RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent. 1890, pp. 89, 91. Tetracis SHARP, Ent, Monthl. Mag. XI, p. 79. Groupe I. Khiliamii AUBE, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1844, p. 99. — SAULCY (Tmesiphorus), Spec. I, p. 53. — REITTER, 358 A. RAFFRAY. (479) Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 457. (Cadix)... Espagne mérid!c : Cadix, Algésiras, Tanger. Algérie : Alger, Oran. iniegricoUis FAIRMAIRE, Ann. Soc. ont. Fr. 1858, p. 793, pl. XVI, f. 4. (Algérie). complex SHARP, Ent. Montbl. Mag. XI, p. 79. (Tanger). Darius SAULCY (Tmcsiplwrus), loc. cit. p. 54 Perse, parvipaïpis RAFFRAY. Rev. Mag. Zool. 1873, p. 363, pl. XV, f. 4; Rev. d'Ent. 1883, p. 233....' .' Algérie : Bouksoul, Biskra. gibbicollïs RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1899, p. 519. Madagascar : Suberbieville Sharpi RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl, 1883, p. 233, pl. IV, f f. 7, 8 Abyssinie : Gcralla. al»yssinica n. sp Abyssinie : Ml-Aladjié. Groupe II. frontalis RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent, 1887, p. 22 d Zangucbar : Kilowa. 9 depilis RAFFRAY, loc, cil, p. 24. arabica RAFFRAY, loc. cit. p. 23 Arabie : Hedjaz. Groupe III. cavîceps n. sp. Afrique australe : Reddesburg. Groupe IV. subcaïva REITTER, Deuts. Ent, Zeits. 1882, p. 180, pl. VRI, f. 6 Afrique occidentale : Addah. IÔ CTENISIS RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl, 1890, pp. 141, 143; Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 1896, p. 271. — CASEY, Col. Not, V, 1893, p. 503. aenumoctialis AUBE, Ann. Soc. enl, Fr. 1844, p. 98. SCHAUFUSS, Berl. Ent, Zeits, 1887, p. 288. — RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc: ent. Fr. 1896, p. 273 Brésil : Amazones, Matto Grosso. Colombie. dispar SHARP (Desimia), Biol. Centr. Amer. II (1), 1887, p. 2, pl. I, f. 1 Mexique, Guatemala. brevicollis RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc. eut, Fr. 1896, p. 272. (480) Gênera cl catalogue des Psélaphides. 359 amazsoniea RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc. ent, Fr. 1896, p. 272 Amazones. Raffrayi CASEY, Col. Nol. V, 1893, p. 503.... Mexique : Arizona, dispar + RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc. ont, Fr. 1896, p. 272. — RRENDEL, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XX, p. 282; Ent. News, 1894, p. 159. angustata RAFFRAY, Ami. Soc. Eut. Fr. 1896, p. 274. Amérique méridionale^: Pampas. nasuta RAFFRAY, loc. cil, 1896, p. 273 Amazones. ~6~ LAPHIDIODERUS RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl, 1887, p. 20; Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc 1897, p. 100. capensis RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent. 1887, p. 21, pl. I, ff. 2, 3 ; Trans. S. Afr. Pli. Soc 1897, pp. 101,102. Le Cap : Cape Town. brevipennis RAFFRAY, Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc. 1897, p. 102 : Le Cap : Cape Town. 2 ENOPTOSTOMUS SCHAUM ap. WOLL. Cal, Col. Can. 1864, p. 528. — SAULCY, Spec. I, p. 65. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 459. — RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Enl, 1890, pp. 141, 143. Groupe I. Aubei ROSENHAUER; Thier. Andal. 1856, p. 62. — SAULCY, loc. cit. p. 67... Andalousie. Portugal, Maroc. Algérie, barbipalpis FAIRM. Ann. Soc. ent, Fr. 1858, p. 792, pl. XVI, f. 5. — REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, . 1881, p. 459. Godarti SAULCY, Ann. Soc. ont. Fr. 1864, p. 258. Jiesbrochersi RAFFRAY, Pet, Nouv. ent. 1871, p. 160. Algérie : Bouksoul, Lcpricuri, SAULCY, Pet. nouv. eut 1875, p. 539. Wolfastoni SCHAUM ap. Woll. Cal, Col. Can. 1864, p. 529 Canaries. 360 A. RAFFRAY. (481) globulieornis MOTSCH. Rull. Nat, Mosc 1851, IV, p. 481. — REITTER, Verh. z.. b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 459 Grèce. Iles orientales de la Méditerranée. Asie Mineure. Perse. Syrie. Egypte. Algérie, pon tiens BAUDI, Berl. Ent, Zeits 1869, p. 406. — SAULCY, Spec. I, p. 68. Groupe H. Chohaùti GUILLEB. Bull. Soc. eut, Fr. 1897, p. 223.. , Algérie : Gharda'ia, Groupe RI. Dodcroi REITTER, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1884, p. 64.. Sardaigne. Jndaeoïittii REITTER, loc. cit. p. 64..'...: Syrie : Liban, Caïffa. madagascariensis RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc. enl, Fr. 1899, p. 520 Madagascar : Suberbieville, Betsiboka. Perrieri FA'IRMAIRE (Cienisies), Bull. Soc ent, Fr. 1899, p,'315. Groupe IV. Aheiïlei GUILLER. L'Échange, 1896, p. 48.. Syrie : Liban, Caïffa, nitidulus RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent. 1887, p. 22 Arabie : Hedjaz. crassicornis n. sp. Sumatra : Palembang. formicarius RAFFRAY, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1877, p. 282, pl. IR, ff. 3, 15; Rev. d'Ent. 1887, p. 21. Abyssinie : Enderla, Ilamacen, Géralta, M'-Aladjié. alternansRAFFRAY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus. n, 1901, p. 125. Rhodesia : Salùbiiry. Espèces douteuses. birmanus SCHAUFUSS, Tijds. Ent. XXIX, p. 276... Birmanie, clandestinus SCHAUFUSS, loc. cit. p. 277 Amazones. llT PORODERUS SHARP, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 294. armatus SHARP, loc cit. 1874, p. 111; 1883, p. 294. Japon. médius SHARP, loc cit. 1874, p. 111 Japon. (482) Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 36-1 similis SHARP, loc cit. 1874, p. 112 Japon. sraniensis SCHAUFUSS (Enoptostomus), Nunq. ot, 1H, p. 511; Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. XVIII, 1882, p. 361.. Siam. biarmatus RAFFRAY, Ann. Soc enl. Fr. 1892, p. 498, pl. X, f. 19 Sumatra nord. Espèces douteuses. angusticeps SCHAUFUSS (Enoptostomus), Berl. Ent, Zeits. 1887, p. 289. Ceylan. javanns SCHAUFUSS (Enoptastomus),Tàs. Ent.XXV, p. 73 ; Notes Leyd. Mus. IV, p. 153 Jara. T EPICAR1S REITTER, Verh. naturf. Ver. Brûnn, XX, p. 184. — RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent, 1890, p. 144, Taphrophorus SCHAUFUSS, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1882, p. 350. ventratis RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent, 1882, p. S, pl. I, f. 8. Abyssinie : lierai. Afrique occidentale : Dakkar. Uoriae SCHAUFUSS, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1882, p. 351. Abyssinie : lier en. 2 ODONTALGUS RAFFRAY, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1877, p. 286 ; Rev. d'Ent, 1890, p. 141; Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc. 1897, p. 105. Groupe I. longicornis RAFFRAY, Trans. S. Afr. Pbil. Soc. 1898, p. 414 Le Cap : Uitenhage. Rhodesia : Sàlisbury. gracilis n. sp Sumatra : Palembang. validus n. sp Sumatra : Palembang. tuliercuïatus RAFFRAY, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1877, p. 287, pl. III, f. 5 Abyssinie : Semiené, Sloa, Keren. Groupe IL Kaîïrayi REITTER, Deuts. Ent, Zeits. 1882, p. 177, pl. VIII, f. 2 Afrique occidentale : Addah, palustris RAFFRAY, Rev. d'Ent. 1887, p. 27 Zanzibar. 362 A. RAFFRAY. (483) vestitus SCHAUFUSS, Tijds. Eut. XXIX, 1886, p. 243. Bornéo. Sumatra nord, vespertinus RAFFRAY. Rev. Mag. Zool. 1877, p. 287; Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc 1897, p. 105. Abyssinie : Alloua, Agamis. Natal : Frère. Rhodesia : Sàlisbury. Groupe III. costatus RAFFRAY, Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc. 1897, p, 106, pl. XVII, f. 9 Le Cap : Cape Town. 9 16° Tribu Tyrini. TABLEAU DES GENRES 1. (4). Palpes maxillaires de 3 arlicles, le premier grand. 2. (3). Premier article des palpes grand, un peu arqué et légèrement légèrement vers l'extrémité, 2e petit, transversalementtriangulaire, 3'grand, ovale, sillonné au côté interne; palpes se logeant dans une fossette palpaire formée d'un large sillon oblique, au-dessous des yeux Gen. Somatipion Schaufuss. 3. (2). Premier article des palpes long, mince à la base, assez brusquement en massue à l'extrémité, 2e semblable, mais un peu plus long, 3e beaucoup plus court, pyriforme, très acuminé au sommet ; palpes grêles, libres Gen. Enantius Schaufuss. 4. (1). Palpes de 4 articles, le premier très petit, 5. (80). Tarses à deux ongles égaux ou subégaux. 6. (79). Tète triangulaire ou plus ou moins trapézoïdale, plus ou moins atténuée en avant, avec un tubercule antennaire plus ou moins marqué et les antennes peu distantes à leur insertion. 7. (26). Palpes plus ou moins anormaux. 8. (11). Troisième article des palpes très grand, longuement triangulaire ou ovoïde, 4° Ltrès petit, subulé, inséré au sommet du 3°. 9. (10). Troisième article des palpes triangulaire, sans sillon, tronqué plus ou moins obliquement au sommet, 4° in- (484) Gênera ct catalogue des Psélaphides. 363 sôré à l'angle interne de la troncature Gen. Centrophthalmus Schmidt, 10. (9). Troisième article des palpes, ovoïde, acuminé à la base, longuement sillonné à la face supéro-interne, 4e inséré au sommet, un peu en dedans, et dans le sillon Gen. Centrophtlialmosis n. gen. 11. (8 et 15). Troisième article petit, plus ou moins brièvement triangulaire. .4e grand; oblong ou ovoïde, avec l'angle interne prolongé en pointe 12. (13). Quatrième articles des palpes un peu en carré; plus ou moins long; tronqué au sommet. Corps simplement pubescent. Abdomen et élytres sans carèneS; ceux-ci avec une strie suturale profonde... Gen. Acylopselaphus Raffray. 13. (12 el 14). Quatrième arlicle des palpes très grand; arrondi, 21' avec un appendice sôtiforme allongé. Pubescence simple. Élytres convexes; sans strie, même suturale. Gen. Zeatyrus Sharp. 14. (13). Quatrième article des palpes ovoïde, creusé en dessus d'une large fossette, Pubescence très courte, râpeuse, Élytres et abdomen avec des carènes. Arlicles 2 et 3 des palpes avec un très petit appendice sétiforme Gen. Ctenotillus Raffray. 15. (11 et 16). Palpes très grands; tous les arlicles très irréguliers, irréguliers, repliant les uns sur les autres, 2e grand, sécuriforme, avec deux appendices sétiformes, l'un à l'angle inférieur, l'autre au milieu, 3e inséré à l'angle supérieur du précédent, pyriforme à la base, avec l'extrémité très longuement prolongée en appendice sétiforme, 4e replié sur le 2°, très fortement subulé au sommet et acuminé, angulé en dessous au milieu et longuement appendiculé. Cardo des mâchoires muni, à l'angle basai externe d'une très longue épine Gen. Leanymus Raffray. 16. (15 et 19). Troisième article des palpes très fortement et 4e plus ou moins transversaux; sans appendices. 17. (18). Troisième el 4e articles des palpes très transversaux; presque foliacés, comme une massue de Scarabéïdo. Pas d'épine infra-oculaire Gen. Ceophyllus Leconle. 18. (17). Troisième article des palpes très transversal, 4,: plus 364 A. RAFFRAY. (485) gros, beaucoup moins transversal, 4e plus gros, beaucoup moins transversal, seulement obliquement inséré. Une très forte épine infra-oculaire Gen. Cedius Leconte. 19. (16 et 20). Palpes non pénicillés, arlicles des palpes 2 et 3 dilatés .anguleusèment ou même plus ou moins appendiculés, 4 dilaté en dehors à la base, acuminé en dedans au sommet Gen. Pselaphocerus Raffray. 20. (19 et 21). Palpes non pénicillés, articles, 2 simple, 3 triangulaire, triangulaire, l'angle externe apical obtusément prolongé, 4 plus ou moins arrondi en dehors, avec l'angle apical interne prolongé et pointu; cet article est parfois contourné. Gen. Sintectodes Reitter. 21. (20 et 22). Palpes avec les articles 2 et 3 appendiculés et pénicillés, 4 dilaté et arrondi plus ou moins transversalement ou gibbeux extérieurement à la base; son angle interne apical est prolongé, très aigu, un peu pubescent au sommet Gen. Tmesipliorus Leconte. 22. (21 et 23). Articles des palpes 2, 3, 4 très longuement appendiculés appendiculés pénicillés, 3 el 4 bien plus longs que larges, 4 presque fusiforme, très acuminé au sommet, appendice inséré vers le milieu externe Gen. Raphitreus Sharp. 23. (22 et 24). Articles des palpes 2, 3, 4, chacun avec un pinceau de soies courtes, 2 très courbé, 3 plus long que large, anguleux extérieurement, avec le sommet fascicule, 4 mince, allongé ovale, avec un pinceau de soies sur une petite éminence, au tiers inférieur, à l'extrémité ; une soie très longue articulée à son sommet, (ex Sharp) Gen. Eulasinus Sharp. 24. (23 et 25). Palpes non pénicillés, articles 2 ct 3 dilatés anguleusemcnt anguleusemcnt dehors, le sommet de cet angle très brièvement et obtusément prolongé, 4 simple, allongé, fusiforme, très acuminé Gen. Labomimus Sharp. 25. (24). Palpes non pénicillés, assez courts, articles, 2 très en massue à l'extrémité, parfois un peu dilaté en dehors, 3 un peu ou pas plus long que large, dilaté, globuleux, ou très obtusément anguleux en dehors, 4 long, dilaté-arrondi à la base, longuement et fortement acuminé vers l'extrémité Gen. Pselaphodes Westwood. 26. (7 et 73). Palpes absolument simples, grands, sans aucun (486) Gênera ci catalogue des Psélaphides. 365 appendice ni déformation, d'ailleurs variables de forme, 4e article toujours ovoïde, subglobuleux ou cylindrique, pointu, obtus ou plus ou moins tronqué à l'extrémité, avec ou sans sillon au côté interne, mais jamais longuement su-. bulé au sommet. 27. (32). Trochanters antérieurs très longs, en massue, avec l'insertion des cuisses tout à fait terminale, 28. (29). Palpes assez épais, articles 2, 3, 4 fortement pédoncules pédoncules leur base, très en massue à l'extrémité, 3e arlicle pas beaucoup plus court que le 4e qui est ovoïde, fin et grêle à la base Gen. Tyrus Aube. 29. (28). Palpes beaucoup plus grêles, médiocrement longs, articles articles et 3 graduellement épaissis vers le sommet, 3 plus ou moins allongé, 30. (31). Palpes moins allongés, avec les articles 2 et 3 plus fortement en massue, 3 un peu plus long que large, 4 plus long, grêle, fusiforme, allongé, très acuminé Gen. Lasinus Sharp. 31. (30). Palpes plus longs, encore plus grêles, articles 2 et 3 peu épaissis vers l'extrémité, 3 beaucoup plus long que large, 4 allongé, grêle, légèrement et graduellement, en massue vers l'exlrôinilé qui est assez subitement très pointue Gen. Subulipalpus Schaufuss. 32. (27). Trochanters antérieurs beaucoup plus courts, pas en massue, avec l'insertion des cuisses latérale, très oblique, sans cependant toucher la hanche, 33. (50). Troisième arlicle des palpes plus ou moins allongé, toujours plus long que large, grêle ou plus ou moins pédoncule à la base, et plus ou moins épaissi au sommet, 34. (39). Quatrième arlicle des palpes allongé ou ovale, ou fusiforme, fusiforme, pointu au sommet, avec l'appendice terminal dans l'axe longitudinal de l'article. 35. (36). Palpes longs, 4e article, allongé, grêle, très fusiforme fusiforme très fortement acuminé au sommet, 3e un peu moins long, graduellement et assez faiblement en massue. Tôle plus longue que large. Prolhorax gibbeux, la fossette médiane petite, les latérales peu visibles en dessus. : Gen. Ancystrocerus Raffray. 366 . A. RAFFRAY. (487) 36. (35 et 37). Palpes très longs, 4P article allongé, très grêle et presque filiforme, ou plus ou moins fusiforme, mais jamais aussi acuminé, 3° un peu moins long, graduellement et assez faiblement en massue, mais toujours plusépais à son sommet que le dernier dans sa plus grande largeur. Tête transversale. Prothorax non gibbeux, avec trois fossettes bien visibles en dessus, reliées par un sillon transversal Gen. Marellus Motschulsky. 37. (36 et 38). Palpes plus courts, 4° arlicle ovoïde-allongé, obtusément obtusément au sommet, 3e assez court, mais encore plus long que large. Tête allongée, avec un tubercule antennaire bien marqué et sillonné, Prothorax allongé, cordiforme ou subhexagonal, avec trois fossettes libres. Pas de strie dorsale Gen. Didymoprora Raffray. OBS. — Ici se placerait probablement le genre Palimbolus Raffr., dont je ne connais pas le type (Tyrus mirandus Sharp), et qui, d'après une étude plus approfondie, me semble devoir être identique à Didymoprora, 38. (37). Palpes plus courts, 4'' article assez brièvement ovoïde et très légèrement sécuriforme à l'intérieur, obtusément acuminé au sommet, 3e graduellement et très faiblement en massue au sommet. Tête allongée, plate, mais sans tubercule antennaire, Prothorax cordiforme exactement en losange Gen. Spilorhombus Raffray. 39. (34 et 40). Palpes longs, 4'' arlicle allongé, très fortement en massue arrondie au sommet, un peu aplati en dessus, avec l'angle interne aigu et portant l'appendice terminal obliquement dirigé vers l'intérieur, 2e el 3e fortement en massue. Tête allongée, tubercule aiilemiaire marqué, plat et sillonné, Prolhorax cordiforme, avec 2 fossettes latérales reliées par un sillon transversal. Segments dorsaux égaux Gen. Lethenomus Raffray. 40. (39 el 41). Palpes presque aussi longs que les antennes, 4e arlicle très mince dans sa première moitié basale, en massue, à l'extrémité (cette massue fendue comme chez Pselaphus), 3e au moins aussi long que le dernier, sa base très mince, son extrémité très fortement en massue, 2e conforme pareillement, un peu plus long. Corps allongé, rétréci antérieurement, Tête ovale, avec un tubercule an (488) .Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 367 tennaire proéminent. Premier segment dorsal 1res grand. (ex Broun) Gen. Tyrogetus Broun. Je ne connais pas ce genre qui semblerait bien mieux placé dans les Pselaphini, si ce n'était qu'il a deux ongles aux tarses, ce qui cependant ne serait pas un obstacle, les ongles des tarses n'ayant, comme caractère de tribu, qu'une importance secondaire ; mais il faudrait que la forme du dessous de la tête, par exemple, fût mentionnée, pour avoir une certitude. 41. (40 et 49). Quatrième article des palpes portant extérieurement, extérieurement, son sommet, une ironcalure plus ou moins petite, oblique, dans laquelle est inséré l'appendice terminal qui est ainsi dirigé obliquement en dehors. 42. (48). Premier segment dorsal beaucoup plus grand que les suivants. 43. (46). Élytres beaucoup plus longs que larges. 44. (45). Premier segment dorsal beaucoup plus grand que tous les autres pris ensemble, et qui sont presque invisibles. Tète allongée et régulièrement atténuée en avant. Prolhorax avec deux fossettes latérales reliées par un fort sillon transversal. Palpes très grands, articles 2 et 3 régulièrement claviformes, 4 long, un peu fusiforme et légèrement arqué, une troncature apicale très petite Gen. Neotyrus Raffray. 45. (44). Premier segment dorsal seulement un peu plus grand que le suivant. Tête longue, mais non ou à peine rétrécie en avant. Prothorax avec trois fossettes libres. Palpes grands, arlicles 2 et 3 régulièrement en massue, 4 longuement ovoïde ou brièvement fusiforme, toujours brièvement, mais fortement pédoncule à la base • Gen. Tyropsis Saulcy, 46. (43 et 47). Élytres carrés 9, un peu plus longs que larges dYeux situés au milieu des côtés. Tête assez courte, brusquement et profondément étranglée avant le tubercule antennaire, qui est très marqué, pelit et transversal. Premier segment dorsal presque aussi grand que les suivants réunis qui sont très visibles. Deuxième et 3e articles des palpes régulièrement en massue, minces à leur base, 4e longuement ovalaire, assez brièvement pédoncule 368 A. RAFFRAY. (489) à la base, troncature oblique du sommet assez grande Prothorax avec trois fossettes libres dont la médiane est très petite Gen. Schaufussia Raffray. 47. (46). Élytres nettement transversaux d et 9Tète pas rétrécie rétrécie avant, tubercule anlennaire aussi large qu'elle et peu marqué. Yeux situés près des tempes postérieures. Le reste comme le genre précédent Geu. Durbos Sharp. 48. (42). Premier segment dorsal pas plus grand que les suivants. suivants. très longs, assez grêles, articles 2 et 3 régulièrement en massue, 4 fusiforme, tous plus ou moins pédoncules à leur base, troncature oblique terminale du 4e article très petite, Forme du corps assez régulièrement ovale. Élytres très longs, épaules à peine marquées. Abdomen très déclive, Prolhorax avec trois fossettes libres dont la médiane très petite Gen. Gerallus Sharp. 49. (41). Palpes plus courts et plus épais, 4e article ovoïde sillonné sillonné dedans, troncature terminale plus grande, 2e et 3e très fortement on massue, tous très brièvement, mais fortement pédoncules à leur base. Forme du corps atténuée en avant, élargie en arrière. Élytres moins longs, à épaules bien marquées. Abdomen un peu plus court que les élytres. Prothorax avec un très fort sillon transversal, unissant deux fossettes latérales. Gen. Hamotulus Schaufuss. 50. (33.et 53). Troisième article des palpes à peine plus long que large, nullement aminci ni pédoncule à la base, plus ou moins ovoïde ou triangulaire, toujours plus ou moins dilaté en dedans, 4e ovoïde, tronqué plus ou moins obliquement à la base et au sommet, 51. (52). Troisième article des palpes ovoïde, notablement plus long que large ; légèrement renflé, en dedans, au milieu, 4° assez brièvement et très obliquement tronqué à la base, un peu caréné longiludinalement à sa face supérieure, portant au sommet, à l'extérieur, une large troncature oblique à pourtour caréné, avec son angle interne légèrement prolongé en une dent comprimée et en dessous, une autre dent très comprimée Gen. Abascantus Schaufuss. 52. (51). Troisième article des palpes assez variable de longueur, longueur, toujours un peu plus long que large, très obliquement tronqué à la base et au sommet, un peu élargi (490) Gênera cl catalogue, des Psélaphides. 369 au milieu au côté interne, 4° gros, ovoïde, simple, fortement et obliquement tronqué à la base et au sommet Gen. Tyromorphus Raffray. 33. (50 et 56). Troisième article des palpes stibglobuleux, très légèrement triangulaire, aussi long que large, 4e légèremont tronqué à la base, obtus ou acuminé au sommet, plus ou moins sillonné. 54. (55). Quatrième arlicle des palpes gros, très acuminé au sommet, presque conique, avec un sillon très lin, à peine visible. Corps ovale allongé, Prothorax avec trois fossettes libres, dont les latérales sont peu visibles en dessus..... Gen. Taph.rosteth.us Schaufuss. 55. (54). Quatrième arlicle des palpes ovoïde, obtus, arrondi au sommet, avec un fort sillon. Corps élargi en arrière, atténué en avant. Prothorax avec trois fossettes, dont la médiane très petite, reliées par un sillon transversal Gen. Aploderina n. gen. 56. (53). Troisième article des palpes très court, nettement triangulaire, tronqué au sommet et à la base, 4e variable, généralement gros, toujours largement tronqué à la base, avec ou sans sillon longitudinal. 57. (60). Quatrième article des palpes sans sillon longitudinal à la face interne. Prothorax avec trois fossettes et un sillon, transversal. 58. (39). Premier article des palpes très petit, presque invisible, 2° grand, allongé, un peu arqué, légèrement renflé un peu avant le. sommet, qui est, légèrement atténué, 3e très court, triangulaire, 4° très gros ct très grand, largement et carrément tronqué à la base, presque conique et très pointu au sommet, Premier segment dorsal presque du double plus grand que le suivant Gen. Horniella, Raffray. 59. (5S). Premier arlicle des palpes assez long et très visible, un peu obeonique, 2° assez court, droit, cylindrique, sinué en dessus, 3e très polit, triangulaire, 4" gros, courtomenl ovoïde, très arrondi en dehors, très obliquement tronqué à la base, obtus au sommet. Premiers segments dorsaux égaux Gen. Homatopsis Raffra. 60. (57). Quatrième arlicle des palpes toujours plus ou moins sillonné, en dedans. Ann. Soc. Eut. Fr., Lxxm [ISOS]. 25 370 A. RAFFRAY. (491) 61. (62). Premier segment dorsal beaucoup plus grand que les autres, seul faiblement rebordé. Dernier article des palpes médiocre, ovale, obtus au sommet, sillonné seulement dans sa moitié terminale Gen. Apharus Reillcr. 62. (61 et 63). Premier segment dorsal beaucoup plus grand que les autres, étroitement rebordé, les suivants très courts et très étroitement, rebordés. Quatrième article des palpes long, cylindrique, pointu à l'extrémité, entièrement sillonné Geu. Cercoceropsis n. gen. 63. (62). Abdomen entièrement et largement rebordé, 64. (71).* Quatrième article des palpes variable, mais toujours plus ou moins ovoïde, pointu ou obtus au sommet, 65. (66). Massue, des antennes formée d'un seul article, le dernier dernier gros Gen. Cercocerus Leconte. 66. (65). Massue des antennes toujours formée de trois articles. 67. (70). Forme assez allongée. Prolhorax plus long que large. Trois premiers segments dorsaux subôgaux ou diminuant de longueur du premier au troisième.. Gen. Hamotus Aube, 68. (69). Prothorax avec trois grandes fossettes libres Subg. Hamotus s. Str. 69. (68). Prothorax avec un sillon transversal reliant les fossettes, fossettes, la médiane est variable et fait parfois défaut. Sub. Hamotoides Schaufuss. 70. (67). Forme courte, large, aplatie, Prothorax transverse avec un sillon transversal. Segments dorsaux augmentant légèrement du premier au troisième, Massue des antennes Inarticulée, très grande et très tranchée Gen. Phamisulus Reitter. 71. (64 et 72). Quatrième article des palpes subglobulcux ou très brièvement ovalairo, très arrondi au sommet en dehors et rectiligne eii dedans, finement mais entièrement sillonné en dedans. Prolhorax avec trois fossettes spongieuses, reliées par un sillon transversal. Massue des antennes Inarticulée, mais courte. Segments dorsaux égaux Gen. Pseudohamotus Raffray. 72. (71). Quatrième article des palpes très long, cylindrique, presque filiforme, entièrement sillonné en dedans. Trois fossettes spongieuses libres au prothorax. Massue des an (492) Gênera et catalogue des Psélaphides. 371 tonnes Inarticulée, médiocre. Premier segment dorsal un peu plus grand que les suivants. Gen. Cercoceroides Raffray. 73. (26 et 76). Quatrième article des palpes long, gros à la base, longuement subulé à partir du milieu. 74. (75). Quatrième article des palpes sillonné au côté interne, obtusément acuminé au sommet, 3e triangulaire, à peine plus long que large, Prothorax avec trois grandes fossettes spongieuses libres. Segments dorsaux subégaux. Corps assez fortement atténué en avant, élargi en arrière Gen. Cercocerulus n. gen. 75. (74). Quatrième article des palpes absolument sans sillon au côté interne, très fortement subulé du milieu à l'extrémité qui est, mince, mais cependant très légèrement renflée, avec une très petite troncature terminale plus ou moins oblique, 3e beaucoup plus long que large, ovoïde ou plus ou moins triangulaire, fortement pédoncule à la base. Prothorax sans fossettes ni sillons. Tète généralement armée d'. Premier segment dorsal plus grand que les suivants— Rytus King. 76. (73). Palpes petits el courts.
| 17,283 |
https://github.com/starletzhong/gradle-dependencies-plugins-helper-plugin/blob/master/src/main/kotlin/cn/bestwu/gdph/config/Settings.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
gradle-dependencies-plugins-helper-plugin
|
starletzhong
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 197 | 544 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2017 Peter Wu
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package cn.bestwu.gdph.config
import cn.bestwu.gdph.supportMavenIndex
import com.intellij.openapi.components.PersistentStateComponent
import com.intellij.openapi.components.ServiceManager
import com.intellij.openapi.components.Storage
@com.intellij.openapi.components.State(
name = "GDPHSettings",
storages = [(Storage("gdph.settings.xml"))]
)
class Settings(var useNexus: Boolean = Settings.useNexus, var nexusSearchUrl: String = Settings.nexusSearchUrl, var useMavenIndex: Boolean = Settings.useMavenIndex) : PersistentStateComponent<Settings> {
override fun loadState(state: Settings?) {
this.useMavenIndex = (state?.useMavenIndex ?: Settings.useMavenIndex) && supportMavenIndex()
this.useNexus = state?.useNexus ?: Settings.useNexus
this.nexusSearchUrl = state?.nexusSearchUrl ?: Settings.nexusSearchUrl
}
override fun getState(): Settings? {
return this
}
companion object {
val useNexus: Boolean = false
val useMavenIndex: Boolean = false
val nexusSearchUrl: String = "http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus"
val mavenCentralRemoteRepository = "https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/"
fun getInstance(): Settings {
return ServiceManager.getService(Settings::class.java)
}
}
}
| 45,601 |
https://github.com/ToxicRT/knfbot/blob/master/commands/ban.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
knfbot
|
ToxicRT
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 239 | 807 |
const Discord = require("discord.js");
const bot = new Discord.Client();
const sql = require("sqlite");
sql.open("./assets/guildsettings.sqlite");
exports.run = (client, message, args) => {
sql.get(`SELECT * FROM scores WHERE guildId ="${message.guild.id}"`).then(row => {
const prefixtouse = row.prefix
const usage = new Discord.RichEmbed()
.setColor(0x00A2E8)
.setThumbnail(client.user.avatarURL)
.setTitle("Comando: " + prefixtouse + "ban")
.addField("Uso", prefixtouse + "ban @Someone <razon>")
.addField("Ejemplo", prefixtouse + "ban @Someone Publicidad de otros servidores")
.setDescription("Descripcion: " + "Banea un usuario en el servidor actual");
if (message.member.hasPermission("BAN_MEMBERS")) {
if (!message.guild.member(client.user).hasPermission('BAN_MEMBERS')) return message.reply('Lo siento, no tengo los permisos necesarios para este comando, necesito `BAN_MEMBERS`. :x:')
if (message.mentions.users.size < 1) return message.channel.send(usage)
let user = message.guild.member(message.mentions.users.first()) || message.guild.members.get(args.slice(0).join(" "));
if (user.highestRole.position >= message.member.highestRole.position) return message.reply('No puedo banear a ese miembro. Son del mismo nivel que tú o superior.. :x:');
let reason = args.slice(1).join(' ') || `Moderador no dio una razon.`;
let modlog = message.guild.channels.find(channel => channel.name == row.logschannel);
if (!message.guild.member(user).bannable) return message.reply(' No puedo banear a ese miembro. Esto puede estar pasando porque están por encima de mí.. :x:');
message.guild.ban(user, 2);
message.channel.send("***El usuario ha sido baneado correctamente! :white_check_mark:***")
sql.run(`UPDATE scores SET casenumber = ${row.casenumber + 1} WHERE guildId = ${message.guild.id}`);
const embed = new Discord.RichEmbed()
.setColor(0x00A2E8)
.setTitle("Caso #" + row.casenumber + " | Accion: Baneo")
.addField("Moderador", message.author.tag + " (ID: " + message.author.id + ")")
.addField("Usuario", user.user.tag + " (ID: " + user.user.id + ")")
.addField("Razon", reason, true)
.setFooter("Tiempo: " + message.createdAt.toDateString())
if (!modlog) return;
if (row.logsenabled === "disabled") return;
client.channels.get(modlog.id).send({embed});
}
})
}
| 18,547 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi%20Rolfes
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Willi Rolfes
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi Rolfes&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 1,327 | 3,397 |
Wilhelm „Willi“ Rolfes (* 1964 in Lohne) ist ein deutscher Sozialpädagoge und Fotograf. Er ist vor allem mit Naturfotografien hervorgetreten und hat als Bildautor an zahlreichen Büchern mitgewirkt.
Leben
Berufliche Laufbahn
Nach dem Abitur studierte Willi Rolfes Sozialpädagogik mit Abschluss als Diplom-Sozialpädagoge. Danach begann er seine berufliche Laufbahn beim Bischöflich Münsterschen Offizialat in Vechta. In den 1990er Jahren war er in verschiedenen Funktionen der kirchlichen Jugendbildung und -sozialarbeit tätig. Bis zum Jahr 2000 leitete er das bischöfliche Jugendamt und war anschließend bis Ende 2006 als geschäftsführender Referent in der Abteilung Seelsorge des Bistums Münster eingesetzt und damit zugleich deren stellvertretender Leiter. Seit Anfang 2007 ist Rolfes geschäftsführender Direktor der Katholischen Akademie Stapelfeld. 2010, 2013, 2016 und erneut 2019 wurde er jeweils für drei Jahre in den Vorstand des Niedersächsischen Landesverbands der Heimvolkshochschulen gewählt.
Willi Rolfes lebt in Vechta.
Betätigung als Naturfotograf
Einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit ist Willi Rolfes durch seine Naturfotografien bekannt geworden, womit er sich seit 1981 beschäftigt. Als Fotograf ein Autodidakt, bezeichnet er den 2007 verstorbenen Naturfotografen Fritz Pölking als Vorbild, Förderer und Freund. Gemeinsam mit Fritz Pölking sowie Jürgen Borris und Bernhard Volmer rief Willi Rolfes Anfang der 2000er Jahre auch die Naturfotografengruppe „blende4.com“ ins Leben, die sich jedoch nach Pölkings Tod auflöste.
Rolfes fotografischer Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Landschaftsformen Norddeutschlands mit ihrer Flora und Fauna, wobei seine besondere Leidenschaft neben dem Wattenmeer nach eigener Aussage dem Moor gilt. So ist er häufig im Großen Moor unterwegs. Rolfes ist Mitglied der Gesellschaft Deutscher Tierfotografen (GDT) und fotografiert mit Nikon-Kameras.
Sein Wissen gibt Willi Rolfes bei Vorträgen und in Workshops weiter. Zudem beteiligt er sich regelmäßig an Ausstellungen und ist Organisator der Stapelfelder Fototage, bei denen namhafte Naturfotografen aus ganz Deutschland ihre Aufnahmen präsentieren.
Für seine Naturbilder erhielt Rolfes mehrfach Auszeichnungen. So sicherte er sich 2009 den ersten Preis beim Fotowettbewerb „Kulturlandschaft im Fokus“ der Stiftung Westfälische Kulturlandschaft und war Gesamtsieger des vom Nationalpark Harz veranstalteten Fotowettbewerbs „HarzNATUR 2012“. 2012 war er in seiner Eigenschaft als Naturfotograf in der Fernsehdokumentation Wildes Oldenburger Land von Ralph und Svenja Schieke zu sehen.
Neben seinen Naturaufnahmen hat sich Rolfes auch mit anderen Gebieten der Fotografie, etwa der Architekturfotografie, beschäftigt. Dass er zudem ein versierter Porträtfotograf ist, bewies er spätestens mit seinen Bildern für das Buch Respekt. Portraits von alten Menschen (2011). Seine Fotografien und Fotogeschichten veröffentlicht er in verschiedenen Zeitungen, Zeitschriften und Internetprojekten, die Fotos zudem in jährlich erscheinenden Kalendern und mehreren Bildbänden. Mit Dr. Heinrich Dickerhoff, Hartmut Elsner, Dr. Martin Feltes, Stefan Jürgens, Andreas Kathe, Heinrich Siefer, Andrea Schwarz, Andreas David und Tobias Böckermann hat Willi Rolfes jeweils an mehreren Buchprojekten gearbeitet, steuerte aber auch zu Publikationen weiterer Autoren Fotos bei.
Werk
An folgenden Büchern (Auswahl) war Willi Rolfes jeweils maßgeblich als Bildautor sowie teilweise auch als Mitverfasser und Herausgeber beteiligt:
Detlef Gerjets: Faszination Moor. Lebensraum der Gegensätze. Entstehung, Kultivierung, Nutzung und Restaurierung der Moore – Flora und Fauna. Kallhardt, Fischerhude 1994 (ISBN 3-928324-53-5).
Da berühren sich Himmel und Erde. BBM, Hildesheim 1995 (ISBN 3-89543-046-3).
Margret Buerschaper: Das Land, in dem ich wohne. Vechtaer Druck und Verlag, Vechta 1997 (ISBN 3-88441-149-7).
Hartmut Elsner: Moor. Gesichter einer Landschaft. Edition Temmen, Bremen 1999 (ISBN 3-86108-471-6).
Hartmut Elsner: Natur erleben im Oldenburger Münsterland. Verlag Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 2001 (ISBN 3-88132-166-7).
Hartmut Elsner: Moor-Tagebuch. Ein Jahr im Moor. Tecklenborg, Steinfurt 2001 (ISBN 3-924044-94-5).
Hartmut Elsner: Küste – Inseln, Marsch und Wattenmeer. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2001 (ISBN 3-86108-488-0).
Stefan Jürgens: Aufbruch in die Weite. Dialogverlag, Münster 2001 (ISBN 3-933144-34-5).
Stefan Jürgens: Gedichte an den Himmel. Dialogverlag, Münster 2002 (ISBN 3-933144-53-1).
