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https://github.com/yzwyzwyzw1/FabricGM-V4/blob/master/vendor/google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/logging/v2/log_entry.pb.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
FabricGM-V4
|
yzwyzwyzw1
|
Go
|
Code
| 2,845 | 9,252 |
// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
// source: google/logging/v2/log_entry.proto
package logging
import (
fmt "fmt"
math "math"
proto "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
any "github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes/any"
_struct "github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes/struct"
timestamp "github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes/timestamp"
_ "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api/annotations"
monitoredres "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api/monitoredres"
_type "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/logging/type"
)
// Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.
var _ = proto.Marshal
var _ = fmt.Errorf
var _ = math.Inf
// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
// is compatible with the proto package it is being compiled against.
// A compilation error at this line likely means your copy of the
// proto package needs to be updated.
const _ = proto.ProtoPackageIsVersion2 // please upgrade the proto package
// An individual entry in a log.
type LogEntry struct {
// Required. The resource name of the log to which this log entry belongs:
//
// "projects/[PROJECT_ID]/logs/[LOG_ID]"
// "organizations/[ORGANIZATION_ID]/logs/[LOG_ID]"
// "billingAccounts/[BILLING_ACCOUNT_ID]/logs/[LOG_ID]"
// "folders/[FOLDER_ID]/logs/[LOG_ID]"
//
// A project number may optionally be used in place of PROJECT_ID. The
// project number is translated to its corresponding PROJECT_ID internally
// and the `log_name` field will contain PROJECT_ID in queries and exports.
//
// `[LOG_ID]` must be URL-encoded within `log_name`. Example:
// `"organizations/1234567890/logs/cloudresourcemanager.googleapis.com%2Factivity"`.
// `[LOG_ID]` must be less than 512 characters long and can only include the
// following characters: upper and lower case alphanumeric characters,
// forward-slash, underscore, hyphen, and period.
//
// For backward compatibility, if `log_name` begins with a forward-slash, such
// as `/projects/...`, then the log entry is ingested as usual but the
// forward-slash is removed. Listing the log entry will not show the leading
// slash and filtering for a log name with a leading slash will never return
// any results.
LogName string `protobuf:"bytes,12,opt,name=log_name,json=logName,proto3" json:"log_name,omitempty"`
// Required. The primary monitored resource associated with this log entry.
// Example: a log entry that reports a database error would be
// associated with the monitored resource designating the particular
// database that reported the error.
Resource *monitoredres.MonitoredResource `protobuf:"bytes,8,opt,name=resource,proto3" json:"resource,omitempty"`
// Optional. The log entry payload, which can be one of multiple types.
//
// Types that are valid to be assigned to Payload:
// *LogEntry_ProtoPayload
// *LogEntry_TextPayload
// *LogEntry_JsonPayload
Payload isLogEntry_Payload `protobuf_oneof:"payload"`
// Optional. The time the event described by the log entry occurred.
// This time is used to compute the log entry's age and to enforce
// the logs retention period. If this field is omitted in a new log
// entry, then Stackdriver Logging assigns it the current time.
// Timestamps have nanosecond accuracy, but trailing zeros in the fractional
// seconds might be omitted when the timestamp is displayed.
//
// Incoming log entries should have timestamps that are no more than
// the [logs retention period](/logging/quotas) in the past,
// and no more than 24 hours in the future. Log entries outside those time
// boundaries will not be available when calling `entries.list`, but
// those log entries can still be exported with
// [LogSinks](/logging/docs/api/tasks/exporting-logs).
Timestamp *timestamp.Timestamp `protobuf:"bytes,9,opt,name=timestamp,proto3" json:"timestamp,omitempty"`
// Output only. The time the log entry was received by Stackdriver Logging.
ReceiveTimestamp *timestamp.Timestamp `protobuf:"bytes,24,opt,name=receive_timestamp,json=receiveTimestamp,proto3" json:"receive_timestamp,omitempty"`
// Optional. The severity of the log entry. The default value is
// `LogSeverity.DEFAULT`.
Severity _type.LogSeverity `protobuf:"varint,10,opt,name=severity,proto3,enum=google.logging.type.LogSeverity" json:"severity,omitempty"`
// Optional. A unique identifier for the log entry. If you provide a value,
// then Stackdriver Logging considers other log entries in the same project,
// with the same `timestamp`, and with the same `insert_id` to be duplicates
// which can be removed. If omitted in new log entries, then Stackdriver
// Logging assigns its own unique identifier. The `insert_id` is also used
// to order log entries that have the same `timestamp` value.
InsertId string `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=insert_id,json=insertId,proto3" json:"insert_id,omitempty"`
// Optional. Information about the HTTP request associated with this
// log entry, if applicable.
HttpRequest *_type.HttpRequest `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=http_request,json=httpRequest,proto3" json:"http_request,omitempty"`
// Optional. A set of user-defined (key, value) data that provides additional
// information about the log entry.
Labels map[string]string `protobuf:"bytes,11,rep,name=labels,proto3" json:"labels,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
// Output only. Additional metadata about the monitored resource.
// Only `k8s_container`, `k8s_pod`, and `k8s_node` MonitoredResources have
// this field populated.
Metadata *monitoredres.MonitoredResourceMetadata `protobuf:"bytes,25,opt,name=metadata,proto3" json:"metadata,omitempty"`
// Optional. Information about an operation associated with the log entry, if
// applicable.
Operation *LogEntryOperation `protobuf:"bytes,15,opt,name=operation,proto3" json:"operation,omitempty"`
// Optional. Resource name of the trace associated with the log entry, if any.
// If it contains a relative resource name, the name is assumed to be relative
// to `//tracing.googleapis.com`. Example:
// `projects/my-projectid/traces/06796866738c859f2f19b7cfb3214824`
Trace string `protobuf:"bytes,22,opt,name=trace,proto3" json:"trace,omitempty"`
// Optional. The span ID within the trace associated with the log entry. For
// Stackdriver Trace spans, this is the same format that the Stackdriver Trace
// API v2 uses: a 16-character hexadecimal encoding of an 8-byte array, such
// as <code>"000000000000004a"</code>.
SpanId string `protobuf:"bytes,27,opt,name=span_id,json=spanId,proto3" json:"span_id,omitempty"`
// Optional. Source code location information associated with the log entry,
// if any.
SourceLocation *LogEntrySourceLocation `protobuf:"bytes,23,opt,name=source_location,json=sourceLocation,proto3" json:"source_location,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *LogEntry) Reset() { *m = LogEntry{} }
func (m *LogEntry) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*LogEntry) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*LogEntry) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_8ba2017251165146, []int{0}
}
func (m *LogEntry) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntry.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *LogEntry) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntry.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *LogEntry) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_LogEntry.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *LogEntry) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntry.Size(m)
}
func (m *LogEntry) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_LogEntry.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_LogEntry proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *LogEntry) GetLogName() string {
if m != nil {
return m.LogName
}
return ""
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetResource() *monitoredres.MonitoredResource {
if m != nil {
return m.Resource
}
return nil
}
type isLogEntry_Payload interface {
isLogEntry_Payload()
}
type LogEntry_ProtoPayload struct {
ProtoPayload *any.Any `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=proto_payload,json=protoPayload,proto3,oneof"`
}
type LogEntry_TextPayload struct {
TextPayload string `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=text_payload,json=textPayload,proto3,oneof"`
}
type LogEntry_JsonPayload struct {
JsonPayload *_struct.Struct `protobuf:"bytes,6,opt,name=json_payload,json=jsonPayload,proto3,oneof"`
}
func (*LogEntry_ProtoPayload) isLogEntry_Payload() {}
func (*LogEntry_TextPayload) isLogEntry_Payload() {}
func (*LogEntry_JsonPayload) isLogEntry_Payload() {}
func (m *LogEntry) GetPayload() isLogEntry_Payload {
if m != nil {
return m.Payload
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetProtoPayload() *any.Any {
if x, ok := m.GetPayload().(*LogEntry_ProtoPayload); ok {
return x.ProtoPayload
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetTextPayload() string {
if x, ok := m.GetPayload().(*LogEntry_TextPayload); ok {
return x.TextPayload
}
return ""
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetJsonPayload() *_struct.Struct {
if x, ok := m.GetPayload().(*LogEntry_JsonPayload); ok {
return x.JsonPayload
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetTimestamp() *timestamp.Timestamp {
if m != nil {
return m.Timestamp
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetReceiveTimestamp() *timestamp.Timestamp {
if m != nil {
return m.ReceiveTimestamp
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetSeverity() _type.LogSeverity {
if m != nil {
return m.Severity
}
return _type.LogSeverity_DEFAULT
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetInsertId() string {
if m != nil {
return m.InsertId
}
return ""
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetHttpRequest() *_type.HttpRequest {
if m != nil {
return m.HttpRequest
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetLabels() map[string]string {
if m != nil {
return m.Labels
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetMetadata() *monitoredres.MonitoredResourceMetadata {
if m != nil {
return m.Metadata
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetOperation() *LogEntryOperation {
if m != nil {
return m.Operation
}
return nil
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetTrace() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Trace
}
return ""
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetSpanId() string {
if m != nil {
return m.SpanId
}
return ""
}
func (m *LogEntry) GetSourceLocation() *LogEntrySourceLocation {
if m != nil {
return m.SourceLocation
}
return nil
}
// XXX_OneofFuncs is for the internal use of the proto package.
func (*LogEntry) XXX_OneofFuncs() (func(msg proto.Message, b *proto.Buffer) error, func(msg proto.Message, tag, wire int, b *proto.Buffer) (bool, error), func(msg proto.Message) (n int), []interface{}) {
return _LogEntry_OneofMarshaler, _LogEntry_OneofUnmarshaler, _LogEntry_OneofSizer, []interface{}{
(*LogEntry_ProtoPayload)(nil),
(*LogEntry_TextPayload)(nil),
(*LogEntry_JsonPayload)(nil),
}
}
func _LogEntry_OneofMarshaler(msg proto.Message, b *proto.Buffer) error {
m := msg.(*LogEntry)
// payload
switch x := m.Payload.(type) {
case *LogEntry_ProtoPayload:
b.EncodeVarint(2<<3 | proto.WireBytes)
if err := b.EncodeMessage(x.ProtoPayload); err != nil {
return err
}
case *LogEntry_TextPayload:
b.EncodeVarint(3<<3 | proto.WireBytes)
b.EncodeStringBytes(x.TextPayload)
case *LogEntry_JsonPayload:
b.EncodeVarint(6<<3 | proto.WireBytes)
if err := b.EncodeMessage(x.JsonPayload); err != nil {
return err
}
case nil:
default:
return fmt.Errorf("LogEntry.Payload has unexpected type %T", x)
}
return nil
}
func _LogEntry_OneofUnmarshaler(msg proto.Message, tag, wire int, b *proto.Buffer) (bool, error) {
m := msg.(*LogEntry)
switch tag {
case 2: // payload.proto_payload
if wire != proto.WireBytes {
return true, proto.ErrInternalBadWireType
}
msg := new(any.Any)
err := b.DecodeMessage(msg)
m.Payload = &LogEntry_ProtoPayload{msg}
return true, err
case 3: // payload.text_payload
if wire != proto.WireBytes {
return true, proto.ErrInternalBadWireType
}
x, err := b.DecodeStringBytes()
m.Payload = &LogEntry_TextPayload{x}
return true, err
case 6: // payload.json_payload
if wire != proto.WireBytes {
return true, proto.ErrInternalBadWireType
}
msg := new(_struct.Struct)
err := b.DecodeMessage(msg)
m.Payload = &LogEntry_JsonPayload{msg}
return true, err
default:
return false, nil
}
}
func _LogEntry_OneofSizer(msg proto.Message) (n int) {
m := msg.(*LogEntry)
// payload
switch x := m.Payload.(type) {
case *LogEntry_ProtoPayload:
s := proto.Size(x.ProtoPayload)
n += 1 // tag and wire
n += proto.SizeVarint(uint64(s))
n += s
case *LogEntry_TextPayload:
n += 1 // tag and wire
n += proto.SizeVarint(uint64(len(x.TextPayload)))
n += len(x.TextPayload)
case *LogEntry_JsonPayload:
s := proto.Size(x.JsonPayload)
n += 1 // tag and wire
n += proto.SizeVarint(uint64(s))
n += s
case nil:
default:
panic(fmt.Sprintf("proto: unexpected type %T in oneof", x))
}
return n
}
// Additional information about a potentially long-running operation with which
// a log entry is associated.
type LogEntryOperation struct {
// Optional. An arbitrary operation identifier. Log entries with the
// same identifier are assumed to be part of the same operation.
Id string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
// Optional. An arbitrary producer identifier. The combination of
// `id` and `producer` must be globally unique. Examples for `producer`:
// `"MyDivision.MyBigCompany.com"`, `"github.com/MyProject/MyApplication"`.
Producer string `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=producer,proto3" json:"producer,omitempty"`
// Optional. Set this to True if this is the first log entry in the operation.
First bool `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=first,proto3" json:"first,omitempty"`
// Optional. Set this to True if this is the last log entry in the operation.
Last bool `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=last,proto3" json:"last,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) Reset() { *m = LogEntryOperation{} }
func (m *LogEntryOperation) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*LogEntryOperation) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*LogEntryOperation) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_8ba2017251165146, []int{1}
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntryOperation.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntryOperation.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_LogEntryOperation.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntryOperation.Size(m)
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_LogEntryOperation.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_LogEntryOperation proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *LogEntryOperation) GetId() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Id
}
return ""
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) GetProducer() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Producer
}
return ""
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) GetFirst() bool {
if m != nil {
return m.First
}
return false
}
func (m *LogEntryOperation) GetLast() bool {
if m != nil {
return m.Last
}
return false
}
// Additional information about the source code location that produced the log
// entry.
type LogEntrySourceLocation struct {
// Optional. Source file name. Depending on the runtime environment, this
// might be a simple name or a fully-qualified name.
File string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=file,proto3" json:"file,omitempty"`
// Optional. Line within the source file. 1-based; 0 indicates no line number
// available.
Line int64 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=line,proto3" json:"line,omitempty"`
// Optional. Human-readable name of the function or method being invoked, with
// optional context such as the class or package name. This information may be
// used in contexts such as the logs viewer, where a file and line number are
// less meaningful. The format can vary by language. For example:
// `qual.if.ied.Class.method` (Java), `dir/package.func` (Go), `function`
// (Python).
Function string `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=function,proto3" json:"function,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) Reset() { *m = LogEntrySourceLocation{} }
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*LogEntrySourceLocation) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*LogEntrySourceLocation) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_8ba2017251165146, []int{2}
}
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntrySourceLocation.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntrySourceLocation.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_LogEntrySourceLocation.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_LogEntrySourceLocation.Size(m)
}
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_LogEntrySourceLocation.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_LogEntrySourceLocation proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) GetFile() string {
if m != nil {
return m.File
}
return ""
}
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) GetLine() int64 {
if m != nil {
return m.Line
}
return 0
}
func (m *LogEntrySourceLocation) GetFunction() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Function
}
return ""
}
func init() {
proto.RegisterType((*LogEntry)(nil), "google.logging.v2.LogEntry")
proto.RegisterMapType((map[string]string)(nil), "google.logging.v2.LogEntry.LabelsEntry")
proto.RegisterType((*LogEntryOperation)(nil), "google.logging.v2.LogEntryOperation")
proto.RegisterType((*LogEntrySourceLocation)(nil), "google.logging.v2.LogEntrySourceLocation")
}
func init() { proto.RegisterFile("google/logging/v2/log_entry.proto", fileDescriptor_8ba2017251165146) }
var fileDescriptor_8ba2017251165146 = []byte{
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https://github.com/hemmecke/aldor/blob/master/aldor/lib/axllib/test/bug1328/.gitignore
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Apache-2.0
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aldor
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| 17,201 |
US-67966546-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,946 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 4,073 | 5,454 |
Horizontal gyratory roll crusher
Jan. 15, 1952 c. A. ADAMS HORIZONTAL GYRATORY ROLL CRUSHER 2 SHEETS-SHEET 1 Filed June 27, 1946 3+ 1/ rlcfi. 50 14 a 45 INVENTQR CHARLES ,4. ADAMS ATTORNEYS Ill ///1///// 28 Jan. 15, 1952 c. A. ADAMS 2,582,734
HORIZONTAL GYRATORY ROLL CRUSHER Filed June 27, 1946 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 LOCUS "0F AXIS 0F DRUM l2 INVENTOR CHARI. E6 A. ADAMS BY Z z 2 ATTORNEYS.
Patented Jan- 15, 1952 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE HORIZONTAL GYRATORY ROLL CRUSHER Charles A. Adams, Monticello, N. Y.
Application June 27, 1946, Serial No. 679,665
8 Claims.
My invention relates to crushers and in particular to gyrocentric machines for crushing rocks, ores, slag, and other crystalline materials.
In so-called horizontal gyrating rock-crushing machinery, it has been customary to feed the material to be crushed into a somewhat funnelshaped passage between a relatively fixed crushing jaw and a gyrating or eccentrically moving crusher drum. The funnel-shaped passage has been defined by the gradual convergence of the generally cylindrical periphery of the crusher drum and of the arcuate surface of the crushing-jaw plate. Power requirements for operating devices of this construction have been great, principally because of the phenomenon known as choking. This phenomenon takes place at points of close adjacency of the drum and the jaw plate, due to an inability of finely crushed elements to free themselves so as to permit the admission of further charges of partially crushed material. The choking phenomenon has caused undue wear of parts and frequent breakage.
It is, accordingly, an object of my invention to provide a crushing machine having improved features of economy of operation.
It is also an object to provide a crushing device in which the power supplied is utilized substantially only for crushing purposes.
It is a further object to provide a drum-type crushing device in which, for the life of the drum, wear of the crushing surfaces is more evenly distributed.
It is a more specific object to provide a drumtype crusher in which motion of the crusher drum is substantially only eccentric in nature and in which the amount of rotational motion of said drum is a more direct reflection of the magnitude of the crushing load sustained.
Other objects and various further features of novelty and invention will appear from a reading of the following specification in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a crushing machine incorporating features of the invention;
Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the crusher of Fig. 1, taken transversely and at substantially the midpoint of the drive shaft;
Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken substantially in the plane 3-3 of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view taken substantially in the horizontal plane including the main rotational. axis of Fig. 1, as taken in the plane 4-4 of Fig. 2;
Fig. 5 is an isometric view of parts of the device shown in the foregoing figures; and
Figs. 6 and 'l are constructional diagrams illustrating a method of developing crushing surfaces in accordance with the invention.
Broadly speaking, my invention seeks to provide improved operating efliciency in a gravityfed machine in which crushing action is effected by two tunnelling members moving relatively to each other. The improved efliciency results from employment of crushing surfaces making a relatively wide included angle (approximately the,
angle of nip for the material to be crushed) with each other, except in the region of finest crushing action, where the included angle is substantially less than the angle of nip. In the region of coarse crushing, the included angle is preferably such as to produce a crush with an upward breaking thrust, while in the fine-crush zone the relatively narrow included angle is preferably as wide as possible without producing substantial upward breaking thrust. In the specific form to be described, the crusher is a horizontal roll or drum, eccentrically gyrated between adjustable jaw plates, whereby crushing may be efiected alternately on opposite sides of said drum in an up-crushing zone and in a down-crushing zone. Each jaw plate has a complex crushing surface characterized by two generally arcuate elements which define a fine-crush region and a coarsecrush region. The relative size of the fine-crush surface with respect to crusher-drum diameter and with respect to the effective area of the coarse-crush surface is preferably such that with the roll retraction following each crushing stroke the finely crushed material may be completely discharged, thus preventing attainment of choking conditions in the fine-crush region.
Referring to the drawings, my invention is shown in application to a horizontal gyrating roll crusher having a frame 5 including side frame members 6 and I. These members are reinforced as at 8 to provide rugged outboard bearings 9l 0 for the main eccentrically gyrated crusher drum. In the form shown, the crusher drum comprises a mantle or crushing portion ll carried on an annular drum or support member I2. The drum I2 is in turn supported as by sleeve means l3 on eccentric means in the form of a cylindrical surface M of the main drive shaft IS; the axis of the cylindrical surface I4 is displaced from the axis of the shaft l5 so as to impart an eccentrical throw to the crushing mantle i I for crushing purposes.
The crushing action occurs between the eccentrically gyrated crushing drum and the crushing-plate surfaces of a pair of swing jaws Iii-47 tracting throw of the crushing mantle ll.
assays;
pivotally mounted on the frame members 6 and I to either side of the drum l2. Side plates l8 and it are mounted as by bolts 20 to the frame members 6 and I to form a close but free fit with the ends of the crushing Jaws and of the crushing-drum 'mantle ll, thereby defining the crushtion of the walls of the crushing chamber. In
the form shown, this novel construction is applied to the crushing jaws l6 and I! to produce a double arcing of their crushing surfaces. As indicated above, this double arcing is for the purpose of' separately defining within the crushing chamber a coarse-crush region 22 and a finecrush region 23, the contents of the latter being substantially completely discharged for each re- The coarse-crush region is preferably defined by two outwardly divergent surfaces forwhich the included angle is substantially the angle of nip for the material to be crushed; in the fine-crush region this included angle of divergence is materially less.
Due to the necessarily arcuate surface of the mantle II, the diverging walls of the crushing chamber in both the fine and coarse-crush rethat suitable fineness of product may be obtained by spacing the crushing members 24 and 25 by an element of length x, and that the region of fine crushing is defined'by an included angle of the region extending a length 3.1:. Further up, the coarse-crushing region is defined by an included angle'of 31, the assumed angle of nip for the material to be crushed (for most ores, stone, gravel, etc., the angle of nip is generally conceded to be 31 or less); in the form shown, the coarse-crushing region extends beyond the fine-crushing region a length approximately 8.2:.
'60 To simplify the process of transposing the de- 'veloped data of Fig. 6 to the arcuate case of v Fig. 1, construction lines may be drawn normal to the plane surface of crushing element 24 for successive increments of :1: along the surface; the intercepts-of these construction lines with the 5 and with the 31 inclined surfaces define the construction spans to be utilized in Fig. 7. These spans are identified as a-aa, bbb, c-cc, etc.
Referring to Fig. 7, the coarse-crush region 22 and the fine-crush region 23 will be recognized between the generally cylindrical surface of the crushing mantle and the complex surface of the jaw i6. Dotted lines II and II" indicate the the crushing surface of the mantle II. To develop the complex surface of Jaw l8, an average position of the crushing mantle ll (full line, backed by cross-hatching) is laid out for the crushing mantle surface, and radially extending construction lines are drawn for each increment of .1: along the periphery. The construction points defined by these increments are identified by the legends a, b, c', etc, The complex surface is then developed by laying out for each of the points a, b, etc., spans a'-aa', b'bb', etc. (taken directly from spans'ta-aa, b-bb, etc. of Fig. 6) along the radially extending construction lines passing through these points, as will be clear. To promote the rapid discharge of fine-crush material from the lower zone 23, I
prefer that, whatever the placement of the law with respect to the mantle, the lower jaw lip 23' (defining the lower limit of the fine-crush zone 23) shall be spaced from, or shall at least not substantially project (toward the drum axis) beyond an imaginary vertical plane representing a vertical tangent to the crusher mantle at the time (see dotted line H) of nearest approach to the jaw.
It will be seen that with the two-arc construction which I have described, crushing is accomplishedsubstantially in two stages. The first or coarse crushing zone is characterized by relatively wide divergence ofv the chamber walls, so that material crushed in this relatively wide region will break with an upward thrust (due to having provided a relativelylarge included angle dependent on the properties of the material to be crushed, so as to permit upward slippage of large particles). I ticles mixed with the larger sizes in this upper region will be agitated by the gyrating roll and, instead of being crushed in a mass together, will slip downward. This slippage and agitation tends to classify the materials as to size, allowing the finer particles to sift down to the lower or finecrushing zone, where each charge to be crushed fine may be reduced with a single stroke which crushes substantially the entire mass in this lower region. It is believed that single-stroke crushing in the lower region 23 may result from the low slippage inherent for a chamber having the relatively slight included angle which char- Although the change in crushing angles from the upper zone 22 to the lower zone 23 is shown to be, and has been implied as'being, quite abrupt at the intersection at the two substantially arcuate surfaces, it is clear that this transitional line may be rounded slightly in manufacture or that itmay be left to wear round in the course of use. According to another feature of the invention,
the sleeve means It, which serves .as a bearing support for thecrushing drum I2 on the eccen tric surface II, also serves as a partial anchor to remove'substantially all the purely rotational components of motion of the eccentric shaft l5. Thus, the motion of the crushing mantle Ii will be-substantially only eccentric, and the mantle I I may be said to be driven or supported by nonrotating eccentric means. Under heavy load conditions, however, and since the drum I2 is rotatable relative to the eccentric means, the increased localized friction between the drum l2 extreme lateral positions for eccentric throw of 7 s and sleeve means I; will be understood to be such At the same time, smaller paras to promote and to permit slight progressive rotation of the mantle ll. In the form shown, the sleeve means I3 is effectively anchored against rotation by the action of an axially extending stop 26 carried by a frame member 1 and extending into a radially extending slot 21 in a flange 28 in the sleeve means l3 (see Figs. 3 and 5). If desired, a freewheeling roller 28 may be carried at the slotengaging end of the stop 26, to reduce friction and wear in the walls of the slot 21. It will be understood that the depth of the slot 21 should be suflicient to accommodate the full eccentric throw of the surface I4 without impeding such throw.
To reduce maintenance costs, I provide a plurality of removable crusher-plate elements on each of the swing jaws l6 and I1. In the form shown, each crusher plate is made up of two plate elements (30, 3| for jaw l6, and 32, 33 for jaw I1) set obtusely in two correspondingly obtusely inclined plate-receiving recesses 34, 35 (of jaw l6). Preferably, the lower edge of the lower recess 34 is acutely inclined with respect to recess 34, so that a single wedging action applied at the top edge of upper plate 38 may serve to secure both plates 30 and 3| to the jaw-plate holder Hi. This wedging action is shown to be supplied by adjustable take-up of bolt means 36 having a wedge-shaped head mating with the acutely-inclined upper edge of plate 30 and with the obtusely inclined upper edge of the recess 33. It will be clear that the structure described for the crusher-plate assembly constitutes not only an improvement over previous methods of mounting but also a means for readily interchanging parts, particularly those representing areas subjected to greater wear.
In order to relieve stresses due to abnormally high crushing efforts demanded by certain undesired contaminations of the material to be crushed or by other unanticipated load conditions, I provide novel resilient shock-absorbing means linking the swing jaws l6 and 11 to the butt end 38 of the stud resiliently carried by springs 31 is preferably formed with a generally spherical convex surface, for, a purpose which will be clear. To oppose the less frequently occurring and abnormally large transient forces, I employ a hydraulic absorber 38 securely mounted to the frame of the machine and having a piston 40. In the form shown, piston 48 is formed with a generally spherical concave end to receive the butt end 38 resiliently supporting the jaw l6. Safety-valve means 41 serve to relieve excessive pressures within the absorber 39, and a standard fitting 42 may be employed for replenishing the supply of hydraulic absorber fluid. A relatively weakly sprung link 43 may be used to avoid "chatter or transient separation of piston 40 from the butt 38. 7
It is clear that, aside from the function of protecting the crushing jaws, the frame, and the eccentric mechanism against excessive mechanical overload, the hydraulic absorbers may, depending upon the volume of fluid employed, serve the additional function of accurately positioning the swing jaws in accordance with the relative wear of crushing surfaces and in accordance with the desired flneness of crushed product. If permanent connection is made via the fitting 42 to a source of adjustable fluid pressure, the desired positions of crushing surfaces may be automatically maintained by simple adjustment of the fluid pressure, as will be understood. The generally spherical mating surfaces of butt 38 and of piston." may then serve to translate absorbent forces fromabsorber 38 to theswing jaw 16 for a number of possible positions of the swing law It.
In accordance with a further feature of the invention the sleeve means I3 is formed in two similar parts each of which is characterized by a generally annular bearing portion 44 and by a. side flange 28. The axial length of the bearing portions 44 is preferably such that when the flanges 28 are in abutment with the ends of crushing drum 12 the inner ends of the bearing portions 44 are slightly spaced, to provide an annular manifold 45 for the peripherally uniform conduct of lubricating fluid to the interfitting bearing surfaces of the eccentric cylinder I4 of the sleeve means l3 and of the drum l2. In the form shown, the supply of lubricant to the manifold 45 is effected by a drilled duct extending first axially, as at 46, and then radially, as at 41 into communication with the manifold 45. If desired, this lubrication may be effected continuously under pressure through a suitable feeding mechanism 48 terminating at one end of the shaft l5.
The lubrication process for the eccentrically thrown components is completed by means of an extraction system at both ends of the crusher drum for removing dust-laden or otherwise-contaminated lubricant. In the form shown, closely overlapping members 49-58 are supported respectively on the frame member 1 and on the drum l2 to define an annularly extending exhaust manifold for receiving used lubricant exuding from the main-bearing surfaces and from the eccentric-bearing surfaces of sleeve means l3. An exhaust line 5|, which i preferably maintained at reduced pressure, communicates with the exhaust manifolds at both ends of the machine for collection of used lubricant for possible filtration and recirculation under high pressure.
In accordance with a still further feature of theinventior'nsmooth operation of my machine is promoted by a balancing of the eccentrically gyrated mass with suitable counterweights or fly wheels 52-53 carried by the shaft at both sides of the machine external to the outboard bearings 9-l8. In the form shown,- both counterventional single-arc; crusher means ,that the same volume of crushing load may be handled in a machine needing less head-room clearance.
Wear of crushing surfaces may be more evenly distributed (1) by the automatic relatively slow rotation of mantle I I, in accordance with the load,
7 and (2) by simple interchanging or servicing of the jaw-plate areas most subjected to wear. The spring-and-hydraulic shock-absorbing mechanism relieves the cooperating parts of undue stresses, with a resultant prolonging of mechanical service.
I I have indicated how my novel shock-absorbing mechanism may, with suitable adjustment of hydraulic pressure in the cylinders 39. serve alternatively to take-up the mean positioning of the jaws l6 and I! with wear of their crushing surfaces or to position the jaws for a given fineness of crush. Further adjustments of the crushing surfaces for either of these purposes may be effected by suitable bearings for the pivot journals carrying the jaws lS-l'l. It will be understood that such adjustment may readily be made by bolting these pivot bearings through slotted ways (not shown) in the upper flanges of the side frame members 6---'!.
It will also be clear that the lubrication system described for the eccentrically thrown components may be utilized in part for eiilcient lubrication of the main outboard bearings 9-40. In the form shown, each of these bearings includes a feed duct 55 for clean lubricant and lubricant-sealing means 56 at the outer exposed end of the bearing. The inner ends of the bearings are then open to the annular exhaust manifold defined by the overlapping members 4950. With thisconstruction, the bearings may be fed with clean lubricant from the same high-pressure system and drained ofdirty used lubricant by the same exhaust system as has been described for the eccentrically thrown mechanism.
Although I have described my invention with particular reference to the preferred form shown. ,itjwill be understood that modifications may be made within the scope of the claims which follow.
i. In a crushing device, a generally cylindrical crusher drum, cylindrical means including an outer cylindrical surface wholly supporting said drum and over which said drum is rotatable, rotating eccentric means for imparting eccentric motion-to the axis of said cylindrical means, means holding said cylindrical means against rotation, the axis of rotation of said eccentric means being substantially horizontally disposed,
jaw means having a crushing side for coopera tion with said drum, said crushing side having two generally concave surfaces intersecting in substantially the same horizontal plane as the axis of 'rotation' of said eccentric means, the upper. of'said surfaces making a larger included angle with the periphery of said drum than the lower ofsaid surfaces, whereby the upperof said surfaces may cooperate with said drum to define a coarse-crush zone and the lower of said surfaces may cooperate with said drum to deaxially projecting stop member carried by said frame and engageable in a radially extending slot atone end of. said eccentric means. 7 v 3 In a crushing device, a generally continuously peripherally cylindrical crusher drum. cylindrical means including an outer cylindrical surface wholly supporting said .drum on a horizontal axis, said drum being free to rotate on said cylindrical supporting means, rotating eccentric means or imparting eccentric motion to the axis of said cylindrical means, whereby a.substantially vertical plane may be defined tangent to the outer surface of said drum at the location of maximum eccentric throw of said drum to one side thereof, means holding said cylindrical means against rotation, and relatively fixed jaw means supported in horizontally spaced relation with said one side of said drum and having a crushing side for cooperation with said drum, said crushing side having an upper generally concave surface making with the periphery of said drum a substantially constant first downwardly converging included angle, said crushing side also having a lower generally concave surface making with the periphery of said drum a substantially constant second downwardly converging included angle, whereby each of said concave surfaces may define with said drum essentially separate downwardly converging crushing zones, for the purpose described, the upper of said zones having a substantially larger effective included angle than the lower of said zones, the lower edge of said lower concave surface being for the most part spaced from and extending at most insubstantially through said plane.
4. In a crushing machine of the character indicated, a frame, a generally horizontally disposed cylindrical crusher drum, drum-supporting means, rotating eccentric means journalled jaw means on opposite sides of said drum,
whereby crushing may be effected alternately on opposite sides of said drum in an up-crushing zone and in a down-crushing zone, said jaw means on the side of the up-crushing zone comprising two adjacent concave crushing surfaces making with the periphery of said drum two different substantially constant downwardly converging eifective included angles having the same direction of convergence, the surface characterized by the larger of said included angles being above the surface with the smaller of said included angles, andsaid larger included angle having a maximum extent of 32, for the purpose described.
5. In a crushing device, a generally cy1indri.-
drum may creep around said sleeve as necesby said frame, said eccentric means including sitated by wear and crushing pose described.
6. In a crushing device. a frame, rotating eccentric means rotatable on an axis supported load, for the puran eccentrically thrown generally cylindrical surface, sleeve means extending substantially over said surface, a crusher drum carried by said sleeve means, jaw means on one side of said drum and defining with said drum a crushing chamber, and rotation-resisting means carried by said frame for arresting rotational motion of said sleeve, whereby substantially only eccentric motion is imparted to said drum, and further whereby rotational motion of said drum is proportional to the crushing load encountered by said drum in the crushing chamber.
7. In a crushing device, aframe, rotating eccentric means rotatable about an axis supported by said frame, said eccentric means including a generally cylindrical drum-supporting means, a crusher drum supported wholly on said drumsupporting means, and rotation-resisting means cooperating between said frame and said drumsupporting means for resisting rotational motion of said drum, forthe purpose described.
8. In a crushing machine, a frame, a crusher drum, rotating eccentric means for impartin eccentric motion to said drum, sleeve means intermediate said eccentric means and said drum, said drum being wholly supported by said sleeve means, said sleeve means having a radially extending flange with a radially extending slot at one end of said drum, and means carried by said frame and engaging said slot for locking said sleeve means against rotation.
' CHARLES A. ADAMS.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 286,723 McDowell Oct. 16, 1883 434,786 Howland -1--- Aug. 29, 1890 896,547 James Aug. 18, 1908 929,177 Watt et a1 July 27, 1909 1,054,123 Hutchinson Feb. 25, 1913 1,574,142 Weston Feb. 23, 1926 1,578,948 Bakstad Mar. 30, 1926 1,972,096 Guest Sept. 4, 1934 2,044,653 Wettlaufer June 16, 1936 2,097,906 Wettlaufer Nov. 2, 1937 2,131,801 Gruender Oct. 4, 1938 2,147,833 Fahrenwald Feb. 21 1939 2,177,524 Gruender Oct. 24, 1939 2,204,024 Meinhardt June 11, 1940 2,231,491 Bousman Feb. 11, 1941 2,302,723 Symons Nov. 24, 1942 2,303,923 Fahrenwald Dec. 1, 1942 2,375,370 Krider May 8, 1945 2,383,457 Anderson Aug. 28, 1945 2,464,732 Traylor Mar. 15, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 429,473 Great Britain May 30, 1935.
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s_G_SPS_NKEN41_1
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WTO
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Open Government
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Various open data
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| 609 | 1,191 |
G/SPS/N/KEN/41
18 de junio de 2018
(18-3749) Página: 1/2
Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
1. Miembro que notifica : KENYA
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate:
2. Organismo responsable : Oficina de Normas de Kenya.
3. Productos abarcados (número de la(s) partida(s) arancelaria(s) según se
especifica en las listas nacionales depositadas en la OMC ; deberá indicarse
además, cuando proceda, el número de partida de la ICS) : leche pasteurizada.
4. Regiones o países que podrían verse afectados, en la medida en que sea
procedente o factible:
[X] Todos los interlocutores comerciales
[ ] Regiones o países específicos:
5. Título del documento notificado : proyecto de Norma DEAS 69:2018 , Pasteurised Milk -
Specification (Leche pasteurizada . Especificaciones) . Idioma(s) : inglés . Número de
páginas : 12.
https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2018/SPS/KEN/18_3086_00_e.pdf
6. Descripción del contenido : el proyecto de Norma de África Oriental notificado establece
requisitos y métodos de toma de muestras y de prueba para la leche pasteurizada.
7. Objetivo y razón de ser : [X] inocuidad de los alimentos, [ ] sanidad animal, [ ]
preservación de los vegetal es, [ ] protección de la salud humana contra las
enfermedades o plagas animales o vegetales, [ ] protección del territorio contra
otros daños causados por plagas.
8. ¿Existe una norma internacional pertinente ? De ser así, indíquese la norma:
[ ] de la Co misión del Codex Alimentarius (por ejemplo, título o número de
serie de la norma del Codex o texto conexo) :
[ ] de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) (por ejemplo, número
de capítulo del Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres o del Código
Sanitario para los Animales Acuáticos) :
[ ] de la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (por ejemplo,
número de NIMF) :
[X] Ninguna
¿Se ajusta la reglamentación que se propone a la norma internacional pertinente?
[ ] Sí [ ] No
En caso negativo, indíquese, cuando sea posible, en qué medida y por qué razón
se aparta de la norma internacional: G/SPS/N/KEN/41
- 2 -
9. Otros documentos pertinentes e idioma(s) en que están disponibles:
10. Fecha propuesta de adopción (día/mes/año) : septiembre de 2018.
Fecha propuesta de publicación ( día/mes/año ): septiembre de 2018.
11. Fecha propuesta de entrada en vigor : [ ] Seis meses a partir de la fecha de
publicación, y/o (día/mes/año) : fecha de publicación por el Secretario de Estado del
Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Cooperativas.
[X] Medida de facilitación del comercio
12. Fecha límite para la presentación de observaciones : [ ] Sesenta días a partir de la
fecha de distribución de la notificación y/o (día/mes/año) : 17 de julio de 2018.
Organismo o autoridad encargado de tramitar las observaciones : [ ] Organismo
nacional encargado de la notificación, [X] Servicio nacional de información.
Dirección, número de fax y dirección de correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra
institución:
Kenya Bureau of St andards (KEBS) (Oficina de Normas de Kenya)
P.O. Box: 54974-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
Teléfono : +(254) 020 605490
+(254) 020 605506
+(254) 020 6948258
Fax: +(254) 020 609660
+(254) 020 609665
Correo electrónico : info@kebs.org
Sitio web: http://www.kebs.org/
13. Texto(s) disponible(s) en : [ ] Organismo nacional encargado de la notificación,
[X] Servicio nacional de información . Dirección, número de fax y dirección de
correo electrónico (en su caso) de otra institución:
Kenya Bureau of Standards (Oficina de Normas de Kenya)
WTO/TBT National Enquiry Point (Servicio nacional de información OMC/OTC)
P.O. Box: 54974-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
Teléfono : + (254) 020 605490
+(254) 020 605506
+(254) 020 694 8258
Fax: + (254) 020 609660
+(254) 020 609665
Correo electrónico : info@kebs.org
Sitio web: http://www.kebs.org/.
| 41,489 |
https://github.com/ekr/ietfdb/blob/master/ietf/mailtrigger/migrations/0009_review_sent.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License-2014, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,021 |
ietfdb
|
ekr
|
Python
|
Code
| 106 | 613 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import migrations
def forward(apps, schema_editor):
MailTrigger=apps.get_model('mailtrigger','MailTrigger')
Recipient=apps.get_model('mailtrigger','Recipient')
Recipient.objects.create(
slug='review_team_mail_list',
desc="The review team's email list",
template="{{review_req.team.list_email}}"
)
Recipient.objects.create(
slug='review_doc_group_mail_list',
desc="The working group list for the document being reviewed",
template="{{review_req.doc.group.list_email}}"
)
Recipient.objects.create(
slug='review_doc_all_parties',
desc="The .all alias for the document being reviewed",
template="{% if review_req.doc.type_id == 'draft' %}<{{review_req.doc.name}}.all@ietf.org>{% endif %}"
)
Recipient.objects.create(
slug='ietf_general',
desc="The IETF general discussion list",
template="ietf@ietf.org"
)
annc = MailTrigger.objects.create(
slug='review_completed',
desc='Recipients when an review is completed',
)
annc.to = Recipient.objects.filter(slug__in=['review_team_mail_list',])
annc.cc = Recipient.objects.filter(slug__in=['review_doc_all_parties','review_doc_group_mail_list','ietf_general'])
def reverse(apps, schema_editor):
MailTrigger=apps.get_model('mailtrigger','MailTrigger')
Recipient=apps.get_model('mailtrigger','Recipient')
MailTrigger.objects.filter(slug='review_completed').delete()
Recipient.objects.filter(slug__in=['review_team_mail_list','review_doc_group_mail_list','review_doc_all_parties','ietf_general']).delete()
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('mailtrigger', '0008_review_summary_triggers'),
]
operations = [
migrations.RunPython(forward, reverse)
]
| 19,807 |
US-39982964-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,964 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,549 | 2,287 |
Blend of butadiene-styrene block copolymer and polychloroprene
United States Patent 3,417,044 BLEND OF BUTADIENE-STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER AND POLYCHLOROPRENE Edward F. Ross and Joseph F. Svetlik, Akron, Ohio, as-
signors to Phillips Petroleum Company, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Sept. 28, 1964, Ser. No. 399,829 3 Claims. (Cl. 26033.6)
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An elastomeric composition having improved low temperature flexibility properties containing from 25 to 75 parts by weight of a solution-polymerized, butadiene-styrene block copolymer and from 75 to 25 parts by weight of neoprene rubber.
