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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58908715
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Punter Vicky, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1042646, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1270139, th3ant
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English
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Spoken
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Setting command execution result to variable in Makefile
My makefile is setup for bash shell. How can I assign result of a command execution to a variable and print the value in Makefile?
I want to assign the output of an AWS cli command execution to a variable in Makefile
You can use the make Shell command to do this. A simple example:
Makefile:
TEST := $(shell date)
.PHONY: all
all:
@echo "We now know the date is ${TEST}!"
Demo:
$ make all
We now know the date is Mon 18 Nov 11:53:13 GMT 2019!
Thanks , can’t a variable be defined within a Target? Can’t TEST declaration be moved within all?
Anything run in a target is run in a sub-shell that is set up by Makel. Thus these will only set envrionment variables within the shell envrionment that is active for that target only, meaning that they will be lost once that shell is closed. This is quite subtle and shouldn't be mistaken with variables within Make itself! A possible "workaround" would be to recursively call make within your target ($(MAKE) <target> TEST="$(shell <command>)"), but this is quite ugly and can open up a new can of worms with regards to recursive Make issues - depending on your setup.
Thanks , this helps!
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acompendioushis07lowegoog_9
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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A Compendious History of Sussex: Topographical, Archæological & Anecdotical ...
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Mark Antony Lower
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English
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Spoken
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Barfords, and Cookes, down to about the beginning of the 16th century, and was divided into Eastcourt aud Westcourt. After a great variety of changes of ownership it became the property of Charles, Duke of Norfolk, who in 1790 sold it to William Gratwicke, Esq., of Ham, in whose representatives it still vests. Prestetune itself belonged, before the Conquest, to a freewoman named XJlveva. It was subsequently held by Bohun, Tregoz, Lewknor, and Dawtrey, and in 1560 Thomas Baker, the maternal grandfather of the illustrious John Selden, was possessor. Later proprietors have been Alderton, Willes, Dawtrey, and Bushby of Arundel. Another estate passed through the families of XJpperton, Barwick, Gratwicke, and Campion, and was purchased in 1810 by E. G. Penfold, Esq. The church (St. Peter and St. Paul) is described by Hussey as " a good churchy of chancel, north and south aisles (an addition to the east end of the former making a kind of transept), a heavy western tower, and north and west porches.^^ He indicates Transition-Norman, Early English, and Perpendicular features. There are several details which deserve the notice of the ecclesi- ologist. The edifice had fallen into disrepair, .but the zeal and benevolence of the present incumbent and some friends, have recently brought about a judicious restoration, and put the whole parish into "good repair." f S. A. C. Encaustic tile, iii, 238. Arms of Cooke, ix, 365. Church to Nunnery of Lyminster, xi, 118. Church, xii, 98. Holy-bread lands, xiv, 156 — for the meaning of this term see vol. vi, p. 244. Bell, xvi, 222. Belonged to the Lords of Arundel and the Bohuns, xx, 1, 2.] RYE. A borough, market-town, and parish in the Hundred of Goldspur ; Rape of Hastings ; distant nine miles north-east from Hastings, having a Eailway station on the South Eastern line. Union, Rye. Population in 1811, 2,681; inl861, 4,228. Benefice, a Vicarage, valued at £410 ; Patron, the Duke of Devonshire; Incumbent, Rev. Barrington S. Wright, M.A. Date of earliest Parish Register, 1538. Acreage, 2,313. SeatB^ Leasham-house, Major Edward Barrett Curteis ; Mountsfield, J. F. Plomley, Esq. Rye is in many respects one of the most interesting towns in East Sussex. The name is probably derived from the old Norman rive^ Latin ripa^ a bank, which well describes its geo- graphical character. It is near the eastern extremity of Sussex, and its situation near the mouth of the Eastern Rother has always given it some degree of commercial importance. It was not originally one of the Cinque-Ports, but in the early Norman RYE. 135 period it was added, with its sister-town of Winchelsea, to that ancient league, the two being designated "nobihora membra Quinque Portuum," and ranking next in order to the five original ports. In every other respect it has for centuries been regarded as equal to the original five ports. As an actual port for com- merce it is the best of the series; most of which, be it said, are no longer ports at all. Some topographers have, without foun- dation, made it the Portus Novus of Ptolemy. The position of the town is somewhat grand and romantic, and from some points of view its fine old church becomes a kind of Acropolis. On entering Rye, the visitor is struck with its medieval appearance ; narrow streets, paved with small boulders like " petrified kid- neys," and antique gabled houses being its chief characteristics. That it was originally insulated appears pretty clear, as the surroimding alluvial soil must have been deposited by salt and fresh water. Of the antiquity of the town we can only guess from inferences, but as it was seated on the Rother, more anciently known as the Limene, and having its outfall much farther to the east, in the neighbourhood of Hythe in Kent, it must have been of some importance for shipmen as early at least as the time of the first Norsemen and Danes. We are told in the Saxon Chronicle, imder the year 893, that 250 Danish ships entered the Limene, and in the year 1822 a discovery was made at Northiam, at a place not far from the present navigable river Rother, which helps to illustrate this point. A ship, pre- sumed to have been one of this fleet, was discovered deeply imbedded in ten feet of mud and sand. She was 65 feet long and 14 feet wide, with cabin and forecastle, and on board of her were found a human skull, a pair of goat's horns, a poinard, the bricks of a fire-hearth, several square ornamental glazed tUes, some pottery, several pairs of shoes or sandals, and many other relics. For speculations on the ancient condition of Rye and its port, see Dugdale's " History of Imbanking," and the late Mr. William Holloway's " History of Rye." The hun- dred or manor of which the town formed part, is called in Domesday Staneings, and like Winchelsea and several other places in Sussex, was given by the Confessor to the Norman abbey of Fecamp, and so continued till 1267, when Henry III. resumed possession, giving the monks in exchange the manor of Cheltenham in the county of Gloucester, and other lands. Rye, like most of our southern ports, has been honoured by several royal visits. King John was there ; so were Edward III., Henry VII., Henry VIII., and Elizabeth. The virgin queen was re- ceived with so much loyalty that she called the town "Rye Royal," on the same occasion that she re-christened Winchelsea as '" Little London." This was in 1573, and, on her entrance 136 HISTORY OF SUSSEX. to the town, being thirsty, she stopped at a little way-side well, and drank. The place is still existing, and is called Queen Elizabeth's spring. A quaint old stone commemorates the event, Charles II. was there too, and so were the two first Greorges, all detained by stress of weather. The rooms occupied by George 11. were in a house at the south-west comer of Middle- street. John Fletcher, the celebrated coadjutor of Beaumont the dramatist, was soii of Richard Fletcher, vicar of Rye, after- wards Bishop of Bristol, and was bom here in 1679. The town was fortified with a stone wall, at an early period ; and need enough,* for it was several times attacked by the French, par- ticularly in the reigns of Richard II. and Henry VI. In the former reign, 1377, the enemy landed with five vessels, and afber having plundered the town, set it on fire. With his cus- tomary exaggeration, the chronicler Stowe, asserts that " within five hours they brought it wholly into ashes, with the church, that then was there of a wonderful beauty, conveying away foure of the richest of that towne prisoners, and slaying sixty-six, left not above eyght in the towne " — ^total population 78 ! Among other spoils they carried off 42 hogsheads of wine. It is matter of congratulation, however, that the church, though some of its masonry has marks of fire, was but slightly injured. In 1447, on the second irruption, the town records are supposed to have been burnt. In the reign of Edward VI., 37 hoys are said to have left the haven at one tide, "and never an Englishman among them." Rye suffered greatly in the 16th and 17th centuries from visitations of the plague and small-pox, which destroyed many hundreds of the inhabitants. In 1662, on the breaking out of the war in France between the Romanists and Huguenots, when Elizabeth sent out a large armament to support the latter, 600 soldiers sailed from Rye. The history of this war is so well known as to require here no farther reference. Rye afterwards became a place of refuge for the harassed Huguenots, and no less than 600 were soon collected here, so that provision could hardly be made for the support of this sudden accession to the popula- tion. After the massacre of St. RYE. 137 numerous entries of their births and burials. Many of the des- cendants remain in and about Rye, but with names so translated, misspelt, and Anglicized, that it is difficult to identify them. The names, however, of the Hamons, Taylors, Dansays, Guerins, Jewins, Valloys, Mercers, Sivyers, Michells, Lyons, Neves, Marrows, Toumays, Saverys, Eeynoldses, Espinettes, Meryons, Gastons, Bournes, Paines, and several others, have long been denizened, in their corrupted orthography, in this part of Sussex, The flagon used by the French congregation was presented in 1860, by the venerable historian of Rye, the late Mr. W. HoUoway, and his wife Sarah, nee Meryon^ to the vicar and churchwardens, and though only of lead, is still preserved among the utensils of the Holy Communion in the parish church. For these and many other details of the foreign Protestants of Rye, as a " city of refuge," I am indebted to the very researchful paper of Mr. W. Durrant Cooper, F.S.A., in the xiii. Vol. of the " Sussex Collections." Besides the grand parish church, Horsfield mentions three small ecclesiastical establishments in Rye; the chapel of St. Clare; the chantry of St. Nicholas, both afterwards used for the deposit of ammunition,"^ and the house of the Friars Eremites of St. Augustine, the chapel of which was also applied to secular uses. Of the last we have little history. The parish church deserves careful examination, as being among the largest and most inter- esting in Sussex. The earliest portions are the central tower, the transepts, and the plain semi-circular arches opening into them from the aisles of the nave. These are early Norman. In both transepts are fragments of a Norman arcade, with the zig-zag moulding. The nave is Transition-Norman. The chancel has a chapel or a subsidary chancel on each side. The east window is rich Perpendicular, filled with what Murray's " Hand- book of Kent and Sussex, p. 249," styles " Harlequin glass." A common tradition makes the communion table one of the spoils of the Spanish Armada, but it is certainly not older than temp. William HI. The north or St. Clare's chapel is Early English, and it must have originally been very striking. The authority just quoted complains that ^^ it is impossible to speak too severely of the present state of this beautifiil chapel, desecrated, neg- lected, damp, and filled with ladders and fire-engines." It might be added that lately (when I last saw it) it was also the receptacle of a pillory and a " cucking-stool," which latter shows that the " good wives " of Rye of yore were rather addicted to scolding, and sometimes required a " ducking " in the river. The south, or St. Nicholas^ chapel, was long used as a school- room for the poor. The church clock, the bells of which are ^ These were doubtless adjuncts to the parochial church. 138 HISTORY OF SUSSEX. struck by a pair of fat gilt cherubs, is said, like the commn- nion-table, to have been the gift of Queen Elizabeth, a statement open to much doubt, though Mr. Octavius Morgan thinks it is the most ancient clock in England still actually doing its work. The big pendulum swinging below attracts the notice of the stranger, as it seems as if intended to beat time to the services of the sanctuary. Near the communion-table is a brass to a civilian, CJ^O0» fidLXttOtlf six times mayor of Rye, and thrice M.P. for the borough, whose " courage, justice, and gravitie " are duly noted. Within this church, too, lies my old tried friend, Charles Hicks, who was also six times mayor, and whose straightforward- ness of character was not inferior to that of Hamon. The church contains several good mural monuments, notably one for John Wollett, Esq., with allegorical figures. Other records of the dead relate to the families of Lamb, Slade, a quo the local anti- quary, George Slade Butler, Esq., E.S.A., Dansays, Haddock Lawrence, CoUett, Hay, Prosser, Davis, Dawes, Procter, Threele, of Lewisham (now called Leasham), Miller, Pinkerton, Watson, Brazier, Morris, Glazier, Francis, Barham, Hounsell, Butler, Haffenden, Chatterton, Backhurst, Odiame, Carleton, Durrant, Hope, Norton, Kennett, Grebbell, and many others " long to rehearse," but see Mr. G. S. Butler, in Vol. xiii. of the " Sussex Collections," where all the inscriptions in the church and church- yard are painstakingly recorded. In St. Clare's chancel is a monument to Allen Grebble, Esq., a member of one of the refugee families, and ten years mayor, who was assassinated in the church-yard in 1742, by a "sanguinary butcher" named Breeds, who slew him in mistake for his brother-in-law, Mr. Thomas Lamb, against whom he had a grudge. Breeds was hung in chains near the west end of the town, and the so-called ^^ chains," an iron frame-work, are still preserved as a relic. The church contains eight bells, dated 1776, with quaint rhymed inscriptions. Besides the church there are two ancient buildings in Eye. The Land-gate, on the north-east of the town, is of noble pro- portions, and forms a picturesque object. When the town was fortified, temp. Edward III., there were two other approaches called Ypres-gate, and Strand-gate, and a small postern at the bottom of Conduit-hill, but these have all disappeared within somewhat recent times, unless, indeed, the first-mentioned was identical with the castellated building still standing on the south- east of the town, on a rocky eminence, overlooking the harbour, and called Ypres Tower. It is a prevalent, but I believe un- founded, notion that this tower was named after William de Ypres, Earl of Kent, temp. King Stephen. This is quite im- probable, since that noble is not known to have had any posses- RYE. 139 sions in Eye, and, secondly, the architecture is of much later date. It seems more likely to have received its name from a family of Tpres who were inhabitants of Rye in the 14th and 15th centuries. The building, which is a strong square pile, with a round tower at each angle, having been repaired, is now used as the borough prison. Rye has returned members to Parliament, as a borough by prescription, since 1369, and per- haps from an earlier date. By the Reform Act of 1832, the number was reduced from two members to one, and in order to return that one it was necessary to bring several of the adjacent parishes within the borough limit. Among more recent repre- sentatives have been, besides numerous members of county fami- lies. Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington, and another well-known soldier. Sir De Lacy Evans. The history of the harbour has been given at large by Hors- field and HoUoway, from the time when Rye was an insulated rock, until our own days, when the port is two miles from the town. Besides the main river Rother, two unimportant streams called the Brede and Tillingham-water, now reach the sea through the harbour. Considerable fisheries exist here, and in the last age smugglers carried on a profitable traffic. From hence, during the French war, newspapers and correspondence were clandestinely conveyed to the Emperor Napoleon. Among other noteworthy inhabitants of Rye, were Samuel Jeake, sen., and his son and grandson of the same names. The former, bom 1623, was a lawyer of eminence and learning, and as I have elsewhere had occasion to say, " He was in politics a roundhead, in religion a nonconformist, and in science almost encyclopaedic." He was author of several works, including a huge volume of arithmetic, of almost 700 folio pages, with the learned title of " Logistikelogia," published under the aus- pices of the Royal Society ; but the book by which he will be best remembered is his very valuable " Charters of the Cinque- Ports," translated with notes in 1678, but not published until 1728. It is the text-book of the customs and liberties of the Ports, and is very scarce. Mr. Jeake was a preacher, and was much persecuted for his religious sentiments. To modern notions it seems incompatible that this truly Christian man should have addicted himself to Astrology and Alchemy ; but so it was, and though he had full faith in what we now deejn ortho- doxy, he like many others believed in these occult sciences, and produced many horoscopes, which are still preserved. He died in 1690. His only surviving child, the second Samuel Jeake, was bom in 1652, and at the age of 19 was acquainted with all his father's studies, and even more. Less wise and more superstitious was he than his father. He was, however, a 140 HISTORY OF SUSSEX. kindly Christian man, and full of schemes. One of these was to marry Elizabeth, the accomplished daughter of Mr. Richard Hartshome, ex-master of the grammar-school of Eye, when she had reached the mature age of 13^ years ! By this marriage he had several children, one of whom, the third Samuel Jeake, like- wise dabbled in astrology, and was known by the vulgar as the " conjuror," but by the more cultivated as " Counsellor Jeake." He was also a mechanical genius, and invented an apparatus to enable him to fly. His failure, however, was as great as that of Icarus, though without the same unlucky result. See notices of the Jeake family, in *^ Sussex Worthies," and HoUoway's " History of Rye." Bryan Twyne, the eminent scholar, was appointed vicar of Rye in 1613, but was chiefly resident at Oxford, of which university he was the champion. See " Sussex Worthies," p. 185. [8. A. C. Town seals, i, 18. xvii, 64. Capt. Cockram, mayor, v, 54, 73. Royal visits, John, i, 135. Edward III., iv, 118. vi, 53. Henry VIII., vi,53. Charles IL, ibid. Georges I. and II. (vide supra.) Miller of, ix,40. The Jeakes, various notices of, ix, 45. xiii, 57, 72, 74, 76, 78. Pillory and cucking-stool, ix, 361 (Lower.) Tradesmen's tokens, x, 209. Cannon at,xi, 152. Atlas maritimus report, xi, 180. Charters of Cinque-Ports, xii, 159. xiii, 76. Oxenbridge of, xii, 203. Plague at, xiii, 57. Town fortified, xiii, 113. Salt-works, xiii, 138. xvii, 30. Protestant refugees, xiii, 180. Vicars and their patrons, and inscriptions in church and church-yard (Butler), xiii, 270-301. French invasion, xiii, 271. Fletchersof, xiii, 277. Appear- ance of spirits in 1607 (Butler)^ xiv, 25. Agincourt, men at, xv, 133. Rye and its inhabitants (Butler )y xvii, 123. Church bells, xvi, 222. Har- bour, xvii, 134. Passage-book of Rye (W. D. Cooper )y xviii, 170. Trial of Breads the murderer of Mr. Grebble, xviii, 188. Whitfeld of, xix, 89. Aliens temp. Henry VIII., xix, 149. Public roads, v, 193. xix, 155, 167. Thomas Palmer's journal, xix, 202. Hays, M.P. of, xx, 223. Venetian traffic to Rye, xx, 224.] SADDLESCOMBE. Now a farm-house merely, but formerly a Preceptory of Knights-Templars, in the parish of Newtimber. It was a manor at the date of Domesday. In Saxon times, Godwin, a priest, had held it of his namesake. Earl Godwin. The assessment was 17 hides, and there were 24 villeins, and 4 bondmen. Ealph held four hides in the same territory, with three villeins and two bondmen. The total value in Saxon times was fifteen pounds, and after the Conquest eleven pounds. Some of the subsequent lords of the manor were Penfont, Browne, Viscounts Montague Poyntz, and the family of Wyndham, of Petworth (Lord Lecon- field). There has been considerable confusion as to the abode SALEHURST. 141 of the Knights-Templars, several authorities having fixed it at Sedlescombe, near Battle in East Sussex ; but it is quite clear that the place now under consideration was the spot. " Sadies- combe " was an extensive manor extending into the parishes of Newtimber, Bolney, Hurst-Pierpoint, and Twineham, and was held of the De Warennes in the 13th and 14th centuries by the powerful family of De- Saye. Among the places to which John, Earl of Warenne, made his memorable claim, by exhibiting the sword with which his ancestor had fought at Hastings, were Newtimber and Sadlescombe. There cannot be much doubt, I think, that the De Sayes founded this establishment for the " half-soldiers, half-monks " of the " Temple of Solomon." Of the history of the Templars here we have few records, but we ascertain from documents that the churches of Southwyke, Woodmancote, and tithes and lands in Kingston-Bowsey, Shore- ham, and other places, were held by the Brethren. On the sup- pression of the Templars in 1309, the Knights-Hospitallers succeeded to their rule and possessions, which they held till the dissolution of the Monasteries. It is interesting to note that among the benefactors to the Templars were members of the families of Scrase and Famcombe, names for centuries identified with Sussex, and still existing in the county. For a full detail of this ancient Preceptory, I must refer to the article by Mr. Blaauw in the ix. volume of the " Sussex Archaeological Col- lections." SALEHURST. Domesday, Salhert; a parish in the Hundred of Henhurst ; Rape of Hast- ings ; distant six miles north from Battle ; Post-town, Hawkhurst. Railway- station, Robertsbridge, in this parish. Population in 1811, 1,653 ; in 1861, 2,014. Benefice, a Vicarage, valued at £625 ; Patron, Charles Hardy, Esq.; Incumbent, Rev. Alexander Orr, M.A., of Oriel College, Oxford. Date of earliest Parish Register, 1575. Acreage, 6,481. Seats, Higham, Iridge, Darvel-bank, and Bernhurst. The population of this parish is considerably increased in consequence of the town of Robertsbridge^ and part of the hamlet of Hurst' Green lying within its boundaries. Those places are mentioned in separate articles. The parish, like most in this district, is beautifully undulated, and variegated with arable, woodland, pasture, and hop-gardens. There are several emin- ences of considerable altitude, which command excellent views, especially Silver Hill. Several old families were connected with the parish. That of Wildigos resided at Iridge ; Higham gave name to a family ; while a branch of the " ubiquitous " Culpepers 142 HISTORY OF SUSSEX. possessed the old gabled mansion called Wigsell. Boxhnlle, now Bugsell, gave name to the family of Sir Alan de Boxhnlle, one of th(B original Knights of the Charter. The family of Dicker were also of some standing in the parish. Fuller particulars of these families and the descent of tiieir estates are given by Hors- field. In more recent days the principal families have been Fowle, Peckham, Micklethwaite, Harcourt, Boys, and Luxford. On the commanding height called SUver-Hill, barracks of great extent were erected during the French war, about the end of the last century. The church (St. Mary) is of various dates, and is a very pic- turesque structure. It contains a nave with aisles, and two chancels. The arches are pointed throughout. The tower, which is lofty and embattled, is entered by a porch at the west end, which also has battlements, and a fine pointed arch. The arms of Echingham, Culpeper, and another are carved on this porch. Within a recess in the south aisle is a large altar tomb, but there is no record of its occupant. In the Wigsell chancel there are some old monuments ascribed to the Culpepers of that estate, but here, as in too many other cases, ^* monuments themselves memorials need." There are tablets and inscriptions with the names of Ashe, Jenkin, Micklethwaite, Peckham, Fowle, Har- court, Snepp, Stevens, Weller, and other families. There is a peal of eight bells, all of modem date. Altogether this is one of the most interesting churches in the district. See also the articles Eobebtsbbidge and Huest-Geeen. [Ironworks, ii, 216. iii, 241. xviii, 15. Church of, xiii, 136. Culpeper family, xiii, 254. BoxhuUe (Bugsell), xv, 152. xviii, 15. xx, 65. Newing- tons of, xvi, 46. Bells, xvii, 223. Cade*s insurrection, xviii, 25. Strodes of, xix, 110. Hays of, xx, 65.] SEAFORD. Vulgo, Saifoord; a parish, extinct Parliamentary Borough, and Cor- poration, a Member of the Cinque port of Hastings, in the Rape of Pevensey ; distant 9^ miles from Lewes, its Post-town. It has a Railway station on the South Coast line. Union, Eastbourne. Popu- lation in 1811, 1,001 ; in 1861, 1,084, though in the "season " the population is much increased ; Benefice, a Vicarage, valued at £240 ; Incumbent, Rev. W. H. Meade Buck. Date of earliest Parish Register, 1558. Acreage, 2,235. Chief LandovmerSyThe Earl of Chichester, Mrs Harison, and Dr. Tyler Smith. Seats, Sutton Place, Mrs. Harison ; Milburgh, J. Purcell Fitz- Gerald, Esq. This small town is rich in historical interest. In Vol. vii. of " Snssex Archaeological Collections ^' I gave the fullest ac- SEAF.ORD. - 143 count of it then practicable, but additions have been made in several subsequent volumes, particularly in Vol. xvii. The locality was early possessed by civilized man. Many traces of Roman occupation occur in the parish. On the cliff, less than a mile eastward of the town, is an earthwork locally called the Roman camp, and a Roman cemetery existed at Green Street, where, about the year 1826, a large number of sepulchral urns were ex- humed. Coins of Hadrian and Pius, and of Antonia, daughter of Mark Antony, have been found here. Seaford was one of the claimants of the honour of being the Civitas Anderida, but that claim has been settled in favour of Pevensey. It has been sug- gested, however, that Seaford is identical with the Mercredes- bum of the Saxon chronicle, where, in 485, a great battle be- tween the South Saxons and the Britons took place. Seaford appears to signify a firth or fiord of the sea, and probably received its present designation from a colony of Norse- men, who called it Sae-Piord, in reference to the bay of the English Channel on which it stands, and to the estuary which formerly extended inland beyond the town. The place is first mentioned, as Sefordt^ in 1068, in connection with the removal of the remains of St. Lewinna, virgin and martyr, who had long previously died at the hands of the pagan Saxons. The remains had been kept in the odour of sanctity at a religious establish- ment called St. Andrew's, probably at Alfriston. The story is given at length in " Sussex Archaeological Collections " VoL i, and also in the " Worthies of Sussex." Soon after the Conquest Seaford became the lordship of Wil- liam de Warenne, and continued in his descendants down to the reign of Edward III., when the family became extinct in the elder line. Chington, however, an important manor and vill in the parish was held, with Pevensey rape, by the family of De Aquila, lords of Pevensey, one of whom gave it to the priory of Michelham.^ King Jolm with his suite passed the night of the 23rd May, 1216, in this town. After the extinction of the De Warennes, Seaford was successively in the hands of the Poy- nings, Pitz-Alan, Mowbray, and Howard families. When it be- came a member of the Cinque Ports is not known : it must cer- tainly liave been so as early as 1229, when it is mentioned first among the limbs of the port of Hastings. Of all the subordinate ports this is the only one which returned members to Parlia- ment. It is long since that Seaford actually possessed a port; the Ouse debouched there from a very early period until the 1 6th century when it was straightened and directed to the village of * In 7th Edw. I., Thomas Therel held a certain serjeanty in Chinting, co. Sussex, by finding one serving man as often as the King should go into Wales, '* or else- where in England," at his own expense for 40 days. During the proprietorship of part of Seaford by the Poynings family, an attempt was made to found a new town in the east- em part of the parish, on a commanding portion of the South Downs overlooking the harbour of Cuckmere. There are traces of buildings extending over many acres, and the site is still known as Poynings Town, A finer site for a town can scarcely be imagined. • Henry VIII. gave a new charter to Seaford investing it with and confirming all Cinque Port privileges, which it stiU enjoys, standing eighth in the roll of that ancient league, and being governed by a recorder, bailiff, jurats, coroner, and the other officials usual in the larger ports. Not long afterwards, in 1545, the French made their final descent upon the town, but were repulsed with disgrace by Sir Nicholas Pelham and an extempo- rized force of townsmen and neighbours. As Sir Nicholas' epi- taph at Lewes informs us, with a quaint pun — " VHiat time the French sought to have sackt Sea-Foord, This Pelham did Te.peVem back aboord." The municipality of Seaford has been duly preserved down to the present day, and is a jurisdiction independent of the county, having courts of assembly, quarter and petty sessions, with a town hall, prison, &c., all, of course, in miniature. The higher criminal causes are usually transferred to the assizes at the county town. The town records, from the year 1562, are in ex- cellent preservation. The Parliamentary history of the borough presents the usual amount of corruption to which such small constituencies were exposed. One of the latest members, 1827, was the celebrated statesman, the Eight Hon. George Canning. At an earlier date William Pitt, the great Earl of Chatham, had represented it. As to matters ecclesiastical, there is a tradition that Seaford formerly had five churches, though there is no evidence of its having ever formed more than one parish, except that it was early united with the adjoining parish of Sutton, which is now SEAFORD. 145 absorbed by it, the ecclesiastical designation being Sntton-cum- Seaford. There may, however, have been five ecclesiastical es- tablishments, viz. : the parish church of Seaford, that of Sutton, the chapel of Chyngton, dependent upon Michelham Priory, the chapel of St. James, attached to a hospital of lepers which ex- isted so early as the 12th century, in the northern outskirts of the town ; and (probably) another chapel attached to a guild within the town, the crypt of which remains in a garden called " The Folly,'^ over which the original town-hall is said to have stood. This crypt has recently been restored in excellent taste by its proprietor, Robertson Griffiths, Esq. Seaford and Sutton are both prebends in Chichester cathedral. The parish church, dedicated to St. Leonard, until lately, con- sisted of a western tower, a nave, north and south aisles, and a modem chancel ; but, in 1862, the building underwent restora- tions, and received the addition of two short transepts and a handsome chancel, terminating in a polygonal apse. The origi- nal architecture was Norman, with insertions of later date, prin- cipally of the Transition period. One of the capitals of the columns, between the nave and the south aisle, is curiously sculptured with the Crucifixion and other subjects, and there is also a slab with an early representation of St. Michael and the Dragon. There are no monuments of early date. Of Sutton church some remains are still traceable in a close near Sutton Place. Sutton and Chyngton (or Chinting) were formerly re- garded as vilh o{ Seaford, and the Corporation seal contains the legend " Sigillvm. Burgensium. de Saffordia — ^with Suttonii, et Chyngton.'' The devices are (obv.) an Eagle for De Aquila, and (rev.) a three-masted ship. Seaford is agreeably situated on the bay to which it gives name, and of which, from the chalk cliffs to the eastward, a beautifiil prospect is obtained, including views of the town and surrounding country, Newhaven harbour, Lewes, &c. The cliffs between the town and Cuckmere are bold and romantic, and on the verge, near the junction of the Chyngton and Sutton farms, is a ledge called " Puck-church parlour," no longer the abode of fairies, but the resort of foxes, ravens, sea-gulls, and peregrine falcons. A hermitage existed on these cliffs in 1372. For many years the town has been resorted to as a quiet retreat for sea-bathers, and recently an impulse has been given to building. Could proper sea-defences be made, and the common lands in front of the town brought into proper order, Seaford would offer one of the best sites imaginable for a watering-place. Were the scheme for a breakwater and harbour of refuge in con- nection with Newhaven carried into effect, this would become the most important point between Dover and Portsmouth, VOL. n. L 146 HISTORY OF SUSSEX. The families of Gratwicke, Elphick, Harison of Sutton, Hnrdis, Bill, &c., have been influential here at various periods. The name of Simmons, formerly Seman, can also be traced for nearly six centuries. Tor shipwrecks, smuggling, and electioneering manoeuvres, for aU which Seaford had a bad reputation, see Horsfield's Sussex, Vol. i, and the articles in S. A. C. [S. A. 0. Seal i, 19. Lewinna St., i, 46. King' John at, i, 136. Lower's memorials of, vii, 73. Lower and Cooper's ditto, xvii, 141. Elphick of Sutton, pedigree, vii, 131. xvi, 47. xvii, 159,259. Harison pedigree, vii, 132. Hurdis pedigree, yii, 134. Sutton, viii, 155. Roman urns, ix, 368, xvii, 141. Cuckmere, smugglers at, x, 81. Medieval pottery, x, 193. Fort, xi, 151. xvii, 147. Cuckmere haven artillery, xi, 151. Hospital of Lepers at, xii, 112, 269. xvii, 162. Churchyard inscriptions, xii, 242. Old family names, xii» 251. Salts and Beamlands, xiii, 47. xvii, 147. Sutton annex- ation of, xiii, 315. Ancient mouth of the Ouse, xv, 164. Cinque-Port privileges, xv, 164. Church bells, xvi, 141, 223. Peter, the Hermit of Seaford, xvii, 143. Chyngton, Phil, of, xvii, 144. Sutton prebendal house burnt by the French, xvii, 147. Wreckers of, xvii, 149. Michelham Priory possessions, &c., xvii, 152. Gratwickes of vii, 129. xvii, 158. Browne, SirAnthony, xvii, 163. Cade's rising, xviii, 18. Civil marriages, xix, 202. Hay, M.P., xx, 65. Human remains found at, (CapU Turner)^ xx, 180. Venetian ships* charts, xx, 225.] ST. LEONARDS (sometimes called St. Leonards-on-Sea). In the Bape of Hastings ; a suburb of Hastings ; it has a Station on the South- Coast Railway. The town of St. Leonards, formerly a small village (if village it conld be called), sprang into importance when Mr. Burton erected a new and fashionable town. This grand undertaking resulted in additional popularity to Hastings proper. St. Leo- nards is situated partly in a valley, which has some pretty scenery inland. The principal range of buildings, called the Marina, extends along the sea front, and there are many agree- able residences around, as also every appliance of a modem watering-place. Theodore Hook, in " Jack Bragg,** thus alludes to St. Leo- nards : — " From the meditation in which he was absorbed, Jack was aroused upon his arrival at that splendid creation of modern art and industry, St. Leonards, which perhaps affords one of the most beautiful and wonderful proofs of individual taste, judgment, and perseverance that our nation exhibits. Under the superintendence of Mr. Burton a desert has become a thickly -peopled town. Buildings of an extensive nature and most elegant character rear their heads where but lately the barren cliffs pre- Bented their sandy fronts to the storm and wave, and rippling streams SEDLESCOMBE. 147 and hanging groves adorn the valley which a few years since was a sterile and shrnbless ravine." Dr. Granville, in liis " Spas of England/^ says : ** The whole of this varied region must be a little paradise to invalids ; and the houses, whether those detached as Italian or Lombard villas with gardens, or those placed in rows like a series of Gothic cottages, all equally desirable, are much sought afber The Victoria Hotel has the appearance of a nobleman's mansion. A wide street runs up on each side of it, leading to other and less regular series of buildings, constituting the town of St. Leonards, and also to that paradise of detached villas to which I have already alluded.^' St. Leonards has really no history until 1828, when Mr. Burton commenced his buildings. It lies partly in the formerly almost extinct parish of St. Leonards, and partly in that of St. Mary Magdalen. Previously to Mr. Burton's purchase, it had be- longed to the families of Lewis and Eversfieid. The parish extends beyond the limits of the Corporation of Hastings. The church was built at private expense in 1831, and the Princess Sophia of Gloucester laid the first stone. SEDLESCOMBE. Domesday, Seleacome; vnlgo, Selzcum; a parish in the Hundreds of Staple and Battle ; Rape of Hastings ; distant three miles north-east from Battle, its Post-town and Railway station. Union, Battle. Popu- lation in 1811, 506 ; in 1861, 703. Benefice, a Rectory, valued at £320 ; Patron, the Lord Chancellor; Incumbent, Rev. Edward Owen, M.A., of Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge. Date of earliest Parish Register, 1558. Acreage, 2,049. Like most of the neighbouring parishes, this has an undu- lating and well-wooded surface. The broad village street, which has some antique houses, is highly picturesque. On the little river Brede there are traces of the iron-works formerly carried on here. Roman remains have been discovered in connection with these works, proving that that enterprising people availed themselves of our mineral treasures. Powder miUs have long existed in the parish. Sir William Burrell, who has been followed by Horsfield and others, confounds this parish with Saddlescombe, in the parish of Newtimber, on the South Downs, which had a Preceptory of Knights Templars. The manor passed from Earl Godwin to his son Harold, and after the Conquest it was held of the Earl of Eu by Walter Fitz-Lambert. In 23rd Edward I. William de Echingham was lord. Henry Hall6, John Wybame, Sir An- L 2 148 HISTORY OF SUSSEX. thony Browne, the Sidneys, and the Sackvilles were successively owners. It now belongs to the Earl de la Warr. Hancox, in this parish, was some time the seat of a junior branch of the Sackvilles ; Great Sanders has for more than three centuries been the estate of the Bishop family ; and Brickwall was, in the seventeenth century, the seat of the Tarendens, wealthy land- owners and iron-masters. This must not be confounded with Brickwall in Northiam. The church (St. John the Baptist) occupies a commanding site. It consists of a chancel, nave with aisles, and west tower, surmounted by a low spire. The chancel arch is semi-circular. In a window over the Hancox pew are the arms of Downton, predecessors of the Sackvilles : Arg, on a chief dancetti Sa. three goats* heads erased of the Firsts attired Or. The building, which in 1866 underwent sound restoration, at a cost of £2,000, con- tains memorials of the Sackville, Bishop, and other families. [8. A. C. Iron-works, ii, 216. Accotmt books of the Everendens and Frewens, iv, 22. xiv, 90. Oxenbridge family, viii, 215. AnAgincourtman, XV, 137. Manor of Morley, xiv, 112. Sackvilles, xiv, 229. xvi, 27. Brede river, xv, 154. Bells, xvi, 223. Tithes to Battle Abbey, xvii, 55. Cade's insurrection, xviii, 25.] SELSCOMBE. (See Sedlescombe.) SEDGWICK. An outlying portion of the parish of Broadwater, in the Forest district between Horsham and Nnthurst. It contains about 160 acres. For two centuries after the Conquest the manor^ which extends into the two parishes above mentioned, belonged to the family of Le Sauvage, lords of Broadwater, who, in 1272, exchanged it with William de Braose for other lands. It passed with Bramber until 1572, and since, by purchase and descent, it has been vested in Caryll, Bennet, Lennox, Tudor, and Nelthorpe. The ancient castle, or hunting seat, which formerly existed here belonged in succession to the Le Sauvages and De Braoses. The park, which surrounded it so lately as 1608, consisted of 624 acres. The building, as appears from the existing remains, was about 200 yards in circuit, and had a double moat. Until within the memory of man much more of the outer walls remained than can now be traced. The vestiges lie within the grounds of Mr. Nelthorpe, of Nuthurst Lodge, who takes due care of them. About 80 yards beyond the outer moat is a supply of water called St. Mary's, or more commonly the Nun's, weU. [8. A. C. Sedgwick Castle {Turner), viii, 31, 40.] SELHAM. SELMESTON. 149 SELHAM. Domesday, Seleham ; a parish on the Western Rother, in the Hundred of Easeboarne ; Eape of Chichester ; distant four miles east from Mid- hurst. Post-town, Petworth. Union, Midhurst. Population in 1811, 71; in 1861, 123. Benefice, a Rectory valued at £150; Patron, Brasenose College, Oxford ; Incumhent, Rev. Robert Blackburn, M. A. of that College. Date of earliest Parish Register, 1565. Acreage, 1,042. The Saxon elements of this name SSl^ a hall, and hdm^ a home, seem to indicate a place of importance. Before the Con- quest the manor was held by Codulf of Earl Godwin — afterwards of ^ Earl Eoger, by Eobert, and his sub-tenant Fulco. In the reign of Henry 11.^ William de Perci held it of the Honour of Arundel. Much later it became the property of the Montagues, from whom it descended to the late W. S. Poyntz, Esq. It now belongs, with the Cowdray estate, to the Earlof Egmont. The church (St. James) consists of chancel, nave, and south aisle. The chancel arch is good Norman. The building has lately been restored and enriched with painted glass. [S. A. C. Domesday watennill,v, 271. xvi, 260. Priory of Calceto had lands in, xi, 104. Bell, xvi, 223. Rents to Battle Abbey, xvii, 65.] 8ELMEST0N. Domesday, Selmestone ; vulgo, Simpson ; a parish in the Hundred of Danehill Horsted ; Rape of Pevensey ; distant seven miles south-east from Lewes, its Post-town, and on the Eastbourne road. Railway station, Berwick, distant about one mile. Union, West Firle. Popu- lation in 1811, 149 ; in 1861, 197. Benefice, a Vicarage, united with Alciston, valued at£208 ; Patrons, the Bishop, and Dean and Chapter of Chichester, altetmis vicis ; Incumbent, Rev. W. Douglas Parish, B.C.L., of Trinity College, Oxford. Date of earliest Parish Register, 1677. Acreage, 1,590. Chief Landowners, Viscount Gage, and James 8kinner, Esq., M.D. Sel-meston seems in some way antithetical to West-meston in Lewes rape (see Westmeston), and Sel (Anglo-Saxon) may have some reference to an ante-Domesday hall here. At the time of the great Survey, William held it of the Earl of More ton, Alfer, a Saxon, having previously been possessor. A church, a priest, and five ministri are mentioned. In 25th Edward I., Eoger Lewknor held the manor of the king by Knights' service, and it remained with his descendants until 44th Elizabeth, when John Wood was lord. More recently it belonged to the family of Eochester, of Ludlay in this parish, and passed with WannocK 150 HISTORY OF SUSSEX. in Jevington. Mays belonged in the 17th century to the family of Nutt, and is now part of Lord Gage's estate. Sherrington, the property of James Skinner, Esq., belonged in early times to the Peverells, and afterwards to John, son of Oliver Brocas, one of the prisoners taken by the French at the battle of Rotting- dean, 1377. It afterwards had a family of its own name, and the heiress of Simon Sherrington married John Selwyn, whose descendants removed about temp, Henry Vil. to Priston. In the 17th century the family of Caldecott possessed it, and from them it passed to the family of the present owner. Tilton (in Domes- day, Telletone) is in this parish, and is now a farm belonging to Lord Gage. In 1403 a party of French marauders came to Selmeston and carried off John Iford, servant of Robert Profoot.
| 33,127 |
https://github.com/leonorino/time-tracker/blob/master/main_window.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
time-tracker
|
leonorino
|
Python
|
Code
| 498 | 2,295 |
import time
from datetime import datetime
import sqlite3
import sys
import matplotlib
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from PyQt5 import uic
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMainWindow, QMessageBox, QWidget
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QListWidgetItem, QSystemTrayIcon, QStyle
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QAction, QMenu
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QTimer
from project_editor import ProjectEditorDialog
from compiled_interfaces import *
matplotlib.use('Qt5Agg')
class SessionListWidget(SessionListWidgetInterface, QWidget):
def __init__(self, *info):
super().__init__()
self.setupUi(self)
self.info = info
self.init_ui()
def init_ui(self):
self.start_time_label.setText(f'Дата начала: {str(self.info[1])}')
self.end_time_label.setText(f'Дата завершения: {self.info[2]}')
self.duration_label.setText(f'Продолжительность: {str(self.info[3])}')
self.task_label.setText(f'Подзадача: {self.info[4]}')
self.project_label.setText(f'Проект: {self.info[5]}')
class MainWindow(MainWindowInterface, QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.setupUi(self)
self.connection = sqlite3.connect('database.sqlite')
self.countdown_start_time = None
self.selected_task = None
self.tasks = list()
self.timer = QTimer(self)
self.timer.timeout.connect(self.update_time_label)
self.init_ui()
def init_ui(self):
self.project_editor_button.clicked.connect(self.show_project_editor)
self.action_button.clicked.connect(self.switch_countdown)
self.records_list.itemDoubleClicked.connect(self.delete_session)
self.tray_icon = QSystemTrayIcon(self)
self.tray_icon.setIcon(self.style().standardIcon(QStyle.SP_ComputerIcon))
show_action = QAction('Развернуть приложение', self)
quit_action = QAction('Закрыть приложение', self)
show_action.triggered.connect(self.show_and_hide_icon)
quit_action.triggered.connect(self.close)
tray_menu = QMenu()
tray_menu.addAction(show_action)
tray_menu.addAction(quit_action)
self.tray_icon.setContextMenu(tray_menu)
self.tray_icon.show()
self.tray_icon.setVisible(False)
self.update_tasks_combobox()
self.update_sessions_list()
def show_project_editor(self):
dialog = ProjectEditorDialog(self.connection)
dialog.exec()
self.update_tasks_combobox()
def update_tasks_combobox(self):
self.task_combobox.clear()
cursor = self.connection.cursor()
QUERY = '''
SELECT tasks.name, projects.name, tasks.id, projects.id FROM
tasks JOIN projects ON projects.id = tasks.project_id
WHERE tasks.is_completed = 0
'''
results = cursor.execute(QUERY).fetchall()
self.tasks = [line[2:] for line in results]
results = [f'{line[0]} ({line[1]})' for line in results]
self.task_combobox.addItems(results)
def switch_countdown(self):
if not self.tasks:
self.statusbar.showMessage('Для начала создайте проект и добавьте в него подзадачи')
self.statusbar.setStyleSheet('background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0)')
return
self.statusbar.showMessage('')
self.statusbar.setStyleSheet('')
if self.countdown_start_time is None:
self.selected_task = self.tasks[self.task_combobox.currentIndex()]
self.countdown_start_time = datetime.now()
self.timer.start()
self.action_button.setText('Стоп')
else:
cursor = self.connection.cursor()
QUERY = '''
INSERT INTO
records(task_id, start_time, end_time, duration)
VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?)
'''
end_time = datetime.now()
cursor.execute(QUERY, (
self.selected_task[0],
self.countdown_start_time.isoformat(),
end_time.isoformat(),
(end_time - self.countdown_start_time).seconds
))
QUERY = '''
UPDATE tasks SET
total_duration = (SELECT SUM(duration) FROM records WHERE task_id=?)
WHERE id = ?
'''
cursor.execute(QUERY, (self.selected_task[0], self.selected_task[0]))
QUERY = '''
UPDATE projects SET
total_duration = (SELECT SUM(total_duration) FROM tasks WHERE project_id = ?)
WHERE id = ?
'''
cursor.execute(QUERY, (self.selected_task[1], self.selected_task[1]))
self.connection.commit()
self.countdown_start_time = None
self.time_label.setText('00:00:00')
self.timer.stop()
self.action_button.setText('Старт')
self.update_sessions_list()
def update_sessions_list(self):
self.records_list.clear()
cursor = self.connection.cursor()
QUERY = '''
SELECT records.id, records.start_time, records.end_time, records.duration, tasks.name, projects.name FROM records
JOIN tasks ON records.task_id = tasks.id
JOIN projects ON tasks.project_id = projects.id
'''
results = cursor.execute(QUERY).fetchall()
for line in results:
widget = SessionListWidget(*line)
item = QListWidgetItem()
item.setSizeHint(widget.minimumSizeHint())
self.records_list.addItem(item)
self.records_list.setItemWidget(item, widget)
def show_and_hide_icon(self):
self.show()
self.tray_icon.setVisible(False)
def update_time_label(self):
if self.countdown_start_time is None:
return
delta_time = datetime.now() - self.countdown_start_time
hours = str(delta_time.seconds // 3600).rjust(2, '0')
minutes = str(delta_time.seconds // 60).rjust(2, '0')
seconds = str(delta_time.seconds % 60).rjust(2, '0')
self.time_label.setText(f'{hours}:{minutes}:{seconds}')
def delete_session(self, item):
dialog = QMessageBox()
dialog.setWindowTitle('Удаление записи')
dialog.setText('Действительно хотите удалить запись?')
dialog.setStandardButtons(QMessageBox.Yes | QMessageBox.No)
result = dialog.exec()
if result == QMessageBox.Yes:
info = self.records_list.itemWidget(item).info
cursor = self.connection.cursor()
QUERY = '''
DELETE FROM records
WHERE id = {}
'''.format(info[0])
cursor.execute(QUERY)
self.connection.commit()
self.update_sessions_list()
else:
return
def closeEvent(self, event):
dialog = QMessageBox()
dialog.setWindowTitle('Точно ли вы хотите закрыть приложение?')
dialog.setText('Да - свернуть, нет - закрыть')
dialog.setStandardButtons(QMessageBox.Yes | QMessageBox.No)
result = dialog.exec()
if result == QMessageBox.Yes:
# Скрываем окно приложения и показываем иконку в трее
self.hide()
self.tray_icon.setVisible(True)
event.ignore()
elif result == QMessageBox.No:
self.connection.close()
event.accept()
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
if event.key() == Qt.Key_Escape:
self.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
main = MainWindow()
main.show()
sys.exit(app.exec())
| 41,194 |
https://github.com/FateRevoked/mage/blob/master/Mage/src/main/java/mage/abilities/keyword/GraftAbility.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
mage
|
FateRevoked
|
Java
|
Code
| 487 | 1,636 |
package mage.abilities.keyword;
import java.util.Locale;
import mage.abilities.Ability;
import mage.abilities.StaticAbility;
import mage.abilities.TriggeredAbilityImpl;
import mage.abilities.effects.Effect;
import mage.abilities.effects.EntersBattlefieldEffect;
import mage.abilities.effects.OneShotEffect;
import mage.abilities.effects.common.counter.AddCountersSourceEffect;
import mage.cards.Card;
import mage.constants.CardType;
import mage.constants.Outcome;
import mage.constants.Zone;
import mage.counters.CounterType;
import mage.filter.common.FilterCreaturePermanent;
import mage.game.Game;
import mage.game.events.GameEvent;
import mage.game.permanent.Permanent;
import mage.target.targetpointer.FixedTarget;
import mage.util.CardUtil;
/**
* 702.56. Graft 702.56a. Graft represents both a static ability and a triggered
* ability. Graft N means, "This permanent enters the battlefield with N +1/+1
* counters on it" and, "Whenever another creature enters the battlefield, if
* this permanent has a +1/+1 counter on it, you may move a +1/+1 counter from
* this permanent onto that creature."
*
* 702.56b. If a creature has multiple instances of graft, each one works
* separately.
*
* @author LevelX2
*/
public class GraftAbility extends TriggeredAbilityImpl {
private static final FilterCreaturePermanent filter = new FilterCreaturePermanent();
private int amount;
private String cardtype;
public GraftAbility(Card card, int amount) {
super(Zone.BATTLEFIELD, new GraftDistributeCounterEffect(), true);
this.amount = amount;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (CardType theCardtype : card.getCardType()) {
sb.append(theCardtype.toString().toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH)).append(' ');
}
this.cardtype = sb.toString().trim();
addSubAbility(new GraftStaticAbility(amount));
}
public GraftAbility(final GraftAbility ability) {
super(ability);
this.amount = ability.amount;
this.cardtype = ability.cardtype;
}
@Override
public boolean checkEventType(GameEvent event, Game game) {
return event.getType() == GameEvent.EventType.ENTERS_THE_BATTLEFIELD;
}
@Override
public boolean checkTrigger(GameEvent event, Game game) {
Permanent sourcePermanent = game.getPermanent(this.getSourceId());
Permanent permanent = game.getPermanent(event.getTargetId());
if (sourcePermanent != null
&& permanent != null
&& !sourcePermanent.getId().equals(permanent.getId())
&& sourcePermanent.getCounters(game).containsKey(CounterType.P1P1)
&& filter.match(permanent, game)) {
for (Effect effect : this.getEffects()) {
effect.setTargetPointer(new FixedTarget(event.getTargetId()));
}
return true;
}
return false;
}
@Override
public GraftAbility copy() {
return new GraftAbility(this);
}
@Override
public String getRule() {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Graft");
sb.append(' ').append(amount).append(" <i>(This ").append(cardtype).append(" enters the battlefield with ")
.append(amount == 1 ? "a" : CardUtil.numberToText(amount))
.append(" +1/+1 counter on it. Whenever a creature enters the battlefield, you may move a +1/+1 counter from this ")
.append(cardtype).append(" onto it.)</i>");
return sb.toString();
}
}
class GraftStaticAbility extends StaticAbility {
private String ruleText;
public GraftStaticAbility(int amount) {
super(Zone.ALL, new EntersBattlefieldEffect(new AddCountersSourceEffect(CounterType.P1P1.createInstance(amount))));
ruleText = new StringBuilder("This enters the battlefield with ").append(amount).append(" +1/+1 counter on it.").toString();
this.setRuleVisible(false);
}
public GraftStaticAbility(final GraftStaticAbility ability) {
super(ability);
this.ruleText = ability.ruleText;
}
@Override
public GraftStaticAbility copy() {
return new GraftStaticAbility(this);
}
@Override
public String getRule() {
return ruleText;
}
}
class GraftDistributeCounterEffect extends OneShotEffect {
public GraftDistributeCounterEffect() {
super(Outcome.Detriment); // because you can move ot also to opponents creature
this.staticText = "you may move a +1/+1 counter from this permanent onto it";
}
public GraftDistributeCounterEffect(final GraftDistributeCounterEffect effect) {
super(effect);
}
@Override
public GraftDistributeCounterEffect copy() {
return new GraftDistributeCounterEffect(this);
}
@Override
public boolean apply(Game game, Ability source) {
Permanent sourcePermanent = game.getPermanent(source.getSourceId());
if (sourcePermanent != null) {
int numberOfCounters = sourcePermanent.getCounters(game).getCount(CounterType.P1P1);
if (numberOfCounters > 0) {
Permanent targetCreature = game.getPermanent(targetPointer.getFirst(game, source));
if (targetCreature != null) {
sourcePermanent.removeCounters(CounterType.P1P1.getName(), 1, game);
targetCreature.addCounters(CounterType.P1P1.createInstance(1), source, game);
if (!game.isSimulation()) {
game.informPlayers("Moved one +1/+1 counter from " + sourcePermanent.getLogName() + " to " + targetCreature.getLogName());
}
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
}
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https://github.com/MikhailArkhipov/vscode-r/blob/master/src/Host/Client/Impl/BrokerServices/SessionsWebService.cs
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,023 |
vscode-r
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MikhailArkhipov
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C#
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Code
| 115 | 363 |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE in the project root for license information.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.Common.Core.Logging;
using Microsoft.R.Host.Protocol;
namespace Microsoft.R.Host.Client.BrokerServices {
public class SessionsWebService : WebService, ISessionsWebService {
private static readonly Uri GetUri = new Uri("/sessions", UriKind.Relative);
private Uri GetSessionUri(string name) {
return new Uri($"{HttpClient.BaseAddress}sessions/{name}");
}
public SessionsWebService(HttpClient httpClient, ICredentialsDecorator credentialsDecorator, IActionLog log)
: base(httpClient, credentialsDecorator, log) { }
public Task<IEnumerable<SessionInfo>> GetAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) =>
HttpGetAsync<IEnumerable<SessionInfo>>(GetUri, cancellationToken);
public Task<SessionInfo> PutAsync(string id, SessionCreateRequest request, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) =>
HttpPutAsync<SessionCreateRequest, SessionInfo>(GetSessionUri(id), request, cancellationToken);
public Task DeleteAsync(string id, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) =>
HttpDeleteAsync(GetSessionUri(id), cancellationToken);
}
}
| 13,870 |
d6bf199bfc15b2a56451caf2d341aaf2_2
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French-Science-Pile
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Open Science
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Various open science
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Negative emotions disrupt intentional synchronization during group sensorimotor interaction. Emotion, 2024, 24 (3), pp.687-702. ⟨10.1037/emo0001282⟩. ⟨hal-04222264⟩
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 6,670 | 12,547 |
Emotion Induction Effect on TIS Differences Between Paired TIS Measurements
A two-way repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to examine the effects of two independent variables, emotion and synchronization levels, on TIS, after controlling for motivational consequences. Descriptive statistics on the main synchronization metrics of different levels are presented in Table S1 in the online supplemental materials. There was a statistically significant interaction between synchronization level and emotion on the TIS, F(4, 170) = 15.99, p,.001, η2p = 0.27. This indicates that the effect of emotion on TIS depends on the level of synchronization and vice versa. The effects of emotion, F(2, 170) = 113.97, p,.001, η2p = 0.57, and synchronization levels, F(2, 170) = 695.20, p,.001, η2p = 0.87, were both statistically significant. However, the effect of the covariate variable, motivational consequence, was not significant, F(1, 170) = 0.01, p =.917, η2p = 0.00. While the simple main effects of emotion were statistically significant at all levels of synchronization (pQ1,.001, pQ2,.001, pQ3,.001), the simple main effects of motivational consequences were all negligible (pQ1 =.759, pQ2 =.893, pQ3 =.844). These results demonstrate that motivation does not explain the variance of the TIS metric. Post hoc pairwise t-test comparisons with Bonferroni correction for Q1 synchronization level revealed that negative emotion was not statistically significantly different from the neutral state (pbonf = 0.202, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [−1.63, 0.06]); negative emotion was significantly different from positive emotion (pbonf = 0.006, [2.68, −0.71]); but no significant difference was found between the neutral state and positive emotion (pbonf
= 0.163, [−1.84, 0.02]). Post hoc pairwise t-test comparisons with Bonferroni correction for Q2 synchronization level revealed that negative emotion was statistically significantly different from the neutral state (pbonf = 0.001, 95% CI = [4.24, −1.45]); negative emotion was significantly different from positive emotion (pbonf, 0.001, [5.20, −2.52]); but no significant difference was found between the neutral state and positive emotion (pbonf = 0.324, [−2.27, 0.24]). Post hoc pairwise t-test comparisons with Bonferroni correction for Q3 synchronization level revealed that negative emotion was statistically significantly different from the neutral state (pbonf, 0.001, 95% CI = [6.67, −4.21]); negative emotion was significantly different from positive emotion (pbonf, 0.001, [7.52, −4.96]); but no significant difference was found between the neutral state and positive emotion (pbonf = 0.468, [−1.93, 0.33]). Taken together, the post hoc results across different synchronization levels indicate that participants’ time spent in synchrony significantly deteriorated after negative emotion induction. Moreover, Figure 4A depicts that with the transition to higher synchronization levels, the disruptive effect of negative emotion induction on TIS becomes increasingly more salient. Conversely, while the induction of positive emotions contributed to time spent in synchrony and yielded the highest scores across all synchronization levels, the gain was not substantial compared to neutral induction. We performed a pseudo-synchrony check to test whether the obtained results were due to chance. After shuffling trials, the repeated measures ANOVA did not detect a significant main effect Given the recommendations of Weissgerber et al. (2015), we demonstrate violin plots with differences between paired measurements for time intentionally spent in synchrony (Figure 4B). The median differences between emotion induction pairs are measured in seconds and represent the Q1 level for negative–neutral (Mdn = −0.87), negative–positive (Mdn = −2.30), and neutral–positive (Mdn = −0.88); Q2 level for negative–neutral (Mdn = −3.19), negative–positive (Mdn = −4.20), and neutral–positive (Mdn = −0.37); Q3 level for negative–neutral (Mdn = −5.55), negative–positive (Mdn = −6.48), and neutral–positive (Mdn = −0.75) emotion. Notably, all medians have a negative sign. In addition to negative medians, the distributions are skewed toward negative values. These outcomes reveal that the results for all three pairs of emotions are consistent, albeit to varying degrees, with our hypothesis regarding the expected effects of emotion induction. However, not every triad was prone to emotion induction by the same token. Indeed, there is a curious pattern comparing paired differences between the neutral and positive emotion induction pairs (Figure 4B). In fact, some pairs (e.g., neutral–positive Q1 and Q2 levels) have no data points around the median. This illustrates that our sample can be bimodal. In essence, the neutral and positive paired differences visualization shows two types of groups: the groups with paired differences far below the median that reacted in accordance with our hypothesis and the other group with paired differences far above the median for whom emotion induction had an opposite effect. This represents a promising avenue for uncovering individual sensitivity to emotion induction procedure meaning to what extent some individuals are prone to a particular emotion induction. Emotion Induction Effect on TTS
A two-way repeated-measures ANCOVA was planned to examine the effects of two independent variables, emotion and synchronization levels, on TTS, after controlling for motivational consequences. However, we could not perform the analysis because (a) while all the triads achieved a Q2 synchronization level after the neutral state and positive emotion inductions, eight triads did not attain the Q2 level after negative emotion induction and (b) while almost half the triads did not attain the Q3 level after the neutral state and positive emotion induction, none attained the Q3 level after negative induction creating a fully missing variable (Figure S1 in the online supplemental materials). This result further consolidates and stresses the perturbing effect of negative emotion on interpersonal finger synchronization.
Emotion Induction Effect on Pleasure, Arousal, and Motivational Consequences
A nonparametric Friedman test of differences among SAM pleasure repeated measures between negative emotion (Mdn = 1.73, IQR = 1.95), neutral state (Mdn = 2.00, IQR = 1.62), and positive emotion (Mdn = 2.47, IQR = 1.05) was conducted and rendered a chi-square value of 7.06 which was statistically significant (p =.029) indicating that there were differences between at least two different emotion induction conditions. A small effect size was detected (W = 0.18).
Figure 4 The Impact of Emotions on Movement is Illustrated by (A) TIS Violin Plots for Q1, Q2, and Q3 Synchronization Levels and (B) Differences in Paired TIS Measurements Depicted Using Flat Violin Plots Note. (A) The red error bars are quantified with the standard error of the mean. Each triad’s data points are connected with dashed lines. (B) The black dashed line indicates the hypothesis threshold, where the values lower than 0 align with the hypothesis (black data points), and the values above 0 contradict the hypothesis (red data points). The black vertical crossbars indicate medians of emotion pairs. TIS = time-in-sync; Q1 = first quartile; Q2 = second quartile (median); Q3 = third quartile; NS = non-significant. In the print version, the error bars colored in red will appear in a lighter shade. See the online article for the color version of this figure.
* p
,.05.
** p,.01. *** p,.001. Pairwise
Wilco
xon signed-rank test of differences among SAM pleasure values revealed statistically nonsignificant differences between negative emotion and neutral state (Z = 46, p =.087); significant differences between negative emotion and positive emotion (Z = 35, p =.022); and nonsignificant differences between the neutral state and positive emotion (Z = 38.5, p =.073). The results indicate that SAM pleasure values were significantly improved after positive emotion induction and diminished after
negative emotion induction. A nonparametric Friedman test of differences among SAM arousal repeated measures between negative emotion (Mdn = 0.90, IQR = 1.58), neutral state (Mdn = 1.00, IQR = 1.63), and positive emotion (Mdn = 1.03, IQR = 1.68) was conducted and rendered a chi-square value of 2.18 which was statistically nonsignificant ( p,.336) of a small effect size was detected (W = 0.06). This outcome suggests that the emotion induction manipulations did not produce self-conscious and substantial changes in arousal. A nonparametric Friedman test of differences among motivational consequences repeated measures between negative emotion (Mdn = 6.78, IQR = 0.92), neutral state (Mdn = 6.97, IQR = 1.17), and positive emotion (Mdn = 7.03, IQR = 0.97) was conducted and rendered a chi-square value of 9.66 which was statistically significant (p =.008) indicating that there were differences between at least two different emotion induction conditions. A small effect size was detected (W = 0.24). Pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test performed on motivational consequences revealed statistically nonsignificant differences values between negative emotion and neutral state (Z = 69, p = 1.000); significant differences between negative emotion and positive emotion (Z = 19, p =.021) and between the neutral state and positive emotion (Z = 20, p =.014). These results indicate that motivational consequence values were significantly enhanced after positive emotion induction.
Emotion Induction Effect on Interpersonal Heart Synchronization Emotion Induction Effect on Order
Parameter A nonparametric Friedman test of differences among repeated measures between negative emotion (Mdn = 0.55, IQR = 0.04), neutral state (Mdn = 0.55, IQR = 0.03), and positive emotion (Mdn = 0.55, IQR = 0.02) was conducted and rendered a chi-square value of 18.20 which was not statistically significant (p =.522) and of a small effect size (W = 0.03). These results reveal no significant differences between different emotion induction conditions. Finally, the Kuramoto order parameter values for interpersonal synchrony for physiological modality were considerably lower than one found for behavioral modality (Figure 5). A Wilcoxon ranksum test conducted on trial medians indicated that the finger order parameter values, Mdn = 0.88, were statistically significantly higher than the heart order parameter values, Mdn = 0.53, W = 86,988, p,.001, r̂rankbiserial = 0.94, 95% CI [0.91; 0.96], nobs = 599. The implications of this finding are further discussed. Emotion Induction Effect on TIS Mauchly’s test of sphericity indicates that the assumption of sphericity has been violated, χ2(2) = 0.64, p =.019. Therefore,
Figure 5 Density Plots Demonstrating Distributions of Trial Median Values of Heart and Finger Order Parameters Note. See the online article for the color version of this figure.
the
repeat
ed measures A
NOVA with Greenhouse–Geiser correction conducted between negative emotion (M = 14.92, SD = 0.46), neutral state (M = 14.76, SD = 0.45), and positive emotion (M = 14.90, SD = 0.68) did not reveal a significant main effect of emotion induction on TTS, F(1.47, 27.99) = 0.34, p =.651, η2g = 0.02.
Emotion Induction Effect on TTS Repeated measures ANOVA
conducted
between negative emotion (M = 5.64, SD = 2.71), neutral state (M = 5.85, SD = 3.77), and positive emotion (M = 5.52, SD = 2.99) did not reveal a significant main effect of emotion induction on TTS, F(2, 24) = 0.56, p =.577, η2g = 0.03. Discussion Behavioral Modality
The current study examined the effect of emotion induction based on success–failure manipulation on intentional interpersonal synchronization. Results indicated that negative emotion induction substantially perturbed intentional finger synchronization. The results of three measures contributed to this conclusion. First, the negative emotion induction considerably reduced the raw order parameter values relative to the neutral state and positive emotion. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between the neutral state and positive emotion. Second, negative emotion induction shortened the time spent in Q1 synchronization—TIS measure—relative to positive emotion by 2.3 s. Although TIS post hoc pairwise comparisons confirmed the significant differences only between negative and positive emotion inductions, differences between paired measurements demonstrated alignment with our hypothesis for the other two emotion induction pairs. Indeed, the neutral state improved the TIS values after negative emotion and positive emotion improved the TIS values after neutral state induction by almost 1 s for each pair. Moreover, TIS Q2 and Q3 synchronization levels (Figure 4A) depicted that, like in order parameter values, the negative emotion induction significantly shortened time spent in synchrony relative to both neutral state and positive emotion. In line with the Q1 order parameter results, neither the Q2 nor Q3 synchronization levels exhibited meaningful differences between the neutral state and positive emotion. Third, the time necessary to attain synchronization—TTS measure—was not significant for either of the synchronization levels. Nevertheless, the higher the synchronization level, the more prominent the difficulty in attaining synchronization after the induction of negative emotions (Figure S1 in the online supplemental materials). As a matter of fact, while all the triads reached the Q2 synchronization level after the induction of a neutral state and positive emotion, almost half of the triads did not reach the Q2 level after negative emotion induction (Table S1 in the online supplemental materials). Remarkably, no triad achieved a Q3 synchronization level after the negative emotion induction. Hypothesis 1: The induction of negative emotions will result in lower synchronization scores than the neutral state (i.e., lower TIS and higher TTS metrics). We examined whether negative emotion induction leads to synchronization impairment and generates the lowest synchronization scores of the three experimental conditions. Supporting Hypothesis 1, we demonstrate a consistent results pattern between order parameter values and TIS concerning dropped synchronization scores after negative emotion induction. We noted an absence of significant effect in the TIS pseudo-synchrony check, as well as difficulties in attaining synchronization for TTS Q2 and Q3 levels after the induction of negative emotions, which we conclude as confirmation of our first research hypothesis. One possible explanation for the finding is that the processing of negative emotions increases cognitive load. Motivation and individual cognitive resources moderate interpersonal emotional effects, in which mental effort is positively associated with the predictive power of affective reactions (van Kleef, 2009). Moreover, increased cognitive demand for negative emotions, such as anxiety, hindered fluid cognition, and the ability to process the demands of unusual tasks and offered innovative solutions (Moran, 2016). However, in the present experiment, the task of cyclic sensorimotor interaction did not require a creative mental effort but exploited concentration to a greater extent. Moreover, if negative emotions are the cause, then mental efforts associated with processing positive emotions should not increase. Yet, positive emotions have also been found to intensify mental efforts (Um et al., 2012). For these reasons, the cognitive load explanation is not entirely convincing in this experiment, and future research should explore in depth the triangular relationship between participants’ cognitive resources, synchronization task requirements, and the mental effort associated with processing different emotions. Hypothesis 2: The induction of positive emotions will result in higher synchronization scores than the neutral state (i.e., higher TIS and lower TTS metrics). In line with our previous study (Smykovskyi et al., 2022), we verified whether positive emotion strengthens synchronization and generates the highest synchronization scores. We did not detect a statistically significant improvement in positive emotion induction with respect to the neutral state. One explanation is that the intentional nature of the task allows for different outcomes. In contrast with our previous study, an improvisational task in which participants spontaneously synchronized, the present experiment was more controlled, and the synchronization of movement oscillations was performed intentionally. Possibly, while spontaneous synchronization is more prone to changes in positive emotion, intentional synchronization is more sensitive to negative emotion. However, we lean toward another explanation, which is a difference in the perceived relevance of emotion induction. In fact, in our preceding study, the participants were engaged in an activity they considered personally relevant (i.e., dancing for dancers). For this reason, the emotion induction based on success–failure feedback was conceivably high. By contrast, the activity of the present study (i.e., fingertapping) was not considered personally relevant. Improving the relevance of emotion induction will potentially enhance the magnitude of differences. Indeed, despite the absence of a significant effect, positive emotion induction yielded the highest synchronization scores across all major indicators (i.e., order parameter, TIS Q1, TIS Q2, TIS Q3). This exploration suggests that the higher the perceived relevance of emotion induction, the greater the effect on movement synchronization, at least up to a certain threshold.
Psychological Modality
Some readers may challenge our view by insisting that the observed effects on behavioral modality can be due to an improved motivation to perform the task and not due to emotion induction. Social psychologists clearly distinguish motivation and emotion as separate theoretical constructions. However, it is unrealistic to separate the two entities in practice. In fact, motivation and emotion use the same neural circuitry (Lang & Bradley, 2010). Moreover, the insistence of some theories (e.g., Frijda et al.’s 1989 action tendencies) on motivation to engage in specific activity (i.e., anger to fight and fear to flight) further emphasizes the complexity of distinguishing these two theoretical constructions. Emotions are intrinsically motivational. According to Elliot’s (1999) approach–avoidance motivation distinction, the former entails inclination toward a desired stimulus, and the latter constitutes withdrawal from an undesired stimulus. Just as anger could incite aggressive behavior toward a source of danger, fear can incite moving away from the danger. More specifically to our study, while some might react to the personalized social feedback “[NAME], you were chosen the worst” with anger and an amplified will to perform the task (i.e., approach), others might react with indifference, detachment and even sabotage (i.e., avoidance). That is why we introduced the motivational consequence question that detects the dynamics of approach and avoidance mindset. Moreover, motivation was used as a covariate of the TIS metric and yielded nonsignificant results. We found that, relative to the neutral state, the negative emotion induction did not deflect the will to engage in future activities. At the same time, participants reported higher approach scores after positive emotion induction. This is important because fostering the approach motivation allows for generating cohesive groups. With respect to psychological dynamics captured with the SAM scale as a response to systematic emotion induction, we observed alterations in pleasure but not arousal scores. These results are consistent with our previous study (Smykovskyi et al., 2022) and are in line with previous literature (Joseph et al., 2020; Nummenmaa & Niemi, 2004). Evidently, the valence dimension can be robustly targeted with personalized success–failure feedback manipulations. Taken together with behavioral results, we conclude that the emotion induction of the present study was successful. Interestingly, unlike our previous study, the present results confirm a well-established negativity bias (Joseph et al., 2020; Rozin & Royzman, 2001). In the task of low personal relevance, negative emotion induction is more efficient and generates changes of higher magnitude than positive induction. heart rate varies between 60 and 90 beats per minute (Ostchega et al., 2011), and cardiac activity is characterized by small intrinsic variability (Constant et al., 1999). We demonstrated that the Kuramoto order parameter values are visibly diminished for physiological modality (Figure 5). Arguably, in addition to the phase analysis, the two most common techniques to detect synchronization are correlational and recurrence quantification analyses. While the former averages out the meaningful dynamics, which was shown to be the essence of synchronization (Mayo & Gordon, 2020), the latter could not be performed on our data due to insufficient data points—that is, heartbeats—during 20 s trials. Consequently, we encourage future research to establish synchronization-detection algorithms depending on the nature of the data. Implications Physiological Modality
In relation to the effect of emotion inductions on physiological modality, synchronization scores of interpersonal heart activities were not meaningfully different. This result is consistent with our previous study (Smykovskyi et al., 2022). In our previous experiment, participants were standing and moving. In such a context, the movement typically affects to a greater extent the autonomic nervous system (ANS) rather than social comparison feedback. To control for the movement bias, the participants were seated in the present experiment. Indeed, gross movements were excluded, and participants only moved their index fingers. The present results corroborate that movement was not a bias in our previous study. The explanation is twofold. On the one hand, we could interpret that the effect of emotion induction was not strong enough to produce discernable changes in heart rate activity. In fact, Wallot et al. (2016) already evidenced a lack of heart rate synchrony during a joint action activity. Notwithstanding the evidence, the authors emphasized the lack of strong emotional reaction to the task as a possible explanation for the absence of physiological sync. Indeed, when the emotional response is strong, such as the connection between relatives in a firewalking ritual (Konvalinka et al., 2011), the between-person heart rate activity tends to synchronize. One of the future avenues of research on interpersonal synchronization is to determine the threshold of emotional intensity, after which one can detect cardiac attunement between people. On the other hand, it is possible that the physiological response was indeed triggered. However, while order parameter analysis was suitable for identifying behavioral synchronization, it failed to detect physiological attunement. The evidence of between-person physiological synchrony is robust and was recently stressed in three literature reviews (Kazi et al., 2021; Mayo et al., 2021; Palumbo et al., 2017). Moreover, empirical evidence of heart rate synchronization during joint action is ample (e.g., BaranowskiPinto et al., 2022; Lange et al., 2022; Tomashin et al., 2022). In our experiments, we performed the same Kuramoto order parameter analysis to homogenize the analysis across behavioral and physiological modalities. While movement variation can be considerable, heart rate changes are subtler and are bounded within physiological limits. Specifically, voluntary changes in movement can easily adjust interpersonal finger synchronization, but heart rate cannot change as dynamically because the changes are gradual and relatively slower. For instance, an adult American’s average resting From a theoretical perspective, this article produces empirical justification for including emotion in the human synchronization models to better understand interpersonal behavior and coordination. Our results empirically support Sapolsky’s (2017) claim that negative emotions constitute the mechanism for social detachment. In the long run, interpersonal emotion research will also contribute to the field of social opinion engineering (Bernays, 1928) through collective effervescence (Durkheim & Fields, 1995). From an applied perspective, the results of this research can be used in the facilitation of autism spectrum disorder adaptations (Manders et al., 2021) and in techniques improving interpersonal bonding (Fuchs & Koch, 2014) by encouraging instances of congruent rhythmical behavior to generate shared positive emotions. Also, we have demonstrated the necessity of choosing an interpersonal synchronization detection analysis that is data-dependent (i.e., small intrinsic variability of cardiac activity and large variability of movements). Finally, these findings will contribute to the current technology trend that emphasizes the development of emotion-aware devices that promote student learning (Feidakis, 2016; Muñoz et al., 2020), facilitate decision-making on the battlefield environment (Lin et al., 2019), assists in healthy aging (Mieleszczenko-Kowszewicz et al., 2022) and more generally increases wellbeing and quality of life (Zhou et al., 2007).
Constraints on Generality
Our findings provide evidence of the emotional effect on rhythmic interaction in participants who were induced with success–failure manipulations. Given that this effect has been observed for a range of participants in a series of experiments on spontaneous and intentional synchronization in our laboratory, we expect our result to generalize to other contexts in which persons are engaged in rhythmical tasks as long as participants genuinely experience emotional states (i.e., the emotion induction method does not sacrifice ecological validity). One limitation of the present work is that the task is constrained. This was identified as a common weak spot of interpersonal coordination research (Bente & Novotny, 2020). While it is true that the present task is structured to movements only in one dimension, it allows for a controlled experimental design and a reliable answer to our research question of the effect of emotion induction on intentional group synchronization. Future studies shall focus on moving toward more naturalistic tasks. Finally, we expect that individual and cross-cultural differences may moderate the observed experimental findings. In this study, we accounted for personality traits (i.e., neuroticism and extraversion), emotional contagion, and mood, but given the lack of significant explanatory contribution to the analysis, these variables were left out of the scope of this article.
Conclusions
In this article, we demonstrated that emotion induction altered participants’ movement oscillations in an intentional finger-tapping task. Negative emotions influenced detrimentally interpersonal synchronization performance. This is a piece of empirical evidence that negative emotion may function as an instrument of restraint and protection, manifested by a tendency of withdrawal from undesired social interaction and revoking affiliation. Therefore, to unravel why and how humans synchronize, emotion is a key variable for seizing the dynamics of interpersonal coupling alongside perceptual interaction.
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longcheng
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Longcheng
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longcheng&action=history
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Ang Longcheng ngalan niining mga mosunod:
Republikang Popular sa Tsina
Longcheng (lungsod sa Republikang Popular sa Tsina), Hunan Sheng,
Longcheng Qu, gatos, Liaoning Sheng,
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2016-03
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Republikang Popular sa Tsina
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Linear Classifiers in Product Space Forms
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Puoya Tabaghi, Chao Pan, Eli Chien, Jianhao Peng, Olgica Milenkovic
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††⋆Corresponding author
# Linear Classifiers in Product Space Forms
Puoya Tabaghi†,⋆ tabaghi2@illinois.edu Chao Pan† chaopan2@illinois.edu Eli
Chien† ichien3@illinois.edu Jianhao Peng† jianhao2@illinois.edu Olgica
Milenković†milenkov@illinois.edu †Coordinated Science Lab, ECE Department
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
###### Abstract
Embedding methods for product spaces are powerful techniques for low-
distortion and low-dimensional representation of complex data structures.
Here, we address the new problem of linear classification in product space
forms — products of Euclidean, spherical, and hyperbolic spaces. First, we
describe novel formulations for linear classifiers on a Riemannian manifold
using geodesics and Riemannian metrics which generalize straight lines and
inner products in vector spaces. Second, we prove that linear classifiers in
$d$-dimensional space forms of any curvature have the same expressive power,
i.e., they can shatter exactly $d+1$ points. Third, we formalize linear
classifiers in product space forms, describe the first known perceptron and
support vector machine classifiers for such spaces and establish rigorous
convergence results for perceptrons. Moreover, we prove that the Vapnik-
Chervonenkis dimension of linear classifiers in a product space form of
dimension $d$ is _at least_ $d+1$. We support our theoretical findings with
simulations on several datasets, including synthetic data, image data, and
single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. The results show that
classification in low-dimensional product space forms for scRNA-seq data
offers, on average, a performance improvement of $\sim 15\%$ when compared to
that in Euclidean spaces of the same dimension.
Keywords: Classification, Embeddings, Perceptrons, Product Space Forms, SVMs,
VC dimension
## 1 Introduction
Many practical datasets lie in Euclidean spaces and are thus naturally
represented and processed using Euclidean geometry. Nevertheless, non-
Euclidean spaces have recently been shown to provide significantly improved
representations compared to Euclidean spaces for various data structures
(Bronstein et al., 2017) and measurement modalities — e.g., metric and non-
metric (Tabaghi and Dokmanić, 2020; Tabaghi et al., 2020). Examples include
_hyperbolic spaces_ , suitable for representing hierarchical data associated
with trees (Nickel and Kiela, 2017; Sala et al., 2018; Tifrea et al., 2018),
as well as human-interpretable images (Khrulkov et al., 2020); _spherical
spaces,_ which are well-suited for capturing similarities in text embeddings
and cycle-structures in graphs (Meng et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2018). Another
important development in non-Euclidean representation learning are methods for
finding good mixed-curvature representations for various types of complex
heterogeneous datasets (Gu et al., 2018). All three spaces considered —
hyperbolic, Euclidean, and spherical have _constant curvatures_ but differ in
their curvature sign (negative, zero and positive, respectively).
Despite these recent advances in nontraditional data spaces, almost all
accompanying learning approaches have focused on (heuristic) neural networks
in constant curvature spaces (Bachmann et al., 2020; Ganea et al., 2018;
chami2019hyperboli; Liu et al., 2019; Shimizu et al., 2020; Dai et al., 2021).
The fundamental building block of these neural networks, the perceptron, has
received little attention outside the domain of learning in Euclidean spaces.
Exceptions include two studies of linear classifiers (perceptrons and SVMs) in
purely hyperbolic spaces (Cho et al., 2019; Weber et al., 2020). Although
discussed within a limited context in (Skopek et al., 2020; Bachmann et al.,
2020), classification in product spaces remains largely unexplored, especially
from a theoretical point of view and for specific emerging data formats.
Our contributions are as follows. We address for the first time the problem of
designing linear classifiers for product space forms (and more generally, for
geodesically complete Riemannian manifolds) with provable performance
guarantees. Product space forms arise in a variety of applications in which
graph-structured data captures both cycles and tree-like entities; examples of
particular interest include social networks, such as the Facebook network for
which product spaces reduce the embedding distortion by more than $30\%$ when
compared to Euclidean or hyperbolic spaces alone (Gu et al., 2018); multiomics
datasets which contain information about both cellular regulatory networks and
cycles, as discussed in (Tabaghi et al., 2020). An important property of
product spaces is that they are endowed with logarithmic and exponential maps
which play a crucial role in combining classifiers for simple space forms and
establishing rigorous performance results. The key ideas behind our analysis
are to define separation surfaces in constant curvature spaces directly,
through the use of geodesics on Riemannian manifolds, to introduce metrics
that render distances in different spaces compatible with each other, and to
integrate them into one signed distance. We supplement these analyses with
proofs that demonstrate that linear classifiers for $d$-dimensional space
forms shatter $d+1$ points, regardless of the curvature, linear classifiers
for $d$-dimensional product space forms shatter _at least_ $d+1$ points. A
particular distance-based classifier, the product space form perceptron, is
extremely simple to implement, flexible and it relies on a small number of
parameters. The new perceptron comes with provable performance guarantees
established via the use of indefinite kernels and their Taylor series
analysis. The outlined proof technique significantly departs from the ones
used in purely hyperbolic spaces (Cho et al., 2019; Weber et al., 2020) and it
allows for generalizations to SVMs. From the practical point of view, we
demonstrate that the proposed product space perceptron offers excellent
performance on both synthetic product-space data and real-world datasets, such
as the MNIST (LeCun et al., 1998) and Omniglot (Lake et al., 2015) datasets,
but also more complex structures such as CIFAR-100 (Krizhevsky et al., 2009)
and single-cell expression measurements (Zheng et al., 2017; Hod, July 7th,
2020; PBM, July 7th, 2020), which are of paramount importance in computational
biology.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 and 3 we review special
representations of linear classifiers in $d$-dimensional constant curvature
spaces, i.e., Euclidean, hyperbolic and spherical spaces, and prove that
distance-based classifiers have the same expressive power, independent on the
curvature of underlying space: Their Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimension equals
$d+1$. Section 4 contains our main results, a description of an approach for
generalizing linear classifiers in space forms to product spaces, the first
example of a product space form perceptron algorithm that performs provably
optimal classification in a finite number of steps and the first
implementation of a product space form SVM algorithm. Section 5 and the
Appendix contain our simulation results, pertaining to synthetic, MNIST,
Omniglot, and CIFAR-100 data sets. Proofs are delegated to the Appendix unless
the insight gained from them is useful for understanding the described
algorithmic solutions.
## 2 Linear Classifiers in Euclidean Space
Finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces are inner product vector spaces over
$\mathbb{R}$, the set of reals. In contrast, hyperbolic and (hyper)spherical
spaces do not have the structure of a vector space. Therefore, we first have
to clarify what linear classification means in spaces with nonzero curvatures.
To introduce our approach, we begin by redefining Euclidean linear classifiers
in terms of commonly used concepts in differential geometry such as geodesics
and Riemannian metrics (Ratcliffe et al., 1994). This novel formulation allows
us to $(1)$ present a unified view of the classification procedure in metric
spaces that are not necessarily vector spaces; $(2)$ formalize _distance-
based_ linear classifiers in space forms, i.e., classifiers that label data
points based on their _signed distances_ to the separation surface (Section
3); and $(3)$ use the aforementioned classifiers as canonical building blocks
for linear classifiers in product space forms discussed in Section 4.
In a linear (more precisely, affine) binary classification problem we are
given a set of $N$ points in a Euclidean space and their binary labels, i.e.,
$(x_{n},y_{n})\in\mathbb{R}^{d}\times\left\\{-1,1\right\\}$ for
$n\in[N]\overset{\text{def}}{=}\left\\{1,\ldots N\right\\}$. The goal is to
learn a linear classifier that produces the most accurate estimate of the
labels. We define a linear classifier with weight $w\in\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and
bias $b\in\mathbb{R}$ as
$l^{{\mathbb{E}}}_{b,w}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}(w^{\top}x+b),$ (1)
where $\left\lVert w\right\rVert_{2}=1$ and $l^{{\mathbb{E}}}_{b,w}(x)$
denotes the estimated label of $x\in\mathbb{R}^{d}$ for the given classifier
parameters $b,w$. The expression (1) may be reformulated in terms of a point-
line pair as follows: Let $p$ be any point on the decision boundary and $w$ a
normal vector; see Figure 1 (left). Then, we have
$l^{{\mathbb{E}}}_{b,w}(x)=\ \mathrm{sgn}(\langle w,x-p\rangle),$ (2)
where $b=-p^{\top}w$ and $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle$ stands for the standard
dot product. To see how this definition may be generalized, note that the
linear classifier returns the sign of the inner product of tangent vectors of
two straight lines, namely
$\gamma_{p,x}(t)=(1-t)p+tx\ \mbox{ and }\gamma_{n}(t)=p+tw,$ (3)
at their point of intersection $p\in\mathbb{R}^{d}$ (Figure 1).111The unique
intersection point can be translated without inherently changing the
classifier. However, for general Riemannian manifolds, the classifier
structure depends on this unique intersection point. Here, $\gamma_{n}$ is the
normal line and $\gamma_{p,x}$ is the line determined by $p$ and the point $x$
whose label we want to determine. Note that these lines are smooth curves
parameterized by $t\in[0,1]$ (or an open interval in $\mathbb{R}$), which we
interpret as _time_.
Figure 1: Linear classifiers in a Euclidean space (left) and on a Riemannian
manifold (right).
The linear classifier in (2) can be reformulated as
$l^{{\mathbb{E}}}_{b,w}(x)=\
\mathrm{sgn}(\langle\frac{d}{dt}\gamma_{p,x}(t)|_{t=0},\frac{d}{dt}\gamma_{n}(t)|_{t=0}\rangle),$
where the derivative of a line $\gamma(t)$ at time $0$ represents the _tangent
vector_ (or velocity) at the point $p=\gamma(0)$. This particular formulation
leads to the following intuitive definition of linear classifiers in Euclidean
spaces, which can be individually generalized for hyperbolic and spherical
spaces.
###### Definition 1.
A linear classifier in Euclidean space returns the sign of the inner product
between tangent vectors of two straight lines described in (3) that meet at a
unique point.
Often, we are interested in large-margin Euclidean linear classifiers for
which we have $y_{n}\langle w,x_{n}-p\rangle\geq\varepsilon$, for all
$n\in[N]$, and some margin $\varepsilon>0$. For distance-based classifiers, we
want $\varepsilon$ to relate to the distance between the points $x_{n}$ and
the separation surface. For the classifier in (2), the distance between a
point $x\in\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and the classification boundary, defined as
$H_{p,w}=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{d}:\langle w,x-p\rangle=0\right\\}$, can be
computed as
$\min_{y\in H_{p,w}}d(x,y)={\left|\langle
w,x-p\rangle\right|}={\left|w^{\top}x+b\right|}.$
Note that in the point-line definition (2), the point $p$ can be anywhere on
the decision boundary and it has $d$ degrees of freedom whereas $b$ from
definition (1) is a scalar parameter. Therefore, we prefer definition (1) as
it represents a distance-based Euclidean classifier with only $d+1$ free
parameters — $w$ and $b$ — and a norm constraint, $\langle w,w\rangle=1$. In
the next section, we show that distance-based classifiers in $d$-dimensional
space forms of any curvature can be defined with $d+1$ free parameters and a
norm constraint.
## 3 Linear Classifiers in Space Forms
A space form is a complete, simply connected Riemannian manifold of dimension
$d\geq 2$ and constant curvature. Space forms are equivalent to spherical,
Euclidean, or hyperbolic spaces up to an isomorphism (Lee, 2006). To define
linear classifiers in space forms, we first review fundamental concepts from
differential geometry such as geodesics, tangent vectors and Riemannian
metrics needed to generalize the key terms in Definition 1. For a detailed
review; see (Gallier and Quaintance, 2020; Ratcliffe et al., 1994).
Let $\mathcal{M}$ be a Riemannian manifold and let $p\in\mathcal{M}$. The
tangent space at the point $p$, denoted by $T_{p}\mathcal{M}$, is the
collection of all tangent vectors at $p$. The Riemannian metric
$g_{p}:T_{p}\mathcal{M}\times T_{p}\mathcal{M}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ is given
by a positive-definite inner product in the tangent space $T_{p}\mathcal{M}$
which depends smoothly on the base point $p$. A Riemannian metric generalizes
the notion of inner products for Riemannian manifolds. The norm of a tangent
vector $v\in T_{p}\mathcal{M}$ is given by $\left\lVert
v\right\rVert=\sqrt{g_{p}(v,v)}$. The length of a smooth curve
$\gamma:[0,1]\rightarrow\mathcal{M}$ (or path) can be computed as
$L[\gamma]=\int_{0}^{1}\left\lVert\gamma^{\prime}(t)\right\rVert dt$. A
geodesic $\gamma_{p_{1},p_{2}}$ on a manifold is the shortest-length smooth
path between the points $p_{1},p_{2}\in\mathcal{M}$,
$\gamma_{p_{1},p_{2}}=\operatorname*{arg\,min}_{\gamma}L[\gamma]:\gamma(0)=p_{1},\gamma(1)=p_{2};$
a geodesic generalizes the notion of a straight line in Euclidean space.
Consider a geodesic $\gamma(t)$ starting at $p$ with initial velocity $v\in
T_{p}\mathcal{M}$, e.g., $\gamma(0)=p$ and $\gamma^{\prime}(0)=v$. The
exponential map gives the position of this geodesic at $t=1$, i.e.,
$\mathrm{exp}_{p}(v)=\gamma(1)$. Conversely, the logarithmic map is its
inverse, i.e., $\mathrm{log}_{p}=\mathrm{exp}_{p}^{-1}:\mathcal{M}\rightarrow
T_{p}\mathcal{M}$. In other words, for two points $p$ and $x\in\mathcal{M}$,
the logarithmic map $\mathrm{log}_{p}(x)$ gives the initial velocity (tangent
vector) with which we can move along the geodesic from $p$ to $x$ in one time
step.
In geodesically complete Riemannian manifolds, the exponential and logarithm
maps are well-defined operators. Therefore, analogous to Definition 1, we can
define a general notion of linear classifiers as described next.
###### Definition 2.
Let $(\mathcal{M},g)$ be a geodesically complete Riemannian manifold, let
$p\in\mathcal{M}$ and let $w\in T_{p}\mathcal{M}$ be a normal vector. A linear
classifier $l_{p,w}$ over the manifold $\mathcal{M}$ is defined as
$l^{\mathcal{M}}_{p,w}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}g_{p}(w,\mathrm{log}_{p}(x))\big{)},\mbox{
where }x\in\mathcal{M}.$
Definition 2 is general but it has the following drawbacks: $(1)$ It does not
formalize a distance-based classifier since
${\left|g_{p}(w,\mathrm{log}_{p}(x))\right|}$ is not necessarily related to
the distance of $x$ to the decision boundary; $(2)$ For a fixed
$x\in\mathcal{M}$, the decision rule $g_{p}(w,\mathrm{log}_{p}(x))$ varies
with the choice of $p$, which is an arbitrary point on the decision boundary;
$(3)$ Often, we can represent the decision boundary with other parameters that
have a smaller number of degrees of freedom compared to that of $w$ and $p$
required by Definition 2 (see the Euclidean linear classifiers defined in (2)
and (1)). We resolve these issues for linear classifiers in space forms as
follows.
### 3.1 Spherical Spaces
Table 1: Summary of relevant operators in Euclidean, spherical, and hyperbolic (’Loid model) spaces with arbitrary curvatures, $C$. $\mathcal{M}$ | $T_{p}\mathcal{M}$ | $g_{p}(u,v)$ | $\mathrm{log}_{p}(x):\theta=\sqrt{|C|}d(x,p)$ | $\mathrm{exp}_{p}(v)$ | $d(x,p)$
---|---|---|---|---|---
$\mathbb{R}^{d}$ | $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ | $\langle u,v\rangle$ | $x-p$ | $p+v$ | $\left\lVert x-p\right\rVert_{2}$
${\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ | $p^{\perp}$ | $\langle u,v\rangle$ | $\frac{\theta}{\mathrm{sin}(\theta)}(x-p\cos\theta)$ | $\cos(\sqrt{C}\left\lVert v\right\rVert)p+\sin(\sqrt{C}\left\lVert v\right\rVert)\frac{v}{\sqrt{C}\left\lVert v\right\rVert}$ | $\frac{1}{\sqrt{C}}\mathrm{acos}(C\langle x,p\rangle)$
${\mathbb{H}}^{d}$ | $p^{\perp}$ | $[u,v]$ | $\frac{\theta}{\mathrm{sinh}(\theta)}(x-p\cosh\theta)$ | $\cosh(\sqrt{-C}\left\lVert v\right\rVert)p+\sinh(\sqrt{-C}\left\lVert v\right\rVert)\frac{v}{\sqrt{-C}\left\lVert v\right\rVert}$ | $\frac{1}{\sqrt{-C}}{\mathrm{acosh}}(C[x,p])$
A $d$-dimensional spherical space with curvature $C_{{\mathbb{S}}}>0$ is a
collection of points $\mathbb{S}^{d}=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}:\langle
x,x\rangle=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1}\right\\}$, where $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle$
is the standard dot product. Let $p\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ and $w\in
T_{p}{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ (see Table 1). The decision boundary is given by
$\displaystyle H_{p,w}$ $\displaystyle=\left\\{x\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}:\langle
w,\frac{\theta}{\mathrm{sin}(\theta)}(x-p\cos\theta)\rangle=0,\mathrm{where}\
\theta=\mathrm{acos}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle x,p\rangle)\right\\}$
$\displaystyle\overset{\mathrm{(a)}}{=}\left\\{x\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}:\langle
w,x\rangle=0\right\\}={\mathbb{S}}^{d}\cap w^{\perp},$ (4)
where $\mathrm{(a)}$ is due to the fact that $w\in
T_{p}{\mathbb{S}}^{d}=p^{\perp}$. This formulation uses two parameters
$p\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ and $w\in T_{p}{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ to define the decision
boundary (4). We note that one can actually characterize the _same_ boundary
with fewer parameters. Observe that for any $w\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$, we can
pick an arbitrary base vector $p\in w^{\perp}\cap{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ which
ensures that $w\in T_{p}{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$. Therefore, without loss of
generality, we can define the decision boundary using only one vector
$w\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$, which has $d+1$ degrees of freedom. In Proposition 1,
we identify a specific choice of $p\in w^{\perp}\cap{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ that
allows us to classify each data point based on its signed distance from the
classification boundary.
###### Proposition 1.
Let $p\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$, $w\in T_{p}{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$, and let $H_{p,w}$ be
the decision boundary in (4). If $\langle w,w\rangle=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}$, then
$\forall x\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}:\min_{y\in
H_{p,w}}d(x,y)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}\mathrm{asin}|\langle
w,x\rangle|=\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}{\left|g^{{\mathbb{S}}}_{p_{\circ}}(w,\mathrm{log}_{p_{\circ}}(x))\right|},$
where $g^{{\mathbb{S}}}$ is the Riemannian metric for a spherical space given
in Table 1, and $p_{\circ}=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\left\lVert
P_{w}^{\perp}x\right\rVert^{-1}P_{w}^{\perp}x\in H_{p,w}$. Here, the
projection operator is defined as $P_{w}^{\perp}x=x-\frac{\langle
x,w\rangle}{\langle w,w\rangle}w$.
###### Proof.
Let $p\in\mathbb{S}^{d}$ and let $w\in T_{p}\mathbb{S}^{d}=p^{\perp}$ be such
that $\langle w,w\rangle=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}$. The separation surface $H_{p,w}$
is defined as
$\displaystyle
H_{p,w}=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{S}^{d}:g_{p}(\mathrm{log}_{p}(x),w)=0\right\\}=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{S}^{d}:\langle
w,x\rangle=0\right\\}.$
The distance between $x\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ and $H_{p,w}$ is given by
$d(x,H_{p,w})=\min_{y\in
H_{p,w}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}\mathrm{acos}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
y,x\rangle)$. Hence, the projection of a point $x$ onto $H_{p,w}$ can be
computed by solving the following constrained optimization problem:
$\max_{p\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}}\langle x,p\rangle\ \mbox{ such that }\ \langle
w,p\rangle=0\ \mbox{,}\ \langle p,p\rangle=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1},\ \mbox{and}\
\langle w,w\rangle=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}.$
From the first-order optimality condition for the Lagrangian, the projected
point takes the form $p_{\circ}=\alpha x+\beta w,$ where
$\alpha,\beta\in\mathbb{R}$. Now, we impose the following subspace constraint
$\displaystyle\langle w,p_{\circ}\rangle=\alpha\langle w,x\rangle+\beta\langle
w,w\rangle=\alpha\langle w,x\rangle+\beta C_{{\mathbb{S}}}=0,$
which gives $\beta=-\alpha C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1}\langle x,w\rangle$.
Subsequently, we have $p_{\circ}=\alpha(x-C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1}\langle
x,w\rangle w)$. On the other hand, from the norm constraint, we have
$\displaystyle\langle p_{\circ},p_{\circ}\rangle$
$\displaystyle=\alpha^{2}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1}+C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1}\langle
x,w\rangle^{2}-2C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1}\langle x,w\rangle^{2})$
$\displaystyle=\alpha^{2}C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1}(1-\langle
x,w\rangle^{2})=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-1},$
which gives $\alpha=(1-\langle x,w\rangle^{2})^{-\frac{1}{2}}$. Then,
$p_{\circ}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{1-\langle x,w\rangle^{2}}}(x-\frac{\langle
x,w\rangle}{\langle w,w\rangle}w)=\sqrt{\frac{1}{1-\langle
x,w\rangle^{2}}}P_{w}^{\perp}x=\frac{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\left\lVert
P_{w}^{\perp}x\right\rVert_{2}}P_{w}^{\perp}x,$ (5)
where $P_{w}^{\perp}x=x-\frac{\langle x,w\rangle}{\langle w,w\rangle}w$. Next,
let us define $\psi={\mathrm{acos}}(\langle x,w\rangle)$, where
$\psi\in[0,\pi]$. Then,
$\displaystyle d(x,p_{\circ})$
$\displaystyle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}{\mathrm{acos}}\big{(}C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
x,p_{\circ}\rangle\big{)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}{\mathrm{acos}}\big{(}\sqrt{\frac{1}{1-\cos^{2}\psi}}(1-\cos^{2}\psi)\big{)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}{\mathrm{acos}}\big{(}{\left|\sin\psi\right|}\big{)}$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(a)}}}{{=}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}\mathrm{asin}\big{(}{\left|\cos\psi\right|}\big{)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}\mathrm{asin}(|\langle
x,w\rangle|),$
where $\mathrm{(a)}$ follows due to the fact that
${\mathrm{acos}}({\left|\mathrm{sin}\psi\right|})=\mathrm{asin}({\left|\cos\psi\right|})$,
which can be seen from
$\displaystyle\mathrm{cos}\big{(}\mathrm{asin}({\left|\cos{\psi}\right|})\big{)}$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{cos}\Big{(}\mathrm{asin}\big{(}{\left|\sin({\frac{\pi}{2}-\psi})\right|}\big{)}\Big{)}=\mathrm{cos}\Big{(}{\left|\mathrm{asin}(\sin({\frac{\pi}{2}-\psi})\big{)}\right|}\Big{)}=\mathrm{cos}\big{(}{\left|\frac{\pi}{2}-\psi\right|}\big{)}$
$\displaystyle={\left|\sin\psi\right|},$
for $\psi\in[0,\pi]$. Now, let $x\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ and let $p_{\circ}$ be
as given in (5). We readily have $p_{\circ}\perp w$. Therefore,
$\displaystyle
g^{{\mathbb{S}}}_{p_{\circ}}\big{(}w,\mathrm{log}_{p_{\circ}}(x)\big{)}$
$\displaystyle=\frac{{\mathrm{acos}}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
p_{\circ},x\rangle)}{\sin({\mathrm{acos}}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
p_{\circ},x\rangle))}\langle
x,w\rangle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(a)}}}{{=}}\frac{{\mathrm{acos}}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
p_{\circ},x\rangle)}{|\langle x,w\rangle|}\langle x,w\rangle$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{asin}(|\langle x,w\rangle|)\mathrm{sgn}(\langle
x,w\rangle)=\mathrm{asin}(\langle x,w\rangle)=\mathrm{sgn}(\langle
x,w\rangle)\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}d(x,p_{\circ}),$
where $\mathrm{(a)}$ follows from
$\displaystyle\sin\big{(}{\mathrm{acos}}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
p_{\circ},x\rangle)\big{)}$
$\displaystyle=\sin\big{(}{\mathrm{acos}}(\sqrt{1-\langle
x,w\rangle^{2}})\big{)}=\sin\big{(}\mathrm{asin}(|\langle
x,w\rangle|)\big{)}=|\langle x,w\rangle|.$
This completes the proof. ∎
It is important to point out that the classification boundary is invariant
with respect to the choice of the base vector, i.e.,
$H_{p,w}=H_{p_{\circ},w}$. From Proposition 1, if we have
$\forall n\in[N]:y_{n}\mathrm{asin}(\langle w,x_{n}\rangle)\geq\varepsilon,$
then all data points are correctly classified and have a minimum distance of
at least $(C_{{\mathbb{S}}})^{-\frac{1}{2}}\varepsilon$ to the classification
boundary. In summary, we can define distance-based linear classifiers in a
spherical space as follows.
###### Definition 3.
Let $w\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ with $\langle w,w\rangle=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}$. We
define a spherical linear classifier as follows $\displaystyle
l^{{\mathbb{S}}}_{w}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w,x\rangle)\big{)}.$
### 3.2 Hyperbolic Spaces
The ’Loid model of a $d$-dimensional hyperbolic space (Cannon et al., 1997),
with curvature $C_{{\mathbb{H}}}<0$, is a Riemannian manifold
$\mathcal{L}^{d}=({\mathbb{H}}^{d},g^{{\mathbb{H}}})$ for which
${\mathbb{H}}^{d}=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}:[x,x]=C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}\
\mbox{and}\ x_{1}>0\right\\},$
and $g_{p}^{{\mathbb{H}}}(u,v)$ corresponds to the Lorentzian inner product of
$u$ and $v\in T_{p}{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$, defined as
$[u,v]=u^{\top}Hv,\ \ H=\begin{pmatrix}-1&0^{\top}\\\ 0&I_{d}\end{pmatrix},$
(6)
where $I_{d}$ is the $d\times d$ identity matrix; see Table 1. Let
$p\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$ and $w\in T_{p}{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$. The classification
boundary of interest is given by
$\displaystyle H_{p,w}$
$\displaystyle=\left\\{x\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}:[w,\frac{\theta}{\mathrm{sinh}(\theta)}(x-p\cos\theta)]=0,\mbox{where}\
\theta=\mathrm{acosh}(C_{{\mathbb{H}}}[x,p])\right\\}$
$\displaystyle=\left\\{x\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}:[w,x]=0\right\\}={\mathbb{H}}^{d}\cap
w^{\perp}.$ (7)
Note that equation (7) follows from the definition of null tangent (sub)spaces
below.
###### Definition 4.
Let $(\mathcal{M},g)$ be a Riemannian manifold. The null tangent space of
$V\subseteq T_{p}\mathcal{M}$ equals $V^{\perp}=\left\\{u\in
T_{p}\mathcal{M}:g_{p}(u,v)=0,\ \forall v\in V\right\\}$.
Similarly as for the case of spherical spaces, we can simplify‘ the
formulation as follows. If $w$ is a time-like vector — a vector that satisfies
$w\in\left\\{x:[x,x]>0\right\\}$ (Ratcliffe et al., 1994) — and
$p\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}\cap w^{\perp}$, then we have $w\in
T_{p}{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$. In Proposition 2, we describe a special choice for
$p\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}\cap w^{\perp}$ that allows us to formulate a distance-
based hyperbolic linear classifier.
###### Proposition 2.
Let $p\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$, $w\in T_{p}{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$, and let $H_{p,w}$ be
the decision boundary in (7). If $[w,w]=-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}$, then $\min_{y\in
H_{p,w}}d(x,y)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}\mathrm{asinh}{\left|[w,x]\right|}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}{\left|g^{{\mathbb{H}}}_{p_{\circ}}(w,\mathrm{log}_{{p_{\circ}}}(x))\right|},$
where $g^{{\mathbb{H}}}$ is the Riemannian metric for the hyperbolic space
given in Table 1 and $p_{\circ}=(-C_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{-\frac{1}{2}}\left\lVert
P_{w}^{\perp}x\right\rVert^{-1}P_{w}^{\perp}x\in H_{p,w}$. Note that
$P_{w}^{\perp}x$ is the orthogonal projection of $x$ onto $w^{\perp}$, i.e.,
$P_{w}^{\perp}x=x-\frac{[x,w]}{[w,w]}w$.
###### Proof.
Let ${\mathbb{H}}^{d}$ be the ’Loid model with curvature $C_{{\mathbb{H}}}<0$.
The projection of $x\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$ onto $H_{p,w}$ is a point
$p_{\circ}\in H_{p,w}$ that has the smallest distance to $x$. In other words,
$p_{\circ}$ is the solution to the following constrained optimization problem
$\max_{p\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}}\ [y,x]\ \mbox{ such that
}[p,p]=C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1},\ \ [w,p]=0\mbox{, and}\
[w,w]=-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}.$
The solution to this problem takes the form $p_{\circ}=\alpha x+\beta w$,
where $\alpha,\beta\in\mathbb{R}$. We can enforce the subspace condition as
follows:
$\displaystyle[p_{\circ},w]$
$\displaystyle=\alpha[x,w]+\beta[w,w]=\alpha[x,w]+\beta(-C_{{\mathbb{H}}})=0,$
which gives $\beta=\alpha C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}[x,w]$, or
$p_{\circ}=\alpha(x+C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}[x,w]w)$. On the other hand, we also
have
$\displaystyle[p_{\circ},p_{\circ}]=\alpha^{2}(C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}[x,w]^{2}+2C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}[x,w]^{2})=\alpha^{2}C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}(1+[x,w]^{2})=C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}.$
Then,
$p_{\circ}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+[x,w]^{2}}}(x+C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}[x,w]w)=\frac{(-C_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\left\lVert
P_{w}^{\perp}x\right\rVert}P_{w}^{\perp}x,$ (8)
where $P_{w}^{\perp}x=x-\frac{[x,w]}{[w,w]}w$ and $\left\lVert
P_{w}^{\perp}x\right\rVert=\sqrt{-[P_{w}^{\perp}x,P_{w}^{\perp}x]}$. We also
have
$\displaystyle d(x,p_{\circ})$
$\displaystyle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}\mathrm{acosh}(C_{{\mathbb{H}}}[p_{\circ},x])=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}\mathrm{acosh}(C_{{\mathbb{H}}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+[x,w]^{2}}}C_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{-1}(1+[x,w]^{2}))$
$\displaystyle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}\mathrm{acosh}(\sqrt{1+[x,w]^{2}}).$
This expression can be further simplified as222Since
$\mathrm{cosh}(x)^{2}-\mathrm{sinh}(x)^{2}=1$.
$d(x,p_{\circ})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}\,\mathrm{asinh}{\left|[x,w]\right|}$.
Now, let $x\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$ and let $p_{\circ}$ be given in (8). We can
easily see that $[p_{\circ},w]=0$. Therefore, we have
$\displaystyle g^{{\mathbb{H}}}_{p_{\circ}}(w,\mathrm{log}_{p_{\circ}}(x))$
$\displaystyle=\frac{\mathrm{acosh}(C_{{\mathbb{H}}}[p_{\circ},x])}{\mathrm{sinh}(\mathrm{acosh}(C_{{\mathbb{H}}}[p_{\circ},x]))}[x,w]=\frac{\mathrm{asinh}({\left|[x,w]\right|})}{{\left|[x,w]\right|}}[x,w]$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{asinh}({\left|[x,w]\right|})\mathrm{sgn}([x,w])=\mathrm{asinh}([x,w])=\mathrm{sgn}([x,w])\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}d(x,p_{\circ}).$
This completes the proof. ∎
As a result, we have the following definition of distance-based linear
classifiers in a hyperbolic spaces.
###### Definition 5.
Let $w\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ with $[w,w]=-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}$. We define a
hyperbolic linear classifier as follows $\displaystyle
l^{{\mathbb{H}}}_{w}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asinh}([w,x])\big{)}.$
Figure 2 illustrates linear classifiers in two-dimensional hyperbolic,
Euclidean, spherical spaces. The classification criteria for linear
classifiers in space forms can be compactly written as follows:
$l(x)=\left\\{\begin{array}[]{lr}\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asin}_{C}\circ
g_{C}(w,x)\big{)}&\text{for}\ \ C\neq 0\\\
\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}w^{\top}x+b\big{)}&\text{for}\ \ C=0\end{array}\right.$
where $x$ belongs to a $d$-dimensional space form with curvature $C$ and
$\mathrm{asin}_{C}(\cdot)=\begin{cases}\mathrm{asin}(\cdot)&\text{for}\ \
C>0\\\ \mathrm{asinh}(\cdot)&\text{for}\ \ C>0\end{cases}$
$g_{C}(\cdot,\cdot)$ computes the standard dot product of its inputs if $C>0$
and the Lorentzian product if $C<0$. The vector $w\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ is such
that $g_{C}(w,w)=|C|$.
Figure 2: Linear classifiers in Euclidean, spherical, and hyperbolic spaces.
### 3.3 VC Dimension of Linear Classifiers in Space Forms
From the previous discussion, we can deduce that _linear classifiers in
$d$-dimensional space forms can be characterized using $d+1$ free parameters
and a norm constraint._ This supports the following result pertaining to the
VC dimension (Vapnik, 2013) of linear classifiers in space forms.
###### Theorem 1.
The VC dimension of a linear classifier in a space form $S$ is
$\mathrm{dim}(S)+1$.
###### Proof.
The VC dimension of a linear classifier is equal to the maximum size of a
point set that a set of linear classifiers can _shatter_ , i.e., completely
partition into classes independent on how the points in the set are labeled.
The VC dimension of affine classifiers in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ is $d+1$; see the
treatment of VC dimensions of Dudley classes described in (Dudley, 1978). Note
again the distinction between affine and linear classifiers in Euclidean
spaces. Now, we establish the VC dimension for spherical and hyperbolic
spaces.
Let $x_{1},\ldots,x_{N}$ be a set of point in spherical space
${\mathbb{S}}^{d}$, which can be shattered by linear classifiers. In other
words, we have
$\displaystyle\forall n\in[N]:\ y_{n}=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w,x_{n}\rangle\big{)},$
for any set of binary labels $(y_{n})_{n\in[N]}$. The linear classifiers in
spherical space are a subset of linear classifiers in a $(d+1)-$dimensional
Euclidean space. Hence, their VC dimension must be $\leq d+1$. On the other
hand, we can project a set of $d+1$ points that can be shattered by linear
classifiers in $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ onto ${\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ through a simple
normalization. This way, we can find a set of exactly $d+1$ points that can be
shattered by linear classifiers in $\mathbb{S}^{d}$. Hence, the VC dimension
of linear classifiers in ${\mathbb{S}}^{d}$ is exactly $d+1$.
Next, we turn our attention to the $d$-dimensional ’Loid model of hyperbolic
spaces. Let $x_{1},\ldots,x_{d+1}$ be a set of $d+1$ points in this space such
that
$x_{n}=\begin{bmatrix}\sqrt{1+\left\lVert z_{n}\right\rVert^{2}}\\\
z_{n}\end{bmatrix},\ \mbox{where}\ z_{n}\in\mathbb{R}^{d}\ \mbox{for all}\
n\in[d+1].$
Furthermore, we assume that $z_{1}=0$ and $z_{n}=e_{n-1}$ for
$n\in\left\\{2,\ldots,d+1\right\\}$, where $e_{n}$ is the $n$-th standard
basis vector of $\mathbb{R}^{d}$. We claim that this point set can be
shattered by the set of linear classifiers in hyperbolic spaces, i.e.,
$\forall
n\in[d+1]:l^{{\mathbb{H}}}_{w}(x_{n})=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asinh}([w,x_{n}])\big{)}=y_{n},$
(9)
where $w\in\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}:[x,x]>0\right\\}$ and
$(y_{1},\ldots,y_{d+1})$ is an arbitrary set of labels in
$\left\\{-1,1\right\\}$. We define
$\forall n\in\left\\{2,\ldots,d+1\right\\}:t_{1}=y_{1},\ t_{n}=ky_{n},$ (10)
where $k>\sqrt{2}+1$. Therefore, if we can show that there exists a
$w\in\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}:[x,x]>0\right\\}$ such that
$t_{n}=[w,x_{n}]$ for all $n\in[d+1]$, then (9) holds true. This is equivalent
to showing that the equation $t=X^{\top}Hw$ has a solution
$w\in\left\\{x:[x,x]>0\right\\}$, where $H$ is defined in (6),
$t=(t_{1},\ldots,t_{d+1})$, and
$X^{\top}=\begin{bmatrix}\sqrt{1+\left\lVert
z_{1}\right\rVert^{2}}&z_{1}^{\top}\\\ \sqrt{1+\left\lVert
z_{2}\right\rVert^{2}}&z_{2}^{\top}\\\ \vdots&\vdots\\\ \sqrt{1+\left\lVert
z_{d+1}\right\rVert^{2}}&z_{d+1}^{\top}\\\
\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}1&0^{\top}\\\ \sqrt{2}&e_{1}^{\top}\\\
\vdots&\vdots\\\ \sqrt{2}&e_{d}^{\top}\\\ \end{bmatrix}.$
The solution is $w=H(X^{\top})^{-1}t$, described below,
$\displaystyle w=H\begin{bmatrix}1&0^{\top}\\\ -\sqrt{2}&e_{1}^{\top}\\\
\vdots&\vdots\\\ -\sqrt{2}&e_{d}^{\top}\\\
\end{bmatrix}t=\begin{bmatrix}-t_{1}\\\ -\sqrt{2}t_{1}+t_{2}\\\ \vdots\\\
-\sqrt{2}t_{1}+t_{d+1}\\\ \end{bmatrix}.$
As the final step, we show that $w\in\left\\{x:[x,x]>0\right\\}$. To this end,
we observe that
$\displaystyle[w,w]$
$\displaystyle=-t_{1}^{2}+\sum_{n=2}^{d+1}(-\sqrt{2}t_{1}+t_{n})^{2}\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(a)}}}{{=}}y_{1}^{2}\big{(}-1+\sum_{n=2}^{d+1}(-\sqrt{2}+k\frac{y_{n}}{y_{1}})^{2}\big{)}$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(b)}}}{{=}}-1+\sum_{n=2}^{d+1}(-\sqrt{2}+k\frac{y_{n}}{y_{1}})^{2}\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(c)}}}{{>}}0,$
where $\mathrm{(a)}$ is due to (10), $\mathrm{(b)}$ follows from
$y_{n}\in\left\\{-1,1\right\\}$, and $\mathrm{(c)}$ is a consequence of
$k>\sqrt{2}+1$. Therefore, linear hyperbolic classifiers can generate any set
of labels for the point set $\left\\{x_{n}\right\\}_{n\in[d+1]}$. Furthermore,
hyperbolic classifiers in (9) can be seen as linear classifiers in
$(d+1)$-dimensional Euclidean space. Hence, the VC dimension of linear
classifiers in hyperbolic space is exactly $d+1$. ∎
From Theorem 1 and the fundamental theorem of concept learning (Shalev-Shwartz
and Ben-David, 2014), it follows that the set of linear classifiers in a
$d$-dimensional space form $S$, denoted by $\mathcal{L}$, is probably
accurately correctly learnable. More precisely, let $\Delta$ be a family of
probability distributions on $S\times\left\\{-1,1\right\\}$, and let
$(x_{n},y_{n})_{n\in[N]}$ be a set of i.i.d. samples from $P\in\Delta$. Then,
we have
$\displaystyle\inf_{l\in\mathcal{L}}P(\widehat{l}_{N}(X)\neq
Y)\leq\inf_{l\in\mathcal{L}}P(l(X)\neq
Y)+c\sqrt{\frac{d+1}{n}}+\sqrt{\frac{2\log(\frac{1}{\delta})}{n}},$
where $c$ is a constant and
$\widehat{l}_{N}=\operatorname*{arg\,min}_{l\in\mathcal{L}}\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n\in[N]}1(l(x_{n})\neq
y_{n})$ is the empirical risk minimizer. Therefore, spherical, hyperbolic, and
Euclidean linear classifiers have the same learning complexity. Next, we show
how the three classifiers, all of which have the same expressive power, can be
combined to define a linear classifier in product space forms.
## 4 Linear Classifiers in Product Space Forms
Definition 2 of linear classifiers applies to geodesically complete Riemannian
manifolds. Our focus is on linear classifiers in product space forms which are
built from the results presented in Section 3. We first describe a perceptron
algorithm for such spaces that provably learns an optimal classifier for
linearly separable points in a finite number of iterations. Then, we extend
this learning scheme to large-margin classifiers in product space forms.
Consider a product space of Euclidean, spherical, and hyperbolic manifolds,
e.g., $({\mathbb{E}}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}},g^{{\mathbb{E}}})$,
$({\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}},g^{{\mathbb{S}}})$,
$({\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}},g^{{\mathbb{H}}})$ with sectional curvatures
$0,C_{{\mathbb{S}}},C_{{\mathbb{H}}}$, respectively. The Euclidean manifold is
simply $\mathbb{R}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}$ while the hyperbolic space is the ’Loid
model. Two observations are in place. First, we choose to work with the ’Loid
model rather than the Pincaré disk (or other isometric hyperbolic models) as
this model is amendable for integration with other space forms of nonnegative
curvature. This is due to the fact that deriving a distance-based linear
classifier in the Poincaré model requires a complicated analysis to identify
an appropriate base point (see to Proposition 2). Second, unlike Euclidean
spaces in which the product of two subspaces is still Euclidean, this is not
the case for spherical and hyperbolic spaces. For example,
$\mathbb{S}^{2}\times\mathbb{S}^{2}\neq\mathbb{S}^{4}$ and
$\mathbb{H}^{2}\times\mathbb{H}^{2}\neq\mathbb{H}^{4}$.
The product manifold
$\mathcal{M}={\mathbb{E}}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\times{\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$
admits a canonical Riemannian metric $g$, called the _product Riemannian
metric_. The tangent space of $\mathcal{M}$ at a point
$p=(p_{{\mathbb{E}}},p_{{\mathbb{S}}},p_{{\mathbb{H}}})$ can be decomposed as
(Tu, 2011)
$T_{p}\mathcal{M}=\bigoplus_{S\in\left\\{{\mathbb{E}},{\mathbb{S}},{\mathbb{H}}\right\\}}T_{p_{S}}S^{d_{S}},$
(11)
where the right-hand side expression is the direct sum $\bigoplus$ of
individual tangent spaces
$T_{p_{{\mathbb{E}}}}{\mathbb{E}}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}$,
$T_{p_{{\mathbb{S}}}}{\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$, and
$T_{p_{{\mathbb{H}}}}{\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$. The _scaled_ Riemannian
metric used on $\mathcal{M}$ is
$g_{p}(u,v)=\sum_{S\in\left\\{{\mathbb{E}},{\mathbb{S}},{\mathbb{H}}\right\\}}\alpha_{S}g_{p_{S}}^{S}(u_{S},v_{S}),$
(12)
where
$u=(u_{{\mathbb{E}}},u_{{\mathbb{S}}},u_{{\mathbb{H}}}),v=(v_{{\mathbb{E}}},v_{{\mathbb{S}}},v_{{\mathbb{H}}})\in
T_{p}\mathcal{M}$, $p=(p_{{\mathbb{E}}},p_{{\mathbb{S}}},p_{{\mathbb{H}}})$,
and $\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}$, $\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}$, $\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}$
are positive weights. The choice of the scaled Riemannian metric in equation
(12) allows for scaling the distances between two points while keeping
geodesics, tangent spaces, exponential and logarithmic maps unchanged (see
Section 3). Moreover, it resolves the potential distance compatibility issues
that arise from possibly vastly different ranges and variances of each
component (e.g., $x_{{\mathbb{E}}}$, $x_{{\mathbb{S}}}$, and
$x_{{\mathbb{H}}}$) which could lead to a classification criterion that is
dominated by the component with the largest variance.
Based on our previous discussions, in order to describe linear classifiers on
the above manifold $\mathcal{M}$, we first need to identify the logarithmic
map (see Definition 2). For this purpose, we invoke the following known result
that formalizes geodesics, exponential and logarithmic maps on $\mathcal{M}$.
###### Fact 1.
(Gallier and Quaintance, 2020) Let
$\mathcal{M}={\mathbb{E}}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\times{\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$,
with a Riemannian metric given by (12). Then, the geodesics, exponential, and
logarithmic maps on $\mathcal{M}$ are the concatenation of the corresponding
maps of the individual space forms, i.e.,
$\gamma(t)=\big{(}\gamma_{{\mathbb{E}}}(t),\gamma_{{\mathbb{S}}}(t),\gamma_{{\mathbb{H}}}(t)\big{)}$,
$\mathrm{exp}_{p}(v)=\big{(}\mathrm{exp}_{p_{{\mathbb{E}}}}(v_{{\mathbb{E}}}),\mathrm{exp}_{p_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(v_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\mathrm{exp}_{p_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(v_{{\mathbb{H}}})\big{)}$,
and
$\mathrm{log}_{p}(x)=\big{(}\mathrm{log}_{p_{{\mathbb{E}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{E}}}),\mathrm{log}_{p_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\mathrm{log}_{p_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{H}}})\big{)}$,
where $p=(p_{{\mathbb{E}}},p_{{\mathbb{S}}},p_{{\mathbb{H}}})$,
$x=(x_{{\mathbb{E}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}})\in\mathcal{M}$,
$v=(v_{{\mathbb{E}}},v_{{\mathbb{S}}},v_{{\mathbb{H}}})\in T_{p}\mathcal{M}$,
and $\gamma_{{\mathbb{E}}},\gamma_{{\mathbb{S}}},\gamma_{{\mathbb{H}}}$ are
geodesics in their corresponding space form.333The distance between
$x,y\in\mathcal{M}$ is given by
$d(x,y)=\big{(}\sum_{S\in\left\\{{\mathbb{E}},{\mathbb{S}},{\mathbb{H}}\right\\}}\alpha_{S}^{2}d_{S}(x_{S},y_{S})^{2}\big{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$;
see Table 1.
Combining the results regarding distance-based linear classifiers in space
forms (Section 3), the definition of tangent product spaces in terms of the
product of tangent spaces in (11), and the choice of the Riemannian metrics
given in Table 1, we arrive at the following formulation for a product space
linear classifier.
###### Proposition 3.
Let ${\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$ and ${\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$ be
space forms with curvatures $C_{{\mathbb{S}}}>0$, and $C_{{\mathbb{H}}}<0$.
Let
$\mathcal{M}={\mathbb{E}}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\times{\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$
with the metric given by (12). We define a linear classifier on $\mathcal{M}$
as $l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\langle
w_{{\mathbb{E}}},x_{{\mathbb{E}}}\rangle+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}}\rangle)+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}}])+b\big{)},$
where $w_{{\mathbb{E}}},w_{{\mathbb{S}}}$ and $w_{{\mathbb{H}}}$ have norms of
$\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}$, $\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$, and
$\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$, respectively, and $w$ concisely represents all
parameters involved.
Figure 3: Classification boundaries for linear classifiers in product space
forms.
###### Proof.
Let
$\mathcal{M}=\mathbb{E}^{d_{\mathbb{E}}}\times\mathbb{S}^{d_{\mathbb{S}}}\times\mathbb{H}^{d_{\mathbb{H}}}$
be a product space with the Riemannian metric
$g=\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}g^{{\mathbb{E}}}+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}g^{{\mathbb{S}}}+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}g^{{\mathbb{H}}}$.
Fact 1 gives us the logarithm map and tangent space at a point
$p=(p_{{\mathbb{E}}},p_{{\mathbb{S}}},p_{{\mathbb{H}}})\in\mathcal{M}$. A
tangent vector $w\in T_{p}\mathcal{M}$ can be expressed as
$w=(w_{{\mathbb{E}}},w_{{\mathbb{S}}},w_{{\mathbb{H}}})$ where
$w_{{\mathbb{E}}}\in T_{p_{{\mathbb{E}}}}{\mathbb{E}}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}$,
$w_{{\mathbb{S}}}\in T_{p_{{\mathbb{S}}}}{\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$, and
$w_{{\mathbb{H}}}\in T_{p_{{\mathbb{H}}}}{\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$.
From the point-line definition of linear classifiers (Definition 2), we have
$\displaystyle l_{p,w}^{\mathcal{M}}(x)$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}g_{p}(\mathrm{log}_{p}(x),w)\big{)}$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}g^{{\mathbb{E}}}_{p_{{\mathbb{E}}}}(\mathrm{log}_{p_{{\mathbb{E}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{E}}}),w_{{\mathbb{E}}})+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}g^{{\mathbb{S}}}_{p_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\mathrm{log}_{p_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{S}}}),w_{{\mathbb{S}}})+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}g^{{\mathbb{H}}}_{p_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\mathrm{log}_{p_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{H}}}),w_{{\mathbb{H}}})\big{)}.$
In Propositions 1 and 2, we derived specific spherical and hyperbolic base
points to formalize distance-based classifiers. From these results, we may
define a linear classifier in $\mathcal{M}$ that is parameterized only with a
tangent vector $w$, i.e.,
$l_{w}^{\mathcal{M}}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}(\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}w_{{\mathbb{E}}})^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}}}+b+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}}\rangle)+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}}])\big{)}$
(13)
where $\left\lVert w_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\rVert=1$, $\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},w_{{\mathbb{S}}}\rangle=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}$, and
$[w_{{\mathbb{H}}},w_{{\mathbb{H}}}]=-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}$. This completes the
proof. ∎
This classifier can be associated with three linear classifiers, Euclidean,
hyperbolic, and spherical space classifiers. For a point
$x=(x_{{\mathbb{E}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{\mathbb{H}})\in\mathcal{M}$, the
product space classifier takes a weighted vote based on the signed distances
of each component (e.g, $x_{{\mathbb{E}}}$, $x_{{\mathbb{S}}}$, and
$x_{\mathbb{H}}$) to its corresponding classifier’s boundary.444It is worth
mentioning that the Euclidean metric scale $\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}$ has been
absorbed in the norm of $w_{{\mathbb{E}}}$. Two illustrative examples of such
classifiers are given in Figure 3.555Non-Euclidean spaces have dimensions
$\geq 2$, but we reduced them to one for visualization purposes only.
Remark. The linear classifier of (13) is not a distance-based classifier with
respect to our choice of the Riemannian metric $g$. The distance between a
point $x$ and the classification boundary $H_{p,w}$ can be computed as
$\displaystyle\min_{y\in
H_{p,x}}d(x,y)=\Big{(}\alpha^{2}_{{\mathbb{E}}}\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}}}-y^{*}_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\rVert^{2}+\frac{\alpha^{2}_{{\mathbb{S}}}}{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\mathrm{acos}^{2}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}}},y^{*}_{{\mathbb{S}}}\rangle)+\frac{\alpha^{2}_{{\mathbb{H}}}}{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\mathrm{acosh}^{2}(C_{{\mathbb{H}}}[x_{{\mathbb{H}}},y^{*}_{{\mathbb{H}}}])\Big{)}^{1/2}$
where $y^{*}=(y^{*}_{{\mathbb{E}}},y^{*}_{{\mathbb{S}}},y^{*}_{\mathbb{H}})$
is the projection of $x$ onto the separation plane $H_{p,w}$. It is easy to
verify that this distance is not related to the decision criteria, i.e.,
$(\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}w_{{\mathbb{E}}})^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}}}+b+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}}\rangle)+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}}])$,
which only takes the weighted sum of signed distances between $x_{S}$ and
$H_{p_{S},w_{S}}$ for
$S\in\left\\{{\mathbb{E}},{\mathbb{S}},{\mathbb{H}}\right\\}$. For such a
classifier, the classification margin is _the sum ( $\ell_{1}$ norm) of the
distances of the individual space components to its classification boundary_,
which is related to the weighted vote majority classification approach of
Section 4. The resulting distance is a proper upper bound for the _true_
distance of a point to the classification boundary (see Fact 1).
### 4.1 VC Dimension of Linear Classifiers in Product Space Forms
In Theorem 2 that follows, we provide a lower bound for the VC dimension of
linear classifiers in product space forms, introduced in Proposition 3, which
only depends on the dimension of the ambient manifold. Due to its technical
nature, the proof is delegated to Section A.
###### Theorem 2.
The VC dimension of linear classifiers in a product space form $\mathcal{M}$
is at least $\mathrm{dim}(\mathcal{M})+1$.
From Theorem 1 and Theorem 2, it is clear that linear product space form
classifiers are _at least_ as expressive as linear classifiers in simple space
forms. To complete our analysis, we compute an upper bound on the VC dimension
of product space form classifiers. The key idea behind our approach is to view
the classifiers in simple space forms as weak learners which boost the
classifier in the product space form. Proposition 4 shows that, unlike the
result of the lower bound which depends only on the dimension of the space,
the upper bound depends on the _signature_ of the space as well. The signature
of the space is the collection of dimensions of each simple space form. As an
example, the space $\mathbb{S}^{2}\times\mathbb{E}^{3}\times\mathbb{H}^{5}$
has signature $(d_{{\mathbb{S}}},d_{{\mathbb{E}}},d_{{\mathbb{H}}})=(2,3,5)$,
while the space $\mathbb{S}^{4}\times\mathbb{H}^{2}\times\mathbb{H}^{3}$ has
signature $(d_{{\mathbb{S}}},d_{{\mathbb{E}}},d_{{\mathbb{H}}})=(4,0,2\times
3)$.
###### Proposition 4.
Let $\mathcal{M}$ be a product of space forms with dimensions at least two
(allowing for repetitions of the same space form), i.e.,
$\mathcal{M}=\Big{(}\bigtimes_{k=1}^{K-1}S_{k}^{d_{k}}\Big{)}\times{\mathbb{E}}^{d_{K}}\
\mbox{where}\ S_{k}\in\left\\{{\mathbb{S}},{\mathbb{H}}\right\\}\ \mbox{and}\
d_{k}\geq 2\ \mbox{for all}\ k\in[K].$ The VC dimension of linear classifiers
in $\mathcal{M}$ is upper bounded by
$\max\left\\{N\in\mathbb{N}:\frac{N}{\log_{2}N}\leq\sum_{k=1}^{K}({d_{k}+1})\right\\}$
(14)
###### Proof.
In Theorem 1, we proved that the VC dimension of linear classifiers in any
$d$-dimensional space form equals $d+1$. Now, let $x=(x^{1},\ldots,x^{K})$ be
a point in $\mathcal{M}$, where $x^{k}\in S_{k}$ for $k\in[K]$. Suppose that
we are given a $K$-dimensional vector, $(h_{1}(x^{1}),\ldots,h_{K}(x^{k}))$,
where $h_{k}$ denotes a linear classifier in the space form $S_{k}$. From the
Sauer-Shelah lemma (Sauer, 1972; Shelah, 1972), given a set of $N$ points
$x_{1},\ldots,x_{N}\in\mathcal{M}$, one can generate
$\leq(\frac{eN}{d_{1}+1})^{d_{1}+1}\ldots(\frac{eN}{d_{K}+1})^{d_{K}+1}$
distinct vectors in $\mathbb{R}^{K}$ using the above set of linear
classifiers. For any vector generated in $\mathbb{R}^{K}$, the weighted
majority vote classification rule (13) generates only one label. If the VC
dimension of linear classifiers in $\mathcal{M}$ equals $N$, then we must be
able to generate $2^{N}$ possible labels. Therefore,
$\displaystyle N$
$\displaystyle\leq\log_{2}(\frac{eN}{d_{1}+1})^{d_{1}+1}\cdots(\frac{eN}{d_{K}+1})^{d_{K}+1}=\sum_{k=1}^{K}({d_{k}+1})\log_{2}\frac{eN}{d_{k}+1}$
$\displaystyle=\sum_{k=1}^{K}({d_{k}+1})\log_{2}\frac{e}{d_{k}+1}+\sum_{k=1}^{K}({d_{k}+1})\log_{2}N\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(a)}}}{{\leq}}\sum_{k=1}^{K}({d_{k}+1})\log_{2}N,$
where $\mathrm{(a)}$ is due to the assumptions on the dimension of simple
space forms ($d_{k}\geq 2$). Note that linear product space forms classifiers
in $\mathcal{M}$ must shatter at least two points. Hence, we have
$\log_{2}N\geq 1$. Therefore, the proposed upper bound in (14) is
$>\mathrm{dim}(\mathcal{M})+1$. This completes the proof. ∎
### 4.2 A Product Space Form Perceptron
We now turn our attention to an algorithm for training linear classifiers
defined in Proposition 3. To establish provable performance guarantees, we
assume that the set of labeled training data points $\mathcal{X}$ satisfies
the $\varepsilon>0$ margin property, i.e.,
$\forall(x,y)\in\mathcal{X}:y\big{(}w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}}}+b+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\mathrm{asin}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}}})+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}}]\big{)}\geq\varepsilon,$
(15)
where $\left\lVert w_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\rVert_{2}=\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}$,
$\left\lVert w_{{\mathbb{S}}}\right\rVert_{2}=\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$, and
$\sqrt{[w_{{\mathbb{H}}},w_{{\mathbb{H}}}]}=\sqrt{-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$.
The classification criterion (15) is a nonlinear function of the parameters
$w_{{\mathbb{E}}}$, $w_{{\mathbb{S}}}$, $w_{{\mathbb{H}}}$, and it requires
equality constraints for all the parameters involved. To analyze the
classifier and allow for sequential updates of its parameters, we relax the
norm constraints and propose perceptron updates in a reproducing kernel
Hilbert space (RKHS) which we denote by $\mathcal{H}$.666The kernel approach
is only used to establish convergence results and is not a part of the
algorithm. In the first step of this approach, we represent the classifier in
(15) as an inner product $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$ of two
vectors in $\mathcal{H}$, i.e.,
$l_{w}^{\mathcal{M}}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\langle\phi(w),M\psi(x)\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}\big{)},$
where $M$ is a linear operator, $\psi$ and $\phi$ are two maps that are
precisely defined in Section B and discussed in some detail in what follows.
Note that the kernels
$K_{{\mathbb{E}}}(w_{{\mathbb{E}}},x_{{\mathbb{E}}})=w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}}}$
and
$K_{{\mathbb{S}}}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\mathrm{asin}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}}})$
are symmetric and positive definite.777The Euclidean classifier can be written
as
$l^{{\mathbb{E}}}_{w_{{\mathbb{E}}},b}(x_{{\mathbb{E}}})=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\langle[w_{{\mathbb{E}}},b],[x_{{\mathbb{E}}},1]\rangle\big{)}$.
Hence, they lend themselves to the construction of a valid RKHS. As an
example, for spherical spaces, we can write
$K_{{\mathbb{S}}}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}w_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}}})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}},$
where $\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$ is a Hilbert space of functions
${\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\to\mathbb{R}$ equipped with inner product
$\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}$. Unfortunately,
$K_{{\mathbb{H}}}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}}])$
is an indefinite kernel. Nevertheless, Lemma 1 describes a straightforward
approach for finding a similar representation for this kernel.
###### Lemma 1.
Let
$K_{{\mathbb{S}}}(x_{{\mathbb{S}}},w_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\mathrm{asin}(x_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}w_{{\mathbb{S}}})$,
where $x_{{\mathbb{S}}},w_{{\mathbb{S}}}\in
B_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\overset{\text{def}}{=}\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+1}:\left\lVert
x\right\rVert_{2}\leq 1\right\\}$. Then, there exists a Hilbert space
$\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$ and a mapping
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}:B_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\rightarrow\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$
such that
$K_{{\mathbb{S}}}(x_{{\mathbb{S}}},w_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}},$
where $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}$ is the
inner product on $\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$.
Moreover, there is exists a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$, a
mapping
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}:B_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\rightarrow\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$,
and an indefinite operator
$M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}:\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\rightarrow\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$
which admits the following kernel representation
$K_{{\mathbb{H}}}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\mathrm{asinh}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{\top}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}}),M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}},$
for all $w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}}$ in $B_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$, and
satisfies $M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}^{\top}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}=\mathrm{Id}$, where
$\mathrm{Id}$ denotes the identity operator on
$\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$.
###### Proof.
The Taylor series expansion of $\mathrm{asin}(\cdot)$ can be used to write
$\mathrm{asin}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}(2n+1)}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}}})^{2n+1},$
(16)
where $w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}}\in B_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$. All the
coefficients of this Taylor series are nonnegative. Hence, from Theorem 2.1 in
(Steinwart, 2001), this function is a valid positive-definite kernel.
Therefore, there is a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$ endowed
with an inner product
$\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}$ such that
$\mathrm{asin}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{S}}})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}},$
for $w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}}\in B_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$ and vectors
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{S}}})\in\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$.
On the other hand, we have
$\mathrm{asinh}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{\top}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{n}\frac{(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}(2n+1)}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{\top}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{2n+1},$
where $w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}}\in B_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$. This Taylor
series is nearly identical to the one given in (16), except for the
alternating signs of the coefficients. The analytical construction of the
vector $\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(x)$ in (Steinwart, 2001) gives a
straightforward way to define an indefinite operator
$M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}:\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\rightarrow\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$
such that $M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}^{\top}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}=\mathrm{Id}$, and
$\displaystyle\mathrm{asinh}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{\top}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})$
$\displaystyle=\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}}),M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}$
$\displaystyle=\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}}),M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\psi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{H}}})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}},$
where
$\psi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(x_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})$.
Note that $M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$ can be represented as an infinite-dimensional
diagonal matrix with diagonal elements $\pm 1$ that capture the signs of the
Taylor series coefficients. This completes the proof. ∎
Lemma 1 shows that spherical and hyperbolic kernels can be represented as
inner products of _feature points_ and _feature parameters_ in a Hilbert
space. Further analysis, detailed in Section B, allows us to write the
classifier (15) as
$l_{w}^{\mathcal{M}}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\langle\phi(w),M\psi(x)\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}\big{)},$
(17)
where $\phi(w),\psi(x)\in\mathcal{H}$ are two vectors in the Hilbert space
$\mathcal{H}$, $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$ is the inner product
defined on $\mathcal{H}$, and $M$ is an indefinite linear operator such that
$M^{\top}M=\mathrm{Id}$. The separable form (17) allows us to formulate the
update rule for the perceptron in $\mathcal{H}$ as
$\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k+1}=\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k}+y_{n}M\psi(x_{n})$ (18)
for any misclassified point $x_{n}$, i.e., any point that satisfies
$y_{n}\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k},M\psi(x_{n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}<0$.
Since the decision rule (17) only depends on the inner products of vectors in
$\mathcal{H}$, the classifier trained by the proposed RKHS perceptron computes
the label of a given point in $\mathcal{M}$ as described in Algorithm 1. The
interested reader is referred to Section B for the detailed derivation and
analysis of Algorithm 1.
Algorithm 1 A Product Space Form Perceptron
Input: $(x_{n},y_{n})_{n=1}^{N}$: point-label pairs in
$\mathcal{M}\times\left\\{-1,1\right\\}$;
Initialization: $k=0$, $n=1$,
$x_{n}\overset{\text{def}}{=}(x_{{\mathbb{E}},n},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})$,
$R=\max_{n\in[N]}\left\lVert x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}\right\rVert_{2}$;
repeat
if $\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}g_{k}(x_{n})\big{)}\neq y_{n}$ then
$K(x,x_{n})\overset{\text{def}}{=}1+x_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\mathrm{asin}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n})+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\mathrm{asin}(R^{-2}x_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})$
$g_{k+1}(x)\leftarrow g_{k}(x)+y_{n}K(x,x_{n})$
$k\leftarrow k+1$
end if
$n\leftarrow\mathrm{mod}(n,N)+1$
until convergence criterion is met
In Theorem 3, we prove that the product space perceptron in Algorithm 1
converges in a finite number of steps.
###### Theorem 3.
Let $(x_{n},y_{n})_{n=1}^{N}$ be points in a compact subset of $\mathcal{M}$
with labels in $\left\\{-1,1\right\\}$, and $\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}\right\rVert_{2}\leq R$ for all $n\in[N]$. If the point set
is $\varepsilon$-margin linearly separable and $\left\lVert
w_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\rVert_{2}\leq 1/R$, then Algorithm 1 converges in
$O(\frac{1}{\varepsilon^{2}})$ steps.
The constraint $\left\lVert w_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\rVert_{2}\leq 1/R$ is
necessary to establish the convergence result for the proposed update rule.
From a theoretical point of view, the bound ensures that parameter features in
$\mathcal{H}$ have finite norms, i.e.,
$\langle\phi(w),\phi(w)\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}<\infty$ for
$\phi(w)\in\mathcal{H}$. However, this norm constraint is not compatible with
the definition of product space form classifiers detailed in Proposition 3. In
practice, we can normalize the hyperbolic component of data points by first
modifying $R$ in Theorem 3, then scaling the hyperbolic metric
$g^{{\mathbb{H}}}$, and subsequently adjusting the weight vector
$\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}$. This process lets us tweak the norm constraint
$\left\lVert w_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\rVert_{2}\leq 1/R$ with a great degree of
flexibility to construct classifiers that perform reliably on real-world
datasets.
Related work. Linear classifiers in spherical spaces have been studied in a
number of papers (Novikoff, 1963; Dasgupta et al., 2009). More recent work has
focused on linear classifiers in the Poincaré model of hyperbolic spaces, and
notably, in the context of hyperbolic neural networks (Ganea et al., 2018). A
purely hyperbolic perceptron was described in (Weber et al., 2020) but
exhibits converge issues (see Sections C.1 and C.2 for detailed explanations
regarding the problems associated with the approach proposed therein). We
therefore describe next a modified update rule for a purely hyperbolic
perceptron which is of independent interest given many emerging learning
paradigms in hyperbolic spaces. Our hyperbolic perceptron uses an appropriate
update direction and provably converges, as described below and proved in
Section C.
###### Theorem 4.
Let $(x_{n},y_{n})_{n=1}^{N}$ be a labeled point set from a bounded subset of
${\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$. Assume the point set is linearly separable
by a margin $\varepsilon$. Then, the hyperbolic perceptron with the update
rule $\mathrm{sgn}([w^{k},x_{n}])\neq y_{n}:w^{k+1}=w^{k}+y_{n}Hx_{n}$, where
$H$ is given in (6), converges in
$O\Big{(}\frac{1}{\mathrm{sinh}^{2}(\varepsilon)}\Big{)}$ steps.
For small classification margin $\varepsilon$, we have
$\mathrm{sinh}^{2}(\varepsilon)\approx\varepsilon^{2}$. Hence, for borderline
linearly separable data points, Theorem 4 proves that the hyperbolic and
Euclidean perceptron have the same convergence rate.
### 4.3 A Product Space Form SVM
In the previous section, we showed that the classification criterion for
linear classifiers defined in Proposition 3 is a linear function of the
_feature_ vectors, or, more precisely, of
$\left\\{M\psi(x_{n})\right\\}_{n\in[N]}$. This fact and the subsequent
performance guarantees are due to the update rule operating in the RKHS which,
in effect, lifts a finite dimensional point to a feature vector. Here, we use
the kernel space formalism to formulate large-margin classifiers in product
space forms. The idea behind our approach is to use the feature vector
representation of linear classifiers. A closed-form expression for the
distance between the points and the classification boundary is not available,
although it can still be upper bounded as explained the remark following
Proposition 3. The described solution complements the prior work on hyperbolic
SVMs (Cho et al., 2019; Chien et al., 2021), and as will be seen from the
simulation results, improves upon the first line of work.
Let $x_{1},\ldots,x_{N}\in\mathcal{M}$ be a collection of points. We showed
that the decision rule (17) is a linear function of the feature vectors, i.e.,
$M\psi(x_{n})$. Hence, the _representer theorem_ (Schölkopf et al., 2001)
allows one to express the set of feasible parameters in the space
$\mathcal{H}$ as linear combinations of measured feature vectors. More
precisely,
$\phi(w)=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}M\psi(x_{n}),\mbox{ where }\
\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}^{2}<\infty,$
and the parameter vector $w$ is implicit in the expressions for $\phi$ and
$\beta$. The classification criterion is a linear function in
$\beta=(\beta_{1},\ldots,\beta_{N})$, i.e.,
$l_{w}^{\mathcal{M}}(x)=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}\langle
M\psi(x_{n}),M\psi(x)\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}\big{)}=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}K(x_{n},x)\big{)},$
(19)
where
$K(x,x_{n})=1+x_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\mathrm{asin}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n})+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\mathrm{asin}(R^{-2}x_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})$.
In Algorithm 1, the parameter features (in RKHS) are sequentially updated
after each missclassification. Instead, here we directly optimize the weight
vector $\beta=(\beta,\ldots,\beta_{N})$ to ensure the maximum separability
condition. In the following proposition, we derive necessary conditions for
the vector $\beta$ that enable distance-based formulations of classifiers in
RKHS.
###### Proposition 5.
For the classifier in (19), the following claims hold: • $\langle
w_{{\mathbb{E}}},w_{{\mathbb{E}}}\rangle=\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{2}\Rightarrow\beta^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{E}}}\beta=\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{2}$,
where $K_{{\mathbb{E}}}=\big{(}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{E}},i},x_{{\mathbb{E}},j}\rangle\big{)}_{i,j\in[N]}$ • $\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},w_{{\mathbb{S}}}\rangle=C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\Rightarrow\beta^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{S}}}\beta=\frac{\pi}{2}$,
where $K_{{\mathbb{S}}}=\big{(}\mathrm{asin}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},i},x_{{\mathbb{S}},j}\rangle)\big{)}_{i,j\in[N]}$ •
$[w_{{\mathbb{H}}},w_{{\mathbb{H}}}]=-C_{{\mathbb{H}}}\Rightarrow\beta^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{H}}}\beta=\mathrm{asinh}(-R^{2}C_{{\mathbb{H}}})$,
where
$K_{{\mathbb{H}}}=\big{(}\mathrm{asinh}(R^{-2}[x_{{\mathbb{H}},i},x_{{\mathbb{H}},j}]\big{)}_{i,j\in[N]}$.
The result of Proposition 5 lets us define a product space form classifier
that satisfies the equality constraints in Proposition 3. To do so, we define
the following constraint sets:
$\displaystyle\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{E}}}$
$\displaystyle=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}:x^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{E}}}x=\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{2}\right\\}$
(20) $\displaystyle\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{S}}}$
$\displaystyle=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}:x^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{S}}}x=\frac{\pi}{2}\right\\}$
(21) $\displaystyle\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{H}}}$
$\displaystyle=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}:x^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{H}}}x=\mathrm{asinh}(-R^{2}C_{{\mathbb{H}}})\right\\}.$
(22)
In the product space form SVM, we ask for a weight vector
$\beta\in\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{E}}}\cap\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{S}}}\cap\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{H}}}$
such that the classification margin is maximized, i.e.,
$\max_{\beta\in\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{E}}}\cap\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{S}}}\cap\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\varepsilon\
\ \mbox{such that}\ \ y\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}K(x_{n},x)\geq\varepsilon,$
for all $(x,y)\in\mathcal{X}$. To convexify the Euclidean and spherical
constraint sets (20) and (21), we replace them with their convex hulls, i.e.,
$\mathrm{convhull}(\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{E}}})=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}:x^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{E}}}x\leq\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{2}\right\\},\
\
\mathrm{convhull}(\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}:x^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{S}}}x\leq\frac{\pi}{2}\right\\}.$
For the (nonconvex) hyperbolic constraint set (22), we let
$K_{{\mathbb{H}}}=K^{+}_{{\mathbb{H}}}-K^{-}_{{\mathbb{H}}}$ for two positive
semidefinite matrices $K^{+}_{{\mathbb{H}}}$ and $K^{-}_{{\mathbb{H}}}$. Then,
we relax the aforementioned set as follows
$\widetilde{\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{H}}}}=\left\\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}:x^{\top}K^{-}_{{\mathbb{H}}}x\leq
r\ \mbox{and}\ x^{\top}K^{+}_{{\mathbb{H}}}x\leq
r+\mathrm{asinh}(-R^{2}C_{{\mathbb{H}}})\right\\},$
where $r$ is a small positive scalar. Algorithm 2 summarizes our proposed
soft-margin SVM classifier, for points with noisy labels, in product space
forms.
Algorithm 2 A Product Space Form SVM
Input: $(x_{n},y_{n})_{n=1}^{N}$: a set of point-labels in
$\mathcal{M}\times\left\\{-1,1\right\\}$. Let $r>0$. Then, solve for $\beta$
according to: maximize $\displaystyle\varepsilon-\sum_{n\in[N]}\zeta_{n}$
w.r.t $\displaystyle\varepsilon>0,\left\\{\zeta_{n}\geq 0\right\\}$ subject to
$\displaystyle\forall
n\in[N]:~{}~{}y_{n}\sum_{m\in[N]}\beta_{m}K(x_{n},x_{m})\geq\varepsilon-\zeta_{n}$
$\displaystyle\beta\in\mathrm{convhull}(\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{E}}})\cap\mathrm{convhull}(\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{S}}})\cap\widetilde{\mathcal{A}_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$
### 4.4 Signature Estimation
One important question that arises in the context of learning in product space
forms is _how does one identify the best signature of the embedding space for
the task at hand?_ In this context, the _optimal_ geometry depends on the
task-specific performance measure, e.g., classification accuracy, regression
error, etc. This type of question has been addressed with limited success in
the representation learning literature but only involve simple space forms,
e.g., spectral method to estimate the metric signature of graphs (Wilson et
al., 2014), discrete version of the triangle comparison theorem for sectional
curvature estimation (Gu et al., 2018); very little is known about how to find
appropriate signatures in product space forms. A notable work, related to node
classification tasks, is the _constant curvature graph convolutional network_
which allows for a differentiable interpolation between different space forms
(Bachmann et al., 2020). In most cases, pertaining to simple space forms and
arbitrary learning tasks, practitioners in the field heuristically examine a
number of signatures to identify one that offers quality performance.
Unfortunately, this can not be extended to product space forms due to the
combinatorial complexity of possible signatures. A $d$-dimensional product
space form can have up to $\sum_{K=1}^{\frac{d}{2}}3^{K}K^{d}$ different
signatures.888Let us assume a $d$-dimensional product space has $K$ simple
space forms. There are three choices for each space form and there are at most
$\frac{d}{2}$ of these (at least) two-dimensional spaces.
Nevertheless, a small number of recent works has partially addressed the
signature identification problem but in a general context that does not cater
to the specific need of a learning task. The authors of (Gu et al., 2018)
showed that one can combine space forms to learn low-dimensional
representations for complex graph data with low distortions. In addition,
mixed-curvature variational autoencoders (VAEs) have been introduced to
streamline non-Euclidean feature extraction (Skopek et al., 2020). These
methods can be used to determine the optimal underlying geometry for manifold
approximation and unsupervised tasks. Finally, Switch Spaces (Zhang et al.,
2021) were proposed to select a mix of $K$ space forms from a given set of $N$
candidate space forms for each data point to be processed. In their proposed
approach, space form selections depend on the data points. This makes the
signature of the learned product space form switchable depending on the input
data and the task-at-hand.
In our numerical experiments, we use a heuristic bottom-up approach for
signature selection. Our greedy algorithm aims at reducing the search space
for signatures and relies on two assumptions: (1) We can combine small-
dimensional space forms to form large-dimensional (product) space forms, e.g.,
${\mathbb{E}}^{d_{1}}\times{\mathbb{E}}^{d_{2}}={\mathbb{E}}^{d_{1}+d_{2}}$,
${\mathbb{S}}^{d_{1}}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{d_{2}}$, etc; (2) Linear classifiers
in a product space form of dimension $d$ are at least as expressive as linear
classifiers in any simple space form of dimension $d$; see Theorem 2. The
proposed algorithm is illustrated in Figure 4 and can be summarized as
follows: We start with a two-dimensional space form that yields the best
classification accuracy compared to other space forms of the same dimension.
Then, we consider all possible products of this space form with other two-
dimensional space forms. We pick the space which improves upon the
classification accuracy computed in the previous step. If the classification
accuracy improvement is below a preset threshold, the process terminates.
Otherwise, the current product space form is updated by including an
additional two-dimensional space form. Note that this greedy approach
eliminates space forms $S^{d}$, where
$S\in\left\\{{\mathbb{S}},{\mathbb{H}}\right\\}$, from the search space.
Instead, it may pick product space forms of the type $S^{2}\times
S^{2}\times\ldots$, where $S\in\left\\{{\mathbb{S}},{\mathbb{H}}\right\\}$.
Theorem 2 suggests that the latter types of spaces may provide improved
classification performance over simple space forms. The proposed approach
reduces the size of the search space to $3^{\frac{d}{2}}$.
Figure 4: The greedy process for identifying the optimal signature. We first
identify the best two-dimensional space form. Then, we compute its product
with the best two-dimensional space form that improves upon the representation
accuracy. We repeat the process until the increase in accuracy is lower than a
preset threshold.
## 5 Numerical Experiments
All experiments were conducted on a Linux machine with 48 cores, 376GB of
system memory. incomplete. Code, datasets, and documentation needed to
reproduce the experimental results are available at
https://github.com/thupchnsky/product-space-linear-classifiers.
### 5.1 Synthetic Datasets
We first illustrate the performance of our product space form perceptron
(Algorithm 1) on synthetic datasets. In order to establish the benefits of
product space form embeddings and learning, we compare the performance of the
proposed product space form perceptron with the results obtained from a purely
Euclidean perceptron. Classification accuracies (macro F1 scores) are reported
when training is performed on the entire dataset. In the experiments, data
points are sampled from the product space
${\mathbb{E}}^{2}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{2}\times{\mathbb{H}}^{2}$, and viewed as
points in ${\mathbb{E}}^{8}$ when simulating the Euclidean perceptron.
We generate binary-labeled synthetic data satisfying the $\varepsilon$-margin
assumption as follows. First, we randomly generate the optimal decision
hyperplane — with parameter vector
$w^{*}=(w^{*}_{{\mathbb{E}}},0,w^{*}_{{\mathbb{S}}},w^{*}_{{\mathbb{H}}})$ —
under the constraints stated in Theorem 3. Then, we sample three points
$x_{{\mathbb{E}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}}$ from a Gaussian
distribution in each of the three space forms,
${\mathbb{E}}^{2},{\mathbb{E}}^{3},{\mathbb{E}}^{3}$; subsequently, we project
the latter two points onto ${\mathbb{S}}^{2}$ and ${\mathbb{H}}^{2}$, with
curvatures $+1$ and $-1$, respectively. The points are concatenated to obtain
the product space form embedding, i.e.,
$x=(x_{{\mathbb{E}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}}})$. Next, we compute the
inner product according to (15) which ensures that the $\varepsilon$-margin
assumption is satisfied and assign the labels accordingly. If the
$\varepsilon$-margin assumption is not satisfied, we simply discard the
generated point. We repeat this process until $N$ points are generated.
For a fair comparison, with each combination of $(N,\varepsilon)$ we use the
same set of points for both Euclidean and product space form perceptrons. This
allows us to demonstrate the efficiency and performance gain of our proposed
method, which is informed by the geometry of data. In comparison, the
Euclidean setting ignores the geometry of data points, i.e., its metric,
domain, and other properties, and simply assumes that they lie in
${\mathbb{E}}^{8}$. In Figure 5, we plot ten experimental convergence curves
for different parameter settings, i.e., for $N=100,200,300$ points with the
fixed optimal decision hyperplane parameterized by vector $w^{*}$, and with
different separation margins, $\varepsilon=0.01,0.05,0.1,0.2$. From the
results, we first observe that the number of updates made by the product space
form perceptron (red line) is always smaller than the theoretical upper bound
(green dotted line) described in Theorem 3, _independent_ of the size of the
datasets. Second, when the margin $\varepsilon$ is small, the dataset
generated from the described product space form may not be linearly separable
in ${\mathbb{E}}^{8}$ and thus the Euclidean perceptron cannot converge to
achieve a 100% accurate solution; this point is further reasserted by the
examples of nonlinear classification boundaries in Figure 3. Note that as the
separation margin increases, data points become linearly separable in
${\mathbb{E}}^{8}$ as well, in which case the Euclidean perceptron may in some
cases converge faster than its product space form counterpart.
Figure 5: Classification accuracy (macro F1 scores) after each update of the
Euclidean and product space form perceptron algorithms for different
combinations of parameters $(N,\varepsilon)$.
### 5.2 Real-World Datasets
In addition to synthetic datasets, we also examine real-world data and
evaluate the practical performance of our product space form classifiers —
Algorithms 1 and 2 — on such examples. In this part of the text, we focus on
two scRNA-seq datasets and the CIFAR-100 dataset, with the detailed
description of their properties and additional analysis of other datasets
relegated to Appendix E. All sensitive and privacy-revealing information has
been removed from the datasets.
The datasets tested include:
1. 1.
Blood cell scRNA-seq datasets999https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14049
from (Zheng et al., 2017), including only information provided by $965$
landmark genes (Subramanian et al., 2017). “Landmark genes” are genes that can
be used to infer the activities of all other genes and are hence frequently
used for scalable learning and genomic dimensionality reduction. In this case,
we have $10$ classes with $94,655$ samples in total.
2. 2.
Lymphoma101010 https://www.10xgenomics.com/resources/datasets/hodgkins-
lymphoma-dissociated-tumor-targeted-immunology-panel-3-1-standard-4-0-0.
Registration is required to access the content. and healthy
donors111111https://www.10xgenomics.com/resources/datasets/pbm-cs-from-a-
healthy-donor-targeted-compare-immunology-panel-3-1-standard-4-0-0.
Registration is required to access the content. scRNA-seq binary-labeled
datasets with $1020$-dimensional points and $13,410$ samples in total.
3. 3.
CIFAR-100 (Krizhevsky et al., 2009), an image dataset that contains $100$
classes of size $600$ each. Each image is of dimension $32\times 32\times 3$
(involving three
colors).121212https://www.cs.toronto.edu/$\sim$kriz/cifar.html
4. 4.
Omniglot and MNIST data, for which the results are presented in Section E.
To embed these datasets into different product space forms, we adapted and
modified the mixed-curvature VAEs algorithm of (Skopek et al., 2020). The
original implementation of this algorithm does not allow the users to choose
the number of layers and hidden dimensions of the network. So we introduce
customized changes to make the approach suitable for use with datasets at
different scales. For the Lymphoma dataset, we use two MLP layers with hidden
dimension $200$ and train the network for $500$ epochs. For the blood cell
landmark dataset, we use three MLP layers with hidden dimension $400$ and
train the network for $200$ epochs. Other experimental setups are the same as
the ones stated in (Skopek et al., 2020).
We train linear classifiers on the low-dimensional (product) space form
features extracted by the mixed-curvature VAEs. Hence, the performance of
classification algorithms depends on the discriminative quality of the
acquired features. Ideally, in order to maximize the classification
performance, one may want to _jointly_ design and optimize the feature
extraction and classification algorithms. However, joint optimization of
feature extraction and classification objectives is technically challenging.
We therefore decouple this process by first extracting low-dimensional
features (via the previously described unsupervised mixed-curvature VAEs) and
then train the linear classifiers.
_Perceptron_ : We split the datasets into $60\%$ training and $40\%$ test
point sets. In general, embedded datasets are not linearly separable. For a
fair comparison, we allow all perceptron algorithms to go over the whole
dataset only once to simulate the online learning scenario. For datasets with
two classes (Lymphoma and healthy donor dataset), we perform binary
classifications on the whole dataset with $30$ different splits for training
and testing sets. For datasets with multiple classes (CIFAR-100 and blood cell
landmark gene datasets), we perform binary classifications on samples from two
randomly chosen classes and repeat it three times with different splits for
training and testing sets. For the CIFAR-100 dataset, we choose $30$ class
pairs, whereas for the blood cell landmark gene dataset, we choose all
possible pairs, i.e., a total of $\binom{10}{2}=45$ pairs. The mean and $95\%$
confidence interval of the obtained macro F-1 scores are reported in Figure 6
(bottom row).
_SVM_ : For simplicity, we set
$\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}=\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}=\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}=1,$ and
relax the optimization problem by leaving out nonconvex constraints. To lower
the computational complexity, for each dataset, we also only use $150$
training samples and reserve the remaining ones for testing. Other
experimental settings are identical to those of the perceptron.
Figure 6: The average classification accuracy $(\%)$ and $95\%$-confidence
interval for the SVM (top row) and the perceptron (bottom row) algorithms in
product space form with different signatures. Datasets are blood cell landmark
gene expressions (Figures $(a_{1})$ and $(a_{2})$), Lymphoma and healthy
donors expressions (Figures $(b_{1})$ and $(b_{2})$), and CIFAR-100 (Figures
$(c_{1})$ and $(c_{2})$). The choice of the embedding space is determined by
the signature estimation method discussed in Section 4.4, and the resulting
signatures are in shown bold rectangles.
The results across different datasets, learning methods, and embedding
signatures (i.e., choices of dimensions of the components in the product
spaces) suggest that product spaces offer significantly better low-dimensional
representations for complex data structures, especially for scRNA-seq data;
see Figure 6. Generally, a _higher-dimensional signature should lead to a
better classification accuracy_. However, the performance of the
classification method crucially depends on the discriminative quality of the
features extracted from the mixed-curvature VAEs — which are not guaranteed to
return embeddings of accuracy that increases with the dimension of the ambient
space (provided that other hyperparameters are fixed).
Furthermore, finding an analytic expression for a signature that allows for
near-optimal embedding distortion is a hard problem that requires a
sophisticated analysis of the geometry of datasets, and is thus beyond the
scope of this work. Nevertheless, the signature estimation heuristic,
introduced in Section 4.4, lets use narrow down the choices for suitable
signatures and lends itself to a process to progressively improves the
classification results. In Figure 6 $(a_{1})$, $(b_{1})$, and $(c_{1})$, we
used the SVM classification results to estimate the near-optimal signatures
for each of the three datasets. We then used these signatures for our
perceptron experiments; see Figure 6 $(a_{2})$, $(b_{2})$, and $(c_{2})$. The
improvements in classification accuracy for the CIFAR-100 data are modest
($\sim 2\%$) but the performance of product space classifiers on the scRNA-seq
datasets offers an average of $\sim 15\%$ improvements compared to purely
Euclidean classifiers. This is not surprising given the prior biological
insight that populations of cells in a tissue follow hierarchical evolutionary
trajectories (suitably captured by hyperbolic spaces) and cyclic cell-cycle
phases (suitably captured by spherical spaces).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Prof. Ivan Dokmanić for helpful discussions
and suggestions.
## A Proof of Theorem 2
We let $x_{1},\ldots,x_{N}\in\mathcal{M}$, where
$\mathcal{M}=\mathbb{R}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\times{\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$
and $N=d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}+1$, such that
$x_{n}=\left\\{\begin{aligned}
\quad&(x_{{\mathbb{E}},n},x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},N})^{\top}&\mbox{
for }&n\in\left\\{1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\\}\\\
&(x_{{\mathbb{E}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n},x_{{\mathbb{H}},N})^{\top}&\mbox{ for
}&n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}\right\\}\\\
&(x_{{\mathbb{E}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})^{\top}&\mbox{ for
}&n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\\}\\\
&(x_{{\mathbb{E}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},N})^{\top}&\mbox{ for
}&n=d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}+1\end{aligned}\right.$
where $x_{{\mathbb{E}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},$ and $x_{{\mathbb{H}},N}$ are
three arbitrary points in $\mathbb{R}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}$,
${\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$, and ${\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$.
Moreover, we restrict
$\left\\{x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}\right\\}_{n=1}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}$,
$\left\\{x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\right\\}_{n=1}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$, and
$\left\\{x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}\right\\}_{n=1}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$ such that —
together with $x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}$, $x_{{\mathbb{S}},N}$, and
$x_{{\mathbb{H}},N}$ — can be shattered with linear classifiers in
$\mathbb{R}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}}$, ${\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$, and
${\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$. Consequently, for any vector
$t=(t_{n})_{n=1}^{N-1}\in\mathbb{R}^{N-1}$, we can find Euclidean, spherical
and hyperbolic linear classifiers — with parameters
$(w_{{\mathbb{E}}},b),w_{{\mathbb{S}}}$, and $w_{{\mathbb{H}}}$ — such that
the following conditions hold true:
$\displaystyle\forall n\in\left\\{1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\\}:$
$\displaystyle w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+b$
$\displaystyle=t_{n};$ $\displaystyle
w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}+b$ $\displaystyle=0.$ (23)
$\displaystyle\forall
n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}\right\\}:$
$\displaystyle\langle w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle$
$\displaystyle=\sin(t_{n});$ $\displaystyle\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},N}\rangle$ $\displaystyle=0.$ (24)
$\displaystyle\forall
n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\\}:$
$\displaystyle[w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}]$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sinh}(t_{n});$
$\displaystyle[w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},N}]$ $\displaystyle=0.$ (25)
Now, let $w=(w_{{\mathbb{E}}},b,w_{{\mathbb{S}}},w_{{\mathbb{H}}})$ be the
parameter vector for a linear classifier in product space form $\mathcal{M}$.
Then, we have
$l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w}(x_{n})=\left\\{\begin{aligned}
\quad&\mathrm{sgn}(w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+b)&\mbox{ for
}&n\in\left\\{1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\\}\\\
&\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle)\big{)}&\mbox{ for
}&n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}\right\\}\\\
&\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])\big{)}&\mbox{
for
}&n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\\},\end{aligned}\right.$
or $l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w}(x_{n})=\mathrm{sign}(t_{n})$, for all $n\in[N-1]$.
This is the direct result of constructing the point set according to
conditions described in equations (23), (24), and (25). This means
$\left\\{x_{n}\right\\}_{n=1}^{N-1}$ can be shattered with linear classifiers
in $\mathcal{M}$. Now, we want to show that the point
$x_{N}=(x_{{\mathbb{E}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},N})^{\top}$ can
also be shattered.