Bernhard Beering, Richard Willenborg und Stephan Honkomp: Wegkreuze, Bildstöcke und Wegkapellen in den Kirchspielen Steinfeld und Mühlen. Kirchengemeinde St. Johannes Baptist, Steinfeld 2003
Hartmut Elsner: Naturerlebnis Dümmer. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2003 (ISBN 3-86108-906-8).
Ruth Irmgard Dalinghaus: Himmelwärts. Kirchengewölbe im Oldenburger Münsterland. Dialogverlag, Münster 2003 (ISBN 3-933144-66-3).
Autorenkollektiv: Biller – Bööme. Boombiller. Een plattdüütsch Bauk. Isensee, Oldenburg 2003 (ISBN 3-89598-922-3).
Autorenkollektiv: Wulkenland. Een plattdüütsch Bauk. Isensee, Oldenburg 2004 (ISBN 3-89995-130-1).
Hartmut Elsner: Seehunde. Unterwegs an der Nordsee. DSV-Verlag, Hamburg 2004 (ISBN 3-88412-408-0).
Stefan Jürgens: Profile des Lebens. Dialogverlag, Münster 2004 (ISBN 3-933144-85-X).
Autorenkollektiv: Das Richtige aus Liebe tun. Die Bibel als Begleiter durch das Jahr. Dialogverlag, Münster 2004 (ISBN 3-933144-83-3).
als Mitverfasser: Naturfotografie. Die Schule des kreativen Sehens. Fotoforum, Münster 2005 (ISBN 3-9805048-2-4).
Hartmut Elsner: Unterwegs im Land der Kraniche. Tecklenborg, Steinfurt 2006 (ISBN 3-934427-91-X).
Stefan Jürgens: Dem Leben Richtung geben. Geschenkbuch zur Firmung. Butzon und Bercker, Kevelaer 2006 (überarbeitete Neuausgabe Butzon & Bercker 2015, ISBN 978-3-7666-2190-0).
Stefan Jürgens: Atem der Stille. Einladung zum Innehalten. Butzon und Bercker, Kevelaer 2006 (ISBN 978-3-7666-0740-9).
Andreas David: Seeadler im Aufwind. Die größten Greifvögel Mitteleuropas ziehen wieder ihre Kreise. Tecklenborg, Steinfurt 2007 (ISBN 978-3-939172-17-8).
Hartmut Elsner: Kraniche. Die Vögel des Glücks sind Sinnbild des Vogelzugs. Tecklenborg, Steinfurt 2007 (ISBN 978-3-939172-16-1).
Frank Neumann und Stefan Jürgens: Auf gutem Kurs. Geschenkbuch zur Konfirmation. Butzon und Bercker, Kevelaer 2007 (ISBN 978-3-7666-0852-9).
Autorenkollektiv: Von Wegen. Erzählungen, Gedichte, Gebete, Bilder, Betrachtungen, Rezepte, Tipps. Katholische Akademie Stapelfeld, Stapelfeld 2008 (ISBN 978-3-9812608-0-9).
Tobias Böckermann: Moor. Eine norddeutsche Landschaft. Tecklenborg, Steinfurt 2009 (ISBN 978-3-939172-45-1).
Gerda und Rüdiger Maschwitz: Kursbuch Beten. Anregungen für alle Lebenslagen. Kösel, München 2009 (ISBN 978-3-466-36826-6).
zusammen mit Remmer Akkermann und Wolf-Dietmar Stock: Die Hunte. Eine Flussreise von der Quelle bis zur Mündung. Verlag Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 2009 (ISBN 978-3-88132-310-9).
Autorenkollektiv: Zum Glück. Erzählungen, Gedichte, Gebete, Bilder, Betrachtungen, Rezepte, Tipps. Katholische Akademie Stapelfeld, Stapelfeld 2010 (ISBN 978-3-9812608-1-6).
Vasa Sacra – da berühren sich Himmel und Erde. Schätze aus den katholischen Kirchen des Oldenburger Landes. Aschendorff, Münster 2010 (ISBN 978-3-402-12839-8).
Andreas Kathe: Der Dümmer. Verlag Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 2010 (ISBN 978-3-88132-284-3).
Susanne Haverkamp: Respekt. Portraits von alten Menschen. Erinnerungen – Erlebnisse – Erfahrungen. Stiftung Kardinal von Galen, Cloppenburg 2011 (ISBN 978-3-9812608-2-3).
Tobias Böckermann: Der Kranich. Ein Vogel im Aufwind. Verlag Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 2011 (ISBN 978-3-88132-177-8).
Andreas David: Wildtier-Impressionen. Müller Rüschlikon, Stuttgart 2012 (ISBN 978-3-275-01870-3).
Autorenkollektiv: Im Schatten des Domes. Beiträge zur Pfarrgeschichte und zum Kirchenbau von St. Laurentius Langförden. Festschrift zum Jubiläum 100 Jahre Kirchweihe in Langförden. Katholische Kirchengemeinde St. Laurentius, Langförden 2012.
Andreas Kathe: Hommage an das Moor. Von Sonnentau und Nebelschwaden. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2012 (ISBN 978-3-8378-5021-5).
zusammen mit Tobias Böckermann: Natur-Impressionen – Streifzüge durch das herbstliche Jagdrevier. Müller Rüschlikon, Stuttgart 2014 (ISBN 978-3-275-02002-7).
Heinrich Siefer: Land so wiet. Dat Ollenborger Münsterland in Riemels un Geschichten. Edition Temmen, Bremen 2014 (ISBN 978-3-8378-5031-4).
zusammen mit Jutta Engbers: Intaumeute = Begegnung. Culturcon-Medien, Berlin 2014 (ISBN 978-3-944068-26-8).
zusammen mit Andreas Kathe: Unser Naturerbe – Spurensuche im Landkreis Vechta. Edition Oldenburgische Volkszeitung, Vechta 2015 (ISBN 3-9816401-1-X).
zusammen mit Martin Feltes: Inspiration Natur: Fotografie. Kunst. Praxis. Fotoforum Verlag, Münster 2016 (ISBN 978-3-945565-00-1).
zusammen mit Andrea Schwarz und Helmut Kruckenberg: Frei!: Sehnsuchtsvoll leben. Die Botschaft der Wildgänse. Adeo-Verlag, Asslar 2016 (ISBN 3-86334-114-7).
zusammen mit Tobias Böckermann und Jürgen Borris: Der Rothirsch: Ein Mythos im Revier. Müller Rüschlikon, Stuttgart 2016 (ISBN 3-275-02077-3).
zusammen mit Tobias Böckermann, Heinrich Dickerhoff, Martin Feltes: da Sein. Wie ein Baum. Fotoforum Verlag, Münster 2017 (ISBN 3-945565-08-1).
zusammen mit Julius Höffmann, Andreas Kathe, Matthias Niehues: Oldenburger Münsterland. Edition Oldenburgische Volkszeitung, Vechta 2017 (ISBN 978-3-9816401-8-2).
zusammen mit Tobias Böckermann: Deutschlands Natur: Lebensräume im Porträt. Tecklenborg Verlag, Steinfurt 2018 (ISBN 3-944327-67-5).
Naturerbe Goldenstedter Moor. Edition Oldenburgische Volkszeitung, Vechta 2018 (ISBN 978-3-9816401-9-9).
zusammen mit Anke Benstem, Jürgen Borris, Iris Schaper und Bernhard Volmer: Wildnis Niedersachsen. Edition Temmen. Bremen 2019 (ISBN 3-8378-5038-2).
zusammen mit Andreas Kathe: Dümmer – Naturschutzparadies und Sehnsuchtsort. Edition Bildperlen, Münster 2020 (ISBN 978-3965460065).
zusammen mit Tobias Böckermann: Seeadler: Begegnungen in der Natur. Tecklenborg, Steinfurt 2021 (ISBN 978-3944327921).
zusammen mit Andreas Kathe: Hunte – Eine Flussreise. Fotoforum Verlag, Münster 2021 (ISBN 978-3-945565-19-3).
Literatur
Rainer Rheude: Goldenstedt ist sein Afrika – Willi Rolfes, einer der renommiertesten Natur- und Tierfotografen in Deutschland. In: kulturland Oldenburg – Zeitschrift der Oldenburgischen Landschaft, Nr. 154 4/2012, S. 22–26, (online).
Weblinks
Webpräsenz von Willi Rolfes
Artikel mit Bezug zu Willi Rolfes im Webauftritt der Nordwest-Zeitung
Einzelnachweise
Fotograf (Niedersachsen)
Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (21. Jahrhundert)
Naturfotograf
Architekturfotograf
Sozialpädagoge
Sachliteratur
Person (Bistum Münster)
Person (Vechta)
Deutscher
Geboren 1964
Mann
| 4,134 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive%20%28album%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Exclusive (album)
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exclusive (album)&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 125 | 329 |
Exclusive – drugi studyjny album amerykańskiego wokalisty R&B Chrisa Browna, którego premiera odbyła się 6 listopada 2007 roku. Wydawnictwo ukazało się nakładem niezależnej wytwórni CBE, w kooperacji z Jive Records. Album osiągnął porównywalny sukces jak poprzednia płyta, sprzedając się w nakładzie przekraczającym dwa miliony sztuk, tym samym otrzymując status podwójnej platyny przyznany przez stowarzyszenie RIAA.
3 czerwca 2008 r. została wydana reedycja albumu, poszerzona o drugi dysk zawierająca sceny zakulisowe i teledyski.
Lista utworów
Źródło.
Przypisy
Albumy muzyczne wydane w roku 2007
Albumy Chrisa Browna
Albumy Jive Records
Albumy wyprodukowane przez Bryana-Michaela Coxa
Albumy wyprodukowane przez Jazze Pha
Albumy wyprodukowane przez Stargate
Albumy wyprodukowane przez Scotta Storcha
Albumy wyprodukowane przez Swizz Beatza
Albumy wyprodukowane przez T-Paina
Albumy wyprodukowane przez The Underdogs
Albumy wyprodukowane przez will.i.ama
| 9,719 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnor%2C%20Ohio
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Radnor, Ohio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radnor, Ohio&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 111 | 163 |
Radnor is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in central Radnor Township, Delaware County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 180. Radnor has a post office with the ZIP code of 43066. It lies along State Route 203 at its intersection with Radnor Road.
Demographics
History
Radnor was originally known as "Delhi", and under the latter name was laid out in 1833. Prior to being called Delhi, the town was called New Baltimore. New Baltimore existed as early as 1814. The present name was taken from Radnor Township.
References
Unincorporated communities in Delaware County, Ohio
Welsh-American culture in Ohio
Unincorporated communities in Ohio
| 25,191 |
mmoiresetjournal01will_16
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,857 |
Mémoires et journal de J.-G. Wille : graveur du roi, pub. d'après les manuscrits autographes de les manuscrits autographes de la Bibliothèque impériale
|
Wille, Johann Georg, 1715-1808 | Duplessis, Georges, 1834-1899 | Goncourt, Edmond de, 1822-1896 | Goncourt, Jules de, 1830-1870 | Bibliothèque nationale (France)
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,635 | 12,276 |
Mon fils Pierre-Alexandre a dessiné son portrait au crayon rouge etlui a fait présent d'une tête dessinée de même, re présentant une Vierge; Tune et l'autre très-bienfaits. Tout cela lui a fait un plaisir singulier; aussi notre séparation m'a paru lui faire de la peine. Mes amis de chez le roy de Danemark voulurent absolument me présenter à ce monarque. J'en fus très-flatlé; mais, ayant observé que la foule y étoit constamment très-grande de toutes sor tes de poètes, lettrés, artistes, gens de métier de toute espèce, qui présentaient de leurs ouvrages en vers et en prose, ou dédiant tout ce qui pouvoit porter dédicace, ou offrant pour de l'argent ce qu'ils avoient de bon ou de mauvais, je changeai de sentiment, d'autant plus que, parmi la foule, je ne voyois que peu de personnes d'un m JOURNAL mérite reconnu. Mes amis n'étoient pas contents d'abord de ma résolution; mais, lorsque je leur dis que je ne dé sirois nullement avoir Pair, aux yeux des autres, comme étant là aussi pour tendre la main dans l'occasion, ils ap prouvèrent ma délicatesse. Le 11. M. Kobell1, peintre de l'électeur palatin, m'est venu voir. 11 m'a fait présent de plusieurs desseins de paysages de sa façon, faits avec feu et grande facilité. M. Texié, trésorier du roy de Danemark, le dernier de la suite, de Sa Majesté Danoise qui fût resté icy, est Venu prendre congé de nous. J'allai a la Comédie-Italienne avec mon fils Frédéric et M. Daudet. M. le lieutenant Mourier a pris congé et est parti pour Londres. Le 12. Répondu à M. Lippert, conseiller actuel des révisions et de commerce de S. À. S. E. de Bavière, se crétaire de l'Académie des sciences électorales de Munich, à Munich. Au bas de la lettre j'ay écrit, comme à l'ordi naire : Gtmsa Academise. Cela fait que la lettre est franche en Allemagne. Je le remercie des soins qu'il a bien voulu se donner en m'échangeant quatre ducats d'or contre autant d'au tres de différents coins. Je le prie d'assurer mes respects à S.E.M. le comte de Heimhaussen, qui en a bien voulu céder en ma faveur trois, qui ont été frappés avec le sa ble d'or des trois rivières de Bavière. Reçu un paquet de livres que mon ami M. Weiss, re 1 Ferdinand Kobell est un habile graveur de paysages : sa pointe est fine, son dessin correct et sa lumière bien distribuée; les petites compositions familières qu'il a dessinées et gravées rappellent les charmants maîtres fla mands du dix-septième siècle, et ne leur cèdent ni par l'esprit ni parla cou leur. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. Wê ceveur de la Uewf du cercle de Leipzig et célèbre poëte allemand, m'envoye et qui ont été perdus pendant plus de dix-huit mois. Mon propre portrait se trouve à la tête de la première partie du quatrième volume der neuen Bibliotheh der scJiônen Wmenschaften und der freyen Kiïnstc, journal des mieux faits et des plus instructifs. J'ay prêté deux tableaux, l'un d'Oslade, l'autre de Wouwermans, à M. de Livry, pour bouclier les trous qu'ont laissés les deux Die! ri eh, que M. Daudet me grave actuellement. Le 18. Répondu à M. Schmuzer, mon ancien élève, directeur de l'Académie impériale de gravure à Vienne, in der Annagàsse. Je lui dis que l'œuvre en question n'est pas de la qualité d'un autre que j'ay en vue et qui est de quatre cents livres. Je demande prompte réponse. C'est M. Georgio qui s'est chargé de lui remettre cetle lettre. MM. de Marcenay, Baader, Messager et Georgio ont soupé chez nous. Ce dernier, qui est conseiller de commerce de l'impératricc-reine, a en même temps pris congé de nous et part demain pour Vienne. C'est un homme d'esprit et de beaucoup de connoissances, et par dessus cela fort bel homme. Le 19. M'est venu voir monseigneur l'évêque de Calli nique, qui habite à Sens. M'est venu voir M. le comte de ïiosenhausen avec M son gouverneur, lequel j'ay revu avec plaisir, l'ayant déjà connu il y a deux ans et lorsqu'il étoit icy avec le jeune comte de Munich. Le 25. Monseigneur le prince de Czartoriski m'a fait l'honneur de me venir voir. Il paroît vif et aimable. 504 JOURNAL Le 25. Fête de Noël, un jeune peintre en miniature, demeurant quay des Morfondus, nommé M. Schlegel, AI ' lemand de nation, reçut, à neuf heures du matin, étant chez lui, un coup de pistolet à la tête par un jeune maître en œuvre de son voisinage, qui ©toit chez lui je ne sais sous quel prétexte; et, comme l'assassin vit que le pein tre n'étoit pas mort il lui porta encor, comme j'ay en tendu dire, quelques coups de couteau. Je passois parla lorsque la garde et le peuple y éloient encor à quatre heu res de l'après-midy, et je voyois mettre en ce moment l'assassin dans une voilure pour être mené à la Concier gerie. Il avoit été arrêté sur le fait parles gens de la maison. M. Schlegel n'en est pas mort, mais on dit que les blessures sont dangereuses. J'ay connu ce peintre. Il est venu m'accompagner quelquefois dans ma jeunesse lorsque j'allois dessiner le paysage; mais depuis plus de vingt ans je l'avois perdu de vue. Quel accident et quel attentat effroyable ! Le 29 (jeudi). L'assassin de M. Schlegel fut rompu vif sur la place Dauphine. 11 n'avoit que dix-neuf ans, et se nommoit Menard. Le 50. Répondu à M. Fuessli, peintre à Zurich, et au teur d'une Vie des peintres suisses. Je lui fais mes com pliments sur récriloire d'argent et les deux médailles d'or qu'il a reçues en présent du cardinal de Roth. M. Fuessli m'a demandé quelques circonstances de la vie de Grimoux *, peintre suisse qui a toujours vécu à Paris, où il est mort. Je lui marque le peu que je sça voisdece peintre habile, mais crapuleux. Je lui dis aussi que M. Chevillet fera le portrait de M. Fuessli en petit 1 Oimoux est mort à Paris on 1740. Son portrait a été gravé par A.-L. Hoinanct, à Bàlc, en 1705. DE .) EAN-GEOKGES WILLE. 395 pour quinze louis, si cela lui plaît. Je le prie de me trouver quelques desseins d'un peintre de paysage, nommé Hackaert, qui a autrefois travaillé en Suisse. Le 51. J'allai à l'assemblée de l'Académie royale JANVIER 17G9. Le 1er. Écrit une lettre de polilessc à M. de Livry, à Versailles. 11 y eut chez nous un grand concours de personnes qui vinrent pour nous souhaiter la bonne année. Répondu à M. Strecker, premier peinlre de S. A. S. le landgrave de Hesse, à Darmstadt. 11 m'avoit mandé que M. Seckalz, bon peintre de cette ville, était mort; je le presse d'éerire sa vie et lui donne l'adresse de M. Weiss? à Leipzig, pour qu'il la fasse imprimer dans son journal. Je lui demande quelques desseins du défunt. M. Basan, M. de Marcenay et M. Baader ont soupé chez nous. Le 2. Ecrit à M. Dietrich, peintre de l'électeur de Saxe; je le fais souvenir de ses promesses, tant pour M. de Livry que pour moi. Je lui dis qu'il peut prendre de l'argent et ce qu'il lui faudra chez M. Rester, qui en est prévenu. Je lui dis en outre que nos deux paysages sont finis, et que j'ay pris la liberté de les lui dédier. Je lui demande encore quelques-uns de cette sorte avec instance. Le 4. Répondu à M. Weitsch, peintre du duc de Brunswick; je lui dis que tout ce qu'il m'a demandé est parti. Nous avons reçu du cher M. de Livry un pâté d'A miens, de six canards, excellent. mê JOURNAL Le 6. Répondu à M. Winckler, à Leipzig. Je lui dis que sa lettre contenant une liste du mois d'octobre et dont il fait mention ne m'est pas parvenue. Je lui de mande s'il désire le livre de M. l'abbé Chappe. Le 7. Répondu à M. Kreuehauf, à Leipzig. Je lui donne des éloges mérités par rapport au catalogue du cabinet de M. Winckler, qu'il a supérieurement écrit en lan gue allemande, et dont l'impression même est un chef d'œuvre. Le 8. Nous avons reçu de Versailles un supplément d'étrennes, comme le nomme M. de Livry dans sa lettre, car il nous a envoyé deux chapons gros et gras. Au matin je fis bien des visites que je devois, et l'a près-midy j'allai, avec mon fils aîné, à la Comédie-Ita lienne. Au retour de là, nous fîmes les rois avec plusieurs amis qui s'éloient rendus au logis. Tout cela m'avoit procuré un rhume si furieux, que le lendemain je fus obligé de faire chercher M. Coutouli, notre chirurgien. 11 me mit plusieurs jours au lit sans manger; mais en revanche il me fit boire tant et plus. Le 11. Je reçus de M. de Lippert, secrétaire de l'A cadémie des sciences de Ravière, trois ducats d'or frap pés l'un avec du sable d'or du Danube, l'autre du sable de l'Iser, le troisième du sable d'or de l'Inn, trois riviè res de Ravière. Le fleuve, ou dieu de chaque rivière, ap puyé sur son urne, est sur chaque ducat, et le portrait de l'électeur régnant sur chacun. Il m'a envoyé aussi une médaille d'argent représentant le portrait de M. de Demarces, peintre de la cour de Ravière. Tout cela m'a fait beaucoup de plaisir. Le 15, Comme j'étois en partie délivré de mon rhume? DE JEAN-GEORGES Wl E LE. ôi>7 je répondis à M. de Lippcrt, le remerciant de son joli présent des quatre monnoies. J'écrivis à M. de Dufresne, conseiller de commerce de l'électeur de Bavière. Je lui parlai de quelques tableauy dont M. deLippert, son ami, m'avoit donné avis. Le 20, Nous avons reçu de M. Bourgeois, à Amiens, un pâté de canards de ce pays. Le 25. Nous avons tous soupé chez M. Basan. Le 24. M'est venu voir un peintre de Vienne, nommé M. Grenzinger, m'apportant des lettres de recommanda lion de M. de Sonnenfels et de M. Schmuzer. Celui-cy m'a envoyé un ducat nouveau, au coin de l'empereur, et M. de Sonnenfels son discours (imprimé) à sa réception comme amateur à l'Académie impériale de dessein et de la gravure. Il est intitulé : Von dem Verdinsle des Por tràtmalers, c'est-à-dire : Du mérite du peintre de por traits. Le 27. Bépondu à M. Guill. Steinauer, le jeune, négo ciant à Leipzig. Je lui dis que j'ay fait remettre les es tampes qu'il m'avoit demandées à M. Vauberet; négociant, rue de la Grandc-Truanderie* Bépondu à M. Bause, graveur à Leipzig. Je lui mande que la rame de papier qu'il a dessinée a aussi été remise à M. Vauberet. Ma lettre est dans celle à M. Steinauer. FÉVRIER 170!». Le 4. Ecrit à M. Schmidt, à Berlin. Je lui demande encore de sa Fille de Jaïre et de son Philosophe, de môme qu'un dessein de sa main, pour ma collection. 308 JOURNAL Le 5. Répondu à M. S. Gessner, au leur célèbre cl libraire à Zurich. Il m'avoit envoyé une lettre à M. Ma riette de son ami M. Fuessli, auteur d'un grand Diction nuire des artistes, écrit en allemand; et, comme il va donner une traduction en François, il a consulté M. Ma riette. J'ai été moi-même voir M. Mariette, ce célèbre connoisscur, pour lui porter cette lettre et m'enfretenir avec lui; hier au soir, il m'apporta la réponse, remplie d'excellents conseils, que j'ay mise dans ma réponse à M. Gessner. Le 6. Répondu à M. J.-P. Ilackert, acluellemenl à Rome, où il est allé accompagné de son frère, peintre comme lui, pour y faire encore des études d'après les monuments antiques, par rapport à son art. Je lui écris en père, car il a constamment écouté mes conseils, et je suis aussi le premier artiste de sa connoissance à Paris, étant à son arrivée débarqué chez moi. De grand matin je pris avec moi mon fils aîné et M. Daudet, pour nous rendre à Saint-Louis dans ride, comme nous avions été invités pour assister à la béné diction nuptiale de M. Chereau, fils de madame Che reau, marchande d'estampes, avec mademoiselle Foix de Yallois. Presque tous les graveurs de Paris s'y Irou vèrent. Le 17. J'ay acheté dans la fameuse vente des tableaux de feu M. Gaignat, secrétaire du roy cl receveur des consignations, deux superbes tableaux faisant pendant, de N. Berghcm Ils sont de la plus grande conserva lion et ont chacun treize pouces six lignes de haut sur 1 N° 42 du Catalogue raionné des labïeaux, groupes et figures de bronze qui composent le cabinet de l'eu M. Gaignat, ancien secrétaire du roy et re ceveur de > consignations, par Pierre Rnny. Paris, 17(38; in-12. DE JEANGEORGES W1LLE. 599 dix-huit pouces de large. Dans l'un, on voit cinq figures et treize animaux, dont une femme qui trait une chèvre; une autre est debout à côté d'une vache, une troisième lave du linge dans le bassin d'une fontaine à la romaine. Dans l'autre tableau, il y a trois figures et neuf animaux, dont trois vaches entrant dans une rivière, qu'une femme y mène qui est sur le bord, et un chien sautant devant elle; derrière elle on voit une belle vache et un homme sur un âne, etc. Ces deux tableaux m'ontcoûtéquatre mille cent une livres; ils mériten t ce prix, car ils son t des plus beaux et des plus finis du célèbre Berghem. Ils ont appartenu autre fois à M. de Voyer d'Argenson, et occupoient une place dislinguée dans son beau cabinet, comme aussi dans ce lui de M. Gaignat. M. le chevalier de Damcri, M. Ma riette et plusieurs autres connoisseurs et amateurs de mes amis, sont venus depuis pour les examiner de près, élant placés chez moi. J'ay assisté constamment à celte vente, sans avoir eu autre chose. Ce n'éloil pas faute d'envie, car, le jour avant l'acquisition, j'ay poussé un tableau de F. Mieris à trois mille cent une livres. C'étoit une demi-ligure qui présentoit une gimblelte à un perroquet. Et, après mon acquisition, je poussai un tableau de G. Dow, représentant une jeune femme à demi-corps, tenant d'une main un poisson, et étant appuyée avec l'autre sur un baquet. Derrière elle est un garçon portant un lièvre sur les bras; des choux, des carottes, des paniers, des pots de cuivre, des mortiers, etc., étoient, avec un bas-relief au bas, les accessoires dans ce charmant tableau. J'ay poussé ce tableau à six mille deux cent vingt livres. Après cela il fut adjugé à une personne qui avoit commission pour cela, et il doit pas ser, dit-on, en Allemagne. Je le regrette. Comme celle vente se faisoit dans la rue de Richelieu, 400 iOUANAL c'est-à-dire loin du quay des Augustins, j'y fus toujours accompagné par M. Daudet, qui demeure chez moi et qui aime infiniment les belles choses; je revenois ce pendant plusieurs fois dans le carrosse de M. Mariette, car le temps étoit fort mauvais. Ma femme et mes fils ont marqué la plus grande joie, lorsque j'apportai mes Rerghem au logis, de même que notre ami M. Messager, qui s'y trouvoit et qui aime les talents, Le 25. Répondu à M. Oeser, directeur de l'Académie de peinture, à Leipzig. Le 26. Répondu à MM. Gotlfricd Winckler et Thomas Richter, négociants à Leipzig. J'ay parlé beaucoup à ces messieurs de la vente du cabinet de M. de Gaignat, car ils sont grands amateurs, et chacun possède un superbe cabinet* MARS f769. Le 4. Passant dans la rue Saint-Martin en liaerc et apercevant un dessein en vieille bordure, contre un mur parmi de vieilles ferrailles, je l'achetai en revenant à pied pour cela. Il est très-bien, et de M. Galloche l, que j'ay encore connu. Il étoit chancelier de l'Académie royale. Le 5. Répondu à M. Eberts, à Strasbourg. Répondu à M. Mûller, lieutenant-colonel d'artillerie, ingénieur et directeur général des bâtiments du landgra vial de Hesse-Darmstadt. Il m'avoit écrit pour placer son fils icy, chez quelque homme célèbre, sur quoi je lui mande que sans argent la chose ne peut être effectuée. 1 Louis Galloche; } cintre d'histoire, né à Paris en 1 070, mourut en 1701. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 401 Le 11. Répondu à M. de Lippert, conseiller actuel des révisions et du commerce de S. À. S. E. de Bavière, secrétaire de l'Académie électorale des sciences de Mu nich. Je lui mande mes pensées sur la réponse de M. de Dufresne, et que celui-eyest toujours le maîlrede m'en voyer les tableaux, leurs prix et la descriplion, et que je ne crois pas que M. Alton fût bien dangereux à l'école flamande, vu que les Anglois aiment mieux les maîtres italiens. Le 16. M. le général de Fontenay, envoyé extraordi naire de l'électeur de Saxe, m'envoya une lettre de M. le baron de Kessel, contenant douze ducats curieux dont un que ce seigneur fait présent à mon fils aîné, pour lui avoir envoyé deux estampes d'après ses des seins. Le 17. Répondu à M. le baron de Kessel, grand maî tre des cuisines de la cour électorale de Saxe. Je remercie Son Excellence de son amitié conslanle et de ses soins de m'envoyer des monnoies d'or, pour ma petile col leclion. Écrit à M. de Hagedorn, conseiller intime de légation et directeur général de l'Académie électorale, quoiqu'il me doive une réponse; mais, comme M. le baron de Kessel me mande qu'il a très-mal aux yeux, je cherche à l'en consoler. Répondu à M. Weiss, fameux poêle et receveur de la sieur du cerele de Leipzig. Je lui fais la description de l'arrivée de M. le docteur Plallner, son beau-frère, et surtout l'aventure de sa perruque gothique. Je lui an nonce aussi que M. T. Richler doit lui remettre de ma part deux brochures et deux estampes. Le 18. Répondu à M. Iluber, traducteur de la Mort i. 20 402 JOURNAL d'Abel, actuellement professeur de langue françoise à Leipzig. 11 trouvera ma lettre plaisante. Je lui dis aussi que M. T. Ricbter lui remettra Chinki et les deux Rai nes romaines d'après M. Dietrich. Le 19. Me vint voir M , musicien saxon, de la musique de l'ancien duc de Courlande. Ilparoît bien joli garçon, de très-bonne humeur. Il me dit qu'il avoit été reçu dans l'orchestre de l'Opéra-Comique pour y jouer du hautbois. Un jeune relieur de Vienne vint chez moi, de la part de M. Schmuzer. Le 20. Répondu ou écrit à M. Dietrich. Je lui annonçois que j'avois chargé M. le docteur Plattner de la Galerie du Luxembounj reliée (il a pris congé de nous aujour d'hui pour retourner en Saxe, chargé de toutes les lettres à mes amis dans ce pays), et dont je lui faisois présent; mais M. Plattner me la renvoya dans la nuit, parce quelle ne pouvoit pas entrer dans son coffre. A présent il me faut une autre occasion. Nous avons reçu un excellent jambon de la part de M. de Livry. Le 25. Répondu à M. C.-F. Lichtcnberg, conseiller de la chambre de S. A. S. le prince de Hesse, à Darms tadt. J'avois exhorté M. Slrccker, premier peintre de ce prince, d'écrire la vie du peintre Seckalz, atlaché au même prince, et qui est mort l'année passée. D'après cette idée, M. Lichtenberg, bon connoisseur et ami du défunt, s'en est chargé en envoyant, selon mes conseils, 1 Ces deux Ruines romaines ont été gravées, en 1708, par Nie. Delaunav, et on lit au bas la dédicace suivante : Dédié à 31. Dietricy, peintre de S. A. S. E. TÉlecteur de Saxe, membre des Académies de Dresde, d'AugS* buuig et de ttolognc, par son ami et très -humble serviteur VVille. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 405 à M. Weiss, rédacteur der Bibliotheke der schônen Wis senschaften und freyen Kunste, à Leipzig, son manus crit pour être inséré dans ce journal. M. de Lichten berg me donne avis du tout par une lettre des plus char mantes et des plus polies. Il me fait le caractère du peintre mort, tant de son esprit que de ses talents, qui m'ont paru fort singuliers. Il m'instruit aussi pourquoi ce peintre n'a pas voulu travailler pour moi, quoiqu'il me l'eût promis depuis dix ans; c'est-à-dire qu'il crai gnoit de ne pas réussir en travaillant pour un homme de mon talent et de mes connoissances dans les arts. Cela étoit modeste, mais très-niais, puisque je l'avois solli cité, chose que je n'aurois pas faite si ses ouvrages ne m'avoient pas fait plaisir. AVRIL 1709. Le 2. Répondu à M. de Livry, premier commis de monseigneur le comte de Saint-Florentin, ministre et secrétaire d'État, à Versailles. Je lui envoyé dans la let tre deux desseins paysages avec figures, que j'ay faits au jourd'hui. Je prie cet ancien et digne ami de les accepter avec mes remercîments, pour le très-bon jambon qu'il nous avoil envoyé pour nous décarêmer. Le 12. Reçu de Vienne ma lettre patente en qualité de membre de l'Académie impériale et royale de gravure. Cela me donne le titre de graveur de LL. MM. impériales et roya les. Cette lettre est en parchemin avec un grand sceau attaché à un cordon de soye noire et jaune. Elle est si gnée par le grand chancelier, prince de Kaunitz-Rittberg, protecteur, M. de Sonnenfels, secrétaire perpétuel, et M. Schmuzer, directeur. J'ay reçu en même temps les 404 JOURNAL statuts de celte Académie avec une letlre extrêmement polie du secrétaire. Le tout est en langue allemande. Le 15. Me vint voir M. Cochin, mon ancien ami, et secrétaire de notre Académie royale, avec de pareilles lettres et imprimés, aussi reçus de la part de l'Acadé mie de Vienne, qui lui donnent également la qualité de membre de l'Académie impériale et royale, pour les lui traduire verbalement en François; la lettre du secrétaire, M. de Sonnenfels, éloit seule en françois. Il me parut que son élection lui faisoit plaisir. Le 25. Répondu à M. le directeur Schmuzer, à Vienne. Je lui dis que le Crozat est parti depuis huit jours et que j'ay reçu par M. Grenziger le ducat impérial et le dis cours de M. de Sonnenfels. J'ay rendu à M. Pricc, Anglois, le dessein de P. Roos, avec son argent, et il m'a rendu ce qu'il a voit de moi, parce qu'il me parut que cela lui feroit plaisir. Je lui ay l'ait présent d'un très-beau paysage de Botb, représen tant une Ruine de Rome. Reçu une médaille d'argent aux armes de la ville de Berne, et un ducat d'or, de la part de M. Hitler, archi tecte de Berne. MAY 170U. Le 3. J'ay chargé M.Schôninger 1 de deux estampes et d'un ducat de Salzbourg, qui part pour Vienne, pour les remettre à M. Schmuzer. Je lui devois le ducat pour un de l'empereur. 1 Le même s'est chargé d'un rouleau pour monseigneur le duc de Saxe Teschcn. [Note de WÎlie.) DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 405 Le 4. Répondu sur deux lettres de M. Preisler, gra veur du roi de Danemark, à Copenhague. Je lui dis que j'ay fait des commissions en papier, etc., pour imprimer la statue équestre du feu roy de Danemark, à Copen hague, qu'il a gravée1. Je Lui mande que le tout a été remis à MM. Tourlon et Baur, comme il l'a désiré, et qu'ils m'ont remboursé. Écrit, par l'occasion de la lettre de M. Preisler, une pe tite que j'ay mise dans la sienne, à M. Wasserschleben, conseiller des conférences. Je me plains de son silence et le préviens du départ (dans son temps) de TesLampe que j'achève à présenl, qui sera envoyée par terre. Reçu un ducat aux armes avec le portrait du prince évêque de Freysingue et d'Augsbourg, de la part de M. de Lippert, à Munich. Il me le devoit. Le 6. Répondu à M. Y. Lienau, négociant à Bordeaux et mon ancien ami, de même qu'à M. Gier, négociant de la même ville, qui cherche, comme il s'exprime dans sa lettre, ma connoissance et mon amitié. Il me paraît amateur des arts. 1 Nous trouvons, dans un savant ouvrage paru récemment, des détails sur cette statue équestre gravée par J.-M. Preisler, d'après le dessin de J.-F. Saly. Nous les exlrayons de l'ouvrage de M. L. Dussieux, les Artistes français à l'étranger : « Saly résida à Copenhague de 1754 à 1775, et ne fut de retour à Paris qu'en 1776. Pendant ce long séjour, il fit la statue équestre de Frédéric V, que les États de Norvège érigèrent à ce prince sur la place Frédéric, à Copenhague. Le roi de Danemark est représenté en triomphateur romain, tenant un bâton de commandement; à droite et à gauche du piédestal, sont les statues du Danemark et de la Norvège; de vant et derrière, l'Océan et la Baltique. Cette statue fut coulée en bronze par le célèbre fondeur français P. Gor, commissaire des fontes de l'Arsenal, qui fut appelé à Copenhague. Le modèle de la statue équestre de Frédéric V est conservé à Madrid, à l'Académie de Saint-Ferdinand. » Jacques-François-Jo seph Saly est né à Valenciennes en 1717; il est mort à Paris le 4 mai 1776. Il était élève de Coustou. 400 JOURNAL Le 7. Répondu à M. Stùrz, conseiller de légation du roy de Danemark, à Copenhague. Je lui dis que mon fils lui fera volontiers de petits desseins pour des miné raux, et qu'il pourroit m'acheter des monnoies d'Asie, environ pour deux cents livres. Le 9. Répondu à M. Schmidt, graveur du roy de Prusse, à Rerlin. Je lui mande que sa Présentation au Temple l, qu'il a faite d'après M. Dietrich, m'est heureu sement arrivée. Je le prie pour d'autres. Le 10. Mon fils aîné, qui avoit mal à un pied depuis une douzaine de jours, descendit la première fois pour dîner. Le 12. Monseigneur l'évêque de Gallinique me vint voir sans me trouver. Le 15. Répondu à M. de Lippert, à Munich. Je lui dis que je renonce aux tableaux en question, d'autant plus que le catalogue ne m'apprend que leur hauteur et largeur, etc., et que je n'achète rien sans le voir. Je le remercie du ducat de l'évêque de Freysingue, et lui en voyé un ducat de Suède, pour l'échanger contre un du prince de Liechtenstein, par Schega. Causa Aca démie. Le 16. M. Wiedewelt, sculpteur du roy de Danemark, étant de retour de Londres de même que M. Jardin2, ar chitecte du même monarque, m'a rendu visite sans me trouver au logis. Il doit partir pour Copenhague. 1 N° 1G7 du Catalogue de rOEuvre de Schmidt, par A. Crayon. 2 Nicolas-Henri Jardin, né à Saint-Germain des Noyers en 1728, mort à Paris en 1802. Il a construit le château de plaisance de Bernsdorf, à J;e geusdorf, et le palais d'Amaliégade, la salle des chevaliers au château de Christiansborg, à Copenhague, et le palais du comte de Moltke. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLË, 407 Joseph Berger, qui nous sert actuellement dans la hui tième année en qualité de domestique, m'ayant demandé la permission d'aller, accompagné d'une de ses sœurs, à Xivrey en Lorraine, sa patrie, voir sa mère et régler quelques affaires de famille, a pris congé de nous après avoir servi le souper, pour coucher chez son frère et partir le 17 de grand matin. 11 m'a demandé un certificat que je lui ay donné avec plaisir, car il m'a servi fidèle ment. Je ne lui accorde cependant que six semaines, au bout desquelles il doit être de retour, étant impossible que notre service permît un plus long retard. Le 19. M. le général de Fontenay, envoyé de la cour électorale de Saxe, me vint voir. C'est un vieillard bien aimable. Il n'a rien perdu de sa bonne humeur depuis environ cinq ans que j'ay dîné en sa compagnie. Il est le doyen des ambassadeurs qui sont icy, et me paroît avoir quatre-vingt-cinq ans. Il m'a conté qu'en 1704 il avoit fait sa première campagne contre les Vaudois. Le 22. Mon fils aîné me fit présent d'une tabatière de laque rouge garnie en or très-joliment ciselé, qu'il avoit fait faire exprès. Sur le couvercle, il y a une com pagnie qui joue à la petite loterie, peinte à l'huile par lui-même et très-bien exécutée. J'étois fort sensible à la façon d'agir de mon fils, d'autant plus que la tabatière lui avoit coûté, comme je le sçais, douze louis d'or. Le 27. M. Gier, de Bordeaux, m'a envoyé des goua ches de mademoiselle Dietsch, pour être vendues; mais.. Le 28. M. Langlois, marchand de tableaux et qui voyage toujours, me montra Loth et ses Filles, tableau du chevalier Yanderwerff l, qui est beau. 1 Ce tableau a été gravé en 177^, par N, Delaunay. 408 JOURNAL Le 29. M. Gérard, premier secrétaire des affaires étrangères, me vint voir, et, comme je n'avois pas l'hon neur de le connoître, il me parla en allemand avec beau coup d'affabilité, et je fis connoissance avec ce cher compatriote. Il a épousé depuis quelque temps -la fille d'un fermier général, qui étoit un bon parti. Le 3J . Monseigneur l'éveque de Callinique, cet an cien et bon ami, nous vient voir deux fois, étant arrivé le même jour de Versailles, et doit partir demain pour Sens, sa résidence ordinaire. 11 a si fortement invité mon aîné à passer cet été quelque temps chez lui, que celui cy lui a promis avec mon consentement. JUIN 1709. Le 1er. J'allai, accompagné comme à l'ordinaire de M. Daudet, voir et examiner un tableau de G. Le Lorrain, mais qui est en mauvais état. M. Chariot, huissier pri seur, de ma connoissance, m'en avoitprié. Il me montra aussi quelques autres petits tableaux dont il a voit fait emplette. De là nous passâmes sur la place Dauphine voir ce que les jeunes artistes pouvoient avoir exposé à l'exa men du public; mais il y avoit peu de chose à cause du mauvais temps; cette petite feste de Dieu étant plu vieuse. Le 10. J'ay remis à M. Schenau la Galerie du Luxem bourg pour l'envoyer, par le canal de M. Crusius à Leip zig, à M. Dietrich à Dresde, à qui j'en fais présent. Le 1 1 . Répondu à M. de Livry. Je lui avois conseillé de m'envoyer la lettre qu'il vouloit écrire à M. Dietrich, que je la traduirois en allemand, parce que ce célèbre DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 409 artiste ne sçait pas le François. Cela s'est fait, et j'ay renvoyé le tout à Versailles, en ajoutant aussi une lettre pour M. Dietrich, à Dresde, en réponse à sa dernière, lesquelles M. de Livry lui fera parvenir ensemble. Le tout est pour négocier de petits tableaux, tant pour M. de Livry que pour moi, s'il est possible. Le 15. Mourut dans notre maison, au second, M. Fou bert. Le 25. Beaucoup de monde vint me souhaiter ma feste et me présenter des bouquets. Mon fils aîné, à mon insu, s'étoit arrangé avec seize musiciens, qui firent, pendant que nous élions a souper, de leur musique de vant notre maison. Cette altenlion de la part de mon fils me fit plaisir. Le 24. Je reçus une lettre de chez moi écrite le 9 juin, ot une écrite par mon frère à Welzlar. La première était de ma belle-sœur, demeurant à l Obermùhle à Kônisberg en liesse, près de Giessen. Leur contenu me jeta dans la plus grande affliction et douleur, puisqu'elles m'annon cent l'une et l'autre la mort de mon bon frère, que j'ay toujours tendrement aimé. Il étoit né deux ans après moi et n'avoit que cinquante-deux ans. Sa veuve, ma belle-sœur, paroît inconsolable. Il l'a laissée avec cinq enfants. L'événement est des plus déplorables; mais ses enfants ont, Dieu soit loué, du bien. Je complois toujours avoir la consolation de revoir cet excellent frère; mais Dieu ne l'a pas voulu. Le 26. Mon fils aîné est parti, accompagné de M. Ilalm, mon élève, par le coche d'eau, pour Sens, y voir mon seigneur l'évêque de Callinique. Ils y comptent rester quelque temps. 