This invention relates to a blend of elastomers. In another aspect, this invention relates to an elastomeric composition produced by blending a solution-polymerized block butadiene-styrene rubber with a neoprene rubber.
Within recent years, various elastomeric compositions suitable for the manufacture of vehicle tires and other finished articles have appeared on the market. These elastomeric compositions range from natural rubber to various types of special rubbers which are comparatively costly. Neoprene rubbers have been found to be particularly suitable in the production of articles where excellent ozone resistance is required and Where the produced article is to be subjected to severe weathering conditions. A disadvantage of the neoprene rubbers is that the neoprene polymers have relatively poor low temperature flexibility properties. To overcome these poor low temperature flexibility properties, in the compounding of neoprene rubbers expensive plasticizers such as certain esters and polyethers are employed to lower the freezing point of the compounded neoprene rubbers and thus improve the low temperature flexibilty properties of the compounded neoprene rubbers.
A further disadvantage of the neoprenes as convention ally produced is that when the compounded neoprene rubber containing the low temperature plasticizer is immersed in oil, the low temperature plasticizer is gradually leached from the neoprene and the low temperature flexibility thereby substantially reduced.
Accordingly, an object of our invention is to provide an improved elastomeric composition.
Another object of our invention is to provide an improved elastomeric composition suitable for the production of articles having good low temperature flexibility properties.
Another object of our invention is to provide a process for the production of improved elastomeric compositions comprising solution-polymerized block butadiene-styrene rubber and a neoprene rubber.
Other objects, advantages and features of our invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and the appended claims.
By our invention, we have provided an improved rubbery composition of matter comprising a blend of the following: (A) from 25 to 75 parts of a block butadienestyrene rubber prepared by solution polymerization; and (B) from 75 to 25 parts by weight, respectively, of a neoprene rubber.
Component (A) in accordance 'with our invention can be made by a process such as described in copending application Ser. No. 721,293 by Zelinski, filed Mar. 13, 1958. As provided in the said copending application, a mixture of conjugated diene and vinyl-substituted aromatic monomers, e.g., 1,3-butadiene and styrene, is polymerized in p 3,411,044 Patented Dec. 17, 1968 the presence of an organolithium compound such as alkyllithium. Other processes suitable for preparing such block copolymers are described in copending application Ser. No. 246,598 by Dollinger, filed Dec. 21, 1962, now US. Patent No. 3,297,793, and copending applications Ser. Nos. 300,051 (now abandoned) and 300,080 (now US. Patent No. 3,251,905), both by Zelinski, and both filed Aug. 5, 1959.
Polymerization of the block butadiene-styrene rubber is conducted in the presence of :a hydrocarbon diluent and the resulting block copolymers are composed of two blocks, one block being a copolymer of a conjugated diene and styrene and the other block being a homopolymer of styrene. The total amount of styrene employed in the preparation of the block copolymer is in the range of 10 to 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight total monomers to be polymerized.
The neoprene rubbers employed as component (B) of the elastomeric composition of our invention are those produced from the polymerization of chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene) and those copolymers produced by the polymerization of chloroprene and a constituent selected from the group consisting of styrene, isoprene, and acrylonitrile wherein the major component of the said produced copolymer is chloroprene. A chloroprene polymer can conventionally be produced by emulsifying the chloroprene in water by means of a sodium rosinate soap and polymerizing the chloroprene at 40 C. with the aid of potassium persulfate as a catalyst and in the presence of elemental sulfur as a modifier.
The elastomeric composition of our invention comprises a blend of from 25 to parts by weight, preferably 50 to 75 parts by weight, of a block butadiene-styrene rubber prepared by solution polymerization, and from 75 to 25, preferably 50 to 25, parts by weight, respectively, of a neoprene rubber.
The blends of our invention can be prepared in a variety of ways, such as by mixing with mechanical mixers, such as roll mills or Banburys, either with or without plasticizers, heptizers, or other processing aids. The resultant blend can be compounded and vulcanized by wellknown rubber vulcanization recipes. Alternatively, each elastomeric blend component can be compounded separately and the compounded stocks blended to give the desired ratio in the final blend.
By employing the block butadiene-styrene rubber in the inventive elastomeric composition, the low temperature plasticizer normally employed in the compounding of neoprene rubbers is not required to produce an elastomeric composition having good low temperature flexibility properties. By using a relatively inexpensive mineral oil in place of the expensive low temperature plasticizer, the compounding cost of the elastomeric composition is substantially reduced, and an elastomeric composition having physical properties nearly equivalent to the neoprene rubber employed in the blend is obtained. By, for example, compounding an elastomeric composition comprising neoprene rubber and a block butadiene-styrene solution-polymerized rubber in the weight ratio of 70 to 30, the cost of the compounded composition is reduced 25 percent when compared to the cost of the compounded neoprene.
In specific embodiments of our invention, blends were made of the solution-polymerized block butadiene-styrene rubber and a neoprene rubber. The blends were tested to determine the low temperature flexibility properties of the blends. The neoprene rubber employed in the blend was a chloroprene polymer (Neoprene W, distributed by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., and illustrated in the 1959 Catalog of Du Pont Elastomers and Chemicals). The solution-polymerized block butadienestyrene rubber employed in the blends comprised a co- 3 polymer of 75 parts by weight 1,3-butadiene and 25 parts by weight of styrene.
The solution-polymerized block butadiene-styrene and neoprene rubbers were blended and compounded according to the following recipes illustrated in Table I.
TABLE I Parts by weight Run l 2 3 4 5 Neoprene 100 70 50 25 Block butadiene-styrene 50 75 100 40 4O 40 25 25 25 5 5 5 2 2 2 Akroflex CD 2 2 2 Circosol 2XH 2 25 25 25 Magnesium or 4 3 2 3 0. 5 0.3 Santoeure 1 1. 5 1. 7 Thionex 5 0.3 O. 4 0. 4 Sulfur 1.4 1. 7 1.8 1.9
l 65 weight percent N-phenyl-fi-napthylamine, 35 weight percent N ,N-diph enyl-p-ph enylenediamine. 2O
2 N aphthenic extender oil. 3 2-mercaptoimir1azoline. 4 N-cyclohexyl-Z-benzothiazole sulfenamide. 5 Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide.
The low temperature brittle point for each of the rubbers compounded in Table I was obtained by ASTM Test Method D746 and the results are presented below in Table II.
TABLE II Low temperature brittle Run No.: point, F.
1 33 2 -55 3 70 4 Below -90 5 Below 90 35 The elastomeric blend of Run No. 2 of Table II was exposed for 100 hours to air containing 100 p.p.h.m. (parts per hundred million) of ozone, The elastomeric composition of Run No. 2 showed no cracking after 100 hours. This clearly demonstrates that the inventive composition while having a substantially improved low temperature brittle point when compared to the neoprene of Run No. 1 also retains the highly desirable property of neoprene to resist ozone cracking.
As will be evident to those skilled in the art, various modifications of this invention can be made, or followed, in the light of the foregoing disclosure, without departing from the spirit or scope thereof.
We claim:
1. An elastomeric composition having improved low temperature flexibility, resistance to ozone cracking, and capability of retaining its low temperature flexibility when immersed in oil comprising (A) from 25 to 75 parts by weight of a solution-polymerized block copolymer consisting of two blocks with one block being a coplymer of 1,3-butadiene and styrene and the other block being a homopolymer of styrene, said block copolymer containing 75 parts by weight of 1,3-butadiene and 25 parts by weight of styrene, (B) from 75 to 25 parts by weight of polychloroprene or a copolymer of chloroprene and a constituent selected from the group consisting of styrene, isoprene and acrylonitrile having chlorophene in major proportions, (C) a major amount by weight of carbon black, and (D) a minor amount by weight of mineral oil.
2. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of (A) is from to parts by weight and the concentration of (B) is from 50 to 25 parts by weight.
3. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said mineral oil is a naphthenic extender oil.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS GEORGE F. LESMES, Primary Examiner.
U.S. Cl. X.R.
| 20,996 |
https://github.com/hiep-nd/nd-autolayout-utils-swift/blob/master/Pods/NDAutolayoutUtils/NDAutolayoutUtils/Core/Privates/NDContainerUtils.mm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
nd-autolayout-utils-swift
|
hiep-nd
|
Objective-C++
|
Code
| 27 | 66 |
//
// NDContainerUtils.mm
// NDAutolayoutUtils
//
// Created by Nguyen Duc Hiep on 3/4/20.
// Copyright © 2020 Nguyen Duc Hiep. All rights reserved.
//
#import "NDContainerUtils.h"
| 40,808 |
wholeworkslater03bostgoog_15
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,848 |
The whole works of the late Reverend Thomas Boston, of Ettrick; now first collected and reprinted without abridgement; including his memoirs, written by himself
|
Boston, Thomas, 1677-1732 | M'Millan, Samuel, ed
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,534 | 9,900 |
iii. 18, 19. * Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as it is fit in the Lord. Husbands, love your wives,, and be not bitter against them.' The apostle here lays down the duty of married per- sons one to another. He begins with the duty of the wife, as that of the children and servants, because their duty, through the sub- jection that is in it, is the most difficult, and being conscientiously performed, is the stronger motive to the husband, to do his duty, as well as to the parent to do his. And here we have, 1. The sum of a wife's duty to her husband. Self-submission to him, subjecting herself to him, comprehending the duty she owes to him in her heart, words, and deeds. The qualification of this sub- mission, the only restriction of it, is in the Lord ; that is, so as it be consistent with her duty to God. That limitation observed, it ex- tends to every thing, Eph. v. 24. (3.) The reasonableness of this, it should not be complained of; it t^/^, just, and equitable in respect of God's ordinance enjoining it, the infirmity of the woman as the weaker sex, and the inconveniencies arising on the refusal of it. 2. The sum of the husband's duty is love to her. This compre- hends in it the whole of his duty; for love will always be active, and spread itself into the several duties he owes her, yea, and will season all these duties, and tincture them with kindness to her. The apostle comprehends all in this, both to sweeten the wife's subjection on the one hand, and to temper his authority on the other. And therefore he cautions against bitterness, and that both in heart, that he hate her not, nor coldly love her, in words, and in deeds. Husbands and wives may not carry to one another as they list, but must be dutiful to one another, according to the word of God, as they will be accountable to God. Here I shall shew, 1. The duties common to both husband and wife. 2. Those more peculiar to each party. First, I shall shew the duties common to both husband and wife. 1. Conjugal love. Tit. ii. 4. They must love one another with a special love, not communicable to another. God'« ordinance has made them one flesh, and God's law obliges them to be one heart. They must love one anothefr more than father or mother, yea, as their own flesh, Eph. v. 28, 31. And where that love is wanting, God is dishonoured, and the society is uncomfortable. And however Vol. II. p 214 OF THE PIPTH COMMANDMBBTT. scarce they may be of lovely qualities, we must love them because they are ours. 2. Oohabitatiou, dwelling together ; which comprehends the ordi- nary use of the same house, bed, and board, 1 Pet. iii. 7. 1 Cor. yii. 10. This is such a necessary duty, that an obstinate refusal in either party to dwell together dissolves the marriage, 1 Cor. vii. 16. that is wilful desertion. And if a man remove to another place for a long time, and upon no bad cause, his wife is obliged to go with him, if he desire, unless there be some imminent danger, either of her body or soul ; and he is obliged to take her, if she desire. For though it belongs to the husband as the head to determine the place of their habitation, yet he cannot shake off his duty to his wife, 1 Cor. vii. 5. Gen. xii. 11. 3. Living together in peace, 1 Cor. vii. 15. We must follow peace with all men; but there are double ties on married persons to follow peace with one another, and to watch that it be not broken. No war is so unnatural as that which is betwixt them ; and none so hopeless if they make it not up betwixt themselves. Did we see a man tearing his own flesh, or a woman beating her head against a wall, we would conclude they were mad. Yet thus it is in effect where there is no peace betwixt husband and wife. The ancient Pagan Greeks when they cut up the wedding-sacrifice, took the gall, and with eager loathing flung it behind the altar, to shew that in wedlock all bitterness must be put far away. There is none so hopeless if they take it not up between themselves; for there is none to judge betwixt them but God : therefore, if they cannot clear, they should bury their controversies, yielding for peace sake. And though certainly it is most natural that the woman should first yield, yet he is a foolish man that will not sacrifice of his own right to peace, and yield, though to the weaker vessel, as Moses did to Zip- porah, Exod. iv. 25, 26. Certainly whoso first yields shews most respect to God, and stands fairest for the blessing, Matth. v. 9. ' Blessed are the peacemakers.' 4. Carefulness to please one another. The wife ought to suit her- self to the will of her husband, so far as lawfully she may, 1 Cor. yii. 34. watching against what is displeasing, and doing in things lawful what she knows is pleasing, Gen. xxvii. 9. Yea, and the husband must be careful to please her too, ver. 33. It is a piece of that conjugal tenderness he owes her, not to do any thing that he knows may justly displease her, and even to humour her in things lawful and fit, for her greater comfort ; for though he is the head, yet she is his own flesh. This would keep peace. 5. Living together not only in peace, but in love, delighting in THE MUTUAL DUTIES OF HUSBAND AND WIFE. 215 one another's company, Eccl. ix. 9. living cheerfnlly and familiarly together. A careless, morose, and unconyersible hamonr, is opposite to the end of the state of marriage, which is the mutual comfort of the parties. 6. Honouring one another. The woman ought to honour her hus- band, walking under a conscientious respect to that superiority God has granted him over her, 1 Cor. xi. 7. So that she may not trample upon his character as a husband. Yea, and she must labour to walk so with others, as she may bring no dishonour to him by her indiscreet carriage, but be a glory to him by her meek and quiet conversation, 1 Pet. iii. 4. So as he is her head, she becomes a crown to that head. * A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband,' Prov. xii. 4. The husband must also honour his wife, 1 Pet. iii. 7. both in his words and actions, shewing his esteem of her virtues, praising her when she does well, Prov. xxxi. 28. reposing trust and confidence in her as to the management of his affairs, and not keep- ing up the knowledge of his business from her, but communicating counsels with her, Prov. xxxi. 11. This he must do when she is worthy ; otherwise that must take place, Micah vii. 5. * Keep the doors of thy mouth from her that lieth in thy bosom.' In a word, he ought to carry so respectfully to her, as to shew that he looks on her as his companion, and may gain respect to her from the rest of the family. Gen. xvi. 6. and this because she is the weaker vessel, both naturally and morally, in which respect she is more easily crushed and broken in spirit, especially by the austere and undutiful carriage of her husband. 7. Sympathising with one another in all their crosses, and griefs, and joys, whether of body or mind. Being one flesh they must shew it this way. It is a common duty we owe to all, 'to weep with them that weep, and rejoice with them that rejoice ;' and so both their griefs and joys should be mutual, in a special manner ; other- wise they will be as jarring strings in an instrument that mars the harmony, 1 Sam. i. 8. And they must bear with one another's infir- mities, covering them with the mantle of love. Gal. vi. 2. 8. Faithfulness in respect of their bodies, communicating them- selves one to another, according to the ends of marriage, with modesty and soberness, marriage putting the body of each in the other's power ; and therefore the apostle in this case forbids them to defraud one another, 1 Cor. vii. 6. Another piec^ of that faithful- ness is keeping by one another, and not embracing a stranger, which is that horrible breach that dissolves the bond of marriage. 9. Lastly^ A due concern for one another's soul and eternal wel- fare, 1 Pet. iii. 7. They must be helpful to one another in the way p2 216 OF THE FIFTH COKKAITDMBNT. of the Lord, doing what they can to adyance one another's eternal interest ; watching oyer one another, joining together in holy duties; instrncting and admonishing one another, loyingly and meekly, each one proposing to themselyes the salyation of their relatiye, as well as their own, 1 Cor. yii. 16. This is a weighty point, which few lay^ heart. I shall lay be- fore yon these few things with respect to it. (1.) Married persons, for this end, that they may be helpful to one another's soul's welfare, ought to walk so together as that they may haye in each other's consciences a testimony of their integrity, 2 Kings iy. 1. They should take heed they lay not stumbling- blocks before one another, nor carry so as to engender hard thoughts of one another that way. The testimony of Grod is aboye all, the testimony of conscience next, but the testimony of a yoke-fellow's conscience after that. (2.) They should labour to beget and adyance the fear of God in one another, to bring them to and carry them on in the truth of re- ligion, 1 Cor. yii. 16. They are not meet helps they are only help- ful for the body and temporal concerns ; for in that case the better part has no help of them. Interest as well as duty engageth to this; for the better a man be, the better husband will he be, &c. No wonder that those who fear not God, regard not man. (3.) They should entertain communion in prayer and addresses to the throne of grace, praying for one another, and praying with one another, 1 Pet. iii. 7. The husband should hold up his wife's case to God with his own, and the wife the case of the husband; and help them by prayers with, them and for them, which is true Chris- tian help. They know one another's weaknesses, temptations, and difficulties, better than any one else, and therefore ought to be the more particular in this. (4.) They should be acquainted with one another's case, and therefore inquire into the same, and obserye it, that they may the better suit the help to the case, 1 Sam. i. 8. And 0 what a happi- ness is it for one to haye one that is their own flesh to whom tliey may freely unbosom themselyes ! And what a sad thing is it where religious conference is not obseryed betwixt such parties ? (5.) They should watch oyer one another. Tliis is liying as being heirs together of the grace of life, 1 Pet. iii. 7. They should stir up one another to duties and good works ; and happy are they who so proye monitors to one another, 2 Kings iy. 9, 10. They should warn one another of what appears sinful in their way, and so not suffer sin upon them, Eccl. iy. 9, 10. If men see a spot on their face, they will tell them of it; but spots in the conyersation are most danger- TUB MUTUAL DUTIBS OF HUSBAND AND WIFE. 217 oas. Bat withal special care mast be taken tbat there be no bitter- ness mixed with it, for that mars the operation ; the season most be observed when it will take best, 1 Sam. xxy. 36, 37 ; and it should be mixed with love. Yea, sometimes entreaties should be used ra- ther than rebukes, especially from the wife to the husband, as pru- dence itself may teach, iiiud may be gathered from 1 Tim. y. 1. * Rebuke not an elder, but intreat him as a father.' And such war- nings should be kindly taken, and readily complied with, as the best evidences of love. (6.) Lastly, A joint care for the religious government of the fa- mil^. The one ought not to devolve that entirely on the other, but each take his share; otherwise it cannot miss to be mismanaged. Each of them owes a duty to the souls of their children and ser- vants; and therefore should watch over them, admonish and rebuke, and stir them up to duty ; and see that God be worshipped in the family, that it be not neglected in the husband's absence, or any thing else ; for though the wife be the weaker vessel, she is the head of the family under her husband. Secondly, I come to shew the duties more peculiar to eabh party. 1. The duties of the husband of this sort may be reduced to this one, viz. that he carry himself towards her as a head for her good, ruling her in the fear of the Lord. It is not a name of power only, but of duty ; for he must be such a head to her as Christ is to the church, Eph. v. 23. And whoso reckon upon the authority of that name without eyeing the duty of it, put asunder what Ood has joined in his grant, and will join when he calls men to an account. 2. The duties of the wife may be reduced to this one, viz. submit- ting herself to her husband as her head, Eph. v. 22, 23. She is not to lord it Qver him, but to be subject to him. And in this respect there is a reverence and fear of the husband enjoined in the wife, Eph. V. 33. 1 Pet. iii. 2. which is a due regard in the heart to his character as a husband, seeing in that God has put off his own name upon him, God himself being called our husband ; a fear to offend him, flowing from love, venting itself in speaking and carrying re- spectfully to him, 1 Pet. iii. 6. Now the husband as the head of the wife owes her, 1. Protection, so as she may be as safe and easy under the covert of his relation to her as he can make her. For this cause God has given the husband as head to the weaker vessel : and therefore it was an ancient ceremony in marriage for the husband to spread his skirt over his wife, Ruth iii. 9. He is to protect her to the utmost of his power from the injuries of others, 1 Sam. xxx. 18. and parti- cularly from the insults, whether of children or servants in the p3 218 OF TUE FIFTH GOMUAKDMENT. family, aB well as neighbours, Gen. xyi. 6. And if so, surely he himself is not to bear hard upon her, but to sheir her a peculiar ten- derness as the weaker vessel, a tenderness to her body and spirit too ; and not to suffer her, far less to oblige her, to distress herself above measure. On the other hand, she owes him obedience, a submission to, and compliance with, his admonitions. It is observed of Job's wife, for as ill as she was, when he calls her a fool, she does not give him the same epithet again. Reason itself teaches, that whoso puts himself under the protection of another, must be ruled by that other, and not by himself. 2. Provision, 1 Tim. v. 8. The husband ought to provide for his wife, and cheerfully furnish her with what is needful and conve- nient according to his station and ability ; and lay out himself by all lawful means for her comfortable throagh-bearing. And this he should have an eye to, not only for the time of his life, but even after his decease. And on the other hand, the wife ought to be helpful to her hus- band by her frugal management, Prov. xxxi. 27. And God's' word and frequent experiments plainly shew, that a man's thriving or not thriving has a great dependence on his wife's management, Prov. xiv. 1. While he, then, is busy without doors, she should be care- ful within ; and therefore it is recommended to women to be much at home, Tit. ii. 6. Yet she may well go abroad when her business calls her, as Abigail did, 1 Sam. xxv. 3. Lastly^ Direction, with calmness instructing her, how she should carry in every thing, both with respect to things of this life and of the other, Prov. ii. 17. He ought to be as eyes to her, which have thdir place in the head, and so should be capable to guide, 1 Pet. iii. 7. On the other hand, the wife should be pliable and teachable, 1 Tim. ii. 11. yea, and be ready to seek instruction from her hus- band, 1 Cor. xiv. 35. She should be obedient to his commands and directions, ver. 34. for in every thing wherein the law of God has not bound her up, the husband's will ought to be complied with, Eph. V. 24. Gen. iii. 16. The reasons of the husband's duties are these, 1. Because husbands are appointed to be such heads as Christ is to the church, Eph. v. 26. And if men would reflect on this, it would make them very dutiful, and bear with many things as Christ doth, else we would be ruined. 2. Because thy wife is thy own flesh, thy second self, ver. 28, 29 ; and BO undutifulness is monstrous. THE DUTIES OP HUSBANDS AND WIVES. 219 3. Because she is the weaker yessel, 1 Pet iii. 7; for it hath pleased the Lord to exercise the woman with a special measure of infirmity, both natural and moral. The reasons of the woman's duty are these. 1. Because the woman was created for the man, 1 Tim. ii. 13. compare 1 Cor. xi. 9. 2. Because the woman was the first that sinned, 1 Tim. ii. 14. compare Gen. iii. 16. 3. Because she is the weaker yessel. Use 1. Let all such as haye been, or are in that relation, be humbled under a sense of their sin in that point, and fly to the blood of Christ for pardon. And let eyery one look on that relation as a serious matter, in which people must walk with God, and under which they are bound to so many duties, of which they must give an account to the Lord. Let husbands and wives study to make conscience of their duty one to another, and frame their life accordingly. For motives, con- sider, (1.) God lays them on. Nature may storm at them, but they are God's commands ; and whoso breaketh over the hedge, the serpent will bite. (2.) Your marriage-vows and voluntary covenant engage to these. Though we forget them, God does not, and will not. (3.) Your own comfort depends upon them ; and so does the hap- piness in that relation. Lastly^ Death comes, and that will dissolve the relation. There- fore, before that awful event, let every one make conscience of per- forming their respective duties, that they may die in peace. As to the relation betwixt parents and children. See Col. iii. 20, 21. * Children obey your parents in all things : for this is well- pleasing unto the Lord. Fathers provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged.' In the first of these, we have, 1. The duty that children owe to their parents ; and that is obedience in all things lawful. The word rendered chey^ points at obedience flowing from inward respect to them. 2. The reason of it ; it is pleasing to God, who has enjoined it. In the next place, we have the duty of parents to their children. Where, 1. There is something supposed, that they must use their parental power and authority over their children for their good. 2. Something expressed, that they use it moderately, not abuse it to the irritating of them, lest they crush them and make them heart- less. 220 OF THB TIFTH COMMANDMENT. Parents and children mnst carry to one another as they will be answerable to God who has given them their orders. Here I shall 1. The duties that children owe to their parents. 2. The dnty of parents to their children. First, I am to shew the dnties which children owe to their pa- rents. 1. Singular love to them as the parents ought to bear them. This is called natural affection, the want whereof is accounted among the most horrid abominations, Rom. i. 31. Such a natural affection did Joseph shew to his father, Gen. xlvi. 20. when ' he went to meet him, fell on his neck and wept on his neck a good while.' 2. Rererence and fear. Their fear is to be squared with loye, and their loye salted with fear, Ley. xix. 3. The mother is there particularly mentioned ; and that, in the first place, because as people are ready to break over the hedge where it is lowest, so chil- dren are most apt to despise their mother ; and they being much about her hand while young, lest familiarity breed contempt, God hath expressly provided against it. They must have a conscientious regard to that authority God has given them over them, and fear to offend them, as those who to them are in God's stead. 3. An outward reverent and respectful behaviour towards them. They ought not to be treated rudely by their children, as if they were their companions, Mai. i. 6 ; but they ought to speak respect- fully to them. Gen. xxxi. 35 ; and carry respectfully to them, Prov. xxxi. 28. This was Solomon's practice even when a king, 1 Kings ii. 19 ; for as the candle if lighted, will shine through the lantern, so reverence in the heart will appear in the outward carriage. 4. A ready obedience to their lawful commands. Col. iii. 20. If it be not contrary to the command of God, they ought to obey. Subjection and obedience to parents is the honour as well as the dnty of children. Joseph's ready obedience to his father is recorded to his commendation. Gen. xxxvii. 13. Yea, Christ himself was a pattern to children in this regard to the parental authority, Luke ii. 61. 5. Submission. They are to submit to their instructions and di- rections, readily receiving them, and complying with them, Prov. i. 8. Man being born like a wild ass's colt, has need to be taught. They are to submit to their reproofs and admonitions, to take them kindly, and amend what is amiss, Prov. xiii. 1. Yea, they are to submit to their corrections, for the folly bound up in their hearts makes the rod necessary, Heb. xii. 9. They are children of Belial, indeed, that will not bear this yoke of subjection. THE DUTY OF CHILDREN TO PARENTS. 221 6. Bearing with their infirmities, and coTering them with the wings of love. Whether they be natural or moral infirmities, they would beware of despising or insulting them on that account, or any way exposing them, as some foolish youngsters are apt to do, ProT. xxiii. 22. Gen. ix. 22. 7. Following their reasonable adyice, and taking along with them the authority of their parents, in order to their calling or marriage. That children ought not to dispose of themseWes in marriage without the consent of parents, is the constant doctrine of the Protestant churches. And the reasons are these. (1.) The scripture gives the power of making marriages for children to the parents, Beut. vii. 3.- Jer. ixix, 6. 1 Cor. vii. 37, 38. Yea, eyen after parties haye consented, it is left to the parent, whether to giye his abused daughter to him that has been guilty with her, Exod. xxii. 16, 17. (2.) The most approved examples of marriage in scripture go this way. Gen. xxiy. 3, 4. xxyiii. 1, 2. and xxix. 19. Judg. xiy. 2. LastLy^ The reason is plain ; for the child cannot give away any thing, that is his parents' against their will. Now, the child himself is the parents, a part of their self-moving substance, in which they have a most undoubted property. So, when the devil was permitted to fall upon what was Job's, he fell upon his children, and killed them in the first place. Yet, upon the other hand, no parent can force a child to marry such and such a person ; for con- sent makes marriage, and that which is forced is no consent. The child must be satisfied as well as the parent, Gen. xxiv. 57. So the short of it is, that the consent of both is necessary, and that the pa- rent must neither force the child, nor the child rob the parent. 8. Readiness to requite their parents when they are in need of it; that as they did for them when young, so they must do for them when old, or reduced to poverty. This God requires of children, 1 Tim. V. 4. It is a piece of that honour to parents which the fifth command enjoins. Matt. xv. 4, 5, 6. So did Joseph, Gen. xlvii. 12. This was a piece of duty which the Lord performed to his mother while he hung on the cross, John xix. 27. 9. Lasdyy In a word, children should so live as they may be an honour to their parents ; for according as they are, their parents are either credited or ashamed. Yea> and when they are dead and gone, they should be reverently remembered, their wholesome 'ad- vices religiously followed, and their debts satisfied, so as no body may get occasion to reproach them when they are away. Use 1. This may serve for conviction and humiliation to us all, who either have had parents since we came to the years of discre- tion, or yet have them. Who can say in this, I have made my heart clean. * 222 OF THE FIFTH COHKANBUENT. 2. I exhort snoh as haye parents, whether one or more, to be dutiful to them according to the word. There is indeed a great difference betwixt children in their father's family, and those who, by tacit or express consent, are left to their own disposal ; but the duty of filial affection, reyerence, and gratitude, abideth. For mo- tives, consider, (1.) That parents with respect to their children, do in an especial manner bear an image of God, as he is our Creator, Proyisor, and Ruler. So are parents those from whom, under him, we had our being, by whose care and government God provided for us, when we could neither provide for nor rule ourselves. (3.) Hence it is evident, that do what we can to them, or for them, we can never make a full recompense, but, after all, must die in their debt. But how little is this considered by many, who look on what they do for their parents in a magnifying glass, while they are blind to what their parents have done for them ! (3.) Lastly^ Consider, that God takes special notice of your con- duct towards your parents. Col. iii. 20. It is a piece of duty which God readily regardeth a<$cording to his promise ; and the neglect thereof useth not to be overlooked, but as it disposeth to an ill life otherwise, so God readily pays it home, so as the sin may be read in the punishment. Secondly^ I come to consider the duty of parents to their chil- dren ; and I may take this up under five heads, viz. while they are yet in the womb, while in their infancy, from the time they come to the use of reason, at all times, and when a- dying. 1. The duty which parents owe to their children while yet in the womb. \stf Parents are obliged to use all care for the preservation of the child, to beware of any thing that may harm the child in the belly, and especially that may procure abortion, Judg. xiii. 4. 2<%, Dealing with God in behalf of the child, praying for its pre- servation, and for its soul, as soon as it is known to be a living soul. I think that no sooner should the mother or father know a living soul to be in the womb, but as soon with Rebekah, they should go to God for it, Gen. xxv. 21, 22. If Hannah could devote her child to God before it was conceived, 1 Sam. i. 11. Christian parents may and ought to devote their children to God when quickened in the womb. Whoso neglect this, consider not that then the child is a sinful creature under the wrath of God, and the curse of the law ; that it is capable of sanctification, must live for ever in heaven or hell, and that possibly it may never see the light. Lastly, Labouring by all means that it may be born within the THE DUTY OF PARENTS TO CHILDREN. 223 covenant ; which is to be done by parents making snre their own being within the covenant ; for so rnns the promise, ' I will be thy God, and the God of thy seed.' 2. The dnty they owe to them in their infancy. 1^, Parents should bless God for them when they are born, Lnke i. 67. &c. Children are God's heritage ; the key of the womb is in his hand ; he gives them to some, and withholds them from others ; and they shonld be received with thankfulness from the Lord's hand. 2dlt/, Giving them up to the Lord as soon as they are born, renew- ing the dedication of them to God, and accepting of the covenant for them ; and procuring to them the seal of the covenant without any unnecessary delay. Under the Old Testament, infants were to receive the seal on the eighth day. Now there is no set time, but common equity bids take the first opportunity, and not delay it needlessly. The undue delay of circumcision was punished in Moses, Exod. iv. 24 ; and the delay of baptism cannot but be dis- pleasing to God too, as a slighting of his ordinance. 3(%, Tender care of them, doing all things necessary for them, while they are not capable to do for themselves, Isa. xliz. 15. And here it is the duty of the mother to nurse the child herself, if she be able, Hos. ix. 14. And this care of infants, the burden of which lies most on the mothers is one great piece of their generation-work, wherein they are useful for God, and which they ought to look on as special service for their comfort in the trouble which therein they have. 3. The duties they owe to them from the time they come to the use of reason, and so forward. 1^, They are to provide for them, and that aye and until they be in a capacity to provide for themselves, 1 Tim. v. 8. This arises from the natural obligation and instinct that is common to men with beasts whereof the wildest will feed their young till they be able to do for themselves. Thus parents are, (1.) To provide suitable maintenance for their children for the present, and to lay out them- selves for it, though with the sweat of their brows. (2.) And, as God prospers them, they are to lay up something for them, 2 Cor. xii. 14 : for though the possession be their parents entirely, yet he is stinted to the use of a part according to what is necessary. Only no man is to take from present necessities for future provisions ; but what God has given, let men take the comfortable use of it ; and what remains, let them lay by for their -children, Eccl. ii. 18, 19, 24. But for people to deny themselves things necessary and comely, that they may lay up for their children, is a curse ; and if 224 OF THE FIFTH COMICAKDMEITT. their ehildren slionld follow their example, to deny themBelves the use thereof, to transmit them to theirs, the ose of it should never be ' had: but ordinarily what the parents narrowly gather, and keep so as they cannot take the conyenient use of it themselyes, the chil- dren quickly run through. 2(Uyy Ciyil education, that they may be useful members of the commonwealth. This we may take up in these three things. (1.) Parents should polish the rude natures of their children with good manners, so as they may carry comely and discreetly before themselves or others, Proy. xxxi. 28. It is the dishonour of parents to see children rude and altogether unpolished as young beasts; and religion is an enemy to rudeness and ill manners, 1 Pet. iii. 8. (2.) They should give them learning according to their ability, and see that at least they be taught to read the Bible, 2 Tim. iii. 15. What is it that makes so many ignorant old people, but that their parents have neglected this? But where parents have neglected this, grace and good nature would make a shift to supply this defect. (3.) They should train them up to do something in the way of some honest employment, whereby they may be useful to themselves or others. To nourish children in idleness is but to prepare them for prisons or correction-houses, or to be plagues to some one family or another, if Providence do not mercifully interpose, Prov. zxxi. 27. Christians should train up their daughters to do virtuously, ver. 29. For their own sakes, let them be capable to make their hands sufficient for them, seeing none knows what straits they may be brought to. And for the sake of others to whom they may be joined, let them be virtuously, frugally, and actively educated, other- wise what they bring with them will hardly quit the cost of the mis- chief that their unthriftiness and silliness will produce, Prov. xiv. 3. Whether ye can give them something or nothing, let them not want Ruth's portion, a good name, a good head, and good hands, Ruth iii. 11. Sons should be brought up to some honest employ- ment, whereby they may be worth their room in the world, Gren. iv. 2. This is such a necessary piece of parents' duty to their children, that the Athenians had a law, That if a son was brought up to ao calling at all, in case his father should come to poverty, he was not bound to maintain him, as otherwise he was. 3c%, Religious education, Eph. vi. 4. If parents provide not for their children, they are worse than beasts to their young ; if they give them not civil education, they are worse than heathens ; but if they add not religions education, what do they more than civilised heathens? When God gives thee a child, he says, as Pharaoh's daughter to Moses' mother, * Take this child and nurse it for me.' THE DUTY OT PARENTS TO CHILBBEN. 226 Exod. ii. 9. Though we be bat fathers of their flesh we mast be careful of their sonls, otherwise we ruin them. (1.) Parents ought to instruct their children in the principles of religion, and to sow the seeds of godliness in their hearts, as soon as they are able to speak, and have the use of reason, Dent. vi. 6, 7- Such early religious education is a blessed mean of grace, 1 Kings xviii. 12. compare ver. 3. Not only is this the duty of fathers, who should teach their children. Prov. it. 3, 4. but of mothers, who, while the children are young about their hand, should be dropping something to them for their soul's good. Solomon had not only his father's lesson, but the prophecy his mother taught him, Prov. xxxi. 1. See chap. i. 8. (2.) They should labour for that end to acquaint them with the scriptures. 2 Tim. iii. 15. to cause them to read them. Let the reading of their chapters be a piece of their daily task ; and cause them read the scriptures in order, that they may be acquainted both with the precepts and histories of the Bible. Let them be obliged to learn their Catechism, and catechise them yourselves, according to your ability. For teaching by way of question and answer is most easy for them. (3.) If they ask you any questions concerning these things do not discourage them, but take pains to answer all their questions, how- eyer weakly they may be proposed, Dent. vi. 20, 21. Children aro often found to have very misshapen notions of divine things ; but if they were duly encouraged to speak, they might vent their thoughts, which parents thus get occasion to rectify. 4^y, Labour to deter them from sin. The neglect of this was Eli's sin, fos which God judged his house, 1 Sam. iii. 13. Endea- vour to possess their hearts with an abhorrence of sinful practices, and a dread of them. Carefully check their lying, swearing, curs- ing, or banning, and Sabbath-breaking. If they learn these while young, they will be fair to accompany them to gray hairs. Let them not dare to meddle with what is another man's, if it wore not worth a farthing. Encourage them in taking up little things, and they may come in time to bring themselves to an ill end, and you to disgrace. dthly, Stir them up to the duties of holiness, and the practice of religion. Often inculcate on them the doctrine of their sinful miserable state by nature, and the remedy provided in Christ. Shew them the necessity of holiness, pointing out Christ to them as the fountain of sanctification. Commend religion to them, and press them to the study of it, as the main thing they have to do in the world, Prov. iv. 4, &c. 226 OF THE FIFTH GOIIHANDITENT. ^thly. Pray with them, and teach them to pray. For this cause let not the worship of God be neglected in yonr families : but for your children's sake maintain it. No wonder that those children seek not God who never see their parents bow a knee. Ye should take them alone, and pray with them, and teach them to pray, lay- ing the materials of prayer often before them ; and let them learn the Lord's prayer, and use it as a form till such time as they can conceive a prayer by that directory. For though we do not think the Lord has bound us to that form, (if he has, the forms of the English liturgy are most impertinent, which intrude themselves on us, and do not leave us to it), yet that it may not be used as a prayer, or as a form, I know none that do affirm ; though it is plain it is principally intended for a directory in prayer, Matth. vi. 9. Lasdy, They should often be put in mind of their baptismal vows : and I judge it advisable, that when ye have been at pains to instruct them in the principles of religion, and they have attained to a toler- able measure of knowledge, so that with judgment they may person- ally consent to the covenant, as a child religiously educated may be able to do betwixt nine and twelve years of age, if not before ; it would be profitable to call them before you, and solemnly declare how ye have laboured to do your duty to them, as ye engaged in their baptism, and require them expressly to consent unto the cove- nant for themselves; taking them personally engaged to be the Lord's. 4. Correction, Eph. vi. 4. The Greek word there signifies both correction and instruction ; and so does the English word nurture. They must go together; for instruction without correction will hardly succeed. Parents must keep their children in subjection ; if they lose their authority over them, the children will be children of Belial indeed, without a yoke, the end of which will be sad, Prov. xxix. 16. They must not only be corrected by reproof, but, when need is, with stripes, Prov. xix. 18. Begin early, as soon as they are capable to be bettered by it ; and let your love to them engage you to it ; and not restrain you, Prov. xiii. 24. As ever ye would keep them out of hell, correct them, Prov. xxiii. 13, 14. I offer the following advices in this point. (1.) Take heed that ye correct not your children just to satisfy your own passion ; for the wrath of man worketh not the righteous- ness of God. That is revenge, not correction. Let the end of your correction be the child's good. It were good that parents, if they find themselves in a passion, would first beat down their own disor- dered spirits before they beat the child. (2.) Let them know well wherefore ye correct them : for if the THE DUTY OF PABEKTS TO CHILDBEK. 227 child know not what he has done amiss, he can never be bettered by the correction. And therefore pains should be taken to convince them of the evil of the thing ; otherwise we deal not with them as rational creatures. (3.) Consider well the disposition of the child. That severity may be necessary for one, that will quite crush another. A man will not take his staff to thresh his corn, nor yet his flail to beat out his kail- seed. Measure your correction, then, by the child's disposition. (4.) Go about the work with an eye to the Lord for success. Correct thy child in faith of the promise, Prov. xxii. 16. * Foolish- ness is bound in the heart of a child, but the rod of correction shall drive it far from him,' viz. as a mean appointed and blessed of God for that end. It is our belief, and not our blows, that will do the business. And no doubt the neglect of this is one main cause why correction oft-times does no good. Lastly, Take heed ye correct not your children only for faults against yourselves, letting them pass with their sins against God. Many will give them a blow for a disrespectful word against them- selves, who for lying, banning, Sabbath-breaking, Will never touch them. Their children's crossing them must not go unpunished, but it will be long ere they correct them for their sins against God. 5. The casting them the copy of a good example, Fsal. ci. 2. Children are apt to imitate their parents, but especially in evil. He that sins before a child, sins twice, for he may expect that his sin shall be acted over again. Let them, then, not see you do any thing ye would not have them to do, nor speak words ye would not have them to follow you in. Your good precept will not stick, if it be not fastened with a good example. 6. Encouraging them to do well ; and when they do well, with kind looks, speeches, and actions, 1 Chron. xxviii. 20. Ingenuous spirits are but abused, when they are always driven by way of authority, and not drawn in the way of kindness. The name of a father and mother sounds of bowels of kindness ; it is a pity it should ever degenerate into the nature of mere masterly authority. 7. Lastly, Seasonable disposing of then^ in marriage, if need be, Ruth iii. 1. 1 Cor. vii. 36. So did Abraham with his son Isaac, Gen. xxiv. ; and Isaac with his son Jacob, Gen. xxviii. ; always con- sulting their own inclinations, not forcing them to this or that mar- riage against their will, which is but either to oblige them to disobey their parents, or to make themselves miserable to please them. The neglect of this duty may prove a snare to the child, and bring grief and sorrow to both.
| 41,493 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9352373
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
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Diego, KAJA SHERIEF A, Saida, Steven, YaliC4995, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20358, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21244592, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21244593, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21244594, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21245361, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21245362, https://stackoverflow.com/users/21246168, https://stackoverflow.com/users/264697, https://stackoverflow.com/users/498609, k dasharath, user20358, xuyongff, Игроман
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English
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Spoken
| 532 | 1,026 |
Linq query with table joins,case statements, count, group by clauses
I want to run a linq query that will return values to my custom DTO. This particular linq query will need to take into account joins from multiple tables, using switch case statements, count (*) and group by
This is the SQL version sample of the query I will need a LinQ equivalent of...
select
slm.SLType,
count(c.EStatID) as EStat,
COUNT(cpd.TrId) as Training,
COUNT(
CASE WHEN cpd.TrStat= 44 THEN 1
WHEN cpd.TrStat!= 44 THEN NULL
WHEN cpd.TrStat IS NULL THEN NULL
END) as TrainingComplete,
COUNT(
CASE WHEN cpd.CndAssess = 44 THEN 1
WHEN cpd.CndAssess != 44 THEN NULL
WHEN cpd.CndAssess IS NULL THEN NULL
END) as AssessmentComplete
from TabC c , TabCPD cpd, TabSLM slm
where cpd.SLid = slm.SLid
and c.Id= cpd.CID
and c.O_Id = 1
group by slm.SLType
It returns records in the following format. I have put each record as a new line with fields separated by commas. The numbers below are just as an example
TypeA, 0 , 1 , 1, 0
TypeB, 1 , 0 , 1, 0
I am trying to create a linq query in the format like the one below without much luck
var query =
from c in TabC, ......
select new MyCustomTableC_DTO
{
DTOproperty = c.MatchingTable property,....