###### Lemma 2.
Let $w_{\varepsilon}=w+\varepsilon
t_{N}(x_{{\mathbb{E}},N},1,x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},-x_{{\mathbb{H}},N})^{\top}$ for
a positive scalar $\varepsilon$ and an arbitrary scalar
$t_{N}\in\mathbb{R}$.131313Note that scaling the components of the vector $w$
does not change the labels produced by $l_{w}$. However, it will violate the
norm constraints required to define the distance-based classifiers. So, we can
re-scale the components of $w$ such that $w_{\varepsilon}=w+\varepsilon
t_{N}(x_{{\mathbb{E}},N},1,x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},-x_{{\mathbb{H}},N})^{\top}$
complies with the required norm constraints for each Euclidean, spherical, and
hyperbolic components, i.e.,
$w_{{\mathbb{E}},\varepsilon}=\frac{1}{\left\lVert
w_{{\mathbb{E}}}+\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert}(w_{{\mathbb{E}}}+\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{E}},N})$, $w_{{\mathbb{S}},\varepsilon}=\frac{1}{\left\lVert
w_{{\mathbb{S}}}+\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{S}},N}\right\rVert}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}+\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{S}},N})$, and
$w_{{\mathbb{H}},\varepsilon}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-[w_{{\mathbb{H}}}-\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{H}},N},w_{{\mathbb{H}}}-\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{H}},N}]}}(w_{{\mathbb{H}}}-\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{H}},N})$. For vanishing $\varepsilon\rightarrow 0$, we have
$w_{{\mathbb{E}},\varepsilon}\rightarrow w_{{\mathbb{E}}}$,
$w_{{\mathbb{S}},\varepsilon}\rightarrow w_{{\mathbb{S}}}$, and
$w_{{\mathbb{H}},\varepsilon}\rightarrow w_{{\mathbb{H}}}$. However, we do not
specifically reflect these normalizations in our proof since we are only
interested labels produced by $l_{w_{\varepsilon}}$ when
$\varepsilon\rightarrow 0$. This perturbed classifier computes the following
labels,
$l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w_{\varepsilon}}(x_{n})=\left\\{\begin{aligned}
\quad&\mathrm{sgn}(w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+b+c_{1,n}\varepsilon+o(\varepsilon))&\mbox{
for }&n\in\left\\{1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\\}\\\ &\mathrm{sgn}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle+c_{2,n}\varepsilon+o(\varepsilon))&\mbox{
for
}&n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}\right\\}\\\
&\mathrm{sgn}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}]+c_{3,n}\varepsilon+o(\varepsilon))&\mbox{
for
}&n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\\}\\\
&\mathrm{sign}(t_{n}c_{4}+O(\varepsilon))&\mbox{ if
}&n=d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}+1,\end{aligned}\right.$
where $c_{1,n}=(3+x_{{\mathbb{E}},0}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n})t_{N}$,
$c_{2,n}=\big{(}\left\lVert x_{{\mathbb{E}},0}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2+\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle\mathrm{asin}^{\prime}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle)\big{)}t_{N}$, $c_{3,n}=\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},0}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2-\mathrm{asinh}^{\prime}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])[x_{{\mathbb{H}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}]$,
and where $c_{4}=\left\lVert x_{{\mathbb{E}},0}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+3>0$. This
result proves that
$l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w_{\varepsilon}}(x_{n})=\mathrm{sgn}(t_{n})$ for all
$n\in[N]$, when $\varepsilon\rightarrow 0$.
###### Proof.
Let $n\in\left\\{1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\\}$. Then, we have
$\displaystyle l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w_{\varepsilon}}(x_{n})$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+b+\varepsilon
t_{N}(1+x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n})+\mathrm{asin}(\varepsilon
t_{N}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},N}\rangle)+\mathrm{asinh}(\varepsilon
t_{N}[-x_{{\mathbb{H}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},N}])\big{)}$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\text{(a)}}}{{=}}\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+b+\varepsilon
t_{N}(1+x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n})+\mathrm{asin}(\varepsilon
t_{N})+\mathrm{asinh}(\varepsilon t_{N})\big{)}$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\text{(b)}}}{{=}}\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+b+\varepsilon
t_{N}(1+x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n})+2\epsilon
t_{N}+o(\varepsilon)\big{)}$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sign}\big{(}w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+b+\varepsilon
t_{N}(3+x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n})+o(\varepsilon)\big{)}.$
where (a) is due to the norm constraints for points in hyperbolic and
spherical spaces ($\langle x,x\rangle=1$ if $x\in{\mathbb{S}}^{d}$, and
$[x,x]=-1$ if $x\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$), and (b) is due to the facts that
$\mathrm{asinh}(x)=x+o(x)$ and $\mathrm{asinh}(x)=x+o(x)$ for $x\rightarrow
0$. This give us
$c_{1,n}=(3+x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n})t_{N}$.
For
$n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\\}$,
we have
$\displaystyle l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w_{\varepsilon}}(x_{n})$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}(\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{E}},N})^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}+\varepsilon
t_{N}+\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle+\varepsilon t_{N}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle)+\mathrm{asinh}(\varepsilon
t_{N})\big{)}$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\text{(a)}}}{{=}}\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\varepsilon
t_{N}(\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2)+\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle)+\varepsilon t_{N}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle\mathrm{asin}^{\prime}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle)+o(\varepsilon)\big{)}$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asin}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle)+\varepsilon t_{N}(\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2+\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle\mathrm{asin}^{\prime}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle))+o(\varepsilon)\big{)}$
where (a) is due to the first order Taylor approximation of
$\mathrm{asin}(\cdot)$ function. This gives $c_{2,n}=\big{(}\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2+\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle\mathrm{asin}^{\prime}(\langle
w_{{\mathbb{S}}},x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}\rangle)\big{)}t_{N}$.
For
$n\in\left\\{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+1,\ldots,d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}\right\\}$,
we have
$\displaystyle l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w_{\varepsilon}}(x_{n})$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sign}\big{(}\varepsilon t_{N}(\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+1)+\mathrm{asin}(\varepsilon
t_{N})+\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}]-\varepsilon
t_{N}[x_{{\mathbb{H}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])\big{)}$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\text{(a)}}}{{=}}\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\varepsilon
t_{N}(\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2)+\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])-\varepsilon
t_{N}\mathrm{asinh}^{\prime}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])[x_{{\mathbb{H}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}]+o(\varepsilon)\big{)}$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asinh}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])+\varepsilon
t_{N}(\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2-\mathrm{asinh}^{\prime}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])[x_{{\mathbb{H}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])+o(\varepsilon)\big{)}$
where (a) is due to the first order Taylor approximation of
$\mathrm{asinh}(\cdot)$ function. This gives us $c_{3,n}=\big{(}\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2-\mathrm{asinh}^{\prime}([w_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])[x_{{\mathbb{H}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}]\big{)}t_{N}$.
Finally, let $n=d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+d_{{\mathbb{S}}}+d_{{\mathbb{H}}}+1$. Then,
we have
$\displaystyle l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w_{\varepsilon}}(x_{N})$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}(\varepsilon
t_{N}x_{{\mathbb{E}},N})^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}+\varepsilon
t_{N}+\mathrm{asin}(\varepsilon t_{N}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},N},x_{{\mathbb{S}},N}\rangle)+\mathrm{asinh}(-\varepsilon
t_{N}[x_{{\mathbb{H}},N},x_{{\mathbb{H}},N}])$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}(\varepsilon t_{N}(\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+1)+\varepsilon t_{N}+\varepsilon
t_{N}+o(\varepsilon))$ $\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}(t_{N}(\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+3)+O(\varepsilon)).$
Therefore, $c_{4}=\left\lVert x_{{\mathbb{E}},N}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+3>0$. ∎
This lemma directly shows that linear classifiers in $\mathcal{M}$ can shatter
at least $\mathrm{dim}(\mathcal{M})+1$ points. This argument can be extended
to general product space forms.
## B Proof of Theorem 3
Let
$x_{1},\ldots,x_{N}\in\mathcal{M}={\mathbb{E}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\times{\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$
and $R$ be an upper bound for the norm of the hyperbolic component of points,
i.e., $\left\lVert x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}\right\rVert_{2}\leq R$ for all
$n\in[N]$. The linear classifier in product space form can be written as
$\displaystyle l^{\mathcal{M}}_{w}(x_{n})$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}+b+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\mathrm{asin}(w_{{\mathbb{S}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n})+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\mathrm{asinh}((Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{\top}\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}},n})\big{)}$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\langle\phi(w),M\psi(x_{n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}\big{)},$
where $\mathcal{H}$ is the product of $\mathbb{R}^{d_{{\mathbb{E}}}+1}$,
$\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}$ and $\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}$
accompanied by their corresponding inner products,
$M=\mathrm{diag}\left\\{I,I,M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\right\\}$ is an operator on
$\mathcal{H}$, and
$\displaystyle\phi(w)$
$\displaystyle=\big{(}b,w_{{\mathbb{E}}},\sqrt{\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}w_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\sqrt{\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Rw_{\mathbb{H}})\big{)}\in\mathcal{H},$
$\displaystyle\psi(x_{n})$
$\displaystyle=\big{(}1,x_{{\mathbb{E}},n},\sqrt{\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}),\sqrt{\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(H\frac{1}{R}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})\big{)},$
where $\phi_{d}(\cdot)$ is defined as in the proof of Lemma 1. Therefore, we
have
$\displaystyle\langle\phi(w),M\psi(x)\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$
$\displaystyle=w_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{E}}}+b+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}w_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}}})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}}),M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}.$
From the problem’s assumptions, the data points are linearly separable, i.e.,
$\forall
n\in[N]:y_{n}\langle\phi(w^{*}),M\psi(x_{n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}\geq\varepsilon,$
for a specific parameter $w^{*}$. Similar to the hyperbolic perceptron
setting, we use the following update rule in RKHS
$\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k+1}=\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k}+y_{n}M\psi(x_{n})\ \mbox{ if
}\ y_{n}\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k},M\psi(x_{n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}\leq
0.$
If we initialize $\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{0}=0\in\mathcal{H}$, we have
$\displaystyle\langle\phi(w^{*}),\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k+1}\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$
$\displaystyle=\langle\phi(w^{*}),\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k}\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}+\langle\phi(w^{*}),My_{n}\psi(x_{n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$
$\displaystyle\geq\langle\phi(w^{*}),\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k}\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}+\varepsilon$
$\displaystyle\geq k\varepsilon.$
On the other hand, we can bound the norm as
$\displaystyle\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k+1},\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k+1}\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$
$\displaystyle=\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k},\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k}\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}+\langle
y_{n}M\psi(x_{n}),y_{n}M\psi(x_{n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}+2\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k},y_{n}M\psi(x_{n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$
$\displaystyle\leq\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k},\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k}\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}+\langle\psi(x_{n}),\psi(x_{n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$
$\displaystyle\leq\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k},\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k}\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}+1+\left\lVert
x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}$
$\displaystyle+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}},n}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}},n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(a)}}}{{\leq}}k(1+R_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{2}+(\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}})\frac{\pi}{2}),$
where $R_{{\mathbb{E}}}$ is an upper bound for the norm of the Euclidean
components of the vectors, and $\mathrm{(a)}$ is due to
$\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}=\mathrm{asin}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n})=\frac{\pi}{2},$
and
$\langle\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}},n}),\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}},n})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}}=\mathrm{asin}(\frac{1}{R^{2}}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}^{\top}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})\leq\frac{\pi}{2}.$
Hence,
$\displaystyle\frac{(\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k+1},\phi(w^{*})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}})^{2}}{\langle\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k+1},\phi_{\mathcal{H}}^{k+1}\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}\langle\phi(w^{*}),\phi(w^{*})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}}$
$\displaystyle\geq\frac{k^{2}\varepsilon^{2}}{kB\langle\phi(w^{*}),\phi(w^{*})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}}$
$\displaystyle=k\frac{\varepsilon^{2}}{B\langle\phi(w^{*}),\phi(w^{*})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}},$
where
$B=1+R_{{\mathbb{E}}}^{2}+(\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}+\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}})\frac{\pi}{2}$.
Therefore, convergence is guaranteed in
$k\leq\frac{B\langle\phi(w^{*}),\phi(w^{*})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}}{\varepsilon^{2}}$
steps. Finally, the upper bound for the $\ell_{2}$ norm of $w_{{\mathbb{H}}}$
guarantees the boundedness of
$\langle\phi(w^{*}),\phi(w^{*})\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$.
## C Proof of Theorem 4
Let $w^{0}=0\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ and let $w^{k}\in\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ be the
estimated normal vector at the $k$-th iteration of the perceptron algorithm
(see Algorithm 3). If the point $x_{n}\in{\mathbb{H}}^{d}$
($y_{n}[w^{k},x_{n}]<0$) is missclassified, the perceptron algorithm produces
the $(k+1)$-th estimate of the normal vector according to
$w^{k+1}=w^{k}+y_{n}Hx_{n}.$
Let $w^{*}$ be the normal vector that classifies all the points with margin of
at least $\varepsilon$, i.e.,
$y_{n}\,\mathrm{asinh}([w^{*},x_{n}])\geq\varepsilon,$ $\forall\,n\in[N]$, and
$[w^{*},w^{*}]=1$. Then, we have
$\displaystyle(w^{*})^{\top}w_{k+1}$
$\displaystyle=(w^{*})^{\top}w^{k}+y_{n}[w^{*},x_{n}]$
$\displaystyle\geq(w^{*})^{\top}w^{k}+\mathrm{sinh}(\varepsilon)$
$\displaystyle\geq k\mathrm{sinh}(\varepsilon).$
In what follows, we provide an upper bound on $\left\lVert
w^{k+1}\right\rVert_{2}$,
$\displaystyle\left\lVert w^{k+1}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}$
$\displaystyle=\left\lVert w^{k}+y_{n}Hx_{n}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}$
$\displaystyle=\left\lVert w^{k}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+\left\lVert
x_{n}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+2y_{n}[w^{k},x_{n}]$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(a)}}}{{\leq}}\left\lVert
w^{k}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}+R^{2}$ $\displaystyle=kR^{2},$
where $\mathrm{(a)}$ is due to $\left\lVert x_{n}\right\rVert_{2}^{2}\leq
R^{2}$ and $y_{n}[w^{k},x_{n}]\leq 0$, due to the error in classifying the
point $x_{n}$. Hence,
$\left\lVert w^{k+1}\right\rVert_{2}\leq\sqrt{k}R\ \mbox{ and }\
(w^{*})^{\top}w^{k+1}\geq k\mathrm{sinh}(\varepsilon).$ (26)
To complete the proof, define
$\theta_{k}=\mathrm{acos}(\frac{(w^{k})^{\top}w^{*}}{\left\lVert
w^{k}\right\rVert_{2}\left\lVert w^{*}\right\rVert_{2}})$. Then,
$\displaystyle\ \frac{(w^{k+1})^{\top}w^{*}}{\left\lVert
w^{k+1}\right\rVert_{2}\left\lVert w^{*}\right\rVert_{2}}$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(a)}}}{{\geq}}\frac{k\mathrm{sinh}(\varepsilon)}{\sqrt{k}R\left\lVert
w^{*}\right\rVert_{2}}$
$\displaystyle=\sqrt{k}\frac{\mathrm{sinh}(\varepsilon)}{R\left\lVert
w^{*}\right\rVert_{2}},$
where $\mathrm{(a)}$ follows from (26). For $k\geq\Big{(}\frac{R\left\lVert
w^{*}\right\rVert_{2}}{\mathrm{sinh}(\varepsilon)}\Big{)}^{2}$, we have
$w^{k+1}=\alpha_{k+1}w^{*}$ for a positive scalar $\alpha_{k+1}$. Hence,
$\frac{1}{\sqrt{[w^{k+1},w^{k+1}]}}w^{k+1}=w^{*}$.
Algorithm 3 Hyperbolic Perceptron
Input: $\left\\{x_{n},y_{n}\right\\}_{n=1}^{N}$ : a set of point-labels in
${\mathbb{H}}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\times\left\\{-1,1\right\\}$.
Initialization: $w^{0}=0\in\mathbb{R}^{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}+1}$, $k=0$, $n=1$.
repeat
if $\mathrm{sgn}([w^{k},x_{n}])\neq y_{n}$ then
$w^{k+1}=w^{k}+y_{n}Hx_{n}$;
$k=k+1$;
end if
$n=\mathrm{mod}(n,N)+1$;
until Convergence criteria is met.
### C.1 Discussion
A purely hyperbolic perceptron (in the ’Loid model used in this work) was
described in (Weber et al., 2020). The proposed update rules read as
$\displaystyle u^{k}=w^{k}+y_{n}x_{n}\ \mbox{ if }-y_{n}[w^{k},x_{n}]<0$ (27)
$\displaystyle w^{k+1}=u^{k}/\min\\{1,\sqrt{[u^{k},u^{k}]}\\},$ (28)
where (28) is a normalization step. Unfortunately, the above update rule does
not allow the hyperbolic perceptron algorithm (Equations 27 and 28) to
converge, which is due to the choice of the update direction. The convergence
issue is also illustrated by the following two examples.
Let $x_{1}=[\sqrt{2},1,0]^{\top}\in{\mathbb{H}}^{2}$ with label $y_{1}=1$. We
choose the initial vector in the update rule to be
$w^{0}=[\frac{-\sqrt{2}+3}{4},\frac{-1+3\sqrt{2}}{4},0]^{\top}$ (in contrast
to $w^{0}=e_{2}$, which was chosen in the proof (Weber et al., 2020)). This is
a valid choice because $[w^{0},w^{0}]=\frac{1}{2}>0$. In the first iteration,
we must hence update $w^{0}$ since $-y_{1}[w^{0},x_{1}]=-\frac{1}{4}<0$. From
(27), we have
$u^{0}=w^{0}+y_{1}x_{1}=[\frac{3\sqrt{2}+3}{4},\frac{3+3\sqrt{2}}{4},0]^{\top}$,
and $[u^{0},u^{0}]=0$. This means that
$w^{1}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{[u^{0},u^{0}]}}u^{0}$ is clearly ill-defined.
As another example, let $w^{\star}$ be the optimal vector with which we can
classify all data points with margin $\varepsilon$. If we simply choose
$w^{0}=0$, then we can satisfy the required condition $[w^{0},w^{\star}]\geq
0$ postulated for the hyperbolic perceptron in Weber et al. (2020). This leads
to $u^{0}=x_{1}$. Then, for any $x_{1}\in{\mathbb{H}}^{2}$, we have
$[x_{1},x_{1}]=-1$, which results in a normalization factor
$\sqrt{[u^{0},u^{0}]}$ that is a complex number.
### C.2 Simulated Convergence Analysis of The New Hyperbolic Perceptron
As pointed out in Section C.1, the hyperbolic perceptron described in (Weber
et al., 2020) does not converge. This fact can be easily observed through
simulations and the two previously provided counterexamples why this may be
the case. We report the experimental results to validate this point and to
suggest using the newly developed perceptron, and in addition, to demonstrate
that a convergence rate of $O\left(\frac{1}{\sinh(\varepsilon)}\right)$ is not
possible.
First, we randomly generate a $w^{*}$ such that $[w^{*},w^{*}]=1$. Then, we
generate a random set of $N=5,000$ points $\\{x_{i}\\}_{i=1}^{N}$ in
${\mathbb{H}}^{2}$. For margin values $\varepsilon\in[0.1,1]$, we remove
points that violate the required distance to the classifier (parameterized by
$w^{*}$), i.e., we decimate the points so that the condition $\forall
n:|[w^{*},x_{n}]|\geq\sinh(\varepsilon)$ is satisfied. Then, we assign binary
labels to each data point according to the optimal classifier so that
$y_{n}=\mathrm{sgn}\big{(}\mathrm{asinh}([w^{*},x_{n}])\big{)}$. We repeat
this process for $100$ different values of $\varepsilon$.
In the first experiment, we compare the performance of our new hyperbolic
perceptron Algorithm 3 to the one described in Algorithm 1 of (Weber et al.,
2020) by running both until the number of updates meets a preset upper bound
(stated in Theorem 3) or until the classifier correctly classifies all data
points. In Figure 7 $(a)$, we report the classification accuracy of each
method on the training data. Note that our theoretically established
convergence rate $O\left(\frac{1}{\sinh^{2}(\varepsilon)}\right)$ is larger
than $O\left(\frac{1}{\sinh(\varepsilon)}\right),$ the rate derived in Theorem
3.1 of (Weber et al., 2020). So, for the second experiment, we repeated the
same process but terminated both algorithms after
$O\left(\frac{1}{\sinh(\varepsilon)}\right)$ updates. The classification
performance of the two in this setting is shown in Figure 7 $(b)$. From these
results, one can easily conclude that $(1)$ our algorithm always converge
within the theoretical upper bound provided in Theorem 3, and $(2)$ both
methods violate the theoretical convergence rate upper bound of (Weber et al.,
2020).
Figure 7: A comparison between the classification accuracy of our new
hyperbolic perceptron Algorithm 3 and the algorithm in (Weber et al., 2020),
for different values of the margin $\varepsilon$. The classification accuracy
is the average of five independent random trials. The stopping criterion is
either a $100\%$ classification accuracy or the theoretical upper bound in
Theorem 4 (Figure $(a)$), and Theorem 3.1 in (Weber et al., 2020) (Figure
$(b)$).
## D Proof of Proposition 5
Let
$\phi(w)=[b,w_{{\mathbb{E}}},\sqrt{\alpha_{{\mathbb{S}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}w_{{\mathbb{S}}}),\sqrt{\alpha_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}})]=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}M\psi(x_{n})$.
We now consider the norm constraint for each component separately.
The parameters for Euclidean component can be written as
$b=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n},\
w_{{\mathbb{E}}}=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}x_{{\mathbb{E}},n}$
The distance-based Euclidean classifier asks for a vector such that
$\left\lVert w_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\rVert_{2}=\alpha_{{\mathbb{E}}}$. We can
impose this condition as a quadratic equality constraint on the vector
$\beta=(\beta_{1},\ldots,\beta_{N})$ as follows
$\left\lVert
w_{{\mathbb{E}}}\right\rVert^{2}=\beta^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{E}}}\beta=\alpha^{2}_{{\mathbb{E}}},$
where $K_{{\mathbb{E}}}=\big{(}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{E}},i},x_{{\mathbb{E}},j}\rangle\big{)}_{i,j\in[N]}$. The
parameter of the spherical component can be written as
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}w_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}x_{{\mathbb{S}},n})$
A distance-based spherical classifier requires
$w_{{\mathbb{S}}}:\left\lVert
w_{{\mathbb{S}}}\right\rVert_{2}=\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}},\ \mbox{i.e.,}\
\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}w_{{\mathbb{S}}})^{\top}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}w_{{\mathbb{S}}})=\mathrm{asin}(1).$
This is imposed by the following quadratic constraint
$\left\lVert\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{S}}}}(\frac{1}{\sqrt{C_{{\mathbb{S}}}}}w_{{\mathbb{S}}})\right\rVert^{2}=\beta^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{S}}}\beta=\frac{\pi}{2},$
where $K_{{\mathbb{S}}}=\big{(}\mathrm{asin}(C_{{\mathbb{S}}}\langle
x_{{\mathbb{S}},i},x_{{\mathbb{S}},j}\rangle)\big{)}_{i,j\in[N]}$. Finally, we
can write the hyperbolic component as follows
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}},n}).$
The distance-based hyperbolic classifier $w_{{\mathbb{H}}}$ must satisfy the
norm constraint of
$[Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}},Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}}]=-R^{2}C_{{\mathbb{H}}}$. Consequently,
we must have
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{\top}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(RHw_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\mathrm{asinh}(-R^{2}C_{{\mathbb{H}}}).$
###### Lemma 3.
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(RHw_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\sum_{i\in[N]}\beta_{n}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})$.
###### Proof.
$\displaystyle\mathrm{asinh}(x_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{\top}w_{{\mathbb{H}}})$
$\displaystyle=\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}x_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{\top}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}})$
$\displaystyle\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{(a)}}}{{=}}\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}\mathrm{asin}(\frac{1}{R^{2}}[x_{{\mathbb{H}}},x_{{\mathbb{H}},n}])$
$\displaystyle=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{\top}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})$
$\displaystyle=\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{\top}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})$
where $\mathrm{(a)}$ is due to
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}},n})$.
From
$\mathrm{asinh}(x_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{\top}w_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}Hx_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{\top}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(RHw_{{\mathbb{H}}}),$
we have
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(RHw_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\sum_{n\in[N]}\beta_{n}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(\frac{1}{R}x_{{\mathbb{H}},n})$.
∎
From Lemma 3, we have
$\displaystyle\mathrm{asinh}([Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}},Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}}])$
$\displaystyle=\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}})^{\top}M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(RHw_{{\mathbb{H}}})$
$\displaystyle=\sum_{i,j}\beta_{i}\beta_{j}\mathrm{asinh}(\frac{1}{R^{2}}[x_{{\mathbb{H}},i},x_{{\mathbb{H}},j}])$
$\displaystyle=\mathrm{asinh}(-R^{2}C_{{\mathbb{H}}}).$
The kernel matrix
$K_{{\mathbb{H}}}=\big{(}\mathrm{asinh}(\frac{1}{R^{2}}[x_{{\mathbb{H}},i},x_{{\mathbb{H}},j}])\big{)}_{i,j\in[N]}$
is an indefinite matrix. Therefore, we have the following non-convex second-
order equality constraint
$\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}^{\top}(Rw_{{\mathbb{H}}})M_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}\phi_{d_{{\mathbb{H}}}}(RHw_{{\mathbb{H}}})=\beta^{\top}K_{{\mathbb{H}}}\beta=\mathrm{asinh}(-R^{2}C_{{\mathbb{H}}}).$
## E Supplementary Numerical Results on Real-World Datasets
### E.1 Datasets
We used the following publicly available datasets:
1. 1.
Lymphoma patient dataset (Hod, July 7th,
2020)141414https://www.10xgenomics.com/resources/datasets/hodgkins-lymphoma-
dissociated-tumor-targeted-compare-immunology-panel-3-1-standard. Human
dissociated lymph node tumor cells of a 19-year-old male Hodgkins Lymphoma
patient were obtained by 10x Genomics from Discovery Life Sciences.
2. 2.
Lymphoma healthy donor dataset (PBM, July 7th,
2020)151515https://www.10xgenomics.com/resources/datasets/pbm-cs-from-a-
healthy-donor-targeted-immunology-panel-3-1-standard. Human peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a healthy female donor aged 25 were obtained by
10x Genomics from AllCells. This dataset contains $13,410$ samples (combined)
and each for a class (binary classification). The dimension of each cell gene
expression vector is $1,020$.
3. 3.
Blood cells landmark dataset (Zheng et al.,
2017)161616https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14049. This dataset contains
the gene expression data for (1) B cells, (2) Cd14 monocytes, (3) Cd34
monocytes, (4) Cd4 t helper cells, (5) Cd56 natural killer cells, (6)
Cytotoxic T cells, (7) Memory T cells, (8) Naive cytotoxic cells, (9) Native T
cells, and (10) Regulatory T cells. It contains $94,655$ samples from a total
of $10$ classes. The dimension of each cell gene expression vector is $965$.
4. 4.
MNIST,171717http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/ which contains images of
handwritten digits (LeCun et al., 1998).
5. 5.
Omniglot,181818 https://github.com/brendenlake/omniglot which contains
handwritten characters from a variety of world alphabets (Lake et al., 2015).
6. 6.
CIFAR-100191919 https://www.cs.toronto.edu/$\sim$kriz/cifar.html (Krizhevsky
et al., 2009).
### E.2 Omniglot, MNIST, and CIFAR-100 Datasets
As suggested in (Salakhutdinov and Murray, 2008) and (Burda et al., 2016), we
down-sampled images in MNIST and Omniglot datasets to $28\times 28$ pixels and
preprocessed them through a dynamic-binarization procedure.
Following the procedure introduced in the work on mixed-curvature VAEs (Skopek
et al., 2020) (under license ASL 2.0)202020The code can be found at
https://github.com/oskopek/mvae. we embedded both datasets into the product
space ${\mathbb{E}}^{2}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{2}\times{\mathbb{H}}^{2}$. For the
MNIST dataset, the curvatures of the hyperbolic and spherical spaces were set
to $-0.129869$ and $0.286002$. For the Omniglot dataset, these curvatures were
set to $-0.173390$ and $0.214189$. Our experiments reveal that the difference
in the log-likelihood metric — used to compare the quality of mixed-curvature
and Euclidean embeddings — is very small (see the results reported in (Skopek
et al., 2020) and reproduced in Table 2).
Table 2: Estimated marginal log-likelihood after embedding the data into lower-dimensional spaces. | MNIST | Omniglot
---|---|---
${\mathbb{E}}^{6}$ | $-96.88\pm 0.16$ | $-136.05\pm 0.29$
${\mathbb{E}}^{2}\times{\mathbb{S}}^{2}\times{\mathbb{H}}^{2}$ | $-96.71\pm 0.19$ | $-135.93\pm 0.48$
To enable $K$-class perceptron classification, we used $K$ binary classifiers
— represented by parameters $w^{(k)},k\in[K]$ — that were independently
trained on the same training set to separate each single class from the
remaining classes. For each classifier, we first transformed the resulting
prediction scores into probabilities via Platt’s scaling technique (Platt et
al., 1999). The predicted labels are decided by a maximum a posteriori
criteria, using the probability of each class.
The embedded points — from different classes — are not guaranteed to be
linearly separable. Hence, we restricted the perceptron algorithms to
terminate after going through a fixed number of passes. Subsequently, we
computed the Macro F1 scores to determine the quality of the learned linear
classifiers. For simplicity, we only report ternary classification results for
MNIST and Omniglot datasets: We choose $500$ points from three randomly chosen
classes from MNIST, and $20$ points from three randomly chosen classes from
Omniglot.
Figure 8: Comparison of Macro F1 scores of the Euclidean and product space
form perceptron on $(a)$ MNIST, $(b)$ Omniglot, and $(c_{1})-(c_{4})$
CIFAR-100 datasets. The labels on the $x$ and $y$ axis indicate the embedding
spaces, and the counts in the top-left-corner indicate how often a binary
classifier in one space outperforms that in another.
The performance of ternary classifiers is shown in Figure 8 $(a)$ and $(b)$.
The results are obtained by randomly selecting $100$ sets of three classes;
each point in the figure corresponds to one such combination, and its
coordinate value equals the averaged Macro F1 score of three independent runs.
Red-colored points indicate better performance of the product space form
perceptron, while blue-colored points indicate better performance of the
Euclidean perceptron. We observe that the product space form perceptron
classifies almost twice as many points with higher accuracy compared to its
Euclidean counterpart. The performance gain of the product space form
perceptron compared to the Euclidean perceptron (in terms of the average gain
of Marco F1 scores) is $0.2\%$ for MNIST and $1.27\%$ for Omniglot. These
results show that the proposed product space form perceptron algorithm makes
better use of the features from a product space form to perform the learning
task. Finally, in Figure 8 $(c_{1})-(c_{4})$, we compare the averaged Macro F1
scores for embedded CIRFAR-100 data points in product space forms with their
Euclidean counterparts. These supplementary results also indicate that product
space form perceptrons offer improved classification results compared to the
Euclidean perceptrons. Although the performance improvements are modest, they
may be attributed and increased by further adaptation of the VAE algorithm in
(Skopek et al., 2020).
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Article with ceramic barrier coating and layer of networked ceramic nanofibers
ABSTRACT
An article includes a substrate, a ceramic barrier coating, and a layer of networked ceramic nanofibers. The ceramic barrier coating is disposed on the substrate and has a porous columnar microstructure. The layer of networked ceramic nanofibers is disposed on the ceramic barrier layer and seals the pores of the porous columnar microstructure.
BACKGROUND
Gas turbine engine components in the core gaspath may be subject to temperatures in excess of the melting temperature of the component substrate. Cooling features and barrier coatings are used to protect the substrate from these extreme temperatures. Barrier coatings are typically formed of ceramic materials, such as yttria stabilized zirconia or gadolinium zirconate. A thermally grown oxide layer is provided on the substrate as a bond coat to enhance bonding of the barrier layer on the substrate.
SUMMARY
An article according to an example of the present disclosure includes a substrate, and a ceramic barrier coating disposed on the substrate. The ceramic barrier coating has a porous columnar microstructure, and a layer of networked ceramic nanofibers is disposed on the ceramic barrier layer. The nanofibers seal the pores of the porous columnar microstructure.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic nanofibers include zirconium oxide.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic nanofibers are selected from the group consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinia zirconate, and combinations thereof.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic barrier coating includes zirconium oxide.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic barrier coating is selected from the group consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinia zirconate, and combinations thereof.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the substrate is a metal alloy.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the layer has a thickness of 1 micrometer to 50 micrometers.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the thickness is from 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic barrier coating has a thickness t1 and the layer has a thickness t2, and t2 is less than t1 by a factor of at least 5.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic nanofibers of the layer extend into the pores of the porous columnar microstructure.
A further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments includes an additional ceramic barrier coating disposed on the layer of the networked ceramic nanofibers.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the additional ceramic barrier coating includes zirconia stabilized with an element selected from the group consisting of cesium, titanium, and combinations thereof.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic nanofibers and the ceramic barrier coating are independently selected from the group consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinia zirconate, and combinations thereof, and the layer has a thickness of 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers.
An airfoil according to an example of the present disclosure includes an airfoil section, a porous barrier coating disposed on the airfoil section, and a layer of networked ceramic nanofibers disposed on the porous barrier coating. The nanofibers seal the pores of the porous barrier coating.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the porous barrier coating has a porous columnar microstructure.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic nanofibers include zirconium oxide.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the ceramic nanofibers are selected from the group consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinia zirconate, and combinations thereof.
A further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiment includes an additional ceramic barrier coating disposed on the layer of the networked ceramic nanofibers.
In a further embodiment of any of the foregoing embodiments, the additional ceramic barrier coating includes zirconia stabilized with an element selected from the group consisting of cesium, titanium, and combinations thereof, and the layer has a thickness of 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers.
A method of fabricating an article according to an example of the present disclosure includes providing a substrate and a ceramic barrier coating disposed on the substrate. The ceramic barrier coating has a porous columnar microstructure. A layer of networked ceramic nanofibers is deposited by blow-spinning on the ceramic barrier layer to seal the pores of the porous columnar microstructure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The various features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example gas turbine engine.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example article that has a layer of networked ceramic nanofibers.
FIG. 3 illustrates a sectioned view of a representative portion of the article of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 illustrates a magnified view of networked ceramic nanofibers.
FIG. 5 illustrates a further example with an additional barrier layer.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example with a barrier coating having a columnar microstructure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a gas turbine engine 20. The gas turbine engine 20 is disclosed herein as a two-spool turbofan that generally incorporates a fan section 22, a compressor section 24, a combustor section 26 and a turbine section 28. The fan section 22 drives air along a bypass flow path B in a bypass duct defined within a nacelle 15, and also drives air along a core flow path C for compression and communication into the combustor section 26 then expansion through the turbine section 28. Although depicted as a two-spool turbofan gas turbine engine in the disclosed non-limiting embodiment, it should be understood that the concepts described herein are not limited to use with two-spool turbofans as the teachings may be applied to other types of turbine engines including three-spool architectures.
The exemplary engine 20 generally includes a low speed spool 30 and a high speed spool 32 mounted for rotation about an engine central longitudinal axis A relative to an engine static structure 36 via several bearing systems 38. It should be understood that various bearing systems 38 at various locations may alternatively or additionally be provided, and the location of bearing systems 38 may be varied as appropriate to the application.
The low speed spool 30 generally includes an inner shaft 40 that interconnects, a first (or low) pressure compressor 44 and a first (or low) pressure turbine 46. The inner shaft 40 is connected to the fan 42 through a speed change mechanism, which in exemplary gas turbine engine 20 is illustrated as a geared architecture 48 to drive a fan 42 at a lower speed than the low speed spool 30. The high speed spool 32 includes an outer shaft 50 that interconnects a second (or high) pressure compressor 52 and a second (or high) pressure turbine 54. A combustor 56 is arranged in exemplary gas turbine 20 between the high pressure compressor 52 and the high pressure turbine 54. A mid-turbine frame 57 of the engine static structure 36 may be arranged generally between the high pressure turbine 54 and the low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 further supports bearing systems 38 in the turbine section 28. The inner shaft 40 and the outer shaft 50 are concentric and rotate via bearing systems 38 about the engine central longitudinal axis A which is collinear with their longitudinal axes.
The core airflow is compressed by the low pressure compressor 44 then the high pressure compressor 52, mixed and burned with fuel in the combustor 56, then expanded over the high pressure turbine 54 and low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 includes airfoils 59 which are in the core airflow path C. The turbines 46, 54 rotationally drive the respective low speed spool 30 and high speed spool 32 in response to the expansion. It will be appreciated that each of the positions of the fan section 22, compressor section 24, combustor section 26, turbine section 28, and fan drive gear system 48 may be varied. For example, gear system 48 may be located aft of the low pressure compressor, or aft of the combustor section 26 or even aft of turbine section 28, and fan 42 may be positioned forward or aft of the location of gear system 48.
The engine 20 in one example is a high-bypass geared aircraft engine. In a further example, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than about six (6), with an example embodiment being greater than about ten (10), the geared architecture 48 is an epicyclic gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3 and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five. In one disclosed embodiment, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than about ten (10:1), the fan diameter is significantly larger than that of the low pressure compressor 44, and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five 5:1. Low pressure turbine 46 pressure ratio is pressure measured prior to inlet of low pressure turbine 46 as related to the pressure at the outlet of the low pressure turbine 46 prior to an exhaust nozzle. The geared architecture 48 may be an epicycle gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3:1 and less than about 5:1. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only exemplary of one embodiment of a geared architecture engine and that the present invention is applicable to other gas turbine engines including direct drive turbofans.
A significant amount of thrust is provided by the bypass flow B due to the high bypass ratio. The fan section 22 of the engine 20 is designed for a particular flight condition—typically cruise at about 0.8 Mach and about 35,000 feet (10,668 meters). The flight condition of 0.8 Mach and 35,000 ft (10,668 meters), with the engine at its best fuel consumption—also known as “bucket cruise Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (′TSFC)”—is the industry standard parameter of 1 bm of fuel being burned divided by 1 bf of thrust the engine produces at that minimum point. “Low fan pressure ratio” is the pressure ratio across the fan blade alone, without a Fan Exit Guide Vane (“FEGV”) system. The low fan pressure ratio as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1.45. “Low corrected fan tip speed” is the actual fan tip speed in ft/sec divided by an industry standard temperature correction of [(Tram ° R)/(518.7° R)]{circumflex over ( )}0.5. The “Low corrected fan tip speed” as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1150 ft/second (350.5 meters/second).
FIG. 2 illustrates an example article 60. In this example, the article 60 is a rotatable turbine blade of the engine 20 (see also FIG. 1 ). It is to be understood that, although the examples herein may be described with reference to the turbine blade, this disclosure is also applicable to static turbine vanes, seals, combustors, or other gas turbine engine components.
The turbine blade generally includes a platform 62, an airfoil section 64 that extends from the platform 62, and a root 66. The article 60 is subjected during use to extreme temperatures in the engine 20. As described below, the article 60 includes a coating system to protect against the high temperatures and environmental effects that might otherwise damage the article 60.
FIG. 3 illustrates a sectioned view through a representative portion of the airfoil section 64, although the example could also apply to the platform 62, root 66, or other thermally-exposed portion if the article 60 is not a blade. The view is a section through an outer wall, in which the gaspath side is represented at GS. The wall is formed of a substrate 70. Most typically, the substrate 70 will be formed of a superalloy, such as a nickel- or cobalt-based alloy. Alternatively, the substrate 70 may be formed of a ceramic or ceramic composite material.
There is a conformal coating system 72 disposed on the gaspath side of the substrate 70. In this example, the coating system 72 includes a porous barrier coating 74 disposed on the substrate 70. As an example, the porous barrier coating 74 is formed primarily of zirconium oxide. For instance, the zirconium oxide may be a stabilized or partially stabilized zirconia, such as yttrium stabilized zirconia or gadolinia stabilized zirconia, or a zirconate that is doped with a rare earth stabilizer, such as yttria or gadolinia. The porous barrier coating 74 may, for example, be deposited by plasma spray or physical vapor deposition, which generally result in a porous structure. Optionally, a bond layer may be utilized between the barrier coating 74 and the substrate 70, to promote bonding and resist spallation.
A layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 is disposed on the porous barrier coating 74. FIG. 4 illustrates a magnified view of the networked ceramic nanofibers 78. The nanofibers 78 are elongated, randomly oriented filaments that have a maximum diameter of 1 nanometer to 500 nanometers. More typically, the diameter will be 1 nanometer to 250 nanometers, 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers, or 1 nanometer to 50 nanometers. The filaments are non-linear and curve or turn such that the filaments are intertwined to form a tangled porous network. As used herein, “networked” refers to the intertwining of the fibers or filaments. Where the filaments contact each other, they may be bonded together as a result of the process used to form the layer 76.
The nanofibers 78 are formed of a ceramic, such as an oxide. In one example, the ceramic is zirconium oxide. For instance, the zirconium oxide may be a stabilized or partially stabilized zirconia, such as yttrium stabilized zirconia or gadolinia stabilized zirconia, or a zirconate that is doped with a rare earth stabilizer, such as yttria or gadolinia.
The layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 seals the pores of the porous barrier coating 74. For instance, although the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 is itself porous, the networked ceramic nanofibers 78 provide a sponge-like structure of smaller pores that provides superior thermal insulation. Therefore, the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78, even if formed of the same composition as the porous barrier coating 74, provides thermal sealing of the porous barrier coating 74. As an example based on zirconia, the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 may have a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.027 Watts per meter-Kelvin.
Additionally, the pores of the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 are much smaller than the pores of the porous barrier coating. Therefore, the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 serves to block debris or foreign material (e.g., calcium-magnesium-aluminosilicate or “CMAS”) that might otherwise infiltrate into the pores of the porous barrier coating 74 and cause damage, thereby sealing the porous barrier coating 74. The filaments of the networked ceramic nanofibers 78 are also flexible and strain tolerant. The flexibility of the filaments may further facilitate entrapment of foreign particles, debris, or materials, as well as act as “bumper” to absorb impact of particles and debris. The layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 thereby provides thermal and physical sealing/protection.
It is further noted that networked ceramic nanofibers are not known for being produced on barrier coatings. Rather, networked ceramic nanofibers have been produced in a screen-like cage structure. As a result, use of a layer of networked ceramic nanofibers barrier coating has not been suggested in combination with a thermal barrier coating, nor have the thermal and physical sealing benefits of a layer of ceramic nanofibers been realized for protection of a substrate and thermal barrier coating.
FIG. 5 illustrates a further example in which the coating system 72 includes an additional barrier coating 80 disposed on the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78. The barrier coating 80 may be selected to provide additional protection of the article 60, such as additional resistance to CMAS. In one example, the barrier coating 80 is formed of zirconate stabilized with an element selected from the group consisting of cesium, titanium, and combinations thereof.
FIG. 6 illustrates an additional example coating system 172 on the substrate 70. In this disclosure, like reference numerals designate like elements where appropriate and reference numerals with the addition of one-hundred or multiples thereof designate modified elements that are understood to incorporate the same features and benefits of the corresponding elements. In this example, the coating system 172 includes a bond layer 82 and a ceramic barrier coating 174 disposed on the substrate 70. The bond layer 82 may be MCrA1Y, where M is nickel, iron or cobalt, Cr is chromium, Al is aluminum, and Y is yttrium. A portion 82 a of the bond layer 82 may oxidize to form a thermally grown oxide scale, which facilitates bonding of the ceramic barrier coating 174.
Like the coating 74, the ceramic barrier coating 174 may include zirconium oxide. The zirconium oxide may be a stabilized or partially stabilized zirconia, such as yttrium stabilized zirconia or gadolinia stabilized zirconia, or a zirconate that is doped with a rare earth stabilizer, such as yttria or gadolinia. The ceramic barrier coating 174, however, has a columnar microstructure, represented schematically by microstructural columns 174 a. Such a columnar microstructure is a result of fabrication by electron beam physical vapor deposition. The columns 174 are substantially perpendicular to the bond layer 82 and substrate 70. There are pores 174 b defined by the gaps between the columns 174 a. Such a columnar microstructure facilitates coating durability. The pores 174 b, however, may be prone to infiltration of debris and other material that could damage the coating 174 or underlying substrate 70. In particular, since the pores are also substantially perpendicular to the bond layer 82 and substrate 70, they can provide a direct path of infiltration for CMAS and foreign material. In this regard, the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 seals the pores 174 b. As an example, the networked ceramic nanofibers 78 may infiltrate partially into the pores 174 b during fabrication, thereby further enhancing sealing.
Due to the thermal insulation and sealing provided by the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78, the barrier coating 74/174 can be made thinner than it would be without the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78, yet achieve similar overall performance Use of thinner barrier coating 74/174 may also benefit rigidity and adhesion, while also lowering weight and reducing fabrication time.
In any of the above examples, the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 may have a thickness of 1 micrometer to 50 micrometers. Most typically, however, the thickness will be from 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers. The thickness is less than the thickness of the barrier coating 74/174. For instance, the barrier coating 74/174 may have a thickness t1 and the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 may have a thickness t2, where t2 is less than t1 by a factor of at least 5. Most typically, the barrier coating 74/174 will have a thickness of approximately 100 micrometers to 500 micrometers, or approximately 250 micrometers. The thickness of the layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 may be adjusted to control the thermal and physical sealing described above.
The layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 may be fabricated directly on to the barrier coating 74/174. For example, the process may include first providing the substrate 70 and barrier coating 74/174. For instance, the substrate 70 may be formed in a prior process and the barrier coating 74/174 deposited thereon prior to the application of the layer 76. The layer 76 of networked ceramic nanofibers 78 may then be deposited by a blow-spinning process. Blow-spinning involves spraying a precursor solution through an inner nozzle while flowing a process gas from an outer concentric nozzle such that the precursor when sprayed elongates into ultra-thin filaments. The filaments deposit on the carrier coating 74/174 and, after further processing, are converted into the ceramic nanofibers. The precursor solution includes binders and salts of the constituents that will form the ceramic, such as zirconium, oxygen, and any dopants. An example binder includes polyvinylpyrrolidone, and example salts may include aqueous oxynitrate, nitrate, nitrite, or chloride salts of zirconium and the selected dopants, zirconyl chloride, or metal organics such as zirconium isobutoxide or isopropoxide in a solvent. The amounts of the constituents may be controlled in order to control the final composition of the ceramic nanofibers. After spinning, the filaments are then thermally treated to remove binders, etc. and consolidate the ceramic. It is during the thermal treatment that the filaments may diffuse and thereby bond together where they are in contact.
Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated examples, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this disclosure. In other words, a system designed according to an embodiment of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments.
The preceding description is exemplary rather than limiting in nature. Variations and modifications to the disclosed examples may become apparent to those skilled in the art that do not necessarily depart from this disclosure. The scope of legal protection given to this disclosure can only be determined by studying the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An article comprising: a substrate; a ceramic barrier coating disposed on the substrate, the ceramic barrier coating having a porous columnar microstructure; and a layer of networked ceramic nanofibers disposed on the ceramic barrier coating and sealing the pores of the porous columnar microstructure, the ceramic nanofibers are selected from the group consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinia zirconate, zirconium oxide, and combinations thereof, and the layer of networked ceramic nanofibers includes filaments that are randomly oriented in the pores of the porous columnar microstructure.
2. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the substrate is a metal alloy.
3. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the layer has a thickness of 1 micrometer to 50 micrometers.
4. The article as recited in claim 3, wherein the thickness is from 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers.
5. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic barrier coating has a thickness t1 and the layer has a thickness t2, and t2 is less than t1 by a factor of at least
5. 6. The article as recited in claim 1, further comprising an additional ceramic barrier coating disposed on the layer of the networked ceramic nanofibers.
7. The article as recited in claim 6, wherein the additional ceramic barrier coating includes zirconia stabilized with an element selected from the group consisting of cesium, titanium, and combinations thereof.
8. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic nanofibers are yttria stabilized zirconia.
9. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic nanofibers are gadolinia zirconate.
10. The article as recited in claim 1, wherein the ceramic nanofibers are intertwined.
11. An airfoil comprising: An airfoil section; a porous ceramic barrier coating disposed on the airfoil section, the porous ceramic barrier coating having a porous columnar microstructure; and a layer of networked ceramic nanofibers disposed on the porous ceramic barrier coating and sealing the pores of the porous ceramic barrier coating, the ceramic nanofibers are selected from the group consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinia zirconate, zirconium oxide, and combinations thereof, and the layer of networked ceramic nanofibers includes filaments that are randomly oriented in the pores of the porous columnar microstructure.
12. The airfoil as recited in claim 11, further comprising an additional ceramic barrier coating disposed on the layer of the networked ceramic nanofibers.
13. The airfoil as recited in claim 12, wherein the additional ceramic barrier coating includes zirconia stabilized with an element selected from the group consisting of cesium, titanium, and combinations thereof, and the layer has a thickness of 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers.
14. A method of fabricating an article, the method comprising: providing a substrate and a ceramic barrier coating disposed on the substrate, the ceramic barrier coating having a porous columnar microstructure; and depositing by blow-spinning a layer of networked ceramic nanofibers on the ceramic barrier coating to seal the pores of the porous columnar microstructure, the ceramic nanofibers are selected from the group consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinia zirconate, zirconium oxide, and combinations thereof, and the layer of networked ceramic nanofibers includes filaments that are randomly oriented in the pores of the porous columnar microstructure..
| 23,861 |
https://github.com/matoruru/purescript-react-material-ui-svgicon/blob/master/src/MaterialUI/SVGIcon/Icon/FilterBAndWOutlined.purs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
purescript-react-material-ui-svgicon
|
matoruru
|
PureScript
|
Code
| 45 | 173 |
module MaterialUI.SVGIcon.Icon.FilterBAndWOutlined
( filterBAndWOutlined
, filterBAndWOutlined_
) where
import Prelude (flip)
import MaterialUI.SVGIcon.Type (SVGIcon, SVGIcon_)
import React (unsafeCreateElement, ReactClass) as R
foreign import filterBAndWOutlinedImpl :: forall a. R.ReactClass a
filterBAndWOutlined :: SVGIcon
filterBAndWOutlined = flip (R.unsafeCreateElement filterBAndWOutlinedImpl) []
filterBAndWOutlined_ :: SVGIcon_
filterBAndWOutlined_ = filterBAndWOutlined {}
| 22,981 |
https://github.com/hotwakale/laravel-01/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/Data/ProductController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
laravel-01
|
hotwakale
|
PHP
|
Code
| 236 | 712 |
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\Data;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Model\Product;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use DB;
class ProductController extends Controller
{
/**
* Display a listing of the resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function index()
{
$data = array(
'produst_get' => DB::table('products')->get()
);
return view('frontend.pages.index')->with($data);
}
/**
* Show the form for creating a new resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function create()
{
return view('frontend.pages.create');
}
/**
* Store a newly created resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function store(Request $request)
{
// echo "<pre>";
// print_r($request->all());
// echo "</pre>";
// exit();
$product_data = array(
'name' => $request->name,
'code' => $request->code,
'detail' => $request->detail,
'user_id' => $request->user_id,
'status' => 1,
);
// echo "<pre>";
// print_r($product_data);
// echo "</pre>";
// exit();
$products = Product::create($product_data);
return redirect()->route('products.index');
}
/**
* Display the specified resource.
*
* @param \App\Model\Product $product
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function show(Product $product)
{
//
}
/**
* Show the form for editing the specified resource.
*
* @param \App\Model\Product $product
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function edit(Product $product)
{
//
}
/**
* Update the specified resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @param \App\Model\Product $product
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function update(Request $request, Product $product)
{
//
}
/**
* Remove the specified resource from storage.
*
* @param \App\Model\Product $product
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function destroy(Product $product)
{
//
}
}
| 10,316 |
https://github.com/sshpanel/sshpanel-bundlev2/blob/master/support/app-check.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
sshpanel-bundlev2
|
sshpanel
|
Shell
|
Code
| 49 | 156 |
#!/bin/bash
# Application Checker
# Author: Rizal Fakhri <rizal@codehub.id>
app_check()
{
hash $1 &> /dev/null
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo >&2 -e "[$1] => \e[41m NOT INSTALLED!\e[0m"
else
echo >&2 -e "[$1] => \e[45m INSTALLED!\e[0m"
fi
}
app_check_bool() {
hash $1 &> /dev/null
return $?
}
| 7,909 |
https://openalex.org/W4221017079
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,022 |
Youth for democratic resilience: Prospects beyond the degeneration of youth politics in Bangladesh
|
Shawon Talukdar
|
English
|
Spoken
| 9,458 | 15,623 |
Scholars Journal of Research in Social Science (SJRSS)
Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2022, pp. 01~13
ISSN: 2733-3698, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6309213 Scholars Journal of Research in Social Science (SJRSS)
Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2022, pp. 01~13
ISSN: 2733-3698, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6309213 Scholars Journal of Research in Social Science (SJRSS)
Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2022, pp. 01~13
ISSN: 2733-3698, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6309213
1 1 Keywords: Youth, Democracy,
Resilience, Movement,
Bangladesh. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license. Corresponding Author:
Shawon Talukdar
Department of Political Science
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Email: shawondu088@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0003-1776-8465 ORCID: 0000-0003-1776-8465 Youth for democratic resilience: Prospects beyond the
degeneration of youth politics in Bangladesh Shawon Talukdar1, Sania Akter2 and Muhammad Miraj Mia3
1Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
2Bangabandhu Institute of Liberation War and Bangladesh Studies, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
3Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Article Info Article Info
Article history:
Received December 11, 2021
Revised December 30, 2021
Accepted January 26, 2022
Keywords:
Youth, Democracy,
Resilience, Movement,
Bangladesh. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license. Journal homepage: www.sjrss.com Article Info The primary purpose of this research is to examine the role and
nature of youth engagement in Bangladesh's democratic resilience. The current study utilized content analysis and in-depth interview
approach to explore how Bangladeshi youth respond to democratic
participation over a given time period.Youth were at the forefront of
every democratic movement in Bangladesh prior to the 1990s, when
the country was ruled by the military for fifteen years. Even when
they resurrected democracy in 1990 through a bloody mass
movement, it was envisioned that youth would be the primary driver
for
democratic
consolidation. However,
Bangladeshi
youth,
particularly students, have developed strong ties to political parties in
the post-1990s era and serve as their primary source of mobilization
under a party-political regime sometimes described as 'patriarchy',
which obstructs meaningful youth involvement in politics. The youth
have been heavily controlled by the party structure as a result of their
party affiliation, and the space for discussion of their democratic
rights has also been curtailed. Due to a lack of space for raising
voices, youth have expressed their outrage at the structure through
street protests in recent years, providing a glimmer of hope for
democracy. Apart from these synopses, this paper concludes by
making some recommendations based on the findings of the
interviews in order to nurture youth resilience and, in turn, contribute
to the strengthening of Bangladesh's democracy. 1. INTRODUCTION Youths are generally more reformist and anti-establishment because they are less risk antipathetic. Studies
show that youths are becoming disengaged from conventional political participation (Pontes et al., 2017;
Henn & Oldfield, 2016), where youths are crucial to consolidating democracy in the 21st century. Generally,
scholars hold that the youths, especially the students, in Bangladesh have epitomised their spirit in the most
democratic movements (Mohammad, 2016; Khasru et al., 2015; Maniruzzaman, 1988). Students fought for
the right to speak their own language, risking their lives in 1952 (Hannan, 2000; Nair, 1990). They also spoke Journal homepage: www.sjrss.com 2 ISSN: 2733-3698 out against the military dictatorship in 1969 and for the fight for freedom in 1971 (Matin & Rafique, 1991). When the hope of popular democratic rule was ruptured by some unforeseen military coups and counter-
coups after independence (Maniruzzaman, 1975), students came to the forefront of democratic resilience in
1990 (Kabir, 1999; Khan, 1993). However, student politics in the post-1990s took a reverse turn in its nature. out against the military dictatorship in 1969 and for the fight for freedom in 1971 (Matin & Rafique, 1991). When the hope of popular democratic rule was ruptured by some unforeseen military coups and counter-
coups after independence (Maniruzzaman, 1975), students came to the forefront of democratic resilience in
1990 (Kabir, 1999; Khan, 1993). However, student politics in the post-1990s took a reverse turn in its nature. Student politics has become increasingly clientelistic and opportunistic in recent years. There is hardly any
academic investigation regarding the changes and reduction of youth involvement in politics after the 1990s. It is time-honored to have the answer to the questions: What factors have influenced this turn? Is there any
difference in the nature of the youth uprisings in Bangladesh? How does the degeneration of youth politics
affect democracy? After a more nuanced observation of the nature of the democratic uprisings of youth under
agent-structure theory, this paper shows that youth played a vital role as independent agents in the pre-1990s. However, in the post-1990s era, young people were no longer free agents, but were heavily controlled by the
political structure. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the democratic spirit of the youth has not been
annihilated. 1. INTRODUCTION We are persuaded through the example of 2018's Road Safety Movement, Quota Reform
Movement, VAT movement, and DUCSU Election in Bangladesh that when youths were given their
democratic rights to express their opinions freely with meaningful participation, they would be in a major
position to address fundamental challenges and be able to uphold a resilient democracy. Now, Bangladesh also has a large young population, in which children and youth comprise about half of the
country's population (The Daily Star, 2015). Nowadays, in many places around the world, populist,
fundamentalist, and radical movements find their breeding grounds, particularly among young people
(Annan, 2016; Shekhovtsov & Pomerantsev, 2016; Daimond, 2015; Lust & Waldner, 2015; Norris, 2014),
disillusioned with the current state of affairs. Hence, a momentous query is whether this large population
group would create a habitable, peaceful, tolerant, and safer world, or might be a counter-agent of these. We
must, therefore, re-tune our focus to youth. Young people should be involved in global dialogues and
pronouncements on issues that affect everyone. This study argues that addressing the "divide" or
"disconnect" between youth and their government is critical for the resilience of democratic institutions. In the following sections, this paper describes the theoretical framework and then clarifies what democratic
resilience and resilient youth mean. This paper briefly assesses the nature of youth engagement in politics
from 1952 to 1990; it then discusses the present scenario of youth portraying the perception of youth in the
current political culture and identifies the challenges to making youth resilient. We conclude by
reemphasizing that policies directed at youth must recognize their resilience aspects by smearing proactive
methods to escalate their involvement in making democracy resilient in this century. 2. METHODOLOGY In this study, we conducted content analysis of reputable secondary data sources and corroborated them with
rigorous interviews. In general, content analysis is employed as a research technique for assessing relevant
information sources such as credible books, research journals, texts in a variety of formats, newspaper
articles, and other internet sources. Such content analysis is critical in our study since there is a wealth of
significant literature on democracy and youth politics in Bangladesh. As a result, in order to have a thorough
understanding of the issue, we were obliged to conduct exhaustive historical content assessments of the
pertinent literature, taking the time period into account. Additionally, we interviewed fourteen members of
various professional groups in Bangladesh, including intellectuals, youth representatives, and policymakers. These in-depth interviews took place between March and October 2019 and were extended due to the
lengthier conversation than expected under normal circumstances. We chose these three stakeholders and
gathered data in order to gain a variety of perspectives on the subject of our study and to devise strategies for
enhancing youth resilience for democratic consolidation in Bangladesh. All embracing, we employed a hefty
methodology to amass sufficient data for our investigation. 3. ROLE OF AGENTS AND STRUCTURE IN SHAPING DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE According to Katsiaficas (1997) and Moniruzzaman (1988),
students were the primary source of resistance in any undemocratic state in pre- and post-independence
Bangladesh, particularly during the 1952 Language Movement, the 1971 Freedom Fight, and the 1990-1991
Anti-autocratic Movement. By reviewing the post-1990s movement, it is clear that the nature of youth
politics has shifted. Since 1991, the debasement of student politics has been seen most clearly in their role as
opportunistic party stooges. Student activists—particularly those linked with the Bangladesh Nationalist
Party (hereinafter BNP) and the Awami League (hereinafter AL), the two most prominent political parties in
what has been termed as a two-party system—are no longer viewed as a source of resistance, but are fully
absorbed into the operations of their respective political parties. We examined the nature of youth political engagement from the 1952 Language Movement to the present,
focusing on the agent and structural roles in Bangladesh. This time range was chosen to demonstrate the
varying nature of youth involvement in democratic resilience and to shed light on their current reversal role. However, in the post-1990s era, the nature of youth engagement in politics has shifted. In the late 1990s, it
was intended to enhance democratic institutions. However, Bangladesh is an exception in this instance. In
Bangladesh's post-1990s democracy, the youth's role as a young political wing in establishing the structure
has devolved into that of party stooges. The youth acted as an important agent for designing the political structure in the pre-1990s period in
Bangladesh. For instance, young students, specifically the university's students, predominantly led the
language movement in 1952. The youth, as independent agents, had left their lives to save the mother
language and the democratic rights of the people. Here, the agents, the youth, played an independent variable
to change the structure. The latter's freedom struggle in 1971 was also tremendously supported by the young
people in Bangladesh. In post-independence Bangladeshi politics, the youth played a major role in national
politics. One of them, ASM Abdur Roob, and Tofael Ahmed, are now in major positions in the national
politics of Bangladesh. The role of the youth as agents in designing the structure of the nation was vital, and these agents played an
important role in keeping democracy resilient. The Community of Democracy (2018) finds that a resilient
youth population may trigger the values and ideals of democracy better than any other group of people. 3. ROLE OF AGENTS AND STRUCTURE IN SHAPING DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE Youth for democratic resilience could be understood via an agent-structure lens in Bangladeshi politics, with
youth serving as a critical instrument for influencing the form of democracy. The agent-structure discourse
explores two truisms about social life: 1) people and their organizations are autonomous actors whose actions
contribute to the reproduction or modification of the society in which they live; and 2) society is composed of
social relationships that shape the interactions between these autonomous actors (Wendt, 1987). Individuals'
agency refers to their capacity to act autonomously and make their own choices. According to Jason and
Howarth (2008), the fundamental premise of methodological individualism in social theory is that the only Scholars Journal of Research in Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2022: 01 - 13 SJRSS ISSN: 2733-3698 3 agents are individuals who act. According to structuralists, structure is the intermittent systematic ordering
that impacts or limits accessible options and opportunities. agents are individuals who act. According to structuralists, structure is the intermittent systematic ordering
that impacts or limits accessible options and opportunities. When human actors and state structures are considered as interconnected and mutually influencing entities,
the question becomes how these entities affect one another and the nature of power-holding. For example, a
political party may use a specific program and election manifesto to attract the vote bank or human agents. In
this case, the agents are free to vote for any party. They are allowed to choose their representatives and to
direct the structure in whatever way they like. Human agents may direct the party toward the policy that is
most favorable to them and serves their interests best. On the other hand, a structural approach would take
into account the linkages between variables, thereby explaining power relations. In this case, the structure can
both constrain and enable the agents' possibilities. We can consider social rules in a society where the social
lives of individual agents are largely determined by the society's overall structure. In the social sciences, there is considerable discussion about the relative importance of agents and structure
(Dowding, 2008; Glynos & Howarth, 2008; Wendt, 1987) and whether agents define the structure or the
structure defines the agents. The observation of Bangladeshi politics reveals that the involvement of agents
and structures in determining the form of politics is critical, even though this study discovers that their
interaction varies over political timeframes. 4. CONCEPTUALIZING RESILIENT YOUTH FOR DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE Resilience, though its meaning varies in different fields or subject areas, is the capability of individuals to
cope with change, adversity, or risk (Yao & Fabbe-Costes 2018; Stewart, Reid and Mangham, 1997). In
psychology, it denotes the ability to adapt to a shock (Krystal & Neumeister 2009) by strengthening self-
esteem, personal competence and tolerance (Haddadi & Besharat, 2010) whereas in environmental science it
means the ability to regain original equilibrium after a disruption (Gunderson et al., 2002; Holling, 1973). According to Manciaux et al. (2001) resilience is a person or group's ability to pursue self-development in a
difficult life situation. But the question is what does resilience mean when applied to democracy? When we
use the word 'resilience' applied to democracy, it commonly means the ability to deal with complicated
challenges, cope with pressure, and recover from crises. But it is not an auto-generated process, rather it is
needed to nourish, prompt and endorse unceasingly. Building resilience among young people is a crucial
precondition to make democracy resilient. Resilient social systems are compliant (can adjust itself in
response to the system), ground-breaking (able to change in order to more efficiently mark the challenges),
can get well from challenges and are malleable (able to absorb stress or pressure). The way a society treats its
young people is a vital indicator of its quality of life. Resilient youth are cautious about democratic rights and
responsibilities and hold the government to be accountable to the masses which helps to defy governments
from being authoritarian. To foster resilience in youth, they are needed to involve with meaningful
participation, to educate, and integrate into the democratic practice (Wang, 2012) for building future liberal
resilient democracy. By degeneration of politics, it is meant the changing pattern of the role of the agent for democratic
consolidation just after the 1990s. Bengali nationalism behaved like an infant before the partition in 1947. Nobody could raise a voice against any injustice, oppression and persecution. But, this weak sense of
nationality burst into strong backlash in the form of 1952's language movement and 1969's mass upheaval. Consequently, we observed successive movements protesting the injustices against Bengali youths
throughout the time spanning from 1952 to 1990. We can entitle the continuity of these movements as 'The
Generation of Politics'. Ironically, in 1990 afterward, the youth sided with dissenting political groups in the
political arena of Bangladesh. 3. ROLE OF AGENTS AND STRUCTURE IN SHAPING DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE The
long movement against the military dictators proves how youth are important for making democracy live in
Bangladesh. Until military withdrawal in 1991, more than a dozen people sacrificed their lives to save
democracy. Many scholars opine that the movement in 1990-91s was mostly led by young students rather
than by the mainstream political parties (Hannan 2000; Alam 1995; Baxter, C.1990). Now the interesting
thing is that the youth as an important agent who redesigned the nation’s structure for safeguarding
democracy in the pre-1990s era, in the post-1990s politics, the role of young agents in politics has become
opportunistic and also clientlike. The two prime political parties, namely the Bangladesh Awami League
(AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), strongly hold their students' political wings. The AL holds
the 'The Chattro (student) League' and BNP holds 'The Chattro Dall'. These youth political wings provide
'protocol' (political support) for the party and party members, whereas in reciprocity, the political parties
deliver them money and political shelter (Sukeyns 2018). In this connection, Moeten Koch Anderson (2013)
argues the relationship between the party and their student wing becomes the relation of exchange, including Youth for democratic resilience in Bangladesh (Talukdar & Others) 4 ISSN: 2733-3698 the circulation of money, so central to contemporary student politics in Bangladesh. The political structure
strongly maintains the movement of youth involvement in politics now. 4. CONCEPTUALIZING RESILIENT YOUTH FOR DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE They resort to a system that we can overtly label 'Party Politics'. This resulted
in the 'fighting shy of' attitude even towards the blunders and perverted political ideology of their respective
parties. Thus, this constant attitude of their cognizant negligence towards the injustice after 1990 can be
rightly termed as 'The Degeneration of Politics'. 5. NATURE OF YOUTH INVOLVEMENT IN DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE IN BANGLADESH The path to the true political development of Bangladesh was not linear and smooth; rather, it went through
political ups and downs. Students in Bangladesh have a long history of leading the nation forward along with
mainstream political parties in order to make democratization a success. Students' activism in Bangladesh
throughout the 1950s and 1960s, according to Talukdar Maniruzzaman (1988), was unparalleled in terms of
intensity, continuity, and concern anywhere in the world during that time. Historically, mostly after
independence, low rates of matriculation and the country's high poverty rate made students especially
privileged and destined to be part of the political elite, and they responded with heroic leadership based upon
the nation's universal interests (Katsiaficas, 2012). But it is interesting to see that the nature of youth
engagement in the democratic movements has been observed differently in the three phrases, e.g., 1947 to
1971 experienced a nationalist nature in youth involvement, phase 1971 to 1990 can be characterised as
resistant and from 1990 to present can be characterised as opportunistic. 5.1 Democratic aspirations in pre-independent Bangladesh: Framing the national identity 5.1 Democratic aspirations in pre-independent Bangladesh: Framing the national identity For instance, the mass upsurge against military ruler Ayub Khan in 1969 and the
liberation movement in 1971 when the students and their political identity turned from street protests to
military training for struggle and eventually Bangladesh gained independence. In those years, the political
identity of students became increasingly articulated as the ‘defenders of democracy. Students played leading
roles in anti-dictatorship struggles against Ayub khan’s tenure (Hannan, 2000; Maniruzzaman, 1988). 5.1 Democratic aspirations in pre-independent Bangladesh: Framing the national identity Students are the heroes of Bangladesh's national mythology, with their patriotism and dedication to the nation
being a source of pride and reverence (Christianson, 2013). It has been seen that the youth activism in politics
from 1947 to 1971 in Bangladesh was based on a nationalist movement and their sacrifices were as though
movement for the whole nation collectively not only for a particular political party. The language movement
was the first significant student mobilization in East Pakistan that led to the establishment of 'students' as a
distinct and endowed political class and established the framework for future elucidations of the role of
students as a protector of democracy. Rahman (2017) argues that the Language Movement was grounded
from the middle class and lower middle-class family background students. The young students succeeded in
convincing the East Pakistani people that their language identity is more important than the religious identity Scholars Journal of Research in Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2022: 01 - 13 5 ISSN: 2733-3698 SJRSS on which the Pakistani state was founded in 1947. In fact, the Language Movement secularised the political
atmosphere of East Pakistan. It is worth observing that there were very few students' political organizations
in East Pakistan but after the Language Movement, there had been formed many student political wings,
predominantly led by liberal nationalists. They led political movements collectively though they have
ideological differences. For instance, the mass upsurge against military ruler Ayub Khan in 1969 and the
liberation movement in 1971 when the students and their political identity turned from street protests to
military training for struggle and eventually Bangladesh gained independence. In those years, the political
identity of students became increasingly articulated as the ‘defenders of democracy. Students played leading
roles in anti-dictatorship struggles against Ayub khan’s tenure (Hannan, 2000; Maniruzzaman, 1988). on which the Pakistani state was founded in 1947. In fact, the Language Movement secularised the political
atmosphere of East Pakistan. It is worth observing that there were very few students' political organizations
in East Pakistan but after the Language Movement, there had been formed many student political wings,
predominantly led by liberal nationalists. They led political movements collectively though they have
ideological differences. 5.2 1990’s democratic uprising: Restoring democracy It was envisioned that there would be a sound political and social system in independent Bangladesh. But the
newborn state was shocked by the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1975 and several coups and
counter-coups during the period of 1975-1982 (Baxter & Rahman, 2003). General Ziaur Rahman became the
main state actor after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Following the assassination of Ziaur
Rahman, Lieutenant General Hossain Mohammed Ershad grabbed power through a military coup in 1982
and continued to rule the country based on martial law until 1985. He tried to civilize his regime and formed
a political party, the Janadol that was used as an instrument to transform himself from a military dictator to a
civilian leader. Democratic rights were continuously curtailed at that time. For instance, under Ershad's rule,
the presidency was given complete executive power; the unicameral National Parliament became a rubber-
stamp institution controlled by Ershad's Jatiya Dal coalition partner; press freedom was eliminated, and
political parties were unable to organize any protest against this. At a stage, in the early 1990s, young students raised their voices and took the role of securing democratic
rights in the later times. Mohammad Khushbu, in his memoir of the period, describes that across the campus
students 'burst into fits of anger' (Khusbu, 1991). Alam (1995), Umar (1992), and Manirzzaman (1992) have
all put forth accounts arguing for the centrality of students in the campaign to bring down the autocratic
dictatorship. It is to be noted that the 1990's democratic uprising was a long-time movement and it was so challenging to
carry on such a movement with mass support for a long time. Nevertheless, the democratic spirit of the
Bangladeshi students helped to continue this movement until the consolidation of power from the military
dictator (Wilkinson, 2000). The heroic protests and resilience of the students resulted in the termination of
undemocratic rule and ushered the path of democracy once again in 1991. However, in the post-1990s era,
student activism is so fragmented and they become the party instrument for political resource grabbing. 6. RECENT STUDENT UPRISINGS: YOUTH SHOWS ANGER TO THE STRUCTURE 6.1 Instinctive road safety movement of 2018 Youth fought for authoritarianism or for independence in the pre-1990's era which can be intertwined as
resistance and sacrifice, but now they are becoming more concerned about the whole national matters along
with citizens’ rights i.e. health, education, and welfare etc, if they are given space for raising their voice. If
they are not given the space, they will become a strong agent for changing the structure, therefore, become
violent many times. The very recent popular youth uprising of the 'Road Safety Movement' can be illustrated by this statement. It
is also called the 'August Student Protest' in 2018, which is not just like any other students' protest that has
been experienced before. This movement was ignited by a tragic accident in July 2018, in which two college
students were killed and several others injured in a collision between two unlicensed buses. The killing of
people in road accidents has become a normal incidence in Bangladesh in recent years. But the government
had not taken sufficient efforts to prevent the fatal traffic collision. Huge protests erupted in the aftermath of
the accident, with demands for safe roads and justice for the students who were killed. Students gathered on
roads and highways as a part of the protest and also performed traffic police responsibilities, such as
verifying whether vehicles have valid registration papers and drivers have valid licenses (Rahman, 2018). Even one of the government ministers left his car following the agitating students who stopped the car for
invalid paperwork (Qayum, 2018). Students claimed a remarkable penalty for this unforeseen accident and
for safe roads for the general people. For a few days, they used to control the traffic system and did the job
that regular traffic police were unable to do. When police forces started firing tear gas and rubber bullets
towards the students, the movement concluded in causing harm to several students and lost their peaceful
appearance. Their placards show some amazing 'slogans' where it is written that 'not road, reconstructing the
system' (Haque, 2018). Political analysts explained the slogan of state reconstruction as the reflection of the
lack of accountability in the system of governance and the absence of rule of law (Riaz, 2018a). 5.3 Youth politics in the post-1990s era: Degenerating youth politics After the 1990s, the character of student politics in Bangladesh has shifted significantly from its former form. As indicated previously, youth engagement in politics was nationalistic from 1947 to 1971 and reformist
from 1971 to 1990. It was hoped that youth would be more resilient during the democratic renaissance of the
post-1990s. However, this glimmer of hope has not been vigilantly bloomed till today. Since then, student
politics has devolved into a farce, with political party activities losing its ideological focus. The majority of
prominent political parties have student wings in both tertiary and secondary educational institutions (in
many cases, they also have student wings in 'A' level intuitions); for example, AL has Chatra League and
BNP has Chatra Dal. The most striking feature is that the ruling party's student wing wields control
everywhere, whether at the municipal level or in colleges and universities. Kuttig (2019) opines ''…after each
national election, the student wing of the party in power takes control of campuses and suppresses all
political activities of the opposition. This transfer of power is often accompanied by violence, not just inter-
party but also intra-party rivalry over control and position''. Bert Suykens (2018) estimates that between 2002 and 2013 educational campus violence amounted to 17
percent of all political violence in Bangladesh. The unity among student political wings has interspersed with
factional rivalries. The student political wing of the ruling party is a fair supporter of their party activities or
decisions (Suykens, 2019) and they act as 'party cadre' (muscleman for power politics). Kochanek (2000) and
Komal (2010) describe that student politics in Bangladesh has deteriorated, become opportunistic and
nothing more than a party-political instrument. Student politicians are involved in many relationships of
patronage with party leaders and government officials in order to obtain state resources and party favors. (Jackman, 2018; 2019). Youth for democratic resilience in Bangladesh (Talukdar & Others) ISSN: 2733-3698 6 One of Dhaka University's youth representatives expressed his concern about contemporary youth politics as
follows: - One of Dhaka University's youth representatives expressed his concern about contemporary youth politics as
follows: - ''There is no place for general students in youth politics now but they need to maintain a strong
connection with senior political ‘big brothers’ in the educational institutions, also called ‘Bhai
Politics’. Students have to hear unquestionably the order of political senior brothers. 5.3 Youth politics in the post-1990s era: Degenerating youth politics True youth
political representatives are not growing due to this complex circle of patron-client political
culture'' (Personal Interview, August 21, 2019) Patriarchal dynastic leadership succession is another important hindrance to generating new leadership in this
country. A liberal resilient democracy appeals to a more participatory, accountable, and human-centric
political culture. The young students are now inter-separated through factional rivalries, and they like to
demonstrate their standpoint on issues in accordance with their party-line. Ideological differences between
the two political parties caused a highly polarized society and party conflicts over ideologies made the youth
more partisan. Along with partisanship and polarisation, state institutions were badly politicised. As a result,
the agents became less interested in reshuffling undemocratic structures. Despite tremendous economic improvements over the past couple of decades, Bangladesh's institutions had
also remained weak. Continuous institutional weakness and ineffectiveness worked as a binding constraint
for protecting core democratic values. Other setbacks facing the institutions include irregularities, corruption
as it cannot hold accountable. It is generally acknowledged that institutional weakness makes previous
reforms irrelevant. Youth also become less enthusiastic to participate in protests when their country’s civilian
institutions are feeble. A unified democratic movement is rare in the post-1990s era where all young students
have performed unitedly though some recent uprisings show that students had to come out in the streets to
raise demands to the structure. It is evident by this uprising that if the youths are given space for raising their
voice for democratic rights, democracy would be institutionalized early in developing countries like
Bangladesh. Scholars Journal of Research in Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2022: 01 - 13 6.2 Quota reform movement: Formation of collective demand The quota is generally considered as affirmative discrimination which is usually put in place to ensure fair
access to education, employment and livelihood opportunities for the less privileged minority groups among
all the population of a country. For example, in Bangladesh, there was a fifty-six percent quota for
government jobs where thirty percent of the seats were reserved for the progenies of the freedom fighters of
the 1971's liberation war, ten percent as 'Zilla quota', ten percent for women, five percent reserved for the
minority groups in Bangladesh and one percent for the people with physical disabilities. But this quota system leaves only forty-four percent of chairs for candidates who do not belong to any of
these groups. This segment argues that there should not be such a large percentage of quota after the passing
of fifty years of independence. They also oppose the system, saying that many government posts would
remain vacant if candidates from these selected groups failed in the recruitment test. It is discovered that such
occurrences resulted in vacancies in government jobs reaching as high as 811 in the 31st Bangladesh Civil
Service (BCS) examination and 723 in the 34th BCS examination (Mahmud & Shovon, 2018). This is not a
new phenomenon; rather, university students and job candidates have been vehemently opposed to the quota
system, claiming it should be reformed. However, this demand had gotten an ultimate appearance in July
2018, students from several universities staged a peaceful protest demanding reform of the quota system. They succeeded in creating a platform as an agent to raise demand on the structure. In the first stage, this
movement was limited to only in Capital, Dhaka in which thousands of students gathered in the Dhaka
University area at Shahbag while others from different universities assembled on their respective campuses. The movement had a blowout across the whole country, especially in the universities and other educational
institutions, within a week. At a time, the structure tried to subdue this movement through a state-sponsored attack on the students. After
this clash, the movement was gone in fire and more students joined in it committed to bringing their demand
in truth as they prospered to create a platform. Notably, even the women and some of the progenies of
freedom fighters agreed to reform the existing quota system. 6.2 Quota reform movement: Formation of collective demand The youth agent thrived to form a common
collective demand to the system that brought triumph to this movement and in the last stage, the quota was
abolished in government jobs (The Independent, 2018). 6. RECENT STUDENT UPRISINGS: YOUTH SHOWS ANGER TO THE STRUCTURE According to
Kugelman, a South Asia expert at the Washington-based Woodrow Wilson Centre, the road safety protests
were a manifestation of time-honored resentments toward administration and government policies (Islam,
2018). However, this movement compelled the policymakers to revise the 'Road Transport Act'. The students
succeeded to form the democratic role in the absence of any socio-political agents like political parties or
others that might perform actively in the national crisis. Many student leaders from the ruling party, the Scholars Journal of Research in Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2022: 01 - 13 7 SJRSS ISSN: 2733-3698 Awami League, participated directly in the movement. Though they have specific party affiliation, they also
ran the mass popular movement directly or indirectly. So, it is important to recognise that all youth have a
resilient spirit for democracy but lack sufficient democratic socialization for which they become a weak
agent in the formation of the structure. Awami League, participated directly in the movement. Though they have specific party affiliation, they also
ran the mass popular movement directly or indirectly. So, it is important to recognise that all youth have a
resilient spirit for democracy but lack sufficient democratic socialization for which they become a weak
agent in the formation of the structure. 6.3 No VAT on education Private universities now occupy an essential position in the field of higher education in Bangladesh. Over the
last couple of decades, these universities have been playing a role in filling the gaps created by the shortage
of seats in public universities. That is why, the government should recognise the role of private universities in
creating and disseminating knowledge, and extend assistance to ensure higher education rather than narrow
down the scope for education. But Abul Maal Abdul Muhith, former Finance Minister from January 2009 till
December 2018, proposed a 15 percent tax on private universities while placing the budget for the 2015-16
fiscal in Parliament (Islam, 2015). The government then imposed a VAT of 7.5% on tuition fees of all private
universities in the budget of that financial year. After that, students from different private universities took to
the street vehemently opposing the government's unequal and exclusionary national education policy (The
bdnews24.com, 2015). The students demanded that the government should play a cooperative role with the private universities
instead of playing a regulatory role. As well as, the government should not impose any income tax on private
universities; rather it should extend assistance by declaring stimulus packages to reduce the financial burden
from expensive education. Students pointed out that the door of education might be closed to the poor and
low-income people. Even the educationists expressed their concerns about the government's decision to levy
a tax on education. According to them, VAT on education is discriminatory as it will stifle the higher
education of children from fixed-income families. Students as agents had been staging protests for the
cancellation of VAT imposed by the structure. As a result, their continued protests made the government bow
down by withdrawing a 7.5% tax imposed on all private universities (Prothom Alo, 2015). This issue, VAT
on Education, knocked the throne of government. Students reacted sharply against the unequal structure. The
very connotation of 'investment in education' triggered a sharp response from the students. 6.4 DUCSU election Youth for democratic resilience in Bangladesh (Talukdar & Others) ISSN: 2733-3698 8 Democracies can remain healthy and resilient only when there is meaningful participation of youth. Dhaka
University Central Students' Union (DUCSU) is a students' union and is simply known as the student
governance body of the University of Dhaka. 6.3 No VAT on education One of the aims of this union is to ensure students' active
participation in the university's decision-making process and national education policy debates. According to
the constitution, the university's Vice-Chancellor will act as the president of the union and the other 25 posts
must be directly elected from the student representatives. DUCSU, known as the second parliament of Bangladesh, is a space of hope not only for the students but also
for the common people of the country for the historically significant role it played in Bangladesh. DUCSU as
an agent had previously performed the revolutionary role to unite all students against autocratic structure, to
raise voices against injustices and to influence mass people to fight against the undemocratic rule. Since
1990, for fear of such a revolutionary role, successive governments have been deliberately unwilling to hold
DUCSU elections. To secure their power, they chose to repress students’ voices. Even Dhaka University
Order, 1973, specifically speaks of student union representation in different facets of running the university
(President's Order, 1973). Unfortunately, this was being continuously ignored until 2019. For decades
students took to the streets, then came the Supreme Court’s order, finally, the DUCSU elections were held in
2019, after being inactive for almost three decades (The Daily Star, 2019). Nurul Haque Nur got elected as a
Vice President of DUCSU who was a candidate of Bangladesh General Students’ Rights Protection Council
(BGSRPC), a group having no affiliation with any political party (The Daily Star, 2019). Moreover, students understood that the participation of youth is essential for a vivid and resilient democracy. Democratic resilience also requires the meaningful participation of youth. The success of this last election
was that it broke the cycle of exclusion of students’ voices from university governance and restored
democratic resilience. The DUCSU elections itself was a tremendous achievement because it broke 28 years
of stagnant structure. Students as agents are no longer silent, they have managed to force the structure to do
the right thing. Youth in democratic activities has recently changed the political scenario of Bangladesh. 8. CONCLUDING REMARKS The United Nations General Assembly (in resolution A/62/7) emphasized the importance of promoting
democracy in particular, with an emphasis on youth participation in the political process. Youth are
disengaging from traditional political involvement and developing a skepticism of political institutions,
according to studies (Pontes et al., 2017). In this context, it is critical to re-calibrate the youth in order to
construct a robust democracy in the twenty-first century. This article discusses Bangladeshi youth and their
role to the country's democratic emergency. Indeed, youth participation in the current political process is
quite different from that of the pre-1990s. Youths are now less receptive to national democratic issues than
they were before to the 1990s. However, it is critical to understand that the democratic spirit of youth has not
waned. To strengthen democratic institutions, it is necessary to cultivate a culture of democratic participation,
particularly among the youth population. Our interview findings urge three-fold ways for effective and meaningful participation of youth for
democratic resilience. Firstly, party affiliation should be minimized for resilience building. Institutional
capacity building is also important to make democratic resilience sustainable. Government should enable the
youth to participate in decision-making. Secondly, reducing the gap between agents and structure can lead to
a successful democratic venture. It can also demand youth-led participation where they effectively take part
in regular political decision-making. Thirdly, Youth's ideas should be prioritised, their insights should be
utilised and their voices should be heard for revamping the structure. The aforementioned insights that we
derived from our interview findings can resuscitate the lost spirit of youth to bring democratic resilience back
into the state. Governance-related institutions should be more developed to play a pivotal role in the
maintenance of a democratic culture. Political institutions should bring not only transparency but also
generate multiple points of access to decision-making for the youths. The others emphasize the coordinated
action, progressive and substantive involvement of youth people in this whole process to achieve the overall
goals. It is important to ensure that young people have equal and optimal access to information so that they
can acquire knowledge about the real concept of democracy and politics. Equal opportunity emphasizes the
participation of youth in democratic decision-making at the national level. Our study found that the prime
hindrance for Bangladesh is to build the confidence of today's youth in democratic institutions. 7. PRESENT YOUTH SCENARIO AND CHALLENGES Bangladesh is now enjoying the major youth segment of its population. According to the Bangladesh Bureau
of Statistics (BBS), about 17% (aged 15-24 years) of the total population is youth in Bangladesh (BBS,
2018). The National Youth Policy (2017) estimated that the youth population (aged 18-35) constitutes above
33% of the country’s total population (BBS, 2015a). So, democratic resilience could have been stronger if the
ideas and insights of these huge numbers of people were utilized. But, if we see the perception (Figure 1
shows) of the young people to the present political system in Bangladesh, we can observe that youth people
with higher consciousness are less interested in politics and they distrust political institutions. 51%
50%
51%
39%
41%
72%
64%
66%
59%
57%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
No formal
Education
Class 1-4
Class 5-9
SSC-HSC
Above HSC
Current Political Situation
Future Political Situation
Figure 1: Optimism about Current and Future Political Situation among Youth in Bangladesh. Figure 1: Optimism about Current and Future Political Situation among Youth in Bangladesh. The prime challenges with youth are their involvement in terrorism and violent extremism. Terrorist groups
target young people, especially the university and post-secondary education students are being recruited for
terrorism (BIPSS, 2017). A university professor at Dhaka University shares his concern as- The prime challenges with youth are their involvement in terrorism and violent extremism. Terrorist groups
target young people, especially the university and post-secondary education students are being recruited for
terrorism (BIPSS, 2017). A university professor at Dhaka University shares his concern as- Scholars Journal of Research in Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2022: 01 - 13 SJRSS ISSN: 2733-3698 9 ''Bangladesh has seen rising religious extremism in the past few decades, particularly in the Holly
Artisan bakery attack in 2016 where most of the attackers were youth and were tertiary-educated
students. It was believed that the madrasah (religious institutions) background students usually
convert to extremism which has proved totally wrong with such attacks. Most of the terrorist groups
are trying to recruit young people for violent activities washing their minds. We need to be cautious
about this and set a policy to engage youth people in more productive work'' (Personal Interview,
September 15, 2019). Another challenge is drug addiction. Youth aged 18-25 years are more prone and vulnerable to drug
addiction (UNODC, 2018). 7. PRESENT YOUTH SCENARIO AND CHALLENGES Providing a healthy and sound environment for youth in politics can result in
generating stability, predictability and responsible conduct in democratic societies in the long run. This could
be done by associating youth with meaningful political debate and interaction. 8. CONCLUDING REMARKS It would be an extremely interesting field of research to evaluate the current political nature of youth and
whether they are migrating from an opportunistic to a reformist orientation, as demonstrated in recent
movements such as the quota reform and road safety movements. Again, additional research could be
conducted on how to rehabilitate, educate, and mobilize the youth's awakened spirit for the purpose of greater
democratic stabilization. democratic practices. Minor increases in youth participation in democracy will have a significant impact on
the sustainability and integrity of democratic processes and infrastructure. This study will contribute to a
better understanding of the role and nature of young engagement in fostering democratic resilience between
1952 and the present. Additionally, this study will aid in the computation of pertinent findings and the
dissemination of current information. According to this study, before to 1990, Bangladesh's youth had the
liberty to make their own political and civic decisions because they were not constrained by party structures. As a result of the political structure's authoritarian nature, a reformist attitude toward military rule developed. It would be an extremely interesting field of research to evaluate the current political nature of youth and
whether they are migrating from an opportunistic to a reformist orientation, as demonstrated in recent
movements such as the quota reform and road safety movements. Again, additional research could be
conducted on how to rehabilitate, educate, and mobilize the youth's awakened spirit for the purpose of greater
democratic stabilization. 8. CONCLUDING REMARKS Distrust in
political parties, frustration with the political process and the perplexity of democratic decision-making are
creating negative perceptions among the youth. The UN World Programme of Action for Youth calls to
improve all-inclusive and integrated national youth policies through consultation with youth organizations. The policy advisors stretch on creating a common platform for youth participation in the democratic process
by proper education about democracy with the same opportunity for boys and girls. Youth need to be
informed about public policymaking, trained up to be effective leaders and guaranteed to get access for
creating their true empowerment and resilience among them. Young people are principally the reagent of
social, political and economic culture attuned to liberty, freedom and democracy. Justice and freedom are
often a challenging scuffle that needs the forte, sacrifices, precision and courage of youth to be attained. Today's youth are committed to ensuring that human rights, the rule of law, equality, and fundamental
freedoms are completely upheld in their efforts to improve democracy, create inclusiveness, and increase
societies' resilience. Policymakers must respond in order to support youth initiatives and ensure democratic
participation chances. The ultimate goal should be to aid the development of policy decisions that support
and facilitate young people's political involvement, enabling them to combat the repressive conditions
inhibiting their healthy transition into adulthood. This study makes a compelling case for the fact that in the
twenty-first century, youth frequently engage in a variety of democratic platforms. Prioritizing the wishes and
platforms of youths, as well as their understanding, should be a priority in establishing and preserving Youth for democratic resilience in Bangladesh (Talukdar & Others) 10 ISSN: 2733-3698 democratic practices. Minor increases in youth participation in democracy will have a significant impact on
the sustainability and integrity of democratic processes and infrastructure. This study will contribute to a
better understanding of the role and nature of young engagement in fostering democratic resilience between
1952 and the present. Additionally, this study will aid in the computation of pertinent findings and the
dissemination of current information. According to this study, before to 1990, Bangladesh's youth had the
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265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16258312.2018.1540248 Funding/Sponsorship The authors affirm that they received no financial support and that none of the authors is affiliated or
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U. TARCHETTI
I FATALI
LEGGENDE DEL CASTELLO NERO
LA LETTERA U--UN OSSO DI MORTO
LO SPIRITO IN UN LAMPONE
PENSIERI
L'Amore--La Donna--Felicità e Dolore--La Vita
La Fede--Pensieri diversi. MILANO
E. TREVES & C. EDITORI
1869
I FATALI
Esistono realmente esseri destinati ad esercitare un'influenza sinistra
sugli uomini e sulle cose che li circondano? È una verità di cui siamo
testimonii ogni giorno, ma che alla nostra ragione freddamente positiva,
avvezza a non accettare che i fatti i quali cadono sotto il dominio dei
nostri sensi, ripugna sempre di ammettere. Se noi esaminiamo attentamente tutte le opere nostre, anche le più
comuni e le più inconcludenti, vedremo nondimeno non esservene una da
cui questa credenza ci abbia distolti, o a compiere la quale non ci
abbia in qualche maniera eccitati. Questa superstizione entra in tutti i
fatti della nostra vita. Molti credono schermirsene asserendo per l'appunto non esser ella che
una superstizione, e non s'avvedono che fanno così una semplice
questione di parole. Ciò non toglierebbe valore a questa credenza,
poichè anche la superstizione è una fede. Noi non possiamo non riconoscere che, tanto nel mondo spirituale quanto
nel mondo fisico, ogni cosa che avviene, avvenga e si modifichi per
certe leggi d'influenze di cui non abbiamo ancora potuto indovinare
intieramente il segreto. Osserviamo gli effetti, e restiamo attoniti e
inscienti dinanzi alle cause. Vediamo influenze di cose su cose, di
intelligenze su intelligenze, e di queste su quelle ad un tempo; vediamo
tutte queste influenze incrociarsi, scambiarsi, agire l'una sull'altra,
riunire in un solo centro di azione questi due mondi disparatissimi, il
mondo dello spirito e il mondo della materia. Fin dove la penetrazione umana è arrivata noi abbiamo portato la nostra
fede; il segreto dei fenomeni fisici è in parte violato; la scienza ha
analizzato la natura; i suoi sistemi, le sue leggi, le sue influenze ci
sono quasi tutte note: ma essa si è arrestata dinanzi ai fenomeni
psicologici, e dinanzi ai rapporti che congiungono questi a quelli. Essa non ha potuto avanzarsi di più, e ha trattenuto le nostre credenze
sulla soglia di questo regno inesplorato. Poichè nell'ordine dei fatti
noi possiamo ammettere delle tesi generali, delle verità complesse; non
nell'ordine delle idee. Dove i fatti sono incerti, le idee sono confuse. Avvengono fatti che non
presentano un carattere deciso, sensibile, ben definito, e che la nostra
ragione calcolatrice non sa se negare od ammettere. Vi sono perciò idee
incomplete, oscure, fluttuanti, che non possono presentarsi mai sotto un
aspetto chiaro, e che non sappiamo se accettare o respingere. Questa
incertezza di fatti, questa incompletazione di idee, questo stato di
mezzo tra una fede ferma e una fede titubante, costituiscono forse ciò
che noi chiamiamo superstizione--il punto di partenza di tutte le grandi
verità. Perchè la superstizione è l'embrione, è il primo concetto di
tutte le grandi credenze. Qualora io vedo una superstizione impadronirsi dell'anima delle masse,
io dico che in fondo ad essa vi è una verità, poichè noi non abbiamo
idee senza fatti, e questa superstizione non può essere partita che da
un fatto. Se esso non si è ancora rinnovato e generalizzato per
confermarla, egli è che la via dell'umanità è lunga--più lunga quelle
delle cose--e nessuno può determinare il tempo e le circostanze in cui
potrà ripetersi. Gli uomini hanno adottato un sistema facile e logico in
fatto di convenzioni; ammettono ciò che vedono, negano ciò che non
vedono; ma questo sistema non ha impedito finora che essi abbiano dovuto
ammettere più tardi non poche verità che avevano prima negate. La
scienza e il progresso ne fanno fede. Del resto, comunque sia, per ciò
che è fede nelle influenze buone e sinistre che uomini e cose possono
esercitare sopra di noi, non v'è uomo che non ne abbia una più o meno
salda, più o meno illuminata, più o meno confermata dall'esperienza
della vita. Tutto al più si tratterebbe di riconoscere se essa abbia o
no ragione di essere, e fino a qual punto debba venire accettata, non di
negarla--poichè l'esistenza di questa fede è indiscutibile. Io ne trovo dovunque delle prove. Per me l'antipatia non è che una
tacita coscienza dell'influenza fatale che una persona può esercitare
sopra di noi. Nelle masse ignoranti questa coscienza ha creato la
_jettatura_, nelle masse colte la prevenzione, le diffidenza, il
sospetto. Non v'è cosa più comune che udire esclamare: «quell'uomo non mi
piace--non vorrei incontrarmi per via con quella persona--mi fa
paura--d'innanzi a lui io non sono più nulla--ogni qualvolta mi sono
imbattuto in quell'uomo mi è accaduta una sventura.» Nè questa fede che
si presenta sotto tanti aspetti, che quasi non avvertiamo, che è
pressochè innata con noi come tutti gli istinti di difesa che ci ha dato
la natura, è sentita esclusivamente da pochi uomini--essa è, in maggiori
o minori proporzioni, un retaggio naturale di tutti. Questa superstizione accompagna l'umanità fino dalla sua infanzia, è
diffusa da tutti i popoli. Gli uomini di genio, quelli che hanno molto
sofferto, vi hanno posto maggior fede degli altri. Il numero di coloro
che credettero essere perseguitati da un essere fatale è infinito: lo è
del paro il numero di quelli che credettero essere fatali essi stessi,
Hoffman, buono ed affettuoso, fu torturato tutta la vita da questo
pensiero. Non giova dilungarsi su ciò, perchè la storia è piena di questi esempi,
e ciascuno di noi può trovare nella sua vita intima le prove di questa
credenza quasi istintiva. Io non voglio dimostrarne nè l'assurdo nè la verità. Credo che nessuno
lo possa fare con argomenti autorevoli. Mi limito a raccontare fatti che
hanno rapporto con questa superstizione. * * * * *
Nel carnevale del 1866 io mi trovava a Milano. Era la sera del giovedì
grasso, e il corso delle maschere era animatissimo. Devo però fare una
distinzione--animatissimo di spettatori, non di maschere. Chè se la
taccia di fama usurpata, così frequente, e spesso così giusta in arte,
potesse applicarsi anche alle feste popolari, il carnevale di Milano ne
avrebbe indubbiamente la sua parte. Queste feste non sono più che una
mistificazione, ed hanno ragione di esserlo, giacchè le migliaja di
forastieri che vengono annualmente ad assistervi non sono però meno
convinti di divertirsi. Tutto stava nell'istillar loro la persuasione
che il carnevale di Milano fosse la cosa più comica, più spiritosa, più
divertente di questo mondo. Una volta infuso questo convincimento, non
erano più necessari i fatti per confermarlo--lo scopo di divertire era
ottenuto. Comunque fosse, il Carnevale del 1866 non era meno animato degli altri,
e nelle prime ore della sera del giovedì grasso, la popolazione si era
versata sulle strade a torrenti. La folla aveva talmente stipate le vie
che in alcuni punti era impossibile muoversi e presso la crociera della
via di S. Paolo, ove mi trovava io, si era letteralmente pigiati. Gli onesti milanesi si frammischiavano fraternamente ai forestieri, e si
inebbriavano del piacere di guardarsi l'un l'altro nel bianco degli
occhi--ciò che costituisce l'unico, ma ineffabile divertimento di questo
celebre Carnevale. Non so da quanto tempo io mi trovassi colà, in piedi, in mezzo a quella
gran ressa, in una posizione incomodissima, allorchè voltandomi per
vedere se v'era mezzo di uscirne, osservai intorno a me uno spettacolo
assai curioso. La folla non si era diradata, ma si era ristretta in modo da lasciare in
mezzo a sè uno spazio circolare abbastanza vasto. Nel centro di questo
circolo miracoloso v'era un giovinetto che non mostrava aver più di
diciotto anni, ma cui, a guardarlo bene, se ne sarebbero dati
venticinque, tanto il suo volto appariva patito, e tante erano le
traccie che v'erano impresse d'una esistenza travagliata e più lunga. Era biondo e bellissimo, eccessivamente magro, ma non tanto che la
bellezza dei lineamenti ne fosse alterata; aveva gli occhi grandi ed
azzurri, il labbro inferiore un po' sporgente, ma con espressione di
tristezza più che di rancore; tutta la sua persona aveva qualche cosa di
femminile, di delicato, di ineffabilmente grazioso, qualche cosa di ciò
che i francesi dicono _souple_, e che io non saprei esprimere meglio con
altra parola della nostra lingua. La purezza e l'armonia delle sue linee
erano meravigliose; egli vestiva con estrema eleganza; e guardava quà e
là, un poco alla folla e un poco alle maschere, con aria malinconica e
divagata come se si trovasse in quel luogo a suo dispetto, e fosse più
occupato di sè che dello spettacolo poco allettante che aveva d'innanzi
allo sguardo. Ma ciò che mi era parso rimarchevole era che egli sembrava non essersi
avveduto di quel circolo che s'era formato d'intorno a lui, nè alcuni di
quelli stessi che lo avevano formato mostravano di averci posto mente. Non era nulla in ciò di veramente straordinario; pure l'esistenza di uno
spazio così vasto in mezzo ad una folla così fitta, in mezzo ad una
moltitudine che si moveva, fremeva, ondeggiava come un corpo solo, senza
riempire mai il vuoto che s'era formato in quel punto, mi pareva cosa
meritevole di attenzione. Si sarebbe detto che da quel giovine emanasse
un fluido ripulsivo, una virtù misteriosa atta ad allontanare da lui
tutto ciò che lo circondava. In quell'istante che io lo stava guardando, essendogli stati gettati
alcuni confetti, di cui parecchi si fermarono tra le pieghe del suo
mantello che teneva avviluppato sul braccio, un fanciulletto si spiccò
dal circolo e gli venne d'appresso quasi per domandarglieli, giacchè
egli nè li aveva presi, nè aveva scosso il mantello per farli cadere. Il giovine lo guardò con affetto, raccolse le confetture, gliele diede;
e prima che si allontanasse gli passò una mano tra i capelli con una
specie di tenerezza piena di soavità e di malinconia. Egli aveva posto tanto affetto in quell'atto che, ove anche la natura
non lo avesse dotato di un volto così dolce e così simpatico, lo si
sarebbe subito giudicato buono e cortese. È un fatto che il volto è lo specchio dell'anima: non si può indovinare
se la natura abbia dato ella stessa un'espressione buona ai buoni, e
cattiva ai cattivi; o se la bontà e la malvagità umana possano talmente
agire sulle nostre fattezze da modificarle e da imprimervi il loro
suggello; ma egli è ben certo che il cuore trasparisce dal viso, anche
da quelli la cui bellezza vorrebbe nascondere un animo turpe, o la cui
laidezza uno onesto. Io non mi sarei stancato mai di guardarlo. Non so se le affezioni degli
altri uomini sieno governate da questa legge di simpatie e di antipatie
improvvise, energiche, inesorabili cui vanno soggette le mie,--per me
l'innamorarmi di un uomo o di una donna, il concepire un'inclinazione od
un'avversione irresistibile per una creatura qualunque non fu mai opera
che di pochi minuti--ma mi ricordo che l'avrei abbracciato lì sulla via,
tanto l'espressione del suo volto era affettuosa, tanto quel linguaggio
andava dritto al cuore, senza dar campo alla ragione di discuterci
sopra. Non mi mossi di là finchè non se ne mosse egli pure. La festa
incominciava a languire, la folla incominciava a diradarsi, e il
crepuscolo ad avvolgere tutta quella scena in un penombra grigia e
pesante. Eravamo a due passi da un caffè, ed egli vi entrò con aria
d'uomo che non sa come passare il suo tempo, che sente il peso delle sue
braccia, delle sue gambe, di tutta la sua persona, e che vorrebbe
sbarazzarsene e buttarlo là sopra un divano come un fardello noioso ed
inutile. Io era nello stesso caso, non aveva che fare, e gli tenni
dietro. Ci sedemmo di faccia, io a guardarlo, egli a leggere. Se non che egli
pareva sì poco occupato della sua lettura, che se anche avesse afferrato
il giornale pel rovescio credo che non se ne sarebbe avveduto. I suoi
occhi erano fissi sulle colonne di quel diario, ma sembravano guardare
di dentro piuttostochè di fuori, parevano aver concentrata tutta la loro
virtù visiva in sè medesimi, e non occuparsi che di ciò che avveniva
nell'animo del giovine. Io non aveva però avuto che il tempo di fare questa riflessione,
allorchè dietro la vetrina della finestra scorsi un nuovo affollarsi di
gente e sentii come delle grida femminili; stavo per alzarmi allorchè si
aperse la porta del caffè, e ne fu recato dentro un fanciullo svenuto,
il quale era stato travolto dalle ruote di una vettura, e ne aveva avuto
un braccio spezzato. Rimasi dolorosamente colpito dal riconoscere in
quel fanciullo quello stesso che l'incognito aveva accarezzato in mezzo
a quel circolo, e a cui aveva regalato i confetti caduti sul suo
mantello. Per un moto istintivo diressi lo sguardo dalla sua parte, e lo scorsi
nell'istante che usciva frettolosamente dalla sala. Il suo volto
riflesso in quel momento da uno specchio che era di fronte a me, mi
parve pallidissimo. Io abbandonai poco dopo quel caffè in preda a tristi pensieri. In quella sera stessa doveva aver luogo alla Scala una rappresentazione
straordinaria. L'opera annunciata era la _Sonnambula_, e il pubblico vi era accorso
numeroso ad ascoltare quella musica divina, così piena, così complessa
nella sua semplicità, così affettuosa. Si era rappresentata poco prima
l'_Africana_--da Mayerbeer a Bellini la differenza almeno, se non la
distanza, era ben grande. Il teatro era illuminato a giorno, la platea
era stipata di uditori; e non v'erano altri palchi vuoti da cinque o sei
all'infuori, posti tutti nello stesso punto; e in uno dei quali
riconobbi con mia grande sorpresa il giovine che aveva veduto poco prima
assistendo al corso delle maschere. Egli era solo e non mi sembrava più nè sì triste, nè sì pensieroso. Vestiva un abito nero molto elegante, ma nulla dimostrava che fosse
avvezzo a prendere gran cura della sua persona. Non so se fosse inganno
mio, o allucinazione, e che altro, ma egli mi pareva straordinariamente
bello, assai più di quanto mi fosse sembrato poche ore prima. Vi era sul suo volto qualche cosa di luminoso, qualche cosa di quella
trasparenza profonda, benchè torbida, benchè appannata, che ha
l'alabastro. Egli aveva difatto la stessa pallidezza: a non guardarne
gli occhi, a non esaminare la mobilità prodigiosa dei lineamenti, lo si
sarebbe detto morto o impietrito. I suoi capelli conservavano ancora
quella finezza, quella arrendevolezza, quella lucidità,
quell'arricciamento semplice e naturale che hanno i fanciulli; erano di
un biondo meraviglioso, e lucevano come fili d'oro al riflesso delle
fiamme dei candelabri. Teneva appoggiato il gomito al parapetto, e la
guancia sulla mano: la sua testa così inclinata pareva ancora più bella. Egli aveva quella specie di bellezza che hanno le donne, e che ritrae
dalla luce un prestigio misterioso e affascinante. A contemplare dalla
platea--d'onde non si vedeva il resto della persona--quella sua testa
così diafana e così bianca, la si sarebbe creduta appartenere ad un
fanciullo, ad una creatura fragile e delicata, forse ad un essere
sopranaturale. Io solo aveva rimarcato cosa che mi pareva avere una strana relazione
con ciò che aveva osservato prima al corso delle maschere, voglio dire
quel trovarsi egli così isolato in un palco intorno al quale ve n'erano
cinque o sei altri vuoti, mentre non era possibile vederne da tutte le
altre parti del teatro un solo che non fosse occupato--bisognava aver
osservato prima l'accidente del circolo, per trovar causa di meraviglia
in questo fatto,--ma gli spettatori erano stati unanimi nell'avvertire
la sua bellezza e nell'ammirarla, nè tardai ad accorgermi che le signore
sopratutto ne erano state colpite, e gareggiavano nel dirigere i loro
cannocchiali verso il suo palco. Tra quelle di esse che erano riuscite ad attirarsi più facilmente la sua
attenzione, vi era una fanciulla che era pure assai bella, ed occupava
un palco non molto lontano da quello del giovine. Come avviene a tutte
le ragazze veramente ingenue, non di quella ingenuità convenzionale che
esse devono ostentare spesso come una parte di commedia, fino a che il
marito non le autorizza a rappresentare una parte diversa, ma di quella
ingenuità vera che ha la sua radice nella verginità della mente e del
cuore, essa ne era rimasta fortemente e subitamente impressionata. Era
troppo giovine per sapersi già infingere, e credo di non essere stato io
solo ad avvedermi del suo turbamento e della sua agitazione. Assistetti per un po' di tempo a quella specie di rapporto misterioso
che s'era stabilito tra di loro, mi cacciai come un intruso in quella
specie di corrente magnetica che avevano formato i loro sguardi; poi
quasi vergognandomi di quello spiare, di quell'ammiccare alla loro
felicità, come un pitocco che assista ad un banchetto dalla soglia della
stanza, e non possa fruire che del profumo delle salse e delle vivande,
mi raccolsi in me stesso, e procurai di rivolgere tutta la mia
attenzione allo spettacolo dell'opera. Dico che me n'era vergognato, ma per me solo. Che se v'è qualche cosa al
mondo, d'innanzi alla quale io non sappia nè sogghignare per sprezzo nè
piangere per pietà, è la vista di due persone che si amano. Mi sono
cacciato spesso di notte sotto i viali pubblici, sotto i boschetti di
tigli, appositamente per incontrarvi qualche coppia d'innamorati; e non
mi venne mai di passar vicino ad una di esse senza sentirmi compreso da
un sentimento di rispetto profondo. Lo confesso, furono quelli i soli
istanti della mia vita, in cui i miei simili mi sieno sembrati meno
tristi del solito. Era così riuscito a poco a poco ad occuparmi interamente della
rappresentazione, e non aveva più alzato gli occhi verso il palco di
quello sconosciuto, allorchè avvedendomi d'un movimento improvviso che
si manifestava negli spettatori, e scorgendo la folla addensarsi verso
la porta, mi mossi io pure e entrato a stento nel vestibolo, vidi
passarvi due signori che reggevano sulle loro braccia una fanciulla
svenuta, e la trasportavano in una delle sale del teatro. Non dirò quale fosse la mia meraviglia nel ravvisare in lei quella
stessa fanciulla che aveva guardato con tanto affetto e con tanta
insistenza il mio incognito. Tutto ciò che era accaduto non poteva
essere stato che un capriccio del caso: pure era la seconda volta nel
termine di poche ore, che io vedeva una persona alla quale egli aveva
dato segno di predilezione, venir colpita improvvisamente da una
sventura. Rientrai nella platea. Egli occupava ancora il suo posto, era rimasto nella posizione di prima
colla guancia appoggiata alla mano; ma il suo volto coloritosi
improvvisamente di un rossore vivace, era tornato in un istante di una
pallidezza cadaverica. Non era difficile accorgersi che egli soffriva,
che s'era avveduto degli sguardi curiosi e quasi reprensivi di cui era
fatto oggetto, e che non era rimasto immobile al suo posto che per
dissimulare la sua commozione, e per non accusare in certo modo quella
specie di complicità che aveva avuto in quell'avvenimento. Allorchè parve che il pubblico avesse cessato di occuparsi di lui, egli
uscì dal teatro, e ne uscii io pure. Nessuno conosceva forse il caso assai più deplorevole che aveva avuto
luogo poche ore prima: nessuno aveva forse rimarcata la circostanza
singolare e incomprensibile di quella specie di vuoto che egli pareva
formare intorno a sè, nè aveva posto mente ai rapporti che sembravano
congiungere tutti questi fatti, ma io ne era tutto in pensiero. Era
evidente esservi in lui qualche cosa di inesplicabile e di fatale. Io lo aveva veduto solo nel seno di uno spazio formato quasi
miracolosamente in mezzo ad un folla fittissima, aveva veduto rinnovarsi
lo stesso caso in un teatro ripieno di spettatori; aveva veduto un
fanciullo che aveva ricevuto le sue carezze venir travolto dalle ruote
di una carrozza, e una fanciulla osservata da lui, essere colta da un
malessere improvviso. Non mi pareva possibile che una pura combinazione
avesse dato luogo a questa serie di avvenimenti. E se così non era, chi
era dunque egli? Quale era l'influenza che poteva esercitare quell'uomo? * * * * *
Otto giorni dopo io mi trovava al caffè Martini--quel convegno di
artisti che non lavorano, di cantanti che non cantano, di letterati che
non scrivono, e di eleganti che non hanno uno spicciolo--e si parlava,
raccolti in buon numero attorno ad un tavolo, d'una specie di pasticcio
di nuova invenzione, qualche cosa di consimile al _pudding_, che era
stato aggiunto quel giorno alla nota delle vivande del ristorante. Da questo soggetto la conversazione era caduta, filtrando per l'idea
del _pudding_ e dell'oca di cui le classi ricche a Londra usano regalare
le classi povere nel giorno di Natale, sul discorso che la regina
d'Inghilterra aveva fatto allora al parlamento. Una frase di questo discorso aveva dato un gran colpo alla discussione e
l'aveva gettata di balzo sulle eventualità d'una guerra in Italia. Da
ciò, giù per la china delle opinioni e delle antiveggenze personali si
era arrivati ai pronostici; e dai pronostici ai presagi; e da questi,
entrando nel campo della vita intima, alle fatalità, alle stregature,
alle malie; per modo che cinque minuti dopo aver difeso a spada tratta
l'eccellenza di questo pasticcio di nuova invenzione, io raccontava a
quel circolo di sfaccendati gli avvenimenti incomprensibili di cui era
stato testimonio pochi giorni prima a proposito di quel giovine
incognito. Inutile dire che si rise di me e che non mi si volle prestar fede; il
fatto della fanciulla svenuta poche sere innanzi era bensì noto, ma le
cause, dicevano essi, dovevano essere diverse. Nondimeno il soggetto di
questa nuova deviazione del nostro discorso era stato trovato
interessante, e la conversazione dopo aver fluttuato su tanti argomenti,
si era arrestata saldamente su questo. Ciascuno esponeva le proprie
idee, ciascuno aveva qualche cosa a raccontare a questo riguardo. E come
avviene ogni qualvolta ci affacciamo a questo mondo pauroso
dell'incomprensibile e del soprannaturale, che se ne ride da principio
per ostentazione di coraggio e si finisce coll'atterrirsi di ciò che si
ascolta, e spesso di ciò che abbiamo raccontato noi stessi, ciascuno di
noi si sentiva compreso da un sentimento misto di paura e di meraviglia,
e si affannava a riannodare e a rinfocare la conversazione ogni
qualvolta questa mostrava di languire, con quell'insaziabilità che hanno
i fanciulli di ascoltare i racconti spaventevoli dei maghi e delle fate. Avevamo pressochè esaurito tutto il repertorio delle nostre cognizioni
su questa tesi, allorchè un vecchio artista da teatro che tutti noi
conosciamo da tempo--una dalle cariatidi più celebri di quel caffè--si
alzò da un tavolo vicino da cui era stato ascoltando, e venne a prender
posto nel nostro circolo. --Il signore ha ragione, diss'egli, accennandomi col dito. Io non
conosco il giovine di cui egli ha parlato poco fa, e non posso far fede
dell'influenza che gli attribuisce, ma che esistano uomini siffattamente
fatali, anzi assai più fatali di quel giovine, non è cosa da potersi
mettere in dubbio. Chi di voi ha sentito nominare il conte Corrado di
Sagrezwitcth? --Nessuno. --È strano, giacchè egli si è formato in quasi tutti gli Stati d'Europa
e in molte delle provincie degli Stati Uniti una terribile reputazione. Egli è considerato come l'uomo più fatale di cui si abbia memoria, la
sua presenza segnala dovunque una sventura immancabile, egli si è
trovato sempre sul teatro delle calamità più terribili, ha assistito ai
disastri più spaventosi. Egli si trovava nell'America del Sud allorchè
bruciò la chiesa di S. Jago in cui perirono più di mille persone; egli
viaggiava or fanno due anni sulla ferrovia del Pacifico allorchè avvenne
quello scontro in cui perdettero la vita più di trecento viaggiatori;
egli era a Pietroburgo allorchè rovinò il palazzo del principe di
Jakorliff in cui tante nobili dame e tanti dignitari dello Stato
trovarono la morte. Nelle miniere irlandesi e in quelle di Alstau Moor
in Scozia--luoghi che egli ha spesso visitati--il suo nome non viene
ascoltato mai senza spavento; ogni sua visita ha segnalato qualcuna di
quelle catastrofi che sono tanto frequenti e tanto temute nelle
miniere. Il conte di Sagrezwitcth è stato già parecchie volte in Italia;
vuolsi che egli si trovasse a Torino all'epoca della convenzione
allorchè avvennero i fatti luttuosi di settembre, ma nessuno, per quanto
io sappia, ve lo ha veduto. --E voi lo conoscete? --L'ho incontrato quattro volte ne' miei viaggi. Voi sapete che io ho
percorso come artista e come impresario teatrale, quasi tutta l'Europa e
una buona metà del Nuovo Mondo. È forse perciò che ho potuto essere
edotto dell'esistenza di quest'uomo straordinario, e conoscerlo
personalmente. La prima volta che lo vidi fu a Berlino dove esordii nel
capolavoro di Mozart colla parte di D. Giovanni. Lo incontrai poscia in
una sala di caffè a Nuova York, allorchè ferveva ancora in America la
guerra di secessione, e precisamente alla vigilia dell'ultima disfatta
dei separatisti, e la terza volta che mi imbattei con esso fu di nuovo a
Berlino.... --E di che paese è egli? --Alcuni vogliono americano, alcuni polacco. Nessuno ne conosce con
certezza la patria, forse nemmeno il nome. In America si faceva chiamare
coll'appellativo di Duca di Nevers, in Europa conservò sempre il nome
di conte di Sagrezwitcth; i minatori scozzesi lo chiamano _l'uomo
fatale_. Egli parla correttamente molte lingue, ha le abitudini e i
costumi di tutti i paesi che ha visitato; in Italia è italiano, in
Inghilterra è inglese, e in America è americano modello... --E che età può avere? --Mostra cinquant'anni, ma i suoi capelli e la sua barba nerissima non
hanno ancora alcun segno di canizie. È un uomo di statura mezzana, di
aspetto antipatico, benchè le sue fattezze sieno regolari e in qualche
modo leggiadre. Porta quasi sempre nell'inverno un berretto di pelo a
foggia di turbante, e suol vestire volontieri i costumi dei paesi in cui
si trova. A giudicarne dallo sperpero che egli fa ordinariamente del suo
danaro, lo si direbbe assai ricco; nondimeno fu visto parecchie volte
alloggiarsi in osterie di second'ordine, e tenere un regime di vita
molto economico. A Nuova York, per esempio, era bensì alloggiato
all'albergo del _Fifth-Avenue_, quel colosso di marmo che ha mille e
duecento stanze, ma vi occupava un letto della sala di riposo concessa
ai viaggiatori che dispongono di mezzi assai limitati. È fama che egli
abbia coscienza della sua fatalità, e che si compiaccia di esercitarla. Quel suo recarsi continuo da un capo all'altro del mondo non può essere
senza uno scopo. Del resto si sa che egli non ebbe mai affetti, non
amicizie, forse nemmeno conoscenze, toltene alcune poche e
superficialissime. Coloro che ne conoscono la potenza lo sfuggono per
progetto, quelli che la ignorano, per istinto.--Che vi sieno persone che
gli negano questo potere, questa specie di missione arcana e terribile,
riprese egli vedendo che alcuni di noi sorridevano con aria di
incredulità, è cosa naturalissima. Nessuno può provare che le sciagure
avvenute nei luoghi ove egli si è trovato, e negli istanti in cui vi si
è trovato, abbiano avuto una causa nella sua volontà, o in ciò che noi
chiamiamo la sua influenza. Egli è d'altronde un uomo come tutti gli
altri; parla, veste, opera come tutti gli altri; volendo è affabile e
gentiluomo, vi è nulla a che opporre; ma parmi cecità il negare cosa che
la maggior parte degli uomini ha ammesso, il negare perchè non si
comprende. --Noi non neghiamo, gli diss'io, dubitiamo. Ma, a proposito, avete
dimenticato di dirci dove l'avete incontrato la quarta volta. --Ah! riprese egli un poco rassicurato dalle mie parole. Quest'ultimo
incontro ha una data molto recente. Io lo vidi due mesi or sono a
Londra, allorchè vi bruciò il teatro della regina. Seppi anzi che egli
aveva intenzione di passare presto in Italia, e se egli ha scelto questa
stagione per venirvi, vi è nulla di più probabile che le feste del
carnovale lo abbiano condotto a Milano. --A Milano! --Sì, e desidererei che lo vedeste. Non so dirvi il motivo di questo
desiderio, pure mi sembra che al solo vederlo potreste comprendere il
perchè di tante cose che io non posso spiegarvi; mi pare che non
potreste più dubitare della verità della mia asserzione.--Osservereste,
riprese egli dopo qualche istante, una cosa assai rimarchevole nel suo
abbigliamento, voglio dire la freschezza e la finezza de' suoi guanti
che egli suole mutare più volte in un sol giorno, per modo che nessuno
l'ha mai veduto a mani scoperte; e un'altra singolarità non meno
notevole nella sua persona, cioè la potenza del suo sguardo, un non so
che di magnetico e di inesplicabile che vi è in lui, e che vi sforza
quasi a guardarlo e a salutarlo vostro malgrado. --A salutarlo! esclamammo noi sorridendo. --Sì, a salutarlo. --Oh! vorrei vederlo! --Davvero! --Vorremmo vederlo! In quell'istante--potevano essere le due dopo mezzanotte--si aperse
l'uscio del caffè, e un uomo pingue e tarchiato entrò nella sala. Al
ritratto che ci era stato delineato poco prima, al berretto di pelo,
alle mani calzate da guanti freschissimi, all'espressione singolare del
suo volto, noi non tardammo a riconoscere in lui l'uomo di cui si era
parlato. Allora, o fosse meraviglia, o fosse confusione di idee prodotta
da quella sorpresa, ci alzammo unanimemente a salutarlo. Egli portò la
mano al berretto con atto di cortesia schietto ma moderato, e si sedette
all'altra estremità della stanza. Io non posso esprimere la confusione, la meraviglia, il dispetto che
s'impadronì di noi in quell'istante. Comprendevamo di esserci mostrati
deboli verso di lui, verso di noi stessi, di esserci mostrati fors'anche
ridicoli. Ciascuno era rimasto assorto in questo pensiero, nè aveva
osato riprendere la parola. Il silenzio aumentava la nostra confusione. L'incognito chiese una tazza di _punch_ che bevve avidamente. Gettò
sulla guantiera uno scudo d'argento, e respinse al cameriere il residuo
del prezzo della sua bibita. Il cameriere nell'allontanarsi inciampò del
piede nell'estremità della sua sedia e cadde; la guantiera essendogli
scivolata di mano, percosse del volto sui cocci della tazza che si era
spezzata, e si ferì in modo che il viso gli si coperse in un istante di
sangue. A quella vista ci alzammo tutti come mossi da una sola volontà, e
uscimmo a precipizio dalla sala. * * * * *
Nei primi giorni della mia residenza a Milano aveva dovuto quasi mio
malgrado, stringere conoscenza con una famiglia, la quale per mediazione
di amici, mi aveva reso anni prima alcuni servigii assai utili. Abitava
essa una di quelle casupole grigie e isolate che fiancheggiano il
naviglio dalla parte occidentale della città--una vecchia casupola a due
piani che il tetto sembrava comprimere e schiacciare l'uno sull'altro
come una cappa pesante di piombo, tanto erano bassi ed angusti. Correvanle tutto all'intorno alcuni assiti neri e tarlati su cui si
arrampicavano delle zucche nane e dei convolvoli malati di clorosi. Un setificio vicino l'avvolgeva notte e giorno in un'atmosfera di fumo,
l'umido del naviglio aveva prodotto qua e là alcune rifioriture
nell'intonaco esterno delle pareti, e le aveva rivestite di muffa e di
piccole pianticelle di acetosa; nubi di moscherini entravano per la
bocca e pel naso al primo affacciarsi alla finestra; e il cicaleccio, e
lo sbattere, e il canticchiare delle lavandaie che risciacquavano, e
sciorinavano su quegli assiti e su quelle zucche produceva da mattina a
sera un baccano continuato e assordante. Non vi sono forse a Milano cento persone le quali abitino nel centro
della città, e conoscano con esattezza quella parte de' suoi dintorni. Milano è la miniatura esatta di una gran città; ha in piccole
proporzioni tutto ciò che è proprio delle grandi capitali. Quel lembo
estremo di case che costeggia il naviglio da Porta Nuova a Porta
Ticinese è ciò che è la Marinella a Napoli, ciò che è il Temple a
Parigi, ciò che è Seven-dials a Londra. Avverso, mezzo per istinto, mezzo per progetto, a conoscere nuove cose e
nuove persone, io ho sempre considerato una conoscenza nuova come un
peso nuovo aggiunto alla mia vita--non aveva avuto però a dolermi di
quella. Era una famiglia di onesti negozianti arrichitasi mediocremente
nel commercio, e venuta ad alloggiare in quella casa solitaria per
godervi in pace la piccola fortuna che aveva raggranellato. Silvia l'unica erede di quella fortuna, era una delle più splendide
bellezze che io avessi mai veduto, e non aveva che diciasette anni
allorchè io la conobbi. Non era una di quelle beltà fine e delicate che
preferiamo spesso alle beltà robuste--l'amore ha fatto da alcuni anni un
gran passo verso lo spiritualismo--ma la sua bellezza, benchè
ineffabilmente serena benchè fiorente di tutti i vezzi della gioventù e
della salute era temperata da qualche cosa di gentile e di pensieroso
che non hanno ordinariamente le bellezze di questo genere. Nè io potrei
dirne di più; ciascuno di noi porta in sè un ideale diverso di bellezza,
e quando si è detto d'una donna: è leggiadra, si è detto tutto ciò che
si può dirne. Un pittore, uno scultore potrebbero darne nella loro arte
un immagine meno incompleta, la letteratura non lo può--le altre arti
parlano ai sensi, la letteratura alle idee. Ho veduto due incisioni di
Jubert, due angeli simboleggiati da due giovinette nude, paffute,
rosate, per ciò che è colorito e pienezza di forme, due vere popolane;
eppure l'artista aveva saputo dare a quei volti tanta spiritualità che
incantavano e non si potevano guardare senza restarne rapiti. Nelle
madonne del Carraccio ho osservato lo stesso contrasto. La bellezza di
Silvia era di questo genere, risolveva in certo modo lo stesso
problema--la spiritualità della materia. Essa era una di quelle anime semplici, pie, modeste che non sanno aver
mai alcun rancore colla vita, ricche di quella cara fatuità che la
natura ha dispensato con tanta larghezza alla donna, felici nell'ordine
e nella quiete che la loro semplicità medesima ha creato intorno ad
esse, e che l'assenza delle loro passioni non può mai turbare. Durante le mie prime visite, aveva conosciuto in quella famiglia un
cugino di Silvia, certo Davide, giovine maturo e positivo che era giunto
da poco a Milano, e che era stato un tempo interessato negli affari
commerciali di quella casa. Pericoloso come tutti i cugini--non so se
parimenti fortunato--non m'era stato difficile accorgermi che egli
amoreggiava la fanciulla. Come tutti gli altri uomini non era nè bello,
nè brutto--la bellezza dell'uomo è una cifra di cui non si è ancora
trovato il valore, anche per la maggior parte delle donne non è che una
cosa insignificante; noi cerchiamo nell'uomo un carattere, le donne vi
cercano semplicemente un uomo--sono esse che hanno creato quel noto
aforismo: un uomo è sempre bello. Io confesserò che quella scoperta era stata uno dei motivi essenziali
che m'avevano indotto a trascurare la conoscenza di quella famiglia. Io
non aveva posto occhio nè sulla dote, nè sulla bellezza di Silvia, ma
aveva compreso che l'amore di Davide che io credeva corrisposto mi
poneva d'innanzi a lui in una certa quale inferiorità di cui mi sentiva
umiliato. In ogni uomo che avvicina una donna si suppone il desiderio di
corteggiarla; in due uomini che l'avvicinano a un tempo si suppone quasi
il dovere di lottare per ottenerne la preferenza. Almeno la società ed
il cuore umano hanno ancora di tali pregiudizii: abbiamo mutato
vocaboli, ma non abbiamo mutato cose e passioni: presso ogni circolo di
donne vi è ancora una piccola corte d'amore intima dove si combatte ad
armi cortesi per l'affetto di una dama preferita. E poi io mi sono
sempre sentito sì meschino dinnanzi ad un uomo positivo, che non mi
bastò mai l'animo di impegnarmi in una lotta qualunque con un nemico
siffatto. Che cosa è egli un dotto, un letterato, un sapiente al
confronto di ciò che noi chiamiamo un uomo di mondo? È pur poca cosa
l'ingegno! Come gli uomini ignoranti, col loro buon senso borghese,
grossolano, triviale ci avanzano nella scienza e nella pratica delle
cose! Noi non facciamo che inciampare come fanciulli a tutti i più
piccoli scogli della vita! Questa coscienza della mia inferiorità aveva dunque reso meno frequenti
le mie visite--io ho ora nella stessa città in cui abito conoscenza di
famiglie che mi reco a visitare ogni tre o quattro anni, come tornassi
da un viaggio di circonvoluzione attorno al globo--e più tardi, morto il
padre di Silvia, che era delle persone della famiglia quella cui era più
specialmente obbligato, ne aveva preso pretesto per troncarle
completamente. Era trascorso così pressochè un anno allorchè, pochi giorni dopo quella
singolare comparsa del conte di Sagrezwitcth al caffè Martini,
m'imbattei in Davide che non aveva più veduto da quel tempo e che mi
parve molto mutato. Egli mi strinse le mani e mi guardò con espressione triste e
turbata--quell'espressione mista di ritegno e di confidenza che hanno
coloro i quali vogliono farvi comprendere di avere un segreto doloroso,
e di non volervelo confidare. --Non vi si è più veduto in casa di mia cugina, mi diss'egli, la vostra
assenza improvvisa ha prodotto una sorpresa un poco penosa in quella
famiglia. Perchè voi sapete che mia zia aveva molta confidenza in voi, e
poi... si era presa l'abitudine di vedervi. Se sapeste! sono avvenute
nuove sciagure in quella casa; Silvia sta per morire.... --Per morire! --Sì, la poveretta è travagliata da una malattia di consunzione, una
malattia misteriosa che i medici non sanno nè conoscere nè definire più
esattamente, ma che hanno dichiarata inguaribile. Essa doveva prender
marito.... --Voi forse? --Non io, diss'egli tristamente, un ricco forestiero a cui mi ha
posposto, e pel quale ha concepito una passione di cui non l'avrei mai
creduta capace. Essa doveva sposarlo allorchè cadde malata, e queste
nozze, ancorchè le si facciano ora come credo che abbiano risolto, non
potranno aver più alcuna influenza sulla sua salute. Dubito che la
felicità abbia potere di farla vivere più lungamente, ma ad ogni modo
sarà almeno felice per quei pochi istanti di vita che le rimangono. Sarà
felice anche senza di me, aggiunse egli con amarezza. È facile avvedersi
che ella deperisce ogni giorno, e che è impossibile arrestare il
processo di questo deperimento così rapido e così misterioso. --Come! io dissi, ella sposerà dunque quel giovane ancorchè tanto
inferma come mi dite? Davide scosse la testa con aria di
disapprovazione, e rispose:
--Che volete! Hanno deciso così, anzi è lei stessa che ha deciso. Del
resto la sua malattia non è una di quelle che costringono al letto,
piuttosto una di quelle di cui diciamo: si muore in piedi. Ma perchè non
venite a vederci? Son certo che mia zia ne avrebbe gran piacere, e anche
Silvia. --Ci andate ora? --Ora. Mi accompagnai con esso. Potevano essere le dieci di sera quando ponemmo
piede in quella casa. La zia di Davide, una buona vecchia--la vecchiaia
e l'infanzia si toccano, i vecchi sono sempre buoni come i
fanciulli--mi accolse con gioia schietta e cordiale, ma temperata da un
poco di rimprovero e di mestizia. --Ci troverete molto mutati, mi diss'ella. Voi non venite più nella casa
di un tempo... La povera Silvia....--E s'interruppe un istante come per
soffermarsi sul pensiero di quella sventura--ma passate in questa
stanza, la rivedrete voi stesso, ciò le farà piacere; e vi presenterò
anche a mio genero. Entrammo nella camera vicina. Silvia era seduta sopra una sedia a bracciuoli, una gran seggiola a
rotelle, tutta imbottita e tapezzata di velluto turchino; e presso a
lei, sopra una seggiola più bassa il giovane sconosciuto che io aveva
veduto al corso e al teatro. Egli aveva avvicinata la sua sedia a quella
della fanciulla in modo da poter posare il capo sullo stesso bracciuolo
su cui ella posava il braccio; e Silvia aveva inclinata la sua testa su
quella del giovane con atto di tenerezza commovente. Dio! quanto mutata! Appena era possibile riconoscerla. Quella fanciulla
che io aveva veduto sì robusta, sì serena, sì vivace non era più che
un'ombra del passato, non aveva più che un riflesso pallido e incerto
della sua bellezza di un tempo. Non che la sua antica avvenenza fosse
del tutto svanita, ma si era alterata; era ora un'avvenenza diversa, era
la bellezza di un fiore sbocciato all'ombra, di un frutto maturato
precocemente perchè roso dal tarlo. Il volto del giovine era pallido, ma
quello di Silvia era bianco, più bianco dell'abito lungo e vaporoso che
avvolgeva la sua persona, se non che gli zigomi delle guancie un po'
asciutte erano leggermente rosati, ma senza sfumatura come se vi fossero
state sovrapposte due foglie di rosa già scolorite. I suoi capelli
avevano quel lucido morto che hanno ordinariamente i capelli degli
infermi, e pendevano, non sciolti ma scomposti, sulla testa del giovine
che la stava guardando con espressione di pietà inesprimibile. Il pallore di lui, benchè estremo, non era di quel genere che danno le
malattie, ma di quello che dà l'abitudine del pensiero e del dolore. Egli era ancora più bello di quanto mi fosse sembrato al teatro--e
questa volta aveva potuto giudicarne davvicino--bello di una beltà più
femminile che maschia, ma ad ogni modo assai bello. I suoi capelli
biondi e quasi dorati facevano uno strano contrasto così confusi colle
treccie nerissime della fanciulla. Io non aveva veduto mai un gruppo
così stupendo, un quadro d'amore più spirituale e più puro. I due amanti si riscossero allo stridere che fece l'uscio
nell'aprirsi--essi erano soli nella sala. --Guarda, Silvia, disse dolcemente la vecchia tenendomi per mano, guarda
chi ci ha ricondotto tuo cugino. E rivolgendosi allo sconosciuto ed a me, pronunciò prima il mio nome,
poi quello del giovine che disse essere il barone di Saternez nativo di
Pilsen in Boemia. Ci inchinammo scambievolmente. Egli mi guardò con uno sguardo sì dolce
che io gli porsi la mia mano quasi senza avvertirlo. Scambiate alcune parole, la vecchia, forse per lasciar soli i due
giovani, mi trasse presso di sè in un angolo opposto della stanza. --Che ve ne pare di mio genero? mi chiese ella. E continuò senza
aspettare la mia risposta:--un giovine a dovere, sapete, un giovine
ricco come il mare; se vedeste i regali che ha fatto alla Silvia!... E
poi, di che famiglia! Baroni, e dei più illustri di Boemia. Egli ha
dovuto emigrare per affari di politica, credo che volesse far annettere
la Boemia al granducato di Sassonia, figuratevi! Ma tanto era lo
stesso, oramai egli non aveva più interesse a restare nel suo paese,
giacchè era rimasto solo di tutta la sua famiglia. E guardate che bel
giovine; non vi offendete--e mi guardò come per interrogarmi, io
sorrisi--non vi offendete, ma non credo che ve ne sia al mondo un altro
come quello. E pensare... La vecchia s'interruppe come colpita
improvvisamente da un triste pensiero. --Povera Silvia! riprese ella dopo qualche istante. Voi l'avete veduta
prima d'oggi, vi ricordate come era! E adesso! Guardatela. Non sono più
di quattro mesi che essa ha incominciato a deperire così; fu dal giorno
in cui mio genero è entrato la prima volta nella nostra casa. Ora che
avrebbe potuto essere così felice; essa che lo ama tanto, che ne è tanto
amata! Ditemi, vi pare che potrà guarire? --Non vi è pur luogo a dubitarne, io risposi tanto per riconfortarla. Silvia era vissuta finora sì ritirata; sì quieta, sì calma che questo
disordine insolito ne' suoi affetti ha gettato un po' di turbamento
anche nella sua salute. Ma tutto sarà finito quando ogni cosa sarà
rientrata in uno stato normale, quando essi saranno marito e moglie. A
proposito, ho sentito da vostro nipote che ciò deve avvenire assai
presto. --Fra otto giorni, disse la vecchia, e spero che in quella circostanza
sarete dei nostri. Son essi che hanno voluto così, e i medici non
l'hanno disapprovato. Silvia è ancora abbastanza forte per sopportare il
moto della carrozza fino alla Chiesa; d'altronde ne siamo a due
passi.--Sarà una festa un po' triste, aggiunse ella stringendomi la
mano, ma voi non rifiuterete di prendervi parte. La ringraziai, e l'assicurai che vi sarei venuto. Passai tutto il
rimanente di quella sera agitato da pensieri strani e tumultuosi, diviso
tra la simpatia irresistibile che mi inspirava il fidanzato di Silvia, e
la ripugnanza che faceva nascere in me l'idea di quella missione fatale
che pareva esercitare. Giacchè non v'era più dubbio; quel giovine sì
bello, sì dolce, sì attraente spargeva d'intorno a sè la desolazione e
la sventura, lasciava delle traccie spaventose sulla sua via. Tutti gli
esseri che egli prediligeva soccombevano a questa influenza; il
fanciullo delle maschere, la signora del teatro, Silvia, quella stessa
Silvia già così bella, così spensierita, così fiorente facevano fede di
questo suo potere terribile. E ne fosse egli o no consapevole, questo
potere non era meno reale e meno funesto; era dovere e pietà il
prevenirne le vittime, il sottrarle all'influenza incomprensibile di
quell'uomo. Uscii da quella casa verso mezzanotte. Davide mi accompagnava. Il mio
cuore era pieno. Ci avviammo senza profferir parola verso i bastioni. La notte era fredda ma asciutta; gli ippocastani colle loro corteccie
nere, coi loro fusti alti e slanciati parevano spettri di alberi; il
cielo, come avviene nelle notti serene d'inverno, scintillava di miriadi
di stelle. Non tardai ad avvedermi che anche l'animo del mio compagno
era profondamente turbato. --Sediamoci, gli dissi accennandogli un sedile di pietra, devo rivelarvi
alcune cose che riguardano vostra cugina. E gli narrai distesamente tuttociò che aveva osservato a proposito del
barone di Saternez, non gli nascosi i miei sospetti, gli parlai del
conte di Sagrezwitcth e dell'incontro che ne avevamo fatto al caffè
Martini, e conchiusi consigliandolo ad adoperarsi per scongiurare la
sventura che minacciava quella casa. --Vi ringrazio, mi rispose egli dopo avermi ascoltato con molta
attenzione; quelle nozze non si faranno, ve ne do la mia parola. Ho
potuto esitare fin ora, ma adesso... --E come intendete di opporvivi? --Non so, vedrete. E aggiunse con voce terribile: no, quelle nozze non
si faranno. Io, io stesso le renderò impossibili... perchè... esse non
devono farsi. Perchè son io che dovea godere di quella felicità, perchè
io lo detesto quell'uomo, perchè è lui che mi ha rapito l'amore di
Silvia... perchè io l'odio! * * * * *
Al domani mattina Davide venne per tempo a trovarmi in mia casa. Egli
era calmo, ma di quella calma fredda e convulsa che si distende come un
velo sulle fattezze quando la riflessione ha già concentrato tutta la
lotta nel cuore. E delle tempeste del cuore umano come di quelle
dell'Oceano: le meno apparenti sono le più profonde. --Vengo, egli mi disse, a chiedervi alcune notizie riguardo alle
rivelazioni che mi avete fatto ier sera. Ci ho pensato tutta notte e non
ho chiuso occhio; avrei d'uopo sapere ove abita il conte di
Sagrezwitcth, e s'egli è tuttora a Milano. Voi forse potete dirmelo. --Non lo so, io risposi meravigliato. Ma che! intendereste forse di
andarlo a visitare? E a che scopo? --Voi mi avete parlato, riprese egli, dell'influenza funesta che
esercitano questi due uomini, egli ed il barone di Saternez, e del
potere che hanno di compiere il male per altre vie che non sia dato di
farlo a noi, ne sieno essi o no consapevoli. Il conte, mi avete detto
possiederebbe in maggior grado questo potere. Ora qualunque sieno le
cause di questa influenza, qualunque ne sia la natura, se essa esiste,
se essa non è pari in ciascuno di loro, avete pensato alle conseguenze
che risulterebbero dall'urto di queste due forze, dall'incontro di
questi due uomini fatali? Ponetemeli l'uno di fronte all'altro, e se
l'esistenza di questo potere è verace, l'uno dovrà distruggere l'altro,
la disparità delle forze cagionerà lo squilibrio; la sconfitta del più
debole è inevitabile. --È un trovato abbastanza specioso, io dissi, voi avreste dunque
pensato.... --Di fare in modo che il conte di Sagrezwitcth venga a trovarsi alla
presenza del mio rivale. --E avreste in animo di parlare a quel conte? --Solo che potessi rinvenirlo. Mi era recato perciò da voi, e sono
afflitto che non possiate darmi le indicazioni che mi abbisognano.--Ma
lo troverò, lo troverò continuò egli con risolutezza. Non vi sono a
Milano che pochi alberghi eleganti, nei quali egli possa aver preso
alloggio, li girerò tutti, domanderò di lui a tutte le porte, e se egli
o qui ancora, o se è partito da poco, non dispero di mettermi sulle sue
tracce. Ciò detto Davide uscì con precipitazione dalla stanza, prima che la mia
maraviglia e la mia titubanza tra lo incorraggiarlo o il distoglierlo da
quel progetto mi avessero permesso di articolar una parola. Passai tutto quel giorno in un'inquietudine mortale. Alla notte, e ad ora assai tarda, ricevetti da Davide una lettera così
concepita:
«Io parto in questo momento per Genova, d'onde raggiungerò la mia
famiglia in un piccolo villaggio del litorale. È da lungo tempo che
meditava questo progetto senza mai sapermi risolvere. Gli avvenimenti
già compiuti e quelli che stanno per compiersi m'hanno fatto prendere
finalmente questa decisione. Non ho voluto rimanere quì perchè nè la
pietà mi distogliesse dalla mia vendetta--se pure io ho il potere di
arrestarla--nè la vista del suo compimento, qualunque ella sia per
essere, mi opprimesse di rimorsi che non debbo avere; sento il bisogno
di dirvi tutto ciò che ho fatto per la salvezza di Silvia. In questo
tentativo non vi era egoismo; il suo cuore non mi apparteneva più, nè io
voleva pretendervi ancora; io non voleva che la sua felicità. Il
disinteresse mio apparirà più sincero dalla rinuncia che farò alla mano
di mia cugina, anche allorquando il suo cuore sarà libero e la sua
gioventù rifiorita. Non posso dirvi di più. Ho trovato il conte di Sagrezwitcth e gli ho
parlato. Quei due uomini si _conoscono_. Io non ho alcuna parte in ciò
che sta per succedere; ricordatelo bene. Io non poteva nè prevedere, nè
arrestare gli avvenimenti che dovranno compiersi; è la mano della
fatalità, che li aveva preparati. Io non ne sono stato che uno
strumento: ho avvicinato due uomini che dovevano rimanere lontani, ecco
tutta la mia responsabilità; ed è l'amore di Silvia che mi ha indotto ad
assumerne il peso. Che questa mia giustificazione non sfugga dalla
vostra memoria! Mi è impossibile spiegarmi maggiormente. Distruggete
subito questa lettera.»