410 JOURNAL 11 m'est venu voir avec lettres de recommandation de M. Strecker un de ses élèves, nommé Ehremann. Le 50. M. Guttenberg a achevé l'inscription que j'ay fait mettre au bas de ma nouvelle planche, dédiée à S. M. le roy de Danemark. Le titre de cette planche est le Concert de famille l. Cette planche est la plus consi dérable que j'aie faite. Elle m'a occupé deux ans et quatre mois. Cela est presque un peu trop, mais aussi le cuivre n'éloil pas trop bon; au contraire, il étoit de la plus mauvaise espèce, et cela est très-fàcheux. JUILLET 1769/ Répondu à M. Ritter, architecte de la ville de Rerne. Je le remercie des peines qu'il s'est données de me pro curer un ducat de sa république et une médaille d'ar gent. Je lui envoyé un ducat de Hollande pour le premier, et pour le second je le prie de m'instruire du prix. Le 2. Répondu à monseigneur l'évêque de Callinique. à Sens. Répondu à mou fils aîné, qui est allé chez monseigneur l'évêque de Callinique. La réponse à celui-cy est dans la lettre à mon fils. Répondu à M. Schmuzer, à Vienne. J'ay mis une quittance dans la lettre par rapport à l'argent qu'il m'a fait loucher de la part de S. A. R. monseigneur le duc de Saxe-Teschen. Je lui dis qu'incessamment je ferai mon rcmercîment à l'Académie impériale sur ma réception et que je l'enverrai à M. de Sonnenfels, secré taire de l'Académie. 1 Cetto estampe, gravée d'après Godelroy Sclialken, est mentionnée au n" 54 du Catalogue de l'œuvre de Wille, par M. Charles Leblanc, DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 411 Il est venu un jeune peintre de Darmstadt, élève de Seekatz, nommé M. Ott, avec lettres de recommandation; mais je n'y étois pas. Le 5. Joseph Berger, mon domestique, est revenu de son pays après sept semaines d'absence. C'étoitoutre-pas ser la permission que je lui avois donnée. Le 4. J'ay retouché chez M. Chevillet les estampes qu'il a faites pour moi. Le 6. MM. de Livry, pore et fils, me sont venus voir de Versailles. Le 7. Répondu à M. Strecker, premier peintre du land grave de Hesse, à Darmstadt. Je le prie, entre autres, de m'envoyer des minéraux pour le cabinet de mon fils. Le 14. J'ai fait partir pour Strasbourg, pour être de là envoyé par Hambourg à M. Wasserschleben, conseiller de conférence du roy de Danemark, à Copenhague, une caisse en toile grasse contenant une bordure très-bien sculptée et dorée et dont j'avois donné le dessein, avec ma nouvelle estampe, le Concert de famille, sous glace, que j'ay dédié au roy de Danemark. Il y a en outre pour ce monarque, dans cette caisse, un* portefeuille conte nant vingt-quatre épreuves en feuilles de la même es pèce; de plus six pour S. E. M. le comte de Bernsdorf; s i x po u r M . Wa s ser sch 1 eb en 1 u i-m êm e ; tr o i s p o u r M . S tu r z , conseiller de légation, également mon ami ; une pour M. Preisler, graveur du roy de Danemark; une pour M. le comte de Mollke; une pour M. le chambellan, baron de Schimmelmann: une pour M. Klopstock, célèbre poêle; une pour M. Als, peintre du roy. En tout quarante-qua tre pièces. 412 JOUR MAL M. de Livry, de Versailles, m'est venu voir. Répondu à mon fils, qui est encore à Sens, chez mon seigneur l'évêque de Callinique. Il me paroît qu'il s'y plaît. Le 19. J'ay donné avis à M. Eberls, à Strasbourg, du départ de la caisse que j'envoye a M. Wasserscbleben et le prie de la faire partir tout aussitôt à sa destination. Elle est marquée : M. D. W. C. Répondu à M. de Sonnenfels, conseiller de Leurs Ma jestés Impériales et Royales, secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie impériale et royale de gravure, à Vienne. Je marque ma gratitude dans ma lettre envers l'Acadé mie de m'avoir envoyé le diplôme de ma réception, et je prie M. de Sonnenfels d'exposer mes remercîmenls à l'assemblée. Je fais remettre ma lellre à l'hôtel de M. l'ambassadeur de la cour de Vienne, pour qu'elle parle avec le premier courrier. J'ay été, accompagné de M. Daudet, à l'Opéra-Comi que voir Cécile, où M. Cayot, ce célèbre acteur, m'a tiré des larmes des yeux en jouant le père nourricier. Cet homme est admirable dans son jeu. Le 28. MM. les comtes de Lynar, Saxons, me sont ve nus voir. Ils sont frères et fort honnêtes. Le 50. Répondu à M. Gier, à Rordeaux. Je lui dis que les petits tableaux de l'espèce de ceux qn'il m'a en voyés ne sont pas rares à Paris. Répondu à mon frère, à Welzlar. Je plains beau coup la mort de noire frère. Répondu à mon fils, qui est encore à Sens, chez mon seigneur l'évêque de Callinique. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILLE. 415 AOUST 1769. Le 5. Me vint voir M. Dorner1, peintre de l'élecleur de Bavière. Le 6. M. Dorner a dîné eliez nous. Répondu à monseigneur l'évoque de Callinique. Un M. Desmoulins s'est chargé de lui porter ma lettre à Sens, de môme qu'une boîte de fer-blanc dans laquelle il y a pour monseigneur une épreuve avant et une avec la lettre de mon Concert de famille. Ce sont les premières qui soient sorties de mes mains en présent. Répondu à mon fils, qui est toujours à Sens, avec mon seigneur. 11 m'avoit envoyé plusieurs desseins paysages au crayon rouge et une composition dont il me mande qu'il a commencé la peinture. Le 8. M. Dorner, peintre de l'électeur de Bavière, a commencé mon portrait sur une petite planche de cuivré. La tête n'est pas plus grande qu'une pièce de vingt quatre sols. Le 9. M. le comte de Podewils, de Berlin, m'est venu voir. Je l'avois déjà connu il y a quatre ans, lorsqu'il étoit à Paris. Le 10. M. Dorner a travaillé une seconde fois à mon portrait. Il doit l'emporter pour le finir à Munich. Le 11. Mon fils aîné est revenu de chez monseigneur 1'évèque de Callinique, à Sens, qui l'a très-bien hébergé, de même que M. Halm, son camarade de voyage et mon élève. Il a apporté une tête de petit garçon, mais avec deux mains dans lesquelles il lient un oiseau : celte 1 Jacob Dorner, né vers 1741, mouiuten 181.5. 41 i JOURNAL pièce est bien et grande comme nature; il en a fait pré sent à M. Daudet; un second tableau sur bois en petit, qui n'est pas tout à fait lî ni ; il représente une fille prête à donner à manger à deux enfants qui font leurs prières. Il est fort fini dans ce qui est fait et sera très-joli. Après le souper, M. Dorner a pris congé de nous pour reparlir le lendemain pour Munich. Il a beaucoup de connoissance et du talent. Il a presque toujours mangé chez nous, et je regrette son départ. J'ay fait présent à M. Dorner de plusieurs estampes, et il doit remettre à M. Lippert ma nouvelle pièce, le Concert de famille et le Pline en latin de l'imprimerie de Barbou. 11 est aussi chargé d'une lettre pour M. Lippert, à Munich. Mes planches, d'après Schùtz, gravées à l'eau-forte par Dunker, et que Gouvillier 1 devoit finir, ont été criées pu bliquement (car on a vendu les effets de ce graveur, après s'être fait soldat); je les ay fait acheter vingt et une livres, je pouvois agir autrement; mais je les ay, et Gou villier m'emporte quatre louis. Il étoit joueur. Le 12. Répondu à la lettre de ma belle-sœur, in def Oberbiebermûhie zu Kômgsbery, en Hesse, près de Gio.s sen, par laquelle elle m'avoit donné avis de la mort de mon frère, son -mari, que j'aimois infiniment, et qui m'a causé beaucoup de tristesse et bien des chagrins. Le 15. Répondu à M. Liénau, à Bordeaux. Je lui dis de me répondre sur-le-champ si je dois acheter les Balc ûou pour le prix marqué dans ma lettre* 1 11 n'est parvenu jusqu'à nous aucun détail sur cet artiste. Nagler n'en liiit pas mention, et nous n'avons jamais rencontré de pièces signées de ce nom. DE JEAN-GEORGES VVILLE. 415 Le 15. Écrit à mon ami Scbmidt1, à Berlin. Je lui demande son œuvre complet, portraits et sujets. Le 25. M. Greuze présenta, pour sa réception, un ta bleau historique à l'Académie royale pour être reçu comme peintre d'histoire. Il y fut reçu comme peintre, mais re fusé comme peintre d'histoire. Cela lui causa bien de la peine; mais personne ne pourroit lutter contre le scrutin du corps en général. Son tableau repré entoit l'empe reur Sévère, dans son lit, faisant des reproches à son fils Caracalla, etc. De là je passai voir le Salon, qui étoit presque arrangé, et où j'ay exposé mon Concert de fa mille, que j'ay dédié au roy de Danemark, et qui est au jour depuis peu. M. Laine2, peintre en miniature, de Berlin, m'est venu voir. Il vient d'Angleterre. Jl a été même au service dans le Canada, en qualité d'ingénieur, chez les Anglois. SEPTEMBRE 1709. Le 5. Répondu à M. Richter, à Leipzig. Répondu à M. Winckler, dans la même ville. Répondu et écrit à M. Eberts, à Strasbourg. Répondu à M. de Livry, à Versailles. Je lui dis mon sentiment, comme il l'avoit désiré, sur un tableau qu'il avoit envie d'acheter, et dont je le dissuade en lui disant mes raisons sincèrement. Le 9. M* de Heneiken, de Dresde, est venu pour la troisième fois sans me trouver. 1 L'œuvre de Schmidt s'élève à cent quatre-vingt-six pièces, si Ton en croit le Catalogue publié par A. Crftycn. 2 Cet artiste n'est pas compris dans rénorme liste des artistes cités par Na yler dans son précieux Dictionnaire. 410 JOURNAL Répondu à M. de Livry. Le 10. Répondu à M. J. Wagner, peintre, à Meissen. Je lui envoyé une lettre de change de quarante-six reichs thalers, sur M. Rosier, à Dresde, pour les pelils tableaux qu'il m'a envoyés. OCTOBRE 1769. Le 1er. J'ay été à la Comédie-Italienne avec M. Daudet. Le 2. On nous a apporté la grande armoire que j'ay l'ait faire très-joliment, en bois des Indes et bronze doré d'or moulu, pour noire nouvel appartement. M. le baron de Rey, Hollandois, m'est venu voir. Il aime les arts et a beaucoup voyagé en Allemagne, en Turquie, en Italie, etc. Le 5. M. de Livry, cet excellent ami, m'a fait part de la mort de madame de Livry, son épouse. Je lui ai ré pondu sur ce triste événement d'une manière sensible. Nous en sommes tous affligés. Le G. M'est venu voir M. Bradt architecte et graveur pensionnaire du roy de Danemark, m'apportant des let tres de recommandation de M. le conseiller de confé rence, mon ancien ami. M. Wasserschleben m'a envoyé, par M. Bradt, une petite boite ronde et curieuse, étant d'ambre, dans la quelle il avoit mis pour moi une petite médaille antique d'or; sur un côté, il y a une tète de femme, sur l'autre, un cheval en enlier. Le 8. Répondu à M. V. Lienau, à Bordeaux. 1 Jean-Gotltried Bradt travaillait à Copenhague vers 1765. Il lut nommé membre de l'Académie en 1785, et mourut en 1795. DE JEAN-GEORGES WILUE. M Répondu à M. Gier, négociant, à Bordeaux. Je lui dis que» selon sa lettre à M. Laine, j'ay remis à celui-cy les douze petites peintures à gouache par mademoiselle Dietscli. Ecrit à M. Eberts, à Strasbourg. Je lui dis que selon ses désirs j'ay fait remettre le rouleau à un des courriers de sa ville. Répondu à M. Schmuzer, directeur de l'Académie im périale de tienne. Je lui dis qu'il y a du temps qu'un courrier impérial a emporté les estampes que M. de Kossner avoit demandées. Je lui fais une description de notre nouvel appartement, parce qu'il connoît l'ancien, que je garde également. J'ay envoyé mon Concert de famille, tout encadré en bordure dorée, à M. Sehiïlz, secrétaire d'ambassade du roy de Danemark, à qui je Pavois promis. Il m'en a re mercié par une lettre fort polie. Le 10. M. Byrnc', jeune graveur anglois, qui m'avoit fait écrire de Londres pour sçavoir si sur une estampe de sa façon, qu'il m'avoit aussi envoyée, je pourrois l'occuper a Paris; et, comme j'avois répondu que oui, il est arrivé chez moi aujourd'hui. Il paroît fort doux; mais il ne sait pas un mot de françois, cela sera un peu gênant. Le 18. Ce jour, nous sommes descendus au second, et avons couché, la nuit d'ensuite, pour la première fois dans ce nouvel appartemenl, quoiqu'il y manque encore quel ques meubles, entre aulrcs, la grande glace sur la chemi née de la salle, les ouvriers m'ayanl manqué de parole; au ' Guillaume Byme. graveur à Teau-forte et au burin, naquit à Cambridge ( ti 17 i0 et mourut eu 1805. Sa manière de graver est assez froide, et les planches que nous avons rencontrées, signées de son nom, sont peu dignes île la réputation qu'on leur a faite. i. 27 418 JOURNAL reste, ils m'y ont presque accoutumé depuis quatre mois que j'ay affaire à eux, pour les travaux à faire dans cet étage et pour les ameublements. Cela m'a rendu plus d'une fois de mauvaise humeur. Le 28. J'allai à l'assemblée de l'Académie royale, où M. Pasquier* fut reçu en qualité de peintre en émail; il donna pour sa réception le roy de Danemark. Me vint voir avec lettre de recommanda lion de M. Mèyer, à Hambourg, M. Mutzenbecker, de la même ville, accompagné d'un Ànglois. Il voyage pour voir le monde. Le 28. Me vint voir notre ami. M. Diemar, établi en Angleterre. Son apparition m'a fait beaucoup de plaisir. Il ne sera que pour peu de jours icy.
| 2,490 |
https://github.com/godlanbo/VueStudy/blob/master/vue-element-admin/src/views/book/List.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
VueStudy
|
godlanbo
|
Vue
|
Code
| 164 | 834 |
<template>
<div class="app-container">
<div class="filter-container">
<el-input
v-model="listQuery.title"
placeholder="书名"
style="width: 200px"
class="filter-item"
clearable
@keyup.enter.native="handleFilter"
@clear="handleFilter"
@blur="handleFilter"
/>
<el-input
v-model="listQuery.author"
placeholder="作者"
style="width: 200px"
class="filter-item"
clearable
@keyup.enter.native="handleFilter"
@clear="handleFilter"
@blur="handleFilter"
/>
<el-select
v-model="listQuery.category"
placeholder="分类"
clearable
class="filter-item"
@change="handleFilter"
>
<el-option :value="1">1</el-option>
<el-option :value="2">2</el-option>
<el-option :value="3">3</el-option>
<el-option
v-for="item in categoryList"
:key="item.value"
:label="item.label"
:value="item.value"
/>
</el-select>
<el-button
v-waves
class="filter-item"
type="primary"
icon="el-icon-search"
style="margin-left: 10px"
@click="handleFilter"
>查询</el-button>
<el-button
v-waves
class="filter-item"
type="primary"
icon="el-icon-edit"
style="margin-left: 5px"
@click="handleCreate"
>新增</el-button>
<el-checkbox
v-model="showCover"
class="filter-item"
style="margin-left: 5px"
@change="handleShowCover"
>显示封面</el-checkbox>
</div>
<el-table />
<pagination
:total="0"
/>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import Pagination from '@/components/Pagination/index'
import waves from '@/directive/waves/waves'
import { getCategory } from '@/api/book'
export default {
name: 'List',
components: {
Pagination
},
directives: {
waves
},
data() {
return {
listQuery: {
},
showCover: false,
categoryList: []
}
},
mounted() {
this.getCategoryList()
},
methods: {
getCategoryList() {
getCategory().then(response => {
this.categoryList = response.data
}).catch(err => {
console.log(err)
})
},
handleFilter() {
console.log(this.listQuery)
},
handleCreate() {
this.$router.push('/book/create')
},
handleShowCover(value) {
this.showCover = value
}
}
}
</script>
<style lang="scss" scope>
</style>
| 18,268 |
https://openalex.org/W4283388713
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,022 |
The Application of Technology Acceptance Model in Evaluating Mixed Reality as a Learning Strategy on Classroom Management
|
Maman Suryaman
|
English
|
Spoken
| 9,706 | 15,033 |
INTRODUCTION The existence of information and communication technology development conveys a lot of influences in daily lives
particularly in a school or college level. One of the technology which is popular in the social world is Virtual Reality (VR)
and Augmented Reality (AR). Therefore, there is a lot of studies which identify the strength, opportunity, challenge, and
impact of the use of this technology VR and AR have a deep impact in education sphere (Choi & Totten, 2012; Di Serio et
al., 2013). Beside, AR is also used for educational purposes, where AR can be considered as a crucial factor in a learning
process activity (Manis & Choi, 2019; Kaur et al., 2021). Another research mentioned that in retail industry AR can increase
knowledge and influence students trust towards the education (Bigne et al., 2016). In addition, the use of AR can be a
supporting tool for creating situations as if students can see what they want to see in reality (Elkaseh et al., 2016). In the
hotel and tourist industries, the usage of virtual reality (VR) is crucial for increasing visitors once the technology is
integrated into the marketing plan (Tsai, 2015). It enables technicians, for instance, to learn new techniques in real time
within the education and training industry (Abdullah & Toycan, 2017). AR technology has advanced and shown its
dominance over VR technology (Assegaf, 2015). Compared to regular education classes, AR technology affords pupils
options. Due of its pedagogical benefits, augmented reality in education gains popularity (Hsu et al., 2010). In light of the
presence of these two technologies, the researcher sought to utilize VR as a learning innovation to enhance the quality of
learning at the college level. Mixed Reality describes the confluence of these two technologies (MR). MR is a type of
augmented reality that permits the placement of digitally created items in real time (Ho & Kuo, 2010). VR can be used for simulation-based teaching in educational context. The implementation for VR can also be used in field
trips, training and design. AR can potentially boost up students minds through narrative technology. The implementation
for AR is prominent in augmented reality in the classroom, distance learning and marketing in education (Safar et al.,
2016). The common use of these by students, their innovative and highly attractive features are characteristics that open
mutiple educational options (Olsson & Salo, 2011). Abstract Information and communication technologies have a significant impact on daily living. One of the impacts is
the use of information and communication technologies to affect the school and college learning process. Previously, Mixed Reality (MR) in conjunction with Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) was the
global problem requiring investigation. In many nations, it is acknowledged that this technology facilitates
learning. Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) variable correlation for the evaluation process, this
study intends to determine how mixed reality is utilized in the education sector. In this study, 300 students
employing mixed reality technology served as responders, and 286 valid assessments of Mixed Reality
procedures or methods were collected through questionnaire. Using SPSS and AMOS, the variables were
examined. All variables utilized in the experiment were shown to be dependable, yet there were various
hypotheses with unaffected findings in this technology. Among the findings are that the quality of the
supplied information/learning material has no influence on the perceived ease of use or the amount of
enjoyment felt by students. In addition, the perception of Ease of Use by students when utilizing mixed
reality as a learning medium had no effect on the students' learning-related attitudes. In this scenario, it can
be determined that, based on the Technology Acceptance Model variable, the usage of mixed reality as one
of the supporting learning techniques, taking into account the Quality of Information and Interactivity of the
learning material, is already being utilized appropriately. Suggestions for future study include the use of this
application on other items, the addition of variables that can be utilized in sectors other than education, and
the addition of variables other than TAM so that it may be used in a variety of contexts. Keywords: Mixed reality, Learning Strategy, Augmented reality, Virtual reality, Technology Acceptanc
Model. Keywords: Mixed reality, Learning Strategy, Augmented reality, Virtual reality, Technology Acceptance
Model. Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 The Application of Technology Acceptance Model in Evaluating Mixed Reality
as a Learning Strategy on Classroom Management Maman Suryaman1*, Risma Fitriani2, Dian Budhi Santoso3
1, 2, 3Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia
Email: maman.suryaman@fkip.unsika.ac.id 494| http://www.italienisch.nl Quality of Information Utilizing the classic technology acceptance model (TAM) to attain this objective based on ease of use, usefulness, and
attitude is the starting point of this study. Yen et al. (2013) include additional particular factors connected to interactive
technology, such as information quality, aesthetic quality, reaction speed, and interactive reliance on the idea of student
experience (Kesim & Ozarslan, 2012). As predicted, prior research concentrated on the educational experience and
included more functional criteria, such as the site's speed and content quality (Weeks et al., 2021). Consequently, the
vividness of the information might heighten the sense of the quality of the information by increasing the number of
sensory dimensions, which may enhance cognitive processing (Millett et al., 2012). Similar to interaction, vividness enables
students to see usage and forthcoming experiences in their minds (Abd Majid et al., 2015). Items were employed to assess
information quality (modified from Oh et al., 2013) and interactivity (adapted from Muk & Chung, 2015). One item was
used to assess perceived usefulness (adapted from Choi & Totten, 2012); two items were used to assess perceived
enjoyment (adapted from Manis & Choi, 2019); three items were used to assess perceived ease of use (adapted from Yen
et al., 2013); four items were used to assess perceived behavioral intention (adapted from Kesim & Ozarslan, 2012); and
five items were used to assess perceived attitude (adapted from Kesim & Ozarslan, 2012). (adapted from Weeks et al.,
2021). Then there were items used to perceive satisfaction (adapted from Millet et al., 2012). Based on several previous studies, it can be interpreted that the quality of information has considerably influenced
perceived usefulness. However, the quality of information has only a slight impact on the perceived ease of use that is felt
by students, and the Quality of information does not significantly affect the sense of enjoyment that mixed reality students
feel. The quality of the information obtained in the process of learning become basic things considered. Then the quality
of the information into the needs in the field of education, especially for learners. Quality of information has a significant
and positive influence on perceived usefulness (Kashada et al., 2020). The use of MR for the learning process of the students
will determine the level of perceived usefulness. It supports for the results of H1 (affects perceived usefulness). Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 During this time the use of technology mixed reality be considered as an appropriate technology for many fields, but have
not seen any research on the variables that significantly affect the satisfaction of the students within the learning process
using mixed reality itself if it is associated with techonolgy acceptance variable. So, this research is considered important
so that in the future the developers of the technology of mixed reality pay more attention to the variables that influence
the satisfaction of the students during the learning process, and this study shows how good if mixed reality is used as one
of the learning strategy. Mixed Reality (MR) Extending the physical world and combining real-world and virtual-world objects are conceivable in the new richer settings
enabled by Augmented Reality (AR) and other recent advances in technology (Barhorst et al., 2021). The definition of
augmented reality is a real-time view of the actual environment that is enriched by computer-generated virtual data, such
as a digital image or video stream (Elmqaddem, 2019). Although there are several definitions of augmented reality, there
are recurring themes about its characteristics, such as information quality, interaction, perceived utility, perceived ease of
use, pleasure, attitude, behavioral aim, and satisfaction (Sannikov et al., 2015). In recent years, Arhas has grown in
importance in the realm of education (Tekedere & Goke, 2016; Shiue et al., 2019). AR materials may successfully boost the
academic enthusiasm of students and facilitate effective learning (Sural, 2018). Frost et al. (2020) first characterized VR
without any hardware references as an experience in which "the student is successfully engaged in a responsive virtual
environment." In the meanwhile, an immersive computing technology (ICT) that includes a "set of technologies that enables
pupils to experience a world beyond reality in an immersive manner" gave an updated alternative definition of virtual reality
that included a hardware component (Lopes et al., 2019). These definitions distinguish between a virtual reality experience,
virtual reality content, and virtual reality hardware in a deliberate manner. In addition, the enhanced merging of the actual
and virtual worlds generates an experience that is consistently distinct. This study demonstrates that students' attention
may be captured by novel (unique) material encountered via AR technology during information processing, leading them
to get absorbed in the activity (Aso et al., 2021). In augmented reality (AR), a 3D computer-generated environment is
seamlessly integrated with the actual world (Tashko & Elena, 2015). VR is a new technology with a small body of evidence
of varying methodological quality (Saleem et al., 2021). Additionally, VR may be a feasible instructional approach for
enhancing information acquisition (Iqbal & Sidhu, 2019). © Suryaman et al. INTRODUCTION In this research, the researchers intend to analyze any further variables
that have big impact to the satisfaction of technology using of VR and AR among college students. There are some variables
which can be used in analyzing student’s motivations in utilizing VR and AR. The hypothesis of this research is that the
more the students are motivated in learning, the better they can improve their passion in extending knowledge they learn. 494| http://www.italienisch.nl © Suryaman et al. © Suryaman et al. © Suryaman et al. Italienisch Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 Interactivity Although there are continuous disagreements over the idea of flow, one of the most frequently debated aspects of flow
is interaction (Petit et al., 2019). It is stated that interactivity is the capability of a technology system to allow users to
readily interact, control, modify, and engage with material (Yim et al., 2017). Interactivity may be seen from two
complimentary perspectives: (1) the technological characteristics and (2) the students' perspectives (Van Noort et al.,
2012). In addition, such a comprehensive examination of method interaction provides an understanding of the function
of AR interactivity. Lee et al. (2019) discussed the significance of technological characteristics in determining interactivity based on the
technology employed. From the standpoint of a student's perception, interactivity consists of an individual's subjective
sense of actual or virtual interactivity (Lee et al., 2019). Moreover, computer-generated things that connect with virtual
objects in the physical world are inherently involved in the exploitation of AR technology. AR technology is probably one
of the most engaging forms of technology due to the aforementioned high levels of student engagement (Pantano et al.,
2017). Due to its interactivity, augmented reality (AR) involves the manipulation of both the actual and virtual worlds, and
it goes beyond the screen (Rese et al., 2014). We anticipated (Hastuti et al., 2019) that such students' contact with the
interactive elements may induce an absorbing state of mind, hence immersing the individual in the activity and favorably
impacting the state of flow (Woon et al., 2021). Based on these previous studies, it can be concluded that the level of Interactivity of a mixed reality has an impact on the
extent of perceived usefulness, which has an impact on the perceived ease of use for students because it is considered
easier for students, and the level of Interactivity in mixed reality determines the extent to which students perceive
enjoyment. Basically in the process of learning required interactivity. Between the teacher and the student or students
with teachers. This can be a parameters of the level of understanding on the matter said. Then the interactivity used as
the hypothesis in this study. The interactivity of the AR technology will more positively influence the usefulness of flow than
a traditional shopping experience (Abdullah & Toycan, 2017). Similar to the interactivity of students in the learning process,
H4, i.e. interactivity affects perceived usefulness, is discussed. Interactivity Interactivity positively and significantly influences the ease
of use of a students from experiencing the virtual (Bigne et al., 2016). Easy experience using MR technology will help students
in understanding the material. Therefore, hypothesis H5 is generated, that is, interactivity affects perceived ease of use. Interactivity positively and significantly influences the enjoyment of students’ perception from experiencing the virtual (Choi
& Totten, 2012). In addition, enjoyment during use also affects the interactivity provided. This results in a hypothesis H6
(affects enjoyment). So, we hypothesized: H4 : Interactivity affects perceived usefulness. H4 : Interactivity affects perceived usefulness. H5 : Interactivity affects perceived ease of use. H6 : Interactivity affects enjoyment. Technology Acceptance Models (TAM) To reach this objective, the current study used the technology acceptance model (TAM) based on perceived utility,
perceived ease of use, enjoyment, attitude, and behavioral attention (Elkaseh et al., 2016). The suggested conceptual
model outlines the properties of technology, including aesthetic quality, interaction, response speed, and information
quality. In addition to the usual TAM dimensions (perceived utility, perceived ease of use, pleasure, attitude, and
behavioral attention), a new dimension has been identified (Assegaf, 2015). Because TAM has been extensively
investigated in a number of situations by previous academics (Bigne et al., 2016), it provides a suitable framework for
research examining accaptance, usage, and subsequent behavioral outcomes in education. Quality of Information The
perception of ease of use can positively and significantly affect the quality of information (Parise et al., 2016). Then the
quality of the information necessary to facilitate the learning activities of students. The results of these studies produce
H2 (affects perceived ease of use). The perception of enjoyment can positively and significantly affect the quality of
information (Javornik, 2016). Enjoyment can also affect the quality of the information received by the students. Then H3
(affects enjoyment) was the result of the hypothesis in this study. Three hypotheses below affect the quality of information
in the field of education. We hypothesized: © Suryaman et al. © Suryaman et al. 495| http://www.italienisch.nl Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 H1 : Quality of information affects perceived usefulness. H2 : Quality of information affects perceived ease H3 : Quality of information affects enjoyment. 496| http://www.italienisch.nl Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 H8 : Perceived usefulness affects attitude. H9 : Perceived usefulness affects enjoyment. Perceived Ease of Use Pantano et al. (2017) define perceived ease of use as "the extent to which a person feels that utilizing a given technology
would be effortless." Several later research, including Olsson et al. (2013), have utilized the original definition given by
Muk & Chung (2015); nonetheless, the original definition proposed by Muk & Chung (2015) is more prominent. Analyses
are being conducted on perceived usefulness, the second primary indicator of confidence in the first TAM model. Some of these studies show that the level of perceived ease of use in the application of mixed reality can lead to different
behavioral intentions according to the level of ease of use. In addition, perceived ease of use in mixed reality also affects
the attitude of its students, although not very significant. So, perceived ease of use will also affect the level of enjoyment
felt by mixed reality students, generally the higher the level of perceived ease of use, the higher the level of enjoyment
felt by student. The ease in the use of learning media, namely technology. This becomes the main priority of the student
in understanding the material. Then teachers need to provide a simulation that the use of technology is easy. The results
of the research revealed two attitudinal-behavioral relationships: (1) attitude to purchase VR hardware and intention to
purchase VR hardware, and (2) the attitude to use VR hardware and intention to use VR hardware (Oh et al., 2013). Perceived ease of use has a significant and positive relationship with consumers’ attitude towards (Petit et al., 2019). From
the results of research between behavioral intention and attitude have a relationship in order to facilitate the use of MR. Perceived ease of use is positively and significantly associated with students perceived enjoyment (Safar et al., 2016). In
addition it is a pleasure to be a supporting factor in the use of the MR by the students. Then it is determined the two
hypotheses, namely H10 (i.e. Perceived ease of use affects behavioral intention), H11 (i.e. Perceived ease of use affects
attitude), and H12 (Perceived ease of use affects enjoyment). So, from these several bases, we hypothesize: H10 : Perceived ease of use affects behavioral intention. H10 : Perceived ease of use affects behavioral intention. H11 : Perceived ease of use affects attitude. H12 : Perceived ease of use affects enjoyment. Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 satisfaction. This study defines perceived usefulness as the degree to which an individual feels adopting a given system
would be desirable and beneficial. Multiple usage contexts have verified the association between perceived ease of use
and perceived utility; however, this relationship has not been evaluated in the context of VR gear (Hsu et al., 2010). Currently, with a large amount of secret VR material, the perceived utility of VR may be significantly lower than gaming,
the use of TAM in relevant prior settings. satisfaction. This study defines perceived usefulness as the degree to which an individual feels adopting a given system
would be desirable and beneficial. Multiple usage contexts have verified the association between perceived ease of use
and perceived utility; however, this relationship has not been evaluated in the context of VR gear (Hsu et al., 2010). Currently, with a large amount of secret VR material, the perceived utility of VR may be significantly lower than gaming,
the use of TAM in relevant prior settings. It can be demonstrated from these investigations that the amount of perceived utility in implementing mixed reality
produces distinct behavioral intention patterns. In addition, the perceived usefulness of mixed reality also affects the
attitude that the students will show, and because of that, perceived usefulness will affect the level of enjoyment felt by
mixed reality students. High perception of usefulness will increase the effect on students of behavioral intention (Kashada
et al., 2020). Study of the use of the object of the consumer. However, perceived usefulness also affect behavioral intention. Therefore, hypothesis H7 is specified, that is, perceived usefulness affect behavioral intention. Perceived usefulness
positively and significantly influences consumers’ attitude (Kesim & Ozarslan, 2012). Attitude is also needed for the learning
activities of students in understanding the material. This results in a hypothesis H8, that is, perceived usefulness affects
attitude. Perceived enjoyment has a significant and positive influence on consumer (Manis & Choi, 2019). Enjoyment in the
use of MR is not just for the consumer. However, students also need to understand the material. Because the pleasure will
affect the level of understanding of the material in the can. Then hypothesis H9 is determined, namely, perceived usefulness
affects enjoyment. So, from these several bases, our hypothesized are stated as follows: H7 : Perceived usefulness affects behavioral intention. H7 : Perceived usefulness affects behavioral intention. Perceived Usefulness In a particular environment, maintaining beliefs (i.e., perceived utility and perceived ease of use) is effective (Elmqaddem,
2019). Therefore, he argued that researchers should first confront their own research-specific attitudes. Relevant beliefs
are those that "function as factors of" one's attitude. Frost et al. (2020) identified perceived utility as the most important
belief for the adoption of technology; nevertheless, it is advisable to note that Iqbal & Sidhu (2019) added another belief
variable, felt enjoyment. Consequently, each concept is handled briefly. Previously, perceived usefulness was defined as "the extent to which a person feels that utilizing a certain system will
improve his or her job performance." Several studies considering perceived usefulness employ the definition of Hastuti et
al. (2019) excluding "job." In light of the definitions of usefulness and perceived usefulness, it is evident that the original
construction of perceived usefulness lacks quality information and interactivity, including: (1) perceived usefulness; (2)
enjoyment; (3) perceived ease of use; (4) behavioral intention; and (5) attitude as a technology acclimation model to 496| http://www.italienisch.nl © Suryaman et al. © Suryaman et al. © Suryaman et al. Italienisch Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 497| http://www.italienisch.nl Attitude H16 : Attitude affects behavioral intention. H17 : Attitude affects satisfaction. H16 : Attitude affects behavioral intention. H17 : Attitude affects satisfaction. H17 : Attitude affects satisfaction. Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 between beliefs and attitudes towards using and purchasing VR hardware. Perceived enjoyment emerges as the most
powerful predictor relative to the other belief variables (Sannikov et al., 2015). Pleasure gives effect to the behavioral intention
and attitude because these factors can help students ' understanding. So both hypothesis, H13 (affects behavioral intention)
and H14 (affects attitude) are generated. Enjoyment will have a more positive effect on satisfaction with the experience when
the use of AR technology is part of the experience (Tashko & Elena, 2015). The result of the parameter determines the
hypothesis H15 (affects satisfaction). Because of the enjoyment in the use of MR based on the satisfaction of material
provided. Thus, the following hypotheses are formulated: between beliefs and attitudes towards using and purchasing VR hardware. Perceived enjoyment emerges as the most
powerful predictor relative to the other belief variables (Sannikov et al., 2015). Pleasure gives effect to the behavioral intention