}
MyCustomTableC_DTO will have a property for each field in the query. Any idea how to accomplish this? The query I will use to build a list of type MyCustomTableC_DTO
Thanks for your time...
Can you add the table prefixes (c., cpd. , slm.) to your query so we know what column belongs to what table?
When you try to convert that SQL statement to LINQ line by line, you would get something like this:
from row in (
from c in db.TabC
from cpd in db.TabPD
from slm in db.TabSLM
where cpd.SLid == slm.SLid
where c.Id == cpd.CID
where c.O_Id == 1
select new { c, cpd, slm })
group row in row.slm.SLType into g
select new
{
SLType = g.Key,
EStat = g.Count(r => r.c.EstatID != null),
Training = g.Count(r => r.cpd.TrId != null),
TrainingComplete =
g.Count(r => r.cpd.TrStat == 44),
AssessmentComplete =
g.Count(r => r.cpd.CndAssess == 44)
};
This query however, over complicates things and completely ignores that fact that Entity Framework knows much more about the model and generates all foreign keys as properties on the entities. Besides that, with LINQ, you must often approach things the other way around. In your case for instance, don't start with the TabC or TabSLM entity, but TabPD, since that table is the cross-table. With this knowledge, we can write the LINQ query like this:
from cpd in db.TabCPDs
where cpd.TabC.O_Id == 1
group cpd by cpd.TabSLM.SLType into g
select new
{
SLType = g.Key,
EStat = g.Count(r => r.TabC.EstatID != null),
Training = g.Count(r => r.TrId != null),
TrainingComplete =
g.Count(r => r.TrStat == 44),
AssessmentComplete =
g.Count(r => r.CndAssess == 44)
};
This is much simpler and (if I'm not mistaking) has the same result.
I need a left join to slm in db.TabSLM. How would you modify this query for that?
Mark me as answer, and post a new question here on SO.
| 13,322 |
https://github.com/afiuorio/chapel/blob/master/test/functions/lydia/userDefinedDefaultFunction/redefine-string.chpl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
ECL-2.0, Apache-2.0
| null |
chapel
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afiuorio
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Chapel
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Code
| 14 | 35 |
inline proc _defaultOf(type t:string ) return "Look ma, no hands!";
var foo: string;
writeln(foo);
| 48,125 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10825451
|
Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Category:荆门文物保护单位
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 5 | 53 |
Category:荆门文物保护单位
维基媒体项目分类
Category:荆门文物保护单位 隶属于 維基媒體分類
| 19,791 |
https://github.com/Kaosumaru/InputSystem/blob/master/Assets/QA/Tests/Xbox Controller Basic/Scripts/GamepadButtonState.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
RSA-MD
| null |
InputSystem
|
Kaosumaru
|
C#
|
Code
| 98 | 320 |
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.InputSystem;
using UnityEngine.UI;
using UnityEngine.InputSystem.Controls;
using UnityEngine.InputSystem.XInput;
public class GamepadButtonState : MonoBehaviour
{
public ButtonControl buttonToTrack;
[Header("If left empty, will try to auto populate with GetComponent<Image>()")]
public Image stateImage;
private XInputController m_CurrentController;
private Color m_RedTransparent;
private Color m_WhiteTransparent;
private void Start()
{
m_RedTransparent = new Color(1, 0, 0, 0.5f);
m_WhiteTransparent = new Color(1, 1, 1, 0.1f);
if (stateImage == null) { stateImage = GetComponent<Image>(); }
}
public void Update()
{
m_CurrentController = InputSystem.GetDevice<XInputController>();
if (m_CurrentController == null) { return; }
if (((ButtonControl)m_CurrentController[buttonToTrack.ToString()]).isPressed)
{
stateImage.color = m_RedTransparent;
}
else
{
stateImage.color = m_WhiteTransparent;
}
}
}
| 45,690 |
poetaescenicigr00dind_19
|
Greek-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,830 |
Poetae scenici Graeci
|
Dindorf, Wilhelm, 1802-1883, comp | Aeschylus | Sophocles | Euripides | Aristophanes
|
Greek
|
Spoken
| 8,404 | 31,548 |
Ἕχτορ, ταχύνεις, πρὶν μαϑεῖν τὸ δρώμενον " ἠὰν ἢν γὰρ εἰ φεύγουσιν οὐκ ἴσμεν τορῶς. ΕΚΊ ΩΡ. τίς γὰρ πυραΐϑειν πρόφασις ᾿“ργείων στρατόν; ΧΟΡΟΣ. οὐχ οἶδ᾽" ὕποπτον δ᾽ ἐστὶ κάρτ᾽ ἐμῇ φρενί. ἘΚΤ ΩΡ. 80 πάντ᾽ ἄν φοβηϑεὶς ἴσϑι, δειμαίνων τόδε. ΧΟΡΟΣ. οὔπω πρὶν ἦψαν πολέμιοι τοσόνδε φῶς. ἘΚΤΩΏΡΡ̓. οὐϑ᾽ ὧδέ γ᾽ αἰσχρῶς ἔπεσον ἐν τροπῇ δορός. ᾿ 220 ΧΟΡΟΣ. σὺ ταῦτ᾽ ἔπραξας" καὶ τὰ λοιπά γυν σχόπει. ἘΚΊΤΊΏΩΡΦ ἁπλοῦς ἐπ᾿ ἐχϑοοῖς μῦϑος ὁπλίζειν χέρα. ΧΟΡΟΣ. 8ὅ χαὶ μὴν ὅδ᾽ «Δϊὶνέας καὶ μάλα σπουδὴ ποδὸς στείχει, γέον τι πρᾶγμ᾽ ἔχων φίλοις φράσαι. ΖΦΙΝΕ.Ι.4“Σ. “Ἔ; βωΣ ᾿; Χο χτορ, τί χρῆμα νύχτεροι χατὰ στρατὸν τὰς σὰς πρὸς εὐνὰς φύλακες ἐλθόντες φόβῳ νυχτηγοροῦσι καὶ κεχίνηται στρατός; ΕἘΑΚΊΤΩ Ρ. 90 .4ϊἹνέκ, πυχάζου τεύχεσιν δέμας σέϑεν. ΑΓΝΕ1.Σ. τί δ᾽ ἔστι; μῶν τις πολεμίων ἀγγέλλεται δόλος χρυφαῖος ἑστάναι χατ᾽ εὐφρόνην; ἘΚΊΤΏΩῬΡ. φεύγουσιν ἅνδρες χἀπιβαίνουσιν νεῶν. ΤΙΝΊ ΆΙΣΣΙ: τί τῶνδ᾽ ἂν εἴποις ἀσφαλὲς τεχμήριον; Ἢ ΚΎ ὩἹΣ: 96 αἴϑουσι πῶσαν νύχτα λαμπάδας πυρός" χαί μοι δοχοῦσιν οὐ μενεῖν ὃς αὔριον, ἀλλ᾽ ἐχχέαντες πύρσ᾽ ἐπ᾿ εὐσέλμων γεῶν φυγῇ πρὸς οἴχους τῆσδ᾽ ἀφορμήσειν χϑονός. ΖΦΔΙΝΕΙ͂,Σ. σὺ δ᾽ ὡς τέ δράσων πρὸς ταδ᾽ ὁπλίζει χέρα; ΕΚΊΤΏΩΡ. 100 φεύγοντας αὐτοὺς χἀπιϑοώσχοντας νεῶν λόγχη καϑέξω κἀπικείσομαι βαρύς" αἰσχρὸν γὰρ ἡμῖν χαὶ πρὸς αἰσχύνῃ χαχὸν ϑεοῦ διδόντος πολεμίους ἄνευ μάχης φεύγειν ἐᾶσαι πολλὰ δοάσαντας χαχᾶ. ΑἹΝΕΙ.4Σ. 105 εἴϑ'᾽ ἦσϑ᾽᾽ ἀνὴρ εὔβουλος, ὡς δρᾶσαι χερί. ΕῚ ΠΣ Ἵ ὴ ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ αὑτὸς πᾶντ᾽ ἐπίστασϑαι βροτῶν πέφυχεν" ἄλλῳ δ᾽ ἄλλο πρόσχειται γέρας, σοὶ μὲν μάχεσθαι, τοῖς δὲ βουλεύειν χαλῶς. ὅστις πυρὸς λαμπτῆρας ἐξήρϑης κλύων 110 φεύγειν ᾿“χαιοὺς, χαὶ στρατὸν μέλλεις ἄγειν, τάφρους ὑπερβὰς νυχτὸς ἐν καταστάσει. καίτοι περάσας χοῖλον αὐλώνων βάϑος, εἰ μὴ πυρήσεις πολεμίους ἀπὸ χϑονὸς φεύγοντας, ἀλλὰ σὸν βλέποντας ἐς δόρυ, 116 νικώμενος μὲν τήνδε μὴ οὐ μόλης πόλιν" πῶς γὰρ περάσεις σχόλοπας ἐν τροπῇ δορός; πῶς δ᾽ αὖ γεφύρας διαβαλοῦο᾽ ἱππηλάται, ἢν ρα μὴ ϑοαύσαντες ἀντύγων χνόας; γιχῶν δ᾽ ἔφεδρον παῖδ᾽ ἔχεις τὸν Πηλέως, 120 ὅς σ᾽ οὐχ ἐάσει ναυσὶν ἐμβαλεῖν φλόγα, οὐδ᾽ ὧδ᾽ “Ἱχαιοὺς ὡς δοχεῖς ἀναρπάσαι. ᾿ αἴϑων γὰρ ἁνὴρ χαὺ πεπύργῶται ϑοάσει." ἀλλὰ στρατὸν μὲν ἥσυχον παρ᾽ ἀσπίδας, εὕδειν ἐῶμεν ἐκ κόπων ἀρειάτων, 125 χατάσχοπον δὲ πολεμίων, ὃς ἂν ϑέλη, πέμπειν δοκεῖ μοι" χἂν μὲν ἀΐρωνται φυγὴν, στείχοντες τ᾽ πμ ᾿Αργείων στρατῷ, εἰ δ᾽ ἐς δόλον τιν᾽ δ᾽ ἄγει φρυχτωρία, μαϑόντες ἐχϑοῶν μηχανὰς κατασχόπου 180, βουλευσόμεσϑα " τήνδ᾽ ἔχω γνώμην, ἄναξ. κ“- ς : : ᾿ ΕὝΕΟΡῸ ΠῊ ἌΝΟ; ὙὍ᾿ ΧΟΡΟΣ. τάδε δοκεῖ, τάδε μεταϑέιιενος νόει. σφαλερὰ δ᾽ οὐ φιλῶ στρατηγῶν χράτη. τί γὰρ ἄμεινον ἢ ταχυβόταν "0 “ατόπτην μολεῖν 130 πέλας ὅτι ποτ᾽ ἄρα δαΐοις πυρὰ χατ᾽ ἀντίπρῳρα ναυστάϑιμων δαίξεται. ΕΚΊ ἢ Ρ. ψιχᾶτ᾽, ἐπειδὴ πᾶσιν ἀνδάνει τάδε. στείχων δὲ κόσμει συμμόχους " τόχ᾽ ἂν στρατὸς χινοῖτ᾽ ἀχούσας νυχτέρους ἐχπλησίας. 110ὲ ἐγὼ δὲ τι πολεμίων κατάσχοπον. χἂν μέν τ ἐγύοτν μηχανὴν 3 πυϑώμεϑα, σὺ πάντ᾽ ἀκούσει χαὶ παρὼν εἴσει. λόγους " ἐὰν δ᾽ ἀπαίρωσ᾽ ἐς φυγὴν δομώμενοι, σάλπιγγος αὐδὴν προσδοχῶν καραδόκει, 145 ὡς οὐ μενοῦντά εἶ" ἀλλὰ προσμίξω γεῶν ὁλχοῖσι νυκτὸς τῆσδ᾽ ἐπ "ϑΑργείων στρατῷ. ἘΠ ΠΊΝΕΓῚΣ πέμφ᾽ ὡς τάχιστα" νῦν γὰρ ἀσφαλῶς φρονεῖς. σὺν σοὶ δέ μ᾽ ὄψει καοτεροῦνϑ'᾽, ὅταν δέῃ. ἘΕἘΚΤῸΡΛΦ τίς δῆτα Τρώων οἱ πάρεισιν ἐν λόγῳ 180 ϑέλει κατόπτης ναῦς ἐπ᾿ ᾿Δργείων μολεῖν ; τίς ἂν γένοιτο τῆσδε γῆς εὐεργέτης ; τίς φησιν; οὔτοι πάντ᾽ ἐγὼ δυνήσομαι πόλει πατρῴᾳ συμμάχοις ϑ᾽ ὑπηρετεῖν. 4042 Ν. ἐγὼ πρὸ γαίας τόνδε κίνδυνον ϑέλω 155 ῥίψας χατόπτης ναῦς ἐπ᾿ ᾿Δργείων μολεῖν, χαὶ πάντ᾽ ᾿χαιῶν ἐχμαϑὼν βουλεύματα ἥξω " ᾽πὶ τούτοις τόνδ᾽᾽ ὑφίσταμαι πόνον. ΠΟΘ ΟΡ. ἐπώνυμος μὲν κάρτα χαὶ φιλόπτολις “Ἰὀλων" πατρὸς δὲ χαὶ πρὶν εὐχλεᾶ δόμον 1600 γῦν δὶς τόσως ἔϑηχας Ἐρλ- ἕστερον.- 40.41.2 Ν. οὐχοῦν πονεῖν μὲ χρὴ, πονοῦντα δ᾽ ἄξιον μισϑὸν φέρεσϑαι. παντὶ γὰρ προσχείμενον κέρδος πρὸς ἔργῳ τὴν χάριν τίχτει διπλῆν. - ἘΕἘΚΊ ΩΡ. αὶ, καὶ δίχαια ταῦτα χοὐκ ἄλλως λέγω. 166 τάξαι δὲ μισϑὸν πλὴν ἐμῆς τυραννίδος. » 40.272. Ν. οὐ σῆς ἐρῶμεν πολυόχλου τυραννίδος. ἘΚΤΩΏΡ. σὺ δ᾽ ἀλλὰ γήμας Ποιαμιδῶν γαμβρὸς γενοῦ. 40.242. Ν. οὐκ ἐξ ἐμαυτοῦ μειζόνων γαμεῖν ϑέλω. ΕΚΊΤΩ Ρ. χουσὸς πάρεστιν, εἰ τόδ᾽ αἰτήσει γέρας. 40.2. Ν. 170 ἀλλ᾽ ἔστ᾽ ἐν οἴκοις " οὐ βίου σπανίζομεν. ΠΑΚΤΩ Ρ. τί δῆτα χοήζεις ὧν χέχευϑεν Ἴλιος; 2.0.2. Ν. ἑλὼν ᾿ἀχαιοὺς δῶρά μοι ξυναίνεσον. ᾿ ἘΚΊΤΩΡ. δώσω" σὺ δ᾽ αἴτει πλὴν στρατηλάτας νεῶν". 131 --- 1830. τ 198 --- 200. ῬΎΙ͂ΛΑ ἘΣΤΕ 0 ΞῈ 221 ᾿ 40.4.2 Ν. ΧΟΡΟΣ. χτεῖν᾽. οὔ σ᾽ ἀπαιτῶ Μῆενέλεω σχέσϑαι χέρα. ἀλλ εὖ σ᾽ ὁ Μαίας παῖς ἐχεῖσε χαὶ πάλιν ἘΚΊΤΊΩΡ πέμψειεν Ἑρμῆς, ὅς γε φηλητῶν ἄναξ. 178 οὐ τὴν τὸν Οἱλέως παῖδά μ᾽ ἐξαιτεῖς λαβεῖν; ἔχεις δὲ τοὔργον, εὐτυχεῖν μόνον σε δεῖ. 410 ΤΩΝ: : ; ΔΑ ΘΥΣΕΞΕΩΝ. ὶ κακαὶ γεωργεῖν χεῖρες εὖ τεϑραμμέναι. σωϑησομβι τερραυενωνα Οὐνασέως 220 οἴσω χάρα σοι, σύμβολ οἱ δ᾽ ἔχων σαφὲς ἘΚΤΩΡ. ᾿ φήσεις Π, γαῦς ἐπ᾽ “Ἵργείων μολεῖν, τίν᾽ οὖν. ᾿ἀχαιῶν ζῶντ᾽ ἀποινᾶσϑαι ϑέλεις ;. ἢ ΟΕ τς τον ἀνιιμάχτῳ χερὶ ΖΓ ΟΝ. ἱ ἥξω πρὸς οἴχους, πρὶν φάος μολεῖν χϑόνα. καὶ πρόσϑεν εἶπον " ἔστι γρυσὸς ἐν δόμιοις. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ΚΓ Ὁ Ῥ; ' Θυββθατε χαὶ Ζ΄ἅλιε χαὶ «“Ζυχίας καὶ μὴν λαφύρων γ᾽ αὐτὸς αἱρήσει παρών. 25 ναὸν ἐμβατεύων, 40.1.2 Ν. .«Ἃπολλον, ὦ δία χεραλὰ, μόλε τοξήρης, ἱκοῦ 180 ϑεοῖσιν αὐτὰ πασσάλευε πρὸς δόμιους. ἐνγύχιος ἘΠ πκ ΤῸ Ῥ. χαὶ γενοῦ σωτήριος ἀνέρι πομπᾶς τί Με τα μεῖζον τῶνδέ μ᾽ αἰτήσει γέρας; 2320 ἀγεμὼν “αὶ ξύλλαβε τροϑυνίδαις: ζ΄ 0 11...Ν-. ὦ παγχρατὲς, ὦ Τροΐας τείχη παλαιὰ δείμας. Ὑ Ξύ 1 ἵππους ᾿ἡχιλλέως" χρὴ δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἀξίοις πονεῖν, ψυχὴν προβάλλοντ᾽ ἐν χύβοισι δαίμονος. ἜΝΙ ΟΥΡ. “παὶ μὴν ἐρῶντί ΥΝ ἀντερᾷς ἵππων ἐιιοί" 186 ἐξ ἀφϑίτων γὰρ (ρϑιτοι 1 πειυχότες τὸν Πηλέως φέρουσι ϑούριον γόνον" δίδωσι δ᾽ αὐτοὺς πωλοδαμνήσας ἄνκξ Πηλεῖ Ποσειδῶν, ὡς λέγουσι, πόντιος. ἀλλ οὔ σ᾽ ἐπάρας ψεύσομαι" δώσω δέ σοι 190 χάλλιστον οἴχοις χτῆμ᾽ ᾿ἡχιλλέως ὕχον. Ζ Θ-“Ζ2.:2 Ν. λαβὼν δέ φημι χάλλιστον «Ῥρυγῶν δῶρον δέχεσθαι τῆς ἐμῆς εὐσπλαγχτέας. σὲ δ᾽ οὐ φϑονεῖν χοή" μυρί᾽ ἔστιν (λλα σοι, ἐφ᾽ οἷσι τέρψει, τῆσδ᾽ ἀριστεύων χϑογός. ΧΟΡΟΣ. 195 μέγας ἀγών" μεγάλα δ᾽ ἐπινοεῖς ἑλεῖν. μακάριός γε μὴν χυρήσας ἔσει" ᾿ αἰνῶ " πόνος δ᾽ εὐχλεής. μέγα δὲ χοιράνοισι γαμβρὸν πέλειν. | τὰ ϑεόϑεν ἐπιδέτω “χα, ' 200 τὰ δὲ παρ᾽ ἀνδράσιν τέλειά σοι φαίνεται. 0.42 Ν. στείχοιμ᾽ ἄν" ἐλθὼν δ᾽ ἐς δόμους ἐφέστιος | σχευῆ πρεπόντως σῶμ᾽ ἐμὸν χαϑάψομαι, χἀχεῖϑεν ἥσω ναῦς ἐπ᾽ ᾿Ζργείων πόδα. ᾿ ΧΟΡΟΣ. εἴπ᾽ εἴ τιν᾽ ἄλλην ἀντὶ τήσδ᾽ ἕξεις στολήν 40.242. Ν. 206 πρέπουσαν ἔργῳ χλωπικοῖς τε βήμασιν. :Ξ ΘΙΡῸΣ. σοφοῦ παρ᾽ ἀνδρὸς γοὴ σοφόν τι μανϑάγειν" λέξον τίς ἔσται τοῦδε σώματος σάγη. - “.:0.4Ζ.0. ἍΝ. λύχειον ἀμφὶ νῶτον ἅψοκαι δορὰν, χαὶ χάσμα ϑηρὸς ἀμφ᾽ 210 βάσιν τε χερσὶ προσϑίαν χαϑαριιόσας ΕῚ - , ΒΞ. ἐμ ϑήσὼω χαρῴ, χαὶ κῶλα χώλοις τετράπουν μιμήσομαι λύχου χέλευϑον, πολεμίοις δυσεύρετον. τάφροις πελάζων χαὶ νεῶν προβλήμασιν. ὅταν» δ᾽ ἔρημον χῶρον ἐμβαίνω ποδὶ, 2165 δίβαμος εἶμι" τῆδε σύγκειται δόλος. .......-------.............................ὄ. ,.....ὕ.....----------............ὃὄὄἤὕ. “αρλιν σα... πουλάπαλ.»...0........ὕ.5.....................-.ὄ..-.-.ὄ. μόλοι δὲ γαυχλήρια, χαὶ στρατιᾶς “Πλλάδος διόπτας 2δδΐχοιτο, χαὶ χάμψειε πάλιν ϑυμέλας οἴχων πα- τρὸς ᾿Ιλιάδας. «Ῥϑιάδων ἵππων τότ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἄντυγα βαίη, δεσπότου πέρσαντος ᾿Ἱχαιὸν “ρη, 240 τὰς πόντιος «ΑἸακίδα Πηλεῖ δίδωσι δαίμων" 242 ἐπεὶ πρό τ᾽ οἴχων πρό τε γᾶς ἔτλα μἰόνος ναύσταϑιιο βὰς χατιδεῖν " ἄγαμαι 245 λήμιατος " ἢ σπανία τῶν ἀγαϑῶν; ὅταν ἢ δυσάλιος ἐν πελάγει χαὶ σαλεύη πόλις, ἔστι. Φοουγῶν τις 2ὅ0 ἔστιν ἄλκιμος" ἔνι δὲ ϑοάσος ἐν αἰχμᾷ" ποτὶ ῆυσῶν ὃς ἐμὰν συμμαχίαν ἀτίζει. 253 τίν᾽ ὥνδο᾽ ᾿ἀχαιῶν ὃ πεδοστιβὴς σφαγεὺς 285 οὐτάσει ἐν χλισίαις, τετράπουν μῖμον ἔχων ἐπὶ γᾶν ϑηρός; ἕλοι Μῆενέλαν, “τανὼν δ᾽ ᾿Δγαμεμνόγνιον 260 χρᾶῶτ᾽ ἐνέγκοι Ἕλένᾳ χαχόγαμβοον ἐς χέρας γόον, ὃς ἐπὶ πτόλιν ὃς ἐπὶ γᾶν Τροΐαν χιλιόναυν ἤλυϑ᾽ ἔχων στοα- τείαν. 41. Σ- ἄναξ, τοιούτων δεσπόταισιν ἄγγελος 265 εἴην τὸ λοιπὸν οἷά σοι φέρω μαϑεῖν. ἘΚΊΤ Ὡ Ρ. ἤ πόλλ ἀγρώσταις σχαιὰ πρόσχειται φρενί" χαὶ γὰρ σὺ ποίμνας δεσπόταις τελεστόρους ἥχειν ἔοιχας ἀγγελῶν ἵν᾽ οὐ πρέπει. οὐχ οἶσϑα δῶμα τοὐμὸν ἢ ϑρόνους πατρὸς, 270 οἱ χρῆν γεγωνεῖν σ᾽ εὐτυχοῦντα ποιμνίων ; 7 ΠΕ ΖΙΟΟΣ: σχαιοὶ βοτῆρές ἐσμεν" οὐκ ἄλλως λέγω. ἀλλ οὐδὲν ἧσσόν σοι φέρω χεδγνοὺς λόγους. ἘΠ Ῥ: παῦσαι λέγων μοι τὰς προσαυλείους τύχας" μάχας πρὸ χειρῶν καὶ δόρη βαστάζομεν. 224.--- 232. 2338 .-- 241. 242.--- 252. 208 -- 263. ---- -π----- τας ι.θΘΠΠἷΠΠἷΠΡΠΡΠΡΠΡΠΡρΠΡὖΠΠπτ..........ϑν.ϑ................-.ὠὠττςὼτ π - π .ἁ.““ἃ,--:---.ς-ὔδ ἱἍ0Ὺ07"ΚΟἁτχτοοθΠὼπ5κ5κ5ᾶ5ρῖᾶΠῆ΄ΠΠῆΠ“Π6π6-π|;ς.}ΣὮὰὌἋἊτΤτΤΤΤ-.-0 Ὀ΄πῆπῆ΄ῆ΄Ππ...΄΄1Ψρὺψϑὔὕὔὸορτἴἷ-------- ὦ κου πον ὕ................--- - --. - ο--....... .,.................ὕ.....---.-..΄...- .τ ὦ - οὐρά... ἘΝ 222. Ε ὙΡΌΠ ΕΔ ΤΥ ὩΓΓΕΈ.0Σ. 476 τοιαῦτα χἀγὼ σημανῶν ἐλήλυϑα" ἀνὴρ γὰρ ἀλκῆς μυρίας στρατηλατῶν στείχει φίλος σοὶ σύμμαχός τὲ τῇδε γῆ. ἙΚΤΌΏΡ,. ποίας πατρῴας γῆς ἐρημώσας πέδον; ΤΕ ΟΣ. Θρήκης᾽ πατρὸς δὲ Στρυμόνος χικλήσκεται. ἘΚΤΏΩΡ̓. 280 Ῥῆσον τιϑέντ᾽ ἔλεξας ἐν Τροίᾳ πόδα. Α͂ΓΓΕ.0ΟΣ. ἔγνως " λόγου δὲ δὶς τόσου μ᾽ ἐκούφισας. , ἘΚΤΩΡ. χαὶ πῶς πρὸς Ἴδης ὀργάδας πορεύεται. πλαγχϑεὶς" πλατείας πεδιάδος ϑ᾽ ἁμαξιτοῦ; ΑΓΙΓΕ..Ὸ Σ. οὐχ οἱδ᾽ ἀκριβῶς, εἰχάσαι γε μὴν πάρα. 285 νυχτὸς γὰρ οὔτι φαῦλον ἐμιβαλεῖν στρατὸν, χλύοντα πλήρη πεδία πολεμίας χερός. φόβον δ᾽ ἀγρώσταις, οἱ κατ᾽ ᾿Ιδαῖον λέπας οἰχοῦμεν αὐτόρριζον ἑστίαν χϑονὺς, παρέσχε, δρυμὸν νυκτὸς ἔνϑηρον μολών. 290 πολλῇ γὰρ ἡχῆ Θρήκιος δέων στρατὸς ἔστειχε" ϑάμβει δ᾽ ἐχπλαγέντες ἵεμεν ποίμνας πρὸς ἄχρας, μή τις ᾿Αργείων μόλῃ λεηλατήσων χαὶ σὰ πορϑήσων σταϑμὰ, πρὶν δὴ δι᾽ ὥτων γῆρυν οὐχ Ἑλληνιχὴν 296 ἐδεξάμεσϑα χαὶ μετέστημεν φόβου. στείχων δ᾽ ἄναχτος προὐξερευνητὰς στρατοῦ ἀνιστόρησα. Θρηχίοις προσφϑέγμασι τίς ὁ στρατηγὺς χαὶ τίνος κεκλημένος στείχει, πρὺς ἄστυ Πριαμίδαισι σύμμαχος. 800 χαὺὶ πάντ᾽ ἀχούσας ὧν ἐφιέμην μαϑεὶῖν ἔστην" ὁρῶ δὲ Ῥῆσον ὥστε δαίμονα ἑστῶτ᾽ ἐν ἱππείοισι. Θρηχίοις ὕχοις. χουσῆ δὲ πλάστιγξ αὐχένα ζυγηφόρον πώλων ἔχληε χιόνος ἐξαυγεστέρων. 806 πέλτη δ᾽ ἐπ᾿ ὥμων χρυσοχολλήτοις τύποις ἔλαμπε" Γοργὼ δ᾽ ὡς ἀπ᾽ αἰγίδος ϑεᾶς χαλχῆ μετώποις ἱππιχοῖσι πρόσδετος πολλοῖσι σὺν χώδωσιν ἐχτύπει φόβον. στρατοῦ δὲ πλῆϑος οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἐν ψήφου λόγῳ 810 ϑέσϑαι δύναι᾽ ἂν, ὡς ἄπλατον ἦν ἰδεῖν, πολλοὶ μὲν ἱππῆς, πολλὰ πελταστῶν τέλη, πολλοὶ δ᾽ ἀτράχτων τοξόται, πολὺς δ᾽ ὄχλος γυμνὴς ὁμαρτῆ Θρῃπίαν ἔχων στολήν. τοιόσδε Τροίᾳ σύμμαχος πάρεστ᾽ ἀνὴρ, 816 ὃν οὔτε (φεύγων οὔϑ'᾽ ὑποσταϑεὶς δορὶ ὁ Πηλέως παῖς ἐχφυγεῖν δυνήσεται. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ὅταν πολίταις εὐσταϑῶσι δαίμονες, ἕρπει χατάντης συμφορὰ πρὸς τἀγαϑα. ἘΚΊΩῬ,. πολλοὺς, ἐπειδὴ τοὐμὸν εὐτυχεῖ δόρν 820 καὶ Ζεὺς πρὸς ἡμῶν ἐστιν, εὑρήσω φίλους. ἀλλ οὐδὲν αὐτῶν δεόμεϑ᾽ . οἵτινες πάλαε εἢ ξυμπογοῦσιν, ἡνίχ᾽ ἐξώστης ἴάρης ἔϑραυε, λαίφη τῆσδε γῆς μέγας πνέων. 826 ἤχει γὰρ ἐς δαῖτ᾽, οὐ παρὼν κυνηγέταις αἱροῦσι λείαν οὐδὲ συγχαμὼν δορί. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ὀρϑῶς ἀτίζεις, χαπίμομφος εἶ φέλοις δέχου δὲ τοὺς ϑέλοντας ὠφελεῖν πόλιν. ΕἈΚΊΤ ἢ Ρ. ; ἀρχ οὔμεν οἱ σώζοντες Ἴλιον πάλαι. ΧΟΡΟΣ. 880 πέποιϑας ἤδη πολεμίους ἡρηκέναι; ἘΚΤΩΡ πέποιϑα “ δείξει τοὐπιὸν σέλας ϑεοῦ. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ὅρα τὸ μέλλον" πόλλ: ἀναστρέφει ϑεός.᾿ ΕΚΊ Ὡ Ρ. μισῶ φίλοισιν ὕστερον βοηδρομεῖγν. ΖΓΓΕΟ.Ο Σ. ἄναξ, ἀπωϑεῖν συμμάχους ἐπέφϑονον. 830 φόβος γένοιτ᾽ ἂν πολεμίοις ὀφϑεὶς βόνμος ΧΟΡΟΣ. ὅδ᾽ οὖν. ἐπείπερ ἦλϑε, σύμμαχος μὲν οὔ, ξένος δὲ πρὸς τράπεζαν ἡἠχέτω ξένων" ᾽ χάρις γὰρ αὐτῷ Προιαμιδῶν διώλετο. ἘΚΊΩῬ, σύ τ᾽ εὖ παραινεῖς χαὶ σὺ χαιρίως σχοπεῖς. 840 ὁ χρυσοτευχὴς δ᾽ οὕνεχ᾽ ἀγγέλου λόγων Ῥῆσος παρέστω τῇδε σύμμαχος χϑονί. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ἜΝ μὲν ἃ Διὸς παῖς εἴργοι στομάτων φϑόνον" φοάσω γὰρ: δὴ ὅσον μοι 845 Ψψυχῶ προσίιλές ἔστιν εἰπεῖν. ἥκεις, ὦ ποταμοῦ παῖ, αὐ μνθν : ἥκεις, ἐπλάϑης Φρυγίαν πρὸς αὐλὰν. ἀσπαστὸς, ἐπεί σὲ χρόνῳ Πιερὶς μάτηρ ὃ τὲ καλλιγέφυ-- 860 ρος ποταμὸς πορεύει Στρυμὼν, ὅς ποτε τᾶς μελῳδοῦ ΜΙηούσας δι᾿ ἀχηράτων δινηϑεὶς ὑδροειδὴς κόλπων σὰν. ἐφύτευσεν ἥβαν.. δύδ σύ μοι Ζεὺς ὁ φαναῖος ἥκεις διφρεύων βαλιαῖσι πώλοις. γῦν., ὦ “ΠΟ πρὸς ὠ Ου ΤΕΣ ξὺν ὌΣΩ, γὺγν σοι τὸν ὡμρδν.. 21». πάρεστιν εἰπεῖν. 860 ἃ ἀρά ποτ᾽ αὖϑις ἃ παλαιὰ Τροία τοὺς προπότας. παναμερεύσει ϑιάσους ἐρύτον «ναλμοῖσι καὶ κυλίχων οἱνοπλανήτοις ἐπιδεξίαις ἁμίλλαις, ' 806 χατὰ πόντον ᾿Δτρειδᾶν Σπάρταν οἰχομένων ᾿Ιλιάδος παρ᾽ ἀχτῶς ; ὦ πίλο α εἴϑε μοι ͵ σᾷ χερὶ καὶ σῷ δορὶ πράξας τάδ᾽ ἐς οἶχον ἔλϑοις " 870 ἐλϑὲ, φάνηϑι, τὰν ζάχρυσον 1Πηλείδᾳ προβαλοῦ χατ᾽ ὄμμα πέλταν, δοχμίαν. ἐπε υύρον σχιστὰν παρ᾽ ἄντυγα, πώλους ἐρεϑίζων 842 ---- 350. ΞξξΞ :985] --- 359. “Ῥῆσος δ᾽ ἔδειξεν οἷος ἦν. Τροίᾳ. φίλος " 800 --- 369, --Ξ-: 370 --- 379. Η »" Οο Ὑ58 223 Ἀργείας ποτ᾽ ἐν Ἥρας δαπέδοις χορεύσει " ἀλλά νιν ἅδε γᾶ Η͂ , χαπφϑέμενον Θρηχὶ μορῷῳ 380 ἐὼ ἐώ. “ΝΣ Ε, τ σ . - λὸ ἀρ Θ Ἄναι μέγας ὦ βασιλεῦ, χαλὸν. ὦ Θρηκχὴ, σκύμνον ἔϑρεψας πολίαρχον ἰδεῖν. 5», ; τῇ ΞΡ γ κι ἴδε χουσοδετον σώματος ἀλκὴν, - χυε χωδωνοχροτοὺς 8856 παρὰ πορπάχων κελαδοῦντας. ϑεὸς, ὦ Τροία, ϑεὸς, αὐτὸς .Ἵρης, ὁ Στρυμόνιος πῶλος ἀοιδοῦ ΠΙΠούσης ἥκων» χαταπνεῖ σε. χαὶ χόμπους χαῖρ᾽, ἐσθλὸς ἐσϑλοῦ παῖ. τύραννε χῆσϑε γῆς, Ἕχτορ᾽ παλαιᾷ σ᾽ ἡμέρᾳ προσεννέπω, 390 χαίρω δέ σ᾽ εὐτυχοῦντα καὶ προσήμενον : πύργοισιν ΕΣ συγκατασχάψων δ᾽ ἐγὼ τείχη πάρειμι καὶ νεῶν πρήσων σχάφη. ἜΚ ΡΣ σαὶ τῆς μελῳδοῦ μητέρος, “ουσῶν μιᾶς, Θρηπός τε ποταμοῦ Στρυμόνος, φιλῶ λέγειν 8395 τἀληϑὲς ἀεὶ χκοὺ διπλοῦς πέφυκ᾽ ὀνήρ. , Γὶ - - πάλαι πάλαι χρῆν τῆδε συγκάμνειν χϑονὶ Ἁ ’ ἔλθοντα, χαὶ μὴ τοὐπὶ σ᾽ ᾿Δργείων ὕπο Τροίαν ἐᾶσαι πολεμίων πεσεῖν δορί. ΕῚ ΄ . “5. 327 ,- οὐ γάρ τι λέξεις ὡς ἄχλητος ὧν φίλοις ἘΣ ΕῚ 32) ’ 400 οὐχ ηλϑες οὐδ᾽ ἡμυνας οὐδ᾽ ἐπεστοάφης. τίς γάρ σὲ χήρυξ ἢ γερουσία «Ῥρυγῶν ἐλθοῦσ᾽ ἀμύνειν οὐκ ἐπέσχηψεν πόλει; ποῖον δὲ δώρων χόσμον οὐκ ἐπέμιναιιεν ; Ἁ ἩΝ 7, ΔῈ: δ») ’ μρν ;» συ ἐγγένης ὧν βαρβαρος τὲ βαρβάρους εἰ. « - κ ι γο. 4ἀρ6 Ελλησιν ἡμᾶς προῦυπιὲς τὸ σὸν μέρος. καίτοι σὲ μιχρίς ἐκ τυραννίδος μέγαν Θοηχῶν ἄναχτα τῆδ᾽ ἔϑηχ᾽ ἐγὼ χερὶ ρῃκῶ τα τῇδ᾽ ἔϑηκ᾽ ἐγὼ χερὶ, Ὁ » κ , ᾿ ’ ’ Ξ - οτ ἀμφὶ Παγγαιὸν τε Παιόνων» τὲ γὴν Θρηχῶν ἀρίστοις ἐμπεσὼν κατὰ στόμα, 410 ἔρρηξα πέλτην, σοὶ δὲ δουλώσας ΔδΩν παρέσχον" ὧν σὺ λαχτίσας πολλὴν χάριν, Ν ἐν δίβολόν τ᾿ ἄκοντα πάλλων. 376 σὲ γὰρ οὔτις. ὑποστὰς , φίλων νοσούντων ὕστερος βοηδρομιεῖς. οἱ δ᾽ οὐδὲν ἡμῖν ἐν γένει πεφυχότες, πάλαι παρόντες, οἱ μὲν ἐν χγωστοῖς τάφοις 416 χεῖνται πεσόντες, πίστις οὐ σμιχρὰ πόλει, οἱ δ᾽ ἔν ϑ᾽ ὅπλοισι καὶ παρ᾿ ψυχρὰν μένουσι συχνὴν ἀπο ταῦϑ᾽, ὡς ἂν εἰδῆς Ἕχτορ᾽ ὄντ᾽ ἐλεύϑερον, χαὶ μέμφομαί σοι χαὶ λέγω χατ᾿ ὄμμα σόν. : ῬΗ͂ΣΟΕΣ. τοιοῦτός εἶμι χαὐτὸς, εὐθεῖαν λόγων τέμνων χέλευϑον, χκοὺ διπλοῦς πέφυκ᾽ ἀνήρ. ἐγὼ δὲ μεῖζον ἢ σὺ τῆσδ᾽ ἀπὼν χϑονὸς 425 λύπη πρὸς ἧπαρ δυσφορῶν ἐτειρόμην " ἀλλ ἀγχιτέρμων γαῖά μοι, Σαύϑης λεὼς, μέλλοντί νόστον τὸν πρὸς Ἴλιον περᾶν ᾿ ξυνῆψε πόλεμον" Πὐξένου δ᾽ ἀφικόμην « " ΕΗ ἱππείοις οχοις 32 , ᾿ - ἃ - τ αησιν δίιμμιόν τὲ πῦρ ϑεοῦ χαρτεροῦντες, οὐκ ἐν δεμνίοις ἄμυστιν ὡς σὺ δεξιούμενοι. φίλτατον ἄχϑος οἴσει." πόντου πρὸς ἀχτὰς, Θρῆχα πορϑμεύσας στρατόν. 430 ἔνϑ᾽ αἱματηρὸς πέλαγος ἐς γαῖαν Σχύϑης ἡντλεῖτο λόγχη, Θρήξ τε συμμιγὴς φόνος, τοιάδε τοί μ᾽ ἀπεῖργε συμφορὰ πέδον Τροίας ἱχέσϑαι σύμμαχόν τέ σοι μολεῖν. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἔπερσα, τῶνδ᾽ ὁμηρεύσας τέχνα, Ὧ486 τάξας ἔτειον δασμὸν ἐς δόμους φέρειν, ἥκω περάσας ναυσὶ πόντιον στόμα, “τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα πεζὸς γῆς περῶν δρίσματα, οὐδ᾽ ὡς σὺ κομπεῖς τὰς ἐμὰς ἀμύστιδας, οὔτ᾽. ἐν. ζαχούσοις δώμασιν χοιμιώμενος, 440 ἀλλ οἷα πόντον Θρήχιον φυσήματα κρυσταλλόπηχτα Παίονάς τ᾿ ἐπεζάρει, ξὺν τοῖσδ᾽ ἀλλ ὕστερον μὲν ἤλϑον, ἐν καιρῷ δ᾽ ὅμως" “σὺ μὲν. γὰρ ἤδη δέχατον αἰχμάζεις ἕτὸς 446 κοὐδὲν περαίνεις, ἡμέραν δ᾽ ἐξ ἡμέρας ῥίπτεις χκυβεύων τὸν πρὸς ᾿ἡργείους Ἄρη" ἐμοὶ δὲ φῶς ἕν ἡλίου καταρχέσει, πέρσαντι πύργους ναυστάϑιοις ἐπεισπεσεῖν χτεῖναί τ᾿ ᾿Ἵχαιούς" ϑατέρᾳ δ᾽ 450 πρὸς οἶκον» εἶμι, συντεμὼν τοὺς σοὺς πόγους. ὑμῶν δὲ μή τις ἀσπίδ᾽ ἄρηται χερί" ἐγὼ γὰρ ἕξω τοὺς μέγ᾽ αὐχοῦντας δορὶ πέρσας ᾿Αχαιοὺς, καίπερ ὕστερος μολών. ΧΟΡΟΣ. 2) .«. ἘΝ ΄ αὕπνος οἶδα τλὰς ποοπάμασιν. ἀπ᾽ Ἰλίου ἐὼ Ἰώ. ἀπ᾽ φίλα ϑροεῖς, φίλος “Τιόϑεν εἶ δος ΚΠ ΟΠΑΞΕ ΧΙ ΟΖ» φϑόνον ἄμαχον ὕπατος Ζεὺς ἐϑέλοι τὸν ἀμφὶ σοῖσι λόγοισιν εἴργειν, τὸ δὲ γάϊον 407 όϑεν δόρυ οὔτε πρὶν οὔτε νῦν τιν᾽ ἀνδρῶν 400 ἐπόρευσε σέϑεν. προλ οι 'πῶς μοι ᾿Αχιλλεὺς τὸ σὸν ἔγχος ἂν δύναιτο, πῶς δ᾽ Ἅἴας ὑπομεῖναι; εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ τόδ᾽ ἤμαρ ἐσίδοιιιἷ, ἄγαξ, 4605 ὕπως πολυφόγου χειρὸς ἀποινάσαιο λόγχᾳ. ἜΞΡΕΣ ΟΣ: τοιαῦτα μέν σοι τῆς μαχρᾶς ἀπουσίος πρᾶξαι παρέξω" σὺν δ᾽ ᾿Αἀδραστείᾳ λέγω, ἐπειδὰν ἐχϑρῶν τήνδ᾽ ἐλευϑέραν πόλιν 4710 ϑῶμεν ϑεοῖσί τ᾽ ἀκροϑίνι᾽ ἐξέλης, ξὺν σοὶ στρατεύειν γῆν ἐπ᾽ ᾿ἡργείων ϑέλω χαὶ πᾶσαν ἐλϑὼν Ἑλλάδ᾽ ἐχπέρσαι δορὶ, ὡς ἂν μάϑωσιν ἐν μέρει πάσχειν χακῶς. ἘΚΤΌΣ, εἰ τοῦ παρόντος τοῦδ᾽ ἀπαλλαχϑεὶς καχοῦ ἀσφαλῆ, 475 πόλιν νεμοίμην ὡς τὸ πρίν ποτ᾽ ἡ κάρτα πολλὴν ϑεοῖς ἂν εἰδείην χάριν. ] τὰ δ᾽ ἀμφί τ᾽ “άἅργος καὶ νομὸν τὸν Ἑλλάδος οὐχ ὧδε πορϑεῖν ῥᾷδι᾽, ὡς λέγεις, δορί. β ῬΈΓΣΙΘ Σ.. 480 οὐ τούσδ᾽ ἀριστῆς φασιν λλήνων μολεῖν; ἘΚΤΏ.Ρ. χοὺ μεμφόμεσϑά γ᾽, ἀλλ ἄδην ἐλαύνομεν. ῬΣΕΣΟΣ: οὐχοῦν χταγόντες τούσδε πάντ᾽ εἰργάσμεϑο. 4584 ---- 466. --Ξ- 820 ---832. 224. Ἑ ὙΡΏΠΕΔΙΎ ΟἹ, μή νυν τὰ πόρρω τἀγγύϑεν μεϑεὶς σκόπει. ὌΤΕΟΣΙΘΕΣ. ἀρχεῖν ἔοιχέ σοι παϑεῖν, δρᾶσαι δὲ μή. , ἘΚΤΩΡ. πολλῆς γὰρ ἄρχω κἀνθάδ᾽ ὧν τυραννίδος. 486 ἀλλ εἴτε λαιὸν εἴτε δεξιὸν χέρας εἴτ᾽ ἐν μέσοισι συμμάχοις, πάρεστί σοι πέλτην ἐρεῖσαν καὶ χαταστῆσαι στρατόν. ΡῬΗΣΟΣ. μόνος μάχεσϑαι πολεμίοις, Ἕχτορ, ϑέλω. εἰ. δ᾽ αἰσχρὸν ἡγεῖ μὴ συνεμπρῆσαι γεῶν 490 πρύμνας, πονήσας τὸν πάρος πολὺν χρόνον, τάξον μ᾽ ᾿ἀχιλλέως καὶ στρατοῦ χατὰ στόμια. ἘΚΊ ΩΡ. οὐκ ἔστ᾽ ἐχείνῳ ϑοῦρον ἐντάξαι δόρυ. ὌΧΣΟΘΙΟΕΣ: καὶ μὴν λόγος γ᾽ ἦν ὡς ἔπλευσ᾽ ἐπ᾽ Ἴλιον. ἘΚΊ Ρ. ἔπλευσε χαὶ πάρεστιν" ἀλλὰ μηνίων 495 στρατηλάταισιν οὐ συναίρεται δόρυ. ῬΤΙΣΟΙΕΣ: τίς δὴ μετ᾽ αὐτὸν ἄλλος εὐδοξεῖ στρατοῦ; ; ΕἘΚΊ Ὡ Ρ. «Ἅἴας ἐμοὶ μὲν οὐδὲν ἡσσᾶσθϑαι δοχεῖ χὠ Τυδέως παῖς " ἔστι δ᾽ αἱμυλώτατον κρότημ᾽ Ὀδυσσεὺς, λῆμα τ᾽ ἀρκούντως ϑρασὺς 500 χαὺ πλεῖστα χώραν τήνδ᾽ ἀνὴρ χαϑυβρίσας. ὃς εἷς ϑάνας σηχὸν ἔννυχος μολὼν κλέψας ἄγαλμα ναῦς ἐπ᾿ ᾿Δργείων φέρει. ἤδη δ᾽ ἀγύρτης πτωχικὴν ἔχων στολὴν εἰσῆλθε πύργους, πολλὰ δ᾽ ᾿“ργείοις χαχὰ ὅ06 ἠρᾶτο, πεμφϑεὶς Ἰλίου κατάσκοπος " χ“τανὼν δὲ φρουροὺς χαὶ παραστάτας πυλῶν ἐξῆλθεν" ἀεὶ δ᾽ ἐν λόχοις εὑρίσκεται Θυμβραῖον ἀμφὶ βωμὸν ἄστεως πέλας ϑάσσων" καχῷ δὲ μερμέρῳ παλαίομεν. ῬΠΗΌΏΣΦΟΣ:.. 5610 οὐδεὶς ἀνὴρ εὔψυχος ἀξιοῖ λάϑρα χτεῖναι τὸν ἐχϑρὸν, ἀλλ᾿ Ἰὼν χατὰ στόμα. τοῦτον δ᾽ ὃν ἵζειν φὴς σὺ χλωπιχὰς ἕδοας χαὶ μηχανᾶσϑαι, ζῶντα συλλαβὼν ἐγὼ πυλῶν ἐπ᾽ ἐξόδοισιν ἀμπείρας δόάχιν δ16 στήσω πετεινοῖς γυψὶ ϑοινατήριον. Ι ληστὴν γὰρ οντὰα καὶ ϑεῶν ἀνάχτορα συλῶντα δεῖ γιν τῷδε χατϑαγεῖν μόρῳ. ὙΠ ΙΘ ΟΣ Ῥ: γῦν μὲν χαταυλίσϑητε" χαὶ γὰρ εὐφρόνη. δείξω δ᾽ ἐγώ σοι χῶρον ἔνϑα χρὴ στρατὸν ὅ20 τὸν σὸν νυχεῦσαι τοῦ τεταγμένου δίχα. ξύνϑημα δ᾽ ἡμῖν «Ῥοῖβο., ἤν τι καὶ δέῃ, μέμνησ᾽ ἀχούσας Θοηχέ τ᾽ ἄγγειλον στρατῷ. ὑμᾶς δὲ βάντας χοὴ προταινὺ τάξεων φρουρεῖν ἐγερτὶ, χαὶ νεῶν χατάσχοπον ὅ26 δέχϑαι “Ἰὐλωνα " χαὶ γὰρ, εἴπερ ἐστὶ σῶς, ἤδη πελάζει στρατοπέδοισι Τρωικοῖς. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ἷ | τίνος ἃ φυλαχά; τίς ἀμείβει τὰν ἐμάν; πρῶτα β 27. --δάδ. ---- δ46.- ὅ64. δύεται σημεῖα “τὰ ἑπτάποροι 580 πὐπεσυ ες Ῥρο μέσα δ᾽ αἰετὸς οὐρανοῦ σο-᾿ ; τῶται. ἜΝ εσϑε, τί ᾿ μέλλετε; χοιτῶν ἔχρεσϑε πρὸς φυλαχάν. οὐ λεύσσετε μηνάδος αἴγλαν; 585 ἀὼς δὴ πέλας ἀὼς γίγνεται, «καί τις πρὸ δόμων ὅδε γ᾽ ἐστὶν ἀστήρ. ἩΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. τίς ἐκηρύχϑη πρώτην φυλακήν; προ αν Ἀν ταν ες ἩΜΊΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. Πυγδόνος υἱόν φασι Κόροιβον. ΠΙΜΊΙΣΧΟΡΙΟΝ. 510 τίς γὰρ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ; ' ἩΜΠΙΧ ΟΡΙΟΝ. Κίλικας Παίων. στρατὸς ἤγειρεν, Μυσοὶ δ᾽ ἡμᾶς. ΠΙΗΠΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. οὐχοῦν “Ἰυχίους πέμπτην φυλαχὴν βάντας ἐγείρειν ἸΡῊΝ Ν ν ΤΛξΑΖ " ᾿ - 545 χαιρὸς χληρου χατὰ μοῖραν. ΧΟΡΟΣ. χαὶ μὴν ἀΐω, Σιμόεντος ἡμένα χοίτας φοιγίας ὑμνεῖ πολυχορδοτάτᾳ " “. . ;) ᾿ 5 ᾽᾿ὔ 560 γήρυϊ παιδολέτωρ μελοποιὼς ἀηδονὶς μερίμνας" ηδη δὲ νέμουσι χατ΄ δὰν ποίμνια " νυχτιβρόμου σύριγγος Ἰὰν χαταχούω " ϑέλγει δ᾽ ὅδ ὕπνος " ἅδιστος γὰρ ἔβα βλεφάροις πρὸς ἀοῦς. ᾿ ΠΗΠΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. 27 ς- οὀμματος ἕδοαν τί ποτ᾽ οὐ πελάϑει σχοπὸς, ὃν γαῶν, ͵ ΄ ἍἝχτωρ ὦτρυγνε κατόπταν; ΠΠΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. ταρβῶ" χρόνιος γὰρ ἄπεστιν. ΠΜΠΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. ᾿ 560 ἀλλ᾽ ἡ κρυπτὸν λόχον εἰσπαίσας διόλωλε; τάχ᾽ ἂν εἴη φοβερόν. ἩΗἩΜΊΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. αὐδῶ “Ζυχίους πέμπτην φυλαχὴν βάντας ἐγείρειν ἡμῶς χλήρου κατὰ μοῖραν. ᾿ ΕΟ ΥΣΣ ΕΣ. δ6ὅ Διόμηδες, οὐκ ἤχουσας --- ἢ χενὸς ψόφος. στάζει δι᾿ ὥτων ; --- τευχέων τιγὰ κτύπον; ΤΙΠΙΟΜΗΜΗΣ. οὔκ, ἀλλὰ δεσμὰ πωλιχῶν ἐξ ἀντύγων κλάζει σιδήρου " χἀμέ τοι, πρὶν ἠσϑόμην δεσμῶν ἀραγμὸν ἱππικῶν, ἔδυ φόβος. ΟΔΥΣΣΕΎΥΣ. ὅ70 ὅρα χατ᾽ ὄρφγην μὴ φύλαξιν ἐντύχης. ΙΟΜΉΜΗΣ. φυλάξομαί τοι κἀν σκότῳ τιϑεὶς πόδα. ΟΣ ΣΙ ΣΈ ΧΟΣ: ἢν δ᾽ οὖν ἐγείρης, οἶσϑα σύνθημα στρατοῦ; ΔΙΟΜΗΔΗΣ. «Ῥοῖβον “όλωνος οἶδα σύμβολον κλύων. Ρ ἄς: ο -----..ὕ..........ὕ.ὕ.....-.ὕὕ.----.-..-.-......-ὖὕὔὖὖἊ΄΄, Λ΄“ ο“π΄......-- τ ᾶκ.οτχχγηὨηἭι,ἅἅπι..--..-ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞοἰὐὺὐὔῦἅῦὩὦς΄Πὖππς0-0ῦΠπ6ΠῤῸ0πΠΠ1 Ὸῦ0 το ὩῇᾷΠἠἠτσὺῸῪ0ΔἋΔᾺΨΣΣἝ -.ἝὈἉἈ -«Ν-ἡ«ΨἙ τ το-ςςςς΄.:.σπ;..0θ050.0..β....---α------..-.-ο:.Ἕ»ἍΣἍΞὌᾧ}ᾧὌΌτὴθῷνὦῳ.ὄ«-ὦἜὕὦὦὦὦἜΣὦ-Φ ΦΦςΦὦὦ΄οὸὃὸῸὔΟὦῸὥὩ.Ὄ.Ὄ.ἅ.ΒΡὕἦ Ἔ: 2.8 ΘΥ ΘΙΣΉΥΣ,: ξα. : εὐνὰς ἐρήμους τάσδε πολεμίων ὁρῶ. ᾿ΙΟΜΉΗΖΉΗΣ. δ75 χαὶ μὴν “όλων γε τάσδ᾽ ἔφραζεν Ἕχτορος , κοίτας, ἐφ᾽ ᾧπερ ἔγχος εἵλκυσται τόδε. ΟΔΥΣΣΕΎΣ. τί δῆτ᾽ ὧν εἴη; μῶν λύχος βέβηχέ πη; “ΠΟΜΠῊ ΖΗ Σ. ἴσως ἐφ᾽ ἡμῖν μηχανὴν στήσων τινά. ΟΣ ΕΣΣΣΕ Υ ΣΣ ϑρασὺς γὰρ Ἕχτωρ νῦν, ἐπεὶ χρατεῖ, ϑρασύς. “4 ΤΟ ΜΗΉΗΉΖΗΣ. ὅ80 τί δῆτ᾽, Ὀδυσσεῦ, δρῶμεν; οὐ γὰρ εὕρομεν τὸν ἄνδρ᾽ ἐν εὐναῖς, ἐλπίδων δ᾽ ἡμάρτομεν. ΘΕ ΣΣΣΊΣΥΣ: στείχωμεν ὡς τάχιστα ναυστάϑμων πέλας. σώζει γὰρ. αὐτὸν ὅστις εὐτυχῆ ϑεῶν τίϑησιν" ἡμῖν δ᾽ οὐ βιαστέον τύχην. ΕἼ ΤΟΣ ΖΞΕΓΣ. ὅδό οὐκοῦν ἐπ᾿ Αϊνέαν ἢ τὸν ἔχϑιστον Φρυγῶν Πάριν μολόντε χρὴ καρατομεῖν ξέφει. ΟΥ̓ ΣΣ ΕΥΣ. πῶς οὖν ἐν ὄρφνῃ πολεμίων ἀνὰ ἸΣ δ ξενεὸν ζητῶν δυνήσει τούσδ᾽ ἀκινδύνως χτανὲῖν; ΦΙΟΜΗΖἜΕΗΣ. αἰσχρόν γε μέντοι ναῦς ἐπ᾿ ᾿Αργείων μολεῖν, 890 δράσαντε μηδὲν πολεμίους νεώτερον. ΟΣΓΥ ΣΟ ΈΕΎΥΣ.: πῶς δ᾽ οὐ δέδραχας; οὐ χτανόντε ναυστάϑμων χατάσχοπον «“Τύλωνα σώζομεν τάδε σχυλεύματ᾽; πείϑου, πάλιν στείχωμεν. εὖ δ᾽ εἴη τύχη. Φ4ΘΠΕΝ 4. ὅ96 ποῖ δὴ λιπόντε Τρωιχῶν ἐκ τάξεων χωρεῖτε, λύπη ς θεϑηγμιέμοι, εἰ μὴ χτανεῖν σφῷν Ἥχτορ᾽ ἢ Πάριν ϑεὸς δίϑωσιν ; ἄνδρα δ᾽ οὐ πέπυσϑε σύμμαχον Τροίᾳ μολόντα Ῥῆσον οὐ φαύλῳ τρόπῳ; 600 ὃς εἰ διοίσει νύχτα τήνδ᾽ ἐς αὔριον, οὔτ᾽ ἄν σφ᾽ ᾿Αχιλλέως οὔτ᾽ ἂν Ἄἴαντος δόρυ μὴ πάντα πέρσαι ναύσταϑιμ᾽ ᾿Ζργείων σχέϑοι, τείχη κατασχαιναντα χαὶ πυλῶν ἔσω λόγχη πλατεῖαν ἐσδρομὴν ποιούμενον " 606 τοῦτον χαταχτὰς πάντ᾽ ἔχεις. τὰς δ᾽ Ἕχτορος εὐνὰς ἔασον χαὶ χαρατόμους σφαγάς" ἔσται γὰρ αὐτῷ ϑάνατος ἐξ ἄλλης χερός. Ξ ΟΖΠΥΣΙΕΎΣ. δέσποιν᾽ ᾿ϑάνα, φϑέγματος γὰρ ἠσϑόμην τοῦ σοῦ συνήϑη γῆρυν" ἐν πόνοισι γὰρ 610 παροῦσ᾽ τὸν ἄνδρα δ᾽ ἡμῖν ποῦ χατεύνασται φράσον, ἀμύνεις τοῖς ἐμοῖς ἀεί ποτε" πόϑεν τέταχται βαρβάρου στρατεύματος. : .«, Θ ἜΤΗ ΝΈΑ: δδ᾽ ἐγγὺς ἧσται κοὐ συνήϑροισται στρατῷ οδ᾽ ἐγγὺς ἧστ υνήϑροισται στρατῷ, ἊΨ 2 3 ») ΄“- ΄ ἀλλ ἐχτὸς αὐτὸν τάξεων χατεύνασεν ΄ «“ ΞᾺ ν 2 ν ΄ 616 Ἕχτωρ, ἕως ὧν νὺξ ἀμείψηται φάος. πέλας δὲ πῶλοι Θρηχίων ἐξ ἁρμάτων λευχαὶ δέδενται, διαπρεπεῖς ἐν εὐφρόνη" »Ἵ ΄ , στίλβουσι δ᾽ ὥστε ποταμίου χύχνου πτερόν. ΡΟΕΤΑΕ ΒΚΒΟΕΝΊΟΙ, ΒᾺΝ -“ γ ᾿) “« ἢ πᾶν στρατόπεδον πέρσειν δοχεῖς; ταύτας χτανόντε δεσπότην χομιίζετε, 620 χάλλιστον οἴχοις σχῦλον" οὐ γὰρ ἔσϑ᾽ ὅπου τοιόνδ᾽ ὄχημα χϑὼν χέχευϑε πωλιχόν. ΟΔΎΥΣΣΕΎΣ. “ιόμηδες, ἢ σὺ χτεῖνε Θρήκιον λεὼν, ἢ ᾽μοὶ πάρες γε, σοὶ δὲ χρὴ πώλων μέλειν. ΕὙ ἈΟΖΟΙ ὍΝ ΕΓ... Σ. ἐγὼ φογνεύσω, σπωλ οδαμνήσεις δὲ σύ. 602 το αν γὰρ εἶ τὰ -χομψὰ χαὶ γοεῖν σοφός. χοὴ δ᾽ ἄνδρα. τάσσειν οὗ μάλιστ᾽ ἂν ὠφελῇ. ΖΑ ΘΗΝ Δ. καὶ μὴν χαϑ᾽ ἡμᾶς τόνδ᾽ ᾿Τλέξανδοον βλέπω στείχοντα, φυλάχων ἔκ τινος πεπυσμένον δόξας ἀσήμους πολεμίων μεμβλωκότων.. ΦΙΟΜΗΜΗΣ. 630 πότερα σὺν ἄλλοις ἢ μόνος πορεύεται; ΑΘΗΝ ἍΑ. μόνος" πρὸς εὐνὰς δ᾽, ὡς ἔοιχεν, Ἕχτορος - έ - εἶ - χωρεῖ, κατόπτας σημανῶν ἥχειν στρατοῦ. ΠΟΜΒΜΗΣ. οὐχοῦν ὑπάρχειν τόνδε χατϑανόντα χρή; ΑΘΗΝ ΖἍ. οὐκ ἂν δύναιο τοῦ πεπρωμένου πλέον. 686 τοῦτον δὲ πρὸς σῆς χειρὸς οὐ ϑέμις ϑανεῖν. ἀλλ ὑπὸ ἤχεις μορσίμους φέρων σφαγὰς, τάχυν᾽ " ἐγὼ δὲ τῷδε σύμμαχος Κύπρις δοκοῦσ᾽ ἀρωγὸς ἐν πόνοις παραστατεῖν, σαϑροῖς λόγοισιν ἐχϑρὸν ἄνδρ᾽ ἀμείψομαι. 620 καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἐγὼ μὲν εἶπον" ὃν δὲ χρὴ παϑεῖν, οὐχ οἶδεν; οὐδ᾽ ἤκουσεν ἐγγὺς ὧν λόγου. ἹΠΑ͂ΡΥΙΣ. σὲ τὸν στρατηγὸν χαὶ χασίγνητον λέγω, ὝἭχτοο, χαϑεύδεις; οὐκ ἐγείρεσϑαί σὲ χρῆν; ἐχϑοῶν τις ἡμῖν χρίμπτεται στρατεύματι, θ456 ἢ χλῶπες ἄνδρες ἢ χατάσχοποί τιγες. ΘΗΝ 4. ϑάρσει" φυλάσσει σ᾽ ἥδε πρευμενὴς Κύπρις. μέλει δ᾽ ὃ σὸς μοι πόλεμος ; οὐδ᾽ ἀμνημονῶ τιμῆς, ἐπαινῶ δ᾽ εὖ παϑοῦσα πρὸς σέϑεν. χαὶ νῦν ἐπ᾽ εὐτυχοῦντι Τρωιχῷ στρατῷ θ60 ἥκω, πορεύουσ᾽ ἄνδρα σοι μέγαν φίλον, τῆς ὑμνοποιοῦ παῖδα Θρήκιον ϑεῖς ΠΙιούσης, πατρὸς δὲ Στρυμόνος κιχλήσχεται. 1 4 Ρ1ΙΣ. ἀεί ποτ᾽ εὖ φρονοῦσα τυγχάνεις πόλει χἀμοὶ, μέγιστον δ᾽ ἐν βίῳ χειμήλιον θ6ὅ χρίνας σέ φημι τῆδε προσϑέσϑαι πόλει. ἥχω δ᾽ ἀχούσας οὐ τορῶς, φήμη δέ τις φύλαξιν ἐμπέπτωχεν ὡς χατάσχοπον ἥχουσ᾽ ᾿Ἰχαιῶν. χὠ μὲν οὐκ εἰδὼς λέγει, ὁ δ᾽ εἰσιδὼν μολόντας οὐκ ἔχει φράσαι 660 ὧν οὕνεκ᾽ εὐνὰς ἤλυϑον πρὸς Ἕχτορος. ΑΘΗΝ 4. μηδὲν φοβηϑῆς" οὐδὲν ἐν στρατῷ νέον " ἝἭχτωρ δὲ φροῦδος Θρῆχα χκοσμήσων στρατόν. ΡΣ. σύ τοί με πείϑεις, σοῖς τε πιστεύων λόγοις τάξιν φυλάξων εἰμ᾽ ἐλεύϑερος φόβου. «4908 Ν 4. 666 χώρει" μέλειν γὰρ πάντ᾽ ἐμοὶ δόχει τὰ σὰ, .9ι βοϑασσσνενυι 220 ΕὙ ΒΥΙ ἘΕῚ ἢ Ο ἡγ “πΠπτπΦΠππῃΦφΦ«ἕΨἕέΖὌἘΕΠὍ«“Ὅ«ιο οὁέΨσσο“ἝὍοο “οοοοοτΠρΠθΡΕρπτπτΠππεοΨποοοιιοὅυέυ-σ- “Ξ--ςἜ.-ππἔρὌἔὌρΛππφπᾳπ“πᾳεέΗῚᾷΨἕΕοΨὍὌΨἜΨἝπφο “ο-ο Ὅ στορορορορο τ΄“ ’ῦὃᾷῬΤτὕςαο«“ρ.}.ϑᾺ ῷ}Χ0Χ0ὃ0υ», .......--......-.ὅϑὕὃ0Θὃ0....ϑ.ὅ“ὅ“ΔΡππὩ-αὐρσ.σπὐρα» σεν: αισκοπανασμπου αασμς. ὥστ᾽ εὐτυχοῦντας συμμάχους ἐμοὺς ὁρᾶν. γνώσει δὲ χαὶ σὺ τὴν ἐμὴν προϑυμίαν. ὑμᾶς δ᾽ ἀὐτῶ τοὺς ἄγαν ἐρρωμένους, «Ἰαερτίου παῖ, ϑηχτὰ χκοιμίσαι ξίφη. 670 χεῖται γὰρ ἡμῖν Θρήκιος στρατηλάτης, ἵπποι τ᾽ ἔχονται, πολέμιοι δ᾽ ἠσϑημένοι χωροῦσ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ὑμᾶς" ἀλλ᾿ ὅσον τάχιστα χρὴ φεύγειν πρὸς ὁλχοὺς ναυστάϑμων. τί μέλλετε σχηπτοῦ ᾿πιόντος πολεμίων σῶσαι βίον ; ΧΟΡΘϑΕΣ. ἔα ἔα" 676 βάλλε βάλλε βάλλε βάλλε, ϑέγε ϑέγε" τίς ἀνήρ; λεύσσετε, τοῦτον αὐδῶ. χλῶπες οἵτινες κατ᾽ Ὀρφνὴν τόνδε κινοῦσι στρατόν. 680 δεῦρο δεῦρο πᾶς. τούσδ᾽ ἔχω καὶ τούσδ᾽ ἔμαρψα. τίς ὃ λόγος; πόϑεν ἔβας; ποδαπὸς εἶ; ΟΖΠΥΣΣΕΎΣ. οὔ σε χρὴ εἰδέναι" ϑανεῖ γὰρ σήμερον δράσας χαχῶς. ἩΜΊΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. οὐκ ἐρεῖς ξύνϑημα, λόγχην πρὶν διὰ στέρνων μολεῖν ; Ι ΟΟΙΥΣΣΕΎΣ. θ86 ἵστω. ϑάρσει. ΠΙΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. πέλας ἴϑι. παῖε πᾶς» ΠΙΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. ᾿ σὺ δὴ Ῥῆσον κατέχτας; ΟΠΥΣΣΈΥΣ. ἀλλὰ τὸν κτενοῦντα σέ. β ἨἩΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. ἔσχε πῶς τις. ΠΠΜΊΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. οὐ μενῶ. ΠΉΠΣΣΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. ἄ, φίλιον ἄνδρα μὴ ϑένης. ἩΜΠΙΊΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. καὶ τί δὴ τὸ σῆμα ΟΥ̓ ΣΉ ΤΣ, φβϑοῖβος. ΠΤ ΧΟΡΙΟΝ. ἔμαϑον ΠΙΙΙΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. οἷσϑ᾽ ὅποι βεβᾶσιν ἄνδρες ; ΠΗΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. τῇδέ πη κατείδομιεν. ἩΠΜΊΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. 690 ἕρπε πᾶς κατ᾽ ἴχνος αὐτῶν, ἢ βοὴν ἐγερτέον. ΠΙΠΙΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. ἀλλὰ συμμάχους ταράσσειν δεινὸν ἐν νυκτῶν φόβῳ. ΧΟΡΟΣ. τίς ἀνδρῶν ὁ βάς; τίς, ὃς μέγα ϑράσος ἐπεύξεται χεῖρα φυγὼν ἐμάν; 696 πόϑεν γι» κυρήσω; τίνι προσεικάσω; 692 --- 709. ΞξΞ 710 --- 727. ἴσγε πᾶς δόρυ.) ὅστις δι᾽ ὄρφνης ἤλϑ᾽ ἀδειμάντῳ ποδὲ διά τε τάξεων καὶ φυλάκων ἕδρας, Θεσσαλὸς ἢ ἜΗΝ 700 παραλίαν «Ζοκρῶν νεμόμενος πόλιν; ἢ νησιώτην σποράϑα κέκτηται βίον; τίς ἡν πόϑεν; ποίας πάτρας; στοῖον» ἐπεύρεετι τὸν ὕπατον ϑεῶν; ΠΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. Ὀδυσσέως τοὔργον ἢ τίνος τόδε; ΠΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. 706 εἰ τοῖς πάροιϑε χρὴ τεχμαίρεσϑαι, τί μή; ἩΜΊΧΟΡΙΟΝ. 3 - 5} ἄρ ἔστ᾽ δοχεῖς γάρ; ἩΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. τί μὴν οὔ; ἩΜΙΣΧΟΡΙΟΝ. ϑρασὺς γοῦν ἐς ἡμᾶς. ΠΜΙΧΟΡΙ ο Ν., τίς; ἀλχὴν τίν᾽ αἱνεῖς; ἩΜΙΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. ᾿Οδυσσῆ. ἩΜΊΠΙΣΧΟΡΤΙΟΝ. μὴ κλωπὸς αἴνει φωτὸς αἱμύλον δόρυ. ΧΟΡΟΣ. 710 ἔβα καὶ πάρος κατὰ πτόλιν, ὕπαφρον μμ᾽ ἔχων .ῥακοδύτῳ ἀεθλὸ ᾷ πυχασϑεὶς, ξιφήρης χρύφιος ἐν πέπλοις. 716 βίον δ᾽ ἐπαιτῶν εἴρπ᾽ ἀγύρτης τις λάτρις, ψαφαρόχρουν χάρα πολυπιγές τ᾿ ἔχων" πολλὰ δὲ τὰν βασιλίδ᾽ ἑστίαν ᾿Ζτρειδᾶν κακῶς. ἔβαζε δῆϑεν ἐχϑρὸς ὧν στρατηλᾶάταις, 720 ὅλοιτ᾽ ὅλοιτο πανδίσως, ἢ ἐπὶ γᾶν «Φρυγῶν ποδὸς ἴχνος βαλεῖν. ἩΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. οὖν Ὀδυσσέως εἴτε μὴ, φόβος μ᾽ ἔχει, ἩΜΊΙΣΧΟΡΙΟΝ. Ἰ τοῦ γὰρ ἡμῖν τοῖς φύλαξι μέμφεται, ἩΠΜΠΙΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. » 3 ἐἰτ τί λάσχωγ ; ἩΜΊΧΟΡΙΟ ΔΝ. δυσοίζωνγ. ἩΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. 726 τί δρᾶσαι; τί ταρβεῖς ; ἩΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. καϑ' ἡμᾶς περᾶσαι ἩΜΠΠΧΟΡΙΟ Ν. τίν᾽ ἀνδρῶν; ἩΜΙΧΟΡΙΟΝ. οἱ τῆσδε νυχτὸς ἦλϑον εἰς «ορυγῶν στρατόν. ΠΙΝΙΟΣΧΟ Σ. Ἰὼ ἰὼ δαίμονος τύχα ἜΗΝ φεῦ φεῦ. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ἕα. ἴσως γὰρ εἷς βόλον τις ἔρχεται. ἩἩΝΊΙΟΣΧΟ Σ. 780 σῖγα πᾶς. ὕφιζ᾽ " Ἰὼ Ἰὼ, συμφορὰ βαρεῖα Θρῃχῶν συμμάχων. 2521 ΟἹ ἜΣ: ΧΟΡΟΣ. τίς ὁ στένων; οἰ να ψρλυτυ Ἰὼ ἰώ. δύστηνος ἐγὼ σύ τ᾽ ἄναξ Θρηκχῶν, ῶ στυγνοτάτην γὰ ροίαν ἐσιδών " 785 οἷόν σὲ βίου τέλος εἴλεν. ΧΟΡΟΣ. τίς ᾿ ποτ᾽ ἀνδρῶν συμμάχων; κατ᾽ εὐφρόνην ἀμβλῶπες αὐγαὶ, χοὔ σε γιγνώσχω τορῶς. ἩΝΊΟΧΟΣ. ποῦ τιν᾽. ἀνάχτων Τρωιχῶν εὕρω; ποῦ δῆϑ᾽ Ἕχτωρ 7ά0 τὸν ὑπασπίδιον κοῖτον ἱαύει; τίνι σημήνω διόπων στρατιᾶς; ἁ ἃ ἃ ἃ, οἷα πεπόνϑαμεν, οἷα τις ἡμᾶς δράσας ἀφανῆ φροῦδος, φανερὸν Θρηξὶν πένϑος τολυπεύσας. ΧΟΡΟΣ. 715 χαχὸν χυρεῖν τι Θρηκίῳ στρατεύματι ἔοιχεν, οἷα τοῦδε γιγνώσκω κλύω». ἩΝΊΟΧΟΣ. ἔρρει στρατιὰ, πέπτωχεν ἀναξ δολίῳ πληγῆς ααὰα ἃ, οἵα μ᾽ ὀδύνη τείρει φονίου 780 τραύματος εἴσω. πῶς ἂν ὀλοίμαν. χοῆν γάρ μ᾽ ἀκλεῶς Ῥῆσόν τε ϑανεῖν, Τροίφ κέλσαντ᾽ ἐπίχουρον; ΧΟΡΟΣ. ταδ᾽ οὐχ ἐν αἱνιγμοῖσι σημαίνει χαχά " 7865 σαφῶς γὰρ αὐδᾷ συμμάχους ὀλωλότας. ΠΝΙΟΧΟ:Σ. καχῶς πέπρακται, κἀπὶ τοῖς καχοῖσι πρὸς αἴσχιστα " χαίτοι δὶς τόσον χαχὸν τόδε" ϑανεῖν γὰρ εὐχλεῶς μὲν, εἰ ϑανεῖν χρεὼν, λυπρὸν μὲν οἶμαι τῷ ϑανόντι. πῶς γὰρ οὔ; 760 τοῖς ζῶσι δ᾽ ὄγκος καὶ δόμων εὐδοξία. ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἀβούλως χἀκλεῶς ὀλώλαμεν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἡμᾶς Ἑχτορέα χεὶρ εὔνασε ξύνϑημα λέξας, εὕδομεν πεδοστιβεῖς, κόπῳ δαμέντες, οὐδ᾽ ἐφρουρεῖτο στρατὸς 766 φυλαχαῖσι νυχτέροισιν, οὐδ᾽ ἐν τάξεσιν ἔχειτο τεύχη, πλῆχτρά τ᾽ οὐκ ἐπὶ ζυγοῖς ἵππων χαϑήομοσϑ'᾽, ὡς ἄναξ ἐπεύϑετο χρατοῦντας ὑμᾶς χκἀφεδοεύοντας νεῶν πρύμναισι" φαύλως δ᾽ εὕδομεν πεπτωχότες. 770 χἀγὼ μελ οὔσῃ καρδίᾳ λήξας ὕπνου σπώλοισι χόρτον, προσδοχῶν ἑωϑινὴν ζεύξειν ἐς ἀλχὴν, ἀφϑόνῳ μετρῶ χεοί. λεύσσω δὲ φῶτε περιπολοῦνϑ᾽ ἡμῶν στρατὸν πυχνῆς δι᾿ ὄρφνης" ὡς δ᾽ ἐκινήϑην ἐγὼ, 775 ἐπτηξάτην τε “ἀνεχωρείτην πάλιν" ἥπυσα δ᾽ αὐτοῖς μὴ πελάζεσθαι στρατῷ, χλῶπας δοχήσας συμμάχων πλάϑειν τιγάς. οἱ δ᾽ οὐδέν: οὐ μὴν οἶδ᾽ ἐγὼ τὰ πλείονα, εὗδον δ᾽ ἀπελθὼν αὖϑις ἐς χοίτην πάλιν. 780 χαί μοι χαϑ'᾽ ὕπνον δόξα τις παρίσταται" ἵππους γὰρ ἃς ἔϑρεψα χἀδιφρηλάτουν ἹῬήσῳ παρεστὼς εἶδον, ὡς ὄναρ δοχῶν, λύχους ἐπεμβεβῶτας ἑδραίαν ῥάχιν" ϑείνοντε δ᾽ οὐρᾷ πωλιχῆς δινοῦ τρίχω 786 ἡλαυνον, αἱ δ᾽ ἔρεγχον ἐξ ἀντηρίδων ϑυμὸν πνέουσαι κἀνεχαίτιζον φόβῳ. ' ἼονΝ ἢ ἐἸΑδ» ἐγὼ δ᾽ ἀμύνων ϑῆρας ἐξεγείρομαι πωλοισιν" ἔγνυχος γὰρ ἐξώρμα φόβος: κλύω δ᾽ ἐπάρας κρᾶτα μυχϑισμὸν νεχρῶν. 790 ϑερμὸς δὲ χρουγὸς δεσπότου πάρα σφαγαῖς βάλλει με δυσϑνήσκοντος αἵματος νέου. ὀρϑὸς δ᾽ ἀνάσσω χειρὶ σὺν χενῇ δορός. καί μ᾽ ἔγχος αὐγάζοντα χαὺ ϑηρώμεγνον πταίει παραστὰς γειάτην πλευρὰν ξίφει 79 ἀνὴρ ἀχμάζων᾽" φασγάνου γὰρ ἠσϑόμην χιληγῆς, βαϑεῖαν ἄλοκα τραύματος λαβών. πίπτω δὲ πρηνής" οἱ δ᾽ ὄχημα πωλικὸν λαβόντες ἵππων ἵεσαν φυγῆ πόδα. ὥ ἃ. ὀδύνη με τείρει, χοὐχέτ᾽ ὀρϑοῦμαι τάλας. 800 χαὶ ξυμφορὰν μὲν οἶδ᾽ ὁρῶν, τρόπῳ δ᾽ ὅτῳ τεϑνᾶσιν οἱ ϑανόντες οὐκ ἔχω φράσαι, οὐδ᾽ ἐξ ὁποίας χειρός, εἰχάσαι δέ μὸι πάρεστι λυπρὰ πρὸς φίλων πεπονϑέργαι. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ἬΣ Θρηχὸς τοῦ κακῶς πεπραγότος, 806 μηδὲν δύσοιζ᾽ οὐ πολεμίους δρᾶσαι τάδε, Ἕχτωρ δὲ καὐτὸς, συμφορᾶς πεπυσμένος, χωρεῖ" συναλγεῖ δ᾽, ὡς ἔοιχε, σοῖς κακοῖς. ἘΚΊΩ Ρ. πῶς, ὦ μέγιστα πήματ᾽ ἐξειργασμένοι, μολόντες ὑμῶς πολεμίων χκατάσχοποι 810 λήϑουσιν αἰσχρῶς, καὶ χατεσφάγη στρατὸς, κοὔτ᾽ εἰσιόντας στρατόπεδ᾽ ἐξαπώσατε οὔτ᾽ ἐξιόντας; τῶνδε τίς τίσει δίχην πλὴν σοῦ; σὲ γὰρ δὴ φύλαχά φημ εἶναι στρατοῦ. φροῦδοι δ᾽ ἄπληχτοι, τῇ Φουγῶν “σχαγθοίῳ 81ὅ πόλλ᾽ ἐγγελῶντες τῷ στρατηλάτῃ τ᾽ ἐμοί, εὖ νυν τόδ᾽ ἴστε Ζεὺς ὀμώμοσται πατὴρ, ἤτοι μάραγνά γ᾽ ἢ καρανιστὴς μόρος μένει σὲ δρῶντα τοιάδ᾽ ἢ τὸν Ἕχτορα τὸ μηδὲν εἶναι καὶ χακὸν νομίζετε, ΧΟΡΟΣ. μα απαιι ν υτσσονττο πττορνταξτταθτσε. τε αντ: τε τιφτεθς πσσπαιτσαστανττε 820]ὼ Ἰώ. μέγας ἐμοὶ μέγας Ἐ ἕ᾿ ὦ πολιοῦχον χράτος, ἔμολον, ὅτε σου ἄγγελος ἦλθον, ἀμφὺὶ ναυσὶν πυραΐίϑειν ᾿“ργείων στρατὸν, 72 ΕῚ 27 ΕῚ τοῦ αο ἐπεὶ ἄγρυπνον ὄμμ᾽ ἐν εὐφρόνῃ 825 οὔτ᾽ ἐχοίμισ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἔβοιξα, οὐ μὰ τὰς Σιμοεντίδας πηγάς" μή μοι χότον, ὦναξ, ϑῆς " ἀναίτιος γὰρ ἐγὼ πάντων Ἔ ἢν δὲ χρόνῳ παρὰ χαιρὸν ἔργον ἢ λόγον 830 πύϑη, κατά με γᾶς ζῶντα πόρευσον" οὐ παραιτοῦμαι. ΠΙΝΊΟΣΧΟΣ. τί τοῖσδ᾽ ἀπειλεῖς, βάρβαρός τε βαρβάρου γνώμην ὑφαιρεῖ τὴν ἐμὴν, πλέχων λόγους; 836 σὺ ταῦτ᾽ ἔδρασας" οὐδέν᾽ ἂν δεξαίμεϑα ἘΠῚ ἘπῚ Δ: ὁ Ἢ οὔϑ᾽ οἱ παϑόντες οὔτ᾽ ἂν οἱ τετρωμένοι ἄλλον" μαχροῦ γε δεῖ. σὲ καὶ σοφοῦ λόγου, ὅτῳ μὲ πείσεις μὴ φίλους χατακταγεῖν, ἵππων. ἐρασϑεὶς, ὧν ἔχατι συμμάχους 840 τοὺς σοὺς φονεύεις, πόλλ᾽ ἐπισχήπτων μολεῖν. ἦλθον, τεϑνῶσιν - εὐπρεπέστερον Πάρις ξενίαν κατήσχυν᾽ ἢ σὺ συμμάχους κτανώγ- μὴ γάρ τε λέξῃς ὥς τις ᾿“ργείων μολὼν διώλεσ᾽ ἡμᾶς" τίς δ᾽ ὑπερβαλὼν λόχους ᾿ς 945 Τρώων ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἦλθεν, ὥστε χαὶ λαϑεῖν; σὺ πρόσϑεν ἡμῶν ἦσο καὶ Φρυγῶν στρατύς. τίς οὖν τέτρωται, τίς τέϑνηχε συμμάχων τῶν σῶν, μολόντων ὡς σὺ πολεμίων λέγεις; ἡμεῖς δὲ χαὶ τετρώμεϑ᾽, οἱ δὲ μειζόνως 800 παϑόντες οὐχ δρῶσιν ἡλίου φᾶος. ἁπλῶς δ᾽ ᾿ἀχαιῶν οὐδέν᾽ αἰτιώμιεϑα.. τίς δ᾽ ἂν χαμεύνας πολεμίων κατ᾽ εὐφρόνην “Ῥήσου μολὼν ἐξεῦρεν, εἰ μή τις ϑεῶν ἔφραζε τοῖς χταγοῦσιν; οὐδ᾽ ἀφιγμένον 855 τὸ πάμπαν ἦσαν" ἀλλὰ μηχανᾷ τάϑε. ἘΣ ΩΣ δὰ ν χοόνον μὲν ἤδη συμμάχοισι. χρώμεϑα ὅσονπερ ἐν γῇ τῆδ᾽ ᾿Δχαϊκὸς λεὼς, κοὐδὲν πρὸς αὐτῶν οἶδα πλημμελὲς χλύων" ἐν σοὶ δ᾽ ἂν ἀρχοίμεσϑα. “μή μ᾽ ἔρως ἕλοι 800 τοιοῦτος ὙΠ ΠΊΠΟν ὥστ᾽ ἀπο;τείγειν φίλους. Ὀδυσσεύς" τίς γὰρ δλλος ἄν ποτε ἔδοισεν ἢ ᾿βούλευσεν ᾿“ργείων ἀνήρ; δέδοικα δ᾽ αὐτόν. χαί τί μου ϑοάσσει φρένας μὴ καὶ ΖΔόλωνα συντυχὼν χαταχτάνῃη" 865 χοόγνον γὰρ ἤδη φροῦδος ὧν οὐ φαίνεται. ; ὲ ἩΝΊΟΧΟΣ. οὐχ οἶδο: τοὺς σοὺς οὺς λέγεις Ὀδυσσέας " ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ὑπ᾽ ἐχϑοῶν οὐδενὸς πεπλήγμεϑα. καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἘΚΊΤΩ Ρ. σὺ δ᾽ οὖν νόμιζε ταῦτ᾽, ἐπείπερ σοι δοχεῖ. ἩΝΙΟΧΟΣ ὦ γαῖα πατρὶς; πῶς ἂν ἐνϑάγοιμέ σοε, ἘΚΤΩΡ,. 