Non mai nella mia vita mi era trovato avvolto in una trama più triste e
più complicata. Quali erano i bisogni di Davide? che cosa gli aveva
detto il conte di Sagrezwitcth? come poteva egli parlarmi con tanta
sicurezza di una vendetta che doveva compiersi senza di lui? e perchè
era egli partito? Anche la salvezza di Silvia, se tal cosa era ancora
possibile, non mi confortava della mia dispiacenza di aver confidato a
Davide il segreto del barone di Saternez, e di averlo messo nella
possibilità di vendicarsene. Io era in dovere di rimediare, se lo
poteva, al male che aveva fatto. Non mancavano più che sette giorni
all'epoca fissata per le nozze, e questa vendetta, il cui scopo era
d'impedirle, avrebbe dovuto compiersi in quell'intervallo di tempo. Risolsi di recarmi a visitare il giovane barone, e secondo ciò che egli
avrebbe risposto alle mie insinuazioni, confidargli interamente, o
lasciargli sospettare il pericolo che lo minacciava. Distrussi la
lettera di Davide: e valendomi dell'indirizzo che egli mi aveva dato del
suo rivale, mi recai tosto alla sua casa. Il barone di Saternez non si mostrò punto meravigliato di vedermi; mi
porse la mano con atto di affetto più che di semplice cortesia, e
disse: vi aspettava. --Come! esclamai io sorpreso, voi conoscete dunque lo scopo della mia
visita? --Sì, diss'egli. E dopo un istante di silenzio rispose sorridendo d'un
sorriso violento:--io non sono soltanto un uomo pericoloso, sono anche
un abile fisionomista. Quando vi ho veduto ieri l'altro per la prima
volta, ho indovinato che il vostro cuore era buono, e che se aveste
potuto fallire per debolezza o per fine di bene, non avreste indugiato a
dolervi delle conseguenze dei vostri errori, e a tentare di ripararvi. In seguito alla visita del vostro amico, il conte di Sagrezwitcth è
stato qui due ore or sono. Era dunque naturale che io vi aspettassi. Io chinai il capo e tacqui. Egli riprese dopo un nuovo istante di silenzio:
--Non vi affliggete di ciò che avete fatto, non rimproverate a Davide i
mali che ha preparato. Ciò che avverrà doveva avvenire. Voi non siete
stati che un mezzo nelle mani della fatalità. I sentimenti che vi hanno
mossi a prevenire le mie opere sono lodevoli, benchè forse infruttuosi:
non ho l'ingiustizia di disconoscerlo. Quell'uomo ed io ci
_conoscevamo_ da tempo, fors'anche ci _cercavamo_.--Egli pronunciò in
modo più inarcato queste parole--Tra me e lui corrono dei rapporti che
la natura od il caso hanno posto quasi per dileggio, dei rapporti
terribili che un segreto mi vieta di rivelarvi. Il nostro incontro era
inevitabile perchè era predestinato. Era necessario che uno di noi due
dovesse sparire, perchè due elementi contrarii non possono incontrarsi
senza lottare; non possono percorrere la stessa via, camminare l'uno a
fianco dell'altro, come non avessero che una virtù comune ad esercitare,
una missione comune a compiere. Che cosa avreste potuto voi soli sulla
mia vita? Voi avete avuto ragione di fare ciò che avete fatto. È la
fortuna che vi ha diretti. Era tempo! S'interruppe, e riprese dopo un altro momento di silenzio in cui io non
aveva osato parlare:
--Guardatemi! voi vedete in me un uomo come tutti gli altri, forse
apparentemente migliore degli altri; la mia persona non inspira alcuna
ripugnanza, il mio viso, i miei modi quella parte dell'anima che la
natura ha posto sulle nostre fattezze come per rivelarne le virtù celate
nel cuore, non hanno nulla di odioso, nulla che non sia umano, che non
sia dolce, che non sia forse anche attraente. Ebbene, questo giovine che
avreste giudicato innocuo, di cui avreste forse ambita l'amicizia non
conoscendolo, ha sparso la rovina e la desolazione d'intorno a sè, ha
ucciso le persone che lo amavano, ha attraversato la vita e la felicità
di tutti coloro che lo conobbero e che lo ebbero caro. Perchè.... sì,
voi avete indovinato, voi avete afferrato il suo segreto. Costui, questo
miserabile, proseguì egli con crescente esaltazione, non ha avuto finora
la virtù di rinunciare ad una esistenza che ne aveva già reso tante
infelici; ed ecco la sua colpa. Egli era nato per il bene. La natura
gliene aveva posta l'immagine d'innanzi agli occhi come un'ideale
brillante, come una meta soave e luminosa. Egli avrebbe voluto amare,
beneficare, gioire della felicità che avrebbe sparso d'intorno a sè,
gettare delle corone sulle teste di tutti gli uomini.... e un destino
crudele, tremendo, ineluttabile lo condannava a compiere il male, a
schiacciare sotto il peso della sua fatalità tutti quegli esseri buoni
ed affettuosi che lo circondavano. Tacque, e si coperse il volto colle mani. --Calmatevi, io dissi, se voi avete questo potere, ne esagerate per
certo il valore. Egli sorrise come per mostrare di compatire al mio dubbio, e riprese:
--No, non ho esagerato. Converrebbe che voi poteste risalire alle
sorgenti della mia vita per rinvenire le traccie che essa ha lasciato
dietro di sè, e giudicare della loro profondità e della loro estensione. La mia stessa fanciullezza--l'età in cui tutti sono felici--non fu per
me che un periodo di tristezza e di dolore. Gli esseri che più mi
amavano avevano incominciato a soccombere; i miei fratelli, le mie
sorelle, mia madre erano morti; io aveva incominciato ad avvedermi del
vuoto che si faceva intorno a me, e a comprendere che vi era qualche
cosa di fatale nel mio destino. Rimasi solo al mondo assai presto. Quanto più vedeva dilatarsi il cerchio delle mie relazioni, dei miei
affetti, delle mie simpatie, altrettanto vedeva dilatarsi quel vuoto;
quanto più entrava nella vita, tanto più entrava nell'isolamento. Ho
provato il bisogno dell'amicizia, ho provato la febbre dell'amore.... amici ed amanti sparivano nell'abisso che io scavava loro ai miei piedi. Incominciai ad essere assalito da un dubbio spaventoso: era io fatale a
tutto ciò che io amava, a tutto ciò che mi amava? Ritornai sul mio
passato, rifeci orma per orma il cammino della mia esistenza,
interrogai tutte le rovine che aveva lasciato dietro di me.... Era
vero--bisognava crederlo--era terribilmente vero! Allora mi allontanai
dalla mia patria, errai pel mondo fuggendo e fuggendomi. La sventura che
aveva colpito i miei più cari mi aveva colmato di ricchezze a prezzo
della loro vita; benchè di tali ricchezze io non abbia potuto giovarmi
che per me solo, benchè nessuno abbia mai potuto essere beneficato da me
impunemente. Fu così che vagando di paese in paese io venni a Milano,
che fuggendo la folla e la società per rendermi meno fatale,
frequentando i quartieri più modesti e più remoti, conobbi Silvia, e ne
fui preso irresistibilmente, prima che la coscienza del male che le
avrei cagionato, avesse avuto il potere di distogliermi da
quell'affetto. Essa mi corrispose. Io era giovine, io era sventurato, io
aveva il diritto di dare dell'amore e di chiederne; io che non aveva
provato mai la felicità, che non aveva fatto che toglierla altrui senza
poterla dare a me stesso, che aveva dovuto sempre gettarla lontano da me
come un frutto amaro e vietato. Voi sapete il resto. Voi sapete che sono
ora minacciato da un pericolo, e venite per avvertirmene. Ebbene, è
troppo tardi--lo scopo della mia vita è raggiunto. La morte--se essa
deve colpirmi non ha per me più nulla di amaro e di increscevole: io ho
realizzata l'estrema delle mie aspirazioni, e sorrido dell'impotenza di
coloro che avrebbero voluto impedirlo. Egli pronunciò queste parole con una specie di alterezza che diede alla
sua fisionomia già tanto soave un'espressione singolarmente severa. --Sì, è troppo tardi, continuò egli con entusiasmo; voi avete voluto
impedire le mie nozze; ebbene, sappiatelo, queste nozze non sono più che
un pretesto dinnanzi alla società, che una giustificazione di ciò che
l'amore ha già dato spontaneamente. Silvia fu mia! Che monta che essa
abbia a morire? E che cosa è egli il morire? Ebbe mai l'amore altra
aspirazione? Ebbe egli mai altra ricompensa che questa? O preceduto, o
seguito, io invoco ora questa morte che voi avete voluto prepararmi. --Oh, non io! esclamai, il cielo mi è testimonio se io ho desiderato e
preparato la vostra morte. Voi dimenticate che io sono qui in questo
momento per avvertirvi di un pericolo, non certo per minacciarvene. --È vero, rispose egli con dolcezza, perdonate. E mi porse la mano che
ritrasse subito, come avesse temuta di offendermi o di nuocermi con quel
contatto. Io lo guardai in volto come per interrogarlo. Egli era sì bello, sì
sereno, era tornato sì nobilmente calmo; e v'era qualche cosa di così
virile su quel suo viso di fanciulla, e v'era tanta forza in quella sua
stessa debolezza, che io compresi come una donna avesse potuto accettare
il suo amore anche a prezzo della vita. Ignorava se Silvia avesse
conosciuto il segreto di quel giovine, ma sentiva come anche
conoscendolo, il sacrificio della sua esistenza avesse dovuto apparirle
assai misera cosa in confronto della dolcezza di quell'amore. Egli conosceva forse il potere della sua bellezza, o mi lesse
nell'animo, poichè fece atto di offrirmi una seconda volta la mano, e mi
disse:
--Andate, andate, ve ne scongiuro. Voi siete buono, voi potreste sentire
forse un poco di simpatia per me, e io potrei pagare d'ingratitudine il
servigio che avete voluto rendermi colla vostra visita. È il mio
destino!... --E sia pur tale, interruppi, io non lo temo.--E afferrai la sua mano
che mi strinsi al cuore.--Io vi aveva giudicato diverso, io aveva voluto
impedire una sventura; fu tutta mia la colpa. --Non vi torturate con questo pensiero, disse egli. Non sono io colui
che potrà credere alla libertà delle azioni umane--l'arbitrio è una
menzogna--la volontà non è che la prescienza di un atto già preordinato;
essa non ha alcun peso sulla bilancia su cui si librano tutte le cose
della vita--sulla bilancia del destino. Io crollai il capo con espressione di dubbio. Egli osservò quell'atto e
riprese:
--No, io non tenterò alcuna via per allontanare da me quel pericolo;
sarebbe inutile. Ad ogni modo vi ringrazio. --Vi rivedrò ancora? io chiesi, quasi dubitoso di lasciarlo così fermo
in quel proposito. Egli sorrise con espressione di gratitudine, e disse:--quando vorrete, a
domani? --A domani.
| 28,887 |
bub_gb_5I_NAAAAMAAJ_23
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,844 |
Encyclopédie théologique; ou, Série de dictionnaires sur toutes les parties de la science religieuse ... t. 1-50, 1844-1862; nouv, sér. t. 1-52, 1851-1866; 3e sér. t. 1-66, 1854-1873
|
Migne, J.-P. (Jacques-Paul), 1800-1875
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,580 | 10,376 |
Quant à lui, il se tut comme s'il eût été complètement étranger à cette affaire. Quand donc cette femme eut fait sa déposition, Timothée, se levant, lui dit : Ainsi donc vous prétendez que c'est moi qui ai attenté à votre pudeur ? Oui, dit-elle en étendant la main vers Timothée, je vous reconnais, c'est bien vous qui m'avez violée en tel temps, en tel lieu ; elle brocha toutes les circonstances de cette histoire avec toute l'impudence qu'on pouvait attendre d'une femme de cette sorte. On était loin de s'attendre à un tel résultat. Aussi le concile stupéfait était partagé, les gens équitables entre l'indignation et l'envie de rire d'une si déplorable déconfiture des accusateurs, les complices de cette malheureuse entre la honte et la rage de se voir ainsi bafoués. Comme ces derniers se trouvaient en nombre, ils ne voulaient pas qu'on l'interrogeât davantage, et malgré les instances de saint Athanase, on voulait savoir quels étaient les auteurs de cette indignité, ils la firent sortir du concile. Le fait est qu'on la laissa aller sans lui infliger aucune peine pour son faux témoignage, sans vouloir découvrir quels étaient ses complices. Pour ce qui est de l'autre accusation, relative à la mort d’Arsène, elle fut renversée d’une façon non moins victorieuse. Nous avons déjà eu l’occasion de dire que, durant l’instruction ordonnée par Constantin, on avait découvert Arsène vivant, et que, devant les magistrats, il avait été obligé de s’avouer l’instrument de la misérable fraude à laquelle on se faisait servir. Le fait est qu’Arsène, qui, comme on sait, était revenu à la communion de saint Athanase, n’avait pas paru au concile de Tyr, soit que saint Athanase l’eût fait cacher pour confondre ses calomniateurs, soit que ceux-ci l’eussent eux-mêmes détenu, pour le succès de leur calomnie. Le fait est qu’Arsène, instruit de ce qui se passait, trouva le moyen de partir pour Tyr, et y arriva la veille du jour où allait juger le saint, à propos de son prétendu assassinat. Il se présenta à Athanase, qui le fit cacher chez lui pour confondre ses accusateurs. L'affaire de la courtisane venait de se terminer à la confusion des ennemis d'Athanase. Ils se mirent à vociférer qu'il y avait des crimes beaucoup plus graves que celui-là, desquels on ne pouvait se justifier par subtilité ou artifice; qu'il ne fallait qu'ouvrir les yeux pour demeurer convaincu de leur réalité. Alors, ouvrant la fameuse boite qui contenait la main desséchée, qu'on prétendait appartenir à Arsène: Voilà, dirent-ils, qui vous accuse péremptoirement. Cette main de votre victime, l'évêque Arsène, nierez-vous, Athanase, que ce soit vous qui l'ayez coupée? Déclarez-nous comment et pourquoi vous l'avez fait. À ce spectacle, tout le monde jeta un grand cri, tant ceux qui croyaient que ce crime était véritable que ceux qui en savaient la fausseté. On eut grande peine à apaiser le tumulte. Alors Athanase se leva et demanda si quelqu'un de la compagnie avait connu Arsène, pour juger si c'était bien là sa main. Plusieurs se levèrent et dirent qu'ils l'avaient parfaitement connu. Alors le saint demanda à faire entrer quelqu'un de ses gens, à qui il avait adressé, et envoya chercher Arsène. On le fit entrer les deux mains cachées sous son manteau. Athanase demanda aux assistants si c'était bien là cet Arsène qu'on prétendait mort. Ceux qui avaient dit le connaître furent obligés d'avouer que c'était bien lui. L'effet produit par cet incident fut prodigieux dans l'assemblée. Quelques-uns s'imaginaient encore que, sans le tuer, on lui avait peut-être coupé la main. Saint Athanase lui lit successivement tirer ses deux mains de dessous son manteau, et s'adressant au concile : « Voilà, dit-il, Arsène avec ses deux mains ; Dieu ne nous en a pas donné davantage, et ainsi je ne crois pas que personne en demande une troisième, néanmoins, je laisse à mes accusateurs à chercher en quel endroit elle pourrait être placée, sinon, c'est à vous à examiner d'où vient celle qu'on vous a fait voir ici, et à punir ceux qui l'ont coupée, si crime il y a eu à le faire. » La présence d'Arsène porta un coup épouvantable aux ennemis d'Athanase. Pendant quelque temps, la confusion fut horrible ; mais enfin, la raison prenant le dessus sur la honte, ils se mirent à crier qu'il était magicien, et que par ses artifices il parvenait à tromper les yeux et à faire voir ce qui n'était pas. Ils se jetèrent sur lui, et sans l'intervention des officiers de l'empereur qui l'arrachèrent de leurs mains furieuses, ils le mettaient en pièces. Vint ensuite l'affaire du calice d'Isquyras. On envoya dans la Maréotide des commissaires chargés d'informer dans ce point de l'accusation. Les commissaires nommés furent justement ceux qu'Athanase avait récusés comme juges. Ce qu'il y a d'affreux dans cette accusation, c'est de voir Isquyras venir la soutenir devant le concile, après en avoir lui-même disculpé saint Athanase, lors de l'instruction que Constantin avait ordonné de faire quelque temps auparavant. Athanase s'était tenu qu'Isquyras n'était pas prêtre, et c'était la vérité; il le prouvait, mais le concile n'en voulait rien entendre. Isquyras n'ayant rien pu établir contre saint Athanase et contre Macaire, il fut donc décidé qu'on enverrait des commissaires dans la Maréotide. Les commissaires nommés furent Théognis, Maris, Macédon, Théodore, Ursace et Valens. Le concile de Sardique appelle ces commissaires des jeunes gens les plus méchants et les plus perdus de mœurs du monde, indignes d'aucun degré dans l'Église. La fourberie parait dans toute cette affaire. Quatre jours avant leur nomination, ils avaient envoyé dans différentes contrées pour que des ariens et des mélétiens se rendissent dans la Maréotide, où il n'y avait personne de leur communion pour y servir de témoins. Les évêques d'Égypte s'opposèrent inutilement à la nomination des commissaires; inutilement, ils en écrivirent à l'empereur. D'abord les commissaires passèrent à Alexandrie, où ils prirent pour les assister le préfet Philagre, païen et arian. Ils avaient avec eux Isquyras qu'ils hébergeaient. Ils partirent pour la Maréotide, et ce fut dans la maison de l'accusateur qu'ils allèrent s'installer. Les prêtres de la contrée demandèrent à assister à leurs délibérations, et cela avec justice, disant que, puisque ni Macaire, ni leur évêque n'étaient présents pour défendre leurs intérêts, il était juste qu'au moins quelqu'un le fit; mais ces commissaires d'iniquité ne voulaient rien entendre, et tout se passa entre eux, les accusateurs et Philagre. On chassa même ces prêtres, en leur disant des injures. Au nombre des témoins admis contre saint Athanase, par les commissaires, il y avait de simples catéchumènes, des païens et des Juifs. On ne les interrogeait pas pour les faire parler sur les vérités augustes de la religion, sur les mystères saints qu'on prétendait avoir été outrageés par Athanase, mais bien pour leur faire débiter les mensonges infâmes qu'on leur suggérait. Loin d'établir le crime prétendu, les témoignages par leur incohérence, par leurs oppositions, ont montré évidemment l'imposture. Les ecclésiastiques d'Alexandrie et de la Marée ne se contentèrent pas des efforts qu'ils avaient faits pour assister à cette procédure. Voyant qu'on leur refusait d'y prendre part, ils protestèrent de diverses manières pour en démontrer l'innocence, et pour servir de témoignage à la vérité, si on venait à traiter un jour cette affaire dans un véritable concile. Saint Athanase nous a conservé plusieurs de ces protestations. À leur retour à Alexandrie, les commissaires firent commettre contre les catholiques toutes sortes d'horreurs. Dans la maison où ils logeaient, leurs partisans, assistés des gens du gouverneur et des païens, amenèrent des vierges, les frappèrent de manière à en estropier quelques-unes, les outragèrent de mille façons, les mettant toutes nues, et commettant sur elles tous les excès de l'impudicité; on les frappait à coups d'épées, à coups de fouets. Les commissaires prenaient plaisir à voir commettre toutes ces abominations : leur cruauté et leur lubricité y trouvaient leur compte. Du reste, une remarque que nous avons été mis à même de faire souvent, c'est que quand certains hommes ne peuvent pas satisfaire leurs désirs sur des femmes douées des beautés de la forme, ils aiment à voir des nudités et à faire torturer devant eux ces corps qu'ils convoient; ils éprouvent une sorte de délices en voyant les convulsions et les soubresauts, les souffrances de ces corps que leurs yeux admirent. Cette remarque que nous avons faite est justifiée par tout ce que nous avons vu dans l'histoire et par tout ce que nous savons de certaines dépravations que nous ne pouvons marquer ici. Quand les députés revinrent à Tyr, ils y trouvèrent un changement auquel ils ne s'attendaient pas. Athanase, qui voyait qu'il y avait parti pris de le condamner, sans avoir aucunement égard à sa défense et à la vérité, qui voyait même sa vie exposée s'il restait davantage, avait jugé à propos de décliner la compétence du concile en cessant d'y paraître. Il était donc parti nuitamment pour se rendre à Constantinople, afin de s'y présenter à Constantin, et de tâcher ainsi d'obtenir justice. Puis, en outre des différentes accusations qu'on avait fait planer sur lui, qu'il avait pris la fuite, et justifié ainsi tacitement tout ce qu'on lui reprochait. Athanase vint donc à Constantinople, et demanda justice à Constantin; mais ce prince était tellement prévenu qu'il ne voulait pas l'écouter. Ce saint évêque alla jusqu'à le menacer de la colère de Dieu, qui jugerait, lui dit-il, sa cause, et le punirait de son déni de justice. Rien ne réussissait à toucher ce prince aveuglé. Athanase toucha une corde sensible chez cet empereur : il lui dit de faire venir ceux qui avaient jugé, et qu'en sa présence, il leur reprocherait leur conduite. On sait combien Constantin aimait à se moquer des affaires de l'Eglise : il accepta avec empressement de se faire juge entre le concile et Athanase. Il écrivit donc à tous ceux qui avaient composé le concile de venir immédiatement près de lui. Mais les meneurs empêchèrent les évêques de s'y rendre, et vinrent eux seuls à l'invitation du prince. On pourrait trouver extraordinaire l'abstention des évêques d'Égypte, de ceux qui avaient pris le parti d'Athanase ; mais il est certain que Constantin n'écrivit qu'à ceux qu'il avait invités lui-même à faire partie du concile, considérant que les autres n'y avaient assisté qu'indûment, ne sachant peut-être pas même qu'ils y eussent assisté. Cent donc qui vinrent trouver l'empereur furent les deux Evêques, Théognis, Pairophile, Ursace et Valens; Socrate ajoute Maris de Chalcédoine. Quand ils furent arrivés à Constantinople, ils virent qu'ils seraient facilement convaincus de fraude et du mensonge s'ils persistaient dans leurs premières accusations ; aussi ne parlèrent-ils plus ni de calice, ni d'autel, ni d'Arsène. Ils inventèrent qu'Attanasios avait comploté d'empêcher les blés d'Égypte d'arriver à Constantinople. Là n'était pas la question. Constantin, s'il eût été sage, eût dû examiner d'abord et simplement ce qui avait motivé la décision du concile, quitte à s'occuper après de cette accusation purement civile ou politique. Il n'en fut rien. Il était tellement à la discrétion morale des accusateurs, que sitôt qu'ils eurent formulé cette accusation, il entra dans une violente colère, et ne voulut plus rien écouter en faveur du saint. Mais s'enflammant de plus en plus, il ouvrit alors l'oreille à toutes les accusations qu'on porta contre lui, et par lesquelles on ne l'avait pas osé commencer. Les eusébiens triomphèrent. Constantin bannit le saint évêque dans les Caucases, dans la ville de Trèves. Cet événement eut lieu dans la trentième année de son règne, en 335, ou commencement de 336. Ici - nous trouvons, dans les auteurs, dans saint Athanase lui-même, une explication que nous ne pouvons pas admettre. On prétend que si Constantin bannit saint Athanase, c'était une faveur qu'il lui accordait, et qu'il le traitait ainsi pour arrêter la rage de ses ennemis. Que saint Athanase ait dit cela dans la générosité de sa charité chrétienne, nous le concevons, pourvu qu'il ait voulu dire que ce fut le but qu'atteint la conduite de Constantin ; mais nous ne pouvons admettre que telle ait été l'intention de ce prince. S'il avait vu la vérité, il était assez homme pour ne pas se laisser opprimer par les eusébiens. Quelque temps auparavant, il avait rendu justice à Athanase, et malgré les efforts de ses ennemis, il leur avait refusé l'appui de sa puissance pour le perdre. D'un autre côté, comment concilier cela avec le refus que ce prince fit d'écouter Athanase, de prendre en considération sa défense, et, surtout, avec la colère si inhérente qu'il montra contre lui à propos de cette accusation absurde concernant les blés ? Les eusébiens, pour triompher entièrement, auraient voulu faire donner un successeur à saint Athanase ; mais Constantin s'y refusa obstinément. Il leur défendit avec menaces de se mettre personne sur le siège d'Alexandrie. Rien que cette circonstance vient appuyer entièrement ce que nous disions plus haut, à propos de la possibilité dans laquelle était Constantin de résister, s'il l'eût voulu, à toutes les entreprises des eusébiens contre saint Athanase. Et le vénérable exilé fut arrivé dans les Gaules, le jeune Constantin le reçut à Trèves avec infiniment de faveur et ne distingua pas. On aurait dit qu'il prenait l’ache de réparer la conduite de son père envers le saint confesseur : il lui faisait fournir avec abondance, et surtout avec toutes les prévenances qu'inspire la plus généreuse délicatesse, tout ce qui était nécessaire à ses besoins. Saint Maximin, évêque de Trèves, ne le cédait en rien à Constantin le Jeune pour la manière dont il reçut Athanase, qui eut aussi la consolation d'apprendre dans son exil, que son Église d'Alexandrie avait résisté courageusement aux tentatives d'Arius, et avait absolument refusé de le recevoir dans sa communion. Le peuple d'Alexandrie demandait incessamment à l'empereur le retour du vénérable évêque. Le grand saint Antoine lui écrivit aussi dans le même sens. Mais rien ne put persuader Constantin, qui écrivit au peuple d'Alexandrie, le traitant de fou et de brouillon. Il dit aux Églises et aux vierges sacrées de demeurer en repos, qu'il ne peut pas changer de sentiment à l'égard d'Athanasius, qu'il traite de séditieux, et qu'il dit condamné justement par le jugement d'un concile. Encore une fois, Constantin n'avait pas eu l'intention de bien traiter Athanase et de lui être favorable ; une telle prétention ne se soutient pas. Nous sommes étonnés en tout ceci de voir dans quels contradictions flagrantes et absurdes tombent parfois les historiens, même les plus recommandables. Saint Athanase resta donc patiemment à Trèves, attendant le jour de la justice, et environné de respect et d'honneurs, tant de l'empereur Constantin le Jeune que de l’évêque Maximin. Aujourd'hui la vadrouille de la villa de Trèves est marquée par le souvenir de saint Athanase, qui y passa sept ans caché dans un puits, qu'on montre encore aux visiteurs dans l'abbaye de saint Maximin. Ainsi donc ce saint, si vénérable par sa sainteté, si grand par son courage, qui par ses prières et avec la grâce de Dieu avait désipé tant de fois les cabales des hérétiques, montré de sa fausseté des accusations odieuses dont ils le chargeaient, se soumit sans aucune hésitation à l'arrêt du prince, qui le condamnait à l'exil dans un pays étranger. C'est bien là le vrai serviteur de Dieu, faisant son devoir, et ne murmurant pas contre l'injustice des hommes, qui le punissent parce qu'il l'a fait. Mais Dieu relève celui qui sont abaissés pour son nom; et les triomphes de ses serviteurs servent au triomphe de la foi, dont ils sont les défenseurs. Toutes les langues insolentes et menteuses des ennemis d'Athanase s'efforcent de le noircir, plus éclatent la sainte aliénée admirable et les autres vertus du saint. Son innocence se montre jusque dans cette sublime humilité avec laquelle il accepte l'injuste sentence qui le condamne. Admirables des grâces de Dieu! C'est la persécution qui fait qu'Athanase reçoit la glorieuse couronne du martyre, qu'il soutient et fait prévaloir contre tant d'hérétiques et de puissants, le dogme de la trinité. C'est grâce à ces combats qu'on lui livre, qu'il reste vainqueur de la doctrine d'Arius, qu'il empêche la foi catholique de succomber en Orient, qu'il rend si illustre le siège épiscopal d'Alexandrie. Aussi, quand le pape Célestien parle de lui, (Conc. généralement, éditions Constantin, t. 1, p. 195, et de ses souffrances, il le donne comme un homme vraiment apostolique, et le cite comme un exemple pour encourager, consoler tous les amis de la vérité. Le saint pape ajoute que saint Athanase eut à souffrir la prison : cela est contre l'histoire, si l'on s'en rapporte à la parole textuelle du récit. Il faut l'interpréter : saint Athanase souffrit le bannissement. Or, encore aujourd'hui, nous disons d'un banni, qu'il a une ville, un territoire pour prison. Ainsi, l'événement ultime marqua d'une façon si fâcheuse la fin du règne du grand Constantin, servit merveilleusement à grandir Athanase persécuté et, au fait, à servir la religion catholique qu'il défendait si vaillamment. Saint Athanase était depuis un an et quelques mois à Trèves, quand Constantin tomba dans une cruelle maladie, qui le fit mourir le 22 mai 337. Sentant sa fin prochaine, il voulut s'y préparer en réparant les erreurs et les fautes qu'il avait pu commettre. Il rappela saint Athanase d'exil, malgré l'opposition d'Eusèbe de Nicomédie, dans le diocèse duquel il se mourait, et de qui il venait de recevoir le baptême et les autres sacrements de l'Église. Dans son testament, il marqua expressément le rappel de saint Athanase. Malgré cela, le saint ne put quitter Trèves qu'après y avoir passé deux ans et quatre mois. Il est très probable que ce fut par le fait de Constance de qui dépendait l'Orient. Or cet empereur se laissa immédiatement gagner par les arguties. Ce furent Constantin le Jeune et Constant qui renvoyèrent Alilnase en Orient, en forçant Constance à y consentir. Saint Athanase fut reçu dans sa ville épiscopale avec infiniment de manifestations de joie. Un coup rétabli, il contribua ensuite au rappel des autres évêques annés. En passant par Constantinople, Athanase trouva dans cette ville l'évêque Paul, qui était de retour de l'exil où Constantin l'avait envoyé. Macédonie, qui avait été fait évêque à sa place, servait comme prêtre sous lui, s'étant soumis à son autorité. Le retour d'Athanase irrita davantage ses ennemis, et les porta à de nouvelles entreprises encore plus criminelles que les précédentes. De peur que le saint n'informât Constance de tout ce qu'ils avaient fait contre lui, ils le décrièrent dans l'esprit de ce prince et le lui représentèrent comme un homme taré et noirci de toutes sortes de crimes. Quoiqu'il eût été reçu à bras ouverts par le peuple d'Alexandrie, ils prétendirent que son entrée dans cette ville n'avait causé que des séditions, des gémissements et des pleurs. Ils ajoutaient qu'après son entrée dans Alexandrie, il avait pillé les églises et avait ajouté à ce premier crime, les violences, le meurtre et le carnage. Ils inventèrent encore contre lui une foule d'autres calomnies, et ils écrivirent aux trois Augustes pour obtenir ou la mort d'Athanase, ou au moins un second exil. Mais Constantin et Constantin restèrent fort bien disposés pour lui. Il leur avait envoyé du reste des députés qui prouvèrent parfaitement son innocence. Pour perdre saint Athanase avec plus de sûreté, ils envoyèrent au pape Jules l'information qui avait été faite dans la Maréotide. Par une providence toute particulière de Dieu, cette information vint ainsi dans les mains de saint Athanase, qui, pour se disculper entièrement, envoya, de son côté, des députés au pape. Ces députés confondirent tellement leurs adversaires, que ceux-ci, pour gagner du temps, prièrent le pape de connaître par lui-même cette affaire et d'assembler pour cela une couCI. Le pape accepta cette proposition, manda à Athanase de le venir trouver, tout en laissant cependant à son choix le lieu où se tiendrait le concile. Le saint évêque d'Alexandrie se rendit immédiatement à Rome avec quelques solitaires. Dix-huit mois entiers, il y resta à attendre inutilement ses adversaires. Ceux-ci n'avaient pas pensé qu'il pût se résoudre à y aller. Aussi, quand ils surent qu'il y était, craignant que leurs impostures ne fussent aisément découvertes, ils ne voulaient plus s'y rendre, refusant ainsi le jugement qu'ils avaient eux-mêmes sollicité. Ils assemblèrent leur fameux concile d'Antioche, au commencement de l'an 332, et là, déclarant qu'un évêque déposé par un concile, qui reprendrait de lui-même la place, ne pourrait jamais être rétabli, ils déclarèrent Athanase à jamais déchu de son siège. Ils nommèrent pour le remplacer un certain Grégoire, qui appartenait à leur secte, quoiqu'il eût été quasi élevé à Alexandrie, par les soins de saint Athanase. Il était Cappadocien de naissance. Athanase était venu à Rome vers la fin de l'an 339. Après y avoir passé le temps que nous avons dit, il jugea à propos de son retour à Alexandrie. Il y arriva pour les fêtes de Pâques. Tout s'y passa du plus grand calme, quand tout à coup Philagre, préfet d'Égypte, fit afficher des lettres en forme d'édit, qui annonçaient qu'un nommé Grégoire arrivait à Alexandrie, pour y succéder à Athanase. « Tout le monde fut troublé d'une chose si nouvelle, et dont on n'avait pas encore ouï parler. Le peuple catholique s'assembla avec plus d'empressement dans les églises, se plaignant hautement aux autres juges et à toute la ville, et représentant qu'il n'y avait ni accusation ni plainte contre Athanase de la part des fidèles, et que c'était un jeu joué par les ariens; que, quand même Athanase serait prÉvenu de quelque crime, il fallait le juger légitimement, et lui donner un jugement suivant les règles. « Le préfet Philagre gagne la populace païenne, les Juifs et les gens déliés, par des promesses qu'il accomplit ensuite. Il assemble les pâtres et la jeunesse la plus insolente des places publiques, les échauffe et les envoie par troupes, avec des épées et des bâtons, contre le peuple assemblé dans les églises. Ils se jetèrent dans celle qui portait le nom de Quirin; ils y mirent le feu et au baptistère. Des vierges furent déshonorées et traitées indignement; et, ne voulant pas souffrir, elles furent en péril de leur vie. Des Moines furent foulés aux pieds, et en moururent; il y en eut de confisqués comme esclaves, d'autres tués à coups d'épée et de bâton, d'autres blessés ou battus. Les saints mystères furent emportés et jetés à terre par des païens, qui sacrifièrent sur la sainte table des oiseaux et des noms de pin, en louant leurs idoles et blasphémant contre Jésus-Christ; ils brûlèrent les livres sacrés qu'ils trouvèrent dans l'église. Les Juifs et les païens entrèrent dans le baptistère, et, s'étant mis tout nus, y firent et y dirent de telles infamies, que la pudeur ne permet pas de les raconter. Quelques impies, imitant la persécution, prenaient des vierges et des femmes qui gardaient la continence, les traînaient pour les contraindre à blasphémer et à renier le Seigneur; et, comme elles le refusaient, ils les frappaient et les foulaient aux pieds. L'église fut abandonnée en proie : les uns enlevaient ce qu'ils trouvaient devant eux, d'autres partageaient les dépôts de quêtes particuliers. Il y avait quantité de vin : ils le burent, le répandirent ou l'emportèrent; ils pillèrent l'huile, ils enlevèrent les portes et les balustres, ils mirent les lampes à terre contre les murailles, ils allèrent même emporter les cierges de l'église en l'honneur de leurs idoles. On prenait des prêtres et des laïques, on menait des vierges velues devant le tribun du gouverneur, et on les mettait en prison ; d'autres étaient vendus comme esclaves, d'autres fouettés. On répandait le pain aux ministres de l'Église et aux vierges. «Tout cela se passait dans le carême et pendant la fête de Pâques. Le vendredi saint, Grégoire entra dans une église avec le gouverneur et des païens; et, voyant l'horreur que les peuples avaient de son entrée violente, il obligea le gouverneur à faire fouetter publiquement et mettre en prison trente-quatre personnes, tant vierges que femmes mariées et hommes de condition. Une de ces vierges, entre autres, fut fouettée, tenant encore entre ses mains le psautier, qui fut déchiré par les bourreaux. Ils voulurent en faire de même dans une autre église, où saint Athanase logeait le plus ordinairement pendant ces jours-là, afin de le prendre et de s'en défaire. Mais, se voyant découvert, et craignant que l'on ne commît dans cette église les mêmes excès que dans les autres, il se déroba à son peuple avant que Grégoire fût arrivé, et s'embarqua pour aller à Bithynie, voulant assister au concile qui s'y devait tenir. Grégoire n'épargna pas même la fête de Pâques, et fit emprisonner plusieurs catholiques en ce saint jour. Il s'empara de toutes les églises, de sorte que le peuple et le clergé catholique étaient réduits à n'y point entrer, ou à communiquer avec les ariens. « Grégoire ne voulait pas même souffrir que les catholiques priassent dans leurs maisons; il les dénonçait au gouverneur, et il observait les ministres sacrés avec une telle rigueur, que plusieurs particuliers qui se trouvaient en danger ne pouvaient recevoir le baptême, et les malades étaient privés de consolation, ce qui leur était plus amer que la maladie; mais ils aimaient mieux s'en passer que de recevoir la main des ariens sur leurs têtes. De peur que ces violences ne fussent connues, Grégoire fit donner des ordres pressants aux maîtres des vaisseaux, et même aux passagers, de ne point parler contre lui, et au contraire de se charger de ses lettres. Quelques-uns le refusèrent, et souffrirent pour ce sujet la prison, les fers et les tourments. Il fit aussi écrire par le gouverneur un décret adressé à l'empereur, comme au nom du peuple, contre saint Athanase, le chargeant de telles calomnies, qu'il y avait de quoi le condamner, non-seulement à l'exil, mais à la mort. Ce décret fut souscrit par des païens et des gardiens d'idoles, et par les ariens avec eux. Cependant les eusébiens écrivirent à Philagre, afin qu'il accompagnât Grégoire dans une visite par toute l'Egypte. On fouettait des évêques et on les mettait aux fers. Sarapamon, évêque et confesseur, fut banni; Potammon, aussi évêque et confesseur, qui avait perdu un œil dans la persécution, fut frappé sur le cou jusqu'à ce qu'on le crût mort. À peine put-on le faire revenir au bout de quelques heures, à force de remède; mais il mourut peu de temps après, avec la gloire d'un double martyre. C'est le même Potammon, évêque d'Héraclée, qui avait assisté au concile de Nicée et depuis à celui de Tyr. L'Église honore sa mémoire le dix-huitième de mai. Il y eut plusieurs autres évêques battus et plusieurs solitaires fustigés; et, pendant ces exécutions, Grégoire était assis avec un officier nommé Balatius, qui portait le titre de duc. Après cela, il invitait tout le monde à communiquer avec lui, ne voyant pas la contradiction de les faire maltraiter comme des méchants, et de leur offrir sa communion comme à des saints. Il persécuta la tante de saint Athanase, jusqu'à ne permettre pas qu'on l'enterrât quand elle fut morte; et elle fut demeurée sans sépulture, si ceux qui l'avaient retirée ne l'eussent portée en terre comme leur propre mort. Il ôlait l'aumône que l'on donnait à des pauvres enfermés, faisant casser les vaisseaux dans lesquels on leur portait du vin et de l'huile. Voilà une partie des violences de Grégoire. (Fleury, vol. 1, p. 411) Une chose manquait à la rage des ariens, c'était la mort de saint Athanase. Ils l'eussent tué s'il n'eût évité leur dessein en se retirant. Il vint droit à Rome où devait s'assembler un concile pour juger sa cause. Les lettres des égyptiens portaient de lui chercher partout, lui et les prêtres qui lui étaient attachés, et de leur trancher la tête. Les violences de Grégoire et du préfet Philagre mirent les ariens en possession de toutes les églises. Le peuple d'Alexandrie refusait de communiquer avec l'évêque hérétique. Aussi celui-ci, dans sa colère, faisait-il tourmenter cruellement ceux qui refusaient d'entrer en communion avec lui. Il faisait donner la question aux uns, il faisait en chaîner les autres, et les faisait jeter en prison. Il persécuta tellement tous les amis d'Athanase, que tous furent obligés de quitter la ville et la contrée. Il écrivit à Constance des lettres où il accusait le saint des crimes les plus affreux. Quant à saint Athanase, comme il était possible que les évêques se laissent tromper par les lettres que Grégoire envoyait de tous côtés, il se hâta de prévenir ce malheur en écrivant sa Lettre aux orthodoxes. Dans cette lettre il explique la conduite qu'il a tenue et les violences dont son Église et lui ont été victimes. D'autres évêques d'Égypte écrivirent aussi dans le même sens. Pendant que Athanase était à Rome, attendant que le concile s'assemblât, Grégoire parcourait l'Égypte et y commettait les plus indignes violences. Le concile de Rome, composé de 50 évêques, reconnut pleinement l'innocence d'Athanase. Le saint attendait, depuis trois ans, dans la capitale du monde chrétien, que Dieu prenne sa défense et suscite des jours de délivrance pour son troupeau si malheureux, quand il reçut une lettre de Constant, qui lui mandait de le venir trouver à Milan. Ce prince avait écrit à son frère une lettre pour qu'on assemblât un concile qui eût autorité pour finir la cause d'Athanase ; il y avait été engagé par plusieurs évêques et par le pape Jules. À la suite des démarches que fit Constant, on assembla le concile de Sardique l'an 335. L'Italie, l'Espagne, les Gaules, l'Afrique, la Pannonie, la Dacie, la Thrace, la Macédoine, la Thessalie, la Phrygie, l'Asie, la Crète, la Cappadocienne, la Galatie, la Cilicie, la Syrie, la Mésopotamie, la Phénicie, la Palestine, l'Arabie, la Thébaïde, l'Égypte, furent les provinces qui fournirent le plus grand nombre d'évêques à ce concile. Ils y étaient en tout cent soixante-dix ; cent d'Occident, le reste d'Orient. « Les évêques croyaient, à leur ordinaire, dominer dans le concile par l'autorité séculière, et cette espérance les y faisait venir avec un grand empressement. Mais quand ils virent que les Occidentaux n'avaient à leur tête qu'Osius, et que ce concile serait un jugement purement ecclésiastique, sans assistance de comte ni de soldats, ils furent surpris et troublés par les remords de leur conscience. Ils s'étaient imaginé que saint Athanase et les autres accusés n'oseraient pas même se présenter; cependant, ils les voyaient comparaître hardiment. Ils voyaient qu'il était venu contre eux-mêmes des accusateurs de diverses Églises, avec les preuves en main ; que quelques-uns de ceux qu'ils avaient fait bannir se représentaient avec les chaînes dont on les avait chargés ; que des évêques venaient parler pour d'autres qui étaient encore exilés ; que des parents et des amis de ceux qu'ils avaient fait mourir se présentaient ; que d'autres évêques racontaient comment par des calomnies ils avaient mis en péril, et avaient fait effectivement périr de leurs confrères, entre autres l'évêque Théodule, qui était mort dans sa fuite. Quelques-uns montraient les coups d'épée qu'ils avaient reçus ; d'autres se plaignaient de la faim qu'on leur avait fait souffrir. Ce n'étaient pas seulement des particuliers, mais des églises entières dont les députés représentaient les violences des soldats et de la populace, les menaces des juges, les suppositions des lettres fausses, les vierges déjouillées, les ministres sacrés emprisonnés, les églises brûlées, et tout cela pour contraindre les catholiques à communiquer avec les ariens. Les éusébiens voyaient encore que deux évêques orientaux, Arius ou Macaire d'Arabie, et Astérius de Palestine, ayant fait le voyage avec eux, les avaient quittés pour se joindre aux Occidentaux, à qui ils avaient découvert leurs fourberies et leurs alarmes. « Voyant tout cela, ils résolurent de venir à Syracuse pour témoigner de la confiance en leur cause; mais y étant arrivés, ils se renfermèrent dans le palais où ils étaient logés, et se dirent les uns aux autres: Nous sommes venus pour une chose, et nous en voyons une autre ; nous avons amené des comtes, et le jugement se fait sans eux ; nous serons assurément condamnés. Vous savez tous quels sont les ordres des empereurs: Athanase a les procédures de la Maréote, qui ne serviront qu'à le justifier et à nous couvrir de confusion. À quoi donc nous arrêtons-nous? Inventons des prétextes et nous retirons : il vaut mieux fuir, quelque honte qu'il y ait, que d'être convaincus et jugés calomniateurs. Si nous fuisons, nous pouvons encore soutenir notre parti; s'ils nous condamnent en notre absence, nous avons la protection de l'empereur, qui ne nous laissera pas chasser de nos églises. Telles étaient les pensées des éuséviens. Osius et les autres évêques leur parlaient souvent, relevant la confiance de saint Athanase et des autres accusés. Si vous craignez le jugement, disaient-ils, pourquoi êtes-vous venus? Il fallait ne pas venir, ou ne pas reculer ensuite. Voilà Athanase et ceux que vous accusiez en leur absence : ils se présentent, afin que vous puissiez les convaincre, si vous avez de quoi le faire. Si vous en faites semblant sans le pouvoir, vous êtes des calomniateurs manifestes; et c'est le jugement que le concile portera de vous. « Les Pères du concile représentèrent souvent tout cela aux Orientaux de vive voix et par écrit ; mais le prétexte qu'ils prirent d'abord, pour ne pas se joindre à eux, fut qu'ils communiquaient avec Athanase, Marcel et les autres accusés ; qu'ils étaient assis et conféraient avec eux dans l'église, où apparemment se tenait le concile, suivant la coutume et qu'ils célébraient avec eux les divins mystères. Ils demandaient que les Occidentaux commencent par les séparer de leur Communion. Ceux-ci soutenaient que cela n'était ni convenable ni possible, puisque Athanase avait pour lui le jugement ou papa Jules, rendu avec grande connaissance de cause, et le témoignage de quatre-vingts évêques. Les Orientaux prétendaient que Athanase, Marcel et les autres dont ils se plaignaient, étaient jugés par les conciles, contre lesquels on ne pouvait plus revenir : d'autant moins que la plupart des témoins, des juges et des autres personnes nécessaires ne vivaient plus. On leur répondait que le concile de Sardique était assemblé pour examiner ces prétendus jugements ; qu'Athanase se présentait pour être jugé, au lieu qu'on l'avait condamné absents, et que les procédures faites contre lui étaient rapportées. «Les Orientaux» se «réduisirent» à «dire : Puisque de six évêques qui ont fait l'information dans la Marée, il y en a encore cinq de vivants ; que l'on envoie de chaque côté quelques évêques sur les lieux où Athanase a commis les crimes ; s'ils se trouvent faux, nous serons condamnés et non recevants à nous plaindre, ni aux empereurs, ni au concile, ni à aucun évêque ; s'ils se trouvent vrais, vous serez condamnés et non recevants, vous qui avez communié avec Athanase depuis sa condamnation. Mais les Occidentaux refusèrent cette proposition, qui ne tendait qu'à éluder le jugement, et à multiplier les procédures inutiles, outre que Grégoire, étant le maître en Egypte, les Eusébiens y eussent fini ce qu'ils auraient voulu. Comme ils étaient venus trouver Osius dans le lieu où il demeurait, il les invita à parler hardiment, et les assurant qu'ils ne devaient attendre qu'un jugement très-équitable. Il le fit une et deux fois, ajoutant que s'ils ne voulaient pas parler devant tout le concile, ils s'expliquassent du moins à lui seul. Je vous promets, disait-il, que si Athanase se trouve coupable, nous le rejetterons absolument, et qu'au même il se trouverait innocent et vous convaincrait de calomnies ; si vous ne pouvez vous résoudre à le recevoir, je me rais de même pour retourner en Espagne avec moi. Saint Athanase consentait à cette proposition ; niais ses ennemis se défiaient tant de leur cause, qu'ils la refusèrent comme les autres. Le concile émit, d'ailleurs, bien informé de leur mauvaise volonté par Macaire et Astérius, qui les avaient quittés après être venus d'Orient avec eux. Ces deux évêques racontaient que pendant tout le voyage les eusébiens faisaient en certains lieux des assemblées, où ils avaient résolu que, quand ils seraient arrivés à Sardique, ils ne se soumettraient à aucun jugement, et ne s'assembleraient pas même avec le concile, mais qu'ils auraient signifié leur présence par une protestation, ils se retireraient promptement. En effet, étant arrivés, ils ne permirent point à ceux qui étaient venus d'Orient avec eux d'entrer dans le concile, ni même d'approcher de l'église où il se tenait. Car il y avait plusieurs évêques orientaux attachés à la sainte doctrine, qui voulaient se séparer d'eux, et qu'ils retenaient par menaces et promesses. C'est ce que témoignaient Macaire et Astérius, se plaignant de la violence qu'ils avaient eux-mêmes souffert. Les eusébiens ne pouvant plus reculer, et le jour marqué pour le jugement étant expiré, ils dirent qu'ils étaient obligés de se retirer parce que l'empereur leur avait écrit pour célébrer sa victoire sur les Perses; et ils n'eurent point de honte d'envoyer une telle excuse par Eustathe, prêtre de l'église de Sardique. Le concile, qui pouvait plus douter de leur mauvaise intention, leur cria nettement : "Ou venez-vous vous défendre des accusations dont vous êtes chargés, particulièrement des calomnies, ou sachez que le concile vous condamnera comme coupables, et déclarera ceux qui sont avec Albans innocents et exempts de tout reproche. Leur conscience les pressa plus que cette lettre; ils s'enfuirent en diligence et se retirèrent à Philippopolis en Thrace. Ou traita l'affaire de saint Alkhans, et, quoique la fuite de ses adversaires le justifiait assez, on examina de nouveau leurs accusations, autant qu'on le pouvait en leur absence. Quant au meurtre d'Arsène, la calomnie était évidente et grossière, puisqu'il vivait, comme tout le monde savait, et qu'il se montrait lui-même. Quant au calice brisé chez Ischyras, les propres informations faites par les adversaires dans la Maréole détruisaient leur prétention ; d'ailleurs, deux prêtres, autrefois hérétiques, et depuis reçus par saint Alexandre, rendaient témoignage que jamais Ischyras n'avait été prêtre, même du temps de Mélèce. Ainsi, on reconnut la justice du jugement rendu par le papa Jules en faveur d'Alkhans, et la vérité du témoignage que lui rendaient les quatre-vingts érudits d'Égypte. Sa cause trouva sans aucune difficulté, et tous les évêques le reconnurent innocent, et le confirmèrent dans la communion de l'Église. Ils déclarèrent encore innocents quatre prêtres d'Alexandrie, que les éustéoniens avaient persécutés et obligés à fuir pour éviter la mort, savoir, Aphtonie, Alkhans, fils de Capillon, Paul et Flution. Leurs noms, hormis celui de Paul, se trouvent dans la protestation contre l'information de la Maréole : ce qui montre leur attachement à saint Alkhans. Le concile examina la cause de Marcel d'Ancyre. Et comme les éusébiens renfermaient leur accusation dans son écrit contre Astérius, qu'ils prétendaient être plein d'impurities, le concile fit lire cet écrit, et trouva qu'il n'avancait que par manières de questions ce que l'on prétendait qu'il eût soutenu. En lisant ce qui précédait et ce qui suivait, on voyait qu'il était orthodoxe; car il ne disait point, comme ils prétendaient, que le Verbe de Dieu eût pris son commencement de la sainte Vierge Marie, ni que son règne dût unir, mais que son règne était sans commencement et sans fin. Ainsi le concile le déclara innocent. Astère de Gaze rapporta les procédures faites à Antioche en présence de ses accusateurs et d'Eusèbe de Césarée; et son innocence parut sur les avis de ceux qui l'avaient jugé dans le même concile qui déposa sur des calomnies saint Eustathe, évêque d'Antioche. Les Pères du concile de Sardique jugèrent que Asclépiade avait été pleinement justifié.
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Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling and simulation of ustekinumab for inflammatory bowel disease
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Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling and
simulation of ustekinumab for inflammatory bowel disease Koji Kimura
(
kimurak@toyaku.ac.jp
) j
(
@
y
jp )
Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences j
(
@
y
jp )
Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
Atsushi Yoshida
Ofuna Chuo Hospital Research Article Keywords: ustekinumab, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, model-informed precision
dosing
Posted Date: March 21st, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1460533/v1
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License Keywords: ustekinumab, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, model-informed precision
dosing
Posted Date: March 21st, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1460533/v1
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License nsed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License Page 1/16 Abstract Ustekinumab (UST) therapy is effective for induction and maintenance therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there are differences in dosage regimen among countries and indications, and the differences have implications
for efficacy, the implications have yet to be analysed by a model-informed approach. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
implications for efficacy of the different dosage regimens of UST for IBD using our pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic
(PK/PD) model. We constructed a PK/PD model based on an indirect response model with an effect compartment and simulated the
sequential changes of therapeutic effect following various dosage regimens. Sequential changes in the therapeutic effect obtained with our model were in good agreement with the observed values
following repeated administration of UST for IBD patients. The simulation indicated the importance of an initial intravenous
administration of UST for IBD patients. Furthermore, the dose interval of maintenance therapy at every 8 weeks was
marginally more effective than at every 12 weeks, though there was almost no difference in the fluctuation range, and a
stable therapeutic effect was obtained by both dosage regimens. The results showed that the presented PK/PD model is capable of predicting sequential changes in the therapeutic effect of
UST for IBD, and the implications for efficacy of the different dosage regimens could be evaluated by simulation with
various dosage regimens. Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to diseases related to chronic or remitting/relapsing intestinal inflammation,
primarily ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) [1]. IL-12 and IL-23 are involved in the development of IBD [2], and
the secretion of IL-12 and IL-23 by intestinal antigen-presenting cells is increased in IBD patients [3, 4]. Ustekinumab (UST) is
a humanized IgG monoclonal antibody to the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23 [5]. UST therapy is effective for the induction
and maintenance therapy for IBD [6, 7]. The standard dosage regimen of UST for IBD is approximately 6mg/kg according to
the weight of patients (55kg or less: 260mg; between 55kg and 85kg: 390mg; more than 85kg: 520mg) as a single
intravenous administration, followed by 90mg 8 weeks later as a subcutaneous administration. Then, 12 weeks after that, a
maintenance dose of 90mg every 12 weeks administered subcutaneously is recommended by the Pharmaceuticals and
Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) of Japan and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) [8, 9], while the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) of the USA recommends dose intervals for maintenance therapy of 8 weeks [10]. Furthermore, the
dosage regimen of UST for psoriasis (PS) is an initial dose of 45mg administered subcutaneously, followed by a 45mg dose
4 weeks later, and then every 12 weeks thereafter. [8–10]. It is considered that such differences in dosage regimen will have
implications on the efficacy of UST, though that has yet to be analysed by a model-informed approach. The aim of this study is to evaluate the implications for efficacy of the different dosage regimens of UST for IBD using
pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model. Data for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis Data used for analyses in this study were extracted from previous reports. PK parameters (2-compartment model) for UST
obtained from UC and CD patients in a population PK (PPK) analysis report are shown in Table 1 [11, 12]. Therapeutic effect
of CD patients was evaluated using the Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI) [13]. In addition, from an international phase III
trial of maintenance therapy for CD patients (trial number: CRD3003) [11], the mean data representing continuous changes
in CDAI after UST administration of 397 CD patients were collected as follows: Single intravenous administration of 130mg Page 2/16 Page 2/16 or 6mg/kg, followed by subcutaneous administration of 90mg every 12 weeks (Group 1) and every 8 weeks (Group 2), and
placebo administration (Group 3) until Week 54. In addition, therapeutic effect in UC patients was evaluated using partial
Mayo score (Mayo score without endoscopy findings) [14, 15]. From an international phase III trial of maintenance therapy
for UC patients (trial number: UCO3001) [7, 16], the mean data representing continuous changes in partial Mayo score after
UST administration of 523 UC patients were collected at the above-mentioned dosage regimens for CD. The maintenance
trials extracting the data of therapeutic effect were conducted by re-randomizing the patients who participated in induction
treatment trials, in which patients were given a single intravenous administration (130mg or 6mg/kg) and obtained an effect
at day 56 after the induction treatment trials. Therefore, since the initial dose (Di) of each group was not equal, we calculated
the Di from the following Eq. (1) using the baseline serum UST concentration of the maintenance treatment trials (Cb) and
the PK parameters shown in Table 1. In this study, the weight of patients was assumed to be 65kg so that it would be
6mg/kg when 390mg was administered in the weight-based dosage regimen. or 6mg/kg, followed by subcutaneous administration of 90mg every 12 weeks (Group 1) and every 8 weeks (Group 2), and
placebo administration (Group 3) until Week 54. In addition, therapeutic effect in UC patients was evaluated using partial
Mayo score (Mayo score without endoscopy findings) [14, 15]. From an international phase III trial of maintenance therapy
for UC patients (trial number: UCO3001) [7, 16], the mean data representing continuous changes in partial Mayo score after
UST administration of 523 UC patients were collected at the above-mentioned dosage regimens for CD. Data for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis The maintenance
trials extracting the data of therapeutic effect were conducted by re-randomizing the patients who participated in induction
treatment trials, in which patients were given a single intravenous administration (130mg or 6mg/kg) and obtained an effect
at day 56 after the induction treatment trials. Therefore, since the initial dose (Di) of each group was not equal, we calculated
the Di from the following Eq. (1) using the baseline serum UST concentration of the maintenance treatment trials (Cb) and
the PK parameters shown in Table 1. In this study, the weight of patients was assumed to be 65kg so that it would be
6mg/kg when 390mg was administered in the weight-based dosage regimen. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis The presented PK/PD model for the anti- inflammatory effect of UST is based on an indirect response model with an effect
compartment (Fig. 1). The equation for the effect compartment is as follows: The equation for the effect compartment is as follows: dAe
dt
= k1e ⋅A1 −keo ⋅Ae dAe
dt
= k1e ⋅A1 −keo ⋅Ae dAe
dt
= k1e ⋅A1 −keo ⋅Ae 2 where, A1 (µmol) is the amount of UST in the central compartment and Ae (µmol) is that in the effect compartment. In
addition, k1e (day− 1) is the rate constant for transition from the central compartment to the effect compartment and keo
(day− 1) is the elimination rate constant from the effect-compartment. where, A1 (µmol) is the amount of UST in the central compartment and Ae (µmol) is that in the effect compartment. In
addition, k1e (day− 1) is the rate constant for transition from the central compartment to the effect compartment and keo
(day− 1) is the elimination rate constant from the effect-compartment. When it is assumed that the central compartment and the effect compartment reach the steady state just after UST
administration, k1e and keo become equal. Then, the concentration of UST in the effect compartment (Ce, µM) is represented
by Eq. (3): dCe
dt
= keo ⋅(C1 −Ce) dCe
dt
= keo ⋅(C1 −Ce) 3 where, C1 (µM) is the serum concentration of UST. where, C1 (µM) is the serum concentration of UST. K UST (day− 1) is the rate constant of inflammation suppressed by the action of UST, and Kelse (day− 1) is the rate constant of
inflammation caused by factors not affected by the actions of UST. The rate constant that reduces inflammation caused by
KUST and Kelse is kr (day− 1). Therefore, the value of the therapeutic effect at time t (days) (Et) after the administration of UST
is represented by Eq. (4) using the indirect response model: dEt
dt
= Kelse + KUST ∙
1 −
Imax ∙Ce
IC50 + Ce
−kr ⋅Et
(
) 4 where, Imax is the maximum fractional inhibition of inflammation suppressed by the actions of UST, and IC50 is the
concentration of UST that produces inhibition equal to 50% of Imax. At this point, since we used KUST and Kelse in Eq. (4), we
considered the value of Imax as 1. Data for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis Page 3/16 Table 1 PK parameters employed in PK/PD model
Parameter
Definition
Value
Unit
Reference
CLCD
Clearance in CD patients
0.191
L/day
[11]
V1
CD
Volume of distribution of the central compartment in CD patients
2.74
L
[11]
V2
CD
Volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment in CD patients
1.88
L
[11]
QCD
Inter-compartmental clearance in CD patients
0.287
day− 1
[11]
ka
CD
Absorption rate constant in CD patients
0.181
day− 1
[11]
FCD
Bioavailability in CD patients
0.783
[11]
Cb1
CD
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 1 of CD patients
4.62
µg/mL
[11]
Cb2
CD
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 2 of CD patients
5.60
µg/mL
[11]
Cb3
CD
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 3 of CD patients
5.49
µg/mL
[11]
Di1
CD
Estimated initial dosage in Group 1 of CD patients
218
mg
-
Di2
CD
Estimated initial dosage in Group 2 of CD patients
264
mg
-
Di3
CD
Estimated initial dosage in Group 3 of CD patients
259
mg
-
CLUC
Clearance in UC patients
0.186
L/day
[12]
V1
UC
Volume of distribution of the central compartment in UC patients
3.01
L
[12]
V2
UC
Volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment in UC patients
1.43
L
[12]
QUC
Inter-compartmental clearance in UC patients
0.157
day− 1
[12]
ka
UC
Absorption rate constant in UC patients
0.142
day− 1
[12]
FUC
Bioavailability in UC patients
0.872
[12]
Cb1
UC
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 1 of UC patients
8.06
µg/mL
[16]
Cb2
UC
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 2 of UC patients
8.75
µg/mL
[16]
Cb3
UC
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 3 of UC patients
7.67
µg/mL
[16]
Di1
UC
Estimated initial dosage in Group 1 of UC patients
378
mg
-
Di2
UC
Estimated initial dosage in Group 2 of UC patients
410
mg
-
Di3
UC
Estimated initial dosage in Group 3 of UC patients
360
mg
- p
p
y
/
Parameter
Definition
Value
Unit
Reference
CLCD
Clearance in CD patients
0.191
L/day
[11]
V1
CD
Volume of distribution of the central compartment in CD patients
2.74
L
[11]
V2
CD
Volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment in CD patients
1.88
L
[11]
QCD
Inter-compartmental clearance in CD patients
0.287
day− 1
[11]
ka
CD
Absorption rate constant in CD patients
0.181
day− 1
[11]
FCD
Bioavailability in CD patients
0.783
[11]
Cb1
CD
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 1 of CD patients
4.62
µg/mL
[11]
Cb2
CD
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 2 of CD patients
5.60
µg/mL
[11]
Cb3
CD
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 3 of CD patients
5.49
µg/mL
[11]
Di1
CD
Estimated initial dosage in Group 1 of CD patients
218
mg
-
Di2
CD
Estimated initial dosage in Group 2 of CD patients
264
mg
-
Di3
CD
Estimated initial dosage in Group 3 of CD patients
259
mg
-
CLUC
Clearance in UC patients
0.186
L/day
[12]
V1
UC
Volume of distribution of the central compartment in UC patients
3.01
L
[12]
V2
UC
Volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment in UC patients
1.43
L
[12]
QUC
Inter-compartmental clearance in UC patients
0.157
day− 1
[12]
ka
UC
Absorption rate constant in UC patients
0.142
day− 1
[12]
FUC
Bioavailability in UC patients
0.872
[12]
Cb1
UC
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 1 of UC patients
8.06
µg/mL
[16]
Cb2
UC
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 2 of UC patients
8.75
µg/mL
[16]
Cb3
UC
Baseline of serum UST concentration in Group 3 of UC patients
7.67
µg/mL
[16]
Di1
UC
Estimated initial dosage in Group 1 of UC patients
378
mg
-
Di2
UC
Estimated initial dosage in Group 2 of UC patients
410
mg
-
Di3
UC
Estimated initial dosage in Group 3 of UC patients
360
mg
- Parameter
Definition Di = Cb ∙
V1 ∙
k21 −k12
k10 −k12
∙e −56∙k12
+
V1 ∙
k12 −k21
k10 −k21
∙e −56∙k21
{
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
} 1 1 where V1 (L) represents the volume of distribution of the central compartment, k12 (day− 1) and k21 (day− 1) are the
intercompartmental rate constants, and k10 (day− 1) is the central compartment elimination rate constant. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis where, Imax is the maximum fractional inhibition of inflammation suppressed by the actions of UST, and IC50 is the
concentration of UST that produces inhibition equal to 50% of Imax. At this point, since we used KUST and Kelse in Eq. (4), we
considered the value of Imax as 1. Page 5/16 Page 5/16 Page 5/16 To estimate the values of keo, IC50, KUST, Kelse, and kr, simultaneous fitting was performed on all Et data (mean data of CDAI
or partial Mayo score) using equations (3) and (4). The nonlinear least squares program MLAB (Civilized Software, Inc.) was
used for this analysis. In addition, to avoid over-fitting, we conducted 12-fold cross validation with collection of the Et data
split into 12 groups for each time point. In each data point, the model was trained using 11 groups as training data, and the
resulting model is validated on the remaining one group. To estimate the values of keo, IC50, KUST, Kelse, and kr, simultaneous fitting was performed on all Et data (mean data of CDAI
or partial Mayo score) using equations (3) and (4). The nonlinear least squares program MLAB (Civilized Software, Inc.) was
used for this analysis. In addition, to avoid over-fitting, we conducted 12-fold cross validation with collection of the Et data
split into 12 groups for each time point. In each data point, the model was trained using 11 groups as training data, and the
resulting model is validated on the remaining one group. Simulation of therapeutic effect The sequential changes of Et following repeated administrations of UST at the tested dosage regimens (Tables 2, 3) were
simulated using the estimated PK/PD parameters. UST is generally administered to patients with moderate to severe active
disease, thus we considered those to have a CDAI value of 300 [13] as well as a partial Mayo score of 6 [14, 15]. In CD
patients, therapeutic effect (CR-70) was defined as a decrease in CDAI of 70 points, while clinical remission was indicated by
a CDAI of ≤ 150 points [13, 17]. On the other hand, in UC patients, clinical remission was defined as a partial Mayo score of
≤ 2 points [14, 15, 17]. Table 2 Table 2 Table 2
Dosage regimens for UST examining the necessity of intravenous administration
Administrations (mg)
0 weeks
4 weeks
8 weeks
16 weeks
Regimen 1*
390 mg (i.v.)
-
90 mg (s.c., then every 12 weeks)
Regimen 2
90 mg (s.c.)
-
90 mg (s.c., then every 12 weeks)
Regimen 3**
45 mg (s.c.)
45 mg (s.c.)
-
45 mg (s.c., then every 12 weeks)
*usual dosage regimen for CD and UC, ** usual dosage regimen for PS Table 3
Dosage regimens for UST examining the dose interval and the administration
route in the maintenance therapy
Administrations
0 weeks
8 weeks
Regimen 1*
390 mg (i.v.)
90 mg (s.c., then every 12 weeks)
Regimen 4**
390 mg (i.v.)
90 mg (s.c., then every 8 weeks)
Regimen 5
390 mg (i.v.)
90 mg (s.c., then every 4 weeks)
Regimen 6
390 mg (i.v.)
390 mg (i.v., then every 12 weeks)
Regimen 7
390 mg (i.v.)
390 mg (i.v., then every 8 weeks)
Regimen 8
390 mg (i.v.)
390 mg (i.v., then every 4 weeks)
*usual dosage regimen in PMDA and EMA, ** usual dosage regimen in FDA We examined the necessity of intravenous administration using three different regimens (Table 2). Patients who received
Regimen 1 as the usual dosage regimen for IBD were given UST at a dose of 390mg as an intravenous administration,
followed by 90mg 8 weeks later as a subcutaneous administration. Then, 12 weeks after that, a maintenance dose of 90mg
every 12 weeks administered subcutaneously was begun. For Regimen 2, patients were given 90mg at 0, 8, and 20 weeks,
and then every 12 weeks subcutaneously. For Regimen 3 which is the usual dosage regimen for PS, patients were given
45mg at 0, 4, and 16 weeks, and then every 12 weeks subcutaneously. Page 6/16 Page 6/16 Next, we simulated the therapeutic effect when the dose interval of subcutaneous administration was set to every 12 weeks
(Regimen 1), 8 weeks (Regimen 4), or 4 weeks (Regimen 5) in maintenance therapy, and then examined the dose interval of
UST (Table 3). We also simulated the therapeutic effect when UST was administered intravenously with each dose interval
(Regimens 6, 7, 8), and then examined the effect of the administration route in the maintenance therapy (Table 3). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis The sequential changes of serum UST concentration (µg/ml) after repeated administration were predicted based on the PK
parameters shown in Table 1 (Fig. 2). Goodness-of-fit plots for the PK model are shown in Fig. 3. The relationship between
predicted values and observed values [11, 16] was well matched. Therefore, it was suggested that the sequential changes of
serum UST concentration were represented by the PK parameters used in this analysis. The sequential changes in therapeutic effect following repeated administrations of UST are shown in Fig. 4. The estimated
parameters are presented in Table 4. The results showed that the estimated IC50, KUST, and Kelsefor CD were 5.21 times, 160
times, and 93.6 times higher than those for UC, respectively. The KUST/Kelse ratios were 14.7 for CD and 8.64 for UC, and the
value was greater than 1 for both diseases. Goodness-of-fit plots are shown in Fig. 5. The predicted values and observed
values were well matched. The results of 12-fold cross-validation are shown in Fig. 6. Since the predicted values were in
good agreement with the observed values, it was considered to show the validity of generalization. These results suggest
that this PK/PD model is useful for determining the therapeutic effect of UST for IBD. Table 4
The estimated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for UST
Parameters
Definition
Estimated value (± S.E.)
Unit
CD
UC
keo
Effect-compartment equilibrium rate constant
0.0183 (±
0.0010)
0.00563 (±
0.00056)
day−
1
IC50
Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
0.122 (±
0.005)
0.0234 (±
0.0036)
µM
KUST
Inflammation rate constant suppressed based on the action of
ustekinumab
99.6 (± 2.6)
0.624 (±
0.030)
day−
1
Kelse
Inflammation rate constant caused by factors not affected by
the action of ustekinumab
6.76 (±
0.59)
0.0722 (±
0.0107)
day−
1
kr
Inflammation remitting rate constant
0.494 (±
0.011)
0.139 (±
0.006)
day−
1
KUST/Kelse
Ratio of KUSTand Kelse
14.7
8.64
Simulation of therapeutic effect
The sequential changes of CDAI and partial Mayo score following repeated administrations of UST at different dosage
regimens (Regimens 1, 2, 3) were predicted based on the PK/PD parameters (Fig. 7). In CD patients, the minimum values
(Emin) of CDAI until Day 112 were 113 (Regimen 1), 168 (Regimen 2), and 185 (Regimen 3). In UC patients, the Emin of partial
Mayo score were 1.75 (Regimen 1), 2.88 (Regimen 2), and 3.53 (Regimen 3). Table 4 Discussion In the present study, for evaluating the implications for efficacy of the different dosage regimens of UST for IBD, we
constructed a PK/PD model, and simulated the sequential changes of therapeutic effect following various dosage regimens. The predicted sequential changes of serum UST concentration, CDAI, and partial Mayo score after repeated administration
of UST using the PK/PD model were in good agreement with the observed values (Figs. 2–5). Furthermore, the results of
cross-validation revealed the validity of the model generalization (Fig. 6). Therefore, it is suggested that the PK/PD model is
capable of predicting sequential changes in CDAI and partial Mayo score following administration of UST. The data on the sequential changes of therapeutic effect after administration of UST was also reported in the induction
treatment trials conducted prior to the maintenance treatment trials [7, 11]. However, in the induction treatment trials, there
was less data that measured therapeutic effect at 0, 3, 6, and 8 weeks after a single intravenous administration than at 13
time points from 0 to 52 weeks in the maintenance treatment trials. Therefore, in the present study, the sequential changes
of therapeutic effect were extracted from the maintenance treatment trials. The estimated KUST and Kelse values for CD were approximately 160 and 93.6 times greater, respectively, than those for UC. It
was considered that PD parameters are affected by the scale of therapeutic effect, as the scale of CDAI was greater than
that of the partial Mayo score. To evaluate the contributions of the activities of UST to the partial Mayo score and CDAI, we
calculated the KUST/Kelse ratios, which were 14.7 for CD and 8.64 for UC patients, thus the inflammation suppressed by the
action of UST was greater than that caused by factors not affected by the action of UST in the patients in this analysis. However, the patients participating in the maintenance treatment trials were those who obtained the therapeutic effect of
UST in the induction treatment trials, thus if the patients who did not obtain the therapeutic effect after the induction
treatment trials were included in this analysis, KUST/Kelse ratios might have been smaller. Therefore, in the present study,
there is a limitation that the estimated PD parameters are values for patients who obtained the therapeutic effect after the
induction therapy. The validity of the initial intravenous administration of UST for IBD was evaluated (Fig. 7). Simulation of therapeutic effect First, regarding the dose interval for subcutaneous administration,
in CD patients, the ranges between the minimum and maximum values (Erange) of CDAI from day 224 to day 364 were 167–
184 (Regimen 1), 156–167 (Regimen 4), and 129–132 (Regimen 5). In UC patients, the Erange of partial Mayo scores were
2.01–2.18 (Regimen 1), 1.83–1.91 (Regimen 4), and 1.42–1.50 (Regimen 5). Next, regarding the administration route in the
maintenance therapy, in CD patients, the Erange were 90–125 (Regimen 6), 75–94 (Regimen 7), and 54–58 (Regimen 8). In
UC patients, the Erange were 1.17–1.26 (Regimen 6), 1.01–1.12 (Regimen 7), and 0.76–0.83 (Regimen 8). Simulation of therapeutic effect The sequential changes of CDAI and partial Mayo score following repeated administrations of UST at different dosage
regimens (Regimens 1, 2, 3) were predicted based on the PK/PD parameters (Fig. 7). In CD patients, the minimum values
(Emin) of CDAI until Day 112 were 113 (Regimen 1), 168 (Regimen 2), and 185 (Regimen 3). In UC patients, the Emin of partial
Mayo score were 1.75 (Regimen 1), 2.88 (Regimen 2), and 3.53 (Regimen 3). Page 7/16 Page 7/16 The sequential changes of CDAI and partial Mayo score following repeated administrations of UST at the different dosage
regimens (Regimens 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) were predicted (Fig. 8). First, regarding the dose interval for subcutaneous administration,
in CD patients, the ranges between the minimum and maximum values (Erange) of CDAI from day 224 to day 364 were 167–
184 (Regimen 1), 156–167 (Regimen 4), and 129–132 (Regimen 5). In UC patients, the Erange of partial Mayo scores were
2.01–2.18 (Regimen 1), 1.83–1.91 (Regimen 4), and 1.42–1.50 (Regimen 5). Next, regarding the administration route in the
maintenance therapy, in CD patients, the Erange were 90–125 (Regimen 6), 75–94 (Regimen 7), and 54–58 (Regimen 8). In
UC patients, the Erange were 1.17–1.26 (Regimen 6), 1.01–1.12 (Regimen 7), and 0.76–0.83 (Regimen 8). The sequential changes of CDAI and partial Mayo score following repeated administrations of UST at the different dosage
regimens (Regimens 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) were predicted (Fig. 8). First, regarding the dose interval for subcutaneous administration,
in CD patients, the ranges between the minimum and maximum values (Erange) of CDAI from day 224 to day 364 were 167–
184 (Regimen 1), 156–167 (Regimen 4), and 129–132 (Regimen 5). In UC patients, the Erange of partial Mayo scores were
2.01–2.18 (Regimen 1), 1.83–1.91 (Regimen 4), and 1.42–1.50 (Regimen 5). Next, regarding the administration route in the
maintenance therapy, in CD patients, the Erange were 90–125 (Regimen 6), 75–94 (Regimen 7), and 54–58 (Regimen 8). In
UC patients, the Erange were 1.17–1.26 (Regimen 6), 1.01–1.12 (Regimen 7), and 0.76–0.83 (Regimen 8). The sequential changes of CDAI and partial Mayo score following repeated administrations of UST at the different dosage
regimens (Regimens 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) were predicted (Fig. 8). Discussion The Emin of CDAI and partial
Mayo score was the smallest in Regimen 1, and clinical remission was obtained only in Regimen 1 for both diseases. Therefore, it was shown by the model-informed approach that the initial intravenous administration is important for UST
instead of the initial subcutaneous administration, such as in Regimen 2 or Regimen 3, in order to induce remission. Our
results are considered reasonable, as the clinical trials found that the clinical response rate and the remission rate of
inflammation markers after initial intravenous administration of UST at 4.5mg/kg were superior to those after initial
subcutaneous administration at 90mg [18, 19]. The different dose intervals and administration routes (Regimens 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) were evaluated (Fig. 8). The results showed
that Regimen 4 remained at a slightly lower value than Regimen 1, though there was almost no difference in the fluctuation
range of CDAI (Regimen 1: 17, Regimen 4: 11) and partial Mayo score (Regimen 1: 0.17, Regimen 4: 0.08), and a stable
therapeutic effect was obtained. The dose interval for subcutaneous administration in the maintenance therapy has been
recommended at every 12 weeks (Regimen 1) in PMDA and EMA [8, 9], while the FDA recommends every 8 weeks (Regimen The different dose intervals and administration routes (Regimens 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) were evaluated (Fig. 8). The results showed
that Regimen 4 remained at a slightly lower value than Regimen 1, though there was almost no difference in the fluctuation
range of CDAI (Regimen 1: 17, Regimen 4: 11) and partial Mayo score (Regimen 1: 0.17, Regimen 4: 0.08), and a stable
therapeutic effect was obtained. The dose interval for subcutaneous administration in the maintenance therapy has been
recommended at every 12 weeks (Regimen 1) in PMDA and EMA [8, 9], while the FDA recommends every 8 weeks (Regimen Page 8/16 Page 8/16 Page 8/16 4) [10]. In CD patients, previous studies showed that the remission rate at Week 44 tended to be slightly lower in Regimen 4
than in Regimen 1 (48.8% and 53.1%, respectively), though a clear difference was not found [6, 18]. In addition, in UC
patients of the maintenance treatment trial, it was reported that the clinical remission rate at Week 44 was similar between
Regimen 1 and Regimen 4 [7, 20]. Discussion On the other hand, the predicted value of Regimen 5 was lower than of Regimen 1 and 4. Some real-word studies have reported the experience with ustekinumab intensification from 90mg q8W to q4W and even to
q3W [21–25]. Recently, the University of Chicago group reported the effectiveness of ustekinumab dose interval shortening
from 90mg q8W to q4W in 51 patients with a Harvey–Bradshaw score > 4 [26]. They showed that dose escalation resulted in
improvement in clinical indices of disease activity. There are important points to consider with regard to the present findings
that the safety of q4W was not examined in this study, thus further study is needed. The sequential changes of CDAI and partial Mayo score were lower in intravenous administration than in subcutaneous
administration (Fig. 8). It has been reported that the re-induction with intravenous administration after secondary loss of
response is considered an important rescue treatment option in patients with refractory CD [27, 28]. Therefore, it was
suggested that intravenous administration will present a higher therapeutic effect than subcutaneous administration during
the maintenance therapy. However, as far as we know, there is no study reporting the actual efficacy and safety of repeated
intravenous administration of UST for IBD during the maintenance therapy, thus it is necessary to examine the efficacy and
safety of repeated intravenous administration. The amount of the initial intravenous administration of UST for IBD was also evaluated (Supplementary Table 1,
Supplementary Fig. 1). The Emin of CDAI and partial Mayo score in each dosage regimen are shown in Supplementary
Table 2. The Emin was the smallest in 6mg/kg, and clinical remission was obtained only in 6mg/kg and 3mg/kg for CD and
6mg/kg for UC. Therefore, it was shown that the dose of 6mg/kg is important for the induction of remission after the initial
intravenous administration. Our results are considered reasonable because of the results of the following clinical trials. In
CD patients, the clinical response rate at Week 6 was compared among the 1mg/kg group, 3mg/kg group, and 6mg/kg
group of initial intravenous administration [18, 29]. The results were 23.5% (31/132 patients) in the placebo group, 36.6%
(48/131 patients) in the 1mg/kg group, 34.1% (45/132 patients) in the 3mg/kg group, and 39.7% (52/131 cases) in the
6mg/kg group [18, 29]. Compliance with Ethical Standards Compliance with Ethical Standards Discussion Furthermore, in a phase III clinical trial comparing the secondary endpoint of therapeutic effect rate
at Week 8 between the 6mg/kg group and the 130mg (2mg/kg at 65kg) group for UC patients, the results were 61.8%
(199/322 patients) in the 6mg/kg group and 51.3% (164/320 patients) in the 130mg group [7]. In conclusion, his study showed that the presented PK/PD model is capable of predicting sequential changes of therapeutic
effect of UST for IBD, and the implications for efficacy of the different dosage regimens could be evaluated by simulation
with various dosage regimens. These findings are useful for model-informed precision dosing of individual IBD patients by
predicting the serum UST concentration and therapeutic effect in individual patients [30]. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest KK has no competing interests to declare. AY received personal fees from Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma and Janssen
Pharmaceutical K.K.. All data analysed during this study are available in the published reports [11,16]. All data analysed during this study are available in the published reports [11,16]. References Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, Jacobstein D, Lang Y, Friedman JR, Blank MA, Johanns J, Gao LL, Miao Y,
Adedokun OJ, Sands BE, Hanauer SB, Vermeire S, Targan S, Ghosh S, de Villiers WJ, Colombel JF, Tulassay Z, Seidler U,
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Agency (PMDA).https://www.pmda.go.jp/drugs/2020/P20200402004/index.html.Accessed 17 May 2022 17. Turner D, Ricciuto A, Lewis A, D'Amico F, Dhaliwal J, Griffiths AM, Bettenworth D, Sandborn WJ, Sands BE, Reinisch W,
Scholmerich J, Bemelman W, Danese S, Mary JY, Rubin D, Colombel JF, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Dotan I, Abreu MT, Dignass A,
International Organization for the Study of IBD (2021) STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in 17. Figures Figures Figure 1 Figure 1
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for determining the anti‐inflammatory effect of ustekinumab. ka, absorption
rate constant of subcutaneous administration; k10, elimination rate constant from central compartment; k12 and k21,
intercompartmental rate constants between central compartment and peripheral compartment; k1e, rate constant for
transition from central compartment to effect-compartment; keo, elimination rate constant from effect-compartment; IC50,
half-maximal inhibitory concentration; KUST, inflammation rate constant suppressed based on the action of ustekinumab;
Kelse, inflammation rate constant caused by factors not affected by the action of ustekinumab; kr, inflammation remitting
rate constant References Ma C, Fedorak RN, Kaplan GG, Dieleman LA, Devlin SM, Stern N, Kroeker KI, Seow CH, Leung Y, Novak KL, Halloran BP,
Huang VW, Wong K, Blustein PK, Ghosh S, Panaccione R (2017) Clinical, endoscopic and radiographic outcomes with
ustekinumab in medically-refractory Crohn's disease: real world experience from a multicentre cohort. Aliment
Pharmacol Ther 45 (9):1232-1243.https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14016 24. Ma C, Fedorak RN, Kaplan GG, Dieleman LA, Devlin SM, Stern N, Kroeker KI, Seow CH, Leung Y, Novak KL, Halloran BP,
Huang VW, Wong K, Blustein PK, Ghosh S, Panaccione R (2017) Clinical, endoscopic and radiographic outcomes with
ustekinumab in medically-refractory Crohn's disease: real world experience from a multicentre cohort. Aliment
Pharmacol Ther 45 (9):1232-1243.https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14016 25. Wils P, Bouhnik Y, Michetti P, Flourie B, Brixi H, Bourrier A, Allez M, Duclos B, Serrero M, Buisson A, Amiot A, Fumery M,
Roblin X, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Filippi J, Bouguen G, Abitbol V, Coffin B, Simon M, Laharie D, Pariente B, Groupe d'Etude
Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube D (2018) Long-term efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in 122
refractory Crohn's disease patients: a multicentre experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 47 (5):588-
595.https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14487 25. Wils P, Bouhnik Y, Michetti P, Flourie B, Brixi H, Bourrier A, Allez M, Duclos B, Serrero M, Buisson A, Amiot A, Fumery M,
Roblin X, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Filippi J, Bouguen G, Abitbol V, Coffin B, Simon M, Laharie D, Pariente B, Groupe d'Etude
Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube D (2018) Long-term efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in 122
refractory Crohn's disease patients: a multicentre experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 47 (5):588-
595.https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14487 Page 11/16 Page 11/16 26. Ollech JE, Normatov I, Peleg N, Wang J, Patel SA, Rai V, Yi Y, Singer J, Dalal SR, Sakuraba A, Cohen RD, Rubin DT, Pekow
J (2021) Effectiveness of Ustekinumab Dose Escalation in Patients With Crohn's Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 19
(1):104-110.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.02.035 27. Bennett A, Evers Carlini L, Duley C, Garrett A, Annis K, Wagnon J, Dalal R, Scoville E, Beaulieu D, Schwartz D, Horst S
(2020) A Single Center Experience With Long-Term Ustekinumab Use and Reinduction in Patients With Refractory Crohn
Disease. Crohns Colitis 360 2 (1):otaa013.https://doi.org/10.1093/crocol/otaa013 27. Bennett A, Evers Carlini L, Duley C, Garrett A, Annis K, Wagnon J, Dalal R, Scoville E, Beaulieu D, Schwartz D, Horst S
(2020) A Single Center Experience With Long-Term Ustekinumab Use and Reinduction in Patients With Refractory Crohn
Disease. References Crohns Colitis 360 2 (1):otaa013.https://doi.org/10.1093/crocol/otaa013 28. Ten Bokkel Huinink S, Biemans V, Duijvestein M, Pierik M, Hoentjen F, West RL, van der Woude CJ, de Vries AC (2021) Re-
induction with intravenous Ustekinumab after secondary loss of response is a valid optimization strategy in Crohn's
disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 33:e783-e788.https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000002256 28. Ten Bokkel Huinink S, Biemans V, Duijvestein M, Pierik M, Hoentjen F, West RL, van der Woude CJ, de Vries AC (2021) Re-
induction with intravenous Ustekinumab after secondary loss of response is a valid optimization strategy in Crohn's
disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 33:e783-e788.https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000002256 29. Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, Gao LL, Blank MA, Johanns J, Guzzo C, Sands BE, Hanauer SB, Targan S, Rutgeerts P, Ghosh S,
de Villiers WJ, Panaccione R, Greenberg G, Schreiber S, Lichtiger S, Feagan BG, Group CS (2012) Ustekinumab induction
and maintenance therapy in refractory Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 367 (16):1519-
1528.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203572 29. Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, Gao LL, Blank MA, Johanns J, Guzzo C, Sands BE, Hanauer SB, Targan S, Rutgeerts P, Ghosh S,
de Villiers WJ, Panaccione R, Greenberg G, Schreiber S, Lichtiger S, Feagan BG, Group CS (2012) Ustekinumab induction
and maintenance therapy in refractory Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 367 (16):1519-
1528.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203572 30. Kimura K, Yoshida A, Katagiri F, Takayanagi R, Yamada Y (2020) Prediction of treatment failure during infliximab
induction therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling. Eur J Pharm Sci 150:105317.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105317 30. Kimura K, Yoshida A, Katagiri F, Takayanagi R, Yamada Y (2020) Prediction of treatment failure during infliximab
induction therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling. Eur J Pharm Sci 150:105317.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105317 Figure 1 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for determining the anti‐inflammatory effect of ustekinumab. ka, absorption
rate constant of subcutaneous administration; k10, elimination rate constant from central compartment; k12 and k21,
intercompartmental rate constants between central compartment and peripheral compartment; k1e, rate constant for
transition from central compartment to effect-compartment; keo, elimination rate constant from effect-compartment; IC50,
half-maximal inhibitory concentration; KUST, inflammation rate constant suppressed based on the action of ustekinumab;
Kelse, inflammation rate constant caused by factors not affected by the action of ustekinumab; kr, inflammation remitting
rate constant Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for determining the anti‐inflammatory effect of ustekinumab. ka, absorption
rate constant of subcutaneous administration; k10, elimination rate constant from central compartment; k12 and k21,
intercompartmental rate constants between central compartment and peripheral compartment; k1e, rate constant for
transition from central compartment to effect-compartment; keo, elimination rate constant from effect-compartment; IC50,
half-maximal inhibitory concentration; KUST, inflammation rate constant suppressed based on the action of ustekinumab;
Kelse, inflammation rate constant caused by factors not affected by the action of ustekinumab; kr, inflammation remitting
rate constant Page 12/16 Page 12/16 Figure 2
Prediction of serum ustekinumab concentration following repeated administrations at examined doses and intervals. (a)
Patients with Crohn’s disease. (b) Patients with ulcerative colitis. Blue, red, and green lines show serum ustekinumab
concentrations with group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Symbols show observed values with each regimen [11,16] Figure 2 Figure 2 Prediction of serum ustekinumab concentration following repeated administrations at examined doses and intervals. (a)
Patients with Crohn’s disease. (b) Patients with ulcerative colitis. Blue, red, and green lines show serum ustekinumab
concentrations with group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Symbols show observed values with each regimen [11,16] Prediction of serum ustekinumab concentration following repeated administrations at examined doses and intervals. (a)
Patients with Crohn’s disease. (b) Patients with ulcerative colitis. Blue, red, and green lines show serum ustekinumab
concentrations with group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Symbols show observed values with each regimen [11,16] Page 13/16
Figure 3 Figure 3 Goodness-of-fit plots for the pharmacokinetic model. (a) Patients with Crohn’s disease. (b) Patients with ulcerative colitis. Error: (observed value) - (predicted value) Figure 4
Sequential changes in therapeutic effect following repeated administrations of ustekinumab. (a) Patients with Crohn’s
disease. (b) Patients with ulcerative colitis. Blue, red, and green lines show serum ustekinumab concentrations with group 1,
2 and 3, respectively. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Lines are the line fit to the data. Figure 4 Figure 4 Sequential changes in therapeutic effect following repeated administrations of ustekinumab. (a) Patients with Crohn’s
disease. (b) Patients with ulcerative colitis. Blue, red, and green lines show serum ustekinumab concentrations with group 1,
2 and 3, respectively. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Lines are the line fit to the data. Sequential changes in therapeutic effect following repeated administrations of ustekinumab. (a) Patients with Crohn’s
disease. (b) Patients with ulcerative colitis. Blue, red, and green lines show serum ustekinumab concentrations with group 1,
2 and 3, respectively. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Lines are the line fit to the data. Page 14/16
Figure 5 Figure 5 Goodness-of-fit plots for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model. (a) Patients with Crohn’s disease. (b) Patients
with ulcerative colitis. Error: (observed value) - (predicted value) Figure 6
12‐fold cross validation for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model. (a) Patients with Crohn’s disease. (b) Patients
with ulcerative colitis. Closed symbols show observed values. Open symbols show predicted values. Blue symbols show
group 1. Red symbols show group 2. Green symbols show group 3. Error: (observed values)–(predicted values) Figure 8 Prediction of relationship between therapeutic effect and time after repeated administration for examining the dose interval
and administration route in maintenance therapy for patients with (a) Crohn’s disease and (b) ulcerative colitis. Dash line:
decrease in CDAI score of 70 points. Dash-dot line: CDAI score of 150 points or partial Mayo score of 2 points Prediction of relationship between therapeutic effect and time after repeated administration for examining the dose interval
and administration route in maintenance therapy for patients with (a) Crohn’s disease and (b) ulcerative colitis. Dash line:
decrease in CDAI score of 70 points. Dash-dot line: CDAI score of 150 points or partial Mayo score of 2 points Figure 6 12‐fold cross validation for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model. (a) Patients with Crohn’s disease. (b) Patients
with ulcerative colitis. Closed symbols show observed values. Open symbols show predicted values. Blue symbols show
group 1. Red symbols show group 2. Green symbols show group 3. Error: (observed values)–(predicted values) Page 15/16 Figure 7
Prediction of relationship between therapeutic effect and time after repeated administration for examining the dosage
regimen in induction phase for patients with (a) Crohn’s disease and (b) ulcerative colitis. Dash line: decrease in CDAI score
of 70 points. Dash-dot line: CDAI score of 150 points or partial Mayo score of 2 points Figure 7 Prediction of relationship between therapeutic effect and time after repeated administration for examining the dosage
regimen in induction phase for patients with (a) Crohn’s disease and (b) ulcerative colitis. Dash line: decrease in CDAI score
of 70 points. Dash-dot line: CDAI score of 150 points or partial Mayo score of 2 points Figure 8
Prediction of relationship between therapeutic effect and time after repeated administration for examining the dose interval
and administration route in maintenance therapy for patients with (a) Crohn’s disease and (b) ulcerative colitis. Dash line:
decrease in CDAI score of 70 points. Dash-dot line: CDAI score of 150 points or partial Mayo score of 2 points Onlineresource.pdf Supplementary Files This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download. Onlineresource.pdf Page 16/16 Page 16/16
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Orectogyrus interstitialis
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https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orectogyrus interstitialis&action=history
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Dutch
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Spoken
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Orectogyrus interstitialis is een keversoort uit de familie van schrijvertjes (Gyrinidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1938 door Ochs.
Schrijvertjes
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bub_gb_gZQD1XvVpRUC_5
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Italian-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Opere Postume
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Vittorio Alfieri
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Or si tu dunque, di buoni e generosi d'essere prima. Fatti pur gli hai pessimi tu, a quale pena confesserai d'averti ? BACCO. La morte. Per certe cose vano è il domandarlo a lui. ESCHILO. Osserva ora quali i cittadini da prima ei ricevesse di mia mano; se prodighi, e cubitali, e sottentrare volenti a ogni pubblico incarico; e non di liti amatori né subdoli quali sono, né codoli: e se fossero anelanti altro, ch'elmi, aste, e scuri, e morloni, e stinchi lisci, e cimieri bianchi ondivaghi, e in settemplice cuoio indurato alma. EURIPO. La mia comincia a infamarsi male, mal davvero. BACCO. Ammazzermi elmettizzando. EURIPIDE. Or dimmi, con qual mezzo generavi in essi la valentìa si feroce ? BACCO. Eschilo, parlo ma senza furia e orgoglio. E SCHILO. Empiendo zeppa di Marzialismo una tragedia mia. EURIPIDE. Qual tragedia ? ESCHILO. I miei Prodi Sette a Tebe, cui niuno udì senza avvampare di Marte. BACCO. E in ciò, mal festi; che i Tebani a guerra provocasti più audaci; onde picchiato esser dei tu. ESCHILO. Ma libero a voi pure era il valere nell'armi; e noi voleste. Io poi, svolgendo i miei Persiani in scena, forse che a voi non instillavo in petto desiderio di vincere i nemici ? Un'opera classica, parmi, io vi proffersi. BACCO. E quale gioia io sentii nell'udire Dario estinto! E il Coro poi, tosto battendo a palma si diffondeva il su: "Iù, Iù". ESCHILO. Questi sono tempi, Che ai Poeti si addicono. Considera, Dal principio dell’arte, quei più illustri Poeti, quanto altrui giovaro. Orfeo Primo cantava i sacri riti, e l’uomo Dal sangue sparger distoglile: Ilimedje Poi ai morbi insegnavaci Museo, E stillava vaticini: Agricola Il dotto Esiodo quindi, e i tempi e il modo Del seminare e del raccoglier frutti: Omero poi, divino, onde cotanto Onore merce e gloria? Utile maestro Di schierar genti, e di guerresco ardire, E di virile risuonare nell’arma. BACCO. E si pur non potevo quell’ alto maestro Addottrinarci il bufalo Pantalione; Quei, che ora diavolo guidando in pompa magnifica Un convoglio, legge sul capaccio L’elmetto prima; dapo si ricordò Che sovrapporre vi si doveva il cimiero. ESCHILO. Ma Omero addottrinò molti altri prodi, Fra cui Lacedemo eroe. Da Omero esempli Molti, e virtù, anch’io cavai: Patroclo, Timoleone, e Teucrati, eccitatori Di ciascun nostro cittadino, che a quelli Pareggiarsi arde al trombettiere di guerra. Nè Fedro oscena io mai, nè Stenobee Fabbricare io; nè mai, ch’io riacquesi sovvenire Carmi vergati d’innamorata donna. EURIPIDE. Ben io l’credo, poiché Venere nessuna Era in te mai. ESCHILO. Nè la desidero: ben teco, E co’ tuoi pari, ogni volta Venere tutta Si stassi; e in fondo, ove ti ha tratto, inchiodati. BACCO. E’ è così, per Giove; che di quante Nelle altrui donne impudicizie hai finto. Tutte poi in te stesso esperte le hai. EURIPIDE. Stolido: e in che le Stenobee mie Nocque alla città? ESCHILO. Perché traevi. Col triste esempio loro, libere mogli Di liberi mariti al triste nappo Della cicuta, ad arrossir costrette Per i tuoi Belierofonti, Altro che il vero Nella mia Fedra poetavo io forse? ISCHILO. Ritorna l’hai dal vivo. Ma il poeta De’ ciò eh’ è reo, velar; non mai produrlo Ispattellato in scena. A un modo stesso Ai putti il pedagogo, ed agli adulti Insegnatore fassi il poeta: e sempre L’utili cose noi instillare dobbiamo. EURIPIDE. Quando tu a noi favoleggiando vai Dei Licabéti e del doppio Parnasio, Utili cose insegni tu? Gli umani Costumi, parmi, sviscerar meglio era. ESCHILO. Ma ’gli è forza, o demonio, ai gran pensieri, Agli alti sensi, pareggiare il conio Delle parole. Aggiungi, che agli Eroi Tale di voci splendor meglio si adatta. Siccome anco di vesti oltre il nostro uso Brillare vediamo. Io’l rito alto fondava, E insudiciasti tu. EURIPIDE. Dicasi il come. ESCHILO. Col vestire i tuoi Re di cenci in prima, Perché pareggia miseri alla gente. EURIPIDE. E in ciò nocqui ? a chi mai ? come ? ESCHILO. Per questo Niuno ricco ormai triremi a proprie spese Vuol armar; ma ravvolto in cenci Ciascun mugola e fassi poverello. BACCO. Sì, per Cerere: e a carne poi si vestono Fine lane; e la farsa del pitocco Tosto ch’li ha recitata, li vedresti Scendendo in pescheria far ghiotte compre. ESCHILO. Garruli inoltre li educasti, e arguti; Quindi vuoti i ginnasi, e logorate Dei giovani le natiche, paganti Di se la scuola delle fanfarole; Quindi saccenni i marinar per fino, Ai lor padroni uscirono risponditori : Quei marinai, che, vivo me, null’altro Sapevano gridare, fuorché Focaccia, ed Issa. BACCO. Sì, davvero; e scagliare anche di sotto Un qualche fiatarello scoppiettante Sul muso di chi remiga più basso; E sconcacare il commensale ; e a terra Digitized by Google ATTO QUARTO. a65 Sbarcati, un qualche galantuom spogliare. Or non remigan più ; chiacqhieran si , Nè navigan quà e là. ESCHILO. Nè v’è birbata, Di ch’ei non sia cagione. Ei non è forse Quei, che i mezzani in palco ci sciorina? E le partorienti anco ne* templi? E le donne giacenti co’ fratelli? E le Sputasentenze , che c’insegnano. Non esser vita il vivere, ma morte ? Per lui pur anco è la città poi zeppa Di Scribi, di Buffoni, di Furfanti Plebei, scimiotti ingannator del volgo Perpetui: mentre ne’Panatenéi Niuno più ornai , per l’ essersi divezzi , Saprebbe in man portar bene il torcetto. BACCO. Non ve n’ha un, per Giove: ed a tal segno. Ch’io dalle risa v’ebbi a scoppiar quasi Vedendo un di costoro, obéso, pallido. Curvo, gran tratto rimastosi addietro, Correr pure anfanando per raggiungere La Procession Panatenaica ; e quindi Giunto al Ceràmico , quei eh’ ivi stavansi Su’lor usci, gli andavan bezzicando Digìtìzed by Google aó6 LE RANE. Chi la pancia , chi i lombi , chi le mele; Ed ei dalle palmate pizzicato. Fuggiva a torchio spento scoreggiando. SCENA SECONDA. CORO, (a) Alto frangente, veemente lotta , Guerra sovrasta grave. Indi fia scabro Il dar sentenza, allor che l’un darassi Ad investir con forza, a scivolarsela L’altro e ribatter dottamente. Or dunque. Cangiate un po’ gli attacchi: elle sono molte Le sofistiche vie. Fate un po’ mostra Di quante avete o siano novelle o antiche Materie di contesa: discutete, Svelate, osate in dir saputo e lieve Arguti sensi esporre. Ove temiate Poi, che ignoranza crassa non sopraggiunga Degli uditori gli orecchi, si che al vostro dire sottile appaia burlo; Confidate; che ora ciò non è: (a) Intermedio, posizione al Sopraceto i Disputanti. Digitized by Google ATTO QUARTO.* Adottate e usiate; svolgete Ciascun già sul suo libro; alzata grande È in lor d’ingegno, e aguzzasi ogni giorno più. Non dubitate or dunque; anzi a minuto Aprite ad essi come a dotti il tutto. ATTO QUINTO. M SCENA PRIMA: EURIPIDE, BACCO, ESCHILO. EURIPIDE. A scrutinare tuoi prologhi or men vengo. Prima parte del Dramma, essi den primo Presentarsi al mio esame: che oscuroetto Questo dotto poeta esser solito Nell’esporre il soggetto. BACCO. E quale suo prologo A esame or citerai ? EURIPIDE. Caterva magna. (a) In questa divisione di Atti ho seguito l’Edizione del Burmanno accennata, di Leida 1760. Altre li dividono altrimenti; né v’è ragione migliore per seguirla o l’altra divisione. Quasi tutti i Drammi antichi male si possono dividere in cinque Atti. Questo massimamente, in cui due soli sono gli Atti veri: il primo sino all’arrivo di Bacco a Casa Pietro, e il secondo da indi in giù. Digitized by Google ATTO QUINTO. ù 6 9 A recitare m’hai primo quel di Oreste. BACCO. Silenzio; nessuno zittisca. Eschilo, ora parla; ESCHILO. » Sotterraneo Mercurio, o tu che vegli » Sovra il paterno impero, a rne deh sii » Salvator, (ch’io t’invoco) e in un compagno » D’armi . Ecco vengo in questa terra , e torno »... BACCO. V’avresti tu che apporre a cotai versi? EURIPIDE. Più di dodici cose io v’apporrei. BACCO. Ma i versi pur non sono se non tre. EURIPIDE. Ma in ciascun verso havvi buaggin venti. BACCO. Eschilo, ornai ti esorto a non dir oltre: Che s’ altri aggiungi a quei tre giambi, addosso Ti trarrai gran buàggini. ESCHILO. Al cospetto Di costui , tacerai’ io ? BACCO. Se in me pur fidi. EURIPIDE. A bella prima , un vero madornale Digìtized by Google » 7 <> Strafalcione.... LE RANE. ESCHILO. Canzoni? BACCO. Io me la rido. ESCHILO. Orsù; qual è questo error mio? EURIPIDE. Quel tuo prologo. Da capo ESCHILO. n Ermete sotterraneo , » O tu, che vegli sul paterno impero ».... EURIPIDE. Ma Oreste, or non parla egli in su la tomba Del morto padre ? ESCHILO. Cosi è. EURIPIDE. Die’ egli Dunque , che il di che trucidato cadde DalFingannevol moglie il di lui padre, Questo Mercurio tuo su lui vegliasse? ESCHILO. Ma no’ il Mercurio Gabbamondo or viene Invocato da Oreste ; è il Fasservizi ; E sotterraneo il chiama, dichiarando ATTO QUINTO. «71 Con tal nome il suo ufficio a lui commesso Dal proprio padre suo ; quindi ei v’ aggiunga , Paterno. EURIPIDE. Or la buaggine, più grossa Ch’ io non la mi volessi , esser la fai : Che se il paterno ufficio il fa nomarsi Sotterraneo.... BACCO. L’avrebbfe eletto il padre Di Beccamorto al grado. ESCH ILO. Eh , Bacco mio » Il tuo vino mi sa di pisciarello. B ACCO. Digli , su dunque , il seguito del prologo, E tu, fagli le chiose. ES CHILO. » E Salvatore, » E socio d’armi, or deh mi sii; te invoco. » Ecco men vengo in questa terra , e torno »,... EURIPIDE. La cosa stessa il dotto Escbilo dice Un par di volte. • BACCO. E come, un par di volte? EURIPIDE. Bada ai tuoi detti , e peserotteli io. Digitized by Google LE RANE. * 7 » Ei dice: » In questa terra io vengo, e torno: » Il venire e il tornare , or non son uno? ' BACCO. Sì , per Giove: e ’gli è come s’uom dicesse Al suo vicin: » Prestami un po’ il terzino, » O il fiaschetto , se vuoi . » ESC H ILO. Ser chiacchierino. Ella non è così: tutt’ altro io dissi. BACCO. E che dicesti? mostralo. • ESCHILO. Ad ogni uomo, Ov’egli esul non sia , lice il Venire In sua terra ; venendovi di tutte Disgrazie scevro; ma chi andonne in bando. Ci Viene e Torna. BACCO. O Apollo; a maraviglia. Hai tu che apporvi, o Euripide? EURIPIDE. Gli niego, Che ritornato in patria fosse Oreste; Ch’ei di soppiatto anzi veniavi , e contro Il voler di chi quivi il fren reggea. BACCO. Ben, davver; per Mercurio: ma per nulla Digitized by Google ATTO QUINTO. 373 Io non v’intendo pure. EURIPIDE. Altro or men recita. b icco. Eschilo, or tu, via su, recita; e trie. Va i difetti annusando. ESCII ILO. » In su la sponda » Della tomba del padre , a lui ne invio » Queste voci ch’egli oda e ascolti »... EURIPIDE. Or eccoci ; Da capo ei dice ciò che ha detto: » Voci, » Ch’egli oda e ascolti;» il ch’è appuntin lo stesso. BACCO. Sciocco che sei, non parlav’egli ai morti, Cui non fia troppo il replicar tre volte? ESCHILO. Ma, e tu, come facevi i tuoi prologhi? EURIPIDE. Dirottelo: e se a caso io mai ripeto Una cosa due volte, o se di roba Tu mi udissi imbottire il sermon mio, Scompisciemi. BACCO. Su, parla: a me si aspetta Non lo dire, bensì lo sentire come stanno retti Digitized by Google LE RANE. I versi dei tuoi prologhi. EURIPIDE. Era Edippo Un giorno da prima beato.... ESCHILO. No, per Giove, Non l’era ei, no; ma sotto infausta stella Nato: di lui, prima che venisse in luce, Prima d’essere ancora generato, aveva Predetto Apollo, ch’ei del proprio padre Stato sarebbe l’uccisore. Or, come Era egli un uomo da prima beato? EURIPIDE. Ei poi De’ mortali il più misero divenne. » ESCHILO. Nè questo è pur, per Giove, no; nè questo; Poiché ei mai non cessò da quel di prima. Come cessato avrebbe? egli, che appena Nato, nel cuore dell'inverno, in un tegghetto Era esposto alle fiere, affinché al padre Poi non togliesse un di la vita: e quindi Coi piedi gonfi in mal punto ei capitato Presso a Poliblo: e poi, nel fiore degli anni Sposato a moglie attempata, e quella Poi scoperta essergli madre: e in fine Di propria mano i propri occhi disvelatosi. Digitized by Google ATTO QUINTO. BACCO. Sia stata beato, se Prefetto Dell’armata era in un con Erasindo. EURIPIDE. Le sono matti. Ma intanto io bene li scrivo I miei prologhi. ESCHILO. Ormai non vorò star io A spiluccarti a parola a parola I versi tuoi; ma, se propizio ho i Numi, Affogherò i tuoi prologhi nell’olio D’ un’ ampolla. EURIPIDE. Tu in un'ampollina I miei versi? ESCHILO. Sì, in una, ancor piccola. Questa versaglia, che a' tuoi giambi è lieve Pellicina, e ampollina, e borsellina, Appiccicarla vi: e il mostrerò alle prove. EURIPIDE. Tu? alle prove mostrarlo? ESCHILO. Io, si; me ne vanto. BACCO. Su via, su, recitate. Digitized by Google LE RANE. EURIPIDE. Immensa fama Sparsa è, eh' Egitto con cinquanta figli Sceso in Argo. ... ESCHILO. Vi ruppe l’ampollina. BACCO. L’ampollinaorché c’entra? Ch'ei non s’abbia A ricredere pur mai? Digliene un altro De' prologhi, perché ei giudichi meglio. EURIPIDE. Bacco, di tirsi e di ferine pelli Armato, in sul Parnasso infra le faci Saltellando.... ESCHILO. Vi ruppe l’ampollina. BACCO. Ohimè! ci viene a romper di bel nuovo Questa ampollina. EURIPIDE. Ma oramai finirla Dovrà, che appiccicarla a questo prologo Non gli riesce al certo, » In ogni cosa Nullo uomo ha felice: altri, di sangue Illustre nato, di dovizie è scarso; Altri, oscuro.... Digitized by Google ATTO QUINTO. ESCHILO. Vi ruppe l’ampollina. BACCO. Euripide. EURIPIDE. Che è? BACCO. Parmi, dovresti Raccorrre le vele tu, se no affogato Sarai nell’ampollina. EURIPIDE. Non la curò, Per Cerere; e di momento tramarsela. BACCO. Su, recita altri prologhi, scansando, Se il potrai, l’ampollina. EURIPIDE. Abbandonata La Sidonia città, Cadmo da antico Prole d’Agenore.... ESCHILO. Ruppe l’ampollina. BACCO. Comprala, o galantuomo, questa ampollina, Perché la non ci rompa tutti i prologhi. EURIPIDE. Io? da costui compralla? Digitized by Google 378 LE RANE. BACCO. Se in me credi. EURIPIDE. No, certo: anzi molti altri potrò dirne, Cui l’ampollina ei non potrà ficcarla. Coi veloci destrier Pelope giunto in Pisa.... ESCHILO. L’ampolla e vi rompea. BACCO. Vedili tu? non v’ha buco, ovvero non c’entri con l’ampolla sua. Dunque, o buon Eschilo, a ogni patto a lui vendila; comprarne puoi bell’ e buona un’altra per un obolo. EURIPIDE. Lascialo far, per Giove: io n’ho tanti altri. ESCHILO. Ruppe l’ampolla. EURIPIDE. Lasciami almeno dir prima intero il verso. “Èneo dai campi un di messe ubertosa raccolta avendo, le primizie ai Numi sagrificando....” ESCHILO. Ei ruppe l’ampolla. BACCO. In mezzo al sacrificio? e chi ebbe l’olio? EURIPIDE. Lascialo dir, deh, tu. Qui me l’appiccichi. “Giove, di cui fama verace suona....” BACCO. T’entrerà in tasca anche costui; già l’odo appiccicarti, “L’ampolla e ruppe”: che ai tuoi prologhi tutti s’immerso queste sillabe sei, come s’innesta l’occhio agli occhi. Or su, per carità, su i Cori suoi tartassalo anco un poco. EURIPIDE. Facile è il mostrare ch’ei mal compone i suoi lirici Cori: un riflusso dei pensieri stessi, eterno. CORO. Udiamo, udiamo. Che n’uscirà di questa gara. Io sto sollecito pensando, qual censura si farà d’un poeta, che tanti ottimi carmi ci diede, più che poeta niuno di quanti ora ne abbiamo. Inarccherò le ciglia udendo ora qui biasmar da Euripide questo Eschilo; che si dice il Sovrano del Coturno: per lui sto in qualche angoscia. LE RANE; EURIPIDE, (a) Ottimi carmi, in vero! ora per se stessi quaisiano mostrerannosi. D’un colpo io tutti quanti mozzerò i suoi Cori. BACCO. E con queste pietruzze io segnerò loro. EURIPIDE, (ò) « Achille o tu da Ftia, poiché udisti » Tale omicida strage, or che non vieni » Allevia pena -soccorso? » L’antenato Mercurio onoriam noi » Paludicoli : or deh, perchè non vieni » Allevia pena -soccorso? BACCO. Eschilo, or hai già qui di Pene un pajo. EURIPIDE. « O de’ Greci inclitissimo, o tu figlio » D’Atreo, che impero sovra genti hai tante, » Deh mi ascolta; e mi di’ perch’ or non vieni » Allevia pena -soccorso. (a) Qui quasi tutte le Edizioni distinguono una nuova Scena: ma non si cambia altro che i metri, e rimanendo gli stessi Personaggi, conviene pur dirsi eh’ ella è una continuazione della stessa Scena, di cui invano si desidera ilfine. (£) Si ode un preludietto di flauti. Digitized by Google ATTO QUINTO. BACCO. Terza pena qui ha ’l gran Poeta. EURIPIDE. Zitti, zitti: già stan per spalancarci » I Melissanti il tempio di Diana; » Né allevia pena-soccorso » Tu vieni a me? Dei venerandi Eroi » Sta in mia man l’invocare il fausto nerbo; » Né allevia pena-soccorso » Tu vieni a me? BACCO. Possente Giove, oh quante Penì-pena! Vo’ir tuffarmi al bagno. Che la pena un bubbone figliato qui ha. EURIPIDE. Pazienza, di grazia; almeno, fintanto Ch’udito abbi quest’ altro pezzo, ad uso D’ armonia per la lira verseggiato. BACCO. Su, spicciati, e ormai smetti la pena. EURIPIDE. « Quando al trono impero degli Achivi » Spediva il fiore Flattotratto flatto -tratt -flat -tratt mandò via: » Il bellicoso astuto -mansuco augello Digitized by Google LE RANE. Al gran Flattotratto Flattotratra atte Fu dato a lacerarsi agli allacci - cani Audacemente l'etra cavalcanti Contro Flattotratra Flattotratra atte: Perché lo teneva anzi che no da Ajace Nel gran Flattotratra Flattotratra atte. BACCO. Cos'è il Flattotratra atte ? in Maratona Cresce forse egli, o là, donde baie raccolti Dal funerale i carmi? ESCHILO. E si pur io Di eleganza ho procreato, Per non parer sfiorar le sacre pratora Delle Muse con Prinico. Ma questi Il suo cantare accatta dalle molte Sgualdrinelle; e dai gelidi commenti Di Melito; e dai flauti lamentevoli Di Caria; e dal cantilena Corale. Ciò mostrerò ben tosto. Alcun ci arrecha Un po' di lira. Ma, a costui la lira? No, no. Dove è una qualche donnicciola Con nacchere di cocci scoppiettante? Vieni, o Musa Euripidica; a tal carmi Consonano solo tuo strimpellato si addice. BACCO. Non lavora di bocca alla Lesbiana Digitized by Google ATTO QUINTO: Questa Musa talvolta? no, eh, mai? ESCHILO. Alcuni, o voi, che appresso i fitti flutti Del mar canterellate, Alirrorati in rugiadose gocciole: E voi, che sotto i tetti incantucciate Vo vò vo vò volgete infra le piotole Le tese vostre amitessute fila; ) Dove il Delfino filo flauto saltella In su le prore ceruleo-rostrate; Ei vaticini, e' stadì, e la baldoria Della fiorita vite, il cui bel tralcio Cura-pacientemente. O figlio, avvicinati Con ambedue braccia al collo. Il vederti. Questo ritmo? Visto l'hai? BACCO. L'ho visto. ESCHILO. Ma per bene, BACCO. Visto l'ho. ESCHILO. Ma tu, sventura, Di costui carmi, o tu, come ti attenti Biasmare i miei? tu che le dodici arti D’una Circe modulando imiti? Digitized by Google LE RANE. E ti ben sono i versi funebri. Per giunta, A un qualche tuo monologo volo’ dare Anche una scorsa. O tenebra di notte, Qual mai da tue caligini m’ invii Fantasma infausto, di Plutone un paggio D’anima esanime inanimata, Dell’atra Notte figlio, spaventevole Nel fiero aspetto, fosco pallio avvolgente, Torvo guardo, stragi respiro, ed un lungo? Ma, su voi, la lucigna Accendetemi, ancelle; e nelle brocche Rugia da su arrecatemi dai fiumi; E l’acqua intiepiditemi, perché io La visione divina purifichi. Viva il marino Numine: è questo appunto. O compagnoni, evviva; un po’ godetevi Questi prodigi. Dileguata s’è, Dopo il Gallo furatomi, la Grica. Ninfe Alpigiane! O tu, Mania, su azzeccala. Ma, lassa me! ch’io allora forse era intenta Alle opere mie, a voi volgendomi Pieno di lino dentro alle dita il fuso, Per far, portare, e vendere poi il gomitolo In mercato a buon prezzo. Ma il Fantasma Golivo lieve aleggiare punta di piume Altovolava in aria, altovolavano, E a me dolor dolor quaggiù lasciavano. Digitized by Google ATTO QUINTO. Lacrime e lacrime giù giù dagli occhi Mandavo misera, sempre mandavo. "Ma, o voi Cretesi, figli d'Ida, agli archi data di piglio, a me recate atti; e li stevngami mossi, attorniatemi la casa. A un tempo stesso, la formosa retina Diana, e i suoi cani secondi, per ogni dove la magione investano: ma tu, di Giove nata, Ecate, scosse tue doppie fiamme, con le mani rattatime prelucimi di Glica entro le porte, perchè io quivi intromessa il furto sveli." BACCO. Cessate ormai dal recitare più carmi. ESCHILO. Io ne so' stufo anch' io. Tempo è di trarre veramente codesto: sol essa del poetare d'ogniuno di noi far saggio, sicuro può, pesando ogni parola. BACCO. Venite ormai qui, poiché è pur forza il farlo, affinché io dei poeti l'arte pesi a uso casco in lance. ESCHILO. Accorti, i dotti. Ecco, in verità piena di sussurri, un nuovo mostro. Qual, chi altri mai sarebbe stato inventato! LE RANE. Io, per Giove, s'usa detto a me l'avesse, di quei del volgo, io dandogli di pazzo non l'avrei, no, creduto. SCENA STESSA, perpetua. BACCO. Or via, su sua, alle stadere entrambi. ESCHILO. Eccomi. BACCO. E, presele, ciascun suo verso reciti; nè lascieli, s'io innanzi non esclamo, coccì. ESCHILO. Prese teniamole. BACCO. Recitatemi ciascun suo verso sopra le stadere. EURIPIDE. Deh non mai l'ali avesse Argo spiegate! ESCHILO. Sperchio, e voi, paschi del cornuto armento... BACCO. Goccia. Lasciatele ire: molto trabocca questo Eschileo versone. Digitzata da Google All'opposto e svolazza il tuo versicolo. EURIPIDE. Ebbene, dica un altro, e contrappongili. BACCO. Ripigliatele, ora via, da capo dunque. EURIPIDE. Io le impugno. BACCO. Si reciti. Sta attente. EURIPIDE. "Tempio è solo a Suadela, il Dio Sublime, | "Solo a infestare Numi ai doni sorda è Morte." | BACCO. Lasciatele, lasciatele. Di nuovo Questo Eschileo trabocca: egli v’ha infuso Dei mali tutti il più grave, La Morte. EURIPIDE. Ed io, Suadela; e 'gli è un verso il mio. BACCO. Ma non ha mente ed è Suadela un fumo. Digitized by Google LE RANE. Metti mano a un qualch' altro, e dei più ossi t Un qualche robustone gigantesco, Che il piattello alla prima cacci in giù. EURIPIDE. N'ho io qualcun di questi? dov’ è egli? BACCO. "Tratto Achille ha coi dadi il quattro e il due." Dite, via su; l'ultimo peso è questo. EURIPIDE. "Gravi ferza con mano clava presa egli." Amici, io non giudico; davvero, non voglio essere nemico di nessuno, tenendomi a distanza con saggezza. Divertendomi con l'altro. PLUTONE. Allora, quanto al tuo viaggio, farai di quanto ti è stato suggerito. BACCO. Ma, se io mai pronunziassi... PLUTONE. Allora, con l'aiuto dei due, n'andresti, quale preferisci; e non a vuoto il tuo viaggio scenderà fuori. BACCO. Che tu sia benedetto! Orsù, voi dunque date a me retta. Io sono quaggiù venuto in traccia di un Poeta. ESCHILO. Per che farne? LE RANE. Affinché i Cori la salveranno Atene instituendo. Io dunque ora quello di voi, che alla città suggerirà il partito utile più, quello mi penso io trarre con me lassù. Da bella cosa, io chiedo all'uno e all'altro, che ciascun mi dica quello che gli pare di quest' Alcibiade: che ne pensa ella stessa? BACCO. Che ne pensa? Lo desidera, lo aborra, e si è tenne. Ma, via su, quali sono i vostri pareri? Schierateli voi. EURIPIDE. Per me, io aborro un cittadino, che nel giovarle tarda, e alla patria nel nuocere prontissimo, se stesso sa disimpegnarsi pur sempre. La sua città non mai. BACCO. Per Dio Netunno, quanto bene parli! E tu, qual è il tuo senso? ESCHILO. Non di restare nella città un leoncino; ma se alcuno pur fra' muri se ne alza, spazzarlo è forza. BACCO. Oh Salvatore Giove, il giudicare, quanto è scabro! Ei parla da saggio l'uno, da libero uomo quest'altro. Ma un altro suo parere ciascun pronunzia or sul mezzo, onde Atene lo salverebbe. EURIPIDE. Di Cleopatro al dorso a foggia d’ali Incollando Cinesio, e all’ aura entrambi Dando in preda su i piani ampia del mare. BACCO. Saria cosa da ridere il vederci. Ma, qual è il senso di codesto bicchier? EURIPIDE. Che, se a naval battaglia si venisse, Cavalieri due colletti dell’aceto Negli occhi schizzerebbero ai nemici. Ma, dei mezzi, di dirne anzi un altro. BACCO. Di’ su. EURIPIDE. Fia salva Atene, appieno fidando In quelli, onde ora diffida; e, viceversa, Digitized by Google LE RANE. arja Gli affidati scartando. BACCO. Or, come mai? Non la intendo. Diraiamo alla grossa, Più spiattellato. EURIPIDE. Salveremci forse, Diffidando di quelli in cui credevamo, E di quelli valendoci, che inabili Giudicammo finora. Che se i primi Ci han rotto il collo, come mai da questi. Che son l’opposto, non trarrem salvezza? BACCO. Bene, oh quanto! oh novello Palamede! O acutissimo ingegno! il trovarne nuto È egli tuo, o di Cefisofonte? EURIPIDE. Questo è mio, di me solo; quel dell’ aceto, È di Cefisofonte. BACCO. E tu, che dici? ESCHILO. Informami da prima, di quali uomini Si vale Atene: sono’ ei probi? BACCO. Oh bella! Come probi, se tali essa li abborre? ESCHILO. Dunque piaccionle i pessimi? EURIPIDE. Neppure: Ma senz'altro, per forza. ESCHILO. Or, chi potrebbe Cotal città salvar, cui mal si adatta La copertina al par che il copertone? BACCO. Vedi un po’, se tornarla a galla puoi. ESCHILO. Lassù, il direi; ma quaggiù, no. BACCO. Dovresti Mandarle anzi di qui dei tuoi salubri Avvisi fin lassù. ESCHILO. Trattino e dunque Gli Ateniesi la nemica terra Quasi la propria loro; e, qual nemica, Tengano la loro: al lucro abbiano il mare; E l'inopia, a guadagno. BACCO. A meraviglia: Ma il giudice tale cose e solo s'ingolla. Digitized by Google LE RANE. PLUTONE. Dunque ora decidi tu. BACCO. Sentenza darne. Si aspetta a voi: ma, come il cuore mi detta, Io bene l'uno ora mi scerchio. EURIPIDE. Rammenta Dunque gli Dei, per cui me in patria trarre Giurasti; e i tuoi non dubbi amici eleggi. BACCO. Giurò la lingua mia, ma in cuore mi ho scelto Eschilo pure. EURIPIDE. O pessim' uomo, che festi? BACCO. Io? Da Eschilo tenni; e perchè no? EURIPIDE. Dopo un tale meco operar tuo villanissimo, Mirarmi in faccia ora l'osí tu? BACCO. Che oltraggio Havi in ciò, quando oltraggio non l'estimano Gli Spettatori vostri? EURIPIDE. E tu, furfante, Me, lascierai dunque tra' morti? ATTO QUINTO. BACCO. E il vivere, Chi lo sa se forse egli non è un morire? E il fiatare, un pappare? e il dormicchiare, Un velo di montone? PLUTONE. Entrar ti piaccia, Bacco; e voi, seco. BACCO. E che faremo là dentro? PLUTONE. Albergarevi voglio, anzi che in terra Voi risaliate. BACCO. Affè; l'hai ben pensata; Nè a me riesce ciò spiacevole mai. SCENA TERZA. CORO solo. Beato l'uomo, cui sapienza è data, Ben arruolata! Esercito, ne avranno a mille. Costui, (perché un qualcuno io pur ne adduco) Fattosi aver per sapiente, ora ecco Torna ei fra' vivi; ai cittadini suoi, E ai parenti, e agli amici utile molto. Digitized by Google LE RANE. Ed a se stesso, per saperla lunga. Meglio è dunque lasciare Socrate starsene a chiacchierare solo, e darsi all'arte tragica vera, armoniosa e forte: poiché ha del pazzo il perder tempo in vane sergoni sofisticherie. SCENA QUARTA. PLUTONE, ESCHILO, CORO. PLUTONE. Or dunque in terra lieto, Eschilo, riedi; e di avvisi giovevoli munita la città salverai, purché tu frusti gli stolti; e son ben molti. Anche in mio nome questo reca a Cleofonte; e ai Tesorieri Nicomaco e Marmeco, darai questo; e ad Archelomo infine, quest'altro dono reca, e di loro che presto e senza indugio scendano a me. Che se faranno bramarsi un tanto troppo, io giuro per Apollone che ben bene punzecchierò loro, col figlio di Leucolofo, Adimante, a quattro legati insino quaggiù. ESCHILO. E lo farò. Ma il seggio mio tu intanto conserva, a Sofocle il darai; tu che nell'arte io reputo il secondo, se un giorno tornassi, a me il mantieni illeso. Fosse dunque tu, che quello astuto buffone falsario, neppure per inganno mai non si assiderà nel già mio luogo. PLUTONE. Voi dunque ora con le vostre facce sante precedendo il gran Baccho, accompagnatelo, e i carmi echeggiando dei bei inni suoi. SCENA ULTIMA. ESCHILO, CORO. CORO. Al Poeta, che in luce ornai e riede, Beata gita, o Sotterranei Numi, voi concedete prima. Quindi, ad Atene di provvidenze buone ampio buon frutto. A cotal patto solo, dai vasti mali e scevri appieno dai scabri urti di guerra essere potremo noi. Pugni a sua voglia un Cleofonte; e di costoro ciascuno, a cui giova il pugnare; pur che ranni trattino là nel suolo loro nato. In Persia, pi Eschyle. Hanno infatti. 7. In Filottète de Sophocle. Ha i 64 a vedere. 71. I Persiani Aristofane. Hanno 1878 versi. 171. Con.
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https://github.com/rogeriotadeudosreis/Estrutura-de-Dados/blob/master/src/lista_01_vetores/Exercicio_03_ConsultaDeTelefones.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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Estrutura-de-Dados
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rogeriotadeudosreis
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Java
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Code
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package lista_01_vetores;
public class Exercicio_03_ConsultaDeTelefones {
public String nome;
public String telefone;
public String email;
}
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W4382886796.txt_1
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Open-Science-Pile
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Open Science
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Various open science
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DETERMINATION OF INTER-WELL SPACE CONDUCTIVITY USING NEW DIAG-NOSTIC METHODOLOGY
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None
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English
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Spoken
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DETERMINATION OF INTER-WELL SPACE CONDUCTIVITY USING NEW DIAGNOSTIC METHODOLOGY
1Mehriban Ismayilova, 2Javahir Gasimova
1,2
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industrial University,
Department of «Industrial Safety and Protection of Labor», Email: 1mexribani@inbox.ru;
2
Department of «Mechanics», Email: gasymova1974@list.ru
1
ABSTRACT
Existing methods of hydrodynamic research have been analyzed, in particular methods of inter-wellbore space detection, and their main drawbacks have been determined. The article presents a new
method of productive horizon detection using an electro-paramagnetic resonance signal from a magnetic com-posit containing a spinning macro hetero cycle which characterizes the presence and/or
absence of cross-flow in the inter-well space of fluid injected to the drilling area through the pumping
wells. The received information about the water-flooded formation state and degree of its drainage is
the base for the determination of more preferable location coordinates of additional injection wells in
the field development grid. The above-said studies prove the efficiency of the suggested method and
are expected to contribute greatly to cost reduction while drilling the wells.
Keywords: water flooding, formation detection, electro-paramagnetic resonance, magnetic composite, inter-well flow.
Introduction
Hydrodynamic research is one of the methods of well and reservoir research, which is a complex of
activities aimed at obtaining information about the composition and properties of the productive formation, both existing and abandoned or drilled wells.
The hydrodynamic method of investigation is carried out in several modes, which are noted below
[1]:
- At steady-state modes (taking indicator diagrams);
- at unsteady modes (taking KVD, KPD, CWD, CWU);
- hydro-listening mode (observation of pressure change in the first well (listening well) during the
change of the neighboring well operation mode).
Hydrodynamic research of wells allows determining the following well properties [7]:
- ground pressure;
- filtration coefficients;
- water and gas content of formations;
- water permeability of the productive horizon;
- distance of formation zones from the surface;
- degree of saturation of productive formations with useful resources;
- physical parameters of well products (density, volume, pressure, viscosity percentage, etc.).
Among all listed well properties, the special place is occupied by the filtration coefficient and hydraulic conductivity of inter-well sections.
It should be noted that the direct dependence of borehole hydraulic conductivity on rock porosity has
been proved by many studies [1-5]. Primary (intergranular) and secondary porosity are distinguished
by the nature of the formation. Primary porosity depends on the structure, properties, and roundness
of downhole rock's constituent particles. Secondary porosity depends on epigenetic and tectonic processes taking place in productive strata. For example, the formation of secondary porosity due to
selective dissolution of the mineral structure of rocks by formation waters, due to the formation of
cracks in the structural layers of the borehole formation, etc. Therefore, all the above-mentioned processes influence the porosity of productive layers, i.e. they can both increase and decrease the porosity
[6].
In addition, the composition of rocks comprising the pay zone affects the porosity of the well. It is
necessary to have a consolidated stratigraphic section for each specific location.
Within the currently used typical GIS complex, three groups of methods are used to determine the
porosity of rocks [2]:
- Method of scattered gamma rays. Here is determined only the total porosity of rocks, is determined
by the volumes of granular pores, caverns, cracks, and residual water in particles of clay minerals.
- Neutron method. By means of this method, by correct selection of a combination of density and
selective gamma and neutron logs, it is possible to obtain complete information for lithologic separation of the pay zone section and gamma logs allow correlating logging curves with borehole depth.
- Acoustic method. Unlike other types of logging, the acoustic method is used for hydrodynamic
studies of low-porosity, small-porous rocks. In rocks with caverns and cracks, the calculated porosity
values are inaccurate and underestimated, and for the exact determination of porosity, it is necessary
to use other logging methods. It should be noted that if acoustic measurements are sufficiently reliable, it is possible to estimate the secondary porosity of productive formation by the difference between
data on medium porosity obtained by density and acoustic methods.
Rock porosity, in its turn, affects the filtration characteristics of the productive horizon. There are
various ways of establishing filtration characteristics in the inter-well space of the oil reservoir.
The first method is a determination of filtration characteristics in the inter-well space of the drained
oil reservoir volume according to well operation data by the speed of perturbing signal passage in the
drained reservoir space between interacting injection and production wells, by the time lag of responding signal and distance between these wells [3]. The disadvantage is that it can be used to determine permeability only for water and not for gas, oil, and in areas without core material.
The second method is a determination of filtration-volumetric properties of productive strata, which
consists of geophysical, hydrodynamic (at steady-state and non-steady-state filtration modes) and
petrophysical well studies and by their result's construction of correlation dependence of corresponding parameters. They also determine basic porosity-volumetric reservoir parameters, optimal bottomhole pressures during selection and injection of the reagent, put the well into the operating mode with
optimal bottom-hole pressures, make hydraulic interference at the optimal bottom-hole pressures, and
determine the working thickness and permeability of the working formation between injection and
production wells, after that the porosity-permeability correlation shows the limiting value of porosity,
that corresponds to the found limiting value [4]. The disadvantage is that their application is possible
during long stops of reacting wells for the establishment of a constant pressure value, which leads to
big production losses.
The third method is a determination of filtration parameters in a multilateral well system by ICG
method when a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is built and filtration reservoir parameters
(hydraulic conductivity, injectivity, skin-factor, etc.) are determined by ICG method [5]. The disadvantage is that this method requires highly specialized software, which can be purchased only by a
certain number of people.
Problem statement
Considering the above-mentioned and having carried out a number of investigations in the field of
determination of conductivity and porosity of pay zones, we offer a technology for the detection of
inter-formational fluid overflows injected into the formation through the injection wells, which can be
used for:
- to estimate filtration-volumetric properties of the developed field;
- for reservoir pressure maintenance and correction of waterflood projects;
- to define the place of injection wells and add them to the field development grid on the route map.
The essence of the suggested technique is to determine internal inter-well interflows by injecting fluid
through the injection well into the drained reservoir space and further analyzing the production of
production wells located at the wellhead.
The solution of the problem
The set task is solved in the way that flooding projects are corrected on the basis of the information
received as a result of the analysis of the producing well production for the presence of the electroparamagnetic resonance signal from the magnetic composite containing the spun macro-heterocycle
characterizing the presence and/or absence of overflows in the inter-well space of the fluid injected
through the injection wells into the drained part of the reservoir.
The novelty of the development lies in the fact that the fluid injected through the injection wells into
the drained reservoir space prior to its pumping is treated with a specially prepared on the basis of
magnetic nanocomposite containing a spinning macro-heterocycle with the required temperature Sedimentation, hydrogen, granulation, corrosion stability, and agglomeration stability indicators and at
the wellhead the production wells are analyzed for the presence of the electrical vapor resonance
signal (EPR) to identify the treated liquid injected into the formation space.
The proposed method of detecting within formation fluid overflows of injection wells consists in the
fact that for effective implementation of wells flooding projects, a liquid suspension of magnetic
nanocomposite containing spun-mixed macro-heterocycle in the proportion of 1:1000 l, treated with
the addition of surfactant, corrosion inhibitor, and antifoam additive is added to the injected injection
fluid. Afterward, the prepared liquid volume is pumped into the reservoir via an injection well, and
after the injection, the production of the production wells is analyzed at the wellhead by EPR-spectroscopy. The signals of the production wells are used to map their interaction with the injection wells
and to determine the presence of communication channels in the inter-well space of the development
string and the corresponding inter-formational flow rate.
To prevent complications during water flood projects, the injection fluid is made by adding a liquid
concentration of magnetic powder with the following properties:
- preparation time of the aqueous suspension of magnetic powder and heating fluid based on it - no
more than 20-30 minutes;
- range of temperature application - 30 < T <150 ◦C;
- powder sedimentation - (1-1000), l/hour;
- value of hydrogen index - pH > 10;
- corrosion protection - within 3 months.
The labeled fluid flows are used to study hydrodynamic background and intraformational flows in
the field under development. The proposed detection method consists of the following stages of implementation (see figure):
1. As a result of the continuous supply of the injection well with the given volume of fluid, the injected
product subject to development is displaced to the production wells, i.e. there is a need for the presence of production and injection wells.
2. At the end of the operation, samples are taken from the production wells to determine the presence
and quantitative assessment of labeled traces of fluid. For this purpose, the corresponding analyses
are carried out in laboratory conditions, the results of which are used to make decisions for the intensification of the field development process.
3. Samples from production wells are taken and analyzed 60–90 days in advance:
a) daily for the first 10–20 days;
b) every two days for 22–60 days;
c) every three days for 63–90 days.
4. According to the results of the analysis of the samples taken in each production well, plots of the
dependence of the concentration of the labeled substance in the reservoir product on time from the
beginning of injection are plotted.
On the basis of these results can be determined:
- density of hydrodynamic connection between injection and production wells;
- inter-formation cross-flow;
- tagged fluid filtration rate in the reservoir space;
- distribution of filtration flows in the reservoir space;
- permeability of the reservoir system where the tagged liquid is being filtered;
- the volume of reservoir medium, in which tagged liquid is being filtered;
- participation of injection fluid in the filtration process.
- extent of injecting fluid involvement in the watering of production of each produced well.
- impact on changes in reservoir filtration flows of measures to provide injectivity profiles of injection
wells;
- efficiency of pumped liquid injection, etc.
Method for detecting within formation fluid overflows of injection
wells
Injection fluid is treated with a concentrate of a suspended magnetic nanocomposite containing spun-mediated macroheterocycle
in the ratio of 1:1000 liters.
The volume of fluid prepared and treated with surfactant, corrosion inhibitor and antifoam additive is pumped into the reservoir
through the injection well.
After injection, samples are taken from production wells at
the wellhead and subjected to EPR analysis
According to the signals of resonant activity of production wells build a map of their interaction with the
injection wells and determine the corresponding in formation flows.
Figure. Technology for detecting formation overflows of injected fluid of injection wells.
A distinctive feature of the presented method of detection of in-situ fluid flows of injection wells is
that the injection fluid, prepared on the basis of an aqueous suspension of magnetic nanocomposite
with spin-measured macro-heterocycle, is quickly recognized in the dark water-oil medium of the
production of upstream wells at the analysis by the method of electro-vapor resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, as a result of which the resonance absorption of electromagnetic radiation by unpaired electrons of the composite is determined.
Besides, the water suspension used for the preparation of the injection fluid is made on the base of a
magnetic powder with granularity a few orders of magnitude smaller than the size of the pore channels
and has a grain size distribution within the range of (5 < µ < 10) nm, which is of advantage for
prevention of plugging of the reservoir pore channels due to powder grain sedimentation and providing its flow in the inter-well space.
It should be noted that deviation of indicators at this method of inter-well space detection from the
established framework values depends primarily on complications at various stages of preparation,
injection of injected fluid, and analysis of production well results in projects on water flooding of the
productive horizon. The above complications of water flooding may be caused by:
- uneven distribution of the injected fluid in the space of the drained reservoir due to the heterogeneity
of filtration characteristics in this volume of the reservoir;
- uneven remoteness of the injection well from the producing wells involved in the development of
the pay zone;
- the presence of intensity variability within the reservoir cross-flow and its influence on the water
flooding results (producing wells react with a lag).
- The impact of nearby wells in the development grid during the process of pressure maintenance on
the water flooding process and occurrence of complications in the form of water encroachment of the
producing wells, which leads to decrease in the well product output.
Conclusion
The treatment of the injection fluid with water suspension prepared on the basis of magnetic nanocomposite containing spun macro-heterocycle gives it EPR activity, which allows detecting the interwell space and determining the presence of the injection fluid in the production of the produced fluid.
This, in its turn, confirms the existence of a communication channel between injection and production
wells, which provides the flow of injection fluid.
Thus, the route map of inter-well pore space in the drained reservoir section is reconstructed, and it
becomes possible to make corresponding corrections to the water flood projects under implementation aimed at reservoir pressure maintenance. It is very important for several operators during the
implementation of development projects on the development of resources of one productive horizon
for conflict solution related to, on one hand, attempts of one operator to maintain reservoir pressure
by implementing water flood projects for the increase of production level and, on the other hand, the
occurrence of well watering and increase of production level of another operator due to within reservoir injected fluid overflows in the process of water flood. Therefore, the possibility of detection of
intraformational fluid overflows, injected through the injection wells, allows adjustment well flooding projects, implemented for drainage and improvement of filtration-capacitative characteristics of
the given reservoir space.
The obtained information about the condition and the degree of drainage of the water-flooded reservoir is the base for determining more preferable location coordinates of additional injection wells.
The correct location of injection wells in the field development grid will guarantee the required drillability within the reservoir space and reservoir pressure maintenance at the required area. Such correction of flooding projects will contribute to increase in the production level of producing wells and
oil recovery of the productive horizon as a whole.
REFERENCES
1. http://snkoil.com/press-tsentr/polezno-pochitat/kak-provodyatsya-gidrodinamicheskie-issledovaniya-skvazhin
2. Log Interpretation Charts // Schlumberger Oilfield Communications, Texas, 2000, 220 p.
3. Patent RF №2298647, MKI Е21В 47/10, 2005.
4. Patent RU 2320869, published 27.03.2008.
5. Patent RU 2666842, published 12.09.2018.
6. Fallico C., Vita M.C., De Bartolo S., Straface S. Scaling effect of the hydraulic conductivity
in a confined aquifer. // Soil Science. 2012;177(6):385–391.
7. Fallico C, De Bartolo S, Troisi S, Veltri M. Scaling analysis of hydraulic conductivity and
porosity on a sandy medium of an unconfined aquifer reproduced in the laboratory. //
Goderma. 2010; 160(1), Pp.3–12.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67379284
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Phil Bouchard, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5105383, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7392560, matzeri
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Executing Cygwin's "bash.exe" from different folder than "C:\cygwin64\bin" got dysfunctional BACKSPACE
Observations:
If I launch "bash.exe" from the folder "C:\cygwin64\bin" then the shell is open in a CMD.exe terminal and everything works fine.
If I launch "bash.exe" from a different folder than "C:\cygwin64\bin" then the shell is open in a CMD.exe terminal but the BACKSPACE and other CTRL sequences are dysfunctional.
So my question is: How do I launch "bash.exe" from a different folder than "C:\cygwin64\bin" and keeping the BACKSPACE and other CTRL sequences to work correctly?
Attempts:
I temporarily renamed the "C:\cygwin64\etc" folder to rule out configurations changes but other than the colors, the results are the same.
I also copied the entire "C:\cygwin64\bin" folder somewhere else and "bash.exe" still got CTRL sequences messed up.
renaming C:\cygwin64\etc is an horrible idea. You cripple your Cygwin installation
I just wanted to see if it was a configuration dependency.
The same by copying the whole folder; I wanted to see if it was a DLL dependency,,,
Do you need to run bash from CMD or just open bash in a specific directory ? For the second use chere to install Bash prompt here in windows explorer
I just want to run bash.exe from a CMD terminal. I did try chere and I've got some access denied error.
I suggest anyway to run bash --login to properly configure bash and read all the startup files, specially the PATH
chere must be run as Administrator
I do have a "bash.bat" script that launches "bash.exe --login -i ..." and I have the same problem.
It sounds to me there's a hardcoded path in bash.exe... I might look at its source code.
So apparently I need to copy the following folder:
/usr/share/terminfo
Relative to where the "bash.exe" is located. So:
X/bin/bash.exe
X/usr/share/terminfo
Although it looks like a hardcoded path, I did look for terminfo in the bash source code and I couldn't find anything. So I'm not sure how to change the location of terminfo but that's another story.
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The Rutland Daily Globe, Thursday Morning, August 13, 1874. Thursday, August 13, 1874. Observations taken at the Post Office, by William H. Sheldon, THEATRE J A. M. is t i'.. M 63 r. m, 8) 1IAUOMETER HIDGE TO THE FRONTIER. I a r. m."" 7 A. M. 2a.f9i 1 yi4 I 8l 2 Si. ISs a s " -1"'TZJ JT5-1 - - - CLOSING. o I Kliul of Clouds. Direction. IS I " a r. si. o '"V J sW. up. m. 10 NH'U. -I --' - - lllllCll UJ "S''-.",.,,,, "?rho i?ot motion, 10 being the ,,1&'aUonPSff Vtratus : CiL. Cumulus ; cirrus : CTr. St., cirro-stratus.; cii..st., uumulistratt"! Clr-CU., Cirro-cumulus ; Mm., Nimbus. il'AKTMENT, 1 ;r SIUNAL OFFICE, ISSUED-1 n. 111. ) Weather Bureau WALL DEI' ItLL-lrc nl- THE CHIEF WASHINGTON, AUGUST THURSDAY. During Thursday over New England partly cloudy weather and rain areas are probable, followed by winds varying to west and with barometer and clear in roof weather. LIMITED MENTION. The annual meeting of the Center Lodge, No. 31, F. & A. M., this (Thursday) evening at 7 o'clock for work on the third degree. All master masons in regular standing are invited. Otter Creek Encampment No. 7, I. O. D. F., meets this (Thursday) evening at 8 o'clock at Odd Fellows hall. Globu block. The Raxler baseball club are "all,1 meet for practice on the Rexlct grounds this afternoon at 1 o'clock. Also, are requested to meet at Village hall this evening at 8 o'clock for business. Members of Volunteer House Company met at the hall this (Thursday) evening at 7 o'clock ship, for practice. Mrs. K. B. Rider, the lecturer on health, had another large audience yesterday afternoon at the Hull, and spoke upon shows: "Food." Her lecture was pre-eminently interesting and could not but prove instructive to all who listened. Mrs. Rider is gaining a host of friends here and all delighted with her lectures and with the lecturer also. Every lady in Halifax should attend this afternoon at 4 o'clock to hear her lecture on "Dress." Members of the Simpson Hall, -Merchants Row. Hisano's Combination of twenty artists opens at the Opera House tomorrow evening for two nights. This company embraces J. R. Drown, the wonderful mind reader, whose exhibitions are among the greatest wonders of the present century. The troupe has lately come from Turlington and St. Albans, and the press there speak in high terms of the company. The Queen City Band of Edinburgh arrived in town yesterday noon and were quartered at the Bates House until five o'clock, when they left for Poultney, where they gave a concert last evening, and today will furnish the music at the union of Troy Conference Academy. They gave some music on the depot park before leaving, which was heartily appreciated by all. Hon. A. L. Miner of Manchester, Hon. Henry O. Hoot, Hon. C. E. Houghton, Col. J. O. McCullough, Major J. Halscy Cushman of Hennington, Hon. I. N. Sykes of Dorset, Hon. Alonson Allen of Fahhavcn and Hon. H. C. Abell of West Haven are registered at the Hardwell House. The officers of the Nameless base ball club of this place presented their resignations to the club last evening and the following were elected in their places: A. Higgins, president; Fred. A. Field, secretary; Chas. S. Mason, treasurer. The Sabbath school of the Methodist church of this place took an excursion to Manchester yesterday. They left here on the early morning train and returned at five o'clock in the afternoon. The pastor, Rev. H. F. Austin, and other members of the society and citizens accompanied them and all enjoyed the day and the excursion greatly. The grove was about half a mile from the station and was admirably adapted to the purpose. Breakfast and dinner were served in splendid style in the woods and the children entertained themselves as is usual on holiday occasions. A company of artillery is being formed at Brattleboro, under Col. L. K. Fuller, which will include about 40 horses and between 60 and 80 men. Howard Church of Kenniston was killed by falling upon a knot at Pownal, while fishing, a few days ago. Some rascal visited the premises of F. C. Mooney at Grand Island the other day, and killed 100 of his turkeys, and as he is a prominent Good Templar, the net is supposed to have grown out of the recent expulsion of several members of the order. Chief Justice Walter and his former partner, Mr. Young of Toledo, with their families, accompanied by numerous friends including, probably, Judge Mills and son, left St. Albans yesterday morning by invitation of Ex-Gov. Smith, who with his family accompanies the party for an excursion through the lakes west of Ogilonsburg, visiting the Thousand Islands and other points of interest. The trip will probably occupy about three days. The Washington (N.Y.) Teachers' Institute has been appointed to be held at Middle Granville, commencing Sept. 28th, and continuing two weeks. The Delaware and Hudson canal company have commenced building a second track between Saratoga and Rallston. Reception of J. Joyce Huntington. The news of the unanimous nomination of Col. Joyce Huntington was received in Rutland at about 3 o'clock and soon spread throughout the town. It was met with the most enthusiastic reception by the people and caused general and united satisfaction. Measles were immediately inaugurated to welcome Rutland's future congressman in a manner worthy of the occasion and as demonstrative of the feeling which was expressed so heartily on all sides. It was expected that the colonel would arrive on the next train, and that being the usual half-past seven in the evening, preparations were made accordingly. The cannon which hiss before dono good service In numerous Hutland eelebrntloiu, was levied upon and put Into trim, nnd as 7 o'clock approached, was wheeled Into po sition adjoining the depot pail;, near tho railroad track. Fifteen minutes later It woke the town Into echoes In thunder tones which were repeated nt minute Intervals llll the train arrived. It wr.a speaking un mistakably the words "Joyce nnd He-jolce" It awoke a sentiment of approval In every bicast and tho streets weic quickly throng ed with citizens awaiting the letiirn ot tho victorious Colonel. Promptly on thno the train aniU'd, heavily loaded and containing an cuthusl astlo and Joyous paily, made up of lbs Hutland delegation, and numerous other delegates fiom different parts of the conn ty, with almost tho entire delegation ironi Hennlugtoii county, m route for home. The assemblage nl the depot was now Immense, and as Colonel Joyce alighted from the Haiti, he was nt once conducted to a barouche In waiting outside, together with Messrs. Chauncy K. Williams nnd Henry flails of Tin: Gmiiii: nnd Waller f. I.aiulon. Three Hktis ucio then pro posed for Col. Joyce. They "eio given with a will and supplemented with n lour ing tiger. The ran Inge was then dilven to the front of tho Hates House, where It was .Morgan, M. J. Steal ns. lll'l'UIIMCAN mSTKICT CONVEX TIOX. An I'nllnislnstlc (inlhcrlng. .Mil. YlU.AlW WITlWHAWlf. llll AN. II. JOVCJi: I'.NANI.IlOri'Nl.V .Mi.iii.-vA'i'Dn. The Republican district convention for the first congressional district assembled at Academy Hall in Midlothian, on Wednesday, August 15th, at 12 in., filling the large audience room with delegates and spectators. The convention was called "to order by Gen. James S. Peck, chairman of the district committee, who nominated General George W. Grandey of Vergennes for temporary president, which was unanimously confirmed by the convention. Gen. Grandey, on assuming the chair, spoke substantially as follows: Gentlemen of the Convention: I thank you for this honor. I esteem it a compliment to your ability and experience. I pledge you in the organization what ability and experience I possess as a presiding officer. I will not weary you with a political speech on this, the hottest day of the season, but will call upon Mr. Mason, the secretary of the district committee, to read the call for the convention. Mr. Mason then reported from the district committee the following list of delegates: ADDISON COUNTY. Addison-L. Smith, F. Ruber, Id- wiid Gotham. Hindon-Solon Sumner, J.W. Hockwood. H. S. Sumner, H. C. Munsill. Cornwall-W.H. D. Long, I ran in the wool; Cr, Silas U. Randall. Forksburg-C. W. Wicker, A. I. Allen. Plain Allen, John Fadwell. Goshen W. H. Hecht, J.,M. Joney. Haleock-Solomon Dunham, John H. Thorn's. Leicester - Hallos F. H. Flint. Lincoln Howard Hall, 2.1, Watson halted, according to arrangements, and followed by the crowd. Cries were then made for "Joyce;" Joyce, amid the heaviest enthusiasm. Henry Hall; then introduced the Colonel by saying "Follow citizens: I have the privilege of introducing to you our distinguished and beloved fellow-citizens, Colonel Charles H. Joyce, the next member of Congress from this congressional district." Colonel Joyce, the next member of Congress from this congressional district, addressed the crowd substantially as follows: "He did not think it was expected that he would make a long speech at this time, but would take this occasion to return his acknowledgments for the reception so generously tendered. His friends had been to Middlebury and done their work with the best of motives and in the most perfect harmony. They had met some opposition, as was expected. The latter had looked over the whole field thoroughly and to their own satisfaction and when the convention came together, and they found it was of no use to go further, they came forward like men and look their candidate out of the field." He waited at this time, if nothing more, to tender his thanks to his fellow citizens and friends to those who had stood by him in this contest and always for the confidence expressed in him in this canvass and at all times. He could promise them, as he had on many other occasions, and as he had promised the convention at Middlebury, that whatever position the people called him to occupy, he held in his hand every count of the people, and every count of the people. The people of the entire state of Connecticut. Hon. Charles H. Goodrich, F. L. (naming. Heed. J. H. Halls. The cheers of the people, and was given to Castlelon. H. W. Hint, J. S. Hinedict. Middlebury James M. Slade, James M. Slade, John W. Mullin, H. C. Laugworthy. Monlton-L. L. Hirsch, L. H. Smith, I. S. Lad. Monlton-L. L. Hirsch, S. Gale. Panton Hopkins F. Gains, Lnoch. Kent. Ripston--Joseph Hatfield, R. F. Iliplcy. Salisbury F. F. Atwood, N. A. Gibbs. James V. Thomas. Shoemaker I. N. Nith. K. G. Purnell. Shallstono-F. N. Hill, F. W. J. Hawkins, George Soneis. William H. F. Henley. Wallingford George L. Haulington, J. H. Dodge. Wallingford W. P. Wright, Lavin J. Joseph. Vicksburg Fiedelick H. Woodbridge, George W. Grandcy, F. W. Stong, L. L. Litchfield. Burlington. Ailliston J. IC. Hatcheliler, H. S. Haul, J. R. Jusson. Huntington Henry T. Booth, A. R. Lyman, J. H. Branson, Henry J. Branson, Charles V. Henley. Dorset D. L. Kent, Ira Cochran, J. Sykes. Shasltonbury L. H. A. Boynton, L. A. Abbott, V. V. Miller. Manchester A. L. Miner, A. G. Hall, D. K. Simons, J. H. H. Ollster. P. T. C. Linn, J. G. Walker. Townal Plow, Wm. H. Arnold, J. F. Panic. Headsboro Silas Mason, Elias J. Parker. H.ipeit Dr. I. H. Guild, Henry A. Moore. Sandgate Handland Woodcock. Shiltsbury H. H. Mullum, U. J. Latison, Milo Pierce. Blainton I. P. Holihick, Henry J. Mason, Sunderland Chauncey S. Shaw. Scarsburgh Joseph Frosier. Woodford B. M. Jones. Signed only in a few obscure places, and only a few days before the time for holding the meeting claiming also that the delegates were elected by trickery, and they were present to demand right and justice as a matter of principle, In behalf of more than a hundred of the Republicans of Fairhaven. N. P. Simons of Butland said the delegates themselves indicate the calling of a caucus by the town committee, which showed the proceedings regular, and should be recognized by the convention. Hon. Frederick K. Woodbridge of Vergennes said he should be willing the delegates should be referred to a committee. The delegation headed by Col. Alonson Allen seemed to be the regularly appointed delegates to the convention. The town committee in the exercise of their duty had regularly called the primary meeting and given the proper notice requested by the call for the district convention. For some cause unknown another call signed by some. For the city, citizens had been made. They had not evidently compiled with the regulations of the committee. In whatever contingency may have been under the call for the convention, they were not entitled to seats. Samuel W. Riley of Fahhaven, one of the contesting delegates, said they did not deny that the caucus was called in the ordinary way, but that the notices were not posted in proper public places and the time was very short. The contestants appealed in good faith and desired to test a principle to know if a caucus could be overrun and concluded by democrats, and the voice of the republicans silenced by a rabble. He as president and participated in the first caucus but protested against the manner in which it was conducted. The contestants were prepared to plow by responsible witnesses the manner in which the caucus was conducted. They only asked fairness, justice, and an opportunity to show up the methods used to control the caucus. Hon. Allen moved that both sets of credentials be ordered to be and referred to a committee. After further discussion by Mr. Woodbridge, and Hon. James M. Slade, of Fahhaven, and Henry Hall of Hutton, the subject was further discussed by Hon. A. P. Lyman of Hutton, K. L. Allen of Fahhaven and Henry Hall; of Hutton. Hon. James M. Slade of Middlebury said he was surprised that the republicans of Fahhaven should allow themselves to be enrolled by twenty-five democrats. For the purpose of this, he said, he would vote for the democratic ticket. of his position Willi honor. Some w eeks hero to-day. I can only point you to my ago an article appealed in tho New Yoik past rcccrd ns the guarantee of my future mt reflecting pcisonnlly upon myself, course. 1 snail no nil in my power to lnilli- (special to Tits oloiib.) nnd disparaging mo ns an ex-mcmber of fully serve tho constltueecy of the dlstilct 'MIK SECOXI) OISTHICT CON'VK.V- congress without nnv vlslblo means ot sup- I am called toiepicsent. I shall endeavor poit. I care not for the personalities to to he a woithy successor of lheilltlngulli- myself, for I have been known to tho peo- oil gentleman who now icpiceents you. plo nt this district from my loyhood, nnd A lesolutlon was Introduced Inslinctlng thevdo not affect me i but the cownrdlv the conunllteo to call the caucus for the attack upon my pecunlaiy lcsponslblllty election of delegate to the next enliven- was an assassin's slab. I do not hold Mr. Hon, on the same tlay and at the same hour. Wlllard personally i esponslble, but ns tho After a vailefy ot amendments and much manatlon of his supporters It was a discussion the lesolulioii was lost. illalnous weapon. Iliad quietly sought I lie convention then mljotiineil. My home for rest, and had not anticipated -n.t.-.. 1 11.! nlln..l. 11UI1A AltSlinel'IOl'IIIC CI'UC IHl'U- inimical uiiaiiM, out m-n """""" niMilmi rnrll, -..llliv n wi-'ll, is Invallds. Oura.i appeared In one of the leading newspapers and Chocolate liolils lilgnntik. rorsuperloil lolled to enter it vindicate my honor, while I second e........ I.II.III 1 III IIJII llll'KU IT Hltl,. ' i mo country l was completed and entered u A:(-V)it r n0,in, imvo utcIumI tim nretpre- laml lnstlliite, lllll llHI lTJS- .HAItlAlil'.S. Miss Mary K. Illee. dauiihterot.Iiilm lllce. Me- ciiaiue sireei. ty In Mirlous lines of these goods, Walter H.iker inliini ami Killer mi'ilals Irom tlio Vienna and ie nomination of fol. Joyce, I have Ui) Muslim American institute, Kuw isparagement to make of Mr. Willlaid. I i i!J, I iir.A V a yVi-Ll 1 f, I MrV ic lei-n Mm In l. mm,, ns 1 lmw sa d. tal Ralaco juros, ho has faithfully served his constituents Ith treat fidelity. Followed on the field ............, t iiA.Mi.i. icicle in uuiianu..inr. i. jv u.110 nimscii ns gallantly as any man wim,.v, w,,rrHi,, Mr Ct, grandall and ever graced the Illinois, He is able, lion- si and faithful. EMPLOYMENT OF EX-HON. PAUL DILLINGHAM. Hon. Paul Dillingham of Waterbury, in using to speak, was greeted with early applause and compelled, by the earnest calls of the convention, to come forward to the plalorm. Ho said : I have como lobe n convention man. Six ycais ago,l was among tlio Hole gales fiom Wnshingtun county and pre sented tho name of C. W. W'illard. 1 man of ability, honesty, integiity and in- lustry, who could not be sweived liom the ilglit. Knowing him ns 1 had, I Iclt justified In what 1 said. Ills public life and acts have endoiscd the facts 1 then staled. I nm proud of Air. Wlllard's .,,i.l v.,ui,in , iJ,,irii. tlms far JW),000. nun are jusi ns , es.rous a.s eer u, u i,e bom m.KlccU.(, e!tccI)t Tennessee old, fronl ECats, which wcro lescrved especially iiuuiii ivui'seiu iiiL-ui. Riiuiii uti i., yi,uw snares oi which soul in is, ex-enujion. Ilfly-four delegates, prepaicd to support Knllioail bonds are quoted ns moderately nc. and stand by him. W'o know that Wash- me- , I After leading Iho call lor tho conven ngtnn county has had a icpiesentativo for tl.OOIJ,lnlroMjl,siIl0ssnuanncnvnrdsbecaino tlou- c1- l-'airUnnks said, Hint it had been Ixtcen yeais. Thero is a icputablo and inoderatelv active and llrm and prices ad- i.imtnmnrv with their niedeccssors for the nt dlshonoialilo deslie that it should go to vance,! .. lucent wun , no cine ntert ... () ...,.,. teml)0rftn. cljair. i. . . . . n.. iin wiiuiirii n nl. I'.ii'iiif! Aiiiii ii nil iiiiinri m. i mi ii ii honiu on ur nan 01 i nc i l&inni. " ' - - Wu make no comptaint. Mr. WiKanl lias iiiiiii wnu fr.llmwil liv ii ninrkf'il linnrnif'iii(rit. niTii iR'aifii laiiiy and 11 win im no in us- mi vrito irndinL' tim list nt nn ml. tiet! to U3 nr him if this selection! U made an ace from ty; low, At the close of business Island and now in; and now in; the hotel market was weather. Chicago and herly to second the nomination of the governor to-day, we declare a perfect manes joy. his residence on foliage street, which the friends of the colonel had brilliantly illuminated with Chinese lanterns. Citizens' and visitors. Citizens' and visitors. A match game of base ball between the Nameless of Castlelon and Clippings of West Hudson took place on the grounds of the latter last Saturday afternoon. The dinners, although a good nine, were not enough for their opponents, as seen by the Cook, Hand Holleben. Alt. Tabor Luther P. H Louis ink Fayette Bailey, A. H. Dewey. Illustrious t. ii. Lincoln, Azern Chichlll. Clarendon r.noch Smith, b. eeks, Porier Hoon. Hanby Powell Dillingham, Ira fool;. Faiiliaven Alonson Allen, A. H. Vail, Geo 'go AI. Fuller. Huliu Arilton, bJinuel. bt..loliu,.M. AI. Dikcmau. Ira. Lnos f. lisli, Lyman W. Fish. Alendon Wilson (Walker, Aloten Hen- nett. Aliddletown A. W. Gray, Leouidas Gray. Aloi mint Holly P. K. fhae, A. W. NAMI.KSS. liempsey, e Preston, n Waleli, lb Holau W. Dcim-cy, :ib. Slone, ss Itchellgan, rl Hanson, et Hanson, et Hanson, It . a a Total . 0 1 II 1! 4 0 1! S 111 ..OillUlilVT 5 '.'S I'mpire Michael Moran. Scorers family and Harrington. The regular match game between the above named clubs will be played at Castle on Saturday. J. This is a great opportunity. It has occurred to some of the pleasant, loving ones of Wallingford and Alt. Holly that a basket picnic excursion to the White Rocks, in Wallingford, would be a very enjoyable affair; and accordingly Saturday, Aug. 16, has been decided upon as the day for the frolic. The East Willingford and Mt. Holly bands have been invited, and are expected to be present, and arrangements will be made for interesting literary entertainment. A beautiful grove near the "Hocks" has been selected as a place of meeting. This is no exception in the annals of the society, but all who desire a jolly good time are cordially invited to see Sawyer. Their tolls, lay aside their cares for a single day, and join our pleasing excursion. Wellingford at Harford, IV, V. A very pleasant company met at Samuel Brayton's July 30th, to witness the nuptials of his youngest daughter and Nelson Randall of Albany, N. Y. Mr. Randall All his native of Danby and formerly deputy sheriff of this county. He is now deputy United States marshal of Northern New York. A bountiful dinner was gracefully served and the wedding party took train for New York, taking with them the congratulations and kind wishes for their happiness and prosperity of their numerous friends. Pawlct. Daniel H. Brown, James Al, Shaw, Hollin O. Wickham. Pittsburgh.-W. Brigham, D. W. Hanney. In the midst of the tumult, whoop, I, F. La throp, George N. Havers. In the county, Henry Ruggles, J. L. Jones, Henry Clark, Joel F. Baker, John W. I ranion, rs. P. Simmons, J. L. Mauley, A J. -Mason, H. Y. Marsh, A. J. Smith, Shrewsbury, H. Fisher, John Webb, Nathaniel Lord. Sherburne D. V. Taylor, L. J. Wood Sudbury Fayette Holmes, S. Young Thirteenth George F. Sawyer, Levi H. Wallingford Asa Sawyer, G. H. Ed certon, John Aldrich, William Croft, H L. Warner. West Haven, K. F. Abell, Nathaniel Fish. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Harvey George W. Tilden, L. F. Aldrich, Is. W. Hralcv, and N. F. Averill. Herbert T. W. Wheeler, Daniel Chandler, S. H. Covell. Cabot A. Al. Coster, J. H. Ringer Nathaniel Perry. Calais uiiaries ti Dwinnell, W. P. Slaton. Frayston S.,1, Dana, G. H. Wheeler. Iisl Alontpclier-Fml R Smith, P. P. Pitkin, George F. Shepard, Charles Dewey Intncs V. Brock. Alorctown George A. Horton, Russell Northfield J. H. Orcutt, John Gregory C. A. Curtis, G. W. Super, Win. Gold. Field-S. H. Gale, W. B. Martin. Ch- Iliiwu?lurlui. The New Jersey produce market for Tuesday last is quoted as follows: Hutter (good to choice) 27½-28c Hides (factory) 12½-14c Hides (factory) 18-18c Butter has advanced two cents from last week's quotations. The following were the shipments in 5,000 lbs (11,100 lbs) butter, 178 boxes (8,719 lbs) cheese, 800 dozen CggS. JACK. It is the most important market, and there was an advance in prices. Butter is fair to good, 25 to 27c per choice, 28 to 30c. Cheese is Farm dairies, 11 to 12c per package and factory, 12 to 18c. A. Ladd, Jones, Frank J., St. Albanis Butter Market, Aug. 11. A brisk market, common to fair 23 to 23c, medium to good 21 to 27c, choice 28c, family Scallions, 60c. Plainsfield, A. J. Avei, Waltschl, Water A Green, Warren-H. W. Lyford, D. D. Heine, Winfield Canfield, Waterbury Paul Dillingham, Brown, W. P. Dillingham, Woodbury F. F. Putnam, J. O. Brown, Worcester Allen V. Abbott, Henry S. Jones, The committee presented two lists of delegates from the town of Fairhaven, one elected at the republican caucus at Alton Allen, A. H. Vail, George A. Fuller. Another list was appointed at a citizens' caucus: A. N. Adams, Edward L. Allen, Samuel W. Bailey. H. W. Hint, of Castlelon, moved that the credentials of the delegates elected at the meeting. Regular republican caucus was accepted. A. N. Adams of Fahlmven, in behalf of the delegates elected at the citizens' caucus, said the contesting delegation claimed a hearing. He said the notices of the caucus called by the town committee were for, he did not believe that for a moment, Alonson Mien, one of the fathers of the republican party, an honorable, upright, esteemed citizen known to all the people would for a moment consent to hold a seat this convention, which he by the least suspicion supposed had been given him by the like or fraud. He would not for a moment entertain such a supposition, and could call for the previous question. The call for the previous question was sustained, and the convention voted to admit the delegation elected at the regular publican caucus, headed by Col. Alonson Mien. J. F. Baker, Esq., of Hutland, moved that John N. Haxter be substituted in the Hutland delegation in place of Hon. John Page, who was absent; which was agreed to. The call of the convention was then adopted as presented by the district committee. The convention was then permanently organized by the election of the following officers: PRESIDENT. Hon. George W. Grandey of Yeugennes. YICK PRESIDENT. Hon. Henry G. Hoot, of Hennington. John N. Haxter, Esq., of Hutland. Sylvester Doud, of New Haven. Hon. Chillies Dewey, of Montpelier. SECRETARIES, Charles D. Pitts, of Haddon. D. K. Simmons, of Manchester. On motion of S. H. Palkhurst of Bronson, the president appointed a committee of two from each county, to nominate district committee, consisting of A. L. Miner of Manchester, Silas Alason of Headsboro, Justus Cobb of Middlebury, J. A. Hoyt of New Haven, N. P. Simons of Haddam, H. F. Latthrop of Pittsfield, George C. Shepard of Montpelier, George W. Tilden of Harle. On motion of The convention adjourned until tomorrow at 10:00 a.m. Of the Henry Clark of Rutland, the president appointed a committee of one to each county on resolutions consisting of Henry Clark of Rutland, J. Halsey of Rutland, Policy P. Pitkin of Montpelier, W. Phelps Nash of New Haven. NOMINATIONS On motion of A. P. Lyman of Rutland, the convention proceeded to the nomination of a candidate for Congress. In the midst of the convention, the convention was called he took pleasure in seconding the nomination of Col. Charles H. Joyce. I do so with no prejudice against Mr. Will I said. Six years ago he was a candidate with myself for the position; the contest was fairly and honorably conducted; he won the battle. There has been no bitterness on my part. I buried the hatchet; and from that day to this I defy any man to say that I have uttered might against him. I believe him an honest man, incorruptible, and he has performed the duties upon. I. I'll be The convention The vexed and much-agitated question as to who should for two years to come represent the second congressional district in the national Congress, was settled at White Palls, impositions: the Mechanics' institute, Evan Junction, on Wednesday, at which time lean institute, New York; Luke P. Poland, the present incumbent, was nominated by eighteen majority over the other candidates, who were Dudley F. Denison, John H. Alead and H. H. A'liecler. The main TOWN KINNING. Ill Pond ill Lac, Wis, July, considered unanimously supported the nomination of the town. In mother, by '9 continuously smaller man, it was in our ears The Rev. A. H. Tailor. Mr. George W. Town and Miss Maria J. Hilslu, both of Fond du Lac. The most unusual turn of the season. LAST SIONARY. NEW YORK, Aug. 1 a. Money at 'a3. Prime mercantile paper scarce at 37 per cent. Stirling exchange still at 4-5-90x for sight. Miscellaneous accounts in the market. Stocks in the market. Carrying rates at 3-3 per cent and flat. The treasury disbursements amount to $30,000. Clearings in the Gold Exchange today, H. Specie engagements for tomorrow's steamer, and somewhat less than its time proposed in the morning that he would get, many of them estimating that he would have at least thirty majority, while some set it as high as thirty-five and forty. The CONVENTION. was called for 2 p.m., but owing to the train from the south, on which were many delegates, being about half an hour late, it was nearly 9 o'clock before it was called to order by Col. Franklin Fuhanks, chairman of the district committee, at which time about four hundred persons were in the hall; none but delegates being admitted until they were all in and seated in the chair. Later on there was a slight falling off, many, and in following out that precedent. HON. A. L. MINOR. Hon. A. L. Miner of Manchester, Vermont, said Vermont had presented an honorable list of names in the councils of the nation. No state has had brighter galaxy of men or who have been more than Clifton, Dudley C. Chase, Horatio Seymour, Stephen H. Bradley, Hollin O. Mallery, H. Everett, William Slade, Jacob Schleicher, Paul Dillingham, and others. Our record has been honorable in all respects those who shall follow them will tread in an equally honorable path to honor, distinction and fame, and I therefore most heartily second the nomination of Colonel Clunks H. Joyce. I am honored by the nomination of Colonel James M. H. Adams. Hon. James A. Slade then in an earnest and telling speech, which we regard as a great man, he concluded the nomination of Col. Joyce. He referred to seeing him when he (Slade) was first in the legislature as a bright messenger boy, right, not and ready, he told his friends he would make his mail; on the history of the state and nation and he has done it. He then moved to Rutland, was elected to the legislature, then made would present the name of Hon. Abishal Stoddard of Tuwishcnd as THE COMMISSIONER, who, upon taking the chair, thanked the convention for the honor of being elected a dividend. Nothing official was known at the close of business as to the decision reached. The decision in the Wisconsin suit is awaited to preside temporarily over it, and hoped with great interest. Among the sales today were one shares Western Union, Boston Pacific Mall, 100 Lake Shore, 100 Union Pacific, 100 St. Paul and 100 others. Gold closed at 109.5. Money closed at 108.5 per cent, Government bonds dull and steady. Stocks dull. Stocks dull and steady. Where blanks occur there were U.S. mos 'at coup. Hi ', U.S. 'IH COlp.llS.'i U.S. i-''OS 'C5 Old..ll0j II. s ti-ios'tw neii'.llO', U.S. 5-iOS'liT 11"' U.S. 5-mH'CS HT'4 u. s. ss new 111 U.S. 10-40i reg....H0', U.S. lo-40i consol.iaii currency cs Ill.'i Delaware and Hudson son Canal m Mariposa i ill pii't Cunt (11 Ml Consolidated Coal Wi Cluiseilanu w"i Western union Te eirranu 4'. (Quotations) No. preniu. 01 Pleasants Mall 4(1', Huston Water 'oner i Adams Express.. - ICS Wells, nirgo i;u. American M.U.Ux- Cleveland, Columbus uiis x uiii .V.J. Central.... M, Rock Island 'J'J Mil. it. Paul 44' do. preferred... CJ T. V,'. a; W :ir,w do. preferred.. cs Fort Wayne '.i imiuii unu icire Haute s do. preferred.. S'2 Chicago Alton.. W: 110. preferred...iu4 Ohio A: Mississippi, uui.,l.ui:k. it esi.iui'. nosiou, iiiiruoru & Krie li, C. C..t Indiana Central ISJ4 c. 11. & o ton Haitiilbaf X St. Ju senh 15 Central Pacific.... S'J'. union Pacific.- railroad Tennessee 6s.... do. new.. Virginia d do. new.. in,'4.. speaker, and never made but one mistake United states 1:1-!'ourl 03 in his rulings and then had the honor, New York Central t. Joseph x. 11. It 1: iw'. "i. n uuiii iu null iiiiiiue.'s in uiiuei i 11 iiiui in stand Today, the peer of any speaker, the House of Representatives had. I trust he will be elected to Congress by 8,000 majority. J. C. Baker, Esq., moved the nomination by acclamation, and followed Joyce was then unanimously nominated by a large vote amid the greatest enthusiasm and great applause. A. H. Wheeler, from the Committee on Nomination of a District Committee, presented the names of James S. Peck, Alonzo Pelier, Lovell and Alanson, Manchester; Henry N. Solace, Hartford; J. H. Hazelton, Rutland, who were appointed by the convention. Henry Hall, from the committee on Resolutions, presented the following, which were adopted: Resolutions. Resolved, That we reaffirm the principles set forth in the platform of the national republican convention of 1873, and endorse the resolution of the republican state convention of 1871. Ilenolcul, That good administration can 11 ie 3''4!!.a. csnew do ineiiiieu. ... i.eieu i.s Harlem l'"X va do. me ici reu .! aiu. 03 .Michigan Central.. lsV do. 's Panama Ill Ca.'s. " Uidun l'aeiuc 110. , s Lake shuie .V Mich special Tax So ;2V North Carolina Os. is IlllliolsCenli.il.... HI I do. lion. Cleveland .V Pitts- South Carolina lis. 25 bun: so'j 110. new. Chtau-o .v ui lli- 'Kuliaugu long ..is.w hH..l 'nlU. S1IU1L SVl lo, iiti'lerieil. ''-ri.;l 4,t I'urli roiliic-u .iliirki-i. Nkw Vouk, Aug. la, for a prompt dispatch of business. The calling of the roll showed 118 dele gates picsent, and two towns, Stratton and and Dover, uuiepicsenteil, and one nbsent from Jamaica. C. S. Dana nominate 1 Oiin Qambell and H. D. Hairis nominated Henry Sallord as temporary secretaries, who wcro elected. On motion of Ron. H. D. Harris the temporary organization was made the per manent one, with the addition of ono vice president from each county iu the district. PERMANENT ORGANIZATION. PRESIDENT. linn. Abishal Stoddardof Towushend. VICE I'liESIUENTS. Hon. Horace Fnlrbanksot St.Jolinsliury. Ron. John Walt of Randolph. Luther O. Green ot Woodstock. J. D. Hiiilgmanof Hcllows Falls, SECIiETAtilES, Orln Gambell of Bradford. Henry Safford of White River Junction On motion of f S Datia, It was voted 'y' that the convention proceed to ballot for a 9-1 1 1l.l..,n rn- rt-onf .iln-A frnm ltn ills. i:illlllill.llU IUI n-liiwiuminv .... tnct and that the loll bo called and each member proceed to the platform and de posit Ids ballot. HON. LUKK P. POLAND was nominated by J. D. Hridgeman of Hollows Falls, who said: Nothing that I can say will add to the name or fame of the gentleman nominated by me, in behalf of a majority of the delegates from Windham county, and I hope the district will honor themselves by nominating him. Ap- banks and Henry Stafford were appointed a committee to call upon Mr. Poland in. form him of his nomination and request his appearance before the convention. The committee soon returned and reported that they had performed that duty and Mr. Poland was presented to the convention and proceeded to address them. He commenced by saying that it was scarcely necessary for him to say how deeply gratified he felt to his constituents represented by the convention for this renewed token of their esteem and the confidence reposed in him. Mr. Poland then spoke at length in relation to the statute which the newspapers characterize as the great law. He entered into a long explanation of what first caused it to be enacted, and then spoke strongly in defense of it, and closed with again thanking the convention for the honor conferred upon him. The committee to nominate a district committee reported as follows: C. S. Dana, St. Julienbury. James Hutchinson, Jr., West Randolph. W. E. Johnson, Woodstock. Win. Harris, Windham. On motion of L. K. Fuller it was voted That the committee call the caucuses to all meet at the same time, the same as they were this year. On motion, the convention adjourned. Among the prominent men of the district who were present, either as delegates or lookers-on, I noticed the following Charles Dana, Franklin Fairbanks and Judge French of St. Johnsbury; Capt. H. W. Clark, N. E. Howe, Brattleboro, and a large number of others. The dissatisfied ones to the number of thirty-eight assembled in a hall opposite the depot, Hugh Henry was chosen president and Mr. Tinkham secretary. A ballot was taken for a candidate whom they could support, and was as follows: Dudley C. Denison 20, John H. Mead 18, Mr. Mead with the nomination of Mr. Denison was made unanimous. The following were appointed a district committee: Stephen A. Pingree, Hartford; W. W. Lynde, Hartford; A. T. Baldwin, Chester; N. A. Johnson, St. Johnsbury. It is safe to predict that this ticket will meet with a sudden decease, as it does not seem at all likely that Mr. Denison will accept any such nomination. If he does, it will politically kill him, for they will fall far short of accomplishing their object, which is solely to defeat Mr. Poland. The Scandal. New York, Aug. 12. The Brooklyn Eagle says Heecher will testify tonight. His statement will fill at least eight columns of the Eagle. The only thing of importance is that he is not a candidate for the Presidency. In the city today is the publication in Brooklyn of Frank Aloulton's story as it appears in the Chicago Tribune of Monday. Heecher's friends are greatly excited by it, and the effect will probably be a reopening of the entire case. It purports to be an interview between the Chicago Tribune correspondent (G. A. T.) and Aloulton, and is to the effect that Heecher had confessed to Aloulton his adultery with Mrs. Tilton. COI.. JOHN 11. MEAD Cotics. '1 ho liiurket Is steady, good ileum 'd at ',e decline ill lie lor iniuuiiiig uiiauu. Mii'ii l.eeeiius iu,.r' uarreis. iiiuinnrKci ..,.,,,. Is scarcely su active and prices without, decided I""""' ehanire. sales ot ii.iui uarreis 01 stipcrnnu wi'sierii nun biaiu ui i, iwu u i-uiiiuiuu iu good extra wistein and stale f 5 25 .1 c, ; , , , , .. j t'.niisoi of l'cacham. good tocholeedo 5t0.(0 10; common loeholco "a9 nomiuaicu u .1. ivuinisou 01 1 lilimiu. M itto wheal exiranesiein i. 10.UIK1 ; mr cum- ...... ... ,, i,v.s-ison 1,1,111 in L-oodexlra Ohio jsiKfii 00: for common 1I()N l'v" " l- "- 10 cholco extra St. Louis fs Citu 9 Including nominated bv A T H.diHvin of Chcs o.soobbls slilppliig extra western and staio at ",as nominaau uj. fTi ouwa M', eiiieuj iiiui.inei uii.u, uitirt-ii. 1'he J.l UUl.'Al O.', t MIL l.J l.tu ...111. extra mill Hour at prices wltliln range. in:u keteinslmr steady. Kve H.0C11. 1 ne marKet issieauyni tC, lill. Cons Me 11.. The market for corn meal Is ilrmer at ta ?5S4 i5 lor western ; llrand) wine, H To. U I KIT. I 'I'l 1 IS PU.IIVJ HUSH. llll' llllllKl'l Is less net lie al 1 to 20 lower, luoiferato e.xjwit best bo secured by such an organization of and home trado Inquiry, sales ot vvo thu. tin, ,-K-ll servlen us shall secnio coiiinclcnt busli at l 23.1 six for No 2 Chicago; 1 so lor i"c'l l10 Cl . ,, ' ,! . 11 ,11 ? V1 1 , No -' .XlUwaukee; II ls,sl S5 tor ungiaded Iowa 1,v- lionoilll' c v 0 l eers who shall bo undisturbed by nn(1 .Minnesoia spring: 11 32t :io toi-Noi """". the cliauges ot political action. spring ; si v ns 1 - ior iuur ieu aim ;r,,i That the lii'htfiil inli'iesls of tor amber western ; It 3,'.il 32 ror new red west- itmoicui, inai tne nBimi 1 intuiMs 01 amlKl. Uo l s(or am. labor, in view of tho picsent condition of i,L.r'iiunois ; I w for No. 1 shelioggan In suae ; mo industrial classes anil ineir leia'ions 10 1 i 2s ior .no 1 uiiiuiii ; jnu ior ninui uto n..!i, -...1 ll. ..-.... ......n.n,i....n nr tllPL-V. . 11,1.11. ...m tlnn tU. i,i a ,p u u.v, T..0 m.rket (..,, Rt,,aJ,. Hale3 nt country, iiemaim tne caietui soiiciiuue 01 9,;lu5e, Alsoto) bushels of new western at tho national legislature. me. Jlcsolcetl. That bcllevimr Unit the renewal 1'r.As-s.ilesot 00,0110 busli of Canada peas In of the reciprocity treaty would mnvts scti- b7um KV.--Tlio market Is nuoled nominal. ousiy lieu iiiieiiiit. 111 11. u iiinuiiuiui i.ui:i- ests anil 1110 lauoring classes ot our state wo are opposed to its icnewal In any form Tho nomination of Air. Poland was sec onded by Col. Roswell F.irnhain, and Hon. Iloraco Pah banks, who spoke of him as tho ilht man iu tho right place, and ad- conventlon to honor themselves him. Tho nomination ot Air. Dennlson was seconded by Hugh Henry, in one of his characteristic speeches. Tho president appointed ns TEU.El'.S J. D. Hiidgeman, J. R. Ixcnnison and A liAiu.uv .malt. Tlio market Is quoted lis rr. i!r,i,i,. i,,. who. after iccelving nd dull. Sal sot iiu bushels 2-row ed state utfisix .... a It Mi , , ,., i.'iikn. ueceinia yh.sij uumi. iiiu hwim. .Inl uemmu, inai 1110 repiiuiican party 01 4 mioted as lielng llttlo better cxnoit ueinaiui, , ...g,,ii. This district continues to express its great interest without decided change, sales of 140, counting the ballots, announced the following: THE DAILY GLOBE: Is kept for sale at the following places: HELIOTHS Fau-s-o. r. Woods, dealer in drugs and medicines, periodicals, provisions, etc. Kast Walnut, merchandise. Pioneer W. W. Hibbard, books, stationery, periodicals, fancy goods, etc. Washington H. P. Morgan, station agent, Massachusetts Herbert Smith, newsboy. Akiason H. S. Hard. Hilton M. J. Tiffany, periodicals, paper and stationery. Reitan Spaulding Co., newsboys, periodicals, books, stationery, etc.; A. F. Howard, depot restaurant; John O'Donald, newsboy, Hates House; Olode counting-rooms. Rutland On all morning trains leaving Hutland. The Farmers' War Equal Taxation Guanoes Patrons of Husbandry A series of letters published in the Rutland Daily Gazette, from the pen of Hon. S. Al. Dorr, of Rutland, and now collected and published for general circulation, by the under of the Rutland Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. Eight dollars per thousand - one dollar per hundred. Published by the G. O. Paper Company, Rutland. tudo to thesoldicrs and sallorsof the repub lic for tho nattiotism, couraso and self. sacilllco with xvhlch theygavo themselves .win lnwi 111. .u.ssiiii ror western uii.eii: Mljaasio for high mixed and yellow western, HI a HI lor whim western. , , , hits lteeelnts cs.aci) bushels. Tho market to the preservation of tlio country during ',10!,0i,ia ,uJPnh,U"Ut'fL;.Vi,il .luxed western tho Into civil war, and will espccir.lly ieco- "whlio wiSem mixed westemln nlzo tlio seiviccs 01 tlio enlisted by lavor- storo ; &vwi' for new mixed western: .u.i,se inir 1 0 cxicns 0 1 iro n 1 no to 1 inc. con. ior m.-n.. in. "'."" "''''." .148 ..82 ..llll slstent with the ability of Iho government, 01 mo pension aim uounty laws. ltcsolml. That Hon. Charles W. Wll- lard.our present rcprcscntiitlvo inCongicss, Is entitled to the gratitude of tlio people of this district for his able and distinguished seiviccs : for his earnest nud elTcctual on. slllon to extravagance nnd corruption, nnd Hay Tlio market Is steady at ses'ioc. rn.Liiinntiii. Tr.iti 11.1 fur linn- ernl). Hoes Tin! market Is llrm at lojtio t inw in r.ilr , yiii.?y.x fnr e-ood lo choice. UOFrEE 1110 llll.ri.ei .3 mill m ic-vj-"- Whole number of votes cast.... NcccsAuy for a choice Hon. Luke I'. Poland had.... Hon. D. C. Dcnison " .... Col. Johu H. .Mead " .... lion. II. II. Wheeler " ... L. K. Fuller moved that a committee to consist of ono from each county bo ap for his efforts In behalf of honest and ceo- only lobhingbale.-.. 'TcoaS-TIio market Is dull and steady, with pointed to nominate 11 dlstilct committee.
| 32,265 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113565269
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
list of cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 139 | 256 |
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Ziegenrück
Wikimedia-Liste
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Ziegenrück ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Liste
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Ziegenrück Liste von Kulturdenkmal, liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Ziegenrück
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Ziegenrück Staat Deutschland
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Ziegenrück Commons-Kategorie Cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück
Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Ziegenrück Kategorie in Bezug auf Liste Kategorie:Kulturdenkmal in Ziegenrück
list of cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück
Wikimedia list article
list of cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück instance of Wikimedia list article
list of cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück is a list of cultural property, located in the administrative territorial entity Ziegenrück
list of cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück country Germany
list of cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück Commons category Cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück
list of cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück category related to list Category:Cultural heritage monuments in Ziegenrück
| 6,257 |
https://github.com/Ahmadre/AnimatedWidgets/blob/master/example/lib/shake/shake_screen.dart
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
AnimatedWidgets
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Ahmadre
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Dart
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Code
| 106 | 405 |
import 'package:animated_widgets/animated_widgets.dart';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
class ShakeScreen extends StatefulWidget {
@override
_ShakeScreenState createState() => _ShakeScreenState();
}
class _ShakeScreenState extends State<ShakeScreen> {
bool _enabled = false;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(),
body: Center(
child: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.max,
children: <Widget>[
ShakeAnimatedWidget(
enabled: this._enabled,
duration: Duration(milliseconds: 1500),
shakeAngle: Rotation.deg(z: 10),
curve: Curves.linear,
child: Container(
width: 200,
height: 200,
decoration: BoxDecoration(
border: Border.all(color: Colors.blue)
),
child: FlutterLogo(
style: FlutterLogoStyle.stacked,
),
),
),
RaisedButton(
color: Colors.blue,
child: Text(
_enabled ? "pause" : "start",
style: TextStyle(color: Colors.white),
),
onPressed: () {
setState(() {
_enabled = !_enabled;
});
},
)
],
),
),
);
}
}
| 47,758 |
TEML/1902/TEML_19020610/MM_01/0003.xml_1
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NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,902 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,706 | 6,002 |
The Dear Homeland To-morrow evening Sister Elinor is to deliver in the Volunteer Hall, Temuka, her popular patriotic lecture, "The Dear Homeland." Wherever the lecture has been delivered it has proved a phenomenal success, and drawn packed houses. At Oamaru, in fact, the audience began to roll up before 6 o'clock, and they kept streaming in till 8, and every inch of available room was occupied. The lecture treats with "Mother England," " Bonnie Scotland," and "Dear Old Ireland." As can readily be understood by those who have heard Sister Elinor's addresses, she is an admirable raconteur and keeps her audience brimming with laughter, and holds their attention throughout the lecture. Those attending the entertainment will be afforded an opportunity to hear Miss Layton, Melbourne's gold medallist contralto, in such favorite ballads as "The Old Countree," "Home, Sweet Home," "Out on the Rocks," and "Daddy." There is no question but that the audience at Temuka will be in keeping as regards numbers with those that have attended the lecture in other towns. Press notices speak in glowing terms of the entertainment. According to the West Australian, the "Queen's Hall," Perth, was packed to its utmost capacity, and fully 500 to 600 persons were turned away. During the whole time Sister Elinor was speaking, the audience was captivated by the audience's enthusiasm. At most of the churches in Tempe and district -suitable reference was made on Sunday to the cessation of hostilities in South Africa. ST. PETER'S (ANGLICA CHURCH). At St. Peter's Church, a thanksgiving service was held, the Rev. J. M. Adcock, S.A., officiating both morning and evening. Special hymns, psalms, and collects were sung and read, and the prayer appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury for use in the Anglican Churches throughout the Empire on the occasion of the declaration of peace was also read. As the texts for his morning sermon the vicar took Job xxv., 2, and Psalms cxlvii, 20—"He maketh peace in high places," and "He hath not dealt so with any nation." The preacher referred to the patriotism of the Hebrews of old, and pointed out in what way this patriotism had been a source of weakness as well as strength to the nation. He then went on to deal with the recent South African war and its termination. Ever since the war began, the thoughts and desire of peace had been with us and in our prayers. As an Empire, we had emerged from the conflict a better and a nobler one, and in addition, loyal and strongly united. There had been mistakes made and there had been humilia tions. Would the memory of those dark, terrible days that followed the receipt of the news of the reverses at Magersfontein, Colenso, and Spionkop be, a sure sign of our faith? The Continental gutter press, and it was pointed out that the nation from the late beloved Queen down had in spite of their libels gone on its way steadfastly and serenely. The loyalty of India with its vast population was touched upon—a loyalty which the intrigues of Russia, nor the fanaticism of the Mohammedans could shake. ST. JOSEPHS CHUKCir, TEMUKA. 8 [Special services ~ere held in *:. 's Cln.iGh, Teund;a, on Sunday last, tne Lev. Father O'Oonnell. neuigtl.e preacher. The preacher slated tnct H f Lordship Bishop Grimes had c- mmandf.: that the Te Duira be se.ng. a:;.-i ibis was doue, the large cougrt gatien .-.huiaiug. . m srev. gentleman made tpeci..'- li the conclusion of in .S-.,i:th Africa In the evening he preached en eloc.ix.-r:' sermon L>ist evening a service v.'ns cn du. ted hv the L'ev. Father Tubman, th. Congregation being «»ain a h.rjro one. Th- Oh. ir on all occasions rendeieri a,.propnat. music. Father < 'Coonell, who pos-esfes :< splendid voice, sung iJordesc's " O tail tans." The spicial services «-n) eone.ude this (Tuesday} mSrn.ng, with High B-b.et at 9 o'clock. TEMUKA METHODIST CHURCH. •On .Sunday morisinu: rind evening th< eongreg&Mons Ht the Temuka Metlu.disi Church Wfttw iarjie. At. the latter struct. the congregation was almost larger than the building could hold. Sister Elinor con duced both services In the morning fin took "character IruildiniT' as the subiecr of her discourse, baling her ix-marks on the 12th chapter of Koujhus : iu the evening the' story Of the dying thief, who, :vith another, was crucified with Christ, both addresser, apart from Hie I ruths expounded were an iuteKe'jtua.; treat, and were mud appreciated. At the evening ?ervice Mis- Laytou sans- "The Lost Ciwd" and " 11- was ia a manner worthy the arti>t-.< Last mgnt the .-erviees were, continued. This was the seventh day of thu mission, and con gregation was again large. Si.ater Elinor delivered a powerful Jiddrese, and Miss Jjayton sang two eolos. GERALDINE. T. MART'o EX!H,i-:i;l CHURCH, C X IRMAT'ON ,sEi;.V.!.i'E. There wa- a veay laiv.e a St. Mary'.- Kajjii.h Chinch, 'icreldine, "i Sunday :nui n:ng, vj ;i• •ii a i eiilirnuuioi Seryiee was hold i.y Hi.-. Lo.-.lsliip = ?i -■ tn>|.; Julius. His Lord-hip hi addie.-siug tie candidates said tea i; the Vicar in ;.n eseulin; thoui w,ia atij l.j ray Ciaf i:;ty wem ore paied it) mind, but eo.y co'Ci lu; ;-:y v. a I the same e.a t-iiufy '.hat they weie :;•>■; c.-.-im. iu heart.:' !!•■ culd jud-e of (his a:s>. te ; cjrtaic extent when he saw ih-it. the;, came not lyjan-o they :-tre to but: because ib.ey ec-ared the grac '-t continua tion. If tli- he rt. was like stoay gi'.'ur-.d the good =e a nt the VCud would ret b recei .vd. and woiiai fall n;rm it. in vain. tie would ask the oa;ahd.te~ 10 tiiri.it.. Him wli.i alone could pi enare 1 heir hea 11- by His Boiy .- pint. The confirm it.on i'm-n to ik pla'.-. there bciti.; 22 caadida' as—7 males aaa ic t'euui es. Lli=. Lord.-h:p chose fur the :i >;: of his in■>;•:; ; i\ir disc tnse Rev. iv.—in " The tour and twenty elders I'ali d.iwn before Him .... and east iheir cro'.vus before the throne." 'i'lc Church of Cod as stou by limn a' the rime these wa» ds ivi.-p pinned by the inspired Apostle was so ; imi', so small, so insignificant, so scattei'ed, so cruelly persecuted and di.-tre-sed, and it; was a {'mug to be dispisad by the |i.\'.er-' ot the world. The door. how. ver. v.ois on-nedfo St. .ailin. and lie od:~|.i the one.rel; as she ie.:ily was and in the wight victims of iitiiilatr.i.'is. If wc looked at thing.- around u.-, we thought we raw ti-i-m as they we:e. br.t. it was not so. To see things as they ro.iliy weie we had in :• ee tne.a iruiii tin: i:eg;i';uii:g—iu biilli and :u fa ii aj -i:: --iir i:i a i-'-nl, v.'.-. !;..:-[ ;-i e i hem as G-..d so:; thi'.ui I -at w;: a wiiy wv i-rivd uaxiar.s, ; i:-;. ■:•! it an,: i-'. In the midst of the tumult, in looking at our brothers, let us remember that we see them only in the making and not in the competition, and to judge them rightly, we must see them as God sees them. So John looked upon the Church of God as God saw it — glorious thing with out spot, wrinkle, or any such thing — holy. She was represented in part by four and twenty elders, who cast their crowns before the throne. Was it not always so? The most reverent people in the world were kingly people. He knew that there was an idea that obtained that reverence be longed to weakness, subservience, poverty, and the like. Indeed, it would be loged truly to the greatest, for the great men of the world were always reverent. The 7 were the great men who cast their crowns before the throne. Suppose he went into a wool len mill, where there were a great many workers er, :~, '"y"d at machines. One would never flunk of asking the workers to turn with reverence to their machines. They knew nothing about the machine beyond what it was capable of doing. If one wanted reverence, one had to go to the me chanic or the engineer, who would look at the principle underlying the machine and admire its beautiful movements, and perhaps tell the story of how it was the thought of some poor obscure man many years ago. They were often told that familiarity breeds contempt, but he must say that knowledge never did this. It was familiarity without the knowledge that bred contempt. Irrever ence belonged to ignorance, and in these days of so much irreverence of a type, he earnestly wished to Warm the candidates who had been confirmed against a shallow treatment of religion. There was such a silence not so much reverence amongst us Englishmen, who had been saturated with religion from childhood, as there was amongst some of the poor hea then tribes who had just received the knowledge of the truth for the first time. We often had familiarity with out the knowledge. Another thought in connection with the text was that after working for their crowns the elders cast them before the throne. PEACE THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT ST. MARY'S At St. Mary's Church, Gerakline, on Sunday night a special peace Thanksgiving service was held, when there was an exceptionally large congregation. The service was paraded by the Rev. Staples Hamilton, and special hymns were sung by the choir and the congregation. His Lordship Bishop Julius chose for his text St. James 3—18 "And the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace for them that make peace." "Peace with glory" was the dream of the great Napoleon, and the glory faded as a crown of laurels from his brow. "Peace with honor" was the word of Lord Beaconsfield on his return from the Berlin congress. "Peace with righteousness" were the words of the New Testament, and the Psalmist of old sang "Righteousness and peace have kissed each other." Peace—what a beautiful word it was—was there any other like it? The dream and hope of man from the earliest ages! See how the prophets of the Old Testament looked far beyond all present ills and sorrows, and beheld afar off the day of peace arising. As it was with the prophets of the Old Testament so it was with the teachers of the New. They foresaw the present ills—the battle with the world, the flesh, and the devil—and beyond all that saw the peace that would never fade, What was it in the world that forbade a lasting peace? There were two things—the one positive and the other negative—stood in the way of peace. Sin more terrible than war. He could scarcely exaggerate the terrors of war, out there were worse things in the world than war. War he could not define—he simply accepted as he did pain. He did not stand there to define pain. All he knew was that God permitted it. He could not say why. Here again came incomplete ness. The world was in process of making—nations were in process, the divine purpose was in process, had there been war, sorrow, and pain. In the blacksmith's shop they could see how the red hot iron was pulled out of the fire only to be put back again. Was not this the way in which God fashioned the world, the nations, and the individual. Though war was a terrible thing, it were better to have war than that God should let us alone to pass out of his hand as worthless. Now at last has come peace, and we had been praying for it and longing for it for months past. We had seen something of that war was in South Africa—a picture of de solation—the cruel battle fields, the wasted villages, the ruined and black-ened farms. Peace now would cast her gentle mantle over all this, and the grass would grow green over the battle-fields, and the farm houses would stand again. Soon the horrible effects of the war would be swept away and nothing would remain but a few little groups of graves on the hill sides, marking the spots were many a brave fellow was laid to rest. It seemed to him, too, what they were waiting for something more than the declaration of peace. The question on every tongue was what are the terms of peace? They knew that peace could come from other sources than righteousness, but what a way it was that they were celebrating in their churches; that day? Was it a peace that would stand? He believed it was. There was a time when because we suffered some reverse we made peace with the enemy. It was something of that war that we had to fight. What nation should rule in South Africa. The issue had been fought out by both sides to the bitter end, and God had declared his will and purpose. They should feel thankful that the issue had been determined, for it spelt, he believed, a lasting peace. He rejoiced to know, too, that the terms given to the en emy were generous, and while they could not hove been claimed from us we had done a great thing, and in the words of the text " The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace of them that make peace." A wonder ful history was the history of the British nation. people after people ha l been given over into our hands and often against our own wishes and contrary to our expectations. Now this great South African country was to he handed over to us to become a British colony, and need he say why? Was it because oT our love of fair plav, our sturdy sense of justice ond righteousness that we had been en abled to make the world richer. God grant- lhat the nation would be faith ful to its trust, and that having won her crown she would lay it at the feet of the whole world to make it and South Africa in particu.-yr 'he better for the great sacrifice that had been made. He was afraid that we would be pouring into the new coun trv men with a greed for gain- lust ful for wealth—forgetting the good of the country, and taking much out of it but putting little into it. So sure ly as we failed in our trust in South Africa, he held, would God's hand be turned against us, and we would ne cuine as'one of the nations <...:v. had wrought well for a time *<:id bad turned away from righteousness, when God would cast us out and we would be forgotten. Our aaCon's greatness to-day did not lie in the strength of Hie "navy or (he army or her intellectual power, but in her ob edience io the will and service to Al mighty God and righteousness. At the close of the service the choir and congregation sang the Te Deum and two verses of God save the King. PRIMITIVE Mi-'HIODIST CHfJI.'CH, G ERA 1 .DINE. Special Evangelistic Services were coir inencud in the Primitive Methodist Church, licraldmo, lauaiucted by tin* Rev. (i V, Miiuti, Counexional Evangelist, the Church n-is filli in '>nin;; and evening, the sublets being " Feeding the Multitude," and " A saved Soul, but a Lost Life," respectively. ST. THOMAS' CHURCH, WOODBURY. St. Thomas' Church, Woodbury, was well filled on Sunday afternoon, when his Lordship Bishop Julius confirmed three male and six female candidates. His Lordship preached an eloquent sermon from Ecclesiastes iii.— "A time of war and a time of peace," the trend of the discourse being much on the same lines as that of the evening discourse at Geraidine. STUMBLING BLOCKS TO GOOD HEALTH Are speedily removed by Impey's May Apple, the ideal family medicine. The sea of humanity is covered with floatsam of constipation, dyspepsia, biliousness, torpid liver, sick head aches, nervous exhaustion, and liver and kidney troubles. These constitute the everyday menace to good health, and may be described as the popular maladies, and Impey's May Apple is acknowledged to be the popular and most effective remedy: It rights the wrong in the human system, and begins the work in the stomach which is the center of all disease. Impey's May Apple aids Nature in its operations, and restores health, cheerfulness, and buoyancy of spirits to the afflicted. Sold by chemists and storekeepers at 25 cents per bottle, or post free from the wholesale agents, Sharland and Co., Wellington. KA LEAD ISR, TUESDAY, JUNE 10, 1902 COMPARE PRICE OF 2/4 2/4 2/4 The Coronation Is to 2nd, Merinos Is 11 to 3rd, Cloths 2-3d to 3rd, Blouses Materials novel. American Boys Collars, Valotas Lac Collars, Velvet-teens, Shawls, Hoods, Hals, Neck Frilling, do for Trimming Inspection, Cloths, Lister's Plush, Drawn Thread Handkerchiefs for Is. HOSKRY AND GLOVE. (In our noted stockings Cashmere Cloves 10, 15, and 15, Queen 2s (id. Florence, etc., for lined), 2s 1d, 3s 1d, etc. A. Haturo.Makers' Goods, 2 pairs for 2s 1d, a j. tfiTOH'-.LI & TURNISHING CO. SALE of the STOCK is P. K. K. K. POS OFFICE, A. i, 'i It.i OIL AND BUY Winter Drapery and Clothing OCCIDENTAL Wheelwright AND, Coach Builder. ALSO has much Plumber in stock. AVR!<;H! ami '?').--. Oil BUILDING ki USIN KSS iiith.-:!-! parried mi by?.hi W. GIAN T, :,in S' e-r. r e;n--k.-i, and h.ii" s by *!H' tioe (.. fiu i''c.'-;', Good Workman j!ii':, and.Ue.<-.o.abe i'ric. s to Aleri', in |'(|fv|r,UO O* TIJ-1 Ctlbiii. " W H A.-•' Vc Y, WniiEl-Wll'liHT, ; i milk. •PEC.UL \ALTJE ]"•• ;£B MHB BLOU-33W i.L value 3n SPECIAL YALTTIC ir% ... a -.;„-, iviKKD BLOOM'S iHJILDINGR, TE;..UKA. [Jf-T LiISrED-THREE OASES L'MPWa^. Gr.-»i Varioty at Losv Price T. SHERRAffT Geraldine. (UILDING MATERIAL of Best Quality in Stock for £,iL\ viz. : > B KICKS for tho Cottage <>t iVUi.moii, Warehiviuo or Factory. Air-bricks, Chimney Pots, nut: fMiiuinuy Lining. .Salt-glazed .'rocketed Dr.;in Pipe.', sud ;.U! Hdcosaary Traps, Junctions, Mends, Tapers', &c. Eield Pipes of all siz.m for t'..c Ea';;>nv*. Gordon DtJu 'I iles. and Lawn or Wnindah V.-;bh&. llßioil ;:i,,l H"a."t.<>rv ... 1!. >T, [, 't.r, ~; Uim'.. -IM\ 3f. '"elophono 76. ' 5' aVINC JUST COMPLETED Si (K KTAKiNG we hsva decided to Offer. J. i he Public r.n Opr.oi': n*ity of S-..c;:rii:g some " :rfui Bargains. Bcii>(s Heavily Overstocked ir. Kve;y Di'p;-.rtn'.<.'iit, we arc Detiroas of Reducing Same ns Mncii is-i !-'o.s--:Hc. JSALE OO.Yi MEMOES «.\T UKD '. Y, JUNE 7th, and Continues to the End of th<> ,Vo:ish. :-TA.TE OF THE LATE f,l GENERAL DRAPER, OUTFITTER, Vj* and imp >rvsok. J C. MOOKB, Manager. •apery, For 14 DAYS, SPtX'IAL LNDUCEMF.-rrs YOU CASH are Offered to Ufa's of Families and Others Inquiring a WINTER SUPPLY General Drapery, Furnishings, Clothing and Boots, AT THE STONE STORE. \TOW LAoiDISG, Tiraarn. ex Whangape, from Calcutta, direct CORN SACKS D WEIGHT. ' Imported Direct. DO'SGECE'S CM., EOBEDAL!!;, and BEGG'S, MABSEY-BARPJS, *m. VACUUM OIL COY. nka, i:< ike?, ate, in fact, Anything tho Farmer Requires, At Hhi/ia Pr o > aa Tiraarn. mW v - u Y S«0 h ; DEPARTMENT Agents fob — Massey-Marris Celebrated Farm Machinery, Bicycles, etc., etc Oonpor and Little's fcheep Dips. Victoria Insurance Company. Katioual Mutual Lifo Assurance Association, ate, etc. itOE STREET, TEMUKA Speechless for Three Weeks. WITHOUT 1,0:am. A. "WAEOO"' COY,, Dim edit). Dew. —For tha last three we*ka I have been almost spernhless with * cold on my client. I had an c- nvh. I was IVvprish, and much depressed in health through a general lji rnisß of tlii' syHtonj arisiug from tho cold a"d F^vor. During this tiase I tried Gva or six difl'ereut reuiedies, batjthey were iißolea?, giving tue Jittls or no relief. I tried BEJSJ'i MIW GUM. It worked like a charm, and lam myself again, qnite Freo Jrora Hoarseness, Coughing, and Jthe Feverish. Dispirited feeling that troubled me. BENJAMIN GUM is, in my opinion, the best at Cough Medicine Made, and I shall never be without it. C. H. Jackson, Alu. Street, Christen. BENJAMIN GUM—Price is 6d and 23c everywhere, or Post Free Wholesale from all Merchants, or Emporium, Prosser & Co., Isles Zealand Drug Company. FRUCE OF WIEKIT WARE ITS WAY. URNITURE of ALL DESCRIPTIONS in STOCK and MADE to ORDER; Pure and Well-Made Bedding; Iron Bedsteads, all sizes; Carpet Squares; Heart Beds; Mais; Lumber; Sets of Ware, Etc., Etc., at BUCKINGHAM'S System of Business:—First Quality, Latest Designs, Moderate Prices. It Pays Bust to Buy Direct from a "cond Manufacturer." TELEPHONE 83. 63 to 65 STUFF STREET DE3- S('7 sr FURNITURE AND BEDDING WAREHOUSE, UMBRELL. "THE NIGHT ALL CATS ARE GRAY. DARKNESS MAKES ALL THINGS LOOK THE SAME. You Grope in A? Darkness when you Read the Advertisements of Many Houses, for So Light in Throw Upon Their Past, and You Cannot Buy From Them Understandingly. The old axiom "HOLD FAST TO THAT WHICH IS GOOD" Applies to Us. For 25 Years we have Dealt Honestly with Our Customers in South Canterbury. We have Saved Them Hundreds of Pounds. That What we have done is what we intend continuing to do. LET US HELP YOU SAVE MONEY. is Learned in the Cradle Lasts to the Grave, Many Men and Women in South Canterbury, now Regular. Lasts and Friends, learned of us in their infancy 25 years ago. The lesson taught them by their parents concerning us was, TRUTH WE WERE RELIABLE, AND SAVED THE BEST, and they Never Will, for Experience has shown them the Truth of what they learned in their childhood days. Some Things You'll Never Forget One Thing We Never Will; That Is SAVED TO GIVE YOU THE VERY BEST VALUE FOR YOUR MONEY. You Don't Need a Searchlight TO SEE THE REMARKABLE VALUE WE OFFER IN DRAPERY. CLOTHING, -AND BOOTS. THE PEOPLE'S DRAPER, TEMULA AND TIMARU. FOR BLACK AND YELLOW OIL COATS, LEGGINGS, OIL TROUSERS. SOL-WESTERS, LEATHER LEGGINGS. All Makes and Shapes. Just Purchased—4l OIL COATS, RIDING SHAPE (Black and Yellow). Wholesale Cost 17s 9d, to be Cler.red at 15s. Such a chance not to be picked up every day. Daily Opening NEW GOODS—Direct Importation—in Every Branch of Our Business, Your Inspection Cordially Invited.