and attitude because these factors can help students ' understanding. So both hypothesis, H13 (affects behavioral intention)
and H14 (affects attitude) are generated. Enjoyment will have a more positive effect on satisfaction with the experience when
the use of AR technology is part of the experience (Tashko & Elena, 2015). The result of the parameter determines the
hypothesis H15 (affects satisfaction). Because of the enjoyment in the use of MR based on the satisfaction of material
provided. Thus, the following hypotheses are formulated: H13 : Enjoyment affects behavioral intention. H14 : Enjoyment affects attitude. H15 : Enjoyment affects satisfaction. Behavioral Intention Theoretically, behavioral intention is a person's deliberately formed plan to conduct or engage in a specific activity. Examining the link between attitude and behavior by reviewing and analyzing previous research. The key hypothesis of
Woon et al(2021) .'s study is that the strength of an attitude-behavior association depends on the degree of
correspondence between the attitudinal and behavioral entities [41]. This study evaluated VR hardware based on the
quality of information and interactivity, including: (1) perceived utility; (2) enjoyment; (3) perceived ease of use; (4)
behavioral intention; and (5) attitude as a model of technological adaptation to satisfaction. Thus, we analysed the things
included in this model as an extension of the antecedent variables initial TAM. Based on some of these research results, it
can be assumed that Behavioral intention has an impact on satisfaction, where the higher the level of Behavioral intention,
the higher the satisfaction obtained. Behavioral intention is related to the previous factor, namely ethics. But in this study,
it aims to determine the behavioral intention which influences satisfaction, especially in using technology while learning. Based on the research results the positive significant relationship between behavioral intention to use and actual usage Yen
et al. (2013). Behavioral intention affects satisfaction to the students. So the determination of the hypothesis H18
(Behavioral intention affects satisfaction) based on the previous research. Therefore, that the following hypothesis is
obtained: H18 : Behavioral intention affects satisfaction. Enjoyment Petit et al. (2019) define perceived pleasure as "the extent to which the action of utilizing technology is judged to be
pleasurable in and of itself, independent of any anticipated performance outcomes." Academics have determined that
enjoyment is a significant motivator for the adoption of new technologies. Saleem et al. (2021) expand the original TAM
by include subjective satisfaction as an additional intrinsic motivating driver of technological acceptance. It serves as an
additional belief variable in this model. Next, we shall investigate attitudes and their formation. Based on these prior
research, it is prudent to add pleasure perception. After studying several previous studies, it can be seen that the level of enjoyment can affect many things, including
influencing behavioral intention, in which when something feels good, it creates good behavioral intention as well. Besides
that, the feeling of enjoyment when using mixed reality also affects the attitude raised by its students. And the last thing
is that the more students enjoy using mixed reality, the higher the level of satisfaction felt by these students. It will certainly
be the parameters of the level of understanding of students. Then the factor of enjoyment in the learning process is greatly
determine the outcome of learning, in the field of education. When comparing the path coefficients of the relationship © Suryaman et al. 497| http://www.italienisch.nl Italienisch Attitude According to the conventional conception, an attitude is a stable and consistent condition of preparedness to act (Shiue
et al., 2019). The old approach assumed a continually updated predisposition, either as a result of current mental
processes or relevant situational elements, functioning as a concise evaluative summary of an attitufinal object (i.e.,
behavior, individuals, places, goods, topics, and ideas) (Sural, 2018). When anything is provided with an attitudinal object
and there is a concurrent requirement to determine the object of attitude, a stored object that comes to mind is that
evaluation instinctively regulates thought and aids in directing behavior. Others propose a more practical definition of an
attitude as an appraisal of an attitudinal object as having a positive or negative valence, as being liked or disliked, or as
being favorable or unfavorable. In addition, the perceived ease of use of VR during the preprototype stage may have a
role in some aspects. A higher role is played since the hardware's capability does not maximize the application's efficiency
or effectiveness. Against this background, the outcomes of perceived usability and actual usability must be evaluated. Perceived utility of purchasing attitude and VR hardware attitude. Several prior studies have demonstrated that the
attitude of mixed reality users influences their behavioral intention; if the user's attitude is positive, their behavioral
intention will also be positive. Moreover, attitude influences satisfaction. If users of mixed reality have an incorrect
mindset, it might result in unhappiness with the technology. Teachers must have a positive learning attitude. So that pupils
have the attitude that is reflective of the material's explanation. Consequently, attitude influences behavior intention and
contentment. Attitude toward the adoption of the virtual try-on system effects the later behavioral intention to utilize the
system in a favorable and substantial manner (Van Noort et al., 2012). Then attitude can affect the behavioral intention of
students. So that the students can have good attitude. It is influenced by behavioral intention. Hypothesis H16 (Attitude
affects behavioral intention) is determined in this study. Customer's attitude is proven to have a positive and significant
effect on customer satisfaction (Woon et al., 2021). Also, attitude affects satisfaction to the students. This affects
understanding of the material by the students. Then the specified hypothesis H17 (Attitude affect satisfaction). Based on this
account, the designed hypothesis is as follows: H16 : Attitude affects behavioral intention. H17 : Attitude affects satisfaction. Satisfaction 498| http://www.italienisch.nl © Suryaman et al. Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 The examination of satisfaction within the management system has a long history. Numerous studies have been
undertaken within the realm of end-user computing to gather overall assessments where end users have evaluated pupils
of an information system (e.g., contentment) and the elements that influence satisfaction. End User Computing
Satisfaction (EUCS) is a method for measuring the level of student satisfaction with an application system by comparing
students' expectations with the actual performance of an information system. End User Computing - Definition Students'
overall rating of an information system based on their experience using the system is its satisfaction. This EUCS assessment
methodology was designed (Yim et al., 2017). This evaluation methodology stresses end-user satisfaction with
technological features by evaluating the system's content, correctness, format, speed, and usability. This model's
dependability has been evaluated by other researchers, and the results indicate that there are no major changes between
the translated versions of this instrument (Yen et al., 2013). Information and communication technology is very helpful in everyday life, one of which is during the pandemic which
disrupted various sectors of life, one of which is education. Current education is done through online learning. However,
when problems occur in the field, online learning has several complaints from the academic community. The complaint
mainly deals with that the material presented was monotonous and boring. This is due to the lack of a group discussion
forum (unlike face-to-face learning). So from this problem utilization via AR is deemed appropriate. AR that makes users
feel like they are in real life. Of course this will make learning more fun and less boring. Besides that, the advantages
possessed by AR are a form of visualization of the various objects needed. However, this needs to be reviewed, because
not all AR can be used such as software specifications that must be adequate, stable internet access and others. In several previous studies the influence of the TAM variable to the use of mixed reality, measuring mixed reality user
satisfaction have been discussed, and there were also researchers who explained the effect of the satisfaction variable on
the decision to use mixed reality. Satisfaction In this study, a comprehensive model development was carried out by measuring the
influence of TAM on mixed reality user satisfaction based on several variables that support satisfaction and the decision
to use mixed reality in the learning process, so that the use of the reality mixer is taken into consideration as an alternative
strategy in making learning innovations. METHOD I feel that mixed reality technology is quite effective and efficient to be used as a medium of learning. Perceived Usefulness
a. I feel more productive in learning using mixed reality. b. Mixed reality helps me understand the material more effectively. c. Mixed reality offers more opportunities to understand material more quickly at any time. d. Mixed reality gives me more insight in understanding learning technology. e. The learning process becomes more efficient by using mixed reality. Enjoyment
a. Mixed Reality makes me enjoy learning the materials delivered in a clear voice, and I can repeat learning if needed. b. Mixed Reality helps me learning materials in 3D reality. c. I feel happy using mixed reality as a learning medium
d. Mixed Realities facilitates me learning the course materials. e. I feel impressed using mixed reality in the learning process. Perceived Ease of Use
a. I feel the use of mixed reality provides ease in understanding learning materials. b. Mixed Realities helps me understand the materials easily. c. I feel that mixed reality is able to describe the course material clearly. d. I feel that mixed reality makes course materials more informative and flexible when applied in the learning process. e. Personally, I find that I can learn the materials easily using mixed reality. Behavioral Intention
a. Most likely I will use mixed reality more often as a medium to understand lecture material. b. I am used to using mixed reality in understanding lecture material. c. In the future, I will use mixed reality to understand other things. d. d. In my opinion, mixed reality will be very much needed in the future in many fields. Attitude
a. In my opinion, mixed reality is very good to be used as a learning medium. b. Mixed reality makes me more excited about the learning process. c. For me, mixed reality has a positive impact as a learning medium. d. For me, mixed reality provides many advantages when used as a learning medium. e. Mixed reality brings its own pleasure when understanding learning materials. Satisfaction
a. I feel satisfied using mixed reality to understand course material
b. Mixed Reality can fulfill my needs in illustrating course material descriptions. c. I feel that mixed reality makes the learning process easier to understand. d. I feel that mixed reality helps me achieve the required understanding in lecture materials. METHOD Figure 1 is the framework for the research model used in this study, where the framework is structured based on
hypotheses that have been formed previously through various theories and research that have been carried out by
previous researchers. Figure 1: Research Models Figure 1: Research Models Figure 1: Research Models This research was conducted using a questionnaire containing 37 questions from 8 variables that have been compiled as
shown in Table 1 research questionnaire. By using a Likert scale ranging from 1-5, where a scale of 1 indicates a non-
conformity and a scale of 5 indicates a very suitable sign. This research was conducted by using purposive sampling
technique, where the sampling was carried out based on a specific objective that required special respondents using mixed
reality technology. In this study, the number of respondents who participated was 300 people who were students at the
college where the researcher worked. After a valid test was carried out, it was shown that the respondent data who met
the criteria were only 286 respondents, and this number was used in the data processing and testing process. The next
statistic in order to process the model that has been designed. Table 1. Research Questionnaire
Quality of Information. a. I feel that the material presented in mixed reality suits my expectations. b. I got a complete display of lecture material from this mixed reality technology. c. I feel that this material is suitable and relevant to be presented using mixed reality technology. d. Mixed reality helps me to understand the essence of this course material. e. I feel that mixed reality technology is quite clear in conveying material compared to other technologies. Table 1. Research Questionnaire Table 1. Research Questionnaire © Suryaman et al. © Suryaman et al. Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 ,
,
,
, pp
Interactivity
a. I have free control when using mixed reality in the learning process. b. I can determine the course material that I will learn using mixed reality. c. I can control learning pace sing this technology. d. I feel that mixed reality technology is quite effective and efficient to be used as a medium of learning. Perceived Usefulness
a. I feel more productive in learning using mixed reality. b. Mixed reality helps me understand the material more effectively. c. METHOD Mixed reality offers more opportunities to understand material more quickly at any time. d. Mixed reality gives me more insight in understanding learning technology. e. The learning process becomes more efficient by using mixed reality. Enjoyment
a. Mixed Reality makes me enjoy learning the materials delivered in a clear voice, and I can repeat learning if needed. b. Mixed Reality helps me learning materials in 3D reality. c. I feel happy using mixed reality as a learning medium
d. Mixed Realities facilitates me learning the course materials. e. I feel impressed using mixed reality in the learning process. Perceived Ease of Use
a. I feel the use of mixed reality provides ease in understanding learning materials. b. Mixed Realities helps me understand the materials easily. c. I feel that mixed reality is able to describe the course material clearly. d. I feel that mixed reality makes course materials more informative and flexible when applied in the learning process. e. Personally, I find that I can learn the materials easily using mixed reality. Behavioral Intention
a. Most likely I will use mixed reality more often as a medium to understand lecture material. b. I am used to using mixed reality in understanding lecture material. c. In the future, I will use mixed reality to understand other things. d. d. In my opinion, mixed reality will be very much needed in the future in many fields. Attitude
a. In my opinion, mixed reality is very good to be used as a learning medium. b. Mixed reality makes me more excited about the learning process. c. For me, mixed reality has a positive impact as a learning medium. d. For me, mixed reality provides many advantages when used as a learning medium. e. Mixed reality brings its own pleasure when understanding learning materials. Satisfaction
a. I feel satisfied using mixed reality to understand course material
b. Mixed Reality can fulfill my needs in illustrating course material descriptions. c. I feel that mixed reality makes the learning process easier to understand. d. I feel that mixed reality helps me achieve the required understanding in lecture materials. Source: data proceed ,
,
,
, pp
Interactivity
a. I have free control when using mixed reality in the learning process. b. I can determine the course material that I will learn using mixed reality. c. I can control learning pace sing this technology. d. Validity, Reliability, and Normality Test Results As mentioned earlier, tests of validity, reliability, and normality were carried out on 286 data. The validity test results show
that the range of each r-value is valued from the lowest 0.382 to the highest 0.746. The researcher interpreted that each
question was valid because the test results showed a value higher than the r-table, namely ≥ 0.153. Furthermore, the
reliability test on each variable showed that all values for each Alpha Cronbach had a higher value than Alpha Cronbach's ≥
0.8. This means that the variables used are all reliable. In addition, the results of the normality test based on the scatterplot
and KMO - Bartlett's Test show that the data is normal because each plot is spread in one line to the top right of the graph. The KMO test result value is 0.954 with a Bartlett value of 0.000 indicating a high-test sensitivity. The determination standard
based on Hair et al. in his book entitled “Multivariate Data Analysis”. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Goodness of Fit Results The building blocks that connect each indicator with the main variables are used to construct constructs. Researchers used
six variables in this study, each construct is made by these variables. The indicators for each variable in testing using AMOS
22 are estimated to have a value of ≥ 0.70 to be accepted. Conversely, if the value does not reach the estimated value, it
must be omitted. METHOD Source: data proceed This study was conducted using a variety of statistical tests to evaluate the questionnaire's effectiveness as a survey tool. The first statistical test to be conducted is a validity test to evaluate the questionnaire's validity. It examines if all inquiries
are pertinent to a certain objective. If r-value is more than r-table, the questionnaire is viewed as legitimate; nevertheless,
if r-value is less than r-table, the questionnaire is interpreted as invalid. In addition, a test of dependability was conducted
to determine the consistency of the results while assessing the same symptoms. After the first two tests have been
conducted, a normality test is conducted to determine whether the data are normally distributed. SPSS19 is utilized for
testing. Following the completion of the three tests, the confirmatory factor analysis and goodness of fit are conducted. In
this step, the model is processed using AMOS 22 software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). This analysis is
undertaken to demonstrate the link between the design model's variables, so that it can be determined which variables
mutually influence one another. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION © Suryaman et al. 500| http://www.italienisch.nl 500| http://www.italienisch.nl Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 SEM Model Meanwhile the RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation)
value is indicated by the number 0.740 which means the criteria are good. CFI (Comparative Fit Index) of 0.804 means that
it is in the category ≥ 0.90 [83]. GFI (goodness of fit index) is 0.903, in this model the GFI value is close to 1, and so it is
classified as a good model. In addition, from the results of this analysis, the t-value and P. value are obtained, where if the
t-value is above 1.96, it indicates a good model, and P value is below 0.05 indicates that the correlation of the variables in
the model is significant. The determination of the cut of value of a table based on Hair et al. In his book entitled
“Multivariate Data Analysis” [83]. Table 4 below illustrates the hypothesis decisions for the model that has been designed. Table 4. Result of Proposed Hypothesis Analysis
Hypothesis
t-value ≥1.96
P (<0.05)
Decision
H1
Quality of information affects perceived usefulness
2.210
.027
Significantly Affected
H2
Quality of information affects perceived ease of use
1.744
.081
Not Affected
H3
Quality of information affects enjoyment
1.210
.226
Not Affected
H4
Interactivity affects perceived usefulness
2.800
.005
Significantly Affected
H5
Interactivity affects perceived ease of use
2.486
.013
Significantly Affected
H6
Interactivity affects enjoyment
2.115
.012
Significantly Affected
H7
Perceived usefulness affects behavioral intention
3.226
.001
Significantly Affected
H8
Perceived usefulness affects attitude
2.965
.003
Significantly Affected
H9
Perceived usefulness affects enjoyment
2.817
.006
Significantly Affected
H10
Perceived ease of use affects behavioral intention
2.554
.011
Significantly Affected
H11
Perceived ease of use affects attitude
3.747
.301
Not Affected
H12
Perceived ease of use affects enjoyment
2.236
.022
Significantly Affected
H13
Enjoyment affects behavioral intention
3.539
***
Significantly Affected
H14
Enjoyment affects attitude
2.936
***
Significantly Affected
H15
Enjoyment affects satisfaction
9.257
***
Significantly Affected
H16
Attitude affects behavioral intention
1.973
***
Significantly Affected
H17
Attitude affects satisfaction
3.809
***
Significantly Affected
H18
Behavioral intention affects satisfaction
8.281
***
Significantly Affected
Source: data proceed Table 4. Result of Proposed Hypothesis Analysis Based on the results of the hypothesis analysis in Table 4 that has been carried out, there are 3 hypotheses that have no
effect on other variables, including H2 where in fact the quality of information does not have a significant effect on
perceived ease of use. This result is supported by Cabero-Almenara et al. SEM Model The following Figure 2 shows a model that has been analyzed using SEM, which is indicated by a solid line arrow or a
dotted line, which shows whether the variable affects significantly or not. Figure 2. Result SEM Analysis Figure 2. Result SEM Analysis
N t Si
ifi
t
l Figure 2. Result SEM Analysis ------ : Not Significant value
____ : Significant value ------ : Not Significant value
____ : Significant value The estimated value reveals the impact between factors based on the SEM analysis findings. The effect between variables
is stronger the stronger the association between variables. In the SEM model, parameter estimation requirements exist
when the build reliability is 0.70. The analysis of the test results is depicted in Table 2, which demonstrates that the value
of each indicator and variable satisfies the requirements since each construct of reliability is less than 0.70. The estimated value reveals the impact between factors based on the SEM analysis findings. The effect between variables
is stronger the stronger the association between variables. In the SEM model, parameter estimation requirements exist
when the build reliability is 0.70. The analysis of the test results is depicted in Table 2, which demonstrates that the value
of each indicator and variable satisfies the requirements since each construct of reliability is less than 0.70. Table 2. Variable Estimated
Variable/Construct
Construct Reliability
Decision
Quality of Information
0.838
Reliable
Interactivity
0.755
Reliable
Perceived Usefulness
0.857
Reliable
Perceived Ease of Use
0.841
Reliable
Enjoyment
0.823
Reliable
Behavioral Intention
0.856
Reliable
Attitude
0.872
Reliable
Satisfaction
0.861
Reliable
Source: data proceed Thus, the goodness of fit index test can be done because the complete model has met the reliability and validity
requirements. Table 3 below illustrates the results of the goodness of fit index that have been analyzed. 501| http://www.italienisch.nl
© Suryaman et al. Table 3. Goodness of Fit Table
Goodness of Fit Index
Cut of Value
Value
Model Decision Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505
CMIN/DF
< 2.0
0.0015
Good
RMSEA
< 0.8
0.740
Good
NFI
> 0.9
0.901
Good
CFI
> 0.9
0.804
Moderate
GFI
> 0.9
0.903
Good
Source: data proceed Based on the results of the goodness of fit index analysis in Table 2, it can be observed that the Fit Model with CMIN/DF
value is 0.0015, which means that the Model is good. SEM Model That the quality of information does not affect
the perceived ease of use. However it is also back on the situation and the media used. It is also based on the result of the
determination and calculation of the t-value and P [83, 84]. In addition, at H3 the level of enjoyment also on the survey
results did not show that it was influenced by the quality of information. This result is also supported by Cabero-Almenara
et al. That the quality of information does not affect the enjoyment (Tsai, 2015). It is also back on the situation and the
media used. It is also based on the result of the determination and calculation of the t-value and P (Takedere & Goke,
2016). And on H11 it showed that perceived ease of use had no significant effect on attitude. But the results of this
hypothesis is also in line with the Pantano et al. and Sweet et al. That perceived ease of use had no significant affect on
attitude. It is also based on the result of the determination and calculation of the t-value and P. These three unaffected
hypotheses are supported by several previous studies that have been described in the literature review. REFERENCES [1]. Abd Majid, N. A., Mohammed, H., & Sulaiman, R. (2015). Students’ Perception of Mobile Augmented Reality
Applications in Learning Computer Organization. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 111-116. [2]. Abdullah, M. S., & Toycan, M. (2017). Analysis of the Factors for the Successful E-Learning Services Adoption from
Education Providers’ and Students’ Perspectives: A Case Study of Private Universities in Northern Iraq. Eurasia
Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(3), 1097-1109. [3]. Aso, B., Navarro-Neri, I., García-Ceballos, S., & Rivero, P. (2021). Quality Requirements for Implementing Augmented
Reality in Heritage Spaces: Teachers’ Perspective. Education Sciences, 11(8), 405. [4]. Assegaff, S. (2015, January). A Literature Review: Acceptance Models for E-learning Implementation in Higher
Institution. In 2014 International Conference on Advances in Education Technology (ICAET-14) (pp. 86-89). Atlantis
Press. [5]. Barhorst, J. B., McLean, G., Shah, E., & Mack, R. (2021). Blending the Real World and the Virtual World: Exploring the
Role of Flow in Augmented Reality Experiences. Journal of Business Research, 122, 423-436. [6]. Bigne, E., Llinares, C., & Torrecilla, C. (2016). Elapsed Time on First Buying Triggers Brand Choices within a Category:
A Virtual Reality-Based Study. Journal of Business Research, 69(4), 1423-1427. & Totten, J. W. (2012). Self-Construal's Role in Mobile TV Acceptance: Extension of TAM Across
urnal of Business Research, 65(11), 1525-1533. [7]. Choi, Y. K., & Totten, J. W. (2012). Self-Construal's Role in Mobile TV Acceptance: Extension
Cultures. Journal of Business Research, 65(11), 1525-1533. [8]. Choi, Y. K., & Totten, J. W. (2012). Self-Construal's Role in Mobile TV Acceptance: Extension of TAM Across
Cultures. Journal of Business Research, 65(11), 1525-1533. [9]. Di Serio, Á., Ibáñez, M. B., & Kloos, C. D. (2013). Impact of an Augmented Reality System on Students' Motivation for
a Visual Art Course. Computers & Education, 68, 586-596. [10]. Elkaseh, A. M., Wong, K. W., & Fung, C. C. (2016). Perceived eEse of Use and Perceived Usefulness of Social Media
for E-Learning in Libyan Higher Education: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. International Journal of
Information and Education Technology, 6(3), 192. [11]. Elmqaddem, N. (2019). Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Education. Myth or Reality?. International Journal
of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(3). [12]. Frost, J., Chipchase, L., Kecskes, Z., D'Cunha, N. M., & Fitzgerald, R. (2020). Research in Brief: Exploring Perceptions
of Needs for the Same Patient Across Disciplines Using Mixed Reality: A Pilot Study. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 43,
21-25. [13]. ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 energy depends more on how high the level of student interactivity with mixed reality technology when used in learning,
in the perceived usefulness that students feel when using mixed reality, and in the perceived ease of use students who
are felt by students during the learning process. The more interactive mixed reality technology design, the more beneficial
technology in meeting student learning needs, and the easier Mixed Reality technology is used, the more enjoyment
students feel during learning process. Furthermore, it is related to H11 where it is shown that the perceived ease of use
when using mixed reality has no effect on student attitude in using mixed reality. In other words, student attitude is more
influenced by perceived usefulness and a sense of enjoyment when using the mixed reality technology during the process
learn. energy depends more on how high the level of student interactivity with mixed reality technology when used in learning,
in the perceived usefulness that students feel when using mixed reality, and in the perceived ease of use students who
are felt by students during the learning process. The more interactive mixed reality technology design, the more beneficial
technology in meeting student learning needs, and the easier Mixed Reality technology is used, the more enjoyment
students feel during learning process. Furthermore, it is related to H11 where it is shown that the perceived ease of use
when using mixed reality has no effect on student attitude in using mixed reality. In other words, student attitude is more
influenced by perceived usefulness and a sense of enjoyment when using the mixed reality technology during the process
learn. CONFLICT OF INTEREST In conducting this research, the author states that there is no Conflict of Interest whatsoever in the process of publishing
this scientific article. This research was supported by the Singaperbangsa Karawang University. This research was supported by the Singaperbangsa Karawang University. CONCLUSION 502| http://www italienisch nl
© Suryaman et al
Based on research that has been done, it can be concluded that of the 18 hypotheses designed, there are 3 unsuitable
hypotheses (no significant effect) in other variables, including H2 which explains that information quality does not affect
the perception of ease of use. This shows that the ease of students in using mixed reality is not influenced by the quality
of the material presented, but only influenced by the interactivity level owned by Mixed Reality itself. In addition, the H3
is explained that the quality of information also has no effect on the Enjoyment, where the sense of energy is not produced
based on the quality of information/lecture material presented. Because, according to the results obtained, the sense of © Suryaman et al. Italienisch REFERENCES Hastuti, I., Wijiyanto, W., Lestari, W., & Sumarlinda, S. (2019). The User Satisfaction Level of Elearning for Business
and Management Subjects Based on Technology Acceptance Model. International Journal of Economics, Business
and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 3(03). [14]. Ho, L. A., & Kuo, T. H. (2010). How Can One Amplify the Effect of E-Learning? An Examination of High-Tech Employees’
Computer Attitude and Flow Experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(1), 23-31. [15]. Hsu, C. H., Cai, L. A., & Li, M. (2010). Expectation, Motivation, and Attitude: A Tourist Behavioral Model. Journal of
travel research, 49(3), 282-296. [16]. Iqbal, J., & Sidhu, M. S. (2019). A Taxonomic Overview and Pilot Study for Evaluation of Augmented Reality based
Posture Matching Technique using Technology Acceptance Model. Procedia Computer Science, 163, 345-351. 503| http://www.italienisch.nl © Suryaman et al. Italienisch ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 [17]. Javornik, A. (2016). Augmented reality: Research Agenda for Studying the Impact of its Media Characteristics on
Consumer Behaviour. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 252-261. [18]. Kashada, A., Ehtiwsh, E., & Nakkas, H. (2020). The Role of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) towards Information
Systems Implementation Success: A Meta-Analysis. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 9(01),
30-36. [19]. Kaur, D. P., Mantri, A., & Horan, B. (2021). A Framework Utilizing Augmented Reality to Enhance
Learning Experience of Linear Control Systems. IETE Journal of Research, 67(2), 155-164. [20]. Kesim, M., & Ozarslan, Y. (2012). Augmented Reality in Education: Current Technologies and the Potential for
Education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 297-302. [21]. Lee, Y. J., Ha, S., & Johnson, Z. (2019). Antecedents and Consequences of Flow State in E-Commerce. Journal of
Consumer Marketing. [22]. Lopes, L. M. D., Vidotto, K. N. S., Pozzebon, E., & Ferenhof, H. A. (2019). Inovações Educacionais Com o uso da
Realidade Aumentada: Uma Revisão Sistemática. Educação em Revista, 35. [23]. Manis, K. T., & Choi, D. (2019). The Virtual Reality Hardware Acceptance Model (VR-HAM): Extending and
Individuating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for Virtual Reality Hardware. Journal of Business
Research, 100, 503-513. [24]. Manis, K. T., & Choi, D. (2019). The Virtual Reality Hardware Acceptance Model (VR-HAM): Extending and
Individuating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for Virtual Reality Hardware. Journal of Business
Research, 100, 503-513. [25]. Millett, G. A., Peterson, J. L., Flores, S. A., Hart, T. A., Jeffries 4th, W. L., Wilson, P. A., ... & Remis, R. S. (2012). REFERENCES Comparisons of Disparities and Risks of HIV Infection in Black and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Canada,
UK, and USA: a meta-analysis. The Lancet, 380(9839), 341-348. [26]. Muk, A., & Chung, C. (2015). Applying the Technology Acceptance Model in a Two-Country Study of SMS
Advertising. Journal of Business Research, 68(1), 1-6. [27]. Oh, H., Jeong, M., & Baloglu, S. (2013). Tourists' Adoption of Self-Service Technologies at Resort Hotels. Journal of
Business Research, 66(6), 692-699. [28]. Olsson, T., & Salo, M. (2011, October). Online User Survey on Current Mobile Augmented Reality Applications. In 2011 10th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (pp. 75-84). IEEE. [29]. Olsson, T., Lagerstam, E., Kärkkäinen, T., & Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila, K. (2013). Expected User Experience of Mobile
Augmented Reality Services: A User Study in the Context of Shopping Centres. Personal and Ubiquitous
Computing, 17(2), 287-304. [30]. Pantano, E., Rese, A., & Baier, D. (2017). Enhancing the Online Decision-Making Process by using Augmented Reality:
A Two Country Comparison of Youth Markets. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 38, 81-95. [31]. Parise, S., Guinan, P. J., & Kafka, R. (2016). Solving the Crisis of Immediacy: How Digital Technology Can Transform
the Customer Experience. Business Horizons, 59(4), 411-420. [32]. Petit, O., Velasco, C., & Spence, C. (2019). Digital Sensory Marketing: Integrating New Technologies int
Online Experience. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 45, 42-61. [33]. Rese, A., Schreiber, S., & Baier, D. (2014). Technology Acceptance Modeling of Augmented Reality at the Point of
Sale: Can Surveys be Replaced by an Analysis of Online Reviews?. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(5),
869-876. [34]. Safar, A. H., Al-Jafar, A. A., & Al-Yousefi, Z. H. (2016). The Effectiveness of Using Augmented Reality Apps in Teaching
the English Alphabet to Kindergarten Children: A Case Study in the State of Kuwait. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics,
Science and Technology Education, 13(2), 417-440. gy
,
( ),
[35]. Saleem, M., Kamarudin, S., Shoaib, H. M., & Nasar, A. (2021). Influence of Augmented Reality App on Intention
Towards E-Learning Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-15. [36]. Sannikov, S., Zhdanov, F., Chebotarev, P., & Rabinovich, P. (2015). Interactive Educational Content based on
Augmented Reality and 3D Visualization. Procedia Computer Science, 66, 720-729. [37]. Shiue, Y. M., Hsu, Y. C., Sheng, M. H., & Lan, C. H. (2019). Impact of an Augmented Reality System on Students'
Learning Performance for a Health Education Course. REFERENCES International Journal of Management, Economics and Social
Sciences (IJMESS), 8(3), 195-204. [38]. Sural, I. (2018). Augmented reality experience: Initial Perceptions of Higher Education Students. International Journal
of Instruction, 11(4), 565-576. [39]. Tashko, R., & Elena, R. (2015). Augmented Reality as a Teaching Tool in Higher Education. International Journal of
Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 3(1), 7-15. [40]. Tekedere, H., & Göke, H. (2016). Examining the Effectiveness of Augmented Reality Applications in Education: A
Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(16), 9469-9481. [41]. Tsai, Y. R. (2015). Applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to Explore the Effects of a Course Management
System (CMS)-Assisted EFL Writing Instruction. Calico Journal, 32(1), 153-171. 504| http://www.italienisch.nl 504| http://www.italienisch.nl © Suryaman et al. © Suryaman et al. Italienisch
ISSN: 0171-4996, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2022, pp 494-505 [42]. Van Noort, G., Voorveld, H. A., & Van Reijmersdal, E. A. (2012). Interactivity in Brand Web Sites: Cognitive, Affective,
and Behavioral Responses Explained by Consumers' Online Flow Experience. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(4),
223-234. [43]. Weeks, J. K., Pakpoor, J., Park, B. J., Robinson, N. J., Rubinstein, N. A., Prouty, S. M., & Nachiappan, A. C. (2021). Harnessing Augmented Reality and CT to Teach First-Year Medical Students Head and Neck Anatomy. Academic
Radiology, 28(6), 871-876. [44]. Woon, A. P. N., Mok, W. Q., Chieng, Y. J. S., Zhang, H. M., Ramos, P., Mustadi, H. B., & Lau, Y. (2021). Effectiveness of
Virtual Reality Training in Improving Knowledge among Nursing Students: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and
Meta-Regression. Nurse Education Today, 98, 104655. g
y
[45]. Yen, J. C., Tsai, C. H., & Wu, M. (2013). Augmented Reality in the Higher Education: Students’ Science Concept
Learning and Academic Achievement in Astronomy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, 165-173. [46]. Yim, M. Y. C., Chu, S. C., & Sauer, P. L. (2017). Is Augmented Reality Technology an Effective Tool for E-Commerce? An Interactivity and Vividness Perspective. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 39, 89-103. 505| http://www.italienisch.nl © Suryaman et al. © Suryaman et al.