870 ,ἢ ϑγῆσχ᾽ ἅλις γὰο τῶν τεθνηκότων ὄχλος. ΠΝΙΟΧΟΣ. ποῖ δὴ τράπωμαι δεσποτῶν μονούμενος; τ). )[ς 2 ΤΕΣ οἶχός σε χεύϑων οὑμὸς ἐξιάσεται. ἩΝΊΙΟΣΟΣ. καὶ πῶς μὲ κηδεύσουσιν αὐθεντῶν χέρες; ἘΚΊ Ρ. ὅδ᾽ αὖ τὸν αὐτὸν μῦϑον οὐ λήξει λέ ἕγων- ΠΆΓΙΟΣΧΟΣ. 875 ὑλοιϑ᾽ ὃ δράσας. οὐ γὰρ ὃς σὲ τείνεται γλῶσσ᾽, ὡς σὺ χομπεῖς " ἡ “Ἕίχη. δ᾽ ἐπίσταται. "δ (Ὁ 7 ΦΣΤΟΣ ὥγοντες αὐτὸν ἐς δόμους δμοὺς, οὕτως ὅπως ἂν μὴ ᾽γκαλῆ πορσύνετε" ὑμᾶς δ᾽ ἰόντας τοῖσιν ἂν τείχει χφεὼν. 880 Τριάμῳ τε χαὶ γέρουσι σημῆναι πεκοθυος ϑάπτειν χελεύειγ᾽ λεωφόρους πρὸς ἐκτρῦπος ΧΟΡΟΣ. τί ποτ᾿ εὐτυχίας ἐχ τῆς μεγάλης Τροίαν ἀνάγει πώλιν εἷς πένϑη λάζυσϑ᾽ " δαίμων ἄλλος, τί φυτεύων; 888 ἔα ἕα. ᾿ τίς ὑπὲρ χεφραλῆς ϑεὸς, ὦ ᾿βεϑελεῦ, τὸν νεόχμητον γνεχρὸν ἐν Δ 0 φοράδην πέμπει; ταρβῶ λεύσσων τόδε πῆμα. κ᾽... 890 ὁρῶν πάρεστι, Τρῶες" ἡ γὰρ ἐν σοφοῖς τιμὰς ἔχουσα ΠΙοῦσα, συγγόνων μέει, πάρειμι, παῖδα τόνδ᾽. ὁρῶσ᾽ οἰχτρῶς φίλον ϑανόνϑ'᾽ ὑπ᾽ ὙΠ ὃν ποϑ᾽ ὃ χτείγας χρόνῳ δόλιος Οδυσσεὺς ἀξίαν τίσει δίκην. δ96 ἰαλέμῳ αὐϑιγεγεῖ, ὡ ὦ. τέχνον, σ᾽ ὑλοφύρομαι, ὦ ει ἄλγος, οἵαν χελσας ὁδὸν ποτὶ Τροίαν, Ἶ τος θοῦ χαὺὶ μελέαν 900 ἀπὸ μιὲν φαμένας ἐμοῦ πορευϑεὶς, ἀπὸ δ᾽ ἀντομένου. πατρὸς, βιαίως. ὦμοι ἐγὼ σέϑεν. ὦ φιλία φιλίᾳ κεφαλὰ, τέχνον, ὦμοι. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ὅσον προσήχει μὴ γένους χοινωγίαν 905 ἔχοντι, λύπῃ τὸν σὸν οἰχτείρω γόνον. ΠΟῪΣ Ἅ. ὅλοιτο μὲν Οἱνεΐϑας, ὅλοιτο δὲ “αρτιάδας, ὅς μ᾽ ἄπαιδα γέννας ἔϑηκεν ἀριστοτόχοιο ᾿ 910 9’ Ἑλένα προλιποῦσα δόμον «Ῥρυγίων ἀρ τω; ἔπλευσε πλαθ οἿ ὑπ᾽ ᾿Ιλίῳ ὠλεσε μὲν σὲ χατὰ Τροίας, φίλτατε, μυριάδας τε πόλεις. ἀνδρῶν ἀγαϑῶν ἐχένωσεν. 916 ἢ πολλὰ μὲν ζῶν, πολλὰ δ᾽ εἰς Ἵδιϑου μολὼν, - “Βδιλάμμογος παῖ, τῆς ἐμῆς ἥψω φρενός - ὕβοις γὰρ, ἢ σ᾽ ἔσφηλε, χαὶ ]ουσῶν ἔρις τεχεῖν μ᾽ ἔϑηχε τόνδε δύστηνον γόνον. περῶσα γὰρ δὴ ποταμίους διὰ ῥοὰς 920 λέχτροις ἐπλάϑην Στρυμόνος φυταλμίοις, ὅτ᾽ ἤλθομεν. γῆς χουσόβωλον ἐς λέπας Τ]άγγαιον ὀργάνοισιν ἐξησχημέναι Ποῦσαι μεγίστην εἰς ἔριν. μελῳδίας δεινῷ σοφιστῆ Θοηκὶ, κἀτυφλώσαμεν 2ὅ Θάμυριν, ὃς ἡμῶν πόλλ᾽ ἐδέννασεν τέχνην. κὐπεὶ σὲ τέχτω, συγγόνους αἰδουμένη καὶ παρϑενείων, ἧκ᾽ ἐς εὐύδρου πατρὸς δίνας - τρέφειν δέ σ᾽ οὐ βροτείαν ἐς χέρα Στρυμὼν δίδωσιν, ἀλλὰ πηγαίαις κόραις. 980 ἔνϑ᾽ Θρήκης ἀνάσσων πρῶτος “πος ἀνδρῶν, τέχνον. καί σ᾽ ἀμφὶ γὴν μὲν πατρίαν φιλαιμάτους ἀλκὰς. κοούσσοντ᾽ οὐ; ἐδείμαινον ϑανεῖν " Τροίας δ᾽ ἀπηύδων ἄστυ μὴ πκέλσαι ποτὲ, 985 εἰδυΐω τὸν σὸν πότμον" ἀλλά σ᾽ Ἕχτορος πρεσβεύμαϑ'᾽ αἵ τε μυρία: γερουσίαι ἕπεισαν ἐλϑεῖν κἀπικουρῆσαι φίλοις. καὶ τοῦδ᾽ ᾿4ϑάνω παντὸς αἰτία μόρου, οὐδὲν δ᾽ Ὀδυσσεὺς οὐδ᾽ ὃ Τυδέως τόκος 896- 908. --- 906- 914. " εἴ ἐκτραφεὶς κάλλιστα παρϑένων ὕπο, “ον Ῥ Η ι 940 ἔδρασε δράσας, μὴ δόχει λεληϑέναι. χαίτοι πόλιν σὴν σύγγονοι πρεσβεύομεν ΠΙοῦσαι μάλιστα, χἀπιχρώμεθϑα χϑονὶ, μυστηρίων τε τῶν ἀπορρήτων φαγάς ἔδειξεν Ὀρφεὺς, αὐταγέψιος νεχοοῦ -- Ἂ ’ , Ἀν ᾿ 945 τοῦδ᾽ ὧν χαταχτείνεις σύ" Ἡουσαῖον τε. σὸν» σεμνὸν πολίτην χἀπὶ πλεῖστον ἄνδο᾽ ἕνα ἐλθόντα, «Ῥοῖβος σύγγονοί τ᾽ ἠσχήσαμεν. χιὼ τῶνδε μισϑὸν παῖδ᾽ ἔχουσ᾽ ἐν ἀγκάλαις ϑοηνῶ " σοφιστὴν δ᾽ ἄλλον οὐκ ἔπάξομαι. , ΧΣΘΣΟΣΞΞ 950 μάτην» ὥο᾽ ἡμῶς Θροήπκιος στρατηλάτης ἐδέννασ᾽, Ἕχτορ, τῷδε βουλεῦσαι φόνον. ἘΠ ΑΕ ΕΘ: ἤδη τάδ᾽" οὐδὲν μάντεως ἔδει φράσαι Ὀδυσσέως τέχναισι τόνδ᾽ ὀλωλότα. ἐγὼ ϑὲ γῆς ἔφεδρον Ἑλλήνων στρατὸν ’ ᾽ » ’ , 955 λεύσσων, τί μὴν ἔμελλον οὐ πέμψειν φίλοις χήρυχας, ἐλϑεῖν χἀπικουρῆσαι χϑονί; ἔπεμψ᾽ " ὀφείλων δ᾽ ἡλϑὲ συμπονεῖν ἐμοί. οὐ μὴν ϑανόντι γ᾽ οὐδαμῶς συνήδομαι. χαὶ νῦν ἕτοιμος τῷδε καὶ τεῦξαι τάφον 960 καὶ ξυμιπυρῶσαι μυρίων πέπλων χλιδήν " ΄, Ν » “ ΄ φίλος γὰρ ἐλθὼν δυστυχῶς ἀπέρχεται. ᾿ ΠΟΥ ΣΟ. οὐχ εἶσι γαίας ἐς μελάγχιμον πέδον" τοσόνδε Νύμφην τὴν ἔνερϑ᾽ αἰτήσομαε τῆς χαρποποιοῦ παῖδα “ἡμήητρος ϑεᾶς, β Τ ; ἢ ἱ Η ' Ϊ 9606 ψυχὴν ἀνεῖναι. τοῦδ᾽. ὀφειλέτις δέ μοι τοὺς Ὀρφέως τιμῶσα φαίνεσϑαι φίλους. : κἀμοὶ μὲν ὡς ϑανών τε κοὐ λευσσων (αος ἔσται τὸ λοιπόν" οὐ γὰρ ἐς ταυτόν ποτὲ Ξ 1] 6 Σ: ») 0 δὰ ες 327 37 Ἄ οὔτ᾽ εἰσιν οὔτε μητρὸς οινεται δέμας, » 2 Ὶ 3 - «- ’ 3 970 πούπευς δ᾽ ἐν ἄντροις τῆς ὑπαργύρου χϑονὸς ἀνθοωποδαίμων χείσεται βλέπων φάος, -“Βάχχου προφήτης ὡστε Παγγαίου πέτραν 327 Ν - ο7ὔ , ᾧχησε σεμνὸς τοῖσι» εἰδόσιν «ϑεός. βαιὸν δὲ πένϑος τῆς ϑαλασσίας ϑεοῦ 976 οἴσω" θανεῖν γὰρ καὶ τὸν ἐκ χείνης χρεών. ,ὔ Ὁ) ἘΣ -Ὃ“» « [4 ϑοήνοις δ᾽ ἀδελφαὶ πρῶτα μὲν σ᾽ ὑμνήσομεν, »ἢἢ πϑλ 5) ΄ , ᾿ ᾿ ἔπειτ᾽ ᾿Δγχιλλέκ Θέτιδος ἐν πένϑει ποτέ. οὐ δύσεταΐ νιν Παλλὰς, ἢ σ᾽ ἀπέχτανε" τοῖον φαρέτρα «“Τοξίου σώζει βέλος. 980 ὦ παιδοποιοὶ συμφοραὶ, πόνοι βροτῶν, ὡς ὅστις ὑμᾶς μὴ χαχῶς λογέζεται, ἄπαις διοίσει κοὺ τεχὼν ϑάνει τέχνα. ΧΟΡΟΣ. : - ι 32) κι ᾽ " οὗτος μὲν ἡδὴ μητοὶ χηδεύειν μέλει " σὺ δ᾽ εἴ τι πράσσειν τῶν προχειμένων ϑέλεις, ᾽ - ε 986 Ἕχτορ, πάρεστι" φῶς γὰρ ἡμέρας τόδε. ἘΚΤΩΡ. χωρεῖτε, συμμάχους 8ϑ᾽ ὁπλίζεσϑαι τάχος ἄνωχϑε" τιληροῦτ᾽ αὐχένας ξυνωρίδων. πανοὺς δ᾽ ἔχοντας χρὴ μένειν Τυρσηνικῆς ;᾽ Ὁ) [κ᾿ « ς Ἁ Α σάλπιγγος αὐδὴν" ὡς ὑπερβαλὼν στρατὸν 990 τείχη τ᾿ ᾿Ἰχαιῶν ναυσὶν αἶϑον ἐμβαλεῖν πέποιϑα Τρωσί ϑ᾽ ἡμέραν ἐλευϑέραν ἀκτῖνα τὴν στείχουσαν ἡλίου φέρειν. ΧΟΡΟΣ. πείϑου βασιλεῖ" στείχωμεν ὅπλοις κοσμησάμενοι, χαὶ ξυμμαχίᾳ 906 τάδε φράζωμεν" τάχα δ᾽ ἂν γίχην δοίη δαίμων ὁ μεϑ᾽ ἡμῶν. ἘΤΙΤΙΔΟΥ ΜΔ 1. ΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΔΡΑΜΑΤΟΣ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΑᾺΑ ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. ΤΣ ΣΝ ΠΑΙΔΆΓΩΤΓΙΟΣ. τ Ἐρ ΜΗΔΕΙ ΔΑ. Ἂ: ΧΟΡΟΣ ΓΥΝΑΙΚΩΝ ΠΟΑΙΤΙΜΝ. ΑΕ ΙΕΟΟΕΞΘΙ μὰ ΔΡΕΩΝ. ΠΑ1Ζ4ΕΣ ἨΔ ΖΕΙΑΣ. ὙΠ ΘΙ ΣΊΕΣΞ. 7 ᾿ ΄ “ - “ ᾿ Ἰάσων εἷς Κόρινϑον ἐλθὼν, ἐπαγόμενος χαὶ ῆηδειαν, ἐγγυᾶται τὴν Κρέοντος τοῦ Κορινϑίων βασιλέως ϑυγατέρα Τλαύχην πρὸς γάμον. μέλλουσα δὲ ἡ Μήδεια φυγαδεύεσϑαι ὑπὸ Κρέοντος ἐζ τῆς Κορίνϑου, παραιτησαμένη πρὸς μίαν ἡμέραν μεῖναι, καὶ τυχοῦσα, μισϑὸν τῆς χάριτος δῶρα διὰ τῶν παίδων πέμπει τῇ Γλαύχῃ ἐσθῆτα καὶ χρυσοῦν στέφανον, οἷς ἐκείνη χρησαμέγη διαφϑείρεται" καὶ ὃ Κρέων δὲ περιπλα- χεὶς τῇ ϑυγατρὶ ἀπόλλυται. Μῆήδεια δὲ τοὺς ἑαυτῆς παῖδας ἀποχτείνασα ἐφ᾽ ἅρματος δρακόντων πτεέρω- τῶν, ὃ παρ᾽ Ἡλίου ἔλαβεν, ἔποχος γενομένη ἀποδιδράσχει εἰς ᾿ϑήνας, κἀκεῖσε .«Δϊγεῖ τῷ Πανδίονος γα- μεῖται. «Ῥερεζύδης δὲ χαὶ Σιμωνίδης φασὶν ὡς ἡ Μήδεια ἀνεψήσασα τὸν ᾿Ιάσονα γέον ποιήσειε. περὶ δὲ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ «ἴσονος ὁ τοὺς Νόστους ποιήσας φησὶν οὕτως : ἌΡ ΟΣ ἸἩΦΣ 2 ) ὑΑ ΚΣ ΄ ὥ ἰς ’ «Ζὐτίχα δ᾽ «ἴσονα ϑῆχε φίλον χόρον ἡβωοντα, γῆρας ἀποξύσασα ἰδυίησι πραπίδεσσι, φάρμακα πόλλ᾽ ἕψουσ᾽ ἐπὶ χρυσείοισι λέβησιν. «Αϊσχύλος δ᾽ ἐν ταῖς Διονύσου Τροφοῖς ἱστορεῖ ὅτι καὶ τὰς “Ιιονύσου τροφοὺς μετὰ τῶν ἀνδρῶν αὐτῶν ἀνεψήσασα ἐνεοποίησε. «Στάφυλος δέ φησι τὸν ᾿Ιάσονα τρόπον τινὰ ὑπὸ τῆς Μηδείας ἀναιρεϑῆναι" ἔγκχε-- λεύσασϑαι γὰρ αὐτὴν ὑπὸ τῇ πρύμνῃ τῆς ᾿Δργοῦς αὐτὸν καταχοιμηϑῆναι, μελλούσης τῆς νεὼς διαλύεσθαι ᾿ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου " ἐπιπεσούσης γοῦν τῆς πρύμνης τῷ ᾿Ιάσονι τελευτῆσαι αὐτόν. Τὸ δρᾶμα δοκεῖ ὑποβαλέσϑαι τὰ Νεόφρονος διασχευάσας, ὡς “Πηκχαίαρχός τε περὶ τοῦ “Ελλάδος [βίου καὶ ᾿ἀριστοτέλης ἐν ὑπομνήμασι. μέμφονται δὲ αὐτῷ τὸ μὴ πεφυλαχκέναι τὴν ὑπόχρισιν τῇ Πηδείᾳ, ᾿ἰ ἀλλὰ πεσεῖν εἰς δάχρυα, ὅτε ἐπεβούλευσεν ᾿Ιάσονι χαὶ τῇ γυναικί. ἐπαινεῖται δὲ ἡ εἰσβολὴ διὰ τὸ παϑη- - 2 » ᾿ ε ΄ κ ς«--“" ε’ ΄ , -“-Ὁ ΄ [ τιχῶς ἄγαν ἔχειν, χαὶ ἡ ἐπεξεργασία, μηδ᾽ ἐν γάπαισι, χαὶ τὰ ἑξῆς. ὅπερ ἀγνοήσας Τιμαχίδας τῷ ὑστέρῳ φησὶ πρώτῳ χεχρῆσϑαι, ὡς χαὶ Ὅμηρος, εἵματά τ᾿ ἀμφιέσασα ϑυώδεα καὶ λούσασα. ΑΡΙΣΤΟΦΑΝΟΥ͂Σ ΤΟΥ ΤΡΑΜΜΑΤΊΚΟΥ. ἐ Δηήδεια διὰ τὴν πρὸς ᾿Ιάσονα ἔχϑραν τῷ ἐχεῖνον γεγαμηχέναι Γλαύκην τὴν Κρέοντος ϑυγατέρα 3 κ᾿ 2 ’ 4 κι ΄ Ν ΄ Ε " ᾿ “ἢ ἀπέκτεινε μὲν Γλαύχην χαὶ Κρέοντα καὶ τοὺς ἰδίους υἱοὺς, ἐχωρίσϑη δὲ ᾿Ιάσονος «Ἵϊγεῖ. συνοικήσουσα. ᾿) -“ - ᾿ παρ᾽ οὐδετέρῳ χεῖται ἢ μυϑοποιία. ᾿ « κ ᾿ - ΄ ε - , ε »" ν , π᾿ ΄ Η μὲν σχηνὴ τοῦ δοάματος ὑπόχειται ἐν Κορίνϑῳ, ὁ δὲ χορὸς συνέστηχεν ἐκ γυναικῶν πολιτίδων. ἐδιδάχϑη ἐπὶ Πυϑοδώρου ἄρχοντος χατὰ τὴν ὀγδοηκοστὴν ἑβδόμην ὀλυμπιάδα. πρῶτος Εὐφορίων, δεύτε-- ρος ΖΣοφοχλῆς, τρίτος Εὐριπίδης. Μήδεια, «Βιλοχτήτης, “ίχτυς, Θερισταὶ σάτυροι, οὐ σώζεται. “----ττοὖ΄ ---.-.ς.....-.--.-ς-- ΄΄΄ὃὦὃἝςἝὃἝἪὋὦ. . Ἕο..-ς.β... οἷ... ....-...... ... .......,. .. ) ᾿ π''.νρ«“ψρ’ τ τορΠὕβ.΄ΠΠΠἔὄἔῸΞἕἷ! ...΄.. ... .ὄ................ ον εὐ χα Ἐμμωταξο νου αν ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. Ε] 5’ - ΄ ἴϑ᾽ ὠφελ᾽ ᾿Δργοῦς μὴ διαπτάσϑαι σκάφος "-ἃ τ ΄ τ’ ΄ Ἄολχων ἐς αἰὰν χυανέας Συμπληγάδας, μηδ᾽ ἐν νάπαισι Πηλίου πεσεῖν ποτε -- Γὰ 2 -Ὸὃ-΄ τμηϑεῖσα πεύκη, μηδ᾽ ἐρετμῶσαι χέρας 2 -“ 3 9 ἀφυλ-ῖνν Χ ’ ν ὅ ἀνδρῶν ἀριστέων, οἱ τὸ πάγχρυσον δέρος Ὁ» - 2 ᾿ -Ν δ. Πελίᾳ μετῆλθον. οὐ γὰρ ἂν δέσποιν᾽ ἐμὴ ΠΠηδεια πύργους γῆς ἔπλευσ᾽ ᾿Ιωλκίας, 5 Χ ΕΈΝΝ ἐμ γ ἔρωτι ϑυμὸν ἐχπλαγεῖσ᾽ ᾿Ιάσονος, Ἶ τ 5᾿ ἧς, γε ΄ ’ οὐδ᾽ ἂν χτανεῖν. πείσασα Πελιάδας χορας 10 πατέρα κατῴχει τήνδε γῆν Κορινϑίαν 46 Ἃ γ᾿ ξὺν ἀνδοὶ καὶ τέχνοισιν, ἀνδάνουσα μὲν φυγὴ πολιτῶν ὧν ἀφίχετο χϑόνα, 3..τἪ} ΝΣ ᾿ ΄ 3. ἢ αὐτὴ τὲ παντὰ συμζ(έρουσ᾽ ᾿Ιασογι, [κ ,»᾿ ’ ἡπεὲρ μεγίστη γίγνεται σωτηρία, τς ΨΕΈΕΟΝΗΝ ἢ: ὁταν γυνὴ πρὸς ἀγδρα μὴ διχοστατῇ “ ) Ὰ ᾿ “-“ γνγὺν δ᾽ ἐχϑρὰ πάντα, καὶ νοσεῖ τὰ φίλτατα. προδοὺς γὰρ αὑτοῦ τέχνα δεσπότιν τ᾽ ἐμὴν γάμοις ᾿Ιάσων βασιλιχοῖς εὐνάζεται, , , Ἐπ 3. ΠΡ τὶ 5 - ᾿ γήμας Κρέοντος παῖδ᾽, ὃς αἰσυμνᾷ χϑογόρε 2 ᾽ὔ 2 « ,ὔ ΕῚ , 20 Πηδεια ϑ ἡ δύστηνος ἠτιμασμένη - κ 2 ἘΣ ΣΉ ν, βοᾷ μὲν ὁρχους, ἀναχαλεῖ δὲ δεξιᾶς πίστιν μεγίστην. καὶ ϑεοὺς μαρτύρεται Ἔ ἘΠΕΜΕ. ὙΌΝΣ ΘΥ τΕς θ οἵας ἀμοιβῆς ἐξ ]ασονος χυρεῖ. ' -Ὁ 2 2] - ΕῚ «ς ἈΚΟΣ ΜΟῚ 5 ᾿ χεῖται δ΄ ἄσιτος, σῶμ᾽ ὑφεῖσ᾽ ἀλγηδόσι, ᾿ ’ 2ὅ τὸν παντὰα συντήκουσα δαχρύοις χρόνον, ἐπεὶ πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἤσϑετ᾽ ἠδ Ἴ 7 ρὺὸς ἀνδρὸς ἡσϑετ᾽ ἡδιχημένγη, 3] » 27) 2 , ΕῚ ΚΟΥ ΕῚ ’ ο οὔτ᾽ ομμ΄ ἐπαίρουσ᾽ οὐτ᾽ ἀπαλλάσσουσα γῆς , Ξ {3 ΄ πρόσωπον" ὡς δὲ πέτρος ἢ ϑαλάσσιος νιν ὦ [2 , ΄ σλυδὼων ἀκούει γνουϑετουμένη φίλων, δον γ ΄ ΟῚ ΄ 80ην μή ποτε στρέψασα πάλλευχον δϑέρην Ρ) Ἁ νι « Ἁ ΄ ΄ αὐτὴ πρὸς αὑτὴν πατέρ᾽ ἀποιμώζη φίλον καὶ γαῖαν οἴχους θ᾽, οὺς προδοῦσ᾽ ἀφίχετο ᾿] 2 Ά - μετ᾽ ἀνδρὸς ὅς σφε νῦν ἀτιμάσας ἔχει. ς , - ἔγνωχε δ᾽ ἡ τάλωινα συμφορᾶς ὕπο "π ’, κ ΄' 8ὅ οἷον πατρῴας μὴ ᾿᾽πολείπεσϑαι χϑονός. στυγεῖ δὲ παῖδας οὐδ᾽ ὁρῶσ᾽ εὐφραίνεται, δέδοιχα δ᾽ αὐτὴν μή τι βουλεύσῃ νέον" βαρεῖα γὰρ φρὴν, οὐδ᾽ ἀνέξεται χαχῶς ΄ τ ’ ζ΄ 2. σικόχουσ᾽ " ἔγῴδα τήνδε, δειμαίνω τέ γιν τρίς ῖον- ᾿ γ γ.),. εἶ 40 μὴ ϑηχτὸν ὠσῃ φάσγανον δι᾽ ἥπατος, ἢ καὶ τύραννον τόν τὲ γήμαντα “τάγῃ, 27 “- 5 ᾿ ΄ χαπειτα μείζω ξυμφορὰν λάβη τινώ" δεινὴ γάρ" οὔτοι ῥᾳδίως γε συμβαλὼν 2 “- . Ψ' 27 456 ἔχϑοαν τις αὐτῇ χαλλίγιχον ᾳσεταῖι. ἀλλ οἵδε παῖδες ἐς τρόγων πεπαυμέγοι στείχουσι, μητρὸς οὐδὲν ἐννοούμεγοι κακῶν, γέα γὰρ φροντὶς οὐκ ἀλγεῖν φιλεῖ. Ῥοβὶ 40 Ξεᾳαθθαΐαν σιγῇ δόμδυς ἐσβᾶσ᾽, ἵν᾽ ἔστρωται λέχος. Π4]14244ΙΓΏΓΟΣ. παλαιὸν οἵχων χτῆμα δεσποίγης ἐμῆς, ὅ0 τέ πρὸς πύλαισι τήνδ᾽ ἄγουσ᾽ ἐρημίαν ἕστηχας, αὐτὴ ϑρεομένη σαυτῇ καϊά; πῶς σοῦ μόνη Πῆήδεια λείπεσθαι ϑέλει; ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. τέχνων ὀπαδὲ πρέσβυ τῶν ᾿Ιάσονος, χρηστοῖσι δούλοις ξυμφορὰ τὰ δεσποτῶν δδ κακῶς πίτνοντα χαὶ φρενῶν ἀνϑάπτεται. ἐγὼ γὰρ ἐς τοῦτ᾽ ἐκβέβηκ᾽ ἀλγηδόνος ὧσϑ᾽ ἵμερός μ᾽ ὑπῆλϑε γῆ τε κοὐρανῷ λέξαι μολούση δεῦρο δεσποίνης τύχας... ΤΠ ΟΣ. δ. τς οὔπω γὰρ ἡ τάλαινα παύεται γόων; ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. 60 ζηλῶ σ᾽ - ἐν ἀρχῆ πῆμα χοὐδέπω μεσοῖ- ΠΑΙΔΆΑΓΩΓΟΣ. ὦ μῶρος, εἰ χρὴ δεσπότας εἰπεῖν τόδε" ὡς οὐδὲν οἶδε τῶν νεωτέρων χαχῶγ. ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. τί δ᾽ ἔστιν, ὦ γεραιέ; μὴ φϑόνει φράσαις ΠΑΙΖΜΆΑΓΏΩΓΟΣ. οὐδέν " μετέγγων χαὶ τὰ πρόσϑ᾽ εἰοημέναν ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. 6ὅ μὴ, πρὸς γενείου, χρύπτε σύνδουλον σέϑεν " σιγὴν γὰρ, εἰ χρὴ, τῶνδε ϑήσομαι πέρι. ΠΑ4ΙΜΆΑΓΏΩΓΤΟ Σ. ἤχουσά του λέγοντος, οὐ δοχῶν κλύειν, πεσσοὺς προσελθὼν, ἔνϑα δὴ παλαίτατοι ϑάσσουσι, σεμνὸν ἀμφὶ Πειρήνης ὕδωρ, 70 ὡς τούσδε παῖδας γῆς ἐλᾶν Κορινϑίας ξὺν μητρὶ μέλλοι τῆσδε κοίρανος χϑονὸς Κρέων. ὃ μέντοι μῦϑος εἰ σαφὴς ὅδε οὐχ οἶδα" βουλοίμην δ᾽ ἂν οὐκ εἶναι τόδε, ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. καὶ ταῦτ᾽ Ἰάσων παῖδας ἐξανέξεται 7ὅ πάσχοντας, εἶ χαὶ μητρὶ διαφορὰν ἔχει; ΠΑΙΔΆΑΓΩΓΟΣ. παλαιὰ καινῶν λείπεται χηδευμάτων, χοὺχ ἔστ᾽ ἔχεῖνος τοῖσδε δώμασιν φέλος. ΤΡΟΦΟ Σ. ἀπωλόμεσϑ᾽ ἄρ᾽, εἰ χαχὸν προσοίσομεν γέον παλαιῷ, πρὶν τόδ᾽ ἐξηντληκέγαι. 11.54121.4ΤᾺΤΓ ΟΣ. 80 ἀτὰρ σύ γ᾽, οὐ γὰρ χαιρὸς εἰδέναι ταδξε δέσποιναν, ἡσύχαζε χαὶ σίγα λόγον. ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. ὦ τέχν᾽, ἀκούεϑ᾽ οἷος εἰς ὑμᾶς πατήρ; ὅλοιτο μὲν μή" δεσπότης γάρ ἔστ᾽ ἐμός " ἀτὰρ χαχός γ᾽ ὧν ἐς φίλους ἁλίσκχεται. ΓΖ ΖΕ ὩΣΘῈΣ: 8ὅ τίς δ᾽ οὐχὶ ϑνητῶν; ἄρτι γιγνώσκεις τόϑε, ΞΕ ΘΟ σέ Ρθ τ τπφπΠππΠ Π-“ῸΠΠΠἕὋ 232 ὡς πᾶς τις αὑτὸν τοῦ πέλας μᾶλλον φιλεῖ, οἱ μὲν ϑεμαίως ; οἱ δὲ καὶ χέ ἕρδους χάριν, εἰ τούσδε γ᾽ εὐνῆς οὕνεκ᾽ οὐ στέργει πατήρ; ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. τ ΠΝ ἴτ᾽, εὖ γὰρ ἔσται, δωμάτων ἐ ἔσω, τέχνα, ι ς Ἷ ΄ ) ’ 2, 90 σὺ δ᾽ ὡς μάλιστα τούσδ᾽ ἐρημωσας ἔχε, χαὶ μὴ πέλαζε μητρὶ δυσϑυμουμένη. 2 ᾿ ὅτ 2 ΄ ἤδη γὰρ εἰδὸν οιμα νιν ταυρουμένην τοῖσδ᾽, ὡς τι δρασείουσαν " οὐδὲ παύσεται χόλου. σάφ᾽ οἶδα, πρὶν κατασχῆναί τινα. 96 ἐχϑοούς γε μέντοι, μὴ φίλους, Φρασειξέ τι. ΜΠΖΕ1.. Ἰὼ, δύστανος ἐγὼ μελέα τε πόνων, Ἰώ ὑι0ν μοι, πῶς ἂν ὀλοίμαν. ἌΡΟΦΟΣ. τόδ᾽ ἐκεῖνο, φίλοι παῖδες" μάτηρ χινεῖ χραδίαν. κινεῖ δὲ χόλον. 100 σπεύσατε ϑᾶσσον δώματος εἴσω, χαὶ μὴ πελάσητ᾽ ὄμματος ἐγγὺς, μηδὲ προσέλϑητ', ἀλλὰ φυλάσσεσϑ'᾽ ἄγριον ἦϑος στυγεράν τὲ φύσιν φρεγὸς αὐθάδους. 106 ἴτε νῦν χωρεῖϑ᾽ ὡς τάχος εἴσω. δῆλον δ᾽ ἀρχῆς ἐξαιρόμενον γέφος ομωγῆς ὡς ταχ᾽ ἀνάψει μείζονι ϑυμῷ" τί ποτ᾽ ἐργάσεται μεγαλόσπλαγχνος δυσχατάπαυστος 110 ψυχὴ δηχϑεῖσα κακοῖσιν; ΜΠΉΗΖ4Ε1.Ά. αἱαῖ αἱοῖ, ἔπαϑον τλάμων ἐπαϑον ὑπαὶ ἀχον ἄξι᾽ ὀδυρμῶν" ὦ χατάρατοι παῖδες ὕλοισϑε στυγερᾶς ματρὸς ξὺν πατρὶ, χαὶ πᾶς δόμος ἔρροι.᾽ ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. 116 ]ώ μοί μοι. Ἰὼ τλήμων. τί δέ σοι παῖδες πατρὸς ἀμπλακίας μετέχουσι; τί τούσδ᾽ ἔχϑεις; οἴμοι, τέχνα, μή τι πάϑηϑ'᾽ ὡς ὑπεραλγῶ.. δεινὰ τυράννων λήματα, χαί πως 120 ὀλίγ᾽ ἀρχόμενοι, πολλὰ χρατοῦντες, χαλεπῶς ὀργὰς μεταβάλλουσιν. τὸ γὰρ εἰϑίσϑαν τς ἐπ᾽ ἴσοισιν χρεῖσσον" ἔμοιγ᾽ οὐν, εἰ μὴ ἡ εΝἡνελοὶ ὀχυρῶς γ᾽ εἴη χαταγηράσχειγ. 128 τῶν γὰρ μετρίων πρῶτα μὲν εἰπεῖν τουγνομα νιχῷ, χρῆσϑαί τε μαχρῷ λῷστα βροτοῖσιν" τὰ δ᾽ ὑπερβάλλοντ᾽ οὐδένα καιρὸν δύναται ϑνατοῖς" μείζους δ᾽ ἄτας, ὅταν ὀργισϑῆ 180 δαίμων, οἴχοις ἀπέδωχεν. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ἔχλυον φωνὰν, ἔχλυον δὲ βοὰν τῶς δυστάνου Κολχίδος, οὐδέ πω ἤπιος" ἀλλὰ, γεραιὰ,. 18ὅ λέξον" ἐπ᾿ ἀμφιπύλου γὰρ ἔσω μελάϑρου γόον ἔχλυον" ΕῚ ’ τ ’ Ρ » οὐδὲ συνήδομαι, ὦ γύναι, ἄλγεσι δώματος, ἐπεί μοι φίλον χέχρανται, ἘΔΥ ΡΥ ΠΟ Αἴ ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. οὐκ εἰσὶ δόμοι: φροῦδα τάδ᾽ ἤδη. 140 τὸν μὲν γὰρ ἔχει λέκτρα τυράνγωγ, ἡ δ᾽ ἐν ϑαλάμοις τάχει βιοτὰν ϑέσποινα, φίλων οὐδενὸς οὐδὲν παραϑαλπομέγα φρένα μύϑοις. ΜΠ ΕΑ. αϊαῖ, διά μου κειραλᾶς φλὸξ οὐρανία 145 βαίη- τί δέ μοι ζὴν ἔτει χέρδος; φεῦ φεῦ". ϑανάτῳ χκαταλυσαίμαν, βιοη» στυγερὰν προλιποῦσα. ; ΧΟΡΟΣ. ἄϊες, ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ γᾶ καὶ φῶς," ἀχὰν οἵαν ἃ δύσταγος μέλπει νίμφα; 1580 τίς σοί ποτὲ τᾶς ἀπλήστου χοίτας ἔρος, ὦ ματαία, σπεύσει ϑανάτου τελευτᾶν; ε μηδὲν τόδε λίσσου. εἰ δὲ σὸς πόσις 155 χαιγὰ λέχη σεβίζει, χείνῳ τόδε μὴ χαράσσου" Ζεύς σοι τόδε συγνϑδιχήσει. μὴ λίαν τάχου δυρομένα σὸν εὐνήταν. ΜΗ ΖΕ1.4. 1600 ὦ μεγάλα Θέμι χαὶ πότνι᾽ άρτεμι, λεύσσεϑ᾽ ἃ πάσχω, μεγάλοις ὅρχοις. ἐνδησαμένα τὸν χατάρατον πόσιν; ὅν ποτ᾽ ἐγὼ γύμφαν τ᾽ ἐσίδοιμ" τ τον μελάϑροις διακναιομέγους, ὔ 165 οἵ γ᾽ ἐμὲ πρόσϑεν τολμῶσ᾽ ἀδικεῖν. ὦ πάτερ, ὦ πόλις, ὧν ἀπενάσϑην αἰσχρῶς, τὸν ἐμὸν χτείνασα χάσιγ. ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. χλύεϑ'᾽᾽ οἷα λέγει χἀπιβοᾶται Θέμιν εὐχταίαν Ζῆνά '᾽, ὃς ὅρκων 170 ϑνατοῖς ταμίας νενόμισται; οὐχ ἔστιν ὅπως ἔν τινι μικρῷ Ὁ χόλον καταπαύσει. ΧΟΡΟΣ. πῶς ἂν ἐς ὄψιν τὰν ἀμετέραν ἔλθοι, μύϑων τ᾿ αὐδαϑέντων : 75 δέξαιτ᾽ ὀμφὰν, εἴ πως βαρύϑυμον ὀργὰν χαὶ λῆμα φροεγῶν μεϑείη. μήτοι τό γ᾽ ἐμὸν πρόϑυμον φίλοισιν ἀπέστω. 180 ἀλλὰ βᾶσά γιν δεῦρο πόρευσον οἴχων ἔξω, φίλα καὶ τάδ᾽ αὔδα" σπεῦσον δέ τε πρὶν χαχῶσαι κ ὍΣ Ζ ΣῊΝ , , ς - τοὺς εἴσω" πένϑος γὰρ μεγάλως τόδ᾽ ὁρμᾶται. ΤΡΟΦΟΣ. δράσω τάδ᾽ - ἀτὰρ φόβος εἰ πείσω 18ὅ ϑέδι σον" ἐμήν" μόχϑου δὲ χάριν τήνδ᾽ ἐπιδώσω. χαίτοι τοχάδος δέργμα λεαίνης ἀποταυροῦται διμωσὶν, ὅταν τις 148 ..-- 159. Ξξξ 178 ---- 188. Μ ΗΠ ΤΕ ΠΎΤΑΣ 239 μὖϑον προφέρων πέλας δρμαϑῆ. 190 σχαιοὺς δὲ λέγων κοὐδέν τι σοφοὺς τοὺς πρόσϑε βροτοὺς οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοις, οἵτινες ὕμνους ἐπὶ μὲν ϑαλίαις ἐπί τ᾿ εἰλαπίναις χαὶ παρὰ δείπνοις εὕροντο, βίου τερπνὰς ἀχοὰς, 196 στυγίους δὲ βροτῶν οὐδεὶς λύπας εὕρετο μούσῃ χαὶ πολυχόρδοις ὠδαῖς παύειν, ἐξ ὧν ϑάνατοι 'δειναί τε τύχαι σφάλλουσι δόμους. καίτοι τάδε μὲν χέρδος ἀκεῖσϑαι 200 μολπαῖσι βροτούς" ἵνα δ᾽ εὔδειπνοι δαῖτες, τί μάτην τείνουσι βοών; τὸ παρὸν γὰρ ἔχει τέοψιν ἀφ᾽ αὑτοῦ δαιτὸς πλήρωμα βροτοῖσιν. ΧΟΡΟΣ. ἰαχὰν ἄϊον πολύστονον γόων, 206 λιγυρὰ δ᾽ ἄχεα μογερὰ βοᾷ τὸν ἐν λέχει προδόταν χαχόνυμφον" ϑεοχλυτεῖ δ᾽ ἄδικα παϑοῦσα τὰν Ζηνὸς ὁρχίαν Θέμιν, ἃ γιν ἔβασεν 210 Ἑλλάδ᾽ ἐς ἀντίπορον δι᾿ ἅλα νύχιον ἐφ᾽ ἁλμυρὰν πόντου χλῆδ᾽ ἀπέραντον. ΜΉΗΖΕΙ.Ἅ“. «Κορίνϑιαι γυναῖχες, ἐξῆλθον δόμων, 216 μή πο τε μέιμινησϑ᾽ " οἶδα γὰρ πολλοὺς πος ον σεμνοὺς γεγῶτας, τοὺς μὲν ὀμμάτων ἄπο, τοὺς δ᾽ ἐν ϑυραίοις" οἱ δ᾽ ἀφ᾽ ἡσύχου ποδὸς δύσχλειαν ἐχτήσαντο καὶ ῥᾳϑυμίαν. δίχη γὰρ οὐχ ἔνεστ᾽ ἐν ὀφρϑαλμοῖς βροτῶν, 220 ὅστις πρὶν ἀνδοὸς σπλάγχνον ἐσμαϑεῖν σαφῶς στυγεὶ δεδορκὼς, οὐδὲν ἠδικημένος. χοὴ δὲ ξένον μὲν κάρτα προσχωρεῖν πόλει" οὐδ᾽ ἀστὸν ἤνεσ᾽ ὅστις αὐϑάϑης γεγὼς πιχρὸς πολίταις ἐστὶν ἀμαϑίας ὕπο. 2265 ἐμοὶ δ᾽ ἄελπτον πρᾶγμα προσπεσὸν τόδϑ ψυχὴν διέφρϑαρκ᾽ " οἴχομαι δὲ καὶ βίου χάριν μδϑ εἶσαι χατϑανεῖν χφήζω, φίλαι. ἐν ᾧ γὰρ ἦν μοι πάντα γιγνώσκειν χαλῶς, κάχιστος ἀνδρῶν ἐχβέβηχ᾽ οὑμὸς πόσις. 230 πάντων δ᾽ ὅσ᾽ ἔστ᾽ ἔμψυχα χαὶ γνώμην ἔχει γυναῖχές ἐσμεν ἀϑλιώτατον φυτόν " ὥς πρῶτα μὲν δεῖ χρημάτων ὑπερβολῇ πόσιν πρίασϑαι δεσπότην τε σώματος λαβεῖν" χαχοῦ γὰρ τοῦτ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἄλγιον χακόν" 236 χὰν τῷδ᾽ ἀγὼν μέγιστος, ἢ χκαχὸν λαβεῖν ἢ χρηστόν. οὐ γὰρ εὐχλεεῖς ἀπαλλαγαὴ γυναιξὶν, οὐδ᾽ οἷόν τ᾿ ἀνήνασθαι πόσιν. ἐς χαινὰ δ᾽ ἤϑη χαὶ νόμους ἀφιγμένην δεῖ μάντιν εἶναι, μὴ μαϑοῦσαν οἴκοϑεν, 240 ὅτῳ μάλιστα χρήσεται ξυνευνέτῃ. χἂν μὲν τάδ᾽ ἡμῖν ἐχπονουμέναισιν εὖ πόσις ᾿ξυγνοιχῆ μὴ βίᾳ φέρων ζυγὸν, ζηλωτὸς αἰών" εἰ δὲ μὴ, ϑανεῖν χρεών. ἀνὴρ δ᾽ ὅταν τοῖς ἔνδον ἄχϑηται ξυνὼν, 246 ἔξω μολὼν ἔπαυσε χαρδίαν ὥσης, ἢ πρὸς φίλον τιν᾽ ἢ πρὸς ἥλιχας τραπεΐίς " ἡμῖν δ᾽ ἀνάγχη πρὸς μίαν ψυχὴν βλέπειν. λέγουσι δ᾽ ἡμᾶς ὡς ἀκίνδυνον βίον ---...-..-. ζῶμεν κατ οἴχους, οἱ δὲ μάρνανται δορὶ, 2650 χαχῶς φρονοῦντες" ὡς τρὶς ἄν παρ᾽ ἀσπίδα στῆναι ϑέλοιμ᾽ ἂν μᾶλλον ἢ τεχεῖν ἅπαξ... ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ αὑτὸς πρὸς σὲ χίμ᾽ ἥκει λόγος " σοὶ μὲν πόλις ϑ᾽ ἦδ᾽ ἐστὶ καὶ πατρὸς δόμοι βίου τ᾽ ὄνησις καὶ φίλων χοινωνία, 2858 ἐγὼ δ᾽ ἔρημος, ἄπολις οὖσ᾽ ὑβρίζομαι πρὸς ἀνδρὸς, ἐπ γῆς βαρβάρου λελησμένη, οὐ μητέρ᾽, οὐχ ἀδελρὸν, οὐχὶ συγγενῆ μεϑορμίσασϑαι τῆσδ᾽ ἔχουσα συμφορᾶς. τοσοῦτον οὖν σου τυγχάνειν βουλήσομαι, 2600 ἢν μοι. πόρος τις μηχανή τ᾽ ἐξευρεϑῆ, πόσιν δίχην τῶνδ᾽ ἀντιτίσασϑαι χαχῶν τὸν δόντα τ᾿ αὐτῷ ϑυγατέρ᾽ ἣν τ᾽ ἐγήματο, σιγᾶν. γυνὴ γὰρ τἄλλα μὲν φόβου πλέα, καχὴ δ᾽ ἐς ἀλχὴν καὶ σίδηρον εἰσορᾶν" 266 ὅταν» δ᾽ ἐς εὐνὴν ἠδιχημένη πυρῆ, οὐκ ἔστιν ὥλλη φρὴν μιαιφονωτέρα. ΧΟΡΟΣ. δοάσω τάδ᾽ " ἐνδίχως γὰρ ἐκτίσει πόσιν, ἈΠ δεια. πενϑεῖν δ᾽ οὐ σε ϑαυμάζω τύχας.