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https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pselliopus%20cinctus
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Pselliopus cinctus
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https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pselliopus cinctus&action=history
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Waray
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Spoken
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An Pselliopus cinctus in uska species han Insecta nga syahan ginhulagway ni Fabricius hadton 1776. An Pselliopus cinctus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pselliopus, ngan familia nga Reduviidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Mga sumpay ha gawas
Pselliopus
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https://github.com/UCSC-MedBook/MedBook_/blob/master/tools/old-external-tools/shazam/pathways/pid_45777_pathway.tab
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Github Open Source
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BSD-3-Clause
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MedBook_
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UCSC-MedBook
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Code
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protein MAPK
abstract degradation
protein DSP
DSP degradation -ap>
MAPK MAPK -a>
MAPK DSP -t>
DSP MAPK -a>
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22585000
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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geocodezip, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1210329, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3438057, user3438057
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English
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Google Maps V3 air/sea transport?
im trying to use the directionsService from GoogleMaps, and i have this types of transports
BICYCLING Specifies a bicycling directions request.
DRIVING Specifies a driving directions request.
TRANSIT Specifies a transit directions request.
WALKING Specifies a walking directions request.
But i dont have Sea or Air types, it should be like a single line in the map.
I need to draw mixed routes with land types and air(sea
Any ideas?
Thanks!
Get the sea and air routes via another source.
Yes, i was tracing a polyline for this cases, but if i have a route with many segments and types, not worked well
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bub_gb_uTZgKw7ConoC_3
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Bibliotheque orientale, ou Dictionnaire universel, contenant tout ce qui fait connoître les peuples de l'Orient. Leurs histoires & traditions, tant fabuleuses que véritables; ... Par M. d' Herbelot Tome premier tome sixieme Tome troisieme. 3
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GUDARZ, l'un des plus grands Capitaines de la Perse, qui conquit la Judée et prit Jérusalem sous le règne de Lohoris, Roi de la première Dynastie de Perse, & soutint plusieurs guerres contre Afrasiab, Roi du Turkestân. Tous les premiers Rois de la seconde Dynastie, il fut père de Guiu, qui se rendit aussi célèbre par sa valeur dans les règnes suivants. GUNDUZ & GUNDUZIN, fils d'Ortogroul & frère d’Othman, Fondateur de la Dynastie des Othmanides, qui sont les Sultans de Constantinople. Ce mot signifie en Turc le jour. GUREH & TCHESCHM-GURÉH, nom ancien des Turcomans, lorsqu'ils passaient en ancienne Perse avec les Seljukides du Turkestan en Perse. GURGE & KÜRGE. Les Géorgiens, peuples qui habitent les environs du mont Gaukas, au couchant de la mer Caspienne, ont toujours été Orientaux. Chrétiens, quoique environnés de tous côtés par les Musulmans. Du temps des Samanides, Abou-Nasr, Roi de Géorgie, qui ayant été soumis par le Sultan Nosh, fils de Mansour, avait remis ses Etats entre les mains de Sthah-Schar, son fils, & vivait en particulier à la Cour de ce Prince. Mahmoud, fils de Sebecteghin, Sultan des Gaznevides, fit la guerre à Schah-Schâr. Altun Taf, Général des Armées de ce Sultan, le défit et l’envoya prisonnier à Mahmoud. Mahmoud lui rendit la liberté et le rétablit dans ses États, à condition qu’il y vivrait en bon et fidèle vassal. Schah-Schâr s’étant révolté contre le Sultan, fut défait et pris prisonnier une seconde fois, et envoyé au Sultan Mahmoud, qui le fit fouetter comme un esclave échappé, et l’enferma dans un château où il finit sa vie. Ainsi finit la Dynastie des Schârs, au rapport de Khondemir, qui dit que ce nom de Schâr était commun à tous les Rois de Géorgie, comme celui de César, dont le sultan pourait être corrupteur, de même que le Czar des Moscovites était aux Empereurs Romains. Cependant il s’éleva bientôt après une autre Dynastie de Rois dans le Gurgistan, qui soutinrent une longue guerre contre les Selgiucides, successeurs des Gaznevides. Alp-Arslan le Selgiucide remporta de grands avantages sur les Géorgiens : car il en dompta une grande partie qu’il réduisit en esclavage, les obligeant de porter un fer à cheval pendu à l’oreille, pour marque de leur servitude. Malek-Schah, Sultan de la même Race, continua à faire des progrès dans la Géorgie, où il prit le fort château de Miriam-Nishchin. Les Khwarezmiens, qui succédèrent aux Selgiuides, firent aussi la guerre à ces peuples, sans pouvoir les assujettir entièrement. Gelaleddin Mank-Berni fit de grands exploits en ce pays-là, comme on peut le voir dans son titre ; mais toutes les victoires qu’il remporta n’empêchèrent pas. que les Mogols ou Tartares, qui possédèrent ensuite les États des Khwaresmiens, n'aient été obligés d'être toujours en armes contre des peuples si féroces et si indomptables. Aboulfarage veut que les Gurgans ou Géorgiens soient les mêmes que les Khwares; mais ce sont deux Nations bien différentes. Les Khwares habitent au Septentrion de la mer Caspienne, & confeinent avec les Turcs Orientaux ou Tartares. Les Tables Arabiques marquent pour capitale de leur pays la ville de Balangiar, qui est à 85 degrés 20 minutes de longitude, & à 46 degrés 30 minutes de latitude; & les villes de Samkur & de Teflis, dont cette dernière passe pour la ville royale des Géorgiens, sont situées à 41 degrés de longitude, & à 44 degrés de latitude septentrionale. GURSCHAH ou GAURSCHAH, nom du quatrième fils de Mohammed-Khovarezm-Shah. Orientale. AB AB ASH, fils de Couch ou Chus, fils de Kenaan ou Chanaan, fils de Ham ou de Cham, fils de Nohou Noé. C’est lui que les Arabes ont appelé le nom des Abyssins ou Ethiopiens; car Hasch, étant pris collectivement, signifie chez eux l’Ethiopie. Habash et Habashi signifie un Abyssin ou un Éthiopien; le pluriel de ce nom est Hohoufch ou Hobfchdn, les Éthiopiens, que les Persans appellent Siah-Hindou, les Indiens Noirs. L'es "Grammairiens" Arabes veulent que le mot de A, qui signifie ai^ffi l’Ethiopie, vienne de celui de Houboucsnah, donné en pluriel est Oho-houch. Ahabisch, qui signifie un peuple mélangé de différentes nations originaires de divers pays qui vivent unis ensemble, et que c’est la véritable étymologie de Habasch, nom qui comprend les Abyssins, les Nubiens, et les Sangas. Abdalmal marque pour confins de l’Ethiopie, du côté du midi, le Zanguebar ou la Caftrie; à l’orient la mer rouge; au septentrion, le désert qui est entre la Mer rouge, la Nubie, et la Haute Thébaïde; et à l’occident, celui de Bagdad ou Begmash. Les Arabes appellent encore les Ethiopiens du nom que les Hébreux leur donnent, qui est Cofchim, à cause de Cofsh ou Chus, père de Hassch, que les Hébreux ne connaissent point; car, selon la Genèse, Cham eut pour enfants Chus, Mizraïm, Phut, et Canaan, et par conséquent Chus était frère et non pas fils de Canaan. La ville capitale et royale de ce pays s’appelle Germi, selon Abdalmal, Naffir-Eddin, et Uluq-Beg; ces deux derniers lui donnent 65 degrés de longitude, 19 degrés et 30 minutes de latitude septentrionale, entre la ligne équatoriale, et le premier climat qui ne commence, selon les Arabes, qu’au douzième degré. Abdalmal dit que c’est une fort grande ville. Edris dit que la capitale de l’Ethiopie se nomme Gondar; aujourd’hui c'est A^-umaA. Sehertah et Hadiah sont des villes du même pays, situées au-delà du premier climat, aussi bien que Marcath, ou Marcathah. Macdatchou est entre le pays de Zenge et celui de Habashah ; ses habitants sont Musulmans, et un grand fleuve qui déborde en été comme le Nil, passe le long de ses murailles, dont l'enceinte est fort grande. Zilâ et Zailegh sont aussi une des villes d’Éthiopie, où les chaleurs sont si exceffives qu’il n’y croît aucune sorte de fruit : il y a cependant beaucoup de Musulmans qui s’y font habitués, et qui font un très bon accueil aux Marchands Musulmans qui y trafiquent. Sherif-Al-Edrisse met aussi au nombre des villes d’Éthiopie celles d’Akept, de Bakthi, et de Mancounah, et il y a d’autres Géographes qui veulent que Gaidhâb, ville et port de la mer Rouge du côté de la Thébaïde, d’où l’on passe à Gidda en Arabie, soit du même pays, aussi bien que rifle et la ville de Souaken dans la même mer. Ce fleuve, dont il est parlé ci-dessus, est fort grand, et se jette dans le Nil proche la ville d’Ialak. C’est sur ses bords que les villes de Gionbitah, de Marakthah et de Nagiagah sont situées. Une partie de l'Arabie, et particulièrement celle que nous appelons Heureuse, a autrefois été comprise sous le nom d’Ethiopie, à cause que les Abissins qui l’avaient conquise, la possédaient longtemps. Mirkhond appelle la côte maritime de l’Yemen, qui est au-delà et au-dessous du détroit de Bab-Almandab où les Ethiopiens ont régné, du nom de Habashah. Dhou-Izen, Roi de l’Yemen, les en chassa avec le secours des Perses. Quelques-uns pensent que ce fut son fils Saif, et d’autres, Madi Carb fils de Saif; mais, quoi qu’il en soit, les Perses les chassèrent enfin sous le règne de Noushirvan qui y envoya des Gouverneurs, jusqu’à ce que Mahomet et les Khalifes ses successeurs se rendirent les maîtres de toute l’Arabie. Les Ethiopiens veulent que Salamah, Evêque, qui leur fut envoyé par saint Athanasius, fut le premier qui les baptisa ; car jusqu’alors ils n’avaient que la circoncision, qui leur fut enseignée par Sadok, Grand Prêtre des Juifs, qui leur envoya son fils pour les instruire au judaïsme, du temps de Salomon. Voyez la Vie de Tascalha-Iamanout, qui est dans la Bibliothèque du Roi, n° 796. Ibn-Amid rapporte que, sous le Califat de MoktalTEM, le huitième des Abbassides; il y avait en Ethiopie un Métropolitain, car c’est ainsi que les Abissins appellent celui de leurs Evêques qui a la supériorité sur les autres; il portait le nom de Jacques, et vivait en réputation de sainteté parmi eux. La Reine du pays, qui n'était pas satisfaite de sa conduite, chassa de son fils pendant l'absence du Roi, son mari, qui avait pour lors guerre avec ses voisins. Le Métropolitain se réfugia en Alexandrie auprès de son Patriarche, et l'on dit qu'après sa retraite il arriva de grands malheurs dans le pays, que l'on attribuait à la persécution que souffrait un si saint Prélat. Le Roi d’Ethiopie étant de retour de son expédition, envoya une ambassade au Patriarche d’Alexandrie, pour lui demander pardon de l'expulsion qui avait été faite du Métropolitain sans sa participation, et le pria fort humblement de le lui renvoyer. Le Patriarche eut égard aux prières du Roi, et Jacob fut reçu des peuples avec une joie universelle. Le même Auteur dit que les Abyssins peuvent, quand ils veulent, empêcher le débordement du Nil, et que l'an 482 de l’Hégire, sous le Khalifat de Mouslanfer en Egypte, le Nil ne coulant point, menaçait l’Egypte d’une grande famine. Le Khalife, pour prévenir ce malheur, obligea le Patriarche d’Alexandrie, nommé Michel, d'aller en ambassade, de sa part, auprès du Roi d’Ethiopie, pour obtenir de lui que l'on levât les écluses qui empêchaient le Nil de grossir. Le Roi d’Ethiopie ayant appris la venue du Patriarche, sortit au devant de lui avec toute sa Cour, et le reçut avec des démonstrations d’un très-grand respect, lui accorda sa demande, et le renvoya fort satisfait des honneurs qu'on lui avait faits. HABIB. Ali Ben Mohammed qui défendit l'Orientale. Doit d’Ali du côté de Houssain, touchait ainsi de fort près aux Imams, prit le surnom de Habib, qui signifie Ami, parce qu’il voulait être chéri de tous ses Sectateurs. Il se rendit maître de la ville de Basra et de ses environs, sous le Khalifat de Mohammed, y régna pendant quatorze ans, et eut le loisir de bâtir la ville de Mokhtarah, qui n’en était pas éloignée. Il fortifia si bien ce poste, que Mouaftek, frère du Khalife Mohammed, qui lui faisait la guerre, fut obligé de faire construire une autre ville pour rallier, à laquelle il donna son nom. Cette ville fut donc nommée Mouaffikiah et servit à fermer de si près Ali, qu’il fut enfin contraint d’abandonner sa ville de Mokhtarah, que Mouafteck prit et sacragea. Ali fut peu de temps après pris lui-même ; et Mouafteck, l’ayant fait mourir, fit porter sa tête au bout d’une lance par tous les lieux de la Province et ensuite à Bagdad, où elle fut attachée à la porte du pont. Ceci arriva l’an 270 de l’Hégire. Cet Ali se disait faussement être de la race du premier, qui était gendre de Mahomet, et prenait le surnom de Habib, le Bien-aimé, titre qui n'appartient proprement, selon les sentiments des Musulmans, qu’à leur faux Prophète. Ce fourbe avait attiré par une fausse apparence de piété, beaucoup de canaille à sa dévotion, qui était foulée par le nom et par l’autorité d’Ali ; mais la vérité est qu’il tirait son prêche de la famille d’Abdal Kais, et que la plupart de ses sectateurs étaient Zengis; c’est pourquoi... Bibliothèque à dire de ces gens ramassés que nous appelons Bohémiens. HADHËR-NADHER, ou HADHIR-NADHIR, Présent & Voyant. C’est un des attributs de Dieu, qui exprime son immensité : Khabor & Bashir, Connaissant & Pénétrant de sa vue, signifie la même chose ; ce sont des termes répétés sans cesse par le plus impie des hommes dans son Alcoran. Au chapitre intitulé Bacrah, ou de la Vache rouillée de Moïse, on lit ces paroles : "Allah beranat tamruda Khabora. Dieu fait tout ce que vous faites, etc." Hussein-Vaez les paraphrase ainsi : "Vous, qui faites profession de piété, ne vous affligez jamais de quoi que ce soit : car Dieu connaît vos bonnes œuvres, et il les récompensera. Et vous, pécheurs, puisque vous savez que Dieu connaît vos mauvaises actions, faites-en pénitence, pour éviter le châtiment." Le Methnevi dit sur ce même texte : "Celui qui croit que Dieu le voit dans chaque moment de sa vie, doit peser attentivement toutes ses paroles, et régler exactement toutes ses actions." Au chapitre "Neltâ", ou "des Femmes", dans le même Alcoran, l’on trouve ce verset : "En Allah kaana alaihom râki'ban. Dieu a toujours l’œil sur vous." Un Auteur Persan expliquant ce passage, dit fort élégamment : "Celui qui croit fermement que Dieu est Hadher-Nadhir der hemeh ghayat, ce qui signifie en Persan, présent en tout lieu, doit savoir qu’il n’y a ni porte, ni muraille, ni échafaud, qui le puisse garantir de sa vue, & que mille et une voiles, ou portières, les uns sur les autres, ne peuvent pas lui donner assez d’assurance pour l’offense." Au chapitre intitulé "Alak", qui est le 96 du même Livre, il est dit : "Alam yusur bika sa Yalameen Allah yarjif. L’homme ne fait-il pas que Dieu le regarde?" Selim dit sur ce passage les paroles suivantes : "Ce verset comprend une promesse et une menace, car il s'adresse à l’homme de bien, et lui dit : Travaille à servir Dieu, puisqu’il est présent pour te récompenser. Il dit à l'impie : Convertis-toi; car Dieu voit ton insolence, et il la punira. Il dit à l’hypocrite : Purifie tes intentions, puisque tu fais que Dieu pénètre au fond de ton cœur; et enfin il exhorte l’homme dévot à se préserver des moindres fautes, puisque Dieu l’éclaire de tous côtés." Digitalized by Google. C'est dans la considération de ce dernier point, qu’un Derviche pleurait toujours et ne se pouvait consoler ; car, lorsque l’on lui asturait qu'il Dieu lui avait pardonné les péchés, il répondait : "Je veux bien que cela soit ainsi ; mais comment voulez-vous que je supporte la honte de paraître devant lui en état de pécheur ? Saadi dit qu’il n’y a rien de plus intime à un chacun que la présence de Dieu, et qu’il n’y a rien cependant qui lui soit moins connu. Cette présence, dit Cashmiri, fait qu’il n’y a point de jour d’hier, ni de demain, pour un vrai serviteur de Dieu. Foyez le titre d'Adam, dans lequel vous trouverez le pacte que Dieu fit avec lui et avec sa postérité, en quoi consiste le plus grand secret de la vie spirituelle, selon ce même Auteur, qui ajoute que la présence de Dieu réduit toutes choses à l'infinité, ne perd pas que l'âme soit distrayée par la multiplicité des objets. Ghuneid dit que l’attention à cette présence intime de Dieu, est l'exercice particulier des hommes spirituels en ce monde, et que c’est elle qui sera la félicité des Bienheureux dans le ciel. Comme Dieu est présent en tout lieu, il importe. porte peu de choix l’un plutôt que l’autre pour l’adorer. C’est ainsi que parlent les Musulmans les moins épris de la propriété, et ce fut la raison que Mahomet rendit de son inconstance, lorsque il substitua le temple de la Mecque à celui de Jérusalem, pour être le Qibla, ou point de conversion, selon la manière de parler arabe, c’est-à-dire l’objet local du culte des Musulmans. Les Shias ou sécularistes d’Ali tirent de cette imputence de Dieu, une conséquence qui favorise leur opinion ; car ils disent que cet attribut dans Dieu fait qu’il se manifeste & apparaît dans des individus particuliers, d’où ils concluent témérairement que si Ali n’est pas Dieu, au moins en approche-t-il fort. Hâdi, quatrième Khalife de la Maison des Abbasides, était fils de Mahadi qui en fut le troisième, et frère de Haroun qui lui succéda. Il ne régna qu’un an & 81 jours, et voulut ôter à Haroun son frère la succession qui lui était subiente, pour la donner à Ja'far son fils, qui n’avait pas encore atteint l’âge de puberté; mais Ibn al-Barmeki, personnage de grande réputation pour sa prudence, qui possédait la charge de Vizir, l’en dissuada, en lui représentant que les Musulmans voulaient un Khalife qui leur fit la prière & le serment, qui les pût conduire au pèlerinage de la Mecque, & qui marchât à leur tête lorsque il faudrait combattre. Le Khalife feignit d'approuver ce discours, mais il fit appeler secrètement Harthamah, homme de confiance, auquel il commanda de tuer Haroun, son frère, et laissa son fils. Il le tenait caché pour cet effet dans son Palais, jusqu'environ l’heure de minuit. Harthamah entendra la voix de Khazuran, mère du Khalife, qui l'appelait par son nom, et lui fit voir Hadi mort sur son lit; ce Prince venait d'expirer subitement, par une toux qui lui prit après avoir bu un verre d'eau. Harthamah reçut ordre en même temps de cette princesse d'aller avertir Haroun, lequel, ayant vu son frère mort, se fit en même temps proclamer Khalife, l'an 170 de l’Hégire. Houssain, fils d'Ali fils de Hafsin, se révolta contre le Khalife Hadi, l'an de l’Hégire 170. Il se fit proclamer Khalife dans la ville de Médine, qui s'était déclarée ouvertement pour lui; et vint de là à la Mecque, où il fit tuer tous les pèlerins reconnus pour être du sang des Abbasides. Cette révolte coûta cependant bien cher aux Alides, il faut du sang d'Ali; le Khalife Hadi ayant défait Houssain, fit couper la tête à la plus grande partie de ses gens et de sa famille, et cassa toutes les pensions et appointements dont ils jouissaient par un privilège particulier. Houssain avait la réputation d’un homme valant et très-libéral : car on dit que le Khalife, lui ayant donné un jour quarante mille écus d'or, il distribua entièrement cette somme entre les habitants de Bagdad et de Cufa, et se retira chez lui à Médine avec une seule robe fourrée, sous laquelle il n'avait point de chemise. L’on dit aussi de cet Hussain, qu'avant sa déclaration, il fit proclamer que tous les Esclaves qui quitteraient leurs maîtres pour prendre parti avec lui, seraient mis en liberté. Un grand nombre de ces esclaves vint à lui de toutes parts, et croît en peu de temps son armée; mais lorsqu'il croyait vaincre son ennemi par le nombre de ses gens, il fut vaincu honteusement par une poignée de troupes réglées et disciplinées, que le Khalife envoya contre lui; et tous ces esclaves fugitifs furent rangés à coups de fouet, et rendus à leurs premiers maîtres. Le Khalife Hadi, comme nous avons vu, ayant voulu se défaire de son frère, qui lui était suffisant, d'autant plus que Khazuran, leur mère, avait témoigné en plusieurs rencontres avoir plus d'inclination pour le cadet que pour l'aîné; cette mère, jalouse de son autorité, prévint l'exécution des ordres du Khalife, et lui donna un poison si subtil, qu'il en mourut subitement en touffant et en éternuant. Affadi, Poète Persan, fit un distique sur cet accident, où il dit que le sang des deux frères est le même, puisqu'il est formé d'un même lait, et que celui qui le répand est l'homicide de la mère aussi bien que de son frère. Comme ce Khalife donna par sa mort la vie à beaucoup de personnes, il fournit aussi au Poète Senai le sujet de ce quatrain. "Diguzé par Google" ORIENTALE; 6/ Quoique la plupart des hommes tiennent un mauvais chemin, et que la moindre partie d'entres eux prenne celui qu'il faut, il faut que tu vives de fortune que tu te puisses sauver en montant, et non de telle manière que les autres trouvent leur salut en ta mort. Pour mieux connaître le grand nombre de gens auxquels Hadi donna la vie par sa mort, je rapporterai ici ce que Harthamah, qui était chargé d'une si terrible exécution, en a raconté lui-même, suivant le témoignage de l'Auteur du Nighazistan. Harthama racontant un jour l'histoire à un de ses amis, lui dit : "Le Khalife Hâdim’ayn fait venir un jour en sa présence, me dit ces paroles : Tu vois que ce traître Lahiam, fils de Khaled, mon premier ministre, que j’ai fait enfermer, est mon ennemi déclaré; qu’il ne tesse par ses discours de m’ôter peu à peu l’affection des peuples, et qu’il s'emploie de toutes ses forces à les gagner en faveur de mon frère Haroun. C’est ce qui m’oblige à te commander d’aller de ce pas dans la prison, pour lui faire couper le cou; de là tu te transportereras aussitôt chez mon frère Haroun, pour lui faire le même traitement. Après que cette double exécution sera faite, il faudra que tuailles pafferez par le fil de l’épée tous ceux de la Maison d’Ali qui se trouveront dans les prisons; tu te mettras ensuite à la tête de mes troupes, pour aller en diligence surprendre la ville de Cufan, où, après en avoir fait sortir tous les Abbassides, tu seras fait mettre le feu, en sorte qu’elle soit entièrement réduite en cendres. Bibliothèque Après que j’eus reçu tous ces ordres du Khalife, je me jetais à les pieds, je lui représentai l’importance de cette affaire, et je m’exculpai sur la faiblesse de mes forces, qui ne me permettaient pas de pouvoir exécuter de si grandes choses. Le Khalife, irrité de mes excuses, après m’avoir menacé de la mort si je n’exécutais ponctuellement ses ordres, me quitta brusquement, et entra dans les appartements secrets de son Palais, d’où, un moment après la nouvelle vint qu’il était mort subitement en tolérance. Hadi fit la guerre en Georgie et en Mésopotamie pendant la vie du Khalife Mahadi, son père, et il se trouvait dans ces Provinces, lors que son père mourut à Bagdad. Ce fut aussitôt dans le temps qu’il n’était encore que Khalife désigné, qu’il reçut l’ordre de son père, de rechercher les Zendiks ou Sadducéens, pour les punir. Ces Sadducéens étaient les Manichéens, lesquels, au rapport de Ben Chaabane, enseignaient d’abord à se préserver des péchés, à travailler pour l’autre vie, sans rechercher les biens de celle-ci, et défendaient même l’usage de la viande : mais dans la suite c’étaient des gens qui introduisaient le culte des deux principes, la lumière et les ténèbres, et qui permettaient le mariage entre les plus proches parents, et même dans les premiers degrés de consanguinité. Hadi s’acquitta fort bien de l’ordre que son père lui avait donné ; car il fit dresser mille potences toutes à la fois dans la ville de Bagdad, et fit pendre tous les Manichéens qu’il put trouver après une recherche très-exacting. Orientale. 69 Marwan Ben Abou Hafedh, Poète Arabe, le plus illustre de son temps, ayant présenté un de ses Ouvrages au Khalife Hadi, ce Prince, qui était bon connaisseur (car il nous reste encore de ses Poésies qui en font foi), trouva le Poème de Marwan fort beau, & lui dit : » Choisissez pour récompense de votre travail, de toucher comptant trente mille drachmes d’argent, ou d’en avoir cent mille après que vous aurez passé par toutes les longueurs, formalités & remises des finances «. Le Poète lui répondit agréablement : » Trente mille comptant, & cent mille avec le temps «. Cette réponse fut fort bien reçue de Hadi, qui était libéral ; car il lui fit payer comptant la somme entière de cent trente mille drachmes. HADI ; ce mot, qui signifie Dirigeur & Conducateur, ainsi bien que celui de Mahadi, est devenu le surnom ou le titre de plusieurs personnages auxquels cette qualité convenait par le droit légitime ou usurpé de leur charge. HADITH, Histoire, Narration, un Ouï-dire. Hadith al rasoul, Tradition des choses que le faux Prophète a dites, & qui ont été communiquées bouche à bouche des uns aux autres. Il y a six Auteurs principaux de ces Traditions, savoir : Omair ibn al Khattab, la Mère des Fidèles, qui est Aïcha, fille d’Abou Bekr & femme de Mahomet, qui a survécu plusieurs années à son mari ; Abou Horairah, ami particulier de Mahomet ; Ibn Abbas, son cousin-germain ; Ibn Omar & Ibn Malek. Ces Traditions doivent être apprises par cœur. Celui qui en fait beaucoup, est appelé par les Musulmans Hafidh, le Conservateur ou le Retenu. Un Arabe du désert étant interrogé comment il en pouvait tant savoir : C’est, dit-il, que je suis semblable au sable du désert, qui boit toutes les gouttes de pluie qui tombent, sans en perdre une seule. Il est pourtant permis à celui qui n’a pas la mémoire heureuse, de les écrire ; car il y a une de ces Traditions qui porte ainsi : Recherchez avec l’écriture ce que vous avez appris : & un Musulman se plaignant de ce qu’il ne les pouvait pas conserver dans sa mémoire, Mahomet lui dit : Ejladni bemineka, Aidez-vous de votre main. Zuhari est le premier qui ait fait un Recueil de ces Traditions. Bokhari prétend qu’il en ait publié jusqu’au nombre de six cent mille, tant vraies que fausses. Khurazmi en a ramassé jusqu’à 5266. Abdallah surnommé Al Hafidh, en savait un fort grand nombre, & disait que l’eau du puits de la Mecque, nommé Zamzam, qu’il avait bu à longs traits, lui avait fortifié la mémoire. Bokhari, Tertili, Nefzaoui, Abou Daoud, Mellem, Daremi, Maoutha, Daraini, Ben Magiah, Baihaki, Soiouthi & Sebti sont les Principaux Auteurs qui ont compilé de ces hadiths, que l’on reconnaît être pour la plupart tirées du Talmud, d’où l’on peut juger qu’il y a eu beaucoup de Juifs qui ont embrassé le Mahométisme. Il y a plusieurs Ouvrages sur les Traditions, dans la Bibliothèque du Loi. HAFÉZ ou HAFÈS, dont le nom propre était Mohammed Shamseddin, Poète présumptivement des plus célèbres, naquit à Shiraz sous le règne des Muzaffariens, et vivait encore au temps que Tamerlan devint Shah Mansour, Sultan de cette Dynastie. Il mourut l’an de l’Hégire 797, et fut enterré dans un Oratoire de Shiraz, dans le temps justement que le Sultan Babor ou Babur le rendit maître de cette ville. Mohammed Mayami, Précepteur du Sultan Babor, fit dessus bâtir une chapelle et un monument sur le lieu où ce Poète avait été inhumé. Les Poésies de Hafetz ont été recueillies après sa mort par Said Kaltem Anwar, dans un volume qui porte le nom de Divan Khovafest Hafetz Shirazi. Elles sont beaucoup estimées, particulièrement à cause du style sublime et des rayons que les Musulmans prétendent y être enfermés, jusqu’au point qu’on a donné au poète le titre et l’éloge de Lejfân gab, qui signifie la langue mystérieuse. Ahmed Feridoun a expliqué en langue Turque que quelques-unes de ces mystères, et a fait une allégorie perpétuelle des termes de vin et d’amour qui s’y rencontrent, aux tranports d’une âme dévote attachée à la conduite d’un Dirigeur spirituel éclairé, qui la mène par des voies bien élevées jusqu’au sommet de la persévérance. Hafedh fut fort cher pour le Sultan Ahmed. Bibliotheque, qui lui fit de grandes offres pour l'en gager à son service; mais il aima mieux vivre retenu parmi ses amis, fréquentant seulement les gens de piété, dans l'état de pauvreté qu'il avait embrassé, que de jouir des délices d'une Cour non moins dangereuse que florissante. Tamerlan voulut aussi le voir et l'entretenir; et l'on rapporte que ce Prince lui ayant réproché qu'il avait fait peu d'état, dans ses vers, des villes de Samarcande et de Bokhara, son pays natal, il le fit satisfaire à propos par sa réponse, qu'il en eût des grâces, au lieu du châtiment que ses ennemis voulaient lui attirer. Il y a eu encore un autre Poète, Persan du même nom, qui vivait sous le règne du Sultan Schahrokh, fils de Tamerlan, on l'a nommé Halvai, c'est-à-dire le Confiturier, pour le distinguer du premier. Hafedh-Shirazi fut soupçonné, pendant sa vie, de n'être pas trop bon Musulman: en effet, quelque sens caché et mystérieux que l'on puisse donner à ses vers, il y paraît une grande indifférence pour le Musulmanisme; et l'on pourrait même croire qu'il parle de Jésus-Christ, la manière des Chrétiens, en plusieurs endroits de ses Ouvrages. Il y a encore un autre Hafedh, surnommé Aga-Rumi; et un qui porte le nom d'Ali Ibn-Atchamme-Al-Farji, desquels il est parlé ailleurs. Hafedh-Ben-Kethir est un Historien d'Égypte, qui termine son Ouvrage où Ibn-Nagiar commence le sien, à l'année 773 de l'Hégire. Hafedh ed-din, l’un des noms de Nasafi, authentifia le Livre intitulé Menar, le Phare ou le Flambeau, ouvrage fort estimé parmi les musulmans. Hafedh le Didier, huitième Khalife des Fathemites en Égypte, était le fils de Moslamer-Billah, qui avait été le cinquième, et succéda à Amer-Ben-Akamilla, son parent, tué par un assassin l’an 524 de l'Hégire. Ce Khalife choisit pour son Vizir Ahmed-Ben Fadl, que l’on qualifiait Fils d'Émir al-Ghazawat, c’est-à-dire, selon notre façon de parler, du Connétable. La justice et les autres vertus de ce Ministre lui attirèrent la haine des méchants, de sorte qu’il perdit bienôt la vie par la main d’un assassin, aussi bien que son successeur, qui voulut marcher sur ses traces. Hafedh, irrité par ces accidents funestes, mit à la place du dernier Vizir, Hafstan, fils du premier, homme cruel et avare, lequel fit d’abord couper la tête à quarante des premiers Seigneurs de l’État. Le Khalife, indigné d’une si sanglante exécution, fit des gens qui lui promirent de se défaire du Vizir, mais celui-ci ayant eu avis du complot formé contre lui, prévint ses ennemis, et leur fit souffrir le traitement qu’ils lui préparaient. Cette seconde exécution alarma tellement tous les Grands de la Cour, qu’ils menacèrent le Khalife de le déposer, s’il ne pourvoyait à leur sûreté par la punition du Vizir. Les menaces obligèrent enfin Hafedh de faire donner du poison à Hafstan par un de ses Médecins qui était Juif. Bibliothèque Ce fut environ ce temps-là que Hafan-Sabah, qui se disait de la même Race que les Fatimides, c’est-à-dire Ismaélien, fonda la Dynastie qui fut appelée depuis les Ismaéliens de Perse. Hafan le Khalife mourut à l’âge de quatre-vingts ans, après en avoir régné vingt; il laissa le Khalifat à son fils, nommé Djazir-Billah, l’an de l’Hégire 544. Hafedh-Ben Gaïatheddin, sixième Prince de la Dynastie qui porte le nom de Malek Kart ou Kurt. Hafedha, Idole des Adites c’est-à-dire des peuples d’une Tribu des Arabes qui habitaient dans le pays de Hadhramouth en Yemen ou Arabie Houteuse, & qui furent exterminés du temps du Prophète Houd, c’est-à-dire du Patriarche Heber. Cette Idole était principalement invoquée pour obtenir un bon succès dans les voyages. Hafessa, fille d’Omar le Khalife & femme de Mahomet, qui survécut à son mari. Aboubeker, successeur de Mahomet, mit entre ses mains, comme en dépôt, l’original de l’Alcoran, & non entre celles d’Aïcha, autre femme de Mahomet, parce qu’elle était sa propre fille. Hafiz; le mot Hafiz en Arabe signifie un homme qui va nu pieds sans aucune sorte de chausseure. Il y a eu plusieurs Musulmans auxquels on a donné ce surnom. Zeineddin-Mohammed, Auteur des Aourad Alzeiniah, c’est-à-dire d’un Livre de prières, divisé en plusieurs parties ou offices particuliers, que les plus dévots entre les Musulmans récitent à certaines heures du jour, outre les prières ordinaires prescrites par la Loi, faisait profession d’être austère, et marchait nu-pieds; ce pourquoi on le surnomma Al Hafi. Marcher les jambes nues, avec quelque chaussure aux pieds, ne passe pas pour une austérité parmi les musulmans. Hafs. Abou-Hafs-Al-Bokhari, Mufti de la ville de Bokhara, Docteur Musulman fort rigide. Lorsque Mohammed-Ben-Ismail-Al-Bokhari, autre Docteur fort célébré, vint à Bokhara, Abou-Hafs déclara qu’il ne le reconnaissait point pour être des siens, parce qu’il était trop indulgent, et qu’il faisait profession d’une morale moins sévère. Mais ce Docteur ayant poussé sa rigueur jusqu’à décider que la boisson du lait de vache et de brebis était défendue selon les principes du Musulmanisme, il fut chassé de la ville par les habitants, et Ben-Ismail mis en sa place. Cet Abou-Hafs est surnommé Al-Kebir, c’est-à-dire le Grand, on l'Ancien, pour le distinguer de son fils Ben-Abi-Hafs, qui fut surnommé Al Saghir, le Petit ou le Jeune, Dodent non moins illustre que son père. HAFTAH, signifie en Turc une semaine. Ce mot vient du Persan Hest, qui signifie sept, et approche fort du Grec Epta, avec un esprit âpre, qui répond à la lettre h des Latins. Cependant Ulug-Beg remarque, dans son Livre intitulé Tavarilih, les Époques, qu'ils se servent des Persans n'ont point de semaine, et qu’ils donnent un nom particulier, à chaque jour du mois. Il faut entendre ceci des anciens Persans; car depuis qu’ils sont devenus Musulmans, ils se servent de la façon de compter les jours de la semaine comme les Arabes. Ils appellent le Samedi Schanbah ou Schenbeh, du mot Hébreu Schabar. Le Dimanche, le Schenbeh, comme qui dirait, à l'imitation des Juifs, Prima Sabathi. Le Lundi, Dou Schenbeh, Secunda Sabathi. Le Mardi, Sib Schenbeh, Tertia Sabathi. Le Mercredi, Tchar Schenbeh est le Mercredi, ou Quarta Sabathi. Le Jeudi, Penzeh Schenbeh, Quinta Sabathi. Le Vendredi, Ajdahneh, c’est-à-dire la Fête, parce que ce jour tient lieu du Dimanche aux Musulmans. Les Turcs comptent un peu différemment leur semaine; car ils appellent le Dimanche Bayram Günü, le jour du marché, et le Lundi, Bayram Günü, le lendemain du marché. Le Mardi, Saligün, c’est-à-dire jour vacant et libre. Le Mercredi et le Jeudi ont les mêmes noms que en Persan. Le Vendredi est appelé Cumartesi Günü, le jour de l'assemblée, dans lequel ils vêlent plus par l'alternative de services de Dieu. Le samedi porte le nom de SeS g'aniy le jour du Sabbath, & de Giuma ertejjly c’est-à-dire le lendemain de réassemblée. Les Arabes comptent les jours de la semaine à la façon des Hébreux, par premier, second, troisième, etc. en commençant par le Dimanche, à la reversé du Vendredi, qu’ils nomment Jaoum al giumâ ou giumâat, ou giamê, c’est-à-dire jour de réassemblée religieuse, ou, pour parler abstraitement, éclésiastique. Le samedi, chez eux, est Jaoum al fabt c’est-à-dire le jour du Sabbath ou du repos : mais la semaine elle-même est appelée Usboû, dont le pluriel est Aj'abî, le Septénaire. La semaine des Catholiques & des Jurés (ou Turcs Orientaux), est de soixante jours, selon Ülug-Beg : mais on doit plutôt appeler ce cycle de soixante jours leurs mois; car ils en ont un autre de quinze jours, qui approche beaucoup plus de notre semaine. H AGÉE & HAGGI, AB, Huifier & Portier, Le Maître de la portière, c’est-à-dire d’un voile ou pièce d’étoffe qui se met devant les portes des Princes & Seigneurs, et c’est dans le Levant la qualité de celui que les Italiens appellent Il Maestro di Camera, & les Français le Premier Gentilhomme de la Chambre ou Grand Chambellan, C’était une grande charge auprès des Khalifes de Bagdad & d’Égypte, aussi bien que chez nous; mais elle augmenta beaucoup en autorité dans d’Espagne, parce que ceux qui la possédaient étaient les Vistars & premiers Ministres des Princes Arabes qui y régnaient : c’est pourquoi ceux qui interprètent ce mot par celui d’Huifier tout simplement, ne nous donnent pas l’idée que l’on doit avoir de cette dignité, non plus qu’en rendant Cateb par celui d’Écrivain, puisqu’il faut entendre par ce titre un Secrétaire d'État. Barak, dit Al Hageb, était Grand Chambellan d’un Sultan du Turkestan, il devint lui-même Sultan du Kerman, & Fondateur de la Dynastie des Caraïtaiens. HAGGI, le Pèlerinage de la Mecque. Haggi, un Pèlerin qui a fait ce voyage. Après que Mahomet a parlé des excellences du Temple de la Mecque dans le chapitre d’Amran, voici comme il établit la Loi de ce pèlerinage : Dieu a ordonné le pèlerinage du Temple de la Mecque à quiconque sera en état de faire ce voyage. Les trois plus célèbres Docteurs de la Loi Musulmane, dont les sentiments partagent tous les autres Docteurs Musulmans, expliquent différemment les conditions qui rendent ce pèlerinage obligatoire. Schafei dit qu’il suffit d’avoir des provisions nécessaires et une monture, pour y être obligé. Malek veut que ces conditions soient la santé du corps, et des facultés suffisantes pour se pourvoir des choses nécessaires à ce voyage. Abou-Hanifah croit que le pouvoir requis dans ce chapitre s'étend non seulement aux provisions nécessaires pour le voyage, mais qu’il comprend aussi la santé du corps, la commodité d’une voiture, et même la sûreté du chemin, sans laquelle on n’y est point obligé : c’est cette déclaration que la plupart des Musulmans, et particulièrement les juristes, ont reçue. Digitale par Googli Orientale. 79 Dans le chapitre intitulé "Bay'ah raty" Mahomet ordonne que ceux qui font ce pèlerinage portent leur provision pour ne pas être à charge aux autres, & il dit ces paroles : Faites vos provisions; mais la meilleure des provisions, c'est la piété et l'abstinence. Houflain Vasez dit sur ce vers : "La meilleure provision que l’on puisse faire, est de s'abstenir, pour n'être point importun aux autres, en leur demandant. C'est, dit-il, le sens littéral de ce passage; mais le moral et le mystique est, qu'il faut faire sa provision pour le voyage de l'autre vie, indiqué par le pèlerinage de la Mecque. Ou la meilleure provision que nous puissions faire pour ce voyage, est l'abstinence." Cachiri dit que l'abstinence du commun des Fidèles est l'éloignement du péché; mais que l'abstinence des parfaits consiste à se retirer sous le voile de la contemplation, qui nous couvre tous les objets et ne nous fait voir que Dieu seul. Il est vrai que nous ne pouvons pas faire ce voyage sans provision; mais cette provision n'est autre qu'un ardent désir, sans lequel nous ne pouvons pas avancer un seul pas dans la piété. Sur quoi Selemi dit que la provision de ceux qui marchent dans la voie de Dieu, consiste dans la composition du cœur, qui se manifie par la pâleur du visage et par les soupirs de la poitrine. Heureux celui qui entreprend un tel voyage ! Les Khalifes satisfaisaient autrefois eux-mêmes à l’obligation du pèlerinage. Abugiafar Almanzor, fécond Khalife des Abbadides, mourut dans ce pèrinage. Mahadi, son fils et son successeur, le fit en l’année 160 de l’Empire avec tant de somptuité, qu’au rapport de Khondemir, il fit charger cinq cents chameaux de neige et de glace seulement, et plusieurs mille de provisions pour les pèlerins. Après que Mahadi eut satisfait à tous les devoirs du pèrinage, que les Arabes appellent en leur langue alhajj, on vint lui dire que les planchers des mailons où était sa garde-robe étaient si chargés, qu’il y avait du danger qu’ils ne tombaient sous le poids; cet avis lui donna occasion d’ordonner que l’on distribuât tout ce qu’il y avait dans ses magasins aux pauvres, dont chacun eut deux vêtements de brocard pour sa part. Abugiafar Almanzor ayant donné la charge de Chef et de Conducteur de la caravane des Pèlerins, appelé par les Arabes emir hajj, à son frère, au préjudice d’Abou-Mousaen qui la lui avait demandée, ce puissant Seigneur, qui était Gouverneur de la Province de Khorasan, en fut si piqué, qu’il se cantonna dans son gouvernement, et obligea ensuite Almanzor, qui lui avait les plus grandes obligations, de le faire mourir.
| 30,595 |
https://github.com/wllfengshu/car/blob/master/src/main/java/com/wllfengshu/car/service/TbCustomerService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
car
|
wllfengshu
|
Java
|
Code
| 58 | 206 |
package com.wllfengshu.car.service;
import com.wllfengshu.car.model.entity.TbCustomerEntity;
import com.wllfengshu.car.exception.CustomException;
import java.util.Map;
public interface TbCustomerService {
Map<String, Object> insert(TbCustomerEntity entity, String sessionId) throws CustomException;
Map<String, Object> delete(Integer id, String sessionId) throws CustomException;
Map<String, Object> update(TbCustomerEntity entity, String sessionId) throws CustomException;
Map<String, Object> select(Integer id, String sessionId) throws CustomException;
Map<String, Object> selects(Map<String, Object> params, Integer pageNo, Integer pageSize, String sessionId) throws CustomException;
}
| 32,900 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110955795
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Batrisocenus cardalei
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 963 | 3,305 |
Batrisocenus cardalei
taxon, (Chandler, 2001), species of staphylinidae
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon name Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei Australian Faunal Directory ID Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon rank species
Batrisocenus cardalei parent taxon Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei instance of taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei Catalogue of Life ID L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei GBIF taxon ID 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei Open Tree of Life ID 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Art der Gattung Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei wissenschaftlicher Name Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei AFD-ID Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei taxonomischer Rang Art
Batrisocenus cardalei übergeordnetes Taxon Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei ist ein(e) Taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei CoL-ID L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei GBIF-ID 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei OTT-ID 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nome scientifico Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei livello tassonomico specie
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon di livello superiore Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei istanza di taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei identificativo Catalogue of Life L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei identificativo GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nombre del taxón Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador en el Directorio de Fauna Australiana Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei categoría taxonómica especie
Batrisocenus cardalei taxón superior inmediato Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei instancia de taxón
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador Catalogue of Life L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador de taxón en GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador Open Tree of Life 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nom scientifique du taxon Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei identifiant Australian Faunal Directory d'un taxon Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei rang taxonomique espèce
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon supérieur Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei nature de l’élément taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei identifiant Catalogue of Life L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei identifiant Open Tree of Life 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei име на таксон Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei ранг на таксон вид
Batrisocenus cardalei родителски таксон Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei екземпляр на таксон
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei международное научное название Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei код Australian Faunal Directory Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei таксономический ранг вид
Batrisocenus cardalei ближайший таксон уровнем выше Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei это частный случай понятия таксон
Batrisocenus cardalei код Catalogue of Life L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei идентификатор GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei код Open Tree of Life 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei wetenschappelijke naam Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei Australian Faunal Directory-identificatiecode Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei taxonomische rang soort
Batrisocenus cardalei moedertaxon Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei is een taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei GBIF-identificatiecode 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon nomen Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei ordo species
Batrisocenus cardalei parens Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei est taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei наукова назва таксона Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei ідентифікатор AFD Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei таксономічний ранг вид
Batrisocenus cardalei батьківський таксон Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei є одним із таксон
Batrisocenus cardalei ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei ідентифікатор у GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nome del taxón Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei categoría taxonómica especie
Batrisocenus cardalei taxón inmediatamente superior Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei instancia de taxón
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei ainm an tacsóin Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei rang an tacsóin speiceas
Batrisocenus cardalei máthairthacsón Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei sampla de tacsón
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nume științific Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei rang taxonomic specie
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon superior Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei este un/o taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nome do táxon Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei categoria taxonómica espécie
Batrisocenus cardalei táxon imediatamente superior Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei instância de táxon
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei naukowa nazwa taksonu Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Batrisocenus cardalei takson nadrzędny Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei jest to takson
Batrisocenus cardalei identyfikator GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei identyfikator Open Tree of Life 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei tên phân loại Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei cấp bậc phân loại loài
Batrisocenus cardalei đơn vị phân loại mẹ Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei là một đơn vị phân loại
Batrisocenus cardalei định danh GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei emri shkencor Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei instancë e takson
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei tieteellinen nimi Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei taksonitaso laji
Batrisocenus cardalei osa taksonia Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Batrisocenus cardalei Catalogue of Life -tunniste L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei Open Tree of Life -tunniste 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei taksonomia nomo Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei taksonomia rango specio
Batrisocenus cardalei supera taksono Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei estas taksono
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nome do taxon Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador AFD Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei categoría taxonómica especie
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon superior inmediato Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei instancia de taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador Catalogue of Life L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador Open Tree of Life 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nome taxológico Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei categoria taxonômica espécie
Batrisocenus cardalei táxon imediatamente superior Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei instância de táxon
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nom scientific Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei reng taxonomic espècia
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon superior Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei natura de l'element taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei identificant GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei instancia de Taxón
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei izen zientifikoa Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei maila taxonomikoa espezie
Batrisocenus cardalei goiko maila taxonomikoa Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei honako hau da taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei GBIFen identifikatzailea 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nomine del taxon Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei rango taxonomic specie
Batrisocenus cardalei taxon superior immediate Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei instantia de taxon
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei nom científic Batrisocenus cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador AFD Batrisocenus_cardalei
Batrisocenus cardalei categoria taxonòmica espècie
Batrisocenus cardalei tàxon superior immediat Batrisocenus
Batrisocenus cardalei instància de tàxon
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador Catalogue of Life L2GP
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador GBIF 4715382
Batrisocenus cardalei identificador Open Tree of Life 3349305
Batrisocenus cardalei
| 9,450 |
https://github.com/beyondthesketch/BTSBasket/blob/master/src/js/basket.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
BTSBasket
|
beyondthesketch
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 225 | 727 |
export class BTSBasket {
constructor(
currency = 'GBP',
items
) {
let _items = items instanceof Map ? items : new Map();
Object.defineProperty(
this,
'currency',
{
get: () => currency
}
);
Object.defineProperty(
this,
'contents',
{
get: () => _items,
}
);
Object.defineProperty(
this,
'itemCount',
{
get: () => {
let count = 0;
_items.forEach(
(item) => count += item.qty
);
return count;
}
}
);
Object.defineProperty(
this,
'basketTotalValue',
{
get: () => {
let totalPrice = 0;
_items.forEach(
(item) => totalPrice += (item.price * item.qty)
);
return totalPrice;
}
}
);
}
addItem(
item,
qty = 1,
completeFn
) {
if (!item.id || !item.price || !item.name) {
console && console.warn('BTSBasket: Invalid item provided');
return null;
}
if (this.contents.has(item.id)) {
console.log('updating item in basket');
const newQty = ((this.contents.get(item.id) && this.contents.get(item.id).qty) || 1) + qty;
this.contents.set(
item.id,
{
...item,
qty: newQty
}
);
}
else {
console.log('adding item to basket');
this.contents.set(
item.id,
{
...item,
qty,
}
);
}
if (completeFn && typeof completeFn === 'function') {
completeFn(item, qty, this.contents);
}
}
removeItem(
itemId,
qty = 1,
completeFn
) {
if (this.contents.has(itemId)) {
console.log(`removing ${qty} items of ${itemId}`);
const item = this.contents.get(itemId);
const newQty = this.contents.get(itemId).qty - qty;
newQty < 1
?
this.contents.delete(itemId)
:
this.contents.set(
itemId,
{
...item,
qty: newQty
}
);
if (completeFn && typeof completeFn === 'function') {
completeFn(itemId, qty, this.contents);
}
}
}
}
| 16,428 |
https://github.com/gravity00/SimplePersistence/blob/master/SimplePersistence/SimplePersistence.UoW.IoC.Castle/TransactionalInterceptor.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
SimplePersistence
|
gravity00
|
C#
|
Code
| 873 | 2,755 |
#region License
// The MIT License (MIT)
// Copyright (c) 2015 João Simões
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#endregion
using Castle.DynamicProxy;
using Castle.MicroKernel.Lifestyle;
using Castle.Windsor;
namespace SimplePersistence.UoW.IoC.Castle
{
using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Transactions;
using Aspects;
public class TransactionalInterceptor : IInterceptor
{
#region Mappers
private static readonly Lazy<MethodInfo> TaskMapperFactoryMethod = new Lazy<MethodInfo>(
() =>
typeof(InterceptorExtensions).GetMethods()
.Single(mi => mi.Name == "InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask" && mi.IsGenericMethod));
private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Func<Task, IUnitOfWork, Action, Action, CancellationToken, Task>> MappersCache =
new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Func<Task, IUnitOfWork, Action, Action, CancellationToken, Task>>();
public static readonly Func<Type, Task, IUnitOfWork, Action, Action, CancellationToken, Task> DefaultTaskMapper
=
(type, task, uow, preReturnCode, finalizationCode, ct) =>
{
// implementações de Task<int>, Task<string>, etc, já existem na classe base
// por isso se faltar alguma é favor adicionar lá, tipo Task<decimal>
task =
MappersCache.GetOrAdd(
type,
t =>
{
var taskParam = Expression.Parameter(typeof(Task), "task");
var uowParam = Expression.Parameter(typeof(IUnitOfWork), "uow");
var preReturnCodeParam = Expression.Parameter(typeof(Action), "preReturnCode");
var finalizationCodeParam = Expression.Parameter(typeof(Action), "finalizationCode");
var ctParam = Expression.Parameter(typeof(CancellationToken), "ct");
var interceptAndReturnAsTaskMethodCall =
TaskMapperFactoryMethod.Value.MakeGenericMethod(t.GetGenericArguments()[0]);
var interceptAndReturnAsTaskCall =
Expression.Call(
interceptAndReturnAsTaskMethodCall,
taskParam,
uowParam,
preReturnCodeParam,
finalizationCodeParam,
ctParam);
var returnFunc =
Expression.Lambda<Func<Task, IUnitOfWork, Action, Action, CancellationToken, Task>>(
interceptAndReturnAsTaskCall,
taskParam,
uowParam,
preReturnCodeParam,
finalizationCodeParam,
ctParam).Compile();
return returnFunc;
})(task, uow, preReturnCode, finalizationCode, ct);
return task;
};
#endregion
private readonly IUnitOfWorkFactory _unitOfWorkFactory;
private readonly IWindsorContainer _windsorContainer;
private readonly Func<Type, Task, IUnitOfWork, Action, Action, CancellationToken, Task> _taskMapper;
public TransactionalInterceptor(
IUnitOfWorkFactory unitOfWorkFactory, IWindsorContainer windsorContainer,
Func<Type, Task, IUnitOfWork, Action, Action, CancellationToken, Task> taskMapper)
{
_unitOfWorkFactory = unitOfWorkFactory;
_windsorContainer = windsorContainer;
_taskMapper = taskMapper;
}
public void Intercept(IInvocation invocation)
{
var ta =
(TransactionalAttribute)
invocation.MethodInvocationTarget.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(TransactionalAttribute), true)
.SingleOrDefault();
// If no transactional attributes or not required, proceed as usual
if (ta == null || ta.TransactionType == TransactionType.NotRequired)
{
invocation.Proceed();
return;
}
// if it is an async invocation
if (typeof(Task).IsAssignableFrom(invocation.Method.ReturnType))
{
// try to get a cancellation token, starting from the last parameter
// (normally the cancellation token is passed as the last parameter)
var ct = CancellationToken.None;
for (var index = invocation.Arguments.Length-1; index >= 0; index--)
{
var argument = invocation.Arguments[index];
// ReSharper disable once InvertIf
if (argument is CancellationToken)
{
ct = (CancellationToken) argument;
break;
}
}
// intercept a task method
InterceptTaskMethod(invocation, ta, ct);
}
else
{
// else intercept as a sync method
InterceptCommonMethod(invocation, ta);
}
}
private void InterceptTaskMethod(IInvocation invocation, TransactionalAttribute ta, CancellationToken ct)
{
IDisposable ws;
TransactionScopeOption tso;
switch (ta.TransactionType)
{
case TransactionType.RequiresNew:
ws = _windsorContainer.BeginScope();
tso = TransactionScopeOption.RequiresNew;
break;
default:
ws = _windsorContainer.RequireScope();
tso = TransactionScopeOption.Required;
break;
}
Action finalizationCode;
Action preReturnCode = null;
if (ta.UseGlobalTransaction)
{
TransactionScope ts;
try
{
ts = new TransactionScope(tso, TimeSpan.FromMinutes(ta.TransactionDurationLimit));
}
catch
{
if (ws != null)
ws.Dispose();
throw;
}
preReturnCode = () => ts.Complete();
finalizationCode =
() =>
{
if (ts != null)
ts.Dispose();
if (ws != null)
ws.Dispose();
};
}
else
{
finalizationCode =
() =>
{
if (ws != null)
ws.Dispose();
};
}
try
{
var uow = _unitOfWorkFactory.Get(ta.UnitOfWorkType);
uow.Begin();
invocation.Proceed();
var task = (Task)invocation.ReturnValue;
// if Task<TResult>
var returnValueType = invocation.Method.ReturnType;
if (returnValueType.IsGenericType)
{
#region Base Type Handlers
if (returnValueType == typeof(Task<int>))
{
task = task.InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask<int>(uow, preReturnCode,
finalizationCode, ct);
}
else if (returnValueType == typeof(Task<long>))
{
task = task.InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask<long>(uow, preReturnCode,
finalizationCode, ct);
}
else if (returnValueType == typeof(Task<double>))
{
task = task.InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask<double>(uow, preReturnCode,
finalizationCode, ct);
}
else if (returnValueType == typeof(Task<float>))
{
task = task.InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask<float>(uow, preReturnCode,
finalizationCode, ct);
}
else if (returnValueType == typeof(Task<string>))
{
task = task.InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask<string>(uow, preReturnCode,
finalizationCode, ct);
}
else if (returnValueType == typeof(Task<decimal>))
{
task = task.InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask<decimal>(uow, preReturnCode,
finalizationCode, ct);
}
else if (returnValueType == typeof(Task<bool>))
{
task = task.InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask<bool>(uow, preReturnCode,
finalizationCode, ct);
}
#endregion
else
{
try
{
task =
_taskMapper(returnValueType, task, uow, preReturnCode, finalizationCode, ct);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new TaskMappingException(returnValueType, e);
}
if (task == null)
throw new TaskMappingException(returnValueType);
}
}
else
{
// if Task
task =
task.InjectTransactionalInterceptCodeAndReturnNewTask(
uow, preReturnCode, finalizationCode, ct);
}
invocation.ReturnValue = task;
}
catch
{
finalizationCode();
throw;
}
}
private void InterceptCommonMethod(IInvocation invocation, TransactionalAttribute ta)
{
IDisposable ws;
TransactionScopeOption tso;
switch (ta.TransactionType)
{
case TransactionType.RequiresNew:
ws = _windsorContainer.BeginScope();
tso = TransactionScopeOption.RequiresNew;
break;
default:
ws = _windsorContainer.RequireScope();
tso = TransactionScopeOption.Required;
break;
}
using (ws)
{
var uow = _unitOfWorkFactory.Get(ta.UnitOfWorkType);
if (ta.UseGlobalTransaction)
{
using (var ts = new TransactionScope(tso, TimeSpan.FromMinutes(ta.TransactionDurationLimit)))
{
uow.Begin();
invocation.Proceed();
uow.Commit();
ts.Complete();
}
}
else
{
uow.Begin();
invocation.Proceed();
uow.Commit();
}
}
}
}
}
| 3,075 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricorythodes%20cobbi
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Tricorythodes cobbi
|
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricorythodes cobbi&action=history
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 41 | 76 |
Tricorythodes cobbi is een haft uit de familie Leptohyphidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1995 door Alba-Tercedor & Flannagan.
De soort komt voor in het Nearctisch gebied.
Leptohyphidae
Dier uit het Nearctisch gebied
| 22,647 |
https://github.com/grandishafid69/LisdesLaravel/blob/master/Utama/app/data_pengujian.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
LisdesLaravel
|
grandishafid69
|
PHP
|
Code
| 20 | 68 |
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class data_pengujian extends Model
{
//
protected $table = 'data_pengujian';
protected $primaryKey = 'id_apk';
}
| 4,293 |
https://github.com/kanatohodets/p6-json-jansson/blob/master/t/02-encoding.t
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
ClArtistic
| null |
p6-json-jansson
|
kanatohodets
|
Perl
|
Code
| 189 | 528 |
use v6;
use Test;
use lib 'lib';
use JSON::Jansson;
my %hash = (a => 1);
my $encoded-hash = to-json(%hash);
is $encoded-hash, <{"a": 1}>, "basic hash encoding";
my @array = (4, 5, "c", "d");
my $encoded-array = to-json(@array);
is $encoded-array, <[4, 5, "c", "d"]>, "basic array encoding";
%hash<nested-array> = @array;
%hash<nested-hash> = (foo => 6, 9 => 7);
my $encoded-nested-hash = to-json(%hash);
my $nested-array-match = <"nested-array": [4, 5, "c", "d"]>;
is so $encoded-nested-hash ~~ /$nested-array-match/, True, "complex object nesting 1";
my %hash-with-numeric-keys = (0 => "a", 1 => "b");
lives-ok {to-json %hash-with-numeric-keys}, 'convert a hash with numeric keys';
is to-json([]), '[]', "encode empty array";
is to-json({}), '{}', "encode empty hash";
is to-json(().hash), '{}', 'encode ().hash';
is to-json(().list), '[]', 'encode ().list';
my $pushkin = " я помню чудное мгновенье ";
is to-json([$pushkin]), <<[\"$pushkin\"]>>, 'encode array containing cyrillic';
is to-json((undefined => <undefined>)), '{"undefined": "undefined"}', 'encode "undefined"';
#is to-json((foo => Nil)), '{"foo": null}', 'does "Nil" encode into JSON null as an object value?';
#is to-json($nil), 'null', 'does "Nil" encode into JSON null as a plain value?';
dies-ok { to-json(sub { say "I can't be encoded!" }) }, "encode dies on un-encodable value";
done-testing;
| 28,568 |
https://github.com/theOtherMichael/HotConsts/blob/master/src/HC_ArithmeticEval.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
HotConsts
|
theOtherMichael
|
C++
|
Code
| 3,582 | 13,259 |
#include "HC_PCH.h"
#include "HC_ArithmeticEval.h"
namespace HotConsts
{
#if HOTCONSTS_INSTRUMENTATION
int _nodeCount = 0;
#endif
// Expression Tree Stuff ===============================================================================================
bool ETNode::operator<(const ETNode& other) const
{
if (priority == other.priority)
return (operatorPriority[opType] < operatorPriority[other.opType]);
else
return priority < other.priority;
}
bool ETNode::operator>=(const ETNode& other) const
{
if (priority == other.priority)
return (operatorPriority[opType] >= operatorPriority[other.opType]);
else
return priority >= other.priority;
}
ETNode* _newETLeaf(std::string& lit)
{
ETNode* returnVal = nullptr;
auto [type, base] = _identifyArithmeticLiteral(lit);
try // Catches invalid_argument exceptions
{
switch (type)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
{
try
{
int val = _convertLiteralTo_int(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<int>(literalType::lit_int, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// Attempt as long
try
{
long val = _convertLiteralTo_long(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<long>(literalType::lit_long, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// Attempt as long long
try
{
long long val = _convertLiteralTo_longlong(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<long long>(literalType::lit_longlong, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// There's no promotion possible per the C++ standard.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" is too large for any signed integral type." << std::endl;
}
}
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
{
try
{
long val = _convertLiteralTo_long(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<long>(literalType::lit_long, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// Attempt as long long
try
{
long long val = _convertLiteralTo_longlong(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<long long>(literalType::lit_longlong, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// There's no promotion possible per the C++ standard.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" is too large for any signed integral type." << std::endl;
}
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
{
try
{
long long val = _convertLiteralTo_longlong(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<long long>(literalType::lit_longlong, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// There's no promotion possible per the C++ standard.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" is too large for any signed integral type." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
{
try
{
unsigned int val = _convertLiteralTo_uint(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<unsigned int>(literalType::lit_uint, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// Attempt as unsigned long
try
{
unsigned long val = _convertLiteralTo_ulong(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<unsigned long>(literalType::lit_ulong, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// Attempt as unsigned long long
try
{
unsigned long long val = _convertLiteralTo_ulonglong(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<unsigned long long>(literalType::lit_ulonglong, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// There's no promotion possible per the C++ standard.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" is too large for any unsigned integral type." << std::endl;
}
}
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
{
try
{
unsigned long val = _convertLiteralTo_ulong(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<unsigned long>(literalType::lit_ulong, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// Attempt as unsigned long long
try
{
unsigned long long val = _convertLiteralTo_ulonglong(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<unsigned long long>(literalType::lit_ulonglong, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// There's no promotion possible per the C++ standard.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" is too large for any unsigned integral type." << std::endl;
}
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
{
try
{
unsigned long long val = _convertLiteralTo_ulonglong(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<unsigned long long>(literalType::lit_ulonglong, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// There's no promotion possible per the C++ standard.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" is too large for any unsigned integral type." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
{
try
{
double val = _convertLiteralTo_double(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<double>(literalType::lit_double, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// In some library implementations, this situation can be caused by underflows.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" falls out of range for type 'double'." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
{
try
{
float val = _convertLiteralTo_float(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<float>(literalType::lit_float, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// In some library implementations, this situation can be caused by underflows.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" falls out of range for type 'float'." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
{
try
{
long double val = _convertLiteralTo_longdouble(lit, base);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<long double>(literalType::lit_longdouble, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// In some library implementations, this situation can be caused by underflows.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Literal value \"" << lit <<
"\" falls out of range for type 'long double'." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
{
try
{
char val = _convertLiteralTo_char(lit);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<char>(literalType::lit_char, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
// TODO: This can be promoted to type 'int', though the results are implementation-defined.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Escape sequence in \"" << lit <<
"\" falls out of range for character literals." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
{
try
{
char val = _convertLiteralTo_char8(lit);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<char>(literalType::lit_char8, val); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Escape sequence in \"" << lit <<
"\" falls out of range for UTF-8 literals." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
{
try
{
char16_t val = _convertLiteralTo_char16(lit);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<char16_t>(literalType::lit_char16, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Escape sequence in \"" << lit <<
"\" falls out of range for UTF-16 literals." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
{
try
{
char32_t val = _convertLiteralTo_char32(lit);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<char32_t>(literalType::lit_char32, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Escape sequence in \"" << lit <<
"\" falls out of range for UTF-32 literals." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
{
try
{
wchar_t val = _convertLiteralTo_wchar(lit);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<wchar_t>(literalType::lit_wchar, val);
}
catch (std::out_of_range& e)
{
std::cout << "Hot Constants: Conversion failure: Escape sequence in \"" << lit <<
"\" falls out of range for type wide character literals." << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
{
bool val = _convertLiteralTo_bool(lit);
returnVal = new ETLeaf<bool>(literalType::lit_bool, val);
}
break;
case literalType::none:
{
std::cout << "Hot Constants: _newETLeaf() was passed a token which didn't contain an identifiable literal. "
"Token: \"" << lit << "\"" << std::endl;
}
break;
}
}
catch (std::invalid_argument& e) // TODO: Fix this error message, which is trash.
{
// Handle a bad literal.
std::cout << "Hot Constants: _newETLeaf() was passed a token which was identifed as a literal but was identified"
" as an invalid argument by a string conversion function. Token: " << lit << ", identified as literalType: "
<< int(type) << ". e.what(): " << e.what() << std::endl;
}
return returnVal;
}
void _popETNode(ETNode* node)
{
if (auto op = dynamic_cast<ETOperator*>(node))
{
if (op->rchild != nullptr)
_popETNode(op->rchild);
if (op->lchild != nullptr)
_popETNode(op->lchild);
}
delete node;
}
// Helper macro that evaluates an ETOperator to a value.
#define VALID_OPERATION(Left_T, Right_T) \
{ \
/* The following operations should return a bool type. */\
if (op->opType == operationType::compare_lt || \
op->opType == operationType::compare_ltoreq || \
op->opType == operationType::compare_gt || \
op->opType == operationType::compare_gtoreq || \
op->opType == operationType::compare_eq || \
op->opType == operationType::compare_neq || \
op->opType == operationType::logical_AND || \
op->opType == operationType::logical_OR) \
{ \
auto evaluatedValue = _evaluateOp<Left_T, Right_T, bool> ( \
dynamic_cast<ETLeaf<Left_T>*>(op->lchild)->m_value, \
dynamic_cast<ETLeaf<Right_T>*>(op->rchild)->m_value, \
op->opType \
); \
if (evaluatedValue.first) \
{ \
returnVal = new ETLeaf<bool>( \
literalTypeMap<decltype(evaluatedValue.second)>::value, \
evaluatedValue.second \
); \
} \
} \
/* All other operations will return std::common_type between the types. */\
else \
{ \
auto evaluatedValue = _evaluateOp<Left_T, Right_T> ( \
dynamic_cast<ETLeaf<Left_T>*>(op->lchild)->m_value, \
dynamic_cast<ETLeaf<Right_T>*>(op->rchild)->m_value, \
op->opType \
); \
if (evaluatedValue.first) \
{ \
returnVal = new ETLeaf<decltype(evaluatedValue.second)>( \
literalTypeMap<decltype(evaluatedValue.second)>::value, \
evaluatedValue.second \
); \
} \
} \
}
// Generates an error message for invalid operations.
#define INVALID_OPERATION \
std::cout << "Hot Constants: _evalAndPopETOperator() called on an " \
"ETOperator with invalid children. Left: " << size_t(op->lchild->litType) << \
", Right: " << size_t(op->rchild->litType) << std::endl;
ETNode* _evalAndPopETOperator(ETOperator* op)
{
ETNode* returnVal;
returnVal = nullptr;
switch (op->lchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(int, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(int, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(int, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(int, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(int, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(int, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(int, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(int, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(int, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(int, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(int, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(int, char); // TODO: change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(int, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(int, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(int, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_long:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(long, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(long, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(long, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(long, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(long, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(long, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(long, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(long, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(long, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(long, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(long, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(long, char); //TODO: change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(long, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(long, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(long, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_longlong:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(long long, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(long long, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_uint:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned int, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_ulong:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(unsigned long long, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_double:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(double, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(double, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(double, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(double, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(double, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(double, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(double, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(double, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(double, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(double, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(double, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(double, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(double, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(double, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(double, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_float:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(float, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(float, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(float, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(float, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(float, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(float, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(float, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(float, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(float, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(float, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(float, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(float, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(float, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(float, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(float, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(long double, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(long double, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_bool:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(bool, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(bool, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_char:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(char, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(char, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(char, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(char, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(char, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(char, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(char, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(char, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(char, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(char, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(char, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(char, char); //TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(char, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(char, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(char, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
{
switch (op->rchild->litType) // TODO: Change all the LHS to char8_t in c++20
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(char, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(char, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(char, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(char, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(char, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(char, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(char, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(char, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(char, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(char, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(char, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(char, char); //TODO: Change RHS to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(char, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(char, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(char, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_char16:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, char); // TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(char16_t, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_char32:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, char); // TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(char32_t, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
case literalType::lit_wchar:
{
switch (op->rchild->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, bool);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, char); // TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_OPERATION(wchar_t, wchar_t);
break;
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
break;
}
default:
INVALID_OPERATION;
break;
}
_popETNode(op);
return returnVal;
}
// Helper macro that applies a unary operation to an ETLeaf.
#define VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(In_T) \
{ \
/* Logical Not (!) returns bool type. */\
if (op == unaryOperationType::logical_NOT) \
{ \
auto evaluatedValue = _evaluateUnaryOp<In_T, bool>( \
dynamic_cast<ETLeaf<In_T>*>(leaf)->m_value, op); \
if (evaluatedValue.first) \
{ \
returnVal = new ETLeaf<decltype(evaluatedValue.second)>( \
literalTypeMap<decltype(evaluatedValue.second)>::value, \
evaluatedValue.second); \
} \
} \
else \
{ \
/* Everything else returns std::common_type. */\
auto evaluatedValue = _evaluateUnaryOp<In_T>( \
dynamic_cast<ETLeaf<In_T>*>(leaf)->m_value, op); \
if (evaluatedValue.first) \
{ \
returnVal = new ETLeaf<decltype(evaluatedValue.second)>( \
literalTypeMap<decltype(evaluatedValue.second)>::value, \
evaluatedValue.second); \
} \
} \
}
ETNode* _applyUnaryOpAndPopETLeaf(ETNode* leaf, unaryOperationType op)
{
ETNode* returnVal;
returnVal = nullptr;
switch (leaf->litType)
{
case literalType::lit_int:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(int);
break;
case literalType::lit_long:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(long);
break;
case literalType::lit_longlong:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_uint:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(unsigned int);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulong:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(unsigned long);
break;
case literalType::lit_ulonglong:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(unsigned long long);
break;
case literalType::lit_double:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(double);
break;
case literalType::lit_float:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(float);
break;
case literalType::lit_longdouble:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(long double);
break;
case literalType::lit_char:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(char);
break;
case literalType::lit_char8: //c++17
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(char); // TODO: Change to char8_t in c++20
break;
case literalType::lit_char16:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(char16_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_char32:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(char32_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_wchar:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(wchar_t);
break;
case literalType::lit_bool:
VALID_UNARY_OPERATION(bool);
break;
case literalType::none:
std::cout << "Hot Constants: applyUnaryOperatorAndPopNode() called on "
"an invalid ETLeaf type. Type: " << size_t(leaf->litType) << std::endl;
break;
}
delete leaf;
return returnVal;
}
// Expression Evaluation Stuff =========================================================================================
void _tokenizeArithmeticExpr(std::string& expr)
{
size_t previousPos = 0, currentPos = 0;
// Look for operators
do
{
currentPos = expr.find_first_of("()~*/%+-^!<>&|", previousPos);
if (currentPos != std::string::npos)
{
if (currentPos > 0)
{
// There's a character before currentPos.
// Insert space before current if previous char isn't already a space,
// and only if current isn't the minus sign of a floating point exponent.
if (expr.at(currentPos - 1) != ' ' &&
!(expr.at(currentPos) == '-' &&
(expr.at(currentPos - 1) == 'e' || expr.at(currentPos - 1) == 'E' ||
expr.at(currentPos - 1) == 'p' || expr.at(currentPos - 1) == 'P'))
)
{
expr.insert(currentPos, " ");
currentPos++;
}
}
if (currentPos + 1 < expr.length())
{
// There's a character after current.
if (currentPos > 0)
{
// There's a character both before and after current.
// Insert space after the operator at currentPos if next char isn't already a space,
// and only if currentPos isn't the minus sign of a floating point exponent.
if (!(expr.at(currentPos) == '-' &&
(expr.at(currentPos - 1) == 'e' || expr.at(currentPos - 1) == 'E' ||
expr.at(currentPos - 1) == 'p' || expr.at(currentPos - 1) == 'P')))
{
if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) != ' ')
{
// currentPos points to an operator followed by a non-space character.
// Check for multi-char operators then insert a space after operator.
switch (expr.at(currentPos))
{
case '!':
if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) == '=') // !=
currentPos++;
break;
case '|':
if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) == '|') // ||
currentPos++;
break;
case '&':
if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) == '&') // &&
currentPos++;
break;
case '>':
if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) == '>') // >>
currentPos++;
else if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) == '=') // >=
currentPos++;
break;
case '<':
if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) == '<') // <<
currentPos++;
else if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) == '=')
{
if (currentPos + 2 < expr.length())
{
if (expr.at(currentPos + 2) == '>') // <=> (c++20)
currentPos += 2;
else // <=
currentPos++;
}
else // <=
currentPos++;
}
break;
}
if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) != ' ')
expr.insert(currentPos + 1, " ");
}
}
}
else
{
// currentPos has no precedng characters, so it can only be (, ), ~, +, or -
// (the unary operators or parentheses) if the expression is valid.
// We assume it is and catch bad tokens later.
if (expr.at(currentPos + 1) != ' ')
expr.insert(currentPos + 1, " ");
}
}
currentPos++;
previousPos = currentPos;
}
} while (currentPos < expr.length());
}
}
| 14,246 |
655164_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,995 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 363 | 488 |
White, J.
Appeal from an order of the Family Court of Broome County (Hester, Jr., J.), entered June 9, 1994, which granted petitioner's application, in a proceeding pursuant to Social Services Law § 384-b to, inter alia, adjudicate respondent's children to be permanently neglected, and terminated her parental rights.
Since October 21, 1990, respondent's two children, then ages 27 months and 2lh months, have been in petitioner's custody. On January 6, 1994, respondent admitted many of the allegations set forth in the permanent neglect petition dated March 31, 1993, and stipulated to the entry of an order adjudicating the children permanently neglected. After a dispositional hearing, Family Court concluded that the best interests of the children required that they be freed for adoption and terminated respondent's parental rights. Respondent appeals contending that petitioner had failed to make a diligent effort to assist, develop and encourage the parental relationship.
It was not improper for Family Court, within its fact-finding order, to rely upon respondent's admissions and stipulations which specifically included that petitioner had made diligent efforts to assist, develop and encourage the parental relationship and itemized those efforts (see, Matter of Noele D., 209 AD2d 828, 829; Matter of Patricia O., 175 AD2d 870, 871; see also, Matter of Geraldine Rose W., 196 AD2d 313, 317). Contrary to respondent's contention, the hearing held on March 30, 1994 was the beginning of the dispositional hearing and was not the fact-finding hearing.
Our review of the record discloses that respondent failed to complete her alcohol rehabilitation programs, failed to attend counseling sessions ordered by Family Court, missed half of her scheduled visitations with her children and failed to make plans for the return of the children, despite the diligent efforts of petitioner up to the dispositional determination. We find no basis to disturb the court's determination to terminate respondent's parental rights. Respondent has been unable or unwilling to take steps to correct the conditions which led to the removal of the children and to provide them with an adequate stable home (see, Matter of Nathaniel T., 67 NY2d 838).
Cardona, P. J., Mercure, Peters and Spain, JJ., concur. Ordered that the order is affirmed, without costs..
| 34,827 |
https://github.com/DeadSkullzJr/SkyEditor.ROMEditor/blob/master/SkyEditor.ROMEditor.Windows/Library/PMD Explorers/File Formats/Animations/AnimatedSprite.vb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
SkyEditor.ROMEditor
|
DeadSkullzJr
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 265 | 792 |
Imports System.Drawing
Namespace FileFormats
Namespace Animations
Public Class AnimatedSprite
Private Property Path As String
Private Property FrameData As FrameList
Public Property AnimData As AnimData
Public Function GetFrameGroup(FrameIndex As Integer) As System.Drawing.Bitmap
Return GetFrame(FrameData.FrameGroups(FrameIndex))
End Function
Public Function GetFrame(FrameGroup As FrameGroup) As Bitmap
Dim minX As Integer = FrameGroup.Frames(0).XOffset
Dim minY As Integer = FrameGroup.Frames(0).YOffset
For Each item In FrameGroup.Frames
If item.XOffset < minX Then
minX = item.XOffset
End If
If item.YOffset < minY Then
minY = item.YOffset
End If
Next
Dim offsetX As Integer = minX
Dim offsetY As Integer = minY
Dim width As Integer = FrameGroup.Frames(0).ResolutionWidth
Dim height As Integer = FrameGroup.Frames(0).ResolutionHeight
For Each item In FrameGroup.Frames
Dim w = item.ResolutionWidth
Dim h = item.ResolutionWidth
Dim x = item.XOffset
Dim y = item.YOffset
If x - offsetX > 0 Then
width += w
offsetX = x
End If
If y - offsetY > 0 Then
height += h
offsetY = y
End If
Next
Dim out As New Bitmap(width, height)
Dim gOut As Graphics = Graphics.FromImage(out)
For Each item In FrameGroup.Frames
Dim filePath = String.Format(IO.Path.Combine(Path, "imgs", "{0}.png"), item.ImageIndex.ToString.PadLeft(4, "0"))
If IO.File.Exists(filePath) Then
Dim b = Drawing.Bitmap.FromFile(filePath)
If item.HFlip Then
b.RotateFlip(RotateFlipType.RotateNoneFlipX)
End If
If item.VFlip Then
b.RotateFlip(RotateFlipType.RotateNoneFlipY)
End If
gOut.DrawImage(b, New Point(item.XOffset - minX, item.YOffset - minY))
End If
Next
out.MakeTransparent(out.GetPixel(0, 0))
Return out
End Function
Public Function GetAnimationFrames(AnimationIndex As Integer) As System.Drawing.Bitmap()
Dim out As New List(Of Bitmap)
For Each item In AnimData.AnimSequenceData(AnimationIndex).Frames
out.Add(GetFrame(FrameData.FrameGroups(item.metaFrmGrpIndex)))
Next
Return out.ToArray
End Function
Public Sub New(Path As String)
FrameData = FrameList.FromXml(IO.File.ReadAllText(IO.Path.Combine(Path, "frames.xml")))
AnimData = AnimData.FromXml(IO.File.ReadAllText(IO.Path.Combine(Path, "animations.xml")))
Me.Path = Path
End Sub
End Class
End Namespace
End Namespace
| 35,358 |
https://github.com/hongtuan/datamonitor/blob/master/src/app/services/alertlogviewer.service.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
datamonitor
|
hongtuan
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 133 | 514 |
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Headers, Http,RequestOptions,Response } from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';
import 'rxjs/add/observable/throw';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/map';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/catch';
@Injectable()
export class alertlogviewerService {
//private headers = new Headers({'Content-Type': 'application/json'});
private jsonRequestOptions = new RequestOptions({
headers: new Headers({'Content-Type': 'application/json'})
});
private extractData(res: Response) {
//console.log('res='+JSON.stringify(res));
let body = res.json();
//if(body)
// console.log('res_body='+JSON.stringify(body));
return body || {};//must return body,not body.data
}
private handleError (error: any) {
//console.log('error='+JSON.stringify(error));
//console.log('body='+JSON.stringify(error.json()));
var errBody = error.json();
//console.log('errBody='+JSON.stringify(errBody));
let errMsg = typeof errBody == 'string'?errBody:errBody.errmsg ? errBody.errmsg :
error.status ? `${error.status} - ${error.statusText}` : 'Server error';
console.error(errMsg); // log to console instead
return Observable.throw(errMsg);
}
private apiUrl = '/api/al'; // URL to web api
constructor(private http: Http) { }
getAlertLogs(lid:string,limit:Number): Observable<any[]> {
//
var url = `${this.apiUrl}/${lid}/${limit||100}`;
//console.log(url);
return this.http.get(url)
.map(this.extractData).catch(this.handleError);
}
}
| 1,101 |
https://github.com/oleander/bitbar/blob/master/Sources/BitBar/Pref/Pref.CLIPort.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
bitbar
|
oleander
|
Swift
|
Code
| 20 | 56 |
extension Pref {
class CLIPort: MenuItem {
required convenience init() {
self.init(title: "CLI port: \(App.port)", isClickable: false)
}
}
}
| 21,784 |
4000308_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 845 | 1,206 |
OPINION OF THE COURT
Memorandum.
The order of the Appellate Term should be reversed and the judgments of District Court reinstated.
On May 3, 2011, a town investigator with the Town of Brook-haven (Town) filed five informations (subsequently superseded) against On Sight Mobile Opticians (On Sight). Each information charged On Sight with violating section 57A-11 of the Town Code of the Town of Brookhaven (Town Code) by placing a sign advertising its opticians' business on public property, and included the precise address and location of the offending sign. Section 57A-11, entitled "Signs, posters and stickers prohibited on public property," states as follows:
"Prohibitions. With the exception of any sign erected by the Town, county, state or other governmental authority and all signs pertaining to traffic regulations, parking regulations and fire zones which are subject to the rules and regulations of the New York State Vehicle and Traffic Law, no sign, poster, sticker, flag or advertising device shall be located within or upon the right-of-way of any Town, state or county road or highway or upon any Town, county or state or other publicly owned land, or upon any utility pole, tree, fence, or any other structure or object thereupon" (Town Code § 57A-11 [B]).
Section 57A-11 is a section within the Town Code's chapter 57A, entitled "Signs."
By motion dated June 20, 2011, On Sight sought a determination that chapter 57A is unconstitutional and a dismissal of the accusatory instruments. After District Court rejected its constitutional challenge, On Sight pleaded guilty to each of the informations on February 9, 2012, and then appealed. By order dated July 8, 2013, the Appellate Term held that section 57A-11, "considered in isolation, represent[ed] a constitutional exercise of the Town's zoning authority," but that "considered as a whole, chapter 57A unconstitutionally favor[ed] commercial speech over noncommercial speech" (40 Misc 3d 95, 101 [App Term, 2d Dept, 9th & 10th Jud Dists 2013]); specifically, chapter 57A permitted commercial advertising "in every zoning district aside from public lands and roads, and bar[red] noncommercial speech in most contexts in which commercial speech [was] allowed" (id. at 102). After concluding that the unconstitutional portions of chapter 57A could not be severed from the constitutional parts, the court reversed the judgments of conviction against On Sight, dismissed the informations and remitted fines paid, if any. A Judge of this Court granted the People's application for leave to appeal (22 NY3d 958 [2013]), and we now reverse.
"In a statutory context, our test for severability has been whether the Legislature would have wished the statute to be enforced with the invalid part exscinded, or rejected altogether" (Matter of New York State Superfund Coalition v New York State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, 75 NY2d 88, 94 [1989] [internal quotations marks omitted]). In Superfund Coalition, for example, the unconstitutional portion was at the "core" of the statute, and "interwoven inextricably through the entire regulatory scheme" (id.). By contrast, section 57A-11 deals only with signs posted on public property, a discrete regulatory topic and regime. This is reinforced by section 57A-11 (A), which explains the provision's purpose and focuses entirely on the unique problems posed by signs on public right-of-ways. In light of section 57A-ll's independent legislative purpose, this provision can be severed from any unconstitutional portions of chapter 57A. We therefore need not and do not consider the constitutionality of any part of chapter 57A except section 57A-11.
The People argue that section 57A-11 is a content-neutral ban on the placement of signs on public property within the Town as a matter of law under the United States Supreme Court's holding in Members of City Council of Los Angeles v Taxpayers for Vincent (466 US 789 [1984]). In that case, section 28.04 of the Los Angeles Municipal Code, which prohibited the posting of signs on public property, was challenged as an unconstitutional abridgement of First Amendment rights (id. at 791-792). The Court upheld the ordinance, reasoning that "municipalities have a weighty, essentially esthetic interest in proscribing intrusive and unpleasant formats for expression" (id. at 806). Accordingly, "an accumulation of signs posted on public property . . . constitutes a significant substantive evil within the City's power to prohibit" (id. at 807). In so holding, the Court emphasized that the ordinance was content neutral, and that even though the City had eliminated signs on public property, it had not extended this ban to private property (id. at 811).
Section 57A-11 of the Town Code is constitutionally indistinguishable from the Los Angeles provision analyzed by the Supreme Court in City of Los Angeles. It imposes a content-neutral ban on all signs on public property, and applies to both commercial and noncommercial signs without consideration of their content. Further, it directly serves the Town's valid interests in traffic safety and aesthetics, as expressly articulated in section 57A-11 (A). Finally, we have reviewed On Sight's remaining arguments and consider them to be without merit.
Chief Judge Lippman and Judges Read, Smith, Pigott, Rivera and Abdus-Salaam concur.
Order reversed and judgments of the Sixth District Court, Suffolk County, reinstated, in a memorandum..
| 10,348 |
notiziedeprofe01bald1845_13
|
Italian-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,845 |
Notizie de' professori del disegno da Cimabue : in qua, per le quali si dimostra come, e per chi le bell' arti di pittura, scultura, e architettura lasciata la rozzezza delle maniere greca, e gottica, si siano in questi secoli ridotte all' antica loro perfezione
|
Baldinucci, Filippo, 1625-1696 | Baldinucci, Francesco Saverio, 1662-1738 | Ranalli, Ferdinando, 1813-1894
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 6,973 | 11,712 |
Jacopo di Inesser, Piero di Filippo della Quercia da Siena, detto Jacopo della Fonte, fu un raro scultore dei suoi tempi, conciossiacrecochè egli incominciò a dare alle sue figure una certa nobiltà, grazia e tenerezza assai maggiore di quella che alle loro gli altri di sua patria fino allora data avevano, onde fu adoperato in cose di tutta importanza, e particolarmente gli fu da quella repubblica data a fare la fonte della pubblica piazza, dalle acque della quale avevano l’anno 1343 condotte Agostino e Agnolo Sanesi, e vi scolpì le Virtù Teologali, con alcune sacre istorie della Genesi, a cagione della quale opera fu poi sempre chiamato Agnolo della Fonte. Ottimo guiderdone ebbe di suo lavoro, e di più fu dichiarato cavaliere, e soprintendente all'opera del Duomo. Nella città di Lucca fece in San Martino la sepoltura della moglie di Paolo Guinigi. In Bologna fece vedere di suo scarpello e architettura la porta principale della chiesa di San Petronio con bellissimi lavori di basso rilievo e sacre istorie dalla creazione del mondo fino a Noè, una Vergine con Gesù bambino, e due Santi. Avendo questo artefice inteso, che nella città di Firenze l'arte de' mercatanti di callimala voleva dare da fare una delle porte di San Giovanni, ancora esso se ne venne alla. NOTIZIE DI JACOPO DELLA QUERCIA nostra patria; e sapendo che a colui doveva alloggersi, che nel fare una delle storie, che la dovevano abbellire, avrebbe dato maggior sodisfazione, si pose con ogni studio a fare la sua, la quale condusse con tanto arte, e con sì bel pulimento, che non ha dubbio alcuno, che suo sarebbe stato quel gran lavoro, se egli non avesse avuto tre gran concorrenti, Donatello, il Brunellesco, e il Ghiberti. Scrive il Vasari, di lui scolpisse di sua mano quella bella Vergine assunta, che si vede nella mandorla, e’ è sopra la porta del fianco di Santa Maria del Fiore dalla parte dei Servi, opera per certo bellissima; ma noi abbiamo provato assai concludentemente nella notizia della vita di Antonio di Banco discepolo di Donatello, che questa a scultura non fu altrimenti fatta per mano di Jacopo della Quercia, ma dello stesso Rann di Banco; onde fu errore del Vasari, seguitato poi da fra Isidoro Ugurgieri, nel suo libro delle Pompe Senesi, e da altri, che ultimamente hanno scritto sopra simili materie. E credami, mio lettore, che io non mai avrei saputo a me stesso persuadere che al Vasari fosse venuto preso un tale equivoco in cosa tanto singolare di sua professione, e anche possiamo dire allora non antichissima; né mai mi sarei opposto a tale sua asserzione se io non avessi cavato le prove contrarie da antiche scritture originali, e d’ogni eccezione maggiori, come ciascuno che voglia, potrà nelle accennate notizie di Nanni d’Antonio di Banco a suo tempo riconoscere. Molti altri fece Jacopo della Quercia, il quale finalmente carico d’anni, e pieno d’onore per la sua rara virtù, fece da questa all’altra vita passaggio in Siena sua patria, l’anno di nostra salute 1441, e nella città fu al suo cadavere data sepoltura. LORENZO DI DICCI PITTORE FIORENTINO Discepoli di Spinello Aretino. Nato .... circa al 1410. Siccome desidero che il mio lettore sappia, che nell'intraprendere ciò che io feci il carico di mandare alla luce notizie di professori del disegno, fin da quei primi tempi, nei quali incominciò quest'arte a rivivere, io mi proposi fra gli altri un fine molto principale, che fu di mostrare per ordine di tempi, il come, e per chi l'arte medesima, lasciata la goffieria antica, si andasse a poco a poco portando all'ultimo di sua perfezione, il che non credetti potere effettuare, se non per mezzo di una dimostrazione per via d'albero, da quei primi maestri incominciando, e successivamente procedendo ai discepoli loro, e quindi ai derivati da questi, fino ne' tempi nostri. Ora siccome io a tale oggetto indirizzai mia intenzione, così posso affermare di non aver mai provato maggiore difficoltà nella ricerca, che ho fatta poi sempre per le antichissime memorie e per gli scritti di vari autori, che il ritrovare materie, che assicurassero mi potessero il cammino per l'ordine cronologico, quasi unico requisito della buona storia, ma particolarmente di quella che io mi presi a compilare. Conciossiaché mi sia venuto fatto bene spesso in ciò che si vede da… NOTIZIE DI LORENZO DI BICCI. Lo trovare alle stampe, il ritrovare tali e tante contraddizioni a quello, che nell’antiche e autentiche scritture si legge, eh' io sto per dire, che più agevole cosa sarebbe stata a me il ripigliare le materie da capo con poco o punto di ricerca di quello è stato scritto, che il fare sopra dello stesso, studio di sorta alcuna. Uno degli antichi artefici adunque, nel ritrovamento delle cui notizie m’ è convenuto molto stentare, è stato Lorenzo di Bicci, quegli del quale ora devo ragionare; e perchè costui fu, nei suoi tempi, uomo di grande valore nella pittura, vuole ogni dovere, che nel parlar di lui io mi affatichi in far comparire quelle verità, che intorno al tempo del suo vivere ed operare, da altri furono trascurate, o per meglio dire, in tutto intorpidate e confuse. Dice il Vasari, che Lorenzo di Bicci, che fu discepolo di Spinello Aretino, ebbe il suo natale l'anno 1400; e che in ciò egli abbia preso un gravissimo errore, quando non mai con altro, pur troppo chiaro si dimostra con altri detti dello stesso Vasari, come ora vedremo. Dice egli, che Spinello, stato suo maestro, mancasse di vita circa al 1400, come poteva dunque Lorenzo, nato, secondo questo autore, del 1400, imparare tra le fasce l'arte del dipingere da Spinello, al quale già apriva la sepoltura, il perchè, dico io, credasi al Vasari, come professore di pittura, ciò che egli e ci disse, cioè che Lorenzo di Bicci fu discepolo dell’Aretino, perchè oltre a qualche riscontro o di tradizione, o d’altra qual si fosse cosa, poté egli esserne stato fatto certo, e particolarmente perchè all’occhio suo erudito non poté portare inganno la maniera stessa dell’uno e dell’altro maestro. Dicasi però contro a quello che il Vasari scrisse, che il natale di Lorenzo, come stato discepolo dell’Aretino, seguì molto avanti al 1400. Dice il Vasari, che Donatello, giovanetto di poca età, aiutò a Lorenzo a dipingere la storia dell’Assunzione di Maria Vergine accanto all’altra storia del san Tommaso, che egli aveva dipinta nella facciata del convento di Santa Croce Baldinucci, Vol. I. in su la piazza, e che quella restò finita del 1450 e qui si crede pure al Vasari quanto all’aver avuto in sua scuola da giovane il celebre scultore Donatello, perchè nel modo del panneggiare dello stesso Donatello si vede ognuno, che bene intende, un non so che della scuola del maestro, bene che ridotto a perfezione assai maggiore, e perchè lo stesso Vasari, il quale molto bene conobbe persone che esso Donatello avevano assai bene conosciuto e praticato, non disse cosa inverosimile, onde noi in tutto e per tutto alla sentenza di lui ci soscriviamo, ma non poté già essere vero, che Donatello aiutasse a Lorenzo nella storia dell’Assunta finita dell’anno 1450, né tampoco del san Tommaso, che aveva avuto sua fine del 1418, perchè Donatello essendo nato dell’anno 1383, l’anno 1450 era in età di 67 anni, e del 1418 aveva 35, e così bisogna dire, ch’egli da giovane frequentasse la scuola di Lorenzo, e gli fosse in aiuto delle opere prima del 1440, nel quale tempo, se Lorenzo era già pittore, e operava, come potremo noi fermare il suo natale del 1400? Ma lasciamo da parte le contraddizioni che si riconoscono nella storia del Vasari, e le congetture che quindi risultano, e diciamo che egli non è altrimenti vero che Lorenzo nascesse del 1400, perchè del 1375 già egli esercitava l’arte, ed eccone l’indubbiata prove. Io trovo in un libro delle prestanze di questa città in camera fiscale: Laurentius Biccii pictor florenum unum, et sol. 5. Ed in altro: Laurentius Biccii pictor florenum unum, sol. 3. dan. 8. In un libro degli operai di Santa Maria del Fiore, ai 22 giorni di novembre 1386, leggesi quanto segue appresso: Operarii, etc. Deliberare unte, etc. che Lorenzo Bicci, pittore, il quale ha ornato figure di Fede e Speranza nella faccia della loggetta della piazza dei Signori verso orientale, etc. NOTIZIE DI LORENZO DI RICCI. Operai, etc. Deliberare unte, etc. che Lorenzo Bicci, pittore, il quale ha ornato figure di Fede e Speranza nella faccia della loggetta della piazza dei Signori verso orientale, etc. NOTIZIE DI LORENZO DI RICCI. 323 piaggeria, abbia e possa averlo presso dette pitture, oro, colori, e lavori, eccettuati in totale F. 90 aurei, non ultra. Inoltre, in un protocollo di ser Guido di ser Salvi di ser Francesco Bonini, esistente in archivio fiorentino, io trovo, che Lorenzo del 1388 già aveva moglie, della quale si fa menzione con queste parole: Domina Lucia figlia quondam Angeli Joannis populi sancti Simonis Uxor Laurentii Bicci, pittore, populi sancti Florentii. Con che pare che resti interamente provato il nostro assunto contro il Vasari. Questo "pittore" adunque imparò l’arte da Spinello Aretino, il quale cominciò a fiorire circa l’anno 1330, e finì di vivere, come sopra accennammo, del 1400. Dipoi il Vasari, camminando sempre in sul falso supposto che Lorenzo nascesse lo stesso anno 1400, dice, che Giovanni di Medici, detto di Bicci, vedendo il profitto ch’egli faceva nelle buone arti, gli diede da dipignere, mentre era ancora giovanetto, nella sala della casa vecchia dei Medici, murato che fu il palazzo grande, che poi restò a Lorenzo fratello carnale di Cosimo vecchio, una grande copia di uomini illustri, che fino a’ tempi dello stesso Vasari vi si vedevano assai bene conservati. E questo pure dobbiamo noi concedere al Vasari, quanto al fatto, ma non quanto al tempo; perchè fatto il confronto con ciò che si è detto di sopra, si trova che ciò non poté seguire che avanti al 1400. E tanto basti aver detto intorno a qualche sbaglio che è stato preso dall’autore nominato. Tornando ora al nostro pittore, ebbe egli nella sua prima età, come ci lasciò scritto lo stesso Vasari, grande desiderio di comparire nella sua patria non altrimenti che perfetto, e però volle scapricciarsi intorno alle difficoltà dell’arte, impiegando buona parte degli anni suoi in dipignere in campagna, dove egli si faceva a credere, che... il primo su cose non fossero per esser considerate, almeno da ognuno, così per la minuta, e ven ne gli ben fatto, conciossiacosché oltre all’ avere egli assai migliorata la propria maniera, acquistasse tanta pratica nel colorire a fresco, e tanta facilità, che fermatosi poi in Firenze, gli potesse riuscire il condurre in essa forse più opere di quante ve ne avesse fatte qual si fosse altro pittore stato davanti a lui. Fra quelle che si veggono fino a questo tempo, di sua prima maniera, fuori di Firenze, è il tabernacolo posto sopra il ponte a Scandicci in su la Greve fuori della porta a San Friano, e un’intera facciata sotto un portico a Cerbaia coll’ immagine di Maria sempre Vergine, e di molti altri Santi. La potesteria di Vicchio in Mugello è un monte, detto Monte Giovi, nome, credo io, rimasolito dall’ antica superstizione dei gentili, il che a noi non è nuovo, riconoscendosi, siccome in Monte Giovi il nome di Giove, così nel poggio di Marte nel Pisano, quello di Marte detto da Gio. Villani lo Dio Marte, e quello d’Ercole Summano in Monsumanno nella Valdinievole, la quale opinione assai si conferma dal vedersi impressi manifestatamente i vestigia della gentilità ne’ nomi che portano ancora interi molti altri luoghi, paesi, monti e città degli antichi falsi idoli, che in questi, e particolarmente ne’ monti, si adoravano. In esso monte dunque , detto Monte Giovi, è la chiesa di Santo Romolo a Campestri nel pianura di San Cresci a Vaiano, fabbrica di piccola, ma di antichissima struttura, forse d’ avanti al mille, per quanto si ha da più segni, ed è volta a levante e ponente. In questa chiesa, all’ altare maggiore, è una tavola con tre spazi, ornata a colonnette al modo gotico nel primo spazio della quale è Maria Vergine con Gesù bambino nel parlamento destro è santo Romolo, e san Giovanni Battista e nel sinistro san Giovanni Evangelista, e sant’Antonio a piè della tavola è la predella con storie di piccole figure di fatti di santo Romolo il tutto condotto con amore, ben. Luogo appunto, ove ora vergiamo il bel ricetto della cappella di Sant'Antonino fatto da Salviati per dar luogo al sacro corpo del santo. Per la famiglia degli Spinelli colorì a fresco nella sopraddetta facciata di Santa Croce la storia di san Tommaso, che alla presenza degli altri apostoli tocca la piaga al Signore, ed appresso a questa, la figura del san Cristofano alto dodici braccia e mezzo, della quale non era fino a quel tempo stata vista la più proporzionata, ed anche la maggiore, tolti il san Cristofano di Buffalmacco, e per frati di quel convento dipinse pure a fresco tutte le figure e storie, che fino ad ora si vedono dentro la porta del Martello. Qui diede egli materia per lo nascimento di quel detto fatto ormai molto familiare di chi vuole piacevolmente spiegare la prestezza d'un pittore nel dipingere, cioè: io fo un santo e vengo, perchè nel dipingere che faceva una mattina Lorenzo in quel luogo, essendosi già l'ora fatta ben tarda, chiamato a tavola dal guardiano disse: fate fare le scodelle a vostra posta, che io fo intanto una figura e vengo. Dipinte poi molti tabernacoli nelle facciate e cantonate di varie strade, case, e monasteri in Firenze, parte delle quali ha pure il tempo distrutto, rimanendo però assai bene conservato quello della via de' Martelli, dove, nella facciata di una casa di quella famiglia, è figurata Maria Vergine con Gesù, ed il vedere che Lorenzo operò per casa Martelli, mi conferma nella credenza di ciò che dicemmo di sopra, che Donatello, che fu poi sempre parzialissimo della stessa casa, fosse stato suo discepolo. Vedesi ancora nella facciata dello spedale di Santa Maria Nuova accanto alla porta della chiesa dedicata a Sant’ Egidio, edificata con architettura dello stesso Lorenzo, la bella storia della Sagrazione di quella chiesa fatta da papa Martino V, nella quale esso papa Martino è ritratto al naturale, insieme con alcuni cardinali di quel tempo. Ancora dipinse varie cose per la chiesa di Camaldoli, per la compagnia dei Martiri. NOTIZIE DI LORENZO DI BICCI Le quali insieme con la chiesa e convento perirono per l'assedio. Colore tutta una facciata e il tramezzo della chiesa del Carmine per la famiglia de' Salvestrini, alla quale pittura occorse tutto ciò che detto abbiamo di quelle fatte in San Marco. Dipinse in Santa Trinità tutta la cappella dei Compagni con istorie della vita di san Giovanni Gualberto, ed in Santa Lucia dei Magnoli dipinse pure assai per Niccolò da Uzzano. Per tante e sì belle opere acquistò Lorenzo in Firenze tanto credito, che essendo seguita la sagra della cattedrale fiorentina per mano di papa Eugenio IV, fu dato a lui il carico di dipingere nei pilastri, e per la chiesa, gli dodici apostoli colle croci della medesima sagra, e sotto le finestre di ciascuna cappella, le figure di quei santi a cui le cappelle erano dedicate. Vi colorì ancora il deposito di finto marmo per il cardinale Corsini, primo arcivescovo della nostra città, che sopra vi si vede dipinto al naturale, e quello ancora non lontano da questo per il frate Luigi Marsili agostiniano, famoso teologo. E fu gloria singolare di Lorenzo di Bicci l'essere stato il primo che in quella nobilissima chiesa facesse vedere sue pitture. aver insegnato l’arte a due suoi figliuoli, cioè Bicci e Neri, e di quali a suo luogo ragioneremo. Devesi a questo artefice non poca lode per il grande operare ch'egli fece, e per essere anche stato sempre simile a se stesso, negli ottimi precetti dell’arte, per quanto però poteva estendersi il modo di fare giottesco, il quale, siccome da principio fu preso da lui, e migliorato alquanto in disegno, arie di teste ed in una certa maggioranza di maniera, fu anche sempre mantenuto in questa però dell’ aver sempre voluto tener forte quella maniera, non fu lodevole, perchè già negli ultimi tempi di lui avendo veduto la nostra città il miglioramento che l’arte del dipingere, mediante le nobili fatiche di Masaccio e dei suoi imitatori, aveva fatte in ogni sua parte, averebbe potuto anzi a esso migliorare la sua maniera, e pure, essendo lungamente vissuto fra i maestri di quei due secoli del 1300 e del 1400, volle rimanere l’ultimo che essa maniera giottesca praticasse, e più presto restare fra di loro in minore stima, che abbandonarla giammai, dal che ad evidenza si riconosce quanto sia difficile cosa sia, anche agli uomini assennati, l’emendare in vecchiaia quegli errori, che in un ben lungo corso di vita si presero a praticare, e Questo pittore, che da diversi scrittori viene detto da Modena, da altri è stato creduto nativo di Ferrara, e da altri però di Bologna, forse perchè tutte le sue pitture, delle quali si ha notizia si veggono in Bologna, e non è cosa nuova, che i pittori, non dalla patria, ma da quella città in cui hanno molto operato, o hanno posta loro abitazione vengano nominati, come si mostrò in Antonio Veneziano, che pure fu di Firenze. Dipinse nella chiesa di Santa Maria di Mezzaratta di Bologna, nell’antico chiostro di San Domenico, e nella chiesa dei PP. Celestini di essa città. Discese esser di sua mano una tavola all’altare dei Torri, in cui si vede la beata Vergine col bambino Gesù, da’ lati sant’Antonio e santa Caterina, e nella predella del trono di essa Vergine è scritto: Christophorus pinxit, e più sotto: Ravagettus de Saligno 1882 fecit fieri. Dipinse una Vergine a fresco, e un sant’Antonio presso alla porta, che entra in sagrestia nella chiesa di San Domenico, ed un’altra simile, che due volte fu mossa di luogo, e trasportata altrove, la prima volta da una certa chiesa vecchia rifatta fu portata in San Pietro, e la seconda volta per causa di nuova fabbrica fattasi in quella chiesa, fu levata, ed accodata in un muro presso alla porta di Sant’Andrea dei PP. Penitenzieri. Dicesi ancora esser di sua mano un’altra immagine di Maria Vergine con’ i santi Cosimo e Damiano, e’ è vicino alla porta di Santa Maria Maddalena degli Orfanelli. NOTIZIE DI GHERARDO STARNINA. Nato 1354, morto 1403. GHERARDO DI JACOPO STARNINA PITTORE FIORENTINO Discepolo d’Antonio Veneziano. Questo artefice, il quale io trovo essere stato descritto fra gli uomini della compagnia de’ pittori dell’anno 1887 con nome di Gherardo Starna, dipinse in Firenze nella chiesa di Santa Croce la cappella dei Castellani con storie di sant’Antonio abate, e di san Niccolò vescovo. Andatosene poi in Spagna, fece molte opere per la maestà di quel re, d’onde tornato alla patria, dipinse nel Carmine la cappella di San Girolamo con bella invenzione; vedesi in questa fra gli altri il santo, vicino a morte, lasciar memorie a’ suoi discepoli, altri in atto di ascoltarle, altri di scrivere con gran vivezza e spirito. Vedesi ancora di mano di quest’artece fino al presente in Firenze nella faccia della palazzina di parte guelfa, oggi detta il Magistrato della parte, un san Dionigi vescovo con due Angeli, e sotto di quello è ritratta la città di Pisa. Ebbe nei suoi tempi per tutta Italia fama di gran pittore, ed in vero che Gherardo è stato un degno stipite della pittura, essendo che da esso derivasse Masolino da Panicale, e da lui Masaccio, ed altri maestri, che poi non solo condussero l’arte a gran perfezione, con gettare i primi fondamenti della bella maniera moderna, ma la dilatarono tanto, mediante i loro discepli. Poli, che ella ha poi riempito tutto il mondo. Passò da questa all'altra vita lo Starnina, che così lo chiama il Vasari seguendo l'uso fiorentino d'usare diminutivi dei nomi propri o surnomi, come credo io che fosse quello di Starna, dell'anno 1403, ed è probabile, che lasciasse buone facoltà, giacché io trovo ad un libro delle prestanze dell'anno 1634 in camera fiscale, che i figliuoli ed eredi di Gherardo di Jacopo dipintore, e Mona Zanobia loro madre, furono prestanziazati in fior. 3 e sol. 10, somma assai ragionevole in quei tempi. NOTIZIE DI GIO. GADDI. GIOVANNI GADDI PITTORE FIORENTINO Fratello e discepolo di Agnolo Gaddi. Fioriva del 1380. Non è dubbio alcuno che avrebbe questo pittore (allevato nella scuola di Agnolo Gaddi suo fratello) dato gran saggio di sua virtù, se nel più bel fiore degli anni suoi non fosse stato colto dalla morte; fece contuttavia alcune belle opere in Firenze nel chiostro di Santo Spirito, dove erano i piccoli archi dipinti da Gaddo e da Taddeo, rappresentando la disputa di N. S. Gesù Cristo nel tempio con dottori, la tentazione del medesimo nel deserto, e la purificazione di Maria Vergine: le quali opere col tempo sono state gettate a terra per causa di nuove fabbriche. ANTONIO DA FERRARA PITTORE Discepolo di Agnolo Gaddi. Fioriva circa il 1384. Di costui non abbiamo altra notizia, se non quanta ne lasciò scritta il Vasari, cioè, che egli fu discepolo di Agnolo Gaddi pittore fiorentino, e molto esercitò l'arte sua in opere a fresco a Città di Castello, ed in San Francesco d' Urbino. DECENNALE IX DEL SECOLO II. LORENZO DI FILIPPO ARCHITETTO GIO' D’AMBROGIO Scultore, e Architetto e LORENZO suo figlio, e LORENZO Scultore, e NANNI DI BARTOLO Scultore. Sfiorirono in questi tempi nella città di Firenze diversi professori delle nostre arti, a’ quali (come che fossero avuti in gran pregio) furono dati a fare molti degli ornamenti della gran fabbrica della facciata di Santa Maria del Fiore, alla quale già dall'anno ... era stato dato principio. Uno di costoro fu Lorenzo di Filippo architetto di essa fabbrica, del quale si trova ad un libro di deliberazioni dell'opera per sei mesi, cominciato al primo di luglio 1388: Die 30 agosto Laurentio Philippi caputmagistro lieti operis pro suo salario duorum mensium proxime preteritorum videlicet julii, et augusti F. 7 pro quo-libet mense etc. Ed in altro del 1396: Die 11 agosto reconduxerunt de novo pro tempore sex mensium initiatorum die prima mensis maii proximi preteriti Laurentium Philippi capuimagistrum diete opere diete cattedralis maioris ecclesiae florentine pro dicto tempore cum salario F. 8 auri pro quo-libet mense. Anche fu ancora un Giovanni d'Ambrogio scultore, del quale nel nominato libro di deliberazioni del 1384 si trova: Die 19 dicembris loannis Ambrosii F. 10 auri pro parte solutionis cujusdam figure quam ipse facit, videlicet Justitiam. etc. Ed in un altro di deliberazioni del 1396 per sei mesi: Joanni Ambrosii scarpellatore pro parte solutionis F. 25 auri et summajlorenorum 13 quos dictus Johannes habere debet a dieta opera pro predus et merces figure maris more B. Barnabe per eum facta et perfecta. Ed inoltre ai 28 dicembre: Joanni Ambrosii caputmagistro diete opere pro suo salario triens mensium F. 24. E di Lorenzo, figlio di questo Giovanni, ancora esso scultore, o come allora più comunemente dice vasi (secondo che ho da vari luoghi raccolto) intagliatore di figure, scavatore, maestro di scarpello, e maestro d’intaglio, si trova nei citato libro: Il 25 agosto Lorenzo Giovanni Ambrosi intagliatore di figure, pro opera dieta opera F. 20 mutuo super unam figuram Beate Virginis Mariae. E poco dipoi: Laurentio Giovanni Ambrogi magistro intagli ex causa mutui pro laboriero unius quadronis marmi albi, in quo sculptum est figura unius Propheta et pro laboriero alterius quadronis per eum incepti laborans pro uno alio Propheta. E notisi che in quei tempi, nel parlarsi di figure intagliate o dipinte, per la parola profeti si intende anche apostoli. Alcune delle figure, delle quali in questo luogo io faccio menzione, ed ho anche ragionato nelle notizie appartenenti ai tempi antecedenti, furono poi collocate nella facciata, nei luoghi che fino a oggi si riconoscono in un disegno fatto a penna ed acquerello con meravigliosa accuratezza per mano, come io credo, di Bernardino Poccetti, fino al tempo appunto che dovette restar concluso di demolire essa facciata (stalla in piedi circa a 200 anni) per fabbricare di nuovo col buon ordine moderno. Questo disegno, che fino a oggi si conserva nell’opera di Santa Maria del Decennale IX del Secolo XI. 336 Fiore, per causa dell’umidità, o per altra qual si fosse causa, avendo assai patito, già incominciava in alcune parti quasi a non si scorgere più, quando agli anni passati, acciocché non si perdesse la memoria di una cosi bella e suntuosa antichità, fu dall’accurata diligenza di Leonardo della nobil famiglia de’ Buonarroti Simoni, provveditore dell’opera, fatto copiare puntualissimamente per mano di Alessandro Nani; e la copia, insieme coll'antico originale, fece egli riporre nella guardaroba della medesima opera, dove al presente si trova. Oltre a quanto si riconosce nel accennato disegno, ho io anche ritrovato il decreto, che fu fatto per la situazione di esse figure, che si legge nello stesso libro di deliberazioni del 1396, ed è quello che segue: Il 20 novembre delibero che in faccia anteriore della chiesa Santa Reparata, nelle tabernacoli vuoti, in colonne marmoree ivi esistenti ponano e murature figure marmoree, quelle che sono in detta opera, vedete san Barnaba, san Vittorio con i loro Angeli entrambe parte gioconda dette figure. Fu ancora circa questi medesimi tempi, fino a dopo il 1400, e operò in Firenze, un certo Nanni di Bartolo, del quale si trova nel citato libro questa memoria: Nanni di Bartolo, intagliatore, chiamato Rosso, quelli che ricevono pro parte solutionis di una figura marmorea tagliando in campanile di detta chiesa. NOTIZIE DI POLITO DI CLEMENTE DI POLITO. 337 POLITO DI CLEMENTE, DI POLITO nobile marchese ARCHITETTO Fioriva del 1385. L'antica e nobile città di Ricanati, detta dagli antichi Helvia Bicina, ha partorito in diversi tempi alle nostre arti uomini di molto valore, dei quali siamo noi per dare a suo luogo puntuale contezza, ma vuole ogni ragione che io, per accomodarmi all'ordine della storia, dica alcuna cosa di Polito di Clemente di Polito, nobile cittadino di quella patria, il quale per la sua grande perizia in architettura civile e militare fu nei suoi tempi in grandissima stima presso i suoi cittadini. Sappiamo adunque, come trovandosi l'anno 1385 la città di Ricanati con suo contado per causa delle ribellioni di alcuni cittadini e del popolo, contro dei quali s'era armato l'esercito pontificio, quasi del tutto devastata e distrutta, e volendo i priori del popolo, dopo averla città fatto ritorno all'obbedienza del papa, ridurre il tutto a ben essere, e fare infinite nuove fabbriche e fortificazioni, ne diedero la cura al nobile Polito, stimato forse e per integrità, e per valore nell'arte sua, fino a quel segno maggiore che potesse essere in quei tempi un uomo di tal mestiere. Giacché a lui diedero una incumbenza libera ed assoluta, senza alcuna limitazione d'autorità o di spesa, per operare cose grandi in città e fuori, ciò che rare volte si trova da altri in tempo di pace essere stato fatto. E perchè tutto quello che io posso dire di lui si ricava da Baldinucci, Vol. I. dal registro di una lettera circolare, che si vede oggi fra le antiche scritture di Ricana, e perché più chiaro e più proprio sia il racconto delle più minute circostanze, mi piace portare in questo luogo, copiata da verbo a verbo, la medesima lettera, ed è la seguente. Spectabilibus viris capitaneis ville S. M. Castellum Portus Sancti Petri, Montis Florum. Nec non officiis albis nostrarum villarum Sancti Martini Montanari et Bagnoli reip. nostre fidelibus. PRIORI POPULI CIVITATIS RECANAENSIS SAI Nuper generosus et nobilissimus vir Politus Domus Clementis civis noster mathematicae magister, et precipue architecus militaris expedivit reparandam et constructionem nostre olim dirute patriae oh efferatam audaciam quorundorum promptum ad fortificanda nostra castra cum villis antequam redeat ad minimem vivum belli ubi est peregri revocatus. Et sane quia nunc Dei Opte Maximum et Dei Paras Virgo nostra tutelaris domina fecit nos respirare a cladibus post exanulatos labores plurimque annorum reformatum, sancitum et ordinatum fuit in condito malorum populi, et magnificorum antiquorum, ut edam comitatus noster restauretur et fortificetur. Igitur vobis omnibus, et cuique vestrum sub pena privationis officiorum seu officii, precipimus et mandamus, auctoritate qua fungimur s. cons., qualiter preparare faciatis eum numerum operariorum, animalium, et eam quantitatem materiae lignee et lapideae, et denum totum id quod ab vobis et a quolibet vestrum requisiverit, seu requirere fecerit, idem Politus Domus Clementis in reparatazione seu constructione etiam de novo facienda ad ejus dem arbitrium fossorum, revellinorum, palitiarum, mantellectorum, et turrium, minorum, caballeriorum. NOTIZIE DI POLITO DI CLEMENTE DI POLITO. bastionimi, vallorum et hujusmodi. Ad hoc autem, ut tantum opus quam citius expediatur, penas pecuniarias injungere contra quoscumque denegantes usum rerum, animalium et personarum, et quatenus opus sit, transgressores jussuum vestrorum ad torturas curie nostre pecuniariter puniendos redigere curabitis; et bene valete. Z?a£. Rechn. ex nostra resident. priorati 5. aprili, an. saeclorum 1385. annutius Peri de S. lunto not. dep. ordin. et reform. DECENNALE VIII DEL SECOLO XIV. NICCOLO DI PIETRO ARETINO SCULTORE Niccolò di Pietro Aretino Nato circa al 1350, morto 1417. Illi tempus, che Moccio scultore e architetto sinese si tratteneva nella città di Firenze, molte cose operando, sia di scultura, come d’architettura, e particolarmente in servizio della cattedrale, s’accostò a lui Niccolò di Piero d’ Arezzo, il quale, avendo nelle materie dell’arte fatto gran profitto, incominciò ancor esso molto ad essere adoperato. Le prime opere che a questo artefice partorirono buon credito furono due statue per il campanile di Santa Maria del Fiore, che v’ebbero luogo verso la canonica, fra le quali sono quelle, che condusse poi l’eccellentissimo scarpello di Donato. Partendosi di Firenze l’anno della pestilenza 1383, si portò ad Arezzo sua patria, dove fece per l’opera della fraternità di Santa Maria della Misericordia la facciata tutta di pietra bianca, attesa la difficoltà di condurre in quel luogo la gran quantità de’ marmi che sarebbe abbisognata, e nel mezzo del mondo della medesima scolpì una figura di Maria sempre Vergine con Gesù in braccio, e vi sono certi Angeli, che le tengono coperto il manto, ed altre figure. Dai lati intagliò, per due nicchie, due statue, una di san Gregorio papa, e l’altra di san Donato vescovo, protettore di quella città, e condusse per il vescovado, per lo spedale, per la pieve, e per la chiesa di Sant’Antonio, figure di terra cotta molto belle. Occorse in quel tempo che per un orribile terremoto rovinarono le mura del Borgo a San Sepolcro, donde egli colà chiamato, le tornò a edificare con lode universale d’ognuno. Insorgendo poi le tanto risapute contese, e le guerre a cagione della cacciata da Pietramala dei figliuoli di Pietro Sacconi, con la rovina anche del castello, onde era la città d’Arezzo col suo contado tutta in rivolta, egli se ne partì, e tornatosene a Firenze, gli fu dato da fare una statua di marmo da un Evangelista in atto di sedere, alta quattro braccia, che fu posta allato alla porta principale di Santa Maria del Fiore, a mano sinistra, e dissero allora i professori non essersi veduto dai maestri di quei secoli, fino a quel tempo, figura di sì bel rilievo quanto quella. Si portò poi a Roma, ove diede miglior forma a castel Sant’Angelo. DECENNALE del SECOLO II, DAL 1390 AL 1400. TOMMASO DI MARCO PITTORE FIORENTINO Discepolo d’Andrea Orcagna. Fiorente del 1392. Vi è una altra notizia si ha di questo artefice, se non che egli fece molte pitture nella città di Pisa; e fra l’altre, nella chiesa di Sant’Andrea, l’anno 1392, una tavola che fu appoggiata al tramezzo di essa chiesa. MASOLINO DA FIRENZE PITTORE Operava circa al 1403. Se le stesse Maestri, Masolino, nei suoi primi anni all'arte, dell'orefice e poi al getto, sotto la disciplina di Lorenzo Gioberti fiorentino, al quale aiutò poi con grande delicatezza a rinettare le porte del tempio di San Giovanni. Dandosi alla pittura di anni 19 sotto Gherardo Starnina, che per quanto si dirà nelle Notizie sopra esso Ghiberti, era del medesimo stato maestro, fece gran profitto. Furono, come si è di sopra accennato, le opere sue circa il 1405 e non altrimenti del 1440, come si legge nel Vasari, perchè Gherardo suo maestro, come si ha dal medesimo Vasari, morì nel 1403, nel quale tempo computati gli 19 anni, che fanno il tempo della sua puerizia e dello studio della scultura sotto il Ghiberti, con quegli più che sotto Gherardo aveva atteso alla pittura, pare che doveva essere d'anni 22 almeno, ed essendo poi morto in età di 37 anni, è necessario il dire, che seguí la sua morte circa agli anni 1418 e non del 1440 o dopo, come si cava dal Vasari. Il che si troverà tanto più esser vero, quanto che si è provato nelle Notizie di Masaccio, che egli a Masolino succedesse nel lavoro delle pitture della cappella de’ Brancacci, e che esso Masaccio, non altrimenti nato nel 1417, come disse il Vasari, ma nel 1406, potè alla morte di Masolino essere in tale età e perfezione nell’arte, da potere, come fece, seguire a finire le dette opere, il che discorrendo, come il Vasari scrisse, non sarebbe potuto seguire. Dipinse dunque Masolino in Roma la sala di casa Orsina in Monte Giordano, dipoi in Firenze nella chiesa del Carmine cominciò a dipingere la cappella de’ Brancacci che fu, come si è detto, seguitata da Masaccio, e poi da Filippo Lippi, nella volta e mura della quale figurò Masolino i quattro Evangelisti, e la vocazione di sant’Andrea, e san Pietro all’apostolato, la negazione, e predicazione del medesimo, il naufragio degli Apostoli, e quando san Pietro sana Petronilla sua figliuola, quando insieme con san Giovanni se ne va al tempio e vi libera l’infermo che gli chiede limosina: nelle quali opere già fece conoscere d’aver avanzato di molto la maniera di Giotto. La pittura di Masolino nella cappella di Brancacci è stata gettata a terra nel fare la cappella di S. Andrea Corsini. Decennale X del secolo. Lorenzo Antonio Vite Da Pistoia Pittore Discepolo di Gherardo Starnina. Fioriva del 1400 in circa. Dipinse in Pisa, dove fu mandato in suo cambio da Gherardo suo maestro l’anno 1403, nel capitolo di San Piero, la Passione di Cristo, e nel palazzo del Ceppo di Prato in Toscana, la Vita di Marco fondatore di quel luogo pio. Taddeo di Bartolo Da Siena Pittore Discepolo di .... Nato .... Ebbe la città di Siena circa a questi tempi un pittore chiamato Taddeo di Bartolo, che il Vasari, che alcuna poca menzione fece di lui, chiama col nome di Taddeo Bartoli. Dipinse costui assai diligentemente, in S. Agostino di sua patria, la cappella dei Marescotti; e nei Servi, una Nunziata; dipinse altresì la cappella del pubblico palazzo; e in San Francesco, in quella dei Baudinelli, fece un Crocifisso, e diede a vedere opere di suo pennello nella cancelleria dello spedale grande, ed in San Domenico all’altare dei Laudi. Questo pittore, che morì di vecchiaia, si sa che dipinse una tavola nel 1383. Notizie di Serafino Serafini. Pittore modenese Fioriva del 1390. Furono gli antichi pittori della nobilissima città di Modana, per quanto ne vive la memoria in questi tempi nostri, Serafino Serafini, del quale fa menzione don Lodovico Verdiani nella sua raccolta, e Marcantonio Guerrini ferrarese. Opere questi fino del 1385, e nella chiesa cattedrale di Modana videvasi nel 1662 una sua tavola all’altare di san Niccolò, opera, che per quanto potea pretendersi da quegli antichi tempi, era assai lodata, e conteneva in sé molte figure, ed una latina inscrizione, e finalmente il nome dell’artefice scritto così: Seraphinus de Seraphinis pinxit 1385 die Iovis 23 Martii. Nella città di Ferrara era pure dipinta dal suo pennello la cappella della famiglia dei Petracchi nella chiesa di San Domenico, con molte figure, e leggevansi i seguenti goffissimi versi: Mille trecento con settanta sei Erano corso gli anni del Signore. Il quarto entrava, quando al su onore Questa cappella al suo bel fin ministero, Et io che tutta en sono la storia Fui Serafino di Mutino pittore, E firata Aldobrandino inquisitore L'ordine diede, ed io lo seguitai E fare la festa, sappia ognuno per certo, La donna di Francesco di Lamberto. Nei tempi di costui visse ed operò ancora in Modana Baldinucci, Vol. 1. 44 DECENNALE X DEL SECOLO II. 346 Tommaso Baffini, il quale nel convento degli agostiniani fece una tavola, che non è molto che ancora si vedeva in quel luogo, ma tanto questa, quanto le notate di sopra non sappiamo se abbiano sortito di vivere fino a’ tempi presenti, o pure sia occorso ad esse quello che da più anni in qua, ad altre molte di quegli antichi tempi è avvenuto, d’essere tolte di luogo per riporvene altre più belle dei moderni maestri. DAL 1400 AL 1410. LORENZO GHIBERTI PITTORE E SCULTORE FIORENTINO Nato nel 1378, morto circa il 1455. Arovendo io ora parlare di Lorenzo Ghiberti, uno dei più singolari artefici che sorse al mondo fino in quei primi tempi, ne’ quali la città di Firenze, mediante il valore del celebre Masaccio, cominciò a dare i primi saggi dell’ottima maniera del disegnare e colorire, che poi nella medesima città e altrove fece gran progressi: e considerando che il Vasari, il quale di questo eccellente maestro tessé un lungo racconto, non solo sbagliò in molte cose, dicendone una per l’altra, ma ancora, forse ingannato da chi gli diede notizie, molte ne portò che il tempo e le antiche scritture hanno fatto scoprire non vere, io mi farò lecito in questo luogo, oltre a quanto appartiene al mio assunto, che è di parlare degli artefici e dell’opera loro, l’andare di scoprendo gli equivoci del nominato autore, particolarmente in quella parte che s’aspetta alla nobiltà della famiglia di Lorenzo, suo proseguimento e durata fino a’ nostri tempi: cose tutte che dal Vasari non sono state dette senza gravi errori, e pure sono il più bel pregio che accompagnare possa un uomo di gran virtù, come fu il nostro Lorenzo. E dunque da sapersi, come una tale quale famiglia dei Ghiberti poté senza dubbio annoverarsi fra le antiche della nostra città, come quella che, secondo il Verino, trasse sua origine da Fiesole: Venere, ut fertur, Fisalana ex arce Ghiberti. Di questa famiglia menziona il Villani, contando poche fra le fazioni guelfe, che dopo la rotta di Montaperti del 1260 non cedettero al nemico vincitore ghibellino, e non se ne andarono a Lucca. E se degli uomini di questa famiglia, fino al 1270 si trova un messer Rinieri Ghiberti canonico fiorentino; e di lui, e nel nominato anno 1270 e nel 1293, si fa menzione in alcune scritture esistenti nell’archivio di Cestello; e dipoi dall'anno 1319 si vede aver goduto dei primi onori della città Geri di Guccio per il sesto di Porta San Piero, benché poi il medesimo passasse per il quartiere San Giovanni, e fino al 1871 essere stato sei volte priore e due volte gonfaloniere di giustizia : Jacopo di Panieri di Geri essere similmemente stato priore nel 1338, e Jacopo di Guccio di Geri nel 1335, e così trovansi fino al numero di otto volte priori e due volte gonfalonieri di giustizia. Ma se di questa tale famiglia fosse veramente Lorenzo Ghiberti, non è così facile a me raffermarlo per non averne trovata l’attaccatura; sono però assai forti le congetture per l’affirmative; ed io per far noto ad altri ciò che è possibile venire fin qui a mia conoscenza, lasciando che ciascuno determini secondo il più probabile, e creda quel più che a lui piace, ne porterò qui alcune. Primieramente non è chi dubiti che, oltre allo stesso cognome, tanto a quelli che ora per più chiarezza del dire mi piace chiamare col nome d'antichi, quanto a quelli di Lorenzo, a' quali io darò nome di moderni, non siano anche comuni le armi: cose che unite insieme pare che diano qualche probabilità. Aggiungasi la molto antica sepoltura de’Ghiberti in S. Croce, della quale trovo fatta menzione nel testamento di Buonac- * De Illusi r. Urb. lib . 3 *. 2 Lib. 6, cap. 31 NOTIZIE DI LORENZO GHIBERTI. 349 corso di Vettorio del nostro Lorenzo, del 1516, nel quale ordina essere sepolto nella chiesa di S. Croce nella sepolture degli antichi di esso testatore, d’onde si vede chiaro che ancora in quei tempi, cioè 170 anni sono in circa, essa sepolture era antica in casa dei Ghiberti, anzi che fino dell’anno 1496 della medesima sepolture si fa menzione nel testamento di Vettorio padre dello stesso Buonaccorso. Più gagliarda congettura mi pare si possa dedurre, dal trovarsi che Jacopo, Guccio, Dolfo, e Giovanni fratelli e figliuoli di Ruderi di Geri di Guccio, che senza dubbio sono dei Ghiberti antichi, per testamento di detto Geri rogato nella casa, solita abitazione di detto Geri, posta nel popolo di S. Michele delle Trombe, che è quella della quale appresso si parlerà, che fu poi posseduta da Vittorio di Lorenzo di Cione Ghiberti, redarono alcune case poste nel popolo di S. Michele in Palchetto. Or nel 1494, trovo, che Vittorio figliuolo del nostro Lorenzo aveva una casa nel popolo di S. Michele delle Trombe, ovvero in Palchetto: ed è quella che è presso alla cantonata, rispetto allo speziale della Croce, e risponde in sulla piazza di detta chiesa di S. Michele in Palchetto, oggi detta di Santa Elisabetta, dalla congrega che vi risiede: e sopra la porta di essa casa, che risponde nel corso, si vede in pietra molto antica l’arme dei Ghiberti: e di questa casa si fa menzione in uno strumento di inventario fatto dal nominato Vettorio di Lorenzo, del suo figliuolo Cione: e altresì in un lodo tra detto Vettorio da una, e Buonaccorso, Francesco, Ghiberto, e Cione suoi figliuoli dall’altra, dato del 1496 da Antonio Covoni, e Cosimo di Lorenzo Rosselli il pittore: la quale casa, come mostrano i documenti, fu poi alienata da Vettorio a ser Francesco di ser Giovanni Cini in Gabella.
| 21,624 |
https://github.com/sofwar/trade-opskins-api/blob/master/src/Resources/Helpers/UpdateProfile.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
trade-opskins-api
|
sofwar
|
PHP
|
Code
| 199 | 717 |
<?php
namespace SofWar\Opskins\Resources\Helpers;
class UpdateProfile
{
/**
* Name to display on trade offers.
*
* @var string|null
*/
protected $display_name;
/**
* Whether inventory is private (nobody can see it, even with token).
*
* @var bool|null
*/
protected $inventory_is_private;
/**
* Hide my username in WAX transaction records.
*
* @var bool|null
*/
protected $anonymous_transactions;
/**
* Auto-accept gift trade offers.
*
* @var bool|null
*/
protected $auto_accept_gift_trades;
/**
* Allow Two Factor code reuse for certain features (Send Offer, Accept Offer).
*
* @var bool|null
*/
protected $allow_twofactor_code_reuse;
public function __construct(array $data = [])
{
$this->display_name = $data['display_name'] ?? null;
$this->inventory_is_private = $data['inventory_is_private'] ?? null;
$this->anonymous_transactions = $data['anonymous_transactions'] ?? null;
$this->auto_accept_gift_trades = $data['auto_accept_gift_trades'] ?? null;
$this->allow_twofactor_code_reuse = $data['allow_twofactor_code_reuse'] ?? null;
}
public function setDisplayName(string $value): void
{
$this->display_name = $value;
}
public function setInventoryIsPrivate(bool $value): void
{
$this->inventory_is_private = $value;
}
public function setAnonymousTransactions(bool $value): void
{
$this->anonymous_transactions = $value;
}
public function setAutoAcceptGiftTrades(bool $value): void
{
$this->auto_accept_gift_trades = $value;
}
public function setAllowTwofactorCodeReuse(bool $value): void
{
$this->allow_twofactor_code_reuse = $value;
}
public function toArray(): array
{
return [
'display_name' => $this->display_name,
'inventory_is_private' => $this->inventory_is_private,
'anonymous_transactions' => $this->anonymous_transactions,
'auto_accept_gift_trades' => $this->auto_accept_gift_trades,
'allow_twofactor_code_reuse' => $this->allow_twofactor_code_reuse,
];
}
}
| 24,872 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4415812
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик)
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 464 | 2,029 |
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик)
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) это частный случай понятия человек
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) дата рождения 1955
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) учёная степень доктор биологических наук
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) гражданство СССР
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) гражданство Россия
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) учебное заведение Воронежский государственный университет
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) работодатель Институт физико-химических и биологических проблем почвоведения РАН
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) место рождения Скупая Потудань
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) полученные награды серебряная медаль ВДНХ
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) полученные награды бронзовая медаль ВДНХ
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) фамилия Семёнов
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) род занятий химик
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) область деятельности агрохимия
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) пол или гендер мужской пол
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfs5xw
Семёнов, Вячеслав Михайлович (почвовед-агрохимик) языки, на которых говорит или пишет персона русский язык
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov
Russisch scheikundige
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov is een mens
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov geboortedatum 1955
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov academische graad Doctor in de Biologische Wetenschappen
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov land van nationaliteit Sovjet-Unie
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov land van nationaliteit Rusland
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov opleiding gevolgd aan Voronezjskiy gosoedarstvenniy oeniversitet
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov familienaam Semyonov
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov beroep scheikundige
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov werkveld agrochemie
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/112yfs5xw
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov taalbeheersing Russisch
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov primerek od človek
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov datum rojstva 1955
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov akademski naziv doktor znanosti v biologiji
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov država državljanstva Sovjetska zveza
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov država državljanstva Ruska federacija
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov alma mater Voroneška državna univerza
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov nagrada srebrna medalja na razstavi narodnogospodarskih dosežkov ZSSR
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov nagrada bronasta medalja na razstavi narodnogospodarskih dosežkov ZSSR
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov priimek Semjonov
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov poklic kemik
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov delovno področje Agrokemija
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov spol moški
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfs5xw
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj Semjonov govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki ruščina
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov instancë e njeri
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov data e lindjes 1955
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov shtetësia Bashkimi Sovjetik
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov shtetësia Rusia
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov vendi i lindjes Skupaja Potudan_
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov profesioni kimist
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov gjinia mashkull
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon rusisht
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov ta un hende
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov fecha di nasementu 1955
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov pais di nashonalidat Union Sovietiko
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov pais di nashonalidat Rusia
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov okupashon kimiko
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov sekso o género maskulino
Vjatsjeslav Michaylovitsj (potsjvoved-agrochimik) Semjonov dominio di idioma Ruso
| 4,125 |
https://github.com/darshan-sj/DataflowTemplates/blob/master/cicd/cmd/run-spotless/main.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
ECL-2.0, Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
DataflowTemplates
|
darshan-sj
|
Go
|
Code
| 128 | 249 |
/*
* Copyright (C) 2021 Google LLC
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
* use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
* the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
* the License.
*/
package main
import (
"github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/DataflowTemplates/cicd/internal/workflows"
"log"
)
func main() {
if err := workflows.SpotlessCheck().Run(); err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Error running spotless check: %v", err)
}
log.Println("Spotless check completed successfully!")
}
| 25,426 |
https://github.com/thieusike/Flicks/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/tvnsoftware/flicks/api/restservice/TrailerService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
Flicks
|
thieusike
|
Java
|
Code
| 54 | 266 |
package com.tvnsoftware.flicks.api.restservice;
import android.content.Context;
import com.tvnsoftware.flicks.api.model.Trailer;
import com.tvnsoftware.flicks.api.model.TrailerRequest;
import com.tvnsoftware.flicks.api.restmanager.CommonInterface;
import com.tvnsoftware.flicks.api.restmanager.RetrofitManager;
/**
* Created by Thieusike on 6/15/2017.
*/
public class TrailerService extends BaseService<TrailerRequest, Trailer> {
private TrailerRequest trailerRequest;
@Override
public void request(Context context, CommonInterface.ModelResponse<Trailer> callBack) {
RetrofitManager.getInstance().sendApiRequest(RetrofitManager.getInstance()
.getRestApiEndpointInterface().getTrailers(trailerRequest.getId(), trailerRequest.getApiKey()), callBack);
}
@Override
public void setRequest(TrailerRequest r) {
trailerRequest = r;
}
}
| 18,778 |
https://openalex.org/W2736272800_1
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 7,866 | 13,990 |
“Silencio, habla demasiado”.
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
“Silence, trop avés parole!” *
The paradoxes of the Roman de Silence
Cristina Azuela
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
En la literatura medieval existe una larga tradición de relatos de travestismo femenino que
pasa por la hagiografía y las novelas caballerescas. En todas, el motivo del cambio de identidad se presta a una multiplicidad de ambigüedades y paradojas que en el Roman de Silence constituyen rasgos fundamentales desde la sintaxis hasta los núcleos temáticos. Asimismo,
el personaje de Merlín, figura híbrida por excelencia y emparentada con los tricksters —a los
que también se asemeja Silence—, aparece como el catalizador del desenlace de la narración,
lo que nos alerta acerca del alcance de las paradojas y equívocos como elementos estructurantes de una obra cuyos características tricksteriles se examinan igualmente aquí.
Palabras clave: Roman de Silence, Merlín, hibridismo, trickster, paradoja, ambigüedad,
literatura francesa del siglo xiii
In medieval literature there is a long tradition of feminin transvestism, from hagiography to chivalric romances. In all of them, the change of identity motif lends itself to various ambiguities
and paradoxes which are the main features in Le Roman de Silence not only in syntax but also
in it’s main themes. The other protagonist of the text, Merlin, a hybrid character himself, who
recalls the trickster —a trait shared with Silence—, is a key figure acting as a catalyst for the plot.
As such, his mere apparition in the romance alerts the reader to the paradoxes and the ambiguities
at the core of a work whose trickster-like characteristics are examined as well.
Keywords: Roman de Silence, Merlin, hybridism, trickster, paradox, ambiguity, 13th-century French literature
D
esde el título, “Silencio, habla demasiado” (“Silence, trop avés parole!”),1
que reproduce uno de los versos del final del texto francés, se plantea
el asunto de las contradicciones que permean la construcción de la
novela. Queda claro que se trata de un enunciado ambiguo, como gran parte
* “Silence, you’ve got too many words/you talk too much”.
Verso 6274. Todas las citas del original del Roman de Silence provienen de la edición y traducción al inglés de Sarah Roche-Mahdi de 1999 (Le Roman de Silence: Silence. A Thirteenth Century French Romance, quien se basa en la primera edición del texto realizada por Lewis Thorpe
[1972]). Esta edición incluye, tanto las correcciones de Roche-Mahdi, como las sugeridas por
1
5
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
6
de los de la obra. Si bien podría parecer paradójico pedirle silencio al silencio
(aunque éste pueda a veces resultar más expresivo que un largo discurso), el
hecho es que el apóstrofe se dirige más bien a “Silence”, el personaje principal
de este texto. Así, la frase cobra tintes irónicos al estar dirigida a esa persona,
criticada por no contener su lengua. Pero si ya parecía paradójico que alguien
llamado “Silencio” fuera locuaz, lo realmente problemático era que se le pidiera mutismo justo a quien se había forzado, desde la cuna, a no revelar su
verdadera identidad, por lo que al leer la frase, el lector ya está al tanto del
esmerado entrenamiento para “no hablar demasiado”, que Silence tenía.
Es también debido a las ambigüedades de la obra, por lo que en este trabajo se conserva el título original de la misma que, además de posibilitar los
juegos polisémicos con el término “silence” en francés, permite una ambigüedad más: la imposibilidad de decidir el género del nombre, pues en esta lengua, la “e” final [de “silence”] se usa para el femenino y para el masculino.2 Así,
el nombre propio podría pertenecer tanto a un joven como a una doncella.
Sturges señala que la historia de Silence puede parecer un relato más de
aventuras caballerescas ligadas a la juventus [juventud] que Duby estudió en
relación al tema literario de la caballería andante.3 En este tipo de narraciones
se incluían peripecias análogas a las de nuestro texto, como la huida del personaje principal (para aprender el “mester de juglaría”),4 o las malignas traiciones
de la reina enamorada indebidamente —por más de una razón— del apuesto
héroe, que le valen a éste el exilio, o las revueltas de vasallos traidores a la corona, a quienes, por supuesto, logra vencer, lo que le devuelve la confianza del
Félix Lecoy en su reseña de 1978 (este artículo ya estaba en prensa cuando llegó a mis manos la
edición y traducción al italiano del 2005 de Alma Airò, véase infra bibliografía). Literalmente
la frase significa: “Silencio, tiene demasiadas palabras”. Aunque existe una traducción al español
de A. Benaim Lasry en la editorial Siruela (El libro de Silence, cfr. bibliografía), para apegarme al
original, todas las traducciones al español son mías.
2
Aunque en nuestra lengua también existen nombres femeninos terminados en “o”
(como Consuelo o Amparo), que conservan la ambigüedad genérica de la terminación en “e”,
de los nombres en francés (usada tanto para el masculino como para el femenino, como sería
el caso de “Silence”), opté por mantener la decisión de los traductores del texto al español y al
italiano, que conservaron el nombre del personaje en francés (véase supra nota precedente).
3
Duby, “Au XIIe siècle: Les ‘jeunes’ ” (en español ver infra bibliografía); en cuanto a Silence, véase Sturges, “The Crossdresser and the Juventus” y también Jewers, “The Non-existant
Knight”. Se ha llegado a considerar a Silence como una inversión cómica del héroe caballeresco
(Pratt, “Humour in the Roman de Silence”).
4
Aunque como se lo indica el propio Merlín-Viejo cuando Silence vuelve disfrazado/a
de juglar a la corte de su padre, la juglaría no era una actividad aceptable para la nobleza.
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
Cristina Azuela
rey, etc. Sin embargo, no se puede soslayar el hecho de que el caballero protagonista de todos estos lances es en realidad una joven que, nacida bajo un régimen que había negado la posibilidad de heredar a las mujeres, es presentada
desde su nacimiento como “el hijo único” del Señor de Cornualles, el Conde
Cador. Llamada Silence,5 es, pues, bautizada, vestida y educada como hombre
y pasa por las innumerables andanzas propias de los jóvenes de su condición.
A pesar de todo, al haber provocado el frenético enamoramiento de la reina,
sufre, en venganza a su inevitable rechazo, la condena de buscar a Merlín, empresa considerada imposible, dado que todos sabían que el mago había afirmado que sólo podría ser capturado por una mujer.6 Al final de la historia, será
por intervención del propio Merlín como se descubrirá la identidad femenina
de la protagonista (el mago revelará también la identidad de una monja acompañante de la reina, que no era sino un caballero disfrazado así para encubrir
su relación amorosa). Con lo anterior el texto se cierra tanto con el castigo al
adulterio de la reina,7 como con el anuncio de la boda del rey con Silence.8
Esta conclusión tan convencional parecería llevarnos a un relato típico de travestismo femenino, tema no desconocido en la literatura medieval,9
que culmina en el final feliz soñado por cualquier dama de la época: “la boda
con el príncipe azul”. Sin embargo, la crítica ha repetido incontables veces la
5
Los padres aprovechan conscientemente la ambigüedad genérica del nombre que eligen para ella, como se volverá a insistir más adelante (véase p. 9 y nota 16).
6
En el propio texto se especifica que antes de desaparecer, Merlín había dicho “que viviría como un salvaje, fugitivo en el bosque, y que nunca jamás lo atraparían […] a no ser por
la astucia de una mujer” [Mais il dist donc, ains qu’en alast/ Et que la tor adevalast,/ Qu’il seroit
encor si salvages/ Et si fuitils par ces boscages,/ Ja n’estroit pris, n’ensi, n’ensi,/ C’est verité que je vos
di,/ Se ne fust par engien de feme (vv. 5797-5083)]. (En adelante todas las citas del Merlín de
Robert de Boron en el francés original siguen la edición de Micha de 1979).