| 36,852 |
criticalexegetic0005driv_21
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,896 |
A critical and exegetical commentary on Deuteronomy
|
Driver, S. R. (Samuel Rolles), 1846-1914
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,283 | 11,064 |
287 Ez. 44%. As remarked on 16'8, judgment in ancient Israel, even on secular issues, seems often to have been administered at a sanctuary: the priests would thus possess an hereditary knowledge of civil and criminal law not less than of ceremonial law, which, especially at a time when Hebrew law was still imperfectly codified, would naturally give them an advantage over either the local ‘‘elders,” or the ordinary lay judges. Hence they would be properly represented on a tribunal, appointed expressly for the purpose of dealing with difficult or serious cases. 8. Lf a matter be too difficult for thee (2 bp) in judgment | lit. too exceptional (or wonderful) for thee, z.e. beyond thy power to unravel or decide; comp. 30" (beyond one’s power to master); Gn. 184 Jer. 3217 (beyond one’s power to effect) ; Job 423 (beyond one’s power to comprehend). Not the word used in Ex. 1872-26 Dt. 117 (nwp, ‘‘hard”).—Between blood and blood, and between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, (even) che subjects of pleadings] i.e. if the difficulty be to deter- mine under what law a particular case is to be judged, whether, for example (‘‘ between blood and blood”), a man be guilty of murder or only of manslaughter (Ex. 21!?14), or whether a man charged with theft or embezzlement, or with having caused some personal injury (Ex. 21187; 221%), has been culpably negligent or not, and, if so, in what degree, and to what penalty he is liable.—whatever the nature of the pleadings (on both sides) may be (cf. 2 Ch. 19!°).— Within thy 8, m2" 125] in loose appos. with 127, a constr. which D often has: 2° 3 4°8 G10b B15 ie 14 201 226 2735 286 64 2916 22. cf. on 18), 208 DEUTERONOMY gates] 12'°.—Thou shalt arise, &c.] the persons implicitly addressed (as appears from the words ‘‘too difficult for thee in judgment”) are the local judges, who, in such a contingency, are to refer the case to the tribunal at the central sanctuary.— Go up| the expression used of visiting Shiloh (1 S. 13-7. 21:22), or Jerusalem (1 K. 127-28, and often).—9. Unto the priests the Levites] z.e. to the Levitical priests (on 18').—And unto the judge that shall be in those days| for the expression, comp. 1917 26% Jos. 208 (D*). It seems evident that the ‘‘judge” is not identical with any of the ‘‘priests”; and as in 19!" “the priests and the judges” are mentioned together in a similar connexion, it appears reasonable to infer that priests and laymen sat together on the tribunal referred to: the ‘‘ judge” mentioned here being the foreman, or president, of the body of lay ‘‘judges” mentioned in 1917, just as the ‘‘ priest” in 1712 must be the president of the ‘‘ priests” mentioned in v.°. The court instituted by Jehoshaphat had similarly a double presidency, the high priest acting as head in ecclesiastical cases, and a secular prince in civil cases (2 Ch. 198: 1!!).—And thou shalt inquire, &c.] 7.e. examine the case (19!8),—Israel, acting in the persons of its representatives for the time being, ze. here the members of the central tribunal, being addressed. Sam. Gh, however, have ‘‘ and zey shall inquire (wom),” which (as in the context the 2nd person denotes the local judges) is easier, and may be correct.—Avnd they shall declare to thee the word of judgment] z.e. the sentence (2 Ch. 198). For shew (AV., RV.), here and v.10", in the sense of declare, see on 55.— 10-13. The decision of the central tribunal is to be implicitly obeyed.—10. Observe to do| 5!.—According to all that they direct thee (437)| so v.1 ‘‘according to the direction where- with they direct thee.” 10 is Zo direct (Ex. 412-15), té6rah (‘‘law”) is properly divection,—both words being used especi- ally, in a technical sense, of the authoritative direction given by the priests to the laity on matters of ceremonial observance (see e.g. 248 33° Lev. 10! Ez. 227 4423 Mic. 31; Jer. 28 1818 Lev. 1146 1359 1454 1532 Nu. 529 62! &c.). In a somewhat wider sense, drvah is then applied, in Dt. (on 15), and Deut. writers (as Jos. 17 23° PK. 2° 2 K. 10%! ‘y4e)[ Dt, 24%]. 1738 axh eet Vis o=13 209 2374-25 Jer. 1611), to the exposition of an Israelite’s duty con- tained in Dt.: finally, still more generalized, it becomes the _ name of the Pentateuch generally (cf. Neh. 8'f 18f 1085. 87 G4. 86) 2. Chi +g1°)s soeetturther O7/C.2 pp.) 200 ff, 372 ff.; 382 f., 425f.; Kuenen, Hex. § 10. 4. Here it refers (unusually) to decisions on points of secular law (comp. Ex. 181-20), being used, probably, on account of the fact that the verdict of the supreme tribunal came with the authority of priests as well as of lay judges.— Turn aside, &c.| on 2°7.—12. The priest] the ecclesiastical president of the tribunal; comp. on v.9.—Zhat standeth to minister there to Jehovah] see on 108.—Or unto the judge|v.°. By or it seems to be implied that the verdict was delivered sometimes by the ecclesiastical president of the board, sometimes by its civil president; the procedure may have varied according to the nature of the case under con- sideration.—And thou shalt exterminate the evil from Israel] the same formula as 13°) 177.—13. And all the people shall hear and fear, &c.| comp. 13120), where see note. 14-20, The character and duties of the King.—The king, if one be elected by Israel, is to be a man who has Jehovah’s approval; he is to be a native Israelite; he is not, in his court-establishment, to imitate the great despots of the East; and he is to rule in accordance with the principles of Israel’s religion.—The king, in spite of his obviously superior dignity, follows the judges (16!8-2°),—no doubt, on account of the monarchy being an institution not essential to the theocracy (which as a matter of history subsisted long without it): accordingly, as the terms of v.!4 show, his appointment is not enjoined by the legislator, but only permitted. The monarchy became ultimately a necessity in Israel, for the better adminis- tration and consolidation of the nation (1 S. 8-20 [contrast Jud. 17° 215] 9!6): it was David’s great merit to have placed it upon a religious basis, and to have shown how its power could be wielded so as to promote the truest interests of the people; hence he became to later ages the ideal of a pious and noble-minded theocratic king (Hos. 3° Is. 5541 K. 11! 148 &c.). The present law is peculiar to Dt. In estimating it, it is 42. #07 weNA no... we wnm] Dr. §§ 123.2; 197 Obs. 2. 14 210 DEUTERONOMY important to notice that its provisions are entirely cheocratzc: they do not define a political constitution, or limit the autocracy of the king in civil matters. It thus stands entirely out of relation with the 790 DED, or | napen DELP, of 1S. 8% 110%, The aim of the law is to show how the monarchy, if estab- lished, is to conform to the same theocratic principles which govern other departments of the community; and how the dangers with which it may threaten Israel’s national character and Israel’s faith, may be most effectually averted. At the same time, though the nucleus of the law may be ancient (v.15), in its present form it is doubtless designed as an attempt to check the moral and religious degeneracy which the mon- archy, as a fact, too often displayed.—l4. When thou art come into the land, &c.| 261; cf. 189 (also 6).—And shalt say (129), J will set over me a king like all the nations that are round about me| comp. 1 S. 85 ‘now set us a king to judge us, like all the nations ” (cf. v.2° rol%): see further p. 213.—Round about me] is to satisfy: he is to be one whom Jehovah approves, and he is not to be a foreigner.—Whom Jehovah thy God shall choose} cf. (of Saul) 1 S. 10% ‘‘whom Jehovah hath chosen”; (of David) 1 S. 16810 (implicitly), 2S. 621: for the general ebousily also, 1 S. g/6f 10! 2 S. 78 &c. Both Saul and David were appointed under the authority of the prophet Samuel: for the N. kingdom, cf. 1 K, 1129 rqi# 76l-4.7 rol6 27218 2 K. of 3.— Thou mayest not put a foreigner over thee| the prohibition is a remarkable one, as it is difficult to imagine what attractions the rule of a foreigner can have possessed for Israel, and there are no traces in the history of either kingdom of a desire to establish it (the supposition that the project to make Tab’el king in place of Ahaz, Is. 7°, met with support in Judah, being an uncertain inference from Is. 8°). Possibly there may have been examples of foreigners rising to despotic power among Israel’s neighbours (? Gn. 3687 Dillm.). Not improbably, however, the motive of the provision is a religious one. § 198 Obs. 1; Lex. 8113 Cc). XVII. 14-16 211 be liable to rule tyrannically, but he would be likely to endanger Israel’s distinctive nationality, by introducing a heathen element into this most important dignity. The prohibition may well be an old one (Dillm.; Del., ZKWZL. 1880, p. 565), repeated by D from one of his sources.—16-17. Even, however, when a king has been appointed, who satisfies the conditions pre- scribed in v.!, his liberty is not absolute; and there follow now three limitations of it, v.16: he is not to multiply horses, or wives, or riches.—16. Seeing that Jehovah hath said, Ve shall henceforth return no more that way| the same saying is referred to again 288; it is not to be found in our present Pentateuch, but the thought of Ex. 13!’ 1418 is similar; and the proposal of the people to return to Egypt, Nu. 14° (cf. 110), is plainly represented in the context as contrary to the Divine intention. It is probable that, as in other cases (cf. on 172 rol-8. 8.9), the actual words were still read in some part of the narrative of JE, extant at the time when Dt. was com- posed. The horses, which the Israelitish king is forbidden to multiply, are, of course, such as were intended for use in war. The Israelites were deficient in cavalry, and were consequently often unable to hold their own beside the nations of Canaan (Jos. 1716 Jud. 11° 4° 1S. 13°); nevertheless, prior to the age of Solomon, they do not appear to have made any attempt to supply the deficiency, and are even recorded, more than once, to have houghed the horses, and burnt the chariots, captured by them in war (Jos. 11+ °° 2S. 84), Egypt, however, at least from the 18th dynasty (Wilkinson-Birch, Anc. £g.? ii. 101; Rawlinson, Hist. of Eg. 1881, i. 74, ii. 206, 215), was celebrated for its horses (cf. Ex. 147 15%; ZZ. ix. 383f.); and Solomon procured cavalry thence on a large scale (1 K. 5° [475] 1076 8) ; horses and chariots are often mentioned sub- sequently as a standing component of the army in both kingdoms; in the time of Hezekiah (30716 311 36°), as afterwards in that of Zedekiah (Ez. 17), the cavalry of Egypt was an important factor in the calculations of the politicians of Judah. The legislator, like the prophets, esp. Isaiah, discounten- ances both dealings with Egypt (Is. 30!5-7 3113; Jer. 218-36), and the multiplication of horses and chariots (Is. 27 31!: cf. Hos. 144@) Mic. 51° &c.). It is difficult not to think that there is in his words a covert reference to the policy inaugur- ated by Solomon.—Wor cause the people to return to Egypt] 46. 1x m7] “when (or seeing that) J. hath said”: a circumstantial clause (Dr. § 159). 22 DEUTERONOMY not to be understood literally (as Nu. 144): the meaning is that the king is not to act counter to Jehovah’s intention in forbidding the people to return to Egypt, by sending his mer- chants (1 K. 10%), or his ambassadors (Is. 301), thither in quest of cavalry.—17. Wezther shall he multiply wives to him- self, that his heart turn not aside (Jer. 175); nether shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold| two other practices, calculated to impart a sensual and worldly tone to the char- acter of the king, in which likewise an evil precedent was set by Solomon (1 K. 1138; r1o!#%5- 27): the influence of a harem was likely in other ways also to be pernicious to the State.— 18-20. The king, when established upon his throne, is to transcribe for himself a copy of the Deuteronomic law, which he is to study daily, in order that its principles may become the rule of his life, and that he may govern his subjects in the just and equitable spirit which it everywhere commends.—18. Zhzs law] z.e., as uniformly in this book (on 15), the Deuteronomic legislation, from the standard copy of which, in the custody of the Levitical priests, at the central sanctuary (319-5), the king’s transcript was to be made.—19. J¢ shall be with him, éc.] z.e. it is to be ever at his side, and he is to study it habitually (comp. Jos. 18).—TZhat he may learn to fear, &c.] 4 142%>; 57529) 62,20. That his heart be not lifted up (8'*) above his brethren] the same principles of loyalty towards God, and of sympathetic regard for men, which Dt. ever inculcates so warmly, are to rule the life both of the king and cf his subjects; he is not therefore to treat those who after all are his ‘‘brethren” (v.) with arrogance, or to forget the obli- gations towards them which his office involves (comp. e.g. Jehoiakim’s abuse of his position, denounced by Jeremiah, 2218-19), __ Turn not aside, &c.|v."! 529 82),—Prolong days] 42° 49, It remains to consider briefly the relation of Dt. 17!4-° to the account in 1 Sam. of the establishment of the monarchy in Israel. This is told in éwo narratives. In one, the older narrative (9-10! 27 11-11-15 73-14), the 48, ‘5b 1b ana] 15d might signify ‘under the eye of, in the keeping of” (cf. Mal. 3! Is. 655); and »15> ana is said on the analogy of 35$p np> Ex. 36°, nbo S12 Dt. 28%: cf. Jer. 31°,—nwn] copy, lit. repetition, duplicate (cf. Jos. 8°), Ge +d deurepovdusov roto (whence the name of the Book), which would require 17 for nxin.—20. 10] on 47. XVII. 17—XVIII. 1 213 proposal to appoint a king is viewed without the smallest disapproval or censure; in the other (77!" 8. 1017-27" 12) it is treated as a grave offence against Jehovah, and fraught with danger for the nation’s future (8-18), The second of these narratives (which alone has points of contact with Dt.) cannot, on various grounds (cf. £.0.7. pp. 166-168), be regarded as con- taining the ipsissima verba of either Samuel or the people; it rather gives expression to the fears and doubts which Samuel, no doubt, in view of a great constitutional innovation, actually felt, in a form moulded by the experiences of a later age, when the evils which the monarchy. had brought with it—its encroachments on the liberties of the people (818), its tendencies to idolatry, and its reluctance to listen to the warnings of the prophets (cf. the ominous anticipations in 12-*)—had made them- selves keenly felt. This narrative, now, shows no indications of the law of Dt. having been known in fact, either to Samuei, or to the people who demanded of him a king: had such been the case, it is incredible either that Samuel should have resisted the application of the people as he is represented as doing, or—if per tmpossibile he did this—that the people should not have appealed to the law, as a sufficient justification of their request ; the supposition (which would admit of the law not being unknown to him) that Samuel condemned not the request, as such, but the temper in which it was made, being not borne out by the terms of the narrative. On the other hand, the resemblance of Dt. 1714-1 with 1 S. 8° 10% (cited above) seems too great to be accidental: the law of Dt. will therefore have been known to the author of the narrative of Sam., and the two phrases referred to will be reminiscences from it ; unless, indeed, the other alternative be adopted, and the author of Dt. 17!*?° be supposed to have been influenced, as he wrote, by his recollections of the narrative of Sam. (so Budde, Richter und Samuel, p. 183f.; Cornill, Zzv/. § 17. 4). As the nucleus of s S. 8; 10!7-°7 12 appears to be pre-Deuteronomic (L.O. 7. Z.c.), the latter alternative is not the least probable one. XVIII. 1-8. The revenues of the Priests——The priestly tribe is to receive no territorial inheritance in Israel; its inheritance is to consist of the altar-dues, and of the first-fruits offered by the Israelites to Jehovah, v.'®. A member of the tribe coming voluntarily from the country to officiate at the central sanctuary, shall share in these dues equally with those already on the spot, v.°8. In JE, priests, and ‘‘sons of Levi,” are alluded to (Ex. 197-24 3276-28); but no provisions are laid down respecting their duties or rights. In P they are the subject of very precise regulations, which in some respects differ widely from those of Dt.; see p. 219f.—l. The priests the Levites| z.e. the priests of the tribe of Levi, the Levitical priests, the standing designation of the priests in Dt. (rpivis 248 279: cf. ‘the priests the sons of Levi,” 21° 319), occurring 214 DEUTERONOMY besides Jos. 3° 83 (both D2), Jer. 338 (cf. v.74), Ez. 43! 44¥ 2 Ch. 5° (preserving probably the true reading of 1 K. 8*; p. 122), 23!8 30?"} (Is. 66% 1 Ch. g? Ezr. 10° Neh. 1079. 35 (8. 94) 1120 are different, the conj. avd being omitted). In P the priesthood is limited strictly to the descendants of Aaron, and priests are accordingly always styled ‘‘the sons of Aaron,” Lev. 15-811 22 323.5 &c.—(Even) all the tribe of Levi] an explanatory apposition to ‘‘the priests the Levites.” Such explanatory appositions are frequent in Dt. (297) 34b. 18.18 419 58 rs2%l 1621 171 204 232019) 2516 2991) [in neg. sentences the Heb. a/Z becomes in Engl. amy; and 16?! there is no of in the Heb. |), and denote regularly the entire group, of which one or more representative items have been specified in the preceding words. The wording of the verse implies (what is consonant with the language used elsewhere) that in Dt. the priestly office is not confined to the descendants of Aaron, but may be exercised by members of the tribe without distinction (see p. 220).— Shall have no portion or inheritance with Israel| z.e. no territorial possession, like the rest of Israel; similarly 10° pale 42m. 29, ef, Jos. 134% 8 287 (all D*)3 and in P, Nu, aa? (of the priests), 2-24 (of the Levites), 26° Jos. 14° (of the whole tribe).—/ehovah’s fire-offerings, and his inheritance, shall they eat| z.e. live upon; this is their substitute for a landed inheritance: comp. Jos. 1314 1S. 2°. Fire-offering is a technical term of the priestly legislation, occurring 62 times in P, otherwise only here, Jos. 134, and 1 S. 2%; it is thus used of the burnt-offering (Lev. 19), the meal-offering (2°), the thank-offering (3°), the guilt-offering (75), in all of which specified parts were the perquisite of the priests (Lev. 2° 75-10; Nu. 18°), By ‘‘and his (ze. Jehovah’s) inheritance” must be meant other sacred dues, not included in the ‘ fire-offer- ings,” rendered to God, in the persons of His representatives, the priestly tribe, e.g. first-fruits (v.8).—2. The principle of v.1 repeated more emphatically.—J/n the midst of his brethren] cf. 10°.— Jehovah is his inheritance, as he spake unto him] Jehovah is here said to be the ‘‘ inheritance” (see on 10°) of the entire tribe (cf. in D? Jos. 13!4- 83 187); in P (Nu. 18>; so Ez. 4428) He is said to be the inheritance of ‘‘ Aaron,” z.e. of the priests XVID 2-3 215 alone. The passage referred to, as shown on 10°, does not occur in our existing Pentateuch.—3-4, A specification of the principal items included in the ‘‘ fire-offerings ” and ‘‘inherit- ance” of v.!, viz. the priests’ share in the peace-offerings and first-fruits, the two kinds of offering most frequently and regularly rendered by the people at large.—8. And this shall be the right of the priests from the people, (even) from them that sacrifice the sacrifice, whether ox or sheep: he shall give to the priest the shoulder, the two cheeks, and the maw] the first part of the v. may be illustrated from 1S. 2! (reading with GST and many moderns, oyn nyo nn) ‘the sons of ‘Eli. . . knew not Jehovah, nor ¢he right (z.e. the rightful due) of the priest Srom the people: when any man sacrificed a sacrifice, the priest’s servant used to come,” &c. By ¢he sacrifice is meant the most ordinary and usual kind of sacrifice, accompanied (127) by a religious feast, and called, where distinction is needed, the peace- or thank-offering (on 12°). The shoulder (lit. avm) is mentioned Nu. 61° (of the ram offered by the Nazirite) ; the cheeks, and the maw (not elsewhere: & évvotpov, the fourth stomach of ruminants—a favourite dish at Athens, Aristoph. Z£g. 356, 1179), are not otherwise mentioned in con- nexion with sacrifice. The passage is in direct contradiction with Lev. 7°2-84 (P), which prescribes the dveast and the right thigh as the priest’s due of the peace-offerings. Various attempts have been made to remove the discrepancy. (1) According to the Jews (Jos. Azz. iv. 4.4; Philo, prem. sacerd. § 3, Mangey, ii. 235; Mishnah, Wudlin 10. 1; so Curtiss, Lev. Priests, p. 43 f.) the refer- ence in Dt. is not to sacrifices at all, but to animals slaughtered at home for domestic use (12%), This, however, is an incredible explanation of naia ‘nai: mal occurs some 160 times in the OT., and always (including the fig. passages Is. 34° Jer. 461° Ez. 39") signifies a sacrifice (cf. also 1 S. 213, cited above; and note the art. in n217); the sing., ‘‘¢he priest,” points to the particular priest in attendance on the sacrificer (cf. Lev. 7°*),—to say nothing of the fact that a law requiring portions of every animal slain, in whatever part of the country, to be sent to the central sanctuary for the consumption of the priests, would evidently be impracticable. (2) Schultz XVIII. 3. nxo]=epe with a gen.: used idiomatically (in preference to jd alone) to express on the part of, in reference to the granting of rights, or payment of dues: Gn. 47” Ex. 277! &c. (Zex. 1. ns 4b).—jn] lit. ‘so (viz. under the conditions implied in the preceding sentence) he shall give’; but in our idiom simply “‘he shall give” ; cf. Nu. 4‘". 216 DEUTERONOMY (p. 59) and Espin consider that the dues here prescribed are not in lieu of those assigned in Lev. 7°?*4 (which, it is said, are included in the “fire- offerings” of v.!), but 2m addition to them, and perhaps intended as a com- pensation for the loss sustained by the permission granted in 12” to slaughter for food without sacrifice. But had it been the intention of v.? to prescribe something additional to what had been usual, this would surely have been indicated more distinctly: as the verse stands (“‘and this” not “‘and this also”) it can only be legitimately understood, like v.*, as ex- planatory of v.». (3) Keil, adopting a modification of (1), supposes the reference to be, not to the peace-offerings properly so called, but to the festal meals held at the central sanctuary, at which firstlings (12! 15°), or the substitute for the tithe (142°), were eaten. But the expression ‘‘ sacrifice the sacrifice” is too general and distinctive to be legitimately limited to such subordinate species of sacrifice as these. The verse must refer to the commonest kind of the ‘ fire- offerings ” named in v.1, and specify for the people’s instruction what parts of these are due to the priest. The only reason- able interpretation is to treat it as parallel to Lev. 7°24, and consequently as fixing the priests’ dues at a time when the regulation there laid down was not in force. 1 S. 218-16 shows that in old times the priests received a share of the flesh offered as.a “sacrifice” : and it is mentioned as an abuse that they (1) claimed whatever pieces their servant, while the sacrifice was boiling, could lift out of the pot with his prong, and (2) demanded further their share of the flesh raw, before the fat was burned and the sacrifice properly completed, in order that they might roast it (which was esteemed a choicer mode of preparing food: cf. Wellh. Hist. p. 68). The exact nature of the first abuse is not clear: treated in itself, it might be a demand for some- thing in excess of what was allowed by law—whether the law of Dt. 18°, or of Lev. 7°*4, But it is not improbable that the passage of Sam. relates to an early stage in the history of sacrifice, when the priest had no legal claim to definite dues of flesh, and the custom was for the worshipper to offer him what he himself chose, or to invite him to the sacrificial feast which, as a matter of course, followed: Eli’s sons claimed more than this, and claimed, moreover, to have it when, and as, they pleased. The law of Dt. fixes the priests’ dues definitely: at a still later date, they were again fixed upon a new footing (Lev. 7°**4), and a larger and choicer share was allotted to them, viz. the right leg and the breast (cf. Wellh. Zc. p. 153 f.). 4, The first (fruits) of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thy oil (718), and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give unto him] ‘‘z.e. to the priest, the sing. being retained from v.’, though here, from the nature of the case, it must be meant collectively” (Di.). The first three items form also part of the revenue of the priests in. P (Nu. 18%; cf. 2 Ch. 31°); the fourth is mentioned only here (so “the first (fruits) of honey” XVIII. 4-8 any are mentioned only 2 Ch. 31° [yet cf. Lev. 2!2, see v.4]). The offering of first-fruits is an ancient and widely-spread custom: in Israel it is prescribed already in Ex. 23!9 34% (JE). Like the tithe, it was a mode of acknowledging Jehovah’s bounty in blessing the increase of the earth; and until it had been offered, it was not considered proper to eat of the new fruit of the year, Lev. 231” (cf. further Rel. Sem. p. 222f.). For other allusions to the réshzth (lit. first; & drapyy) of the year’s pro- duce, see 267-410 (where a liturgical form is prescribed, to accompany its presentation); Lev. 23; Nu. 1520 (Rom. 1116), Ez. 4490 Neh. 10°86” (of coarse meal); Jer. 2° (alluded to as sacred), Pr. 39 2 Ch. 315 Neh. 10°@7); Ez, 204 4814 Neh. 124, On the distinction from dzkkurim, see Wellh. Hist. p. 157f.—5. The reason why the priest is to receive these dues: he is God’s specially appointed minister and representa- tive.—for him hath Jehovah chosen, &c.| similarly 215 1 S. 28; cf. also 108. The sing. (as v.*) is meant collectively: cf. the plur. in the parallel passage, 215.—Out of all thy tribes] 12° (see note): also 29%@D 1 S. 28 (just quoted).—7Zo stand to minister| see on 10° (p. 123); and cf. 1 K. 8".—Aim and his sons continually (4*°)| the expression points plainly to an hereditary priesthood, though as ‘‘ priest,” the antecedent of the pron., is used collectively (see above), it does not imply necessarily that the priesthood, in the conception of the Writer, is restricted to a particular family in the tribe. 6-8. Provision made for the rights of a Levite coming from the country to officiate at the central sanctuary.—And if a Levite—i.e. any member of the tribe of Levi—come from one of thy gates (157 16° 172 231709) out of all Israel—i.e. from any one of the cities (1212: 18 14?” 161!) of Israel—where he sojourneth (Jud. 177 191), not possessing (v.1***) a permanent inheritance, and come with all the desire of his soul (12') to the place which Jehovah shall choose (12°), and ministers in the name of Jehovah his God (v.°), like all his brethren the Levites, which stand there before Jehovah (108), they shall eat (v.1») like portions—he shall not be at a disadvantage as compared with those already on the spot, he and they shall share alike in the dues received from the people.—Besides his sellings according to the fathers] 218 DEUTERONOMY r ‘fathers’ (houses),” z.e. families, nyaNn being an abbrevia- tion for maxn nia (Ex. 6% a/.). The words are very obscure: they are usually understood to mean ‘‘apart from what he has realized by selling the possessions belonging to him in virtue of his family descent” (paraphrased in AV., RV. by ‘‘ beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony ”)—possessions which, it is supposed, he would part with at the time of leaving the country for the central sanctuary. Dillm. (after J. D. Mich., Schultz) explains, ‘‘besides what he has realized by selling the dues (tithe, &c.) rendered to him at his home by particular families.” Either explanation is questionable: all that can be said is that the words describe some private source of income possessed by the Levite, distinct from what he receives as a priest officiating at the central sanctuary. In P, 48 cities are allotted to the tribe for residence (Nu. 351 Jos. 21); and the terms of v.° are difficult to reconcile with that institution. The ‘Levites” are represented in this verse, not as resident in their appointed cities, but as ‘‘sojourning”—the word (13) is used of temporary, not of permanent residence—in the cities of Israel without distinction. Hence the institution of Levitical cities cannot well have formed an element in the condition of things contemplated by the present law. To refer v.® (Curtiss, Lev. Priests, p. 48f.) to those Levites who have sold their houses and wandered to other cities, involves the improbable regulation that a Levite is not to go directly from a Levitical city to the central sanctuary : he must become a ‘‘sojourner” elsewhere first! V.° and the allusion in v.8” to property owned by Levites, are in no respect incompatible with such an institution, supposing it to have been imperfectly put in force; but the provisions of the law are absolute, they are not limited to the contingency of the regulations of Nu. 35!° being disobeyed ; and it is incredible that, worded as they are, they can have been framed by one who, if the received view of the Pentateuch be correct, had only six months previously assigned to the Levites permanent dwelling-places. Surely, had this been the case, v.5 would have run, “from one of the cities which I have appointed them (or which thou shalt give them).” On the other hand, the representation of v.° harmonizes completely with other passages of Dt., in which the country Levites appear (beside the ‘‘stranger, the fatherless, and the widow’) in a more or less penurious condition, without fixed habitations, and are earnestly commended to the Israelite’s charitable benevolence (12}2 18-19 427-29 6U1.14 2611. 12), The truth is, in P and Dt. the tribe of Levi stands upon 8. mann dy 1°92 72>] 1720p must come from a subst. 120; but since - apart from, besides, is {1 hy) (not ab) alone)—e.g. 3°—it is clear that we must vocalize 119989 (from 139). XVIIL 8 219 two fundamentally different footings. (1) Their revenues are different: as has been shown in the notes on 1429 1525 183 they receive in Dt., as compared with P, materially smaller dues in tithes, firstlings, and sacrifices; and, as just said, instead of having cities specially allotted to them, they are represented as homeless and destitute. (2) Their organization is different. The term ‘‘ Levite,” it must always be remembered, has in Dt. a different meaning from ‘‘Levite” in P. In P it denotes the members of the tribe, exclusive of the priests, the descendants of Aaron; in Dt. it denotes a/J members of the tribe, without distinction. The ‘‘ Levites”” of P are inferior members of the tribe, who are assigned various subordinate duties in connexion with the Tabernacle (Nu. 3-4; 18!7), but are peremptorily forbidden to intrude upon the office of priest (Nu. 420 167b-11. 40 187). In Dt. this sharp distinction between priests and the common Levites is not recognized; it is implied (184) that all members of the tribe are qualified to exercise priestly functions: 181b.2b assign to the whole tribe the altar-dues reserved in Nu. 18%? for the priests alone; and 18°, relating to the ‘‘Levite” coming from the country to reside at the central sanctuary, describes his services there in terms which elsewhere, when used in a ritual connexion, denote regularly priestly duties. Thus, though there is a difference in Dt. between ‘‘ priest” and ‘‘ Levite,” it is not the difference recog- nized in P: in P the priests constitute a fixed minority of the entire tribe, viz. the descendants of Aaron; in Dt. they are a fiuctuating minority, viz. those members of the tribe who are officiating for the time at the central sanctuary. Accordingly, in Dt. the distinctive title of the priests is not ‘‘sons of Aaron,” but ‘sons of Levi,” or ‘‘ Levitical priests” (see on v.1). Naturally the eldest of the families descended directly from Aaron, which had the custody of the Ark, enjoyed the pre-eminence, and this is recognized in 10%; allied families, also, which had secured a position at the central sanctuary, would doubtless rank above their less fortunate brethren; but no exclusive ight is recognized in Dt. as belonging to the descendants of Aaron, in contradistinction to other members of the tribe. 220 DEUTERONOMY The position thus assigned to the tribe in Dt. agrees with allusions in the earlier literature; e.g. with 1 K. 12%!, where it is Jerobo‘am’s offence—not as, according to P, it ought to have been, that he made priests who were not of the sons of Aaron, but—that he made priests who were not of the sons of Levi; and especially with Ez. 441016, which implies unambigu- ously (see Z.O.7. p. 132f.), that prior to the age of Ez. the ‘‘ Levites”” generally (z.e. Levites in the sense of Dt.) enjoyed the priestly right of sacrificing. Comp. also Ex. 4!4 (where ‘the Levite” appears as an official title); and the other occur- rences of ‘‘ Levitical priests,” cited on v.!. Dt. 1o® 215 335-10, though they would not in themselves establish this view (for it might be said that the tribe, as a whole, was chosen to dis- charge priestly offices in the persons of a fixed minority who were set apart for the purpose), are, it is plain, perfectly con- sistent with it. We must, in fact, picture the members of the tribe as scattered in different parts of the land (cf. Gn. 49’); the most prosperous, forming a tolerably close corporation at the Temple of Jerusalem ; others, ‘‘ sojourning ” in the country, or finding a home where they could, exactly as is represented in Jud. 177-§ 191, some acting as priests to private families or individuals (2b. 1710-18 181%), others officiating at the local sanctuaries (2b. 18%0- 27-30; and esp. 2 K. 23°), but all dependent for their livelihood, in one way or another, upon what they received from the people. The aim of Dt. 18° is to limit the exclusiveness of the Jerusalem priests: it provides that a country Levite, coming to officiate at the central sanctuary, is to share in the dues received there equally with the priests resident on the spot. How far this provision was acted upon by the Jerusalem priests, we do not know: 2 K. 23° shows that, at least after the abolition of the high places by Josiah, the disestablished priests (who yet are styled the ‘‘brethren” of those at Jerusalem), though they were allowed the maznten- ance due to them as priests by the law of Dt. 188, were not admitted to the exercise of priestly functions at the Temple (cf. Eznqattés “and see 2.0.7. Answ. to the Libel (Edinb. 1878), pp. 29-51; Wellh. Hist. p. 121 ff.; Baudissin, AZ. Priesterthum, pp. 78-96, 280-284; Nowack, Arch. ii. §§ 88, 89, 94; Kuenen, Abhandl. p. 46s ff. 9-22. The position and authority of the Prophet.—All forms of divination and magic are to be eschewed by Israel: the prophet is to take in Israel the place of the heathen sooth- sayer; and implicit obedience is to be rendered to him. The position assigned in this law to the prophet is a noticeable one. He appears in it as the representative in Israel of the heathen diviner; he is presented as the appointed agent for satisfying, in so far as they are legitimate, those cravings of humanity to unlock the secrets of the future, or to discover in some critical situation—as, for instance, that of Saul before the battle of Gilboa‘ (1 S. 28°")—the purpose of Heaven, which gave birth in other nations to the arts of the diviner, and kindred super- stitions. The prophet, as conceived by the Writer, becomes thus a bulwark against the encroachments of heathenism: The other Codes have nothing on the subject of the prophet ; but they contain laws which are parallel in part to the pro- hibitions of v.10, viz. (in JE) Ex. 22!7(8) the sorceress, (in H) Lev. 18?! 2075 Molech-worship, 197° observation of omens and soothsaying, 19%! 20-27 consultation of ghosts and familiar spirits. Here the enumeration is fuller, and seems designed to be practically exhaustive, not less than mzme superstitious usages being separately specified. How prevalent these practices were in Israel, especially during the period of the Kings, will be apparent from the passages referred to in the notes. A law prohibiting them in detail, and at the same time placing the prophet in his true position in regard to them, would be in entire harmony with the scope of the Deuteronomic legislation.—9. When thou art come into the land, &c.| as’ 222 DEUTERONOMY 174.—The abominations of those nations] cf. 12°!.:—10. The enumeration of forbidden practices follows. (1) There shall not be found in thee (177) any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire| viz. to Molech. The allusions in the OT. are not sufficient to show distinctly either the nature, or the object, of the practice referred to; but it is mentioned here, as the context indicates, not as a form of idolatry, but specifically as a superstition, either (Ewald) because it was used for the purpose of obtaining an oracle, or because it was supposed—like the sacrifice of children to Kronos, resorted to by the Phcenicians and Carthaginians at times of grave national danger or calamity (Porphyry a. Euseb. Prap. Ev. iv. 64. 4; Diod. Sic. xx. 14)—to possess extraordinary efficacy in averting calamity (comp. 2 K. 3?7). The practice is prohibited in emphatic terms in H, Lev. 18?! 2075; it is alluded to, c. 1231, as a climax of Canaanite enormity; and mention is frequently made of it as prevalent, esp. in Judah, from the time of Ahaz, 2 K. 16° (in imitation of the Canaanites), 1717 (in Israel, in the compiler’s summary of the history of the N. kingdom), 21° (Manasseh: cf. Mic. 67) 2310 (put down by Josiah), Jer. 32%5 (cf. 73! 19° [omit ‘‘ for burnt-offerings to Ba‘al,” with G&; Smith, Rel. Sem. p. 353]), Ez. 20%! 23°7 (cf. 167% Is. 575). The standing expression used to describe it is ‘‘to cause to pass through the fire” (ayn wna), 2 K. 163 1717 216 2310 Ez, 2031, with wxa omitted Lev. 1821 Jer. 32°5 Ez. 162! 2387, cf. 2026, with ‘*to Molech” added Lev. 18% 2s 23" Jer. 32°, It must have been more than a mere ceremony of lustration, or conse- cration by fire, to Molech, for the word ‘‘burn” is used in Jer. 7°! 19°, cf. Dt. 121; on the other hand, the view, adopted by many modern writers, on the strength of the term “slain” (Ez. 1671 23%, cf. Is. 575 Ps. 106°), that the victims were put to death first, and burnt upon a pyre or altar afterwards, hardly accounts for the use of the peculiar and characteristic expression ‘‘to cause to pass through the fire.” It would be in better agreement with this expression to suppose that the rite in question was a kind of ordeal, in which, for instance, an omen was derived from observ- ing whether the victim passed through the flames unscathed or not, or which was resorted to for the purpose of securing good fortune. The spot at which the rite was principally carried on was the “ valley (x3) of the son of Hinnom,” on the S. side of Jerusalem (2 K. 231° Jer. 7°! 19 3255): XVIII. 10 223 the horrible associations connected with it (cf. the allusion in Is. 66%) gave rise to that application of the name which meets us in the n37°1 of the later Jews, the yievve of the NT. The name Molech (Lev. 187! 207° 1 K. 117 2 K. 23” Jer. 32°°+—always, except'1 K. 117, with the art. qin: @ usu. Moaox) is properly an appellative (hence the art., as in Sy2p) meaning the King. Very probably it ought to be vocalized Mi/k. It is true, the name, as that of a god, has not hitherto been found in Inscriptions; but it forms part of many proper names, which, when transliterated into Greek or Latin exhibit this form (e.g. jm'25n, “Milk has given,” = Miaziabwy-os, CLS. I. i. 89; see more fully Baethgen, Sem. Rel. p. 37). It is thought by many that the vowels of abb are intended to suggest the Heb. word nwa shameful thing (Geiger, Urschrift, p. 301; ZATW. 1883, p. 124; Smith, Rel. Sem. 353; Baethgen, Lc. p. 38 2.; Stade, Gesch. i. 610; K6énig, Hinl. 85). The many Phoenician names compounded with J2/k show that the god was worshipped par- ticularly by the Phoenicians, both in their mother-country and in their colonies, Cyprus, Carthage, &c. (Baethgen, pp. 37-40). Cf. the similar worship of Adrammelech and “‘Anammelech (2 K. 171). The name of the ‘Ammonite god JMZilcom (1 K. 11° *8 a/.) is derived from the same root, but the form is different ; and the two deities are probably not to be identified : at Jerusalem they were worshipped at different spots (2 K. 23%"); and 1 K. 117 7$9 (without the art.; see above) is probably a mere clerical error for 029 [Ck «a Bacardi wieav=ndp, as v.%]; cf. v.33 See, further, W. R. Smith, Znxcycl. Brit.) s.v. ; Rel. Sem. pp. 352-357, 3751. ; PRE.? s.v. (with the reff., p. 177); Stade, Gesch. i. 609 f. ; Baethgen, /.c. pp. 15, 37-40, 84, 237; Montefiore, Hibbert Lectures, pp. 168-170.