| 25,917 |
https://github.com/Grace-Amondi/resource-watch/blob/master/utils/logs.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
resource-watch
|
Grace-Amondi
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 27 | 73 |
import pino from 'pino';
// documentation: http://getpino.io/#/
export const logger = pino({ level: process.env.LOGGER_LEVEL || 'info' });
logger.info(`Setting logger level to ${logger.level}`);
export default { logger };
| 12,233 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104600390
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Kategória:Gruzínski pravoslávni svätci
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 29 | 87 |
Kategória:Gruzínski pravoslávni svätci
kategória projektov Wikimedia
Kategória:Gruzínski pravoslávni svätci je kategória projektov Wikimedia
Categoría:Santos ortodoxos de Georgia
categoría de Wikimedia
Categoría:Santos ortodoxos de Georgia instancia de categoría de Wikimedia
| 6,011 |
https://github.com/wied03/cookbook-gpg/blob/master/test/fixtures/cookbooks/fake/recipes/from_chef_vault.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,018 |
cookbook-gpg
|
wied03
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 68 | 288 |
private_key_bits = cookbook_file_contents 'joe_secret.pem', 'fake'
node.default['build-essential']['compile_time'] = true
include_recipe 'build-essential::default'
# Need this to write to data bags, etc.
chef_gem 'cheffish' do
version '0.7.1'
end
chef_gem 'chef-vault' do
version '2.2.1'
end
require 'cheffish'
require 'chef-vault'
with 'walt', 'a-secret-one', 'an-item' do |username, data_bag_name, vault_item|
item = ChefVault::Item.new(data_bag_name, vault_item)
item.clients('*:*')
item['json_key'] = private_key_bits
item.save
user_with_home(self, username)
bsw_gpg_load_key_from_chef_vault 'vault key' do
data_bag data_bag_name
item vault_item
json_key 'json_key'
for_user username
end
end
| 44,962 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/w7t32c/articles/DTL43_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,871 |
Belgien.
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 379 | 682 |
Belgien. Brüssel, 3. Dez. Es coursiren hente verschiedene Ministerlisten. Das „Echo du Parl. bringt folgende: Graf de Theux, Auswärtiges; Thonissen, Justiz; de Naeyer, Fianzen; Dumortier, Iuneres; Kint de Naeyer öffentliche Arbeiten: Guillaume, Krieg. Anderseits wird dem W. T.⸗B.“ folgende Rollenvertheilung gemeldet: De Theux soll das Präsidium ohne Portefeuille erhalten, der Senator Kint de Naeyer das Portefeuille der auswärtigen Angelegenheiten, der Senator Malou das der Finanzen, der Deputirte Thonissen das der Jnstiz, der Deputirte Thonissen das der Justiz, der Depuputirte Schollaert das des Innern, General Eeneus das des Krieges und der Deputirte van Hoordi das der öffentlichen Arbeiten. Dumortier wird Minister ohne Portefenille. Die vier Erstgenannten sollen bereits ange nommen haben; die Annahme seitens der Andern gilt als wahrscheinlich. Da indeß das neueste „Brüsseler J. unter dem 3. d anzeigt: „Wir sind absolut ohne Nachricht über die Ministerkrisis,“ so erhalten die obihen Angaben nur den Werth mehr oder minder treffenden Conjekturen. Uebrigens war und ist die Personenfrage in dieser Situation so ziemlich Nebensache. Als eigenlich kritische Fragen treten an die Partei die folgenden Alternativen heran: erstens, ob einzelne Notabilitäten in das Ministerium d’Anethan eintreten sollen oder nicht, und zum andern, ob oberhaupt die Partei ein neues Cabinet machen und die Krone dadurch nöthigen solle, entweder das Ministerium d’Anethan einfach bei uhalten, oder, unter Auflösung der Deputirten⸗Kammer, ein Cabinet der liberalen Partei zu bilden. Nach wiederholten Parteiberathungen bei dem Grafen de Theux am vorigen Freitag wurde endlich beschlossen, die Solidarität des d’Anethan’schen Cabinets unbedingt aufrecht zu halten; im Uebrigen aber sei dessen Rücktritt der Krone die Dienste anderer Parteiführer zur Verfügung zu stellen. Hierbei erhebt sich noch eine dritte Frage, nämlich die Frage: unter welchen Bedingungen man der Krone sich zur Verfügung stellen soll. Cin Paupt⸗Motiv bei der Entlassung des d’ ncthen schen Cabinets war ohne Zweifel dessen Forderung einer eventuellen militairischen Unterdrückung der aufrührischen Demonstrationen und Bewegungen, auf die der König nicht eingehen wollte. Sollte nun diese Frage nicht abermals zwischen der Krone und den nen designirten Ministern zur Crörterung gekommen und als Bedingung der Portefeuille⸗Annahme von letzteren aufgestellt worden sein? Dies würde dann vollständig die auffallende Verzögerung der Gntscheidung erklären. Am Freitag Abend nach der entscheidenden Kammer⸗ Sitzung htte fich eine edeutende Volksmenge uf dem Schloßplatz gesammelt, um dem Könige wegen der Entlassung des Ministeriums eine Ovation zu bringen.
| 27,490 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5569480
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Glenwood Historic District
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 24 | 68 |
Glenwood Historic District
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Glenwood Historic District instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Glenwood Historic District
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Glenwood Historic District ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
| 14,955 |
US-201514621553-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,063 | 5,928 |
Method, device, client end and system for network resource management
ABSTRACT
The invention is applicable to network technologies and provides a method for network resource management, a server and a client end, which includes: receiving, an error report from a client end, wherein the error report includes a data source of a data fragment that does not pass the validation of the client; obtaining, a category of the data source; shielding, the data source when the data source belongs to a first category; and instructing, the data source to update network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the data source belongs to a second category. The invention avoids the situation that the client end is unable to download a complete file due to an error of an original source of network resources, and improves the success rate of downloading.
The present application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/CN2013/082259 filed on Aug. 26, 2013, which claims the benefit of Chinese Patent Application No. 201210315060.3 filed on Aug. 30, 2012. The disclosure of each of the above applications is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention relates to network technologies, and more particularly, to a method, a device, a client end and a system for network resource management.
BACKGROUND
A technology of peer to server and peer (P2SP) utilizes a third-party server and a data source of a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, so that a download process does not merely rely on a source server of internet service provider (ISP). Data may be transferred either between various terminals in the network or between a terminal and a server. Compared with a traditional download method of peer to server (P2S) or P2P and so on, download stability and download speeds of P2SP has been greatly improved.
In the P2SP technology, because the data comes from different data sources, in order to guarantee accuracy of a download result, each data fragment needs to be validated by fragment validation information provided by the source server. When there is an error in the validation result, client end only selects to perform the download from the source server, and gives up multisource downloading from other nodes. However, the data source provided by the source server may go wrong. Take content delivery network (CDN) as an example, it can be the case that content distribution of each node is non-synchronous or cache content is not updated in time. In the above case, even though a user downloads data from the source server, a data fragment cannot be downloaded correctly, which may lead to an issue that an entire file is still unable to be downloaded completely.
SUMMARY
An embodiment of the present invention is implemented by a method for network resource management which includes:
receiving, by a server, an error report from a client end, wherein the error report includes a data source of a data fragment that does not pass the validation of the client;
obtaining, by the server, a category of the data source;
shielding, by the server, the data source when the data source belongs to a first category; and
instructing, by the server, the data source to update network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the data source belongs to a second category.
Another object of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide a device for network resource management which includes:
a first receiving unit, configured to receive an error report from a client end, wherein the error report comprises a data source of a data fragment that does not pass the validation of the client;
an obtaining unit, configured to obtain a category of the data source;
a first shielding unit, configured to shield the data source when the data source belongs to a first category; and
an instructing unit, configured to instruct the data source to update network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the data source belongs to a second category.
Another object of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide a client end which includes:
a downloading unit, configured to download a data fragment from a data source instructed by a server end; and
a sending unit, configured to send an error report to the server end when the data fragment does not pass the validation, wherein the error report comprises a data source, to enable the server end to obtain a category of the data source according to the data source comprised in the error report, to shield the data source or indicate the data source to perform an update.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an architecture block diagram of a system for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a realization flowchart of a server end of a method for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart for realizing step S204 of a method for network resource management at a server end provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a realization flowchart of a client end of a method for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a structure diagram of a device for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a structure diagram of a server provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a structure diagram of a client end provided by an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the principle of a method for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In order to make the object and technical solution of the present invention clearer, a detailed description of the present invention is hereinafter given with reference to the attached drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the embodiments are illustrative and that the invention scope is not so limited.
In the embodiments of the present invention, by receiving an error report that is reported by a client end during a process of P2SP downloading, a server end determines which category of a data source a data fragment belongs to, whose validation result is an error, to further shield the data source or instruct the data source to perform an update, which avoids the situation that the client end is unable to download a complete file due to an error of original source of network resources, and improves the success rate of downloading.
FIG. 1 illustrates an architecture block diagram of a system for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention. For illustrative purposes, only relevant parts of the embodiment are shown.
Referring to FIG. 1, based on the system architecture of the client end and the server end, the system includes server end 11 and at least one client end 12 that are communicated via a network, and the server end 11 may be a server system that consists of multiple different function servers.
In the P2SP technology, a file is divided into several data fragments with a predetermined size, and the data fragments of the file need not be downloaded in order, so a user may download different data fragments of same network resources from multiple physic nodes at the same time. In the embodiment of the present invention, for example, when a client end 1 needs to download a file, a uniform resource locator (URL) of the file is obtained from a relevant resource website first; related information, such as multiple data sources of the file and fragment validation information of each data fragment, is obtained from the server end 11 by the URL; and at the beginning, the different data fragments are downloaded from multiple data sources provided by the server end 11. During the downloading process, the client end 1 will share the downloaded fragments with other client end by the server end 11, so that the other client end may download corresponding data fragments from the client 1. In the above process, one of important functions of the server end 11 is network resource management, and an original isolated server, a mirror resource and a P2P resource are effectively combined together, enabling each client end 12 to obtain correct data source information and finish multisource downloading.
FIG. 2 illustrates a realization flowchart of a method for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment, an executive body of the flow is the server end 11 shown in FIG. 1. Details are as below:
In step S201, receiving, an error report from a client end, wherein the error report includes a data source of a data fragment that does not pass the validation of the client.
The client end downloads network resources in P2SP in accordance with multiple data sources provided by the server, and after each download of a data fragment, the client end will calculate a validation value of the data fragment (such as a hash value), and then compare the calculated validation value with fragment validation information of the data fragment provided by the server end, and determine whether the data fragment is received correctly. When the data fragment is received correctly, data fragment passes the validation.
In the embodiment, when the data fragment downloaded by the client does not pass the validation, the client will send the error report to the server end, wherein the error report includes a data source of the data fragment, such as an address of the data source, enabling the server end to know the data source which sends the data fragment that has passed the validation. Further, the error report may also include fragment information such as an original source of the data fragment, a size of the data fragment, a validation value, and so on.
In step S202, obtaining, a category of the data source.
As an embodiment of the present invention, the server end, according to the address of the data source, may determine the data source is from an internet service provider (ISP), a third-party server or a P2P network node.
As another embodiment of the present invention, before each data source provides the client end with a download, the network resources that it can provide needs to be registered in the server end first, related information of the network resources is stored in a data base, and all the data sources of the network resources are counted and managed by the server, so as to provide the download for the client end. Therefore, when the network resources are put in storage, the server end, according to the data source that provides the network resources, determines the category of the data source. After associating the data source with the category, the category of the data source is stored into the data base of the server end.
In the embodiment, categories of the data source may include a first category and a second category. The first category may be an operation data source, that is, the data source, as an ISP, takes a downloading platform of P2SP as a release channel of digital media content, which initiatively releases network resources including a software, a game installation package, a system patch, a video file, and so on; and the second category may be non-operation data source, including the third-party server providing the network resources which is captured by the server end from internet through a crawler system, or the node having network resource in the P2P network, etc.
Therefore, in step S202, the server end, in accordance with the data source of the error report reported by the client end, may find the category of the data source in the data base where the related information of the network resources is stored.
As an embodiment of the present invention, when the server end associates the data source with its corresponding category and stores it into the database, the data source and its corresponding category may be sent to the client end, so that when the client end finds there is a data fragment that does not pass the validation and the data fragment belongs to the first category, the client shields the data source to prevent the client end from downloading the network resources from the data source.
In step S203, shielding, the data source when the data source belongs to a first category.
In the embodiment, when the server end determines that the data source belongs to the first category, namely, the operation data source, the server end shields the data source, and later when a data source of network resources is provided for other client, the data source will not be sent to the client end, so as to prevent the incorrect data source from continuing to provide the client end with an incorrect data fragment, that is, to prevent the client end from downloading the incorrect data fragment from the data source.
In step S204, instructing, the data source perform to update network resources to which the data fragment belong, when the data source belongs to a second category.
Usually, as for a data source of the second category, that is, a non-operation data source, a link that remains constant often exits on the internet, but network resources corresponding to the link changes. For example, when software is released, the download link has been published, but a bug is found in the software in a prior period of releasing, at this point, the file corresponding to the download link will be replaced directly instead of updating with the download link. In such a case, when the client end still downloads by adopting the same download link, the validation value of the downloaded data fragment will be different with the fragment validation previously provided by the server end and the validation is not successful, which leads that an entire file is still unable to be downloaded completely.
Therefore, in the embodiment, when the server end determines the data source belongs to the second category, that is, the non-operation data source, the server end emits an instruction, to instruct the data source to update the network resources to which the data fragment belongs. At the same time, after the data source updates the network resources, the related information of the network resources in the server end, including fragment validation information of the network resources, needs to be synchronously updated.
Further, as an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 3, step S204 specifically is:
In step S301, obtaining, a number of error reports being reported.
In step S302, instructing, the data source to update the network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the number of the error reports being reported is more than a preset threshold.
In the embodiment, further, after the error report is received and before the number of the error reports being reported is obtained, the number of the error reports being reported is updated. That is, an increase in the number of the error reports being reported is 1, so as to keep track of the number of the error reports being reported related to some data source. When the number of the error reports being reported that includes the data source reaches a preset threshold, the server end instructs the data source to update its corresponding network resources. Thus, the client end will not download without a stable data source because the server end frequently changes the related validation information.
In the embodiment of the present invention, by receiving the error report that is reported by the client end during a process of P2SP downloading, the server end determines which category of the data source the data fragment belongs to, whose validation result is an error, to further shield the data source accordingly or perform an update process, which avoids the situation that the client end is unable to download a complete file due to an error of an original source of network resources, and improves the success rate of downloading.
FIG. 4 illustrates a realization flowchart of a method for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment, an executive body of the flow is the client end 12 shown in FIG. 1. Details are as below:
In step S401, downloading, by a client end, a data fragment from a data source instructed by a server end.
In the embodiment, the client end, according to the data source instructed by the server end, downloads the data fragment of corresponding network resources, validates the data fragment after downloading the data fragment, compares the validated result with the fragment validation information provided by the server end, and determines whether the data fragment passes the validation.
In step S402, sending, by the client end, the error report to the server end when the data fragment does not pass the validation, wherein the error report includes a data source of the data fragment that passes the validation, enable the server end to obtain the category of the data source according to the data source included in the error report to shield the data source or instruct the data source to perform an update.
Further, before the step S401, the client end receives the data source sent by the server end, to download data from the data source, at the same time, and also receives the category of the data source from the server end. When the data fragment which is downloaded by the client end from the data source does not pass the validation, the client end may determine whether the category of the data source belongs to the first category; and when the data source belongs to the first category, the client end shields the data source in its own side, and no longer downloads the network resources from the data source.
Because the method for network resource management described in the embodiment of FIG. 4 of the present invention is based on a same realization principle of that described in the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 of the present invention, and just the former is described by taking the client end as the executive body and the latter is described by taking the server end as the executive body, the embodiments described in FIGS. 2 and 3 may be referred to as the relevant realization principle which will not be described redundantly herein.
FIG. 5 illustrates a structure diagram of a device for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention. For illustrative purposes, only relevant parts of the embodiment are shown. As shown in FIG. 5, the device for network resource management runs on the network resource management system shown in FIG. 1, and is placed on a server end or at least one client end. On the server end side, each device may be placed in a same server, and different units may be distributed on different function servers (such as a resource indexing server, a storage management server, a statistics server or a P2P tracker server), to realize different module functions.
In the server end, it includes:
a first receiving unit 51, configured to receive an error report from a client end, wherein the error report includes a data source of a data fragment that does not pass the validation of the client;
an obtaining unit 52, configured to obtain a category of the data source;
a first shielding unit 53, configured to shield the data source when the data source belongs to a first category; and
an instructing unit 54, configured to instruct the data source to update network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the data source belongs to a second category.
Further, in the server end, the device also includes:
a sending unit, to send the data source and the category of the data source to the client end, enabling the client end to shield the data source when the client end determines the data source belongs to the first category according to the category.
Further, the indicating unit 54 includes:
an obtaining subunit, to obtain a number of error reports being reported; and
an instructing subunit, to instruct the data source to update the network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the number of error reports being reported is more than a preset threshold.
In the client end, it includes:
a downloading unit 55, to download a data fragment from a data source instructed by a server end; and
a sending unit 56, to send an error report to the server end when the data fragment does not pass the validation, wherein the error report includes a data source that does not pass the validation, to enable the server end, according to the data source included in the error report, to obtain a category of the data source, so as to shield the data source or instruct the data source to perform an update.
Further, it also includes:
a second receiving unit, to receive the data source and the category of the data source sent by the server end; and
a second shielding unit, to shield the data source when the data fragment does not pass the validation and the data source belongs to a first category.
FIG. 6 is a structure diagram of a server provided by an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 6, the server at least includes a memory and a processor connected with the memory, wherein instructions included in the memory may be executed by the processor. When the instructions are executed, various functions in the aforementioned embodiments may be realized by the server. In an embodiment, the memory may stores a first receiving instruction, an obtaining instruction, a first shielding instruction and an instructing instruction shown in FIG. 6.
When the first receiving instruction is executed, the server receives an error report of a client end, wherein the error report includes a data source of a data fragment that does not pass the validation of the client.
When the obtaining instruction is executed, the server obtains a category of the data source.
When the first shielding instruction is executed, the server shields the data source when the data source belongs to a first category
When the instructing instruction is executed, the server instructs the data source to update network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the data source belongs to a second category.
Further, in the sever end, the device also includes a sending instruction.
When the sending instruction is executed, the server sends the data source and the category of the data source to the client end, enabling the client end to shield the data source when the client end determines the data source belongs to the first category according to the category.
Further, the indicating instruction includes an obtaining instruction and a second instructing instruction.
When the indicating instruction is executed, the server obtains a number of error reports being reported.
When the second indicating instruction is executed, the server instructs the data source to update the network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the number of error reports being reported is more than a preset threshold.
FIG. 7 is a structure diagram of a client end provided by an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 7, the client end at least includes a memory and a processor connected with the memory, wherein instructions included in the memory may be executed by the processor. When the instructions are executed, various functions in the aforementioned embodiments may be realized by the client end. In an embodiment, the memory may store a downloading instruction and a sending instruction shown in FIG. 7.
When the downloading instruction is executed, the client end downloads a data fragment from a data source instructed by a server end.
When the sending instruction is executed, the client end sends an error report to the server end when the data fragment does not pass the validation, wherein the error report includes a data source that does not pass the validation, to enable the server end, according to the data source included in the error report, to obtain a category of the data source, so as to shield the data source or instruct the data source to perform an update.
Further, a second receiving instruction and a second shielding instruction are also included.
When the second receiving instruction is executed, the client end receives the data source and the category of the data source sent by the server end.
When the second shielding instruction is executed, the client end shields the data source when the data fragment does not pass the validation and the data source belongs to a first category.
As an implementation example of the present invention, FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the principle of a method for network resource management provided by an embodiment of the present invention, when each device of FIG. 5 is distributed on different function servers. As shown in FIG. 8, a network resource management system includes a network resource indexing data base 601, a network resource indexing server group 602, a P2P tracking server group 603, a statistics server 604, an active storage server 605, a storage management server 606, a crawler server system 607, a CDN node 1 608, a CDN node 2 609, a CDN node 3 610, a client end 611 and a client end 612. The client end 611 obtains a data source from the network resource indexing server group 602, and downloads the data from the data source, wherein the data source may be the client end 612, the CDN node 1 608, the CDN node 2 609 or the CDN node 3 610. The client end 611 sends an error report to the network resource indexing server group 602, wherein the error report includes a data source of a data fragment that does not pass the validation of the client. The network resource indexing server group 602 obtains a category of the data source, and shields the data source or instructs the data source to update the network resources to which the data fragment belongs.
It can be easily seen from the FIG. 8 that, in the network resource management method provided by the embodiment of the present invention, the data source where a source error occurred is shield by the server end or the data source is instructed to perform an update by the server, which avoids the situation that the client end is unable to download a complete file due to an error of an original source of network resources, and improves the success rate of downloading.
The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, but not to limit the protection scope of the present invention. Where the spirit of the present invention, within the principles of any changes made, variations or equivalent replacements, etc. shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for network resource management, comprising: receiving, by a server, an error report from a client end, wherein the error report comprises a data source of a data fragment that does not pass validation of the client end; obtaining, by the server, a category of the data source; shielding, by the server, the data source when the data source belongs to a first category; and instructing, by the server, the data source to update network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the data source belongs to a second category.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein instructing, by the server, the data source to update network resources to which the data fragment belongs comprises: obtaining, by the server, a number of error reports being reported; and instructing, by the server, the data source to update the network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the number of error reports being reported is more than a preset threshold.
3. A server, comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores instructions executable for the processor, and the instructions of the memory are stored in a plurality of units comprising: a first receiving unit, configured to receive an error report from a client end, wherein the error report comprises a data source of a data fragment that does not pass validation of the client end; an obtaining unit, configured to obtain a category of the data source; a first shielding unit, configured to shield the data source when the data source belongs to a first category; and an instructing unit, configured to instruct the data source to update network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the data source belongs to a second category.
4. The device of claim 3, wherein the instructing unit comprises: an obtaining subunit, configured to obtain a number of error reports being reported; an instructing subunit, configured to instruct the data source to update the network resources to which the data fragment belongs, when the number of error reports being reported is more than a preset threshold.
5. A client end, comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores instructions executable for the processor, and the instructions of the memory are stored in a plurality of units comprising: a downloading unit, configured to download a data fragment from a data source instructed by a server end; and a sending unit, configured to send an error report to the server end when the data fragment does not pass validation, wherein the error report comprises a data source which enables the server end to obtain a category of the data source according to the data source comprised in the error report, the category indicating to shield the data source or to instruct the data source to perform an update.
6. The client end of claim 5, further comprising: a second receiving unit, configured to receive the category of the data source sent by the server end; and a second shielding unit, configured to shield the data source when it is determined that the data source belongs to a first category according to the category of the data source obtained from the server end..
| 8,142 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74314047
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,022 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 245 | 553 |
Azure synapse apache spark pool can't install geopandas due to recent update
We follow this steps for package management for apache spark pool in our synapse environment:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/synapse-analytics/spark/apache-spark-manage-pool-packages#yml-format
Due to recent update for conda environment on azure synapse described as a purple note on this page: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/synapse-analytics/spark/apache-spark-24-runtime
We can't anymore start our apache spark pool by providing this environment.yml file:
name: root
channels:
- anaconda
dependencies:
- geopandas=0.9.0
With error at the end of startup of apache spark pool:
Determining conflicts: 0%| | 0/5 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
Examining conflict for geopandas python: 0%| | 0/5 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
Examining conflict for __glibc python: 20%|██ | 1/5 [00:00<00:00, 12.91it/s]
UnsatisfiableError: The following specifications were found to be incompatible with each other:
Output in format: Requested package -> Available versionsThe following specifications were found to be incompatible with your system:
- feature:/linux-64::__glibc==2.27=0
- feature:|@/linux-64::__glibc==2.27=0
Your installed version is: 2.27
Is there any way to interfere with conda environment directly on azure apache spark pool? If not is there any dependency that we can install, or force downgrade of updated dependencies using environment.yml file?
Yes last month, as part of upgrading conda package manager, dependent libgcc libraries were upgraded as well. I can see this upgrade is causing cx package geopandas to conflict.
This is an expected impact of the conda upgrade. Make sure to use this env.yml file instead. I tried this on my test workspace and it works.
name: root
channels:
- anaconda
dependencies:
- pip:
- geopandas==0.9.0
| 25,023 |
|
https://github.com/shreyaspadhye3011/leetcode/blob/master/databases/q1.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
leetcode
|
shreyaspadhye3011
|
SQL
|
Code
| 26 | 59 |
SELECT NAME
FROM PERSON
WHERE PID IN (SELECT ACTOR
FROM MOVIE_ACTOR_LIST
WHERE MID = (SELECT MID FROM MOVIE WHERE NAME='The Da Vinci Code')) ORDER BY NAME;
| 17,043 |
5679279_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 195 | 270 |
In four related proceedings, inter alia, pursuant to Social Services Law § 384-b to terminate parental rights on the ground of permanent neglect, the mother appeals from four orders of fact-finding and disposition of the Family Court, Queens County (Salinitro, J.), all dated July 31, *5132003 (one as to each child), which, after fact-finding and dispositional hearings, found that she had permanently neglected the subject children, terminated her parental rights, and transferred guardianship and custody of the children to the petitioner and the Commissioner of Social Services of the City of New York for purposes of adoption.
Ordered that the orders of fact-finding and disposition are affirmed, without costs or disbursements.
The petitioner established by clear and convincing evidence that it pursued diligent efforts to encourage and strengthen the mother’s parental relationship (see Matter of Richard W., 265 AD2d 685 [1999]). Further, the termination of the mother’s parental rights was supported by a preponderance of the evidence (see Matter of Star Leslie W., 63 NY2d 136 [1984]), and the Family Court acted within its discretion in refusing to suspend judgment (see Family Ct Act §§ 631, 633). Santucci, J.P., Schmidt, Cozier and Rivera, JJ., concur.
| 48,330 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125809104
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Hugues Baldassin
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 201 | 411 |
Hugues Baldassin
Hugues Baldassin instance of human
Hugues Baldassin sex or gender male
Hugues Baldassin date of birth 1926
Hugues Baldassin date of death 2008
Hugues Baldassin occupation rugby union player
Hugues Baldassin
Hugues Baldassin ist ein(e) Mensch
Hugues Baldassin Geschlecht männlich
Hugues Baldassin Geburtsdatum 1926
Hugues Baldassin Sterbedatum 2008
Hugues Baldassin Tätigkeit Rugby-Union-Spieler
Hugues Baldassin
joueur italo-français de rugby à XV et à XIII
Hugues Baldassin nature de l’élément être humain
Hugues Baldassin sexe ou genre masculin
Hugues Baldassin date de naissance 1926
Hugues Baldassin date de mort 2008
Hugues Baldassin occupation joueur ou joueuse de rugby à XV
Hugues Baldassin
Hugues Baldassin instancia de ser humano
Hugues Baldassin sexo o género masculino
Hugues Baldassin fecha de nacimiento 1926
Hugues Baldassin fecha de fallecimiento 2008
Hugues Baldassin ocupación jugador de rugby union
Hugues Baldassin
Hugues Baldassin instância de ser humano
Hugues Baldassin sexo ou género masculino
Hugues Baldassin data de nascimento 1926
Hugues Baldassin data de morte 2008
Hugues Baldassin ocupação jogador de râguebi de quinze
Hugues Baldassin
Hugues Baldassin instância de ser humano
Hugues Baldassin sexo ou gênero masculino
Hugues Baldassin data de nascimento 1926
Hugues Baldassin data de morte 2008
Hugues Baldassin ocupação jogador de rúgbi de quinze
| 18,119 |
<urn:uuid:656466ae-9c12-430d-8253-cb58ae615fac>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.l4m.fr/emag/interview/automobile-4/temoignage-exposant-caroline-amaouch-responsable-rh-norauto-18587
|
l4m.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 369 | 584 |
Interview : TÉMOIGNAGE EXPOSANT : CAROLINE AMAOUCH - RESPONSABLE RH NORAUTO
Norauto participe régulièrement à nos salons, pourquoi est-ce important pour vous d’être présent à la rencontre des candidats ?
C’est l’endroit idéal pour rencontrer dans un laps de temps réduit un grand nombre de personnes attirées par la concentration dans un même lieu de nombreuses entreprises qui recrutent. C’est également un gain de temps dans le process de recrutement pour les entreprises comme pour les candidats.
Un salon de recrutement permet aussi de tisser une relation privilégiée avec les candidates. Nous pouvons plus facilement faire connaissance que dans le cadre formel d’un entretien d’embauche.
C’est aussi l’occasion de travailler notre marque employeur et d’analyser votre attractivité : permet de renforcer notre visibilité en local, au sein des différents bassins d’emplois et ainsi de développer notre attractivité. Ces évènements nous permettent également d’avoir une vision globale du sourcing et du marché de l’emploi dans un bassin d’emploi
Quels sont les offres d’emploi à pourvoir au sein de votre entreprise ?
Nous recrutons régulièrement sur nos différents métiers : Conseiller de vente, Mécanicien, Responsable Vente, Chef d’Atelier et Directeur de Centre, en CDD/CDI et Apprentissage.
Comment les candidats retiendront votre attention . Il y a-t-il des qualifications à avoir pour ces postes ?
Avant de parler de diplômes, ce qui est primordial pour nous, c’est le savoir être, la motivation, la curiosité, l’envie d’apprendre et de progresser.
Nous sommes en mesure d’accompagner, par la Formation, le Mentoring, le Coaching, chaque collaborateur qui fait preuve d’engagement et qui souhaite grandir au sein de l’entreprise. Nous avons une forte politique d’évolution interne, et de mobilité qui permet à chacun de progresser dans l’entreprise en fonction de ses aspirations.
Vous proposez également des formations en Alternance et en Apprentissage ? Pouvez-vous nous décrire ces formations ?
Nous recrutons du CAP au Master 2, que ce soit pour nos magasins ou nos ateliers. Nous préparons à tous nos métiers : Monteurs, Mécaniciens, Techniciens Électriciens, Vendeurs, Responsable Vente, Directeur de centre.
Nous avons également développé des “classes dédiées Norauto” en partenariat avec avec différentes écoles et centre de formation.