7
La lujuria de la reina delata todo su alcance con esto, pues no sólo había intentado
seducir a Silence, sino que luego se hizo de ese amante disfrazado de monja, que se ocultaba
entre las damas de su séquito.
8
La crítica ha notado que la súbita decisión del rey de desposar a Silence viene acompañada de una conveniente restauración del derecho a heredar de las mujeres, lo que, curiosamente, le permitiría adueñarse de las inmensas propiedades que la joven heredaría de su padre.
9
Como lo ha demostrado Michèle Perret en su artículo “Travestis et transexuelles”, ejemplos a los que hay que agregar la tradición hagiográfica (donde las santas se transforman para
ofrecer su castidad a Dios); así como en el ámbito de la ficción no se puede soslayar a Nicolette,
en Aucassin y Nicolette, citada por Roche-Mahdi, quien también alude a Tarsiana, del Libro de
Apolonio del siglo xiii. Esta autora incluye en su edición y traducción al inglés del Roman de Silence
una detallada discusión de los motivos análogos y textos relacionados con éste —que, además del
episodio de Grisandole (véase infra nota 30), pasan por el Roman d’Eneas y el Dolopathos con la
leyenda de los siete sabios de J. de Alta Selva y por G. De Monmouth— (véase Silence, XII-XVI).
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
7
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
8
contradicción entre la subversiva historia de esta joven que, con notable éxito,
pudo llevar una vida plenamente masculina, cumpliendo con todas las actividades “impropias de su sexo” (hecho que, por lo demás, sin duda disfrutó),10
y la sorpresiva tirada misógina que cierra el texto con la afirmación de que
“incluso en circunstancias favorables, una mujer tiene menos ocasiones de ser
buena que de ser mala, [pues sólo actuando] contra su naturaleza, una mujer
hace el bien…”.11 Asombra también el mutismo al que la narración condena
a la protagonista una vez que se descubre su femineidad (así, cuando por fin
puede hablar con la verdad es cuando nunca más vuelve a pronunciar palabra,
salvo para alabar la decisión real de restaurar la herencia femenina). 12
Del mismo modo, aunque la joven termina por ocupar su lugar entre las
mujeres, lo que restablece el orden que la injusta ley había provocado, todas
las expectativas que su actuación “masculina” previa había abierto son frustradas
por el abrupto y silencioso destino que se le anuncia. Incluso la crítica ha tomado posiciones contradictorias al respecto: mientras unos juzgan la historia como
definitivamente misógina, otros la consideran como un notable texto medieval
protofeminista.13 Igualmente ambigua resulta esa boda con el rey Ébain, ante
la que no se podían soslayar los tintes incestuosos debidos al parentesco de los
contrayentes (el rey era tío abuelo de la novia).14 Se ha comentado asimismo lo
conveniente de dicho enlace para Ébain, quien adquiría así el importante territo10
Como se lee en los vv. 5177-5178: Silences ne se repent rien/ De son usage, ains l’ainme
bien [Silence no se arrepentía en absoluto de sus costumbres, al contrario, le gustaban mucho].
11
Car feme a menor oquoison, / Por que ele ait le liu ne l’aise, / De l’estre bone que malvaise, /
S’ele ouevre bien contre nature… (vv. 6688-6691).
12
La crítica ha comentado la frase con la que Silence concluye su confesión ante el rey, después de la cual no vuelve decir nada más, ni se vuelve a saber nada acerca de lo que piensa
o siente: Ne jo n’ai soig mais de taisir/Faites de moi vostre plaisir (vv. 6627-6628). De hecho, cabe
recordar que estos versos de problemático sentido forman parte de esa ambigüedad que permea
el texto, como sus traductores lo han demostrado al no concordar en sus versiones: Gaunt en “The
Significance of Silence”, (seguido por Waters, en “The Third Path”) propone “No quiero más que
callarme. Haga de mí lo que quiera“, contra las versiones de Roche-Mahdi, Psaki, Bouchet, Airò y
Tolmie (esta última en “Silence in the Sewing Chamber”), que traducen: “…ya no quiero callarme.
Haga de mí lo que quiera…”; mientras que la versión al español de Lasry soslaya el asunto de la
voluntad de la heroína y se reduce a “Ahora que se cumpla vuestra voluntad conmigo” (137).
13
Gallagher, Gaunt, Jewers, se encuentran entre quienes piensan en una postura misógina
mientras que Labbie, Lasry, Psaki, Roche-Mahdi y Stock, proponen que el texto arbola un pensamiento más bien feminista. Como se mencionará más adelante, Ryder y Zaerr examinan las
estrategias lingüísticas y narrativas que hacen de éste un texto eminentemente ambiguo, lo que
además podría explicar las contradicciones entre los críticos (“A Stylistic Analysis”).
14
Se trata de un incesto en séptimo grado, como lo señala Sharon Kinoshita (véanse sus
artículos, “Heldris de Cornuälle’s”, nota 33, 409 y “Male-Order Brides”).
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
Cristina Azuela
rio de Cornuailles. También se han notado sus debilidades como rey, cuyas decisiones erróneas y casi siempre impulsivas lo convertían en una autoridad inestable desde el punto de vista político, pero también personal, pues lo mostraban
incapaz de tomar resoluciones confiables o consistentes.15 Incluso se ha hablado
de la enorme diferencia de edades de la nueva pareja, que fácilmente convertiría
a Silence en una “mal casada” expuesta a un sinfín de tentaciones.
Es de igual modo inquietante el cuestionamiento a la asignación de los
roles sexuales como efecto natural de las diferencias anatómicas, cuando esta
doncella demuestra que la educación y la influencia del medio pueden resultar tan poderosas y socialmente eficaces como la constitución física. Sin
embargo, el hecho paradójico es que mientras mejor actúa como hombre, Silence demuestra más claramente lo “malas” y “mentirosas” que pueden llegar
a ser las mujeres (lo que justificaría la conclusión misógina del narrador).
Así pues, la problemática identidad de Silence parece materializarse
a partir de ese nombre ambiguo y maleable que le impusieron al bautizarla
como si fuera hombre: “Se llamará Silence16 en nombre de santa Paciencia,
pues el silencio contrarresta la ansiedad […] Él tendrá por nombre Silencius
[…]; y si por azar se llegará a descubrir su naturaleza verdadera cambiaremos
el “us” por “a”, y se llamará Silencia”.17 Pero si bien sus padres parecerían creer
que el cambio de identidad era tan sencillo como la simple transmutación de
unas cuantas letras en una palabra,18 resulta notable el hecho, ya muy comenVid. supra nota 8; al comparar a Ébain con el rey de Francia, Stock llega a estas conclusiones (“The Importance”, 8; ver también Kocher, “Narrative Structure”, 351 y Psaki en su
introducción a su propia traducción al inglés del texto, XVII).
16
Aunque esta traducción no es literal, permite mantener la ambigüedad en cuanto al género, sin especificarlo. Nótese que en la misma tirada el padre alude a su hija pasando del femenino
al masculino (véase v. 2047: cesti ferons desvaleter [“a ésta —(niña)— la haremos desmasculinizarse] y v. 2052: Ceste ira al vent et al halle [“ésta —(niña)— vagará al viento y bajo el sol” (justo como sólo un niño podía hacerlo)], y luego v. 2067: Sel faisons apieler Scilence [“Se llamará
Silence”] y unos versos más tarde, v. 2074: “Il iert només Scilenscius [“Él se llamará Scilencius”].
Ver la cita completa en la nota siguiente.
17
“Sel faisons apieler Scilense/ El non de Sainte Paciensce,/ Por cho que silensce tolt anse […]
Il iert només Scilenscius;/ Et s’il avient par aventure/ Al descovrir de sa nature/ Nos muerons
cest -us en -a,/ S’avra a non Scilencia” (vv. 2067-2079). En cuanto al juego de palabras en
torno al término us [costumbre; uso] véase infra, nota 23.
18
Más adelante volveremos a las implicaciones de los juegos con la terminación “us”
(véase nota 23). De hecho, el propio narrador parece burlarse de todo el argumento al retomarlo al final del texto, cuando detalla cómo recupera la joven su identidad femenina: “Antes
su nombre era Silencius; al quitar us y añadir a, ahora se llamará Silencia” [Ains ot a non Scilensiüs / Ostés est –us, mis i est –a / Si est només Scilentiä” (vv. 6666-6668)].
15
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
9
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
tado, de que a lo largo de todo el texto el nombre que se usa para designar a
la protagonista es el neutro Silence. Sólo en dos episodios se vuelve a emplear
“Silenscius”, y uno de ellos es cuando se niega que ésa sea su denominación.19
Volviendo al principio de la vida de Silence, a los doce años se entera de
que la educación que ha recibido como niño no corresponde a su sexo biológico. El lector asiste al debate alegorizado por las figuras de Naturaleza y Educación, que probablemente se lleva a cabo en su conciencia.20 Resulta interesante
que su identidad no hubiera sido evidente ni para ella misma, y que, al conocer
la verdad, dude indecisa entre comportarse como hombre o mujer, según los
reclamos de una u otra alegoría. Sin embargo, en ese primer momento, parece
que Educación vence,21 pues la propia joven concluye que:
10
‘Voire,’ fait il, ‘a la male eure
Irai desos, quant sui deseure.
Deseure sui, s’irai desos?
Or sui jo moult vallans et pros.
Nel sui, par foi, ains sui honis
Quant as femes voel estre onis
(vv. 2639-2644)
En verdad —dijo él [Silence]— en mala hora /
iría hacia abajo, cuando me encuentro arriba. /
Estoy en lo alto, ¿por qué iría hacia abajo? /
Ahora tengo honra y soy valiente /
[…pero] sin duda me deshonraré /
si quiero volverme mujer.
Esas mismas vacilaciones de la joven, parecen contaminar la sintaxis de la
narración, que se encuentra matizada por una larga serie de indeterminaciones
gramaticales en cuanto al género, en parte permitidas por la propia lengua picarda en que se ha redactado la única versión conservada. Ha sido bien comentado
que en el antiguo picardo, el objeto directo “li” no distingue entre el masculino
y el femenino. En ese sentido, son los traductores y los editores quienes se han
visto obligados, por rasgos lingüísticos de la lengua receptora, a optar por las
terminaciones propias al género e incluso a insertar pronombres aclaratorios,
En el episodio en que Naturaleza la ataca diciéndole “¡Tu no eres Silencius!” [Tu nen es
pas Scilentius! (v. 2530)]; más adelante se cita cómo reacciona la joven defendiendo su nombre masculino y repitiéndolo instintivamente (vv. 2532, 2533 y 2537). La última ocasión en
que se le nombra Silentiüs es el v. 6666, citado en la nota precedente.
20
Es curioso cómo, en francés, el enfrentamiento de Naturaleza [Nature] contra Educación/
Cultura [Noreture] pasa justamente por la transposición de sólo algunas letras, al igual que los
juegos entre Silencius y Silencia, o entre los nombres de Eufemie y Eufeme, dos figuras femeninas
que proponen los modelos opuestos de mujer en el texto: la madre de Silence como dama perfecta y, desde su matrimonio, silenciosa; y la lujuriosa, malvada, manipuladora e infiel esposa del rey.
21
Victoria momentánea, ya que al final de la historia, comprendemos que fue la naturaleza femenina la que privó.
19
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
Cristina Azuela
reduciendo con ello artificialmente las ambigüedades de un texto cuya apuesta
se basaba justamente en mantener la indeterminación genérica.22
La obra muestra otras ambigüedades lingüísticas, en forma de juegos de palabras como el que retomamos en el título de este trabajo, o el del nombre de Scilentius, donde Silencio lleva la declinación latina masculina us, aunque us es por
sí solo el término referido a los “usos y costumbes”, por lo que aludirá también al
hecho de que a esta niña la obligarán a adoptar “usos y costumbres” de niño;23 o
bien el empleo del término “oir” en el v. 3093, en que se describe la tristeza de los
padres por haber perdido a “su heredero”, aunque el término también podía significar “alegría”, lo que implicaría a la vez que la ausencia de su hijo los ha privado de
felicidad.24 Análogas a este caso, abundan las frases ambiguas que pueden significar
varias cosas a la vez, como la protesta de la joven cuando Naturaleza le informa que
no se llama Silencius, y sorprendida, ella repite el nombre como sin poderlo creer:
[....] dist Nature
Tu nen es pas Scilentius!
Et cil respont: Tel n’oï onques!
Silencius! Qui sui jo donques?
Silencius ai non, jo cui,
U jo sui altres que ne fui.
[…] Doncques sui jo Scilentius
Cho m’est avis, u jo sui nus
[...] Naturaleza le dice:
Tú no eres Silentius
Y él/ella responde: “Nunca oí nada parecido,
¡Silencius!…, ¿quién soy entonces?
Yo creo que me llamo Silencius
O bien soy distinto al que era
[…] entonces o soy Scilentius,
como me parece, o no soy nadie
/o estoy desnuda25
(vv. 2530-2538)
Como ya se vio en supra nota 16.
Como el propio Cador lo reconoce cuando, al decidir llamarla Scilenscius, hace referencia explícita al significado de us como “uso y costumbre”: “Si le quitamos este us le daremos
unas costumbres más naturales, pues este us va contra natura, mientras lo otro sería lo natural”
(hay varios ejemplos más de este empleo de us, cfr., entre otros, Il a us d’ome tant usé/ Et cel de
feme refusé (vv. 2475-2476 [ha seguido tanto las costumbres de los hombres y rechazado las
de las mujeres…]). Los versos que preceden a esta cita se pueden ver supra nota 17. Hay que
subrayar que sólo Psaki y Airò aluden explícitamente a este juego de palabras (véase la nota 3,
página 181 de Psaki a su traducción y la nota de la página 298 de la edición de Airò).
24
Moult demainnnent grant dol, por voir,/ De cho qu’il ont perdu lor oir (vv. 3093-3094). Lasry (65), Bouchet (509), Roche-Mahdi (145) y Airò (165-166) sólo aluden a la acepción de “heredero” mientras que Psaki reconoce ambas significaciones y las incluye en su traducción (84).
25
Bouchet comenta esta doble posibilidad de interpretación que varios críticos han señalado (Perret, “Travestis”, 332, Cooper, “Elle and L”, 341 ss., McCracken, “The Boy Who”, 5 y Victorin, “Le Nu et le vêtu dans le Roman de Silence”). Resulta curioso que no todos los traductores y
editores notan el juego verbal y simplemente traducen “o no soy nadie” (Lasry, 54, Psaki, 70; Roche-Mahdi, 119). Ver también el v. 882 con el uso equívoco de la frase haymmi (vv. 882 y ss.) comentado por Psaki en su nota 2, 181. Por último, hay que señalar que en las distintas traducciones
22
23
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
11
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
12
En donde la doble interpretación de la frase final del último verso (jo
sui nus) permite adivinar que la desnudez será la única manera de recuperar
su verdadera identidad femenina, cosa que no se logrará sino cuando se haya
despojado de la ropa masculina, como de hecho sucede al final de la obra,
cuando el rey Ébain la obliga a desvestirse ante toda la corte, lo que revela su
femineidad.26
A los juegos polisémicos se agregan predicados nominales del tipo “el
joven que era doncella”,27 y por otro lado, como se comentará más tarde, también hay significados abiertos, además de un narrador poco confiable que se
contradice a sí mismo.28 A ello se añade, de manera análoga, el hecho de que
el texto no se puede catalogar según una sola tradición literaria o un género,
pues también ha desestabilizado las convenciones de la novela al feminizar la
aventura caballeresca reemplazando al héroe por una travesti.29
Parece pues que el propio hibridismo sexual de la protagonista ha permeado todo el texto, llevándonos a admitir que Silence fue un inmejorable
caballero a la vez que una excelente mujer, como el propio Ébain lo deja claro
se normalizan las variadas ortografías empleadas para el nombre de Silencius que aparecen en el
texto francés original —lo que era bastante común en esta época en que la ortografía no estaba
unificada—. 26
Véase infra nota 30 y Roche-Madhi, “A Reappraisal of the Role of Merlin”.
27
Le vallet ki ert meschine (v. 3704); o bien: li vallés qui est mescine (v. 3784); o li vallés
mescine (v. 3763) además de variaciones del tipo Comme vallés, bone puciele (v. 4972) [“como
un joven que era buena doncella”]. Más adelante volveremos a esto.
28
Véase Hess, Literary Hybrids, 98 e infra nota 67.
29
Como lo recuerda Hess, en Literary Hybrids. Por su parte, Jewers identifica tres comienzos ligados a distintas tradiciones literarias, los dos primeros más acordes con la canción de gesta
(el pleito feudal por territorios en que está Ébain, que se resuelve con la alianza entre enemigos
a través del matrimonio; además del segundo con el asunto de la ley contra le herencia femenina,
donde como comenta Hess, la mujer es nuevamente el medio para conseguir poder y territorios,
sin tener acceso directo a éstos). El tercer comienzo, presenta la historia de amor entre Cador
y Eufémie, relatada dentro de los cánones de la novela cortés. Los tres inicios dan lugar, según
Hess, a una historia híbrida desde el punto de vista genérico, pues se trata de una recomposición
de la tradición narrativa cortés al presentar las aventuras de una heroína en el universo masculino
(Jewers, “The Non-Existent Knight, 88).
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
Cristina Azuela
cuando, al verla desnuda y comprobar que efectivamente no es hombre, se
dirige a ella afirmando:
Silence, moult as esté prols,
Bials chevaliers, vallans et buens;
Mellor n’engendra rois ne cuens
[…] Por quoi tu t’as si contenu
Et coment cho est avenu?
Nos veöns bien que tu iés feme
(vv. 6579-6586)
Silence, has sido un excelente
caballero, lleno de proeza y de
valor; mejor no han engendrado ni
reyes ni condes jamás… ¿cómo fue
te condujiste de esa manera?
Vemos bien que eres una mujer…
Como se desprende de la cita, parece realmente que el rey le habla a
Silence como si fuera un hombre que por alguna extraña e incomprensible
razón es mujer.30
Los numerosos equívocos y paradojas del texto, que han sido abundantemente abordados por la crítica,31 acentúan la percepción bivalente del
personaje y parecería que tampoco la voz narrativa deja de enfatizarla, esforzándose por no permitir que el público/lector olvide la doble identidad de
la joven. En numerosas ocasiones, al describir alguna de sus virtudes como
hombre, se añaden comentarios irónicos o se introduce una de esas frases
La fría constatación de Ébain contrasta con la descripción de las reacciones de la corte
de Julio César en el episodio análogo de Grisandole donde, en el momento de quitarle la
vestimenta y percatarse de que “era una de las más bellas doncellas que se pudieran encontrar
sobre la Tierra” [que c’estoit une des plus beles puceles c’on trouvast en nule terre], el emperador “se
persignó ante tal maravilla” [si se segna molt de la merveille (este episodio se encuentra como
“L’histoire de Grisandole” en el §448, 1226-1253, 1248, de Les Premiers faits du roi Arthur,
dentro de Le livre du Graal, Philippe Walter ed., Paris, Gallimard [Pléiade], 2001; otra versión
al francés moderno, tal vez más accesible, se encuentra en el apéndice de la traducción de A.
Micha del Merlin de Boron, 193-204). En el Roman de Silence la escena es patética, sobre todo
por la humillación de la joven ante toda la corte; no se menciona su belleza y, de hecho, en la
miniatura que ilustra el episodio (miniatura 14), no hay una clara huella de femineidad en su
figura (como lo señala Allen, “The Ambiguity”, 102. Sin embargo, a Bolduc le parece que la
miniatura muestra los rasgos de una mujer con senos y una palidez muy femenina, rasgos que
son difíciles de distinguir, al igual que la pilosidad púbica que la crítica menciona como de paso,
antes de concluir que la ilustración demuestra el control de la palabra y la sexualidad femeninas:
“el lenguaje de la sujeción actúa visualmente en esta imagen”, donde la desnudez de la protagonista y el gesto de sus manos sugieren su vulnerabilidad [cf. “Images of Romance”, 109-110]).
31
No sólo uno de los primeros y seminales trabajos sobre el texto, el de Allen, se intitula
“The Ambiguity of Silence; Gender, Writing, and the Roman de Silence”, sino también los trabajos de Perret, Mason Cooper, McCracken, Hess y Labbie se ocupan del asunto.
30
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
13
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
14
paradójicas ya referidas aquí, como “el joven que era doncella”32 o incluso hay
dejos de burla: “poco le faltaba para ser un hombre, toda su apariencia era
de hombre, pero había más de lo que se podía ver: era mujer bajo la ropa”.33
O bien, cuando la/el joven triunfa en un torneo, no se evita la acotación socarrona de que si uno de los caballeros vencidos hubiera sabido que había sido
derrotado por “una débil, tierna y frágil mujer”34 se sentiría muy humillado.
Dichos rasgos establecen una tensión permanente explorada por Ryder
y Zaerr en su minucioso análisis estilístico. Tensión que revela la forma cómo
la narración ofrece una presentación sistemáticamente contradictoria donde
se enfatiza la percepción de Silence como víctima pasiva de la voluntad de
otros, mientras que se disminuye el efecto de sus proezas y hechos masculinos al describirlos sin mayor énfasis o detalle, casi como de pasada.35 Debemos añadir, además, que dichas proezas no la llevan nunca a la solución de
sus problemas (basta con comparar a Silence con otros personajes femeninos
travestis como Nicolette, para notar que esta última resuelve sus conflictos
mediante el disfraz masculino, mientras que en el caso de Silence no sucede lo
mismo, ni cuando decide aprender el arte de los juglares, ni durante la captura
de Merlín).
En este punto del análisis se hace necesario examinar el papel que Merlín puede jugar en relación con todas estas ambigüedades y paradojas, como
es el hecho de que al atraparlo, preparando para él apetitosos trozos de carne
en una gran fogata, Silence lleva a cabo la proeza más sonada que podía realizar un caballero de su época, a la vez, que realiza el primer acto femenino de
su vida: ocuparse de la alimentación de alguien más.36
Véase supra nota 27.
Psaki comenta en la nota a su traducción, la ironía de la alusión a “lo poco que le faltaba
para ser hombre” (en el original poi en fait que il n’est malles: / Quanque on en voit est trestolt
malles. / El a en tine que ferine:/ Il est desos les dras mescine (vv. 2475-2480). La traducción aquí
propuesta no retoma literalmente la expresión original El a en tine que ferine (v. 2479) [“había
algo más que harina en el tonel”], pero coincide con la de Pratt en “Humour in the Roman de
Silence”, 95. Esta crítica cuando señala que la frase es similar al proverbio 627 de Morawski.
Gaunt señala un posible matiz equívoco, pues el provenzal “tina” aparece ligado a los genitales
femeninos en Marcabru (véase Gaunt, “The Significance”, 216, nota 15; que Airò retoma en
las notas a su traducción, p. 299).
34
… feme tendre, fainte et malle, / Ki rien n’a d’ome fors le halle, / Et fors les dras et contenance… (vv. 5161-5163).
35
Véase su “A Stylistic Analysis”, y supra nota 13.
36
Stock, “The Importance”, señaló esto último, aunque Pratt lo cuestiona, pues afirma
que en la literatura medieval cocinar era una actividad masculina. En esta sección dedicada al
papel de Merlín retomo partes del artículo Azuela, “Merlin, prophète et trickster”.
32
33
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
Cristina Azuela
Así pues, a pesar de que la presencia del mago podría parecer, en cierto
modo marginal con respecto a la historia, no ha pasado desapercibido por la
crítica el hecho de que nadie mejor que Merlín, el experto en metamorfosis
—propias y ajenas—, sea quien revela las transformaciones engañosas tanto
de Silence como la de la falsa monja. En efecto, a lo largo de distintos textos artúricos el mago adopta una variedad de identidades humanas (aparece
como niño, como viejo, como leñador y pastor o cuidador de ganado), además de su transformación en ciervo37 y de sus asociaciones a diversos animales como el oso.38 Dicha multiplicación de personalidades viene desde la obra
de Robert de Boron, donde prácticamente se le describe como un personaje
que carece de apariencia fija, por lo que toma “la apariencia con que la gente
de la comarca le conocía”.39
En el Roman de Silence, Sarah Roche-Mahdi ha identificado a Merlín en
los dos viejos que aparecen antes de la presentación explícita del mago: el primero, para descubrir a Silence bajo el disfraz de juglar (vv. 3559 y ss.), y el
segundo, para ayudar al falso caballero a capturar al Merlín-Hombre Salvaje
(vv. 5875-5985)40 —y habría que subrayar que la de hombre salvaje será la
tercera presentación del mago en el texto, pero no la última—.
Philippe Walter ha examinado cómo en otras obras ligadas a Merlín, las
constantes transformaciones, apariciones y desapariciones del mago se llevan
a cabo en fechas determinadas y obedecen a un ritmo cósmico del tiempo:
siguen un calendario preciso, ligado al carnaval y a las transiciones de las
estaciones.41 Incluso en el Roman de Silence, donde se hacen pocas referencias temporales, se puede constatar que el abandono de la vida silvestre de
Merlín correspondería a las festividades solsticiales de mediados de año.42
En el episodio de Grisandole, estrechamente ligado al Roman de Silence (véase supra
nota 30).
38
Como lo constata Walter en Merlin ou le savoir du monde. No se puede olvidar que incluso la película de dibujos animados de Walt Disney retoma el aspecto multifacético del mago.
39
La samblance en quoi la gent de la terre le conoissoient, Boron, Merlin, § 39, 150, véase
también § 63, 222.
40
Roche-Madhi, “A Reappraisal of the Role of Merlin in the Roman de Silence”. Al respecto de la identificación de Merlín como hombre salvaje, véase Anne Berthelot, “Merlin ou
l’homme sauvage”.
41
Merlin ou le savoir du monde, 63-65, 155-156. Este crítico ha demostrado que así sucede
en el Merlín de Robert de Boron (véanse La Mémoire du temps y Merlin ou le savoir du monde,
119-125).
42
Véase el examen detallado de las fechas en que el mago se transforma en el Roman de
Silence en Azuela, “Merlin prophète et trickster”, 74-76, donde se subraya que estas festividades están también ligadas al carnaval, como lo señala repetidamente Walter, recordando las
37
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
15
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
16
Es pues, durante este periodo reconocidamente ritual (alrededor de fiestas
que la cristiandad ligó posteriormente al día de San Juan),43 que no dejan
de incluir fogatas tradicionales que recuerdan a la que enciende Silence,
cuando Merlín vuelve a recuperar la “humanidad” olvidada en el bosque
para reasumir sus actividades de consejero de la corte (como el propio
texto lo sugiere al mencionar que el hombre salvaje caerá en la trampa comiendo la carne sólo “si queda algo de humanidad en él” [S’il a humanité
en lui, v. 5955]).
Se trata de un momento narrativo clave, que conduce al desenlace,
producido por su revelación de la identidad de Silence ante el rey de
Inglaterra, así como de la deshonra en que la reina lo ha sumido con su lujuria. Así el profeta cumple a la vez con la importante tarea de reinstaurar
el orden en el reino, deshaciendo el enredo provocado por la ley contra la
herencia femenina —promovida por el propio Ébain—.
Por otra parte, alrededor de dichas fechas rituales de renovación,
cuando Merlín renace como hombre, asistimos a la vez al renacimiento de
Silence como mujer;44 y no se puede olvidar que el propio rey Ébain —que
hemos dicho, podía ser el abuelo de la joven—, parece buscar también el rejuvenecimiento de su reino al desposarla con la esperanza, como se ha sugerido,45 de engendrar una descendencia que su lujuriosa esposa no le había dado.
Importa señalar, que todas estas fechas carnavalescas permiten asimismo relacionar a Merlín con una figura con la que comparte importantes rasgos: la del trickster,46 personaje mítico, presente en civilizaciones de todo el mundo y estudiado
investigaciones de Gaignebet (véase el calendario que proporciona este último en Le Carnaval. Essai de mythologie populaire, 173).
43
No se puede olvidar que San Juan tiene una marcada identidad de salvaje como lo ha
mostrado Walter, véase infra, nota 50.
44
Éste sería, justamente, el papel del mago en el texto para Roche-Mahdi (“A Reappraisal
of the Role of Merlin in the Roman de Silence”). Aquí se propone la función estructural de la
presencia de este personaje, como figura clave para la obra.
45
Véanse Kinoshita y Stock. Además, es interesante en este contexto, que las cofradías de
los cornudos abunden durante los períodos carnavalescos (cuando se pueden ver los cuernos
de la luna). En “ese momento privilegiado del año, es importante aceptar los cuernos y consentir también al abandono de la esposa” (Walter, La Mémoire du temps, 697), lo que recuerda
la situación del rey Ébain ante la revelación del adulterio de su mujer. Walter precisa que “el
intercambio de cuernos se hace alternativamente durante los grandes periodos del calendario
celta” (en febrero, en mayo, en agosto y en noviembre).
46
Como lo he examinado en “Merlin prophète et trickster”. Hermes, Prometeo, Ulises,
entre los griegos, o Loki en la Europa nórdica son ejemplos de esta figura que aparece en civilizaciones japonesas, africanas o aztecas (véase nota siguiente).
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
Cristina Azuela
desde la antropología, y la historia de las religiones.47 El trickster mítico es a la vez
un personaje transgresor cuyas inclinaciones al engaño y la trampa subrayan su dominio de la astucia —a veces incluso maligna—, y un héroe cultural que contribuye al bienestar de su comunidad. Makarius lo describe como un civilizador que
transforma la naturaleza, pero que actúa también como bufón o loco, maquinando bromas obscenas de las que muchas veces termina siendo la propia víctima.48
Si bien la astucia y la transgresión con el fin de satisfacer apetitos básicos
(sexo-comida) son el motor de los tricksters (y Merlín responde a ambos en diferentes momentos de su intrincada historia), es aparentemente a través de su ambigüedad esencial como mejor se puede examinar su compleja personalidad (integrada también por defectos y malignidades que parecen estar acompañados por
sus opuestos). Se trata, por otro lado, de personajes marginales (híbridos o anormales; no se puede olvidar que Merlín es ese “hijo del diablo, pues otro padre no
tuvo”,49 cuya madre, una joven virtuosa, pidió para él la protección divina. Es así
como obtuvo del demonio el poder de conocer el pasado, y de Dios, el de predecir el futuro, actividades ambas, que lleva a cabo en el Roman de Silence). Su hibridismo se subraya, además, por ese vello que lo cubría al nacer (y que le duró hasta
los nueve meses, para terror de las comadronas), que reaparece en la descripción
del Merlín-Hombre Salvaje del Roman: “…es un hombre completamente cubierto de vello, tan peludo como un oso”.50 La misma Silence, antes de conocerlo,
se había preguntado si era “hombre o bestia” […s’il est u hom u bieste (v. 5908)].
Véase especialmente Paul Radin, The Trickster. En el ámbito de la literatura medieval, los
rasgos del trickster han sido estudiados en personajes como Renart (Lomazzi, “L’eroe come trickster”) o Tristán (Freeman Regalado, “Tristan and Renart: Two Tricksters”; Blakeslee, “Tristan the
Trickster”; y Azuela, “Trickstán: la construcción”). Véase también Williams, Tricksters and Pranksters y Azuela, “Quelques traces du trickster”, trabajo en el que Merlín es, con Tristán y Eustaquio el
Monje, uno de los personajes literarios que se pueden considerar herederos de los tricksters.
48
“Se diría que cada cualidad y cada defecto que se le atribuyen hacen surgir automáticamente a su opuesto. El Benefactor es también el Maligno, el malintencionado. Todo el bien y
todo el mal están asociados a él” (mi traducción de Laura Makarius, Le Sacré et la violation des
interdits, 216). No se puede olvidar, como lo sugiere Ballinger, que las figuras míticas cumplen
funciones primordiales muy alejadas de las que ocupan a los personajes literarios, lo que no
impide que en la literatura se conserven las huellas de dichas figuras míticas (Ballinger, “Ambigere. The Euro-American Picaro”).
49
… Merlin, fil al diäble, / Car altre pere n’oit il onques (vv. 5792-5793).
50
Cho est uns hom trestols pelus / Et si com uns ors velus (vv. 5929-5930). Walter examina
dicho rasgo asociándolo con las identidades de ciervo y pastor o guardián de ganado, que vinculan al mago con “seres híbridos arcaicos, mitad humanos, mitad animales” (Merlin ou le savoir
du monde, 115; es por ello que el crítico lo relaciona con las divinidades protéicas). Ver también
Berthelot, quien propone que la condición de hombre salvaje es la verdadera naturaleza del mago
(“Merlin ou l’homme sauvage”, véase también su artículo “Les métamorphoses de Merlin”).
47
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
17
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
18
Por otro lado, si Merlín se asocia al bosque, que representa el aislamiento con respecto a la civilización, el texto insiste en esta posición marginal,
pues Silence sólo puede encontrar al Merlín-Hombre Salvaje “en los linderos
de un bosque” [a l’oriere d’un bos (v. 5876)], en una tierra tan agreste que “pasan años enteros sin que ningún hombre cruce [esa] maleza”.51
Incluso las miniaturas que ilustran el texto subrayan también el carácter
marginal del mago, en particular la decimotercera imagen, que lo pinta totalmente solo, sentado sobre una roca “aislado del contexto narrativo y de la
naturaleza” (es decir sin paisaje),52 en contraste con el resto de las miniaturas,
caracterizadas por representar situaciones de interacción y de diálogo entre
distintos personajes.53
Sin embargo, pese a su marginalidad, el trickster ocupa a la vez un lugar
central, ya sea por los bienes que aporta a su comunidad o a causa del desarrollo de las intrigas en las que participa, como es el caso de Merlín aquí.54
El papel liminal del trickster, lo hace ser, además, un mediador experto, pues
con sus poderes proféticos articula el mundo humano con el más allá, y a nivel más prosaico, actúa como medianero para los progenitores del rey Arturo
[recordemos que, gracias a sus capacidades de transformación, pudo alterar
la apariencia del padre de Arturo con el fin de que sedujera a su madre en un
episodio que se recuerda en el Roman de Silence (vv. 6148-6154)].
Las oposiciones y ambigüedades de la personalidad de los tricksters se
materializan tanto en los disfraces como en las constantes inversiones carnavalescas que protagonizan, pero sobre todo en el hecho de que más de una vez
aparecen como burladores burlados, atrapados en su propia trampa. En nuestro texto prácticamente no hay un solo personaje que no sufra la misma suerte
(desde el mismo Merlín, cuya debilidad son las jovencitas que lo engañan con
51
Chi n’a cemins, ci n’a sentiers, / Si passe bien li ans entiers / C’om ne repaire en ceste agaise
[vv. 5887-5889]. Aunque agaise significa “maleza”, podríamos notar el parentesco con agais y
aguet, que significan “emboscada” y “trampa”, justo en este episodio en que Merlín será capturado con una trampa.
52
Como lo señala Michèle Bolduc (“Silence’s Beasts”, 196).
53
Bolduc, “Silence’s Beasts” y también “Images of Romance”. Es justamente a causa del
aislamiento en que aparece el mago en dicha imagen, por lo que Bolduc relaciona esta miniatura de Merlín con las otras tres que representan animales aislados, subrayando así, además
de sus constantes transformaciones y su naturaleza híbrida, el carácter marginal del personaje
(véase “Silence’s Beasts” , 90-94).
54
Refiriéndose al Merlín de Robert de Boron, Howard Bloch afirma que “la mirada totalizadora de Merlín, sus conocimientos del pasado y del futuro, lo sitúan a la vez en el centro y fuera
de la historia que le cuenta a Blaise” (Etymologies and Genealogies, 5); en su obra Tricksters and
Pranksters Williams también alude a esa centralidad desde el margen, propia de los tricksters.
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
Cristina Azuela
sus propias armas,55 pero también Cador, cuando Silence se escapa y como
juglar toma un nombre falso dándole a su padre un poco de sopa de su propio
chocolate al cambiar de identidad y alterar su nombre y, por supuesto, la propia Silence, capturando a quien la iba a delatar,56 o incluso la lujuriosa reina
Eufème quien maquinó la búsqueda del mago que la condenaría).
Asimismo, el debate de Naturaleza contra Educación, escenifica una inversión de funciones, pues en el caso de Merlín (durante cuya captura vuelve a haber un debate entre ambas alegorías), su Naturaleza constituye lo civilizado contra la Educación/o cultura que, paradójicamente, representa el aspecto salvaje.57
No se puede olvidar tampoco cómo se invierten los papeles de Merlín,
ese ser híbrido, de múltiples apariencias y herencia diabólica, que en vez de
aparecer como transgresor, en este texto donde todos lo son, será quien reinstaure el orden y vuelva a cada quien a su lugar; al igual que cuando un diablo
lo engendró para convertirlo en el anti-Cristo, él invirtió sus designios y se
volvió un defensor del bien.
También resulta paradójico que ante la trampa que Silence le tiende al Merlín-Hombre Salvaje para capturarlo, el mago demuestre que aún
conserva sus rasgos humanos justo perdiendo el control sobre sus apetitos e
instintos al lanzarse sobre la comida cocinada en vez de continuar con la dieta
vegetariana del hombre silvestre.
En otro lugar he descrito cómo el texto subraya por duplicado el aspecto
del mago hartándose,58 hasta que su vientre queda tan hinchado que haría
55
Parecería que la única debilidad del mago es justo la de ser engañado por jovencitas.
Como Zumthor lo señala, parecería que el sabio arquetípico viene acompañado de la figura de
la mala mujer seductora, como Morgana o Viviana, quienes lo atrapan condenándolo fatalmente (Zumthor, Merlin; véase también Walter, Merlin ou le savoir du monde). Silence más bien se
parece a Grisandole, pero sólo es una entre las numerosas doncellas capaces de burlar al mago.
Habría que añadir una joven más, también disfrazada de hombre, que lo captura en un texto
germánico mencionado por Roche-Mahdi (“A Reappraisal of the Role of Merlin”, nota 4, 20).
56
La joven se lamentará más tarde: “creí engañar a Merlín, y él fue quien me engañó a
mí” [Jo cuidai Merlin engignier/ Si m’ai engignié… (vv. 6457-6458)], y si se piensa que fue el
Merlín-Viejo quien le dio todas las instrucciones para la captura del Merlín-Hombre Salvaje,
estas palabras no pueden ser más precisas.
57
Kinoshita concluye que en este episodio, “sin querer, la Naturaleza demuestra que el
lugar ‘natural’ de la humanidad no está cerca de la naturaleza, sino de la cultura [o educación]”
(“Heldris de Cornuaille”, 405).
58
Con alimentos cuyo origen y preparación es cada vez más sofisticada y menos natural,
pues, sin contar la carne cocinada, de manera progresiva, pasa de la leche a la miel al vino,
como lo examino en “Merlin prophète et trickster”, donde también detallo la duplicación de la
imagen que parece querer enfatizar lo grotesco.
Medievalia 48, 2016, pp. 5-26
19
Las paradojas del Roman de Silence
20
reír a cualquiera59 y cómo es justo la imagen grotesca del profeta atiborrado y
sin sentido la que paradójicamente probará que éste forma parte del mundo
civilizado y no del salvajismo.
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https://github.com/flashjaysan/python/blob/master/hangman/data.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,019 |
python
|
flashjaysan
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Python
|
Code
| 69 | 362 |
# this files contains utility data for the pendu.py file
SCORES_FILE_NAME = "scores"
MAX_TRIES = 8
word_list = [
"roquette",
"paravent",
"coquette",
"immondes",
"colombin",
"langages",
"archiduc",
"informes",
"torturer",
"toscanes",
"distants",
"égoutter",
"charogne",
"annuelle",
"vaisseau",
"spatules",
"grillade",
"gazoducs",
"citation",
"antilope",
"omission",
"valkyrie",
"immigrer",
"anecdote",
"merisier",
"osseuses",
"rengaine",
"chasseur",
"indiquer",
"coteries",
"colorant",
"veilleur",
"babiller",
"stations",
"asphalte",
"palabrer",
"insister",
"perruque",
"exposant",
"empoigne",
"traqueur",
"carbones",
"terminer",
"effilage",
"national",
"oratrice",
"rondache",
"casernes",
"paysanne"
]
| 29,105 |
sn82015679_1895-03-05_1_7_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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English
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Spoken
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THE INDIANAPOLIS JOURNAL, TWENTY-NINTH, MARCH 5, 1895. THE INDIANA TRUST COMPANY OFFICE 23 S. Meridian St. Capital $1,000,000 It is authorized by law to receive and execute trust funds of every character, from our corporation, and individuals; to act as an administrator, Assignee, Receiver, Trustee, and Account; to attend to the investment of funds, to collect rents, to assign the whole management of estates, real and personal. Is legal depository for court and trust funds. Trust funds and Trust Investments are kept apart from the assets of the company. Receives and pays Interest on time deposits, but does not receive deposits payable on demand, nor do banking business. THREW UP THE HATS EXCHANGING ON NEW YORK CHANGE AVIATOR TO YOUR HATTERY Active Trade in Taust Shires and the Grangers Cold Simp Heurds Mustness In Indianapolis. At New York, yesterday, money on call a secure at 1½ per cent.; last loan, 1; closed, 1½ per cent. Prime mercantile paper, 33, per cent. Sterling exchange was strong, with actual business in bankers' bills at $1.84.89½ for Indiana and at $1. 87'M4.87 for six days; lasted rates. $1.88-$1.88; and 4.87½-6.90; commercial bills, $1.864.87. Silver certificates, 60c bid; bar silver, 0½c; Mexican dollars, 48½c. At London - Bar silver, 27½-16d per ounce. The total sales of stocks today included: American Sugar, 7,700; Burlington, 10,300; Chicago Gas, 4,500; Distilling, 25,200; General Electric, 23,400; New Jersey Central, 2,700; Northwest, 9,000; Reading, 5,300; Keck Island, 6,400; St. Paul, 16,200; Western Union, 14,900; Louisville & Nashville, 10,300. On the announcement of the adjournment of Congress on the New York Stock Exchange yesterday, a few brokers threw up their hats and cried, "Hurrah!" At the opening of business, the market was strong and active, there being an especially good demand for Sugar. The upward movement was, however, quickly checked by free selling of the arbitrage stocks for the foreign account, followed by sales by the local bear traders, who made an attack on General Electric by an unfavorable decision by the United States Supreme Court on the State patent case, which had been decided against the patent in the courts. The stock broke 1 percent, to 26, rallied to 26 on a denial of the report, and fell off to 25½ when the decision was "actuary" made down, declaring the patent void. During the last half hour there was a sharp upward turn in the stock, the price touching 27 on the covering of short contracts, the bears becoming desirous of hauling in their lines when they realized that the decision simply left General Electric in its present position. In the final trading, a reaction of 1 percent took place, making the decline from Saturday only 1 percent. The highest price touched by the shares this year was 35. on Jan. 10, and the lowest figures were made yesterday. The action of the court has been largely discounted, but the depreciation of the property is due as much to the general speculative depression as to any special causes. None other of the electrical companies stocks is much dealt in on the New York exchange. The only one in which any trading has been done since Jan. 1 & Edison Electric, of New York, which broke from 30% on January 2 to 93 Jan 10, with a rally at the close. The market generally became heavy before the close of the first half hour, Reading showed most weakness and sold down to 7½, a recession of 2 per cent, from the previous sale. In the final dealings, the stock regained per cent. The declining tendency of the general list continued until about 1 o'clock. Sugar being sold in heavy blocks, and breaking, from 93, the high price of the morning, to 91, with a quick rally to 93, and a final reaction of, making a gain on the day of per cent. Other shares also recovered 1 per cent, but before 2 o'clock there was a renewal of the selling, in which Delaware & Lackawanna fell off 1 and the general market a fraction. The temper of speculation underwent a marked change soon after delivery, and the sellers, of the earlier part of the day, became buyers, the purchasing movement lasting to the close, which was strong in tone, a recovery of 1 per cent, the latter in Chicago Gas and New Jersey Central. Gains on the day were established of 3 in Cotton Oil, 1 in Chicago Gas and St. Paul. Distilling and New Jersey Central. Declines were made of 1 in Reading, 2 in Quicksilver preferred, 1 in Delaware, 1 from Saturday. The bond market ruled quiet and in the main lower for the greater part of the day. Near the close, some few shares showed an improving tendency and the net results of the day are: About evenly balanced as to declines and advances. The total sales were $777,500. Green Bay firsts sold at 48, against 40 on Feb. 11. Other changes of note are: Declines Union Pacific collateral trust sixes, 5 percent.; Detroit, M. & M. land-grants, and Flint & Pere Marquette consol fives, 3; Reading fours, 2. Advances Chesapeake & Ohio Sixes of 1911, 2; People's Gas, of Chicago. Government bonds were steady for fives and, lower, for, fours. State bonds were dull. The following table, prepared by James J. Berry, Room 16, Board of Trade, shows the rates of quotations: Open- High- Low- Close Name. in, esc., esc., esc., lng. Adams Express 112 Alton & Terre Haute. 35 American Express.. 12 Atchison A. 3 3 3 Baltimore & Ohio........ 57 Canada Pacific.... 41 Canada Southern 48 48 48 48 Central Pacific........ 13 Chesapeake & Ohio... 16 16 16 Chicago & Alton........... 146 C, P., & Q... 69 70 69 70 C. & E. I.-pref.... 9 Chicago Gas..... 71 73 70s; 71 C. C. C. & St. L..... 36 36 36 Cotton Oil '. 21 84 83 New York Central i; 96 N. V. & N. E.. 23 30 Northern Pacific Northern Pacific pref. 13 14 iriu. Northern Pacific Northern Pacific pref. Noithwestern 88 & 87)i 14' Northern Pacific pref. Pacific Mail i 2a Peoria, D. & 12.... Pullman Palace Heading Hock Island...... 62 St. Paul 54ri St. Paul pref......... Sugar Refining 93 H. Express Warash. Si. L. & P.. 5 W. St. L. & P. pref Wells-Fargo Express...... Western Union.. 6 U. S. Fours, coup.... U. S. Fours, coup.... 12 22 12 15 9 62 62 per cent. Clearings, $2,277,600. LOCAL GRAIN AND PHOENIX. Change of weather yesterday was a temporary check on trade on the wholesale streets and on Commission Row. Dry goods and millinery houses felt it most. Sugars and coffees are very firm. Canned goods are in such request that in some descriptions higher prices need not be a surprise. Beans advanced 10 cents per bushel yesterday, and are scarce. The poultry market is firm, and unchanged. Eggs go off another cent, and shippers yesterday would pay but 15 cents. In provisions there is an active movement, and on some descriptions higher prices than last week. The Board of Trade held a very short meeting last night, at which the report of the provision committee was the principal matter of business. The committee reported that owing to the recent increase in the provision trade, some of the rules or the board which have not been in force should be revived. It recommended that the rule providing for provision officers be carried out, and suggested the following officers: Joseph W. Smith, registrar of provisions; Hugh S. Byrkit, chief provision inspector. These officers were elected. The Moore Packing Company's warehouse was made a regular warehouse for receiving, storing, and shipping this class of property. The local grain market was dull yesterday, the bidding being spiritless, with prices ranging about as on Saturday, as follows: Wheat No. 2 red, 53c; No. 2 red, 51c; wheat, 51c. Corn No. 1 white, 41c; No. 2 white, 41c; No. 2 white, 41c; No. 3 white mixed, 41c; No. 3 white mixed, 41c; No. 2 yellow, 41c; No. 3 mixed, 41c; ear corn, 40c. Oats No. 2 white, 33c; No. 3 white, 33c; No. 2 mixed, 30c; rejected, 26c; 30c. Rye No. 2, 43c for car lots, 43c for wagon rye. Hay No. 1 timothy, $9; No. 2, $8; No. 1 prairie, $7.50. Poultry and Other Produce. (Prices Paid by Shippers.) Poultry Hens, 7c per lb; chickens, 7c; cocks, 3c; turkeys, toms, 4c per lb; hens, 7c per lb; ducks, 6c per lb; geese, $4.80-$4.40 per dozen for choice. Eggs Shippers paying 13c. Butter Choice, 1012c. Honey 18c. Feathers Prime geese, 30c per lb; mixed duck, 20c per lb. Game Rabbits, 60c per lb; mallard ducks, $2.50 per doz; venison, per pound, 15c. Beeswax 20c for yellow; 15c for dark. Wool Medium unwashed, 12c; fine merino unwashed, 8c; Cotswold and coarse combing, 10½-12c; tub-washed, 16c; burry and unmerchantable, 6c less. HIDES, TALLOW, ETC. Hides No. 1 green-salted hides, 5c; No. 2, 4c. Grease White, 4c; yellow, 3c; brown, 3c. Tallow No. 1, 4c; No. 2, 3c. Bones Dry, $1213 per ton. THE JOBBING TRADE. The quotations given below are the selling prices of wholesale dealers. Candles and Nuts. Candles Stick, 6c per lb; common, mixed, 6c. G. A.; R. mixed, 6c; Banner stick, 10c; cream mixed, 9c; old-time mixed, 7c. Nuts Soft-shelled almonds, 16c; English walnuts 12c; Brazil nuts, 9c; filberts, 11c; peanuts, roasted, 67c; mixed nuts, 1012c. Canned Goods. Peaches Standard 3-pound, $1.85-$2; 3-pound seconds $1.50-$1.65; 3-pound pie, $1.10; California standard, $2.25-$2.50. California seconds, $1.852. Miscellaneous Blackberries, 2-pound, 9095c; raspberries, 2-pound, 95c; pineapple, standard, 2 pound, $1.23-$1.35; choice, $22.25; cove oysters, 1-pound, full weight, 90c-$1.93c; light, 6570c; 2-pound, full, $1.80-$1.90; light, $1.10-$1.20; string beans, 85c-$1.05; Lima beans, $1.10-$1.30; peas, marrowfat, $1.10-$1.20; early June, $1.20-$1.50; lobsters, $1.85-$2; red cherries, $1.20-$1.23; strawberries, $1.20-$1.30; salmon (lbs), $1.10-$1.30; 3-pound tomatoes, 83c-$1.90c. Coal and Coke. Antique, all sizes, $7.50 per ton; Pittsburgh and Raymond City, $4.25 per ton; Jackson, $4.25; block, $3.25; Island City, $3; Blossburg and English canal, $5. All nut coal $0.50 per ton. Dross. Alcohol, $2.342.66; assafetida, 40c; alum, 45c; camphor, 4750c; cochineal, 5055c; chloroform, 60C5c; copperas, brls, 75fa85c; cream tartar, pure. 26;28c; Indigo, 6380c; licorice, Calab., genuine, 30!j40c; magnesia, carb., 2-oz, 25(g35c; morphine, P. & W., per oz. $2.05(52.30; madder, 1418c; oil, castor, per gal. 96c$1; oil, bergamot, per lb, $3; opium, $2.65; quinine, P. & W., per oz. 35g40c; balsom copaiba, 6065c; soap, casi!e. Fr., 1210c; soda bicarb.. 46c; salt Epsom, 45c; sulphur, flour. 56c; salt peter. 820c; turpentine, 50c; glycerine. 1420c; iodide potassium, $3 3.10; bromide potassium, 4045c; chlorate potash, 20c; borax, 121i4c cinchpida, 1215c; carbolic acid, 226 260. Oils Linseed, 5962c per gal; coal oil, legal test, 714c; bank, 40c; best straits, 50c. Labrador, 60c; West Virginia lubricating, 2030c; miners', 45c. Lard oils Winter strained, in brls, 60c per lb. Gal; in half barrels. 3c per gal extra. Dried Fruits. Figs, Layer, 11c per lb. Peaches, Common, sun-dried, California, 12c; California, fancy, 12c; Apricots, Evaporated, 9c. Prunes, California, 6c per lb. Currants, 4130 per lb. Dry Goods. Bleached Sheetings, Androscoggin, 6c; Berkeley, No. 60, 7c; Cabot, Canunculus, 5c; Cumberland, 6c; Dwight Anchor, 7c; Fruit of the Loom, 6c; Varuna, 5c; Fitchville, 5c; Fuji Width, 5c; Gilt Edge, 6c; Gilded Age, 6c; Hill, 6c; Hope, 5c; Linwood, 6c; Lonsdale, 6c; Lonsdale Cambric, 5c; Masonville, 6c; Peabody, 5c; Pride of the West, 10c; Quinebaugh, 6c; Star of the Nation, 6c; Ten Strike, 5c; Pepperell, 9-4, 15c; Pepperell, 10-4, 16c; Androscoggin, 9-4, 15c; Androscoggin, 7c. Brown Sheetings, Atlantic A, 5c; Arrive, 5c; Boot C, 4c; Buck Head, 6c; Carlisle, 40-inch, 7c; Dwight Anchor, Head 6c; Lawrence, LL. 4c; Pepperell E, 6c; Pepperell R, 6c; Pepperrell, 9-4, 19c; Pepperrell, 10-4, 15c; Androscoggin, 9-4, 18c; Androscoggin, 10-4, 20c. A 11a. Aran. 1... a. Una aiicu uivoa c; Allen 3 staples, 4c; Allen TR, 5c; - Allen robes, BVjc: American indigo, 4c; American t r 6c; Cocheco fancy, 5c; Cocheco madders' 4f, Hamilton fancy, 5c; Manchester fancy 5c; Merrimac fancy, 6c; Merrimac pinks at"i yuipjco, u7w, i-aciuu taiicy, oc; Pacific roots 5c; Pacific mourning. simr.' son Eddystone, 5c; Simpson Berlin solids 5c; Simpson's oil finlsU 6c; Simpson's grays, 5c; Simpson's mourning, 6c umgnams Amoskeag staples, 5c; Amoskeag Persian dress. 6c; Bates Wq-l- dress. 6c; Johnson BF Fancies. Sc; Lancaster., 6c; Lancaster Normandies. 6c; Carrollton, 4-4C; Renfrew Dress, 6c; Whit tenton Heather, 6c; Calcutta Dress stvipq 5c. TicKinss Amending ACA. 10c; Cones to BF. 12c; Cordis 140. 9c; Cordi 10c; Cordis ACE. 10c; Hamilton Avenue. 9c; Kimono Fancy, 17c; Lenox Fancy, 15c; Methuen A A. 10c; Oakland AF. 5c; Portsmouth, 10c; Susquehanna, 12c; Shetucket SW, 6c; Shetucket SW, 6c; Shetucket 93c-$1; small lots, $1.03. Spices, Pepper, 15c; alspice, 10c; cloves, 15c; cassia, 101c; nutmegs, 65c-$3c per pound. Eggs, Louisiana, 45c; Carolina, 40c. Beans, Choice hand-picked navy, $2.23 per bushel; medium hand-picked, $2.25-$2.10; limes, California, 65c-$1 per pound. Twine, Hemp, 12c per lb; wool, 8c-$10c; flax, 20c-$30c; paper, 15c; Jute, 12c-$15c; Cotton, $1.20-$1.25 per barrel for drop. Lard, 6c-$7c for pressed bars. Four barrels (paper) grain, 1-32 barrel, per 3,000, $3.50; 1-16 barrel, $3; barrel, $16; No. 1 cream, Plain, 1-32 barrel, per 1,000, $7; 1-16, $8.75; $14.50, $28.50. Extra charge for printing. Golden Dishes, No. 1, per 1,000, $2.50; No. 2, $3; No. 3, $3.50; No. 5. Wooden ware No. 1 tubs $53.23-$3.73; No. 2 tubs, $4.50-$3; No. 3 tubs, $4.50-$3; 3-hoop pails, $1.50-$2.50; 2-hoop pails, $1.15-$1.50; double washboards, $2.23-$12.75; common washboards, $1.50-$2.25; clothes pins, 50c-$3c per box. Iron and Steel. Bar iron, $1.20-$1.30; horseshoe bar, 2c; nail rod, 6c; plow slabs, 2c; American cast steel, 8c; tire steel, 23c; spring steel, 45c. Leather. Leather Oak sole, 30c-$40c; hemlock sole, 24c-$30c; harness, 28c-$32c; skirting, $1.25-$2.50; single strap, 4c; black bridle, per doz. $60-$95; fair bridle, $6-$7.50; French kip, 85c-$1.10; city calf skins, 83c-$1; French calf skins, $11.50. Nails and Horseshoes. Steel cut nails, $1.10; wire nails, $1.25; rates; horseshoes, per keg, $4.75; mule shoes, per keg, $4.75; horse nails, $4.50 per box. Produce, Fruits and Vegetables Bananas Per bunch, $1.25-$2.50. Cabbage Per brl, $2.25-$2.50. Cabbage, $3.25 per crate. Cranberries $1112 per crate; $4 per box. Sweet Potatoes Jerseys, $3.50 per crate; Illinois, $2.50-$2.75. Onions Per bu, yellow, $1; red, $1.25 per bu; per barrel; yellow, $3; per barrel, red, $3.50; Spanish onions, $1.33 per crate. Cheese New York full cream, 12½c; skims, 57c per lb. Lemons Messina, choice, $3.50 per box; fancy lemons, $4. Potatoes Per brl, $2.23; per bu, 75c. Seed potatoes Early Ohio, $1 per bushel; Early Rose, 90c per bushel. Apples Per brl. New York and New England stock, seconds, $3.50; choice, $4.50. Celery Per bunch, 30-35c, according to quality. Oranges Florida, $33.50; California seedlings, $2.75 per box; navels, $3.50-$3.75; budded fruit, $3.25-$3.50. Turnips 75c-$1 per brl. Parsnips $1.25-$1.50 per brl. Pine Apples $1.50-$2 per doz. Lettuce 13½c per lb. Provisions, Bacon Clear sides, 40 to 50 lbs average, 7c; 30 to 40 lbs average, 7c; 20 to 30 lbs average, 7c. Bellies, 23 lbs average, 7c; 14 to 15 lbs average, 7c; 12 to 15 lbs average, 8c. Clear backs, 20 to 25 lbs average, 7c; 12 to 20 lbs average, 7c. Shoulders English-cured 12 lbs average, 7c; 16 lbs average, 7c. Hams Sugar-cured, 18 to 20 lbs average, 10c; 16 lbs average, 10c; 12 lbs average, 10c; 10 lbs average, 10c; block hams, 10-c; all first brands; seconds, 6c less. California hams, sugar-cured, 10 to 12 lbs average, 6c. Boneless hams, sugar-cured, 8½c. Pickled Pork Bean Pork, clear, per br. 200 lbs, $14; rump pork, $11.50. Breakfast Bacon Clear firsts, 11c; seconds, 10c. Lard Kettle-rendered, in tierces, 8c; pure lard, 8c. Seeds. Clover Choice, recleaned, 60-lb. $3.15; prime, $3.25; English choice, $5.40; prime, $5.65; Alsike, choice, $6.15; Alfalfa, choice, $4.90; red, choice, $4.90; crimson or scarlet clover, $3.90; timothy, 45-lb, choice, $2.75; strictly prime, $2.60; blue grass, $2.65; strictly prime, $2.50; blue grass, fancy, 14-lb, $1.40; extra clean, $3.90; Orchard grass, extra, $1.85; Red top, choice, $1.25; extra clean, 90c; English blue grass, 24-lb, $2.20; Tinners' Supplies. Best brand charcoal tin, 10x14, 14x20, 12x12, $6.50; 12x14, 14x20, 12x12, $8.50; 13x20, roofing tin, $5.20; 13x28, $10.50; block tin, in pigs, 25c; in bars, 27c. Iron, 27c; iron, 3c; C iron, 4c; galvanized, 70 and 10c. "ent. discount. Sheet zinc, 6c; 5c. Copper bottoms, 20c. Planned copper, 24c. Solder, 13c. REAL ESTATE TRANSFERS. Thirteen Transfers Yesterday, with a Total Consideration of $2,500. Instruments filed for record in the recorder's office of Marion county, Indiana, for the twenty-four hours ending at 5 p.m., March 4, 1893, as furnished by Theo. Stein, abstracter of titles, Hartford Block, No. 84 East Market street. Henry H. Mounts to Lorenzo D. Abrams and wife, lot 6, in Wright's North Illinois and Nineteenth-street addition $4,000. Samuel W. Miles to Mary K. Swope, lot 198, in McCarty's fifth West-side addition $1,500. Adam Newland to Sarah Newland, lot 55, in Spann & Co.'s first Woodlawn addition $1,200. William C. Thompson to Elias C. Doan and wife, lot 101, in Ingram Fletcher's subdivision of I. Fletcher's addition, 1,500 David R. Johnson to Solon E. Stierwalt, east half of the west half of the northeast quarter of section 36, township 17, range 2, 2,000 Same to Mary J. Stierwalt, sr., west half of the west half of the northeast quarter of section 36, township 17, range 2, 2,000 Charles A. Brown et al. to Joseph M. Holy, lots 72 and 73, in Hosbrook's Prospect-street addition, 500 John A. Blair to Anthony H. F. Prange, lots 62 and 63, Fairview place, 200 Same to Frederick W. Stahihut, lot 63, same addition, 100 Same to Christina Prange, lot 61, same addition, 100 Martha J. Keely to John C. Ertel and wife, lot 3, in Fletcher's subdivision of outlot 54, 4,500 George W. Stout to Samuel M. Lines, lots 573 and 574, in Stout's Indiana avenue addition, 1,000 George W. Stout to David M. Etchison, lots 532, 533 and 534, in Stout's Indiana-avenue addition, 1,500 Transfers, 13; consideration $20,100 DAILY VITAL STATISTICS MARCH 4. Dentists. John Saul, 16 Eckert street, tuberculosis John Burlt, twenty-one years, 205 Meek. Eliza M. Yolladay, eighty-three years, 427 Ash street, old age. Albert Topp, fifty-nine Years, 471 Charles Street, pneumonia. R. M. Hadley, eight years, Ohio and Mississippi streets, endocarditis. Joseph Robert, jr., forty-nine years, 1006 West Washington Street, abscess. George W. Kopp, twenty-one years, 564 North Mississippi Street, tuberculosis. Infant Brennan, three weeks, 321 South Missouri Street, inflammation. Marlin Fitzslmmons, four years, 363 South Capitol Avenue, croup. Bertha Mueller, two years, 18 Morton Street, convulsions. Margaret Weltzel, two years, 209 West Washington Street, pneumonia. Carl Schmidt, twenty-five years, 150 Ramsey Street, heart disease. Anna Koenler, eighteen months, 43 Fenner Street, pneumonia. Births. William and Rosa Louis, 212 Ash Street, boy. W. H. and Mrs. Keys, 625 East New York Street, girl. Thomas and Agnes Zimmer, 8 South Broadway, girl. George and Jennie Watson, 518 North Broadway, girl. Albert and Annie Heaum, 441 Chestnut Street, girl. Charles and Rose Minor, 24 Chestnut Street, boy. John and Mary Gall, 23 Alvord Street, boy. Howard and Hannah Gillette, 10 Sterling Street, boy. George and Lizzie Myers, 8 South Jersey Street, boy. Marriage Licenses. James Wells and Nettle Danforth. Charles H. Brown and Frances H. Ross. William E. Nevers and Florence F. Eveland. David W. Ayres and Mary A. Ayres. It Will B. Pembroke Arcade. The "Pembroke" is the name selected for Dickson & Talbott's new arcade, now being built. The firm had offered a season ticket, good at the three theaters of this city operated by the firm, to the person suggesting the name which should be finally adopted for the new building. About five thousand persons sent in lists of names, the lists containing from ten to one hundred names. William Schmidt, of 273 North Delaware Street, first sent the name of "Pembroke," and afterward the same name was suggested by George H. Martin, of the High School, Miss Lucy Taggart and H. B. Raagan. The name was selected, not so much for its beauty as its wearing qualities. Building Permits. William L. Perrott, Newman street, frame house, $900. Miss Williams, h.stner and ew Jersey streets, repairs, 235. Frank Elff, 273 South New Jersey street, repairs, $600. I. B. Hosbrook, Ninth street and College avenue, addition, $130. Mary A. Cook, o Lynn street, attention, $300. Theodore Euej, 54 Archer street, repairs. Emma Mmonson,. va uucnanan street, ad dition. M0. Susie ueius. jucnanan street, auaiusn. $U0. . .. . ... .. . ... August lenders, uu Last v asmngtoa jrect, repairs. $3! 5, ITS CUE FROM PARIS CHICAGO WHEAT INFLUENCED BY THE FOREIGN QUOTATIONS. Leading: Cereal Advances ia-Sc, Com and Oats Unchanged and Pro visions Sliovr Gains. CHICAGO, March 4. Wheat followed the fashions to-day and took its tone from Paris. French markets were excited and higher and this, with other bullish news, resulted in a firm market here, May dos ing c higher. May com closed unchanged and May oats unchanged, but provisions finished at advances. The wheat market started firm, with plenty of buyers of May at 54c, whereas the majority were sellers at that as trading came to a halt on Saturday. Inside of the first ten minutes the price had reached 5434c. The foreign markets were all quoted higher at the opening, and that coming after a rather weak day on this side on Saturday was the cause of the upward tendency here. The French warehouse stock report showed 4,300,000 bushels, against 19,500,000 last year, and this marked decrease caused much of the strength shown both here and abroad. London, Liverpool, Paris, and Berlin were all strong and higher at the opening. The English and French markets retained their strength to the close, but Berlin was quoted as winding up with 1 mark decline for March and mark for later months. The Paris market showed a further gain today of from 1 for March to about 2c per bushel for the August term. Liverpool stocks of wheat are 6,000 tons or 224,000 bushels less than they were a week ago. The receipts at Minneapolis and Duluth were 428 cars, against 558 a year ago. Total quantity received at primary markets was 386,000 bushels. The shipments of flour from all primary Western points were equal to about 235,600 bushels. The amount of wheat one-eighth passage increased 800,000 bushels during the week, which more than offset a decrease in the visible here of 715,000 bushels, out that did not prevent another rise in price here to 55c for May, which was mainly in consequence of the French necessity for wheat and the advance in price there. The price here reached 65c, at which figure there was free realizing, causing a drop from the top, but May closed firm at 54c. The corn market was barely sustained by firmness in which none of the day's news was a character to change previously formed opinions. Receipts were about as expected and for tomorrow 150 cars are estimated. New York reported buying orders from London, but the cash demand for through billed here was not any brisker than before, and that absence of Eastern demand is the weak feature which for some time has been breeding bears here. The visible increased 707,000 bushels last week, compared with 935,000 bushels on same week of the previous year. May opened at 44c and closed at that price bid. The lowest was 4444c and the highest 45c. Nothing of importance was reported in the oats market and a very quiet session was passed. Prices were firmer during the greater part of the session in sympathy with corn, but at the close, 29s for May, after having sold as high as 29c. The visible supply showed a decrease in oats for 186,000 bushels, which may have helped the early firmness to some extent. Provisions were firm at the opening and it developed in the course of the session that the offerings were not sufficient to supply the demand which was supposed to be largely from Cudahy. Under such circumstances, the price kept hardening, and at the close, the best rates of the day were obtainable. The day's gains, for May deliveries were 17c in pork, 7c in lard, and 10c in ribs. Estimates to-morrow: Wheat, 35 cars; corn, 150 cars; oats, 140 cars; hogs, 30,000 head. Leading futures ranged as follows: Open- High- Low- Close Articles, ing. est. est. est. Wheat, March 62 52 52 52 May 54 55 54 May 29 29 29 June 29 May 27 Pork, May $10.37 $10.55 $10.35 - $10.52 Lard, May 6.50 6.574 6.50 6.57 14 July 6.67 6.70 6.67 6.70 Short ribs, May 5.32 5.40 5.82 5.27 July 5.45 5.52 5.45 5.32 Cash quotations were as follows: "No. 2 2 oats, 28c; No. 2 white, 3132c; No. 3 white, 3131c; No. 2 rye, 515c; No. 2 barley, 53c; No. 3, 5053c; No. 3, 5053c; No. 4. 4, 51 c; No. 1 flaxseed, $1.39; prime timothy seed, $5.80; mess pork, per barrel, $10.33-$10.50; lard, per lb. 6.426.60; short-rib sides (loose), 5.205.25; dry-salted shoulders (boxed), 4c; short-clear sides (boxed), 5.50(35.55; whisky, distillers' finished; goods, per gal, $1.28; sugars unchanged. On the Produce Exchange today the butter market was weak; creamery, 1020c; dairies, 918c. Eggs weak at 21c. Receipts Flour, 9,000 barrels; wheat, 12,000 barrels; corn, 168,000 barrels; oats, 184,000 barrels; rye, 6,000 barrels; barley, 42,000 barrels. Shipments Flour, 7,000 barrels; wheat, 12,000 barrels; corn, 25,000 barrels; oats, 139,000 barrels; rye, 5,000 barrels; barley, 13,000 barrels. AT NEW YORK. Ruling Prices in Produce at the Seaboard's Commercial: Metropolis. NEW YORK, March 4. Flour Receipts, 13,300 barrels; exports, 59,700 barrels; sales, 29,200 packages. The market was quiet but strong outside of city mills. Foreign orders show no advance. Southern flour dull. Rye flour firm; sales, 475 barrels. Buckwheat flour dull at $1.65.75. Buckwheat dull at 4834c. Corn meal steady; sales, 745 barrels, 2,000 sacks. Rye nominal. Barley nominal. Barley malt steady. Wheat Receipts none; exports, 73,200 bushels; sales, 4,760,000 bushels futures, 16,000 bushels spot. Spots firm; No. 2 red, in store and elevator, 59c; afloat, 60c; f.o.b., 61c afloat; No. 1 Northern, 68c delivered; No. 1 hard, 69c delivered. Options opened stronger on higher cables, good foreign buying and covering by a big local short. A disappointing visible supply decrease and a big decreased amount afloat for Europe were more than offset by higher and excited late French advices, and The market closed firm at a decline. No. 2 red, March, 59c, closing at 59c; March, 5960 1-16c, closing at 59c; June closed at 60c; July, 6060c, closing at 60c; August, 6061c, closing at 60c; September, 6061c, closing at 63c. Corn Receipts, 11,700 bu; exports, 1,700 bu; sales, 280,000 bu futures, 28,000 bu spot. Spots were quiet; No. 2, 49c, in store; steamer yellow, 50c delivered; No. 3, 48c, in elevator. Options opened firmer on snow in West and prospects of light receipts, eased off under a visible supply increase, but closed steady at 5c advance. March closed at 48c; May, 4849c, closing at 49c; July closed at 49c. Oat Receipts, 64,100 bu; exports, 3,200 bu; sales, 25,000 bu futures, 37,000 bu spot. Spots were dull; No. 2, 33c; No. 2 delivered, 34c; No. 3, 33c; No. 2 white, 37c; No. 3 white, 36c; track white Western, 35c; track white State, 35c. Options quiet but firmer with wheat, closing at 1.5c advance. March closed at 33c; April closed at 30c; May, 33c; closing at 33c. Hay steady. Hops steady. Leather quiet. Beef steady; beef hams, $18. Cut meats steady; pickled bellies, 5.5c; pickled shoulders, 4.5c; pickled hams, 8.5c. Lard higher; Western steam closed at 6.75c; sales, 250 tierces at 6.70c; city, 6c; March closed at 6.77c, nominal. May. 6.90c asked; refined firmer; continent, 7.15c; S. A., 7.60c; compound, 5c. Pork firm, with a good demand; new mess, $11.25-$12; short clear, $13-$14.75. Butter weak; new Western dairy, 15-17c; Western creamery, 15-20c; Western factory, 8-12c; Elgins, 20c; imitation creamery, 10-15c; State dairy, 13-14c; State creamery, old, 12-17c. Cheese quiet; large, 9-11c; small, 12c; part skims, 3-4c; full skims, 1-2c. Eggs weaker; State and Pennsylvania, 25c; Western fresh, 23c; Southern, 24-24c; receipts, 2,943 packages. Cotton seed oil quiet but nominally steady. Only small business transpiring, and large lots only salable at concessions. Coffee Options opened steady, with December. December unchanged and others 510 points lower, ruled generally dull and weak, under local pressure, following weak cables, and closed steadier at higher points net decline. Sales, 14,000 bags, including: March, 14.75c; April, 14.55c; May, 14.45c; June, 14.40c; July, 14.53c; September, 14.14c; October, 14.45c; December, 14.35c. Sugar, Rio, steady and nominal: No. 7, 16c; mild quiet and steady; Cordova, 18c; others, none, extra, none. Cleared for the United States, 3,300 bags; cleared the Europe, 1,000 bags; 16,000 bags; cleared from Rio, March bags. Warehouse deliveries from New York, 6,000 bags. New York yesterday, 3,340 bags; New York stock today, 157,618 bags; United States stock, 168,192 bags; afloat for the United States, 274,000 bags; total visible for the United States, 442,192 bags, against 467,275 bags last year. Sugar, Raw steady; sales, 17,400 bags. Demarara centrifugal, to arrive, 96 test, at 3c, ex. ship, and 300 bags molasses sugar, 89 test, at 27-16c, ex. ship; refined firm. Visible Supply of Grain. NEW YORK, March 4. The visible supply of grain Saturday, as compiled by the New York Stock Exchange, was 2,400 bags. York Exchange, is as follows: Wheat, 78,600 bu, a decrease of 715,000; corn, 13,675,000 bu, an increase of 707,000; oats, 6,583,000 bu, a decrease of 185,000; rye, 318,000 bu, a decrease of 22,000; barley, 1,417,000 bu, a decrease of 105,000. TRADE IN GENERAL. Quotations at St. Louis, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Other Points. ST. LOUIS, March 4. Flour steady; fairly active for domestic trade. Wheat strong at opening, at a advance on firm cables; an advance of more was scored, but later considerable realizing caused an easier market; and the close was steady, sellers, above Saturday; No. 2 red, cash, 53½ 63c; May, 53½ 53c asked; July, 63c asked. Corn, early, was easy, notwithstanding the firmness of wheat, but the market later advanced with wheat, and closed steady below Saturday; No. 2 mixed, cash, 41½c; May, 41c; July, 42c asked. Oats improved early, became weak, eased off and closed dull, at a lower Saturday; No. 2, cash, 29c bid; May, 2929c bid; June, 30c asked; July, 26c. Rye firm; No. 2 offered, east side, 56c, and 54c bid. Barley nominal. Bran steady; 70c or east track, sacked. Flaxseed quiet at $1.36. Clover seed Choice, $88.10; timothy, $5.25 $5.60. Hay dull and steady; $10.50 for fancy prairie; timothy fancy, $11.50. Butter unchanged. Eggs lower; 17c for fresh. Corn meal firm at $22.05. Whisky $1.25 for distillers' finished goods. Cotton ties, 65c. Bagging dull at 45c. Pork steady; standard mess, jobbing, $10.40. Lard Prime steam, 6.25c; choice, 6.35c. Dry salt meats 600 barrels. Wheat, 5,000 bu; corn, 43,000 bu; oats, 25,000 bu. Shipments Flour, 7,000 brls; wheat, bu; corn, 7,000 bu; oats, 11,000 bu. PHILADELPHIA, March 4. Wheat was higher; No. 2 red, March, 696x; April, 5960c; June, 6060c; May, 6060c. Corn was firm and 4c higher; No. 2 mixed, March, 4747c; April, 4848c; May, 4848c; June, 4949c. Oats were steady; No. 2 white, March, 3636c; April, 3637c; May, 3637c; June, 3737c. Flour was quiet but firmer; winter superfine, $22.50; winter extra, $2.20-$2.40; No. 2 winter family, $2.40-$2.50; Pennsylvania roller, straight, $2.50-$2.65; Western winter clear, $2.40-$2.60; Western winter patent, $2.80-$3.10; spring clear, $2.50-$3.10; spring favorite brands higher. Rye flour was quiet but steady under small supply; quote choice Pennsylvania at $2.75 per barrel. Buckwheat flour was scarce and quiet at former rates; quote at $1.55-$1.75 per 100 lbs, as to quality. Butter was dull and 12c lower; fancy Western creamery, 2020c; fancy Pennsylvania prints, 22c; fancy jobbing, 22c. Eggs were dull and 1c lower; fresh nearby, 25c; fresh Western, 25c. Cheese was firm and in fair demand. Refined sugars were firm and active. Tallow was unchanged. Cotton was steady. Receipts Flour, 1,390 barrels and 12,700 sacks; wheat, 2,000 bushels; corn, 11,000 bushels; oats, 11,000 bushels; oats, 23,000 bushels. Shipments Wheat, 4,000 bushels; corn, 17,000 bushels; oats, 23,000 bushels. BALTIMORE, March 4. Flour steady; Western super, $1.80; Western extra, $2.10; Western family, $2.60; winter patent, $2.85; spring wheat straight, $1.50 3.35; receipts, 11,062 barrels; shipments, 147 barrels; sales, 875 barrels. Wheat strong; spot and month, 5959c; May. 60c bid; steamer No. 2 red, 66½-56c; receipts, 3,121 bu; shipments, 24,500 bu; sales, 1,000 bu; Southern wheat by sample, 5860c; Southern wheat by sample, 5760c. Corn firmer; special, 47c bid; month, 4747c; May, 4646c; steamer mixed, 47c bid; receipts, 47,298 bu; stock, 351,264 bu; sales, 20,000 bu; Southern white corn, 4748c; Southern yellow, 4849c. Oats quiet and firm; No. 2 white Western, 3536c; No. 2 mixed, 3333c; stock, 246,295 bu. Rye dull; No. 2, 5657c; receipts, 5,000 bu; stock, 25,554 bu. Hay quiet but easy; good to choice timothy, $12.50-$13. Grain freights steady. Steam to Liverpool, per bu, 2d, March; Cork for orders, per quarter, 2s 9d2s 10d, March. Sugar firm; granulated, $4.08 per 100 lbs. Butter quiet; fancy creamery, 25c; fancy ladle, 17 18c; good ladle, 14 15c; store packed, 10 12c. Eggs firm; fresh, 2425c. Cheese firm. CINCINNATI, March 4. Flour steady; fancy, $2.35-$2.45; family, $22.15. Wheat quiet but firm; No. 2 red, 55c; receipts, 4,200 bu; shipments, 2,500 bu. Corn firm; No. 2 mixed, 4242c. Oats steady; No. 2 mixed, 33c. Rye somewhat neglected: No. 2, 56c. Pork firm at $10.62. Lard firm at 6.40c. Bulk meats in fair demand at 5.25c. Bacon in active demand and very firm at 6.37c. Whisky firm; sales, 715 barrels at $1.25. Butter quiet but steady; fancy Elgin creamery, 24c; Ohio, 1820c; dairy, 10c. Sugar firm; hard refined, 3 5-16-16c; New Orleans, 3(6-3c. Eggs easier and lower at 19c. Cheese quiet and steady; good to prime Ohio flat, 99c. TOLEDO, March Wheat active and higher; No. 2, cash and March, 55c; May, 56c; July and August, 56c. Corn active and steady; No. 2 mixed, 43c; May, 44c; No. 3 yellow, 43c; No. 3 white, 43c. Oats dull and steady; No. 2 mixed, 32c; No. 2 white, 34c. Rye dull; cash, 53c. Clover seed steady; prime, cash, $5.50, nominal; March, $5.45. Receipts Flour, 1,000 barrels; wheat, 10,000 barrels; corn, 16,000 barrels; oats, 2,000 barrels; clover seed, 230 barrels. Shipments Flour, 4,000 barrels; wheat, 14,000 barrels; corn, 14,000 barrels; rye, 2,000 barrels; clover seed, 1,011 barrels. MINNEAPOLIS, March 4. Wheat March, 58c; May, 58c; July, 59c; September, 57c. On track: No. 1 hard, 60c; No. 1 Northern, 59c; No. 2 Northern, 58c. Flour firm. Good business is expected this week unless the wheat market breaks heavily. First patents, in wood, $3.20-$3.40; second patents, $2.75-$3; first clears, $2.25; low grades, $1.60-$1.70. DETROIT, March 4. The market was a little firmer. Wheat No. 1 white, 57c; No. 2 red, 55c; No. 2. C. 3 red, 54c; May, 56c; July, 57c. Corn No. 2, 43c. Oats No. 2 white, 33c; No. 2 mixed, 31c. Rye No. 2 56c. Clover seed, $5.45. Receipts Wheat, 1,500 bu; corn, 7,000 bu. BUFFALO, March 4. Wheat firm; No. 2 red, 58c; No. 3 red, 57c. Corn firm; No. 2 yellow, 46c; No. 3 yellow, 46c; No. 3 mixed, 45c. Oats firm; No. 2 white, 35c; very choice, 36c; No. 2 mixed, 32c. Oils. SAVANNAH, March 4. Spirits of turpentine firm at 30c; sales, 200 barrels. Rosin firm: window white, $2.15; window glass, $2; N, $2.85; M, $2.50; K, $2.20; I. $2.65; H. $1.83; C. $1.55; F, $1.40; E, $1.25; D. $1.10; C $1. Sales: Window white, 55 barrels; window glass, 68 barrels; N, 61 barrels; M, 43 barrels; M, 43 barrels; M, 32 barrels; H, 32 barrels; G, 73 barrels; F, 112 barrels; G, 17 barrels; F, 112 barrels; O, 17 barrels. WILMINGTON, March 4. Rosin firm; strained, $1.13; good, $1.20. Spirits of turpentine firm at 30c. Tar firm at $1. Turpentine firm; hard, $1.10; soft, $1.50; virgin, $1.70. OIL CITY, Pa., March 4. Petroleum National Transit certificates opened at $1.05; highest, $1.05; lowest, $1.05; closing, $1.05. Sales, 9,000 barrels; shipments, 116,621 barrels; runs, ST 429 barrels. NEW YORK, March 4. Petroleum nominal and dull; closed at $1.05. Rosin firm. Turpentine firm. CHARLESTON, March 4. Spirits of turpentine firm at 31c. Rosin firm at $1.15 1.20. Cotton. LIVERPOOL, March 4. Cotton in demand. American middling, 3 3-16d; low middling, 2 29-32d; good ordinary, 2 23-32d; ordinary, 2 29-32d. Sales of the day were 1,000 bales, of which 500 were for speculation and export, and included 8,700 American; receipts, 45,000 bales, including 40,900 bales American. NEW YORK, March 4. Cotton steady; middling, 5½c; net receipts, 443 bales; gross, 7,514 bales; exports to Great Britain, 1,700 bales; to France, 1,155 bales; to France, 1,155 bales; to the continent, 5,740 bales; forwarces, 1,615 bales; sales, 2,031 bales; spinners, 31 bales; stock, 174,181 bales. NEW ORLEANS, March 4. Cotton firm at 5c; low middling, 4c; good ordinary, 4 7-16c; net receipts, 6,519 bales; gross, 6,796 bales; exports to the continent, 3,231 bales; sales, 7,660 bales; stock, 394,133 bales. MEMPHIS, March 4. Cotton firm and unchanged; middling, 5 1-16c; sales, 2,600 bales; receipts, 1,225 bales; shipments, 1,739 bales; stock, 106,113 bales. Metals. A, HI UIH 1 J. t V-, v... lulu,.' l.., 8.50c sellers. Lead strong; brokers' price, 3.02c; exchange price, 3.87½c. Tin easier: Straits, 13.15½.20c; plates quiet. Spelter dull: domestic, 3.10c. Sales on 'Change: Three cars March spelter at 3.10c; 1 car May spelter at 3.17c; 1 car May spelter at 3.15c; 1 car May spelter at 3.16c; 23,0.0 pounds May copper at 9.35c. ST. LOUIS, March 4. Lead dull at 2.83c bid. 2.87c sellers. Spelter, 2.93c. Dry Goods. NEW YORK, March 4. In the jobbing departments of trade there was a large attendance of buyers, and, while a good business was done in all lines, it was particularly so for dress goods, wash fabrics and printed specialties. There was a stock good order demand for seasonable specialties of agents and moderate request for aple. Printing cloths were quiet, with only small sales at 2c. Wool. ST. LOUIS.-March 4. Wool quiet; light, bright, healthy staple would sell readily at full quotations, but the supply is all of inferior quality, which sells comparatively low...-'.- Butter.. ELGIN, Ill., March 4. Butter weak; sales, 27,840 pounds at 18 cents; offering, 50,760 pounds. . Live Stock. Cattle Unchanged. Horse Active at Steady Prices. Sheep Steady. INHANAPOLIS, March 4. Cattle Receipts, 1,000; shipments none. Receipts were light and the market was steady at previous prices. All sold. Export grades $3.00-$3.50 Good to choice shippers $4.25-$4.75 Fair to medium shippers $3.75-$4.10 Common thin shippers $3.00-$3.50 Feeders, 900 to 1,100 pounds $3.75-$4.25 Stockers, 500 to 800 pounds $3.00-$4.25 Good to choice heifers $3.50-$4.00 Fair to medium heifers $3.35-$4.35 Common thin heifers $2.25-$2.75 Good to choice cows $3.25-$4.75 Fair to medium cows $2.75-$4.10 Common old cows $1.50-$2.50 Veals, good to choice $4.00-$5.25 Veals, common to medium $2.50-$3.50 Bulls, good to choice $3.00-$3.73 Bulls, common to medium $2.00-$2.75 Milkers, good to choice $3.00-$4.00 Milkers, common to medium $18.00-$27.00 Hogs Receipts, 1,030; shipments, 600. The receipts were light. The market opened active at steady prices and closed steady, with all sold. Heavy packing and shipping $4.10-$4.35 Mixed $4.00-$4.25 Light $3.90-$4.10 Heavy roughs $3.00-$4.00 Sheep and Lambs But few on sale. The market was steady. All sold. Sheep good to choice $3.50-$3.23 Fair to medium $2.75-$3.25 Common thin $2.00-$2.30 Lambs, good to choice $4.25-$5.00 Lambs, fair To medium 3.504.00 Lambs, common thin 2.753.25 Bucks, per head, 2.00 5.00 Elsewhere. CHICAGO, March 4. Sellers of cattle had another good market. Less than 12,000 carcasses in today, and there were orders here for a larger number. Competition was strong enough to carry up prices 10½15c at the start and strong enough to hold them there. Almost anything in the shape of a steer was salable at better than $4, while the bulk sold above $4.45, from $4.50 to $5.50 being the popular prices. Choice qualities were quoted at $3.65-$3.85 and extra around $6. Good to choice cows and heifers showed improvement, and so did stockers and feeders of the better class.
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NEOLOG
Société à responsabilité limitée
10
Rue
des Frênes
17180
Périgny
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
493 132 484
RCS
Saint-Nazaire
GARAGE DENAIRE
Société à responsabilité limitée
49
rue
des Parcs Neufs
44410
Saint-Lyphard
2022-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
821 666 955
RCS
Reims
LE SOLANA
Société par actions simplifiée à associé unique
Domaine
des Rozais
51500
Rilly-la-Montagne
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
904 270 733
RCS
Vienne
CONVERSAT
Thibaut, Didier, Patrick
CONVERSAT
Cyclowtech
Vente de matériel domestique de filtration de l'eau aux particuliers. Commerce de détail d'autres équipements du foyer
722 b
Chemin
Des Sables
38890
Salagnon
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2023-04-25
892 691 874
RCS
Douai
L'ARBRE EN NORD
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
92
Rue
Louis Guislain
59310
Nomain
2022-10-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
443 850 672
RCS
Lons-le-Saunier
LES GREENS
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
3
Route
Des Crozets
39260
Moirans-en-Montagne
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
978 988 335
RCS
Saint-Brieuc
DOULLENS ERNEST DEHEE
Société civile immobilière de construction vente
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : PIERREVAL PROMOTION
150.00
EUR
1
Rue
Pierre et Marie Curie
Cs 40231
22190
Plérin
Création
siège et établissement principal
support juridique de programme notamment à doullens (80600) - boulevard ernest dehee
1
Rue
Pierre et Marie Curie
Cs 40231
22190
Plérin
2023-08-31
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2023-07-07
R & S AZUR
Société civile immobilière
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : MALCHIKOV Nikita
452 723 729
RCS
Fréjus
L'acquisition, l'administration et la gestion par location ou autrement de tous immeubles et biens immobiliers. Plus spécialement l'acquisition d'une villa à Gassin, Quartier des Malleribes, 103 avenue de Verlaine, cadastrée à 1487, formant Lot 103 du lotissement Sinopolis. Et généralement toutes opérations pouvant se rattacher directement ou indirectement à l'objet social ou susceptibles d'en favoriser le développement, pourvu qu'elles ne modifient pas le caractère civil de la société.
Quartier
de Malleribes-103, Avenue de Verlaine
Lotissement 103 du Lotissement de Sinopolis
83580
Gassin
Modification survenue sur l'administration.
352 109 656
RCS
Paris
NORBAIL-IMMOBILIER
Société anonyme
8000000.00
EUR
50
rue
d'Anjou
75008
Paris
NORBAIL-IMMOBILIER
352 109 656
RCS
Paris
Autre achat, apport, attribution (immatriculation d'une personne morale, uniquement)
Article L.236-14 du code de commerce
Avis au Bodacc relatif au projet commun de fusion nationale. Société absorbante : SOGEFIMUR Forme : Société anonyme Adresse du siège : 29 boulevard Haussmann 75009 Paris Capital : 55854600.00 EUR Numéro unique d'identification : 339993214 Lieu d'immatriculation : Paris. Société absorbee : NORBAIL-IMMOBILIER Forme : Société anonyme Adresse du siège : 50 rue d'Anjou 75008 Paris Capital : 8000000.00 EUR Numéro unique d'identification : 352109656 Lieu d'immatriculation : Paris. Evaluation de l'actif et du passif dont la transmission à la société absorbante est prévue : actif de 703943724.52 EUR - passif de 661963847.26 EUR. Rapport d'échange des droits sociaux : Le rapport d'échange a été déterminé par référence aux valeurs réelles respectives de chacune des Parties, à savoir 43.594.119,2 euros pour la Société Absorbée et 37.049.741,6 euros pour la Société Absorbante. Prime de fusion: néant. Date du projet commun de fusion : 15.03.2023. Date et lieu du dépôt du projet au RCS au titre de chaque société participante : Pour la société SOGEFIMUR : 16.03.2023 (au greffe du tribunal de commerce de Paris). Pour la société NORBAIL-IMMOBILIER : 16.03.2023 (au greffe du tribunal de commerce de Paris).
435 369 574
RCS
La Rochelle
CUISINES PREMIUM
Société par actions simplifiée
Rue
du 18 Juin, Zac de Beaulieu
17138
Puilboreau
2022-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
CONTINENTAL DESOSS
Société par actions simplifiée
840 337 034
RCS
Bourg-en-Bresse
840 337 034
RM
01
Transformation et conservation de la viande de boucherie
2
rue
Clair Matin
01000
Bourg-en-Bresse
Jugement de clôture
Jugement de clôture pour insuffisance d'actif
2023-05-10
Jugement prononçant la clôture de la procédure de liquidation judiciaire pour insuffisance d'actif.
750 558 181
RCS
Caen
SCEA VIGAN
Société civile d'exploitation agricole
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : VIGAN Arnaud, Stéphane, Emmanuel ; Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : VIGAN Sophie, Céline, Marie
10000.00
EUR
2
Route
de la Gare
le Petit Couliboeuf
14620
Morteaux-Couliboeuf
Transformation d'un GAEC
2012-04-01
Modification survenue sur la dénomination, transformation d'un GAEC.
Les Nouveaux Ateliers
Société par actions simplifiée
Président : ATHENA FAMILY ; Directeur général : Rensonnet Frédéric ; Directeur général : Atta Reine Alloua Sandrine
822 352 084
RCS
Nanterre
Création et distribution de vêtements sur-mesure, toutes opérations industrielles, financières et commerciales se rapportant aux activités spécifiées ci-dessus.
99
Avenue
Achille Peretti
92200
Neuilly-sur-Seine
99
Avenue
Achille Peretti
92200
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Modification survenue sur l'administration, transfert du siège social.
2021-01-21
951 283 324
RCS
Quimper
SV INVEST
Société civile immobilière
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : VALSANGIACOMO Sébastien, Jean, Paul
10000.00
EUR
9
Rue
Jean Bart
29100
Douarnenez
Création
siège et établissement principal
propriété, construction, administration ou exploitation par bail, location ou autrement, la prise à bail de tous immeubles
9
Rue
Jean Bart
29100
Douarnenez
2023-04-06
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2023-03-25
AUX FROMAGES DU GOURMET - SOCIETE EN LIQUIDATION
Société à responsabilité limitée
18293.88
EUR
662 047 745
RCS
Créteil
004
Allée
Pierre Laurent
Siégé de Liquidation :
94500
Champigny-sur-Marne
O
Radiation d'office
Waymel
Sandrine Martine
919 126 193
RCS
Lille Métropole
Vente de chiots sans femelles reproductrices - achat et vente de chiot sans femelles reproductrices
146
rue
de Berlin
59112
Annoeullin
2022-12-31
VKMOBIL
Société civile immobilière
522 050 293
RCS
Versailles
Acquisition et locatiion d'immeubles.
1
Place
Charles de Gaulle
78180
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
1
Place
Charles de Gaulle
78180
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
transfert du siège social.
2010-05-10
DUCS 3
Société en Nom Collectif
901 699 702
RCS
Lyon
50
Rue
De la République
69002
Lyon
Nouveau siège.
801 056 672
RCS
Créteil
ECS
Société à responsabilité limitée
2
Allée
Modigliani
94140
Alfortville
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
522 638 154
RCS
Strasbourg
SHINGLETON CONSULTING
Société à responsabilité limitée
9
Rue
Bitzen
67201
Eckbolsheim
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
830 675 260
RCS
Fréjus
FINIBAT 83
Société par actions simplifiée
2
Route
Nationale 7
83490
Le Muy
2021-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
812 825 065
RCS
Saintes
CIRENE
Société à responsabilité limitée
86
Route
Nancras
la Paillerie
17600
Sablonceaux
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
838 256 238
RCS
Bordeaux
PRIMEUR DISTRIBUTION DU SUD OUEST
Société par actions simplifiée
8
Rue
de Fieuzal
33520
Bruges
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
ELIUM TECH
Société par actions simplifiée
819 603 713
RCS
Paris
La création, l'édition, la conception, le développement, l'exploitation et la gestion de tous sites internet, applications et supports, de logiciels titres et droits de propriété intellectuelle ou industrielle ; toutes activités de recherche développement ; le conseil, la formation et la prestation de services ; la conclusion de tous contrats et accords, quels qu'ils soient, nécessaires à la réalisation de son objet social.
rond point
Benjamin Franklin -
Cedex 2
CS 39521
34960
Montpellier
Avis de dépôt
Dépôt de l'état des créances
2022-12-23
L'état des créances est déposé au greffe où tout intéressé peut présenter réclamation devant le juge-commissaire dans le délai d'un mois à compter de la présente publication.
SNC BARRES Phllippe
Société en nom collectif
2000.00
EUR
878 914 860
RCS
Bayonne
Rue
De l'Eglise
le Bourg
64310
Sare
O
Radiation suite à clôture des opérations de liquidation
424 253 029
RCS
Avignon
EURL IDEAL FLOR
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
1593
Route
d'Avignon
84320
Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
384 354 783
RCS
Dijon
EURO INFORMATION DIRECT SERVICES
EIDS
Société par actions simplifiée
1
Avenue
de la Découverte
21000
Dijon
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
350 470 613
RCS
Brest
BIOCEAN
Société par actions simplifiée
24
Rue
du Pontigou
29680
Roscoff
2023-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
Renegade Bananas
Société à responsabilité limitée à capital variable
0.4 EUROS
nomination du Gérant : Venturelli, Thomas
921 798 393
RCS
Paris
6
rue
d'Armaillé
75017
Paris
modification survenue sur l'administration
828 519 959
RCS
Annecy
SIX-SEPT IMMO
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
969
Route
Route de Peillonnex
74250
Marcellaz
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
839 926 763
RCS
Arras
PHARMACIE ROCHE
Société d'exercice libéral à responsabilité limitée
62
Rue
Dierville
62116
Bucquoy
2022-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
531 364 560
RCS
Saint-Malo
D3C
D3C
Société à responsabilité limitée
9
Place
Monseigneur Duchesne
35400
Saint-Malo
2023-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
NAHHAS
Hamza
883 226 847
RCS
Metz
Vente de produits sur internet.Vente sur les marchés.Fabrication de bougies parfumées.
12
Rue
Clotilde Aubertin
Appartement 23 B
57000
Metz
Modification survenue sur l'activité.
831 120 803
RCS
Nantes
LAUSEV DENIM
Société par actions simplifiée
1
RUE
de Terre Adélie
Centre Commercial Pôle Sud
44115
BASSE-GOULAINE
2023-02-28
Comptes annuels et rapports
DUBIEF
Jérôme Paul
795 160 670
RCS
Saint-Quentin
Boulangerie, pâtisserie.
6
rue
Notre Dame
02320
Anizy le Château
Avis de dépôt
Dépôt de l'état des créances
2023-04-13
L'état des créances est déposé au greffe où tout intéressé peut présenter réclamation devant le juge-commissaire dans le délai d'un mois à compter de la présente publication.
510 379 654
RCS
Epinal
AYFA
Société à responsabilité limitée
22
Les Bruyères
88200
Remiremont
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
511 135 451
RCS
Dieppe
F.C.L.
Société à responsabilité limitée
1
Avenue
Jean Jaures
76200
Dieppe
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
PRODIBIO
Société par actions simplifiée
415 068 170
RCS
Marseille
recherche mise au point fabrication vente distribution exportation de produits de traitement de l'eau et matériels pour Aquariophilie auprès des Animaleries Jardineries commerce physiques et internet.commerce de gros à destination de l'Aquarophilie de produits à usage vétérinaire et commerce d'accessoires à usage de la pharmacie Vétérinair.
3
allée
des Maraîchers Bât A2 Hé
Technopole Château Gombert
13013
Marseille 13e Arrondissement
Extrait de jugement
Jugement de plan de redressement
2023-05-11
Jugement arrêtant le plan de redressement, durée du plan 10 ans nomme Commissaire à l'exécution du plan SELARL Gillibert & Associés, prise en la personne de Maître Vincent Gillibert 11 Rue Venture 13001 Marseille.
789 909 389
RCS
Aix-en-Provence
MAT'ILD
Société par actions simplifiée
Chemin
du Payannet
Lieudit "chemin d'Aix"
13120
Gardanne
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
YCT PLOMBERIE CHAUFFAGE VENTILATION
Société par actions simplifiée
803 262 823
RCS
Tarascon
803 262 823
RM
13
Travaux d'installation d'eau et de gaz en tous locaux
2
lotissement
Maya Pro
Zone Artisanale du Barret
13160
Châteaurenard
Jugement d'ouverture
Jugement d'ouverture de liquidation judiciaire
2023-10-06
Jugement prononçant la liquidation judiciaire , date de cessation des paiements le 04 Octobre 2023, désignant liquidateur Maître Pierre JULIEN ZAC de Roubian - 10, rue des Laboureurs - BP 326/26 - 13151 Tarascon Cedex . Les créances sont à adresser, dans les deux mois de la présente publication, auprès du liquidateur ou sur le portail électronique prévu par les articles L. 814-2 et L. 814-13 du code de commerce.
977 557 966
RCS
Montpellier
AUJOULAT
Charlotte, Précille
Lazy Lakes
Création
établissement principal
vente en ligne de produits de bricolage, jardinage et loisirs, ustensiles de cuisine, accessoires pour animaux, produits téléphones - vente en ligne de produits informatiques et articles de bureau
199
Rue
Helene Boucher
34170
Castelnau-le-Lez
2023-07-10
Autre immatriculation personne physique
2023-07-07
949 322 028
RCS
La Rochelle
PAYEN
Kévin, Jean-Michel
Open kitchen
Création
établissement principal
food truck vente de plat a emporter, vente de boisson avec et sans alcool à emporter
17 Ter
Rue
des Eronnelles
17620
Échillais
2023-03-29
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2022-04-03
CHAPPUIS
Cyrille
RCS non inscrit
Exploitation agricole de culture de céréales légumineuses
127
route
d’Abondance
74500
Chevenoz
Jugement prononçant
Jugement de conversion en liquidation judiciaire
2023-09-08
Jugement prononçant la conversion du redressement judiciaire en liquidation judiciaire. Liquidateur : Me François-Charles DESPRAT - SELARL SYNERGIE. Jugement commissaire : Madame Chloé CATTEAU. Délai de clôture : 1 an. N° RG : 23/00016
952 427 748
RCS
Saint-Brieuc
BARBIER
Michel, Paul, Bruno
Création
établissement principal
convoyage véhicule sans transport de marchandise ni personne
34
Rue
des Tilleuls
22810
Belle-Isle-en-Terre
2023-05-11
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2023-05-08
BB SEA
Société à responsabilité limitée
910 953 181
RCS
La Rochelle
Étude, réalisation, conception, vente, pose de cuisines équipées. Commerce de détail tel que l'électroménager et autres équipements de la maison : barbecue, plancha, salons de jardins. Conception et pose d'aménagement de l'habitat tel notamment les dressings, salles de bains, les combes et les cuisines extérieures.
1
Rue
des Entrepreneurs
17320
Marennes-Hiers-Brouage
1
Rue
des Entrepreneurs
17320
Marennes-Hiers-Brouage
transfert du siège social.
2022-02-25
522 175 678
RCS
Alençon
FIGUERAS-AUTOMATISMES
Société à responsabilité limitée
Le Bois Bonnevent
61320
Saint-Sauveur-de-Carrouges
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
L'ECHAPPEE
Société civile de construction vente
Liquidateur : GIBELLO Raphaël
844 944 264
RCS
Chambéry
Construction et vente de biens et droits immobiliers.
449
Rue
de la Jacquère
73800
Porte-de-Savoie
Modification survenue sur l'administration, dissolution de la société.
830 378 089
RCS
Bordeaux
LA FONCIERE DES LUNES
Société par actions simplifiée
87
Quai
de Queyries
33100
Bordeaux
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
FRED FOURNITURES AUTO
Société par actions simplifiée
809 704 398
RCS
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Commerce de détail d'équipements automobiles
37
rue
d'Arras
62140
Hesdin
Jugement de clôture
Jugement de clôture pour insuffisance d'actif
2023-01-11
Jugement prononçant la clôture de la procédure de liquidation judiciaire pour insuffisance d'actif.
384 430 930
RCS
Vienne
KMS OMEGA
Société Civile
Modification de la désignation d'un dirigeant : gérant, nouvelle identité : HUOT-MARCHAND Gérald nom d'usage : HUOT-MARCHAND
1
Allée
Du Château
les Burlanchères
38280
Janneyrias
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à transfert de son siège social
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite au transfert du siège hors ressort. Modification de la dénomination. Modification de l'administration. Modification de la forme juridique.
913 738 126
RCS
Roanne
GRISARD
Laura, Alexandra
EHPAD ET NOUS
Création
établissement principal
aide à l'intégration des personnes âgées en ehpad - achat-vente de livres
15
Rue
de Commières
42300
Roanne
2023-12-27
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2024-01-01
801 475 781
RCS
Evreux
FRIGISORS
Société à responsabilité limitée
1
Rue
Lucien Marie Vinot Prefontaine
27140
Gisors
2022-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
810 742 007
RCS
Evry
DEV-LOG
Société à responsabilité limitée à capital variable
6 Bis
Avenue
des Acacias
91390
Morsang-sur-Orge
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
448 332 239
RCS
Le Mans
PFB HOLDING
Société par actions simplifiée
139
Boulevard
Pierre Lefaucheux
72230
Arnage
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
379 636 111
RCS
Lorient
HADO
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
Rue
FLANDRES DUNKERQUE
56100
Lorient
2022-08-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
BARBIER
Vincent
CONC3PT-D
793 360 983
RCS
Bourg-en-Bresse
Impression 3d Bureau d'etudes / Etudes techniques
969
Route de Montlin
01560
Mantenay-Montlin
transfert de l'établissement principal.
2021-07-26
922 567 771
RCS
Perpignan
SANBAS
Société par Actions Simplifiée
Président : SANCHEZ Cristina nom d'usage : SANCHEZ. Directeur général : BASTIDE Fabien nom d'usage : BASTIDE
1400000.00
EUR
85
Rue
Pascal Marie Agasse
66000
Perpignan
Acquisition et gestion de titres, prestations de services à ses filiales, mise en œuvre de la politique générale du groupe et animation des filiales (holding animatrice), exercice de mandats sociaux.
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2022-12-26
SARL STAR 2000 COIFFURE
Société à responsabilité limitée
Liquidateur : GONZALES Jean Francois
481 352 250
RCS
Carcassonne
68
Rue
de Dunkerque
11400
Castelnaudary
Modification survenue sur l'administration, dissolution de la société.
528 876 360
RCS
Manosque
HOLDING VIGANI LAURENT INVEST
Société par actions simplifiée
13
Lotissement
la Girarde
Chemin de la Thomassine
04100
Manosque
2022-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
839 104 155
RCS
Evry
ERLAR BS Consulting
Société par actions simplifiée
4
Rue
Lauriston
91350
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2022-12-31
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528 290 182
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Dunkerque
AIT AMARA
Abdelkrim
Vente de bubble tea sur food truck saisonnier
5
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Du Leughenaer
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59140
Dunkerque
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2023-04-01
530 872 795
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AVENIR BOIS CONSTRUCTIONS
Société à responsabilité limitée
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500 840 616
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HONG DA - Société en dissolution
Société à responsabilité limitée
8000.00
EUR
440 104 370
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Créteil
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94800
Villejuif
O
Radiation d'office
949 696 793
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Amiens
GNLE BOULANGERIE
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
Gérant : FOURNIER Guillaume Marcelin Bernard nom d'usage : FOURNIER
5000.00
EUR
3
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De la République
80340
Bray-sur-Somme
Boulangerie pâtisserie
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2023-03-06
380 167 692
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Paris
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Y.C.P.
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949 743 314
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Nice
JELASSI
Ahmed, Khaireddine
Création
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93
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Bâtiment C
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Nice
2023-03-10
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2023-03-14
897 639 894
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2022-09-30
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519 979 496
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Villefranche-Tarare
ELGARREKIN
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8
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Za les Bageardes
69380
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2022-12-31
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AND 2
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DOMINO'S PIZZA
922 069 828
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Lyon
Préparation et vente de pizzas, plats cuisinés et boissons à emporter ou en livraison, restauration sur place.
Mise en activité de la société.
2023-03-20
981 500 358
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Les délices de juana
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2023-12-06
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2023-11-14
893 239 863
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S.E.L.A.R.L Docteur Antoine PAUMIER
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Jugement prononçant l'ouverture d'une procédure de redressement judiciaire, date de cessation des paiements le 15 août 2023 désignant mandataire judiciaire SELARL Gm, prise en la personne de Me Pierre Garnier 700 Avenue de Tournamy 06250 Mougins Les déclarations des créances sont à adresser au mandataire judiciaire ou sur le portail électronique prévu par les articles L.814-2 et L.814-13 du code de commerce dans les deux mois à compter de la publication au Bodacc.
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| 10,724 |
https://github.com/NolanNicholson/basic-gl-engine/blob/master/src/sh_fragment.glsl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
basic-gl-engine
|
NolanNicholson
|
GLSL
|
Code
| 16 | 39 |
#version 450 core
in vec4 v_color;
out vec4 color;
void main(void) {
color = v_color;
}
| 22,714 |
US-201615555449-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,017 | 1,369 |
Subsequently, the product was subjected to the steps (d), (e), and (f) described above, so that a vascular embolization device with the structure shown in FIGS. 1 and 6 was obtained.
The resulting vascular embolization device 1 was evaluated for coil flexibility. In the evaluation, the vascular embolization device 1 was fixed in the form of a loop with a diameter of 4 mm, which was equal to the secondary diameter of the coil 10 to be tested, and the load required to compress the coil loop by a predetermined distance from the top was measured (FIG. 8). FIG. 9 shows the results.
Comparative Example 1
A conventional vascular embolization device (bare coil) with no resin wire being inserted therein was prepared and then evaluated for coil flexibility as in Example 1. FIG. 9 shows the results.
The coil flexibility is compared at the same compression distance. A higher compression load means a higher coil stiffness and therefore a lower flexibility.
The measurement results of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 show that the vascular embolization device 1 of Example 1 according to the present invention has a similar degree of flexibility to that of the vascular embolization device (bare coil) of Comparative Example 1 without any resin wire 20 being inserted therein, and thus can be safely placed at a desired target site in the blood vessel. The vascular embolization device of Example 1 also has a high embolization effect because it contains atorvastatin in the resin wire 20 disposed inside the coil 10 so that atorvastatin can be slowly released from the resin wire when it is placed in blood vessels.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
10 Coil
11 Tip
12 Stretch resistant wire
13 Ring part
20 Resin wire
21 Core
22 Outer layer
30 Pushing means
31 Wire portion
32 Radiopaque distal portion
33 Terminal portion
41 Living body
42 Catheter
43 Hand operation unit
44 Earth electrode
45 High-frequency power supply
50 Connection part
1-22. (canceled)
23. A vascular embolization device comprising: a coil; and a resin wire that contains a biochemical active material and is inserted in an inside of the coil, wherein the resin wire is a multilayer strand including a core and at least one outer layer, and the core and the at least one outer layer individually contain resin compositions with solubilities different from each other in a same organic solvent.
24. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the resin composition in the at least one outer layer has a solubility higher than a solubility of the resin composition in the core.
25. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23 or 24, wherein the resin composition in at least one of the core and the at least one outer layer is composed of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
26. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the resin compositions in the outer layer and the core individually contain ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers with compositions different from each other.
27. The vascular embolization device according to claim 26, wherein the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer in the core has a vinyl acetate unit content of 10 to 30% by weight, and the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer in the outer layer has a vinyl acetate unit content of 30 to 50% by weight.
28. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the resin wire is disposed in the inside of the coil in a primary form.
29. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, further comprising a stretch resistant wire disposed in the inside of the coil in a primary form.
30. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the stretch resistant wire has a break strength of at least 0.05 N per wire.
31. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the stretch resistant wire is corrugated or spirally shaped.
32. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the stretch resistant wire has a natural length at least 5% longer than a natural length of the coil.
33. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the stretch resistant wire is made of a metal.
34. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the stretch resistant wire is made of a resin.
35. The vascular embolization device according to claim 33, wherein the anti-stretch wire is made of gold, platinum, iridium, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, nickel, copper, iron, or an alloy of any combination thereof.
36. The vascular embolization device according to claim 34, wherein the anti-stretch wire is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyester, polydioxanone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, silk, or a composite material of any combination thereof.
37. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the biochemical active material is contained in the at least one outer layer of the resin wire.
38. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the biochemical active material is contained in an outermost layer of the resin wire.
39. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the biochemical active material is contained in the core of the resin wire.
40. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the biochemical active material is a statin or includes a statin.
41. The vascular embolization device according to claim 40, wherein the statin is simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin, or any combination thereof.
42. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the resin wire has a thickness of 0.01 to 0.20 mm.
43. The vascular embolization device according to claim 23, wherein the coil in a primary form is coiled into a secondary form.
44. A method for producing the vascular embolization device according to claim 23, the method comprising the three steps of: (a) coating a surface of the resin wire with a solution containing the biochemical active material and the resin composition; (b) drying the solution to form a layer containing the biochemical active material; and (c) inserting the resin wire having thereon the layer containing the biochemical active material, in the inside of the coil to form the vascular embolization device..
| 26,019 |
US-11103687-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,987 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,253 | 5,004 |
Drive catheter having helical pump drive shaft
ABSTRACT
A flexible drive catheter for removing deposits from the inner walls of a blood vessel to increase blood flow through the vessel. The catheter includes an outer sheath and a rotatable core coupled to a distal tip which directly contacts the deposits. An outer surface of the rotatable core defines a screw pump for moving dislodged deposits away from the blood vessel through the catheter sheath to a bifurcating adapter located outside the patient. One opening in the adapter accommodates the rotatable core and a second opening provides a method of monitoring blood pressure in the blood vessel, removing dislodged deposits from the catheter and injecting flushing liquids or clotting control agents into the blood vessel.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a catheter system for opening a totally or partially occluded blood vessel.
BACKGROUND ART
Arteriosclerosis is a condition where deposits build up along an inner surface of a blood vessel and cause a partial or, in extreme cases, a total blockage of the blood vessel. The increase in the number of coronary by-pass operations is some indication of the incidence with which the problem is encountered in older patients.
Prior art proposals recognize that one alternative to bypass-ing a partially or totally blocked region in a blood vessel is to open or widen the blocked blood vessel. One prior art technique for reopening a blocked blood vessel is to insert a balloon catheter inside the vessel to expand the vessel and either break loose deposits within the vessel or alternatively, increase the size of the lumen passing through those deposits.
An alternate proposal for opening a blocked blood vessel is to bring a high-speed rotating device into contact with occluded portions of the blood vessel. The rotating device produces cutting, abrading, or fluid turbulence to open the vessel and increase blood flow. One device intended for physically opening the blood vessel in this manner is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,614,953 to Moss entitled "Improvements In or Relating To Drills for Clearing Obstructions". In this patent, a high-speed motor rotates a flexible drive shaft connected to a cutting bit. The bit and flexible drive shaft are inserted into an occluded blood vessel so that when the bit is rotated at high speed and moved into contact with occluded regions it breaks loose deposits within the blood vessel.
A more recent prior art patent disclosing a similar system for opening a blocked blood vessel is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,509 to Auth entitled "Method and Apparatus for Removal of Enclosed Abnormal Deposits". This patent describes a differential cutting tool mounted at a distal end of a flexible shaft which can be inserted into an occluded blood vessel. Again, high speed rotation of the cutting tool causes the tool to remove abnormal deposits from inside the blood vessel.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,589,412 to Kensey entitled "Method and Apparatus for Surgically Removing Remote Deposits" discloses a procedure for removing atherosclerotic plaque. A cutting tip is rotated by the application of fluid pressure through a multi-lumen catheter.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,679,557 to Opie et al. entitled "Electrodynamic Transluminal Angioplasty System" discloses an advancer assembly that includes an off-axis drive that rotates a cutting tool such as that disclosed in the '509 patent to Auth.
The '509 patent to Auth stresses the importance in removing particles separated from an inner wall of the blood vessel. A hollow drive shaft is proposed by Auth to allow suction to be applied to a distal tip of the differential cutting tool disclosed in the '509 patent. It is suggested that particle-entrained blood will flow through the cutting tool to the hollow drive shaft when suction is applied.
USSR Pat. No. 778,067 to Yukhin discloses a helical cutter driven by a flexible shaft for separating blood clots from an internal blood vessel wall. A sheath surrounds the flexible shaft and is connected at a proximal location to a vacuum system for withdrawing separated clot particles from the blood vessel.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,732,858 to Banko discloses a system for removing blood clots, cataracts, and other objects from the eye. At FIG. 12 of this patent a cutting tip is driven by a solid, inflexible shaft having a "helical defining groove . . . such that it acts as a pumping means for removal of the material" (col. 15, lines 44-45) The use of an inflexible shaft makes the Banko system unsuitable for insertion into and passage through a patient's cardiovascular system.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
One object of the present invention is a drive catheter having a mechanism for withdrawing dislodged particles and material from an interior region of a blood vessel. A drive catheter constructed in accordance with the invention includes a flexible center drive shaft or core having a length sufficient to extend from outside a subject through the patient's cardiovascular system to an obstructed region within a clogged blood vessel. The flexible core defines a spiraling or helical outer pumping surface to move deposits, plaque and the like separated from the blood vessel inner wall. The core or drive shaft is positioned within a flexible catheter like sheath covering the outer pumping surface of the core.
In one embodiment of the invention the core includes a distal tip portion that is brought into direct contact with the plaque within the blood vessel and which is rotated at high speed by a motor coupled to the core outside the patient. As the catheter core rotates the pumping surface attracts dislodged particles and draw those particles into a region between the catheter sheath and the rotating catheter core. At a proximal end of the catheter, a bifurcating adaptor is connected to the sheath and defines two openings in communication with the interior of the sheath. One adapter opening allows plaque and other deposits to be pumped away from the region between the catheter core and the sheath. The rotatable catheter core extends through the second adapter opening to allow the core to be coupled to a drive motor.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the catheter core comprises an elongated center wire having a second wire wrapped in helical fashion about the center wire from a distal to a proximal portion of the core. This solid core embodiment includes a region at the catheter proximal end not having the outer helically wrapped wire. A smooth outer surface of the center wire can be pushed back and forth through a seal in the catheter's bifurcating adapter to move a distal tip portion of the core back and forth beneath the catheter sheath at the catheter's distal end. This first embodiment can be of a small diameter and therefore is suitable for use in small vessels such as the coronary artery or other small diameter vessels that have become blocked.
In accordance with the second embodiment of the invention, the core comprises a tightly wound center wire that defines a hollow throughpassage leading from the distal portion of the catheter to the proximal adapter coupling. A second wire is helically wound about the tightly wound center wire to define a pumping surface. At the proximal end, the center wire mates with a short piece of tubing which can be pushed back and forth through a seal in the bifurcating adapter to allow the distal tip portion to be maneuvered within the sheath.
This second embodiment of the invention is well suited for use with larger diameter blood vessels such as peripherals. The tightly wound center wire of this embodiment of the drive catheter is more flexible than a similarly dimensioned solid wire. The center wire is wound in the same sense as the helically wound second wire so that it produces a pumping which adds to the pumping produced as the helically wound second wire rotates.
The hollow portion of the second embodiment of the invention extends completely through the core section of the catheter to allow contrast medium or anti-coagulant to be injected from the proximal input through the hollow center section and out the distal tip portion during physical manipulation of the catheter. In addition, the hollow center section of this embodiment allows the catheter to be positioned using a conventional guidewire known in the prior art. In this embodiment, the guidewire is used to position the distal tip portion of the catheter and is then removed prior to motor energization of the catheter core. Both the guidewire and catheter are flexible enough to be routed through the blood vessels leading to the blocked blood vessel. Depending on the location of the obstruction, this can result in a total catheter core length (including the motor coupling) of from 100 to 200 cm.
From the above it is appreciated that one object of the invention is a drive catheter for opening a blocked portion of a blood vessel having a center core member defining a helical pump for withdrawing dislodged material from inside the patient. This and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become better understood from the detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention which is described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a blood vessel and a distal portion of an elongated drive catheter positioned within the blood vessel for opening a blocked portion of the blood vessel;
FIG. 1A is an enlarged perspective view of the distal tip portion of the elongated drive catheter of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged side elevation view showing one embodiment of the catheter depicted in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a partially sectioned view as seen from the plane defined by the line 3--3 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged partially sectioned view of a proximal end of the FIG. 1 catheter;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged side elevation view showing an alternate embodiment of a catheter constructed in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 6 is a partially sectioned view of a distal end of elongated catheter of FIG. 5 as seen from the plane defined by the line 6--6 in FIG. 5; and
FIG. 7 is an enlarged partially sectioned view of a proximal end of the FIG. 5 catheter.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 depicts a blood vessel 10 having an obstructed region 12 where plaque deposits have built up along an extend region of an inner wall surface of the blood vessel 10. In the situation depicted in FIG. 1, the obstruction 12 has impeded the flow of blood through the vessel 10 to the point where a physician has determined via an angiographic study that invasive procedures utilizing a drive catheter 14 can be effectively utilized to remove at least a portion of the deposits 12 from within the inner wall of the blood vessel 10.
In the FIG. 1 depiction, a distal end portion of the catheter 14 has been routed to the vicinity of the obstructions 12 prior to motor energization of the catheter 14 to effect a rotation of a distal tip 16. Procedures for maneuvering elongated catheters for both balloon angioplasty as well as diagnostic angiography are well known in the prior art. In accordance with one procedure, a catheter guidewire is inserted into the patient and the passage of this guidewire monitored through the patient on an x-ray imaging screen. When the guidewire has been properly positioned within the patient, prior art catheter systems are slipped over the guidewire and inserted along the guidewire path into the blood vessel of interest. During the insertion of the catheter, it is also well known to inject contrast medium which shows up on the x-ray viewing screen to aid the physician in properly positioning the catheter.
FIG. 2 depicts a first embodiment of the catheter 14. In accordance with the construction of this embodiment, the distal tip 16 is connected to a proximally located drive coupling 20 by an elongated flexible catheter core 22 rotatably supported by a generally cylindrical flexible outer sheath 18.
The core 22 comprises a first tightly wound inner wire 24 and a second outer wire 26 helically wound about and attached by soldering or the like to the first wire 24. In combination, the wires 24, 26 define a through-passage 28 extending through the catheter 14 to a proximal end of the catheter. The second wire 26 terminates near the proximal end of the catheter and the inner wire 24 is connected by welding or the like to a hollow metal tube 30 (FIG. 4).
The outer sheath or catheter 18 comprises either a single or multiple layers of extruded plastic either with or without a braided core for stiffening. In a preferred embodiment of the catheter 14, the outer sheath 18 comprises a thin walled catheter having longitudinal stability and constructed of Teflon or the like.
As seen most clearly in FIGS. 2 and 4, at the proximal end of the catheter 14, the outer sheath 18 is connected by heat welding or the like to a plastic bifurcating adapter 40. The adapter 40 defines an inline branch 42 and a side branch 44. The inline branch 42 is defined in part by a separate plastic coupling 46 having a throughpassage 48 to accommodate the catheter 14. A stop 50 attached to the drive coupling 20 comprises a cylindrical sleeve physically attached to the coupling 20 by welding or the like and defines an outer diameter greater than the diameter of the opening 48. In the FIG. 4 embodiment the drive coupling 20 is the proximal end of the hollow tube 30. The stop 50 defines a limit of movement through the sheath 18 of the core 22. In particular, this defines a limit for outer movement of the distal tip 16 attached (by welding) to the inner core wire 24 (FIG. 3).
Once the catheter distal tip 16 has been positioned in close proximity to the obstructions 12, a motor having an output shaft 60 is connected to the drive coupling 20 by means of an adapter assembly 62 which includes a threaded connector 62a that engages the motor output shaft 60. Rotational speeds in the range of 5,000 rpm are achieved utilizing a small hand-held direct current motor that is battery powered and specifically adapted for high speed energization of a catheter 14. The high speed rotation of the coupling 20 applies a torque to the core 22 to rotate the distal tip 16 at high speed. The distal tip 16 is then typically brought into contact with the deposits 12 and abrades those deposits to cause them to break loose from the blood vessel.
Both the inner and outer wires 24, 26 rotate in a spiralling manner. Since both wires 24, 26 are wound in the same sense they both produce a pumping action. This pumping action tends to draw dislodged particles of plaque which are separated from an inner wall of the blood vessel 10 into the catheter 14. The core wire 26 acts as a screw pump, not only creating a vortex of fluid within the blood vessel, but also physically carrying deposits along the length of the catheter within the sheath 18 to the vicinity of the side branch 44 of the bifurcated adapter 40. In addition to carrying dislodged particles away from the tip 16, the sheath 18 prevents uncontrolled abrasion of the blood vessel inner wall since the tip 16 cannot extend more than one-half its diameter beyond the distal end of the sheath 18.
As seen more clearly in FIG. 1A, the distal tip 16 has flutes 16a and grooves 16b extending along an outer surface. The flutes 16a spiral in a direction in the same sense as the spiralling helical wire 26 so that deposits an plaque dislodged from the blood vessel wall as the tip 16 contacts the deposits are routed through the grooves 16b to the spiralling core wire 26 and along the region between the more tightly wound inner core wire 24 and the sheath 18.
Experience with the catheter 14 constructed in accordance with the invention indicates that it is desirable to move the distal tip 16 within the sheath 18 and in particular to retract the distal tip 16 from the fully extended position shown in FIG. 3. As noted above, the stop 50 at the proximal end of the catheter 14 prevents movement of the distal tip 16 beyond the position shown in FIG. 3. During the procedure, however, it may be desirable to retract the distal tip 16 a short distance within the catheter sheath 18. To provide this capability, the hollow tubing 28 defines a smooth outer surface which slides back and forth through a plastic seal 70 fixed to the adapter coupling 46. The seal 70 acts as a bearing for the core 22 and allows the tube 28 to slide back and forth a limited distance within the adapter while preventing material pumped along the catheter sheath by the rotating core 22 from exiting the opening 48. Instead, this material, both removed plaque as well as blood that is pumped through the catheter 14, is directed to the side branch 44.
It is also anticipated that the physician may wish to withdraw the core 22 from the sheath 18 without removing the sheath from the patient. With the motor de-energized the core 22 and attached tip can be withdrawn through the seal 70, cleaned and re-inserted into the sheath 18. Also, a different core 22 having a differently configured tip 16 can be used to replace the original.
Coupled to the side branch 44 is a flexible plastic tube 72 having a conventional luer fitting 74 for the attachment of suction applying devices to withdraw the combined plaque and fluids driven along the catheter 14 to the interior of the proximal bifurcating adapter 40. The side branch 44 can also be used to inject a flushing fluid or heparin to control blood clotting. In addition blood pressure monitoring can be performed through this side branch 44.
As seen in FIGS. 2-4, a throughpassage concentric with the core 20 extends completely through the catheter 14. The throughpassage is first defined by a center passageway 76 in the distal tip 16 extends into the center passageway 28 defined by the spiralling inner wire 24 of the core 22 and then through the hollow tube 30. This center passageway accommodates either a guidewire for positioning the catheter 14 or can be utilized for delivering contrast medium out the distal tip 16. When used with a guidewire, the guidewire is positioned within the patient and then a proximal end of the guidewire is slipped over the tip 16 into the catheter 14 and used to guide the catheter to the vicinity of the obstructions 12.
Turning now to FIGS. 5-7, an alternate catheter 114 having a center core 122 and distal tip 116 is depicted. The catheter 114 also includes a motor coupling 120 and mechanical stop 150 for defining the limits of movement for the core 122 within an outer sheath 118. As seen most clearly in FIG. 6, in accordance with this embodiment of the invention, the core 122 includes a solid center flexible wire 124 having a helically spiralling stainless steel wire 126 wrapped about its outer surface. The embodiment of the catheter 114 shown in FIGS. 5-7 therefore does not define a center throughpassageway. Instead, the center wire 124 extends completely through the catheter 114 from the motor coupling 120 to the distal tip 116.
As seen most clearly in FIG. 7, in the vicinity of a bifurcating adapter 140 the outer helically wound wire 126 ends and the center core wire 124 passes through a seal 170 fixed within an inline coupling 146 of the adapter 140. This allows a limited amount of movement back and forth within the catheter sheath 118 of the rotating distal tip 116 and as in the first embodiment of the invention allows the core 122 and tip 116 to be withdrawn from the sheath 118 and then reinserted or replaced.
As in the earlier embodiment of the catheter disclosed in FIGS. 2-4, this alternate embodiment of the catheter 114 is routed to the vicinity of obstructions within a blood vessel. When the distal end of the catheter 114 has been properly positioned within the patient, the motor coupling 120 is energized by a motor having an output shaft 160 fixed to the coupling 120 by an adapter 162. When rotating with the core 122 of speeds up to 5000 rpm the outer helical wire 126 acts as a screw pump to create a vortex at the distal tip of the catheter 114. Dislodged particles of plaque are attracted into the sheath 118 and delivered by the screw pump 126 to the bifurcating adapter 140. As in the earlier embodiment, the side arm 144 opens into a plastic tube 172 having a luer fitting 174 for withdrawing material delivered along the length of the catheter 144 from the obstructed region of the blood vessel.
In both embodiments of the invention, the outer coiled wire is physically bonded at the ends of the core. This is preferably accomplished by welding the outer coiled wire to the core.
The first embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 2-4 has dimensions somewhat larger than the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 5-7. In one embodiment, the outside diameter of the helically wound coil 26 is 0.063 inches. The base coil 24 in this embodiment has an outside diameter of 0.038 inches. In the version depicted in FIGS. 5-7, an illustrative embodiment has a solid stainless steel wire for the center member 124 having an outside diameter of 0.014 inches. The outer coiled pump wire 126 is also a stainless steel wire and has an outer diameter of 0.039 inches. In the second embodiment stainless steel wire is used for both helically wrapped outer wire as well as in the inner closely wrapped wire. A preferred outer sheath 18 in the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2-4 has an outside diameter of 0.087 inches and an inner diameter of 0.073 inches. This leaves a clearance of approximately 3 or 4 thousandths of an inch between the outer coil 26 and an inner wall of the sheath 18. The catheter length depends on how far the catheter must be routed through the cardiovascular system so that lengths up to 200 cm are used.
The present invention has been described with a degree of particularity. The dimensions presented are illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. It is the intent, therefore, that the invention include all modifications or alterations falling within the spirit or scope of the appended claims.
We claim:
1. A catheter for removing deposits from the inner walls of an obstructed region of a blood vessel comprising an elongated flexible catheter core of a sufficient length and flexibility to extend from outside a subject through a subject's cardiovascular system to the obstructed region within the blood vessel, said catheter core comprising a center portion having a helical pumping surface that spirals around the center portion along a substantial length of said catheter core for moving deposits separated from the blood vessel inner wall from a distal to a proximal end of said core; said core having an enlarged distal tip for abrading deposits from an inner wall of the blood vessel; an elongated catheter sheath for covering the helical pumping surface of said core; and proximal drive means coupled to the catheter core for rotating the core within the sheath to move deposits removed from the vessel wall out of said blood vessel through a region between said pumping surface of said core and an inner wall of the sheath.
2. The catheter of claim 1 further comprising a proximally located bifurcating adapter coupled to the sheath having first and second openings wherein a first opening communicates with a region beneath the sheath outside the catheter core to receive plaque withdrawn from the vessel and the second opening provides a passageway for routing the core outside the sheath to the drive means.
3. The catheter of claim 2 additionally comprising a seal to inhibit deposits from passing through the second opening along an outer surface of said core and act as a bearing for high speed rotation of said core within the sheath.
4. The catheter of claim 1 wherein the elongated catheter core and proximal drive means define a center passageway through said catheter.
5. The catheter of claim 1 wherein the enlarged a distal tip has flutes that spiral along an outside surface of said tip in the same sense as the spiralling outer pumping surface of the core.
6. The catheter of claim 4 wherein the core comprises an inner wire and outer wire wound around a concentric axis, said inner wire being wound with a relatively tight pitch and the outer wire being wound around the inner wire with a relatively wide pitch.
7. The catheter of claim 6 wherein adjacent coils of the inner wire touch to form a coiled wire cylinder defining at least a portion of said center passageway.
8. The catheter of claim 1 wherein the catheter core comprises a first center wire having a second wire helically wrapped around the center wire..
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euf
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Euf
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https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euf&action=history
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Italian
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Spoken
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EUF – codice aeroportuale IATA dell'aeroporto civile di Eufaula, Alabama (Stati Uniti)
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■ffIERSPLANTD Kill SELVES ■ Start National Organization To I Be Launched to Eliminate Swindlers. ■ ollK. Feb. 15.—The reform of ■ ...'. ~x practices, the protec- p-ukers and public from svvin fn. the establishment of a na- ■ >l.lll of financial investigation ■ington are three principles ■U v . an international Assoclu- ■ ,‘. ,a H'vkers will be launched at a ■ . held here at the Waldorf- .j. . a February 20. ■ ( .' v . <>f size tn the United States ■ . presented at the dinner. At . .„ the movement in New York H. , N-.rbert R. Prendergra s'. head ■ '.. - exchange firm of Brendm- ®| 5 H-le * Co- Mr. Prendergrast is ■ ' friend of the governor of New BN y sr|l \vtt!-,.m Sulzer, who set afoot a 9B / „ gainst ‘he New York stock ox- ■ - .. t „ after his inauguration ■■ Jti.ru ~ry of this year. ■ft ,• their coming organization, .. hie': first will he nominally na - , -rock swindling from the ■ r ... r. o protecting the private SB ... ,b-.; ;,.1- men. The scheme is to - - p t ,>te<-tive body which shall be- ■ In tin investigation of al- HB - ' ■ .!,ers, with a national bureau ■ . \\ .->: .yi. r: Through the Wfish- ■■ i- e tor. b> in ,ls ’be association it Is ■B -. iptlm nee national legislation BB ■ rar’ie ition of bad laws and ■ - , s a.-uitmlon of mot " rigid statutes ■ r-r.-f-’. business relations he- ■ ■ ..<r brokers and public. HUNDREDS PROMISE SUPPORT TO CUBAN MISSION MOVEMENT To the call just sent out, and laymen of the Methodist district for a mass meeting, be held tomorrow after 8 o'clock in the Wesley Men's Church in behalf of Cuban missions, assured. Hundreds of people are already signified their intention of being present. A special meeting is being held by T. S. of Norfolk, Va., one of the most influential mission workers in the church. He is a broker, does that amounts to $100,000. He manages to devote a part of his time to religious charitable work. Dr. Austin will preside at the meeting, and ministers and laymen throughout the city will take in speaking upon the mass meeting. Among those issuing the call for the mass meeting was H. Rawlings, of Nashville. The secretary of the Southern Church, Bishop Warren, and Bishop Warren, of the Southern Church, and Bishop Warren, of the Methodist Church, will be present. PIONEER PACKER'S BOOK MEMORIAL COST $20,000 This book, which is now available for sale at $15.00, is a must-have for those interested in the history and culture of the city. It is a must-have for anyone interested in the history and culture of the city. In the Dresden, Germany, only last. John Plankinton, a packer and philanthropist, years ago, will receive a memorial in the form of a memorial in the form of a book she has just completed. The finest vellum and is of gold. Its clasps are of gold, set with pearls and a book is 20 by 18 inches and its friends of Plankinton. The contributions are signed. SHEPARDS FLEE FROM LONDON JOURNALISTS N| •, 'M"'N. l-'eb. 15.-Mr. and Mrs. Fin lie|.ard, described in the London ' •* multi-millionaire honeymoon ■| "U their arrival at the Ritz hotel 'mini], vainly lu>p<d to escape H| '.ons of reporters. Telephone M ; c J>m,!. ;,tion With their suite was cut i'.. ‘w. r, ‘seeing no journalists.” t.mg whi tt they emerged from Hu 1 found batteries of snap- s tn.m tit,- London papers awaiting NEW BILL MAKES “GUN | TOTING” PRISON OFFENSE H ILL... Feb. 15.—The mH to abolish the death penalty Nj. ', r in its stead a prison term ■ f'.'it ti eit years to life and a fine .. has been introduced in the Senator Woodward offered the I making the carrying of con- 11 •■■ at'oiis a felony and attaching a ■ l umsbment of two years in the H Vitiary and a fine, jf s|so | ’MEMOS” BETRAY MAN g HELD AS BANK ROBBER •'' 11-I.li. ILL., Feb. 15. Charles siheH ils a SUM l>ect. when i was found to have letters and "nti.ila of the Wellington postmaster | (. n o; l "' rsOn'"bich resulted in his being M '■ a mail seen the night before ■' es Bank was robbed. Detective H of Chicago is forwarding and measurements for further information. DENVER VOTES 2 TO 1 for COMMISSION RULE In COLORADO, Feb. 15. — Returns In the city today, the election showed as decided on a commission H. M. for government by charter amendment The people creating lower rates was carried out to one. More Arrests Are Looked for in Bail Inquiry DEEP PROBE IS PLANNED Solicitor Hugh Dorsey, who investigated the bail bond scandal, Lowry Arnold to Aid in Investigation - Judge Bell Will Fix Bonds. The prosecution of the “illegal arrest” and “straw bond” cases, arising from the grand jury’s investigation of the county’s bail bond system, will be placed jointly in the hands of Solicitor Hugh S. Dorsey and Lowry Arnold, solicitor of the criminal court of Atlanta. Mr. Dorsey has intimated that he will dig deep for evidence, and some startling disclosures are expected. The investigation, which began a week ago with the arrest of Attorney H. J. Boswell and Charlie Isom, was undertaken by both solicitors, and included a complete probe of the facts before the matter was submitted to The grand jury. One Justice of the Peace, seven court officers and one lawyer are under heavy bond today as a direct result of the first series of indictments to be returned by the Jury. The bonds for the nine persons against whom true bills were returned were assessed and approved last night by Superior Judge Bell. The jurist had announced that the court would reserve the right to fix the bonds. W. J. Jordan, justice of the peace, in whose court Boswell and Isom were to have been arraigned yesterday for commitment, was put under $500 bond for misdemeanor. Three bailiffs of Jordan’s court—J. A. Harris, John Stephens and Thomas W. Hullin—were assessed $500 each. Attorney H. J. Boswell, indicted on seven counts, was put under $3,000 bond. Dave Yancy, of the sheriff force, was released on $500; Harry Latham, of criminal court of Atlanta, $500, and Jack Reid, the negro, $300. Isom was unable to come to court. DIVE INTO ICY WATER SAVES WOMAN IN FIRE JONESBORO, ARK., Feb. 15.—A plunge into a barrel of icy water saved the life of Mrs. L. R. Wall when her clothing caught fire. 10-POUND BALD EAGLE IS KILLED BY FARMER RAMSEY, ILL., Feb. 15.—James Harris, a farmer residing near Ramsey, shot and killed a fine specimen of the bald eagle. The bird measured six feet from tip to tip of its wings and weighed ten pounds. BACHEL ORDER OF LYONS. VIDALIA, GA., Feb. 15.—The bachelors of Lyons have organized a club and are petitioning the superior court of Toombe county for a charter. The new club will be known as the Bachelordum club and will start with capital enough to erect a bachelor club house. According to the petition, the corporation wants to maintain a club house and promote and encourage the social and business interests of Lyons. The county institute ordered Vidalia, GA., Feb. 15.—A tri-county teachers institute will be held here from March 10 to 14, under the direction of M. L. Duggan, state school supervisor, and Grover Brantley, county superintendent. The teachers from Toombs, Montgomery, and Emanuel counties will attend. At the Atlanta Georgian and News, Saturday, February 15, 1913. Judge Bell, who declares disclosures in the bail bond probe, shows conditions the worst he has ever seen. Bailie's Complete Report on Federal Conspiracy Probe Completion is in sight of the report of L. J. Baley, special investigator of the Federal department of justice, concerning the charges of conspiracy made by Colquitt Carter, of Atlanta, and implicating O. Cr Fuller, clerk of the Federal district court. Mr. Baley and his office force have been busy on the investigation for two weeks, day and night, taking depositions of United States court attaches in every branch in Georgia. Steadfast silence is maintained concerning the revelations, and the men who have been examined are as discreetly quiet as is the Federal investigator. The report probably will be available next week. $30,000 courthouse for Wheeler County ALAMO, GA., Feb. 15.—The county commissioners of the new county of Wheeler, with Alamo as the county seat. have commissioned an architect to make plans for a $30,000 court house. A jail will also be built at the same time and the architect will probably make plans for this building, but at this time the commission only calls for the court house. H. P. Crutchfield, formerly of Vidalia, but now of Savannah, is the architect. NEW “JIM CROW” RULE FOR COLUMBUS CARS COLUMBUS, GA., Feb. 15.—In order that passengers on streetcars may be handled more easily, the Columbus Railroad Company has issued an order, which is effective today, requiring all white people to enter the cars at the rear doors and pass out at the front doors when they reach their destination, while colored passengers are expected to enter and depart from the rear doors, except at the transfer station, when they desire transfers. WARM DAYS FORCE EGG PRICES DOWN CHICAGO, Feb. 15.—Mild weather that has prevailed for the past few days has brought an enormous quantity of eggs to the local market and commission houses are so heavily stocked that the price has tumbled. Strictly fresh eggs were quoted at 19 cents wholesale and were retailed at 21 cents by many dealers. Storage eggs are quoted at from 10 to 12 cents. IMMIGRANT HILL VETOED BIT TIFT Illiteracy Test Based on a Failure, Says President in Brief Message. WASHINGTON, Feb. 15.—President Taft has vetoed the Dillingham-Burnt immigration bill, which would revolutionize the immigration policy of the United States by imposing a literacy test upon all foreigners seeking a home in America. In a short message to the senate, in his own hand, citing the president, announced his disapproval of the measure solely because of the provision which would lock the doors of the United States against the alien who could not read some language or dialect. The veto message was accompanied by a letter to the president from Secretary Nagel denouncing the literacy test as a radical provision, "based upon a fallacy in undertaking to apply a test which is not calculated to reach the truth and to find relief from a danger which really does not exist." The president adopted the secretary’s position. Senate and house floor leaders lost no time in arranging for an effort to override the veto. As soon as the message was read, Senators Dillingham and Simmons and Representative Burnett, leading the congressional supporters of the measure, made arrangements to take it up in the senate on Monday and in the house on Tuesday. With Senator Lodge, they were confident that the bill would be passed easily in both houses by the necessary two-thirds vote. Peachtree He Might Have Been Right, At That! Harold, the nine-year-old prodigy in the home of one of Atlanta's best known families, was asked by fond papa who the president of the United States is. The answer was given correctly. To further test his son’s knowledge of the country’s current history, the father successively asked the name of the vice president, senator from Georgia, governor of the state and lastly the speaker of the house. At the final question the boy thought long. Finally he said: “Why, I never thought; it’s mamma, of course." She Got the Wrong Number. A certain prominent woman member of a certain church congregation decided the other evening to entertain several other members of the same congregation. She planned to have a small, hot supper, with the intention of bringing up for consideration, when everybody should have satisfied the inner “man,” matter in connection with projected church work. At the last minute she discovered that the larder would not be equal to the occasion, so she went to the telephone to call up the butcher with the intention of securing some brains. Of course she remembered the butcher's telephone number. She called. A masculine voice answered. It surely was the butcher, or his assistant. “This is Mrs. Blank,” said the hostess. “Have you any brains?” Short pause at the other end of the wire. “Yes,” came the halting reply. “I think so.” “Well, are you sure? I must know immediately,” said Mrs. Blank. “All I can say is that I’ve been told I had brains, but that was by my mother; perhaps you may not agree with her.” That was the answer which came fleeting over the wire. Mrs. Blank was startled. The butcher must be crazy to be talking such nonsense. Maybe he had been drinking! Well, if he expected to insult her she’d tell her husband and Mr. Blank, good man that he is, certainly would make things warm for a certain butcher! But first of all she’d investigate further. "Is that Mr. Jonesmith, the butcher?" She asked, severely. "No, ma'am; this is Mr. Blackstone, the lawyer: you evidently have the wrong number." Mrs. Blank slammed the receiver back on the hook. She was red in the face from mortification, but when her guests assembled she told them the story. Hereafter, she says, she’ll be sure of her number before she gives any orders or asks leading questions. Calhoun’s Corner in Oil a Boomerang. John D. Rockefeller is a proven piker. Patten, the wheat corner man, is a four-flusher. They must come to Atlanta to learn the art of turning over low-priced commodities for huge scads of real kale. Andrew, better known as Pete, Calhoun, junior partner in the firm of Turman, Black & Calhoun, is their willing teacher. He is the latest oil corner king. And he lives right here in Atlanta. At least, he stays here now. Living during the past week with Friend Andrew has been extremely irksome. It came about thusly: More than a year ago, Calhoun, then in the automobile supply business, contracted with the Gulf Refining Company for a year’s supply of gasoline, some 30,000 gallons—the real chug-chug stuff—pure, refined, and in a class by itself, as the vodeville bills say. During 1912 he sold all but 3,000 gallons of the stuff, this contract purchase price was 9 cents. In spots, he got as high as 15 cents for his joy ride juice. When 1912 si«<t down time's track and little old t'.iifi came up the stretch. Friend Andrew believed bls agreement still held with the Gulf emeem. He kept right on jieddiitig gasoline, despite the fact that his contract had expired December 12, 1912. < m January 5, he disposed of the last of his supply Then came the sad awakening During January he had managed to I He Just Can ’t Sell an ‘Extra * Until He f s Read It NEWSY STUDIES 2P_ ape S" V L "'U* NOT A y v) wFX, THE - WRLP Bo y havent read e \ MYSELF \ 0 ~ -T- 'v • J He Hides When They Come Off the Press While he Scans the Columns. When a newsboy buys a bunch of noon extras hot off the press and dashes up Peachtree toward a crowded corner, by every known rule of the game he ought to exhaust every means this side of murder in order to sell those “papes.” Every newsboy in Chris tendom whose head will bounce a tack hammer will do it—that is, every news boy save one here in Atlanta. He is a vet at the game, and he has ono object in life beyond selling his papers. That object is to read ’em. You couldn’t persuade him to sell you even a glance at the headlines until he has located himself comfortably against the telephone pole tit his favorite cor ner, read eveiy page in the “extra” from front to back, and thoroughly di gested every important item contained tn the issue. Yesterday he was crossing the vista in the biggest sort of hurry, his bundle of moist papers tightly clenched under his arm. In front of the Peters building, a man halted him, held out a nickel and said: "Gimme one and keep the change," "Can't do it yet, pal," replied the newsboy, who apparently is several years older than the average youth who makes his living from the street sales. "I'd like to fix you, but I haven't read 'em myself yet!" And on he hurried up Peachtree. Arrived at his "stand," he laid down his bundle, put a foot on 'em to keep the wind from scattering the sheets, and proceeded to get next to what had happened during the morning hours. He was considerate enough to get on the off side of the telephone pole, where he was partly concealed from the passing throngs, so that he wouldn't tempt possible purchasers too strongly. For fully ten minutes he was engaged in his study of the news, after which he calmly offered the paper to the first pedestrian, sold it, and picked another from the top of his pile. "Extra! Extra!" he cried. "Here you are! Noon extras!" He didn't resort to the old trick of suggesting battles, murders and sudden deaths; he didn't mention a word of what he had read. He merely offered the papers for sale, and he soon sold out the lot. He had read the news purely in order to satisfy his natural thirst for knowledge. What paper does he sell? Oh, well — oh, well — hum — modesty forbids that the name be mentioned in these columns. ASK U. S. TO DISSOLVE ALLEGED STONE TRUST CLEVELAND, OHIO, Feb. 15.—Declaring that the Cleveland Stone Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, is a monopoly restraining trade in blinding, flagging and curbing stones and in frauds, United States Attorney Ulysses G. Denman has asked the United States court for the Northern district of Ohio, at Cleveland, to dissolve the concern under the Sherman anti-trust law. Induce his friends to take over 3,000 gallons of his low-priced juggernaut ammunition. This last quantity he sold at 10 cents a gallon—just enough, he yawned, to make a neat credit balance and end his legal connection with the refining company. One day last week—it was very chilly that day—while going through his mail, he was amazed and grieved to find there a bill from the Gulf company asking him to remit for 3,000 gallons of gasoline at 18 cents a gallon. He had sold the stuff at the aforesaid 9 cents. ‘Madly searching through his papers he found that his contract with the Gulf company for speed fluid had expired in December, 1912, not January, 1913. Now Andrew must dig for the difference. Out Agin, In Agin! Tough on This Finnegan. He had imbedded entirely in excess of his normal capacity. He was to all intents and purposes trying to reach home. He stood dangling from a tree box in Juniper street. The iron palings surrounding the tree loaned him staunch support. It was dark. Slowly he felt his way about the four sides of the box, grasping each bar in turn like a man in a cell. Then in a deep, anguished voice he wailed: "Sawful Shilly, awful, pinched, fall, for the joke!" Veteran Lawmaker Will Be Honored at Washington Banquet Tonight. WASHINGTON, Feb. 15.—“Uncle Joe” Cannon, veteran legislator and former speaker of the house of representatives, will be the guest of honor here tonight at a farewell banquet given by public men with whom he has long been associated. The Cannon dinner will be a non-partisan affair. At least 500 guests, comprising members of the senate and house, cabinet officials, members of the diplomatic corps and Washington newspaper correspondents, will be gathered to do honor to “Uncle Joe.” Democrats and Republicans will break bread together and political differences will be forgotten in paying tribute to one of the most picturesque figures in contemporary political life. The dinner is in charge of a non-partisan committee of 20 members of the house. At its head is Representative Humphreys, of Mississippi, a Democrat. Representative Moore, of Pennsylvania, a Republican, is vice chairman of the committee. Banquet Committee Non-Partisan. The movement for a farewell dinner to the former speaker was inaugurated several weeks ago, when a number of Democrats and Republicans gathered in the office of Mr. Humphreys and started a subscription list. The response was immediate and as the hour for the dinner approached it became apparent that the attendance would tax the capacity of the big dining room in which the banquet will be held. Joseph G. Cannon will be 78 years old in May. He says he will never seek public office again; that he is “going back to Danville to help the young men whose fathers helped him in former years.” On March 4 next, he will have served 19 terms as a member of the house. He was out for two years—the fifty-second congress—but otherwise his tenure of office has been continuous. According to the number of years of actual service, “Uncle Joe” stands head high over any other member of congress. His nearest rival is Senator Shelby M. Cullom, who also retires on March 4. Senator Cullom entered the senate in 1883, and has therefore been a member for 30 years. Other Veteran Solons Invited. If his health permits, Senator Cullom will be a guest at the Cannon dinner. Representative Sereno E. Payne, who has been a member of the house for 28 years; Representative Dalzell, of Pennsylvania, who has served 26 years, and Representative Jones, of Virginia (the oldest Democrat, in point of service, on the Democratic side of the house) also will be guests. Vice Chairman Moore, who has general charge of the banquet hall arrangements, said today that the Cannon dinner would be without parallel in the social and political history of Washington. SEE FIGHT AHEAD ON NAVAL APPROPRIATION WASHINGTON, Feb. 15. - Although the house Democrats who were supporting a two-baltship appropriation won the first round of their fight by a favorable report from the naval affairs committee, they admit that it will require the hardest kind of work to have the house accept two-ship proposition. The naval appropriation bill, which carries $150,000,000, is declared to be the biggest in the history of the country. JEALOUS MAN CHOKES WIFE AND THEN DIES CHICAGO, Feb. 15.—“He was so jealous of me that he refused to let me visit my mother. He threatened several times to kill me." This was part of a deposition made by Mrs. Hilda Carstens read at the inquest over the body of her husband, Albert Carstens, at the Lake View hospital. Carstens choked his wife, shot her, and then fired a bullet into his head. The jury returned a verdict through Carstens committed suicide while temporarily insane. SIDELIGHTS ON STATE PRINTING Facts and Gossip About Men and Measures Now in the Public Eye. By JAMES B. NEVIN. Having failed several times in recent years in their efforts to have the Georgia legislature pave the way for the opening of Broad street through the state of Georgia’s Western and Atlantic railroad property at Chattanooga, business men and politicians of the Tennessee city have turned to their own state's legislature, now in session at Nashville, to bring this about. A till is now pending before the Tennessee general assembly, introduced by State Senator Ed Bass, authorizing the city of Chattanooga to condemn for street purposes. This is aimed directly at the street problem. It is aimed directly at the city of Chattanooga, as a commission of Chattanooga railroad property directly at the Broad is in the form of an amendment to Chattanooga’s commission government charter. And this bill has stirred up a hornet’s nest of opposition among the colony of railroad lobbyists who are spending the winter at Nashville looking out for just such moves. The opposition centers primarily around the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis railway, lessee from the state of Georgia of the Western and Atlantic, and is backed by the Louisville and Nashville railroad, which controls the N.C. and St. L. The N.C. and St. L. has its headquarters at Nashville, and it’s always a safe bet that no legislature can put over a railroad bill up there without the L. and N.C., and St. L. folks butting in to find out what it all means before it’s too late to kill it. If it is objectionable from the railroad viewpoint. The railroad folks showed how they felt about this Broad street bill when it came up for hearing before the senate committee on municipal affairs. It was the only one of a big batch of municipal measures to which objection was raised, and the upshot was that next Tuesday night was set apart in Chattanooga to give it an airing all by itself. The Chattanooga Chamber of Commerce promises to send a delegation to Nashville next Tuesday and argue for the passage of this bill, on the ground that the railroad yards, by blocking Broad Street, handicap the development of business property in the heart of the city’s retail district. Georgia will watch with interest, and some anxiety, perhaps, the progress of this matter in the Tennessee legislature. El. Colonel Senor Don Jesse G. Perry (if that’s right) is getting sore on foreign communications fired into the executive department and forwarded to him by the governor for translation and reply. The other day the governor sent Perry in a French billet-deux that got his goat, and today his excellency forwarded a communication in Spanish, from some bigwig down in Argentina. "How do I know what this Don Caesar de Bazan person wants?" said Perry, when he had made a guess at what the thing meant. "He may be one of those South American revolutionists for all I know, trying to start something and get this office mixed up in it!" "I wish correspondents would continue themselves to United States when addressing the governor of Georgia—this foreign language is human language. United States is a bear—but French and Spanish! Those mollycoddles English languages were designed to conceal thought, not to express it!" The letter was referred to School Commissioner Brittain, who has all sorts of languages on the tip of his tongue, and it proved to be nothing more harmful or alarming than this: Governor: Please send me a Copy of the constitution of Georgia, a copy of your civil service regulations, and a copy of your primary election laws. The people of Argentina are deeply interested in the progress of the great state of Georgia. Respectfully, PEDRO DIAZ COLODERO. Buenos Aires. Perry was much relieved when he found out that was all the Spanish thing meant—and he hastened to answer courteously, and forward the necessary documents. He even had Mr. Brittain frame up his reply in Spanish! G. R. Hutchens, former chairman of the prison commission, and manager of the Underwood primary campaign in Georgia, is being talked of here and there for the district attorneyship of north Georgia under President Wilson. Although Hutchens managed Underwood’s campaign in Georgia, he stump the country for Wilson before the regular election, and won the cordial thanks of the national committee for doing so. If he should get into the attorney ship fight, he would be a formidable candidate—and bring sharply to an issue whether Mr. Underwood can be proscribed under the new order of things. At present Hooper Alexander and Thomas J. Shackleford are the only two avowed candidates for this office, but those who know say Hutchens will be in it, sure. The contest will be interesting.
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stef%C3%A1n%20Rafn%20Sigurmannsson
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Stefán Rafn Sigurmannsson
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Stefán Rafn Sigurmannsson, né le à Hafnarfjörður, est un joueur de handball islandais évoluant au poste d'aillier gauche au club de Haukar Hafnarfjörður et en l'équipe nationale d'Islande.
Palmarès
Clubs
compétitions internationales
vainqueur de la coupe EHF en 2013
compétitions nationales
champion d'Islande en 2009 et 2010
champion d'Allemagne en 2016
champion du Danemark en 2017
champion de Hongrie en 2018
Sélection
équipe sénior
au championnat d'Europe 2014
au championnat du monde 2015
au championnat d'Europe 2016
équipe jeune
finaliste du championnat du monde jeunes 2009
Références
Liens externes
Handballeur islandais
Naissance en mai 1990
Naissance à Hafnarfjörður
Joueur des Rhein-Neckar Löwen
Joueur du SC Pick Szeged
Joueur de l'Aalborg Håndbold
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https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%20%D8%B3.%20%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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ايوانيس س. كوليوبولوس
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https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ايوانيس س. كوليوبولوس&action=history
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Egyptian Arabic
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Spoken
| 28 | 85 |
ايوانيس س. كوليوبولوس استاذ جامعه و مؤرخ و كاتب من اليونان.
حياته
ايوانيس س. كوليوبولوس من مواليد يوم 10 مارس سنة 1942.
لينكات
مصادر
مؤرخين
مؤرخين من اليونان
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https://github.com/wemali05/laravel-blog/blob/master/app/Project.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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laravel-blog
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wemali05
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PHP
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Code
| 33 | 124 |
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Project extends Model
{
protected $guarded=[];
public function owner(){
return $this->belongsTo(User::class);
}
public function tasks()
{
return $this-> hasMany(Task::class);
}
public function addTask($description)
{
$this->tasks()->create(compact('description'));
}
}
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bpt6k5774602r_63
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
Recueil général des lois et des arrêts : en matière civile, criminelle, commerciale et de droit public...