| 14,685 |
congressionalrec116bunit_175
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,900 | 10,553 |
Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, there has been some discussion concerning whether the amendment proposed by the distinguished Senator from Pennsylvania enjoys the support of the administration or does not. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, may we have order in the Senate. This question is very important. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ate will please be in order. Senators will take their seats and attaches will be Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, will the Senator please repeat the questlCHi? Mr. MONDALE. There has been some question raised as to whether the sub- stitute amendment of the Senator from Pennsylvania is supported by the ad- ministration. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I will be very glad to respond to the question that has been raised and to the implications to the contrary that have been Implied and mentioned at different times. The substitute amendment has the recommendations of the administration. And these are the reasons why. Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, will the Senator yield at that point? Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, will the Senator please excuse me? The entire purport of what I have to say would be destroyed unless I were to fini^ this sentence. This is the reason why, aside from the language at the end — which I have un- derstood from some of ttie supporters of the amendment is not the gravamen of the amendment — my amendment repre- sents a one-word change in the Stennls amendment, which is intended to be ameliorative of the entire situation. And the purpose is to avoid the disruptive ef- fect which could well result from the amendment without the addition of this word "unconstitutional," and be disrup- tive in all regions of the country where a result might be achieved which the dis- tingmshed Senator from Mississippi himself would deplore. In order to avoid this disruptive effect, in order to have an ameliorative purpose In mind, the one word change has been offered. And I repeat it has been at the recommendation of the administration. I now yield to the Senator from Mis- sissippi. Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President. I thank the Senator for yielding. When the Sen- ator uses the word "administration," what does he mean specifically? Does he mean that the President of the United States, Mr. Nixon, recommends this amendment? And, if so, I would not doubt the word of the Senator, but I would like him to produce a statement in writ- ing from the President saying that he favors the amendment. We had one in writing from him In the campaign. Does the Senator have something in writing from the President, if he Intends to Include the name of the President? Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I will an- swer the Senator from Mississippi in this way. My statement was made carefully and with full awareness of the import. The statement means exactly what it says, that the administration stands be- hind it; the Secretary of Health, Edu- cation, and Welfare has approved the amendment. And if the Senator wishes to disturb the balance existing between the three branches of the Government and wishes the President to come up here. I would suggest that he be invited. It Is not my prerogative to do so. I am not undertaking to say more than I have said. I said it with full awareness of my responsibility, that the amendment has the support of the administration. It is only for the purpose of accomplish- ing what the Senator from Mississippi is trying to accomplish — the equal applica- tion of the laws and to avoid disruptive effects in all parts of the country. There- fore, it is consistent with the thrust of the Senator's amendment. ■Mr STENNIS. If the Senator will yield further, when the word "administration" is used, that leaves a doubt as to whether it means the President of the United States. It does with me, because the President has said in his campaign that he favors certain things and has said it through his representative on certain matters. He Issued a statement on yester- day. I do not think that can be offset by any Senator coming here and saj^ing that the administration is behind the amendment. I do not believe the President, if he wants to correct something he said in February and on yesterday, would have any trouble doing so. I believe that he could say it in writing. I do not doubt the Senator's represen- tation. But I question the Interpretation of the word "administration." Mr. SCOTT. Perhaps the Senator could point out what Is inconsistent be- tween my amendment and his amend- ment, in which there is a one-word change, and why he believes that other people to whom he makes reference would favor one word over another. I simply assert that the administra- tion favors my amendment. And I stand on that, and I stand on it with right and with reason to do so. TTiat is as far as I can go. Mr. STENNIS. That does not cover the question I raised. Mr. SCOTT. I will tell the Senator pri- vately if he wants me to do so. Mr. ERVIN. Does the Senator yield for a question? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Pennsylvania has the floor. 3588 Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President. I yield the floor for the time being. Mr ERVIN. Mr. President, will the Senator from Mississippi yield for a question? Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President. I yield to the Senator from North Carolina. I have ver>- little time. How much time do I have remaining? The PRESroiNG OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Mississippi has 3 minutes re- maining. , 1. .w Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, I ask the Senator whether the President of the United States can speak for himself. Mr. STENNIS. That is my point. I think he would if he wanted to amend his former statement. Mr. ROLLINGS. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President. I yield to the sienator from South Carolina. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Mississippi has 2 minutes re- maining. _ ^ , ,. Mr. ROLLINGS. WUl the Senator yield to me on the bill? Mr STENNIS Mr. President. I yield to the Senator 5 minutes on the bill. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from South Carolina is recognized. Mr. ROLLINGS. Mr. President, no one doubts the integrity of the Senator from Pennsj-lvania when he says that the ad- ministration stands behind his amend- ment, which is undoubtedly intended to kill the Stennis amendment. All I can say is that I told the Sena- tors so. I was in a meeting this morning with my brethren from the South. They were all smiling about the President being for the amendment. I said, "He is not. Read what he says." That Is the "rof that the Senator from Rhode Island has been talking about in this country. It is the double- talk in this Government. I said, "Read what he had to say in his speeches. Senator. Wait until we get on the Senate floor, and I will bet you all the tea in China that the administration will be opposing the amendment." I appreciate the clarification of the matter by the Senator from Pennsyl- vania. I appreciate the placing of the Presidents statement into the Record by the Senator from Michigan. He sees no inconsistency in this st^ment and the defeating amendment oi the Sena- tor from Pennsylvania. And let me say that this has been a sham. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President. I changed one word. Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, all support for the Scott amendment has been prefaced with these self-serving declarations of "support for civil rights. " "20 years dedication to human rights. ' On the contrary, let me preface with the statement. "I was a segregationist, but I learned better. I do not believe in second- class citizenship." Perhaps that qualifies me for the Supreme Court, because I changed my mind. I learned better. But I also learned after working 20 years with segregation- ists to know one when I see one. And I must say that I have never seen a bigger bunch of segregationists than I have seen on the Senate floor this afternoon— the Senator from Pennsylvania, the Senator CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE Februanj 17, 1970 from Michigan, the Senator from Min- nesota, and the Senator from New York all dancmg around in the name of "equal rights." Where is the sham? Where is the {hoax? Who is using the tricky language? I We used the language, "uniform in all regions of the United States." They come back with the language and Interpreta- tions of Supreme Court decisions insert- ing the Court emplojinent of 'unconsti- tutional" tmd the Court de facto" inter- preution for "racial Imbalance" in the amendment of the Senator from Penn- sylvania. In the beginning he tolks like he speaks. The amendment reads "ap- plied xmlformly in all sections of the United States. But he goes on. Why does he not stop there? Why does he put in the tricky language? Who has described de facto segrega- tion? Everyone knows "racial Imbal- ance' means "de facto." The Senator from Minnesota talks about racial Im- balance. It Is in the amendment of the Senator from Pennsylvania. They are the ones inserting "de facto" or the un- equal treatment. It is not in the Stennis amendment or in my amendment. I do not Insert language for either de jure or de facto segregation. Where does the Senator get his construction that the Stennis amendment does not hit de facto segregation. He knows well that it does hit it. and that is why he Is squealing. That Is why they are all dancing around opposing the uniform- ity of the Stennis amendment. It hits geographical segregation. It hits racial segregation in the North. But they say there is not one lota of evidence. I have limited time, but here is an entire iiack- age of it. The title is "Survey of HEW National School Desegregation Pro- gram— Preliminary Report by Paul J. Cotter, Appropriations Committee, Oc- tober 13." Here Is what he said on page 8 of sec- tion 10. It Is a very extensive report— they tell of 336 plans implemented in the South, but Senator from Pennsylvania, here is what Is grabbing you: On page 8. and I quote: So far we have taken one district Into ad- ministrative proceedings In the North. Fem- dale. Mich. I That Is the evidence. That Is what this amendment is about. We are trying to eliminate geographical discrimination. Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. HOLLINGS. I yield. Mr. MONDALE. I have waited breath- lessly. I thought after 4 days of debate, someone would tell us how it applies to de facto segregation, but I guess we will have to vcte without knowing. Mr. HOLLINGS. You say you never know; you know too well. Do not give me that argument. I have been here before. You know what is biting at you. The administration has double-teamed us In the South. And you are conspiring to continue two discriminations. The de facto discrimination that exists In your schools and the geographical discrimina- tion that is employed by HEW against us. I want them In the North also, and not Just the South. I wish to ask the Senator from Penn- sylvania or the Senator from Michigan: When is Spiro Agnew going Into that 8-block by 44-block area In New York and therein enforce the unitary school? When is he going up there? If southern strategy is what we are receiving, give me northern strategy. We do not want any more Washington committees down South. Is the Vice President going up to Pennsylvania with his great Cabinet committee to get unitary schools started? Never in your life. That Is what we are talkmg about. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time of the Senator has expired. Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President. I yield 5 minutes to the Senator on the bill. Mr. HOLLINGS. We had a little con- test to pick a slogan for an insiu-ance company at one time. The winning slogan was, "Capital Life will siu^ly pay If the small print on the back does not take it away." The substitute states : It 18 the policy of the United SUtes that guidelines and criteria established pursuant to title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and section 182 of the Elementary and Sec- ondary Education Amendments of 1966 sball be applied uniformly In all regions of the t;nlted States. Now comes the tricky language that takes It away on the back of the page. An insurance lawyer wrote this. Mr. ERVIN. A Philadelphia lawyer. Mr. HOLLINGS. A PhUadelphia law- yer. I Laughter. 1 Then. It states. "In dealing with im- constitutional conditions — " Now that is the tricky language. That is the hoax. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ate will be in order. The Senator has 4 minutes remaining. Mr. HOLLINGS. That Is all right. I made my point. I appreciate the Sen- ate's attention. I have watched them arotmd here. I ask the Senator from Mis- sissippi If it Is not true that all he wants is imiform application. Mr. STENNIS. The Senator Is correct. Mr. HOLLINGS. The Senator from Pennsylvania used that old phraseology "racial imbalance." He injected it here. It Is not In the amendment of the Sen- ator from Mississippi. The amendment does not say de facto or de jure. The Senator from Minnesota asked. "How does it affect de facto segregation? ' He knows. Answer your own question. Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President. I yield 3 minutes on the bill to the Senator from Nebraska. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Nebraska is yielded 3 minutes on the bill. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield so that I may ask for the yeas and nays? The time will not be taken out of his time. Mr. STENNIS. May we have order? Mr. CURTIS. It Is my imderstendlng there may be an amendment accepted. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Nebraska has 3 minutes on the bill. Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, I support the Stennis amendment. It Is clear. It Is tmderstandable. it is right. It deals with one Idea In reference to this subject and 11 does not intermingle other Ideas. I say February 17, 1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SEN ATE 3589 it Is tmderstandable. I also support It be- cause It Is in accord with everything that I have ever heard the President of the United States say on this subject or about this subject. , ^^ I believe that it will be a step In the wrong direction if we turn down a clearly stated principle that any law on any sub- ject should not be uniformly applied throughout the country. There are other ideas and proposals In connection with this legislation that should be dealt with in separate amendments. This deals with one proposition. It states that proposition clearly. I support It I believe that It represents what I un- derstand to be the belief and the position of the President of the United States. Mr. STENNIS. I thank the Senator. Mr. President. I yield 2 minutes to the Senator from Texas on the bill. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Texas Is yielded 2 minutes on the bill. Mr. TOWER. Mr. President. I know that the administration Is Interested In this matter. I think to clear up any doubt I must say that I do not believe that this amendment as presently constituted, which has been offered by the Senator from Pennsylvania, has the imprimatur of the admlnistraUon. The administra- tion has not put its stamp of approval on the amendment as presently constituted. The administration did approve an ear- lier compromise measure which is not in this debate. Mr SCOTT. Mr. President. I rise with aU due respect to say the administration approved three separate sections, two of which are in this measure, and the third is being withheld as a possible amend- ment to the second Stennis amendment. This amendment was approved in the form I read it with the exception that the words "or assign" have been added at the suggestion of the Senator from Colorado. At this time, before I use up the re- mainder of my time. I ask for the yeas and nays on the substitute. The yeas and nays were ordered. Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, a parUa- mentary Inquiry. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator win state It. Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, with re- spect to the yeas and nays, I addressed the Chair as quickly as I could when the yeas and nays were requested. I imder- stood the Senator from Connecticut had an amendment he wishes to offer to the original amendment. Would that be cut off by the yeas and nays in any way? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The yeas and nays would have no effect. Mr. SCOTT. I understand the Chair ruled that the yeas and nays had been ordered. Is that correct? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator is correct. Mr. HATFIELD. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for a question? Mr. STENNIS. I yield. Mr. HATFIELD. I wish to ask a ques- tion of the distinguished minority leader. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, if we may have order. I yield 2 minutes to the Sen- ator from Oregon. Mr. HATFIELD. I would like to ask the distinguished minority leader a ques- tion. I have listened to the discussion today and I would like to pose the ques- tion on the basis of what appears to be some confusion. For those of us who want to support the President, Mr. Rich- ard Nixon, and support the administra- tion position on this question, may I ask the question simply: Do we support the Scott amendment by a vote of aye? Mr. SCOTT. I would say to the Sen- ator the answer is yes; that the amend- ment, as I have answered the Senator from Texas, Is In three parts, two parts of which are before us. Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. SCOTT. I yield. Mr. TOWER. And that in the original proposal that the White House approved there was a third section added and they approve of the word "unconstitutional" being stricken and a substitution after the word "uniformly" of "as required by the Constitution." At the request of some of my colleagues I spoke to Mr. Harlow at the White Hotise. He informs there is not authority to give the imprimatur of the administra- tion on the amendment at the present time. Mr. SCOTT. I have the original notes from the White House on the amend- ment. Does the Senator dispute the fact that this amendment, referring to the use of the word "unconstitutional" In the original notes, appears here? Mr. TOWER. That Is correct, but I had referred to whether they were amenable. Mr. SCOTT. Will not the Senator from Texas agree that this is the paper which was handed to me at the time he was present? Mr. TOWER. I think the last word Is the Important one. and that was that the administration does not approve of the amendment as presently constituted. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I stand on my original statement. Mr. PELL. Mr. President, I yield myself 1 minute merely to reiterate that the administration, to my mind, has dis- played tremendous political agility m coming out foursquare on both sides of the Issue now twice. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Who yields time? Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, will the Senator yield me 3 minutes? Mr. PELL. Mr. President, I cannot yield more time on the bill. Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, will the Senator from Mississippi yield me 3 minutes? ^. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, how much time do I have? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator has 10 minutes on the amendment. Mr. SCOTT. I yield the Senator from South Carolina 3 minutes. Mr. THURMOND. I thank the Senator. Mr President, I hope the Stennis amendment will be adopted. It is a very brief and concise amendment. It states very clearly what it means. It merely states that the guideUnes and criteria estabUshed \mder the 1964 Civil Rights Act and section 182 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1966 shall be applied uniformly in all regions of the United States in dealing with conditions of segregation by race in the schools. I do not see how anyone could object to that amendment. The wording of it is clear. The amendment is fair. It is jtist. It is eqtii table. I would remind the Senate of the fig- ures in the five largest school districts In the United States to show that is not the case now ; to show that in those five large districts there is segregation, and inte- gration has been pushed in the South but not m the North In some of the large For example, in New York City, 80 per- cent of the blacks are in schools over half black; 44 percent in schools over 85 per- cent black; 10 percent In 100 percent blstck schools. In Los Angeles, another large city, 95 percent of the blacks are in schools over half black; 79 percent In schools over 95 percent black. In Chicago, 97 pereent of blacks are in schools over half black; 85 percent in schools over 95 percent black; 47 percent in 100 percent black schools. Mr. President, the city of Chicago has more segregation than the entire State of South Carolina. I want to repeat that figure; 47 percent of the blacks are in 100 percent black schools. In Detroit. 91 percent of the blacks are in schools over half black; 59 percent In schools over 95 percent black. In Philadelphia, 90 percent of the blacks are in schools over half black; 60 percent in schools over 95 percent black. Mr. President, we from the South want to be fair. We want to be just. All we are asking for is what I told Mr. Nixon when he was running for President. I said. "Mr. Nixon, we are not asking for any favoritism for the South. We just ask to be treated on the same basis as other States of the Nation, because we have not enjoyed that treatment all these years." That is what we are asking for in the Stennis amendment, to apply the law uniformly to all the States of the Nation, and not punish tlie South. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time of the Senator has expired. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I yield 3 minutes to the Senator from Ohio (Mr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Ohio. Mr. SAXBE. Mr. President, we heard the senior Senator from Tennessee (Mr. Gore) talk about political apple polishing here today. I might say I have never heard more talk while really avoiding the issue in what we are doing. So I would agree with the Senator on that point. In this coimtry since 1954 we have wit- nessed very little effort on the part of Southern States to comply vith the case of Brown against Board of Education. We have had tokenism and massive migra- tion to the North. We have 1 million blacks in Ohio. Prom the standpoint of political advantage. John Stennis or Jim- my Eastland or Fritz Rollings could get more votes in black precincts t.han I could, either before or after this vote. 3590 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SEN ATE February 17, 1970 simply because the word "Democrat" ap- pears behind their names. But we have seen only in the last year an effort to hold their feet to the fire to try to do something to bring about an improve- ment in the system. I will be the first to admit that we have schools that are 90 or 95 percent black, and that is true of all the big cities. It has come about by geographical concen- tration. It is to be deplored, and we should work on it, and I am sure we will. The essence of the Scott amendment is that it should be applied generally and we will not go into the ridiculous busing which I know the South has been sub- jected to SIS a last effort to try to get something done. But I submit once we turn our back on the Scott amendment, once we go to the Stennis amendment, with all its good words and good inten- tions that we can see through, we will have taken a step backward in the strug- gle for integration. I still believe that in- tegration is the only hope of solving our problem. I know it is not a popular view in many areas, but I know 90 percent of the blacks feel it is and 90 percent of the whites feel it is. We have militants on both sides trying to destroy it. I think the symbolism of it to our courts and to our people will be that it Is a step back- ward, and I do not think we can afford it in this time of trial in this country. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time of the Senator has expired. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President. I yield 1 additional minute to the Senator from Ohio. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Ohio is jrlelded 1 additional minute. Mr. SAXBE. Mr. President. I feel if we do not live up to what we said in the orig- inal Civil Rights Act. if we do not live up to our good intentions, our Constitution, our Bill of Rights, and if we do not live up to the campaign promises of our respec- tive platforms, both Democratic and Re- publican, then we have tried to pull a fraud on the ixxblic. but we s-re not going to get away with it because the people know what is happening here today. We can have all the fancy rhetoric and all the fancy language we want to use to say we are really trying to solve this prob- lem and spread this good work through- out the country, but we can look through it and we will see that we would be taking a step backward in our determi- nation to make integration work. Mr. STENNIS. Mr President. I yield 2 minutes to the Senator from Texas. Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President. It is amazing, with as many lawyers as there are in this body, that we have leg- islated in effect that there are now in this country two constitutions, one for one section, and another for another sec- tion. All States are equal under the Con- stitution. The Congress has no power to pass laws applicable to only one section of the country, as the present law has been construed, interpreted, and en- forced. The Federal school integration law has been Interpreted and Interpreted by the Executive and the courts to apply to only a few Southern States, while the rest of the country sits back and glibly talks about how they favor Integration of the schools, but they do not Integrate. They Interpret the law to apply only to Southern States, and they integrate schools only in Southern States. I voted for the law not knowing it was to be applied to only one section of the country. I voted for all the civil rights bills since I have been in the Senate. I voted for the school bills. I voted for one set of laws for all the 50 States; not two sets of laws for two different sets of States. But now we have seen a hypo- critical application of this law to only a handful of States. It Is degrading to those States that they are singled out and treated differ- ently from other States, as though they were conquered provinces, not entitled to equal treatment under the Constitu- tion. This is a Union of equal States, each State having the same rights as any other State, and I do not see how we can vote for an amendment such as that offered by the Senator from Pennsylvania, that is designed to carry forward a distinc- tion between States, the present actions that enforce school integration laws in some few Southern States, but not in all of the States. That is what the Scott amendment means, stripped of all the verbiage. It provides for inequality of States. This the Constitution does not permit. Mr. President, I have voted for and supported all the laws for equal rights for all citizens, but now I am shocked to see that concept warped into unequal rights: unequal rights dependent upon geographical area. I think equal rights for all citizens mean equal treatment for every area, wherever that area is in this country, and that all are to be treated alike. That is not being done now. Every Member of this body knows it is not being done. I say it is time we have equal treat- ment of all people in this country. I am voting for and supporting equal rights for all our citizens, and equal rights for all States and areas of the country, and equal application of the laws in all the 50 States. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator's time has expired. The Senator from Permsylvania has 3 minutes re- maining. Mr. SCOTT. I yield 1 minute to the Senator from New York. Mr. JAVrrs. Mr. Presldoit. I rise only to ask Senators to visualize what will happen if the Stennis amendment passes. Does any Senator doubt that every State in the South, almost without exception, will move to delay almost any desegregation plan, as they have done heretofore? Or does any Senator doubt the fact that in any new lawsuit, this will be the first measure interposed as a de- fense, on the grounds that it is not being carried out in terms of going after de facto segregation in the North, which the courts cannot reach anyway? It seems to me that if Senators will Just visualize that situation In terms of the history of litlgaUon in this field, they will have a better understanding of what it would mean to agree to the Stennis amendment. Mr. STENNIS Mr. President, a par- liamentary inquiry. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator will state it. Mr. STEINNIS. Do I have any time re- maining on the substitute? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator's time on the substitute has expired. Mr. SCOTT. I have 2 minutes. I am happy to yield 1 to the Senator from Mississippi. Mr. STENNIS. No; I was merely In- quiring. That is all right. Mr. SCOTT. Does the Senator yield back his time? Mr. STENNIS. I yield back my time. Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, I send to the desk an amendment in the nature of a perfecting amendment to amend- ment No. 463. - The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment will be stated. The Assistant Lxcislative Clerk. The Senator from Connecticut (Mr. Ribi- corr) proposes an amendment as fol- lows: On p«ge 45, b«tweea line 4 and 5, Inaert th« following new section : "POLICT WFTH RKSPKCT TO THK *mJCATION OP CUTAIN PBOVISIONS OF FEOUAL LAW "Sec. a. It U the policy of the United SUtes that guidelines and criteria established pur- suant to title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 19M and section 182 of the EHementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1966 shall be applied uniformly In all regions of the United States In dealing with condi- tions of segregation by race whether de Jure or de facto In the schools of the local edu- cational agencies of any State without regard to the origin or cause of such segregation." Several Senators addressed the Chair. Mr. JAVrrs. Mr. President, a point of order. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator will state it. Mr. JAVrrs. Is this a perfecting amendment? The PRESmil^G OFFICER. The amendment is in order as a perfecting amendment if it is adding a new para- graph to amendment No. 463. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, may we know from the Chair, because it is very difficult to tell from the reading, what does It perfect? Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, I shall be delighted to explain It. Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, may I ask a question of the Senator from Con- necticut? Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, first let me explain my amendment in a few sim- ple words. In line 8 Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres- ident, before the Senator proceeds, may we have order in the Senate? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ate will be in order. Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, all this amendment does is take the original Stennis amendment and. on line 8. after the word "race", add the following clause: "whether de jure or de facto." Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, that was not the amendment read to the Senate. Mr. STENNIS. In effect, it would add those words. Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Presi- dent. I ask that the clerk reread the amendment. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Par- liamentarian informs the Chair that the February 17, 1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE 3591 way this amendment is drafted, It would not be in order If It is proposing to in- sert "whether de Jure or de facto." Mr. RIBICOFF. All I want to do is add "de Jure or de facto" in the Stennis amendment. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I ask for the regular order. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I sug- gest the absence of a quorum. The PRESIDING OFFICER. On whose time? Mr. MANSFIELD. Take 5 minutes on the bUl. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll. .The assistant legislative clerk pro- ceeded to call the roll. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President. I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescinded. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered. The clerk will restate the amendment. The Assistant Legislativx Clerk. The Senator from Connecticut (Mr. Ribi- coFT) proposes, in line 8 of the Stennis amendment, alter the word "race," to insert the words "whether de Jure or de facto." Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, we have debated this issue now for over a week. This is an opportunity to state, as clearly as possible, that what we seek to do in the United States of America Is treat all children and all schools exactly the same, whether the segregation is on a de Jure or a de facto basis. Mr. President, I ask for the yeas and nays on this amendment. The yeas and nays were ordered. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, a parlia- mentary inquiry. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator will state it. Mr. SCOTT. The amendment of the Senator from Mississippi having been modified by the amendment of the Sen- ator from Connecticut, does the substi- tute of the Senator from Pennsylvania for the amendment still lie, or must the substitute be resubmitted? The PRESIDING OFFICER. After this perfecting amendment is disposed of. if agreed to, the question would recur on the Senator's substitute amendment to the amendment as amended. Mr. SCOTT. So that the first vote oc- curs, then, on the amendment offered by the Senator from Connecticut? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The per- fecting amendment, that is correct. Mr. SCOTT. The perfecting amend- ment. The PRESIDING OFFICER. That Is correct. Mr. SCOTT. The yeas and nays have been ordered on the perfecting amend- ment of the Senator from Connecticut? The PRESIDING OFFICER. That is Mr. SCOTT. And that will be the first vote? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator is correct. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for a parliamentary in- quiry? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Connecticut has the floor, and It is on his time. Mr. RIBICOFP. Mr. President. I am pleased to srleld to the Senator from New York. Mr. JAVITS. I thank the Senator. Mr. President, I make the following in- quiry: Assuming that the perfecting amendment of the Senator from Con- necticut is disposed of, voted up or down, and the substitute of the Senator from Pennsylvania is disposed of, and the Stennis amendment, in whatever form it is, still survives, would that amendment be open to amendment thereafter, be- fore it is actually voted upon? The PRESIDING OFFICER. It would be open for amendment in proper form. Mr. JAVITS. With a limitation of time as agreed to? The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the unanimous-consent agreement, that is Mr. JAVrrs. I thank the Chair. Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, my po- sition is very clear. I do not care to take any more time. I am pleased to yield to the Senator from Mississippi. Mr. STENNIS. I ask the Senator to yield me 3 minutes. Mr. President, this amendment Is pro- posed, as I understand it, to make certain and to clarify and to expressly cover the concept of de jure and de facto segre- gation. I support the amendment. The better and clearer it is spelled out, then the intentions are well known. I am for the amendment. I think it adds word strength, and I am glad to have the sug- gestion of the Senator? I hope the amendment will be adopted. Mr. SCOTT. 1 3^eld 5 minutes on the biU. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Rhode Island has time on the amendment. Mr. PELL. Mr. President, how much time do I have on the amendment? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Rhode Island has 1 hour. Mr. PELL. Who has the other hour? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Connecticut (Mr. Ribicoff). Mr. PELL. I yield 5 minutes to the Senator from Pennsylvania. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ate will be in order. The Senator is en- titled to be heard. Senators will please take their seats. Aides will be seated in the proper area. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, the Eunend- ment offered by the distinguished Sen- ator from Connecticut neither adds to nor detracts from the original amend- ment offered by the Senator from Mis- sissippi, in the opinion of this Senator. All along, the effort here has been to delay or prevent the application of the desegregation laws and precedents to an existing situation by diluting the en- forcement capacity to apply enforcement procedures to situations where courts have not yet acted, to declare that relief Is needed or remedies must be applied. In other words, with a few exceptions, the courts have not yet acted upon de facto segregation. What we have heard today are a great many people. Including this speaker, say that they are against de facto segrega- tion. We have heard a great many people say that they are for civil rights. But what is ht^pening here is that this is one further amendment which, in my Judg- ment, would add to the disruptive forces in the Nation, would so dilute the activi- ties of the Department of Justice as to render it impossible to enforce the exist- ing laws, and would anticipate what the Supreme Court may or may not do when the issue of de facto segregation reaches that Court. I do not want to delay the Senate be- yond saying that this is further delajrlng action; that there is implicit in this amendment the same defects that exist in the original Stennis amendment; that if you are for the Stennis amendment, you would be for the perfecting amend- ment: that if you are for the Scott sub- stitute, you would be against the per- fecting sonendment. Therefore, I respectfully indicate my opinion that nothing has been gained or added, except the passage of time, by the addition of these words. I hope that the amenment as perfected will be rejected, so that we can proceed to the merits on the substitute I have offered. Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Rhode Island yield time? Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield the Senator 5 minutes. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Michigan has 5 minutes. Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, I take this time to direct some inquiries to the author of the perfecting amendment. I am inclined to agree with the distin- guished minority leader that the amend- ment does not really change what the Senate understood to have been the meaning of the Stennis amendment as originally offered — that it was intended, whether or not those words are there, to apply to de facto as well as de Jure seg- regation. My questions have to do with what is de facto segregation. We have had no hearings whatever on this very Important question, as the Senator from Minnesota has pointed out. So I think that, as long as we are very seriously considering tak- ing this action in the Senate, which Is interpreted by some as going to be mean- ingful. I want to know what de facto segregation is in the eyes of the Senator from Connecticut. Mr. RIBICOFF. I am delighted to re- ply. The best way for me to reply is to read the Senator some statistics. In Ohio, 105 schools are 98 to 100 per- cent black. That is de facto segregation. In Philadelphia, 57 schools with 68.000 children are 99 to 100 percent black. That is de facto segregation. In Illinois, 72 percent of the black stu- dents attend schools that are 95 to 100 percent black. That Is de facto segrega- tion. In New York City, out of a total en- rollment of 1.360.000 students, whites are 44 percent, 467,000; black, 31 per- cent, 335,000; Spanish-speaking, 23 per- cent, 244,000. The 90,000 blacks are in 119 schools that are 99 to 100 percent minority group. That Is de facto segrega- tion. A similar situation exists in Buffalo and Rochester. N.Y. De facto segregation, to me. Is very clear. When you have thousands upon 3592 thousands of students going to school In the North where the whites constitute only a minute porUon and the school is overwhelmingly black, that is de facto 'Ur G^SblN. If I may ask further of the dlsUnguished Senator from Con- necticut, is he saying, then that raciaJ imbalance alone, without other factors of any kind— whether or not there Is dls- cnminaUon in fact, either by Ooyern- ment or otherw.s^is de facto segrega- tion as contemplated by his amendment? Mr. RIBICX)FF. I would say that that Is de facto segregation. Mr GRIFFIN. Racial imbalance alone. Mr. RIBICOFF. That does not mean under guidelines. Mr GRIFFIN. If I may ask the Sec- tor further, what Percentage of raciai imbalance does he contemplate by Ws amendment in order to «ms"tute de facto segregation? Is he Ulkmg alx)ut 90 percent black. 80 percent. 70 Percent. 50 percent. 52 percent? What is he con- templating? What racial imbalance and to what degree? ,„,;„£/ Mr RIBICX>FF. I am contemplating this: That by the adopUon of this amendment, the Government ot the Umied Slates, the Federa^ Government, is going to have to face the facts of 1^^, Mr GRIFFIN. I am trying to find out in what situations we face the facts of life Mr RIBiCOFF. The Senator asked me a question. Let me answer it. Let me ex- plain what we seek to accomplish We should not have a meat »* aP'^'^^Hat^f a blanket approach. It is obvious that if we are in a town with 10 Percent black and 90 percent white students the 10 percent black students are in schools ^ bLck. so that we can w"te fuidetoes that wUl be easy, to take the 20 per cent of those students and scatter them and put them into white schools where we will have a racial mix. But in Washington. D.C.. with M per- cent blacks and 6 percent whites, there is not a guideline that anyone can write that can desegregate the schools in Washington. ,,, The United States of America will have to face up to the situation we have now reached, that is a P^'t^o" J^„^^^« country where it is impossible to desegre- gate. So. let us find out how we can give those chUdren an education. Mr President, let me give you a few examples of one of the gravest problems in America, the problem of resegrega- "°A CTeveland high school was built with originally 60 percent white and 40 per- cent black student*. This was a Cleveland high school. They wanted to build a new high school to encourage IntegraUon. so they built a new high school in an area where they had figured out it would solve the problem. , ^,. Today, that high school is 95 percent black. . . 1, In Baltimore, in 1957. a new high school was built. It started out with 80 percent white students and 20 percent black studenU. At present, out of 2.700 students in that school, there are only 25 whites. Mr. President, what we are going to have to do in America is look at the en- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SEN ATE February 17, 1970 tire problem of education and at the en- tire problem of our segregated society. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time of the Senator from Michigan has ex- pired. Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President. I yield myself 5 minutes on my own time. Mr. SCOTT. The Senator from Con- necticut has yielded himself his own time. Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President. I yield to the Senator from Michigan 5 minutes of my time. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Michigan is recognized for 5 additional minutes. Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, what we must do. whether in the North. South. East, or West is to look at the problem of education, to look at the children of America and make the determination as to what is best for them. Perhaps we will have to admit that the policies and formulas we have adopted, out of good intentions but out of ignorance of the consequences, are not working. We are going to have to look at America with a sense of reality and make that determination. This morning. I read in the newspaper that the President has appointed the Vice President, and a distinguished num- ber of members of his Cabinet, together with Mr. Moynihan and others, to look into the entire problem of desegregating our schools. I would hope that this group of men will now look North. South. East, and West and make the determination as to what is best for the children of America, black and white, and not on some theory that is not working. I think the time has come for us to admit that our desegregation policies are not working in America. I cannot give the exact solution as to what will Uke place, but this is a re- sponsibility that the President of the United SUtes will have to face. This Is what I thought the President was say- ing in his statement of February 12. I have confidence that if this becomes the policy of the United States, the President, and those working with him. will look at America and the problem of education and will come up with the determination as to what is in the best interests of the children of this land.
| 11,411 |
https://github.com/fjkiani/Favourite-Information-Technology-/blob/master/src/pages/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Favourite-Information-Technology-
|
fjkiani
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 105 | 320 |
import React from "react"
import Layout from "../components/Layout"
import Banner from "../components/Banner"
import About from "../components/Home/About"
import Services from "../components/Home/Services"
import StyledHero from "../components/StyledHero"
import { graphql } from "gatsby"
import { Link } from "gatsby"
import SEO from "../components/SEO"
export default ({ data }) => (
<Layout>
<SEO title="Home" />
<StyledHero home="true" img={data.code.childImageSharp.fluid}>
<Banner
title="Favourite I.T Consultants"
info=" Made in U.S.A"
>
<br/>
<Link to="/#services" className="btn-white">
Our Services
</Link>
</Banner>
</StyledHero>
<Services />
<About />
</Layout>
)
export const query = graphql`
query {
code: file(relativePath: { eq: "code.jpg" }) {
childImageSharp {
fluid(quality: 90, maxWidth: 4160) {
...GatsbyImageSharpFluid_withWebp
}
}
}
}
`
| 30,717 |
https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigneville-Bocage
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Reigneville-Bocage
|
https://bug.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reigneville-Bocage&action=history
|
Buginese
|
Spoken
| 17 | 42 |
iyanaritu séuwa komun ri déparetema Manche ri Perancis.
Ita to
Komun ri déparetema Manche
Komun ri Manche
| 39,301 |
https://github.com/robinkanatzar/weather-app-android/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/robinkanatzar/weather/MainActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
weather-app-android
|
robinkanatzar
|
Java
|
Code
| 218 | 750 |
/*
* Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.robinkanatzar.weather;
import android.arch.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import com.robinkanatzar.weather.ui.common.NavigationController;
import com.robinkanatzar.weather.util.SharedPreferences;
import javax.inject.Inject;
import dagger.android.DispatchingAndroidInjector;
import dagger.android.support.HasSupportFragmentInjector;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements HasSupportFragmentInjector {
@Inject
ViewModelProvider.Factory viewModelFactory;
@Inject
DispatchingAndroidInjector<Fragment> dispatchingAndroidInjector;
@Inject
NavigationController navigationController;
Toolbar toolbar;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main_activity);
toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
navigationController.navigateToHome();
navigationController.navigateToSplash();
}
@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume();
refreshToolbarTitle();
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.toolbar_menu, menu);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case android.R.id.home:
onBackPressed();
return true;
case R.id.action_settings:
navigationController.navigateToSettings();
default:
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
}
@Override
public DispatchingAndroidInjector<Fragment> supportFragmentInjector() {
return dispatchingAndroidInjector;
}
public void refreshToolbarTitle() {
toolbar.setTitle(SharedPreferences.getInstance(this).getCity());
}
}
| 36,762 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21770126
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 79 | 114 |
jquery vertical carousel slash slider
Hello so I ve been trying to find a carousel that is vertically aligned. Everything I keep finding is a carousel with 1 image but slides vertically the idea is like 3 or more images that are aligned vertically not horizontally and an arrow on the top to slide up and another on the bottom. any suggestions please
I finally found one http://jquery.malsup.com/cycle2/demo/carousel.php very simple so it can be customized however you want it!
| 37,358 |
|
https://github.com/rooney0928/qnd2/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/app/qunadai/content/adapter/OnCompatItemClickListener.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
qnd2
|
rooney0928
|
Java
|
Code
| 22 | 68 |
package com.app.qunadai.content.adapter;
import android.view.View;
/**
* Created by wayne on 2017/5/24.
*/
public interface OnCompatItemClickListener {
void onItemClick(View view, int position);
}
| 41,912 |
q_WT_TPR_M427A1_4
|
WTO
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,599 | 11,230 |
Response:
The laws and regulations are:
• Ghana Civil Aviation Act, 2004 (Act 678)
• Ghana Civil Aviation (Amendment) Act, 2016 (Act 906)
• Ghana Civil Aviation (Amendment) Act, 2019 (Act 985)
• Ghana Civil Aviation (Flight Standards) Directives
These Directives present the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards as
regulatory requirements for aircraft expected to operate internationally from and into Ghana. Where
necessary, ICAO recommended Practices are included fo r completeness.
• Ghana Civil Aviation (Air Nav.) Directives
The above Directive is based on ICAO Standards as regulatory requirements for Air Navigation
Service Providers who provide the essential services required for the safety, efficiency, and regulari ty
of aircraft operations as well as aerodrome and airline operators. Where applicable, ICAO
recommended Practices are included for completeness.
• Ghana Civil Aviation (Security) Directives
• Ghana Civil Aviation (Aerodrome) Directives
• Ghana Civil Aviation ( Economic) Directives
• Ghana Civil Aviation (RPAS) Directives
The purpose of these Directives is to ensure safety in the operation of Remotely Piloted Aircraft
System (RPAS), address the protection of persons and property from mid -air collisions (MACs),
accidents and incidents involving RPAS.
• Ghana Civil Aviation (Safety Management Systems) Directives
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 50 -
The purpose of this Directive is to provide guidance on the implementation of Safety Management
Systems (SMS). It has been developed to give sufficient under standing of SMS concepts and the
development of management policies and processes to implement and maintain an effective SMS.
It applies to Air Operator 's Certificate (AOC) holders, Approved Maintenance Organizations (AMO),
organizations responsible for th e type design or manufacture of aircraft, engines or propellers, Air
Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs), certified Aerodromes, Approved Training Organizations
(ATOs) and Operators and Service Providers of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS).
Questi on: What supportive policies does the Ghanaian government have for civil airports,
international air lines, general aviation and cargo aviation? Is there any restriction on access for
foreign investment in civil aviation transport services? What is the rel evant legal basis?
Response:
Ghana has an open/liberalized skies policy, which frees the Ghanaian air space from the constraints
on capacity, frequency, route, structure, and other air operational restrictions. This has resulted in
the increase in the fr equency of airlines operating onto Ghana as well as the admission of new ones.
Ghana is a signatory to the Yamoussoukro Decision (YD) and the Single African Air Transport Market
(SAATM). In view of the above, airlines originating from countries that are si gnatories to the YD and
SAATM are automatically granted 5th Freedom Traffic Rights to/from Ghana upon request. The 5th
Freedom Traffic Rights requests from airlines originating from countries that are not signatories to
the YD and SAATM are considered on a case-by-case basis.
The Government of Ghana continues to present numerous opportunities for the business community
to consider setting up maintenance, repair, and overhauling plants in Ghana to support the newly
completed Kotoka International Airport (KIA) Terminal three. Investment opportunities is available
to increase capacity and improve the operating efficiencies of the country 's airports at KIA, Kumasi,
Tamale and Sunyani by upgrading and expanding infrastructure and service facilities an d develop
regional aerodromes.
There are no restrictions on access for foreign investments in civil aviation transport services in
Ghana, once the investments do not contravene laws and regulations guiding investments in Ghana
as stipulated in the Ghana In vestment Promotion Centre Act, 2013 (Act 856).
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 51 -
JAPAN
Question 1: Paragraph 3.129 page 63
The Secretariat report states that IPR is a private right and owners are required to enforce their
rights.
Question: Does this mean that the authorities will not enforce their rights ex officio without the
request of the rights owners?
Response:
Foreign rights owners may not always be able to monitor infringement in Ghana. Therefore, it is
important for enforcement officials to take their own initiative without a request from the formal
rights owner.
Japan would like to know about Ghana's plans to introduce ex officio authority not based on a formal
request by a rights owner.
Question: If Ghana faces obstacles in introducing such authority, Japan would like to know about
them in detail.
Response:
Ghana does not have plans to introduce ex officio authority not based on a formal request by a rights
owner.
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 52 -
UNITED KINGDOM
Paragraph 18
Question: Could Ghana please explain whether Foreign Direc t Investment (FDI) inflows in
renewable energy generation have been negatively affected by Ghana's high equity participation
rate for foreign renewable energy projects?
Response:
Entities express interest in investing in the renewable energy space in the country. If you have
noticed the drop in renewable projects, it is because of the suspension of ne Power purchase
Agreement (PPAs) by the Ministry of Energy because of the current electricity generation over
capacity.
The equity participation is to ensure that Ghanaians invest in Ghana and minimize capital flights
which greatly affect our exchange rate. Notwithstanding this suspension and equity participation
rates, the country st ill receives numerous foreign investment offers.
The Secretariat Report notes that the share of unprocessed exports increased from 72% in 2014 to
80% in 2019. This suggests that Ghana is moving further away from diversification of exports and
increasin g its reliance on volatile commodities.
Question: Please could Ghana outline what steps it is taking to reduce this share and whether they
feel these steps are successful?
Response:
It is in recognition of this situation that the National Export Devel opment Strategy (NEDS) was
formulated and launched in 2020 with a clear of achieving substantial increases in the manufactured
goods and services components of Ghana 's exports to attain a projected aggregate non -traditional
exports revenue of at least US D25 billion by the tenth year of the implementation of the Strategy.