Retrouvez toutes nos offres sur : Les classes Norauto - Norauto recrute : Norauto recrute (norauto-recrute.fr)
| 17,496 |
https://github.com/XerRagnaroek/Jikai/blob/master/src/com/github/xerragnaroek/jikai/user/JikaiUserSetup.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Jikai
|
XerRagnaroek
|
Java
|
Code
| 1,000 | 4,900 |
package com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.user;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jasa.TitleLanguage;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.anime.ani.AniLinker;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.core.Core;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.jikai.Jikai;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.jikai.locale.JikaiLocale;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.jikai.locale.JikaiLocaleManager;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.util.BotUtils;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.util.Pair;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.util.pagi.Pagination;
import com.github.xerragnaroek.jikai.util.pagi.PrivatePagination;
import net.dv8tion.jda.api.EmbedBuilder;
import net.dv8tion.jda.api.entities.MessageEmbed;
import net.dv8tion.jda.api.events.message.priv.PrivateMessageReceivedEvent;
import net.dv8tion.jda.api.hooks.ListenerAdapter;
/**
*
*/
public class JikaiUserSetup extends ListenerAdapter {
private static final String yesUni = "U+2705";
private static final String noUni = "U+274c";
private JikaiUser ju;
private Jikai j;
private Pagination setup;
private final Logger log;
private AtomicBoolean ignoreMsgs = new AtomicBoolean(true);
private AniLinker aniLinker;
private ScheduledFuture<?> timeOut;
private JikaiUserSetup(JikaiUser ju, Jikai j) {
this.ju = ju;
this.j = j;
log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JikaiUserSetup.class + "#" + ju.getId());
makePagination();
}
private void makePagination() {
setup = new PrivatePagination();
// greetings
setup.addStage(BotUtils.localedEmbed(ju.getLocale(), "setup_greetings_eb", Pair.of(Arrays.asList("name"), new Object[] { ju.getUser().getName() })));
stageLang();
stageConsent();
stageSkipSetup();
stageTimeZone();
stageTitleLanguage();
stageDaily();
stageWeekly();
stageNotifyOnRelease();
stageNextEpMessage();
stageShowAdult();
stageReleaseSteps();
stageLinkAni();
stageDone();
}
private void editCurStage(int i) {
MessageEmbed meb = null;
switch (i) {
case 1 -> meb = langMeb().getLeft();
case 2 -> meb = consentMeb();
case 3 -> meb = skipMeb();
case 4 -> meb = makeTimeZoneEmbed();
case 5 -> meb = titleLangMeb();
case 6 -> meb = dailyMeb();
case 7 -> meb = weeklyMeb();
case 8 -> meb = notifyReleaseMeb();
case 9 -> meb = nextEpMeb();
case 10 -> meb = adultMeb();
case 11 -> meb = makeReleaseStepsEmbed();
case 12 -> meb = linkAniMeb();
case 13 -> meb = doneMeb();
}
setup.editStage(i, meb);
}
private void stageLang() {
Pair<MessageEmbed, List<String>> pair = langMeb();
setup.addStage(pair.getLeft(), pair.getRight(), this::langSelect, null, true, false, this::editCurStage);
}
private Pair<MessageEmbed, List<String>> langMeb() {
EmbedBuilder eb = BotUtils.embedBuilder();
eb.setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_lang_eb_title"));
List<JikaiLocale> locs = new LinkedList<>(JikaiLocaleManager.getInstance().getLocales());
Collections.sort(locs);
List<String> flags = new ArrayList<>(locs.size());
locs.forEach(jl -> {
String flag = BotUtils.processUnicode(jl.getString("u_flag_uni"));
flags.add(flag);
eb.addField(flag, jl.getLanguageName(), true);
});
return Pair.of(eb.build(), flags);
}
private void langSelect(String cp) {
log.debug(cp);
JikaiLocale loc = JikaiLocaleManager.getInstance().getLocaleViaFlagUnicode(cp);
if (loc != null) {
log.debug(loc.getIdentifier());
ju.setLocale(loc);
setup.nextStage();
}
}
private void stageConsent() {
setup.addStage(consentMeb(), Arrays.asList(yesUni, noUni), cp -> yesNoOption(cp, () -> setup.nextStage(), this::noConsent), null, true, false, this::editCurStage);
}
private MessageEmbed consentMeb() {
return BotUtils.localedEmbed(ju.getLocale(), "setup_consent_eb", null);
}
private void noConsent() {
log.debug("no consent");
ju.sendPM(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_consent_no"));
cancelSetup();
}
private void stageSkipSetup() {
setup.addStage(skipMeb(), Arrays.asList("U+2699", "U+23ed"), this::skipCheck, null, true, false, i -> {
ignoreMsgs.set(true);
editCurStage(i);
});
}
private MessageEmbed skipMeb() {
return BotUtils.localedEmbed(ju.getLocale(), "setup_skip_eb", null);
}
private void skipCheck(String cp) {
switch (cp) {
case "U+2699" -> setup.nextStage();
case "U+23ed" -> skipSetup();
}
}
private void skipSetup() {
log.debug("Skip setup!");
defaultConfig();
endSetup(true);
}
private void defaultConfig() {
ju.setNotifyToRelease(true);
ju.setTimeZone(j.getJikaiData().getTimeZone());
ju.setTitleLanguage(TitleLanguage.ROMAJI);
ju.setUpdateDaily(true);
ju.setSendWeeklySchedule(true);
ju.setShowAdult(false);
}
private void stageTimeZone() {
setup.addStage(makeTimeZoneEmbed(), Collections.emptyList(), null, null, false, false, i -> {
ignoreMsgs.set(false);
editCurStage(i);
});
}
private MessageEmbed makeTimeZoneEmbed() {
return BotUtils.embedBuilder().setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_time_zone_eb_title")).setDescription(ju.getLocale().getStringFormatted("setup_time_zone_eb_desc", Arrays.asList("tz"), ju.getTimeZone().getId())).build();
}
private void stageTitleLanguage() {
setup.addStage(BotUtils.makeSimpleEmbed("Should never be seen!"), Arrays.asList("U+0031U+fe0fU+20e3", "U+0032U+fe0fU+20e3", "U+0033U+fe0fU+20e3"), this::checkTitleLanguage, null, true, false, i -> {
ignoreMsgs.set(true);
editCurStage(i);
});
}
private MessageEmbed titleLangMeb() {
return BotUtils.embedBuilder().setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_title_lang_eb_title")).setDescription(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_title_lang_eb_desc")).build();
}
private void checkTitleLanguage(String cp) {
switch (cp) {
case "U+31U+fe0fU+20e3" -> setTitleLang(TitleLanguage.ENGLISH);
case "U+32U+fe0fU+20e3" -> setTitleLang(TitleLanguage.NATIVE);
case "U+33U+fe0fU+20e3" -> setTitleLang(TitleLanguage.ROMAJI);
}
}
private void setTitleLang(TitleLanguage tt) {
ju.setTitleLanguage(tt);
setup.nextStage();
}
@Override
public void onPrivateMessageReceived(PrivateMessageReceivedEvent event) {
if (!ignoreMsgs.get() && event.getAuthor().getIdLong() == ju.getId()) {
switch (setup.getCurrentStageInt()) {
case 4 -> {
try {
ZoneId z = ZoneId.of(event.getMessage().getContentStripped());
ju.setTimeZone(z);
ignoreMsgs.set(true);
setup.nextStage();
} catch (Exception e) {}
}
case 11 -> {
addStep(event.getMessage().getContentStripped());
}
case 12 -> {
ignoreMsgs.set(true);
aniLinker = AniLinker.linkAniAccount(ju, event.getMessage().getContentStripped());
aniLinker.getFuture().thenAccept(b -> setup.nextStage());
}
}
}
}
private void stageDaily() {
setup.addStage(dailyMeb(), Arrays.asList(yesUni, noUni), str -> yesNoOption(str, (b) -> {
ju.setUpdateDaily(b);
setup.nextStage();
}), null, true, false, i -> {
ignoreMsgs.set(true);
editCurStage(i);
});
}
private MessageEmbed dailyMeb() {
EmbedBuilder eb = BotUtils.embedBuilder();
eb.setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_daily_eb_title")).setDescription(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_daily_eb_desc"));
eb.setThumbnail("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/XerRagnaroek/Jikai/dev/doc/dailyExample.jpg");
return eb.build();
}
private void stageWeekly() {
setup.addStage(weeklyMeb(), Arrays.asList(yesUni, noUni), str -> yesNoOption(str, (b) -> {
ju.setSendWeeklySchedule(b);
setup.nextStage();
}), null, true, false, this::editCurStage);
}
private MessageEmbed weeklyMeb() {
EmbedBuilder eb = BotUtils.embedBuilder();
eb.setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_weekly_eb_title")).setDescription(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_weekly_eb_desc"));
eb.setThumbnail("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/XerRagnaroek/Jikai/dev/doc/weeklyExample.jpg");
return eb.build();
}
private void stageNotifyOnRelease() {
setup.addStage(notifyReleaseMeb(), Arrays.asList(yesUni, noUni), str -> yesNoOption(str, (b) -> {
ju.setNotifyToRelease(b);
setup.nextStage();
}), null, true, false, this::editCurStage);
}
private MessageEmbed notifyReleaseMeb() {
EmbedBuilder eb = BotUtils.embedBuilder();
eb.setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_notify_eb_title")).setDescription(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_notify_eb_desc"));
eb.setThumbnail("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/XerRagnaroek/Jikai/dev/doc/releaseExample.jpg");
return eb.build();
}
private void stageNextEpMessage() {
setup.addStage(nextEpMeb(), Arrays.asList(yesUni, noUni), str -> yesNoOption(str, (b) -> {
ju.setSendNextEpMessage(b);
setup.nextStage();
}), null, true, false, this::editCurStage);
}
private MessageEmbed nextEpMeb() {
EmbedBuilder eb = BotUtils.embedBuilder();
eb.setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_next_ep_msg_eb_title")).setDescription(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_next_ep_msg_eb_desc"));
eb.setThumbnail("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/XerRagnaroek/Jikai/dev/doc/nextEpMsgExample.jpg");
return eb.build();
}
private MessageEmbed adultMeb() {
return BotUtils.localedEmbed(ju.getLocale(), "setup_adult_eb", Pair.of(Arrays.asList("adult"), new Object[] { ju.getLocale().getYesOrNo(ju.isShownAdult()) }));
}
private void stageShowAdult() {
setup.addStage(adultMeb(), Arrays.asList(yesUni, noUni), str -> yesNoOption(str, b -> {
ju.setShowAdult(b);
setup.nextStage();
}), null, true, false, i -> editCurStage(i));
}
private void stageReleaseSteps() {
setup.addStage(BotUtils.makeSimpleEmbed("You shouldn't see this :)"), Collections.emptyList(), null, null, false, false, i -> {
editCurStage(i);
ignoreMsgs.set(false);
if (aniLinker != null && !aniLinker.getFuture().isDone()) {
aniLinker.stop(false);
}
});
}
private MessageEmbed makeReleaseStepsEmbed() {
return BotUtils.embedBuilder().setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_release_steps_eb_title")).setDescription(ju.getLocale().getStringFormatted("setup_release_steps_eb_desc", Arrays.asList("steps"), ju.getPreReleaseNotifcationSteps().stream().map(i -> i / 60).collect(Collectors.toSet()))).build();
}
private void addStep(String str) {
try {
int seconds = BotUtils.stepStringToMins(str) * 60;
if (!ju.addReleaseStepNoMsg(seconds)) {
ju.remReleaseStepNoMsg(seconds);
}
setup.editCurrentMessage(makeReleaseStepsEmbed());
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
}
}
private void stageLinkAni() {
setup.addStage(linkAniMeb(), Collections.emptyList(), null, null, false, false, i -> {
ignoreMsgs.set(false);
editCurStage(i);
});
}
private MessageEmbed linkAniMeb() {
return BotUtils.embedBuilder().setTitle(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_link_ani_eb_title")).setDescription(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_link_ani_eb_desc")).build();
}
private void stageDone() {
setup.addStage(BotUtils.makeSimpleEmbed("You shouldn't see this :)"), Collections.emptyList(), null, null, true, true, i -> {
ignoreMsgs.set(true);
if (aniLinker != null && !aniLinker.getFuture().isDone()) {
aniLinker.stop(false);
}
editCurStage(i);
endSetup(false);
});
}
private MessageEmbed doneMeb() {
EmbedBuilder eb = BotUtils.makeConfigEmbed(ju);
eb.appendDescription(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_finished"));
return eb.build();
}
public void startSetup() {
log.debug("Running setup");
ju.getUser().openPrivateChannel().submit().thenAccept(setup::send);
Core.JDA.addEventListener(this);
timeOut = Core.EXEC.schedule(() -> timeOut(), 1, TimeUnit.HOURS);
}
private void endSetup(boolean skip) {
timeOut.cancel(true);
Core.JDA.removeEventListener(this);
ju.setSetupCompleted(true);
if (skip) {
setup.skipToStage(setup.getStages() - 1);
}
BotUtils.addJikaiUserRole(ju);
setup.end();
}
private void cancelSetup() {
setup.end();
JikaiUserManager.getInstance().removeUser(ju.getId());
timeOut.cancel(true);
}
private void timeOut() {
log.debug("Setup timed out!");
setup.addStage(BotUtils.makeSimpleEmbed(ju.getLocale().getString("setup_timed_out")), Collections.emptyList(), null, null, true, true);
setup.skipToStage(setup.getStages() - 1);
setup.end();
JikaiUserManager.getInstance().removeUser(ju.getId());
}
private void yesNoOption(String cp, Runnable yes, Runnable no) {
switch (cp) {
case noUni -> no.run();
case yesUni -> yes.run();
}
}
private void yesNoOption(String cp, Consumer<Boolean> check) {
switch (cp) {
case noUni -> check.accept(false);
case yesUni -> check.accept(true);
}
}
public static void runSetup(JikaiUser ju, Jikai j) {
ju.setTimeZone(j.getJikaiData().getTimeZone());
new JikaiUserSetup(ju, j).startSetup();
}
}
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http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/7c4a7d56-e244-11e8-b690-01aa75ed71a1_5
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Open Government
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CC-By
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International cooperation with Africa in FP6 : project synopses.
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In terms of development, the project proposes to continue to alleviate the workload for women by promoting appropriate processes and equipments to make new products with consistent technological and organoleptic characteristics and of higher nutritional quality. Its originality lies in the fact that equipment will be manufactured locally with local raw materials and processes that are simple and easy to use, at lower costs. The consequence of the development of new products (better perception of consumer preferences) and processes is to be assessed during the project. Information is to be collected from along the market chain, concerning income and employment, but also gender issues and SME organisation (commercial strategy, innovation management, etc). Moreover, the new products are aimed at local populations but, given their dietetic properties, they will encourage the creation of niche export markets and serve to diversify the range of cereal products in Europe. 127 Food Security FonIo COORDINATOR Jean-François Cruz Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) Département des cultures annuelles TA70/16, 73, avenue J. F. Breton 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France E-mail: jean-francois. cruz@cirad. fr Tel. (33) 467 61 57 17 Fax (33) 467 61 44 44 CONTRACTORS Dr Inge Brouwer Wageningen University Division of Human Nutrition Bomenweg 2 6700 EV Wageningen Netherlands E-mail: inge. brouwer@wur. nl Tel. (31-317) 40 59 20 Fax (31-317) 48 33 42 Dr Didier Stilmant Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Farming Systems Section Rue de Liroux 9 5030 Gembloux Belgium E-mail: stilmant@cra. wallonie. be Tel. (32-61) 23 10 10 Fax (32-61) 23 10 28 Dr Dore Guindo Institut d’économie rurale (IER) Laboratoire de technologie alimentaire B. P. 258, Rue Mohamed V Bamako Mali E-mail: dore. guindo@ier. ml Tel. (223-224) 78 53 Fax (223-222) 37 75 Thierno Alimou Diallo Institut de recherche agronomique de Guinée (IRAG) Centre de recherche agronomique de Bareng B. P. 1523, Boulevard du commerce Conakry Guinea E-mail: talimdiallo@yahoo. fr Tel. (224-11) 28 29 54 Fax (224-11) 45 50 42 Dr Éric Vall Centre international de recherche-développe- ment sur l’élevage en zone subhumide (CIRDES) URPAN N° 559, rue 5-31 angle avenue Gouverneur Louveau 01 Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso E-mail: cirdes@ird. bf Tel. (226-2097) 20 53 Fax (226-2097) 23 20 Babacar Toure ENDA Sahel et Afrique de l’Ouest ENDA Graf Sahel Cité Millionnaire Grand Yoff 13069 Dakar Senegal E-mail: graf@enda. sn Tel. (221-827) 20 25 Fax (221-827) 32 15 Developing Countries 128 sAFruIT Sahelian Fruit Trees Period: 01/01/2006 to 31/12/2009 Budget from EC: EUR 1 499 996 website: http://www. safruit. org Contract number: 015465 specific Targeted research Project Coordinator: Dr Anders Ræbild The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL) ConTexT And objeCTIves exPeCTed resulTs And ouTCoMes By the end of the project, it is expected that people in the villages studied will get a higher proportion of their nutrition, and experience higher benefits from fruit trees. This should result from adoption of technologies and management guidelines developed by the project, including: • improved access for poor people to cultivate trees; • better marketing strategies; • better understanding of the impact of trees on annual crops grown underneath; • methods for propagation of trees that can be used by villagers; • new varieties or better seed sources of the four tree species; • effective ways for distribution of tree seed and seedlings to farmers. Dissemination of knowledge should impact on the whole subregion five years after the project has finished. People in the Sahel are among the poorest in the world and food security problems are severe. Fruit trees are essential in the diets of rural people, providing: • nutrients and vitamins to diets otherwise dominated by cereals; • food at times where stocks of annual crops are low; • sources of income through commercialisation. Despite the generally accepted importance of trees, most food security programmes focus on cereals. The potential of fruit trees is under-utilised. The SAFRUIT project aims to increase food security and livelihoods for people in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, through facilitating access to knowledge concerning four native fruit tree species. ACTIvITIes The project has a holistic approach involving researchers from social (including economic) and natural sciences. The aim of improving food security through increased use of fruit trees will thus be obtained through studies of: • institutional constraints and opportunities for use of trees; • marketing of fruit tree products; • interactions (competition and synergy) between fruit trees and annual crops; • appropriate technologies for vegetative propagation at village level; • genetic variation of the selected species, enabling selection and development of superior genotypes; for distribution of • alternative pathways tree germplasm. Furthermore, the project will have a strong dissemination component reaching a wide range of stakeholders, including farmers, technicians, scientists and policymakers. The project will focus on four important tree species in the region: Adansonia digitata (baobab), Parkia biglobosa (African locust bean), Tamarindus indica (Tamarind tree) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Jujube or Indian Jujube). 129 Food Security sAFruIT COORDINATOR Dr Anders Ræbild The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL) Forest & Landscape Denmark Department for genetic resources of woody plants Hørsholm Kongevej 11 2970 Hørsholm Denmark E-mail: are@kvl. dk Tel. (45) 35 28 16 19 Fax (45) 35 28 15 17 CONTRACTORS Mr Moussa Ouedraogo Centre national de semences forestières 01 B. P. 2682, Route de Kaya Ouagadougou 01 Burkina Faso E-mail: cnsf@fasonet. bf Tel. (226) 50 35 61 11 Fax (226) 50 35 61 10 Dr Jules Bayala Institut de l’environnement et de recherches agricoles Département productions forestières 03 B. P. 7047 Ouagadougou 03 Burkina Faso E-mail: jules. bayala@coraf. org Tel. (226) 5033 40 98 Fax (226) 5034 02 71 Dr Haby Sanou Institut d’économie rurale Programme ressources forestières — Sotuba Avenue Mohamed V B. P. 258 Bamako Mali E-mail: haby. sanou@ier. ml Tel. (223) 224 64 28 Fax (223) 223 37 75 Dr Amadou Niang World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Sahel Regional Programme Bamako Mali E-mail: a. niang@cgiar. org Tel. (223) 222 50 00 Fax (223) 222 86 83 Dr Zavati Hassane Institut national de la recherche agronomique du Niger Département gestion des ressources naturelles B. P. 429 Niamey Niger E-mail: inran@intnet. ne Tel. (227) 72 53 89 Prof Dov Pasternak International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics ICRISAT — Niamey (Regional hub West and Central Africa) P. O. Box 12404 Niamey Niger E-mail: d. pasternak@cgiar. org Tel. (227) 72 25 29 Fax (227) 73 43 29 Ms Jolanda van den Berg Landbouw Economisch Instituut (LEI) B. V. Department of Public Issues P. O. Box 29703 2502 LS The Hague Netherlands E-mail: Jolanda. vandenberg@wur. nl Tel. (31-70) 335 81 65 Fax (31-70) 361 56 24 Dr Zewge Teklehaimanot University of Wales, Bangor School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Deniol Road Bangor LL57 2UW United Kingdom E-mail: z. teklehaimanot@bangor. ac. uk Tel. (44-1248) 38 26 39 Fax (44-1248) 35 49 97 Developing Countries 130 Contract number: 015459 specific Targeted research Project bAMlInK Molecular, Environmental and Nutritional Evaluation of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc. ) for Food Production in Semi-Arid Africa and India Coordinator: Dr Sayed Azam-Ali University of Nottingham Period: 01/01/2006 to 31/12/2009 Budget from EC: EUR 1 500 000 ConTexT And objeCTIves Bambara groundnut can contribute to food security for some of the world’s poorest people. Traditional landraces have good nutritional properties; drought tolerance and can yield protein-rich pods where other crops may fail. Recent EU-funded research has developed the first hybrids of bambara groundnut landraces. This proposal links partners in Africa, Europe and India in a project that combines molecular, environmental and nutritional studies and end-users of bambara groundnut. By dissecting the underlying genetics of the crop and testing its performance across a range of environments, the project will establish criteria and resources required for systematic, regional breeding and improvement programmes that minimise duplication of effort. Within four years collaborators will produce the first varieties of the crop, assess products for a range of uses and identify cultivars and management practices to optimise performance in specific environments. Two genetic linkage maps of bambara groundnut will be made — a ‘wide’ cross (cultivated x wild relative) and a ‘narrow’ cross (cultivated x cultivated), using AFLP, SSR and DArT markers. Collaborators will identify genes and QTL’s for drought, heat and cold tolerance and photoperiodic control of pod filling and will link genetic and biochemical composition of seeds from genotypes to quantify nutritional composition, nutritive value and processing potential. The development of micro-array-based accessions for landraces, micro-satellite markers and genetic maps for bambara groundnut, will be coupled with agronomic and through multi-environment physiological assessment, QTL analysis and the testing of common landraces across locations. Key traits will be dissected and markers developed. The genetics underlying nutritional and processing value will be assessed and new products developed through SMEs. At all stages end users will guide researchers towards desirable traits from new genetic material and novel products. 131 Food Security bAMlInK COORDINATOR Dr Sayed Azam-Ali University of Nottingham Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Sutton Bonington Campus Loughborough LE12 5RD United Kingdom E-mail: sayed. azam-ali@nottingham. ac. uk Tel. (44-115) 951 60 49 Fax (44-115) 951 60 60 CONTRACTORS Dr Samodimo Ngwako Botswana College of Agriculture Department of Crop Science and Production Content Farm, Sebele Gaborone Botswana E-mail: sngwako@bca. bw Tel. (26-73) 65 02 63 Fax (26-73) 92 87 53 Dr Jorgen L. Christiansen The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Department of Agricultural Sciences Thorvaldsensvej 40 Frederiksberg C 1871 Denmark E-mail: jlc@kvl. dk Tel. (45) 35 28 34 52 Fax (45) 35 28 34 68 Dr Werner Schenkel Technische Universität München Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenzüchtung Am Hochanger 2 85375 Freising Germany E-mail: schenkel@wzw. tum. de Tel. (49-816) 171 34 88 Fax (49-816) 171 45 11 Dr Hans Adu-Dapaah Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Crops Research Institute Legume Improvement Division Kumasi Ghana Tel. (233-51) 603 91 Fax (233-51) 601 42 Dr Mukti Sadhan Basu National Research Centre for Groundnut (ICAR) Ivnagar Road – P. O. Box 5 Junagadh (Gujarat) 362001 India E-mail: basu@nrcg. guj. nic. in Tel. (91-285) 267 25 50 Fax (91-285) 267 25 50 Prof. Makarla Udayakumar University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Crop Physiology Bangalore 560065 India E-mail: udayakumar_m@yahoo. com Tel. (91-802) 363 67 13 Fax (91-802) 363 67 13 Dr Martha Kandawa-Schulz University of Namibia Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue Windhoek Namibia E-mail: kschulz@unam. na Tel. (26-461) 206 36 35 Fax (26-461) 206 37 91 Dr Harvinder Talwar Central Arid Zone Research Institute Bangla Nagar Bikaner (Rajasthan) 334004 India Tel. (91-151) 31 01 10 32 Fax (91-151) 225 17 07 Dr Wazael Hillary Ntundu National Plant Genetic Resource Centre (NPGRC) Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI) P. O. Box 3024 Arusha Tanzania E-mail: wntundu@yahoo. com Tel. (25-527) 250 96 74 Fax (25-527) 250 96 74 Developing Countries 132 Contract number: 032217 specific Targeted research Project dAdobAT Domestication and development of baobab and tamarind Period: 01/12/2006 to 30/11/2010 Budget from EC: EUR 2 099 944 website: http://www. dadobat. soton. ac. uk/default. aspx ConTenT And objeCTIves Both baobab and tamarind are plant species with high potential for arid and semi-arid areas in the developing world. They can provide food, medicine, wood and a number of secondary processed products for income generation that can help meet the basic needs of an increasing number of people within a context of decreasing land availability. The strategic overall objectives of the project that will be addressed through a multi-pronged and multidisciplinary research approach are: evaluation and characterisation of germplasm collected in four African countries in different ecological zones (Benin, Ghana, Mali and Senegal); eco- physiological characterisation of field and greenhouse- grown material; domestication of superior germplasm material; development of adapted cropping techniques; development of adapted plant material for introduction into (traditional and improved) agroforestry systems; evaluation of nutritional/medicinal composition of different plant parts; improvement of processing/transformation of the species’ products; and development of (inter)national marketing strategies. The project addresses issues of new crop/niche development through a holistic research approach and envisages multidisciplinary activities to broaden availability of improved plant material for introduction into agroforestry systems. ACTIvITIes The project combines activities of research, capacity building and transfer to bridge the gap between knowledge and successful application of the results by the end users. The work plan is divided into six work packages (WPs) and a documentation and information dissemination work package: • WP1: field characterisation of plant material over different agro-ecological zones in the four countries, and matching of macroscopic characterisation using ‘traditional’ descriptors with results of molecular fingerprinting; • WP2: eco-physiological characterisation of plant material for understanding drought stress tolerance/ resistance in situ and ex situ; Coordinator: Prof Dr ir. Patrick Van Damme University of Ghent • WP3: domestication: determination of optimal germination conditions and maximum germination rates; • WP4: development of improved cropping techniques: pruning, irrigation, fertilisers, etc. ; • WP5: characterisation of nutritional and medicinal properties of primary and secondary products; • WP6: production and marketing chain analysis, including socio-economics and SWOT analysis. exPeCTed resulTs And ouTCoMes • Morphological and genotypic characterisation, inventory and presentation of genetic resources conserved ex situ in the different countries are completed. Superior germplasm of baobab and tamarind for further eco- and propagation/ physiological domestication studies is selected. The main pests/ diseases/weeds involved are identified. characterisation • Drought tolerance of tamarind and baobab, and their photosynthesis and WUE behaviour are understood. • Dormancy breaking mechanisms are known and documented of baobab and tamarind. Participative propagation/multiplication techniques are defined, and needed for subsequent sustainable planting. • Improved protocols for cropping of baobab and tamarind are developed, and needed for subsequent extension and vulgarisation. Irrigation water use of baobab and tamarind is documented and known for different development stages. • Ethnobotanical profiles of baobab/tamarind are documented. Processing methods are documented. • The main problems affecting commercialisation, marketing and price formation are documented and known; this result is needed to be able to develop sustainable marketing strategies for the different baobab and tamarind (by-)products. 133 Food Security dAdobAT COORDINATOR Prof Dr ir. Patrick Van Damme University of Ghent Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany Department of Plant Production Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Coupure links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium E-mail: Patrick. VanDamme@Ugent. be Tel. (32-9) 264 60 87 Fax (32-9) 264 62 41 CONTRACTORS Dr Nazmul Haq University of Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops School of Civil Engineering and the Environment Environmental Sciences University Road Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom E-mail: Haq@soton. ac. uk Tel. (44-2380) 59 42 29 Fax (44-2380) 67 75 19 Prof Christian Vogl University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Institute of Organic Farming, Working Group: Knowledge Systems and Innovations Department for Sustainable Agricultural Systems Gregor Mendel Straße 33 1180 Vienna Austria E-mail: christian. vogl@boku. ac. at Tel. (43-1) 476 54 37 52 Fax (43-1) 476 54 37 92 Prof Brice Sinsin University of Abomey-Calavi Laboratory of Applied Ecology Faculty of Agronomic Sciences 01 P. O. Box 526 Cotonou Benin E-mail: bsinsin@bj. refer. org Tel. (229) 90 02 68 57 Fax (229) 21 30 30 84 Dr Amadou M. Kouyaté Institute of Rural Economy Forest Resources Program 206 street, 30 door P. O. Box 16 Sikasso Mali E-mail: Amadou. Kouyate@ier. ml, amadou. kouy- ate@ier-mali. org Tel. (223) 262 01 07 Fax (223) 262 03 49 Anthony Botchway Bomarts Farms Limited OFF Nsumia Road Dobro E/R, P. O. Box 124 Dobro Ghana E-mail: abotchway@bomarts. nat Tel. (233-81) 911 54 Fax (233-83) 222 60 Dr Dogo Seck Regional Centre for Studies on the Improvement of Plant Adaptation to Drought P. O. Box 3320 Thiès Senegal E-mail: ceraas@sentoo. sn Tel. (221) 951 49 93 / 951 49 94 Fax (221) 951 49 95 Developing Countries 134 Contract number: 032059 specific Targeted research Project MArAMAII Development of innovative and healthful maramabean (Tylosema esculentum) products targetting niche markets Period: 01/01/2007 to 31/12/2009 Budget from EC: EUR 1 300 000 Coordinator: Prof Dr Aase Hansen Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University ConTexT And objeCTIves exPeCTed resulTs And ouTCoMes MARAMAII will contribute valuable information about the potential use of marama beans, due to increased knowledge of the following: how to produce marama bean products, factors influencing the shelf life of the products, and the nutrition values, potential antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic activity of marama beans and products. Manuals for the production of marama bean products will be a constituent part of the outcomes. It is expected that the project will create awareness amongst the stakeholders of: • the agricultural value chain of the potential of marama; • the range of products that can be produced; • the quality and desirable attributes of the bean and value added products; • the health effects of consuming the beans and bean products; • potential target markets for bean products. The marama bean is an under-utilised legume crop native to the Kalahari Desert, the neighbouring sandy regions of Botswana and Namibia and the Transvaal region of South Africa. It forms part of the diet of the indigenous population in these countries. The overall objective of MARAMAII is to improve food safety and diversify livelihoods for poor people in Southern Africa through the development of healthful marama bean products. The products will be targeted initially to niche markets in Southern Africa as well as internationally. ACTIvITIes The project will work closely with small and medium- sized enterprises in Southern Africa and gain knowledge for commercial processing of the marama bean, including factors which influence product quality. This will be done by: • conducting consumer and market studies in Southern Africa to investigate the acceptability of marama bean and its products and identify potential target markets for the products; • optimising post-harvest methods for dehulling and processing the beans for the development of a range of high-quality, value-added, marama-based food products including marama oil, marama texturised protein products, roasted marama nuts and marama milk; • evaluating the quality of the processed products including texture, flavour, taste, and the shelf life of the products during storage; • evaluating the health benefits of the marama bean and its products by investigating the potential for the following: anti-microbial activity, immunomodulatory and physiologic activities, antioxidant activity, direct anti-HIV properties, and anticarcinogenic activity on different cancer cell lines. 135 Food Security MArAMAII COORDINATOR Prof Dr Aase Hansen Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Department of Food Science Rolighedsvej 30 1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark E-mail: aah@kvl. dk Tel. : (45-35) 28 32 41 Fax: (45-35) 28 32 45 CONTRACTORS Dr José Jackson University of Botswana Office of Research and Development P. O. Box 00708 Gabarone Botswana E-mail: maletej@mopipi. ub. bw Tel. : (267-355) 29 03 Fax: (267-395) 75 73 Prof Amanda Minnaar University of Pretoria Department of Food Science Lynnwood Road 0002 Pretoria South Africa E-mail: amanda. minnaar@up. ac. za Tel. : (27-12) 420 32 39 Fax: (27-12) 420 28 39 Dr Martha A. Kandawa-Schulz University of Namibia Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry P/bag 13301 Windhoek Namibia E-mail: kschulz@unam. na Tel. : (264-61) 206 36 35 Fax: (264-61) 206 37 91 Dr Margarida Dias Lima de Faria Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical Rua da Junqueira 30 1349-007 Lisboa Portugal E-mail: cetno@iict. pt Tel. : (351-21) 360 05 81 Fax: (351-21) 360 05 87 Prof Avrelija Cencic University of Maribor Faculty of Agriculture Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Biotech Vrbanska 30 2000 Maribor Slovenia E-mail: avrelija. cencic@uni-mb. si Tel. : (386-2) 250 58 00 Fax: (386-2) 229 60 71 Prof Ralph Christy Market Matters Inc 401 S. Albany St. 14850 Ithaca, New York United States E-mail: rdc6@cornell. edu Tel. : (1-607) 277 31 78 Fax: (1-646) 720 00 85 Developing Countries 136 Contract number: 032103 specific Targeted research Project boMosA Integrating BOMOSA cage fish farming systems in reservoirs, ponds and temporary water bodies in Eastern Africa Period: 01/10/2006 to 30/09/2009 Budget from EC: EUR 1 499 998,60 website: * (see below) ConTexT And objeCTIves The BOMOSA cage-based fish farming system is intended as a network of small-scale, locally-run operations whereby rural communities will set up and run the plots both during and after completion of the INCO-DEV research project. For that reason, the project science and technology objectives are also related to the fulfilment of locally and regionally defined socio-economic targets (such as demands and preferences, farming and integration with existing other economic activities, and the ethics and roles of women) rather than purely concerned with achieving fish productivity targets. in share Three eastern African countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda) sustainable common problems management of sensitive and dynamic ecosystems. These countries also face deficits in the supply of high-protein food and an ongoing battle to alleviate rural poverty. The BOMOSA scheme uses an existing fish farm (‘hub’) to supply fingerlings (mainly Nile Tilapia at approximately 25g) for rearing within suitable water bodies such as reservoirs, ponds, and naturally occurring temporary water bodies formed during the rainy season. Farmers will be trained to rear the fish in cages in their ‘plots’, harvest them for fresh consumption, sell the fish locally, or process them for long-term keeping i. e. drying, smoking, and packaging. The fish will be a high-protein dietary supplement and/or an additional source of income for subsistence farmers. Coordinator: Prof Herwig Waidbacher University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna technologies as a resource for sustainable production of low-protein fish feed. A main point of the project will be to determine requirements and make recommendations for a legal and regulatory framework based on potential veterinary, public health, and environmental impacts of BOMOSA. Another major outcome of the project is to develop capacity-building and dissemination material for the local community, relevant authorities, policy makers, and the international scientific community. In addition, the project will develop a socio-economic model for sustainable introduction and widespread uptake of the BOMOSA scheme in eastern Africa. exPeCTed resulTs And ouTCoMes The BOMOSA system will be further developed and optimised for use in four eco-zones within Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda within the current INCO-DEV research project. As a result, 14 Bomosa plots will be set up for research and validation, each served from hubs (fish hatcheries) within each country. Furthermore, the fisheries management authorities will initiate the establishment of an institutional framework. Each of the plots will have its own plot committee to ensure relevance in improving local socio-economic conditions through early empowerment of local stakeholders. The lessons learnt, best practices, physical and socio-economic potential, risks, and prerequisites for widespread uptake of the BOMOSA scheme will be analysed in detail and presented at the Bomosa International Conference as the dissemination highlight of the BOMOSA project. ACTIvITIes The first activity of the project will be to apply a participatory approach to define targets in terms of economic viability and social acceptability at community levels for the new Bomosa plots. After this preparatory work, the next step is to develop and validate an evaluation method using remote sensing to assess and characterise water bodies for use as potential Bomosa plots. This information will then be used to set up several plots and optimise the technology for small water bodies within four eco-zones across Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. Besides arranging the plots, a task group will evaluate the locally available agricultural by-products and cost-effective processing * website: https://forschung. boku. ac. at/fis/suchen. projekt_ uebersicht?sprache_in=en&menue_id_in=300&id_in=6191 137 Food Security boMosA COORDINATOR Prof Herwig Waidbacher Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna) Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment Max Emanuel Straße 17 1180 Vienna Austria E-mail: herwig. waidbacher@boku. ac. at Tel. (43-1) 476 54 52 22 Fax (43-1) 476 54 52 17 CONTRACTORS Mag Gerold Winkler Austrian Academy of Sciences Institute for Limnology Mondseestraße 9 5310 Mondsee Austria E-mail: gerold. winkler@oeaw. ac. at Tel. (43-6232) 40 79 Fax (43-6232) 35 78 Dr Jan Pokorny ENKI, o. p. s. Dukelska 145 37901 Trebon Czech Republic E-mail: pokorny@enki. cz Tel. (420-384) 72 43 46 Fax (420-384) 72 43 46 Dr Maria Letizia Fioravanti Alma Mater Studiorum ― Università di Bologna Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Laboratory of Fish Pathology Depart. of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 40064, Ozzano Emilia (BO) Italy E-mail: fioravanti@vet. unibo. it Tel. (39-5120) 970 68 Fax (39-5120) 970 39 Dr David Liti Moi University Department of Biological Sciences P. O. Box 1125 30100 Eldoret Kenya E-mail: d_liti@yahoo. co. uk Tel. (254-722) 38 11 29 Dr Raphael Mbaluka Department of Fisheries, Kenya Sagana Fish Culture Farm P. O. Box 26 Sagana Kenya E-mail: mbaluka@yahoo. com Tel. (254-60) 460 41 Fax (254-60) 460 41 Dr Jonathan Munguti Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) KMFRI, Sangoro Aquaculture Station P. O. Box 136 Sangoro Nyakwere Kenya E-mail: jonathanmunguti@hotmail. com Tel. (254-722) 62 27 32 Dr Njeri R. Muhia Egerton University Department of Economics P. O. Box 536 20107 Njoro Kenya E-mail: njeriwamuhia@yahoo. com Tel. (254-51) 221 08 92 Fax (254-51) 650 85 Dr Zenebe Tadesse Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research National Fisheries and Other Living Aquatic Resources Research Center, Sebetha P. O. Box 64 Sebeta Ethiopia E-mail: fishaqua@ethione. et Tel. (251-13) 800 23 Fax (251-13) 806 57 Dr Waiswa Wilson Mwanja Department of Fisheries Resources, Uganda Department of Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries Luggard Avenue plot 29, P. O. Box 4 Entebbe Uganda E-mail: wwmwanja@yahoo. com Tel. (256-77) 59 49 23 Fax (256-41) 32 13 34 Developing Countries 138 Contract number: 032448 Coordination Action CoMPeTe Competence Platform on Energy Crop and Agroforestry Systems for Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems - Africa Period: 01/01/2007 to 31/12/2009 Budget from EC: EUR 1 497 000 website: www. compete-bioafrica. net ConTexT And objeCTIves The objective of the project ‘Competence Platform on Energy Crop and Agroforestry Systems for Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems — Africa’ (COMPETE) is to stimulate bioenergy implementation in arid and semi-arid regions in Africa. COMPETE will establish a platform for policy dialogue and capacity building in the major multi- and bi-lateral funding organisations, and for key stakeholders throughout the bioenergy provision and supply chains. As global fossil energy resources become constrained, bioenergy is emerging as a major potential resource. The arid and semi-arid regions of Africa and Latin America have, in theory, very large areas of land (and associated water and human resources) ‘available’ for bioenergy production. However, the production of biomass for energy will have substantial impacts (positive and negative) on ecosystems and cultures of these target regions. The protection of biodiversity, rural livelihoods and management of scarce water resources are critical considerations in any analysis of the potential for sustainable bioenergy provision in arid and semi-arid regions. Similarly, while modern bioenergy could contribute significantly to poverty alleviation in rural areas, the effects of changes to the supplies of natural resources and ownership of those resources must be an integral part of the development options proposed. Therefore, a comprehensive, multidisciplinary assessment of current land use, energy demand and technology innovation focused on Africa, will be carried out through COMPETE. It will link implementation activities, policy development, trade, funding and South-South-EU cooperation. The improved knowledge of national and regional land use and technology options generated, will provide the local and international partners with the basis for a complete assessment of social, environmental and economic impacts. Finally, all the outputs of COMPETE will be integrated into a carefully designed dissemination strategy targeted at decision-makers and stakeholders. Coordinator: WIP — Dr Rainer Janssen Renewable Energies COORDINATOR Dr Rainer Janssen WIP Renewable Energies Sylvensteinstr. 2 D-81369 Munich Germany Dipl. -Ing. Dominik Rutz M. Sc. Email: rainer. janssen@wip-munich. de dominik. rutz@wip-munich. de http://www. wip-munich. de CONTRACTORS Dr Jeremy Woods, Dr Rocio A. Diaz- Chavez Imperial Centre for Energy Policy and Technology (ICEPT) 4th Floor, RSM Prince Consort Road London SW7 2BP United Kingdom Email: jeremy. woods@imperial. ac. uk r. diaz-chavez@imperial. ac. uk Dr André Faaij Dr Veronika Dornburg Ms Birka Wicke Utrecht University Department of Science, Technology and Society Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development Padualaan 8 3584 CS Utrecht The Netherlands Email: a. p. c. faaij@chem. uu. nl v. dornburg@chem. uu. nl b. wicke@chem. uu. nl http://www. chem. uu. nl/nws Mr Francis Johnson Stockholm Environment Institute Lilla Nygatan 1 10314 Stockholm Sweden Email: francis. johnson@sei. se http://www. sei. se Mr Werner Körbitz Austrian Biofuels Institute Graben 14-3 1014 Vienna Austria Email: werner. koerbitz@biodiesel. at http://www. biodiesel. at 139 Food Security CoMPeTe C Mr Manfred Wörgetter Höhere Bundeslehr- und Forschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Landtechnik und Lebensmitteltechnologie Francisco Josephinum BLT - Biomass, Logistics, Technology Rottenhauserstr. 