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 6,807 | 10,300 |
859 Jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation; 860 borna à soutenir que la demande de la fabrique n'était pas justifiée. 7 juill. 1856, jugement du tribunal de Saint-Denis qui admet la fin de non-recevoir proposée par deux des défendeurs, et qui, en même temps statuant au fond, déclare la fabrique de SaintDenis mal fondée dans sa demande. Appel par la fabrique, laquelle, au préalable, s'était pourvue d'une autorisation régulière.—2 janv. 1858, arrêt de la Cour imp. de l'île de la Réunion, par lequel cette Cour annule le jugement de première instance pour avoir statué au fond nonobstant le défaut d'autorisation de la fabrique, et, évoquant, accueille la demande de la fabrique :—« Attendu, porte l'arrêt, qu'il résulte des documents produits que par décision du gouverneur en conseil, en date du 19 fév. 1857, la fabrique de Saint-Denis a été autorisée à suivre sur l'appel interjeté à sa requête ; d'où il suit que si la fabrique ne se trouvait pas régulièrement autorisée pour plaider en première instance, elle l'a élé du moins aussi complètement que possible pour se pourvoir en appel, étant d'ailleurs rationnel d'admettre qu'en l'autorisant à suivre devant la Cour l'administration supérieure a approuvé et ratifié tout ce que ladite fabrique avait fait précédemment... »—Au fond : « Attendu que toutes les parties y ont conclu et que la cause est en élat », la Cour déclare que la rente litigieuse a été constituée par les auteurs du sieur Legras, « et qu'il y a lieu, dès lors, de reconnaître le bien fondé dé la demande qui leur a été intentée par la fabrique, en ayant tel égard que de droit à la promesse d'hypothèque consignée en l'acte du 4 mai 1781; » en conséquence, condamne les sieurs Legras « à rembourser à la fabrique de Saint-Denis, avec tous les intérêts de droit et les arrérages échus jusqu'au jour du remboursement, la somme de 4,600 livres tournois, faisant en francs celle de 4,542 fr. 50 c, capital de la rente constituée au nom de Lefagueys en faveur de ladite fabrique le 4 mai 1781, et reconnue aujourd'hui êlre due par les héritiers Legras, si mieux n'aiment lesdits Legras en garantir le paiement par une bonne et valable hypothèque au profit de la fabrique. » POURVOI en cassation par les sieurs Legras.—1° Pour violation de l'art. 1032, Cod. proc., et du décret du 30 déc. 1809, en ce que l'arrêt attaqué a considéré comme suffisante pour régulariser l'action intentée par la fabrique l'autorisation qui ne lui avait été donnée qu'en appel, et par conséquent tardivement. 2» Pour violation de l'art. 473, Cod. proc, en ce que le même arrêt a évoqué le fond, bien que le jugement de première instance eût été annulé pour avoir statué au fond nonobstant le défaut d'autorisation de la fabrique, et qu'ainsi le premier degré de juridiction n'eût pas été épuisé. 3°... 4° Pour violation de l'art. 1912, Cod. Nap., en ce que la Cour impériale a condamné les sieurs Legras au remboursement de la rente, sans constater que les sûretés promises eussent-été diminuées. 5° Pour violation de l'art. 107 de la coutume de Paris, des art. 2127, 2130 et 2131, Cod. Nap., en ce que l'arrêt attaqué, en condamnant les sieurs Legras à fournir hypothèque à la fabrique, aurait reconnu la validité d'une hypothèque constituée par acte sous seing privé. , 6° Pour violation des usages constants dans la colonie touchant la valeur des monnaies, en ce que l'arrêt a réduit une rente constituée au capital de 4600 livres, à la somme de 4542 fr. 50 c, bien que la livre coloniale ne représentât en francs que la moitié de sa valeur nominale, et que 4,600 livres eussent dû êlre réduites à 2300 fr. ARRÊT. LA COUR; — Sur le 1er moyen, pris de ce que la fabrique de Saint-Denis avait procédé en justice sans y avoir été réguljèçer ment autorisée :—Attendu que la fabrique de Saint-Denis, qui n'avait pas été régulièrement autorisée au début de l'instance, a été pourvue d'une autorisation valable pour procéder en appel ; que cette.autorisation donnée au second degré de juridiction a satisfait aux exigences de la loi et couvert les vices d'une procédure irrégulière à son début; Sur le 2e. moyen, en ce que l'arrêt n'aurait pas dû statuer par voie d'évocation ; — Attendu que l'art. 473, Cod. proc,. confère aux Cours impériales le droit d'évocation toutes les fois qu'elles infirment le jiigemeni,allaqué, soit pour vice de forme, soit pour toute autre cause; que telle était la situation de l'affaire au deuxième degré de juridiction ; qu'en effet, le jugement attaqué n'ayant statué à l'égard de deux des intimés que par fin de nonrecevoir, la Cour ne pouvait prononcer sur le fond à leur égard qu'en procédant par voie d'évocation ; Sur le 3e moyen... (sans intérêt); Sur le 4e moyen, pris de la violation de l'art. 1912, Cod. Nap. : — Attendu qu'il a été affirmé et non contesté que les frères Legras ont vendu plusieurs des immeubles qui leur avaient appartenu et qui formaient le gage de la rente dont leur auteur avait élé constitué débiteur; que l'arrêt a donc pu, sans violer l'article précité, reconnaître que le débiteur ne fournissait plus au prêteur les sûretés promises;— Attendu que l'arrêt attaqué ne condamne pas les débi-rentiers au remboursement du capital de la rente constituée définitivement et d'une manière absolue; qu'il leur laisse la faculté d'échapper à ce remboursement en constituant au profit de la fabrique l'hypothèque qui lui avait élé assurée par l'acte constitutif de la rente passé le 4 mai 1781; et que sur ce point ledit arrêt satisfait aux prescriptions de l'art. 7 de la loi du 20 avr. Du 5 nov. 1860. — Ch. req. — Près., M. Nicias Gaillard. — Rapp., M. d'Oms.— Concl. conf.', M. de Peyramont, av. gén. — PL, M. Ilallays-Dabot. 861 Jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation. 862 CANAL.—MOULIN.—PROPRIÉTÉ.—PREUVE. Le propriétaire d'un moulin est, jusqu'à preuve contraire, présumé propriétaire du canal qui y amène l'eau. (Cod. Nap., 546.) (1) (Dumonteil—C. Biabaud.) Un canal artificiel creusé de main d'homme conduit au moulin de la Perusse l'eau qui lui donne le mouvement. — Le sieur Biabaud, propriétaire d'un pré qui borde ce canal, en a abattu la chaussée* en quelques endroits et y a pratiqué cinq saignées d'irrigation. — Le sieur Dumonteil, propriétaire du moulin de la Perusse, l'a alors assigné en rétablissement des lieux, avec dommages-intérêts.—Sur cetle action, le défendeur a soutenu et offert de prouver qu'il avait prescrit par la possession trentenaire, et les cinq saignées objet du lilige, et les francs-bords du canal, ajoutant qu'il n'avait d'ailleurs jamais détourné que les eaux dépassant les besoins du moulin. 26 août 1858, jugement du tribunal de Bellac qui, se fondant sur ce que le propriétaire d'un moulin est présumé propriétaire du canal artificiel qui conduit les eaux à son moulin et qui en est l'accessoire, déclare le Sieur Dumonteil propriétaire du canal litigieux et de ses francs-bords ; dit que le sieur Biabaud n'y a acquis aucun droit de propriété ou de servitude par prescription, el lui prescrit de détruire les saignées qu'il avait pratiquées. Appel par le sieur Biabaud; et, le 29-juill. 1859, arrêt de la Cour impériale de Limoges qui infirme en ces ternies : — « Considérant que la décision des premiers juges est fondée sur ce que Dumonteil serait propriétaire du sol sur lequel est établi le canal qui sert de bief à son moulin, et encore des deux rives de ce canal, qu'il appelle les francs-bords; — Considérant que pour établir un pareil droit, le jugement dont est appel pose en principe, d'une manière générale, que le propriétaire d'un moulin est présumé propriétaire du canal qui fait dériver l'eau et la conduit au moulin, parce que ce canal est un accessoire de la propriété du moulin, dans le sens de l'art. 546, Cod. Nap. ; — Considérant que, sans doute, la conduite d'eau au moulin est un accessoire du moulin ; mais que cet accessoire peut être acquis à l'usine à titre de servitude, et sans que le propriétaire du moulin soit en aucune façon propriétaire du terrain traversé par la conduite d'eau et du sol sur lequel est établi le canal;—Considérant que, dans la plupart des cas, il a suffi à celui qui voulait établir un moulin d'acquérir le droil de conduire les eaux du bief sur le terrain d'autrui, sans pour cela acquérir le terrain ;— Considérant que c'est vraisemblablement ce qui a dû arriver, surtout dans le cas où, comme dans l'espèce actuelle, le canal servant de bief est établi sur une longueur de 500 à 600 mètres, sur une très-faible largeur; —Considérant qu'indépendamment de ce qu'on ne trouve aucune disposition dans la loi qui puisse faire présumer un droit de propriété, là où le droit de servitude suffît, la présomption invoquée par les premiers juges serait conibatlue et détruite par des preuves contraires;—Considérant, en effet, qu'il n'a jamais été l'ait par le meunier aucun travail de maçonnerie ou autre, pour consolider les bords du canal et pour fixer la propriété qu'il prétend lui appartenir à titre de francs-bords, en sorte que les bords sont rongés par les eaux en certains endroits, que dans d'autres il se forme des alterrissements, et que le canal est tantôt élargi et tantôt rétréci par l'action des eaux ; — Que, de plus, il a été articulé, posé en fait et non dénié par Dumonteil, que, depuis un temps plus que suffisant pour prescrire, Biabaud jouit exclusivement des rivages du canal, soit en faisant pacager ses bestiaux, soit en cultivant, soit eu coupant les herbes, soit en jouissant des arbres comptantes sur les bords, et cela jusqu'au point où le terrain traversé joint les eaux du canal; et, qu'enfin, Biabaud a été déclaré en possession légale de ces francs-bords, par jugement du juge de paix du canton de Saint-Sulpice-les-Feuilles, en date du 10 fév. ARRÊT (par défaut). ■ LA COUR;—Vu les art. 546 et 1352, C. Nap.;—Attendu qu'un canal artificiel affecté à l'alimentation d'un moulin en est l'accessoire nécessaire et la dépendance; que,*dès lors, et en vertu de la présomption établie par l'art. 546, Cod. Nap., laquelle ne peut céder qu'à la preuve contraire, la propriété du moulin suppose la propriété du canal, sans lequel il ne pourrait pas être exploité ; — Attendu que l'arrêt attaqué ne constate pas qu'une preuve contraire à celte présomption el susceptible de la détruire ait été fournie par le défendeur à la cassation ; qu'il ne s'explique que sur la possession par celui-ci des francs-bords ; qu'il s'appuie sur ce que les époux Dumonteil n'administrent pas la preuve de leur propriété du canal, mettant ainsi indû(1) indû(1) là une doctrine consacrée par la jurisprudence et généralement enseignée par les auteurs. Il en est de même a l'égard de la propriété du canal de fuite. V. Cass. 13 août 1850 (vol. 1850.1.721) ; 5 mai 1S57 (vol. 1857.1.335), et les notes. — Quant à la propriété des francstords, la solulion présente plus de difficultés.—F. au surplus sur tous ces points, la Table générale Devill. et Gilb., vis Canal, n. 9 et s., et Usines, n. 75 et s., ainsi que la Table décenn. 1851-1860, v" Canal, n. 2 et s., et Usines. ^Jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation. 864 ment à leur charge la preuve donl ils sont dispensés par la présomption existante en leur faveur; — D'où il suit qu'eu réduisant le droit des propriétaires du moulin à une simple servitude, à l'aide de pures présomptions et saus allégation d'aucun litre ou d'aucune preuve établissant qu'ils ne sont pas propriétaires du canal, l'arrêt attaqué a violé les lois susvisées ; — Casse,' etc. Du 10 juill. 1861.—Ch. civ.—Prés., M. Pascalis.—Rapp., M. Renouard. — Concl. conf., M. de Marnas, 1er av. gén. — PL, M. Labordère. CHEMIN DE FER. —TRAITÉS PARTICULIERS. Est nul le traité particulier intervenu entre une compagnie de chemin de fer et un expéditeur, accordant à cet expéditeur une réduction de faveur, avec stipulation que dans le cas d'abaissement des tarifs ou d'assimilation ordonnés par l'Etat au profit des tiers, une réduction nouvelle serait accordée à cet expéditeur, de manière à le maintenir toujours dans une position favorable et privilégiée. (1) (Nizerolles—C. Chem. de fer de Lyon.) Le 16 avril 1859, la Cour impériale de Paris a rendu un arrêt ainsi conçu:—«Considérant que Nizerolles et Toufffin poursuivent l'exécution d'une convention intervenue, en 1851, entre eux et le directeur du chemin de fer de Lyon, alors exploité au nom de l'Etal; — Qu'ils soutiennent contre la compagnie, ultérieurement concessionnaire, la validité de cette convention} laquelle, pendant douze années, leur assure une réduction de un centime par tonne et par kilomètre sur le prix du transport des charbons de bois, sans égard aux abaissements que subiraient les tarifs, dont ils devront d'ailleurs profiler (2); — Considérant que la compagnie ne peut êlre tenue des obligations de l'administration aux droits de laquelle elle a succédé par la concession, que conformément aux clauses du cahier des charges qui en a réglé les conditions; — Considérant que l'une des dispositions de l'art. 50 dudit cahier des charges porte : « La perte ception des taxes devra se faire indistinctement et sans face veur, et dans le cas où la compagnie aurait accordé... une ré«. duelion sur l'un des prix portés au tarif... l'administration « aura le droit de déclarer la réduction obligatoire vis-à-vis « tous les expéditeurs » ; — Considérant, que, malgré cette stipulation si formelle du cahier des charges, Nizerolles et Toufflin réclament contre la compagnie la réduction convenue, à l'exclusion de tout autre expéditeur; — Qu'ils prétendent même que si, en exécution de l'art. 50 du cahier des charges, l'Etat rendait cette réduction obligatoire vis-à-vis de tous les expéditeurs, ils auraient successivement, et au fur el à mesure des assimilations ordonnées par l'Etat, toujours droit à une réduction nouvelle de un centime; — Considérant qu'une semblable prétention est contraire au cahier des charges annexé à la concession faite à la compagnie, et qui fait la loi de ceux qui se servent de la' voie de fer comme de la compagnie elle-même ; qu'elle rendrait sans effet l'intervention de l'administration pour la défense du principe d'égalité, base essentielle de la loi organique des concessions de chemins de fer ; qu'elle créerait, au profit des intimés, une faveur permanente et exclusivement personnelle ; qu'une telle stipulation doit donc êlre annulée ; — Considérant, d'ailleurs, que, plus explicite encore dans ses termes, l'art. 48 du cahier des charges de la compagnie de Lyon, en date du 11 avril 1857, a formellement interdit tout traité particulier qui aurait pour effet d'accorder à un ou plusieurs expéditeurs une réduction sur les tarifs approuvés, et qu'un arrêté ministériel du 26 sept. 1857 a étendu cette interdiction aux traités antérieurs, lesquels devront, quelle que soit la durée de leur échéance, cesser d'être exécutés à partir du 1er janv. 1858 ;—Considérant que, malgré ces actes de l'administration, la compagnie de Lyon, qui jusque-là avait volontairement exécuté la convention de 1851, a, leleroct. 1857, sollicité encore une exception en faveur de Nizerolles, et que ce n'est que sur le refus de l'administration et l'interdiction réitérée et absolue de tout traité particulier, qu'elle a déclaré à ceux-ci qu'à partir du 1er janv. 1858 la convention de 1851 cesserait de recevoir son exécution ; — Considérant, d'après tout ce qui vient d'être dit, que, soit qu'on l'envisage dans son principe et dans ses rapports avec la législation sur les chemins de fer, soit qu'au regard de la compagnie appelante on se reporte aux dispositions de son cahier des charges, annexé à la loi de concession, soit enfin qu'on l'apprécie sous l'influence du cahier des charges de 1857 et des décisions ministérielles susmentionnées, ladite convention ne saurait êlre maintenue; que c'est donc à tort el sans droil que les-premiers juges en ont ordonné l'exécution, et, à défaut, condamné la compagnie de Lyon au paiement de dommages et intérêts... » Pourvoi en cassation par le sieur Nizerolles, pour violation des art. 1134, 1147 et 1148, Cod. LA COUR; —Altendu que si le traité du 4 fév. 1851 n'avait accordé à la maison Nizerolles que la réduction de 1 cent, sur le tarif général alors en vigueur, ce traité n'aurait eu rien que de très-licile, aux termes du cahier des charges qui régissait le chemin dont il s'agit, sauf à généraliser el à étendre celte réduction à tous les autres expéditeurs, ainsi que l'administration s'en était expressément réservé le droil; — Mais allendu qu'il résulte de l'arrêt attaqué qu'indépendamment de cetle première réduction, il fut encore stipulé entre les parties que si le tarif général élait abaissé pendant le cours du traité, la maison Nizerolles profilerait de cet abaissement et aurait toujours droit à une réduction nouvelle de 1 centime successivement el au fur el à mesure des assimilations ordonnées par l'Etat, ce qui constituait en faveur de ces expéditeurs un privilège purement el exclusivement personnel qui rendait sans effet l'intervention de l'administration pour la défense des principes d'égalité, base essentielle des lois organiques des chemins de fer; —Attendu que des conventions contraires à ces lois étant nulles, ne pouvaient'servir de (1) C'est un principe certain que les compagnies de chemins de fer ne peuvent faire de traités particuliers avec une entreprise de transports qu'à la ebarge d'admettre les autres expéditeurs à participer aux avantages de ces traités. V. notre Table décenn. 1850-1860, V Chemin de fer, a, 70 et s. (2) Voici le texte de celte convention : — « Le prix dés transports de charbons sera payé à la gare destinataire d'après les bases suivantes : 1° pour les quinze premiers mois du traité...; 2° pour les années suivantes, le prix sera uniforme pour tous les transports opérés dans le cours de chaque année, savoir : — Pour les années dont le tonnage sera inférieur à 7,500 tonnes, le prix est fixé à 10 centimes par tonne et par kilomètre. —El pour les années dont le tonnage sera égal ou supérieur à 7,500 tonnes, le prix est abaissé d'un centime, par conséquent fixé à 9 centimes par tonne el par kilomètre.—Si, pendant le cours du présent traité, le tarif pour le transport des charbons de bois fixé à 10 centimes par tonne et par kilomètre, par l'arrêté ministériel du 9 août 1850, était abaissé, l'abaissement serait appliqué aux différents prix spéciaux et conditionnels ci-dessus stipulés, et profiterait à MM. Nizerolles et Toufflin pour tous les transports opérés postérieurement à la date de l'arrêté d'abaissement, o 865 Jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation. 866 fondement à une action en dommages-intérêts;—Attendu qu'en le décidant ainsi, l'arrêt attaqué, loin de violer les principes invoqués, en a fait, au contraire, une saine application à l'espèce ; — Rejette, etc. Du 6 août 1861. —Ch. civ. —Près., M. Pascalis.— Rapp., M. Lavielle. — Concl. conf., M. de Marnas, 1er av. gén. — PL, MM. Dufour et Beauvois-Devaux. 1° OUVRIER.— RÉTENTION (DROIT DE). — LIVRAISONS PARTIELLES. 2° TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE.—PRIVILÈGE.— RÉTENTION (DROIT DE) .—COMPÉTENCE. 1° Les marchandises ou matières premières remises à un ouvrier pour être façonnées, demeurent, lorsqu'elles font partie d'une seule et même opération, comprise en un seul et même traité, et qu'elles forment, par suite, un tout non susceptible de division, affectées au paiement des prix de façon, même pour les objets livrés, tant que l'opération entière n'est pas terminée.—Dès lors, l'ouvrier peut retenir les marchandises ou matières premières lui restant, jusqu'au paiement intégral des prix de façon qui lui sont dus. (Cod. Nap., 570, 2073, 2102.) (1) ...Et ce droit de rétention est opposable même à un tiers pour le compte de qui le travail élait, en réalité, opéré, et qui a fourni les matières à celui avec qui le marché avait été passé. 2° Les tribunaux de commerce sont incompétents pour juger une contestation relative à un privilège ou à un droit de rétention. (Cod. comm., 631 et 632.)—Rés. par la Cour imp. (2) * (Bazire—C. Surriray.) Par un traité du 1er mai 1859, passé entre le ministre dé l'intérieur el les frères Surriray, ces derniers sont devenus adjudicataires des produits du travail des détenus de la maison centrale de Beaulieu.—Les frères Surriray, ainsi qu'ils y étaient autorisés, ont sous-traité, pour les travaux de l'atelier de cordonnerie, avec un sieur Guérard, fabricant de chaussures, qui s'est engage à employer dans sa fabrication un nombre déterminé de détenus, moyennant un prix convenu par ouvrier et par jour de travail. —Le sieur Guérard s'est mis eu relation d'affaires avec un sieur Bazire, négociant à Paris, qui lui envoyait les matières premières, et auquel il expédiait des chaussures confectionnées. Le sieur Guérard ayant été déclaré en faillite le 1er oct. 1859, les frères Surriray ont dû payer à l'administration e montant de ce qu'il devait pour les journées de travail des prisonniers de Beaulieu par lui employés. — De son côté, le sieur Bazire a réclamé aux syndics de la faillite les matières premières par lui livrées et les marchandises confectionnées pour son compte qui se trouvaient encore dans les magasins et ateliers de la maison centrale, offrant, du reste, le prix de la façon de ces marchandises. — Mais les syndics ont repoussé cette prétention; et les frères Surriray, intervenants, ont déclaré vouloir retenir les matières premières etmarchandises réclamées, du moins jusqu'au remboursement du prix des journées par eux payé en l'acquit du sieur Guérard, et cela, bien que ce prix représentât pour parlie le travail exécuté sur des marchandises déjà livrées au sieur Bazire et dont ce dernier avait payé au sieur Guérard le prix de façon. Le sieur Bazire, menacé d'acquitter deux fois la même dette, a contesté le droit de rétention prétendu par les frères Surriray, et a formé contre eux, devant le tribunal de commerce, une demande en revendication des matières premières et marchandises dont il s'agit. — Les défendeurs ont opposé l'incompétence de la juridiction commerciale. 5 nov. 1859, jugement du tribunal de commerce de Caen, par lequel ce tribunal se déclare compétent, et, au fond, admet la revendication exercée par le sieur Bazire, aux seules offres par lui faites. Appel par les frères Surriray; et, le 31 janv. 1860, arrêt de la Cour de Caen, qui infirme en ces termes :—« Considérant que le débat soumis au tribunal de commerce était de savoir si les frères Surriray avaient un privilège comme bailleurs, ou un droit de rétention comme ouvriers sur les marchandises revendiquées par Bazire ; que c'était là une contestation purement civile, pour laquelle la loi n'attribue pas compétence aux tribunaux de commerce; d'où il suit que le jugement du tribunal de commerce de Caen doit être réformé commeincompélemment rendu;—Mais considérant qu'au fond, le procès est en état d'être jugé, et qu'il y a lieu d'en pronoucer l'évocation ;—Considérant que, par un traité fait le 1er mai 1859 entre le ministre de l'intérieur et les frères Surriray, ces derniers sont devenus adjudicataires du produit du travail des détenus de la maison centrale de Beaulieu, aux conditions et charges énoncées audit traité;—Considérant qu'ainsi qu'ils y étaient autorisés par l'art. 89 du traité, les frères Surriray ont sous-traité avec un sieur Guérard, fabricant de chaussures, exploitant pour son compte, qui s'était engagé à employer pour sa fabrication un nombre déterminé de détenus, moyennant un prix convenu par ouvrier et par jour d'ouvrage;—Considérant que, par suite de ces engagements et pour occuper le nombre de détenus qu'il devait employer à sa fabrication, Guérard s'était mis en relation d'affaires avec Bazire, qui envoyait des matières premières à Guérard, et à qui Guérard expédiait des chaussures lorsqu'elles étaient confectionnées; — Considérant'que, le 1er oct. 1859, jour où la faillite de Guérard a élé déclarée, il existait, soit dans les magasins, soit dans les ateliers de la maison de Beaulieu, une certaine quantité de chaussures fabriquées prêtes à êlre expédiées à Bazire et une certaine quantité de matières premières qui avaient été envoyées par lui à Guérard; — Considérant qu'il est constant au procès que Guérard n'a pas rempli ses engagements envers les frères Surriray, et que les ouvriers qui ont fabriqué des chaussures pour le compte de Bazire ayant été payés par lui et non par Guérard, ainsi que l'a décidé le jugement du tribunal de commerce du 5 nov. (2) Sur le principe incontestable qui sert de base à cette solution, voy. la Table générale, v Tribunal de commerce, n. 38 et s. F. également Caen, 6 nov. 1860 (infrd, 2' part., p. 551). ANNÉE 1861.— 10e Cah, 867 Jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation. 868 pas payés du travail fait par leurs ouvriers, les frères Surriray ont le droit de retenir les matières premières ou confectionnées qui sont en leur possession, comme gage de ce qui leur est dû; —Qu'aucune distinction ne doil êlre faite, pour l'exercice du droil de rétention, entre les matières premières et celles travaillées par l'ouvrier, qui étaient en la possession des frères Surriray; que les envois successifs de matières premières faits par Bazire et les renvois également successifs d'objets manufacturés par Guérard à Bazire étaient l'exécution d'un marché unique et indivisible, en vue duquel avaient élé organisés les ateliers de Guérard; que, dans ce cas, l'oiiyrier ne se dessaisit de la marchandise confectionnée, sans exiger le prix de son travail, que parce qu'il trouve dans les matières premières qu'on remet en sa possession une valeur suffisante pour assurer le paiement de ce qui lui est dû pour ouvrage précédemment fail en vertu du niarché en cours d'exécution;—D'où il suit que les frères Surriray sont bien fondés à user du droit de rétention sur les objets revendiqués par Bazire pour lout ce qui peut leur être dû à raison des travaux faits par leurs ouvriers pour le compte de Bazire; —Considérant que le droit de rétention étant reconnu au profit des frères Surriray, et leur créance excédant la valeur des objets sur lesquels ils l'exercent, il est inutile de se livrer à l'examen des autres moyens présentés par les frères Surriray pour faire repousser la revendication de Bazire; —Par ces motifs, etc. » POURVOI en cassation par le sieur Bazire, pour violation des art. 2092 et 1165, Cod. Nap., et 576, Cod. comm., et fausse application et violation tout à la fois des art. 570 el 2073, Cod. Nap., en ce que l'arrêt attaqué a admis Je droit de rétention réclamé par les défendeurs, bien que ceux-ci n'ignorassent pas je sous-traité en vertu duquel Je demandeur avait confié d< s matières premières au sieur Guérard pour leur faire subir une façon. ARRÊT. LA CpUR; — Altendu, en fait, que les frères Surriray, ad-, judicataires de l'entreprise générale des travaux des détenus dans la maison centrale de Beaulieu, avaient sous-traité avec Guérard, fabricant de chaussures, pour les travaux de l'atelier de cordonnerie ;—Altendu que Guérard ayant été déclaré en faillite avant l'achèvement des trayaux dont l'exécution lui avait élé remise, Bazire, négociant à Paris, a revendiqué, comme étant sa propriété, les chaussures fabriquées étant encore à Beaulieu, sauf à efi payer le prix de façon, et les matières premières non confectionnées qu'il ayait fournies à cet effet à Guérard par suite de conventions passées avec lui;—Attendu que le syndic de la faillite a contesté celle prétention, et que les frères Surriray, intervenants au procès, ont également combattu ladite revendication par le motif que Guérard étanl encore débiteur d'une partie des prix de façon des chaussures déjà livrées, ils avaient élé obligés de payer ce prix en son lieu el place ;—Altendu, en droil, que les marchandises livrées après façon, ainsi que les matières premières et les chaussures confectionnées se trouvant encore à Beaulieu, faisaient partie d'une seule el même opération énoncée dans un seul et même traité, et formaient dès lors un tout non susceptible de division;—Que, dès lors, elles étaient toutes affectées au paiement du prix de la main-d'oeuvre el du salaire des ouvriers, même pour ce qui avait été déjà livré, tant que l'opération entière n'était .pas terminée;—Qu'ainsi les marchandises et les chaussures existant à Beaulieu continuaient à garantir les dépenses faites en exécution du susdit traité qui les comprenait toutes, puisque toutes, sans distinction, servaient de nantissement, et que la remise partielle et successive dns matières façonnées au fur et à mesure des confections, ne saurait être assimilée assimilée l'abandon d'un droit de nantissement qui doit subsister aussi longtemps que l'ouvrier ne s'est pas dessaisi de la totalité des marchandises;—Que Bazire, étant aux lieu et place de Guérard, ne peut avoir plus de droits que celui-ci ;—Que Surriray frères étaient donc bien fondés à conserver entre leurs mains les marchandises façonnées ou non qui n'avaient pas encore élé livrées, et à exercer un droit de rétention à l'effet de se rembourser du prix de façon des marchandises donl ils s'étaient déjà dessaisis ; et qu'en le déclarant ainsi, l'arrêt attaqué n'a ni violé ni faussement interprété les articles de loi invoqués par le demandeur ;—Rejette, etc. Du 13 mai 1861.—Ch. req. —Prés., M. le cons. Hardoin.— Rapp., M. Ferey.—Concl. conf., M. Blanche, av. gén. — PL, M. Ripault. CHEMIN DE FER. — TRANSPORT.—TARIFS SPÉCIAUX.—CUJIUI.. Lorsque, par un premier tarif spécial, une compagnie de chemin de fer a réduit le prix de transport de certaines marchandises déterminées, et que, par un second tarif spécial, elle a fictivement abrégé la distance entre certaines localités (pour faire profiter par anticipation d'un embranchement non encore exécuté), mais avec indication des prix de transport énoncés au tarif général sans distinction de marchandises, tes expéditeurs ne peuvent prétendre à cumuler les avantages des deux tarifs; ils doivent opter entre l'un ou l'autre. (1) (Chem. de fer d'Orléans—C. Bonrdeau.) La compagnie du chemin de fer d'Orléans a formé contre le sieur Bourdeau, commissionnaire de roulage, une demande en paiement de la somme de 148 fr., comme ayant été perçue en moins à la gare de Bersac, par suite d'une fausse application des tarifs, sur le prix du transport de 10,220 kilogr. de cailloux expédiés de Bersac à Bordeaux.—Aux termes des tarifs généraux, disait la compagnie, le prix du transport par la petite vitesse des marchandises de 3e classe, parmi lesquelles sont rangés les cailloux, se trouvait fixé à 10 cent, par tonne et par kilomètre. Mais deux tarifs spéciaux sont venus apporter à celte règle une double dérogation. D'abord, le tarif 8-22, approuvé le 31 mai 1854, réduisit à 6 cent., sous diverses conditions, notamment sous celle de fournir un chargement complet, en rapport avec la capacité du matériel disponible, le prix du transport de certaines marchandises, entre autres des cailloux expédiés d'une station quelconque aune antre station du réseau. Ensuite, le tarif 8-93, applicable aux marchandises de 1", 2e el 3° classe, fixa un seul el même prix, celui de 10 cent, par tonne el par kilomètre, pour le transport de toutes les marchandises de 3' classe, sans distinction, mais en calculant les dislances comme elles ne devront l'être, en réalité, qu'après l'ouverture de la. section de Limoges à Périgueux. 869 Jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation; 870 très seulement, distance qui ne sera la distance réelle que lorsque la section de Limoges à Périgueux sera ouverte. Le transport de cailloux effectué pour le sieur Bourdeau devait donc, du moins d'après le tarif 8-93, plus favorable à cet expéditeur que le tarif S-22, être taxé à 31 fr. 50 c. la tonne, plus 50 cent, par tonne de la gare de Bordeaux à la gare maritime, conformément au tarif 8-42, soit 32 fr., ce qui donne, avec 10 cent, d'enregistrement, 327 fr. 15 c. Au lieu de procéder ainsi, la gare de Bersac a appliqué le prix de 6 cent, par tonne fixé par le tarif 8-22, et a calculé sur la distance fictive indiquée par le tarif 8-93, ce qui a donné seulement 179 fr. 15 c, c'est-à-dire 148 fr. de moins. Cette taxe de la gare de Bersac est évidemment •rropée, car aucun des deux tarifs ne saurait êlre divisé. L'expéditeur a saps doute le choix entre les deux, mais il doit prendre daps son entier celui qu'il choisit; il ne. saurait lui être permis de profiter des faveurs qui lui sont accordées par l'un ou par l'autre qu'en acceptant les conditions qu'il impose. Or, le tarif 8-22, d'après lequel il n'est dû que 6 cent, par tonne et par kilomètre, met à cette faveur une condition, pelle que la distance entre le point de départ et celui d'arrivée sera calculée d'après la dislance réelle. D'un aulre côté, si, d'après le tarif 8-93, la distance ne doit être calculée que d'après une distance fictive, c'est à la condition de payer 10 cent, par tonne et par kilomètre. Par conséquent, la taxe de la gare de Bersac, basée à tort sur une combinaison des deux tarifs, ne saurait êlre maintenue, et le sieur Bourdeau doil être condamné à payer les 148 fr. qui lui sont réclamés. Le sieur Bourdeau a répondu que la réduction de 10 cent, à 6 cent, accordée par le tarif 8-22 lui était acquise, parce qu'il avait rempli toutes Jes conditions, notamment celle d'un chargement complet, imposées par ce tarif, et qu'on ne pouvait refuser de le faire profiter du bénéfice de dislance accordé par le larif 8-93. Autrement, a-l-il dit, le tarif 8-22 ne serait jamais appliqué aux cailloux, aux houilles et aux minerais partant de la Souterraine ou de Limoges pour Bordeaux, et l'on paierait alors aussi cher pour le transport de ces marchandises de peu de valeur, expédiées dans des conditions très-onéreuses pour les expéditeurs, que pour le transport d'une petite quantité d'autres marchandises de 3e classe, expédiées dans des conditions ordinaires, ce qui serait contraire à l'équité, aux nécessités du commerce, et à la faveur que le Gouvernemenl veut accorder aux houilles et aux minerais. 30 nov. 1859, jugement du tribunal de commerce de Limoges qui accueille ce système et repousse la demande de la compagnie, par les motifs suivants : — « Attendu que Bourdeau expédia, le 23 juin 1859, de la gare de Bersac, vingt caisses cailloux pesant ensemble 10,220 kilogr., en destination de la gare maritime de Bordeaux; —Attendu que le chef de la gare de Bersac ayant accepté, pour cette expédition, une lettre de voiture calculée sur les deux tarifs nos 8-22 cl 8-93, la compagnie refusa de reconnaître cette combinaison, et voulut applique! le larif 8-93 seul, et réclame aujourd'hui à Bourdeau la somme de 148 fr., formant la différence entre le prix de transport de Bersac et la somme de 327 fr. 15 c. que la compagnie soutient être réellement due;—Altendu qu'il s'agit, pour le tribunal, de décider laquelle des deux interprétations doit être admise, et qu'à défaut d'autres documents il faut rechercher dans la nature des marchandises dont il s'agit, dans les circonstances au milieu desquelles ont élé créés les tarifs 8-22 et 8-93, quelle situation l'autorité administrative a voulu, sur la proposition de la compagnie, faire au commerce;—Attendu que le tarif'8-22 a été publié plusieurs années avant le tarif 8-93; qu'il s'applique à toutes les stations du réseau sans exception ; que le prix de 10 cent, étant le prix des tarifs généraux, le tarif 8-22 avait évidemment pour but de faciliter, par la réduction du prix à 6 centimes, le transport des marchandises d'un grand poids et de peu de valeur à certaines conditions de détail onéreuses pour les expéditeurs; — Attendu que plus tard, et en attendant la livraison du chemin de fer (je Limogés à Périgueux et Bordeaux, le tarif 8-93 a été publié; que ce tarif, qui porte une distance fictive de 287 kilomètres de la Souterraine à Bordeaux, fixe le prix de 30 fr. par tonne pour la 3? classe; que rien dans ce tarif ne fait supposer qu'on ait voulu enlever au commerce les avantages résultant du tarif 8-22; qu'on doit penser, au contraire, que les cailloux continuent à jouir du prix exceptionnel de 6 cent., et jouiront en même temps de la nouvelle distance kilométrique imposée par les circonstances; — Attendu, en effet, que si on admettait la prétention de la compagnie d'isoler les deux tarifs et d'appliquer à l'expédition de Bourdeau le prix de 32 fr., tout compris, en vertu du tarif 8-93, il en résulterait qu'une faible quantité de marchandises de 3é classe, partie de la Souterraine à Bordeauxdans des conditions ordinaires, paierait maintenant le même prix qu'un poids considérable de marchandises sans valeur, expédiées à diyerses conditions très-onéreuses pour l'expéditeur et imposées par la compagnie ;—Attendu que cette interprétation serait contraire à la justice et aux intérêts du commerce ; que l'admettre, serait dire qu'aux termes du tarif 8-22, les cailloux expédiés vers tpus les points du réseau jouiront d'une faveur sur la marchandise de 3e classe, et qu'ils en seront privés à la destination de Bordeaux;—Par ces mqtjfs, etc. » POURVOI en cassation par la compagnie, pour violation de l'art. 48 du cahier des charges du chemin de fer d'Orléans, en date du 11 avril 1857, approuvé par décret impérial du 19 juin 1857 et des tarifs 8-22 et 8-93, approuvés conformément aux art. 44 et s. de l'ordonnance du 15 nov. 1846, en ce que le jugement attaqué a reconnu au sieur Bourdeau, pour une expédition de cailloux de Bersac à Bprdeaux, le droit de cumuler le bénéfice de la taxe à 6 cent, du tarif 8-22 avec la réduction de dislance kilométrique du larif 8-93. — Aux moyens présentés devant les juges du fond, on a ajouté les arguments suivants : Ce sérail, a-l-on dit, violer le texte et méconnaître l'esprit de ces tarifs que de permettre à un expéditeur d'en cumuler le bénéfice, et de composer ainsi, à son profit, un troisième tarif non approuvé, mettant toutes les faveurs d'un côté el ne laissant de l'autre que les charges. En effet, aucune disposition du second larif ne le rattache au premier. Chacun d'eux forme, d'après son texte, un acte isolé, distinct, indépendant, ayant ses conditions propres de tonnage ou de taxe. 871 Jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation. 872; marchandises de la même classe laissées sous la taxe de 10 centimes, et de conclure de là que les cailloux, même lorsqu'on leur applique le second tarif, doivent jouir d'une faveur semblable à l'égard de ces marchandises. La faveuraccordée aux cailloux par le premier tarif n'avait pour but que de mettre les cailloux du Limousin en état d'arriver dans la Saiutonge ou le Bordelais à aussi bon marché que ceux qui arrivent, soit du même lieu, . soit d'autres points de départ, par voie de mer ou de terre. Par le second tarif, la compagnie a accordé à ces cailloux une réduction de transport beaucoup plus, forte que par le premier (31 fr. 50 c. au lieu de 40 fr.), c'est-à-dire une réduction qui comprend lout à la fois la réduction du premier tarif et une réduction additionnelle. Cette nouvelle réduction est présumée les mettre à même de lutter contre la concurrence sur le marché destinataire, et-il importe peu, dès lors, aux expéditeurs, que le transport d'autres marchandises, celui de la houille, par exemple, soit fixé au-dessus ou au-dessous de celui des cailloux. Ce n'esl pas, d'ailleurs, sur le plus ou moins de valeur d'une marchandise que la compagnie se fonde pour en fixer le prix de transport, c'est sur la concurrence que celle marchandise est appelée à soutenir. La compagnie a pris celte règle pour guide lorsque, par le second tarif, elle a fixé un seul et même prix de transport pour toutes les marchandises de 3e classe sans distinction. — A ces considéralions, il faut ajouter qu'un larif spécial ne saurait être étendu au delà de ses termes précis, parce qu'il constitue une exception, el que, dès lors, ou ne peut se prévaloir des avantages accordés par un tel tarif qu'en accomplissant rigoureusement les conditions qu'il impose. C'est ce que la Cour de cassation a décidé par un arrêt du 19 janv. 1858 (V. suprà, ad notam), dans uiie espèce où il s'agissait d'appliquer un tarif renfermant, sous certaines conditions,, une garantie d'arrivée en temps utile de bestiaux sur un marché. ARRÊT. LA COUR ; — Vu l'art. 48 du cahier, des charges du chemin de fer d'Orléans, les deux tarifs spéciaux du même chemin sous les n 06 8-22 el 8-93, le lout approuvé par l'administration supérieure, conformément aux art. 44 et suiv. de l'ordonnance du 15 nov. 1846;—Attendu que, d'après le tarif général du chemin de fer d'Orléans, le prix du transport des marchandises de troisième classe par la petite vitesse était fixé à 10 cent par tonne et par kilomètre;—Attendu que, par un larif spécial sous le n° 8-22, approuvé le 31 mai 1854, celte taxe fut abaissée de 10 cent. ' à 6 pour certaines marchandises de grand poids et de petite valeur, telles que les matériaux de construction et spécialement les cailloux; — Attendu que, par un second tarif spécial sous le -n°8-93, approuvé le 15 juill.
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https://github.com/jamsforfun/GMTK-2019/blob/master/GMTK-2019 Project/Assets/_Scripts/Extentions/ExtArray.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
GMTK-2019
|
jamsforfun
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C#
|
Code
| 1,598 | 4,379 |
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
public static class ExtArray
{
/// <summary>
/// when we are looping in an array, determine if we are at the end loop of it
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">type of the array</typeparam>
/// <param name="collection">current array</param>
/// <param name="i">index we currently are</param>
/// <returns>true if we are at the end loop</returns>
public static bool AreWeAtLastLoop<T>(this T[] collection, int i)
{
return (i + 1 >= collection.Length);
}
/// <summary>
/// append an array into another
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
/// <param name="collection"></param>
public static T[] Append<T>(T[] collection, T[] otherToApend)
{
T[] newArray = new T[collection.Length + otherToApend.Length];
for (int i = 0; i < collection.Length; i++)
{
newArray[i] = collection[i];
}
for (int j = 0; j < otherToApend.Length; j++)
{
newArray[collection.Length + j] = otherToApend[j];
}
return (newArray);
}
/// <summary>
/// add element in an array (incredibly slow, only for editor !)
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">type inside the array</typeparam>
/// <param name="array">array to add</param>
/// <param name="itemToAdd">item to add</param>
/// <param name="index">index where to add the element</param>
/// <param name="succes">have we succed or not ?</param>
/// <returns>return the new array</returns>
public static T[] AddAtIndex<T>(T[] array, T itemToAdd, int index, out bool succes)
{
if (index < 0 || index > array.Length)
{
succes = false;
return (array);
}
T[] newArray = new T[array.Length + 1];
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
{
newArray[i] = array[i];
}
newArray[index] = itemToAdd;
for (int i = index; i < array.Length; i++)
{
newArray[i + 1] = array[i];
}
succes = true;
return (newArray);
}
/// <summary>
/// do not use, it's slow ! only in editor
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">type inside the array</typeparam>
/// <param name="array">array to add</param>
/// <param name="itemToAdd">item to add</param>
/// <returns>return the new array</returns>
public static T[] Add<T>(T[] array, T itemToAdd)
{
T[] newArray = new T[array.Length + 1];
for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
{
newArray[i] = array[i];
}
newArray[array.Length] = itemToAdd;
return (newArray);
}
public static void ClearAndDestroy<T>(this T[] collection, bool immediate = false) where T : Component
{
for (int i = 0; i < collection.Length; i++)
{
if (immediate)
{
if (Application.isPlaying)
{
GameObject.Destroy(collection[i].gameObject);
}
else
{
GameObject.DestroyImmediate(collection[i].gameObject);
}
}
else
{
GameObject.Destroy(collection[i].gameObject);
}
}
collection.Clear();
}
public static float ClosestTo(this Array collection, float target, ref int indexFound)
{
// NB Method will return int.MaxValue for a sequence containing no elements.
// Apply any defensive coding here as necessary.
float closest = float.MaxValue;
float minDifference = float.MaxValue;
int index = 0;
foreach (float element in collection)
{
float difference = Math.Abs((float)element - target);
if (minDifference > difference)
{
minDifference = (float)difference;
closest = element;
indexFound = index;
}
index++;
}
return closest;
}
/// <summary>
/// active all gameObject in an array of components
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
/// <param name="collection"></param>
/// <param name="active"></param>
public static void ActiveAll<T>(this T[] collection, bool active) where T : Component
{
for (int i = 0; i < collection.Length; i++)
{
collection[i].gameObject.SetActive(active);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Fill with null value
/// </summary>
/// <param name="collection"></param>
/// <param name="target"></param>
/// <param name="indexFound"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static void FillWith<T>(this T[] arrayFloat, T numberToFill)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arrayFloat.Length; i++)
{
arrayFloat[i] = numberToFill;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// true return if in the list, there is a word that is substring of the fileName
/// </summary>
/// <param name="toTransform"></param>
/// <param name="fileName"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static int ContainSubStringInArray(string[] toTransform, string fileName)
{
for (int i = 0; i < toTransform.Length; i++)
{
if (fileName.Contains(toTransform[i]))
return (i);
}
return (-1);
}
#region General Methods
public static bool IsEmpty(this IEnumerable lst)
{
if (lst is IList)
{
return (lst as IList).Count == 0;
}
else
{
return !lst.GetEnumerator().MoveNext();
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Get how deep into the enumerable the first instance of the object is.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="lst"></param>
/// <param name="obj"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static int Depth(this IEnumerable lst, object obj)
{
int i = 0;
foreach (var o in lst)
{
if (object.Equals(o, obj)) return i;
i++;
}
return -1;
}
/// <summary>
/// Get how deep into the enumerable the first instance of the value is.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
/// <param name="lst"></param>
/// <param name="value"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static int Depth<T>(this IEnumerable<T> lst, T value)
{
int i = 0;
foreach (var v in lst)
{
if (object.Equals(v, value)) return i;
i++;
}
return -1;
}
public static IEnumerable<T> Like<T>(this IEnumerable lst)
{
foreach (var obj in lst)
{
if (obj is T) yield return (T)obj;
}
}
public static bool Compare<T>(this IEnumerable<T> first, IEnumerable<T> second)
{
var e1 = first.GetEnumerator();
var e2 = second.GetEnumerator();
while (true)
{
var b1 = e1.MoveNext();
var b2 = e2.MoveNext();
if (!b1 && !b2) break; //reached end of list
if (b1 && b2)
{
if (!object.Equals(e1.Current, e2.Current)) return false;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
public static bool Contains<T>(this T[,] arr, T value)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.GetLength(0); i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < arr.GetLength(1); j++)
{
if (EqualityComparer<T>.Default.Equals(arr[i, j], value)) return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static T GetValueAfterOrDefault<T>(this IEnumerable<T> lst, T element, bool loop = false)
{
if (lst is IList<T>)
{
var arr = lst as IList<T>;
if (arr.Count == 0) return default(T);
int i = arr.IndexOf(element) + 1;
if (loop) i = i % arr.Count;
else if (i >= arr.Count) return default(T);
return arr[i];
}
else
{
var e = lst.GetEnumerator();
if (!e.MoveNext()) return default(T);
var first = e.Current;
if (object.Equals(e.Current, element))
{
if (e.MoveNext())
{
return e.Current;
}
else if (loop)
{
return first;
}
else
{
return default(T);
}
}
while (e.MoveNext())
{
if (object.Equals(e.Current, element))
{
if (e.MoveNext())
{
return e.Current;
}
else if (loop)
{
return first;
}
else
{
return default(T);
}
}
}
return default(T);
}
}
public static IEnumerable<T> Except<T>(this IEnumerable<T> lst, T element)
{
if (lst == null) throw new System.ArgumentNullException("lst");
foreach (var e in lst)
{
if (!object.Equals(e, element)) yield return e;
}
}
public static IEnumerable<T> Except<T>(this IEnumerable<T> lst, T element, IEqualityComparer<T> comparer)
{
if (lst == null) throw new System.ArgumentNullException("lst");
if (comparer == null) throw new System.ArgumentNullException("comparer");
foreach (var e in lst)
{
if (!comparer.Equals(e, element)) yield return e;
}
}
#endregion
#region Array Methods
public static T[] Empty<T>()
{
return TempArray<T>.Empty;
}
public static T[] Temp<T>(T value)
{
return TempArray<T>.Temp(value);
}
public static T[] Temp<T>(T value1, T value2)
{
return TempArray<T>.Temp(value1, value2);
}
public static T[] Temp<T>(T value1, T value2, T value3)
{
return TempArray<T>.Temp(value1, value2, value3);
}
public static T[] Temp<T>(T value1, T value2, T value3, T value4)
{
return TempArray<T>.Temp(value1, value2, value3, value4);
}
public static void ReleaseTemp<T>(T[] arr)
{
TempArray<T>.Release(arr);
}
/// <summary>
/// swap 2 element in an array
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
/// <param name="array"></param>
/// <param name="index1"></param>
/// <param name="index2"></param>
public static void Swap<T>(ref T[] array, int index1, int index2)
{
T tmp = array[index1];
array[index1] = array[index2];
array[index2] = tmp;
}
public static int IndexOf(this System.Array lst, object obj)
{
return System.Array.IndexOf(lst, obj);
}
public static int IndexOf<T>(this T[] lst, T obj)
{
return System.Array.IndexOf(lst, obj);
}
public static bool InBounds(this System.Array arr, int index)
{
return index >= 0 && index <= arr.Length - 1;
}
public static void Clear(this System.Array arr)
{
if (arr == null) return;
System.Array.Clear(arr, 0, arr.Length);
}
public static void Copy<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, System.Array destination, int index)
{
if (source is System.Collections.ICollection)
(source as System.Collections.ICollection).CopyTo(destination, index);
else
{
int i = 0;
foreach (var el in source)
{
destination.SetValue(el, i + index);
i++;
}
}
}
#endregion
#region HashSet Methods
public static T Pop<T>(this HashSet<T> set)
{
if (set == null) throw new System.ArgumentNullException("set");
var e = set.GetEnumerator();
if (e.MoveNext())
{
set.Remove(e.Current);
return e.Current;
}
throw new System.ArgumentException("HashSet must not be empty.");
}
#endregion
#region Special Types
private class TempArray<T>
{
private static object _lock = new object();
private static volatile T[] _empty;
private static volatile T[] _oneArray;
private static volatile T[] _twoArray;
private static volatile T[] _threeArray;
private static volatile T[] _fourArray;
public static T[] Empty
{
get
{
if (_empty == null) _empty = new T[0];
return _empty;
}
}
public static T[] Temp(T value)
{
T[] arr;
lock (_lock)
{
if (_oneArray != null)
{
arr = _oneArray;
_oneArray = null;
}
else
{
arr = new T[1];
}
}
arr[0] = value;
return arr;
}
public static T[] Temp(T value1, T value2)
{
T[] arr;
lock (_lock)
{
if (_oneArray != null)
{
arr = _twoArray;
_twoArray = null;
}
else
{
arr = new T[2];
}
}
arr[0] = value1;
arr[1] = value2;
return arr;
}
public static T[] Temp(T value1, T value2, T value3)
{
T[] arr;
lock (_lock)
{
if (_oneArray != null)
{
arr = _threeArray;
_threeArray = null;
}
else
{
arr = new T[3];
}
}
arr[0] = value1;
arr[1] = value2;
arr[2] = value3;
return arr;
}
public static T[] Temp(T value1, T value2, T value3, T value4)
{
T[] arr;
lock (_lock)
{
if (_oneArray != null)
{
arr = _fourArray;
_fourArray = null;
}
else
{
arr = new T[4];
}
}
arr[0] = value1;
arr[1] = value2;
arr[2] = value3;
arr[3] = value4;
return arr;
}
public static void Release(T[] arr)
{
if (arr == null) return;
System.Array.Clear(arr, 0, arr.Length);
lock (_lock)
{
switch (arr.Length)
{
case 1:
_oneArray = arr;
break;
case 2:
_twoArray = arr;
break;
case 3:
_threeArray = arr;
break;
case 4:
_fourArray = arr;
break;
}
}
}
}
#endregion
}
| 7,268 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69096713
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
Hossein, Nice Books, Stackchampu, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16856960, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1995678, https://stackoverflow.com/users/994006
|
English
|
Spoken
| 241 | 477 |
The SetTimeout not working on the code array propotype?
function vFunction() {
var sSplit = tText[counter].split("");
sSplit.forEach((element) => {
myElement.innerHTML = sSplit.slice(0, pos).join("");
pos += increment;
});
timeLoop = setTimeout(vFunction, 100);
}
vFunction();
Currently set timeout is set on the function so when the function is done finishing that time animation is visible only on the last character, but I intend to see the animation on every character.
I tried this one: based on this: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/setTimeout
setTimeout(
sSplit.forEach((element) => {
myElement.innerHTML = sSplit.slice(0, pos).join("");,
1.0*1000);
pos += increment;
});
But it didn't worked.
As seen in the documentation, setTimeout requires a second argument, rather than the function to run it self, if needs the delay to know when to run it, either in seconds, or millieseconds.
so, try this:
setTimeout(
sSplit.forEach((element) => {
element.innerHTML = sSplit.slice(0, pos).join("");,
1.0*1000);
pos += increment;
},1000);
1000 is 1000 miliseconds, or equal to 1 second
btw, you also used myElement instead of element, i fixed in the answer, but I couldnt help but dont get what you code seems to be doing, what are you trying to do ?
Thanks, Should I give an additional code? Let me try if it works, I will update you.
I don't get what ", 1.0*1000);" is doing in lines 3-4.
Your code has a syntax error, check the closing of brackets. same here could not understand what is it doing here → 'I don't get what ", 1.0*1000);'
| 20,642 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113335293
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae)
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 430 | 861 |
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae)
scientific article published on 08 June 2022
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) published in ZooKeys
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) title
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) author name string Jeannette Kneubühler, series ordinal 1
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) author name string Markus Baggenstos, series ordinal 2
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) page(s) 69-91
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) instance of scholarly article
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) DOI 10.3897/ZOOKEYS.1104.82866
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) volume 1104
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) author Eike Neubert, series ordinal 3
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) publication date 2022
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) main subject Hygromiidae, object named as Hygromiidae
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, start time 2022
On the verge of extinction – revision of a highly endangered Swiss alpine snail with description of a new genus, Raeticella gen. nov. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Hygromiidae) copyright status copyrighted
| 4,220 |
transactionsofst71855mich_1
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,850 |
Transactions of the State Agricultural Society ..
|
Michigan State Agricultural Society
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,694 | 10,586 |
V ■ < 4 s TRANSACTIONS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY; "WITH REPORTS OF COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, FOR 1855. \ ^^ ^vy-v-'-v^-v'x ■•A ' \.r->^^'^j'\^\.f^^\^\. .•■ki.\ PUinSHED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATURE. VOL. ¥11. J. C. HOLMES, SECRETARY OF THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. OFFICE IN DETROIT. LANSING: HOSMER a.' FITCH, PRINTERS TO THE STATE. 1856. CONTENTS. i TV- ^ id- Page. Officers for 1856, Preface. Annual Report, _ 1 Constitution of the Society, 3 Officers for 18 55, 7 Executive Meeting, December, 1854, 10 Executive Meeting, October, 1855, 23 The Seventh Annual Fair, 25 Election of Officers for 1856, 26 Animals and Articles exhibited, ^ 29 Reports of Viewing Committees, _ 89 Cattle, 89 Horses, 99 Sheep, 105 Swine,.. 110 Poultry, 1U Farm Implements, .113 Butter, Cheese, Sugar and Honey, 117 Domestic Manufactures, _ 118 Paintings, Drawings, Daguerreotypes and Musical Instruments, 12b Needle, Shell and Wax Work, 127 Flowers,... 129 Apples, 131 Pears, 1»£ Miscellaneous Fruits, 1 33 Vegetables, 134 Grain, Flour, Seeds and Bread, 136^ IV I Page. Miscellaneous Articles, 138 Essays, 143 Awards to County Societies, 144 Essay on Thorough Draining, 145 Essay on Manures, and their Application, 169 Essay on the Cultivation and the Management of Wheat, 193 Communications, (fee, 221 Short Horn Cow " Shaker Lady," Crippen & Freeman, 223 The Potato, by E. C.Roberts, 227 The Potato, by Edward Mason, 233 Annual Address, 25 1 Executive Meeting, Dec. 17, 1855, 263 Report of the Secretary, 263 Award to County Agricultural Societies, 274 Rules and Regulations, 275 Report of Finance Committee, _ 276 Michigan — Historical and Statistical, 283 .Sketches of Detroit,.. „ 304 ■City Statistics, _. ....304 The Detroit River, 325 Climate, ._ 326 Elevations, 327 Steamboat Routes, 329 Railroads, 330 Distances from Detroit, 346 Plankroads, 348 The Saut Ste. Marie Ship Canal, 351 Geological Survey, 355 Glossary of Geological Terms, __ 386 Report of Doct. J. Wright, Botanist of the Geological Survey, 396 Meteorological Observations for 1855, 425 Table showing the Rain Fall at Detroit from the year 1840 to 1855, 429 Reports of County Agricultural Societies for the year 1865, 431 Report of Allegan County Agricultural Society, 433 Report of Branch County Agricultural Society, 441 Report of Calhoun County Agricultural Society, 461 V Page. Report of Cass County Agricultural Society, 465 Report of Eaton County Agricultural Society, 469 Report of Genesee County Agricultural Society, 503 Report of Hillsdale County Agricultural Society, 647 Report of Jackson County Agricultural Society, 585 Report of Kent County Agricultural Society, 619 Report of Livingston County Agricultural Sosiety, 655 Report of Macomb County Agricultural Society, 678 Report of Montcalm County Agricultural Society, 693 Report of Monroe County Agricultural Society, 695 Report of Oakland County Agricultural Society, 725 Report of Ottawa County Agricultural Society, 785 Report of Shiawassee County Agricultural Society, 789 Report of St Joseph County Agricultural Society, 815 Report of Saginaw County, 827 Report of Van Buren County Agricultural Society, 835 OFFICERS FOR 1856. PRESIDENT. M. SHOEMAKER, JacksoD. BXECUTPirE COMMITTEE, *F. W. BACKUS, Detroit, *HORACE WELCH, Ypsilanli, *A. N. HART, Lapeer, *EDWARD G. MORTON, Monroe, C. A. GREEN, Troy, JOHN MILLER, Tecumseh, *J. B. CRIPPEN, Coldwater, JUSTUS GAGE, Dowagiac, J.|K. KINMAN, Jonesville, WM. L. P. LITTLE, Saginaw, A. Y. MOORE, Schoolcraft, *Wm H. WELTON, Grand Rapids. TREASURER, BEN J. FOLLETT, Ypsilanti. SECRETARY. J. C. HOLMES, Detroit. The Society's Rooms are in Cooper's building, over No. 130 JeS'erson Avenue, Detroit. •Elected for two years. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MICHIGAN: STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1855. Office of the Mich. State Agricultural Society, ) Detroit, April 10th, 1856. f To the Secretary of State: Sir — I liave the honor herewith to transmit to you the Seventh An- nual Report of the Michigan State Agricultural Society. Very respectfully, J. C. HOLMES, Secy Mich. State Agricultural Society, 4 CONSTITUTION OF THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Article 1 . The name of this association shall be " The Michigan State Agricultural Society," and its object shall be to promote the im- provement of agriculture and its kindred arts, throughout the State of Michigan. Art. 2. The officers of this Society shall be a President, one Vice President in each organized county in the State, a Recording Secretary and a Treasurer, and the Corresponding Secretary of each organized County Agricultural Society shall be the Corresponding Secretary of this Society for their county ; and any county not having an organized County Agricultural Society shall not be entitled to a Corresponding Secretary of the State Society; and an Executive Committee consist- ing of the President and Recording Secretary, and twelve other mem- bers to be chosen for that purpose, and also the ex-Presidents of the Society. These officers shall be elected by a majority of the votes at the annual meeting of the Society, and shall, except the twelve members of the Executive Committee, hold their offices for one year, and until the annual meetins: of the Executive Committee. The Executive Com- mittee at their annual meeting in December, 1856, shall proceed to elect one half of their number by ballot, to hold for two years, and the other six shall serve only for one year, and at the next annual meeting of the Society, and annually thereafter, six members of the Executive Committee shall be elected to hold for two years, and until the annual meeting of the Executive Committee: Provided, that the officers named upon the organization of the Society shall be deemed members and shall remain officers only until others shall be duly elected at the first annual meeting ; and if a vacancy happen it may be filled by ap- pointment of the Executive Committee. Art. 3. The duties of the President, Vice Presidents, Recording and Corresponding Secretaries, shall be such as usually peitain to their respective offices, and such also as may be prescribed by the order of the Executive Committee, as hereinafter provided. Art. 4. The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys belonging to the Society ; he shall pay out its moneys only on the order of the Executive Committee, and at each annual meeting of the Society he shall make a full report of its financial transactions and condition. Art. 5. The Executive Committee shall determine the place for holding each annual meeting and fair of the Society, and it shall call that meeting and fair at such time as it shall judge best, between the first Monday in September and the third Monday in October, giving at least sixty days public notice thereof. Art. 6. The Executive Committee shall direct the money appropria- tions of the Society, and have the control of its property; it shall make the necessary preparations for the annual fair, and issue all proper public notices and circulars in relation thereto, or to the general object of the Society ; it shall prepare the necessary by-laws of the Society, and may prescribe such duties to the other officers of the Society as are not in- consistent with the usual business of their respective offices ; it shall itself obey the instructions which may be given to it, at the annual meeting of the Society, and at the expiration of its term of service, it shall make a full report of its proceedings. It shall be competent for the Executive Committee, or a majority of them, to appoint a Chair- man and Secretary, who may transact all such business as they may be authorized to do by said committee; and said Secretary shall sign, and said Chairman shall countersign all orders on the Treasurer for the pay- ment of any money directed by said committee to be paid for any pur- pose, and said Secretary shall keep an accurate account of all orders so drawn. Art. 7. It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee annually to regulate and award premiums on such articles, productions, and im- provements, as they may deem best calculated to promote the agricul- tural and household manufacturing interests of the State, having special reference to the most economical or profitable mode of competition in raising the crop or stock, or in the fabrication of tho article offered : Pro- vided always, That before any premium shall be delivered, the person claiming the same, or to whom the same shall be awarded, shall deliver to tho President of the Society, in writing, an accurate statement and description, verified in such manner as the Executive Committee may direct, of the character of the soil and the process in preparing it, in- cluding the quantity and quality of the manure applied in raising the crop, or the kind and quality of food in jfeeding the animal, as the case may be ; also, the kind and cost of labor employed, and the total expense and total product of the crop, or the increase of value of the animal, raal, with a view of showing accurately the exact resulting profit. Art. 8. The Executive Committee shall meet annually, at such place as it may itself choose, on or before the second Monday in January, and shall then immediately prepare a report and abstract of the transactions of the Society during the preceding year, embracing such valuable re- ports from committees, statements of experiments, cultivation and im- provements, proceedings of County Societies, correspondence, statistics, and other matter, the pubhcation of which will exhibit the condition of the agricultural interests of Michigan, and a diffused knowledge of which, will, in the judgment of the Committee, add to the productive- ness of agricultural and household labor, and therefore promote the gen- eral prosperity of the State ; and as soon as practicable the Committee shall transmit such report and abstract to the President of the Senate, for the use of the Legislature. Art. 9. No oiEcer of this Society, except the Recording Secretary, shall receive any compensation for his services. The Executive Commit- tee shall allow the said Secretary such sum for past and future services, as they may deem advisable. Art. 10. Any person may become a member of the Michigan State Agi'icultui'al Society, for one year, by paying one dollar into its treas- ury. Any oflBcer of the Society may receive and forward to the Treas- urer the fee requisite to a membership. By paying ten dollars into the Treasury of the Society, any person may become a life member, and shall be entitled to a certificate of such membership, signed by the Pres- ident and Recording Secretary. Art. 11. The several County Agricultural Societies that now exist, or may hereafter exist in this State, shall be deemed auxiliaries of this State Society, and it shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to invite and receive reports and abstracts of the transactions of the County Societies, to be used in preparing the Annual Report to the Legislature, which is provided for by Article eight of this Constitution. Art. 12. The President and Recording Secretary of each County Agricultural Society, and all life members of this Society, may attend the annual meeting of the Executive Committee, and freely participate in all discussions which shall occur at such meeting. Art. 13. This Constitution shall be altered only by a vote of two- thirds of the members present at an annual meetiog of the Society. NAMES OF THE OFFICERS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1855. President— ANDREW Y. MOORE, Schoolcraft. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. John Starkweather, Ypsilanti; Henry Metz, Detroit; Justus Gage, Dowagiac; Charles Dickey, Marshall; John Miller, Tecumseh; John L. Butterfield, Brooklyn; Payno K. Leach, Utica; James Bayley, Big Beaver ; S. M. Bartlett, Lasalle ; J. W. Dickinson, Hillsdale. VICE PRESIDENTS. Name. Post Office. County. John R. Kellogg, Allegan, Allegan. Hiram Lewis, Prairieville, Barry. F. V. Smith, Coldwater, Branch. Wm. H. Macomber, Niles, Berrien. Jereh. Brown, Battle Creek, Calhoun. E. J. Bonine, Vandalia, Cass. Sam'l Ashman, Saut Ste. Mary, Chippeway. David Sturgis, De Witt, Clinton. Reuben Fitzgerald, Bellevue, Eaton. L. W. Beecher, Genesee, Genesee. Wm. H. Miller, Moscow, Hillsdale. Allen Goodridge, Lansing, Ingham. Cyrus Lovell, Ionia, Ionia. M. Shoemaker, Jackson, Jackson, 8 Clias. E. Stuart, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo. Henry Hall, Grand Rapids, Kent. A. N. Hart, Lapeer, Lapeer. Walter Wright, . Adrian, Lenawee. N. G. Isbell, Howell, Livingston. Micli'l Dousman, Mackinaw, Mackinaw. Ira H. Butterfield, Utica, Macomb. A. G. Bates, Monroe, Monroe. Lyman Fuller, Troy, Oakland. Henry Pennoyer, Grand Haven, Ottawa. H. S. Miller, Saginaw, Saginaw. D. Northrop, Port Huron, gSt. Clan-. George Carman, Sturgis, St. Joseph. M. B. Martin, Shiawassee, Shiawassee. Eusebius Mathers, Paw Paw, Van Buren. John Brewer, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw. J. H. Titus, Detroit, Wayne. CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES '. Name. Post Office. County. Allegan. Barry. N. Barlow, Jr., Hastings, Thomas Love, Berrien, Berrien. J. B, Crippen, Coldvvater, Branch. 0. C. Comstock, Jr. , Marshall, Calhoun. John Byrnes, Summerville, Cass. S. McKnight, Saut Ste. Mary, Chippeway. J. F. Turner, De Witt, Clinton. W. R. Martin, Vermontville, Eaton. R. B. Perry, Grand Blanc, Genesee. J. McCollum, Hillsdale, Hillsdale. C. P. Bush, Lansing, Ingham. Fred'k Hall, Ionia, Ionia. J. C. Watkins, Grass Lake, Jackson. F. W. Curtenius, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo. Henry Seymour, Grand Rapids, Kent. George Clark, Jr., Lapeer, Jjapeer. 9 A. G, Eastman, E. F. Burt, L. Y. B. Birchard, Dexter Mussy, E. G. Morton, A. C. Walker, Thos. J. White, W. L. P. Little, Chas. A. Loomis, Mark H. Wakeman, James Cummins, W. H. Harrison, L. Davis, Abram Fisher, Adrian, Howell, Mackinaw, Romeo, Monroe, Farmington, Grand Haven, Saginaw, St. Clair, Nottawa, Corunna, Paw Paw, Ann Arbor, Redford, Lenawee, Livingston. Mackinaw. Macomb. Monroe. Oakland. Ottawa. Saginaw. St. Clair. St. Joseph. Shiawassee. Van Buren. Washtenaw. Wayne. EXECUTIVE MEETING. The Annual Meetinof of the Executive Committee was held at the Society's Rooms in Detroit, on Tuesday, December 12th, 1854. The meeting convened at 2 o'clock P. M., and was called to order by the President. Present, The President, A. Y. Moore, of Schoolcraft; Executive Committee — John Starkweather, Ypsilanti ; Justus Gage, Dowagiac; John L. Butterfield, Brooklyn; James Bayley, Big Beaver; S. M. Bartlett, Lasalle ; J. W. Dickinson, Hillsdale ; P. K. Leach, Utica ; Henry Metz, Detroit; Charles Dickey, Marshall. The meeting being organized, the Secretary read the following report : To the Executive Committee of the Mich. State Ag'l Soc^y: Gentlemen — In accordance with the requirements of the Constitu- tion of the Michigan State Agricultural Society, we have assembled for the purpose of examining into the affairs of the Society, and to adopt such measures as you may deem advisable to pursue the ensuing year. As some of you are now for the first time taking an active and offi- cial part in these proceedings, and therefore may not have full knowl- edge of what has been done in former years, I will take the liberty, in making my report, to refer to the past, as well as the present, and the future. The State Agricultural Society was organized at Lansing, on the 23d of March, 1849. The Legislature at the same time made an appro- priation of $400 for the benefit of the Society for that year, provided the Society should raise a like sum of $400 by subscriptions, or by fees of membership. 11 More than tlie requisite sum was raised by the Society, and the ap- propriation by the State was secured. The act also provides for a like appropriation, to be paid in a like manner and upon the same conditions, during each year for the term of five years, including the year 1849. For the first annual Fair the Executive Committee made an appro- priation of one thousand dollars for the payment of premiums. The amount appropriated the second year for the payment of premi- ums was two thousand dollars. It has always been the wish of the Executive Committee to extend, each succeeding year, the premium list, as well as to increase the amount of each award. In order to carry out this design the treasury must be supplied with a sufiicient amount of money to meet the de- mand thus occasioned; consequently in January, 1851, the following petition was presented to the Legislature, viz. : To the Hon. the Legislature of the State of Michigan: The undersigned respectfully represent, that while it is universally admitted that the farming interest of the State is its great and import- ant interest, it is equally well known that that great source of our wealth, prosperity and happiness as a people, has been more neglected than any other, both by the General and State Governments, and we feel that the time has now come when this evil should be remedied. We therefore request, that your honorable body would appropriate the sum of six hundred dollars annnually for the next three years, in addition to the sum already appropriated, to be placed at the disposal of the State Agricultural Society, under such rules and regulations as may be deemed just and proper, to be distributed as premiums by said Society, for the purpose of encouraging Agriculture, Domestic Manufactures, and the Mechanical Arts connected with Agriculture. State of Michigan, January, 1851. The Legislature granted this petition so far as to appropriate, instead of the orifrinal sum of $400, the sum of one thousand dollars for the year 1851, and one thousand dollars for the year 1852, upon like con- ditions as before. The sum appropriated by the Executive Committee for the payment of premiums for 1851, was $2,000; for 1852, $2,500; for 1853, $3,500; for 1854, $4,500. 12 At the session of the Legislature for 1853, the Society presented a petition asking the State to appropriate for the benefit of the Society, the sum of Sl,000 for 1853, and the sum of $1,000 for 1854. Also, to cause to be printed two thousand copies, at least, of the Annual Re- ports of the Society for the years 1852 and 1853. To this petition the Legislature responded by making the appropria- tions asked for. I will not now give you a detailed statement of the financial affairs of the Society for each year, but will state that each year before we can replenish our treasury, it is found to be not only empty, but the ac- count has been overdrawn, and the Treasurer has very kindly furnislied means to supply the deficiency until money received at the fair comes to his relief. I have made the above statements for the purpose of showing you wbat amount of funds we have received each year from the State; also, that the act making the last appropriation has expired, and it will be necessary to petition the Legislature, at its approaching session, for an appropriation that will be nearer adequate to the wants of the Society, and to what it should receive from the fostering hand of the State, than it has hitherto received. Money may, or may not, be the base and spring of our action, but this is certain, that for the want of it our eflEbrts have been, and still are, crippled. The report of the Financial Committee of the last year premises that after the payment of the debts a balance would be left in the trea- sury. There were some premiums and other indebtedness unpaid at that time of which that Committee w^ere not aware. All those debts have since been paid. The amount of drafts drawn upon the Treasurer to pay premiums awarded in money at the sixth annual Fair is $3,070 00. The amount drawn for current expenses of the year, including the purchase of a tent, which cost $350 00, fitting up the Fairground, the payment of several bills laid over from the last year, &c., is $4,070 08. We have on hand bronze medals, that were purchased last year, sufficient to supply the demand for this year. We have a fQVf silver medals, but not as many as are wanting. A few essays have been presented to compete for the premiums ofi'ered. They are now in the hands of the Committee on Essays. 13 The Committee on Farms will report to yow, it being your duty to decide upon the awards to be made upon farms. There are a few entries of Field Corps, upou the merits of which you will be called upon to decide. At different times since the organization of this Society, the subject of the establishment of an Agricultural School in connection with an Experimental Farm has occupied the attention of the Executive Com- mittee, and they have made some eflfort to procure the establishment of such an institution, but as yet without success. The Executive Committee, at its annual meeting in December, 1852, after some discussion of the subject of an Agricultural School, adopted a memorial to be presented to the Legislature, asking for the passage of a law for the establishment by the State of an Agricultural School in connection with an Experimental Farm. This memorial was presented to the Legislature at its session in 1853, and by it was favorably received ; but from some cause, perhaps better known to others than to myself, it failed to receive that notice to which the cause is entitled, and which it demands. It is known to all of you that the elements of scientific Agriculture are taught at the Normal School, at Ypsilanti. This will enable those who are now Students, and intend to become teachers, to perform their duty to their pupils, by instilling into their minds a taste and love for scientific agricultural knowledge, and place them at least one step in advance of those who toil in the field from year to year, understanding nothing beyond the mechanical process of farming, fearing to deviate from the old rule, not knowing to what the deviation may lead them, whether to a harder or an easier task, to riches or to poverty. On the 14th of March, 1853, a circular was issued by the Regents of the University, announcing that there would be given a free course of lectures in the University of Michigan upon Agricultural Science, commencing the 27th day of April and closing the 28tli day of June. The Rev, Charles Fox was announced as the lecturer upon Theoretical and Practical Agriculture. Other lectures to bo given by Prof. S. H. Douglass and Prof. A. Sacjer. This course of lectures was given in accordance with the above an- nouncement. Last autumn Mr. Fox moved to Ann Arbor and lectured during the 14 winter. He was afterward appointed Professor of Theoretical and Practical Agriculture, and was expecting to continue his labors at the University, in that departnaent for which he was so eminently fitted, and in the prosecution of which he had for many years, with unwearied assiduity labored in the field by day, and in the study by night; I mean the department of Agriculture, both scientific and practical. But, ju?t as we were beginning to know him, and to feel the influence that his talents, industry, and energy were exerting in behalf of the agricultural interests of Michigan, we looked and he was not, for death, with but a slight warning, claimed and bore him from us, that he might rest from his labors and receive his reward. It is natural that since our friend has been taken from us we should ask, by whom will his place be filled. At present I cannot answer. The President of the University informs me that the lectures will be continued, but by whom, and the plan of the course I have not been advised. That agricultural science must be taught, and that an experimental and model farm must be established in Michigan, appears to be a fixed fact; but a difficulty in the way, and I apprehend it is the principal, if not the only one, is the location. With regard to location, we hear it said by some that an Agricultural School should be a branch, or a de- partment of the University ; others say the Normal School is the proper place for it ; while others say it should not be connected with any other institution, but should be by itself, independent of all others. The Constitution of the State says the " Legislature shall provide for an Agricultural School, when practicable." We say it is now practicable, now is the time for the Legislature to act upon this important subject, and it is for you to send in your peti- tions, and see that they are acted upon, and they are granted. Then the farmer, as well as the artisan and the professional man, will have the advantage of science to assist bim in his occupation. This object must be attained, be the location where it may. The importance of this sub- ject has caused me to occupy much of your time in calling your atten- tion to it. It has been my constant endeavor to increase the library belonging to the Society, but without means its progress must necessarily be slow. Last spring I forwarded to Europe, under the direction of the Smith- 15 sonian Institution, fifty sets of our Transactions, for Exchange with Eu- ropean Societies. I have, as yet, received no returns. I have also tried to make a collection of specimens of grasses, seeds, &c., but for want of time I have been unable to go out and make the collection, and gentlemen who have promised to forward to me speci- mens, have failed to fulfill their promises in this regard. It was my intention to publish a quarterly journal for gratuitous dis- tribution among the members of the Society, but in this I have been disappointed, as it could not be done without incurring a debt that the funds of the Society were insufiicient to meet. I have, therefore, issued but one number this year. It has always been the desire of exhibitors in the Horticultural De- partment at our fairs, that their contributions should be exhibited under a tent, instead of a rough board building. This desire has been acceded to, and a tent for the purpose has been purchased at a cost of three hun- dred and fifty dollars. There appears to be a general desire among the County Agricultural Societies that there should be a general act of the Legislature under which County Agricultural Societies may become incorporated. They wish the Executive Committee of the State Society to take the neces- sary steps for procuring the passage of such an act. I would call your attention for a moment to the United States Agri- cultural Society. That Society was organized three or four years since, and holds its annual meetings in Washington, D. C, on the last Wednesday of Feb- ruary in each year. The last year Michigan was represented in that body by Prof. Chas. Fox, who delivered before the Society a very inter- esting address, which will be published in their journal. If it is the wish of this Society to be represented at the next annual meeting of the U. S. Agricultural Society, it will be necessary for you to appoint three delegates for that purpose. All of which is respectfully submitted. The report of the Secretary was adopted. A motion was made that the Chair proceed to appoint the regular Committees, whereupon the following committees were appointed. 16 Committee on Treasurers Account — Messrs. Gage, Butterfield and Dickinson. Committee on Rules and Regulations — Messrs. Bartlett, Starkweather and Bayley. Committee on Premium List — Messrs. Starkweather, Leach and Metz. Committee on Field Crops — Messrs. Butterfield, Bayley and Leach. Committee on Awards to County Societies — Messrs. Dickinson, Starkweather and Metz. Business Committee — Messrs. Metz, Bayley and Leach. Committee on Farms — Messrs. Gage, Dickinson and Starkweather. On motion of Mr. Bartlett, Besolved, That the Seventh Annual Fair of the Society be held on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, the 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th days of October, 1855; also, that it be held at Detroit, provided the citizens of that place secure to the Society, by the first day of June, the sum of $1,500 for the purpose of fitting up the grounds; if not, then at such place on the line of either of the railroads in the State as will raise the largest sum. On motion of Mr. Gage, Hesolved, That the sum of five thousand dollars be appropriated for the payment of premiums to be awarded at the 7th Annual Fair. Mr. J. N. Chandler, of Adrian, presented a communication relative to the cause and prevention of the Potato rot, which was read to the Committee. On motion of Mr. Starkweather, Resolved, That the communication presented by Mr. Chandler be laid on the table for the present. On motion of Mr. Gage, Resolved, That a committee be appointed to draft a memorial to the Legislature, praying that honorable body to appropriate a sum of money to aid in supporting this Society for the two ensuing years. Also that the same committee be instructed to draft another petition to that honorable body, praying them to take in consideration the propri- ety of appropriating a sum of money sufficient for the establishment of an Agricultural School, with the addition of an experimental farm, where experimental and theoretical agriculture will be taught on a scale equal to our best colleges. 17 Committee to draft petitions in accordance with the ahove resolution ; Messrs. Gage, Starkweather and Bartlett. Committee to make arrangements with Rail Roads, Plank Roads, and Steam Boats for the transportation of passengers, stock, &c., to and from the Fair ; Messrs. Butterfield, Bartlett, Holmes. At ^ past 5 P. M. adjourned to ^ past 6 P. M. At |- past 6 P. M. the Committee met. Mr. Gage offered the followins:: Resolved, That an Agricultural School should be connected with the Normal School at Ypsilanti. Mr. Gage spoke at some length in favor of the resolution. Messrs. Starkweather, Bartlett, Bayley, Butterfield, Cone and Dickin- son opposed the resolution, and spoke in favor of the establishment of an institution that should be separate and distinct from any other. Mr. Bartlett offered the following as a substitute for the resolution of Mr. Gage: Resolved, That an Agricultural College should be separate from any other institution. Whereupon, Mr. Gage withdrew his resolution and advocated the passage of the substitute. The substitute offered by Mr. Bartlett was adopted. At 9 o'clock P. M., adjourned to ^ past 8 A. M. of the 13th. Wednesday, Dec. 13. The Committee met at 9 o'clock, A. M. The Secretary read several letters from Corresponding Secretaries rel- ative to some alterations deomed advisable to be made in the premiuna, list, also recommending persons suitable to be placed upon the viewing committees at the next fair. Mr. E. C. Roberts, of Salem, Washtenaw county, presented, verbally, his theory of the cause and cure of the Potato rot. A communication from Edward Mason, of Greenfield, upon the sub- ject of the Potato rot was then read, and on motion, the subject of Potato rot was referred to a Committee consisting of Messrs. Dickinson, Gage, and Bartlett. At 1 2 M. adjourned to 2 o'clock P. M. At 2 o'clock P. M. the Committee assembled and the several com- mittees proceeded to make out their reports. 3 18 Hon. M. Shoemalier, delegate from the Jackson County Agricultural Society, made some very interesting remarks in relation to the estab- lishm'^nt of an Agricultural School and Experimental Farm. Adjourned to 7 P. M. At 7 o'clock P. M. the committee met. The evening was occupied in the reading of statements of competi- tors for the premiums on farms. Adjourned to 9 A. M. of the lith. Thursday, Dae. 14. The Committee met at 9 A. M. Mr. Bartlett, from the comiuitte on farms, read a report recommend- ing the following awards : The first premium not awarded, no farm being found worthy. To Justus Gage, Dowagiac, Cass Co., the 2d premium, _.$30 00 To H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hillsdale Co. od prem., 20 00 To J. S. Tibbitts, Plymouth, Wayne Co., 4tn prem., 10 00 The report was accepted, and the awards confirmed. The committee appointed to mr^ko arrangements with rail and other roads for the transport of passengers and stock, and all articles intended for exhibition at the next annual fair, report that they have made s^itis- factory arrangements with the Michigan Central, the Detroit and Pon- tiac, and the Oakland and Ottawa Railroads, for that purpose. The committee on Premium List made a report, which, after some amendment, was adopted. The committee to draw up a petition to the Legislature for aid in support of the Society, reported a petition asking the Legislature to ap- propriate the sum of two thousand dollars to be distributed as premiums for the year 1855, and a like amount for the yoar 1856. The report was accepted and adopted. The committee to whom was refeiTed the claims of competitors for the premium offered for sufficient evidence of having the cause and a cure for the potato rot, made a report which elicited considerable dis- cussion, during which the committee adjourned to half-past 1 P. M. At 2 P. M. the committee was called to order. The committee on Rules and Regulations presented their report, which, after a few amendments, was adopted. On motion of Mr. Dickinson, 19 Resolved, That any member of this Society who shall, by improper means, procuia the award of a premium on an animal or article not en- titled thereto, shall be deprived of the privileges and benefits of this Society thereafter. On motion of Mr. Baylay, Resolved, That the Secretary be and he is hereby directed to request Mr. E, M. Crippen to return to the Treasurer of this Society the amount received by him as premiums awarded at the last State fair, on Devon Cattle, in competition with foreign Devon Cattle. There were no for- eign Devon Cattle on the ground, therefore the premiums were awarded in violation of a rule of the Society. At half-past 2 P. M., the report of the committee upon the subject of the potato rot was again taken up and further discussed, and after one or two amendments it was adopted. The report of the committee oa the potato rot was published in full in the sixth volume of Transactions. A motion was made to proceed to appoint the various awarding com- mittees for the next fair. Adjourned to 7 o'clock P. M. At 1 o'clock P. M. the committee met and proceeded with the ap- pointment of viewing committees. At 9 P. M. adjourned to 9 o'clock A. M. of the 1 6th. Friday, Dec. 15. Committee met at 9 o'clock A. M. Mr. E. C. Roberta presented a written communication giving his method of cultivating the potato, as stated by him verbally before the committee, and which, at their request, he reduced to writing. The committee on Field Crops presented their report, which was adopted. The committee on County Agricultural Societies made their report, awarding the premium of twenty copies of the Transactions to the Hillsdale County Society. A claim having been presented for injuries sustained in consequence of goods being damaged by rain at the late State Fair, the following was ofiered by Mr. Metz : Resolved, That the Agricultural Society does not hold itself respon- 20 sible for injury caused to articles by the elements while on exhibition at their Fairs. Adopted. Adjourned to 2 o'clock P. M. At 2 o'clock P. M. the committee met. Mr. Butterfield, from the committee on Treasurer's account, made a verbal report, not having had time to make out a full written statement,, and asked for an extension of time, in order to make out a full report Granted. On motion of Mr. Bartlett, it was Resolved^ That Cassius M. Clay be invited to deliver the annual address before the Society at its fair in 1855. The committee on Premium List presented their report, which, after some discussion and amendment, was adopted. Mr. Gage, from the committee to report a memorial to be presented to the Legislature on the subject of an Agricultural School, reported a memorial praying that body to appropriate a sum of money sufficient to purchase a body of land for an experimental farm, and for the erec- tion of suitable buildings thereon for an Agricultural School, placing it upon a basis of its own, separate from any other institution of learning, and for the endowment of the same in such manner as shall place it upon an equality with the best Colleges of the State. The memorial was accepted and adopted. A communication was read from Mr. Aaron Palmer, of Brockport, N. Y., a manufacturer of reaping machines, to the effect that he would furnish a reaping machine to be owned and controlled by the Society, (if a respectable number of other manufacturers would do the same,) provided that the Society appoint a committee of twelve practical far- mers to take the machines and operate them through the entire wheat harvest, and report under oath which is the best, which the second best, and so on. That a full report of the trial be published by the commit- tee in all the agricultural papers in the Union. That the reapers, at the end of the trial, be sold to pay the expenses attending the trial, and the balance of the money, if any, to go to the treasury of the Society. Mr. Metz offered the following: Resolved, That the offer of Mr. Palmer be accepted, and that the Secretary be instructed to correspond with manufacturers of reaping 21 machinery, stating to them the proposition of Mr. Palmer, and asking them to notify the Society if they concur in the proposition, and if they will furnish a machine of their own make upon the same terms. The committee will give them a fair trial, provided not less than four be pre- sented. Adopted. On motion of Mr. Gage, Resolved, That Mr. Bartlett be a committee to draft a bill to be pre- sented to the next Legislature, for the establishment of an Agricultural School, in accordance with the views of this committee, as by them al- ready expressed. On motion. Resolved, That Messrs. Bartlett, Gage and Starkweather be a com- mittee to wait upon the Legislature for the purpose of presenting the memorials of this Society, and urging the passage of bills in accordance therewith. The following gentlemen were appointed as delegates from this Soci- ety to attend the annual meeting of the United States Agricultural So- ciety, to be held in February, 1855: A. Y. Moore, Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo Co. ; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, and D. A. Noble, Monroe. On motion of Mr. Dickinson, it was Resolved, That the thanks of this Committee be tendered to our President, A. Y. Moore, Esq., for his kindness and the proper and punctual discharge of his duties during the present session. On motion of Mr. Starkweather, it was Resolved, That the Executive Committee of this Society tender their thanks to Mr. Holmes for the faithful and efficient manner in which he has discharged the duties of his office for the past year. The Committee adjourned sine die. J. C. HOLMES, Secretary. EXECUTIVE MEETING. A meeting of the Executive Coiamittee was held at the Society's rooms on Monday evening, October ist, 1855. Present, Messrs. Starkweather, Miller, Metz, Bay ley, Bartlett, Dick- inson and the Secretary. The President being ausent, Mr. J. Starkweather was called to the Chair. The following committees were appointed to have supervision of the several departments during the Fair : Horse Department — Dickey and Bayley. Cattle " Starkweather and Miller. Sheep, Swine and Poultry Department — Dickinson. Domestic Manufacturers — Metz. Mechanics' Hall — Gage. Floral ^a/^— Bartlett. A circular from Lieut. Maury relative to Meteorology was read by the Secretary, and on motion. Resolved, That Messrs. Gage and Holmes be a committee to draft a memorial to Congress in favor of adopting by the General Govern- ment, the plan of Lieut. Maury respecting Meteorology for farmers, and circulate it through the State for signatures. A proposition and programme for a horse race at the Hamtramck course under the auspices of the Society was read, and after some dis- cussion the whole matter was laid on the table. On motion of Mr. Starkweather, Resolved, That Messrs. Bartlett and Holmes be refunded the ex- penses incurred and paid by them while attending to business of the Society at Lansing in January and February last. Adjourned to meet on the Fair Ground, on Tuesday the 2d inst., at 3 o'clock P. M. THE SEVENTH ANNUAL FAIR. The Society's Seventh Annual Fair was held at Detroit, on the Jones and Cass farms, between the Chicago and Grand River roads, and west of Third Street, on the second, third, fourth and fifth days of October, 1855. The weather was mild and very pleasant excepting the last day, at which time the rain fell heavily and steadily all day. The exhibition was extensive, and superior to former ones in nearly every particular. Entries of stock and articles were made during Monday and Tues- day, the 1st and 2d days of October. At 3 o'clock P. M. a meeting was called for the purpose of filling vacancies in committees, and for other purposes. On motion of Mr. Bartlett, the motion relative to a Horse race upon the Hamtramck course, which was laid upon the table last evening, was taken up, and by a full vote of the board, with one exception, the proposition was rejected. On motion, Resolved, That the filling of vacancies in committees be postponed until to-morrow morning, at 8 o'clock. The Committee adjourned to 8 o'clock to-morrow morning. On Wednesday the 3d the Committee met at 8 o'clock A. M., and filled the vacancies that occurred in the viewing committees. It having been stated to the Executive Committee that considerable stock had been delayed upon the Michigan Southern Rail Road, and unable to get to the Fair in season, it was, on motion, Resolved, That the examination of stock be delayed until the morn- iog of the 4ih. 26 On the morning of tlie 4th, the several committees proceeded to the examination of stock and articles on exhibition. At 3 o'clock P. M., the annual address was delivered by the Hon. Henry Broom, of Philadelphia, Pa. On the 5th it commenced raining early in the morning, and contin- ued during the 5th and 6th. The reading of the reports of the viewing committees was com- menced at 11 o'clock A. M. of the 5th, at the conclusion of which the election of officers took place. The following officers were elected for 1856: President — M. SHOEMAKER, Jackson, Jackson county. Treasurer— BENJAMIN FOLLETT, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw county. Secretary — J. C. HOLMES, Detroit, Wayne county. Executive Committee — F. W. Backus, Detroit, Wayne county; Hor- ace Welch, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw county; A. N. Hart, Lapeer, Lapeer county; Edward G. Morton, Monroe, Monroe county; C. A. Green, Troy, Oakland county; John Miller, Tecumseh, Lenawee county; J. B. Crippen, Coldwater, Branch county; Justus Gage, Dowagiac, Cass county; J. K. Kinman, Jonesville, Hillsdale county; Wm. L. P. Little, Saginaw, Saginaw county ; A. Y. Moore, Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo coun- ty; W. S. H. Welton, Grand Rapids, Kent county. On motion. Resolved, That the Constitution be amended by striking out from the fifth line of the second section the word "ten," and insert the word "twelve." On motion of John Starkweather, Resolved, That the Constitution be amended by striking out from the third and fourth lines of the second section the words "a Corres- ponding Secretary in each county in the State," and insert the words "the Corresponding Secretary of each County Agricultural Society shall be the Corresponding Secretary of the State Society for their county; and any county not having an organized Agricultural Society, shall not be entitled to a Corresponding Secretary of the State Society." Resolved, That the Constitution be amended by inserting in the second section the following words, viz. : The Executive Committee at their annual meeting shall proceed to elect one half of their number by ballot to hold for two years, and the other six shall serve only for 27 one year, and at the next annual meeting of the Society, and annually thereafter, six members of the Executive Committee Eoall be elected to hold for two years. Section 2, as amended, will read as follows : Sbction 2, The oflBcers of thia Society shall be a President, one Vice President in each org^niz-ed county in the State, a Re<y"^ding Sec- retary, and a Treasurer; and the Corresponding Secretary of each or- ganized County Agncultural Society shall be the Corresponding Sec- retary of this Society for their county ; and any county not having an organized County A^cultural Society shall not be entitled to a Cor- responding Secretary of the State Society ; an Executive Committee consisting of the President and Recording Secretary, and twelve other members to be chosen for that purpose, and also the ex-Presidenta of the Society. These officers shall je electe-i by a majority of the votes at the Annual meeting of the Sx;iety, and shall, except the twelve members of the Executive Committee, hold their officers for one year, and until the annual meeting of the Execunvo Committee. The Ex- ecutive Committee at their annual meeting in December, lSo6, shall proceed to elect one half of their number by ballot, to hold for two- years, and the other six shall serve only for one year, and at the next annual meeting of the Society, and annually thereafter, six members of the Executive Committee shall be elected to hold for two years, and until the annual meeting of the Executive Committee, On motion, Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be tendered to Hon. Jacob Broom for his able and interestina: a-ddress before the Society, and re- quest a copy for publication. Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be tendered lo the Presi- dent and the other officers of the Society, for their labors and their devotion to the interests of the Society during the past year.
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https://github.com/usingsystem/eii-opcua-export/blob/master/OpcuaBusAbstraction/py/open62541/setup.py
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Github Open Source
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eii-opcua-export
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usingsystem
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Code
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"""
setup file
"""
from distutils.core import setup
from distutils.extension import Extension
from Cython.Build import cythonize
# By default, -Wformat -Wformat-security compile flags
# are used, so not including it in extra_compile_flags
COMPILE_ARGS = ['-std=c99', '-g']
LINK_ARGS = ["-z", "noexecstack", "-z", "relro", "-z", "now"]
EXTENSION_NAME = "open62541W"
SOURCES = ["open62541W.pyx",
"../../c/open62541/src/open62541_wrappers.c",
"../../c/open62541/src/open62541.c",
"../../c/DataBus.c"]
INCLUDE_DIRS = ["../../c/open62541/include",
"../../c"]
LIBRARY_DIRS = ["."]
LIBRARIES = ["mbedtls", "mbedx509", "safestring",
"mbedcrypto", "pthread"]
setup(
name=EXTENSION_NAME,
ext_modules=cythonize([Extension(EXTENSION_NAME,
SOURCES,
include_dirs=INCLUDE_DIRS,
library_dirs=LIBRARY_DIRS,
libraries=LIBRARIES,
language="c",
extra_compile_args=COMPILE_ARGS,
extra_link_args=LINK_ARGS)]),
)
| 37,916 |
https://github.com/TomokiIwai/d3-spring-webpack-materializecss/blob/master/src/main/java/com/example/tomokiiwai/D3Controller.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
d3-spring-webpack-materializecss
|
TomokiIwai
|
Java
|
Code
| 32 | 118 |
package com.example.tomokiiwai;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
/**
* コントローラー
*
* @author tomoki.iwai
*/
@Controller
public class D3Controller {
/**
* トップページ
*/
@RequestMapping("/")
public String index() {
return "index.html";
}
}
| 2,627 |
3090957_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 120 | 256 |
COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
§
No. 08-11-00247-CV
§
Appeal from the
IN THE INTEREST OF L.C.W., A §
CHILD. 65th District Court
§
of El Paso County, Texas
§
(TC# 2010CM1397)
§
JUDGMENT
The Court has considered this cause on the record and concludes there was no error in the
judgment. We therefore affirm the judgment of the court below.
It appearing to this Court that Appellants are indigent for purposes of appeal, this Court
makes no other order with respect thereto. This decision shall be certified below for observance.
IT IS SO ORDERED THIS 21ST DAY OF AUGUST, 2013.
GUADALUPE RIVERA, Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Antcliff, JJ.
Antcliff, J., not participating.
| 41,554 |
https://github.com/SinsofSloth/RF5-global-metadata/blob/master/TMPro/ShaderUtilities.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
RF5-global-metadata
|
SinsofSloth
|
C#
|
Code
| 555 | 1,501 |
public static class ShaderUtilities // TypeDefIndex: 5840
{
// Fields
public static int ID_MainTex; // 0x0
public static int ID_FaceTex; // 0x4
public static int ID_FaceColor; // 0x8
public static int ID_FaceDilate; // 0xC
public static int ID_Shininess; // 0x10
public static int ID_UnderlayColor; // 0x14
public static int ID_UnderlayOffsetX; // 0x18
public static int ID_UnderlayOffsetY; // 0x1C
public static int ID_UnderlayDilate; // 0x20
public static int ID_UnderlaySoftness; // 0x24
public static int ID_WeightNormal; // 0x28
public static int ID_WeightBold; // 0x2C
public static int ID_OutlineTex; // 0x30
public static int ID_OutlineWidth; // 0x34
public static int ID_OutlineSoftness; // 0x38
public static int ID_OutlineColor; // 0x3C
public static int ID_Outline2Color; // 0x40
public static int ID_Outline2Width; // 0x44
public static int ID_Padding; // 0x48
public static int ID_GradientScale; // 0x4C
public static int ID_ScaleX; // 0x50
public static int ID_ScaleY; // 0x54
public static int ID_PerspectiveFilter; // 0x58
public static int ID_Sharpness; // 0x5C
public static int ID_TextureWidth; // 0x60
public static int ID_TextureHeight; // 0x64
public static int ID_BevelAmount; // 0x68
public static int ID_GlowColor; // 0x6C
public static int ID_GlowOffset; // 0x70
public static int ID_GlowPower; // 0x74
public static int ID_GlowOuter; // 0x78
public static int ID_GlowInner; // 0x7C
public static int ID_LightAngle; // 0x80
public static int ID_EnvMap; // 0x84
public static int ID_EnvMatrix; // 0x88
public static int ID_EnvMatrixRotation; // 0x8C
public static int ID_MaskCoord; // 0x90
public static int ID_ClipRect; // 0x94
public static int ID_MaskSoftnessX; // 0x98
public static int ID_MaskSoftnessY; // 0x9C
public static int ID_VertexOffsetX; // 0xA0
public static int ID_VertexOffsetY; // 0xA4
public static int ID_UseClipRect; // 0xA8
public static int ID_StencilID; // 0xAC
public static int ID_StencilOp; // 0xB0
public static int ID_StencilComp; // 0xB4
public static int ID_StencilReadMask; // 0xB8
public static int ID_StencilWriteMask; // 0xBC
public static int ID_ShaderFlags; // 0xC0
public static int ID_ScaleRatio_A; // 0xC4
public static int ID_ScaleRatio_B; // 0xC8
public static int ID_ScaleRatio_C; // 0xCC
public static string Keyword_Bevel; // 0xD0
public static string Keyword_Glow; // 0xD8
public static string Keyword_Underlay; // 0xE0
public static string Keyword_Ratios; // 0xE8
public static string Keyword_MASK_SOFT; // 0xF0
public static string Keyword_MASK_HARD; // 0xF8
public static string Keyword_MASK_TEX; // 0x100
public static string Keyword_Outline; // 0x108
public static string ShaderTag_ZTestMode; // 0x110
public static string ShaderTag_CullMode; // 0x118
private static float m_clamp; // 0x120
public static bool isInitialized; // 0x124
private static Shader k_ShaderRef_MobileSDF; // 0x128
private static Shader k_ShaderRef_MobileBitmap; // 0x130
// Properties
internal static Shader ShaderRef_MobileSDF { get; }
internal static Shader ShaderRef_MobileBitmap { get; }
// Methods
// RVA: 0x154D110 Offset: 0x154D211 VA: 0x154D110
internal static Shader get_ShaderRef_MobileSDF() { }
// RVA: 0x154D220 Offset: 0x154D321 VA: 0x154D220
internal static Shader get_ShaderRef_MobileBitmap() { }
// RVA: 0x154D330 Offset: 0x154D431 VA: 0x154D330
private static void .cctor() { }
// RVA: 0x154D4C0 Offset: 0x154D5C1 VA: 0x154D4C0
public static void GetShaderPropertyIDs() { }
// RVA: 0x154DD10 Offset: 0x154DE11 VA: 0x154DD10
public static void UpdateShaderRatios(Material mat) { }
// RVA: 0x154E2A0 Offset: 0x154E3A1 VA: 0x154E2A0
public static Vector4 GetFontExtent(Material material) { }
// RVA: 0x154E310 Offset: 0x154E411 VA: 0x154E310
public static bool IsMaskingEnabled(Material material) { }
// RVA: 0x154E4E0 Offset: 0x154E5E1 VA: 0x154E4E0
public static float GetPadding(Material material, bool enableExtraPadding, bool isBold) { }
// RVA: 0x154EE20 Offset: 0x154EF21 VA: 0x154EE20
public static float GetPadding(Material[] materials, bool enableExtraPadding, bool isBold) { }
}
| 23,799 |
https://github.com/Wes-Reid/embc-ess/blob/master/oracle-builder/OracleBuilderNet/Registration.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
embc-ess
|
Wes-Reid
|
C#
|
Code
| 452 | 1,277 |
// <auto-generated>
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
// Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is
// regenerated.
// </auto-generated>
namespace Gov.Jag.Embc.Interfaces.Models
{
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq; using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
/// <summary>
/// gov_registration
/// </summary>
public partial class Registration
{
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "alternatePhone")]
public string AlternatePhone { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "referenceFirstname")]
public string ReferenceFirstname { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "isInformationChange")]
public bool? Isinformationchange { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "postalCode")]
public string Postalcode { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "registrationid")]
[Key]
public Guid Registrationid { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "city")]
public string GovCity { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "telephone")]
public string Telephone { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "additionalComments")]
public string Additionalcomments { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "externalId")]
public string ExternalId { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "bceid")]
public string Bceid { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "isfollowuprequired")]
public bool? Isfollowuprequired { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "country")]
public string Country { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "stateorprovince")]
public string Stateorprovince { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "essfilenumber")]
public string EssFileNumber { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "title")]
public string Title { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "street")]
public string Street { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "enddate")]
public System.DateTimeOffset? Enddate { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "interviewerfirstname")]
public string Interviewerfirstname { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "referenceEssnumber")]
public string ReferenceEssnumber { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "referenceLastName")]
public string ReferenceLastName { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "interviewerLastNameInitial")]
public string InterviewerLastNameInitial { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "startdate")]
public System.DateTimeOffset? StartDate { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "Task")]
public IncidentTask Task { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "Community")]
public Community Community { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "Facility")]
public Equipment Facility { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "Evacuee")]
public Contact Evacuee { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "Volunteer")]
public Contact Volunteer { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty(PropertyName = "Region")]
public Region Region { get; set; }
}
}
| 25,457 |
uvresdebossuetev0013boss_25
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,845 |
Œuvres de Bossuet ; évéque de Meaux
|
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 1627-1704
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,729 | 10,519 |
La date de ce décret de Charenton est mémorable: il fut fait en 1631. Le grand Gustave foudroyoit en Allemagne , et à ce coup on crut dans toute la Réforme que Rome même alloit devenir sujette au luthéranisme. Dieu en avoit décidé autrement : l’année d'après, ce roi victorieux fut tué dans la bataille de Lutzen , et il fallut rétracter tout ce qu'on en avoit vu dans les prophéties. 99. Grand changement dans la controverse par ce décret, Il convaine les Calvinistes de calomnie. Cependant le décret étoit fait, et les Catholiques remar quoient le plus grand changement qu’on pût jamais voir dans Ja doctrine des prétendus Réformés. Premièrement, toute l'horreur qu'on avoit inspirée au DES VARIATIONS, LIY. XIV, 471 peuple contre la doctrine de la présence réelle a paru mani festement injuste et calomnieuse, Les docteurs en diront ce qu'il leur plaira : c’étoit principalement à la présence réelle que l’aversion des peuples étoit attachée. On leur avoit re présenté cette doctrine, non-seulement comme charnelle et grossière, mais encore comme brutale et pleine de barbarie, par laquelle on devenoit des Cyclopes, des mangeurs de chair humaine et de sang humain, des parricides qui mangeoient leur père et leur Dieu. Mais maintenant, depuis le décret de ce synode, il demeure pour constant que toutes ces exagéra tions, dont on avoit longtemps fasciné les simples, sont ca lomnieuses; et la doctrine qu’on faisoit passer pour si impie et si inhumaine n’a plus rien de contraire à la piété. 400. Le sens littéral et la présence réelle nécessaires, Dès là même elle devient très-croyable, et même très nécessaire : car ce qui obligeoit le plus à détourner le sens de ces paroles, Si vous ne mangez ma chair et si vous ne bu vez mon sang (Joan. vi. 54.) ; et encore de celles-ci : Mangez, ceci est mon corps ; buvez, ceci est mon sang (Matth. xxvi. 26. 27. 28.), à des sens spirituels et métaphoriques, c’est qu’elles sembloient induire au crime, en obligeant de manger de la chair humaine, et de boire du sang humain : de sorte que c'étoit le cas d'interpréter spirituellement, selon la règle de saint Augustin, ce qui paroïssoit porter au mal. Mais main tenant cette raison n’a plus même la moindre apparence : tout ce crime imaginaire s’est évanoui, et rien n'empêche qu'on ne prenne au pied de la lettre la parole de notre Sauveur. On avoit fait horreur au peuple de la doctrine catholique, comme d'une doctrine qui détruisoit la nature humaine en Jésus-Christ, et ruinoit le mystère de son ascension. Mais maintenant on ne doit point être effrayé de ces conséquences, et on en est quitte pour les nier sans qu'on puisse les impu ter à qui les nie. 401. Le principal sujet de la rupture rendu vain. Ces horreurs, qu’on avoit mises dans l'esprit des peuples, 472 HISTOIRE êtoient, à vrai dire, dans leur esprit le véritable sujet de leur rupture avec l'Église. Qu'on lise dans tous les actes des prétendus martyrs la cause pour laquelle ils ont souffert, on verra partout que c’est la doctrine contraire à la présence réelle. Que l’on consulte un Melancton, un Sturmius, un Peucer, tous les autres qui ne vouloient pas que l’on con damnât cette doctrine des Zuingliens ; leur principale raison fut, que c’étoit pour cette doctrine que mouroient tant de fidèles en France et en Angleterre. En mourant pour cette doctrine, ces malheureux martyrs croyoient mourir pour un fondement de la foi et de la piété : maintenant cette doctrine est innocente, et n'exclut ni de la table sacrée, ni du royaume des cieux. 402. La haine du peuple tourné contre la transsubstantiation, qui est bien moins importante. Pour conserver dans le cœur des peuples la haine du dogme catholique, il a fallu la tourner contre un autre objet que la présence réelle. La transsubstantiation est maintenant le grand crime : ce n’est plus rien de mettre Jésus-Christ présent, de mettre un même corps en divers lieux, de mettre tout un corps dans chaque parcelle : la grande erreur est d’avoir Ôté le pain : ce qui regarde Jésus-Christ est peu de chose; ce qui regarde le pain est l'essentiel. 403. Jésus-Christ n’est plus adorable dans l'Eucharistie, comme on le croyoit auparavant, On a changé toutes les maximes qui avoient jusqu'alors passé pour constantes touchant l’adoration de Jésus-Christ. Calvin et les autres avoient démontré que partout où Jésus Christ, un objet si adorable, étoit tenu pour présent d'une présence aussi spéciale que celle qu'on reconnoissoit dans l'Eucharistie, il n’étoit pas permis de le frustrer de l’adora tion qui lui est due (Cont. Vestph. Cont. Heshus.). Mais mainte nant, ce n'est pas assez que Jésus-Christ soit quelque part pour y être adoré; il faut qu’il commande qu'on l'adore; qu’il déclare sa volonté pour étre adoré en tel lieu ou en tel état (Dial. du ministre Boch. sur le Syn. de Char. r. 24. Ejusd, Dial, IT. part, cap. 7. Sedani. p. 24.) : autrement, tout Dieu DES VARIATIONS, LIV. XIV. A7TS qu'il est, il n’aura de nous aucun culte. Bien plus, il faut qu'il se montre : «Si le corps de Christ est en un lieu invi= » siblement, et d'une manière imperceptible à tous les sens, » il ne nous oblige pas à l’adorer en ce lieu-là.» Sa parole ne suffit pas, il faut le voir : on a beau entendre la voix du roi, si on ne le voit de ses yeux, on ne lui doit rien, ou du moins il faut qu’il dise expressément que son intention est d'être honoré : autrement on agira comme s’il n°y étoit pas. Si c'étoit le roi de la terre, on n’hésiteroit pas à lui rendre ce qui lui est dû dès qu'on sait qu'il est quelque part : mais honorer ainsi le Roi du ciel, ce seroit une idolâtrie, eton auroit peur qu’il ne crût qu’on adore un autre que lui. 40%, On tolère dans les Luthériens les actes intérieurs de l’adoration, et on rejette Les extérieurs, qui n’en sont que le témoignage. Mais voici une nouvelle finesse. Le Luthérien, qui croit Jésus-Christ présent, le reçoit comme son Dieu ; il y met sa confiance, il l’invoque ; et le synode de Charenton décide, qu'il n’y a ni idolâtrie, ni superstition dans son culle : mais s’il fait un acte sensible d’adoration, il idolâtre : c’est-à-dire qu'il est permis d’avoir le fond de l’adoration, qui est le sen timent intérieur; mais il n’est pas permis de le témoigner, et on devient idolâtre en faisant paroître, par quelque posture de respect, le sentiment de vénération vraiment sainte qu'on a dans le cœur. 405. Vaine réponse. Mais, dit-on , c'est que si le Luthérien adoroit Jésus-Christ dans l'Eucharistie où il est avec le pain, il seroit à craindre que l’adoration ne se rapportât au pain comme à Jésus-Christ (Dial., etc. p. 24.), et en tout cas qu'on ne crût que ce fût l'intention de l'y rapporter : sans doute, lorsque les Mages ont adoré Jésus-Christ, ou dans sa crèche, ou dans un ber ceau, il falloit craindre qu'ils n’adorassent avec Jésus-Christ ou le berceau, ou la crèche; ou enfin que la sainte Vierge et saint Joseph ne les prissent pour des adorateurs du berceau où reposoit le Fils de Dieu. Voilà les subtilités que le décret de Charenton avoit amenées. 474 HISTOIRE 406. L'ubiquité tolérée. D'ailleurs, la doctrine de l’ubiquité qu'on avoit traitée avec raison, autant parmi les Sacramentaires que parmi les Catho liques, comme une doctrine monstrueuse, où l’on confond les deux natures de Jésus-Christ, devient la doctrine des saints. Car il ne faut pas s’imaginer que les défenseurs de cette doctrine soient exceptés de l'union : le synode parle en gé néral des Églises de la Confession d'Ausbourg, dont on sait que la plus grande partie est ubiquitaire : et les ministres nous apprennent que l’ubiquité n’a rien de mortel (Boch. ibid. 17. Dial. II. part. c. 7.), quoiqu'elle renverse, plus expressément que n’ont jamais fait les Eutychiens, la nature humaine de notre Seigneur. 107, On ne compte pour important que le culte extérieur. En un mot, on compte pour peu tout ce qui ne change rien dans le culte, et encore dans le culte extérieur; car la croyance qu'on à au dedans n’est pas un obstacle à la com munion : il n’y a que le respect qu'on rend au dehors qui fait le péché; et voilà où nous réduisent ceux qui ne nous prêé chent que l’adoration en esprit et en vérité. 408. Le fondement de la PES qu'on reconnoissoit autrefois, est changé, On voit bien, sans qu'il soit besoin que j'en avertisse, qu'après le synode de Charenton, ni l’inamissibilité de la justice, ni la certitude du salut ne sont plus un fondement nécessaire de la piété, puisque les Luthériens sont admis à la communion avec la doctrine contraire. 409, Les appuie de la Prédestination ne font plus rien à l'essence de la religion, I ne faut non plus nous parler de la prédestination abso lue et des décrets absolus comme d’un article principal, puis qu'on ne doit pas nier, selon M. Jurieu (Jugement sur les méth. sect. 14. p. 115.), «qu'il n'y ait de la piété dans ces grandes » communions de Protestants, dans lesquelles on traite si » mal et les décrets absolus, et la grâce efficace par elle sy DES ‘VARIATIONS, LIV. XIV. 475 » même.» Le même ministre demeure d'accord que les Pro testants d'Allemagne font entrer «la prévision de la foi dans » cet amour gratuit, par lequel Dieu nous a aimés en Jésus » Christ» (Ibid. sect. 48. p. 158.). Ainsi le décret de la pré destination ne sera pas un décret absolu et indépendant de toute prévision, mais un décret conditionnel, qui renferme la condition de la foi future; et c'est ce que M. Jurieu ne con damne pas. 410. Deux autres nouveautés remarquables, qui suivent du décret de Charenton. Mais voici les deux plus remarquables nouveautés qu'ait introduites le décret de Charenton dans la Réforme préten due : c’est premièrement la dispute sur les points fondamen taux; et secondement, la dispute sur la nature de l'Église. 411, Distinction des points fondamentaux, et inévitable embarras de nos Réformés. Sur les points fondamentaux les Catholiques leur ont dit : Si la présence réelle, si l’ubiquité, si tant d’autres points importants, dont on dispute depuis plus d’un siècle entre les Luthériens et les Calvinistes, ne sont point fondamentaux, pourquoi ceux dont vous disputez avec l'Église romaine le seront-ils davantage? Ne croit-elle pas la Trinité, l'Incarna tion, tout le Symbole? A-t-celle mis un autre fondement que Jésus-Christ? Tout ce que vous lui objectez sur ce sujet, pour lui montrer qu’elle en a un autre, sont autant de consé quences qu’elle nie, et qui, selon vos principes, ne doivent pas lui être imputées. Où donc mettez-vous précisément ce qui est fondamental dans la religion ! De rapporter maintenant ici tout ce qu'ils ont dit sur les points fondamentaux, les uns d'une façon, les autres de l’autre, et la plupart confessant qu'ils n’y voient goutte, et que c’est chose qui se sent plutôt qu’elle ne s'explique; ce seroit-s’engager dans l’infini, et se jeter avec eux dans le labyrinthe où ils ne trouveront jamais d’issue. 112. On est contraint d’avouer que l'Eglise romaine est vraie Eglise, et qu’on s’y peut sauver. L'autre dispute n'a pas été moins importante; car dès qu'une fois on a eu posé pour principe, que ceux qui reuep 476 HISTOIRE nent les principaux fondements de la foi, quelque séparés qu'ils soient de communion, sont au fond la même Église et la même société des enfants de Dieu, dignes de sa sainte ta ble et de son royaume ; les Catholiques demandent comment on les peut exclure de cette Église et du salut éternel? fl n’est plus ici question de regarder l'Église romaine comme une Église qui exclut tout le monde, et que tout le monde doit exclure; car on voit que les Luthériens, qui excluent les Cal vinistes, ne sont pas exclus. Voilà ce qui a produit ce nouveau système d'Église qui fait tant de bruit, et où enfin il a fallu comprendre l'Église romaine. 413. Conférence de Cassel, où les Luthériens de Rintel s'accordent avec les Calvinistes de Marpourg. (1661). Les Protestants d'Allemagne n’ont pas été partout également durs envers les Calvinistes. En 1661 , il se tintune conférence à Cassel entre les Calvinistes de Marpourg et les Luthériens de Rintel, où l'accord fut réciproque, et où les deux partis se tinrent pour frères. J'avoue que cette union fut sans conséquence dans le reste de l'Allemagne, et je n'ai pu même savoir quelle en a été la suite entre ceux qui La contractèrent : mais il y eut dans l'accord un point important que je ne dois pas oublier. 414, Article important de cet accord sur la fraction du pain de l’Eu charistie. Les Calvinistes reprochoient aux Luthériens, que dans la célébration de l’Eucharistie ils omettoient la fraction, dont l'institution étoit divine (Coll. Cass. q. de fract. pan.). C’est la doctrine commune du calvinisme , que la fraction fait partie du sacrement, comme étant un symbole du corps rompu que Jésus-Christ vouloit donner à ses disciples; que c’est pour cette raison que Jésus-Christ l’a pratiquée; qu'elle est de commandement, et qu'elle se trouve enfermée par notre Seigneur dans cette ordonnance, Faites ceci. C’est ce que soutenoient les Calvinistes de Marpourg; c’est ce que nioient les Luthériens de Rintel. On ne laissa pas de s'unir, quoique chacun persistât dans son avis, et il fut dit par ceux de Mar pourg, « que la fraction appartenoit non pas à l'essence, DES VARIATIONS, LIV. XIV. 477 » mais seulement à l'intégrité du sacrement, comme y étant » nécessaire par l'exemple et le commandement de Jésus » Christ; qu'ainsi les Luthériens ne laissoient pas sans la » fraction du pain d'avoir la substance de la Cène, et qu'on » pouvoit se tolérer mutuellement. » 415. Démonstration en faveur de la Communion sous une espèce. Un ministre, qui a répondu à un Traité de la Communion sous les deux espèces, a examiné cette conférence que l'on avoit objectée (Traité de la Comm. sous les deux espèces. IT. part. ch. 12. La Roq. rép. II. part. ch. 17. p. 307.) :lefait a passé pour constant, et le ministre est convenu que la frac tion, quoique commandée par Jésus-Christ, n’appartenoit pas à l’essence, mais à la seule intégrité du sacrement. Voilà donc l’essence du sacrement manifestement séparée du com mandement divin ; et on a trouvé des raisons pour dispenser de ce qu’on dit que Jésus-Christ a commandé : après quoi je ne vois plus comment on peut presser le commandement de prendre les deux espèces; puisque, quand nous serions con venus que Jésus-Christ les a commandées, nous serions tou jours reçus à examiner si ce précepte divin regarde l'essence, ou seulement l'intégrité. 416. Etat présent des controverses en Allemagne. On peut voir dans le même colloque l’état présent des con troverses en Allemagne entre les Luthériens et les Calvinis tes ; et on voit que la doctrine constante des théologiens de la Confession d’Ausbourg est que la grâce est universelle ; qu’elle est résistible; qu’elle est amissible ; que la prédestination est conditionnelle , et présuppose la prescience de la foi : enfin, que la grâce de la conversion est attachée à une action pure ment naturelle, et qui dépend de nos propres forces, c’est-à dire, du soin d'entendre la prédication (Thes. de q. an. kom. in. stat. pecc. solis nat. viribus, etc. Thess. 51. et seq.) : ce que le docte Beaulieu confirme par plusieurs témoignages, aux quels nous pourrions en ajouter beaucoup d’autres, si la chose n’étoit constante, ainsi qu'on l'aura pu voir par le témoignage de M. Jurieu (Ci-dessus, n. 109.), et si nous n'avions déjà parlé de cette matière (Ci-dessus, 1. vrrr. n. 48 et suiv.). À478 HISTOIRE 417. Le relâchement des Luthériens donne lieu à ceux de Cameron et de ses disciples, sur la grâce universelle. En effet, on a pu voir dans cette histoire (Ibid. n. 22 et suiv.), combien Melancton avoit adouci parmi les Luthériens l'extrême rigueur avec laquelle Luther soutenoit les décrets absolus et particuliers (Æpit. tit. de Præd. Conc. p. 617. Solida repetit. eod. tit. p. 804.) ; eton y enseignoit unanime mement que Dieu vouloit sérieusement et sincèrement sauver tous les hommes , qu'il leur offroit Jésus-Christ comme ré dempteur; qu’il les appeloit à lui par la prédication et par les promesses de son Évangile; et que son esprit étoit toujours prêt à être efficace en eux, s'ils écoutoient sa parole : que c’est enfin attribuer à Dieu deux volontés contraires, de dire que d’un côté il propose son Évangile à tous les hommes, et de l’autre qu'il n’en veuille sauver qu'un très-petit nombre. Par une suite de la complaisance qu’on avoit pour les Luthé riens, Jean Cameron, Écossais, célèbre ministre et profes seur en théologie dans l'académie de Saumur, y enseigna une vocation et une grâce universelle, qui se déclaroit envers tous les hommes par les merveilles des œuvres de Dieu, par sa parole et les sacrements. Cette doctrine de Cameron fut fortement et ingénieusement défendue par Amirauld et Tes tard ses disciples, professeurs en théologie dans la même ville. Toute cette académie l’embrassa : Dumoulin se mit à la tête du parti contraire , et engagea dans ce sentiment l’aca démie de Sedan où il pouvoit tout, et nous avons vu de nos jours toute la Réforme partagée en France avec beaucoup de chaleur entre Saumur et Sedan. Malgré les censures des synodes, qui supprimoient la doctrine de la grâce univer selle, sans néanmoins la qualifier d’hérétique ou d’erronée, les plus savants ministres en entreprirent la défense. Daillé en fit l'apologie, où Blondel mit une préface très-avantageuse aux défenseurs de ce sentiment; et la grâce universelle triompha dans Sedan, ou le ministre Beaulieu l’a enseignée de nos jours. 418. Si la grâce universelle étoit contraire au synode de Dordrect. Elle ne réussissoit pas également hors du royaume, et DES _VARIATIONS, LIV. XIV. 479 principalement en Hollande, où on la croyoit opposée au synode de Dordrect. Mais au contraire Blondel et Daillé firent voir que les théologiens de la Grande-Bretagne et de Brême avoient soutenu dans le synode une volonté et intention uni verselle de sauver tous les hommes, une grâce suffisante don née à tous : grâce sans laquelle on ne pouvoit pas rétablir en soi-même l’image de Dieu (Dall. Apol. tract. II. part. Blond. act. auth. 8. et seq. p. 77. Jud. Theol. mag. Brit. de art. 2. tnt. Act. Syn. Dord. II. part. p.287. Jud. Brem. ibid. p. 115. et seq.). C’est ce qu’avoient dit publiquement les théologiens dans le synode , et n’en avaient pas moins mérité les congra talations et les louanges de toute cette compagnie. 419, Décret à Genève contre la grâce universelle, et la question ré solue par le magistrat. Formule helvétique. (1669. 1671.) Genève, toujours attachée aux rigoureuses propositions de Calvin, fut fort ennemie de l’universalité, qui cependant fut portée jusque dans son sein par des minis tres français. Déjà elle partageoïit toutes les familles, lorsque le magistrat y mit la main. Du conseil des Vingt-Cinq la ques tion fut portée à celui des Deux-Cents. Ces magistrats ne rougirent point de faire disputer leurs pasteurs et leurs pro fesseurs devant eux, et s’érigèrent en juges d’une question de la plus fine théologie. Il vint de puissantes recommanda tion de la part des Suisses pour la grâce particulière contre la grâce universelle ; un rigoureux décret partit, par lequel la dernière fut proscrite. On publia la formule d’un théolo gien, que les Suisses avoient approuvée, où le système de la grâce universelle étoit déclaré non médiocrement éloigné de la saine doctrine révélée dans les Écritures; et afin que rien n’y manquât, le souverain magistrat ordonna qne tous les minis tres, docteurs et professeurs souscriroient à la formule avec ces mots : Ainsi je le crois; ainsi je le professe; ainsi je l'en seignerai. Ce n’est pas là une soumission de police et d’or dre; c’est un pur acte de foi ordonné par l'autorité séculière : c'est à quoi se termine la Réforme, à soumettre l'Église au siècle, la science à l'ignorance, et la foi au magistrat. 450 HISTOIRE 420. Autre décision de la formule helvétique sur le texte hébreu, dont .les savants du parti.se moquent. Variation sur la Vulpate, Cette formule hélvétique avoit encore une autre partie, où sans se mettre en peine ni des Septante, ni des Targums, ni de l'original Samaritain, ni de tous les vieux interprètes, et de toutes les anciennes lecons, on canonisoit jusques aux points du texte hébreu que nous avons, qu'on déclaroit net de toute faute de copistes, jusques aux moindres, et de toute altcinte du temps. Les auteurs de ce décret ne sentirent pas combien ils s’immoloient à la risée de tous les savants, même de leur communion; mais ils s’attachoient aux vieilles maxi mes de la Réforme encore ignorante. Ils étoient fâchés de voir que les leçons de la Vulgate, qu’on avoit prises autrefois comme autant de falsifications , étoient tous les jours de plus en plus approuvées par les savants du parti : et en fixant le texte original, suivant que nous l'avons aujourd'hui, ils croyoient s'affranchir de la nécessité de la tradition; sans songer que sous le nom de texte hébreu, au lieu des tradi tions ecclésiastiques, et de celle de l’ancienne Synagogue, ils consacroient celles des Rabins, : 421. Autres décisions de Genève et des Suisses, Combien improuvécs par M. Claude. (1649. 1675.) I s’est fait encore à Genève un autre décret sur la foi en 1675, où l’on confirma celui de 1649, par lequel on ajoutoit deux nouveaux articles à la Confession de foi ; LEZ l'un, pour dire « que l’imputation du péché d'Adam étoit ? » antérieure à la corruption ; » l’autre, pour dire «que, dans » l’ordre des décrets divins, l'envoi de Jésus-Christ est après » le décret de l'élection. » On ordonna que tous ceux qui refuseroient de souscrire à ces deux nouveaux articles de foi seroient exclus et déposés du ministère et de toute fonction ecclésiastique. Cette décision fut trouvée étrange dans le parti même; et Turretin, ministre et professeur à Genève, en reçut de grands reproches de M. Claude, comme il paroît par une lettre de ce ministre du 20 juin 4675, que Louis Dumoulin , DES VARIATIONS, LIV. XIV. 484 fäs du ministre Pierre Dumoulin, et oncle du ministre Jurieu a fait imprimer (Fasc. epist. 1676. p. 853. 94.). M. Claude se plaint dans cette lettre de ce qu'on sollicite les Suisses à dresser ur formulaire conforme à celui de Genève, contenant les mêmes points et les mémes restrictions , pour étre ajoutées à leur Confession de foi (Ibid. p. 95.) : et on voit. par une remarque de Dumoulin, insérée dans la même lettre (P. 101.), que les Suisses en effet ont frappé ce coup que M. Claude trouvoit si terrible, Cependant le même ministre soutient qu'il n’est pas per mis d'ajouter « ainsi de nouveaux articles de foi à ceux de » sa Confession, et qu’il est dangereux de remuer les an » ciennes bornes qui ont été plantées par nos pères » (Ibid. p. 85.). Plût à Dieu que nos Réformés eussent toujours eu devant les yeux cette maxime du Sage (Prov. xxn. 28.), où ils sont si souvent contraints de revenir pour terminer les divisions qu'ils voient naître incessamment dans leur sein! M. Claude la propose à ceux de Genève, et s'étonne que cette Église fasse ainsi de nouveaux articles de foi et de nouvelles lois de prédication (Fasc. epist. 1676. p. 89.) : il prétend qu'en user ainsi, c'étoit se faire soi-même des Dieux, et rompre l'unité avec toutes les Églises qui ne sont pas de son senti ment, c'est-à-dire avec avec celles de France, avec celles d'Angleterre, avec celles de Pologne , de Prusse et d'Allemagne (Ibid. p. 90. 91. 98. 403.) ; que ce n’est point ici une simple affaire de discipline où les Églises puissent varier ; que c’est se désunir dans des points de doctrine, immuables de leur nature ; qu’on ne peut pas en bonne conscience enseigner diver sement ; de sorte que ce n’est pas seulement se faire un minis tère particulier, maïs encore jeter les semences d'une funeste division dans la foi même, et en un mot fermer son cœur aux autres Églises (1bid. 93. 100.). Si on veut maintenant savoir jusqu'où l'Église de Genève portoit sa rigueur, on l'apprendra dans Ja même lettre (P. 94. 93.) ; car elle marque « qu'on exigeoit la signature des arti » cles avec une sévérité inconcevable; qu'on l’exigeoit même » de ceux qui s’adressoient à Genève pour y recevoir la voca » tion, dans le dessein d'aller servir ailleurs; qu'on leur Bossuer, t. x, 21 482 HISTOIRE >» imposoit la même nécessité de la souscription qu’à ceux de » Genève même; qu'on l'exigeoit des pasteurs déjà reçus » avec la même rigueur, bien qu'ils eussent déjà vieilli dans » les travaux du ministère : » et cela, dit M. Claude (P. 91.), c'est, « autant qu’il est en eux, ravir partout la charge à tous » ceux qui sont de différents sentiments (c’est-à-dire à tout » le reste des Églises), et se condamner eux-mêmes, comme -» ayant entretenu jusques ici une paix injuste avec des gens à » qui il falloit déclarer la guerre » (P. 100.). Toutes ces remontrances n’ont rien opéré : l'Église de Genève est demeurée ferme, aussi bien que celle des Suisses, persuadées l’une et l’autre que leurs déterminations étoient appuyées sur la parole de Dieu; ce qui continue à faire voir que sous le nom de cette parole, c’est ses propres imagina tions que chacun adore; que si l’on n’a quelque autre principe pour convenir du sens de cette parole, il n’y aura jamais entre les Églises qu’une union politique et extérieure, telle qu'elle est demeurée avec ceux de Genève, qui dans le fond avoient rompu avec tous les autres; et que pour trouver quelque chose de fixe, il faut à l'exemple de M. Claude, ramener les esprits à cette maxime du Sage, qu'il ne faut pas remuer les bornes plantées par nos pères (Prov. xxtr. 28.); c’est-à-dire qu’il s'en faut tenir aux décisions qu’ils ont faites sur la for: 422. Le serment du Test en Angleterre ; que les Anglais s’y rapprochent de nos, sentiments, ct ne condamnent l'Eglise romaine que par une crreur manifeste. (1678). Le fameux serment du Test mérite bien d’avoir place dans cette histoire, puisqu'il a été un des actes princi paux de la religion en Angleterre. Le voici comme il avoit été résolu au Parlement tenu à Londres en 4678. «Moi N. je » proteste, certifie et déclare solennellement et sincèrement » en la présence de Dieu, que je crois que dans le sacremen) » de la Cène du Seigneur il n° y à aucune transsubstantiation » des éléments du pain et du vin dans le corps et le sang de » Christ, dans et après la consécration faite par quelque per » sonne que ce soit: et que l'invocation ou adoration de la « vierge Marie ou tout autre saint, et le sacrifice de la messe, » de la manière qu’ils sont en usage à présent dans l'Église DES VAR!ATIONS, LIV. XIV: 485 » romaine, ést superstition et idolâtrie. » Ce qu'il y a de parti culier dans cette profession de foi, c’est premièrement qu'elle ne s'attaque qu’à la transsubstantiation, et non pas à la pré sence réelle ; en quoi elle suitla correction qu'Élizabeth avoit faite à la réforme d'Édouerd VI. On y ajoute seulement ces mots, dans et après la consécration, qui permettent manifes tement de croire la présence réelle avant la manducation, puisqu'ils n'en excluent, comme on voit, que le seul chan gement de substance. Ainsi un Anglais bon protestant, sans blesser sa religion et sa conscience, peut croire que le corps et le sang de Jésus Christ sont réellement et substantiellement présents dans le pain et dans le vin aussitôt après la consécration. Si les Lu thériens en croyoient autant, il est certain qu’ils l’adore roient. Aussi les Anglais n’y apportent-ils aucun obstacle dans leur Test : et comme ils reçoivent l'Eucharistie à ge noux, rien ne les empêche d’y reconnoître ni d'y adorer Jésus-Christ présent dans le même esprit que nous faisons : après cela, nous incidenter sur la transsubstantiation, est une chicane peu digne d'eux. Dans les paroles suivantes du Test on condamne, comme desactes de superstition et d’idolâtrie, l'invocation, ou, comme ils l’appellent, l'adoration de la sainte Vierge et des saints, et le sacrifice de la messe, non absolument, mais de la manière qu’ils sont en usage dans l'Eglise romaine. C’est que les An glais sont trop savants dans l'antiquité pour ignorer que les Pères du quatrième siècle, sans maintenant remonter plus haut, ont invoqué la sainte Vierge et les saints. Ils savent que saint Grégoire de Nazianze approuve expressément dans la bouche d'une martyre la piété qui lui fit demander à la sainte Viérge, qu’elle aidât une Vierge qui étoit en péril (Orat. xvur. in Cyp. tom. p. 279.). Ils savent que tous les Pères ont fait et approuvé solennellement, dans leurs homélies, de . semblables invocations adressées aux saints, et se sont même servis du terme d’invocation à leur égard. Pour le terme d'adoration, ils savent aussi qu’il est équivoque, aussi bien parmi les saints Pères que dans l'Écriure, et qu'il ne signifie pas toujours rendre à quelqu'un les honneurs divins; que 484 HISTOIRE DES VARIATIONS, c'est aussi pour cette raison que saint Grégoire de Nazianze n’a pas fait difficulté en plusieurs endroits de dire qu'on ado roit les reliques des martyrs, et que Dieu ne dédaignoit pas de confirmer une telle adoration par des miracles (Basil. orat. in Mam. t. 11. hém. 25. n. 1. p. 185. Greg. Nyss. orat. in Theod. t. ur. p. 578. et seq. Ambr. Serm. de S. Vit. ex hort. virg. n. 4, 7, 9. et seq. tom. 11. col. 279. Greg. Naz. orat. in Jul. 1. èn Machab., etc. tom. 1. p. 71. ibid. p. 397. et seq.). Les Anglais sont trop instruits dans l'antiquité pour ignorer cette doctrine et ces pratiques de l’ancienne Église, et trop respectueux envers elle pour l’accuser de superstition et d’idolâtrie : c'est ce qui leur fait apporter la restriction qu'on voit dans leur Test, et supposer dans l'Église romaine une manière d’invocation et d'adoration différente de celle des Pères ; parce qu’ils ont bien senti que sans cette précau— tion le Test n’auroit non plus été souscrit en bonne con science par les Protestants habiles que par les Catholiques. Cependant, dans le fait, il est constant que nous ne de mandons aux saints que la société de leurs prières non plus que les anciens, et que nous n’honorons dans leurs reliques que ce qu'ils y onthonoré. Si nous prions quelquefois les saints non pas de prier, mais de donner et de faire, les sa vants anglais conviendront que les anciens l'ont fait comme nous (Greg. Naz. orat. funeb. Ath. et Basil. orat. xx. p. 573. or. XXI. p. 597. ), et que comme nous ils l'ont entendu dans le sens qui fait attribuer les grâces reçues, non-seulement au souverain qui les distribue, mais encore aux intercesseurs qui les obtiennent ; de sorte qu’on ne trouvera jamais aucune véritable différence entre les anciens, que les Anglais ne veulent pas condamner, et nous qu'ils condamnent, mais par erreur, et en nous attribuant ce que nous ne eroyons pas. J'en dis autant du sacrifice de la messe. Les Anglais sont trop versés dans l'antiquité, pour ne savoir pas que de tout temps dans les saints mystères, et dans la célébration de l'Eucharistie, on a offert à Dieu les mêmes présents qu'on a ensuite distribués aux peuples, et qu’on les lui a offerts au tant pour les morts que pour les vivants. Lesanciennes litur sies, qui contiennent la forme de cette oblation, tant en ADBITION AU LIV. XIV. 485 Orient qu'en Occident, sont entre les mains de tout le monde; et les Anglais n’ont eu garde de les accuser ni de superstition ni d'idolâtrie. Il y a donc une manière d'offrir à Dieu, pour les vivants et pour les morts, le sacrifice de l'Eucharistie, que l'Église anglicane protestante ne trouve ni idolâtre ni super stitieuse ; et s'ils rejettent la messe romaine, c’est en suppo sant qu’elle est différente de celle des anciens. Mais cette différence est nulle : une goutte d’eau n’est pas plus semblable à une autre, que la messe romaine est sem— blable, quant au fond et à la substance, à la messe que les Grecs et les autres chrétiens ont reçue de leurs pères. C'est pourquoi l'Église romaine , lorsqu’elle les recoit à sa commu nion, ne leur propose pas une autre messe. Ainsi l'Église romaine n’a point au fond d’autre sacrifice que celui qu’on a offert en Orient et en Occident dès l’origine du christia nisme, de l’aveu des Protestants d'Angleterre. De là il résulte clairement que la doctrine romaine, tant sur l'invocation et l’adoration , que sur le sacrifice de la messe, n’est condamnée dans le Test qu’en présupposant que Rome recoit ces choses dans un autre sens, et les pratique dans un autre esprit que celui des Pères ; ce qui visiblement n’est pas : de sorte que sans hésiter, et sans parler des autres rai sons, on peut dire que l’abrogation du Test n’est autre chose que l'abrogation d’une calomnie manifeste faite à l'Église ro maine. ADDITION IMPORTANTE AU LIVRE XIV. | 4, Nouveau livre du ministre Juriew sur l'union des Calvinistes avec Îes Luthériens, Après cette impression achevée, il me tombe entre les mains un livre latin que l’infatigable Jurieu vient de faire éclore, et dont il faut que je rende compte au public. Le titre est, Con sultation amiable sur la paix entre les Protestants. Il y traite cette matière avec le docteur Daniel Severin Scultet, qui de son côté se propose d’aplanir les difficultés de cette paix si AS6 HISTOIRE DES VARIATIONS, souvent et si vainement tentée. La question dont il s’agit principalement est celle de la prédestination et de la grâce. Le Luthérien ne peut souffrir ce qui a été défini dans le synode de Dordrect sur les décrets absolus et la grâce érré sistible : trouve encore plus insupportable ce qu’enseigne le même synode sur l'inamissibilité de la justice et sur la certitude du salut; n'y ayant rien selon lui de plus impie que de lui donner, au milieu des plus grands crimes, à l'homme une fois justifié, une assurance certaine que ses crimes ne lui feront perdre ni son salut dans l'éternité, ni même le Saint-Esprit et la grâce de l'adoption dans le temps. Je n’explique plus ces questions, qu’on doit avoir entendues par l'explication qu'on en a vue dans cette histoire ( Liv. 1x. et x1v.) ; et je dirai seulement que c’est ce qu’on appelle par mi les Luthériens le Particularisme des Calvinistes : hérésie si abominable; qu'ils ne l’accusent de rien moins que de faire Dieu auteur du péché, et de renverser toute la morale chrétienne, en inspirant une pernicieuse sécurité à ceux qui sont plongés dans les plus abominables excès. M: Jurieu ne nie pas que le synode de Dordrect n’ait enseigné les dogmes qu'on lui impute : il tâche seulement de les purger des mauvaises conséquences qu'on en tire ; et il pousse lui-même si loin la certitude du salut, qui est le dogme où nous avons vu que tout aboutit, qu’il dit que l’ôter aux fidèles , c'est faire de la vie chrétienne une insupportable torture (I. part. chap. 8. IT. part. ehap. 6. p. 194, ele. S. 1. 411 n. 953.954). Il demeure donc d'accord au fond des sentiments imputés aux Calvinistes : mais afin de faire la paix, malgré une si grande opposition dans des articles si importants, après avoir proposé quelques adoucissements, qui ne sont que dans les paroles, il conclut à la tolérance mutuelle. Les raisons dont il l'appuie se réduisent à deux, dont l’une est la récrimina tion , et l’autre la compensation des dogmes. 2. Récrimination du ministre Jurien contre les Lutbériens sur les blas phèmes de Luther. Pour la récrimination, voici le raisonnement de M. Ju rieu. Vous nous acçusez, dit-il au docteur Scultet, de faire ADDITION AU LIV.. XIV. 487 Dieu auteur du péché ; c’est Luther qu'il en faut accuser, et non pas nous : et là dessus il lui produit les passages que nous avons rapportés ( Ci-dessus, Liv. 11. n. 17.), où Luther décide que Ja prescience de Dieu rend le libre arbitre im possible : « que Judas par cette raison ne pouvoit éviter de » trahir son Maître; que tout ce qui se fait en l’homme de » bien et de mal, se fait par une pure et inévitable nécessité ; » que c’est Dieu qui opère en l'homme tout ce bien et tout » ce mal qui s’y fait, et qu'il fait l'homme damnable par né » cessité : que l’adultère de David n’est pas moins l'ouvrage » de Dieu, que la vocation de saint Paul : enfin qu'il n’est » pas plus indigne de Dieu de damner des innocents, que de » pardonner comme il fait à des coupables » (Jur. IT. part. c. 8. p. 210. ef seq. ). Le Calviniste démontre ensuite que Luther ne parle point ici en doutant, mais avec la terrible décision que nous avons remarquée ailleurs ( Liv. n. n. 17.), et qu'il ne permet sur ce sujet aucune réplique. «Vous, dit-il, qui m’écoutez, n’ou » bliez jamais que c’est moi qui l’enseigne ainsi; et sans au > cune nouvelle recherche acquiescez à cette parole. » Le Luthérien pensoit échapper en disant que Luther s’étoit retracté : mais le Calviniste l’accable en demandant, Où est cette rétractation de Luther (Jur. ibid. p. 217. 218.)? «Il est vrai, poursuit-il, qu’il a prié qu’on excusât dans ses » premiers livres quelques restes du papisme sur les indul » gences ; mais pour ce qui regarde le libre arbitre, etilna » jamais rien changé dans sa doctrine. » Et en effet, il est bien certain que les prodiges d’impiété qu’on vient d’enten dre n’avoient garde d'êtres tirés du papisme, où Luther re connoît lui-même dans tous ces endroits qu'ils étoient en cxécration. M. Jurieu est sur cela de même avis que nous, et il déclare (Ibid. 2414. 214. et seq.) « qu'il à en horreur ces dogmes de » Luther, comme des dogmes impies, horribles, affreux et » dignes de tout anathême, qui introduisent le manichéisme, » et renversent toute religion. » Il est fâché de se voir forcé de parler ainsi du chef de la Réforme. « Je le dis, poursuit » il avec douleur, et je favorise autant que je puis la mé LS 488 HISTOIRE DES VARIATIONS, » moire de ce grand homme. » C’est donc ici de ces confes sions que l'évidence de la vérité arrache de la bouche; mal gré qu'on en ait; et enfin l’auteur de la Réforme, de l’aveu des Réformés, est convaincu d’être un impie qui blasphème contre Dieu : grand homme, après cela, tant que vous vou drez ; car ces titres ne coûtent rien aux Réformés, pourvu qu'on ait sonné le tocsin contre Rome. Melancton est cou pable de cet attentat qui renverse toute religion. M. Jurieu l'a convaincu d’avoir proféré les mêmes blasphèmes que son maître (Jur. ibid. p. 24.); et au lieu de les détester comme ils méritoient, de ne les avoir jamais rétractés que trop mol lement, et comme en doutant. Noilà sur quels fondements la Réforme a été bâtie. 3. Si Calvin à moins blasphémé que Luthér. Mais parce que M. Jurieu semble ici vouloir excuser Calvin, il n’a qu'à jeter les yeux sur les passages de cet auteur que j'ai marqués dans cette histoire (Ci-dessus , Liv. x1v. n. 4.). Il y trouvera « qu'Adam ne pouvoit éviter sa chute, et qu'il » ne laisse pas d’en être coupable, parce qu'il est tombé vo » lontairement : quelle a été ordonnée de Dieu, et qu’elle a » été comprise dans son secret dessein » (Opusc. de prœæd. p.
| 20,375 |
https://github.com/liadadash/AI-DungeonGeneration/blob/master/AI-DungeonGeneration/TargetNode.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
AI-DungeonGeneration
|
liadadash
|
C++
|
Code
| 31 | 102 |
#pragma once
#include "Point2D.h"
class TargetNode
{
public:
TargetNode();
TargetNode(int room, Point2D* pos);
~TargetNode();
int GetRoom();
void SetRoom(int room);
Point2D* GetPosition();
bool operator==(const TargetNode* other);
private:
int room;
Point2D* pos;
};
| 30,166 |
https://github.com/chua1975/certisvmsportal/blob/master/DataTableQueryString.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
certisvmsportal
|
chua1975
|
C#
|
Code
| 36 | 101 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
namespace CertisVMSPortal
{
public static class DataTableQueryString
{
public static string OrderingColumn = "order[0][column]";
public static string OrderingDir = "order[0][dir]";
public static string Searching = "search[value]";
}
}
| 19,390 |
1281319_2013_1
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 495 | 794 |
Item 1. Business.
Not Applicable
Item 1A.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Not Applicable
Item 1B.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
Not Applicable
Item 2.
Item 2. Properties.
Not Applicable
Item 3.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
None
Item 4.
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.
None
PART II
Item 5.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
The publicly offered Certificates representing investors’ interest in the Trust are represented by one or more physical Certificates registered in the name of “Cede & Co.”, the nominee of The Depository Trust Company. Those publicly offered Certificates are listed on the NYSE.
Item 6.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
Not Applicable
Item 7.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation.
Not Applicable
Item 7A.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Not Applicable
Item 8.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Not Applicable
Item 9.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None
Item 9A.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Not Applicable
Item 9A(T). Controls and Procedures.
Not Applicable
Item 9B.
Item 9B. Other Information.
Not Applicable
PART III
Item 10.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Not Applicable
Item 11.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Not Applicable
Item 12.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Not Applicable
Item 13.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
None
Item 14.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
Not Applicable
PART IV
Item 15.
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) The following documents have been filed as part of this report.
1. Trustee’s Distribution Statements documented on Form 8-K regarding the distributions from the Trust to the certificateholders for the period from January 1, 2013 through and including December 31, 2013 have been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are hereby incorporated by reference. Filing dates are listed below:
2. None.
3. Exhibits:
31.1 - Certification by Executive Vice-President of the Registrant pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 - Annual Compliance Report by Trustee pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.3 - Report of Aston Bell, CPA.
(b) See Item 15(a) above.
(c) Not Applicable.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. In preparing this report the Registrant has relied on Distribution Statements provided to it by the Trustee.
Lehman ABS Corporation, as Depositor for the Trust (the “Registrant”)
Dated: March 28, 2014
By:
/s/ Michael S. Leto
Name:
Michael S. Leto
Title:
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
EXHIBIT INDEX.
| 3,267 |
https://github.com/jacekm-git/BetBoy/blob/master/data/ui/convert_all.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
BetBoy
|
jacekm-git
|
Python
|
Code
| 119 | 252 |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Copyright 2013 Jacek Markowski
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
"""
import os
class ConvertAll():
def __init__(self):
x = os.listdir(os.getcwd())
for i in x:
if i[-2:] == 'ui':
os.system('pyside-uic %s -o %spy'%(i,i[:-2]))
if __name__ == '__main__':
conv = ConvertAll()
| 10,773 |
https://github.com/baironbernal/storeTest/blob/master/database/factories/VariantPriceFactory.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
storeTest
|
baironbernal
|
PHP
|
Code
| 37 | 146 |
<?php
/** @var \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factory $factory */
use App\Models\Country;
use App\Models\Variant;
use App\Models\VariantPrice;
use Faker\Generator as Faker;
$factory->define(VariantPrice::class, function (Faker $faker) {
return [
"country_id"=> Country::all()->random()->id,
"variant_id"=> Variant::all()->random()->id,
"price"=> $faker->numberBetween($min = 10, $max = 100000) ,
];
});
| 50,696 |
https://github.com/Smittyvb/safe/blob/master/src/elements/x-welcome-modal.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
safe
|
Smittyvb
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 274 | 1,541 |
import XElement from '/libraries/x-element/x-element.js';
import MixinModal from '/elements/mixin-modal/mixin-modal.js';
import MixinRedux from '/secure-elements/mixin-redux/mixin-redux.js';
import XEducationSlides from '/elements/x-education-slides/x-education-slides.js';
import XToast from '/secure-elements/x-toast/x-toast.js';
import { upgradeableAccount$ } from '../selectors/needsUpgrade$.js';
import { getString } from '../strings.js'
export default class XWelcomeModal extends MixinRedux(MixinModal(XElement)) {
html() {
return `
<div class="modal-header">
<h2>${getString('intro_title')}</h2>
</div>
<div class="modal-body center safe-logo-background">
<h3 class="logo-margin-top">${getString('intro_subtitle')}</h3>
<ul>
<li>${getString('intro_list_1')}</li>
<li>${getString('intro_list_2')}</li>
<li>${getString('intro_list_3')}</li>
</ul>
<div class="options new">
<div class="spacing-bottom">
<strong>${getString('intro_create_account')}</strong>
</div>
<button class="create waiting spacing-bottom">${getString('intro_create_account')}</button>
<div class="spacing-bottom">
${getString('intro_recover')}
</div>
<a secondary class="waiting" import-words-1>${getString('intro_24_words')}</a>
<a secondary class="waiting" import-file-1>${getString('intro_access_file')}</a>
<a secondary import-ledger-1>${getString('intro_ledger')}</a>
</div>
<div class="options upgrade display-none">
<div class="spacing-bottom">
<strong>${getString('intro_upgrade_account')}</strong>
</div>
<button class="upgrade spacing-bottom">${getString('intro_upgrade_button')}</button>
<div class="spacing-bottom">
${getString('intro_existing_account_import_instead')}
</div>
<a secondary import-words-2>${getString('intro_24_words')}</a>
<a secondary import-file-2>${getString('intro_access_file')}</a>
<a secondary import-ledger-2>${getString('intro_ledger')}</a>
</div>
</div>
`;
}
static mapStateToProps(state) {
return {
keyguardReady: state.connection.keyguard,
upgradedableAccount: upgradeableAccount$(state)
};
}
_onPropertiesChanged(changes) {
if (changes.keyguardReady && !this.properties.upgradedableAccount) {
this.$('.create').classList.remove('waiting');
this.$('[import-words-1]').classList.remove('waiting');
this.$('[import-file-1]').classList.remove('waiting');
}
if (changes.upgradedableAccount) {
this.$('.options.new').classList.add('display-none');
this.$('.options.upgrade').classList.remove('display-none');
}
}
allowsHide(incomingModal) {
if (incomingModal && (XEducationSlides.currentSlide === incomingModal)) {
return true;
}
// executed when closing by clicking background
XEducationSlides.onFinished = XEducationSlides.hide;
XEducationSlides.action = 'none';
XEducationSlides._slides = XEducationSlides.allSlides.slice(0, -1);
XEducationSlides.start();
return false;
}
listeners() {
return {
'click button.create': this._onCreateAccount.bind(this),
'click button.upgrade': this._onUpgradeAccount.bind(this),
'click [import-ledger-1]': this._onImportLedger.bind(this),
'click [import-words-1]': this._onImportWords.bind(this),
'click [import-file-1]': this._onImportFile.bind(this),
'click [import-ledger-2]': this._onImportLedger.bind(this),
'click [import-words-2]': this._onImportWords.bind(this),
'click [import-file-2]': this._onImportFile.bind(this)
};
}
_onCreateAccount() {
XEducationSlides.onFinished = () => this.fire('x-accounts-create');
XEducationSlides.action = 'create';
XEducationSlides.start();
}
_onImportLedger() {
XEducationSlides.onFinished = () => this.fire('x-accounts-import-ledger');
XEducationSlides.action = 'import-ledger';
XEducationSlides.start();
}
_onImportWords() {
XEducationSlides.onFinished = () => this.fire('x-accounts-import-words');
XEducationSlides.action = 'import-words';
XEducationSlides.start();
}
_onImportFile() {
XEducationSlides.onFinished = () => this.fire('x-accounts-import-file');
XEducationSlides.action = 'import-file';
XEducationSlides.start();
}
_onUpgradeAccount() {
XEducationSlides.onFinished = () => this.fire('x-upgrade-account', this.properties.upgradedableAccount.address);
XEducationSlides.action = 'upgrade';
XEducationSlides.start();
}
}
// Todo: wording, content of this element
| 44,039 |
bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_the-holy-bible-_bible-english_1625_0_114
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,625 |
The holy bible, ... 1625
|
Bible-English.