The strategy rests on three pillars: expanding and diversifying the supply base for value added
industrial export products and services; improving the business and regulatory environment for
export and building the required human capital for industrial export development and marketing.
Effective implementation of the NEDS started in 2021 and the structures are being put in place.
The NEDS Coordinating Secretariat and various sector commit tees have been established. Regional
sensitization activities have been held in 2020 and 2021 and in the next four months (July -Oct)
nationwide district sensitization workshops will be held to ensure that export - oriented firms (SMEs)
at the district level are aware of the strategies to be implemented to realize the expected outcomes.
Ghana Export Promotion Authority, the National export development agency has formulated an
AfCFTA Market diversification proposal aimed at assisting Ghanaian companies diver sify their
products and markets targeting the African continental market. Other strategies are also being
deployed, including capacity building of SMEs in products and markets all in an effort to fully
implement the NEDS.
Question: The Secretariat Report states that the import share of African trade partners declined
over the reporting period. Given Ghana's emphasis on regional trade, could Ghana please explain,
in their estimation , how signing the AfCFTA will boost regional trade and what role does it see
ECOWAS playing in reversing this trend?
Response:
Ghana fully supports the AfCFTA as a key tool for accelerating intra -African Trade. With the hosting
of the Secretariat in Accra, Ghana has demonstrated its belief in deepening trade with its sister
countries within the continent. To this end, an AfCFTA Market Access strategy has been formulated
(Boosting Intra -African Trade) and being currently implemented.
Ghana has also set up the AfCFTA National Office which is coordinating implementation of AfCFTA -
specific actions. One of the key activities being carried out is the needs assessment of over 200
export -oriented companies to determine the kind of assistance that needs to be provided them to
be able to effectively trade within Africa. GEPA has also form ulated an AfCFTA strategy proposal WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 53 -
aimed at handholding Ghanaian companies to explore Regional markets to boost trade with the rest
of Africa.
Ghana believes that the gradual elimination of tariffs on at least 90% of products will enable Ghana
to compete favourably with manufactured products. Already, exports to West Africa (ECOWAS)
constitute the second highest percentage of Ghana 's non -traditional exports. With the coming into
force of the AfCFTA, entry into Regional markets will be easier for Ghanaian companies much the
same way as access to the Ghanaian market for African products will be easier. Fears however
remain as to the elimination of other existing non -tariff bottlenecks that constantly inhibit free
movement of persons and goods.
Ques tion: Could Ghana please explain why the Ghana Gazette is still not available through any
website and when will it be available?
Response:
The Business Regulatory Reforms Programme is currently being coordinated by the Ministry of Trade
and Industry, has, as one of its main components, the E -Register of Business Regulations. This is
an online inventory that provides businesses with an easily accessible, one -stop repository of up -to-
date information on all business regulations (laws, directiv es, procedures, forms and fees) in force
in Ghana.
Work on linking this E -register to all Departments and Agencies (including the publishers of the
gazette) has been commenced under the Business Regulatory Reforms Programme.
The Secretariat Report highl ights the important National Export Development Strategy (NEDS) which
sets out how Ghana will transform from a commodity exporter to an industrialized export -led
economy, boosting non -traditional exports to USD 25.3 b n by 2029.
Question: Could Ghana plea se confirm
Response:
Yes
Question: Which are the sectors that Ghana has identified as being the most likely to contribute to
this increase ?
Response:
The key value chains projected to contribute significantly are as follows:
• Cocoa products
• Cashew
• Horticultural products
• Shea products
• Fish products
• Natural rubber
• Industrial salt
• Iron & steel
• Sugar
• Petroleum products
Question: How will Ghana support the development of these sectors domestically?
Response:
Ghana will do so by implementing the interventions outlined in the NEDS document.
Question: How does Ghana plan to use its trading arrangements to achieve this ambition?
Response:
Through taking advantage of the protocols such as the AfCFTA, the EPA and the UKTP to
increase trade with Afr ica, the EU and the UK respectively.
a. What support is Ghana looking for from international partners to support exports? WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 54 -
Response:
Ghana is happy about the level of development assistance from its major trading partners such as
the EU and the UK and expe cts this to increase in the future.
Ghana is currently implementing some partnership programmes such as the Compete Ghana with
funding support from the European Union that seek to increase/improve the business environment
and the capacity of Ghanaian busi nesses to compete on the Regional and international markets.
Question: How does this ambition square with the increase in the share of unprocessed exports
between 2014 and 2019?
Response:
Response to question 2 of 1.3.1 provides indication on what measures are being taken to reverse
this trend. It is in recognition of this situation that the NEDS was formulated and the ongoing
measures being taken will contribute significantly to reducing the large share of unprocessed exports
in Ghana 's internation al trade in favo ur of more value -added exports led by manufactured goods
The Secretariat Report states that the foreign investment minimum investment requirements may
represent an obstacle to investing by small and medium -sized enterprises (SMEs) in Gha na.
Question: Could Ghana please confirm whether it has experienced a decline in the number of foreign
registered business since this requirement was brought in?
Response:
The GIPC Act is under review to ensure that it meets current international investment policies based
on Ghana 's commitments to Multilateral, Regional and Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreements.
Question: Could Ghana please outline how it plans for these requi rements to support the domestic
economy and to mitigate obstacles as highlighted?
Response:
The GIPC Act is going through a review process. Extensive consultations have been held with various
stakeholders. The views and comments on the various provisions in the law (including the minimum
foreign equity requirement) have been incorporated in a Draft Cabinet Memo and forwarded to the
Ministry of Finance for consideration.
Question: Could Ghana please share whether there is any evidence or analysis on the e xpected
effect of the requirement for foreign companies to hire at least 20 Ghanaians? How would Ghana
plan to support foreign companies in hiring these workers?
Response:
This requirement applies to Trading Companies only. (Section 28 2 -4 of the GIPC Ac t.865) This is
not required at the time of initial registration with the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre.
Companies are however required to provide update on employment of Ghanaians in their half yearly
reports to the Centre and at the time of the renewa l of their GIPC Certificate which is done every 2
years.
The GIPC has set up an Investor Aftercare Division to assist investors who may face challenges in
the implementation of their projects/businesses. For the recruitment of workers there are companies
who have speciali zed in staff recruitment and the GIPC will happy to introduce investors who may
need such services to these companies.
Question: Does Ghana have the appropriate measures in place to attract international investors to
Ghana and take adva ntage of the opportunities proposed?
Response:
Yes, the legal and regulatory framework (i.e. Act.865) and through targeted investment
programmes. The GIPC has also set up an Investor Aftercare Division to assist investors who may
face challenges in the i mplementation of their projects/businesses.
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 55 -
The Secretariat Report claims that the improved risk management system through the Integrated
Customs Management System (ICUMS) has reduced the need for physical inspections, however
physical inspections still take place on most goods.
Question: Could Ghana please explain why there is still the need for physical inspections and what
further measures need to be implemented for the risk management system to be operational?
Response:
Yes, we do have a risk management system. Risk factors have been developed and fed into the risk
management engine that profiles good for the various channels for clearance. The red channel is
still in use because our compliance level is low, malpractices are high
Security
Question: The Secretariat Report notes that the number of levies applied at the border to imports
has gone up, which claims to be increasing the cost of imports to Ghana. Given the difficulties caused
by rising food prices and inflati on more broadly , could Ghana please say whether it plans to remove
levies such as these, or for what reasons would they consider the continued application of such
levies ?
Response:
Ghana would consider both options and ensure that its policy options enha nces to ensure consumer
welfare.
Question: The Secretariat Report states that although M ost-Favoured Nation (MFN) rates on
agricultural products have decreased the most since the introduction of the Common External Tariff
(CET) rate, there has been an i ncrease in tariffs on certain products such as poultry, fish and fishery
products, sugars and confection ery. This has likely led to higher prices for consumers as these
products tend to be imported. At a time of rising food prices globally, does Ghana plan to revisit the
increased tariff rates or alleviate costs through other means ?
Response:
Ghana would consider both options to ensure consumer welfare.
The previous 2014 Secretariat Report stated that Ghana's use of concessions and exemptions is
widespr ead and with the Exemptions Bill still pending, the United Kingdom assumes that these have
continued.
Question: Could Ghana please confirm when the Exemptions Bill will be introduced so that the
revenue lost through exemptions can be recouped? Further, h ow is ICUMS improving the tracking
of shipments to reduce the risk that goods assigned for re -export are sold duty free on the domestic
market?
Response:
Discussions and stakeholder consultations for the Exemptions Bill have been finalized and ready for
Parliamentary consideration.
The United Kingdom is pleased to hear that there is a technical working group on fees and charges
which is unpacking the additional costs imposed by the levies and putting these into the wider Trade
Facilitation Agreement (TFA) context.
Question: Could Ghana please outline when they expect the findings and recommendations of this
group to be made available?
Response:
Recommendations by the Fees and Charges Technical Working Group – Improving
Transparency
Near -term:
• Train MDAs on Cost -based Accounting with a focus on costing clearance activities only and
determining the best way to set fees (e.g. fixed, volume -based). WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 56 -
• Publish the Fees and Charges Amendment Instrument (e.g. LI 2228 of 2016) online,
consolid ating all import and export related charges from all MDAs for easy and open access
to the trading community.
• Eliminate customs processing fees and VAT on transit.
• Bring MDA 's interventions on transit (particularly "unstuffed " transit) in line with the WT O
TFA's Article 11 and the RKC 's Standard 20 and Recommended Practice 18 and 21 to
eliminate all formalities being imposed on transit.
• Implement a mandatory sample form when MDAs take samples so that each sample taken
has supporting documentation – form s hould be attached to the hard sample and the copy
should be provided to the trader with details on quantities taken.
Medium -term
• Eliminate or reduce revenue -generating ad valorem levies.
• Include MDA inspection/certification fees in the single window system so they can be
itemized on the declaration.
• Review and eliminate charges that do not correspond to the trader by improving
transparency.
Examples:
o GIFF/CUBAG fee that appears on the declaration should not be passed onto the
trader.
o IRSTD withholdings should not be applicable for transit.
o Scanning costs for exporters are transferred to the importers under the CCVR fee.
o EXIM fees charged to the importer to offset the cost of exp ort-related services.
• Evaluate ad valorem fees for single window network usage.
o Do ad valorem fees accurately capture the cost of the service versus a fixed fee?
o Are fees charged to importers used to cover services offered to exporters?
Operational Improvements
Near -term
• Implement Risk Management System to reduce the number of inspections (document and
physical).
• Limit face -to-face interactions by relying more on the paperless systems (single window,
CMS), and limit the freight forwarder/trader 's presence to physical examinations only.
Medium -term
• Consider adding the following functionalities to the single window:
o Scheduling and notification mechanism for joint inspections, which allows the
relevant MDAs to know where the inspection is occurring, time, and declaration
information.
o Control mechanism that keeps customs from releasing the good until the relevant
MDAs have signed off on the release.
Equip laboratories at the entry/exit points for common use amongst the MDAs rather than s eparate
laboratories/equipment for each MDA (understanding that quarantine spaces do require separate
facilities that may not be shared)
Question: Could Ghana please confirm the ECOWAS community levy rate? The Secretariat Report
provides two figures – 0.5% (Table 3.7) and 1% (paragraph 7). Additionally, could Ghana explain
how the ECOWAS Community levy on imported goods from countries outside the region is compatible
with Ghana's commitments under Article VIII of GATT 1994, which is then referenced in the UK -
Ghana Trade Partnership Agreement Article 14?
Response:
As indicated in Table 3.7, the ECOWAS Community levy rate is 0.5%.
The CET levy is in line with Article VIII section 1(a) of GATT as it satisfies all three criteria under the
provision.
Question: Could Ghana please demonstrate how and where they publicize their external tariffs,
including preferential rates applicable under trade agreements? How do businesses access and get WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 57 -
approval for Rules of Origin forms for preferential trade access; and linked, how does Ghana certify
Rules of Origin forms?
Response:
It is publicized on the Integrated Customs Management Systems website:
Www.external.unipassgh.com.
Businesses can access the Rules of Origin forms on the ICUMS platform. Applications are initially
submitted to the Ghana Chamber of Commerce for further processing. Under the AfCFTA, GRA –
Customs has been designated as the Competent Authority for issuance of certificates of O rigin.
The Secretariat Report states that it is the Government's medium -term objective to process 50% of
cocoa output locally, up from 31% at present.
Question: Could Ghana please explain how the Government is supporting this and what
infrastructure is required for the processing to increase locally?
Response:
This is done through collaborative work of state agencies mandated by law to support domestic
processing and industrialization. The state agencies include Ghana Investment Promotion Council,
Ghana Free Zone Authority, Food and Drugs Authority, and Ghana Standard Authority.
Incentives provided by government include the following:
i. Requisite permission for importing essential plant, machinery, equipment and accessories
required for the enterprise.
ii. Exemption from payment of customs import duties on plant, machinery, equipment and
accessories imported specially and exclusively to establish the enterprise once approved as
per existing laws.
iii. Conferment of Export Processing Zone (EPZ) ben efits on companies in the EPZ.
iv. General incentives are also provided under the Ghana Investment Code for foreign
processing companies in particular.
v. Favourable discount on light crop and other smaller beans size categories.
vi. Processing companies have the opt ion to import lower grade beans from other origin
countries to blend with Ghana cocoa for processing.
Additionally, the Ghana Cocoa Board has developed regulations and guidelines to support Artisanal
Small -Scale processors to process more beans and improv e the quality of their products in the
coming years.
The Secretariat Report observes that '[Ghana] has experienced high levels of deforestation, among
the highest in the world, mostly attributed to forest clearing for cocoa farming.'
Question: Could Gha na please indicate whether they intend to tackle these levels of deforestation,
and if so, what measures are they considering?
Response:
There is no deliberate government policy which permits clearing of forest reserves for cocoa farming.
Admittedly, ther e are some level of encroachment by farmers in forest reserves. However, the
Forestry Commission employs legal means to eject the farmers from the reserves and undertake
massive reforestation of such degraded forests. This is part of The GHANA FOREST PLANT ATION
STRATEGY: 2016 -2040 (GFPS), which seeks to restore or rehabilitate the country 's deforested and
degraded landscapes through forest planting of trees, to include trees -on-farm (climate smart
agriculture), woodlot establishment, enrichment planting int erventions.
The Secretariat Report states that "tree tenure rights in Ghana are complex, and reforms are
planned ".
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 58 -
Question: Could Ghana please outline what these reforms will look like, and what is the timeline
for them being implemented, noting the Secretariat's observation that this 'requires revisions at
many levels' ?
Response:
Please refer to our responses in our previous correspondence.
The Secretariat Report provides more information on the specific requirements for utilization of
Ghanaian resources, goods and services for energy production. All of which contribute to creating
challenging conditions for foreign entities to enter the mark et and produce energy, which if
renewable would be extremely beneficial for Ghana.
Question: Could Ghana please explain how the Government sees these additional requirements
contributing to sustainable electricity generation ?
Response:
The development of renewable energy and other forms of electricity are governed by the country 's
renewable energy master plan (REMP) and the Integrated Power Sector Master Plan. Therefore, only
actions in these plans are promoted and
developed.
Secondly, in line with the Ghana Beyond Aid agenda, Local Content and Local Participation, Ghanaian
interest is paramount in the energy sector.
The Secretariat Report sets out the 10 -point industrial transformation agenda which includes the
Strategic Anchor industrial initiative.
Question: Could Ghana please outline how the sectors were identified and what plans it has in place
to boost exports in these sectors?
Response:
The 10 anchor industries which includes were selected based on the following:
• Their backward and forward linkages,
• Development of local value chains
• Enhancing value addition
• Job Creation potential
• Reduction in imports bill whilst enhancing export opportunities
The government 's plan is to enhance value addition to the products identified by attracting both
Domestic and Foreign Direct Investments. This would be done through industrial policy measures
targeting investments into the selected industries. The government may rely on existing trade
agreements to export competitively produced goods to partner countries.
The United Kingdom commends Ghana's response to the Covid -19 pandemic and the measures
implemented to cope with the socio -economic impacts of lockdown.
Question: Could Ghana please outline how they are planning to reduce the increased fiscal deficit
that was a consequence of Ghana's response?
Response:
Ghana 's fiscal policy and strategy to reduce the fiscal deficit in 2022 and the medium -term is twofold:
to control expenditure and to raise more revenues domestically. The Fiscal consolidation program
focus on expenditures rationali zation, enforcing commitment control mechanisms, increasing
domestic revenue mobili zation as well as reducing borrowing to promote fiscal and debt
sustainability.
Question: Could Ghana please confirm the proportion of government revenue that is made up of
tariff revenue?
Response:
Government revenue is estimated to be 30% of total tax revenue collections in 2020.
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 59 -
The Ghana COVID ‑19 Alleviation and Revitalization of Enterprises Support (CARES) programme
provides support to the private sector to accelerate industriali zation, deepen competitive import
substitution and leverage digitization to raise productivity and create jobs. The UK a grees with the
need for Ghana to boost its manufacturing capabilities but is aware that import substitution can
create challenges with the risk of forgoing competitive and high -quality imports which can support
economic growth.
Question: Could Ghana plea se outline how the Government will ensure that any substitution
measures are appropriate and measured, and ultimately do not end up hampering economic growth
by reducing access to important inputs?
Response:
The key focus of the Ghana CARES Programme is to support the private sector to become a powerful
engine for job creation in Ghana by providing support to the private sector in targeted sectors to
accelerate competitive import substitution and export expansion in light manufacturing; and by
optimizing implementation of Government economic flagships and key programmes.
Government 's initiatives to accelerate industriali zation and boost manufacturing capabilities under
the Ghana CARES programme includes:
• Building Ghana 's Light Manufacturing Sector by targ eting agro -processing and food import -
substitution (specifically, in rice, poultry, cassava, sugar, and tomatoes), pharmaceuticals,
and textiles & garments;
• Developing Engineering/machine tools and ICT/digital Economy Industries by building
capabilities to manufacture machine tools to support our industrialization (e.g. agricultural
Tools, food processing equipment, auto spare parts, building construction equipment etc.)
as well as supporting entrepreneurs in ICT/digital economy businesses such as tech star tups,
fintechs, apps for agriculture, Business Process Outsourcing (BPOs) etc.
Question: Could Ghana please explain by what means the Integrated Customs Management System
(ICUMS) is improving clearance times at the ports? Is it fully digital or are there some actions that
still need to be done manually ?
Response:
The Integrated Customs Management System (ICUMS) is an end -to-end customs administration
system that was deployed to usher Ghana 's trade to a single window system to coordinate cross -
border tra de activities and ensure more efficient management and collection of customs duties and
taxes. The implementation of ICUMS platform has improved clearance time significantly and has
made cargo clearance at the port more convenient and faster by improving e fficiency in the clearance
chain and making it possible for importers and agents to clear cargo within a day.
The platform processes documents and payments through a single window. Ensuring that the port
processes are fully digital and paperless except for the documentation of certain goods which require
the stamp of custom officials. The pre -clearance allows importers to make necessary applications to
ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) for approval of permits on cargoes that require
clearance. It also grants an importer or agent access to create a Bill of Entry (BOE) and other such
processes to enable Customs to undertake classification and valuation to determine the duties and
taxes to be paid.
The Government Report states that the st andard of living for Ghanaians has increased, which is
commendable.
Question: Could Ghana please provide more information on how this has been measured?
Response:
Ghana 's per capita GDP shows an increase from US D1,999 in 2014 to US D2,272 in 2020.
Question: The Government Report states that Ghana relies heavily on customs duties as a source
of government revenue for development. Given that Ghana is committed to liberalization and making
the global trading system function efficiently, could Ghana ple ase outline what it is doing to diversify
its revenue sources so that it can rely less on import duty revenue and more on domestic taxes and
other sources of revenue?
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 60 -
Response:
The government of Ghana as part of its measures to diversify and improve dome stic taxes introduced
new tax policy initiatives and aggressive revenue measures in the 2022 Budget to support revenue
mobilization.
• Electronic Transaction Levy (e -transaction levy);
• Implementation and collection of the revised Property Rate;
• Implement the E-VAT/E -Commerce/E -Gaming initiatives;
• Roll out the simplified tax filing mobile application for all eligible taxpayers;
• Passage of Tax Exemptions Bill;
• Review of Fees and Charges Bill with an average increase of at least 15 % in 2022 and
thereafter subjec t it to automatic annual adjustments by average inflation rate ;
• Intensify the Revenue Assurance and Compliance Enforcement (RACE) initiative to plug
revenue leakages.
The implementation of the proposed tax policy initiatives and improvements in tax complia nce is
projected to increase domestic revenue significantly by 44.4 % from GH¢68,914 million (15.0% of
GDP) in 2021 to GH¢100,517 million (19.8% of GDP) in 2022. Total revenue and grants is also
projected to increase from GH¢70,097 million (15.3% of GDP) in 2021 to GH¢100,517 million
(20.0% of GDP) in 2022, reflecting a growth of 43.4 %.
Question: Could Ghana please outline how its commitment to ECOWAS fits with the broader
commitment to the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)?
Response:
Ghana negotiated the AfCFTA within the ECOWAS Framework. In view of this, Ghana 's commitment
under the AfCFTA is aligned to its commitment under the ECOWAS Protocols.
Question: Could Ghana please explain whether they have identified a gap in the global sugar market
which they can fill? Which markets is Ghana planning to export to?
Response:
Sugar is one of the country 's leading imports. Ghana 's National Sugar Policy, is aimed, inter alia , to
reduce its sugar import bills and increase exports to neighboring countries that rely heavily on
imports.
Ghana would also take advantage of regional and continental trade agreements to supply these
markets at competitive prices.
Questi on: Could Ghana please explain how their investment policies support their National micro -,
small and medium -sized enterprise (MSME) and Entrepreneurship Policy?
Response:
The implementation of the Ten Point Industrial Transformation Agenda is largely dr iven by the
Private Sector. At the crust of this agenda is a drive towards harnessing investments through
targeted and sector specific policies with a particular focus on SME development.
The Automotive Policy for instance, envisions a component manufact uring development policy that
is focused on reducing entry barriers for SMEs to join the Automotive value Chain.
Under the garment sub sector , SMEs are categorized as tier three companies and are connected to
tier one and two companies as subcontractors through a well -structured sub -contracting scheme.
Question: Could Ghana please give an update on the progress of the NEDS and outline the trade
policies it plans to implement to support the programme?
Response:
The NEDS was launched in October 2020 by His Excellency the President of the Republic of Ghana.
Since then, implementation actions have been ongoing. The NEDS Coordinating Secretariat and
various sector committees have be en established as stipulated in the Strategy document. Regional
sensitization activities have been held in 2020 and 2021 and in the next four months (July -Oct
2022), nationwide district sensitization workshops will be held to ensure that export -oriented fi rms WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 61 -
(SMEs) at the district level are aware of the strategies to be implemented to realize the expected
outcomes. Participation of the districts is critical to the successful implementation of the NEDS.
Ghana Export Promotion Authority, the National export development agency has formulated an
AfCFTA Market diversification proposal aimed at assisting Ghanaian companies diversify their
products and markets targeting the African continental market.
The Ghana Export Promotion Authority is working closely with the AfCFTA National Office and other
key implementing agencies to assist export -oriented companies to take advantage of market
opportunities to increase export of made -in-Ghana products and services, with the AfCFTA as the
key target market. Other strateg ies are also being deployed, including capacity building of SMEs in
products and markets all in an effort to fully implement the NEDS.
Question: Could Ghana please indicate whether there any specific non -tariff barriers that the
government would like to t arget to support the NEDS?
Response:
Ghana 's main preoccupation is how to overcome increasing market entry barriers related to SPS and
other quality -related measures in Ghana 's main markets. This is in view of the high percentage of
the export of agricultural products, both primary and value -added products.
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 62 -
COLOMBIA
Paragraph 3.3. However, the country's heavy but decreasing dependence on import duties and levies
as a source of budgetary revenue (sections 3.1.2 and 3.1.3) represents an obstacle to trade
facilitation. The authorities have also confirmed that Ghana does not currently apply any of the
common regulations on customs procedures adopted under the Customs Code of the Economic
Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Question: Given that trade liberalization is affected by the dependence on duties and levies as a
source of revenue, is it among the initiatives of the Government of Ghana to implement any of the
common regulations relating to ECOWAS customs procedures?
Response:
ECOWAS has developed a common Customs Code for the community. Ghana is yet to apply fully the
provisions in the Customs Code. However, the provisions in the code is a consolidation of what
pertains in the various Customs administration codes. There are a few variations that Ghana needs
to adapt. Processes are in place Ghanas to implement fully the ECOWAS Customs Code.
Paragraph 3.7. According to the authorities, Ghana has implemented an improved risk management
system as part of ICUMS, which has reduced the number of physical inspections (see also section
3.3.3). However, a robust risk management system should significantly reduce physical inspections
and direct interactions between officials and traders, as these tend to increase the risk of unofficial
fees and corruption. Regardless of whether an import is directed to the officially established red,
yellow or green carcasses (for a physical inspection, a scanner inspection or to pass without
inspection, respectively), most goods are physically examined at the border to compare the values
and quantities of these with the information contained in the declarations, and the Customs
Administration regularly conducts a physical examination of goods entering through the green and
yellow channels.
Quest ion: How does ICUMS work and what parameters do you use to reduce physical inspections
and clearance times?
Response:
The Risk Management tool in the ICUMS is operational. Risk factors and profiles have been developed
and fed into the risk engine. As a result of this, selectivity criteria are determined on each Customs
Bill of Entry (BOE) being processed in the ICUMS (Thus, the red, yellow, green and the blu e
channels).
These colour codes determine how the BOE will be treated. Selection for physical examination is
based purely on higher risk factors on the various consignments as well as national policies on
conformity and regulatory measures.
However, the various national regulatory agencies are not under one umbrella to harmoni ze their
risk factors.
Question: How has the risk management system been strengthened to prevent the collection of
unofficial fees and corruption?
Response:
The risk management system deployed has significantly reduced physical examination of goods from
about 80% to 50%. This has reduced person -to-person contacts and corruption as a whole.
Paragraph 3.8. Ghana has been implementing the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement since April
2000 (Customs Act 2015 (Act 891)). According to the Customs Administration, the main problem
currently facing is under -invoicing or the declaration of a value lower than the actual value by
importers or their agents.
Questi on: Could Ghana share information on the measures or controls being implemented by the
customs administration to counter under -invoicing and the declaration of a lower value than the real
one?
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 63 -
Response:
Mispricing and other valuation related fraud is of great concern to us just like other developing
countries using the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement. Compliance level is low in our country.
Nevertheless, we employ all professional measures to determine a Customs Value that is most
ascertainable as possible. Control measures we use are: -
• Building a valuation data base from our price transaction database
• Developing reference price database from research and commodity trading sites.
• Employing as much as po ssible the deductive value method
• Price verification
Paragraph 3.21. The previous Review noted that the country applies exemptions and concessions
on a widespread basis in respect of import duties, including tariffs and other duties and charges, and
on internal taxes, such as VAT. These imports enter the country under exemption letters issued by
the Ministry of Finance at the request of other ministries. A new bill on exemptions is currently under
consideration. It is clear that the large number of tariff exemptions granted by Ghana reflects the
fact that the ECOWAS CET is not fully adapted to the needs of the country's economy.
Response:
Ghana is fully implementing the ECOWAS CET. However, the Government of Ghana has the right to
waive or exempt companies and individuals from paying duties and taxes which are calculated based
on the CET applicable tariffs.
Goods granted exemptions are not zero rated but waived from the payment of taxes/duties for a
particular consignment and period.
There is the need to harmoni ze these exemptions with other member states of ECOWAS in
accordance with the Customs Code.
Paragraph 3.22. A portion of the annual revenue lost as a result of these duty exemptions is reflected
in the Customs Administration's statistics on "tax refunds" (in some cases also referred to as "exempt
imports"), which are prepared within the framework of the budget. According to official data, in 2020
the value of tax refunds amounted to GHS 2.6 billion (about USD 430 million), representing 5.8%
of Ghana's total tax revenues (Table 3.2). Given the exemptions granted for the expansion of the
port of Tema in 2016, the amount of revenue sacrificed is likely to be higher than currently
calculated. Exemptions granted under the provisions on export processing zones, warehouses under
customs control or the GIPC have also not been included (Table 3.5).
Question: What are the expectations of the Government of Ghana with the new Exemptions Bill?
Has any percentage of annual revenue to be recovered been estimated?
Response:
Exemptions are not 'tax refunds ' but 'tax expenditures '.
The exemptions for the Tema Port expansion Project cover a number of years and is included in the
annual exemption figures. Exemptions granted under the provisions on export processing zones,
warehouses under customs control or the GIPC are also all included in the annual exemption figure s.
The new exemptions bill will lead to savings and not recovery of taxes.
Paragraph 3.125. Table 3.15 presents Ghana's main laws relating to intellectual property rights and
their scope. Articles 13 and 14 of the Patents Act contain provisions on compulsory licensing,
although no licence has been granted since 2005. Where the public interest so requires or where a
judicial or administrative body determines that the mode of exploitation of a patent is contrary to
competition, the compe tent Minister may designate a third person or a public body to exploit the
invention. Reasons of public interest include national security, nutrition and health, as well as the
development of vital sectors of the economy. Upon request, courts may also grant compulsory
licences in the event that a patent is not exploited for at least three years. In 2005, a Ghanaian
company was granted a compulsory licence to produce HIV medicines; this has not occurred in the
case of COVID‑19 vaccines.
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 64 -
Question: With regar d to the amendment of the Patents Act, which provides in Sections 13 and 14
for compulsory licensing , we would be interested to know whether the Ghanaian legal system has
specifically regulated the procedure to be followed, whether administrative or judici al, for the
granting of compulsory licen ces? If the answer is affirmative, could you expand the information
regarding it, making special reference to elements such as: Causal, legitimate, terms or term of
granting the licen ce and compensation or payments t o the owners of intellectual property rights?
Response:
The sections 13 and 14 referred to above are sections of the Parent Patent legislation, Patent Act,
2003 (Act 657) and have not been amended. The Ghanaian legal system does not have specified
procedures in respect of sections 13 and 14.
Paragraph 4.1. Since 2017, Ghana's sectoral policy framework focuses on the implementation of the
10-Point Programme for Industrial Transformation adopted by the Government. The 10-Point
Programme aims to promote industrialization, reap the benefits of market access opportunities,
create employment opportunities and achieve prosperity for all Ghanaians.
The various components of the Program are listed below:
i. National Industrial Revitalization Program
ii. "One District, One Factory"
iii. Strategic Driving Industries
iv. Industrial Parks and Special Economic Zones
v. Development of Small and Medium -Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
vi. Export Development Programme
vii. Improving National Retail Infrastructure Busin ess Regulatory Reforms
viii. Industrial Subcontracting Exchange
ix. Enhancing Public -Private Dialogue
Question: Could Ghana share more information on the components of the Programme related to
Industrial Revitalization and the Industrial Subcontracting Exchange?
Response:
Industrial Revitalization
The national industrial revitalization programme is an initiative that enhances the competitiveness
of distressed but economically viable industries. The support comes in two major forms, namel y:
technical assistance and access to financing. With respect to technical assistance, companies are
provided with managerial and technical expertise to support their operations. For access to financing,
the government facilitates concessionary loans with negotiated interest rates from commercial Banks
for these companies. Commercial Banks are allowed to conduct their own due diligence and credit
appraisal before loans are disbursed.
Industrial Sub -Contracting
The programme is designed to provide a struc tured mechanism for linking Small and Medium
Enterprises to the supply chain of large scale companies. It also involves provide technical capacity
of SMEs to fulfil subcontracting orders. It also seeks to develop pan encompassing local procurement
policy a nd legislation to provide opportunities for SMEs to participate in the execution of foreign
contracts.
WT/TPR/M/427/Add.1
- 65 -
BRAZIL
Question no 1: According to paragraph 10 of the summary of the Secretariat report, there are
quantitative restrictions in place on imports of poultry products to the Ghanaian market. Are there
plans to reduce these restrictions?
Response:
The quantitative restrictions are not being enforced currently.
Question no 2 : According to paragraph 4.10 of the Secretariat report, imports of poultry products
to the Ghanaian market "are subject to import licensing (import permit) requirements to protect
domestic production ". What are the criteria and average timeframe for the emission of import
permits for poultry products?
Response:
The requirement for import approvals is based on the protection of health and safety of consumers.
To acquire this approval, the following are th e requirements:
Requirements for imports of poultry products to Ghana
All importers must register with the VETERINARY SERVICES DIRECTORATE yearly.
All importers must apply to MINISTRY OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE for import approval.
All importers must app ly to the VETERINARY SERVICE DIRECTORATE through the ICUMS for
VETERINARY IMPORT APPROVAL upon arrival of the products.
Requirements for import permit from Veterinary Services Directorate
Documents required from exporting country
1. Veterinary Health Certificate (original) duly completed in English and endorsed by an official
Veterinarian (state Veterinarian) in the exporting country.
2. The Veterinary Health Certificate must satisfy/attest to the following requirements:
• The premises or area from which t he animals /poultry originate are not under any
disease restrictions according to OIE standards
• The meat described was obtained from poultry:
a) found to be free of clinical signs of infectious or contagious diseases to which the
species is susceptible
b) hatched, reared and slaughtered in the exporting country.
c) originating from flocks not slaughtered to control or eradicate a disease
• the meat was derived from birds, which come from establishment that have been
regularly monitored for the presence of Salmo nella spp and no evidence of Salmonella
Enteritidis and. Salmonella Typhimurium has been found on routine bacteriological
culture
• the meat was derived from poultry slaughtered and the meat handled/cut/processed and
packed, at an abattoir and cutting plant under the supervision of government
veterinarian
• the meat was bacteriologically tested and found to be free (absent) from Salmonella
The average timeframe for processing of import approvals is a maximum of 6 days.
__________.
| 36,629 |
https://github.com/seanreid5454/geog178/blob/master/.gitignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, GPL-2.0-only
| 2,020 |
geog178
|
seanreid5454
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 5 | 27 |
.Rproj.user
.Rhistory
.RData
.Ruserdata
section_slides/ppt
| 14,471 |
2013/92013E003323/92013E003323_EN.txt_21
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,013 |
None
|
None
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 7,340 | 11,940 |
O relatório apresenta várias recomendações sobre como melhorar o ambiente no qual as PME operam relativamente a pré-auditorías, auditorias e resolução de litígios. Para a fase de pré-auditoría, o relatório recomenda facilitar o acesso das PME à informação relevante e a pareceres de peritos, assim como aos procedimentos que lhes permitam obter antecipadamente alguma segurança jurídica (acordos prévios sobre os preços de transferência). Para a fase de auditoria, o relatório recomenda o desenvolvimento de medidas de simplificação que permitam reduzir a carga que a conformidade representa para as PME. Caso as PME sejam auditadas, devem ser objeto de tratamento adequado. No domínio da resolução de litígios, o relatório recomenda, por um lado, incentivar a resolução célere de litígios de valor reduzido e não complexos das PME e, por outro, explorar e aplicar o contacto direto entre auditores no âmbito dos procedimentos de acordo mútuo e da Convenção de Arbitragem (599).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003466/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum (JTPF)
In answer to my Question E-0175/2010, Commissioner Šemeta, on behalf of the Commission, said that ‘the EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum (JTPF) is currently investigating whether SMEs are faced with particular problems in complying with transfer pricing formalities’.
— What were the main outcomes of this investigation?
— What particular problems did the JTPF identify?
— What solutions does it propose for these problems?
Answer given by Mr Šemeta on behalf of the Commission
(22 May 2013)
In 2011 the EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum (JTPF) adopted a Report on Small and Medium Enterprises and Transfer Pricing which examines the challenges Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union are facing in transfer pricing and offers concrete recommendations. In 2012 the report was published as part of a Commission Communication (600) and was welcomed by the Council (601). All documents are available on the webpage of the JTPF at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/company_tax/transfer_pricing/forum/
The report recognises the particular needs of SMEs as regards compliance with transfer pricing rules. SMEs often lack knowledge and experience on the subject and have limited resources. This may impede SMEs from engaging in intra-group cross-border trading.
The report gives various recommendations on how to improve the environment in which SMEs operate with respect to pre-audit, audit and dispute resolution. For the pre-audit stage the report recommends facilitating the access of SMEs to relevant information and expert advice, also as regards procedures for advance certainty (Advance Pricing Agreements). For the audit stage the report recommends developing simplification measures to reduce the compliance burden for SMEs. When SMEs are audited, they should receive proportionate treatment. In the area of dispute resolution the report recommends encouraging fast track dispute resolution for non-complex low value SME claims and exploring and implementing auditor-to-auditor contacts in the framework of Mutual Agreement Procedures and the Arbitration Convention (602).
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003467/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Fortalecimento da cooperação com o Brasil em termos energéticos
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-000799/2013, o senhor Comissário Günther Oettinger declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «A cooperação com o Brasil no domínio da energia, discutida por ocasião do IV Diálogo UE-Brasil sobre Política Energética (22 de janeiro de 2013) abrange prioritariamente os seguintes temas: cooperação em matéria de sustentabilidade dos biocombustíveis e biomassa no âmbito de um grupo técnico para a elaboração de normas, atividades conjuntas de investigação e desenvolvimento no domínio das energias renováveis e da eficiência energética (particularmente no setor da construção, rotulagem e normas aplicáveis aos produtos consumidores de energia), intercâmbio de informações em reuniões de peritos sobre as questões relacionadas com os mercados da eletricidade, segurança da exploração de gás e petróleo offshore e gás não convencional.»
Não obstante, a minha pergunta versava não sobre o elenco dos temas abrangidos pela cooperação, mas antes sobre as formas e meios concretos de a fortalecer.
Assim, pergunto novamente à Comissão:
De que formas e através de que meios concretos tenciona fortalecer a cooperação com o Brasil em termos energéticos?