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,442 | 12,044 |
tivae with thee about a thuula. d great treasures of 212 Behold not entry bodies F brautygazd fit not, Chan: guid. is the midst of women, Pa 13 A good life hath but few days: but a good life is from garments commeth amoath, - and name endeth for cucr. * from women wicked, 14 My children, Fe-pe diſcipline in peace: for 14 Bernier 18 the f churlihneſe of a man, ther * wiſeome that is hid, & z treaſure that is not scene, courteous woman: 4 woman, 1 say, which bringe Z $,2 ># *G2.3.6 $0r,vity what profit is in them both? {hame and reproach, Reanfin 15 Aman that higeth his soul, jig better 15 I will ww remember the works of the Lord, thezi a man that hideth his wife, and ccclare r:ze (hings that l kane (ceve t in the 16 iherfore be (hamefs% eccordivg ro my word: words of the Lord are his works, for 18 1s not good to require all thamelaRneſſe, nti- 16 The Sun that gineth light, looketh upon all ther js it alt-petherapprouced in every thing. things: aed the wotke ikercof 16 Is full of the glory Beaïs him of whoredome before father and of the Lord. Mother; and of the before a prince and a mighty The Lord hath got pinen power to the Savior. man: | to declare a}l big marucil: us workes which the Als 1d Of an offence before a Tudge and rulzr, of ivi- mighty Lord firmely fetled, that wharſoeucc is, qu1:1e betorea congregation ave people, of ynmft might be eftabicthed for kir glory, ecaling befure thy partuer ard jricad; 18 He (cehjech wot the do pe 2nd the heart , and 19 Aid uf theft in regard of the place where covſidereth their erofticdeuicee: for f it: ford 12 y, 8+ ' tou ſviouraeft; and in regard of thetrnzthof God knoweth all that may be knowengare ke bzholdetb high ein aud hi cournantt aud 5 !rauy with thine elbow the £2nes of the Worlds a £ x9 Re —_ Apoerypha Recelefialticns. Apeerypha' | ppocryphas 19 He declireih the things the: are prſt, and for earth, and beivg coxgealed, | it lieth on the top of WW 4p. 5* pocome, and reucaleth the ftrps of hidden thirgs, {baipe Rakes, | ; Py 4+ 16, the CON 20 No * thought cſcapeth him,ncither avy word 20 When the eold Nortkwind blowcth, ard the peie (ices, 16? js hidden from him. wa'cr is congealed into yee, it abideth vpon entry Bene p ” ] 21 Hc hah garniſhed the excellent workes of his ga1b-ring together of waterzand clotbeth the wa flakes,. Lit tions. With wisdom, and he is from ecuestring to euerlaſtirg, as with a breastplate, a teh 19 * vato him may nothing be added, neither can be be 21 It deuonteth the mountains, and burneth * * and, the time gimicithed, and beareth no need of any counsellor, the wildermeffe, and corſumeth the griffe ar fire, - eb, world) 24 O how desirable are all his works? and that 27 A present remedy of all is a wift caxminy 'n earth; which * "Im may see, cuen to 2 spark. feedily: 2 few coming, after heat refreshher, | | 3 All the works live and remain for euer, for 23 By his counsel he appeaſteth the deepe, and fOraf) all vices, and they are all obedient. planceth the Nards therein, 24 All things are double one: 2nd thing else: 234 They that shall use us the Sea, tell of the dinger 3nd he hath made nothing superfluous thereof, and when we have it with our ears, wee 25 One thing established: the good of another? marnele thereat, in Cove and who shall be filled with bebolding his glory? 25 Fortherein be Rrange and wonders works, Pla} #6: in#bi CHAP. XLII, _ Yariety of A kind of beasts, and whales ercatye, 167 1.4 faithful The works of God in human 2nd tarih,omd in 26 By him the end of chem hath prouſperons fuc- * \ Fygn.02 u She sees, are exceeding gloriens & wonder su- 2y7e1 ceſe, and by his word all things consist, | 16048 he God himself in his yowey 0 wiſtdome x avourall, 27 We may speak much, and yet come short; Px pride of the height, the cleare firmament, Wherefore in summe, bc is all. The beauty of beauty with his glorious show, the Lord shall we be able to magnify him for the sake of the sun. The Sun, when it appears, declares at big, that his work is great, and makes a marvelous instrument, the work of the Lord. The Lord is terrible and very great, and makes a high, unless it be great. At noon, it parceles the country, and who so glorifies the Lord, exalt him as a man, and can abide the burning heat thereof, much as you can. A man blowing a furnace in works of heat, and when you exalt him, puts forth all your strength, but the Sun burns the mountains three times and sees not weary; for you can never see more, breathing out fiery vapors, and sending forth nough. Right beames it dimmer the eyes, who hath seen him, that he might tell you. Great is the Lord that made it, and at his command, and who can manifest him as she. There are greater things then, these be, he made the Moon also to serve in her for we have seen but a few of his works. For a declaration of times, and a figure of the 33rd. For the Lord hath made 2311 things, and to the goely hub ke giuen wiſedome. CHAP. XLII. The praise of certain holy men: 16 Of Brock, 175 Nona+, 19 Abrahavs, 22 Fſaac. 23 ind Iacob, Le: Vs now praise famous men, and our fathers that begaic 13. Mobyr & <a 2LIs *% = - * $:.4 For be ayed is conrſ F Gen, x.16, * Exod, Iz, 4 world. From the Moone is the figure of feasts, a light that decrees in her profession. The moneth is called after her name, increasing wonderfully in her changing, being an instrument of the armies above, thinning in the firmament of her. The beauty of heaven, the glory of the stars, ornament giving light to the highest places of the Lord. At the commandement of the holy One they will and in their order, and never fail in their watches. The Lord hath wrought great glory by them, praetor through his great power from the beginning. Such as so brave rule in their kingdoms, men recovered for their power, giving counsel by their understanding, and declaring prophecy. Leaders of the people by their counsels, and by their knowledge of learning meet for the people. Looke upon the rainbow, and praise him wise and eloquent in their instructions. Such as found out easily, and recited verities in writing: The house of the most High have ably in their habitations. All these were honoured in their penerations. By his commandment he maketh the snow and were the glory of their times. To fall apace, and sendeth swiftly the lightnings off. There be of such that have left a name behind his judgement. Through this the treasures are opened, and Ardéumethere be which have no memorial, O Glonds flee forth as foules. Who are perished though they had never seen the cloud, and the hailstones are broken in all. borne, and these children after them. This sight the mountains are shaken, and at least the mountains are broken. But the skies were merciful men, whole rights his will the South wind bloweth. On one hand hath not been forgotten. The noise of the thunder makes the earth to tremble. With their seed, the country is constantly remanned. To tremble, so death the Northern storm, and the good. In inheritance and their children, a child with the breath of the wind; as birds flying, he scatters the snow, conning, and the falling down thereof is as the lightning of 22. Their seeds stand fast and their cheeks are fast and their cheeks are bright. Let the eye merveileth at the beauty of the white. Their seeds shall remain forever and their cheeks shall be blotted out. ping of x. | 14 Thejr bodies are buricd . ay Jhe hore (rgft alſo as (pit he powreth on the ya me lineth for eneimere, | | af re * It compeſeih the heanen about with a glo- & Rich ren furniſhed with ability lining peace LN -— thildten | for fort; thear I a | in peaeez but tbeix w The Apocrypha Chipexlvycxivy. f Apoeryyayy | "7 + 25 * Thepeople willtell of their wiſedome, and writing evgrauea far a mettoaiall,after*the nonmber, 29,10. the congregation will ſhew [oth their praiſe. of che tribes of Iſrael. « Gent, 16 * Enoch plcaſed the Lore, and waitrarſla- t2 MHeſect a crowne of gold ypon the mitre,vher- ' $.24, ted, bcingan example of repentanee toall genera- jn wat cagruved holivefſe av ornament of honour, eb.11.5 tions. : + gen.6, 19 * Novh was found perſe& and righteons in 9. and 7. the time of wrath,he was taken in exchange (for the 1, Heb. world) therefore was he leit as a remnayt vato thy 1t7. cCarth,whrn the flood came. FER * Gen, 18 An *cucrlaſting eoucnant was made with bim, 9.11, <thatall fleſh ſhould perith no more by the flood. In the year 19, Abraham was a great father of many people. Who kept the Law of the most kingly was in Covenant with him, established the Covenant. Gen. in his flesh, and when he was pronounced he was found. Faithfully; Therefore, he assured him by un oath, that he would bless the nations in his seed, and that he would multiply him as the dust of the earth, and extract his seed as the stars, and cause them to inherit from sea to sea, and from the river unto the mighty part of the land. Gen. With Isaac did he establish the law of the sea, for Abraham his fathers took the blessing of all men, and the covenant, and made it upon the head of Jacob. He acknowledged him in his olefying, and gave him a heritage, and divided his possessions among the people. And made it upon the head of Jacob, He acknowledged him in his olefying, and gave him a heritage, and divided his possessions among the people. The praise of Moses, of Aaron, and of Pharaoh, 14. AN Ke brought out of him 2 metcifull man, which fourd from the head of all flesh, e. Exod, when * Merry eyes beloned of God and men, whose me- 11,3, more than 11 blessed. He made him like to the glorious Saints, and magnificently made him, so great in fear of him. By his words, he consented the wonders to cease, Exod and kept him a glorious ornament in the sight of king, And gave him a commandment for his people, and gave him commandment for his people, and made him a great king, and gave him commandment for his people. He made him his faithful servant, and made him a great king, and made him a great king, and gave him commandment for his people. He made him a great king, and brought him into the Earth, and gave him commandment before his face, even the Law of life, and the knowledge that he might teach Jacob his courts, and if he had justice, he would have a great king. Exod, and he extended Aaron an holy man like unto him, and gave him a great king, and if he had justice, he would have a great king. Exod, and he extended Aaron an holy man like unto him, and gave him a great king, and if he had justice, he would have a great king. Exod, and he extended Aaron an holy man like unto him, and gave him a great king, and if he had justice, he would have a great king. Exod, and he extended Aaron an holy man like unto him, and gave him commandment for his people, and made him a great king. Exod, and he extended Aaron an holy man like unto him, and gave him commandment for his people, and made him a great king. Exod, and he extended Aaron an holy man like unto him, and gave him commandment for his people, and made him a great king. It is a long robe, said the Pharaoh. And he composed him with pomgranates, and For many golden belles round about, that as he Ex 24, What there might be a sound, and anointed made, That might be here in the Temple, for a memorial To the children of 4115 people, With an holy garment, with gold and silver Like an embroidery, the work of the embroidery; With a breastplate of indignant, and with silver, And with a prayer. With eweſted ſkarletqhe worke of the cunging, workemin, with precious Ron-s greuen lik: ſeales end (8 1a gold, hs warke of the Iewadlier, with a in his wrath'vll jadignation were they consumed- a colt ly worke, the desire of the eyes, goodly and beautiful, Before him there were none (ach,neither did ever any Rravger put them on, but only his chily dren, and his children's children perpetually. Their sacrifices shall wholly consumed every day, ewice continually, Moyſes consecrated him, and annoitued him with holy oyle, this was appointed unto him by the everlasting covenant; and to his seed so long as the beauens should receive, that they should mityſRer unto him, and execute the office of the Priesthood, and bless the people in his Name. He chose him to show all men living to offer sacrifices to the Lord, incense and a sweet Fauour for a memorial to wake reconciliation for his people. Ne gaue unto him his commandments, and ©« Deut; authoritative in the Statater of Judgements, that bee 19.10. & should teach Iicob The testimony, and enfranchisement in his laws. Strangers conspired together against him, Numby and maligned him in the wilderness, and the congregation of Kore with fury and wrath. This the Lord (awand it dispensed against him) did wander upon them, to consume them with the fierce flame. 20 * But he made Baron more humble, 3rd FNumby guarant him a heritage; and divided unto him the first 17.8.,5;7 runs of the increase, especially kept prepared bread an abundance. 24 For they eat of the sacrifices of the Lord which he gave unto him and his seed: 22 Howbeit is the land of the people that he had no incidence: neither had he any portion among 252+ the people, for the Lord himself is his purification and inheritance. 23 The thied in glory is Phineas the son of Numby Elcazer, because he had a rule in the France of the 25.12,12 Lore, and stood up with good courage of heart, rt. Mic. when the people were turned back, and made reconciliation for Israel. 24 Therefor: was there a canner of peace made with him, that he should be the chief of the Sanctuary, of his people, and that he and his posterity should have the Captain of the Priesthood forever. 25 According to the covenant made with David son of the house of the tribe of Judah, that the riches of the king should be to his posterity alone: you inherit the inheritance of Aaron should also be upon his knees. God give you wisdom, my God, to judge his people in righteousness, that their good things be not abolished, and that the glory may endure for ever. The scene of Naug war valiant in the wars, 20th was the success of many in prophecies, who according to his name was made great, for the Dear Being of the cle of Gad, among taking vengeance of 24-9, vg the enemy that rose up against them, that he might Set forth in their xk. os. ly | ;. 42. How great glory can be when he did lift up his hands, and stracked over his sword against the, * Citizens? 2413214 .3 Whom he led too to it? for the: ( d CHAP. XLVI. The praise of his sons. 9 ef Caleb, of Seppel, Nemesis, 2 Ta [ 8. Lord Kings, Ecclesiasticus. himself brought his enemies unto him. 4 Did not the Sunnier give back by his means and was not one day as long as you? 5 Hezekiel, upon the most High Lord, when the enemies pressed upon him, and the great Lord hewed him. 6 Avd with hailfores of his mighty power he made ihe bat.cll co fall viokemly vpoun the rations, ane inthe dcfent (of Betkoronr) ke ett yed them that refiſted, thai the tatious might know all tbeir Rrer gh, becauſe ke fought in the fight of the Lord, md nef lowed be Mighty once 7 In thetimeof M. yſcs alfo, he die a worke of mercy,he are Caleb ute janyi of Iepharne, i» that they withfftoud the Congregation ang wi pec:ple frum finne, and 25 p:iſ-d the wickes Mur- ani iNg, & * And of fixe hmnercd thonfard people on feor, they vo werepreſiined w brig b mito beritzpe,: von lute 144 Jud chatfloweth with wilke and "T87 : 9 7 be Leird gave Rreup baiſo ents Calebywhich xeviained with him v4.to bi. old agz,10thit he en- Sn HY 26 65. Decur, td 568 the bj; b places ofthe land, ace tis feed. gbtazn'd i; for av lerv age, 10 ther 3Jl the chileren cf at 3% gore to fellow the loid, It a4 concrivirg the lugges y ceuiry one by name, yhoſe heart went wot a whonmemret depart From {he Lord,let thicir mtmery be bl: ffrg, 12 L:t their bones * fAlcurifh ont of th;43r place: ard let !herzame ti tem tat were honoured, bee eo!11ued +pry +hejs children, [ſracl might fee that ao - 7 Chap. $-1 +» X i. fam» 2-19-4406 his Lord, <#:b'i(hcd 2 kingdome , and anvinted LAS... Princes cuer bis pet ple. 14 By the Law of ihe Lord He indged the Con- Sregati..n,and the Lutd had reſyet viito Tatob. 15 By his fait. frlicfic ie was fuurd 2trve Pro- phec,2' & by his word he was kiowen to be taithfull In viſion, : 16 He called rporithe minkey Lord, when his c- * nemies preſſed vp: nr bm on cucty fide,vrhen k2 of- - $3, 5afm. fered rhe # ſucking 12mbe. ' B:Pe 17 And the L-1u chungred from heanen,and with & prez; nuiſe mad his voyce 10 beliard, 18 And he &:firoyed the rulers of the Tirians, and all.be princes vt (b- Phi] Finer, | 19 Ard veforc his 1-noy flecpe ke mack F prote- Ky!ion in the Gght of 1i-e Lurd 21d his anvinted, I Have noK taken avy mars 206d 8, fo mich as a ſhooe, ard no man Cd accate him, 2o A-daf crkis death he* prophefſied,and ſhew- ed the ki-g +1$ «nd, ard lit! vp bis veyee from the ear h i: prupacfir, co blouur the wickediule cf the pe-ple. | CH A PP, LVL, t Thepra'ſe if Noi! n. 2 +»f Danid, 12 of So- Jomon * « glory ard 1 fir2:itity, 3 5 of ha ene aud p ® ſhwers. N4 zfter him raſe vp Naitanto # A tac rime_. | P.vie. | 2 Az :$ tuc for taken ar*.yfrov the prace Ring, fo wes Droid <hofens rt” of theert: 81: of Hrasl. 3 He\||plazid wit lyors as rk kids,and with FT beates as 2th Jamiics. ® 1.02%, 3; 3» X1.<an. SÞ.18,19 G2, Tai. prop} efie in 2.1 | $O- ke | $aote $:0945, Fx SAR, young? 3nd wid he no take rw theft bs! the 7 34. people.vhcahelifieg yp hi bene wit vieftize in X 1 Saf the 159.208 beg? drovwne ts b oF zew of Gil .eþ?: «27 94» : BY ſake he dw«1t at large. Sanur) tar Proces of the Line belcoued of azd p2-4-rbs, cud parablesaid frerproevaticns. of Exclies, & Sl:w he rot a giant when her was yet buy his 251+ by Giaraniſhe d their nun ber, For he e2V!ed upon the most High I: dpue be. EW rin brogih in hes right hand to Gay hat. Apocry,yi mighty warrior, and set yp the Lorne of his people; So the people serve him with a (en (boo. #1 $IG and aided praised him in the beelvings if the Lord, in that he yzuc them crown of glory, 189/2 Fes lie &cſtioer the Eunem;es on every side TAY —_— :.. I will brenght is nrvghe the Pyrikes his | adutrſy. #2,0,08 rics,2:.s biake their Lomie his fugete vite this day, 5% & Ip all bit wrikis be proiiie the huly One mk Te; Hiph with words of glury, wht +13 8! ole heart be te ſuns (01:9t,a74 ]: neg him that mage him, Hiph with words of glury, who +13 8! ole heart be te ſuns (01:9t,a74 ]: neg him that mage him, Hiph with words of glury, who +13 8! ole heart be te ſuns (01:9t,a74 ]: neg him that mage him, Hiph with words of glury, who +13 8! ole heart be te ſuns (01:9t,a74 ]: neg him that mage him, Hiph with words of glury, who +13 8! ole heart be te ſuns (01:9t,a74 ]: neg him that mage him, Hiph with words of glury, who +13 8! ole heart be te ſuns (01:9t,a74 ]: neg him that mage him, Hiph with words of glury, who +13 8! ole heart be te ſuns (01:9t,a74 ]: neg him that mage him, Hiph with words of glury, who +13 8! ole heart be te He was free from the Altarathat by their verses they might make sweet melody, daily singing their songs, and set in order the praise his holy Namegard that the heavenly might descend from more grace. The Lord spoke away his sins, and exalted his name for cuts: he gave Lim a covetous of Fi. kjugs,2r da throne f] of glery in Iirscl, 2.13, 12 &frer him rois vp a w.ſc ſount, and for his | ®" 13 * $:19mon reigned In 2a praceablctinie, and 40, (| was honznred: for Ged niade all quiet renws about *1.kig him,\ne. be might buile 24 kocuſe in his Namegand 4-21; picprie bis *2: Aturry for ever. "i 14 * Hiw wilt watt thou inthy youth, and as a F1.kuy fl. e 1} 1h rnderftor dig. 4.29,}h 15 Thy ſoule coucred the whole eatth,and thou filledft i wich datke parables, £6 Thy name went fzrre vnto the Nends,and for thy p:ace theu wal beloned, 17 The counreys maruciied atthee for thy*ſongs 15 By the Name «f +he Lord Gid which is called 4-3 the Lord Gee of Iſrzel, thuu didſt g#ther gold as *1.kap! tiang,and did mul: iply filuer as lead. 10.27, | 19 *Then dieit bow :hy Joyncs vnto wemen and *1 king: [ by thy buey thou wilt brorghbt into ſubicRion. 11.4, 20 3 heu cidft Raine thy buncur,and pollute thy 1 Or,þ ſeed, > that thkon breugh et wrath ypon thy chil- dren,2»d waft griened foi thy folly. | 2t * Sothe kingd:me wrs divieed, and outof *x,kig Ephr2im ruled 21ebelions kingdome, 32,154 22 X Kut the Lord will rener leave off hig mercy, 14. reicher ſhall any of his wortFer pcififlhy reicher will #2561 he ab-liſh rhe pcſteriry of his cle a1.d the ſeedot 915 | him tha lrepith him he will mt rake away: where- and 164, ;: - 1% þejoct thheJd the ſolemne times, { vniiV] the cre, that they mjpbr 10:24 IP) ".46p4 fore ke gan a retapant vnto Jacob, and out of him 2 11002 vÞto Panid, 23 Thus zefled Solomon with his fathers;ard of Fj: iced belef: balinde him Roboam curn the foo» I'fhne fs of the people, 27.6 one that; kad ro vrder Fanditg- who * 1-ra:d away the people through *: by his cen-felto +L-ere w33 2lfo 1: 1i.boani the ſonne of 12.19) Nabatynhe # cvicd fr] to finucy ave fhewed Ee 11131 pin>im the wiyot five : : *: bop! 24 Abd Gel fipres were revleiplyed exceeding nab} ly,»at thi Y Were & 71g bt cf the lard, |: | 25 Focibes {:vght ont all wick: dr: fle, till the VENSiA4Lce Cone Sport them. CN SP; SLFTLALS 1 Tre pi Arie 0 Elias, 12. of Elizens, wi gd Eunnt like a [-mpe. - he b-op4 he a fore famire YPON them, gpd by A 4 B- the wer of the Lid þe ff ſhotvp the beg- #130) ven,% end 3jſ: cbreev tres brought dovere fire, 1 md " kup 7 17 Y He: ftocd vp # El:39 the Prephet as fire, ayd bes Fi heath | | hold 18.3k | O £1l;:$,how weft thou hncured in thy worr 1k * £U3 Lo ; . , | ' yuto thee ? 1, 19 £45 dexda Had wi.o may glory like EY % 2. 3uÞ | tae q by, 1 nb bi hiſs, 14 Heal 4uulh were his work Wu 15 wy in, & oh fa, aud 18. teredthroug! i & #1 (qullyesple; Wb 1G Of: ' to God, and Bly 17 if}, waer imo | © rochywith Hil, 83 Inks doaked pre * Laacq, ithfall i (1, 2x1 * abc, he length ky uk # 1,Lty, Come to bots, aourned 8.388 25 He atrandl I The 6 Of tex the bn : dNin, Sew, | .1,4nd Neve 23, © (vin .Qar.3,the by 3 wdyr ry 2 1 tree, inch Viki vition M14 , ws, — hap. fix}. acanke: 1 S N.Kin 3 * odidfraiſc vp 2 dead men From deyrh ; , RB ae þ | 2341.33 044 kis foale From the $ place af che ddd by = = pr of te vngod!y he tftablilked the worſhip & þ v7, word of the moſt Hipn, 4 All except Deald, and Bnecki / grave, 6 * Wuwooroughtct kings to detcutio 5 ray nid, and Eztchias, and Efirs, - | $ akin honoara>ls men from (heir bed, lng moft erm 5 WR for they farſo-oke the Law of ih; 2.16, 7 Wo neardett the rebate vi the Ltd ne $fi- £© Th % 3% te ki 28 of indah failed: | or, nai, Kind 11 H2:cb the tn{geacar of V 84,422 4c<Ce 2nd theie 21 cy py gay ne j WaWwer-yato others, . _ . . - . 4 : lf 0 *( ,. Who anoyatede Lings © Lc iovienygt, 6 * Tn:y \ Br By TOS i.Mig and Prophets to luctied wer nam. a:d mal? :he- it -ec2e wepengy of che SanQuary, # 1. Kia, nad Pore ep goty ronkt ld mateaan of fire, proph zcie of tere vias, vlace Þ according ts ths vOSEEES 4 vat et oO; Berry hories, : Yap Fe, : es Is Who wit Gordetncd * fr rept99ofes in their ef ih, ag LEON ETGS nEUcLthE» 2.874 times,t0 pacific rne wrath of wc Lords indgement | ; LS het: lan&h:'d in is motyers 2-l!, beforeii brake foocth i | 1adg2ment winds, that he mi2hr rove au ad affikt, and de- or; heartof chefarue: cond a og ) mw £0 ge rae Ary, and tha be yaight build vp ito 1 d plat, writFof thetribes of lacob. IT ROI? whi, h the dim on fr hte Wy kal.4. It Blefcs arc the | ich wa; ſhewed hya vpea chechafvog oth tha < y that ſa thee, and {| fi-pt ia rab; ONT ES FP OE 3- lone, for we thuil ſurely ti. wad ae 43S. . 6 I Sntog | Pr hr * made menti.: 4 Or,efta tz*FElias 18 Web vhs voas eontred with 2 whitte- Fd fi wo F wy mpaprky ney rs Coane, and fr b 50 wiud : aud Elizens was filled with his (pitt; whi- wen! s yh < Ade rooms bens” ' r. | WES 8 - - 4 6. bs ut har » rp 1 got 5 ig ce 4 (vich 4 yvby ae, The vr of the twclue Proph: cs, let rhe mein ori Yatetbletins oem $9774 jeRi : ny 2:1: Him mo ſub- all bee DEzHl'd., and let their b 3 4 meith aacl 50 git nie |» i 31 No word conld oue : out of theix p}ic+: Fo; they Lorry 1 enki Key "Ras." 4d Cl ould overcome him, and * after diliaercd tin by xHfured hope : | ay * 2.Kin 0s == body propheli d. 11 * How thall we mepnit ', robabet ? \ | - 4 M8. 14 Hedid wouders in his lite , and at hit dc rnd br na ah das bc Joth, vdy 14 Ts. were his work-z marucilous, oomer hd 03s Sr npbikng hy 1244 fIof Tr” dlanbatiy $59; Qeper ory onty pied i 60s or cygrarngr TRAN vs 22S; w6d Er ep we al / * 2, Kin, # tow) taty from _Laetr finnes » * til they wee Temple © rhe Loyd pe Ws _ 14 \ Len 0G Oty 0:56 poiled, aug caricd ou: of their land,ard reece (cate Jlaftiug gli ac Preparedior cutt Nag.t, A ti daily © "Lin tz:ed through all the earth; ger there remayned a 13 AW a af , ani 2,3e | - #®2Ein. (mall por plc;anda ruler inthe houſe of Daaid: rx 4d among tne ele& wit Nelemins, whoſe *N h.7e thee For thy'eup 1; £3.11 15 Of whom, ſome id 'that whic| leaſt Maga todo £5) artat, Whorzii.d rpi-s vs the wall-s 7. by h to God, and ſome multiplicd fi Cl WAS PICAUNS that were tajlen,aadſe: vp iregaies and che birees, #Ge . x7 winall if *F 2,Kin, 17 * Excki r's Vp rartn | _ and raiſed vp our rot: againe : "In 6 With 1 Kin, 17 * Exzekias fortified his City , and brought in 14% LS ES nas _ 24.tecr, | F qatbergoldy NF” 28.2, Waiter into the aids tierzof - Ht dipged the hard Se og Qs _ wait "oF Main creaied like * FA. 1 | rocks with yr wy 605: | . : tor he wabiaxea trom « :cacth. XG. n | | : yron,an4 made wels for waticts. - "Fs \1pnena ta V #2 Kin 18 lnhbis VC * "7 hngete® We apopiees _ GE t5 Neither veas there 2 man b ane like yatc *F [90- 41.3 49 ” 18's Ravſac ” — EVPy a: t {ep,2 2ourrnoUr of bis b:ethren, a Ray of th: pen 42 Ko ſubic&ion 114 ito acts ,and liftyp fiis hand agaiuft Sion , 21d ple , whoſe by | y :*p&0- 42.4 and andpellxdy [0 boaKcd proudly. * Sn oped Fe eo tome $oekn rezarded of the Lord. 45.3 "ha jt is Tow thinks thee Koons and hnads;; ned ns 6 ; _ and Seth weres ::, great honvuc amo *Ger, © | they werc ja paine 43 Woraten 1s trauetle, x Aer” 0 was Adam ab. uccacry liulug thiog 48 5 3e - r 10n. &* it.1 46 ded, ad tl | '20 Bat they called vpon cre Lord whick is racr= ; ciful,and &ietched out their hands towards him,aud xn OF: Os ring = Won A » unacdigly the holy One heard chem var of acventn ple were t 442.5: ta praiſe 6: : By, 3 OW FOE POuS "reidernil £4 Yor ,bene and delivered thera by the ff miniitery of Eſzy, concluſion. prutſe 94, 4iil pray. 27 Tae 2.Kin, 24 * Hef aote the kottc of the Affſyiiais, and his S 1409 * hekio': Pricft the ſonne of O1ix2,who b 1s of higmOt) 1. | 29.35 Angel d:Zroycd them ffs 1;. I b 2.. j p * i... = 37. mi 22 For Ezckias had done the thing thet pleaſed lars Et re Towel INE WS TON us 4 mere ne war ſtrong inthe? Wayes vi Danid his 2 Avda byhim was built fram the foundatin , ol,r8 Tatacr , as Elay ine Prophet, who was fr:2t aud the doubic 1:49h8, the nigh forirefſe of th TE .mac.7, laithfull in his viton,had commaud 4 nuns. as th Tracole 12 irelie of the wail a- - be nn ps Lact life. wzat backeward,and 23 I his dzyeie #cifterne toreceiug waver be- 44 F * , 1: » F dy ' by ' P * $4 c 24 He ſaw by 3a excclleat ſpiric what ſhould of ep at (0hz WI3 0082TES In LAME # «Lig, 0an.60 SIDT BE DOG 6 EA WER © ELIE IT OY TRUE AL Ifo.-% 3 aPat in 17 AREy Ro n2t {z1l, and fortificd the city agni ft | Fog 9.38.8 Ws Br ibs "_ wha: (hauld come to paſle for & 53 Mow was he urge - a; Frey. th 2nd | vCrex m_ 1 ___ "125" p*:oplc,in kis comming out of the | Sa-uzry? ,. ;. LA. 6 Hs wi astte noraing Fare in : | F 4 MP Sad ab of I'fras, q O; D vid and Eaehivs, x cloud: 21d a; the puts "> pl ys mins of fir Pang Ye Oo: Ex kiel T Zo7 obs el, tz Jeſus +7 Az the Sunne ihiuizo vpon the Temple of wwe * 2.Kin, Sew, and ſedec. 13 Of Nevrmer: Bu3cbySers, maſt High , and as whe taigebov giuing lighk i: 2.1 and 4; EINEEP- os the bright clouas. pats Fe: ada: 94% TH wunm of oltas is like the compo- B Ang as the boure of roſzs 11; che ſpring of the 2. chr. 3, the Ap thecary Fi lot v4 is mide bythe: acc of yeerc,as lillies by the riners 0. yeatars, £24 the Hran- 34. bes po hae Pr n_ a8 017 in a1! aoutlacs, ches of the franki iccuſe tree ia the tins of Summons for proſe 2 He Þ och Tr -j- Ss... 9 Az fire & i1cea[:t4 whe creme, a da rcilcil Sire.” Gate m_ uaſelſs vpriga:ly It TC COR- of beaten g-1d, er with 211 nancy of prectuus Rours, 2. Kin, nition of ielanits e zand rooke away t0 40ft- Fa. <A potrypha. Bcclefiaſtievs. Apocrypia WO clothed with the perfe&ion of glory, when be wemt tjzude of thy mercies, avd greatuefſe ofthy Name, | YP to the holy Altar, he made the garment of ho» From the f tecth of them that were ready to devoure Gras lizefle honourable, ; . - M&, avgout of the har ds of ſuch az ſought after ty rae, | 12 When ke tooke the*portions ont of the Priefts life, and from the manifo1d 3fſiRivns which 1 bd: ms kands,he bimſtlte Rood by the hearth ef the Altar, 4 From the choakivg of fiie cne euety fide , and of uhe compaſſed with his brethren round about.z5ayorg from the midſt, of the fire which I kipdicd notes 5% Cedar ixLibanus,and as palme irees compiled they 5 Fromihe depth of the belly of hell, froman him round abuut, : L vncleanc tongue, and ſri a lying wores. 23 So mere allthe ſonnes of Aaton in theirglory 6 By an accuſation to th: ks g, ſrcm an vncigh« az the oblations of the Lord in their hands, before teovs ic ngue: my ſoulc Erew necte euen Veto Erath, all the Curgregation of ſacl. my life was necze vnio the kill bepeath: 14 And fitzyihivg the leruice nt the Altar, that he » They <comw.paſicd me on cuerty flde, 2nd there mzgkt a£0r1nette offting of the moRt High almighty. was no wan to h:Ipe mee: 1 locked for the ſucconr + 35 He ſtretches out his hand to the cup , ard of men , but thete was nope: | Powrtd of the blood of the grape, he powred outat BY Then thought I vpon thy wercy, O Lord,ard ghe tot of the Altar z a {weetmelling ſauour Vato ypon thy. Res of oI&e, bw thuu deliuerek ſuch as the mctt high King of al). | wair for thee , azd ſauck them out of the hands of 15 Thea ſheucd the ſons of Azron, and ſounded thy exemice: | - the jſiluer trawpers, 2nd made 8 great noyſe to be © They lifted 1 vp my ſupplication from the heard, ior a remembrance before the moſt High. qgr;h, arg praycd for gc[inei>nce frem death. i7 Thetpallthe pecple _—_ baftes, ard fell Io I called ypon the Lord the Father of wy Lord, % downcto cheearth vpontberr faces bo woribp ikcir that be would nctleape me in the dayes of my trou-' oor ths Lord Gcd Almighty the moſt High. ERS tlc, and isthe time of the proude when there was [f withihe 18 The fingers alſo ſang praiſcs with their voices, go helpe. Wl with great varieties of ſounds was taere Wade {weet ' 2x. 1 will praiſe thy Name continually , and will Sl mcelogice. © , fing-praiſe with chankeſgiuirg , aud lu my prayer 19 Apa the people beſonght the Lore the moſt yyas keare; ; High by prayer before him that 2s mererfullytill tie x2 Forthou ſaureſt me from deftruRion , 2rd ſolrmp3tic of tkr Lord was ended , and they bad geliveresft me from the evill time; therefore will Briſhed his ſcrnice, : ; Fiuethankrs ang praiſcibre, 22d blefſe thy Name, 20 Then ke went downe, ard lifted rp his hangs © Tore, | vuer the whole Congregation of the children of :f- 13 When 1 war yet young, Or euer j I went 2- | 07, xacl z tO pine the bleſzing of the Lord whth his lips, broad, 1 defired wiedorat openly it my p' ayer. went and to 1cioyce jn his Nawe. 14 | prayedfor ker beforc the Temple, and will «fire, $ the ine 21 And they bewtd hemſelncs downe ro Wor- ſceke hes outcuesp to the ena- | Fels f the home of Tip the ſccond ©:megthat they might receive a bleſ- £5 Even from the flowre ill the grape was tipes 'J teleple, ret ficg from ihe proft High, , hath my heart delip-ted in ber, my foot went the | HVentbdajoſth 22 Now thcietore blefe yethe God of all, which , ioht way, from my youth vp ſcugtr | after her. | wifſels,wich Sed Bnely doeth wonderou things every where, which 36 7 bowed downe mirc exre a little, nnd recei= = ha kid mate, exalieth our dyes from the wombe y ave daaleth yeeher,and p24 much learnirg., | , After tn with v3 aecordiny to his mercy. 19 I prokied therein, [th:rforc JT will aſcribe tbe kdevied my! 23 Heyrant vs iopfulnes of heart, and iÞat peace glory vero him that giveth me wi:edome. 8 [019 captives and t may be 1n our Gayes in I{rae] for cuer. : 1 8 For I purpoſed to doeafter ber, ard exrrellly J vn, the land from 1 24 Thar bec would confirme his Bercy With YE, I fs) luwed that which js gord ſe {hall I not be con» babylon: and deliner vs 2t bis ume, : : fovasd. : lo And they 25 There br wo. Forcing a way that layeth there, and his keat shall be very well, and you are the heart of the language. Forcing them, her soul be strong to tell you where you go, for the light of the language is to be your own. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. Forcing with the power of the Lord, I am ready to serve you. By bony from derru don, and in the great such SGe by her, Fare of (Ü: hovdriove verge, and from the lips of the lips, Let your soul receive yet just his mercy. As breth That for the sake of his pity, he Sne 3d ag {eres | Zv NW i4ke Cui Wwe k bc j429 3 2r.& in ks vmE I 4 Aves b:&defyerte Prager ing to the Fil be pill gin you made also a collection of money according to the king's power. 5 And they (ent ir to Leruſalem yato F Ioxchima the kigh Prieſt the ſonne of Chelcias, ſonne of Sx- lom,aud to the Prieks,and to all the people which were fund with him at Tetulalcm, $ At the (ame time whey he receiued the veſ- fels "f the houſe of the Lord that were caried out of the Temple, to returne them into the land of luda theienth day of the moveth Siuanſ vam+ly ) filuce veflels, which Sedecias the ſonac of Lofhas king of Iuda had mace, | 9 Affter that Nabuchodonofor king of Bxbylon had caried away Techoniat,aud ihe princesand the = [captives avd the mivhiy men,acd the people of the lang from leruſalem, ard brought them vato Babylon :. io And they ſ214 Brhold, we hang ſent you mony t buy you burr cffering3,and finne offcrings and inctu(c,aud prepare ye f Mauna;and officer vpouthe alt>x of zac Lord our God, it And pray for the life of Nabnchodonofor king of Babylon,and for rhe life of Baltiaſar his ſonae, that their dayes may be vpou catth as the dayes of hc2zucy, 12 AudrheLord will ame vs Rrength,and ligh- ten our eyes, 2nd we fhall line vnder the hxdow of Nabuchodouoſor King of Babylon, and ranger the ſhadow of Bal.haſar his fonne, and wee {hall ſcrue them many daycz,and Exde fauour in their fight, Iz Pray for vs alio vnto the Lord our God (for we hane fiance againſt the Lord our God, and vato this day the futy of thr Lord, aud his wrath is not turned from vs.) 74 And ye thall read this booke, which wee htue ſent vato you,to make confeſtion in the kouſe of the | Lord, vpou the fcafts aud (olemne dayes, * Chap. M9, x5 Aud ye ſhall (ay, * To the Lord our Gad be- lengeth crighteonſacſſe, but yYuto vs the confulion of Facer,as it is come to pallt this day vnto them of Tu- 42, and »0 the inhabitants of Ieruſalem, 16 Ard toour Kings,and roour Princet.aud to our Pricftt,and to our Prephets,and to our fathers. 175 For we kaat © finucd before the Lord, 8 Au difaheged hing and byur ag keackeped ynt9 ihe royce of the Lard nur God, to walke in the commandemens that he pave ya openly, I9 Since the day that the Lordbrought onr fore- | fathers om of the layed »f Egypr,vuto this preſent aay,weehane brene diſobedient vynto the Lord our G-d 3 a:d we kave becac ncgligetit in not hearing his VICE, 26 # Wherefore the cuils cleaned vnto vs,and the curſe which che Lord appointed by Mcyſes his fervant,attheiime that hee bronght our fathers ont of the land of Egypt;to giue vs 2 land that fl.wewth with milke a»&heny,likeas it is to ſee this day. 21 Neuertbel fe wee have not brarkened vnto the voyce of the Lord our God, 2ceordizg vato all the words of the Propkhe's, whom he ſcar vato vt. 22 Bur euery man fullowesd the imagination of his owae wicked heart, toſerue ſtrange gods, and to doe cuill in the fight of the Lord our God- CHAP. II.
| 47,411 |
https://github.com/kruzifix/Klaesh-Proto/blob/master/unity/Assets/Code/Core/Message/IMessage.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
Klaesh-Proto
|
kruzifix
|
C#
|
Code
| 20 | 55 |
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
namespace Klaesh.Core.Message
{
public interface IMessage
{
object Sender { get; }
}
}
| 1,300 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4529332
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Schelkovo-3
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 263 | 898 |
Щёлково-3
микрорайон города Щёлково Московской области России
Щёлково-3 географические координаты
Щёлково-3 дата основания, создания, возникновения 1932
Щёлково-3 административно-территориальная единица Щёлково
Щёлково-3 это частный случай понятия микрорайон
Щёлково-3 официальное название , дата окончания 1959
Щёлково-3 площадь
Щёлково-3 государство Россия
Щёлково-3 государство СССР
Щёлково-3 почтовый индекс 141103
Щёлково-3 код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/1215pqyr
Щёлково-3 код GeoNames 567896
Щёлково-3 код GNS -2899228
Щёлково-3 код Who's on First 890483803
Щолково-3
Щолково-3 географічні координати
Щолково-3 дата створення / заснування 1932
Щолково-3 адміністративна одиниця Щолково
Щолково-3 є одним із мікрорайон
Щолково-3 офіційна назва , час/дата закінчення 1959
Щолково-3 площа
Щолково-3 країна Росія
Щолково-3 країна Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік
Щолково-3 поштовий індекс 141103
Щолково-3 Google Knowledge Graph /g/1215pqyr
Щолково-3 код GeoNames 567896
Щолково-3 ідентифікатор GNS -2899228
Щолково-3 Who's on First 890483803
Chtchelkovo-3
Chtchelkovo-3 coordonnées géographiques
Chtchelkovo-3 date de fondation ou de création 1932
Chtchelkovo-3 localisation administrative Chtchiolkovo
Chtchelkovo-3 nature de l’élément microraïon
Chtchelkovo-3 nom officiel , date de fin 1959
Chtchelkovo-3 superficie
Chtchelkovo-3 pays Russie
Chtchelkovo-3 pays Union soviétique
Chtchelkovo-3 code postal 141103
Chtchelkovo-3 identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/1215pqyr
Chtchelkovo-3 identifiant GeoNames 567896
Chtchelkovo-3 identifiant GNS Unique Feature -2899228
Chtchelkovo-3 identifiant Who's on First 890483803
Chkalovskiy
Chkalovskiy adlaw sa pagkatukod 1932
Schelkovo-3
microdistrict of Schelkovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia
Schelkovo-3 coordinate location
Schelkovo-3 inception 1932
Schelkovo-3 located in the administrative territorial entity Shchyolkovo
Schelkovo-3 instance of microdistrict
Schelkovo-3 official name , end time 1959
Schelkovo-3 area
Schelkovo-3 country Russia
Schelkovo-3 country Soviet Union
Schelkovo-3 postal code 141103
Schelkovo-3 Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1215pqyr
Schelkovo-3 GeoNames ID 567896
Schelkovo-3 GNS Unique Feature ID -2899228
Schelkovo-3 Who's on First ID 890483803
| 31,202 |
https://github.com/COneal81/best_movies_ever/blob/master/lib/best_movies_ever/scraper.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
best_movies_ever
|
COneal81
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 50 | 306 |
class BestMoviesEver::Scraper
def self.scrape_rt
puts "SCRAPING FOR all movies"
doc = Nokogiri::HTML(open("https://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/"))
movie_list = doc.css('#main_container a.unstyled.articleLink')
movie_list[0...100].each do |movie_listings|
attribute_hash = {
name: movie_listings.text.strip,
url: movie_listings.attr('href')}
BestMoviesEver::Movie.new(attribute_hash)
#BestMoviesEver::Movie.new(name, url)
end
end
def self.scrape_details(movie)
# binding.pry
doc = Nokogiri::HTML(open("https://www.rottentomatoes.com#{movie.url}"))
movie.description = doc.search("div#movieSynopsis").text.strip
movie.rating = doc.css('div.meta-value').first.text.strip
movie.genre = doc.css('div.meta-value a').first.text.strip
end
end
| 43,217 |
https://github.com/Enricco18/nodejs-examples/blob/master/test/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
nodejs-examples
|
Enricco18
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 325 | 1,838 |
const tape = require('tape');
const bent = require('bent');
const getPort = require('get-port');
const nock = require('nock');
const server = require('../');
const nodeVersion = require('./nodeVersion.json')
const getJSON = bent('json');
const getBuffer = bent('buffer');
const tests = {
"v0": {
"version": "v0.12.17",
"date": "2016-10-18",
"files": [
"headers",
"linux-x64",
"linux-x86",
"osx-x64-pkg",
"osx-x64-tar",
"osx-x86-tar",
"src",
"sunos-x64",
"sunos-x86",
"win-x64-exe",
"win-x86-exe",
"win-x86-msi"
],
"npm": "2.15.1",
"v8": "3.28.71.19",
"uv": "1.6.1",
"zlib": "1.2.8",
"openssl": "1.0.1u",
"modules": "14",
"lts": false,
"security": true
},
"v4": {
"version": "v4.9.0",
"date": "2018-03-28",
"files": [
"headers",
"linux-arm64",
"linux-armv6l",
"linux-armv7l",
"linux-ppc64le",
"linux-x64",
"linux-x86",
"osx-x64-pkg",
"osx-x64-tar",
"src",
"sunos-x64",
"sunos-x86",
"win-x64-7z",
"win-x64-exe",
"win-x64-msi",
"win-x64-zip",
"win-x86-7z",
"win-x86-exe",
"win-x86-msi",
"win-x86-zip"
],
"npm": "2.15.11",
"v8": "4.5.103.53",
"uv": "1.9.1",
"zlib": "1.2.11",
"openssl": "1.0.2o",
"modules": "46",
"lts": "Argon",
"security": true
},
"v14": {
"version": "v14.9.0",
"date": "2020-08-26",
"files": [
"aix-ppc64",
"headers",
"linux-arm64",
"linux-armv7l",
"linux-ppc64le",
"linux-s390x",
"linux-x64",
"osx-x64-pkg",
"osx-x64-tar",
"src",
"win-x64-7z",
"win-x64-exe",
"win-x64-msi",
"win-x64-zip",
"win-x86-7z",
"win-x86-exe",
"win-x86-msi",
"win-x86-zip"
],
"npm": "6.14.8",
"v8": "8.4.371.19",
"uv": "1.39.0",
"zlib": "1.2.11",
"openssl": "1.1.1g",
"modules": "83",
"lts": false,
"security": false
},
"v13": {
"version": "v13.14.0",
"date": "2020-04-28",
"files": [
"aix-ppc64",
"headers",
"linux-arm64",
"linux-armv7l",
"linux-ppc64le",
"linux-s390x",
"linux-x64",
"osx-x64-pkg",
"osx-x64-tar",
"src",
"sunos-x64",
"win-x64-7z",
"win-x64-exe",
"win-x64-msi",
"win-x64-zip",
"win-x86-7z",
"win-x86-exe",
"win-x86-msi",
"win-x86-zip"
],
"npm": "6.14.4",
"v8": "7.9.317.25",
"uv": "1.37.0",
"zlib": "1.2.11",
"openssl": "1.1.1g",
"modules": "79",
"lts": false,
"security": false
}
}
const context = {};
tape('setup', async function (t) {
const port = await getPort();
context.server = server.listen(port);
context.origin = `http://localhost:${port}`;
t.end()
})
tape('should get dependencies', async function (t) {
const html = (await getBuffer(`${context.origin}/dependencies`)).toString();
t.ok(html.includes('bent'), "should contain bent");
t.ok(html.includes('express'), "should contain express");
t.ok(html.includes('hbs'), "should contain hbs");
t.end();
})
tape('should get minimum secure versions', async function (t) {
nock("https://nodejs.org").get("/dist/index.json").reply(200, nodeVersion);
const minimumJson = (await getJSON(`${context.origin}/minimum-secure`));
t.deepEqual(minimumJson['v0'], tests.v0, 'v0 version should match');
t.deepEqual(minimumJson['v4'], tests.v4, 'v4 version should match');
t.end();
})
tape('should get minimum secure versions', async function (t) {
nock("https://nodejs.org").get("/dist/index.json").reply(200, nodeVersion);
const latestJson = (await getJSON(`${context.origin}/latest-releases`));
t.deepEqual(latestJson['v14'], tests.v14, 'v14 version should match');
t.deepEqual(latestJson['v13'], tests.v13, 'v13 version should match');
t.end();
})
tape('teardown', function (t) {
context.server.close()
t.end()
})
| 153 |
https://github.com/indiejames/GeminiSDK/blob/master/GeminiSDK/libs/Gemini/GemSpriteShaderManager.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, Unlicense
| 2,015 |
GeminiSDK
|
indiejames
|
C
|
Code
| 55 | 220 |
//
// GeminiSpriteShaderManager.h
// Gemini
//
// Created by James Norton on 3/31/12.
// Copyright (c) 2012 __MyCompanyName__. All rights reserved.
//
#import "GemShaderManager.h"
// Sprite shader uniform index
enum {
UNIFORM_PROJECTION_SPRITE,
UNIFORM_TEXTURE_SPRITE,
NUM_UNIFORMS_SPRITE
};
extern GLint uniforms_sprite[NUM_UNIFORMS_SPRITE];
// Sprite vertex attribute index
enum {
ATTRIB_VERTEX_SPRITE,
ATTRIB_COLOR_SPRITE,
ATTRIB_TEXCOORD_SPRITE,
NUM_ATTRIBUTES_SPRITE
};
@interface GemSpriteShaderManager : GemShaderManager
@end
| 1,013 |
https://github.com/patgod85/timesheet/blob/master/app/config/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
timesheet
|
patgod85
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 26 | 82 |
var nconf = require('nconf');
var path = require('path');
var node_env = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'demo';
nconf.argv()
.env()
.file({file: path.join(__dirname, 'config.' + node_env + '.json')});
module.exports = nconf;
| 20,180 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B6nningsvik
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Strönningsvik
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strönningsvik&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 127 | 317 |
Strönningsvik är en sjö i Tierps kommun i Uppland och ingår i . Sjön är meter djup, har en yta på kvadratkilometer och befinner sig meter över havet. Strönningsvik ligger i Natura 2000-område. Vid provfiske har abborre, mört och ruda fångats i sjön.
Delavrinningsområde
Strönningsvik ingår i det delavrinningsområde (670370-162602) som SMHI kallar för Rinner mot Öregrundsgrepen. Medelhöjden är meter över havet och ytan är kvadratkilometer. Det finns inga avrinningsområden uppströms utan avrinningsområdet är högsta punkten. Avrinningsområdets utflöde mynnar i havet, utan att ha någon enskild mynningsplats. Avrinningsområdet består mestadels av skog (83 procent). Avrinningsområdet har kvadratkilometer vattenytor vilket ger det en sjöprocent på procent.
Se även
Lista över insjöar i Tierps kommun
Källor
Externa länkar
Insjöar i Tämnarån-Forsmarksåns kustområde
Insjöar i Uppland
Insjöar i Tierps kommun
| 39,111 |
JURITEXT000007314373
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,996 |
Cour de Cassation, Chambre civile 3, du 10 juillet 1996, 94-18.372, Inédit
|
INCA
|
French
|
Spoken
| 385 | 711 |
<br/> AU NOM DU PEUPLE FRANCAIS<br/>
<br/> LA COUR DE CASSATION, TROISIEME CHAMBRE CIVILE, a rendu l'arrêt suivant :<br/>
<br/> Sur le pourvoi formé par M. Jean-Marc X..., demeurant ...,<br/>
<br/> en cassation d'un arrêt rendu le 2 juin 1994 par la cour d'appel de Nîmes (1ère chambre), au profit de la société Soditra, société à responsabilité limitée, dont le siège social est ..., prise en la personne de ses représentants légaux en exercice, notamment son gérant, domicilié audit siège,<br/>
<br/> défenderesse à la cassation ;<br/>
<br/> Le demandeur invoque, à l'appui de son pourvoi, les deux moyens de cassation annexés au présent arrêt;<br/>
<br/> LA COUR, en l'audience publique du 11 juin 1996, où étaient présents : M. Beauvois, président, M. Fromont, conseiller rapporteur, M. Deville, Mlle Fossereau, MM. Chemin, Villien, Cachelot, conseillers, Mme Cobert, M. Nivôse, Mme Masson-Daum, conseillers référendaires, M. Baechlin, avocat général, Mme Pacanowski, greffier de chambre;<br/>
<br/> Sur le rapport de M. le conseiller Fromont, les observations de la SCP Guiguet, Bachellier et Potier de la Varde, avocat de M. X..., de la SCP Vier et Barthélémy, avocat de la société Soditra, les conclusions de M. Baechlin, avocat général, et après en avoir délibéré conformément à la loi;<br/>
<br/> Sur les deux moyens, réunis, ci-après annexés :<br/>
<br/> Attendu qu'ayant constaté que la clause relative aux délais d'exécution des travaux figurait dans un document qui n'était pas signé par la société Soditra mais qu'à la supposer applicable, cette clause prévoyait que le délai contractuel expirait le 30 juillet 1990 à condition que le maître de l'ouvrage ait donné l'ordre écrit de commencer les travaux, et ait procédé à la démolition des existants et que, par sa double défaillance à remplir ces deux conditions, le maître de l'ouvrage n'avait pas mis l'entrepreneur en mesure d'exécuter son obligation, la cour d'appel, qui a souverainement interprété la portée de la convention, a, sans dénaturation, légalement justifié sa décision;<br/>
<br/> PAR CES MOTIFS :<br/>
<br/> REJETTE le pourvoi ;<br/>
<br/> Condamne M. X... à payer à la société Soditra la somme de 8 000 francs en application de l'article 700 du nouveau Code de procédure civile;<br/>
<br/> Condamne M. X... aux dépens et aux frais d'exécution du présent arrêt;<br/>
<br/> Ainsi fait et jugé par la Cour de Cassation, Troisième chambre civile, et prononcé par M. le président en son audience publique du dix juillet mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-seize.<br/>
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Kasus pertama pandemi COVID-19 di negara bagian India Maharashtra dikonfirmasikan pada 9 Maret 2020. Negara bagian tersebut mengkonfirmasikan total 39.297 kasus, termasuk 1.390 kematian dan 10.318 kesembuhan, pada 20 Mei 2020.
Catatan
Referensi
Maharashtra
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Wayside shrine
wayside shrine near Wiedersödt, Austria
Wayside shrine instance of wayside shrine
Wayside shrine country Austria
Wayside shrine located in the administrative territorial entity Aigen-Schlägl
Wayside shrine coordinate location
Wayside shrine Commons category Bildstock bei Wiedersödt
Wayside shrine image Wiedersödt Bildstock 01.jpg
Bildstock
Bildstock nördlich von Wiedersödt, Gemeinde Aigen-Schlägl, Oberösterreich
Bildstock ist ein(e) Bildstock
Bildstock Staat Österreich
Bildstock liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Aigen-Schlägl
Bildstock geographische Koordinaten
Bildstock Commons-Kategorie Bildstock bei Wiedersödt
Bildstock Bild Wiedersödt Bildstock 01.jpg
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Busset ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Allier in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Vichy und zum Kanton Lapalisse.
Geografie
Busset liegt etwa zehn Kilometer südöstlich von Vichy. Im Süden grenzt das fast 37 km² umfassende Gemeindegebiet an das Département Puy-de-Dôme.
Bevölkerungsentwicklung
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Château de Busset, Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts vom Templerorden errichtet, in der Renaissance-Zeit verändert; großzügige befestigte Anlage; Orionturm mit achteckigem Dach; mit Fresken des 16. Jahrhunderts; Park im italienisch-französischen Stil, Monument historique
Kirche (19. Jahrhundert); Christus am Kreuz (17. Jahrhundert), Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Grâce (16. Jahrhundert)
Kapelle Sainte Marguerite (16./18. Jahrhundert)
Siehe auch: Liste der Monuments historiques in Busset
Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde
Philippe Bugalski (1963–2012), Rallyefahrer
Literatur
Le Patrimoine des Communes de l’Allier. Flohic Editions, Band 1, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-84234-053-1, S. 168–171.
Weblinks
Notice Communale - EHESS
www.mairie-busset.fr (französisch)
Einzelnachweise
Ort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Gemeindegründung 1793
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Dnter den edeln Geschlechtern, \yelche Ihren Sit^ am Har^e hätten, und deshalb insgesammt jEIarzgrafen genannt wurden, nahmen die Mansfelder viele Jährhun* <lerte hindurch eine ausgezeichnete^ ja vielleicht die he* deutendste Stellung ein. Fast gleichzeitig mit ihrem be- glaubigten Auftreleii in der Geschichte bekämpft Graf Hoier in der Schlacht am Welfesholze als Führer der kaiserlichen Mannen die empörten Sachsen, und, grofse Hoffnungen gingen dem Geschlechte mit seinem Falle verloren. Doch bald erhob es sich durch die Entdeckung der Kopfer ^ und Siibergrüben am Unterharze zu gro- Äerm Glänze, und erweiterte seine Besitzungen nach allen Seiten, vornämlich nach den gesegneten Bezirken iler Saale und Unstrut, von welchen die. Volksrede ent- stand, wen Gott lieb hat dem'giebt er eine Wohnung in der Grafschaft Mansfeld, Um die Zeit der Reforma- tion^tand das Geschlecht in grSfstei: Kr.aftfiiIIe, welche jcam Theil durch Anstrengungen für die Sache der Glai^- bensfreiheit, zum Theif durch innerii Zwist,, sorglosen Haushalt und durch ubermäfsig üppiges Wuchern der Nebenzwieige verzehrt wurde. Schon am Ende dessel- bea Jahrhunderts wurde ihr Land einer Sequestration unterworfen, und sie selbst flüchteten sich, wie so vielo herantergekommene Reichsgrafengeschlechter, unter diö schützenden Flügel des kaiserlichen Adlers in Wien. Dort wurden ihnen neue Güter, die höchsten Staatsäm- Jabrb, /. msitnich. fCritik. J. 1835. I. Bd.. fer und sogar die Reichsfürsten würde verliehen. Um die Zeit als dieser neue Glanz auf die eine Linie des Hauses fiel, wurde der letzte von der lutherischen L}- nie, welcher unter den Rainen def Stammburg gelebt halte,, mit Helm und Schild begraben.. Die.katboli- sehe Linie, ihrem unter Sequestration stehenden Lande fast ganz entfremdet, erloßch 1780, und die Grafschaft, wo man hoch jetzt der guten Grafen und ihirer Herr- schaft gern gedenkt, fiel den beiden sequ^strirenden Oberlehnsherrn Preiifseh und Sachsen anbeim, welchd dem Hausq Colloredo, dem j^ben der Älodi^lgüter, die Fortfuhrung äes alten i-uhmvolfen Natnens gestatteten. Die Geschichte des mansfeldischen Hasses fuhrt ups zwar , viele merkwürdige uqd bedeutende Persön- lichkeiten vor. mehc als irgend ein anderes Geschlecht von demselben Range aqfweisen kiann, z. &• den sa«^ genhaften Hoier, den Kämpfbr ani Welfesholze, Albrecht, dep Schicksais- und geistesverwandten Philipps von Hes- sen, Agnes, die Genialiii Gebhards vqn Cöln, Peter Ernsf, den unverzagten Vorfechter der Protestanten im 30jährigen Kriege, und unter deq höchsten Staaisbeam- ten des Österreich -spanisqhen Hauses' hab^.n sich viele Mansfelder hervorgethan,' aber dem ungeachtet kann eine blpFse l^amiliengeschjcbte' dieses Geschlechts kein anhaltendes Interesse erwecket^ , vielmehr, roufß diesem Gegenstand eine. Seite abgewonnen ..werden, wodurch er in einen hohem, Kreis historischer Erscheinungen versetzt wird, wie z« B. in der , Geschlecbtsgejichichte derer von Schliefen geschehen ist. Auch für solclie Anfordcirungen bietet «die Greschichte der Mansfelder reichen Stoff dar. Vor allem könnten lehrreiche Un- tersuchungen über ihre verwickelten Lehnsverhältnisse angestellt werden, über die Ursachen, welche hier dij^ Bifdung eines reichsunmittelbaren Gebiets gehindert haben, trotz der scheinbar schwachen bischöflich efi Obert lehhsherrlichkeit, trotz des Reichthums der Grafen ad 89 723 Niemann^ Oeschichie der Orqfen von Mantfeld. TU ecleln Metallen, die dem Emporkommea andirer Häuser so förderlich waren. Eine nicht geringere Aufmerk- samkeit mufste dem Bergwerk seibat, und den daraus uni#t(eU)ar zu Kaiser und Reich entsteinenden BezW klingen des grälicbttu Hauses geschenkt wec#en«. Za» letzt wäre es für die allgemeine deutsche Geschichte wichtig, wenn an einem Beispiele nachgewiesen wurde, wie zerstörend das Schuldenwesen des höhern Adels auf dessen Existenz gewirkt hat, wenn er nicht konnte oder nicht wollte zu dem rettenden Mittel der Land- stände schreiten. Zu solchen Untersuchungen könnte die Geschichte der Grafen Teranlassen , aber auch ehe dieses Geschlecht erscheint, fällt durch eigenthumliche Gunst des Schicksals, schon aus dem Dunkel der Völ- kerwandrung Licht auf diese Gegenden des Innern Deutschlands. Von dort zogen die Sachsen mit den Langobarden nach Italien, hier stiefsen die Stämme der Slawen , Sachsen und Thüringer zusammen (noch jetzt wird das Land durchschnitten von der Sprach- scheide des Hoch- und Plattdeutschen), hier waren die frühen Schenkungen der Carolinger an Fulda, in den Gauen, welche nach den Schwaben, Friesen und Hes- sen genannt sind. Die Geschichte der Grafen und ihres Landes ist schon zweimal ausführlich geschrieben worden. Ein- mal zur Zeit ihrer gröfsten Blöthe von Cyriac Spangen- berg, dessen stürmische Lebensschicksale die Vollen- dung seines sehr ausführlichen Werkes verhindert ha- ben, dann von Francke, als das Haus sich schon sei- nem Ende zuneigte. Zwar haben beide Männer nach dem Standpunkte ihrer Zeit beurtheilt Lobenswerthes gelei- stet, doch würde eine neue nach den jetzigen Bedürfnissen und Ansichten abgefafste, d. h. vornämlich auf urkundli- che Forschung sich stützende Bearbeitung desselben Ge- genstandes, eine von vielen Seiten schon längst gehegte Erwartung befriedigen. In dieser Weise unternommen, wäre denn freilich die Geschichtschreibung dieser Graf- schaft bei weitem schwieriger, als es auf den ersten Blick scheinen dürfte. Spangenberg, welcher auf Ver- anlassung der Grafen schrieb, konnte reiche Urkunden- schätze benutzen. Aus diesen zog er heraus, was ihm wichtig zu sein schien, anderes in unsern Augen Be- deutenderes, liefs er unbeachtet liegen. Vielerlei Di- plome waren sicherlich schon in dem thüringischen Bauernkriege, dessen Verheerungen sich auf die Klö- iter der Grafschaft erstreckten, vertilgt worden, meh- rere wurden .wohl durch die endlosen Verpfändungeo einzelner Stucke der Grafschaft zerstreut; am dureb* greiltndsten haben die Verwüstungen des äOjährig» Krieges, iwd die Fenersbrünste des 17tan Jahrhuodan zerstört. Keine einzige Stadt dieses Gebiets hat Trum* mern eines Archivs gerettet. Zuletzt sind gewils oodi viele Familienurkunden mit der katholischen Linie oacb Prag und Wien, und vöa da in den Besitz des Hamn Colloredo-Mansfeld gekommen. Demungeachtet words sich mit einiger Regsankeil eine beträchtliche AnzaU von Urkunden zusammenbringen lassen, 1} aas den ehemaligen Archiv des Oberaufseheramtes in ElsUles, 2) aus dem Archiv des Bergamtes in Eisleben, ^ sos vorhandenen Privatsammlungen, und 4) wahrscheislidi auch aus dem Archive des Haases Colloredo-Mans- feld. Ein solches Unternehmen scheint aber nicht io dem Plane Herrn Niemann*s gelegen su habea. Er spricht wohl von einem Urknndenschatze, su dessen He* bung man keinen Ausländer zulassen wolle, obglridi kein Inländer Schritte dazu thue (p. 1). Ist Herr Nie* mann (er hat die angefahrte Notiz aus einem 1805 gs» druckten Wochenblatte entnommen) jetzt noch ein Ans» länder? Hat er den Schatz zu heben versucht? KaM scheint es so. Er wollte vielmehr, nach einem uop* nügend motivirten Grunde , den Charakter einer Gl» schlechtsgeschichte festhaken , d. h. die Schicksale dv gräflichen Personen allein zum Gegenstand seiner A^ beit machen. Karl Lehmann. di9 ckrütHeie» GhutbtMikkren. 725 LXXXIX. Betrachtungen über die christlichen Glattbenslehren. Von D. J. P. Mynster^ Bischof von Seeland^ Or^ denMbisehqf^ KönigL dänischem Cot^fessionarius^ Com^^ tssandeur des Danebrogordens^ Danebrogsmann, l/e* hersetzt von Theodor Schorn» Erster Band. Barn* bürg 1835. 472 S. 8. Die Schrift gehört eigentlich der psränetuchen Gattong an» weicher diese JehHMichervenchloesea siad. Doeh hatiie« wiewolil^ wie ee soheinl, ai» Predigten entstanden , nkiit die Ponn.deft» •elben mid Yioreiaigt so idele Vorzüge in «ieb, dafe aie ee woU ▼enUeat» Ter ae Tielen SimlicheB der Art bbsMrlclicli gemacht sa wevdea IKe darin angestellten Betrachtuagen siad' geist* r^h — hienait ist ihr wesentHcher Charakter heseiehnet. BS liegt darin', dais sie Gedanken, wena aach nicht immer stark und bestfmnt berrertretead, doch im Uiateigrond zeigen und als die bewegende 8eele der Darsteilung erscheinen lassen. Durch sie ist der Terehrte Herr Verf. mitten in seiner lebeaf digctfi, blühenden Redeweise doch gegen den armseligen FUttei«* Staat fraj^^nter Bilder, kühner Wendungen und eitler rhetori« scher Kunstgriffe geschützt, womit heutiges Tages so Tide die Geistlosigkeit und Gedankenblö&e des Inhalt» bedecken. Es weht in diesen Betrachtungen ein sanfter Gedankeozog; es geht ein mildes Licht nnd eine kräftige Wärme dorch diese DarsteW longen; man sieht hier nicht nwei oder drei arme Vorstellnn« gen sich beständig wiederholen oder im Ranch und Dampf über« triebener Sehiidereien und herzbrechender Tiraden aufgehen. Die Bildung Tieler sogenannter gebildeter Zahörerschaften, selbst ▼on hohem Stand, ist heutiges Tages so gering in der Religion^ daÜB sie dergleichen zu ihrer Unterhaltung und Brscbttttemng Terlangen, und fiele Prediger, welche, den Zuhörer gern hei seiner schwachen, statt bei seiner starken Seite angreifeay sehwach ihnen darin nachgeben. Der Herr Verf. rechnet auf Hörer oder Leser, die an dem Inhalt des christlichen Glaubens ein denkendes Interesse nehmen. Der Standpunkt der Betrach* tung ist der empirisch - psychologische ; es werden uns interes» sante Ansichten, fromme Gefühle und Erscheinungen der Seele, innere Erfahrungen , bestimmte Gemttths« und Lebens-Zustände mitgetheilt, in der Weise der unmittelbaren, phantasiereichen Vorstellung* und ohne sich gerade an dem Faden strenger und troekener Brkenntnifs fortzuspinnen« Hat diese freie Betrach* tupgsweise dea Vortheil, dafs sie überall Interessantes beruh* reo, die Klarheit, die Bridenz als das höchste Gesetz befolgen kann, wie es der Hr. Verf. reriangt, so hat sie auch das Schwie* Hge, dais sie na dem tiefen ehristlichea Lehrinhalt im MiisTeiw hUtnift steht: denn läCbt sie sich auf solche Punkte ein, der- gleichen Vernunft und Offenbarung, die göttlichen Bigenschaf« tea, Dreieinigkeit, AbMl der Weh Ton Gott, Menschwerdung Gottes nnd Versöhnung der Welt ist, wie sich denn diese Be* trachtungen über alle Gnindlehren des christlichen Glanhens er» strecken, so zeigen sich überall Widersprüche, Fragen nnd Zwei» fei der f ersehenden Vernunft, welche der Auflösung bedürfen nnd in Absieht anf weiche nicht gleiohsam mit Gewalt bei ei« nem Glanben stille za stehen ist, der, was er doch ist, kein Wissen wäre; sondern dieees muiOi mehr oder weniger doch auch ans ihm heraus. Die Önerforschlichkeit Gottes, welche der Hr. Verf. sehr schön beschreibt (aber in Wahrheit nur die Uner- schöpflichkeit seiner Erkenntnifs Ist), die Unbegreiflichkeit der göttlichen Dinge, auf der er besteht, will dann mit demjenigen Dicht recht zusammenstimmen, was alles schon als in dem Ge* danken der göttlichen Offenbarung enthalten, da^ethan worden 327. Mjfluter^ ^ Bttraehiun^en Über ist. Hienrut sieht der 'Herr V^ttf. das gahsM liitferesse im sichy welches der. Jaeobjsche Standpunkt hät^ mir, dafii auf diesem fler chrtstUche ^laal>e An OffrabaniDg, den der Hr. VerL sufii trcirdigstehehauptet 9. ausdrücklich und auch gane cqosequent auf gegeben war.. .Der Unterschied ist hier,, dafs des Hr. ¥er£» dem OfiEBnbaruBgsbegriff zufolge, keinesw/eges das .Wissen des Menschen ren* Gott leugnet, sondern niir besehc&nkt .und es mit lacobi nurx auf das Dasein, nieht auf das. Wesett.'Qoittes bezieht» and sich, statt mit der 6rkenntni£iy. viel mehr. nur mit derKenntr Bifs, der richtigen und. klsren, beruhigt Di» Be^acfatungen über die Eigenschaften Gottes lassen es aber doch keineswegea bei solcher an sich blois äufserlicben KenntniCs und Nattzuahme ber wenden » sondern eignen. die bestimmten : Schrifterkenntnisse durchgängig auch dem Gefühl an. Diese Betrachtungsweise eharaklerisirt sich am besten .in den Worten. S. 136. „Doch nutzt es nur wenig, dafs dieses Alles auch< mh den heiligsten Buchstaben gesch rieben. Tor uns da liegt, werin diese nicht .zu .ei-» Her lebendigen Stimme erwachen, die in unser Herz hinein- sprtCht. Achten wir. aber hier genau .auf die Ermahnung des göttlichen. Worts , so fühlen wir, das,, was es uns hierToa. sagt; das wissen wii alle schon tief in unserm Gewissen." Und Seite 189: „Eine Jede Lehre der Schrift, wie geheimnifsvoll und un* trgründlich sie jauch sei, sollen .wir aufnehmen in unaern stil" ^n Sinn, in unser Gewissen, in unser Herz, und dann sollen Wir uns fragen, ob sie« überflüssig sei,, ob sie entbehrt wer?», den kdnne,^ob wir sie hintansetzen und dennoch uns .noch Christen nennen können.'' Es. ist. also dio Absicht, uias IQ uns ist» an der. Lehre der Schrift klar zu machen, und SU deutlicher Erkenntnifs, zu subJectiTer Lebendigkeit und Gnwitsheit zu erheben, tun daron einen praktischen Eindruck «n empfangen. Diese Absicht bringt es mit sich, sich auf dasi 2|Iomeat der Belehrung durch in. sich z.usammenhängendQ. und furtschreitende Gedankenentwickelang nicht tief einzolassen, i« der BesorgnJfs, sie möchte mit dem vorgesetzten Zweck nichfe 9U vereinigen sein. ip diesen. Betraclitungen. meistens den Gang, den. christlichen Glauhensinhalt ron Tom herein als geheimnifsroU und über den Qedanken und die Vernunft erhaben darzustellen, den natürli- chen Zweifel, an denselben heranzobringea, dann sich auf. die BfBschranktheit des mens.ohlichen Geistes zu berufeny.der.die Ti^ fen der Gottheit nicht zu erforschen rermöge, hierauf sich der göttlichen Offenbarung in der Schrift unbedingt untenEuordnen, üs Üritiikien ,€tiaubenil€ir9n. 728 i und sie nun um. so meh|: ins Oerz^ hliieinzariflirsn,' Vir^hes.4«i Häthsel lösen sol^ ,>wenn die rechte Lösung, überhaopt hlemo» den zu finden ist^' 5. 421.. Es .läfst sich bezweifeln / q1> dai Herz in diieiser Weise Erkenntniisgrand genug nahe ,' um seine Zuversicht darauf 2U bauen: Dran hat der Geis^ wenigstem Gott als Geist, in <dem Mensehen wohnend tand'Ciotlericeimewli nidht die Kraft, .disr ihm der Apostel Phulns aMdrüdÜich.s» schreibt^ Alles, aupik die'^HeAm .der ;Get|heit,zi| erfoisches^« begreift man nicht, wie der Mensch an.Offenbaru|ig Gottes glaii- ben und sie. gar in der Schrift anerkennen kann, und noch w» niger, wie das erkenntnifslose Gefühl und Herz soll die SiStti sein, wo demungeac^tet Frieda und Zuversicht wohnt lind „Sris die holdselige Botschaft- des BrangelftoBis in 'das xersdilsgtM Herz hineint<fnen kann, so, daCs es sie. anndusen und es daiis ein Heilmittel finden kann, welches . es i^cht in verderblicbea Schlummer wiegt, sondern es mit der Kraft zum Guten und Ei- len erfüllt." S. 422. Es kann doch dies alles nur. um der e^ kannten Wahrheit und Nöthwendigkeit willen geschehen. So sagt d^ Hr. Verf «auch: „Ich will mich 'unter das Krenz Jen Christi setzen. -- Ich will nich^ die .Riefen in dsni RathicUtiiis der Gottheit zu ergründen suchen , sondern eher die Tiefes il des Menschen Her^n. Ich will zu erkennen streben, was js dem Herzen eines aufrichtigen Menschen vorgehen.mufs, ise^ eher es recht fest glaubt, dals Christus um unserer Sünde wllleft dahin gegeben ist u. s.w." Obgleich aber der Hr. Vf. sich iiberwle» gend an die subjectfve Seite hftltund die objective I^hre der Sdirill und Kirche gleichsanr nur zusammenhältnnd vergleicht mit derial» siven Frömmigkeit, so gehl er, doch wenigstens an alle, selbst dii speculativsten Wahrheiten der christlichen Religion heran, nidit nur uxjfi sie anzuerkennen, sondern auch einen Blick in ihre geheiA' nifsvoUe Tiefe zu wagen, um von da aus, was ihm mit RedUt die Hauptangelegenheit ist, einen Eindruck aufs Herz mitsMh men. - Zeugiiifs davon könnte mehr als eine schone Stelle seh. Und so können wir. dieses als eine grofse Zierde' dieser Sdiiift aussprächen, daiä sioh d^rin' der hohen, Sber alle ParteiBieianK gen, wie sich gebührt, erhabenen Stellung des Herrn Verl g^ mäis, die untergeordneten Gegensätze der theologischen Assidhp ten von Offenbarung und Vernunft, von Supematuralismus wÜ Rationalismus, von Glatibens-Objectivität und Subjectivitä^ n$ Glauben und Wissen odel^ wie matt sie sonst noch bezedeliMi mag, durch, die ThatAufs beste im Einklang zeigen, wie sie*4^ söhnt tind in der christlichen Kirche und wie sie es werdeitia der theologischen Wissenschaft. Denn dieses beides — das Versöhntifk und werden — bildet an sich ein Ganzes, worin sich der gegt^l seitige Mangel ergänzt: daher die Wissenschaft nicht des Gl»; bens der Kirche und diese der Wissenschaft nicht ohne Nw; thell entrathen kann. r D. MavUeiiieke.v J^ 90. Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche K r i t i Jk^ Mai 1835. XC. Jacobi und die Philosophie seiner Zeit* Ein Ver- such das uissemehqftliche Fundament der Phi- loeopAie historisch zu erörtern. Von J.Kuhn* Mainz 1834. 558 8. Die Aafgabe des Verfs. dieser Schrift ist die Dar- stellung und Beurtheilung der Jacobischen Philosophie,^ Qni an und vermittelst derselben das Fundament der Phi- losophie zu bestimmen und zu erörtern. Sein Verhält- nifs zu Jacobi ist jedoch, wie schon aus diesem Zwecke erhelh, kein rein historisches, sondern ein innerlich be- stimmtes« Zwei Momente haben wir daher in seiner Schrift zu unterscheiden: seine Uebereinstimmung mit Jacobi und seine eigenthümliche Verschiedenheit von ihm« Seine Uebereinstimmung mit dem Pempelforter Phi- losophen beurkundet der Verf. hinlänglich schon in der ganzen Art und Weise, wie er die neuere Philosophie, die er in das Gebiet seiner Aufgabe nothwendig hinein- adeben niufs, indem die Jacobische Philosophie nur in Ihrer Opposition und Relation zu ihr gehörig begriiSen und gewürdigt werden kann, auffafst und beurtheilt; denn die Begriffe der Demonstration, des Wissens, des Den- kens liegen so, wie J. sie bestimmte, seinen Urtheilen, als die leitenden Principien zu Grunde. Er macht des- wegen der neuern Philosophie den Vorwurf, dafs sie ^das Primitive im menschliehen Bewufstsein ignorirt** (p.30), dab sie das (im Sinne der Mathematik) demon- strative Wissen für das allein wahre Wissen gehalten liabe (p. 64—69, 309—311) , dafs nur das durch Vor- istellungen vermittelte vom Bedingten zum Bedingten fort- schreitende und iiber dasselbe nicht hinauskommende, das endliche äufserliche Wissen ihr Wissen gewesen sei. 8lo heifst es p. 77: „Eine Folge des Cartesianisrous war die Einführung d^r Demonstration in die Philosophie d. des durchgängigen Vermitteins der Vorstellungen und Begriffe durch einander zum Zwecke der Erlangung der Jahrb. /• wiuenick, Kritik. J. 1835. I. Bd.. philosophischen Wahrheit. Dafs ein Gott sei, und Dinge aufser uns, dafs diese in causalem Zusammenhange ste- hen, sind Sätze, welche nicht eher für gewib gehalten werden durften, bis sie bewiesen waren und aus keinem andern Grunde (?) Wahrheit haben sollten, als wegen ihrer Demonstrationen" p. 83: „Die Existenz Gottes geht nicht unmittelbar aus der Vorstellung von Gott hervor, sondern mufs durch einen Schlufs daraus abge» leitet werden. Gott üt also, sobald nur die Existenz der Vorstellung von ihm in unserm Bewufstsein nach- gewiesen werden kann durch einen Schlufs." Es ist allerdings nicht zu leugnen, dafs die Herrschaft, welche die mathematische Methode nicht nur sondern auch überhaupt die mathematische Anschauung über die Gei* ster der neuern Philosophen ausübte, nachtheilige Wir- kungen zur Folge hatte, dafs es eine mangelhafte Seite der neuern Philosophie war, dafs sie auf ihre Gegen* stände die Form der mathematischen Demonstration an- wandte. Allein wenn man tiefer auf die philosophischen Systeme der neueren Zeit eingeht, so verschwindet die* ser Mangel vor ihrem Inhalte als ein blofser Mangel in der Form. Denn die Schlufs- und Beweisform hat in ihnen nur die Bedeutung einer suljecliven^ nicht einer realen, objectiven. Vermittlung. Die Art, wie der Verf. in den angeführten Stellen den cartesianischen Beweis vom Dasein Gottes auffafst und ausdrückt, widerspricht daher gänzlich nicht nur dem Geiste, sondern auch sogar den ausdrücklichen wörtlichen Bestimmungen des C. Die Gewifsheit nämlich, dafs Gott ist, ist nicht die Folge ei- nes Schlusses, ist vielmehr unmittelbar mit der Idee Gottes selbst gegeben, C. sagt: das Wesen Gottes allein enthält nothwendige Existenz d. h. das Sein ist unmittelbar mit ihm eins. Nun ist aber das Wesen Gegenstand der Idee ; es ist also, da im Object der Idee zwischen Wesen und Sein kein Mittelglied liegt, das sie als unterschiedene erst verbände» zugleich, unmittelbar mit dem Wesen Gottes seine Existenz Gegenstand der 90 731 Kuhn, Jacobi und die PMoiopkie seiner Zeit. 732 Idee d. h. eben die Idee von Gott enthält die unmittel- bare Gewifsheit ihrer Realitfit nnd Objectivität in sich. Die Verkniipfang oder Vermitllang der Existenz mit dem Wesen, wie sie die Schlufsform enthält, hat keinen mdern.Zwick^ als gerade ihre unmäielbare Identität zu zeigen. Die Form des Schlusses verschwindet da- her vor dem Inhalt des Schlusses als ein blofser Noth- behelf des Subjects, der für das Object ohne alle reelle Bedeutung ist. Von dem unmittelbaren Wissen , das Jacobi selbst auf dem Gebiete des Uebersinnlichen gel- tend machte, wufste freilich Cartesius nichts. So glück- lich wie er waren Oberhaupt die neuern Philosophen nicht. Ihm flogen ja — dem Sonntagskinde — im ei- gentlichen Sinne die Tauben gebraten in den Mund. Er afs — der vor allen Philosophen Bevorzugte — die Früchte vom Baume der ErkenntniGs herab, ohne irgend eines vermittelnden Werkzeugs dazu zu bedürfen; er afs sie herab blofs mittelst der mirakulösen Magie sei- nes auserlesenen Geschmacksinnes, ohne seine Hände, ja ohne das lästige Gebifs des allzermalmenden Verstan- des mit den gemeinen Hunds- und Eckzähnen seiner logischen Begriffe dabei zu appliciren. Cartesius dage- gen machte, wie so vielen andern seiner Leidensgefähr- tion vom Sinnlichen, durch das Denken. ^Anu t^^og ovSiv dtdoaai d^ioi, am wenigsten die Seligkeit der De» beberzeugung von ihrem Dasein. Allein mit der Idee Gottes, wenn sie einmal erreicht ist, ist auch alle weitre Vemittbing abgebrochen) denn der Beweis von ihrer Realität ist nur das Mittel, wodurch das^ Sabject die unmüielbare Identität der Existenz und des Weeeos in Gott sich veranschaulicht. Quod autem ad Dem attinet^ sagt C. (^lUedit. F.), um nur diese eine Slelb anzuführen, cerie nisi praejudicüs obruerer et rer\m sennhilmm imaginei cogitationem meam omni ex park obeiderentj niküillo priuB autfeteiHw agnoicerem: wm quid ex se apertiui, quam iummum ent em $ke Deum, ad cujus solius essentiam existentia pertiiäi existere. Nur wer ganz rohe sinnliche VorstelloDgea vom Denken sich macht, kann überhaupt verkeoneo, dafs auch ihm die Unmittelbarkeit zukommt, dab vir gar nichts denken und erkennen konnten , wenn da|. Denken blofse Vermittlung in sich wäre; denn dm wäre es ja eine mit der Zeit völlig identische Tbätig* keit, eine reine Succession von Vorher und Nathheri il der die erste Grundbedingung alles Denkens: dieldes* tilät mit sich und die Verbindung des Unterschiedenes ten und Brüder in corpore, die Materie mit ihren fünf und Mabnigfaltigen in Ein Bewufstsein verloren gisg*'- **_. _ ■.. • «. 1 .■ 1 Das Denken ist wesentlich die zeitfreie Identität, Äi simultane Zusammenfassung seiner Vermittlungsreihei^ es ist immer zugleich ein alles Folgende anticipires^ der. Ober das Discursive übergreifender Act, ein A4' der Intuition. Für das Subject entfaltet sich freilich dai^ Denken in einer suocessiven Reihe von sieb gegenso^ tig bedingenden und von einander abhängigen Gedav ken, aber das betrifft nur die Erscheinung, nicht du' Wesen des Denkens, bei dem leider ! die meisten Xei*^ sehen den Unterschied zwischen Phänomen nnd Diif^ an sich, Erscheinung und Wesen, welchen sie iobp überall so gerne berücksichtigen, sonderbarer WeiflH völlig übersehen. Wenn nun aber schon dem Deskelj als solchem, als Thätigkeit überhaupt die UnmittelUH keit zukommt, um wievielmehr kommt ihm difese w seinem tiefsten Inhalte, in seiner Versenkung in dielder^ des Unendlichen, die Idee Gottes zu, in welcher der^ sonst gültige Unterschied zwischen Idealität und RealH tat, Denken und Sein sich aufhebt, wie bei Cartefl<^ in dem ontologischen Beweise? Es ist daher auch ganz unrichtig, wenn der Veiv Sinnen gewaltig zu schaffen; sie stand ihm als eine Gränze zwischen ihm und der Wahrheit im Wege ; denn die Materie abstrahirt von Gott. Um zum Lichte hin- durchzudringen, fand er daher kein andres Mittel, als vom Sinnlichen zu abstrahiren, als zu denken, geleitet von dem richtigen Instinkt, dafs, wie Empeddkles sagte, ,»das Gleiche nur mit dem Gleichen," das Ünsinnliche nur wieder mit dem Unsinnlichen erkannt wird, dafs Gott, da sein Wesen un- und übersinnlich, folglich auch sein Sein es ist, nur auf eine ihm correspondirende, d. i. auch selbst un- und übersinnliche Weise, also nur dureh das Denken, als die einzige objective, der Natur des Gegenstandes adäquate Thätigkeit im Menschen er- griffen werden kann;, dehn was ist das Denken in sei- ner allernächsten ersten Bedeutung anders, als eine Ab- kehr von der störenden und zerstreuenden Aufsenwelt, als ein Abstrabiren vom Sinnlichen und eben damit etn übersinnliches Sinnen 1 Insofern ist nun allerdings die Idee Gottes und die Gewifsheit von seiner Existenz eine mittelbare,- denn dazu reicht nicht hin, Augen und Ohren aufzusperren, sie ist vermittelt durch die Abstrak- 73S Kukn^ JoübH tnÜ die p. 21 lagt: 9,Dacli den Syateinen der neuem mid neu- sten Fbilotephie Irabeo die Vorstellafigea der uberBinn« Kchen Dinge oder £e Ideen cq der Ericeniilnifg dieser Dinge niid su ihnen eelbst daiselbe Verhällnirs5 wie die Vonteltuogen im engern Sinne an der ainnliclien Er- Icenntnifs nnd ilireni Objecte.** Denn stellt etwa die Idee Gottes^ die darin Tor aHen andern Ideen nach C. sich aufzeichnet, dafs sie iMhiwendige^ (d. i. rwa Weaen un«- abfrennbare) Existenz in sich begreift, in demselben VerhShmfa sn ihrem Objecte, in dem die Vorstellungen der sinnlichen Dinge, deren Existenz nur eine mögliche uad suAMige) also nicht in ihrer Idee enthalten ist, zu diesen sinniiehen Dingen stehen I Oder steht die Idee derSabstanz bei Spinoza, die gar nicht anders als^et'eiicf gedacht werden kann , in demselben Verhältnifs zu ih- tem Objecto nnd der Erkeontnifs desselben, in welchem ^e Ideen der endlichen Modificationen, die gedacht wer^ den können, ohne zu exisliren, zu diesen stehnf Findet hier nicht eine wesentliche Differenz statt? Oder haben etwa die Ideen, welche nach Leibnitz uns eingeboren imd, weil nnd wie wir uns seihst eingeboren sind, (quod ifii nobü ftmati mmui) deren Bewufstsein eins ist mit , tmterm Selbstbewufstsein , die wir rein ans nns selbst erkennen, {verUate$ menti itucriptae omnen ex hac irniri pereeptione ßuuni) dasselboi Verhältnifs zu ihren Clegenstflnden, als die Vorstellungen, die wir aus den Binnen schöpfen ^ die ahn nnr mittelbar mit unserm Bribstbewnfstsein verknüpft sind, zu ihren Gegenstftn'» Bent So unrichtig wie diese sind aber auch die weitern Be* kaoptmgen des Verfs«, wie z« B. dafs der tiefe inhalts- irriehe Gedanke des C. : Cogito ergo »um ein „identi* Mher Satz ist^, dafs „der Grund (f) seiner Gewifsheit ler Widerspruch der gegentheiligen Annahme sei", als iHIr^ dieser Satz des C. nicht gerade defswegen dieser Balz, der er ist und kein andrer, dafs er durch »ick ^^t attem^ durch seinen Inkalt schlechthin gewifs ist, lad als dürfte man jener SteHe bei C, die , oberfläch- leh genommen, allerdings diesen Mifsverstand voran* bssen kann, eine solche Bedeutung und Wichtigkeit Anräumeh, als der Verf. Indefs der enge Raum, der ins verttattet ist, verbietet nns, weiter in seine Beur* beilungs« und Aufiassungswetse der Geschichte einzu* teheu. Nur seine Ansicht vom Pantheismus des Spi* losa möge noch kOrzlich berührt werden, da über diese 0 viel beschrieene Materie die trivialsten und schlech- Phao9ophie »einer ZeO. 734 testen Vorstellungen iin Publikum grassiren und die Ansichten des Vf. hiervon nicht abweichen. ,)Def P-an-^ theist", sagt er nämlich unter anderin, „liegt aosge* streckt auf dem Boden des Nichtzauntertebeitlenden ; all«' Gestatten iliefsen in eiiiander'' u. s. w. Wiifste mm nicht, dafs die meisten gelehrte^ Herren einen wahrhaft blinden Hafs gegen alle wirklichen öder sogenannten pantheistischen Principien hegen , so wurde man Solche, und fthnliche Urtheiie über Spinoza nnd andere ihm ver« wandte Geister fSr unbegreiflich halten, da^ auch nur Sufserlich angeschaut, seine ganze Philosophie nichts Weiter ist als eine ausflihrltche Bestimmung von der Differenz zwischen dem Unendlichen und Endlichen« Ist denn nicht schon von vornen herein gleich in den Definitionen dieser Unterschied vonSp. gesetztt Beruht nicht bei der zu Grunde liegenden Identität gerade auf dieser Differenz das Interessante seiner Philosophie) Kommen denn der Substanz nicht be»onderey sie vor allen Dingen und Wesen auszeichnende und bevorzie» hende Bestimmungen zu? Ist die Substanz nicht dadurch begonder» bestimmt, dafs sie allem in »ich inU dafs nur in ihr der Begriff des Seins rein aufgeht, dafs nur sie Substanz ist, alle andern Dinge aber nur in ihr sind und bestehen, nur endliche Weisen d. u Participationen des Seins sind ? Ist nicht das ganze System des Sp. 736 gKnglicb sind, dafs ihaen ninp ein gßwiiset d. i. negali-* yes, aber l^eio gottgleichas, unsterblicheft^ absolutes Sejn sukoJBint. Und diese Gradation des Seins beruht nicht etwa» wie die unterschiedenen Attribute des. Deokens «od der Ausdehnung, die nur aus der cartesischen Phi« losophie aufgenommen sind» au£ der zufälligen, der Sub? stanz iurserlichen Untersoheidungs-Tbätigkeit des Sab« jectes, sonderti sie liegt in dem ursprünglichen Begriffe der Substanz, als welche nicht eine leere, kahle und flache Identität, sondern die Fülle alles Seins, der ge* drängte Inhalt, der rein geistige Extract^ die Quinte»» sedz, die auflgesuchte Anthologie der Wirklichkeit, die reiche, unergründliche Schatz- und Fundgrube aller Realität und Perfection, die unerschöpiBiche Quelle nn« endlicher Arten und Weisen des Seins ist« Das nähere Princip der Gradation und damit das reale Medium zwischen dem Unendlichen und Endlichen ist aber bei Sp, der Modus, der von ihm in den unendlichen und endlichen unterschieden wird, so dafs der Modus also der verbindende Gattungsbegriff ist^ indem die beiden entgegengesetzten Begriffe des Endlichen und Unendli- chen von ihm prädicirt werden^ Zunächst ist nämlich der Modus allgemeine, (im Sinne des Sp.) undetermi« nirte Bestimmtheit und insofern eins mit der Substanz; aber , da er überhaupt Bestimmtheit ist, so ist er zu- gleich die Quelle näherer, speciellerer, und dadurch die einzelnen endlichen Dinge in ihrer Mannigfaltigkeit nnd Verschiedenbeit begründender Bestimmtheit. So sehr übrigens der Verf«) um auf ihn wieder zu- ruckzu|(ommen, in seinen Urtheilen über die neuere und neuste Philosophie, abgesehen von andern Punkten der Uebereinstimmung, von Jacobi*s Ansichten bestimmt ist, so nimmt er doch darin einen völlig eigenthümlichen Standpunkt ein, dafs er „die Möglichkeit einer Wissen- schaft des Absoluten auf dem Grunde des Relativen" p. 338 statuirt, dafs er die Philosophie J's. als das Glied eines Gegensatzes, als ein Extrem auffafst, und daher die Kluft, die J« zwischen dem mittelbaren und unmit- telbaren Wissen machte, durch Verbindungsmittel auszu- füllen sucht — ein Bestreben, dessen Verdienstlichkeit unbedenklich anzuerkennen ist. So sagt der Vf. ganz richtig p. 422 : ,geder reale Wiasensact stellt das ganze Bewttfstsein auf eine besondere Weise dar.'' p.420: „Mit* telbares Wissen uf d unmittelbares Wissen sind für sich ge- nommen nichts, kommen auch niemals rein als solcl|^:Y^r, sind blofte Moment^ odpr Pole ein^ ungetheilt^n Ganzen.*' Die Weise nun^ wie der Vf. das Mittelbare und Unmittel- bare mit einander zu vereinbaren sucht, mag aus folgender Stelle erhellen : „Das Unveränderliche an der menschlichen Erkenntnifs wird -nicht in der Art iinmittelbar erkannt, wie Jacobi will, der dic;sem Worte die m9glichst streng* ste Bedeutung giebt» und dadurch, als durch eine ewige Kluft, die unmittelbare Erkenntnifs und ihr Object von der mittelbaren Erkenntnifs und ihrem Objecte trennt. Denn das Unveränderliche besteht ja nicht schlechthin für sich, sondern an (?) dem Veränderlichen und die Nachweisung desselben. an diesem ist zwar nur durch einen gallo , also gleichfalls unmittelbar möglich 9 aber darum noch nicht durch einen taito aus dem Leeren, sondern aus einem Gegebenen^ dergestalt, dafs das Bllit- telbare ScAwungkrqfi (?) und Richtung {i) zugleich zun Unmittelbaren giebt. Darin nur, nämlich aus einem: gegebenen Mittelbaren nicht in ununterbrochener Schlub-j reihe, also auf mittelbare Weise, sondern In einer freie» ren» aber gleichfalls bestimmten W^ise zum. Unmittel- baren zu gelangen, besteht das eigentliche Wesen der Speculation gegenüber der Demonstration p. 45. 9,Dss mittelbare Wissen uqd Elrkennen bleibt das natürlidie Vehikel, um das Unn^ittelbare mittelbar und nnmitt^ bar zugleich zu erkennen": p. 48 und 407. Indcfii dürfte dieser schwierige Knoten, von dem Verfasser wohl schwerlich befriedigend aufgelost sein. Er scheint iim auch selbst gefühlt zu haben, wenn er sagt: diese« Pre<| blem, nämlich das richtige Verhältnifs des prinsitivssj nnd abgeleiteten Bewufstseins, ^^anz zu erklärea wirf niemals möglich seii^; denn soweit man auch daiis vordringen mag und gerade je weiter man konoH^ desto näher rückt ein Punkt» der eip absolutes Geiiei» nifs bezeichnet" p.'409 u. p. 50. Uebrigens ist es ütm- lieh schon an -und für sich selber ein Röchst gewagt« und mifsliches Unternehmen, von dem unmittelbaics Wissen, wie Jacobi es bestimmte, auch nur einen D^ bergang zum mittelbaren Wissen auffinden zu wolM da gerade in seiner rigorosen Ausschliefslichkeit« it| seiner unvermittelbaren , lediglich mit der Persdnlidb^ keit, dem Gefühl identischen Subjectivität das eiger| thümliche Wesen des unmittelbaren Wissens, Abm sB Ende doch nichts ist als eine Idiosynkrasie der nenot Zeit, enthalten ist. Ludwig F e n e r b %c;b. \ j J^ 91. Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik Mai 1835. XCI. Q, Horattt Flacci Carmma recenmit. P. Hof" man Peerlhamp. ffarlemi 18^. XXXI I. u. 551 8. S. Unter den romischen Dichtern sind Virgil und Ho- raz, welche auch auf den Gang und Charakter ihrer rt Taterländischen Poesie vor anderen eingewirkt haben, ein Gemeingut der modernen Welt geworden. Indessen hat Virgil ganz eigentlich eine bleibende fruchtbare Stätte sich in Italien erworben, in dem Lande, welchem er vermöge seiner örtlichen Darstellungen, seiner Ge- sinnung und geistigen Farbe wesentlich angehört; Horas, • der Stoff, Denkart, Komposition weder einer engeren Landschaft verdankt noch auf den Nutzen einer solchen berechnet, ist seiner Weissagung zufolge im ganzen gebildeten Europa einheimisch, und mehr als selbst die klassischen Griechen im Norden nicht minder als im Süden ein Kosmopolit. Und diese schrankenlose Wirk- i uinkeit verdankt er am wenigsten seiner dichterischen Kjinst: andere Dichter haben im lyrischen Gesang, in der Charakteristik von Sitten und Zuständen, in den Ergiefsnngen der einsamen Selbstbetrachtung mehr Wär- me des Vortrags, gröfsere Tiefe und Lebhaftigkeit des Gefühls und vollends glänzenderen Umfang in philoso- phischer Beobachtung entwickelt ;. sondern die kluge Re* aignation und klare Lebensweisheit, welche sich inner- halb der ruhig erwogenen Gegenwart und ihres beschei- denen Genusses ohne vor- und rückwärts zu schweifen genügen lälst, und mit gleich sicherem Mafs im bün- digsten Wort, in der gediegensten Eleganz zum Ver- stände Spricht, jener gültige Kern der menschlichen Er- fahrung fand in allen Zeiten den empfänglichsten Boden, und die Weltmänner, mochten sie früh oder spät diesem Lehrer sich zuwenden, waren auch ohne Hülfe der Phi- lologen fähig in den Geist seiner Dichtung einzudrin« gen. Wenn nun keiner sich wundern wird, dafs eine Jahr^. f. vu9€Meh. KrUik. J. 1835. I. Bd. so erstaunliche Menge von Exemplaren, wovon die £j- bliotheca Horatiana nur ein mäfsiges Verzeichnifs giebt, das weit verbreitete Bedürfnifs der Lesung befriedigen mufste: so mag die Wahrnehmung, wie wenig der Schwärm von Herausgebern bisher gefördert habe, noch leichter zu begreifen sein. Niemaöd begehrte den inner- sten Gehalt eines Meisters, den jeder gleichsam seinen Hausgöttern beizählte, glossirt zu sehen, und man über- liefs es den Erklärern, welche vor lauter materiellem Interesse kaum die Frage nach den persönlichen Anlas* sen und Bezügen der Gedichte, die Angemessenheit des Plans oder Ausdrucks und was dem gleicht in der Nähe zu beschauen vermochten, die Einzelheiten mittelst ei- ner reichen Gelehrsamkeit von Belegen Schritt vor Schritt abzuzählen. Aber um vieles lässiger betrieb man das kritische Geschäft, das gewissermafsen Sache des Luxus und des unbequemen Herkommens schien; die Haufen der Lesarten führten zu geringen Aenderungen und er- regten selten das Verlangen nach vollständiger Kolla« tion der besten Handschriften; sogar die rüstigen Käm- pfer der Konjekturalkritik dünkten höchstens gut zu sein, um an ihnen zu Gunsten einer zweifellosen Vul- gata zum Ritter zu werden. Seltsam genug wagten die Ausleger des Mannes, welcher das Nil admirari als den Wahlspruch seines Lebens fast auf allen Blättern em- pfahl, in scheuer Bewunderung nicht einmal die Aufga- ben der Interpretatiod zu lösen, denen sie sich beim mittelmäfsigsten Autor iniihselig unterzogen, geschweige die künstlerische Leistung desselben in strenger Ana- lyse zu würdigen: und so kam es, dafs er am meisten den betriebsamen Rektoren anheim fiel, welche gestützt auf den selbständigsten Kommentator Lambin und dessen Supplemente, Torrenina^ Cruquius und die Kom- pilation von Jani\ gehoben noch durch die ästhetischen Zuthaten des vorigen Jahrhunderts, ihr Monopol beinah homiletisch zu handhaben pflegten. Mancher selbst un- ter unseren Zeitgenossen ist wohl bei d^r Kluft, welche 91 739 Q. Horatii Flaeei Cotmum^ reo. Peertkamp. 740 zwischen dep Chrien des veraeichteten Schal*Horaz und dem gesunden Witx des wehnifinnischen Dichters zuse- hends sich oflfenbarte, lange betroffen gewesen und erst spät von seinem Unglauben an die vielbesprochenen Ge- heimnisse des Horaz zurückgekommen. Nicht ohne Schwierigkeit und starke Verirrungen hat sich also der Weg einer unparteiischen Methodik geltend gemacht; ihre Gänge waren kühn und überra- schend, ihre Principien schwankend und streitig, ihre Resultate zerstiickt, bald im Selbstvertrauen vorschnell, bald auch schüchtern hingeveorfen, mit sich im Zwie- spalt, ohne den Anspruch auf allgemeine Ueberzeugung: kurz, mit Horaz zu reden — et adhuc vestigia rurts» Die frfiheren Versuche der Art, die vom älteren Scali- ger und von Fr. Guyet, bedürfen nur einer leichten Er- wähnung; des ersteren Gedanken und Grillen, die er gleich einem Alexandrinischen Problemenmacher in sei- ner Poetik ausstreute, sind nun ziemlich vergessen ; die Bedenken des Guyet blieben wie fast alles von diesem scharfsichtigen aber eigensinnigen Manne versteckt am Rande seines Exemplars, und niemand gebrauchte sie als Sanadon. Unstreitig hat hier der einzige Bentley Epoche gemacht, dessen Namen fast unzertrennlich an Horaz geknüpft ist: und doch vermochte sein Werk weder die Zeitgenossen aus dem Schlummer zu rütteln, noch, seitdem holländische und deutsche Philologen des ersten Ranges auf diesen kritischen Schatz hingewiesen hatten, ein unbefangenes Studium anzuregen, sondern verschmäht und aU unvermeidliches Uebel von denHo- razischen Litteratoren ertragen, wandelte es sich in das obJGctive Lehrbuch der Alterthumsforscher um, an dem Jünger und Meister eine Schule durchzumachen haben. Die Wichtigkeit einer so glänzenden Schöpfung ver- dient es, dafs wir ihren Standpunkt und Gehalt für ei- nen Augenblick erwägen. Nicht leichtsinnig oder (wie mehre seiner Gegner wähnten) mit der Nothdurft von Lexicis gerüstet hatte Bentley seine Ausgabe unternom- men, wenngleich er sie in den Nebenstunden einer durch bittere Händel getrübten Mufse beeilen mufste: vielmehr war er mit den Vorräthen der Kritik und In- terpretation völlig aufs Reine gekommen, und indem er jeine Leser nachdrücklich erinnerte, dafs die Arbeiten der Vorgänger eine blofse Voraussetzung und unerläfs- liche Stufe für das jetzige Zeitalter darstellten (^Diffusa illa lectio et erudüio • •. partis duntaxat infimae et mäiorum apparatuique loeum obtiHef)^ liefe er sie un- ter seiner Führung, ohne Vorurtheil für handschriftliche Tradition, alles nach dem zwingenden Sinn des poeti- schen Gedankens abmessen und muthig einen Glauben an die höheren Kräfte der Divination gewinnen. Ans dieser genialen Thätigkeit entsprangen zwei Extreme, beide hypothetischer Natur und mitten unter Zweifeln unumstöfslich, einerseits die Konjektur, welche von den Schlägen einer kecken, sich selbst überbietenden Syllo- gistik eingeleitet und wegen der Schärfe, Durchsichtig- keit und Reichthums der Kombination häufiger in ihren Irrgängen als im wahrhaften Ergebnifs fruchtbar wurde; gegenüber die gute, fast ideale Meinung vom Dichter, der wie billig immer das richtigste gedacht und in «ch5- ner untadelhafter Form werde ausgesprochen haben. Zie- hen wir nun sogleich dasjenige ab, was Bentley zu Ge- fallen seiner logischen, oft an Prosa streifenden Aesthe- tik sündigte, so lassen sich auch mit einiger Nothwen- digkeit die Grade des Widerspruchs bestimmen, welche dieser mündigen Kritik entgegen treten mufsten und entgegen traten. Die Konjektur konnte man zuweilen vernichten, öfter schob man sie als eitle Möglichkeit, als Spiel' einer üppigen Phantasie zurück; den gewalli- gen Gliederbau der Dialektik erklärte man für ein Trug- gebilde der Sophistik, es war verzeihlich, dab man die furchtbare Wafie hafste, die so grausam die hülfreiche Maschinerie der rhetorischen Polterkammer (z. B. die hypallage und was sonst mit einem vestram ßäem gram'^ matid und ähnlichen Scheltworten beseitigt wird) zer- schlug und von der er selber voaussah, dafs sie die Eitelkeit des gelehrten Haufens beleidigen würde; was aber das Horazische Ideal betrifft, so war das künstle- rische Bewufstsein zwar auf beiden Parteien eines nnd dasselbe, doch der einzelne sichtbar im Nachtheit gegen die Menge, welche durchaus auf demselben Standpunkte das für edel und geschmackvoll ausgab, was jener ab gemein und ungeniefsbar verdammte. 743 denVerftlichnngen her, welche lieh ans dem Gebrauch Ton ScholeD nnd Klöstern in die Exemplare des Uoras nicht minder als der anderen römischen Autoren einge- schlicben hätten. Was Markland ohne Beleg und Ent- wickelang hinwarf, hat erst jetzt Peerikamp, Professor zs Leyden, in röcksichtloser Konsequenz an Oden und Epoden zu bestätigen versnett: eine Leistung, die, wie ao8 obigen Umrissen hervorgeht, nicht gewöhnliche l^rei- beit und Selbständigkeit des Geistes verräthi und schon ah gänzlich unbefangene Polemik, welcher die Stimmen der Menge gleichgültig sind, ein reines Interesse verdient« Allerdings gebührt dem gegenwärtigen Buche noch von einer anderen 'Seite her, wenn auch nur im enge- res Sinne der Fachgelehrsamkeit, einige Aufmerksam- keit. Es ist nämlich die erste Produktion, mit der die oeaere holländische Philologie hervortritt und ein Zeug- nib ihrer Fortschritte giebt« Denn was uns dorther TOD Ausgaben Monographieen und vermischten Werken io unserem Jahrhunderte zugekommen, seitdem die land- sdiaftliche Manier der Niederländer zugleich mit den ümwälzangen ihrer Republik erloschen war, etwa Be- arbeitungen von Ovid, Appniejus, Xenophoo dem Ero- tiker, Kleomedes, Theon, Darstellungen der platonischen Philosophie, die litterariechen Berichte der Bibliotheea CftfteraiVbva mit manchem verwandtem: das alles schien, TOD den Bewegungen der Nachbarn unberührt, zweifel- baft auf der Grenze zwischen Altem und Neuem zu ste- hen; im Stil verleugnete es niemals die selbstgefällige Dressur der Wyttenbachischen Latinität; in der frag- mentarischeii Auffassung von Lesarten und in der mas- senhaften, durch Parallelen vermittelten Interpretation, woDeben der Anklang einer fremden Methode herlief, mischten sich die Farben der Burmannischen und Hem- sterhaisischen Zucht; auch verweilte man noch sehn- SQchtig an den Apotheosen und Reliquien der beiden leisten Schulhäupter, und mochte nicht das Rüstzeug ihrer klassischen Form gegen den lebendigen Ton des heutigen, noch zum öfteren barbarisch gescholtenen Idioms tauschen. Anders das Werk von Peerikamp. Sein Verf. bewährt ein umfassendes Studium der rö- mischen Litteratur und Sprache; die zahlreichen Cita- tionen sind dem jedesmaligen Zwecke gemäfs erlesen und abgewogen, nnd wenn auch bisweilen entbehrlich Qad um der Observation willen hingestellt, doch nicht erborgt oder unnütz ; das Urtheil reif, gebildet und selbst wo die Kritik sich in Sprunge verliert besonnen; der Ausdruck individuell, lebhaft und mannigfaltig, obwohl seine Reinheit durch Nachlässigkeiten getrübt wird* Dennoch ist diese Kenntnifs und Gewandtheit noch be- trächtlich von wissenschaftlicher Anschauung und Ge« wifsheit entfernt; eine Norm fBr das was Horaz und Nicht-Hora^ bedeuten soll, ohne die sogar die kaltblü- tigste Skepsis kein Vertrauen erweckt, vermifst man überall; und indem wir dem Treiben einer zerstörenden Polemik nachgehen, welche den Lyriker in grofsen und kleinen Partieen zerstückt, verdünnt und gleichsam dem Messer eines Exercitienmeisters unterwirft, mögen wir immerhin einen solchen Aufwand an Scharfsinn und Sachkenntnifs bewundern, aber nimmer ein Herz zur unerquicklichen Kunst fassen. Dieses Mifsbehagen darf uns indessen nicht hindern, sowohl die verborgenen -oder halblauten Grundsätze des Herausgebers als auch den unleugbaren Gewinn seiner negativen Forschung in ei- ner bündigen Summe zu vergegenwärtigen, zu sichten und anderen zur ernsten Prüfung anzuempfehlen. Es scheint natürlich mit der Rechenschaft zu beginnen, wel- che die Vorrede verspricht, nnd ihr Ergebnifs mit der im einzelnen geübten Praxis zusammenzuhalten« (Die Fortsetznog folgt} xcn. Handluch för den Liebhaber der Stuben-^ Haus - und aller der Zähmung tterihen Vögel^ enthaltend die ge* nauesten Beschreibungen von 200 europäischen Vo^ gjelarten^ und eine gründliche , atf/* vielen Beobach* tungen beruhende Anweisung^ die tin- und auiländp* sehen Vögel zu fangen , einzugewöhnen ^ zu ßkUern^ zu warten^ fortzupflanzen ^ vor Krankheiten zu be^ wahren und von denselben zu heilen. Unter MU^ Wirkung des Hrn. Felix Grqfen von Oourey^Droit'- aumont herausgegeben von Ch. L. Brehm, Pfarrer zu Renthendorf (bei Neustadt a. d. Orla) u. s. w. — Mit 8 ganz treu und sorgfällig nach der Natur ge- zeichneten illuminirten Kupfertqfeln. Ilmenau 1832. Druck und Verlag von Bernh. Fr. Voigt. (XXX VL und 412 S., gr. 8. 3 Hthlr.). "Was dieses, nicht eigentlich wissenschaftliche Bach doch einer kurzen Anzeige in einer Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Kritik werth macht, sind eine nicht unbedeutende Zahl neuer und schätzbarer, meist Ton dem Grafen Gourcy - Droitaumont herrührender Beobarhtungen über Sitten und Gesang seltener Vögelarten überhaupt; — (abgesehen also von ihrem Verhalten lediglich als Stubenvögel; obgleich auch dieses immer ein na» 743 Brehm, Handbuch für den Liebhaber der Sivben-^ Haui' und aßer der Zähmung iterthen Vogel, 744 turhlitorisches Interesse behält) Leider bedarf es jodocfa et- was yielen Suchens, am dieses Neue und wisseDichaftlich Wich- tigere herauszufinden. Der lange Tielrersprechende Titel wurde uns eigentlich der Mühe zu sagen, was dieses Werk Gutes enthalte y überheben können: wenn derselbe nicht eben gerade defshalb einiger Er« läutern^ bedürfte, weil sein £igenlob dodi nur cum grano «o- Ui Ztt nehmen ist. — Die „genauesten'* unter den darin enthaltenen „Vogel-Be- schreibungen" künnen nämlich beinahe gut genannt werden. Es finden sich aber Ton solchen, welche zu dieser Kategorie gehö- ren, schon eben nicht Tiele tot. — Von einer Anweisung auch die „ffiMländischen Vögel zu fangen", kann, wie begreiflich, gar kaum die Rede sein, da diese fast sämmtlich auf 5 Octav-Seitep völlig expedirt sind. Selbst was Hber den Fang der inländischen Vögel (auf den rerschiedenen Arten Ton Ueerden mit Treib- und Schlaggarnen, Schlingen , Leimruthen , Fallkasten , ror dem Kar7.e, mit Raubtogelfalien und dergl.) überhaupt gesagt wird (S. 55 — 6"^, sind und sollen auch nur Andeutungen sein, die blofs einen ungefähren Begriff geben können. Doch folgt das Nöthigste über den Fang der einzelnen Vogelarten später über- all nach; aber wohl selten so, dafs nicht gar Manches als hin- länglich bekannt vorausgesetzt würde, was nirgends im Buche allgemein verständlich genug angegeben ist. — Das „Fortpflan- zen" in der Oefangenschaft endlich mufs man wenigstens bei den eigentlichen Stubenvögeln, Tol!ends aber bei gewöhnlichen einheimischen Arten, die man ja immer leicht wieder haben kann, für eben so unnöthig halten, als es im hohem Grade Ko- sten verursachend und schwierig ist. Denn die Versuche blei- ben, wie bekannt (mit Ausnahme unseres nun völlig domesticir- ten Kanarienvogels) selbst bei allem Aufwände von Zeit und Mühe doch meistens ganz erfolglos. — Zum gröfseren Theile recht gut sind die Krankheiten der Vögel und deren' Heilung, und sehr genau die ganze Pflege dieser Thiere in dem Buche behandelt. Uebefhaupl erfüllt dasselbe gewif« seine nächste Bestim? muug besser, als sonst eines der bisher vorhandenen von glei- cher Tendenz ; und es verdient schon darum selbst von wissen- schaftlicher Seite einigen Dank, weil auch der Oroitholog nicht selten in den Fall kommf, Vögel um wirklich wissenschaftlicher Zwecke willen zu halten. Indessen, den gegenwärtigen Zeltumständen gemafs, könnte das. Werk doch immer. nicht blofs merklich besser ausgefallen, sondern es könnte zugleich auch ohne Verringerung seines ex- tensiven und intensiven Gehaltes, von merklich geringerem Um- fauge sein, wodurch es wohlfeiler geworden sein würde: — wenn nur seine Anlag^e bald danach gemacht worden wäre ; be- sonders wenn der Verf. die nicht blofs weit übersichtlichere, sondern auch in Jeder Hinsicht viel compendiösere , systemati- sche Anordnung bei Aufführnng der Species gewählt hätte. So aber zeugt schon die ganze Einrichtung des Buches niciit von dem Streben eine nach Möglichkeit grofse Masse von Inhalt auf den Ideiusten Raum zusammenzudrängen. Auch kann die iu dem-' selben versuchte Eintheilnng der. Sing- Vögel nach dem ungeflLlh ren Werthe ihres Gesanges, in Sänger ertUn^ zweiten^ drittn und vierten Rangei (I^IV), fast eben so wenig conseqqeat Bad gerecht, als übersichtlich genannt werden. Letzteres kans sie uberhaapt darum nicht sein : weil sie Vögel Einer Gattun'^, di« also ähnliche Eigenschaften haben, jedoch nicht auch einen gleidi guten Gesang besitzen , Übrigens aber doch meist gleiche B^ handlung verlangen, sehr unbequem von einander trennt (Uebe^ diefs kann man ja so einem jeden Vogel erst dann seinen rech* ten Platz anweisen, wenn man seinen Gesang genau kennt!) Consequent kann sie auch nidit wexden : da nicht allein das (J^ theil hierüber eine Sache persönlichen Geschmacks bleibt, lon- dem sogar nicht einmal alle Individuen Einer Art in einer und derselben Gegend, viel weniger in verschiedenen LandstricheB, einander im besänge und in dessem Werthe so bestimmt glei- chen. Und in der That hal sich der Verf. selbst bewogen £^ funden, von dem Wiesenpieper {Antkus pratenii») die eine Va- rietät (S. 139; unter die Sänger des zweiten, die übrigen Vö- gel der Art (S. 210; unter die Sänger dritten Ranges zn steiles. Gerecht endlich gegen die kleinen Betheiligten ist diese Bin* theilung insbesondere in dem vorliegenden Buche nicht; and gar mancher von ihnen würde sich für berechtigt halten, lebhaft da- fegen zu reclamiren, wenn er es vermöchte. Denn sie stellt s.
| 1,473 |
https://github.com/whunmr/circa/blob/master/src/unit_tests/stateful_code_test.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,013 |
circa
|
whunmr
|
C++
|
Code
| 114 | 460 |
// Copyright (c) Andrew Fischer. See LICENSE file for license terms.
#include "unit_test_common.h"
#include "building.h"
#include "inspection.h"
#include "term.h"
namespace stateful_code_test {
void state_output_routing()
{
Block block;
block.compile("state s");
Term* stateOutput = find_state_output(&block);
test_assert(stateOutput != NULL);
Value description;
get_output_description(stateOutput, &description);
test_equals(&description, "[:State]");
Term* t = find_output_from_description(&block, &description);
test_assert(stateOutput == t);
}
void find_open_state_result_for_nested_return()
{
#if 0
Block block;
block.compile("def f() { state s; s = 1; if true { return } s = 2; }");
Term* stateOutput = find_state_output(&block);
Term* returnCall = find_term_from_path_expression(&block, "**/function=return");
test_assert(returnCall != NULL);
block.dump();
Term* openState = find_open_state_result(returnCall);
test_assert(openState != NULL);
test_equals(term_value(openState), "1");
Term* intermediateState = find_intermediate_result_for_output(returnCall, stateOutput);
test_assert(intermediateState != NULL);
#endif
}
void register_tests()
{
REGISTER_TEST_CASE(stateful_code_test::state_output_routing);
REGISTER_TEST_CASE(stateful_code_test::find_open_state_result_for_nested_return);
}
}
| 11,338 |
https://github.com/ncortines/dx-flutter-demo/blob/master/lib/widgets/inputs/input_date_range.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
dx-flutter-demo
|
ncortines
|
Dart
|
Code
| 98 | 271 |
// Copyright 2020 Pegasystems Inc. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a Apache 2.0 license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
//import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
//import 'package:flutter_app/widgets/abstract_widgets.dart';
//import 'package:flutter_app/widgets/inputs/date_range_picker.dart';
//
//class InputDateRange extends AbstractInputDateRange {
// InputDateRange(String label, DateTime dateFrom, DateTime dateTo,
// Function(DateTime dateFrom, DateTime dateTo) onchange)
// : super(label, dateFrom, dateTo, onchange);
//
// @override
// Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// return InputDecorator(
// decoration: InputDecoration(
// border: InputBorder.none,
// labelText: label,
// ),
// child: DateRangePicker(
// selectedDateFrom: dateFrom,
// selectedDateTo: dateTo,
// selectDate: onchange));
// }
//}
| 2,770 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32703524
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 215 | 322 |
Brief Website Outages: ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED | Unable to open TCP socket
~1 out of 25 times when I try to connect to my website, I get the response ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED, although the issue quickly corrects itself and I am able to access the site within a second. I use pingdom to monitor the site, and the logs show "Connection refused HTTP CRITICAL - Unable to open TCP socket".
I can't seem to figure out how to correct this error and I was looking for some guidance on how to troubleshoot this.
This was a silly mistake on my part - the answer was found when I noticed the PID for nginx was constantly changing, which led me a cron script that had been setup (incorrectly) to reset nginx when certain events occurred, which was the cause of the ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED.
A Windows host will refuse connections when the backlog queue is full. Solution: speed up the accept loop or increase the backlog.
And of course any host will refuse connections to a port that isn't in LISTENING state.
You will get this error when your nginx connections are all utilized. You need to optimize nginx configuration for maximizing this . You need to optimize values for worker_processes and worker_connections.
Following turtorial will help You in optimizing it.
https://rtcamp.com/tutorials/nginx/optimization/
| 29,024 |
|
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya%20Anna%20Madia
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Mariya Anna Madia
|
https://az.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariya Anna Madia&action=history
|
Azerbaijani
|
Spoken
| 154 | 486 |
Mariya Anna Madia (Marianna kimi tanınan; ; 5 sentyabr 1980, Roma, İtaliya) — İtaliyalı siyasətçi, İtaliya Demokratik Partiyasının üzvü.
Həyatı
1980-ci ildə Romada anadan olmuşdur. Onun ulu babası hüquqşünas və jurnalist kimi fəaliyyət göstərmiş Titta Madia olub. O, Roma Lycée Chateaubriandin-də təhsil almış və siyasi elm sahəsi üzrə məzun olmuşdur.
2008–2013-cü illərdə və 2013-cü ildən bugünədək İtaliya Deputatlar Palatasının üzvüdür. 21 fevral 2014 o, Dövlət İdarəçiliyi və Sadələşdirilməsi () naziridir.
2013-cü ilin iyununda kinoprodüser Mario Gianani ilə ailə qurmuşdur. Onların iki övladı var: Francesco və Margherita anadan olub 7 aprel 2014-cü ildə onların övladı dünyaya gəlmişdir..
O, 8 aprel 2014-ikinci uşaq dünyaya gətirdi.
Biblioqrafiya
2007: Un welfare anziano. Invecchiamento della popolazione o ringiovanimento della società?, (əməkdaşlıq), Ed. Il Mulino
2011: Precari. Storie di un'Italia che lavora, Giriş Susanna Camusso
O, Fondun üçün çoxsaylı məqalələr yazıb AREL (), siyasi qurduğu Nino Andreatta.
İstinadlar
Mənbə
Offizielle Internetseite der Marianna Madia
İtaliya nazirləri
İtaliya siyasətçiləri
İtaliyada doğulanlar
| 16,578 |
bpt6k414860p_28
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Bulletin de la Société de législation comparée
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,661 | 11,676 |
(Nous devons les renseignements qui précèdent à l'obligeance de M. José Maluquer y Salvador, avocat et professeur à l'Académie royale de jurisprudence et de législation de Madrid, à qui nous sommes heureux de témoigner, ici, toute notre gratitude.) On trouvera des détails complets sur les résultats des élections législatives de 1886 dans l'ouvrage de MM. Modesto Sânchez ORTizetFerminBEKÀSTEHui, intitulé Las primeras cameras de la Regencia (Madrid, 1887). (1) V* Mario Navarro AiiktiDi,Bstudios sobre procedimiento electorat,p.221. (2) Voir, sur les attributions du Conseil provincial et de la Commission permanente DEMOMBYNES, Les Constitutions européennes (2* édit.), t. I", pp. 432 et 439. (3) V ci-dessus, p. 490. (4) Diario, etc.; Congreso, etc., legislatura de 1876-18*7, p. 3569. (5) Ibid., p. 3570. Commission n'avait pas voulu toucher l'organisation provinciale actuelle, qui comportait des circonscriptions de vote uninominales; il déclara, d'autrepart,qu'elleavaitété frappée de la différence existant entre le caractère des élections provinciales et celui des élections municipales; dans la commune, rien n'est plus fréquent que de voir des coteries se disputer avec le dernier acharnement les sièges municipaux, tandis que, dans la province, les rivalités sont moins bruyantes et moins dangereuses pour l'ordre public; on ne saurait donc invoquer en faveur de l'extension du vote limité aux élections provinciales la nécessité d'atténuer l'âpreté des luttes électorales. La Chambre se laissa convaincre par ces arguments et repoussa l'amendement. Lorsque le Gouvernement songea à réformer l'organisation provinciale, il eut soin d'insérer dans le projet qu'il présenta à la Chambre des députés, le 20 mars 1882, des dispositions destinées à ouvrir aux minorités l'accès des conseils provinciaux (i). Le projet portait que, dans chaque province, les arrondissements judiciaires (partidos judiciales) seraient groupés deux à deux pour former des circonscriptions électorales; chaque circonscription devait élire trois députés. Lorsque le nombre des arrondissements ne serait pas exactement divisible par deux, on formerait une des circonscriptions de trois arrondissements, et celle-ci nommerait quatre députés (art. 8). Dans les provinces comprenant sept ou six arrondissements judiciaires, les collèges électoraux devaient élire un député de plus que le nombre réglementaire (art. 11). Dans les provinces comprenant cinq arrondissements ou moins, chacun de ces arrondissements devait former, à lui seul, une circonscription électorale nommant trois députés (art. 12). Les électeurs n'étaient autorisés à inscrire sur leur bulletin de vote que deux noms, s'il y avait trois députés à élire, que trois noms, s'il y en avait quatre ou cinq (art. 13). La Commission, nommée le 24 mars, déposa son rapport le 15 du mois de juin suivant (2). Le projet issu de ses délibérations différait, sur quelques points, de celui du Gouvernement. En ce qui concerne la représentation des minorités, il était ainsi conçu Article 8. « Il y aura, dans chaque province, un nombre de « députés déterminé à raison de quatre par district, le district (1) Diario, etc.; Congreso, etc.; legislatura de 1881-1882, p. 2265. (2) Diario, etc.; Congreso, etc., apéndice 3° al n° 152. « étant formé par la*réunion de deux arrondissements judiciaires « immédiatement voisins. « Quand le nombre des arrondissements judiciaires sera impair, « celui qui comptera le plus grand nombre d'habitants formera « par lui-même un seul district qui élira quatre députés. « Dans les provinces qui comprendront sept arrondissements « judiciaires, les trois qui compteront le plus grand nombre « d'habitants formeront chacun un district qui élira quatre députés. « Les quatre autres formeront deux districts et chacun des deux « districts ainsi formés élira quatre députés. « Dans les provinces qui comprendront six arrondissements ju(i diciaires les deux plus peuples formeront un seul district qui « élira quatre députés, tandis que les quatre autres seront groupés « en deux districts électoraux de la manière prescrite par le para« graphe précédent, n Quand les provinces se composeront de cinq arrondissements « judiciaires ou d'un moins grand nombre, chacun d'eux formera « par lui-même un district nommant quatre députés. Article 11. – Chaque électeur votera pour trois candidats. Si « les bulletins de vote en contiennent davantage, le vote ne sera va« lable que pour les trois premiers inscrits. » La discussion qui s'ouvrit sur le meilleur mode d'application du principe de la représentation proporlionelle fut longue et animée. Elle commença le 20 juin 1882 et eut pour point de départ un excellent discours de M. Nieto Perez, que nous allons essayer de résumer. D'après l'orateur (1), « la réforme est excellente, et elle constitue un très notable progrès. C'est une gloire pour l'Espagne de marcher ainsi résolument dans la voie de la justice. Pour que la collectivité soit exactement représentée dans tous les organes de l'État, pour que ces organes soient l'écho fidèle de tous les sentiments et de tous les besoins, il est indispensable que la majorité et la minorité y occupent respectivement une place égale à celle qu'eiles occupent dans la société elle-même. Là où il en est autrement, le système représentatif n'aboutit qu'à substituer au despotisme d'un seul le despotisme sans frein des majorités. « En théorie, le système du vote cumulatif et celui du quotient assurent une représentation plus exacte des partis; mais ces sys'1) Diario, etc.; Congreso, p. 4572. Il est peine besoin de faire remarquer que nous ne reproduisons pas textuellement le discours de M. Nieto Ferez, mais que nous nous bornons à en donner le sens général. tèmes sont d'une application difficile et tellement compliquée qu'il s'écoulera vraisemblablement longtemps encore avant qu'ils ne sortent. du domaine de la spéculation pure. Le scrutin de liste limité est infiniment plus pratique. «Toutefois, le projet du Gouvernement semble préférable à celui de la Commission, car le premier assure, en principe, le tiers des sièges à la minorité, tandis que le second ne lui en attribue que le quart. On a dit, en faveur de ce dernier, que la représentation des minorités était une nouveauté dont il ne fallait faire l'essai qu'avec prudence, que de fortes minorités pourraient rendre les assemblées provinciales agitées, tumultueuses, qu'en tous cas, elles auraient l'inconvénient d'entraver, dans certaines circonstances, l'action de l'administration. Mais ce danger n'est pas aussi à redouter qu'on paraît le croire, du moins d'une manière générale, car, en fait, à supposer que l'on adopte les propositions du Gouvernement, ce ne sera pas toujours et partout le tiers des sièges qui sera dévolu à la minorité. On verra, en effet, se reproduire très probablement ce qu'on a pu constater à propos des élections législatives dans les circonscriptions où la majorité est extrêmement forte, le parti le plus nombreux répartit ses voix sur plusieurs listes et arrive ainsi à fermer la porte aux minorités (1). D'ailleurs, il ne faut pas oublier que les élections provinciales se font surtout sur des questions d'intérêt local, et rarement sur des questions politiques. « Quant au principe en lui-même, on ne peut nier l'heureuse influence qu'il est appelé à exercer sur les élections. En réservant aux minorités un certain nombre de sièges, on fait perdre aux (1) C'est là un des côtés défectueux du scrutin de liste limité. Supposons 9,000 électeurs, quatre députés à élire et deux partis le parti A comptant 6,000 adhérents et le parti B en comptant seulement 3,000; si le premier vote pour une liste unique de trois noms et le second également pour une liste unique de trois noms, il est évident que l'un fera passer trois candidats avec 6,000 voix chacun, et l'autre un seul de ses candidats avec 3,000 suffrages. Mais si le parti A, ayant conscience de sa force, se divise en quatre groupes de 1,500 électeurs et vote pour quatre listes différentes ainsi composées 1° Pierre, Paul, Jean; 2° Pierre, Paul, Jacques; 3° Pierre, Jean, Jacques; 4° Paul, Jean, Jacques; chacun de ses quatre candidats obtiendra 4,500 suffrages et sera élu au détriment du parti B, dont les candidats ne réuniront que 3,000 voix chacun. Toutefois il ne faut pas s'exagérer cet inconvénient, car dans la pratiqu3, luttes électorales une partie de leur violence; après la bataille, la défaite n'étant jamais que partielle, est moins pénible à supporter et n'exaspère pas les esprits, car, à proprement parler, il n'y a ni vainqueurs ni vaincus. « En ce qui concerne la mise en pratique du principe, il est certain qu'il est difficile d'imaginer un système de représentation proportionnelle en dehors du scrutin de liste. I! fallait donc diviser les provinces en circonscriptions électorales appelées à élire plusieurs députés; c'est ce qu'on a fait. Mais la division par groupes d'arrondissements judiciaires est arbitraire et ne satisfait pas l'équité, car on ne tient aucun compte, dans ce sectionnement, de l'importance de la population. » Le projet de la Commission fut défendu par M. Sales, qui prit la parole à la séance du 21 juin (1) pour expliquer que la majorité avait cru devoir prendre l'arrondissement judiciaire pour base de la formation des circonscriptions électorales, afin ne n'avoir pas à remanier les divisions territoriales existantes; quant à la réduction de la part faite aux minorités, la Commission avait pensé que les Conseils provinciaux étant des corps essentiellement administratifs, il ne convenait pas d'y laisser pénétrer une trop forte opposition, capable de provoquer des incidents tumultueux et d'entraver l'expédition des affaires. M. Gutierrez de la Vega répondit (2) que le système de la Commission aurait pour effet de créer un antagonisme fâcheux entre les arrondissements judiciaires groupés ensemble, attendu que le fait ne se produira guère que là où la majorité sera tellement considérable qu'elle équivaudra à une quasi-unanimité. Ailleurs, on aura trop à craindre les hasards du scrutin pour risquer une pareille combinaison, car si la majorité avait mal calculé ses forces avant de se diviser, il pourrait se faire que la minorité obtint la majorité des sièges. Ainsi, en reprenant l'exemple précédent, à supposer que la majorité ne dispose en réalité que de 5,000 voix, au lieu de 6,000 sur lesquelles elle comptait, et qu'elle vote pour quatre listes composées comme ci-dessus, il arrivera ceci que la minorité fera passer trois candidats avec chacun 4,000 voix, tandis que la majorité donnera à chacun de ses candidats 3,750 voix seulement et ne pourra en faire arriver qu'un seul. Ce danger sera généralement assez à redouter pour que la majorité hésite avant de courir le risque de perdre la partie, en voulant trop gagner. D'ailleurs, la combinaison à laquelle M. Perez a fait allusion suppose une discipline difficile à obtenir et une entente préalable à peu près impossible à réaliser, si ce n'est dans les collèges où le nombre des électeurs est extrêmement restreint. (1) Diario, etc.; Congreso, etc., p. 4620. (2) Ibid., p. 46?4. chacun d'eux aurait ses candidats et ferait incontestablement tous ses efforts pour assurer leur succès au détriment des candidats de l'arrondissement rival. M. Lopez Puigcerver se prononça en faveur du projet de la Commission (1), Son argumentation peut se résumer en ces termes: « Le principe de la représentation proportionnelle est accepté par tous, par les conservateurs comme par les libéraux; il ne se discute plus. Les minorités ontle droit indéniable d'être représentées dans tous les corps délibérants de l'Etat, et notamment dans les Conseils provinciaux, qui, en somme, ne sont pas des assemblées politiques. Mais il ne faut pas qu'elles puissent se substituer aux majorités. C'est cette considération qui a déterminé la Commission à écarter le système proposé par le Gouvernement; elle a jugé qu'une part trop large y était faite aux minorités et que, dans certains cas, celles-ci pourraient trop facilement évincer la majorité réelle. Il n'est pas bon d'insérer dans les fois électorales des dispositions permettant de créer des majorités factices. On a objecté, il est vrai, que cet inconvénient se produirait inévitablement avec le système de la Commission grâce aux collèges à quatre députés, formés de deux arrondissements judiciaires, chaque arrondissement,. a-t-on dit., tiendra à faire passer deux candidats locaux au moins, et il en résultera que la majorité pourra être amenée à se diviser on pourra voir les partisans de l'opinion dominante fixés dans chacun des arrondissements s'entendre avec la minorité, lui faire des avances et des concessions afin d'assurer l'élection des candidats de cet arrondissement, et le résultat final pourra ainsi être faussé. « Mais à cela on peul répondre que le danger est infiniment plus grand avec les collègesà trois députés. On peut espérer, en effet, dans le système de la Commission, que chaque arrondissement se contentera de deux sièges sur quatre, tandis qu'avec le système du Gouvernement, chacun d'eux s'efforcera d'en obtenir deux sur trois, et les coalitions nées des rivalités locales pourront, beaucoup plus fréquemment encore, avoir pour résultat de mettre le parti Je plus faible en possession de la majorité des sièges. » M. Isasa, à la séance du 22 juin, reproduisit les arguments présentés, à la séance précédente, par M. Gutierrez de la Vega (2) tout en déclarant qu'il ne voterait pas contre le projet, il exprima (1) Diario, etc.; Congreso, etc., p. 4(332. (2) Ibid., p. 4618. la crainte que la loi ne suscitât de graves difficultés, dans la pratique, et ne permît, dans certaines circonscriptions, à la minorité d'usurper la place de la majorité. La clôture de la discussion générale fut prononcée le 23 juin 1882. Séance tenante, la Commission remania un certain nombre d'articles du projet et présenta à la Chambre le texte ainsi amendé (1). L'article 8 notamment subit quelques modifications; les paragraphes 3 et 4 (2) furent remplacés par un paragraphe unique ainsi conçu « Dans les provinces qui comprendront six, « sept ou huit arrondissements judiciaires, on formera cinq cir« conscriptions électorales et pour cela, les arrondissements Il judiciaires qui auront le plus grand nombre d'habitants consti« tueront à eux seuls des districts électoraux». Les articles visant la représentation des minorités furent votés sans discussion, à la séance du 24 juin, et l'ensemble de la loi fut adopté intégralement. Le projet fut transmis ensuite au Sénat, qui le renvoya à une commisssion, le 1er juillet 1882 (3). Le rapport fut déposé, le 3 il concluait à l'adoption du texte élaboré par la Chambre des députés (4). Ce texte, du reste, fut définitivement approuvé, le 8 juillet (5). Un débat sans importance s'était élevé à propos des dispositions organisant le scrutin de liste limité. Nous nous bornerons à mentionner le discours prononcé, à ce sujet, par M. le comte de Torreanaz, à la séance du 6 juillet l'honorable sénateur se déclara nettement partisan de la représentation proportionnelle et reprocha à la Commission et à la Chambre des députés d'avoir réduit la part attribuée aux minorités par le projet du Gouvernement [6). La nouvelle loi sur l'administration provinciale fut promulguée le 20 août 1882 (7). Aux termes des articles 8 et 11, les députés provinciaux sont élus au scrutin de liste par circonscription comprenant un ou deux arrondissements judiciaires; chaque circonscription est représentée par quatre députés, mais chaque électeur ne peut inscrire sur son bulletin de vote que le nom de (1) Diario, etc.; Congreso, etc., p. 4717. (2) Voir, ci-dessus, p. 500. (3) -Diario, etc.; Senado, legislatura de 1882, p. 2795. (4) Ibid., p. 2828. (5) Ibid., p. 3010. (6) Ibid., p. 2919. (7) Voir le texte de la loi dans Alcubiixa, Boletin juridico-administrativo, etc., Anuario de 1882, p. 680. On trouvera la traduction de la loi ̃dans l'Annuaire de législation étrangère, XIIe année, p. 663. trois candidats, ce qui assure un siège sur quatre à la minorité. § A. – CONCLUSION. On a pu constater, d'après ce qui précède que le principe même de la représentation proportionnelle est, aujourd'hui, admis sans contestation en Espagne; son application aux élections de tous les degrés n'a soulevé ni opposition ni critiques. Lors de la préparation des lois récentes qui ont réorganisé tes Conseils délibérants de -l'Etat, de la province et de la commune, le législateur s'est montré, à ce point de vue, animé des intentions les plus sincèrement libérales, en n'hésitant pas à réserver, dans chacun d'eux, une place aux minorités. A cet effet, il a cru devoir adopter le scrutin de liste limité et concurremment, mais pour le recrutement de la Chambre des députés seulement, un procédé électoral particulier, consistant dans l'attribution d'un certain nombre de sièges aux candidats repoussés par les collèges électoraux ordinaires, mais ayant groupé autour de leur nom, dans le pays tout entier, un minimum d'électeurs déterminé. Ce dernier mode d'élection a un double but qui est de grossir la part des minorités et d'ap.peler a participer à la gestion des affaires publiques certains hommes marquants qui, dépourvus d'attaches locales, seraient dans l'impossibilité de trouver un collège disposé à les élire; il peut être pratiqué sans inconvénient dans un pays doté d'insti.tutions monarchiques; mais il présenterait, ce semble, quelque danger dans un état régi par une constitution républicaine on pourrait craindre que des personnalités bruyantes et audacieuses n'en profitassent pour organiser une sorte de plébiscite sur leur nom; de quel prestige, en effet, serait revêtu un député à qui l'ensemble des circonscriptions électorales aurait accordé plusieurs centaines de mille voix, et combien prépondérante serait sa situation au regard de collègues élus par quelques milliers de suffrages seulement En laissant de côté ce mode d'élection, qui est spécial à la Chambre des députés et dont les effets sont, en somme, assez bornés, il reste le scrutin de liste limité comme moyen employé pour permettre aux opinions dissidentes de se produire. Ce système, sans doute, n'est pas à l'abri de toute critique. Le prix du voyage au Congrès, aller et retour, sur les chemins de fer français sera réduit de moitié. (1) Voir, ci-dessus, note 1, p. 501. (2) On pourra lire avec profit, touchant les avantages et les inconvénients des différents systèmes, l'ouvrage de M. Mario NAVARRO Amandi, intitulé Estudios sobre procedimiento electoral (Madrid, imprenta de la Revista de legislacidn, 1885). On lira également avec intérêt les articles que M. José Maluquer y Salvador a publiés sur le système d'Hondt dans le Suplemento de Barcelotta et dans le Correo de Madrid. (3) Nous tenons à exprimer toute notre reconnaissance à M. Manuel TorresCnmpos, professeur de droit international à l'Université de Grenade, qui a bien voulu, avec une obligeance sans égale, nous communiquer les documents parlementaires qui nous étaient nécessaires, et nous fournir la solution de plusieurs questions qui nous avaient paru douteuses. CONSEIL DE DIRECTION EXTRAIT DU PROCÈS-VERBAL DE LA SÉANCE DU 4.JUILLET 1887. Présidence de M. Charles TRANCHANT, Vice-Président. M. le Secrétaire général communique au Conseil une lettre par laquelle M. Joseph G. Alexander, Secrétaire général de l'Association pour la réforme et la codification du droit des gens, informe la Société de législation comparée que l'Association tiendra un Congrès à Londres, le 25 juillet 1887; M. Alexander invite en même temps la Société à s'y faire représenter. Le Conseil de Direction charge M. le Secrétaire général de témoigner sa gratitude à l'Association pour l'invitation qu'elle a bien voulu lui adresser, et désigne pour représenter la Société au Congrès MM. Charles Laciiau, Paul David et Rodolphe LEBEL. RÉUNION DES SECTIONS. SECTION DE LA LANGUE ANGLAISE. Séance du 10 juin 1887. Présidence de M. Fernand Daguin. –Présents MM. Nicolas, Cheuvreux, Passez et Darras. -Excusés: MM. Picot, Du Buit, Gigot, Guérin, Fuzier et Christian Daguin. Annuaire de 1887. M. Martin a envoyé sur la Chine une notice dont la traduction est confiée à M. Cheuvreux. Bulletin. M. Gigot sera prié de rendre compte des derniers fascicules publiés par l'Université de John Hopkins. Le numéro de mai 1887 de la publication de Jus sera envoyé à M. Guérin. La séance est levée à 5 heures et demie. SECTION DES LANGUES DU NORD. Séance du 17 juin 1887. Présidence de M. Ch. Lyon-Cabn. –Présents MM. F. Daguin, Challamel, Hamel, Chambon, Thévenet, Mar tinet, Rollet, Lebel, Preux, Theurault, Chavegrin.Excusés MM. Gérardin, Clir. Daguin. Annuaire de 1887. Allemagne M. J. Drioux sera prié de vouloir bien se charger de la notice générale aux lieu et place de M. Hurissel. Prusse M. Chavegrin remet la notice générale. Suisse La section remercie M. Speiser, greffier du Tribunal civil de Bâle, de l'obligeance avec laquelle il réunit, chaque année, pour les lui envoyer, les lois des différents cantons de la Suisse. Ces lois ont été confiées ainsi qu'il suit Glaris, à M. Drioux; les Grisons, à M. de Riedmatten; Lucerne, à M. Chr. Daguin Saint-Gall, à M. de Riedmatten; Soleure, à M. Drioux; Thurgovie, à M. F. Daguin; haut et bas Unterwalden, à M. Gardeil; Zug, à M. de Villefosse; Zurich, à M. Drioux; Schaffhouse, à M. Martinet, et Uri, à M. Gardeil. Annuaire de 1888.Allemagne M. Hamel fera la notice générale.Prusse M. Chavegrin se charge de la notice générale. Autriche M. Boivin-Champeaux fera la notice générale. Hongrie MM. Nagy et Pierre Dareste seront chargés de la notice générale. M. J. Drioux sera prié de se charger de la chronique législative de l'Allemagne pour la session 1887-1888; celle de la Prusse, pour la même période, est confiée à M. Chambon, et celle de l'Autriche, à M. Lyon-Caen. La section émet l'avis qu'il y a de plus en plus similitude presque absolue entre les chroniques législatives et les notices générales des différents États rédigées pour l'Annuaire; la section pense, en outre, qu'il serait plus opportun de faire paraître les chroniques au fur et à mesure et au cours des sessions, plutôt que d'attendre la clôture des sessions pour faire paraître une chronique souvent trop longue et toujours tardive. La section émet donc l'avis que l'abonnement à un journal bien informé du pays permette à ses collaborateurs, au cours des sessions législatives, de faire paraître, tous les mois ou tous les deux mois, une chronique-bulletin, de telle sorte qu'il n'y ait presque plus d'intervalle entre les séances et les comptes-rendus et qu'il n'y ait plus autant d'analogie entre ces chroniques et les notices générales de l'Annuaire, rédigées avec plus de détails, à l'aide du compte-rendu sténographique des Verhandlungen des Chambres. Bulletin. M. Chavegrin rendra compte d'une conférence du professeur Georges Cohn, sur le Deutsches Iiecht iin munde des Volkes. M. Bufnoir sera prié de vouloir bien rendre compte des délibérations du dix-huitième congrès des jurisconsultes allemands. Le projet de la loi hollandaise sur la faillite, offert par M. Molengraaf, sera remis à M. Tripels, qui sera prié d'en faire le compte-rendu. La séance est levée à 5 heures et demie. SECTION DES LANGUES DU MIDI ET DE L'ORIENT. Séance du 2i juin 1887. Présidence de M. BARBOUX. Étaient présents MM. Chr. et F. Daguin, Féraud-Giraud, Roux, Daireaux, Gusti, Camoin de Vence et David. Excusé M. de Loménie. La séance est ouverte à 9 heures. Le procès-verbal de la séance précédente est lu et adopté, sauf la rectification suivante Le nom de M. David a été omis par erreur parmi celui des membres présents à cette séance. Annuaire de 1887. Espagne La notice envoyée par M. Torres Campos a été remise à M. David, qui la traduira. Portugal La loi sur la liberté provisoire en matière criminelle sera traduite par M. Laneyrie. – Tessin M. Lehr a adressé la notice. Colombie M. D. Porras a envoyé la notice, qui sera traduite par M. F. Daguin. Ouvrages distribués. El Abogado de si misma, par M. Daireaux, a été remis, pour compte-rendu, à M. David 0 contracte de conto corrente, par M. José da Silva Costa, au mème; Las Audiencias de lo criminal, par M. Agustin Puebla, à M. Daireaux; Sul progetto di legge uniforme in materia cambiaria, par M. Cesare Norsa, à M. Chaumat un travail manuscrit intitulé Esiudios sobre el concepto historico fîlosoftco del ténor de las leyes, par M. Aguilera y Yera, est confié à M. Roux, qui examinera s'il est de nature à trouver place dans le Bulletin. La séance est levée à 9 heures trois quarts. SECTION DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE. Séance du 24 juin 1887.Présidence de M. Ch. Tranchant, pi'dsident. Présents MM. F. Daguin, Boullaire, Alpy, Challamel, Fau«hille, R. de Fontarce, Camoin de Vence. – Excusés MM. Cortot, Guérin, Ducrocq, Ch. Daguin. Le procès-verbal de la dernière séance est lu et adopté. Annuaire étranger de 1887. Belgique M. Brants a envoyé son travail sur le Code rural. Annuaire français de 1888. La notice générale sera faite par M. Challamel. La loi du 11 juin 1887, sur la diffamation par cartes postales, est remise à M. Alpy. M. R. de Fontarce veut bien se charger de la table des matières. Bulletin. M. F. Daguin donne à la section communication d'une lettre de M. Jolivot, secrétaire du Conseil d'État de la principauté de Monaco, traitant d'un point intéressant du droit civil monégasque. Cette lettre est ainsi conçue « Monaco, 17 juin 1887. « Monsieur le Secrétaire général, « Je ne crois pouvoir mieux justifier le titre de correspondant de la Société de législation comparée qu'en signalant à son attention un oubli trop fréquent du statut rée!, qui a des conséquences dommageables pour les parties intéressées. Je veux parler des ventes d'immeubles situés dans la Principauté de Monaco faite à la barre des tribunaux étrangers, au mépris de la législation locale et notamment de l'article 3 § 2 du Code civil, ainsi conçu « Les immeubles, même ceux possédés par des étrangers, sont régis « par les lois de la Principauté. » « Cette disposition semble conforme au droit commun de la plupart des États. Ce qui peut être plus particulier, c'est celle de l'article 1425, qui exige que la vente des immeubles d'une valeur de plus de 150 francs soit constatée par acte authentique, à peine do nullité. D'après l'ordonnance sur le notariat (art. l") et le Code de procédure (passim), il faut entendre par actes authentiques ceux qui sont reçus parles notaires de la Principauté, pour les ventes amiables, et les ventes judiciaires, pour les cas spéciaux, tels que ceux énumtrés dans l'art. 383 du Code de procédure, ainsi conçu « Les biens immeubles appartenant, en tout ou en partie, à des mineurs, « à des interdits ou à des absents; les biens immeubles dotaux des fem« mes mariées, ceux des héritiers bénéficiaires, et enfin ceux des faillis « ne pourront être vendu.s qu'à la barre du tribunal supérieur de Mo« naco, dans la forme suivante. « On peut aisément comprendre que les personnes qui n'auraient pas tenu compte de ces prescriptions formelles seraient mal fondées à invoquer ensuite l'article 232 du Code de procédure pour couvrir les nullités encourues, car il ne serait pas admissible qu'il eût été édicté en vue de favoriser la violation de la loi du pays. Voici le texte de cet article, qui, évidemment, doit être appliqué avec prudence et discernement dans d'autres cas « Les jugements rendus et les actes passés en pays étranger ne seront « exécutoires, dans la Principauté et sur les biens qui y sont situés ou « en proviennent, qu'en vertu d'une ordonnance spéciale du prince, sur le « compte qui lui en sera rendu par l'avocat général. « Agréez, monsieur le Secrétaire général, la nouvelle assurance de mes sentiments dévoués. » Signé « C. JOLIVOT. » M. Camoin de Vence veut bien se charger de faire, cette année, la table analytique du Bulletin. M. Leloir a promis un travail sur le fonctionnement du jury correctionnel dans la Suisse romande. Sont distribués pour comptes-rendus. A M. Camoin de Vence, une brochure de M. Rosse traitant des Règles pratiques sur la direction et l'instruction des procédures criminelles à M. Fauchille, la Condition de l'individu né en France de parents étrangers, par M. Rouard de Gard; à M. Boullaire, le Nouveau précis d'économie politique, par M. Funck-Brentano; à M. F. Daguin, la brochure de M. G. Poulle sur le nom de la femme divorcée; à M. Challamel, les Garanties à donner a la propriété immobilière, par M. Vidal Bey; à M. Fauchille, la Revue de Droit international et de Législation comparée. La séance est levée à 5 heures. COMPTES-RKNDTIS D'OUVRAGES SECTION DE LA LANGUE ANGLAISE. Registralion of Tille to Land, par M. Charles Forteseiie Brickdale. In-8-, 126 p. Edward Stanford. London, 1886. On sait que diverses tentatives ont été faites pour introduire le système Torrens dans la législation anglaise et que même il a été consacré officiellement par deux lois successives, l'Act de lord Westbury de 1862 et celui de lord Cairn de 1875. Mais on sait aussi que les propriétaires anglais, usant de la faculté d'option que leur laissait la loi nouvelle, ont préféré s'en tenir à l'ancien système. C'est à peine si quelques amateurs, des curieux sans doute, ont essayé du nouveau régime, et leur exemple n'a pas été suivi. L'échec a été en somme aussi complet que possible, quoiqu'il ne soit pas très aisé d'indiquer au juste les causes de cette mésaventure. Aujourd'hui, le législateur se trouve réduit à cette pénible extrémité ou d'abroger la nouvelle législation, en proclamant ainsi officiellement la banqueroute du système, ou de lui donner un caractère désormais obligatoire, en l'imposant bon gré mal gré au public récalcitrant. M. Brickdale considère l'une ou l'autre de ces extrémités comme également fâcheuses; il ne veut ni d'un retour en arrière, qui serait un aveu d'impuissance, ni de mesures coercitives, qui froisseraient l'esprit public. Mais il estime qu'il est possible de les éviter et, dans le livre dont nous venons de donner le titre, il se propose de tirer le législateur d'embarras en lui suggérant un nouveau mode d'application du système Torrens qui, à ce que pense l'auteur, ne se heurterait pas aux mêmes difficultés que les tentatives déjà faites et serait accueilli avec faveur par le public, sans qu'il fût nécessaire de violenter personne. L'auteur commence par se demander quelles sont les raisons qui peuvent expliquer l'échec du système Torrens. Il écarte successivement, peutêtre d'une façon un peu trop absolue, les diverses explications qui ont été proposées, et il déclare que la seule raison est celle-ci c'est que l'applica tion du nouveau régime entraine, pour celui qui veut en bénéficier, encore plus de frais et plus de délais que le régime de droit commun en matière de transactions; le public n'a donc aucun intérêt à en changer. Mais pourquoi donc l'application du nouveau régime, c'est-à-dire l'enregistrement d'un droit de propriété, constitue-t-elle une opération si longue et si coûteuse? – Parce que, dit M. Brickdale. cette opération de l'enregistrement a pour effet de créer un droit absolu, inattaquable, c'est là le trait caractéristique du système Torrens,-et que dès lors la moindre erreur commise dans cette opération peut avoir des conséquences irréparables. Si, par exemple, on a inscrit par erreur quelqu'un qui n'est pas propriétaire, le véritable propriétaire est absolument dépouillé de son droit. On comprend que, dans ces conditions, le fonctionnaire chargé de procéder à l'enregistrement se montre très exigeant au point de vue de la vérification des titres, beaucoup plus exigeant qu'il ne le serait pour un transfert ordinaire, parce qu'en somme la vente laisse toujours subsister le droit du véritable propriétaire, le vendeur ne pouvant transférer plus de droits qu'il n'en possède lui-même. Le danger est même plus grand sous le régime des nouvelles lois anglaises que sous le régime Torrens proprement dit, bien que ces lois n'aient fait que le reproduire; mais elles ne l'ont pas reproduit en entier. Il y a dans le système Torrens, tel qu'il est appliqué dans toutes les colonies australiennes, un fonds spécial d'assurance constitué à l'aide d'une légère surtaxe sur les droits d'enregistrement, et destiné précisément à garantir le propriétaire dépossédé en lui assurant une indemnité égale à la valeur de son immeuble. Si donc il risque d'être dépouillé de sa terre, du moins il n'en perdra pas la valeur. Or, ce fonds d'assurance n'a pas été maintenu par les lois de 1862 et de 1875, qui ont établi le régime nouveau en Angleterre. Le propriétaire dépossédé n'a donc absolument d'autre ressource qu'une action personnelle contre celui qui se trouve mis à son lieu et place par la vertu de l'enregistrement: c'est peu de chose. Et on s'explique d'une part la juste défiance du public, d'autre part la juste sévérité et les exigences du directeur de l'enregistrement. i. Le mal étant ainsi reconnu, voici quel est le remède que propose l'auteur D'abord enlever à l'enregistrement la vertu de conférer un droit absolu et irrévocable. La formalité de l'enregistrement ne ferait plus tomber les droits qui peuvent préexister sur l'immeuble; elle ne produirait ni plus ni moins d'effet à cet égard qu'un transfert ordinaire. Ceci constituerait évidemment une dérogation grave à ce que Torrens considérait comme l'idée fondamentale de son système. Alors, demandera-t-on sans doute, à quoi bon cette formalité de l'enregistrement et quel avantage procurerat-elle au propriétaire inscrit? Elle lui procure, au contraire, comme nous allons le voir en indiquant la seconde modification proposée par M. Brickdate, une garantie très précieuse. Ensuite créer un fonds d'assurance, comme dans le système australien, à l'aide d'une prime de 2 p. 1000 à ajouter au tarif des droits d'enregislre ment. – Ceci constitue non pas une dérogation, mais au contraire un retour au système de Torrens. Toutefois, ce fonds d'assurance n'a pas, dans le projet de M. Brickdale et c'est même ce qui fait l'originalité de son système la même destination que dans le système Torrens. Nous avons dit, en effet, qu'en Australie, la personne inscrite se trouvant, par le fait même de son inscription, propriétaire incommutable, le fonds d'assurance était destiné à indemniser, s'il y avait lieu, le véritable propriétaire dépossédé. Dans le système Brickdale, au contraire, la personne inscrite ne se trouvant nullement, par le fait de son inscription, à l'abri des revendications des ayants-droit, c'est elle qui sera indemnisée, si elle vient à être évincée, par le fonds d'assurance. C'est là, pour elle, la garantie dont nous venons de parler. En résumé donc, le système de l'auteur, comme il le dit lui-même, peut être exprimé en deux mots l'enregistrement désormais ne conférera plus un titre absolu, mais un titre garanti. L'auteur pense que cette modification dans la législation produirait les conséquences suivantes, fort importantes au point de vue de la propagation du système 1° Elle permettrait au fonctionnaire chargé de l'enregistrement de procéder avec beaucoup plus de célérité et de se montrer, dans la vérification des titres, non pas plus, mais au contraire moins exigeant qu'un acheteur ordinaire. Grâce à ce système, en effet, « le Registrar est assuré que ses erreurs ne peuvent entraîner aucuue perte ni pour les individus ni pour l'État, et il retrouve en conséquence la pleine liberté de ses opérations soit dans la vérification des titres, soit dans l'enregistrement des contrats subséquents. » (P. 05.) Ce ne serait plus un juge, en effet, pas plus que notre conservateur des hypothèques en France. 2° Elle conférerait en fait, à la personne qui aurait fait enregistrer son titre, une sécurité très suffisante, car, d'une part, les cas d'erreur sont extrêmement rares, et d'autre part la garantie absolument certaine d'une indemnité égale à la valeur de l'immeuble est bien quelque chose. Que les chances d'erreur soient très faibles, c'est ce qui résulte soit des statistiques australiennes, qui ne relèvent, dans une période d'une vingtaine d'années, que quatre annulations de titres et un très petit nombre de paiements d'indemnités, soit de la pratique suivie en Angleterre, qui ne donne lieu qu'à de très rares évictions. 3° Enfin, en abandonnant l'idée chimérique de créer un droit absolu et irrévocable (problème juridique que M. Brickdale déclare, avec raison, croyons-nous, d'une solution impossible), cette modification permettra de se contenter, comme dans les transferts ordinaires, du ministère des solicilors et de ne rien changer ainsi aux habitudes du public. Gràce à ces diverses conséquences, et en complétant le système par des droits très modérés, M. Brickdale ne doute pas que le nouveau régime ne fut bientôt consacré par les mœurs. Sans rechercher ici jusqu'à quel point cette espérance peut paraître fondée, il n'en est pas moins fort intéressant, surtout pour ceux qui font campagne pour introduire le système Torrens en France, de connaître les procédés ingénieux par lesquels on s'efforce d'acclimater ce régime chez nos voisins. Le nouveau bill, qui va être bientôt discuté à la Chambre des communes, adopte dans une certaine mesure, croyons-nous, les vues de M. Brickdale. Charles GmE. Cent ans de république aux États-Unis, par le Duc de Xoailles. Paris, Calmann Lévy. 1 vol. in-8", li-422 pp. L'économie politique, la politique proprement dite, l'histoire, le droit ont, de toute évidence, des rapports nécessaires et étroits. Parfois ils se confondent presque. Toujours au moins ils se prêtent un mutuel appui. Nul n'excelle dans l'un de ces ordres des connaissances humaines sans avoir fait des autres une étude soutenue. Que de noms je pourrais citer de nos contemporains, qui fourniraient une démonstration éclatante de cette thèse! Ce n'est pas, à coup sûr, M. le duc de Noailles que l'on nommera pour la combattre. Il n'a pas seulement la réputation d'un économiste distingué. La science du droit semble lui être très familière. Il a feuilleté d'une main patiente, lu d'un œil attentif même l'histoire de plus d'une nation étrangère. Il ne cesse d'étudier, et dans la théorie et dans les applications, la politique avec une curiosité et une persévérance qui feraient apparemment de lui un des meilleurs représentants du peuple, si les électeurs se souciaient fort de choisir leurs mandataires parmi ceux qu'une longue préparation a le mieux armés pour la tâche difficile du gouvernement. On aurait peine à citer, je crois, un seul de ses ouvrages qui ne lémoigniit de cette heureuse alliance de connaissances étendues, variées, voisines pourtant, et, si je puis ainsi dire, parentes. Elle se montre à un haut degré dans le dernier de tous, sur lequel je voudrais appeler l'attention des lecteurs du Bulletin Cent ans de république aux États-Unis. Le premier volume de cette œuvre, déjà considérable par l'abondance des recherches et l'effort de la pensée, a seul paru. II fait singulièrement désirer une prompte publication du second ou des suivants. Le premier volume, lui, n'est peut-être pas absolument ce que le titre pourrait faire croire. Si le lecteur y cherchait Fénumération et la critique de tous lesactes et de l'autorité fédérale et des gouvernements d'États pour une partie quelconque des cent premières années qui ont suivi l'émancipation des États-Unis, il se tromperait. La république pourtant, aux États-Unis, n'est pas que le gouvernement fédéral ce sont toutes ces auto.rités d'États, gouverneurs, législatures, tribunaux, ou autres, auxquelles les Américains confient la charge de tant d'intérêts importants dont la garde appartient ailleurs, chez nous, par exemple, aux seuls agents du gouvernement central. Le lecteur ne trouvera même pas, dans ce premier volume, l'histoire de tous les actes du pouvoir fédéral pendant une période déterminée. On se rappelle les nombreux articles du duc de Noailles, alors duc d'Ayen, que publia jadis le Correspondant sur les publicistes améri cains et la constitution des États-Unis (1). C'est à. l'étude de la constitution fédérale que le savant auteur revient dans le premier tome de son nouvel ouvrage. Il ne se borne pas, du reste, à traiter sommairement de l'application des règles, il étudie cellea-ei en elles-mêmes, dégage et juge les théories philosophiques d'où elles découlent, s'attache à retrouver les origines historiques et à donner l'interprétation la plus exacte des textes, s'applique à déterminer la valeur des principes promulgués. On conçoit qu'ainsi entendu le sujet puisse même facilement dépasser les limites d'un seul tome. Une introduction, qui me semble être surtout une première esquisse, rapide et sûre, des transformations que, sous l'empire de causes diverses, la condition économique et les mœurs politiques du continent de l'Amérique du Nord ont subies depuis un siècle; le principe de la souveraineté populaire; la souveraineté populaire et la loi du nombre; le droit de suffrage, aux Etats-Unis; le paradoxe constitutionnel les limites de la souveraineté absolue du peuple; les garanties contre l'omnipotence du nombre le rôle des minorités; le pacte fédéral d'après les travaux de la convention de Philadelphie; le système fédératif et les institutions libérales; les limites du pouvoir législatif; la chambre des représentantants; les origines du Sénat; l'organisation du Sénat par la convention de Philadelphie ses attributions législatives, exécutives, judiciaires; la traduction de la constitution fédérale; voilà, d'après les titres mêmes des chapitres, toute la matière du premier volume. Tant s'en faut que ce soit la constitution fédérale entière. Pour tout dire, le premier volume parait être le commencement d'un commentaire des principales entre les clauses qui forment cette constitution. On voit en quoi l'œuvre du duc de Noailles diffère de celle de M. de Tocqueville. L'une était plutôt un essai sur la démocratie à propos de l'Amérique du Nord; l'autre est une étude des règles essentielles, écrites, communes, du gouvernement démocratique dans les États-Unis d'Amérique. Si le second volume ou les suivants ressemblent au premier, le lecteur, encore une fois, n'y trouvera pas peutêtre l'histoire complète des cent années que vient de vivre la grande république du continent américain il saura du moins nettement le rôle qu'ont joué dans cette histoire les règles les plus importantes du pacte commun des États. Quelle œuvre remarquable et attachante que ce pacte fédéral qui, pour la sauvegarde des intérêts généraux, étend son empire sur l'Amérique du Nord presque entière. La plupart de ses dispositions sortent, en peu de jours, des travaux d'une convention d'élus peu nombreux de la nation. (1) Voyez notamment les numéros des 25 mai lb7G, 10 février, 25 mars, 10 juin, 10 aoùt 1877, 10 février 1878. Fait pour treize États, il arrive à en régir trente-huit et plusieurs territoires destiné à être d'abord la loi de 3 millions d'habitants, il devient celle de 50 millions. Cependant, au cours de tout un siècle, il ne reçoit pas plus de cinq amendements. Voilà, certes, une éclatante démonstration de la singulière sagesse et de la profonde perspicacité de ses auteurs! Quoi d'étrange, si ce pacte, l'improvisation peut-être la plus étonnante du cerveau de l'homme, comme l'appelle quelque part M. Gladstone, a chez nous, dans ce pays enclin entre tous aux réformes démocratiques, frappé l'attention et sollicité l'examen de tant d'esprits élevés, depuis certains personnages politiques de la fin du siècle dernier jusqu'à MM. Boutmy et de Noailles, les derniers, non les moindres, d'un nombre déjà grand. Quelle connaissance exacte des nuances du langage juridique il faut, quel souvenir précis des précédents historiques, quel soin de se dégager des idées habituellement reçues dans l'ancien monde sur les principes du gouvernement, pour bien comprendre le système fédéral des États-Unis! Plusieurs de ses admirateurs et de ses adversaires les plus éminents n'ont pas échappé à de graves erreurs. On en trouverait quelques-unes relevées avec véhémence dans la très curieuse Histoire du peuple américain qu'a écrite M. Carlier (1), ou signalées avec mesure dans les très intéressantes Études de droit constitutionnel de M. Boutmy (2). M. de Tocqueville, qui connaissait si bien les origines, l'esprit, la teneur du pacte de 1787, et a tracé des descriptions de mœurs ou de lois américaines à la fois si élégantes et si justes que les publicistes les plus savants de l'Amérique les citent volontiers (3), M. de Tocqueville lui-même s'est mal défendu de considérables inadvertances. Je ne fais pas allusion à certaines appréciations sur les hommes et les choses, auxquelles de vives réponses furent adressées de l'autre coté de l'Océan, et dans lesquelles je ne voudrais pas affirmer qu'il eût absolument tort avec ceux des Américains qui pensaient comme lui contre ceux qui le combattaient (4). Ce sont ses versions 4e textes d'une grande importance que j'ai en vue. Où la constitution fédérale décide que le congrès aura tous les pouvoirs législatifs octroyés par elle-même (5), il écrivait eu 1834, près de cinquante ans après la promulgation de l'acte, reproduisant une erreur que plusieurs avaient déjà commise « Octroyés par les représentants, > véritable non-sens ou négation d'une règle fondamentale du droit commun des États. Î2) Paris, 1885. 1 vol. in-12. (3) Comp. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, p. 229, note 3. (4) Comp. notamment Benton, Thirty years view, I, p. 111-114, 205-208, 224-223. (5) Art. 1", sect. 1. sion, si la sûreté publique l'exige. > (1). M. Boutmy relève l'une de ces erreurs (2); M. de Noailles lui-même l'autre (3). Le duc de Noailles a été plus heureux que beaucoup de ses devanciers. Sa traduction serre de très près le texte de la constitution et en reproduit les nuances les plus délicates. Tout au plus ai-je relevé dans son livre quelques inexactitudes de détail qui ne pouvaient guère conduire l'auteur à de fausses conclusions et ne sont pas de nature à tromper gravement le lecteur. Je ne verrais pas volontiers une pure c subtilité » dans cette proposition que la délégation des pouvoirs souverains fut faite à l'Union, < non par les États particuliers, mais par le peuple même » (4) de ceux-ci. Elle aurait pu l'être par les autorités locales, les législatures notamment, dont c'était la mission essentielle de défendre les intérêts de leurs États respectifs. Elle l'eût réellement été alors par les États. Tout au contraire, elle émana d'assemblées spécialement élues par les citoyens pour discuter et approuver ou rejeter la constitution fédérale (5). Celle-ci allait conférer au gouvernement commun de l'Union le pouvoir d'imposer partout aux individus, sans égard aux autorités, aux limites, aux différences d'États, les lois régulièrement édictées par le congrès. L'institution de cette puissance générale et directe du gouvernement fédéral formait le trait peut-être le plus caractéristique et le plus hardi de l'acte mis en discussion. C'était ce qui devait proprement créer le peuple fédéral, substituer une nation à une simple ligue d'États. Nul n'en ignorait (6). Les Américains voulaient déjà que la constitution particulière de chaque État reposât sur le consentement exprès ou tacite du peuple de l'État (7). Comment le peuple de tous n'eût-il pas été appelé à donner à tous la constitution commune qui allait le régir partout sans recours aux autorités d'États? Il la donna effectivement par les représentants qu'il avait spécialement élus dans chacun d'eux pour approuver ou rejeter le projet de constitution sorti des délibérations de la convention de Philadelphie. N'est-ce pas le principe essentiel qui sert de fondement t au régime représentatif que la volonté des élus soit tenue pour celle des électeurs? Il n'y a nulle subtilité à dire que le peuple des États, les déléguant par ses mandataires, élus pour les déléguer à leur gré, délégua luimême au congrès les pouvoirs souverains.