Resposta dada por Günther Oettinger em nome da Comissão
(16 de maio de 2013)
No Diálogo sobre Energia que teve lugar em 22 de janeiro de 2013, o Brasil e os representantes da UE acordaram:
—
Prosseguir as consultas bilaterais relativas à legislação da UE e do Brasil no domínio da sustentabilidade dos biocombustíveis, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à abordagem das questões relacionadas com as alterações indiretas do uso dos solos (ILUC) e os prados com elevado nível de biodiversidade;
—
Apoiar o trabalho da Parceria Global para a Bioenergia (GBEP)
(603) sobre o desenvolvimento da energia produzida a partir da madeira de uma forma moderna e sustentável conforme proposto na última Reunião do Comité Diretor GBEP em novembro de 2012;
—
Nomear dois pontos focais para proceder ao acompanhamento da cooperação trilateral com vista a futuras atividades de doação em prol de países terceiros como o Quénia;
—
Convidar a indústria e representantes de organismos públicos do Brasil a participarem nas respetivas plataformas tecnológicas no âmbito do Programa-Quadro de Investigação da UE;
—
Reforçar as atividade conjuntas em matéria de investigação e tecnologia entre o Brasil e a UE, em especial nos seguintes domínios: eficiência energética nos edifícios, energia solar fotovoltaica, energia solar concentrada, energia eólica e rotulagem energética dos produtos;
—
Estabelecer relações de cooperação e organizar reuniões técnicas entre os respetivos reguladores de energia;
—
Organizar uma videoconferência entre serviços da Comissão e do Ministério das Relações Externas do Brasil responsáveis pela exploração offshore, a fim de debater questões relativas à segurança das atividades offshore e
—
Designar pontos focais para o intercâmbio de informações sobre a evolução e os quadros regulamentares no domínio do gás não convencional.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003467/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: Enhancing cooperation with Brazil in the field of energy
In answer to my Question E-000799/2013, Commissioner Oettinger stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘The cooperation with Brazil in the field of energy as discussed at the Fourth EU-Brazil Energy Policy Dialogue (22 January 2013) covers the following topics as priorities: cooperation on the sustainability of biofuels and biomass through a joint technical group on standards, joint R&D activities in the field of renewable energy and energy efficiency (particularly in the building sector and labelling and standards for energy using products), exchange of information through expert meetings on the issues related to electricity markets, gas and oil offshore safety and non-conventional gas.’
However, my question did not concern the list of topics covered by cooperation, but rather the practical ways and means of enhancing it.
How in practical terms does the Commission plan to enhance cooperation with Brazil in the field of energy?
Answer given by Mr Oettinger on behalf of the Commission
(16 May 2013)
At the Energy Dialogue on 22 January 2013 Brazil and the EU representatives agreed to:
—
continue bilateral consultations on the EU and Brazilian legislation on biofuel sustainability, including on addressing the issues related to Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) and High Biodiversity Grasslands (HBG);
—
support the work of the Global Bioenergy Partnership (604) (GBEP) on sustainable modern wood energy development proposed during the last GBEP Steering Committee Meeting in November 2012;
—
appoint two focal points to follow up trilateral cooperation with a view to future donation activities for third countries such as Kenya;
—
invite Brazilian industry and representatives of public bodies to get involved in the respective technology platforms within the EU Framework Programme for Research;
—
reinforce joint activity in research and technology issues between Brazil and the EU, particularly in the following fields: energy efficiency in buildings, solar photo-voltaic power, concentrated solar power, wind energy and energy-labelling of products;
—
establish cooperation links and organise technical meetings between the respective energy regulators;
—
organise a videoconference between services in charge of offshore at the Commission and the Ministry of External Relations of Brazil to discuss off-shore safety issues; and
—
appoint focal points to exchange information on developments and regulatory frameworks on non-conventional gas.
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003468/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Matéria coletável comum consolidada do imposto sobre as sociedades (CCCTB) — ponto da situação
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-0175/2010, o senhor Comissário Algirdas Šemeta declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «A redução dos obstáculos fiscais que atualmente se colocam às empresas e o bom funcionamento do mercado interno estão no centro das prioridades da Comissão.» e que, «Neste contexto, a Comissão tenciona lançar um novo olhar sobre a questão da matéria coletável consolidada comum do imposto sobre as sociedades (CCCTB), pois acredita que o regime poderá ser eficaz no combate aos muitos obstáculos fiscais com que as empresas se deparam no mercado interno.»
Assim, pergunto à Comissão:
—
Em que medida se tem concretizado o «novo olhar» que a Comissão pretendia lançar sobre a questão?
—
Qual o ponto da situação quanto à CCCTB?
—
Quais as principais prioridades da mesma?
Resposta dada por Algirdas Šemeta em nome da Comissão
(15 de maio de 2013)
No que diz respeito à primeira pergunta, a Comissão adotou uma proposta de Diretiva do Conselho relativa à matéria coletável comum consolidada do imposto sobre as sociedades (Mcccis) em 16 de março de 2011.
No que diz respeito à segunda pergunta, desde 2011, os debates no grupo de trabalho do Conselho levaram a cabo uma análise, artigo por artigo, dos elementos técnicos desta proposta. No relatório Ecofin apresentado ao Conselho Europeu de 6 de dezembro de 2012, alguns Estados-Membros expressaram objeções substanciais à proposta relativa à Mcccis, enquanto outros Estados-Membros manifestaram reservas sobre aspetos específicos. Alguns Estados-Membros solicitaram um debate de orientação relativo a futuras medidas a tomar. A Presidência Irlandesa está a tratar deste assunto e reportará os progressos ao Conselho Ecofin em junho de 2013.
No que diz respeito à terceira pergunta, existe um consenso generalizado entre os Estados-Membros sobre a condução do trabalho técnico passo a passo, incidindo numa primeira fase, nas questões relativas ao cálculo da matéria coletável. Da reunião do Ecofin em junho deverá resultar um relatório geral a apresentar ao Conselho Europeu.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003468/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) — state of play
In answer to my Question E-0175/2010, Commissioner Šemeta stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘[t]he reduction of tax obstacles which companies currently suffer from and the proper functioning of the internal market lie at the very heart of the priorities which the Commission has set for itself’ and that ‘[i]n the light of this, the Commission is planning to have a fresh look at the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB), as it believes that the scheme can effectively tackle many of the tax obstacles that companies suffer in the internal market.’
— How far has the Commission got with the ‘fresh look’ it was going to have at this issue?
— What is the state of play with the CCCTB?
— What are the major priorities for the CCCTB?
Answer given by Mr Šemeta on behalf of the Commission
(15 May 2013)
As regards the first question, the Commission adopted a proposal for a Council directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) on 16 March 2011.
As regards the second question, since 2011 discussions in the Council working group have involved an article-by-article examination of the technical elements of this proposal. In the Ecofin report to the European Council of 6 December 2012, some Member States expressed substantial objections to the CCCTB proposal, while some Member States had specific reservations. A number of Member States asked for an orientation debate on the future steps to take. The Irish Presidency is addressing this issue and is expected to report back on progress to Ecofin in June 2013.
As regards the third question, there is a general consensus amongst Member States to conduct the technical work on a step-by-step basis, concentrating in the first instance on issues related to the calculation of the tax base. The June Ecofin meeting is expected to submit an overall report to the European Council.
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003469/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Novo espírito empresarial europeu
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-0175/2010, o senhor Comissário Algirdas Šemeta declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «a Comissão trabalhará no sentido de desenvolver um novo espírito empresarial a nível europeu, apoiando o crescimento das PME e o seu potencial de internacionalização.»
Assim, pergunta-se à Comissão:
—
Quais os principais elementos do novo espírito empresarial a nível europeu que pretende desenvolver?
—
Que medidas tomou ou prevê tomar a este respeito?
—
Que resultados está em condições de apresentar a este respeito?
Resposta dada por Antonio Tajani em nome da Comissão
(16 de maio de 2013)
Em janeiro de 2013, a Comissão adotou o Plano de Ação «Empreendedorismo 2020», que constitui um apelo à ação conjunta a todos os níveis — europeu, nacional, regional e até mesmo local, conforme apropriado — por forma a reativar a cultura empreendedora por toda a Europa. Os três pilares do plano de ação visam:
—
incluir o ensino e a prática do empreendedorismo nos programas escolares,
—
criar um ambiente no qual os empresários possam desenvolver-se e prosperar, incluindo a redução do tempo necessário para o arranque de uma empresa, obter as devidas licenças e autorizações e concluir os processos de falência, e
—
introduzir programas de orientação, aconselhamento e apoio a mulheres, seniores, trabalhadores migrantes, desempregados e potenciais empresários, bem como criar modelos positivos de empresários.
O texto completo do plano de ação, incluindo uma lista detalhada das ações a serem tomadas pela Comissão e daquelas que os Estados-Membros são convidados a realizar, encontra-se no seguinte endereço eletrónico:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship/
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003469/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: New European enterprise culture
In answer to my Question E-0175/2010, Commissioner Šemeta stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘the Commission will work to develop a new enterprise culture in Europe, supporting SMEs’ growth and their internationalisation potential.’
— What are the main features of the new enterprise culture that the Commission intends to develop in Europe?
— What action has it taken or does it intend to take in this regard?
— What results can it mention in this regard?
Answer given by Mr Tajani on behalf of the Commission
(16 May 2013)
In January 2013, the Commission adopted the Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan, which is a call for joint action at all levels — European, national, regional and even local, as appropriate — to reignite entrepreneurship culture across Europe. The three action pillars of the action plan focus on:
—
including entrepreneurship education and experience in school curricula,
—
creating an environment where entrepreneurs can flourish and grow, including reducing the time it takes to start up a business, obtain the necessary licenses and permits and complete bankruptcy procedures, and
—
outreach, mentoring, advice and support schemes for women, seniors, migrants, the unemployed and other potential entrepreneurs, as well as creating positive role models of entrepreneurs.
The complete text of the action plan, including a detailed listing of actions to be taken by the Commission and those which the Member States are invited to address, may be found at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship/
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003470/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Tributação dos rendimentos da poupança e Cooperação administrativa em matéria de tributação
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-0175/2010, o senhor Comissário Algirdas Šemeta declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «O funcionamento equilibrado e correto do mercado interno e a existência de condições mais equitativas poderão também ser facilitados através da oportuna adoção, pelo Conselho, das propostas apresentadas pela Comissão no sentido da alteração da diretiva relativa à tributação dos rendimentos da poupança e de uma nova diretiva relativa à cooperação administrativa em matéria de tributação bem como, no plano externo, do acordo antifraude com o Liechtenstein e da concessão, pelo Conselho, de um mandato para a Comissão negociar acordos de cooperação antifraude e no domínio fiscal com outros quatro países europeus não membros da UE.»
Assim, pergunto à Comissão:
—
Que acolhimento obtiveram as propostas apresentadas pela Comissão no sentido da alteração da diretiva relativa à tributação dos rendimentos da poupança e de uma nova diretiva relativa à cooperação administrativa em matéria de tributação?
—
Qual o ponto de situação nesta matéria?
Resposta dada por Algirdas Šemeta em nome da Comissão
(21 de maio de 2013)
A Diretiva 2011/16/UE do Conselho, relativa à cooperação administrativa no domínio da fiscalidade (605), foi formalmente adotada pelo Conselho Ecofin de 15 de fevereiro de 2011. Além disso, em 6 de dezembro de 2012, a Comissão adotou um regulamento que estabelece as normas de execução da diretiva (606). O regulamento estabelece formulários normalizados e meios de comunicação a utilizar pelos Estados-Membros para o intercâmbio de informações.
A diretiva e o regulamento entraram em vigor em 1 de janeiro de 2013, com exceção das disposições relativas ao intercâmbio automático de informações em cinco categorias de rendimento e capitais. Estas disposições são aplicáveis a partir de 1 de janeiro de 2015. A Comissão anunciou que apresentaria uma proposta no sentido de alargar o âmbito de aplicação do intercâmbio automático de informações, a fim de garantir que, de futuro, todos os rendimentos relevantes são incluídos.
Embora a proposta da Comissão de alteração da diretiva relativa à poupança goze de um apoio substancial a nível do Conselho desde 2009, a sua adoção foi bloqueada devido à posição de dois Estados-Membros. Atendendo ao inequívoco movimento de apoio ao intercâmbio automático de informações, a Comissão considera que existe hoje a dinâmica necessária para avançar, e insiste junto dos ministros das finanças da UE para que cheguem rapidamente a acordo quanto à alteração da diretiva relativa à poupança e ao mandato associado de reforçar, em conformidade, a cooperação existente com a Suíça, o Listenstaine, Andorra, Mónaco e São Marinho.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003470/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: Savings Taxation Directive and administrative cooperation in the field of taxation
In answer to my Question E-0175/2010, Commissioner Šemeta stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘[a] smooth and fair functioning of the internal market and a better level playing field could also be facilitated through the timely adoption by the Council of the Commission proposals for amending the Savings Taxation Directive and for a new directive on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation and, externally, through the anti-fraud agreement with Liechtenstein and the adoption by the Council of a mandate to the Commission for negotiating anti-fraud and tax cooperation agreements with four other non-EU European countries.’
— How have the Commission proposals for amending the Savings Taxation Directive and for a new directive on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation been received?
— What is the state of play on this issue?
Answer given by Mr Šemeta on behalf of the Commission
(21 May 2013)
Council Directive 2011/16/EU on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation (607) was formally adopted by the Ecofin Council of 15 February 2011. Furthermore, on 6 December 2012 the Commission adopted a regulation laying down detailed rules implementing the directive (608). The regulation sets out standard forms and means of communication to be used by Member States when they exchange information.
The directive and the regulation became applicable on 1 January 2013, with the exception of the provisions relating to automatic exchange of information on five categories of income and capital. Those provisions will apply from 1 January 2015. The Commission has announced that it will make a proposal to further extend the scope of automatic exchange of information to ensure that all relevant income is covered in the future.
The Commission's proposal to amend the Savings Directive is substantially agreed at Council level since 2009, but its adoption has been blocked because of the position of two Member States. In view of the clear groundswell of support for automatic exchange of information, the Commission believes that the momentum for progress is there and urges the EU Finance Ministers to come quickly to an agreement on the amended savings directive and on the associated mandate to enhance accordingly the existing cooperation with Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Monaco and San Marino.
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003471/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Seca na Europa
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-6073/2009, a senhora Comissária Mariann Fischer Boel declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «A análise feita pela Comissão no contexto do Livro Branco sobre a adaptação às alterações climáticas e do documento de trabalho que o acompanha relativo à Agricultura (“Adaptação às alterações climáticas: um desafio para a agricultura e as zonas rurais europeias”) mostra que é provável que, nos próximos anos, o tipo de condições descritas pelo Senhor Deputado se tornem mais frequentes devido às alterações climáticas.
Por conseguinte, é importante que as autoridades nacionais e regionais tomem medidas para começarem a planear a adaptação à mudança de condições e aproveitem as oportunidades oferecidas pelo Regulamento do Desenvolvimento Rural para apoiar ações de adaptação ao nível agrícola.»
1.
Para além das medidas que deverão ser tomadas a nível nacional e regional, atendendo à gravidade da situação, pretende a
Comissão tomar medidas a nível europeu no mesmo sentido?
2.
Tem havido adesão significativa às ações de adaptação ao nível agrícola no quadro do Regulamento do Desenvolvimento Rural?
3.
Dispõe a
Comissão de dados quanto ao número de pedidos recebidos e efetivamente concedidos neste âmbito?
Resposta dada por Dacian Cioloş em nome da Comissão
(14 de maio de 2013)
Nos termos do Exame de Saúde da PAC e do Plano de Relançamento da Economia Europeia de 2008, os Estados-Membros/regiões da UE planearam gastar pelo menos 700 milhões de euros na atenuação das alterações climáticas e na adaptação às mesmas. Este valor representa 14 % do financiamento adicional disponibilizado pelo Exame de Saúde da PAC e pelo Plano de Relançamento da Economia Europeia. No entanto, este facto não dá uma ideia precisa das despesas relacionadas com as alterações climáticas suportadas pelo orçamento do desenvolvimento rural no seu conjunto, que devem ser substancialmente superiores.
De acordo com as propostas da Comissão para uma política de desenvolvimento rural pós 2013 (609), a atenuação das alterações climáticas e a adaptação às mesmas constituem «objetivos transversais», dos quais determinados aspetos estarão fortemente presentes nas «prioridades» mais pormenorizadas dessa política. Além disso, será criado um sistema de seguimento para estimar a proporção dos gastos da PAC em objetivos ligados às alterações climáticas.
A Comissão apresentou recentemente uma estratégia da UE para a adaptação às alterações climáticas e um livro verde sobre os seguros contra catástrofes naturais, a fim de assegurar a preparação para essas catástrofes. A Comissão continuará a apoiar os Estados-Membros e as regiões nos seus esforços para adotar e aplicar políticas de adaptação. Além disso, a Comissão está atualmente a melhorar os indicadores para monitorizar o impacto do financiamento da PAC.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003471/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: Drought in Europe
In answer to my Question E-6073/2009, Commissioner Fischer Boel stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘The Commission’s analysis in the context of the White Paper on adapting to climate change and its accompanying Working Document on Agriculture (“Adapting to climate change: the challenge for European agriculture and rural areas”), shows that it is likely that during the coming years the type of conditions described in the Honourable Member’s question will become more frequent because of climatic changes.
It is, therefore, important that national and regional authorities take measures to start planning for adaptation to the changing conditions, and make use of the opportunities offered by the Rural Development Regulation to support adaptation actions at farm level.’
1.
In view of the seriousness of the situation, will the Commission take EU-level measures in addition to those that should be taken at national and regional level?
2.
Has there been significant uptake of the farm-level adaptation actions under the Rural Development Regulation?
3.
Does the Commission have any figures for the number of applications received and actually approved in this area?
Answer given by Mr Cioloş on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
Under the terms of the CAP Health Check and the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) of 2008, EU Member States / regions planned to spend at least EUR 700 million on mitigating climate change and adapting to it. This figure represents 14% of the additional funding made available by the Health Check and the EERP. However, this fact does not provide an accurate view of spending on climate change from the rural development budget as a whole, which must be substantially higher.
According to the Commission's proposals for a post-2013 rural development policy (610), mitigating and adapting to climate change will be ‘cross-cutting objectives’, and aspects of these objectives will be strongly present in the policy's more detailed ‘priorities’. Furthermore, a tracking system will be set up for estimating the proportion of CAP spending devoted to climate change objectives.
The Commission has recently put forward an EU Strategy on adaptation and a green paper on promoting insurance in the context of natural disasters to enhance preparedness for these events. The Commission will continue supporting Member States and regions in their efforts to adopt and implement adaptation policies. Moreover, the Commission is currently improving the indicator base for monitoring the impact of CAP funding.
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003472/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Procuradoria de Justiça Europeia — proposta
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-011263/2012, a senhora Comissária Viviane Reding declarou, em nome da Comissão, que, quanto à Procuradoria de Justiça Europeia, «O Presidente José Manuel Barroso confirmou no seu discurso no Parlamento Europeu sobre o estado da União 2012 que a Comissão apresentará uma proposta em 2013.
A Comissão está atualmente a realizar as necessárias consultas e trabalhos preparatórios tendo em vista a preparação de uma proposta. Os trabalhos preparatórios ainda não estão concluídos.»
Assim, pergunto à Comissão:
Está em condições de informar sobre quais as consultas que já foram realizadas e quando pretende concluir os trabalhos preparatórios e apresentar a referida proposta?
Resposta dada por Viviane Reding em nome da Comissão
(3 de junho de 2013)
Em 2012, foram publicados dois questionários sobre a proteção dos interesses financeiros da UE e a criação da Procuradoria de Justiça Europeia (EPPO), para distribuição, respetivamente, aos profissionais da justiça e ao público em geral. A Comissão recebeu um grande número de respostas pormenorizadas.
Por outro lado, em 2012 e no início de 2013 tiveram lugar uma série de debates e reuniões a nível europeu, como a reunião da rede dos representantes dos Ministérios Públicos ou instituições equivalentes junto dos Tribunais Supremos dos Estados-Membros ou a conferência «A Blueprint for the European Public Prosecutor's Office». Além disso, a Comissão organizou uma reunião de consulta com os procuradores-gerais e altos responsáveis do Ministério Público dos diferentes Estados-Membros. A Comissão discutiu ainda diversas questões relacionadas com uma eventual reforma do Eurojust e a criação de uma EPPO com a participação de representantes dos Estados-Membros. A 10.a conferência dos procuradores encarregados da luta contra a fraude, organizada pelo OLAF (novembro de 2012), constituiu uma oportunidade para explorar as formas como os procuradores nacionais poderão vir a interagir com a EPPO, caso venha a ser criada. As consultas informais aos representantes dos advogados (CCBE e ECBA) incidiram nas garantias processuais de que beneficiam os suspeitos e delas resultaram recomendações úteis. A reunião do Grupo de Peritos da Comissão sobre a Política Penal Europeia (611) permitiu a recolha de diversos pontos de vista sobre a criação da EPPO.
Além disso, durante o segundo semestre de 2012, realizaram‐se ainda diversas reuniões bilaterais de concertação com as autoridades dos Estados-Membros.
Tendo em conta os resultados de todas essas consultas, a Comissão tenciona apresentar uma proposta em 2013.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003472/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: European Public Prosecutor's Office — proposal
In answer to my Question on the European Public Prosecutor’s Office, E-011263/2012, Commissioner Reding stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘President Barroso has confirmed in his 2012 state of the Union speech before the European Parliament that the Commission will present a proposal in 2013.
The Commission is currently conducting the necessary consultations and preparatory works in view of preparing a proposal. The preparatory works are not yet finalised.’
Can the Commission say what consultations have already been conducted and when it expects to finalise the preparatory works and present the aforementioned proposal?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(3 June 2013)
In 2012 two questionnaires on the protection of the EU's financial interest and the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) were published and distributed respectively to justice professionals and the general public. A large number of detailed replies were sent to the Commission.
In addition, throughout 2012 and early 2013, a number of discussions and meetings took place at European level, such as the meeting of the network of Public Prosecutors or equivalent institutions at the Supreme Judicial Courts of the Member States and the Conference ‘A Blueprint for the European Public Prosecutor's Office’. Moreover, the Commission organised a consultation meeting with Prosecutors General and Directors of Public Prosecution from Member States. The Commission also discussed issues relating to a possible reform of Eurojust and to the setting up of an EPPO with representatives of Member States. The 10th OLAF Conference of Fraud Prosecutors (November 2012) was an opportunity to explore the ways in which national prosecutors would interact with the EPPO, if set up. The informal consultation held with defence lawyers (CCBE and ECBA) looked at procedural safeguards for suspects and made useful recommendations. The meeting of the Commission Expert Group on European Criminal Policy (612) allowed the collection on different views on the establishment of the EPPO.
Also, numerous bilateral consultation meetings with Member States’ authorities took place in the second half of 2012.
Taking into account the results of all those consultations, the Commission intends to present a proposal in 2013.
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003473/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Impacto de produtos farmacêuticos no ambiente
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-010860/2012, o senhor Comissário Janez Potočnik declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «a Comissão está atualmente a examinar o significado dos vários problemas associados à presença de produtos farmacêuticos no ambiente e tenciona apresentar um relatório sobre a matéria em 2013. Está em curso um estudo para fundamentar o relatório.»
1.
Que problemas conseguiu a
Comissão já identificar associados à presença de produtos farmacêuticos no ambiente?
2.
Que entidade desenvolve o estudo referido?
Resposta dada por Janez Potočnik em nome da Comissão
(21 de maio de 2013)
O estudo ainda não está concluído. Por conseguinte, é prematuro tecer comentários sobre as suas conclusões. A Comissão tenciona publicar o relatório assim que estiver finalizado.
O estudo está ser realizado por um consultor externo, a BIO Intelligence Services.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003473/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals
In answer to my Question E-010860/2012, Commissioner Potočnik stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘the Commission is currently examining the significance of various problems related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment and intends to report on the matter in 2013. A study to underpin the report is underway.’
1.
What problems has the Commission managed to find so far as regards the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment?
2.
Which body is conducting the aforementioned study?
Answer given by Mr Potočnik on behalf of the Commission
(21 May 2013)
The study has not yet been finalised. It is therefore premature to report on the findings. The Commission intends to publish the report as soon as it is ready.
The study is being performed by an external consultant, BIO Intelligence Services.
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003474/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Açores — Recursos cinegéticos para fins turísticos
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-000596/2013, o senhor Comissário Johannes Hahn declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «Medidas e projetos relacionados com os recursos cinegéticos deverão igualmente respeitar a legislação prevista pela UE».
A que legislação se refere a Comissão?
Resposta dada por Janez Potočnik em nome da Comissão
(22 de maio de 2013)
A incidência e a elegibilidade das despesas dos Fundos Estruturais são determinadas pelo Regulamento Disposições Comuns e pelos regulamentos relativos a cada um dos fundos para o período de 2014-2020, isto é, o Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional, o Fundo Social Europeu, o Fundo de Coesão, o Fundo Europeu Agrícola de Desenvolvimento Rural e o Fundo Europeu dos Assuntos Marítimos e da Pesca, que ainda estão neste momento em negociação (613); a legislação temática da UE que pode ser aplicável neste domínio é a Diretiva Aves (614) e a Diretiva Habitats (615).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003474/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: The Azores — game resources for tourism purposes
In answer to my Question E-000596/2013, Commissioner Hahn stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘measures and projects related to game resources will also need to abide by the relevant provisions of EU legislation.’
To what legislation is the Commission referring?
Answer given by Mr Potočnik on behalf of the Commission
(22 May 2013)
While the focus and eligibility of Structural Funds’ expenditure is determined by the Common Provisions Regulation and the relevant Fund-specific regulations for 2014-2020, i.e. European Regional Development Fund, European Social Fund, Cohesion Fund, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, which are currently still under negotiation (616), thematic EU legislation that could be relevant in this field is the Birds Directive (617) and the Habitats Directive (618).
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003475/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Assistência às PME no Mercosul
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-00795/2013, o senhor Comissário Karel De Gucht declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «No que respeita ao apoio às pequenas e médias empresas (PME), a Comissão está a estudar a possibilidade de instituir um serviço de assistência às PME no domínio dos direitos de propriedade intelectual na região do Mercosul, e procede atualmente à identificação de dois projetos para a América Latina, ao abrigo do Instrumento dos Países Industrializados (IPI+). Um projeto visa apoiar a criação de um centro de conhecimento e o outro a prestação de serviços de apoio às empresas, designadamente, às PME.»
1.
Quando pretende a Comissão apresentar as conclusões do estudo que presentemente desenvolve?
2.
Como se processa a identificação dos projetos referidos? Quando tenciona a Comissão concluí-la?
Resposta dada por Karel De Gucht em nome da Comissão
(24 de maio de 2013)
1.
A Comissão está a preparar na América Latina, um
«Centro de Informação do Conhecimento» e uma «Rede de Serviços de Apoio a empresas europeias» financiados pelo Instrumento dos Países Industrializados (IPI +), com um orçamento previsto de 4 milhões de euros para cada projeto. Foi recentemente realizada uma missão de identificação de projetos para as duas possíveis ações e as conclusões serão incluídas na apresentação dos projetos numa reunião do Comité IPI + no segundo semestre de 2013. Ambos os projetos começarão em 2014.
2.
A Comissão está a preparar, na região do Mercosul, um
Helpdesk
para as PME sobre Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (DPI) financiado no âmbito do Programa de Competitividade e Inovação (PCI), com um orçamento previsto de 0,6 milhões de euros. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comité do Programa de Empreendedorismo e Inovação em 15 março de 2012. Foi lançado um convite à apresentação de propostas em 26 de fevereiro de 2013, e devendo ter início em 1 de julho de 2013, por um período de 18 meses. O projeto irá abranger o Brasil e, opcionalmente, outros países do Mercosul (e Chile). Irá fornecer os seus serviços através de um sítio Web completo, conselhos específicos e ações de sensibilização apropriadas.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003475/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: Assistance for Mercosur SMEs
In answer to my Question E-00795/2013, Commissioner De Gucht stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘As regards support to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the Commission is exploring the possibility of setting up a Helpdesk for SMEs on Intellectual Property Rights in the Mercosur region, and is in the process of identifying two projects for Latin America under the Industrialised Countries Instrument (ICI+). One project would support the creation of a Knowledge Centre and the other would provide business support services, particularly to SMEs.’
1.
When does the Commission intend to present the conclusions of the study it is currently conducting?
2.
How is it identifying the aforementioned projects?
When does the Commission intend to have identified them?
Answer given by Mr De Gucht on behalf of the Commission
(24 May 2013)
1.
The Commission is preparing a
‘Knowledge Information Centre’ and a ‘European Business Support Services Network’ in Latin America funded by the Industrialised Countries Instrument (ICI+) with a foreseen budget of EUR 4 million for each project. A project identification mission for both possible actions has recently been performed and the conclusions will be included in the presentation of both projects at an ICI+ Committee meeting in the second semester 2013. Both projects would start in 2014.
2.
The Commission is preparing a Helpdesk for SMEs on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the Mercosur region funded under the Competitiveness and Innovation Programme (CIP) with a foreseen budget of EUR 0.6 million. The project was approved by the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Programme Committee on 15 March 2012. A call for proposals has been launched on 26 February 2013 and should start on 1 July 2013 for 18 months. The project will cover Brazil and optionally other Mercosur countries (and Chile). It will provide its services through a comprehensive website, specific advice and appropriate awareness actions.
(Versão portuguesa)
Pergunta com pedido de resposta escrita E-003476/13
à Comissão
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 de março de 2013)
Assunto: Memória Ativa Europeia — Totalitarismos
Em resposta à minha pergunta E-000812/2013, a senhora Comissária Viviane Reding declarou, em nome da Comissão, que «A Comissão está empenhada em sensibilizar as pessoas para o passado da Europa e os crimes perpetrados por regimes totalitários. Para o efeito utiliza o programa “A Europa para os Cidadãos” (2007-2013) e mais especificamente a ação “Memória europeia ativa”. Esta ação tem por objetivo a comemoração das vítimas do nazismo e do estalinismo, como meio de superar o passado, mas transmitir às novas gerações de europeus a memória do que aconteceu.»
1.
Não considera a
Comissão que a designação encontrada para identificar os totalitarismos é desequilibrada, porquanto num caso se atribuem os crimes de guerra e contra a Humanidade a um regime e a um partido — o nacional-socialista — e, noutro, apenas os imputam a um período e a uma liderança (estalinista) de um regime e de um partido — o comunista soviético — sem que este seja expressamente referido?
2.
Não considera a
Comissão que esta designação demasiado restritiva contende com o objeto do programa Europa para os cidadãos, que é também preservar a memória histórica dos europeus?
3.
Não crê a
Comissão que a União Europeia deveria condenar expressamente não apenas o estalinismo, mas todos os crimes cometidos pelos regimes comunistas totalitários?
4.
Estaria a
Comissão disponível para promover esta alteração de designação nas futuras ações que desenvolva a este respeito e junto das demais instituições europeias?
Resposta dada por Viviane Reding em nome da Comissão
(27 de maio de 2013)
A Comissão não avança uma interpretação institucional específica da história, mas proporciona um fórum europeu que permite a reflexão crítica e independente do passado recente da Europa por historiadores, outros peritos relevantes e a sociedade civil.
No entanto, na sequência do desejo explícito dos Estados-Membros, e a fim de proporcionar uma oportunidade de superar o passado à história do continente europeu, a proposta de regulamento que estabelece o novo programa «Europa para os cidadãos» (2014-2020) inclui explicitamente os regimes totalitários comunistas.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003476/13
to the Commission
Diogo Feio (PPE)
(27 March 2013)
Subject: Active European Remembrance — totalitarianism
In answer to my Question E-000812/2013, Commissioner Reding stated on behalf of the Commission that ‘The Commission is committed to raising people’s awareness of Europe’s past and the crimes perpetrated by totalitarian regimes. It does so through the Europe for Citizens Programme (2007‐2013) and more specifically through Action 4 “Active European Remembrance”. This Action is concerned with commemorating the victims of Nazism and Stalinism, as a means of moving beyond the past and passing the memory of what happened on to the young generation of Europeans.’
1.
On the one hand, the Commission ascribes war crimes and crimes against humanity to a regime and a party — the National Socialist Party — but, on the other, it only ascribes them to a particular period and leadership (Stalinist) of a regime and a party — the Communist Party of the Soviet Union — without explicitly mentioning that party. In view of this, does the Commission agree that the definition it has used to identify totalitarianism is unbalanced?
2.
Does the Commission not take the view that this overly restrictive definition runs counter to the purpose of the Europe for Citizens Programme, which is also intended to preserve Europeans’ historical memory?
3.
Does the Commission not believe that the EU should explicitly condemn not just Stalinism, but all crimes committed by totalitarian communist regimes?
4.
Would the Commission be prepared to promote this change of definition in any future actions in this area that it organises and co-organises with the other European institutions?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(27 May 2013)
The Commission does not advance a particular institutional interpretation of history but provides a European forum allowing for independent and critical reflection of Europe's recent past by historians, other relevant experts and civil society.
However, following the explicit wish of the Member States and in order to provide an opportunity to come to terms with history of the European continent, the proposal for a draft regulation establishing the new European for Citizens programme (2014-2020) explicitly includes totalitarian communist regimes.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung P-003477/13
an die Kommission
Matthias Groote (S&D)
(27. März 2013)
Betrifft: „Real-Life Tests“ des Kältemittels 1234yf in Fahrzeugen, MAC-Richtlinie 2006/40
Wie der Vizepräsident der Europäischen Kommission, Antonio Tajani, am 20. März 2013 im Umweltausschuss des Europäischen Parlaments auf Nachfrage des Fragestellers mitteilte, sind Tests unter Realbedingungen (Real-Life Tests) des Kühlmittels 1234yf durchgeführt worden. Auf Basis dieser Tests wurde festgestellt, dass bei diesem Kühlmittel angeblich keine höheren Risiken bestehen als bei anderen.
Bei denen von Daimler berichteten Testresultaten, nachdem das Kühlmittel als gefährlich einzustufen sei, handele es sich um eine Ausnahme.
Um diese Einschätzung besser nachvollziehen zu können, sind detaillierte Informationen über die der Kommission vorliegenden Tests unter Realbedingungen erforderlich:
Welche Tests wurden unter welchen Bedingungen durchgeführt?
Inwiefern unterscheiden sich diese Tests von den von Daimler durchgeführten?
Auf Grundlage welcher Parameter kommt die Kommission zu einem anderen Ergebnis, nach welchem das Kühlmittel als nicht gefährlich eingestuft wird?
Antwort von Herrn Tajani im Namen der Kommission
(26. April 2013)
Die Richtlinie 2006/40/EG über mobile Klimaanlagen wurde vor mehr als sechs Jahren nach einem langen Verhandlungsprozess angenommen. Teil der Richtlinie war eine lange Anlaufzeit zur Anpassung; sie war ferner technologieneutral.
| 34,433 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegra%20lugubris
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Phlegra lugubris
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phlegra lugubris&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 31 | 66 |
Phlegra lugubris är en spindelart som beskrevs av Berland, Millot 1941. Phlegra lugubris ingår i släktet Phlegra och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Hoppspindlar
lugubris
| 4,312 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1297062
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://askubuntu.com/users/1153800, https://askubuntu.com/users/158442, killshot13, muru
|
English
|
Spoken
| 665 | 1,239 |
How do I configure a script file to manage services on Ubuntu without using bash?
Using Ubuntu 20.04 (focal) on WSL2 (Windows Subsystem for Linux) as a LAMP-stack/WordPress dev environment.
Since the required services do not automatically run when Windows 10 (main/parent OS) boots up, I created a /start file to call start on openssl, apache, and mysql and echo a confirmation statement. It looks just like this block of code.
#!/bin/sh
service ssh start
service mysql start
service apache2 start
echo "System ready."
Now when I open a bash terminal, I just use sudo -s to switch to root and invoke /start. The output looks like this.
focal@DESKTOP-6FLTF67:~$ sudo -s
[sudo] password for focal:
root@DESKTOP-6FLTF67:/home/focal# /start
* Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server sshd [ OK ]
* Starting MySQL database server mysqld [ OK ]
* Starting Apache httpd web server apache2
*
System ready.
root@DESKTOP-6FLTF67:/home/focal#
How do I make this work for service restart and shutdown purposes. Is it even allowable to configure for these commands? Because it matters not in what order I put the services, when I save a /restart or /stop file and run it, I keep getting this error.
focal@DESKTOP-6FLTF67:~$ sudo -s
root@DESKTOP-6FLTF67:/home/focal# /start
* Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server sshd [ OK ]
* Starting MySQL database server mysqld [ OK ]
* Starting Apache httpd web server apache2
*
System ready.
*
root@DESKTOP-6FLTF67:/home/focal# /stop
bash: /stop: Permission denied
*
root@DESKTOP-6FLTF67:/home/focal# /restart
bash: /restart: Permission denied
*
root@DESKTOP-6FLTF67:/home/focal# /stop
bash: /stop: Permission denied
I have already tried all variations of shutdown down one service before/after the other, etc., and have double-checked the files against the working /start version, and they seem to be fine.
Can someone help me understand what I am missing? Thank you in advance!
Did you also create the /stop and /restart scripts? Did you make them executable?
@muru to answer your question, yes, I made scripts for /stop and /restart. Currently, they look like this. #!/bin/sh service apache2 stop service mysql stop service ssh stop echo "System shutdown complete."
and
#!/bin/sh service ssh restart service mysql restart service apache 2 restart echo "System restart successful. System ready."
And the other question?
@muru I thought I had, but I understand what you meant now. (see answer below)
After reading a lengthier SO discussion that was sparked by a similar question, I finally understood the "why" behind the behavior I was experiencing.
So here is the answer.
After some pointed questions from @muru in the comments above, it dawned on me that although I had included #!/bin/sh at the top of each file, I had not run chmod +x $filename.sh to make the files (programs) fully executable.
Because of this, calling sh ./stop.sh or bash ./stop.sh worked fine, but I was attempting to call ./stop.sh directly, which did not.
Here is a before and after view of the solution.
Sample Script ~/run.sh
#!/bin/sh
service ssh start
service mysql start
service apache2 start
echo "This version works too"
BEFORE (This is what I encountered originally.)
❯ sudo sh ./run.sh
* Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server sshd [ OK ]
* Starting MySQL database server mysqld [ OK ]
* Starting Apache httpd web server apache2
*
This version works too
❯ sudo ./run.sh
sudo: ./run.sh: command not found
AFTER (After running sudo chmod +x run.sh)
❯ sudo ./run.sh
* Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server sshd [ OK ]
* Starting MySQL database server mysqld [ OK ]
* Starting Apache httpd web server apache2
*
This version works too
As you can see, I could only achieve the desired result after making the script executable with chmod +x run.sh.
NOTE: Additionally, I would advise the use of sudo to run scripts whenever possible instead of using root like I did in the original question. A safer option is to run these commands from within a user account that is part of the sudoers group, which helps limit security and user-error concerns that arise from using root directly.
| 23,609 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.