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Nr. 19, K DllmmÄüg, äen 14. Jänner 1838. PrSuomerationsprcis: ! Insertionsgedöhr: Halbjährig IM Comptoir adgel'olt ohne Couvert 5 fl. 30 kr. CM./ Inserate aller Art werden aufgenommen und die einspaltige Garmonv'Zeile oder deren ^ unter Couvert ' Raum für die einmalige Einschaltung mit 3 kr., für die zweimalige mit 4 kr. und die drei-^ ^nrch die Post portofrei . 7 ,, 30 ^ malige mit Skr. CM. berechuet. Inserate uuter 10 Zeilen für 3malige Einschaltung 50kr. CM. Dazu D:e „Klageusurter Zeitung" erscheint täglich, nnt Ausnabme der Sonn- und Feiertage. !' sind nach dem „Gesetze für Jnsertionsstempel" noch 15 kr. für jedesmalige Einschaltung hinzu zu rechnen. Amtlicher Theil. Wien. DaS Ministerium des Neuster» hat im Eiuverneh' men mit jenem des Handels den bei dem k. Konsulale in Konstantinopel systemisirten Dienstposten eines Ha fenkapitäns dem bisher mit den Funktionen eines sol chen provisorisch betrauten Franz Peracovich definitiv verliehen. Richwintticher Theil'. Hnr Tagesgeschichte. Kärnten. Magtllfurt. Bei dem k. k. kärnt. LandeSpräsidiun, sind für die, in der Stadt nnd Bundesfestung Mainz durch Pulver-Explosion Vernuglückten nachstehende Be träge eingegangen. sl. kr. Uebertrag aus den vorherigen Verzeichnissen 1363 41 Darunter 1 fl. 10 kr. in Silber. Vom k. k.BezirkSamte zuGurk, ». z.i Herr Anten v. Zeneggen 2 — „ Johann Schnller 1 — Andreas Spieß 2 — „ Ludwig Ribitsch 1 — „ Johann Häuser " — „ Georg Fercher l — Vom Männergesangs-Bereine in Klagenfurt als Ergebniß des am Jänner l. I. statt gehabten Konzertes — Vom Magistrate der Landeshaupt stadt Klagenfurt, n. z,: Herr Freiherr v. Ankersbofeu .... 2 — „ Graf v. WctserSheinib 5 — Frau Baronin v. W>r 5 — Herr Menner ^ Nagl 5 — „ Hilbert 1 „ Simon Stcßier 1 — „ Karl Kleiueutschitfch 2 — „ Gregor Gasser ....... 1 — Frau Gräfin v. Ursenbek 1 — fl. kr. Herr Dr. Hussa, k. k. Professor ... 1 — Frau Maria Weinländer 1 — Herrn Franz Polster's Erben .... 3 — Frau Elife Auer 1 — Fräul. Betti Klementschitsch 1 — Herr Dr. Stieger 1 — „ Dr. Erwein 2 — Frau Maria Eder 1 — Herr Franz Mathe 3 — „ Johann Klementschitsch 1 — Frau Elise v. Schlnsselthall 1 — Herr Leopold Nagl 2 — Haus Nr. 450 — 30 Herr Ferdinand v. Kleinmahr ... 5 — „ Johann Walter 1 — „ Dr. Franz Pfandl Z — Ein Ungenannter — 30 Herr Jnlins Seeliger, Redakteur der „Kla- genfnrterZeituug" ! — An kleinereu Beiträgen 16 27 Von der Ortsgemeinde Lölling! An kleineren Beiträgen 1(t — Summa. 1447 8 Korrespondenz. Klein St. Veit, Bezirk Feldkirchen, 13 Jänner. Gestern um beiläufig 4 Uhr Nachmittags explodirte in dem großen Wirthshanse des Leopold Swete Nr. 13 ein Pulverfaß, in Folge vessm das ganze HanS demo- lirt wurde. Lie Wirthin blieb augenblicklich todt, und ihre Tochter, ein Mädchen von beiläufig 20 Jahren, wurde furchtbar verstümmelt, so zwar, daß mau an ihrem Aufkommen zweifelt. Drei andere Personen wurden lcichl verwundet. AohtN , 1Z. Jäuuer. Unter den österreichischen Eisenbahneil verdient die südtirolische nicht minder eine ganz besondere Beachtung, wie die andere» Linien, welche den Kaiserstaat durchkreuzen. Namentlich aber Mandanten, als den eines Generalgouvernenrs des lom- bardisch-venctianischen Königreichs. Kurz vor seiner Abreife von Mailand erließ ter Kaiser unterm 28. Feb. 1857 an Feldmarschall Radetzky ein Handschreiben, in welchem der Dank des Monar chen für die 72jährigen Dienste auf ras gnädigste aus gesprochen, und zugleich der Wunsch ausgedrückt wird, daß er in seinen glanzvollen Erinnerungen den Lohn einer so lhatenreichen Vergangenheit noch lange genießen möge; die Anerkennung des Monarchen bot ihm so wohl die kaiserlichen Schlösser in Italien, als die k. k. Burg in Wien, den Palast im Augarten :c. als Wohn sitz an. Radetzky aber trennte sich nicht vom Schauplatz seiner Thaten und wählte Veroua zu seinem bleibenden Aufenthalt. In einem Armeebefehl vom I.März zeigte Radetzky der Armee seinen Uebertritt in den Ruhestand an. Er nimmt in demselben nicht Abschied von der Armee, sondern überläßt es nur jüngeren Kräften, sie zu bilden und zu Pflegen. Er dankt in den herzlichsten Ausdrücken für die Anhänglichkeit, für das Vertranen an seine Person: „Eurer Tapferkeit verdanke ich, was ich geleistet, eure militärischen Tilgenden wanden mir die Krone, welche nun in der Allerhöchsten Gnade unseres erhabe nen Kaisers und obersten Feldherrn mein greises Haupt schmückt. Nehmt meinen Dank dafür, Soldaten." Am 21. Mai 1857 Vormittags empfing Radetzky den Besuch einer Dame. Beim Abschiede wollte er die- sür unser Land ist diese Bahn von ganz besonderer Be deutung ; ohne sie wäre Tirol mitten zwischen den großen Schienenlinien von Genua nach Ostende und von Triest nach Hamburg zur einsamen Alpe geworden, die nur noch auf den Bestich einiger Liebha ber fossiler oder botanischer Seltenheiten, landschastli- ! cher Reize oder idyllischer Staffagen zählen könnte. Der europäische Kontinent ist nicht mehr wie vor > wenigen Jahren von vereinzelten Eisenbahnen durch- ^ schnitten; Baiern, Württemberg, Baden, Frankreich besitzen allesammt ihre eigenen und reichen sich srennd- ^ lich die Hände; in kurzer Zeit wird die Eilpost zwischen Wien, Salzburg und München für zu träge gelten, man wird von Wien nach Paris nach Stunden nnd nicht mehr nach Tagen zählen. In der Eifenbahnstrecke von Venedig nach Botzen liegt der Anfang der großen Bahn nach dem europäischen Westen und, gegen den Willen rer Engländer selbst nach dem stolzen Insel- reiche ; an ihrer Rente steht nicht zu zweifeln, weil sie für diesen Zweck nnd vorerst auch nach der Nordsee die kürzeste ist. Mau bedenke nur die Nähe der Verbin dung von Innsbruck mit Kausbenern über den Fern, um zu begreifen, daß sich Oesterreich den Gewinn die ses Handelsweges von England nicht entreißen lassen kann. Ich sage mit Absicht von England, den» das wissen wir ja schon seit lange, daß die Luckmanier Bahn englisches Werk ist. Ein in London erschienener Pro spekt nennt diese Bahn schlechtweg die nächste von Eng land nach Italien und Indien und sucht die größte Bürgschaft dafür in den Vortheilen, die sie Großbritan nien für seine östlichen Besitzungen gewährt. Es wird daselbst berechnet, daß die Reise von Alexandrien nach London mit Benützung der Genueser-Turiner Bahn nur 178, jene über Marseille aber 184'/z und die über Triest 181 Stunden in Anspruch nimmt. Auch der Feuilleton. Radetzky. (Schluß.) Im Sept. 1849 wurde Radetzky nach Wien berufen, traf am 13. d. M. daselbst ein, wurde im Südbahnhof feierlich empsaugeu und von der Generalität, dem Ge meinderath nnd eim'r ungeheuren Volksmenge nach der t. k. Burg begleitet. Am 14. beehrte der Kaiser selbst den Feldmarschall Radetzky mil eiucm Besuche, am 22. war ihm zu Ehreu großes Exerziermanöver auf dem Glaeis , und Abends veranstaltele der Gemeinderath Wien's ein glänzendes Bankett von etwa 400 Gedecken im Redoutensaal. Radetzky blieb noch einige Wochen in Wien und wohnte denKonserenzen in Militärangelegen, heilen im Kriegöministeriuui bei. Im Oktober jedoch ging er wieder nach Italien. Im Jahre 1854 wurde Wien zum letzten Male die Freude zu Theil, den hochgefeierten Feldherrn in seinen Mauern zu beherbergen. Der Feldinarfchall kam auf besondere Einladung des Kaisers nach Wien, um am 24. April der Verinälungsjeier seines Monarcheil bei zuwohnen. Als im Winter 1856 — 1857 der Kaiser Italien bereiste, bat der greise Feldmarschall Se. Majestät so wohl um Enthebung von dem Posten des Armeekom- selbe bis zur Thüre begleiten; er vergaß seinen Stock, auf den er sich gewöhnlich zu stützen pflegte, zur Hand zu nehmen, glitt ans und brach sich den linken Scheukelbeinhals. Der Bruch wurde von den Aerzten sogleich erkannt und die zweckmäßigste Behandlung ein geteilt t. Der Marschall litt in den ersten 24 Stnnden unaussprechlich; nach angelegtem Verbände minderten sich die Schmerzen und er ertrug die Unannehmlichkeiten des Krankenlagers mit Geduld und rnhiger Heiterkeit und rechnete sicher darauf, daß er in sechs Wochen her gestellt sein werde; das hohe Alter des Marschalls ver zögerte jedoch die Heilung, und als am 26. Juni bei Ab nahme der Verbands die Bruchstelle untersucht wurde, fand sich Weder Callusbildung noch Annäherung der Bruchenden. Dank seiner rüstigen Konstitution war der 92jährige Greis, wenn er auch bis an sein Ende Schienen und Verbände tragen mußte, doch so weil her gestellt, daß er am 30. Juli 1857 von Verona nach Mailand übersiedeln konnte. In einem herzlichen Briefe an den Delegaten Baron Jordis, oem er ein Geschenk von 1200 Lire für die Armen beifügte, nahm er Ab schied von Verona, welche Stadt ihm auch manche zeit gemäße Verschönerung zu verdanken hat. In Mailand angelangt, lebte Radetzky, sich allge- meiner Achtung nnd Auszeichnung erfreuend, in stiller Zurückgezogenheit, und man vernahm mir wenig von ihm im öffentlichen Leben. Zum letzten Male zeigte sich der Feldmarschall den Truppen bei Gelegenheit der Revue eines vor Kurzem in Mailand angekommenen Schienenwege von Brindisi über Neapel und Rom und von Ancona über Parma wird schon gedacht, man würde auf ersterem 141, auf letzterem 157'^/, Stunden vcn Alexandrien über Belii'nzona, Coustauz und Ostende nach London brauchen. Diesem englischen Projekte wird aber die Tiroler Bahn schnell den Vorrang abge winnen, weil sie die kürzeste ist und sohin im Interesse des ganzen europäischen Westens liegt. V Prag, 11. Jänner. Die schmerzlichen Sympa thien, welche das Hinscheiden des Feldmarschalls Gra fen Radetzky in Aller Herzen hervorgerufen, fanden bei den Bewohnern unserer Stadt einen um so größeru Wiederhall, als wir den Verblichemu mit Stolz un fern Landsmann nannten, und im? zugleich bis zum 4. d. M. die Hoffnung lächelte, das; er vielleicht ju belnd begrüßter Zeuge ver im Verlaufe des nächsten Sommers zu erwartenden feierlichen Enthüllung des ihm auf dem Kieiuseitner Ringe errichteten Monu mentes sein dürfte. Indeß — du- allwalteude Vor sehung wollte es anders, und cö bleibt uns nur die Erinnerung an den großen Todten, den wir eben am Tage jener weihevollen Feierlichkeit um so hef tiger beweinen werden. Am heutigen Tage veran staltete die Stadt in der Teim-Hauptpfarrkirche ein feierliches Todtenamt für den Dahingeschiedene!!. ! Unter deu vielen Humauiiätsaustalten Prags be- l findet sich auch ein „Berforguiigsvcrein für Dienende", ! welcher gestern seine Generalversammlung behufs Statuteiweräuderung halten sollte; allein die herr schende Grippe verhinderte das Erscheinen vcn 40 ^ Mitgliedern nud es wurde dieselbe von dem anweseu- ^ den Vereinspräsidenteu Herrn Franz Graf BooS- ! Waldek uud dem Vereinsmitgliede Herr» Bürger meister Dr. Wanka auf den 21. d. M. vertagt, Oesterreich. ^ Wien, 12. Jänner. Der k. k. Sektionschef Bar. v. Czoeruig hielt am 8. d. M. iu der Sitzung der Akademie der Wissenschaften einen Vortrag über dieDurchstechung der Lau.enge von Suez. Zwei Minister, mehre hohe Staatsbeamte und Vertreter aller Klaffen der Ge- ^ sellschaft folgten im gedräugt vollen Saale der kai° serlichen Akademie dem Vortrage mit großem Inte resse. Der Redner wies daraus hin, daß diese Frage 37 Zahrhuuderte iu jeder Epoche ver Kulturge schichte einen Platz behauptet hal. Nicht zurückzu gehen bis auf die Zeilen der Pharaonen, die Er bauer dieses großartige» Werkes, aus die Epoche der Kalifeu, unter deuen es verschüttet wurde, die Re publik Venedig, die ihm ihre Größe verdankte, aus Napoleon I., der technische Erhebungen darüber macheu luß, wendet sich der Vortrag zu den Beziehuu- geu, in oeueu Oesterreich zu cer Angelegenheit steht. Oesterreich, meiut der Redner, find die ersten entschei denden Schritte zur Verbiuduug der beiden Meere, des mittelländischen mit dem rothen, zu verdanken. Ein Bück aus deu Globus zeigte die günstige Lage dieses Staates für den Orient-Handel. Aquileja war einst die blühendste Handelsstadt des Occideuts ; fabelhaste Reichthümer thürmten sich daselbst aus durch deu Hauvel mit dem Oriente; diese Erbschaft in der neuesten Zeit zu über nehmen, seien Trieft und Venedig berufen; diese beiden Städke bilden gewissermaßen vie Eingangsthore zum Orient, znm Handel mit Indien uud China, — iveuu die Idee des Durchstiches realifirt wird. Die öster reichisch«! Seeleute sind mit den Küste», mit deu Häseu auf das genaueste vertraut ; ihre Umsicht, ihre Kaltblütigkeit genießen europäischen Rui; der Schiffbau iu unserem Vaterlaude, welches das herrlichste Bauholz erzeugt, ist in freudiger Ausnahme begriffen; die Eiseubahueu berühren bereits die Meeresgestade, Lloyds Dampfschiffe durch surcheu die Meere; es sind also alle Vorbedingungen zu einem großartige» Aufschwünge vorhanden. Wien ist speciell durch seine Neueulwicklung zum Stapelplatze des mitteleuropäischen Handels be rufen. Oesterreichische Waaren geheu bereits nach Nubieuu. Abyfsinien, ein gleicher Verkehr wird sich nach Ostindien und China erstrecken; Industrie und Land bau werden erstarken; den süddeutschen Städten wer den die Zeiten ihrer Blüthe wiederkehren; ein großes mitteleuropäisches Zollsystem, die Erhaltung des Welt friedens, eine großartige Völkerverbiiiduug und die Ci vilisation des Ostens werden die unmittelbaren gewal tigen Folgen der Dnrchstechung des Isthmus von Suez seiu; — doch, schließt derReduer bedeutungsvoll, „Alles das, Eisenbahnen, Dampfschiffe, der Telegraph und selbst der fertige Suezkanal werden uns weuig nützen, weun nicht Freiheit der Bewegung im Staate zuerst eintritt," Deutschland. Dtltin, 9. Jäuner. Der Abgang des Baron v. Brunnow auf deu ihm bestimmten Botschafter - Posten iu London dürfte schr bald erfolgen, und man bemerkt eine fast auffallende Beschleunigung in den Anstalten der Abreise. Eben so rasch wird sciu Nachfolger Bar. Bndberg aus Wieu hier erwartet. Auch in dieser Eile liegt ein charakteristisches Merkmal der nenen diploma tischen Situation. Dresden, 5. Jäu, Unter den gestern an die Stände gelaugten Gesetz - Entwürfen befindet sich anch der Entwurf einer Militärgerichtsordnung. Es wird darin versucht, das Verfahren von den Militärgerichten, so weit möglich, mit dem durch die uene Strafprozeß- Ordnung bei den bürgl, Gerichten eingeführten in armonie zu bringen. Heute hat die erste Kammer die Berathmig des Gesetzeutwurss über die GehaltSoerhäUnisse der Ele- meutar-Volksschullehrer fortgesetzt. In Bezug auf die verschiedenen Bestimmungen des ß. 2 entspann sich eine lebhaste Debatte. Bei der ersten Abstimmung wurde der Antrag der Deputation, ras Minimum des Lehrergehal- teö an den Schuleu aus den Dörseru und iu kleinen Städteu emf lSO Th!r,, in mittleren Städten auf IM Thlr. und in größeren Städten auf ZOO Thlr. zu erhö he», mit 24 gegen 13 Stimmen von der Kammer an genommen. Stuttgart, 8. Jänuer. Das neueste Bulletin lautet.- „Se. Majestät der König habe» »ach ziemlich ruhig verlaufenen Tag heute Nacht öfter, aber nicht mit Er» quickuug geschlafen. Der Stand des Fiebers und der Brustaffcction ist befriedigend, die Kräste habeu sich jedoch noch nicht wieder gehoben." DarmstM, 1. Jäuner. Die hiesigen Anwälte haben sich in einer Vorstelluug an das Justizministerium ge wendet und dasselbe indirekt gebeten, den von ihm vor gelegten Entwurf einer neue» Civilprozeßordnung seinem Uhlanenregiments auf der Piazza d'Armi, am 9. Dez. uud Ungnade des Sultans, ein immerwährendes Opfer ches Gute schuf. Durch seine Bemühungen kam die Der Jubel der Soldaten, als sie den Vater Radetzkh iu der Intriguen bald dieser, bald jener Partei. Reschid Quadrupelallianz zu Staube uud auch die Besiegung seinem kleinen, sehr niedrigen und mit besonders großen Pascha mußte einem solchen Geschicke iu seinen: Pater- des Pascha von Eghpten. 1841 siel er wieder, ein Scheibe» versehenen Wagen sahen, war unbeschreiblich; laude um so mehr unterworfen seiu, als er einer der Opser der Serailiutrigueu, ward aber noch im selben sie hatten wohl keine Ahnung, daß sie denverehrten eifrigsten Reformfreunde, ja sogar das Haupt derselben Jahre als Gesandter uach Paris geschickt uud 1343 ^Feldherrn zum letzten Male begrüßten! war, somit also stets einer mächligeu Partei die Spitze zum Statthalter vou Adriauopel ernannt. Er begab sich Scheu drei Wochen später, am 36. Dez,, wurde zu bieten hatte, während seiue hohe Bildung, seiu jedoch bald wieder als Gesandter uach Paris, erhielt Radetzkh von einer Luugeucutzüuduug befallen, uud die Scharfsinn und der oftmalige Verkehr mit den civilisir- 1845 wieder daS Ministerium des Auswärtigen und Krankhett ließ bei dem hohen Alter des Patienten eine ten Höfen Europa's ihu doch wieder im Augenblicke der wurde sogar im Jahre darauf Großvezier uud Präsident Lähmung befürchten, welche auch, trotz aller Bemühuu- Gefahr uud Entscheidung zum Retter in der Noth ma- des großherrlichen Rathes. Im Jahre 1848 fiel er ge» der ärztlichen Kauft, eintrat. Radetzky verschied am ! cheu mußten. Im Jahre 1832, während des Krieges wieder, um aber noch in demselben Jahre Minister ohne ö. Jänuer 8 Uhr Morgens in der Villa Reale zu mit Egypteu, ging er inil eiuer diplomatischen Sendung Portefeuille uud später wieder Großvezier zu werde». Mailand, nach Kutahia an Ibrahim Pascha. 1837 wurde er Im Jahre 1852 erlebte er dieselben Schicksale, bis er Gra' Radetzly war seit 1797 mit der Gräfin Frau- ^ Minister des Auswärtigen. Hier fand er nuu ein rei- am 5. Aug. d. I. aus dem Ministerium schied. Er über- ziska Etraffoldo (1- 1854) vermalt. Von fünf Söhnen ! ches Feld für seine Resormbestrebuugeu, die freilich lei- nahm jedoch 1853, als die orientalische Verwicklung in uud drei Töchteru leben nur mehr Graf Theodor Ra> j der um harte Kämpfe und weuig Erfolg brachte». Der eiu eruflcs Stadium trat, wieder den Posten eines Mi- vetzkh, k. k. Generatmajor iu Pension, und Gräfin Frie- ^ Haudelstraktat von 1838, deu die Türkei mit England nisters des Auswärtigen, wo seiue seste und energische denke, verehiichte Gräfin Weukheim. ' (später auch Frankreich) abschloß, war seine Schöpfung. Frankreich. Paris, 7- Jänner. Gras Persignh ha! ?ord Cla- ! renron eine Note bezüglich der Neger - Einwanderung Z Übermacht. In diesem Aktenstücke wird Klage über die Vorgänge an der Westküste Afrika's geführt, und dcit-- ' selbe verlangt, die englische ^iegieruug möge sich dahin anssprechen, daß solche Ereignisse in Zukunft sich nicht wiederholen sollen. Anch haben derDampfaviso „Le >Ne- nandin" und eine Dampf-Korvette Befehl erhalten, die französische Schifssdivifio» au der Westküste Afrika'«« ! zu verstärke». Overst Faidherbe. der energische Gou- ^ verncur der französischen Besitzungen am Senegal, b.ir sich beim Mariue-Minister beklagt, daß man ihm nicht Wort halte und nicht alie Verstärkungen und alle Hilfs mittel schicke, die man ihm versprochen habe nnd deren er bedürfe. Er hat zugleich seine Entlassung angebo- ! ten. Der Kaiser hat sich geweigert, diese Entlassung an- j zunehmen, uud man gle.ubt nun, die Regierung werde Anweisung erhalten. dein Verlangen deß Herrn Faid- herbe nachzukommen. ! Das „Pahs" enthält deute eine halbamtliche Note ' worin es das vom „MornSug Advertiser" gebrachteGe- > rücht von der Wegnahnte eitles Schiffes des Hauses I RegiS von Marseille durch einen englischen Kreuzer wi derlegt. Ihm zusolge ist das erwähnte Schiff in Mar tiniane glücklich angekommen England. AmdSK, 6. Jänner. Die Partei der Reformfreunde hat einenAnfrns „An das Bo!k von Gi oßbritanuieu und Irland" e»lassen. Sie empfiehlt, jede abstrakte Rechts frage fallen zu lassen und auf folgenden Grundzügen i einer Parlamentöreform zn bestehen: 1. „Die Ausdehnung res Burgfleckru-StimmrechtS in England und Wales anf „alle volljährigen lind kei ner legalen Unfähigkeit unterworfenen Mannsperso nen", die als Eigenthümer oder Miether irgend eine Wohnstatt im Burgflecken haben, welche eine Armeu- stener zahlt, die Ausdehnung des GrafschafiS-Stimui' rechts in England uud Wales auf mindestens alle 10 Pfnnd St.-Miether; die so weit als möglich gehende Aehnlichmachung des schottischen und irischen Stimm- rechts mit dem in England uud Wales einzuführenden. 2. „ Befchiitzung des Stimmgebenden durch die Bal- lotage nach einem Plan ähnlich dem, welcher in den au stralischen Kolonien angenommen ist. 3. „Eine nene Verlheilnng der Parlamentssitze, die sich einer Gleichstellung der Wahlkörper so weit nähern soll, daß im vereinigten Königreich eine Mehrheit von Mitgliedern auf eine Mehrheit von Wählern käme. 4. „Abschaffung des Vennögensuachweifes für Mit- gUeder. 5. „Bernfnng eines neuen Parlaments alle drei Jahre." Vom Staatsschulden-Tilgnugs-Amle wird bekannt gemacht, daß der Ueberschnß der Staatseinnahmen über die Ausgaben sich am Schlnße desVerwallungs-JahreS (30. September 1857) ans 484,336 L. belief, und daß der vierte Theil dieser Summe, nämlich 121,083 L., zwischen dem 6. Jänner und 31. März d. I. auf die Tilgung der Staatsschnld verwendet werden wird. Wie der heutige „Globe" meldet, herrscht das voll ständigste gnte Einvernehmen zwischen Frankreich nnd England in Bezug auf die chinesische Frage. Dasselbe Blatt spricht die Ansicht aus, das Lord Slratford de Redcliffe wahrscheinlich wieder auf seinen Gesanvtschaslöposten zurückkehren werde. Der „Leviathan" ist gestern dem Wasser um unge fähr 10 Fuß näher gerückt. Die letzten Nachrichten aus Kalkutta vom 24. Nov. ließen die Lage der Engländer bei Lucknow nicht in be sonders günstigem Lichte erscheinen. Sir Coliu Campbell war nicht stark genug, um etwas Durchgrei fendes gegen jene Hauptstadt zu unternehmen, gab da her die Residentur auf nnd scheint eine Position in der Umgegend eingenommen zu haben, wo er aus weiteren Zuzug wartete. Vom 20. ab fehlten alle zuverlässige ren 'Nachrichten. Inzwischen hatte Oberst Windham, der sich bekanntlich früher vor Sebaslopol bei dem > Sturm auf den Redau auszeichnete uud im vorigen ! Sommer nach Indien ging, Kawnpore im Rücken des Hanptkorpö zu behauptet!. Dieses wurde von dem Kontingent von Gwalior bedroht, der am besten organi- sirten aufständischen Heeresabtheilung. Bekanntlich hatte der Semdia von Gwalior seine Truppen noch eine Zeitlaug von allen feindlichen Unternehmungen abzuhal ten gewußt; sie schwankten, ob sie sich nach Delhi oder lucknow wenden sollten, und diese Planlosigkeit kam den Engländer!! nicht wenig zu stalten, welche die kostbare Zeit unterdessen bestens denutzteu. Die indischen Mit- ^ theilmigeu haben mehrsach daraus hingewiesen, daß, wenn jenes Kontingent noch Anfang November Etwas ^ gegen Cawnpore unternommen hätte, Sir Colin Eamp- bell den Zug gegen Lucknow hätte aufgebe» müssen. Endlich um Mitte November erschienen indessen die' Gwalior Truppen dennoch in der Nähe von Eawnpore. Oberst Windham rückte ihnen entgegen, um ihnen eine Schlacht anzubieten; sie wichen aber damals aus. ' Mau schätzte sie auf 50W Mann, worunter Kavallerie und Artillerie. Nach der neuesten indischen Post hat sich schließlich das Gwalior-Kontingent doch zu einem offensiven Vor gehen ermannt, obwohl ersl am 27. 'November. Es scheint, daß Oberst Windham wiederum aus Eawupore entgegenrückte, doch hatte er sich diesmal iu Beziehung aus die Stärke oder die kriegerische» Eigenschaften des Feindes verrechnet. Sein Korps wurde geworsen und mußte retirireu, sast ein ganzes Regiment ging zu Grunde unv der Feind erbeutete das Zeltlager des 64., 82. u. 88. Regiments, ZOOO Zelte all der Zahl, welche die Rebellen sämmllich verbrannten. Es war dies die erste Schlappe, welche die Engländer in diesem Kampfe im offenen Felde erlitten, wo fie bisher den überlegen sten feindlichen Streilträften sich stets gewachsen zeigten. Der moraltsche Eindruck ist deßhalb nicht zu unterfchät- zen. Sir Coliu Eampbell sah sich genöthigt, die Stel lung beiLuckuow aufzugeben und sich gegen diesen neuen Feind zu wenden. Bemerkenswerth ist, daß er erst 10 Tage nach Lein ersten unglücklichen Gefechte (am 7. Dez.) bei Eawupore auf das Gwalior-Kontingent stieß. Er schlug dasselbe aus'S Haupt, die Rebellen verloren ^ 16 Kanonen, 26 Wagen verschiedener Art, eine unge heuere Masse Munition, Vorräthe, Korn, Ochsen nnd sämmtliches Gebäck. Der britische Verlust War unbe deutend, indem nur Ein Offizier, Lieutenant Salmon, gelvdtet wurde. (Nach neuerer Nachricht auch Brigadier Wilfon.) Die „Times" schätzt die Starte des Gwalior« Kontingentes nicht blos ans öOOO, sondern aus 8000 ^ Manu, deuen General Windham mir drei Regimenter habe entgegenstellen können. „Die Vernichtung dieses Truppeukörpers, sährt sie fort, welcher das Haupthinder niß der Ruhe in Central-Asien war, ist jedenfalls einglück- lichesEreigniß.SeinVorhandenfein als bewaffneteStreit- macht, die mit Kanonen unv Munition versehen War ^ und eine treffliche Militär-Organisation besaß, konnte die Sipoys von Oude leicht in Versuchung führen, ihr ! Glück im Südwesten zu versuchen. Wir hoffen, daß j Sir Coliu Campbell jetzt im Stande fein wird, Oude ' seine ungetheilte Aufmerksamkeit zuzuwenden, und daß hinlänglich zahlreiche Verstärkungen in den oberen Pro vinzen eintreffen werden, um ihm ein rasches und ent scheidendes Handeln gegen den Feind möglich zu ma chen. Die Verzögerung in der Beförderung von Trup pen ans Kalkutta ist jetzt das einzige Hinderniß, wel ches der sofortigen Paciftkation des Landes im Wege steht. Der Kriegsschauplatz ist vollständig von dem übrigen Indien abgeschnitten, und wir hoffen, daß jetzt, wo das Kontingent von Gwalior Kanonen und Gepäck verloren hat, im Rücken des britischen Heeres nichts zu befürchten steht. Allein es ist sehr wohl möglich, daß es dem Oberbefehlshaber in Folge der mangelhaf ten Transportmittel noch mehre Wochen lang nicht ge lingen wird, den entscheidenden Schlag zu führen. Im Ganze» enthält die letzte indische Post Nichts weiter, als was sich erwarten ließ. Das Loos des Krieges brachte eS mit sich, daß General Widham's kleine Schaar bei dem ersten Zusammentreffen mit den Män nern von Gwalior zurückgedrängt und ein britisches Regiment aufgerieben wurde. Allein die Schnellig keit , mit welcher Sir Colin Campbell die Niederlage rächte, zeigt, wie die Engländer stark gering sind, ihre Position selbst inmitten einer aufständischen Provinz uud 700 Meilen weit von ihrer Operatioasbasts zu behaupten. Alle Franen, Kinder, Kranke u. s. w. aus Lucknow find glücklich in Allahabar. eingetroffen, wo sie vollstän dig in Sicherheit sind. General Havelock hat seineu Ruhm nicht lange überlebt; er starb am 25. November an der Ruhr, welche er sich durch Strapazen und geistige Anfregung zugezogen hatte. England wird den Verlust des rit terlichen Helden nicht allein betrauern, sein Name ist nicht blos in seinem Vaterlande populär geworden, keiner von den Generalen Englands, die sich in der Krim ausgezeichnet haben, in Indien auf dem Felde der Ehre gegen die Empörung gefallen sind, ist wie Havelock von jener allgemeinen Sympathie verherrlicht worden, welche immer nur das Anrecht auserwählter Erscheinungen ist. Als die indische Herrschaft Groß britanniens in Trümmern zufammeuzufallen schien, tauchte der unbekannte General Havelock gleich einer aus Erz gegossenen Gestalt aus, und mit Respekt sah man ihn von der Rebellion zu seinen Füßen unbe- ! rührt sich gewaltig und doch liebenswürdig durch die Thaten, die für bedrängte Frauen, Kinder und Ver wundete zn vollführen ihm vorbehalten war, sich erhe ben. Der Bayard der britischen Armee in Indien, über lebte er den Entsatz Lncknow's nur um ein Paar Tage. Am 19. November wurden die Weiber und Kinder aus der Residenz fortgeschafft nnd sechs Tage später war er eiue Leiche. Er lebte nicht lange genug, um zu hören, welch' hohen Werth sein Vaterland seinen Thaten bei legte, oder nm die ihm von der Krone verliehenen Ehren zu empfangen. Inzwischen meldet ein neues ergänzendes Tele gramm, daß die Engländer Lucknow verlassen, d. h. in den Händen der Rebellen gelassen haben, was „He rald" schon am 5. d. M. angezeigt und der „Globe" insoweit berichtigt hatte: es sei nicht uuwahrscheinlich, daß Sir Coliu Campbell die Truppen aus der Residen- tnr voll Lncknow nach einer offenen Position iu der Nähe der Stadt entsernt habe. Freilich erklärte schon eine Depesche Sir Colin Campbell's vom 20. Nov., daß er die Absicht habe, ohne sich auf ferneres Blut vergießen einzulassen, seine ganze Truppenmacht in einer Stellung außerhalb der Stadt zusammenzuziehen. Der trübe und düstere Eindruck dieser letzten Ueber- landSpost in England ist unverkennbar. Spanien. Cadi)> 27. Dezember. Am 26. Niederlande. Haag, ä. Jäuner. Der König hat den früheren Kriegsminister, General Forstner, zum Genera!-Adju- tariten ernannt. Obschon der französische „Moniteur" den unter dem 14. Dezember zwischen Frankreich und Holland abge schlossenen Vertrag bereits verkünvigt Hai, nach welchem mit dem 1. Jänner 1858 die Zölle ans französische Sei denwaaren !c. ermäßigt werden sollen, so ist dies Tei lens des dießfeitigeu amtlichen Blattes noch nicht ge schehen, auch kann jener Vertrag hier zu Lande nicht eher in Kraft treten, als bis er von beiden Kammern gutgeheißen worden ist. Rußland. Petersburg, 31. Dez. Das gestrige Fest unseres GouvernementS-Adels soll außerordentlich glänzend ge wesen sein, und Niemand hat dort etwas von der Han delskrisis gemerkt, die noch immer ihre Opfer fordert. Fast jeden Tag hört man von Zahlungseinstellungen, und docb sind in den letzten Wochen über acht Millionen Silber-Rubel ans die Eisenbahn-Unternehmungen ein gezahlt worden. Der ehemalige General-Gouverneur vouOreuburg, Graf Perowski, Bruder des ehemaligen Ministers, iit in der Krim gestorben. (N. Pr. Ztg.) Griechenland. Ans Athen, L1. Dez., wird gemeldet, daß der König und die Königin nach Chalcis gereist sind und der Ein weihung der Brücke, welche die Insel Euböa mil dem Festlande verbindet, beizuwohnen gedenken. Amerika. Panama, 12. Dez. Die Unterhandlungen zwischen den vereinigten Staaten und der Republik Neu-Gra- nada, hinsichtlich der politischen Verwaltung des Isth musstaats Panama, sind so gut wie euigeschlafcn, Letzte rer bleibt dem Namen nach ein Glied der Nepublil, ist in der That aber ein kleiner selbststaudiger Ätaat von Negern und Mischlingen geworden, die ihren Statthal ter selbst wähle», und sich um die von Santa fe de Bo gota ausgehenden Beschlüsse so gut wie nichts kümmern. vermischte Nachrichten. * Ktagenslirt. Bei der Abendversammlung im „Na turhistorischen Mnsenm" morgen Freitag, den 18. d.M., wird der Herr Nealschul-Direktor Paher einen Vortrag halten „Ueber das Sehen mit beiden Augen und über die darauf sich gründenden Erscheinungen beim Stereoskope." * Vorgestern Abends 8 Uhr ist in der zweite« Keu sche des vlg. Moschenbaucr in der Gemeinde Ponfeld Bez. Klogenfurt Feuer ausgebrochen, während in der ersten Keusche sür den eben verstorbenen Besitzer die Nachtwachen abgehalten wnrden. In derselben befand sich ein Kind, welches, da die Keusche versperrt war, sicher ein Raub der Flammen geWorten wäre, wenn nicht die Gesahr des Kindes durch zwei ebenfalls zum Nachtwache» kommende Nachbareu rechtzeitig bemerkt worden wäre. Die Kensche ist übrigens sammt den besten Habseligkeilen, Getreide :c. :c. ganz niederge brannt und konnte eine daneben liegende Keusche nur dadurch gerettet werden, daß man sie sogleich mit Schnee bedeckte. * In Noslgg wurden abermals zwei heftige Erder- schütterungen in Schwingungen von Nordost nach Süd west walrgenommen; die erste am 8. d. M. um Uhr, di>. zweite um V«tO Uhr. *) ?ie erste Erschütte rung war von einem starken, dumpfen Knalle begleitet ^ die Schwingungen der zweiten waren heftiger und von längerer Dauer. Schon früher waren in der Nacht vom 28. auf ren 29. v. M. zwei Erdstöße, nnd zwar der erste nm -^12 Uhr, der zweite um Uhr verspürt worden. * Die bei dem k. k. niederösterr. Slatthalterei- Präsidium für die in der Stadt und BunoeSsestuug Mainz durch viePnlverkxplosion Verunglückten erlegten Beträge betrugen am 1. d. M. 69.077 fl. kr., 1V Thlr. Prenß. Kour., 4fl. Baierisch, 1 Fünssranken- stück, 12 Dukaten, 3 Zwanzigfrankenstücke nnd 50 fl. Nationalanlehen mit Konpons. * Unter den Personen, welche wegen ihrer Thätig keit bei der Pulver-Explosion zu Mainz mit hessischen *) Es wird in dem uns vorliegenden Berichte nicht ange geben, ob Früh oder Abends. D. R. Orden beehrt worden sink-, befindet sich auch die Schwe ster Adolphe, Oberin der barmherzigen Schwestern in Mainz. 5 Ein mysteriöses Ereigniß, schreibt man der „Deutschen Allgemeinen Zeitung" aus Altenburg, hält unser Publikum in Spannung. Vor einigen Tagen kam in eines der ersten Gasthäuser hier eine junge, schöne und blühende Dame, die ihre Kleidung und ihrem Be nehmen nach den höhern Ständen angehörte, trank Thee, lehnte die Einzetchnnng in's Fremdenbuch wegen Mü digkeit bis Früh ab uuo wurde des andern Morgens todt im Bette gefunden. Die sorgfältigste» Untersuchun gen, selbst Sektion und chemische Prüfungen, die Ursa che des Todes zu ermitteln, der der Lage des Körpers uud der Beschaffenheit des Lagers nack ohne Schmerz und Bewegung erfolgt sein muß, haben nicht zum Ziele geführt. Ebenso erfolglos sind auch die Recherche» über Namen, Wohnort u »v Herkunft der Dame geblieben, da sie ohne Legitimation war nnd auch das Gepäck und die Kleider keinerlei Auskunft boten. ^ Wie der „Landbote" mittheilt, wäre am 3ten AbendS in der Franenhoferstraße in München einem Mädchen von einen unbekannten Manne das Haar ab geschnitten worden. Nach Aussage der Beschädigten war dieselbe im ersten Augenblick ebne Bewußtsein uud fühlte nichts von dem ihr angethanen Unfug; erst als der Frevler sie zufällig aus ten Fuß trat, kam sie zur Besinnung. * Ein Diebstahl vermittelst Wagen und Bespan nung ist vor einigen Nachten in Berlin begangen wor den. Die Diebe haben in der Fischerstraße ein ganzes .Kleider- und Mäntelmagazin ausgeräumt und, wie die Anschlagzettel besagen, ans einem Wagen fortgefahren. ^ !)n Athen starb Ence Dez. ein sehr wohlhaben der luwerheiratheter Grieche, Namens BitsaS, im Al ter von 55 Jahren, aus Metzowo gebürtig,-der sein ganzes ans 14.000 Dukaten bestehendes Vermögen der Regierung zu gemeinnützigen Zwecken vermachte. Er ! überläßt eö dem Gouvernement, die Verwendung di?> ! ses Vermächtnisses zu bestimmen. Handel. Nerkelir. Mdnstrie ». s. m. * Laut Kundmachung der Wiener Nationalbank wurde die Dividende sür das It. Semester 1857 mit süufuntdreißig Gulren Bank-Valuta für jede Baut» ! Aktie bemessen. > * Zux Vornahme des Zollverfahrens in Betreff des ! Verkehres auf den die Zollinie berührenden österr. I Eisenbahnen, zu welchen die Hauptzollämter l. Klasse ! in Wien, Prag, Brünn, Olmüz, Krakau, Pest, Graz und Laibach berufen sind, wurde auch dasHanptzollamt !. Klasse in Tropp.iu ermächtigt. * Ndiltk, 7. Jänner. j Kunst, Wissenschaft, Literatur. ! * Bildhauer Fernkorn bat in der verflossenen Woche einige - Güsse freistehender Theile des Erzherzog Karl Monumentes vor genommen, was wir besonders deßwegen melden, weil es ein ! Zeugniß von der wiederhergestellten Gesundheit des tüchtigen ! Bildhauers gibt. i * Am K. Jänner fand in der komischen Oper zu Paris die ^ erste Wiederaufführung der Auber'scheu Oper „Fra Diavolo" mit großem Beifalle Statt. ^ In Lüttich kommt nächstens eine einaktige komische Oper: „Qe fou äu roi", nach einer Anekdote aus der Zeit des eilften französischen Ludwig, zur Aufführung. Text und Musik sind von einem Lüttich er versaßt. Nekrologie. ^ -s- Nach einem csanz kürzen Krankenlager verschied am 6. i d. M. in Heidelberg der, trotz seines hohen Alters noch immer ! sehr rüstige Buchhändler Christian Friedrich Winter, Vater. , Früher bekleidete er die Würde des zweiten uud darauf des ersten Bürgermeisters der Stadt Heidelberg. Anch war der selbe zu wiederholten Malen von seineu Mitbürgern als Ab geordneter der Stadt Heidelberg in die zweite Kammer der Stände gewählt worden. f Einer der ältesten Prager Aerzte, der k. k. pens. Polizei- Bezirksarzt, Dr. Jgnaz Grosch l ist den 3. d. M. gestorben. Telegramme. Genua, 10. Jänner. Die hiesige Bank bat ihren DiSkouto auf 6°/g herabgesetzt. London, 1l. Jänner. Der fällige Dampfer aus New-Iork ist mit 77.000 Dollars Coutauten eiugetrof-- fen und überbrachte Nachrichten bis znm 28. Dezember. Börse gedrückt. Wechsel auf London 109. Walker hat sich ergeben und wurde nach Washington gebracht. Aus China sind Nachrichten eingetroffen, denen Verantwortlicher Redakteur Julius Seeliger. — Verleger Ferdinand v, zufolge Vorbereitungen zu einem Äugriffe auf Kanton gemacht werden. Mau glaubt, daß Lord Re^cliffe abermals nach Konstantinopel zurückkehren werde. Madrid, 11. Jänner. Oie Thronrere der Königin bei Eröffnung der Cortes erwähnt der freundschaftli chen Beziehungen, in welchen Spanien zu den auswär tigen Mächten mit Ansuahme von Mexico steht, wel- ches den gerechten Forderungen Spaniens zu entspre chen verweigert; die Königin habe die gemeinschaftliche ! Vermittlung Englands und Frankreichs angenommen, ! die Ehre Spaniens werde aber jedenfalls gewahrt wer den. Den Cortes werden Gesetzentwürfe über die Ne- i geluug der Verhältnisse des Klerus, über die Abaade- ^ rnng des Preß- nnd des Wahlgesetzes, serner ein Vor- ! schlag zur Desamortisation der Staatsgüter, der Gü ter der Gemeinden und Wohlthätigkeitsjustititte vorge- j legt werden. Telegramme der „Presse". Paris, l l. Jänner. Djemil-Bey, der hiesige tür« ' kische Gesandte uud SohnReschid'S, begiebt sich i» Fa- ! milien-Angelegenheiten uach Koustautiuopel. Das di plomatische Korps, mit dem Nuutins an der Spitze, hat ^ Djemil-Bey heute einen Beileidsbesuch abgestattet. ! Agab - Esfendi, der türkische Generalkonsul, wird in Abwesenheit Djemil-Beys die Gesandtschafls - Ge- ! schäfte besorgen. < Frankreich hat dem Kabiuete von Saint-JameS er- ! öffnet, es werde de» zwischen beire» Höfeu bestehenden j Vertrag wegen des Durchsuchungsrechtes, ver dem nächst abläuft, nicht mehr erneuern. Konslantinopct, 11. Jänner. Die durch den Tod Refchid Pascha's herbeigeführte Krise ist beendigt. ^ Aali Pascha ist znm Großvezier, Fuad Pascha zum. Amtsblatt zur Magmsurter ZeituW. Ii) Donnerstag dlu 14 Jänner 1858. Nr. 40/Pras. (2) Kundmachu » g. ss?0z Bei der am 2. d. M. vorgenommen,!» Verloosung der älteren Staatsschuld ist die Serie Nr. 54 gezogen worden. Diese Serie enthält Banko - Obligationen zu S"/„, und zwar: Nr. 43,617 bis inclusive 45064, dann die nachträglich in die Verloosung eingereihte obverenn- sisch-stäud. Domestikal-Obligation zu 4^!„ Nr. 2493, im gesammten Kapitalsbetrage von 1,004.0SS fl. und im Zinsenbetrage nach dem herabgesetzten Fusse von 25,052 fl. 19^ lr. Diese Obligationen werde» nach den Bestimmungen deS Allerhöchsten Patentes vom 21. März ISIS gegen neue zu dem ursprünglichen Zinsfusse in Conv.-Münze verzinsliche StaatSschuldverschreibungen umgewechselt werden. Dieß wird i^i Folge hohen Finanz-Ministeria! - Erlasses vom 4 Jänner d. I., Z. 62, zur allgemeii-eil Kenntniß gebracht Vom Präsidium der k. k. Landesregierung zu Ä!a genfurt, am II. Ja ner 1858- Nr. 2S38/Pr71857. (2) ,57^ , Zu besetzen ist eine definitive Finanz - Bezirii^om- missärsstelle im Bereiche der k. k. steier.«illir. - küsteni. Finanz-LandeSdirettisn mit dem Gehalte jähil. gi»0 fl, eventuell 800 fl. Bewerber habe« ihre Gesuche unter Nachmessung der allgemeinen Erfordernisse, der zurückgeiegreli j ri- disch-politischen Studien und der Ge?äUS Obergerich-.S- prüfung, der bisherigen dienstlichen Verwendung, d^n» d«r Sprachkenntnisse, mit bestii^mter Abgabe, ob und in welchem Masse sie der italienischen oder einer slavi schen Sprache mächtig sind, und unter Angabe, ob und i» welchem Grade sie mit Finanz -Beamten der gedach ten Finanz - Landesdireklon ode? ihrer Unteidehördeu verwandt oder verschwägert sind, im Wege ihr,r vor gesetzten Behörde bis >0, Februar 1858 bei deinPia- sidiuin der k. k. Finanz-Landesdir-ektion >n Gratz e>nzu- dringen. Gr tz, am I Janner >858. Nr. 75 (2) K u » d ni a ch n n u. I5S1 Von der k, k. Finanj - BeziriS - Direktion wu d zur allgenieinen Kenntn-fi gebrach-, daß zur lliiterbnna'ii-a der k. k Fi»anzwach-Mann''chatt der Abtheilung Kla- genfiirt V0!II l. Juni >858 angefangen, eine Uutii- kuuft mit allen iKrfordernissen einer Wohnvng ge wünjcht wird. Jene HauSeigenihülii.r, w-'.che eine» ManiischaftS- stand van wenigstens sechzehn Individuen in lhiem Hause angemessen bequaniren zu könne« vermeinen, weide» eingeladen, diese Bestandthei-I schriftlich zu offerire» und die einzelnen Lvk^'l«rätei>, den JahreSjinS lind die son stigen Bedingungen bin e» I-t Tage» nach der dritten ZeilNNgSeilischeUiNlig ulk Bei'ilmmiheir .»njugebr». k. Finanz-Bezirk«.-Direktion. Klagenfurc, am 5. Janne! 1858. Xä Str 53,351-1 >74 V ex >857. - l) 1^801 Wiederholte öifenrlich e A u s s ch r e i b u n g z u m Verkaufe deö äraria ! en Schwefel- und KohlenwerkeS zu Radoboj im WaraSdiner Kreise des l. t. KronlandeS Kroatien. Von, k. k. österreichischen Finanz',nuisterimn wird hiemir wiederholt be annt gemacht, daß d.,S ärarische Schwefel- und Kohienwerk Radoboj in Croaiien> süMint Zug-Her im Wege der öffentlich,» Versteigerung kauf- l!ch an die Privat Industrie überlasse» wild. DiefeS Schwefel- und Kohlenweri liegt an der nordwestliche! Grenze des WaraSdiner Kreises deS Kron landes Croatien zwischen Krapina und Warasdm ii: einjinndig^r Entfernung vom ersteren Orte und beiläufig 5 Meilen von der südlichen StaatScisenbahn entfernt. Der WerkSkompl«x besteht: s) in sechs Giuieniiiaßen nnd v'ei Freischürfen auf zwei Schwefcl-FIötze; d) in fünf Fr-nchürfe» atif 4 mehr oder weniger bauwürdige Flötze reiner Kohle in geringer Entfernung vom Schweselhüttengedäude. Auf beide Mineralien w rd mittelst mehre» «n Tag« einbauen ein geregelter Bergbau iin größeien Umfang« beuiel'en, so ivie die Schwefelhütee jlch ini steten Gange befindet. In Jnventarial - Voi rathen, nämlich Grund stücke», Manipularions, Wohn- und Wirthschaftssse- dauden, DestualionS- ui.d Subiimir-Oefea, Maschine rien und sonstige WerrseimichllUigett, im Gesammt- werthe von circa 25 000 fl. Nähere Auskünfte üb«r diese BerkaufS-Orjekre tön- ' »en sammt den LizilatienSbediagli-sse«, sowohl in Ra doboj selbst, >vo die r k W-iksverwallung beauftragt ist, allen sich ?orr me^ende» Kanflnstigen bei Beuchn- gung dieser Obsette und bei Einsichtnahme in di« Ral len und Rechnungen beieitwillig an die Hand zu gehen, als auch bei der k. r. Berg- und Foi stdirektion in Gr^tz, endlich auch dein! k. Finanzministerium jeder- z«!i eingeholt werdeii. ^ Die mündliche Versteigerung der obige» VnkausS- Ob> tce wiid beim k. Fznanzmiinst-rium in Wien am ^3. März >858, Mittags l2 Uhr stattfinde», bis zu weichem Zeitpanire auch schriftliche Offerte daselbst angenommen werden.. Dieselben sollen in das Präsi- dial Buieau deS k b. ZinauzministeriumS in Wien, ver> siegelt, unrer der Atisschrist: Ofker re für Radoboi abgegeben weeden und iin Wesentlichen Nachstehendes eurhaite«: 1. Die Bezeichnung des auSgebotencn Objektes, übeieiiistiminend Mit der vorliegenden Kundmachung und mir genauer Berufung auf den oben angegtb-neii Vei steige» ungStermin, 2. Die Bezeichnung des angebotenen Kaufschillings ui emei einzigen, mit Zissern und Buchstaben ausge- drüctren Summe in Conventions-Münze Zivanziggul- denfussc. s. Die Erttaeung oes Ossnenre», daß er sich den zu diesem Zwecke bekannt gegebenen LizirarionSbeding- nisseo, welche de» den IM nächsten Punkte bezeichnete» iwei essentlichen Kasse» in-eiirgeirliP zu habe» sind nnd von denen »in mie jeiiur Uebeischrift versehene» Exempl,r dem Olferre beiiiegeu muß, vollkommen und niibedingr u»terweite und fl.^ oeipluchr, den Kausver »rag mit dein Monraii - Aerar auf Gi undlage dieser Bedingnlsle sofort abzuschließen, isbaid er als Bestbie- tl?er ^lieilannt wird. 4. Hm zehnpioz-ntiges Radium vom Gesainmlaus- rus?pre>!e PI. töy 00l> st. mir Zehntausend Gulden C. M. entweder in Ba.ireni oder in öffentlichen auf <Z>. M. und den Neon bringet' lautenoe» haflUNgSsreie» StaatSp^piele» nacy dem KurSwerthe des ErlagStage», wobei ».doch die Gtaarsschuldvtrschreibungn, ant den uiit^ouriie verbunoencn Äniehen nichc über deren Nenn> iverty aiigenointti, ii werden, oder endlich imt dem Er- lagi-schnue d.t t. k Berg- und FvrstvirektionS - Kasse in Gratz, oder d. r k. k. Bergwerk»»Protuklen-Ver- schieipdir.rtiau m Wien über den dei einer derselbe» ftattgrtund.!»« >Lrlag des «den bezeichneten VadiumS. ». ^-i. iliitlif,riigüNji Iliic den, deutlich geschriebn .-en T >n! und Familien Namen, dann Wohnort und ^Y-!>atkr deS O/ferenten. t>. Die Eriiaiung deö Offcrenren, daß ci.seS Offert kni ihn schon vom Tage d r Ueberreichung an, volle ÄZ.rdiudil^kut ha-.e, un? daß er sich des Rücktritts- BesNjjNisseS ulid de-. »m K. 862 des l. G B. ge setzten L.e!'iii,ne begebe. 7 Wenn m.krere AnborsteUcr gemeinschaftlich ein Offeic auSst^iie», so habe» sie in dem Oss>rie beizu >-tzeii, daß sie sich als Äiitschuidiier zur ungetyellie» Hund, nämlich Einer sm Alle und Alle für v^inen, d.iii Ä-rar zur Erfüllung der KaufSbed^ngungen verbinden. Zudem müssen dieselben in dem Offerte jenen Mit- cfferenten namhaft machen, an welche» alle >mf dieses Kaufgeschäft bezüglichen Mlltheilungen und Zustellun gen mit der Wirkung sollen geschehen, alS wäre jeder Lei Miioffe>ettle,i besonders verständiger ivorden. Schriftliche Offeete, welche den oben gestellten we sentlichen Anforderungen nicht vollständig un? genau entsptechen, haben überhaupt keinen Anspruch auf Be rücksichtigung, dasselve gilt auch von allen schriftlichen und mündlichen Offeienteu, über deren personlich« Be fähigung zum Bergbaubesitze auf Grund des §. 7 des allgemeinen österr. Berggesetzes ein Zweifel vorwaltet. Mit dem eiklärt-n Bestbiether wild der Kauf- und Verkaufverliag u»ter Ruckbehilt des eingelegten Va- diums unter Vorbehalt der Allerhöchsten Genehmigung Sr. k. k. Apostolischen Majestät abgeschlossen, dagegen allen übrigen Offerenten ihre Vadien sogleich zurück gestellt. Der für die Eingangs berührten VerkaufS-Objekte eniiirreile G-saniint- Schätzungswerth von 100,000 st. (Ein Hundert Tausend Gulden) Conv.-Münze wild bei der mündlichen Lizitation als AuSrnt»pr«is ouge» nomttie» weisen. Wien, am 4. Jaxner 1856 235i» C'v. Edikt. i.55Z Vom k. k. idezirkSanit« !>»iesach als Gericht ,v»d dekannr gemacht, daß zur Anmeldung der Pasive» »ach dem am 4. Oktober d. I. als Reaiitär-nl'esitz-r zu Gaudi iH verstoi benen Ioles Sabitzer der S. Februa: 1858 »LormittagS S Uhr bestimmt sei, an oder bis zu we'.chem Tage daher die Ansprüche gegen den Ver laß be> <!>'.Meldung der im § 814 b. G. B. ausge drückte» Folgen hii'.amrs anzubringen sind. Aciesach, am 28^ Dezeindei 1857 ' Z. 2292 (3) C d i r c. k53l Von den, k- k Bezirrsamte St. Paul als Gericht wird bekannt gemacht i Zur Einbringung kineS JordernngSresteS pr. »8 fl. LM, sammt Anhang wurde die neneiliche erekurive Feilbiethung de^ sud l/rt). Nr. 18 i n Grundbuch« deS Marktes Unterdeanbur-,! vorkommende, auf >81)0 fl. CM gerichtlich bewerthete Schloßerbehausi-ng zu Unterdrau- bürg beivilligc nnd hiezu die TaMtzni'gen auf den ! - 80. Jänner»-'-' ! 27. Februar ilnd s 27. März >858 ! jedeSma! Vormittags 10 Uhr vor diesem Gerichte mit dem Beisatze angeordnet, ?asi erst bei der 3. Feilbie- thung Anböthe unter dem Schätzwerts angcnoinme» ! werde». ^ Vadiuin >80 fl. CM., die sonstigen i'edingnisse, ! das Grundbuch und die Schätzung sind täglich hier i einzusehen. ' St. Paul, am 2S. Dezember >857. ° Nr. >2/Civ. (!) Edikt jMZ ^ -V>om k. l. Be^irksanrre Feldkirchen alS Gericht wird zui allgemein-« Kenntiiiß gekracht, daß daS hohe k. k. räl'lic i/andesgeiicht Mit Beschluß vom >5 Dezember >857, Zahl K98I, de» Josef Staudacher, einen Sohn des verstord.'neu Martin Staudacher, gewesenen Besitzers dei Mosserhude zu Buchscheidi», wege» Blödsinn unter Kuratel zu setzen befunden und dieses Bezirksgericht den. achias Spieß als dessen Kurator ausgestellt hat. Feldküchen,. am/2, Jänner I8S8, Nr. 4061 Civ (>)' -Edikt, I.79Z Von dem k. k. Bezirksamts F.-i kirchen nlS Gericht wird die in der ExekulionSsache des Her n Jose'Schurz wider Heil» Franz Serafin Rasalr, pcr, 3000 fl. C. M. r!. «. c., und zwar, bezüglich der Montan-Reali- täten m Fvlge hoher obei iandesgerichtlicher Delegations- Ve o.^nung vom 22. September >857, Z. 6774, be willigte Feilbiechung ».ichbezeichneter Realitäten, als: -->) des Zranz Rafalt'sch>n Ha!l>nier>verkes Himmelberg ll, Thalmanschmiede genannt, im Schätzwert!)« von 30Ü3 fl. 40 ti , nebst den kunstu« insti uolus pr. zungsprotokolle und die Tabul'«r-Erkrakte Hieramts ein« fieseren werden. Felblirchen, am 4. November 1857 Anmerkuug. Bei i'er eiste» und zweiten Feilbierung» Tagsatzung ist kein Li^lkanl erschienen, ul.d e; ivird i'!e dritte Feilbieilinq am 9 Feb^. 1^58 Vormittgas um 10 Uhr Inen der ' Thalman - Realirar zu Hinrmelberg vorge- nonitticn werden. Nr. 6470. : (l) E d i r t c?6^ Vom k. k LezirksalNte Villach alS G. richt wer den in der Zrekuti.onösache der Anna Marchs' wider Jakob Moser wegen 297 fl.. 48 kr. ^ z -r Vornahme der Versteigerung der Raurerhube Haus ^ Nr. 3 !» Buchholz, im Schaßungswenye von 1999 fl. 12 kr,, zu welcher'nebst den Wahn - und Wirthschaftsgebäuden k Joch S7S HZ Klaftei'Aecker, 12 Joch lSatt j^Z Klafte. Wiejen, 2ISHZ Klafter Garten, 2V Joch »264 Klaft Weite», 2 Joch 41 Klafter Weckseläcker, z Joch I4S6^ Klafter Waldungen und bedeutende Antheile an Alpe», u. s w. gehör. -I, dann zur Versteigerung vou Ochsen, Kühen, Kalben, Schweinen, Schufen, WirlhschaftSgermhen u. s iv,, im Gesamm?werthe von 2Z9 fl, 85 kr., die Tagsatzungen auf den IZ. Februar I6:'>6 „ lü. März „ ' - ^ », 13. e'pli' A im Orte Buchhölz Hriis-Nr. 3, und zwar die Verstei gerung der Realität Vormittag von !0 bis 12 Uhr und die Versteigerung der Fährnisse Nachmittag von 2 bis 4 Uhr mit dem Beisatz? angeordnet, daß die Reaiiräc und die Fährnisse erst bei der dritten Tag satzung unter dem Schätzungswerts verkauft werde,, und daß die Bedinginsse, der GrundbuchsauSzug u„i> das Schätzungsprotokolt in den gewöhnlichen Aun-'stun, den dieramts eingesehen Werden können. Villach, am 2Z, Dezernbee >857. Nr. 6471. (l) - - Edikt, 1^77^ Vom s. k. Bezirksamt» Villach als Gericht wird zur Relicitarion der SchuKerkeusche ,Nr 22 , in U- d.r.ach, im Schatzun^siverrhe von 385 fl-, die TaglaHuiiq ,, aus den 30, Jänner 1858 Vormittags I I Uhr in der AmtSkanzlei 'dieses Gerich. les mr dem Beisatz-' angeordnet, daß die Re^liut auch unter,dem SchatzungSwerth« verkauft wird und baß die Bedingnisse und da< Schayung§protokoll in den gewöhnliche Amtsstunden eingesehen werden können. Villach, am 23, Dezember I8S7, IßsteÄigesszbwtt zur Älageufurter Zeitung. (2) l,68^l Einladung an die geehrt Mitglieder des kärnt nerischen Geschicht-Vel eines zu de» Genew!-Vt'rsammttmg, wel che am 27. Imme!' 1.^38. Nuchttiit- tag um 4 Uhr, im Lokale des Ver eines (LtüZdhiUls, 2. Stock des süd lichen Fiikgels) Statt haben wird. Vor! ausi g bestimmte Pi vgranunö- Geqeiistände sind: t. Vortra»! deS Jahres - Berichtes für IM; 2. Ernt'inzitiia von Ehren - Mitglie dern deS Vereines. Von der Direktion des kärntneri schen Geschicht -Vereincs. ^Klagenfmt, am 12. Jänner 18W. Verpachtung vo» Aeckcrn und Wiesen. Der unterzeichnete dermalige Be sitzer des Gutes Hallegg beabsichtiget die Aecker, Wiesen und Weiden der Herrschaftlichen Meierei zu verpach ten, und ersucht Pachtlastige, welche entweder einzelne Parzellen, oder auch die ganze Meierei zu pachten wün schen, sich wegen Besichtigung der Objekte und wegen Kenntnißnahme der Pachtbedingnisse an den im herr- schastlichenSchlosse wohnenden Meier und Schloßaufseher Mathias Hopf- gartner zu wenden, welcher die ge wünschten Auskünfte ertheilen wild. Noch wird bemerkt, daß die Wie sen mit einer entsprechenden Anzahl von Heuschupfen werden versehen wer den, wozu bereits die Einleitung ge troffen ist. Villach, am t0. Jänner 18ö8. Franz Reichsritter v. Iacomiui. Schinken. In der Delicatesseu - Handlung nächst der Stem-Allee sind frische P r a g e r Schi n ken im Großen lind K/einen zu haben. V. Seeleithner. Anempfehlung. Der ergebenst Unterzeichnete sitzt seine vo» der dvhen LandeSstelle beivilligre Privat - Agentie niit An fa».q dieses JahieS in Thätigkeit, und hofft durch sei- «en unei müdere» C'iier und tie berUrs eiworbenei, Lokal Verhältnisse das Zubiingen der" Dienstboten nach deren gehörigen Verwendung zu besorgen. Zerner? schreibt er Briefe, Gesuche und Aufkündigungen, übe,, nimmt Ausnäge voü Quartieren und Veisaham^skoin- nulilvnen »c. Briefe werde» nur portofrei angenonMen. Wohni in der Bölkenuarktervorkadr Nr. 22 in ! Klageiiinrr. Es biktet utn gütige ?lu^rä^ Johann H 182^ l e r Agent. Verzeichniß ^ der wohlthätigen Neujahrs - Gratulanteu zum Besten der Armen der Stadt St. Veit, pr«) 1858. Hr Zlugust Freiherr v. Aichelvurg. - Johann Haller, Ledzeller, sanünt Familie. -- Josef PretittKer, Kupferfchmid, .sammt Familie. - Kai! Werzer, k, k. LandetgerichtSrali) und Bezirks Voniehu, samnn Frau. - ^ohauu Tvost» Handelsmann, i»«nmt Zawiiie. und Dieniipe-soual. Frau /lioisla Moro, DoktlnSwiuve, sammt Fami >e. Hr. Aiidrea» Mayer, Kaff-,hausi>ihaber, s. FamUie. - Mathias Graivem, Lebjelter, saminr Famnie. Kraul. Maua Tomtz. Hr. PlittiuS Spitzer, Propstpfarrer zu Äreug. Anth» Äauipel, Planer in Penston. ?lnron Hübet/ Dechant unv ^cadipfane!, sawnit Angehörigen. - Kaj-can Klepl, Pfarrer zu Är. Perer. Karl PiiNjizofer sammt Gauin, - August Prinjhofer, Ltthogrsf. - Joses Reiner, G,->vert»-Dil'«kl»r, sammt Faniil>,. Gustav Graf v. Egger saimnr ganiilie, Thaihamnier, Dechant und Pfarrei zu Ll, Keor^-n. Simon Polzer, Verwalter, sannnr Frau. Jvbunn Todeitz, Äapian zu Aappel. - Franz Seyerl sammt Frau, < Mvuß i?eperl, Weiksbuchhalter, sammt Gattin. - Ern-st Feistl, Golbardeiier, sammt Familie. Aluoii Voges sammt Familie. Josef Jesch, Privailesier. ' Jos^f W^ll itner, Po^expeditor. - Malhias Lobm^ier, öehrei. Fräul. Magbalena R>irer, Madcheniehreiitt. Hr. Jo/es Weiffenhof, Biiigermeister, sammt Familie. - AloiS Nekham, Musteilehrer, Andteas Koch, Wirth in St, T onar, sammt Familie. - Gregor Vei »»esei, Lehrer in Kl, Donai. > «öisnoi, Ävberer, Pfairer zu Meiselding. - Karl Oppelt, Kaplan zu Meiselding. - Amon 'Li.hhauser, Kaplau zu Kreug. ThoiTia» Millereggcr, k. k. Steue e niuhiner. - Jos. Nepozieek, k k.Sleueramrs-Kourrolor, s.Fainiiie. Josef AapleUlg, k. t. Steneramts Off>zial. Fi^inj Niegler, „ >, Praktikant.' 5 Jarob ^isendle, „ ^ Diener. - Zlndreas Kandutsch, Handelömaii , sammt Familie. ?llcis ?lrcher, HaiidelSiiianii, samme Fauiiiie. - ^c-uard Krcnegger, Rederei, samml Hamilie. Jose' Bacher^ Ledeier, janim« Fai»>l>e, - Alibreas Koki, Tabaksverleger, sammt Familie. - Jakob Pr.iiiitzei samuit Familie. Dr, ^osrl Lemisch. Frau Eugeiüe MühifeUner. Hr. Jose»' Rauscher sammt Familie. Fiau Kaioiine Moro. A'äu!, Aloisia o. Hr. Dr Friedrich Moio, k. k. Noia^ Fsatt Maria Mors Hr. Jo-'ef MSßlacher. Ävl itz Schiff.rwüller, k.k. Bezirts^Adjunkt, s. Fawil - Pa> l ^kepvcizek, k. k. Aktuar. - Josef Maper, t. t. Grundbuchsführer. - Aibin Eichicr, k, t. Kanzlist. - Franz Fiadung, „ ' ^ - I G-nller, v » Johann Roszbacher, Diuiiust. .Zrau Franz>ska spitzer. Hr. Bartimä Stnolle sammt Frau, ^ - Johann Heißer, Kaplan. -- Dr. Aiidreas Frig. Eduard Allesch, Pfarrer in Obermühlbach. Studierlampen mit breit. Dochte, bei t-ue-i htenach die Herstellung ne,,K vol. ständig b e! riedigend e ?! fni ein. >i a ui^en Ab.nd v5ii K Stunden, vutchlchrnltltch berechnet, 2'/^ kr. «iid so nnt der Klinpiiche Materialbedarf nur l^/z bü. betragt, j welcher jastei'K g>'-iüge .^ostenaufwanb wshl auf keine z üttd.re Welke bei Ale icher Lichtstäike sich ergeben dürfte, j Wer sich dieser sehr vo-thcich<>fieu Methode be- ! dien-.!! wünscht, welle stch in Beueff des ^Näheren an j ilitte, zeichneten wenden, der n>r to5 G sa. te garanlirl i und wo zuglnch bi« dieflartige Beleuchtung i» Augen- I schnitt gknomnui- »,'e!de» tann ! S. Göckj Pprotechniker. i ('^illacher-Thor Nr. 96.) s Mir i.Jänne, d. I heg.'»«, ein ncu«S Abonnement > u » f Meyer s Univer/um, ! neunzehnter Band, mit dem ij'.os-en Kunstblatt'. D e Zlrcuzlragung, l,ö»j von in Stahl gestochen von , itl« Snbscriptious Vedinftunflen: ?llle drei Wochen erscheint Ein Heft Mit 4 Sr>hi stichen Und circa lt> Seiten Text Zwölf Hefte bilden einen B a n d. Subsci iptionspreis 24 kr. CM. für das Heft. Mir Recht tragt dies bernhmre Vuch noch seine» beiühmreu Namen, denn wie ein Phönix i6 eS v e rj ü ng! aufgestiegen aus der Ache seines G'ründerS, und mil verjüngter Kraft trägt es auf den Schwingen des GetankenS den Les>r empor zu den Höh-n eihabener Bs- trachlimg und umi er zu alle»! schöne», Großen und Jnleiessanteii, was Natur und Kunst auf unserer Erd bieren Derselbe hochfligende Geist, dieselbe dichterische Beredsamkeit, dieselbe Tüchcifik>it der Gesinnung, der selbe Reichthum deS WlssenS zeichiien, wie ehedem, M y- er'S Univeesuin vor alleii srinen Literalur- und Kuini^- nofsen wie concnrriien b.n Nachbildungen aus, lind werden eS sv hoch, wie ehedem, in der Gunst se!Nkl Leser hallen. Den Abonnenten d.K IS, Landes ist eine Zugabe voii selrenemW->ih, eui bedeutendes Kunstwerk, wtlches die Kritik dei gesa-nmren Kniistkennerschast !>"' ausfordert, in dem pi achlrollen Slich nach Raphar> „die Kre0jtragung "(be>üh,nt unier dem Titel: l.« 8p»' «im» sti tiieiliu) g.boten. Das i5latc allein hat Kunsthandel den doppelte« Werth des Buches und gereicht j-der Zammlung z>>r Ehre, jeder Bilderwand ^nm höchsten Sch>ttiick Von Meyer's Neuem Konversations-LexW (in lo bänden oder 3v<t Lief, g ly kr.^ sind erschienen: I. i^and l. — 2V. Heft; II. Band l.— 20 Heft; III. Band I.—20 Heft; VI. Band l. —20 Hesr; VII, Band l.— 4. Heft n»d werden wöchentlich 2 Lieserungen -ausgegeben. Heft des Universums und ein Probe - Eremplar der Prämie aufgelegt, um Subscriptionen entgegen zu nehmen, inKlagenfurt bei Kerd. v. Kleinmayr, Cd. Lieget und Zoh. Leon. Hildburghausen, den l. Jänner 18.5«. Das KMograMsche Institut.
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APARTMENTS—UNFURNISHED. (Continued.) EXCELLENT LOCATION. Cool and Comfortable Free Frigidaire Current. UNUSUALLY LOW RENT. 1860 Clydesdale PI. N.W. Just two blocks north of 12th and Columbia Rd., convenient to stores, theaters and car line. A convenient location with unobstructed view of park. A quiet neighborhood $441.00 -Beautiful apartment consisting of reception hall, unusually large living room, with Murphy bed and dressing closet, dinette, kitchen, tiled bath with built-in tub and shower. $5,500—Comfortable apartment consisting of reception hall, living room, bedroom, dinette, kitchen and bath with built-in tub and shower. CAFRITZ, 14th and C. St. S.E. NAVAL VILLAGE, 2423 E ST. N.W. Electric Refrigeration on House Current. Two very desirable, newly decorated apartments; all outside rooms; convenient to Government, Gao wash, Unlv. and Potomac Park; home-like surroundings. An Ideal Place for Children. 1 room, kit., d. a. and bath $5.00 1 room, kit., d. a. and bath with Murphy bed A dressing room $40.00 Apply Mrs. Hoover, Apt. No. 102, West 0472. NEW BUILDING. 918 18th STREET N.W. One and two rooms, kitchen, dinette, Shower bath, free Frigidaire. 2 exposures. Rents, $40.50 to $69. 50 month. See Resident Manager. $35.50—819 y 2 EYE ST N W,7 5 large rooms, bath and porch, electric light; second floor; good condition. HOWENSTON BROS 7th and H Sts. N E Lincoln 0897. - 3654 N. H. AVE. Large, outside, 3-room, kitchen and bath apt. for refrigeration. Inquire Apt. 4 or Janitor. Reasonable rent. COPLEY COURTS, 1514 17th St. Decatur 0300. WESTCHESTER'S NEW ADDITION Four hundred distinctive suites from one room and bath to seven rooms and three baths. Bordering on the park; cool, quiet, high, elevated... and yet convenient. Featuring the new step-down living rooms... and an elegant dining room. Drug store and shops right in the building. Rental office on premises. OCCUPANCY, OCTOBER, 1931 RESERVATIONS BEING MADE Westchester Cathedral Ave. 8C 39th St. WHY PAY MORE? THE ROCHESTER, 1438 Meridian Place No. 33—1 room and bath $27.50 No. 48—4 rooms and bath $43.00 No. 41—5 rooms and bath $52.50 THE DETROIT, 1440 Meridian Pt. N W. No. 4—4 rooms and bath $48.50 No. 38—4 rooms and bath $52.50 THE ST PAUL, 1822 15th St N.W No. B—3 rooms and bath $37.50 THE SORRENTO, 2233 18th St N.W No. 24—5 rooms and bath $57.30 No. 43—4 rooms and bath $47.50 THE CLIFF BOURNE 1855 Calvert St N.W No. 2—5 rooms and bath $60.00 No. 32—5 rooms and bath $60.00 THE LAMONT, 1627 Lament St No. 24—4 rooms and bath $50.00 No. 31—5 rooms and bath $67.50 THE INOLEBIDE. 1651 Lament St NW No. 14—3 rooms and bath $45.00 THE ALAMO. 1223 12th St. NW No. 36—3 rooms and bath $42.50 No. 26—3 rooms and bath. $46.00 THE CALIFORNIA. 1775 California St No. 33—5 rooms and bath $47.50 No. 31—5 rooms and bath $65.00 THE TULANE. 2109 18th St. NW No. 43—5 rooms and bath $57.50 THE TULANE. 1741 Lanier PI. NW No 23—3 rooms and bath $42.50 THE BIRMINGHAM, 3611 Adams St. No. 2—4 rooms and bath $55.00 Apt. 28—5 rooms and bath $67.50 THE PARKER, 3300 11th St. N.W No. 501—5 rooms and bath $52.50 You will find by comparison that the above rents are unusually low, this being largely due to the fact that you rent direct from owners. The wise apartment-house hunter locates now and not in the Fall when there is always a scarcity of desirable apartments. As a special inducement, the above apartments may be leased for any period desired and rents will be effective Aug. 13. Possession immediately, but no reductions. Inspection may be made at any time by applying to the landlord. CHAS E. THURSTON & SONS, 814 Diet. Nat Bk Bldg Ph. Dili 4778 TUDOR HALL, MASS. AVE. AT TEXTH ST. N.W. PHONE SERVICE. ELEVATOR SERVICE. INCINERATOR. IRM KITCHENETTE AND BATH. $135.00 RM BR RM. KIT AND BATH. $45.50 RMS BATH $73.00 ELECTRIC PERFECTION. $2.50 A MONTH W. T. PILLING. 1416 F STREET N.W. WEST END, I r A b porches outside exposures. Elevator. Frigidaire Res Mgi No 27. DRURY 1 r. A b. $30 901 20th. 1 i A B. F. LOCKWOOD 1410 OST N.W 10* LARGE FRONT APARTMENT CORNER OF CORCORAN COURTS, 401 23rd ST N W Free-over-looking Lincoln?Irmoria! and Arlington HSU* Corner apartments with southwest exposure, consisting of reception hall, unusually large living room (23x15), 3x18. Dining room, kitchen and bath with built-in tub and shower $87.50 SEE Manager. National 6933 REFINED COLORED 3 ROOMS KITCHEN and bath. $39.30 12th n w Nat 234 s 12* COLORED 1 AND 2 ROOMS KIT BATH second floor electric gas and heat furnished; $25 and $37.50 quiet home * Eye ne. ; after spm 12* COLORED 4 ROOMS AND BATH NEWLY decorated $42.50. Janitor. 635 Virginia eve. ee. Lin. 9199 )!• COLORED BEAUTIFUL FRONT APT 3 rm> kit h-w.h cas bath $32.90. elec included lanttor. 391 Eve at n.w Ad 1350 1904 19th at n rooms, beth. I*.-w.h., li> elec front porch, rent started 15th Pet 5737 COLORED 101 5 Uth' ST N W GOOD condition $40.00 JOHN QUINN CO. INC i 704 15th St N W Diet. 5145 1 APTS FOR COLORED THE HENRIETTA, 233 N St N.W 6 rooms and bath. $59.03 FLOYD E DAVIS COMPANY 1733 12th St N W _ Nat 0352 FOR COLORED.” 1724 12th n w *55. Apartment consisting of rec. hall. 3 large rooms kitchen, bath and porch. UNUSUALLY LOW RENT. 507 N ST N W -140. Apartment consisting of two large rooms. kitchen and bath. CAFRITZ. Colored. 173 Oregon Ave. NW. - Room, kitchen, and bath. 147.50. Cleveland Ave. NW. - Apartments - Furnished and unfurnished. 17 R. Adams St. - Furnished, 2-room apartment, furnished, with bath, $42.50 monthly, also 2-room apt. furnished. Pitted $67.50. Apartment manager LOOK AT THEM - APTSC Ready to move in furnished or unfurnished. 2 rooms, kitchen and bath. Electric refrigeration, built-in furniture that has never been installed before. Complete prices and location. Large corner building overlooking Rock Creek Park near the Mission-Dallar Bridge 3410 2Cth St. nw. Manager RENT FLATS. Hear it. SmmTe JSB& co'f £&*. Rat 0786. REAL ESTATE MOON MULLINS—A Close Shave. —By WILLARD I ZuF k f VOu MUST MOT OF \ \ ».«0 ) amo took a cukTaway / \ oa four oats, moom. _ WANTED—APARTMENTS. WANTED APARTMENT FURNISHED. Re spectable family of three; best references. C. I. Frey. 2104 H st. n.w. HOUSES—FURNISHED. FURNISHED HOUSE IN CLEVELAND PARK near Cathedral; garage. Immediate possession. Call owner. National 4787 between * and 5. or Wait 1*74 After 6p.m. *_ CIRCUMSTANCES PERMIT US TO OFFER for rent a very handsomely furnished house, near Walter Reed electric refrigeration; h-w.h. and a garage. ROBERT E. LOHR. 311 Cedar St., Takoma Park. Ga 0661. RENT HOUSES—UNFURNISHED. 322 D ST. N.E —6 ROOMS. INCLOSED porches, electricity, hot-water heat. Lincoln 1029. NEW BRICK. 7 ROOMS. N.W. BLUR. Takoma. $65. $70 month. Call 3. F. CLARKE. 1043 Flower St., Takoma Park. 1220 16th ST. N.W. -10 ROOMS. 2 BATHS newly redecorated. JOHN QUINN CO., INC. 704 13th St. N.W. Plat. 5145. 922 7th ST. S.W.—6 RMS. OAB $83.50 908 8th St. s.w.—6 rms. 1 1 b.. $38.80 305 T St. n.e.—7 rms. k b.. gas $25.00 FLOYD E. DAVIS COMPANY. 733 13th St. N.W. Nat H 0332. 1910 O ST. N.W—6 ROOMS, 3 BATHS, hot-water heat, elec.; In perfect order; $136. 1907 O ST. N.W.—6 ROOMS, 2 BATHS, hot-water heat, elec.; In perfect order; $136. JAMES MORRIS WOODWARD, Realtor. 723 20th St. N.W. Dist. 5608. 5924 4th N.W. SEMI-DETACHED, SIX rooms, bath, shower, den, fireplace; fine condition, big yard; screens, weatherstrips. $65.00. BOSS & PHELPS. 1417 K St. Phone Nat. 9300. DETACHED HOME IN CHEVY CHASE. 4611 Norwood Drive—$85.00. This comfortable home, overlooking Chevy Chase golf course, contains reception hall, large, bright living room with fireplace, dining room, bright kitchen, 3 large bedrooms, tiled bath with built-in tub and shower, extra lavatory on bedroom floor, front porch which is screened, large front and rear yards, garage; toilet in basement. A real bargain. CAFRITZ. 14th and K St. N.W. 1808. MASS. AVE. PARK. Detached residence, center-hall plan, beautifully landscaped lot. WHITEFORD A JAWISH, INC. Southern Bldg. National 1888. COLORED 1122 6th St. SE —6 r., b., elec. h.w. $37.50 917 27th st. n.w—6 rms., water. 25 on 1134 6th st. s.e.—4 rms., water. 23.50 1114 N, J. ave. s.e.—4 rms., gas. water. 15.50 WM P. NORMOYLE. _ 810 F St N.W National 3235 FOR COLORED TENANTS. 502 22nd St. NW—B r. b., elec 137 so 737 24th St. NW—6 r. and b 30 30 717, 20th St. NW—6 r. 38.|8 2493 H St. NW S r *B.BB 1023 12th St. NW—1 r 23 30 2508 Eye St. NW —$ r 20 30 2114 Vs. Ave. NW —4 r 38 88; JAMES MORRIS WOODWARD. Realtor 723 28th St, NW Plat, 8806 COLORED. 2238 13th St. NW —6 rms. elec $30 50; 6 Bellevue St. NW—4 rms. 13 50 422 Hollidge St. NW—3 rms 15 00 467 K St. SW —8 rms 23 op! 411 6th St. SW —6 rms 20.0(1 1229 3rd St. NW—4 r. k b 30.00 943 Lettie St. SW—4 rms 15 60 1 305 F St. SW —6 rms 25 00 409 8th St. SW —6 rms 25 00 410 1st St. SW —6 rms 25 00 927 1st St. SW —6 rms 25 00 FLOYD E. DAVIS COMPANY. 733 13th St. NW Hafl 0352. Conveniently located home consisting of 6 large bright rooms and bath; h.w.h., electric garage. CAFRITZ CO., 14th A K. Dist., 9060 WANTED TO RENT—HOUSES. 6-7 ROOMS, DETACHED, UNPURRED; "CLEVELAND" Perk. Chew City preferred immediate reply R. 1441 Hotel Continental. 340 Senate Office UNFURNISHED HOUSE. 6 OR 7 ROOMS, garage and; In Petworth, rear Sherman or Grant Circles; reasonable rent. Adams 2920. WANTED FOR RENT. 5-8-ROOM HOUSE Modern; by quiet couple no children preferably n.w. District or suburbs quiet. Reliable Address Box 374-A Star office. 11* QUESTS, "REFINED COUPLE" (NO CHILDREN), desire 8-rm. modern, unfurnished house; must be in good condition and desirable neighborhood. Address Box 306-A Star office. SALE—HOUSES. "room bungalow FOR SALE, $2,500 Must sell; owner leaving city. Apply 3213 Ave. a e. 10* OPEN BASEMENT—1820 MONROE ST NW - Owner purchased larger home priced low for quick sale: beautiful location. See all once. Real opportunity. Submit your own terms. E. W. BAILEY. Adams 4786 16th ST HEIGHTS. "DETACHED 8 ROOMS, screened sleeping porch, large lot with beautiful shrubbery and flower gardens, garage, new condition. Owner must sell. $9,500 Call OPR. National 1624. 7:30 am to 10:30 am GENTLEMAN'S BRICK COLONIAL Large wooded lot with variety of trees and flower gardens; 2-car garage, maids' room, screens, ewnings, refrigeration, and many other unusual features. A remarkable buy on convenient form. Call Mr. PHILLIPS. National 1324 eve. Wla. 3317 CHEVY CHASE—S BEDROOMS 1 baths, 3-car garage. Moderate price. Charming all-brick corner home center hall plan, many appealing features; wide yard overlooking 100-foot bon. Llevgrd | convenient location and restricted environment. Phone Ciev 7483 1621 CALVERT ST. N.W. U ROOM AND two baths, all modern improvements in excellent condition, price $10,750, balance can be arranged, do not fall to investigate 507 11th st n.w., Fid Mor! Inv Co Nat 2431. POTOMAC SALE BY OWNER "BARGAIN" New brick home, all modern, 7 rooms, built-in bath (with shower), garage. High location, overlooking Potomac River in P.C. Price $9,500. Terms. No agents. Address Box 358-A. F.A. office. A PEAT. BARGAIN. TAPESTRY BRICK three acres high, elec. 21 ft. wide in good Northeast section, square for garage only $6,230. Address Box 419-A. Star office. 812 I. ET N V TAPESTRY BRICK 6 RMS. and b. ami double garage $8,500 cash. $57,50 per month $7,950. worth $11,909. An attractive corner house in good northeast section, 6 rooms, bath, hot-water heat, elec. Fine location for colored doctor or dentist. Price reduced to $4,500, terms. JAMES MORRIS WOODWARD Real Estate, 723 20th St N,V. $8,500 WILL BUY A COMFORTABLE HOME second floor, having 6 rooms, h.w. h. e’ec. Refinished and garage. Reasonable terms. JAMES MORRIS WOODWARD, Real Estate. NEV, SOUTHEAST HOME! 735"- «339 CASH 6-room Colonial Home. 3 large porches. deer) lot excellent restricted location. Phone for appointment to inspect WAPLE & JAMM. INC 1226 14th St N.W North o*2 ‘ 4914 BTANE8SBWf SIO9SO—NEW CHEVY CHASE CO LONIAL. Six large rooms, full tiled bath garage to match, convenient to stores, schools, etc. Drive to 4514 Stanford at. Phone Clev 7483 R BATES WARREN IF you are interested in a modern 6-room house In the most desirable section of Northeast, Inspect 1713 2nd at n e one-half square from McKinley High School. Low price, easy terms Open evenings. Decatur 2813 or Columbia 6148. A NEW HOME THAT WILL BE 1 Near development of all new homes in convenient northeast section. 6 large rooms, 3 porches, built-in garage, nice lawn, price very low—terms you can afford. Phone us, we will show it to you WAPLE & JAMES. INC 1 me 14th St N W North 0*62 PETWORTH W-FT H9MB-37.850" Near Grant Circle; like new a naJ,; I porches, garage, terms. Call Adams 473*, Rooming house, containing 14 large rooms in A wonderful location: all rooms now occupied, can be bought furnished or unfurnished. The Evening Star, Washington, D.C., Monday, August 10, 1931 SALE—HOUSES. (Continued.) AN ATTRACTIVE “HOME NEAR GEORGE: Washington University - 9 rooms, 2 baths, hot-air heat, elec., brick garage. Price, $12,800; reasonable terms. JAMES MORRIS WOODWARD, Realtor. 723 20th St. N.W. 5665 33rd ST. N.W. SII,9SO—CHEVY CHASE, D C 3- •tory colonial; six rooms, tiled bath, cedar closet, garage. Drive east from Chevy Chase Circle on Rittenhouse to 33rd, then south 2 squares to Patterson. Phone Clev. 7483. R. BATES_ WARREN 3803 CUMBERLAND ST “N W CHEVY CHASE CORNER, commanding panoramic view of city. Center-hall plan, all brick model kitchen with built-in breakfast nook; 8 bea chambers; 3 baths; 2-car garage. poretti faces 100-foot boulevard; highly restricted surroundings; surprisingly moderately priced. Drive out Conn. ave. 4 squares above Albe marie, then turn west 1 square on Cumberland st Phone Clev. 7483. R. BATES WARREN “MOOT CONVENIENT SECTION. PRICE ONLY $6,300. 8-room home in perfect condition. Large back yard, garage Near North Capitol and V Sts. WAPLE * JAMES. INC. 1826 14th St. N.W. North 0*62. : MT. PLEASANT. $10,750—One of the most attractive colonial homes on the hill, just off Mt. Pleasant st., near Columbia rd. and Rock Creek Park. Nine large rooms, two baths, h-w.h., elec. and garage. To close estate. you immediately note that it is an exceptional value L. T. GRAYATTE. 927 15th St Realtor. Nat 1 0753. Evening Phone Georgia 2800 59.150. Detached Corner Home IN FOX ALL. Well located on a beautiful corner lot in a fine community, not too far out, and only one half square from the car line and near all stores. The house contains six rooms and bath, wide front porch, hot-water heat. The lot is profusely planted with roses, shrubs and other flowers. Why not enjoy cool breezes this Summer in your own home? The terms are reasonable. SHANNON & LUCHS, INC., 1435 K St. N.W. Nat. 2345 One of the Best Buys in the Whole of Petworth, Near Grant Circle. $8,250. A semi-detached all-brick colonial 2 stories and attic with 4 BEDROOMS and tiled bath. Entirely modern and screened. The front porch is covered and lower rear porch enclosed end heated. Beamed ceiling dining room. Fireplace in living room. 2-CAR GARAGE. All in good condition. On shade. 1 tree-lined street. Owner leaving city is selling at sacrifice price. A Decidedly Charming Corner. Some Close to Western High School. $11,500. A colonial type, built on lot 100 ft. deep, entirely modern throughout; bath with shower; very pretty living room and fireplace, side porches, brick garage and other interesting features. Trees, flowers and shrubbery. Paved street and alley. Also close to graded and Junior high schools, bus and churches. New Detached All-Brick Two-Bath Colonial in Chey Chase, D.C. $12,950. Also one of the best buys offered in this section. A most attractive home site one of the highest points in the community. Breakfast nook. Pay fireplaces, rooms, etc. The interesting feature of our 125 ft. home is all under the immediate supervision of the owner. You should not hesitate to use this opportunity. BOSS & PHELPS. 1417 K St. Realtors. National 9300. BENTALOW. Near 4th and F. Ave NE. 5 Rooms, Bath, Garage. Large Lot $7,500 - Easy Terms. WAPLE & JAMES, INC. 1326 14th St NW. North 0962. SEMI-DETACHED BRICK HOME! New and modern to the smallest detail. 6 large and well proportioned rooms, complete bath, lavatory off master room built in garage, excellent northwest section near all conveniences. Phone for appointment to inspect. WAPLE & JAMES, INC. 12th St N.W North 0961. WOODRIDGE, D.C. 6-room Dutch Colonial, modern improvements: built-in terser, beautiful shrubbery, rose in every corner. Price, $9,250. Tel. owner. North 1270. FACING SOIL DIERS TOME PARK 6 rooms, bath, b-w h, electric lights, good condition. This will make you a nice home. Price $6,950. Terms. WAPLE & JAMES, INC 1226 14th St N.W North 0963. COLORED BETTER CLASS NEAR 16th and 17th Sts.- 13 rooms, modern; desire outer site. Phone Col 588-J. COLORED. $2000 Cash 432 P St. N.W. 6 large rooms, bath, electric lights, berms, open evenings, 6 to 9 and all Sunday. WANTED TO BUY—HOUSES. FROM “OWNER 6-8 ROOM MODERN, IN Chevy Chase, D.C., describe briefly, give location, price. Address Box 142-A, Star office. WANTED TO BUY 6 OR 6 ROOM BRICK HOUSE, vicinity of S. Gabriels School, have all cash. Address Box 365-A, Star office. HAVING CLIENT WHO WILL FUY OLD houses in any section preferred, clear property, must be cheap. Will pay cash List to those with interest WAPLE & JAMES, INC. 1226 14th St. N.W North 0962 SALE OF RENT—HOUSES. 140# UPSHUR FT N.W. FOR SALE OR RENT, by owner—Seven rooms, six acres. Rent $65. Ami 10* SALE—SUBURBAN. SUBURBAN HOMES SALE AND RENT • ROBERT F. LOHR.. 311 Cedar St., Takoma Park, D.C. George 0681 7 ACRES IN SUS CHURCH. FOR SUP division. Investment or home, owner forced to sell District 9035 BIX VERY DESIRABLE TWO-ACRE tracts between Georgetown and Falls Church These tracts front paved street and are in best residential section of nearby Virginia R.M. DE SHAZO. 410 Bond Building NA 3*34 Evens. Falls Church 167 11* A CONVENIENT & WELL BUILT BUNG A low of 6 rooms A bath 1½ miles out with 2 acres of land Solve the rent problem and buy this at $5,250 _ ROBERT E. LOHR. 311 Cedar St., Park, Georgia 0881 VA HIGHLANDS REAL SACRIFICE. Owner going to Fin.: 2-story frame, 6 r., bath, city water, furnace heat. Hot Point elec. 28x120 lots, garage, nearly enough ash, doors, lumber, plumbing material, fixtures, and brick to build another house A real bargain at $3,750 You must have $1,000 cash. Cash. Can be seen between 7 and 8 pm only J. PRICE Oakcroft, Va., office Phone Clarendon 272 BEAUTIFUL HOMES ABOUT YOUR HOME IN WOOD ridge We have bungalows and houses very reasonable and one easy terms WOODWARD A With, see: r. l *ve. n.e. North A BIX-ROOM. BATH TUNING, WITH electric lights, open fireplace, five large lots, covered with large oak trees; an ideal Summer home, one mile above Cabin John; easy terms or trade. H. R. KING. Union 7814 U* BY omm- imsAVdw i mar ~mm. f.-eh. elec, gag Jtlg. gar.. <* acre. ljwu. ***** wrm ** tt SALE—SUBURBAN. SEMI-DETACHED BRICK - A MI SMALL down payment: near schools, churches, stores, and cars. Address Box 251-A, Star office. OAKOREST NEW BRICK COLONIAL, Sample last word in modern construction, a large lot and sun parlor, large lot, built in garage; $10,500. Terms reasonable. Also brick colonial under construction, $17,500; terms reasonable. A real opportunity to secure a modern home in Oak Crest, or let us show you a lot and have our architect plan a home according to your own idea, we will help you finance it. Va. Highlands, 8 large rooms, like new in every way. You will be surprised at $5,850, $800 cash and $800 per mo. Near Merrifield, on Dun Loring road, 6-room modern house, with Frigidaire, 4-acre land, over $1,000 worth of fine shrubbery, double garage, $5,850. Near Alex., on concrete road, 5-room bungalow, $1,500. Abingdon, 5-room bungalow, all modern, like new, $4,950; $100 cash, balance $45 mo. Lots in Oakerest, Aurora Hills and Va. Highlands: terms easy. These and many others too numerous to mention. If you are going to rent, buy or sell, see L. PRICE, Oakerest, Va. Office, Mt. Vernon and Oabridge. Woodridge, DC Open daily until 9 pm. 7508 Perry St Ade luxe bungalow at a moderate price on easy terms WOODRIDGE REALTY CO. 2177 R. 1 Ave N E North 720S BUNGALOW—S ROOMS AND BATH. Hot-water heat, hardwood floors, paved streets; price $4,500; $300 cash. $45 per month. 7-room house, 5 m 1, hot-water heat, garage excellent location near cars and stores a bargain at $5,250. reasonable terms. DUNN & CO. 3333 R. I Ave NE Mt Rainier, Md. Phone Hyatts. 810. WOODRIDGE BUNGALOWS 5-rooms, floored attic, built-in garage, concrete street. $6,260 New 6-room shingle bungalow, h.w.h., oak floors, tile bath and shower, $6,950; terms. WOODRIDGE REALTY CO. $5,500 6 rms, tile bath, shower, fireplace, book shelves, h.w.h., garage, chicken house. Illy pool, large lot; choice location; terms. $3,250 Small fertile farm, 15 acres; 4 large rooms, barn, chicken and turkey houses, a splendid buy. $1,650. 60 acres, beautiful woodland, large stream, 12 miles out. Many others to choose from, including REAMY. 15 Clarendon Ave. Clarendon, Va. Phone Clarendon 1032. Eve. 1168-J-2. RENT—SUBURBAN. BUNGALOW WITH 3 ACRES HIGH Breere, Md. For Information call Decatur 4168 Will rent for or unfur. SALE OR RENT—SUBURBAN. THROUGHVILLE, VA—a PROSPECT st: large lot, 6-rm modern house; 2-car garage sell less than $7,000, your terms, or rent. $47.50. 1 Md Park—New Roadway, adjoining brick school; 2 lots. 8-rm. bungalow; electric for ; nace heat: 2 sas from terminal District ! line cars: built to sell for $4,730 want any reasonable offer on terms to suit. or tent; $75 mo. N E RTON CO. 1216 N Y Ave., 3418 14th. WANTED—COTTAGE OR BUNGALOW LARGE YARD. convenient to cars or bus state location, rent Address Box Star office RENT—STORES 1242 H ST N.E—4-ROOM AND BATH apartment and store, a m i. double brick garage newly remodeled. Columbia 9783 or 3921 Kansas av_n.v. 1739 F NW - SUITABLE FOR LUNCS! 1 room, delicatessen barber shop or beauty parlor: $60 R. O. BELT. Union Trust Bide. Nat. HW. 11* AUTOMOBILE SALESROOM AT 1712 CONNECTICUT AVE NW. Rent reasonable. PERCY H RUSSELL CO, 1781 K St. NW. EXCELLENT SHOW ROOM. 1801 14th St NW. Reasonable Rent Corner 40x40: located in the busiest section of 14th St.; special price to reliable tenant. CAFRITZ. 14th and K Dist. 9080 WANTED—DESK SPACE. LAWYER DESIRES SPACE JUST STARTING out. References. Address Box 421-A. SALE—LOTS. BUILDING LOTS FOR SALE IN BRENTWOOD. Md. Phone Lin. 1772-J P. A CANTY. 521 H St. Washington, D.C. $550—50 FT FRONTAGE ON 31st ST NEAR G ST B.E. terms. Phone now ADELBERT W. LEE 1343 H St. NW. Nst’l 1936-Lln 2782 WANTED—LOTS. FIRST COMMERCIAL CORNER PREFERRED. State exact location, price and terms brokers protected. Address Box 222-A, Star office. AT ONCE—SEVERAL 1st AND 2nd COMMERCIAL lots with frontages from 18 ft. To 100 ft. or more, give price, location, etc. Address Box 1268, City P. O. EXCHANGE OWNER OF BEAUTIFUL DAYTON, OHIO, home will exchange for small farm. R. WHEELER, 35 Flower ave., Takoma Park, Md. WILL SELL 3rd TRADE EQUITY IN a corner house for small apartment, suburban home or clear Florida home; owners only. Georgia 4666. SALE OR EXCHANGE PROPERTY IN BOSE, IDAHO 320 ACRES dry farm-land, near Boise, for Washington or suburban property. North 2176. WILL SELL A REAL BRICK, 2-B home, 2-car garage. Fisher building property. Call 1 Columbia 7694-J. OWNER SALE—INVESTMENT PROPERTY. 1.560 ANNUAL RENTS SACRIFICE PRICE, .8.850 Five apartments, all rented Lyon Park, Va., near cars, stores. Phone Clarendon 1425. NEW CHAIN STORE. New brick building, 24 feet wide, located in downtown northwest. Leased to small grocery company for terms of years at $150.00 a month, a new privilege of renewal at higher figure. Priced right for a quick sale. SHANNON & LUCHS, INC., 1486 K St. NW, Na 2345 WANTED—INVESTMENT PROPERTIES WANT TO SELL A SMALL BRICK HOUSE If you have one for sale, let me know. Address Box 258-A, Star office SALE—ACREAGE. Small Farms. RESTRICTED SUBDIVISION 2½ and 5 acre tracts. Land especially suitable for trucking, tobacco or chickens. on good road near Clinton, Prince Georges County, Md. about 6 miles from D.C. line, city electricity and telephone available. Title guaranteed by reputable title company. Prices from $50 per acre up, very easy terms. JOHN A. BRICKLEY. Specializing in ACREAGE ESTATES, FARMS 709-710 Barr Bldg, DC 732 L WANTED—MALE ESTATE LIST RESIDENTIAL OR BUSINESS PROPERTY which you wish to sell with this office, We have clients with funds to invest WHITKFORD & JAWISH, INC. Southern Bldg National 1800. SALE—FARMS. 82 ACRES. 8-ROOM HOUSE, FAIR CONDITION, large shade trees, stream; electricity available, good water; new State road; about six miles from Olney, Md. $8,600. Terms. Address Box 175-A. Star office. SUMMER HOMES. LUXURIOUS SUMMIT. P.A.—FURNISHED summer stone bungalow, 5 bedrooms, 8 baths, living room, d. r. and kitchen, or large 3-story furnished cottage, born at Monterey golf course $250 each for Aug and Sept. Box H. Blue Ridge Summit. Phone) O'Dunne. 143. Blue Ridge. WATER-FRONT PROPERTY. PINEY POINT, NEAR LIGHT HOUSE-LOT 50x180 ft., directly on Potomac; wonderful bathing, electricity. $396 Col. 10M7 after 8 p.m. TWO LOTS, 8 MINUTES FROM HERALD. NEW BUNGALOW, 3 ROOMS KITCHEN and bath; copper screened; agar beach. 88 miles from Washington. LENTZ, Decatur 8148. FURNISHED BUNGALOW FOR RENT. 18th St. N.W. Large store with 2 modern apartments above. Double brick. Irk garage. $175. Suitable for business. FLOYD F. DAVIS CO., 733 12th St. N.W, Nat. 8363 REAL ESTATE—LOANS. Moffey & Loan on D.C. Real Estate money to Loan at 5% per month. On approved real estate located in the District of Columbia. FITCH, FOX & BROWN, 1713 Bye St. N.W. SMALL PAYMENTS QUICKLY; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trusts in D.C. Loans in nearby Md and Va. No red tape. DR. A. HENRY, INC. 1016 Eye St. N.W. CONSOLIDATE YOUR 1st AND 2nd STREET Monty also available for repairs to property. Met. 4380. Emergen 0216. Is Year 1st, and Trust Due? Do You Need Money? Dr. Friedman 418 Bth St. NW, Re— 183. NAT, tflt. QUICK MONEY. C. F. WARING, 1418 F St. NW, Nat. 171 AUTO LOANS. AtTTO LOANS; FINANCING. OPEN evenings MR ST EGER, 848 Md. Ave. Lincoln 17B. AUTO LOANS. AUTO LOANS. QUICK action. Courteous Service —No Indorsements. UNITED FINANCE CO. 143 New York Ave. near 10th. Dist. *3l3_ 334 10th St. NW, MET 4148 VACATION MONEY. LOANS ON AUTOS. Use your car; twelve months to pay, PIDEUTY FINANCE CO. *OS R. T. Ave. NW, Rail 8481., QUICK CASUALTY. You keep the car; twelve months to pay, PIDEUTY FINANCE CO. *OS R. T. Ave. NW, Open evenings. COLLER 5680. ask for MR. NAUGHTEN. CASH LOAN IN MEDIATELY. 1618 to 1181 models: year to pay; lowest rates in city. No endorsers; you keep ear. See Mr. Barnes. 17M 14th n.w. Open eve. AUCTION SALES. FUTURE DAYS. TRUSTEES’ SALE OF VALUABLE IMPROVED REAL ESTATE. BEING FRAME DWELLING. NO. 103 17th STREET SOUTHEAST By virtue of a certain deed of trust, duly recorded in Liber He. 6172, folio 321 et seq of the land records as the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured. cured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on TUESDAY, THE EIGHTEENTH DAY OF AUGUST, AT THREE THIRTY O’CLOCK P.M., the following-described land and premises, situate in the County of Washington, District of Columbia, and designated as and being lot fifty-two (52) in Harrison and Otterbark’s subdivision of lots in block two (2) of Hood and Bateshelder, trustees’ addition to “Anastasia,” at per plat recorded in Liber 86, folio 6, of the records of the surveyor of the District of Columbia; subject to the right of way for such purposes over the rear 10 feet by the full width thereof as said lot; now known for assessment and taxation purposes as lot 63, square 5611. Terms of sale: One-third of the purchase money to be paid in cash, balance in two equal installments, payable in one and two years, with interest at seven percent per annum, payable semi-annually from day of sale, secured by deed of trust upon the property sold, or all cash at the option of the purchaser. A deposit of $200 will be required at time of sale. All conveyancing, recording, etc., at cost of purchaser. Terms of sale to be complied with within thirty days from day of sale, otherwise the trustees reserve the right to resell the property. The risk and east of defaulting purchaser after five days' advertisement of such resale in some newspaper published in Washington, D.C. SAMUEL A. DRURY, JAMES B. NICHOLSON. Trustees. J. OWEN * SON, AUCTIONEERS 1481 EYE ST. N.W. TRUSTEES' SALE OF VALUABLE IMPROVED REAL ESTATE, BEING PREMISES 1515 P STREET NORTH WEST. By virtue of a certain deed of trust, duly recorded in Liber No. 1448, folio 818 et seq., of the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on WEDNESDAY, THE NINETEENTH DAY OF AUGUST, A.D. 1911, AT FOUR THIRTY O'CLOCK P.M., the following-described land and premises, situate in the City of Washington, District of Columbia, and designated as and being parts of lots eight and nine in Samuel Norton's subdivision of lots in square three hundred and ninety-nine (39) as per plat recorded in Liber B. folio 31, of the records of the office of the surveyor for the District of Columbia, described as follows. Beginning for the same on the east line of 9th Street at a point distant 171 feet north of the southwest corner of said square and running thence north 14 feet, thence east 48 feet 4 inches to a 10-foot-wide alley in the rear of said lots, thence south 14 feet, and thence west 94 feet 4 inches to the place of beginning. Terms of sale: One-third of the purchase money to be paid in cash, balance in two equal installments, payable in one and two years, with interest at 7 percent per annum, payable semi-annually, from day of sale, secured by deed of trust upon the property sold, or all cash at the option of the purchaser. A deposit of $300 will be required at time of sale. All conveyancing, recording, etc., at cost of purchaser. Terms of sale to be complied with within thirty days from day of sale, otherwise the trustees reserve the right to resell the property at the risk and cost of defaulting purchaser after five days' advertisement of such resale in some newspaper published in Washington, D.C. Samuel A. Gary, Auctioneers, 8th St. N.W. BANKRUPTCY SALE OF HANDSOME MODERN STORE FIXTURES, CASH REGISTERS, OFFICE FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT, SAFES, CARPET, RUGS, ETC. By public auction at the Supreme Court as the District of Columbia, holding a San Francisco Court in the District of Columbia, bankrupt, will be sold by public auction at the courthouse in Washington, D.C. Samuel A. Gary, Auctioneer. A F STS. N.W. TUESDAY, AUGUST 11, 1931, 10 A.M. Triplicate Mirrors. 1 Electrified Fleer Cases. Wall Hosiers Cases. Counters. Upright Electrified Plate-Glass Cases. Shaped Floor Case. M-Drawer Stark and Display Wall Case. Display Tables. Window Flannels. Window Divides. Fixtures Stools. Arm Chairs. Shelving Stair and Double Shoe Mirrors. Seed and Fiber Furniture. Hoover Vacuum Cleaner. Doable-Mlriored Dressing Tables. Bentwood Chairs. Fire Extinguishers. Else. Fans. Lighting Fixtures. Writing Desk. Package Sealsers. Cincinnati Time Clock. Redactor and Lamps. Spot Light. Exhaust ran. Feda-Graph. Floor Lamp, about 5 yards Fine Carpet. Wilton Rugs. "Lamson" Station Conveyor System. Etc. ALSO Threw National 9-Clerk Elec. Cash Registers. OFFICE EQUIPMENT Flat. Ball-Top and Typo Desks: Chairs. “Dlebold" Cabinet Sate with Cash Vault. Underwood and L. C. Smith Typewriters. "Rrdex" File. Ajax Time Stamp Clock. “Burroweh," H-Bank Adding Machine. Steel and Oak Letter and Card Files. “Comptometer.” Cherk Writer. “Dlek” Mimeograph. Lamps. Etc. Auction Sales. THIS AFTERNOON. I. S. CROWN & SON, AUCTIONEERS. TRUSTEES’ SALE OF VALUABLE IMPROVED REAL ESTATE. BEING BRICK DWELLING. NO 937 RHODE ISLAND AVENUE NORTHWEST. By virtue of a certain deed of trust duly recorded in Liber No. 6018, folio 339 et seq. of the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on WEDNESDAY, THE FIFTEENTH DAY OF JUNE, A.D. 1913, at 10:00 A.M., the following described land and premises, situated in the District of Columbia, and designated as and being part of the following described land and premises, to wit: premises, situate in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, and designated as and being lot fifty-three (53) in L. S. Chapman's subdivision of lots in square three hundred and sixty-four (364) as per plat recorded in Liber C. H. B. folio 187, of the records of the office of the surveyor of the District of Columbia. Terms of sale: One-third of the purchase money to be paid in cash, balance in two equal installments, payable in one and two years, with interest at 7 percent per annum, payable semi-annually, from day of sale, secured by deed of trust upon the property sold, or all cash, at the option of the purchaser. A deposit of $200 will be required at time of sale. All conveyancing, recording, etc., at cost of purchaser. Terms of sale to be compiled with within 30 days from day of sale, otherwise the trustees reserve the right to resell the property at the risk and cost of defaulting purchaser, after five days' advertisement of such resale in some newspaper published in Washington, D.C. SAMUEL A. DRURY, JAMES B. NICHOLSON, Trustees. THOB J. OWEN & SON, AUCTIONEERS, 1431 EYE ST. NW. TRUSTEES' SALE OF VALUABLE IMPROVED REAL ESTATE. BEING FRAME DWELLING NO. 1016 W STREET NORTHWEST By virtue of a certain deed of trust, duly recorded in Liber No. 0160, folio 346 et seq., of the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on MONDAY, THE TENTH DAY OF AUGUST, A.D. 1931, AT FOUR O'CLOCK P.M. the following-described land and premises, situate in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, and designated as and being lot 8 and part of lot "F" in J.G. Adams' subdivision of lots in square 331, as per plat recorded in Liber C. H. S., folio 217, of the records of the office of the surveyor of the District of Columbia: said part of lot F being described as follows: Beginning on the line of W Street at the northwest corner of said lot F' and running thence east along the line of said street 350 feet, thence south 50 feet; thence west 250 feet, thence north 50 feet to the line of said street and the place of beginning. Terms of sale: One-third of the purchase money to be paid in cash, balance in two equal installments, payable in one and two years, with interest at seven percent per annum, payable semi-annually from day of sale, secured by deed of trust upon the property sold, or all cash at the option of the purchaser. A deposit of $200 will be required at time of sale. All conveyancing, recording, etc., at cost of purchaser. Terms of sale to be complied with within thirty days from day of sale, otherwise the trustees reserve the right to resell the property at the risk and cost of defaulting purchaser after five days advertisement of such sale in some newspaper published in Washington, D.C. SAMUEL A. DRURY, JAMES B. NICHOLSON, 538, 21, 3,710 trustees. TOMORROW. GUS EICHBERG & SON, Auctioneers. It is by auction Tuesday, Aug. 11 Commencing at 10 A.M. In Our Salesrooms 4 y 466 PENNSYLVANIA AVE. N.W. 4 Dining Room and Living Room Furniture. Chiffoniers, Dressers, Chairs, Beds, Mattresses, Refrigerators, Fixtures, Vases, Iron, Etc. GUS EICHBERG & CO. General Auctioneers NOTE: Auctioneer. Furniture and Household Effects BY AUCTION TUESDAY, AUGUST 11 10 A.M. Upright Piano, Majestic Radio, Bed Room and Living Room Furniture, Chairs, Tables, Lot of Storage Goods, etc. Terms: Cash D. Notes, Auctioneer. FURNISHED Adama A. Weschler & Son, Auctioneers 13 E St. N.W. TRUSTEES' SALE MODERN DELICATESSEN FIXTURES, ELEC. SODA FOUNTAIN, FRIGIDAIRE, ETC. CONTAINED IN No. 1537 17th STREET N.W. BY PUBLIC AUCTION FRIDAY AUGUST 14, 1931, 10 A.M. Bittery 12-ft. Soda Fountain with Nixer Refrigerator, Refrigerator, and Cavbonatov. Frigidaire Machine and 111-ft. Dry-Cold Refrigerator. Back Bar, Candy, Souvenir. Cigar and Cigarette Cases. Automatic Toaster. Cake Display Cabinet. Cash Register. Toledo Seale. Gas Range. Julee Extractor. Elec. Milk Mixer. Coffee Urn, Sink. Premium Water Heater. Elec. Sign. Vitrolite Top Tables and 24 Seatmore Chairs. Eire. Fans. Exhaust Fan. Partitions. Shelving. Crockery. Glass and Silver Plated Ware. Stork In Trade. Etc. TERMS CASH A. M KAUFMAN Trustee B. SULLIVAN Trustee Under chattel trust dated May 28, 1930, and recorded June 2, 1930, tomorrow: AUCTION SALES. FUTURE PASSAGE. THOB. J. SON. 1431 EYE ST, N.W. TRUSTS SALES OF VALUABLE REAL ESTATE. KNOWN AS NO 4830 RIVER ROAD NORTHWEST By virtue of a certain deed of trust, duly recorded in Liber No. 636, folio 47 et seq. Of the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on MONDAY, THE SEVENTEENTH DAY OF AUGUST, A.D. 1891, AT TWO O'CLOCK P.M., the following described land and premises, situate in the District of Columbia, and designated as and being the northwesterly 35 feet by full depth thereof of lot numbered twenty-one in square numbered sixteen hundred and fifty (1859) in a subdivision by Mintx es part of a tract of land called 'Trinidad.'’ as per plat recorded in the office of the surveyor for the District of Columbia, in Liber 61 at folio. Beginning at the same on River road at its intersection with the northwest line of said lot numbered twenty-one and running thence along the said northwesterly line 161 feet to the public alley running parallel with River road, thence running southeasterly along the line of said public alley 36 feet; thence running northwesterly along said road 36 feet to the place of beginning. Terms: Sold subject to a prior deed of trust for $66,906, further particulars of which will be announced at time of sale: the purchase price above said trust to be paid in cash. A deposit of $169 required. Conveyances. Clans, recording, etc., at purchasers' seat. Terms to be complied with within thirty days, otherwise deposit forfeited and the property may be advertised and resold at the discretion of the trustees. L. H BRODIE L. T. COLBERT j *u6.6.19.13,14. 16 Trustees ADAM A. WEBCHLER a BON. Auctioneers UNITED «TAT ? , aI MAR«H 4 L. .ALB OF By virtu* of a writ of fieri facias laaued ; out of the clerk * office of th* Supreme Court of th* District es Columbia, and to me directed. I will eell at public auction, for cash. In front of the west entrance to tha Court House, on D st. between 4th and I • Washington, D. C.. at TWO ? CLOCK PM. ON THURSDAY. AUGUST TWENTIETH. 1631. tha rlsht. title and In terest of the followlns-deserlbed land: Lot 47. square 1567. lots 40 and 41. square 6561: lots 44. 43. 4C and 47. gquare 5560: lota 45. wnd «S. square M7»; lot 61. square 3269. lot 55, square 5573, all of which are unimproved, to be told in detail, selaed and Ji PO S, a L‘ h ?„ bfOhbrty of th* defend ants, R. F. Torrlllo and Raymond Davfa. »nd sold to satisfy a ludsment-at-law. No. of Chevrolet Truck By rder g. c. Snyder, XJ. S. Marthal, Alto Automobiles AT WESCHLER’S ____ AMb Auction CTpli" ■■ 623 H St. N.W. WEDNESDAY auie.ll An*, 13th. 16 A.M. ADA^^^BBcSSf*SSr®!?SSSe«? TRUSTEE 8 SALE OF VALUABLE IM PROVED REAL EBTATE BEING NUM BERED BJKNO 1 BOlr ™* Br*vj?tu*r trug?, o rece«s#J T in Liber No 640, folio 446 at ***., one of th* land records of th* District of Columbia, and at the request of party secured thereby, the undcrslsnad trustee will offer for sal* by public auction, in front of premia**, on J&ariHi. .VWSWSC p.m . the followlns-deserlbed property in the District of Columbia, to wit: Fart of original lot numbered clsht f•> in aouar* numbered six hundred and ninety-four (694). : described as follows: BextnniDS for the same i on First street at a point distant 26 fact i 6 Inches north fron the southeast corner 1 of said lot. and running thence west 34 i feet 10'? In-hes: thence north 14 feet 4 I Inches: thence east 24 feet 19’j Inches to j said First street and thence south a'onr said j street 14 feet 4 lnehes. to th* point of I beyinning. Term* of sale One-third of the purchase monee to be paid in cash, balance in equal installment*, represented by promissory notes es purchaser, payable in one and two years, with interest at six per cent per annum from day of sale, payable semi annually. secured by first deed of trust upon property sold, or all rash, at option es purchaser. A deposit es *366 required es purchaser ot sale. Exam'natlon of title, conveyaneins. recordins and notarial fees st cost of purchaser. Terms to be compiled with within thirty days from day of sale, otherwise trustee reserve the right to retail rroperty at riak and eost of defaulting pur chaser after ten days advertisement of aueh resale in some newspaper published in Washington. D C . or deposit ma» be for feited. or without forfeiting deposit trus*e# m*v avail itself of any legal or equitable right* * * * ln £ xcFPTc'an' SECT p TThf ’a ND. TRUST COMPANY Trust**. By CORCORAN THOM. ffleal.i A*t*st President. A H. BHTLLTNOTON Assistant Secretary. in’ end.t:d«.*-.P» T~wr Ads m A. Wescbler A Ran, Auctioneers. FURNITURE SUITES AND ODD PIECES, PIANO. KENNEDY RADIO. ART METAL CABINET SAFE, ELEC. REFRIGER ATORS. FORTY ROOMS OF HIGH-GRADE HOTEL CARPET. A i S o ——————— BY ORDEB E. C. SNYDER. ft. S. Marshal. Mahogany Secretary. Cedar Chest.
| 26,885 |
https://github.com/j-huff/ion-gui/blob/master/client/src/components/editor/bottomToolbar.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ion-gui
|
j-huff
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 116 | 421 |
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import {Panel,Button,PanelGroup,Form,Col, FormGroup, ControlLabel, FormControl, HelpBlock} from 'react-bootstrap'
import Select from 'react-select'
import posed from 'react-pose';
import './bottomToolbar.css';
// class NodeProp extends Component{
// render(){
// return(
// )
// }
// }
const Box = posed.div({
closed: { height: "15px" },
opened: { height: "300px" }
})
const ContactEditor = (actionHandler, contactEditor,nodes,contacts) => {
if(!contactEditor.contact_uuid){
return
}
var contact = contacts[contactEditor.contact_uuid]
return(
<div>
Contact between {nodes[contact.node1_uuid].name} and {nodes[contact.node2_uuid].name} <br/>
From: {contact.from} <br/>
Until: {contact.until}
</div>
);
}
const BottomToolbar = (actionHandler, state, contactEditor,nodes,contacts) => {
return (
<Box className="bottomToolbarWrapper" pose={state.pose} style={{overflow:"hidden"}}>
<Panel className="bottomToolbar" >
<Panel.Heading onClick={()=>actionHandler({type:"toggle_bottom_toolbar"})}>
</Panel.Heading>
<Panel.Body>
{ContactEditor(actionHandler, contactEditor,nodes,contacts)}
</Panel.Body>
</Panel>
</Box>
);
}
export default BottomToolbar;
| 31,611 |
US-75668D-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 524 | 738 |
Improved beick-maohime
gradually curve inward again, so as to withdraw the plungers, which withdrawal will have been fully accom. plishcd by the time the point x3 shall have been reached, when the plungers will again rest on the pins c", preparatory to-again filling the moulds.
The conveyer or off-bearer E is an endless belt, passing around the two pulleys e and el, one of which may be made a driving-pulley to operate the device. This conveyor willbe placed at the bottom of the disk in such a position as to readily receive the bricks from the machine. A scraping-knife, F, is placed on the upper forward side of the disk, in such a position as to scrape off the face of the disk and moulds clean immediately after leaving the pug-mill. The scraper is held up to its work by thc wooden pin f, 'placed behind it for that purpose, the said pin being arranged to break and let the knife drop out, should it engage a stone orother hard or deleterious substance that might have passed through the mill. Set-screws (not shown) might be u sed to holdthe forward en'd of the knife down upon the disk.
A pressure-bed, G, is placed at the front side of the machine to receive the pressure of the followers c in forming the bricks. Aroundvthis pressure-bed is arranged a series of pressure-blocks, G1, connected together by an endlesschain, and arranged to revolve with the disk C in such a manner that each ofv the moulds will be covered by a pressure-block, while tl1e` clay within it is under pressure from the follower el. Tips, g, projecting from the cndsof the blocks G, overlap the sides ofthe disk, and are engaged by the pins, c", that project from the sides ofthe disk in such a manner as to take hold on the said lips and move the pressure-blocks forward in such a. manner'as to cause one of them to fall against each of the moulds in the said disk. rlhc face-plates, gl, may have their pressing-'faces constructed either straight or convex, as may `be'best suited to the construction of the bricks needed for different purposes. These plates may be adjustable by means of the setscrews g2, shown in the detail drawing. 4
The pins c, on which the followers are made to rest while the moulds are being filled, are to have square ends, both inside of the mould recess 'and outside of the disk, the outer'squares being used for the purpose of turning the said pins, so that the inner squares Shall be turned atwise or coruerwise to the follower-seat, thereby adjusting that seat to a distance more or less remote from the periphery of the disk, in order to make the mould more or less deep, as may be required for the manipulation of different qualities of clay.
Having described our invention, what we claim, is
The pug-mill B, when its bottom wings b'are formed concavely on the bottom, and combined with a disk,
C, and intermediate convex plate, as described and shown.
' n. oUtrLua,
G. C. SWALLOW.
Witnesses:
M. RANDOLPH, S. M. RANDOLPH.
| 20,561 |
https://github.com/tedi/react-native-date-picker/blob/master/examples/detox/src/propPickers/TimeZoneOffsetInMinutes.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
react-native-date-picker
|
tedi
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 58 | 169 |
import React, { Component } from 'react'
import { PropButton } from '../PropButton'
export default class extends Component {
render() {
const { onChange } = this.props
return (
<React.Fragment>
<PropButton
title="Set undefined"
value={undefined}
onChange={onChange}
/>
<PropButton title="Set 0" value={0} onChange={onChange} />
<PropButton title="Set 180" value={180} onChange={onChange} />
<PropButton title="Set -180" value={-180} onChange={onChange} />
</React.Fragment>
)
}
}
| 43,718 |
muretsandersenz00baumgoog_65
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,910 |
Muret-Sanders Enzyklop©Þdisches englisch-deutsches und deutsch-englisches W©œrterbuch, mit Angabe der Aussprache nach dem phonetischen System der Methode Toussaint-Langenscheidt. Hand- und Schulausg. (Auszug aus der Groszen-Ausgabe) ..
|
Muret, Eduard, 1833-1904 | Sanders, Daniel, 1819-1897 | Klatt, B. (Berthold), b. 1849, ed | Baumann, H. (Heinrich), b. 1846 ed | Klatt, Edmund. ed
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,267 | 18,944 |
Vtrl^^ttiicl _ 1089 — [nerl^unbertfaltisen] ^ -beal up, ta to cicatrize. — III '^ n --'% tt. 8/nng f%:Qi cicatrization. =^-4ef-ilrte« (f-*-) [ml)b.] #* I v/n.(f«), a. >»Cf-l^arte« u. fxdi tter-^ärtett virefl. to -^harden, to grow hard or obdurate, to ^' indurate (aOe a. fig.) ; ftc^ d^d<^>^ ^^- ^ ^^ ~ harden (or steel) one^s heart against; ^ 9er^äx1et hardened to; obdurate, : callous. — II via. to harden, to make '•: hard(er), to indurate (aiie a. fip.) ; med. bm £etb 2 to constipate (the iDowels). • — III -^ n Ö = S}crf)ärtuu0 1. rBer-l^ortitng (-) /ö 1. hardening, ob- . duracy, induration. — 2. path. : a) Seib : - 4tf constipation; b) $aut: callosity. Her-^araett (f--^-) ®* I vin. (fn) u. fii^ £ virefl. to turn to resin or rosin, to "become resinous, ^ to resinify. — II via. to cover (or to close up) with xesin or rosin. — III '^ n^ \\. IBtt* ^ar^nitg f^ioi resinification. »er-^af^eCtt (f^"*^) I via, u. ftl^ £ vjreß. ©a* to tangle in reeling off; fig. fic^ 2 beim 9ieDeu : to become embarrassed or perplexed, to get muddled; »oi. »erroidcln. — II '*' n @ u. Ser-^of<>(e)s filltg / % entanglement. »cHagt (f''*) [al)l>.] a. 9 (much) hated, odious ; bad ift mir 2 it's hateful to me, 1 hate it; ftd) 2 m. bei // to make o.s. obnoxious to // or unpopular with //. »et-^Otfc^elll (H-)I v/a.Öa*:einftü!bK. 2 to (over-)indulge (or coddle, cosset, pamper, spoil) ...; ein oer^ätjc^elted Äinb a pampered (or spoilt) child. — II ~ n ^ u. 8cr-]tAtfd|(e)(ntt9 / © (oYer-)indulgencc thovm to. Ser-^an (f--)m ^c. bjb. X frt. abat(t)is, barricade formed of trunks and branches of trees. Her-tanc^en (f^-^^) via. ®* to exhale ; pgi. au^lauc^en. Iicr-|anett (K^) [a^b.] via. h. ftc^ 2 vire/l. ^. {%)* 1. to injure by knocking or cutting; F einen 2: a) prUgehib: to knock a p. about; b) ffc^tenb: to hack (or cut) a p. about, to gash ap.'s face.— 2. — )er()auen. — 3. (^auenb aufbrauchen ober uerberben) to chop up, to use up (or to spoil) in cutting. — 4. 2, ftc^ 2 (S^lt^t tfautn) to cut badly ; fene. ftc^ 2 to lay 0.8. open to an attack, to ex- pose O.S.; fig. ftc^ im hieben 2 (iBiS^en geben) to blunder in speaking, to talk at random. — 5. e-m ben SQeg 2 (uer< f per reit) to bar (or barricade, obstruct) a p.'s way. tKt'^thtn (f--^) via. u. ftf^ 2 virefl. ® (^)b*: [idi {dat.) ben 2lrm 2 to sprain one's arm in lifting (a heavy load); ft(^ 2 to injure o.s. in lifting. Utr-lebbem F (f^^*^) via. ipa* to en- tangle; fid^ 2 virefl. to get entangled. ner-leereti (V-^) wt>.: harry] I via. #*: eilt £anb u. 2 to lay waste .... to devastate ..., to ravage ...; (doe m.) to desolate; mit «^euer unb 6rb)oert 2 to ravage (or lay waste)with fire and •word; 2b destructive; e-e uom 'S^mx verheerte 6tabt a town ravaged (or deatroyed, consumed) by fire. — II ~ n # f. 9)cr^ecruu(^. Btt'fittnx (f--^) m <ji, '^itt f @ de- vastator, ravager; destroyer. 8cr-^eentng (H^) f ^ devastation, ravaging; desolation; •" anrichten unter // to make (or spread, work) havoc among //, to devastate... tier-^cftett (f-*^) via. ®* 1. turg. eine 9Sunbe 2 to sew up ... — 2. oiel «am 2 to use up ... in stitching. — 3. (faifc^ ^cften) to stitch in wrong order, to transpose the aheeu of a book. ner-te^fett (f--^^) [aljb.] I via. ®* 1. to conceal, dissemble. — II *** n @ u.JBer-^e^fnng / d 2. » ^e^lerei ; andf -. dissimulation ; underhand work. — III Hev-^O^Utl p.p. u. bfb. a. ® 3. Seb. be« inf. — 4. u. (Bemüt: (beimlic^, cerftedt) deep and cunning, artful, underhand. tier-^et(ett (f^-^) I vin. (fn) ®* ». SBuubcn : to heal (or close) up. — II ~ n 0 w. Ser-^eUnng /0 healing (process). öcr-^eiittlic^/e« (f^-^) I W«®*: e-m et. 2 to keep a th. secret (or dark, back) from a p., to conceal a th. from a p., to keep a p. in ignorance of a th. ; fc^roeigenb 2 to hush up, to keep quiet; (bemänteln) to disguise, to dis- semble. — II ~ n d u. S/ttng / ^ concealment; dissimulation. tict-^eirateti (f^-^-^) [mt)b.] %* I via. : e-e Xoc^ter 2 to give ... away in marriage (an e-n to a p.), to marry (F to get) of f ... ; i()rc »crfieirotete Xoc^ter her married daughter; F fig. fie ftub ja uic^t vets heiratet they are not wedded (or tied) to each other. — II ftc^ 2 virefl. to get married, to marry, o. to settle down (in life), to enter the matri- monial state, ge^. 6pi-. to wed; ftc^ gliicf (i(^ 2 to make a good match ; fic^ n)iebcr2 to marry again, to remarry. — Ill '^ n Ö u. Ser-^etratung/*® marriage ; vox i^ver "' previous to her marriage, before she (got) married. ner-^cigcii (f---) [nil)b.] I via. @d* (p.p. 2) to (hold out a) promise. — II '*' n @ u. Ser-^eiguitg /© promise; bibl. btts fianb ber *" the Land of Promise, the Promised Land. Der-^ei^ungj^'OoN (f^-^-f*) a. ® u. adv. full of promise, promising, adv. in a promising way or tone. ner-^elfeti (H^) [ni^b.] vin. (f).) @b* : e-m ju ct. i to help a p. to (procure) a th., to assist a p. in obtaining (or getting) a th. ; e-m ^u f-m 9{cc^te 2 to see that a p. gets his rights or that a p. is righted, to see a p. righted. Her-^tnfert F(f^^-)a. ^damned, devil- ish, cursed, F deuced, confounded. oer-^errltf^ett (f«^^'^) I via. ®* to glorify, (f(bmü(fen) to adorn; in ^Giebcru uer^enlic^t famed in song. — II '^ n @ f. 9}er^evrlicf)ung. S3er-(errltffier (f^**^^) m ^ glorifier. IBer-^errliqung (^) f ^ glorification. ticr-^e^en(f-^)[m^)b.] I v/«-®* to goad on (ofli. auf^e^en I). — II *** « ö u. ©er-^el?tt«g Z® - 3luf()c^crci. Ser-4ett(e)rer 4/ (f--(")") m ö freighter, charterer. oer-^cnerit 4^ (f^-^^) via. Öa*: ein e^iff 2 to freight .... to charter ... ner-^ecen (H^) v/a. ®* to bewitch. ner-jicti, -^ielt, -^teft (f^-) ind. impf. 0. ücr-!)aucn, -galten, -^eifecn. tier-ttmitiel/ti (f^'**') via, ®a* I via. to deify. — II vin. (fn) (in feUgem (Befühle fcbroeben) to go into (or to be in) raptures; nerl^immelt fein, auc^: to be in the seventh heaven (of delight) or in Elysium or in ecstasy, to be enraptured. — III '^ n @ u. 89/ttng f ® deification, apotheosis. tter-^tnbent (f-^^-) [nif)b.] I via. Äa* — l)inbevnl. — II ~ n @ f. SJer^iubcrung. Ser-tittbernng (f«'*^^) / @ prevention ; hindering; ugi. ipinbernid ; m'^&*\aUt in case I (you, &c.) should be pre- vented (from coming or attending). tter-^ob(e«)(f^-(«) impf (p.p.)v.vcvMcn. tpcr-l^of^bentf c^eti (f*^-*)— ) via. €)'^= to ex- press in (or render into) High German. tier-^offe« (H-) v/n. (I).) ®* t = hoffen ; noc^ ie^ft gbr.! roibcr allcö "^ contrary to all expectation(8). lier-^o((ett (f^-^) p.p. f. Dcrl)e^(en lU. »ler-^öitictt (f---) [ni^b.] I v/a. ®* to mock, to jeer (or sneer) at, (auspfeifen) to hoot at; (läc^eriic^ m.) to deride, to (turn into) ridicule, ^o laugh at, to make fun of; (neden) to chaff, to tease, (foppen) to quiz ; bie SBcmitnft k. 2 to ruu counter to ..., to fly in the face of ... — II '^ n d f. 93ert)ö^nung. 8cr-^ö^iier(f^-^)m @. '*'iii f@ mocker» IBer-^ö^nung (~) f^ mockery ; derision. ttcr-^öfem (f---) via. ©a* to (sell in) retail, bisro.: to huckster. fBtt-f^Qi'hoit ^ (f'^.-t«) /■© tow-buoy. »er-^olen 4^ (f^-^) via. ®*: ein Scbiff 2 (fc^leppen) to (take in) tow. S^er-^oler 4/ (f^-^) m ^ («(^lepper) tow- boat, aid 2)ampfer: Stcaui-tug. ner-^oCfett (f^'*^) p.p. »on ner()clfen. Sßtt-f^oUtan ^t (f^-»-^) n tow-line. oer-^oljen (f^**^) I v!n. (fn) 0* to turn (iu)to wood, o to lignify. — II P v'a. (prügeln) to cudgel, beat, thrash. Ser-^ör (f^-) n ®c. jur. examination of a prisouer or defendant, iDcit@. trial, hearing; ind~bringen to put on one'» trial, to bring up for examination; to interrogate, to question; in3 ~' nebrncn to cross-examine. öer-^örcit (f-^-) [m^b.] I via. %* 1. bjb. jnr.: e-nfflngefIagten2to (crüss-)cxamine .... to interrogate ... (über et. on a th.). — 2. bic ©(6ülcr(innen) 2, bcu @c^ülev(inne)n xt)xc Scftion 2 to hear the (lessons of the) pupils, to hear the boys' (girls') lessons. — 3. ft(4 2 virefl. (faifc^ böreu) to hear wrong(ly), misunderstand, misapprehend. — II '^ n Ö u. Scr-^örnng / ® 4. iur. (cross-)examination. l»er-(ub \ (f^-) ind. impf o. Dcrl)c6cn. Her-^tilfe (f^**^) suhj. i>npf v. uerbelfcn. üer-^üUcn(f-*^^)[ml)t).]Ii/.a.u.firf|2i;r^/f. ®* to cover (over), to veil, to wrap (or muffle) up; (bemänteln) to cloak, bie ajnbrbeit: to disguise; in 2bcn (ob. ücrl)üütcu) ©orten in veiled language; euphemistically; oer^üüt disguised, ^ (ni'.idfiert) masked. — Il'^n W u.^er« Fällung /® cover, covering, veil(ing) ; disguise. öer-^ullber^f arfien (t-«-.-**-), fffiltige» (^.'*^-) r rt. u. fid) 2 virefl. %* to in- crease a hundredfold, to centuple. 0 atkntiAc\ # bolAnical; § geography; © machinery; X mining; tli milit*ry; 4/ marine; • commercial; ^ poetal; A nUwaj. pi. ■. [Serle^rSarbnung] — 1041 — [nerfod^en] currency, coin (age); sorbnung f traffic- regulations pi.; sfltte % f (Uf H«) usage (or rule) oftrade ; ^^pcfttng, sftdmilg f iuterruption of traffic, • block, Ü aii(^ break -down; -ftrage / • trade-route, highroad of commerce; stvefen n traffic, Ü service (of trains). Her-fel^rt (f^-) [p.p. ». ucvfc^rcn] a. % tnmed the wrong way, inverted, reversed, wry, ^. perverted; Sc Gelte wrong side; eine £e ^elt the world turned upside down or gone wrong; fig. (unfinntfl) absurd, pre- posterous ; ein £er (etgenfiitnioer) 9Rf iifc^ a wrong-headed fellow; ct. 2 [adv.) anfangen to start a th. at the wrong end, to go the wrong way to work; S angießen to put on awry or upside down; ^ 2 ^cv^formicj: (o obcordate. tkr-fel)ri-4ett (f--^-) / % perversity; absurdity; ni« ^anbiung: absurd (or preposterous) action, perverse deed. Scr-ie^rnng (f--^) / % (|. ncvfc^rcn 11) reversal, perversion; '*' bcr Xatfac^cn misstatement of the fact«. lper-!etieit (f^-^) ®* I v/a. 1. © to wedge (tightly), to tighten with wedges. — 2. Fburfc^ifo«: (oerfoufeii) to sell. — 3. P — prüqcln. — 11 fidj % vjrefl. 4. F feurfc^. (^(^ oeriieDen) to be smitten with. Hcr-lmitbar (f^-) a. 9 easily mistaken or misunderstood. tper-fennett (f-^-) I via. ^b*: e-n 2 to fail to I'ecoguize a p. ; to mistake a p., to take a p. for somebody else ; et. 2 to misconstrue (or misjudge) a th.; »it 2 bte Sc^tvieriglcit nic^t we are (not uu)aware of ...; er luirb uon alien verlannt he is misunderstood by everybody; oerfanutcö ÖJeuie, oeif anus ter 3Renf(^, $eriannte(r) ^ misunder- stood person, F queer (or odd) fellow. — II ~ n Ö u. Ser-fettnnng f % misconstruction of a th. 9er-!ctte(it (^"*^) via, »a* to fix (or attach) with a little chain. mt-htttn (f-**^) 1 via. ®* to chain (or link) together, fip. to concatenate. — II '^ n @ II. fStx-itttunq f% ßg. en- chainment, concatenation of fact«, Ao. ner-f e^er/n (f^ I via. #a* 1. to charge with heresy, to treat (or brand) as a heretic. — 2. fig. to brand, to stig- matize; to decry. — II '*' n @ uub 8/iiMfl /# 3. charge of heresy. tper-ftefeln (f^-^) 1 via. u. v/n. (fn) öa* geol.: <& tosilicify; 0, ehm. ueifiefclt si Heated. — II -^ n $| u. Ser-Itefe- fnng f%:^ silicification. »er-firdjlii^eii(f^'*^^) W«.®*: B^\x\tn k. 2 to put ... under ecclesiastical (or clerical) government or rule. ner-Iittea O (f-*-) [Äitt] I via. %* to (join with) cement, to (fasten with) pntty, bfb. ehm. to lute. — II '^ n @ imb Ser-Itttttng f % cementing, cementation, bfb. ehm. lutution. Wtt'liti^tM (f^-^^) I va. ®* jur. tO sue, to take legal proceedings against, to bring (or enter) an action against; »ciis. — anflagen 1. - II '^ n ?) — IV. — III«er-Hogte([r] m)f^ defendant; accnsed (person). — iV. Ser-flagung /# taking legal proceedings offninut; toeits. « Auflage 4, au4 : (making a) charge againat. [togp-ow Stiff or numb.i Oer-ffomilteit norbb. (f^"***) v\n. (fn) ®*/ nev-Ilaittiiier» © (f^-*^) via, Äa* to fasten with clamps or cramp-irons, to grapple; tgp. to brace. tier-!iatig (f^'*) ind. impf. ». ucrflingen. »er-flSre« (f^'^*') via. unb vlr^fl. ®* to shed a iflood of light upon, to transfigure (a. bihl.\ to glorify; ftc^ Z to be(come) transfigured; jig. ein uertldvted ^udfel^eu ^. to look beam- ing (with delight) or radiant, to have a serene (or bright) countenance. S^er-IIantng ^ (^^^) [nbl.] / % sea- protest, ship's (or extended) protest. Ser-f Cftrung (J) f % transfiguration (au(!^ 6t6/.), glorification. »er-f latfc^/en (f-*-) I via. ©* 1. e-n 2 to talk against a p., to defame (or back- bite) a p. — 2. etuiiben 2 to waste ... in gos8ip(ing), to prattle away ... II S/tmg f%*6. defamation. k»er-f(aitfel/tt (f^-^) ®a*, tier-Kattfii' (ter/en (^-^-t«) #* 1 v/a. to guard (or ensure) by clauses, to make a special provision about, to stipulate; nets ffaufelt, uerflaufultert specially pro- vided (for) or stipulated, bidwetlen: clausular. — II S/ttng f% special pro- viso (or provision) made, stipulation. uer-I(eben (f^-^^) I via. ®* to stick (or paste) together, mit aeim-. to glue (to- gether), mit ^fiafter: to plaster over, to apply a plaster to. — II '*' ti ® u. 9er-f (ebung / % sticking (or past- ing, gluing) together, &c. (f. I); oi agglutination. tter-flerffe« (\^*^) v.a. ®* to waste (or spill) in scribbling or daubing; to (daub with) ink, to smudge. t>er-((etbeit (f^-^^) 2C. — ucrflcben 2C. ner-Uetben (f^-^) I via. u. flc^ 2 vrefl. ^ 1. (ftc^) 2 to disguise (o.s.), to (put on a) mask; aid Settler uerfleiDet dressed up as a beggar; tkta. fi(^ 2 afd // to make up as // — 2. © (oerbetfen) to case (or line) with wood, Ac, areh. to face; mit ^(anfeu 2 to board; mit ^feduerf 2 to wainscot; X etneu S($a(^t Dur(^ ^of^roänbe 2 to timber ... — II -^ n @ II. »er-f(eib«ng f% 3. (f. 1) disguising, disguise, mum- mery, thea. make-up ; (f. 2) © casing, lining, facing: boarding, planking; wainscoting; X timbering. 5Ber-f(ein(e)rer (f^-(^)^) m «: '" fremben «erbieiiftc« jc: belittler, detractor. ner-Keinerit (f^-^) I via. ©a* 1. to make sniall(er), to reduce in size; (oerminbeni) to diminish, to lessen; (üerenflern) to narrow down; arith. einen JDrut^ 2 to reduce ... ; 3ei4enfunft: — uerjüngen 2; 2b diminutive (bfb. qram.). — 2. fig. et. 2 (^eiübfe^en) to belittle a th.. to'derogatc (or detract) from a th., oeiieumbenb : to cry (or F run) down a th.; j-d 93crbicnft 2 to disparage a p.(*8 merit); ben SBert üon et. 2 to depreciate a th. — II '^ n ^ unb ISer-deinerung /#• 3. (f. 1) re- duction, diminution; (f. 2) belittle- ment, derogation, detraction, dis- paratrement, depreciation. ^ nafU; Qi Biffcnfi^aft; ^ ipfUnie; ^ Oeograp^ie; © Ze(^nif; X »ergbau; ^ 3Rilitdr; MURET'SANDKUS. Dkutsch-Esgl Wd.. Hand- und ScHCL-ArsoAitE. Ser-I(einerttngi»sg(ad (f^^-«...) n % op<. diminishing glass, concave lens; siitolftab tn 3ei(^uen : scale of reduction; sfi(bc /, qr. diminutive syllable or suffix; tfiiii^tig a. % detractory, slanderous; stoort n, gr. diminutive. tier-Ifetfiterii (f^-«) via. i^a* to paste together; \ fig. (bemänteln) to cloak. »er-Iltngen (f^«*^) vln. (fn) ®ft* »on Zonen: to die away; fig. to become extinct, to die out, to fade away. ner-Iiommen (f^**^) [p.p. ». f uerf limmen] a. % (D9) numb, stiff — nevftammt. tier-I(o]pfen F, meift uer-ffop^iett P (f^^) via. ®^- (oerfaitfen) tO sell to get rid of, to dispose of. oer-Kttttgen (f^**^) p.p. uon üerftinaen. uer-fnaUen (f^**^) via. ®*: ^uluer 2 to waste (one's) powder. tter-Itteife«(f^'^^)v/a.®b*to pinch; Ffic^ (dai.) et. 2 to deny o.s. a th., to forego (or to dispense with, to do without) a th. oer-fnei^cii F (f^-^) via. ®* to spend ono'a mon«j, Ac. ill public-hoUSCS or on drink or F in boozing; au(4: to guzzle away. oer-Iniffen (i^'*^) p.p. »on uerfneifen. »er-IntUem (f^ via. Äa* to crumple (up), to crease, to ruffle. uer-liiöc^eni (f^'*^) ©a* I v/n. (\\\) to turn bone, ossify ; fi^. to haideu (in one's opinions), to grow pedantic or narrow-minded or F crusty. — II via. bfb. physiol. to ossify; fig. uers fnöc^rter Stflcnfc^ pedaut(ic fellow), P CO. fossil. — III ~ n @ u. 8ers Inöc^ernng / % bjb. pkysiol. ossifica- tion;/f^.hardeniug(in one's opinions), F CO. fossilizing, fossilism. iier-!itorpe(/n (f-"*^) I v/n. (fn) unb fti^ Z vrefi. »a* physiol. u. path, to turn to cartilage or gristle. — II '^ n Ö u. $/ttng f %\ Qj cartilaginification. ucr-Inoteti (f-^-) ^ 1 via. to (tie into a) knot, to entangle, fig. to knit together. — II F [Änote] Wn.(f n) to become a cad. üer-fnä^f/en (f^"*") I via. u. virtfi. ®* 1. = ocrbinben 1; 2b connective; mit (^rofecn Äofteu uerfnüpft involving (or entailing) a large expense, very costly; mit ©c^roieviflfciten ücrfnü;)ft attended (or beset) with difficulties; mit geroiffen Übelftänben ncrfuiipft subject to certain drawbacks; eng uerfnüpft mit // closely associated (or connected) with //, bound up with //^ phis, fogifc^ uerfnilpft logically ar- ranged or connected, in logical sequence. — 2. to (tie into a) knot (-^ uerfnotcn). — II -^ n ^JP u. »/ung f% 3. (f. 1) connexion (oßi. SSerDinönng 2); eine feltfamc ~ ». Umftanben: a strange coincidence or concurrence; {\. 2) knotting (together), entanglement. tier-!nwrren F (!-"*-) ®* I vlvefl. ftift Ä to wrangle, F to keep bickering and biting; firt) mit e-m 2 to fall out (or to quarrel) with a p. — II via. — cinfpcrrcu unb uenirtcifen. »er-foi^ett (f-'*«*)-) «* I t;/n. (fn) 1. to be spoiled in cooking. — 2. (toc^enb »er» fliegen) to boll away, to evaporate; fig. fein 3ürii ücrfoc^t balb his anger SRorinc; # ^anbel; i» ipo|; Ü «ifenba^m. 131 fuerloitgentj ^ i-ö '^ at a p.'s desire or request; S auf '*' ^af^im to pay on demand; oitf ^ '* ructja^Ibar (re)payable at call. — I 6. — S^rberung 1. -Mr-Iottger/tt (f^) I via. ®a* 1. to * lengthen, to elongate, to add (a piece) to, to eke out, math, to pro- duce a line. Ae. — 2. (audbe^nen) to ' extend; (fortfe^en) to continue, ititUdf oi»^: to prolong (a. #), to protract, % «Btt^fel: to renew. — 3. vhrefl, ftc^ S, to grow longer, to lengthen, to extend. — II '^ n @ 4. — 9J/ung 1. Äer-lftll8en^^lg(^'*^^)/®l.(^wrIängf^l I) lengthening, elongation, math, pro- duction ; prolongation (jur. # o. 9Be(9* fein), protraction; ~ einer 3ciJ|lungdf rift extension of the time of payment, respite (granted). — 2. (gufa^) addi- tional piece ; (^ortfe^ung) continuation ; (f^ortfai) process. Ser-fStigertingi^sgitrt © (f^*^^...) m @ eottierti: lengthening-strap; sftftcf n lengthening-piece; ^ ~ eined (Bxt>: bo^rerd lengthening-joint (or -rod) of an earth-borer. iper-Iangfamett (f-'*^^^) I via. ®* to slacken, retard, delay; O e-n (Betrieb te. t to slow down. — II '^ n 0 iinb Ocr-langfamuitg f 9 slackening (down): retardation, delay(ing). HeHangter^mageit (f^'*^.^«) adv. as de- manded, by demand, as desired. Her-Iä^em F (f-**^) via. ©a* to fritter (or tnfle) away, to spend (or waste) on trifles, F to fribble away; ft(^ £ virefl. to dribble (or melt) away, to go by driblets or by degrees. Her-iam/nt (f^*^) I via. »mb ftc^ £ virefl. #*: (ftc^) 2 to (put on a) mask, to disguise (o.s.); n/t masked, ent. in the larva state, Qt laryate(d), ^ per- sonate. — II ~ n & iinb IB/itttg / 9 masking, masquerade, mummery, dis- guise; tfn(. (entering the) larva state. Her-lo^ (^•^) ind. impf. u. uerlcfen. »ev-Iaf^en (f^'*^) v/a. ©* ü to fish; oerlafc^ter @to^ fish-joint IMr-(Sfe (f ■^*') »tt6;. twip/". ». werlefcn. 9er-(a( (f^) m ®a. - Suuerläfrtgfcil; (4 ift lein ~ ouf il^n there is no reliance to be placed on him, he eannot be trusted or relied upon. Her-diffett (H«) #a* I via. to leave, ganili^: to quit; (im etic^ laffeit) to leave in the lurch, to abandon, to forsake, bSiwioig: to desert, to run away from, unfreimiaig*. to relinqnish; (räumen) to vacate ; fie verlädt nie bad S^aa^ she never moves (or budges) from the house; ber Q^ebanfe f)ai mi4 nie Z that thought has never left me or has always haunted me ; feine Jtraft, fein Slut oerltefi i^n ... failed him. — II vire/l. ftc^ auf e-n 2 to rely (or depend) upon a p., vou ^uuerfic^t : to trust a p., to place confidence in a p.; ft<5 wegen et. auf c-n 2 to depend npon (or look to) a p. for u th.; 6ie Wimen ftc^ barauf 2, baft // you may rest assured (orconfidont) that !'. — Ill p.p. u. a. ® (im eti* flclnffcn) abandonea, forsaken, deserted, (^iif« lo») forlorn, (mittfiio4)defltitute; (aUein) — 1048 — quite alone, lonely, solitary; (ni<^t me^r beno^nt) derelict, (öbc) de8ert(ed) ; bie ©lenben unb ~en pi. the wretched and forlorn. — IV ~ n O (f. I unb III) leaving; abandonment, desertion, relinquishment, dereliction. Ser-Caffett^eit (r^-) f % (f. »er^ laffen III) abandoned (or deserted) state, forlorn (or destitute) condition, destitution ; loneliness. »er-raffenfc^ttft (f^--) f % i«r. - i^interlaffenfc^aft. tter-Caffig, »er-ISSItdi (r*^) a. ® (in. oerisffig) reliable, trustworthy. »cr-föffuitg (fH /® - nerlaffen IV. ner-lofteni (f-*-) «a* - läftem. tier-fatten ® (f-'*-) via. ^ - bclatten. 8cr-(att(l {y^) m (»)c. in %l\V\^tx Rebe: mit '^ by your leave, with your (kind) permission. iBer-fanf (f^-) m ®c. 1. »on ber 8<«t: ex- piration; flight of time; im ~ einiger l;age in the course of a few days ; na(| ~ »on brei galten after (a lapse of) three years; iui ~ ber 3cit in pro- cess of time. — 2. oon fid^ entwitfelnben Usingen : progress ; ber naiürlid^e ~ ber ^inge the natural course (or issue) of events ; son Aranf^eiten k. : einen fc^Iimnien ~ nehmen to take a bad turn, oon Aranf^eiten: to end fatally; weiterer ~ sequel. tter-Ioiife« (f^-^) ®aft* I vlrtfl.^ \ v/n. (fn) 1. ft4 £ to run the wrong way, to lose one*s way. — 2. »iflarb: mein Sau l^at fic^ 2 my ball has gone astray. — 3. (o. v/n.) ». e-r SRenge: ({l(^ lerfkreuen) to disperse, to be scat- tered (to the four winds); eine ftc^ 2be i^crbc a roving (or scattered) herd. — 4. (a. r/n.) ». Äeiüäffem: to flow away or off, to subside, to fall ; vom Zerrain : (fl^ aSmä^Iic^ fenfen) to form a gentle incline or slope; oon ber geit: to expire, elapse, pass (away). — 5. paint, (o. färben) fid^ in sea. (ab* fiufenb) 2 to blend (imperceptibly), to shade off (by degrees). — 6. (mft v'n.) (founbfo) 2 (ben ob. ben Serlauf nehmen) to pass (or come) off, to take a certain course; n)ie ift bie €ac^e 2? how did the affair go off?, how did it all end or turn out? — II via. 7. (bur(( Saufen oertreiben, oerbouen) to dispel (or cure, digest, work off) by ninning; \\d^ (dat.) Jtopffd^merjen 2 to walk off one^s headache, to cure one's headache by walking. — 8. e-m ben SBeg 2 (abft^neiben) to block (or obstruct) a p.'s way (in running), to run in a p.'s way. — III 2 p.p. unb a. 9 (D9) 9. «eb. be« inf. — 10. (flüchtig) fugitive; (fl<^ urn. bertreibenb) Vagrant, homeless, for- lorn, wandering, F on the tramp; 2er ^unb stray dog; 2ed 9)ie^ stray (or roving, nmaway) cattle. — IV '*' n 0 11. (f. I) dispersal of a crowd ; sub- sidence of water; expiration (or lapse) of timo. [hazard.i SBer-Iaufer (f -^^j mö »iOarb: losing/ tier-lantbaren (f«^«^) ®* I via. to make known, to divulge, to report. - 11 vjn. (i)., a. jn) — Deriauten. [aSerlegenlett] ner-ianten (K«) v/n. (&., a. fn) ®* to become known, to be bruited (or spread) about, to transpire, to get wind ; et. 2 (. to let out a th., to blab a th. out; rote oerlatttet as an- nounced, by all accounts, according to what people say. »er-CeBett (K-) I via. ®* 1. to live through ; ben 6ommer ic. auf bem Saube 2 (tubringen) to spend ... in the country; fie ^aben fc^oneXage oerlebt they have spent (some) happy days, F they had a glorious (or fine) time (of it). — 2. (burt^ £eben«genuB aufbrauchen) to use up (or wear out) with fast (or riotous) living. — II tier-(ebt p.p. u. a. d 3. (entfd^wunben) past, spent. — 4. (erfc^öpft) used up, worn (F played) out, bur(9 alter: decrepit. ner-lebem (f-^^) vja. ©a* 1. 0 to (line with) leather. — 2. F fia. e-n 2 (oer^auen) to give a p: a ^ood) leathering or thrashing. »er-Iegen* (H'^) #* I via. 1. a) rdum. ii(9: to shift (or transfer) to a place; (au(9 ;i^ oon Xruppen); fein d^efc^äft nac^ Stöln 2 to remove one's business to Cologne; beuSc^oupIa^ e-rSria^iung in bie ©c^roei^ 2 to lay (or locate) the scene ... in Switzerland; ben 6d^n)erpunlt anberdiDot|in 2 to shift (or move) the centre of gravity to another point; O Saufteine 2C. 2 (legen) to set; Quf bic l)o^e jtante 2 to set up edgeways; b) s^tuc^: to postpone, to defer, onf e-n anbem Zog: to put off; bie ®i|ung auf e-n fpäteren Xag 2 to adjourn the meeting. — 2. (falft^ Einlegen) to mis- lay, to misplace; to put in the wrong place. — 3. e-m ben 5Beg, bic ©trajc z. (oerfperrcn) to bar(ricade or block, obstruct) a p.*s way. — 4. #: a) (mit bem 925tigen oerfe^en) e-n Slarft k. mit Sparen 2 to supply (or stock, feed) ... with goods ; b) »uc^^anbel: ein SBerr 2 to publish (or bring out) ..., to under- take the publication of ... — II virefl. 5. fil^ auf ei 2 (fi(^ et. angelegen fein I.) to apply (or devote) o.s. to a th., ^ärfer: to put one's heart and soul into a th. ; fic^ aufd ^ebrdifc^e 2 to take up (F to go in for) Hebrew. — Ill '^ n @ 6. f. Verlegung. tier-Iegeii* (f^-^*') [ml^b. p.p. oon ner* liegen] <t.9(d 9) 1. • spoiled (or ruined) through lying; (bef(^abigt) damaged; (abgeftanben) stale, flat; 2e äßaren damaged (or unsaleable) goods 0/. — 2. (befangen) embarrassed, perplexed, puzzled, confused; 2 ma^en f. Ver- legenheit 1 ; um et. (^e^lenbet) 2 fein to be at a loss for a th. ; um Qktb 2 fein to be hard up (or F pinched) for money, to be financially embarrassed; er ift nie um eine Sntn>ort 2 he is never at a loss for an answer, he has always a reply ready. »er-Iegettl>eit (f--^-) f% (f. nerlegen« 2) 1. embarrassment, perplexity, puzzle, dilemma; (Oenoirrung) confusion; ((Se* irouitgen^eit) constraint; e-n in ~ fe^jen (oeriegen m.) to embarrass (or perplex, puzzle, F nonplus) a p. — 2. e-m ^en (Unonne^mii<^feiten) bereiten to give J) forlorn, (mittfIIo4)defltltute; (aUelii) - 11 vjn. (t)., a. jn) — üeriauten. | ""en (Unonne^mIi<^feite Mi«atifie; ^ botanical; ^ geocrraphj; O machinery; X mining; >lii military; >l marine; ^ commercial; ^» postal; A railway. 131* BerUbniS] _ 1045 — [Sermerl] ^hcr lianc^, his fiancee. — U -^ @ ^ ^-.f. »cvlobuiig. *t-WBiii«(H")n@ (t /■®)=25crtobung. ir^r-üibte(r) (H^) s. f. ucrloben I. """'icr-lobttiig (f^-^) /® betrothal, en- i;^ '^ gagemeut (to be married); eine ~ ~^' aufgebe« ob. rüdgängig m. to break -^ • off an engagement. ^^^0cr-(obttngi»' anzeige (K^..) / @ *^ (public) announcement of a betrothal ^•' or an engagement; sfeter /, sfcft n (iu \' Onglanb unbe!annt) (festivities pi in) y^ celebration of a betrothal : ;riitg m '~-t engagement-ring, F engaged ring. *» Her-CoSen (f^'*^) I via. ®* to entice, ■"? to allure; to tempt (away) (ogl. nevs fa führen 2 u. 3). — II '^ #» @, mcift •^ Ser-Ioffttttg f% enticement, allure- ^ rnent; temptation. It ittt'ioqtn (f^-^^) [m^b. p.p. »on f Dcr= lügen] a. ^ fond of (or given to) lying, ^ mendacious; ~^ett / ® lying dis- i position, mendacity. : tier-Iol^tten (f^-^) vfimp. ®* : t» ocvlo^nt bic (ob. \\di ber) 3Wül;c it is worth the trouble, it is worth while; eä üer^ lo^nt fic^ nic^t (ber 3Jlüf)e) it is not worth troubling about, the game is not worth tlie candle, F it does not pay (for the trouble), [oon oerlieren.'i Her-Ior (f--) iW., t>er-(ötc subj. impf.] iper-foren (f^-^)p.p. oon uerliercn u. a.% (d 9) 1. lost; in Q)ebanfcn £ lost (or absorbed) in thought; (»crint) forlorn, (a)8tray; 2c (oeröcbiit^e) Slirbeit, aWii^c labour lost, fruitless effort; ba$ ~e ^arabied now Hniiton: Paradise Lost: X 2cr ^often forlorn hope; 2cr @^u6 random (or stray, F wild) shot; f. @o^n; fig. f. i&opfen; 6prt(^io. (5Jre 2, aIIc<J »erloren give a dog a bad name, and (you may as well) hang him; f. Äaifer. — 2. mit verbs: für 2 ^^itti^ 2 gebe« to give up as (or for) lost; ba« ©piel 2 geben to throw up the game (as lost) ; 2 ge^(e)ti to get (or be) lost, »on eriefen jc. nu<^: to miscarry; an i^m ift ein 3)ip(omat 2 gegangen he was cut out (or F made) for a diplomat(i8t),heoughtto have been a diplomat(»flr.üerberben2);'^sge^(e)tino. »ri<f<iijc.: loss, being lost, miscarriage. 8et-(oreii4ett (f--^^-) f e lost (or for- lorn) condition, ond^: forlomness. • ner-Ioff^bar (H-) a. Oextinguishable. •er-I5fd>ett(f"*-)fm^b.]Iv/ti.(fn)®b(€))*, A — er(()fc^en I, mcift fig. to become extinct. — II via. ^* ©efc^iiebene« 2 (oerwiftben) to efface ..., to obliterate ... — III '*' n @ unb IBer-Iöf(^ttng / % extinction ; effacement. »er-fofe« (f«^-) I via. «*: ct. 2 to dis- pose of a th. by lots or in a lottery, to (put in a) raffle; roeitS. (on ein« lelne »eridlen) to allot. — II '^ n O «nb 8er-(ofnng f% lottery, raffle; bfb. % allotment. ©er-(of««g«.gefc^oft ('..)«® lottery- business (in «iiglnnb untcfumit). Her-Idtett ® (K-) via. ®*: cine ^Iccb- fifte ic. to solder (up) ... I>er-(ii*ter/tt(f^'*-)©a^= I via. to squander in debauchery, to waste in riotous living, f-e 3cit: to dawdh; (or fritter) away. — .II vln. (fein) i^nn ^crfonen: to lose one's energy and self-respect; bfb. 0. 2)tneen : to go to rack and ruin ; nerlottertev 3Jlen|cl^ dissolute (or dis- sipated or rackety) fellow; 8/ttng f% waste; dissipation, depravity. tier-Iitb (f -) ind. impf. ». pcrlaben. tier-(ttbertt (f^-^) — ocvlottern. tier-f nm)iett (f^^) vln. (fn) u. via. ®* 1. vln. 0. Aleibunodfiacfen: to go to rags; ale v\a. : feine Äleiber 2 to wear one's clothes to rags; oerlumpt ragged, F out at elbow; oevlumpter äflenf § ragamuf- fin, tatterdemalion. — 2. vln. p.^erfo» neit : to be(come) reduced to beggary. Cer-Ittft (f-^) [oift.i lost] m ®a. X bcm geinbc ~c beibringen to inflict losses (or punishment) on the enemy; ^ fc^were ""c erleibcn to suffer heavy (or severe) losses; bic erlittenen ~c the (list of) casualties pi. ; (ant. ®eniinn) loss auAtained, ® oon <Sla9, 2)nmpf ac: escape, leakage; (erlittener Gehoben) damage auffered; detriment, prejudice; (siboang) waste ; (ec^iappe) defeat; (ent- lie^ung) privation; ~ ber Äronc for- feiture of the crown; f. oerfoufen 1. net-fttft^brittgeitb (f^*.'**') a. % causing (or involving) a loss, detrimental, prejudicial. ber-Ittfifiereii fnfi f (^"-"): fi«^ ° v/r«/f . «* to enjoy o.s., to have plenty of fup. Her-In^tg (H*^) a, (nur flW «Pnibifat gbr.) losing; einer @a(^e igen.) 2 ge^(e)n, 2 roerben, ftc^ einer Sac^e 2 madden to incur (or suffer) the loss of a th., to lose. Ö. JRe(5teit w. : to forfeit, to,be(come) deprived of; e-r ©ac^c 2 fein to have lost (or suffered the loss of) a th. «er-Iiifi^ifte X (f-*...) / % list of casualties ; ?ret4 a. ^ suffering (or involving)great losses; -ttttb^elDtnit« lonto • n profit-and-loss account. bcr-mac^en (f^"**^) via. %*: c-m et. 2 to bequeath (or will, leave) a th. to a p. »cr-mac^tiii« (H-) n @ (f f®) 1. will. — 2. (bn« JBermod^te) bequest, legacy. SBer-mSt^tnii^'erbe ('...) m @ iur. le- gatee; =geberm legator; sne4mer(t]t /) m legatee ; »ol. fiegatar. ber-ma^(eit (f--^^) via. ^ {p.p. 2) 1. SBfisen 2 to grind ... (to flour). — 2. to grind badly. ber-mä^f en (f--^) [m^b. : (®e)moSf] %* I v'a. bfb. von Gtanbeftperfonen : to give away in marriage, to unite in wed- lock; uermöbtt mit married to. feier* lieber: wedded to. — II vjrefi. ftf^ 2 mit to marry, to get married to, feier« lieber: to join in matrimony, to wed; bic SScrmii^Itcn pi. the bridal couple. Ser-ma^ttttig (f^-^) f ® marriage; wedding, nuptials pi. »er-ma^itttig«=feier ('...) / e, =fcft n « ipod^jeit; stag m day of the wedding; wedding-day. ber-ma^ti/en (»^'^^) I via. ®* to ad- monish. — II '^ n @ unb ^/ung f% admonition, exhortation. ber-matebei/ett (f^««-^^) [ni^b. ; *lt. mate- di'eere] I I'/a.®* to curse, to execrate ; ccrmalcbcitcr Äcil! confounded (or damned, Fdeucod) fellow! — II$/nng /# execration. ber-mattitig^f ac^ett (V*^'^€r), ?fiM4ige» (...•'*^) via. % to diversify, to vary. ner-maiif^ett (f^**^) via. ®* ©etrehiee: to doctor (up). i»er-iita§ (f^-) ind. impf. p. ncrmeffen. ber-nmuent (f^^*') I via. ®a* 1. to use up in building walls. — 2. to wall up or in, to enclose with walls, bfb. e^m.: ((cbenbig) 2 to immure. — II'^ndu.8er-itiait(e)ntitg /^3. wal- ling in or up, e^m.: immurement. ber-mel^rbar (f*---) a. % capable of in- crease or enlargement; multipliable. ber-me^rett (f^-^^) I via. u. ftc^ S vlrefl. ®*: (fi(^) 2 to increase, to augment, an 3a^l: to multiply; (oergrö|ern) to enlarge, to add to; (fortpfianjen) to propagate; pon Vieren: fic^ raf(§ 2 to breed rapidly; mo. ftc§ burc^ ieilung 2b: ^ fissiparous; % »uc^^anbci: ners meierte u. nerbefferte Auflage enlarged and revised edition. — II '^^ « @ f. Söermcl^rung. 9er-me^ter (f^-^*-) m @, M« /® multi- plier, bur<^ ^ortpflanjang : propagator. Ser-metritng (f^-*') / % increase, aug- mentation, multiplying, multiplica- tion ; enlargement, growth ; propaga- tion; ^, $o. ~ burc^ fpontane Teilung: Ct fissiparous generation. IBer-me^rttngS'Orgatte (f^"^..) nlpl. % organs pi. of propagation; -$0^1 /, math, multiplier, factor; ^seitg O n, mach, multiplying gear. ber-meibbar (f^--) a. % avoidable, easy to avoid or to evade or to shun. ber-nietben (f^-^) I via. ®* to avoids geftbitft: to elude, evade, escape, forg- ffiUig: to give a wide berth to, Sngftu^: to shun, ^t unb fig. to steer clear of, au« abnetgung: to shirk; ed läfit ftd^ nic^t 2 it is unavoidable, it cannot be helped ; bic oermicbcue (SJefa^r the danger shunned or eluded. — II '^ n ® unb 9}er-metbnttg / ® avoidance, evasion; bei ~ unfercr Ungnabe on pain of (incurring) our displeasure. ber-metnen (f^-^^) via. ®* to believe, suppose, imagine (pgi. meinen 1). ber-metnt(tf^ (^-^) a. ® «= angeblid^. ber-mc(beit faftf(f^^^) v/a-®*: c-m et. 2 to notify a th. to a p. (pgi. metbeu 1 u. 3) ; mit Si^ren ober Sflefpcft ju 2 with (all) due deference to you; eS ift mir ners tnelbet roorben, bag // I have been (duly) informed that //. ber-mengett (f^'*^) I via. u. ftc^ ^ v/r«/f. ®* s mengen I; (perwetbfein) to con- fuse; (bunt) ucrmengt promiscuous; fig. in eine Sac^e ncrmcngt involved (or entangled) in a matter, mixed up with an 5fair. — II '^ n @ n. ^tVM% f % mixing (or muddling) up, mix- ture; confusion; entanglement. ber-mettfc^lic^/eit (f^^^^^) I via. ®* to represent in (a) human form or shape, to make a human being of. Sarbarcn, SDiibc: to humanize, to civilize; Q5t' ter :c.: C7 to anthropomorphize. — 11/;- n @ u. S;«ttg / @ (f. I) humani- zution; o anthropomorphosis, an- thropomorphism. Ser-merf (j^'*) m ®b. note, notice, remark, entry. ^ SRufW; (a SBiffc«i|(^afl; # ^Jflunje; ^ ©eograpbie; Q Xed^nif; X »ergbou; X TOilitSr; 'I TOarine; # IJonbel; v ^ofl; A «IfenBa^n. l»enrtttetl «eben: to commit) o.s., F to give o.s. away; bad Don t|i- 2c öJe^cimnid the secret nnfolded (or divulged) by her. — 2. fig* (^inbeuten auf) to denote; fcin 93ene^meii verrät ben feinen aXann his manners show (or bespeak, prove) him a gentleman ; btefe Sorte £ grofien €c^arfftnn ... argue (or show, be token, indicate) great sagacity. 8er-rftter (f-*') m ®, '^in / 0 betrayer of a secret, &C., an einer Sad^e, einer ißerfon: traitor (/auc^: traitress) to a emiue, to one'« king, Ac.; (3lugeber[iu]) informer, spy; '*'ei (f^-^') f% treason (-able conduct), treachery; perfidious act; Z\\^ (f^-^*^) a. ® treacherous; (treuioft) perfidious, disloyal, faith- less, false, in poiitif(^n fingen : treason- able (action, Ac.), fcltener: traitorouS. tier-ranf^en (f^-^-).®* I v/n. (fn) 1. to rise up as smoke; (oerbampfeu) to evaporate. — 2. bie ©uppe 2 (abfüllen) Idffen to let the soup cool down ; ^. feinen ^oxxx 2 I. to cool down (in one's anger). — II v/a. 3. (aufrauhen) to spend on tobacco or in smoking. iier-rftit^crn (f^-^) via. ©a* 1. niei ©ei^« rou<^ jc. 2 to bum up ... — 2. ein dimmer 2 to fill ... with smoke. tPCT-ranfi^ett (f -^) v/n. (fn) ©* to rush away ; (ranfd^enb oerfc^minben) to hurry past (like a rushing stream), to rush past, oon ber 3eit: to slip by, to pass away (pleasantly). Hcr-rec^en (f"*^) ©b* I via. to reckon up, to put to account — II ftc^ £ vjreA. to miscalculate, to be out in one s reckoning (beibe a. ^.), to make a mistake in one's calculation or account(8); f^. a. to meet with (a) disappointment. — III '^ t? ^ u. Ser= rei^iiwig / % (f. I) reckoning up, (putting to) account; (f. U) mis- calculation, wrong calculation ; mis- take(inaccounts);^^.disappointment. ttcr-reifeii P (f-*-) [mftb.] v/n. ()n) ®* 90» Xieren (eontp. a. oon SRenfd^en) to drop (or fall) down dead, to perish (by the roadside), F to croak. »er-?ebeii (K-) #* I via. et. 2 to forswear (or abjure) a tli., solemnly to renoimce a th. ; ic^ m\i t^ ntc^t 2 I won't say nay to it. — II v/». (^.), flMi<^: fil^ 2 vreß. (fageu wa4 man nt(^t fagen woUte) to blunder (or to commit 0.8.) in speaking; (fic^ oerrateu) to betray O.S., F to let the cat out of the bag; prove. (fl(^entf(^u[bigen)to plead excuses. Hcr-rcgneK (f*'-^) via. »b* to spoil by rain(y weather) ; etuociTe(^netcr©ouns toQ a Sunday spoilt by (constant) rain, auc^: a dripping Sunday. Her-ret^eti (f^-^^) va. @* 1. to prrind well. — 2. to use up in grinding. ner-retfen (H^) ^* I vjn. (fn) to go (or start) on a journey or on a tour or on one's travels; to start, leave, de- part; oft 2 to travel (F to knock about) a good deal ; felt maun finb fie »erreift? how long have they been travelling or away (from home)?; er ifi in ÖJefcöäfteu ncrrcift he is away (or has left) on businesR. — II via. ©elb, Sell 2 to spend ... in travelling. _ ^ Kuflf; ^ ffiifffnfdjafl; r ^flaiije; § Öeoarapfcie; 0 Xct^nif; X »ergbau; ^^ Wilitflr; s^ TIatine; # ^anbel; i» «poft; Ü «ifenba^n. — 1049 — ner-renlett (f-'*-) I via. @^=: e-n arm k. 2 (»ei*fiau<^en) to sprain ..,, c? to luxate ..., (au4rcnfen) to put ... out of joint, to dislocate ... ; er l^at fic^ (dai.) beu Sfufi oerrenft he has sprained his foot; nerrenft sprained, dislocated. — II '^ n © unb Ser-venlung / ^ sprain(ing), dislocation. »er-reuttett (f^^) Ab* I via,: e-m et 2 (oerfperren) to bar (or block) a p.'s way to a th. — II flfj^ 2 vlrefi. (falf<^ loufen) to run the wrong way ; /^. to get stuck in one's argument, Ac.; \. Oerranut. t>er-rii^tcn {\^^) I via. #* to perform, to do, (ou«fa^ren) to execute, accom- plish, achieve, (erfauen) to fulfil; (fic^ einer ^flic^t entUbtgen) to acquit O.S. of (or to discharge) a duty; f. ^ebet 1, ®ef(^äft 5 u. 5lotburft. — II '^ n ® — Verrichtung. Ser-ric^tttiifi (f"*^) f % performance, execution, accomplishment, achieve- ment, fulfilment; discharge; ~ mit ber^anb manipulation; *" eine« fSrper- lichen Organ« tc.: function; tägliche ~en every-day business, daily routine or duties or work. [reiben.i tter-rteb(eit) (^•^(*') impf, (p.p.) v. oers/ ner-rie^en (K»') v/n. (fn) u. ftt^ £ vlrefl. ®c* 0. e-r eiume 3c: to lose its smell. tier-Tief (f^^) ind. impf. V. uerrufcu. tter-rtegein (f'-^) via. ©a* to (bar and) bolt up; votxiS. fig. to close. ipcr-riet (f^-) ind. impf. p. uevraten. tter-riKgern (f^"*^) I via. u. vlrefl. ©a* : ([xdfj 2 to diminish, lessen, decrease ; bie ^Ünjen 2 (geringhaltiger prägen) to de- preciate the coinage. — II '^ n ®, fBtt- nngernng f % diminution, decrease. tier-rinnen (f^^*^) v/n. (fn) ®b(a)* to run off, fig. pon ber 3eit: to elapse, to pass away (quickly), to flit by. tier-rof^(eti) (f^'*^(^) impf {v.p.) p. oer riechen. [roilbern 2C. ner-vo^/est (f^^), 8/tt»g / Ö = ner ner-ronnc (H^) subj. impf p. uerrinnen. tier-rottneii (f^**^) p.p. p. ocrrinnen. tter-r0fiett(f^'*^) v/n. (fn) Ä* to grow (or get) rusty or dull, to rust (aUe a. fig.), ehm. to oxidize ; nerroftet rusty (a. fig'). »er-rotte«(f^'*^)[nbb.: rot] Iv/».(fn)«* to rot, putrefy. — II ner-rottetp.p.u. a. ^ fig. 2e ^nFtcl^tcn obsolete (or anti- quated) notions, exploded ideas pi. Her-titf^t (f"**t) [ml^b.] a. % nefarious, infamous, villainous; heinous (crime, Ac.), atrocious (deed, Ac); (gottio«) un- godly, godless, impious, wicked, ftArier: sacrilegious (act, Ac.); 2er 3)icnfd^ villain; 2e Xai atrocity; bev •"efle non aßen the most infamous (or execrable) of all; 8er-ntf^t-^eit / % nefariousness, infamy; atrocious- ness : impiety, wickedness. Her-ritifbar (f*'^-) a. % movable. oer-rüffen (f;"*^) I via. #* 1. to (re)move, shift ; to displace ; fig. e-m ben Äopf 2 to turn a p.'s head or brain. — 2. {\n Uuorbiiung bringen) tO derange, bfb. fi^. to disturb. — II '^nO S.f.^^crriicfiml^. tier-rficft (f^**) pp- u. a. ® 1. \n ben «cb. be« inf\ 2c U^r watch (which is) out of order. — 2. (geiftc«irre) (mentally) deranged, distracted, insane, crazy. } [aSerfalimigl mad, out of one's mind, F cracked, off one's head or chump or nut; (un> pernfinftig) senseless, foolish; rein 2 quite crazy, F clean gone; fte mac^n mt(^ 2 they drive me mad ; f c^reien mt 2 to shout like mad; ^errücfte(r) 8. @ lunatic; (5toae[r]) mad(wo)man, maniac; '^^cit (f^"*-) f^ mental de- rangement, insanity, craziness, mad- ness; lunacy; ais ^anblung: mad (or foolish) act(ion). 8er-rüifitng (f^^) / % (f. ncrrücfen I) displacement; derangement. öer-mf (f^-) m ®c. ill name, ill (or bad) repute ; in ~ bringen to (bring into) discredit, to bring into dis- repute, to cry down; in ~ erJifiren ob. tun (and einer (BefeUf(^aft bannen) to taboo, to send to Coventry, to boycott, (au«fto|en) to cast out; in ~ fein (fommeu) to be in (to fall into) dis- repute or ill odour (bei e-m with a p.). tter-rufen (f^-^) I via. ®b* 1. — be» rufen 4. — 2. • (Selb 2 (au^er üur« fe|en) to depreciate ..., to withdraw ... from circulation. — 3. fig. (be- fd^impfen) to decry, to cry down, to give a bad name to. — II p.p. w. a, 0$(D9)4.in ill (orbad) repute or odour, ill -reputed, ill -famed; (berüchtigt) notorious, disreputable. Scrd(f'*,a.f-')[a^b.;*lt.verfM#3eile]m®a. verse (a. W6/.), S5eife pl.^ auc^-. (lines of) poetry; (etrop^e) stanza, feltener-. strophe; $erfe fc^reiben to make (or write) poetry, to versify; fig. er !ann ftc^ feinen "- barauf (»egriff banon) machen he cannot make head or tail of it. tter-f agett (f-*') ®* I via. 1. (oerweigent) to refuse; ben tDienft 2 to be (foimd) wanting, to break down; bie ^ine Z mir ben ^ienft my legs sink down under me or won't carry me; bad ijr oei*f a(|te ® lüct the good fortune denied (or not granted) to her; ft(§ (dat.) et. 2 to deny o.s. a th., to forego a th.; i(^ mufite ed mir 2 I had to go (or do) without it. — 2. (anberen ppr^er ge- währen) previously to grant (or pro- mise) to others; anbermärt$( («9. tum (iffen) ncrfagt fein to have another (or a previous) engagement; bie ©teiSe ift bereite oerfagt the vacancy is al- ready filled up, the appointment has been made; auf bem »aUe: id^ bin oer« fagt I am (already) engaged. — II v/n. (fn) 3. mit unperf3u[i(^em etibieft — ben ^ienft 2 (f. I), Pon Öeme^ren: (nic^t losgehen) to miss fire, not to go off. — III ~ n @ u. »er-f oguiig / 0 4. (f. I) refusal ; denial ; bie ~ i^rer öaub the previous promise of her hand. a. her previous engagement. öcr-fa^ (f^-) ind. impf o. nerfebcn. ©erd=«fscnt(f5.^'*)m@ metrical accent »erf at [xo^-) [ncu=lt.]m^.,'^5bttcftftaJe (lu^--...) tn® iyp. capital letter, ahhr. cap.; '^=faö m capitalizing, capital- ization. t»rr-fol5ftt (f-^-) I via. %* (p.p. 2) to salt too much, to oversalt; fig. e-m cine J^vcubc 2 to spoil (or mar) a p.'s pleasure. — II '^ n @ u. Ser-fa(Sitltg f^ oversalting. MURET-SASDERS. Deutsch-Ksgl. W'b. Hand- vnd SciirL-ArsGAni:. 132 [Sertoitfilung] to permut(at)e. — 3. = oerwec^fcln. — II ~ n @ unb SBet-tauf dintig f% 4. (f . 1 ) exchange ; ( 9Cu«tauf($ ) interchange ; (f. 2) substitution; permutation. »e^tattfenb^faf4ett (f^^.^**-), Sfoltigen (....'*^«) via. ®* to increase a thousandfold. Terte (lu'*-) [It. wenbe urn !] «- vertatur. Her-tcibigett (f^-t^w) [^ 2:cibig — ^agcs bing] jur. u. X I v/a. unb vlrefl^ ®* to defend one*« life, Ac., to uphold (or support) truth, Ac, to advocate (or plead) n cause, to Stand up for (or to vindicate) one's right, to maintain a proposition; ftC^ Z (befc^ü^en) tO pro- tect O.8., to take care of o.s. ; \\^ 2 (xt^u fertigen) to justify 0.8. ; ^ fic^ l)elbens mutig 2 to offer a heroic resistance. — II '^ n @ f. SJertcibigtmg. »er-teibtger (f---^) m @, '^tti /© de- fender, upholder, supporter, advo- cate, iur. counsel for the defendant or prisoner; ^u^baQ: back(s pi). 9er-tetbignng (K«w) f^ (^^ oertcibigcn I) defence, support(ing), advocacy, vindication, plea(ding), mainten- ance; protection ; justification ; 5ur "^ bicncnb defensive; ^ fic^ auf bic "' befc^ränfeu to keep on the defensive. »er-teibigttiig«-.aiiftarten (f^-^...)fipl. 9 preparations pi. for defence; 'biinbiiid n defensive alliance ; «grunb m plea for the defence, ground on which to base (or to found) a de- fence; sfrieg m defensive war; slttti-e f line of defence; sIoS a. de- fenceless, unarmed; «itta^regedi fpl defensive measures; sttittte( n means of defence; =rebe fti mvoMtm defence, plea(ding); rodts. apology; sft^rift / apologetic pamphlet, jur. written defence; ^ftattb kit m: e-e ^eftung k. in ** fe^en to put ... in(to) a state of defence; ^fteUung / defensive position ; sloaffe / defensive weapon, weapon of defence; -liieife / mode of defence; «toeife adv. by way of defence; 2 Derfaf)rcn to act on the defensive; «luerle ink n',pl. defensive works ; «gnfitanb m state of defence. oer-teiett nI^ (f^-^^) via. ®*: ein «oot 2 to moor ... »er-teilbar (f^^-) a. % distributable, easy to distribute or to share. Het-teilett (f--^^) I v.a. unb v/r«/f. ®* to distribute, to parcel out (unter among), an bie basu SScrec^tigten: to ap- portion to or nmong, to allot to; (untev fl<i^ teilen) to share ; (teilen) to divide ; eJar&en 2 to spread colours; milbe Q^ahtn 2 to dispense charity (amon*»- the poor); thta. bie StoKcn 2 to as- sign the parts; ©teuer« 2 to assess taxes ; ft^ auf oiele 2 to (have to) bo divided among many; path, e-e Q^t* f<9i9uift uertcilt fic^ ... is dissolving, ... disappears. — II n ^ f. Verteilung. 9er-tetler (f^-^) m », -^iit / ^ dis- tributer; '^=f(^eibe/@ «^^ distributor. 9er-tet(ttng (H^) / @ distribution, apportionment, allotment ; assess- ment of taxes; ((Sinteilung) division; neue ~ repartition ; pawt. vi(f)tigc "■ »on fiic^t unb 6(l)atteu right appor- — 1059 — tionment of light and shade; itk "' in bie Quartiere quartering; thea. "- ber StoQen, oft : casting (or cast of) the characters of a play; '^8=refcrt>pir n ® SSafferleituug : distributing-reservoir. tier-teneii nI^ (f^-^) via. ®* = oerteien. tier-tenerit (f^-^) I via. #a* to make dear(er), to raise in price, to en- hance the value of. — II n ®, Sets ten(e)rtttig f% raising the price(s) of. I>er-tettfe(t (f^-^ a. © bfb. in glü<^en: devilish, deuced, infernal; 2ed (SJe^ fc^äft confounded business ; 2er 5terl devil of a fellow ; adv. ein 2 feinet SWäbel an uncommonly fine (or awfully smart) girl; 2 fing marvellously shrewd; e8 roar 2 ^eif; it was terribly (F infernally, deucedly) hot. Ser-teuTitRg (f*'-*') / ® f. Verteuerung. kier-tiefett (f^-^) I v/a. unb vlr€fl. ®* 1. to deepen, to make deeper; to sink a well, Ac.; (auStiefeu) to hollow out, Oiib^anerei: to chisel out; oertteft (adv.) gefc^nitten deeply engraved or incised, (n diaglyphic. — 2. ftd^ £ to deepen, to grow deeper or (more) hollow; fu^ in ct. (geiftig) 2 to plunge into a th. ; ftc^ in (§)eban!en 2 to be- come absorbed (or engrossed, wrapt) in thought; in 6tubicu nertieft deeply engaged in study. — II '*' n ® 3.» Vertiefung 1. 8er-tleft-fetn (f^--) n @ preoccupation. 0er-ttefttng (f^-^) f % \. deepening, hollowing; bur(^ Orabeu*. excavation. — 2. hollow, cavity, (^oii) groove, notch, in ber Stauer: recess, niche. tier-tieren (f^-^) ®* I v/n. (fn) to grow brutal, to become brutalized. — II via. to brutalize. — III '^ n ® u. 9er-tierttitg / ^ brutalization. öertifttl (tt)^-^) [lt.] rt. 0 - fen!re(^t; '^=Ciliie /@ vertical line ; '^^^toielttott /geic^enrunft : orthographic projection; '^'fd^ttttt m vertical section. Verttfo (tD**^-) [-"lU, »erliner gobrlfant] m (n) ^ (feined @(^ränf<^en, 3ierf(^raur) elegant cabinet. t»er-ti(9bar (f^'*-) a. % exterminable, eradicable; (oenuifc^bar) effaceable. tirr-ttfgctt (f^^^) I via. ®* to extermi- nate ; (au«iotten) to extirpate,eradicate, uproot; (serftören) to destroy; (»er. nickten) to annihilate, to crush; (au«* löfc^en) to extinguish, to efface; F co. (oufeffcn) to polish off a goose, Ac.; (au^trinfen) to discuss a bottle of wine. — II '^ fi d x= JBcrtilguug.
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Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.