1 3250 Wieselburg Austria Email: manfred. woergetter@josephinum. at http://www. blt. bmlfuw. gv. at Mr Maurizio Cocchi ETA - Energia, Trasporti, Agricoltura s. r. l. Piazza Savonarola 10 50132 Florence Italy Email: maurizio. cocchi@etaflorence. it http://www. etaflorence. it Dr Giuliano Grassi Mr Stephane Senechal European Biomass Industry Association Rue d’Arlon 63-65 B-1040 Brussels Belgium Email: eubia@eubia. org http://www. eubia. org Mr Teodoro Sanchez Practical Action Bourton Hall Bourton on Dunsmore CV 23 9QZ, Rugby United Kingdom Email: teodoro. sancehz@practicalaction. org. uk http://www. practicalaction. org Prof Giuseppe G. Ristori Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Piazzale Aldo Moro 7 00185 Rome Italy Email: ristori@ise. cnr. it http://www. cnr. it Dr Paul van Aalst E+Co, Inc. 383 Franklin Street 07003 Bloomfield USA Email: paul@energyhouse. com http://www. energyhouse. com Mr Stefan Peter, Mr Harry Lehmann Institute for Sustainable Solutions and Innovation Herzogstrasse 6 52070 Aachen Germany Email: sp@isusi. de, hl@isusi. de http://www. isusi. de Developing Countries Mr Greg Austin, Mr Glynn Morris AGAMA Energy (Pty) Ltd 9b Bell Crescent Close Westlake Business Park Westlake, 7945 South Africa Email: reg@agama. co. za, glynn@agama. co. za http://www. agama. co. za Prof Francis D. Yamba Center for Energy, Environment and Engineering Zambia P/Bag E721 Plot No 1634 Malambo Road Contract Hauledge Premises 10101 Lusaka Zambia Email: yambafd@yahoo. com, ceez@coppernet. zm Dr Jean-Phillipe Thomas Environnement et Développement du Tiers-Monde BP 3370 54 Rue Carnot Dakar Senegal Email: nda. energy@sentoo. sn, http://www. enda. sn Dr Lindiwe Sibanda, Dr Douglas Merrey Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network of Southern Africa Private Bag X831 141 Cresswell Street, Silverton 0127 Pretoria South Africa Email: lmsibanda@mweb. co. za d. merrey@cgiar. org http://www. fanrpan. org Mr Stefan De Keyser FELISA Company Limited, PO Box 1349 Kigoma Tanzania Email: farmingforenergy@yahoo. com Mr Ibrahim Togola Mali-Folkecenter PO Box BP E4211 Faladie Sema, Rue 851, Porte 181 Bamako Mali Email: itogola@malifolkecenter. org http://www. malifolkecenter. org Dr. Kingiri Senelwa MOI University PO Box 3900 Eldoret - Nairobi Road 30100 Eldoret, Kenya Email: senelwas@yahoo. co. uk http://www. mu. ac. ke 140 Mr Estomih Sawe Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organisation PO Box 23794 Kijitonyama 225 Dar es Salaam Tanzania Email: nergy@tatedo. org http://www. tatedo. org Mr Mamadou Dianka UEMOA - Biomass Energy Regional Program (PRBE) PO Box 543 380 Rue Agostino Neto Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Email: mdianka@uemoa. int http://www. uemoa. int Dr Helen Watson University of KwaZulu-Natal P/Bag x54001 University Road Chiltern Hills 3630 Westville - Durban South Africa Email: watsonh@ukzn. ac. za http://www. ukzn. ac. za Mr Stanford Mwakasonda University of Cape Town Energy Research Centre Lover’s Walk Bremner Building 7700 Rondebosch - Cape Town South Africa Email: tanford@erc. uct. ac. za http://www. erc. uct. ac. za Prof Erda Lin Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 12 Zhongguancun South Street Haidian District 100081 Beijing China Email: lined@ami. ac. cn http://www. caas. net. cn Prof Jose Moreira Centro Nacional de Referencia em Biomassa Av. Engº Luis Carlos Berrini, 1297 - cj 121 04571. 010 Cidade Monções São Paulo Brazil Email: bun2@tsp. com. br http://www. cenbio. org. br CoMPeTe Prof N. H. Ravindranath Indian Institute of Science Malleshwaram 560 012 Bangalore India Email: ravi@ces. iisc. ernet. in http://www. iisc. ernet. in Mr Padam Parkash Bhojvaid The Energy and Resources Institute Darbari Seth Block IHC Complex Lodhi Road 110003 New Delhi India Email: ppbhoj@teri. res. in http://www. teriin. org Dr Omar Masera Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico PO Box 27-3STA MA. De Ant. Carrt a Patzcuaro 8701 Exhacienda de San Jose de la Huerta 58190 Morelia, Mich. Mexico Email: omasera@oikos. unam. mx http://www. unam. mx Dr Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter Universidade Estadual de Campinas DE/FEM/Unicamp Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz 13083-970 Campinas Brazil Email: awalter@fem. unicamp. br http://www. unicamp. br Mr. Sobhanbabu Patragadda Winrock International India 1 Navjeevan Vihar India Email: sobhan@winrockindia. org http://www. winrockindia. org Dr Francesca Farioli Interuniversity Research Centre for Sustainable Development - University of Rome “La Sapienza” Via della Polveriera n. 37 00184 Rome Italy Email: francesca. farioli@uniroma1. it http://www. cirps. it Dr Siri Eriksen Prof Jan Hesselberg Universitetet i Oslo PO Box 1072 Problemveien 7 0316 Oslo Norway Email: s. e. h. eriksen@sgeo. uio. no jan. hesselberg@sgeo. uio. no http://www. iss. uio. no Contract number: 032448 Coordination Action Dr Wolfgang Knorr Prof Michael Benton University of Bristol Department of Earth Sciences Wills Memorial Building Queen’s Road Bristol BS8 1RJ United Kingdom Email: wolfgang. knorr@bristol. ac. uk, mike. benton@bristol. ac. uk http://www. bris. ac. uk Dr Donald Kgathi University of Botswana Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Center Private Bag 0022 4775 Notwane Road / Nyerere Drive Gaborone Botswana Email: kgathi@mopipi. ub. bw http://www. ub. bw Prof Gavin Fraser University of Fort Hare Private Bag X1314 King Williams Town Road 5700 Alice South Africa Email: gfraser@ufh. ac. za http://www. ufh. ac. za Mr Andrew Emmott TWIN Third Floor 1 Curtain Road London EC2A 3LT United Kingdom Email: AndrewEmmott@twin. org. uk http://www. twin. org. uk Dr Suneerat Pipatmanomai Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment 91 Prachauthit Road Bangmod Tungkru 10140 Bangkok Thailand Email: suneerat_p@jgsee. kmutt. ac. th http://www. jgsee. kmutt. ac. th Ms Laeticia Mukurasi African Development Bank Group 15 Avenue du Ghana Angles des rues Pierre de Coubertin et Hedi Nouira 1002 Tunis Tunisia Email: l. mukurasi@afdb. org http://www. afdb. org Ms Jane Stewart Ms Jessica Abbott Mr Stephen Mutimba Energy for Sustainable Development Ltd. Overmoor SN 13 9TZ Neston United Kingdom Email: jane@esd. co. uk jessica. abbott@esd. co. uk smutimba@esda. co. ke http://www. esd. co. uk Dr Grant Ballard-Tremeer Eco Ltd. PO Box 900 London, Bromley, BR1 9FF United Kingdom Email: mailto Dr. Grant Ballard-Tremeer http://www. ecoharmony. com Prof Mengjie Wang Chinese Association of Rural Energy Industry Maizidianjie 41 Chaoyang 100026 Beijing China Email: bcarei@163bj. com http://www. carei. org. cn Dr Gustavo Best Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy Email: Gustavo. Best@fao. org http://www. fao. org Mr Toby Janson-Smith Conservation International Foundation 191M Street NW Suite 600 DC 20036 Washington DC USA Email: tjanson@conservation. org http://www. conservation. org Mr Michael Madjera Foederation Evangelischer Kirchen in Mitteldeutschland Am Dom 2 39104 Magdeburg Germany Email: michael. madjera@ekmd. de http://www. ekmd. de 141 Food Security Contract number: 043863 specific support Action AIdA Unlocking the Potentialities of Agriculture in Africa s Drylands for fighting hunger Period: 01/01/2007 – 31/12/2008 Budget from EC: EUR 372,000 website: http://www. open-si. com/ Coordinator: Dr Daniel Clavel Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) ConTexT And objeCTIves ACTIvITIes And exPeCTed resulTs In Dryland Africa (annual rainfall between 300 and 800 mm), climate change is an additional stress factor and poverty and recurrent drought affect millions of people as testified by the severe food crisis faced by Niger and Kenya in 2005/2006. The African Union and NEPAD recognize that, although agriculture is the mainstay of African economies and the main source of food of rural livelihoods, a very limited budget allocation is devoted to this sector (5% on average) and that the international aid is low. However, recent studies show that drylands people are resilient and open to innovation. In this context, SSA Africa 2006 will develop criteria and benchmark indicators for assessing impact of agricultural research and development projects and community driven innovations in Africa s drylands. The project is designed to document and analyse interventions and success stories on the sustainable use of drylands in order to identify the drivers behind the successes with a view of developing policy options and management strategies. Focus is on building capacity to generate knowledge about long-term trends and innovations in agriculture and environment in drylands and integrating the knowledge of farmers, communities and research. Case studies are undertaken by inter-disciplinary groups of postgraduate students supervised by international experts from Africa and Europe. Communities, universities, research institutions and policymakers will prioritise and define policy options for up-scaling the results. The expected outcomes are (a) an international database of successful innovations in sustainable land management and agriculture in Africa’s drylands, (b) a methodological framework for analysing case studies and prioritising options for improving agriculture productivity in drylands, (c) policy briefs for supporting national and international decision-making capacity built through postgraduate training, participation in expert working groups and international workshops. 143 Food Security AIdA COORDINATOR Dr Daniel Clavel Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) Agrobiodiversity in Savannah Environments 42, rue Scheffer Paris France Fax +33-467 61 71 57 CONTRACTORS Dr Jan Verhagen Plant Research International B. V. Business Unit Agrosystems Droevendaalsesteeg 1 Wageningen The Netherlands Fax +31-317 42 31 10 Prof Agnes Wakesho Mwangombe University of Nairobi Faculty of Agriculture University Way Nairobi Kenya Fax +254-206 31 12 55 Dr Philippe Morant AGRHYMET Regional Centre Information and Research Department Centre AGRHYMET Niamey Niger Fax +227-20315435 Ms Patricia Masanganise Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture RUForum Secretariat 151 Garden Hill Makerere Main University Campus Kampala Uganda Fax +256-41 53 41 53 Dr George Yobe Kanyama-Phiri University of Malawi Bunda College University Way Lilongwe Malawi Fax +265-127 73 64 Dr Monty Jones Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa c/o Arnold & Porter (UK) Ltd. 25 Old Broad Street London Tower 42 London UK Fax +233-21 77 36 76 Dr Judith Francis Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA) S&T Strategies Programme, Information & Com- munication, Management Skills and Systems Department Agro Business Park 2 6708 PW Wageningen The Netherlands Fax +31-317 46 00 67 Developing Countries 144 Contract number: 510561 Coordination Action ICTTd Integrated consortium on ticks and tick-borne diseases Period: 1/09/2004 to 31/08/2008 Budget from EC: EUR 1 842 000 website: www. icttd. nl Coordinator: Prof Dr Frans Jongejan Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ConTexT And objeCTIves exPeCTed resulTs And ouTCoMes All information generated by the CA project will be disseminated through ICTTD seminars, special publications and through printed and electronic versions of a newsletter on ticks and tick-borne diseases of livestock in the (sub)tropics. Tick-borne diseases (TBD) are responsible for major drops in livestock production and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Asia. The aim of this Coordination Action (CA) is to support a research programme on tick- borne diseases jointly executed by a consortium of 45 institutions in 30 different countries. The CA will focus on tick-host-pathogen interactions to identify concrete means of control that reduce the prevalence of TBD in (sub) tropical countries. ACTIvITIes The project will generate a cluster of integrated databases containing information on ticks, hosts, and pathogens that will be crucial for the correct identification of ticks and the precise differential diagnosis of pathogens. The CA will function as a forum to discuss, evaluate, and recommend changes regarding biosystematics and molecular phylogeny of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. Integrated molecular diagnostic test kits will be distributed to provide research tools for comparative epidemiological studies on tick- borne pathogens. Prevalence data on ticks and tick-borne pathogens will be linked to remotely sensed eco-climatic data to create predictive maps for geographical distribution of tropical ticks and TBD in target regions. Genomics and proteomics data will be used to design integrated vaccine strategies targeting ticks and pathogens to reduce dependency on chemical tick control. The CA will act as a focal point for setting up consortia on novel genomics and sequencing projects particularly for ticks. Differential gene expression studies will be facilitated using sequences from ticks, hosts, and pathogens to provide insight into the three-way interactions of genes within the tick-host- pathogen triangle. 145 Food Security ICTTd COORDINATOR Prof Dr Frans Jongejan Utrecht University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Parasitology & Tropical Veterinary Medicine P. O. Box 80. 165 3508 TD, Utrecht Netherlands E-mail: f. jongejan@vet. uu. nl Tel. (31-30) 253 25 68 Fax (31-30) 254 07 84 CONTRACTORS Dr Alberto L. Guglielmone Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela C. C. 2300 Santa Fe 3200, Rafaela Argentina E-mail: aguglielmone@rafaela. inta. gov. ar Tel. (54-3492) 44 01 21 Fax (54-3492) 44 01 14 Dr Dirk Geysen Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine Dept. of Animal Health Nationalestraat 155 2000, Antwerpen Belgium E-mail: dgeysen@itg. be Tel. (32-3) 247 62 64 Fax (32-3) 23 47 62 68 Prof Gervásio H. Bechara Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Dept. of Animal Pathology SP 14. 870. 000, Jaboticabal Brazil E-mail: bechara@fcav. unesp. br Tel. (55-16) 32 09 26 62 Fax (55-16) 32 02 47 25 Prof Marcelo Labruna Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Dept. de Medicina Vet. Preventiva e Saúde Animal Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 Cidade Universitária SP 05508-000, São Paulo Brazil E-mail: labruna@usp. br Tel. (55-11) 30 91-7703 Fax (55-11) 30 91-7928 Dr Frédéric Stachurski Centre international de recherche Développement sur l’élevage en zone subhumide Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée B. P. 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01 Burkina-Faso E-mail: stachurski@fasonet. bf Tel. (226) 97 46 35 Fax (226) 97 23 20 Dr Baoan Yao Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Veterinary Science Wuchang Lion Mountain Street 430070, Hubei China E-mail: baoanyao110@sina. com / yaobaoan@ mail. hzau. edu. cn Tel. (86-27) 87 28 08 01 Fax (86-027) 87 28 04 08 Prof Yin Hong Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute Dept. of Veterinary Parasitology Xujiping 11 730046, Lanzhou, Gansu China E-mail: yinhong@public. lz. gs. cn Tel. (86-93) 18 34-2515 Fax (86-93) 18 34-0977 Prof Jiansan Wu Ministry of Agriculture China Animal Quarantine Institute Parasitology Laboratory No. 369 Nanjing Road 266032, Quingdao China E-mail: wujians@public. qd. sd. cn / wjs@public. qd. ds. cn Tel. (86-532) 783 97 99 Fax (86-532) 783 97 97 Prof Libor Grubhoffer Academy of Science of the Czech Republic Institute of Parasitology Laboratory of Parasitic arthropods Branišovská 31 370 05, Ceské Budejovice Czech Republic E-mail: liborex@paru. cas. cz Tel. (420) 38 530 03 51 Fax (420) 38 531 03 88 Dr Milan Daniel National Institute of Public Health Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology Inst. for Postgraduate Medical Education Ruská 83 100 05, Prague 10 Czech Republic E-mail: skola@ipvz. cz Tel. (420) 2710-19208 Fax (420) 2710-19335 Dr Sileshi Mekonnen National Animal Health Research Center Dept. of Parasitology P. O. Box 26941 Code 1000, Addis Ababa Ethiopia E-mail: s. mekonnen@telecom. net. et sileshimekonnen@yahoo. com Tel. (251-9) 40 72 89 Fax (251-) 138 02 20 Dr Gordon Langsley Institut Pasteur Département de parasitologie Laboratoire de signalisation immunoparasitaire 25-28, rue du Dr Roux 75724,Paris Cedex 15 France E-mail: langsley@pasteur. fr Tel. (33-1) 45 68 89 22 Fax (33-1) 45 68 86 39 Dr Dominique Martinez Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement CIRAD-EMVT Domaine de Duclos Prise d’Eau 97170, Petit-Bourg Guadeloupe, France E-mail: dominique. martinez@cirad. fr Tel. (590-590) 25 59 55 Fax (590-590) 94 03 96 Dr Bonto Faburay International Trypanotolerance Centre P. M. Box 14 Banjul Gambia E-mail: b. faburay@itc. gm Tel. (220) 462928 Fax (220) 462924 Developing Countries 146 ICTTd Prof Jabbar Ahmed Forschungszentrum Borstel Institut für Experimentelle Biologie und Medizin Division of Veterinary Infectiology & Immunology Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany E-mail: jahmed@fz-borstel. de Tel. (49-4537) 18 84 28 Fax (49-4537) 18 86 27 Prof Kurt Pfister LMU Munich Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Comparative Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Leopoldstr. 5 80802 Munich Germany E-mail: kurt. pfister@tropa. vetmed. uni-muenchen. de Tel. (49-89) 21 80 36 22 Fax (49-89) 21 80 36 23 Dr Andras Lakos Center for Tick-borne Diseases Visegradi 14 1132, Budapest Hungary E-mail: alakos@axelero. hu Tel. (361-329) 38 98 Fax (361-329) 38 98 Dr Srikant Ghosh Indian Veterinary Research Instititute Division of Veterinary Parasitology Izatnagar, Bareilly 243-122, Uttar Pradesh India E-mail: sghoshp@yahoo. co. in Tel. (91-581) 44 03 68 Fax (91-581) 23 02 36 98 Prof Daniele de Meneghi Università degli Studi di Torino Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria Dipt. Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia Via L. da Vinci 44 10095, Torino Italy E-mail: daniele. demeneghi@unito. it Tel. (39-11) 670 91 89 Fax (390-11) 670 91 96 Contract number: 0510561 specific Targeted research Project Prof Luis Neves Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Facultade de Medicina Veterinária C. P. 257 Maputo Mozambique E-mail: nidzi@zebra. uem. mz Tel. (258-1) 47 55 22 Fax (258-1) 47 50 63 Dr Marco De Boer Isogen Lifescience Biomolecules Industrieweg 68 3606AS, Maarssen Netherlands E-mail: marco. deboer@isogen-lifescience. com Tel. (31-346) 55 05 56 Fax (31-346) 55 46 19 Prof Virgílio Do Rosário Universidade Nova de Lisboa-Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais Rua da Junqueira 96 1300, Lisboa Portugal E-mail: cmdt@esoterica. pt Tel. (351-21) 362 24 58 Fax (351-21) 362 24 58 Prof Manuel José Carrondo Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica Animal Cell Technology Laboratory Apartado 12 2780-901, Oeiras Portugal E-mail: mjtc@itqb. unl. pt Tel. (351-21) 442-7787 / 442-1173 Fax (351-21) 442-1161 Dr Arona Gueyé Institut sénégalais de recherches agricoles Laboratoire national de l’élevage et de recher- ches vétérinaires B. P. 2057 Dakar Hann Senegal E-mail: renaud. lancelot@cirad. fr Tel. (221-832) 5146/1165 Fax (221-832) 36 79 Dr Milan Labuda Slovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Zoology Dubravska cesta 9 842 06, Bratislava Slovakia E-mail: uzaelabu@savba. sk Tel. (42-1) 259 30 26 01 Fax (42-1) 259 30 26 46 147 Prof Tatjana Avsic-Zupanc University of Ljubljana Faculty of Medicine Dept. of Microbiology & Immunology Zaloska 4 1000, Ljubljana Slovenia E-mail: tatjana. avsic@mf. uni-lj. si Tel. (386-1) 543-7450 Fax (386-1) 543-7401 Dr Abdalla Latif ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute Parasitology Division P. O. Box X05 110, Onderstepoort South Africa E-mail: latifabdel@hotmail. com / LatifA@arc. agric. za Tel. (27-12) 529 91 11 Fax (27-12) 565 46 67 Prof Ivan G. Horak University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Dept. of Veterinary Tropical Diseases Private Bag X04 110, Onderstepoort South Africa E-mail: ighorak@op1. up. ac. za Tel. (27-12) 529 83 71 Fax (27-12) 529 83 12 Dr Miguel Angel Habela Universidad de Extremadura Facultad de Veterinaria Dept. Parasitology and Parasitological diseases Avenida de la Universidad 10071, Cáceres Spain E-mail: mahabela@unex. es Tel. (34-927) 257-100/132 Fax (34-927) 257-110 Prof Agustin Estrada Peña Universidad de Zaragoza Facultad de Veterinaria Dept. de Patología Animal Miguel Servet 177 50013, Zaragoza Spain E-mail: aestrada@posta. unizar. es Tel. (34-976) 76-1558 Fax (34-976) 76-1612 Food Security ICTTd Dr José de la Fuente Universidad de Castilla La Mancha Instituto de la Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREL) Ronda de Toledo s/n 13080, Ciudad Real Spain E-mail: jose_delafuente@yahoo. com / djose@ okstate. edu Tel. (34-926) 29 53 00 (ext 3387) Fax (34-926) 29 54 51 Prof Idris Abdelrahim University of Bahr El Ghazal Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases National Center Faculty of Veterinary Science P. O. Box 10739 Khartoum Sudan E-mail: ubgzal@sudanmail. net / idrisabdelrahim@ hotmail. com Tel. (249-11) 72 56 80 Fax (249-11) 22 30 15 Dr Patrick M. Guerin Université de Neuchâtel Faculté des sciences Institute de zoologie 2007, Neuchâtell Switzerland E-mail: patrick. guerin@unine. ch Tel. (41-32718) 30 66 Fax (41-32718) 30 01 Prof Dirk Dobbelaere Universität Bern Institute of Animal Pathology Dept. of Molecular Pathology Langgass-Strasse 122 3012, Bern Switzerland E-mail: dirk. dobbelaere@itpa. unibe. ch Tel. (41-31) 631-2625 Fax (41-31) 631-2535 Prof Paul S. Gwakisa Sokoine University of Agriculture Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Veterinary Microbiology & Parasitology P. O. 3019 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro Tanzania E-mail: gwakisa@suanet. ac. tz, gwakisa@yahoo. co. uk Tel. (255-23) 260 35 11 ext 4513 Fax (255-23) 260 46 47 Dr Worawidh Wajjwalku Kasetsart University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Kamphaengsaen 73140, Nakhom Pathom Thailand E-mail: fvetwww@yahoo. com Tel. (660-34) 351-9013 Fax (660-34) 351-405 Dr Tulin Karagenc Adnan Menderes Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dali Bati Kampusu, Isikli, Aydin Turkey E-mail: tulinkaragenc@yahoo. com Tel. (90- 256) 247 07 00 Fax (90-256) 247 07 20 Dr Margaret Saimo Kahwa Makerere University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Veterinary Medicine P. O. Box 7062 Kampala Uganda E-mail: msaimo@hotmail. com / mskahwa@ vetmed. mak. ac. ug Tel. (256-41) 54 05 42 / 256-77-592736 (mob) Fax (256-41) 53 43 36 Prof Ivan Morrison University of Edinburgh Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian United Kingdom E-mail: ivan. morrison@ed. ac. uk Tel. (44-131) 650 62 16 Fax (44-131) 650 73 48 Prof Andrew Tait University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Veterinary Parasitology Bearsden Road G61 1QH, Glasgow United Kingdom E-mail: gvwa01@udcf. gla. ac. uk Tel. (44-141) 330-3579/5750 Fax (44-141) 330-5603 Developing Countries 148 Prof Sarah E. Randolph University of Oxford Faculty of Life Sciences Dept. of Zoology, Oxford Tick Research Group South Parks Road OX1 3PS, Oxford United Kingdom E-mail: sarah. randolph@zoology. ox. ac. uk Tel. (44 1865) 27 12 41 Fax (44-1865) 31 04 47 Prof Johnjoe McFadden University of Surrey School of Biomedical and Life Sciences Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey United Kingdom E-mail: j. mcfadden@surrey. ac. uk Tel. (44-1483) 68 64 94 Fax (44-1483) 30 03 74 Dr Elisabeth Glass Roslin Institute Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics EH25 9PS, Roslin Midlothian United Kingdom E-mail: liz. glass@bbsrc. ac. uk Tel. (44-131) 527 43 48 Fax (44-131) 440 04 34 Dr Peter Willadsen CSIRO Livestock Industries Queensland Bioscience Precinct 306 Carmody Road 4072, St. Lucia, Queensland Australia E-mail: Peter. Willadsen@csiro. au Tel. (61-7) 3214-2467 Fax (61-7) 3214-2203 Contract number: 00000 specific Targeted research Project B. MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES 1. envIronMenT 1. Comprehensive water policy and integrated planning 2. Improving the water consumption efficiency and effectiveness by users and uses. Plant breeding for efficient crop water and nutrient use 3. Advanced water treatment, re-use and energy implications 4. Environmental risks 5. Renewable energies for Mediterranean specific needs 149 Contract number: 011948 specific Targeted research Project resYsprodesAl Systems Analysis Environment for the Integration of Renewable Energy with De-central Water and Power Production in Mediterranean Partner Countries Period: 01/07/2005 – 31/12/2006 Budget from EC: EUR 1,200,000 Coordinator: Dr Jürgen Rheinländer Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg A large deficit of well equipped and reliably operated de-central Integrated Water and Power Points (IWPP) for villages and in rural areas is observed in Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPC). Water and power authorities supported by regional R&TD institutions in MPC could reduce such deficits, if they developed their own capacity for flexible, innovative, fast and cost-effective assessment of technically and socio-economically appropriate solutions. Based on the experience from earlier Community R&TD and projects of the Middle East Desalination Research Center (MEDRC) on the use of renewable energy (RE) for de-central water and power, the Consortium has carried out a Specific Support Action (SSA) on the RE and water supply-related topics of the INCO work programme. The main SSA objective was the transfer and dissemination of know-how and tools for systems analysis on the appropriate integration of RE technologies with de-central water and power services under local conditions of MPC. The action comprised: 1. exemplary studies on the integration of (hybrid) RE conversion with combined water and power supply to villages and rural areas; 2. identification of opportunities and conditions for economically and socially sustainable deployment of hybrid RE technologies in MPC; 3. training and capacity building in MPC institutions for IWPP assessment services under local socio-economic conditions; 4. dissemination of results through the networks of the European Desalination Society (EDS) and MEDRC covering the MENA region. The capacity building shall be oriented to pla nning and assessment services and included training of the MPC participants in using RESYSproDESAL for case studies in their countries. The SSA concept is open for later extension to the participation of R&TD institutions and water and power authorities from other MPC, not yet represented in the Consortium. 151 Environment & Energy resYsprodesAl COORDINATOR Dr Jürgen Rheinländer Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg Section for Electrical Process Engineering Industriestr. 6 Stuttgart Germany E-mail: juergen. rheinlaender@zsw-bw. de Tel +49-711 78 70 235 Fax +49-711 78 70 200 CONTRACTORS Dr Ahmad Muhaidat National Energy Research Centre Department of Solar Power Electronics, Jubahai Amman Jordan Tel +962-65 33 80 42 Fax +962-65 33 80 43 Dr Erhard Perz SIMTECH Simulation Technology Dipl. Ing. -Dr. Erhard Perz Riesstr. 120 Graz Austria Tel +43-31 62 78 50 Fax +43-31 638 62 78/15 Dr Kamal Mohammedi Université M’hamed Bouguerra’ Laboratoire de Matériaux Minéraux et Composites Avenue de l’Indépendance Bourmedès Algérie Tel +213-24 81 64 08 Fax +213-24 81 64 08 Mediterranean Partner Countries 152 Contract number: 015031 specific Targeted research Project QuAlIwATer Diagnosis and Control of Salinity and Nitrate Pollution in Mediterranean Irrigated Agriculture Period: 01/01/2006 to 31/12/2009 Budget from EC: EUR 1 450 000 website: www. iamz. ciheam. org/qualiwater/contenidos/zona_portada. htm Coordinator: Luis Esteruelas (administrative coordinator) Dr Ramón Aragüés Peleato (scientific coordinator) Int’l Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies ConTexT And objeCTIves exPeCTed resulTs And ouTCoMes The ultimate objective of this project is to provide guidelines to sustain irrigated agriculture while protecting water resources from the negative impacts of pollution resulting from the disposal of agricultural drainage water. Therefore, our strategic aim is to provide scientific, technical and socioeconomic information on the salt and nitrogen contamination effects and on pollution control measures in Mediterranean irrigated agriculture. ACTIvITIes The main activities of the project will be: input-output mass balances in representative irrigation districts and assessment of salt and nitrogen pollution effects of present agricultural management; model simulation studies analysing potential best management strategies for pollution control; evaluation of these strategies in selected pilot field trials (in particular: scheduling of irrigation, nitrogen fertilisation and reuse of drainage waters for irrigation); socio-economic analysis of present agricultural management and of source- sink pollution control management alternatives; and dissemination of results to water users and policy makers. Feedback with project end-users will take place via the participation of the stakeholders, thus ensuring that all relevant issues are properly addressed. The most relevant deliverables of the project will be: historical characterisation of selected districts, booklet on the use of the EM38 sensor, mapping of salt-affected soils, booklet on agro-meteorological stations, booklet on water level recorders, booklet on water collectors, booklet on gauging stations, water, salt and nitrate balances, booklet on guidelines to improve water use, irrigation model calibration, validation and application, salinity model calibration, validation and application, nitrogen model calibration, validation and application, feasibility analysis of best management practices, field-tested best management practices, current economic/environmental situation, biophysical economic model, transaction costs, environmental cost-benefit analyses, economic costs on information brochures, ecosystems, edition of project support materials for training workshops, support material attendees in IAMZ courses, edition of project results brochures, software release on policy control measures, final synthesis publication, website integration of project results. 153 Environment & Energy QuAlIwATer COORDINATOR Luis Esteruelas, Dr Ramón Aragüés Peleato International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza P. O. Box 202 50080 Zaragoza Spain E-mail: iamz@iamz. ciheam. org Tel. (34) 976 71 60 00 Fax (34) 976 71 60 01 CONTRACTORS Dr Ramón Aragüés Peleato Diputación General de Aragón Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón Departamento de Suelos y Riegos P. O. Box 727 50080 Zaragoza Spain E-mail: raragues@aragon. es Tel. (34) 976 71 63 57 Fax (34) 976 71 63 35 Prof Nick Hanley University of Stirling Economics Department Stirling FK9 4LA United Kingdom E-mail: n. d. hanley@stir. ac. uk Tel. (44-1786) 46 64 10 Fax (44-1786) 46 74 69 Prof Cevat Kirda Çukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation 01330 Balcali, Adana Turkey E-mail: ckirda@cu. edu. tr Tel. (90-322) 338 70 14 Fax (90-322) 338 63 64 Prof Abdellah Aidaoui Institut national agronomique Department of Hydraulics Hassen Badi 16200 El Harrach Algeria E-mail: aidaoui_abdellah@yahoo. fr Tel. (213-21) 52 19 87 Fax (213-21) 82 27 29 Mr Mohamed Badraoui Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II Soil Science Department P. O. Box 6202 Rabat 10101 Rabat Morocco E-mail: m. badraoui@iav. ac. ma Tel. (212-61) 39 08 62 Fax (212-61) 61 13 49 Prof Hédi Daghari Institut national agronomique de Tunisie Department of Water Resources Management and Conservation 34, avenue Charles Nicole, Cité Mahrajène 1082 Tunis Tunisia E-mail: daghari. hedi@inat. agrinet. tn Tel. (216-71) 89 27 85 Fax (216-71) 79 93 91 Mediterranean Partner Countries 154 Contract number: 015226 specific Targeted research Project wAdI Sustainable management of Mediterranean coastal fresh and transitional water bodies: a socio-economic and environmental analysis of changes and trends to enhance and sustain stakeholder benefits Period: 01/01/2006 to 31/12/2008 Budget from EC: EUR 1 820 000 website: www. wadi. unifi. it/ ConTexT And objeCTIves The general objective of the project is to encourage the rational and sustainable use of freshwater resources within Mediterranean coastal areas. The project will focus on issues, constraints and conflicts as identified through the active participation of key stakeholders, with a view to increase awareness and collaboration among actors, for the conservation of freshwater resources and their sustainable use for the benefit of the community at large. Specific objectives are: • to identify conflicts of use among stakeholders arising from improper management of water bodies and related constraints within selected study sites, which suffer from water scarcity and associated constraints; • to assess and estimate the impact/s of various water uses as well as nearby human activities on coastal water bodies, such as fluvial systems, estuaries, marshlands and lagoons; • to produce for interdisciplinary scientific improved participatory water management strategies and related planning regimes for a rational use of water resources, taking into account economical, socio- cultural and environmental constraints at local level, without losing sight of other broader scales (national, regional and international); inputs • to develop and propose alternative management strategies and plans for the selected sites as well as general guidelines for appropriate and sustainable management of water resources; • to establish a network of scientists, authorities and local communities in order to enhance local awareness on water quality, use and misuse. ACTIvITIes A number of significant case studies across the Mediterranean coastal areas will be thoroughly studied from socio-cultural, economic and environmental perspectives: • Key issues of water demand and sustainability of selected water bodies will be identified through meetings with different stakeholders, promoting their reciprocal inter- actions. A conceptual framework will be developed for the context of each case study, focusing on water demand Coordinator: Prof Felicita Scapini Università degli Studi di Firenze and conflicts that may affect sustainability of the benefits to the community provided by the water body. • Impacts will be assessed, indicators of impacts will be identified and their magnitude estimated according to prevailing conditions at each study site. Baseline conditions will, meanwhile, be assessed using available paleo-biological, archaeological information. Databases will be built and results will be integrated in a Global Information System (GIS), which will provide a suitable interface for management purposes. Moreover, models will be developed to highlight trends of changes, and influential factors will be estimated. historical and • Soft-system analysis, among which ‘focus group seminars’ for stakeholders, will be used to identify key issues and constraints for subsequent management of water resources. The results of the analyses conducted in the case studies will help to develop alternative scenarios of water management and chose the most feasible ones. • These will be proposed to the stakeholders for the specific cases analysed, and in a wider context in the Mediterranean. • The follow up will be made through international meetings held in different countries. exPeCTed resulTs And ouTCoMes The project will contribute to enhancing local competence for a sustainable use of water bodies and to reducing the existing and potential conflicts for water uses between different stakeholders, with special attention given to the weakest components of the community and to sustainability for the benefit of future generations. At the same time, the project will conduct a comparison of various case studies from the Mediterranean coastal area, on both northern and southern sides, in international cooperation and collaboration with governmental stakeholders from different Mediterranean countries. Databases on a wide geographical scale (ideally the Mediterranean region, comparing databases) and time scale (using time series) would enhance the power of the management plans and assist stakeholders in applying for financial support at national and international level. 155 Environment & Energy wAdI The project will contribute to identifying the various stakeholders of water in different case studies and their various forms of contribution to water management according to various physical, socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. This can assist in profiling different local communities and defining the roles of men and women at different areas and levels in water management and planning. The specific role of women as end users of water will be a main focus, and special attention will be paid to their involvement in the local dissemination of the project findings and results. Dissemination material will be produced to convey easy to understand messages about the importance of water resources and their conservation through correct use. Eng Fadhel Baccar Ministère de l’environnement et du développement Agence de protection et d’aménagement du littoral (APAL) 2, rue Mohammed Rachid Ridha, Le Belvédère 1002 Tunis Tunisia E-mail: f. baccar@apal. nat. tn Tel. (216-71) 84 01 77 Fax (216-71) 84 86 60 Prof Mohamed Abdrabo Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe Socioeconomic for Sustainable development Programme 2 El Hegaz St. , Heliopolis 1077 Cairo Egypt E-mail: mabdrabo@cedare. org. eg Tel. (20-2) 451 39 21 Fax (20-2) 451 39 18 Dr Miguel-Angel Mateo Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes Camino de Acceso a la cala St. Francesc, 17 17300 Blanes, Girona Spain E-mail: mateo@ceab. csic. es Tel. (34) 972 33 61 01 Fax (34) 972 33 78 06 COORDINATOR Prof Felicita Scapini Università degli Studi di Firenze Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica Via Romana, 17 50125 Firenze Italy E-mail: scapini@dbag. unifi. it Tel. (39-055) 2 28 82 17 Fax (39-055) 22 25 65 CONTRACTORS Dr Lorenzo Chelazzi Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Firenze Italy E-mail: chelazzi@ise. cnr. it Tel. (39) 05 55 22 59 12 Fax (39) 05 55 22 59 20 Prof Carlos Martin Cantarino Universidad de Alicante Departamento de Ecología Campus Universitario san Vicente del Raspeig 03690 Alicante Spain E-mail: carlos. martin@ua. es Tel. (34) 965 90 95 20 Fax (34) 965 90 98 40 Prof João Carlos Marques University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sciences and technology Instituto do Mar (IMAR) Department of Zoology Largo do Marquês de Pombal 3004-517 Coimbra Portugal E-mail: jcmimar@ci. uc. it Tel. (351) 239 83 63 86 Fax (351) 239 82 36 03 Dr Louis F. Cassar University of Malta Foundation for International Studies International Environment Institute Old University Building, St. Paul Street VLT07 Valletta Malta E-mail: louis. f. cassar@um. edu. mt Tel. (356) 21 24 07 41 Fax (356) 21 23 05 51 Prof Abdellatif Bayed Université Mohammed V — Agdal Institut scientifique Département de zoologie et d’écologie animale Avenue Ibn Battota, Agdal 10106 Rabat Morocco E-mail: bayed@israbat. ac. ma Tel. (212-37) 77 45 48 Fax (212-37) 77 45 40 Prof Mohamed Ater Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi Faculté des sciences de Tétouan Département de biologie, UFR biologie végétale M’Hannach II 93002 Tétouan Morocco E-mail: mater20@hotmail. com Tel. (212-63) 71 54 97 Fax (212-39) 99 45 00 Prof Faouzia Charfi-Cheikhrouha Université El Manar Faculté des sciences de Tunis Département de biologie, Unité biologie animale et systématique évolutive Campus universitaire, Manar II 2092 Tunis Tunisia E-mail: f. charfi@fst. rnu. tn Tel. (216-71) 87 26 00 Fax (216-71) 88 54 80 Mediterranean Partner Countries 156 Contract number: 015286 specific Targeted research Project CresMed Cost efficient and reliable rural electrification schemes for South Mediterranean countries based on multi user Solar Hybrid grids Period: 01/01/2006 to 30/06/2009 Budget from EC: EUR 900 000 website: www. cresmed. org ConTexT And objeCTIves Rural electrification (RE) in South Mediterranean countries is mostly achieved by solar home systems, which are only capable of serving a very limited number of appliances, such as lights. This gives the image that photovoltaic (PV) solutions are destined for the poor, and are not sufficient for stimulating economic activities in rural areas. Fuel generators, also used, give more electrical power, but suffer from high maintenance costs, irregular availability of fuel, and are mostly used to provide a limited energy service for only 6 to 14 hours per day. The solution is the employment of hybrid systems using a mix of renewable energies and fossil fuel, and provision of an energy service for a rural community population via a micro grid. The integrated approach for RE using such multi-user hybrid grids has been tested for electrification in Europe, but has still to be adapted to the different social, economical and environmental conditions found in South Mediterranean countries. The main strategic objectives of the project are the development of: • RE electricity produced from multi-user solar hybrid systems (MSGs) combining solar and other locally available energy sources on local micro grids; • management tools to rationally operate a larger number of MSGs in a region by satellite and other communication technologies Coordinator: Mr Ingo Vosseler S. L. Trama TecnoAmbiental strategy for RE-programmes for each of the MPCs, addressing all non-technical issues requiring research activities. There are two WPs dealing with research and appropriate technology development. The first is WP 3, which covers the additional development of system components (power conditioner, water and wind turbine) in order to fit the social and environmental conditions of the target countries. WP 4 covers an advanced control system, which is based on a unified communication bus for system components and is used for the monitoring system, which also allows for remote control. Finally, WP 5 covers research on general technical aspects for the implementation of hybrid systems with high renewable energy content in the target countries. The outcomes of these WPs will be gathered into a design manual for such systems, which may additionally be used in the development of standards. The results of the work done so far will be tested in a field test system to be carried out in a Moroccan village. All steps for the implementation of such a system will be followed, as well as effecting any necessary improvements to the procedures. After implementation, this system will be monitored technically, socially, and economically for at least six months. The results of this project are to be disseminated to the decision-makers and stakeholders of the MPCs. ACTIvITIes exPeCTed resulTs And ouTCoMes The project follows a clear set of work packages (WPs), which can be broadly grouped as follows: research, technological development and field testing. WP 1 deals with research studies on the need for energy services in the Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPCs). This gives partners in the Mediterranean countries the possibility to investigate the energy needs in the area, with regard to hybrid systems. The results obtained in WP 1 are used in WP 2 to define a The results of the study on the needs for RE in Mediterranean countries will be used for the development of a RE-strategy, where strategic targets are to be set. Financing schemes and models will be developed in order to achieve a service scheme, which is socially and economically sustainable in the Mediterranean countries. The close cooperation between the European and the partner countries’ research centres will ensure that INCO objectives are met, especially by boosting the RTD capability of MPCs and establishing links between the different centres.
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L'usage finit par donner à ce terme technique une exten sion illimitée, et on le trouve appliqué dans des cas où le hasard n'a que faire. Il désigne souvent cette influence,bonne ou mauvaise, attachée par la coutume à certains jours, à cer tains arbres, à certains animaux. C'est dans ce sens im propre que le rédacteur du calendrier de Préneste emploie le mot, quand il défend de faire entrer dans le temple de Carmenta aucun onien moriicmum *. Enfin, non content de comprendre sous ce vocable indéterminé tout ce qui n'était point classé sous un titre quelconque, on appela souvent omen le sens des prodiges et des auspices^. A plus forte raison pouvait-on désigner ainsi l'espèce particulière de présages fortuits dont il nous reste à parler, les présages cléroman tiques ou Sorts. ) ÂMM. Marc, XXI, 2, 2. Froniin avait déjà écrit là-dessus un chapitre intitulé De dissolvendo metu quem milites ex adversis conceperint ominibus {Strateg,, I, 12). — 2) Kal. Pr^nest., H Jan. — 3) Serv., .€n., IH, 246 ; IV, 340. « „ » TIRAGB AU SORT DE CARACTERES ECRITS 145 § II. — LES SORTS. En parlant de la cléromancie hellénique, nous avons eu occasion de remarquer combien certains procédés de la divina tion par les sorts diffèrent peu des présages fortuits tirés du langage ^ C'est, de part et d'autre, la parole humaine con duite par le hasard providentiel et donnant, par voie d'allu sion aux circonstances présentes, des clartés soudaines, des révélations que le travail de Tobservateur fait sortir des mots les plus insignifiants. Seulement, dans la divination par les sorts, la parole est écrite, ou le hasard l'écrit avec des lettres mises à sa disposition, et la spontanéité de l'être parlant est remplacée par une agitation mécanique. Cette opération, voulue par l'observateur, introduit pourtant entre les omina et les sorts une différence considérable qu'avait soin de re lever la théologie augurale. Tandis que les premiers sont des signes qui s'offrent d'eux-mêmes {oblativa), et touchent de près aux prodiges, les seconds sont des signes obtenus après demande {impetrita par voie d'expérimentation, et ressem blent, sous ce rapport, aux auspices^. En un mot, le hasard produit librement les uns : il est lié, pour les autres, à cer taines conditions établies à l'avance. La langue des sorts est nécessairement plus pauvre, moins souple, moins fertile en surprises que celle des omina; elle ne dispose que de moyens restreints, connus à l'avance, et ses indications ne s'adaptent pas sans effort aux circons tances. En effet, Vonien ne s'impose pas à l'attention ; sou vent même, on ne lui reconnaît qu'après coup, et trop tard pour en profiter, le caractère fatidique; par conséquent, celui qui en tire parti le fait spontanément, comme d'instinct, 1) Voy. Yol. I, p. 195. Sur les sortes =z oracula cf. vol. U, p. 228. — 2) Voy. ci-dessous, p. 160. IV 10 146 DIVINATION LATINE ET OMBRO-SABELLIQUE tandis que celui qui consulte les sorts attend d'eux une réponse et s'ingénie à mettre cette réponse en rapport avec sa demande. Mais, d'autre part, les sorts, attachés à des objets palpa bles, consultés suivant un rite défini que quelques cérémo nies suffisaient à rendre solennel et en un lieu consacré, étaient mieux faits pour donner satisfaction au sentiment religieux qui, dans les pratiques divinatoires, s'ajoute à la curiosité. Les rustiques populations du Latium, qui n'avaient pas su fixer dans un oracle les révélations de Faunus, parce que ces révélations n'avaient point d'instrument matériel, firent avec les sorts des oracles véritables, les seuls qu'ait enfantés le sol de l'Italie*. On peut adjuger à la divination italique les sorts de Cœre, la patrie des « cérémonies » romaines, et ceux de Faléries.Csere était une vieille cité pélasgique (Agylla), et Paieries une ville à demi-sabine. Elles avaient été conquises parles Étrusques, mais avaient gardé quelque chose de leurs rites nationaux *. Les sorts qu'elles possédaient ne nous sont connus que par les incidents prodigieux dont ils furent l'occasion. C'étaient des tablettes réunies en faisceau par des bandelettes et portant des inscriptions qui devenaient prophétiques par le seul fait qu'elles étaient tirées au sort. En 218, à Cœre, et l'année suivante, à Paieries, les sorts parlèrent spontanément. Ceux de Cœre furent trouvés dégagés du lien qui les groupait*, et comme sans doute on n'avait pas su distinguer l'avertisse ment que portait avec lui ce désordre surnaturel, le même prodige, renouvelé à Paieries, s'était complété par la chute d'un sort isolé, lequel portait cette phrase facile à com i) A Rome, les anciUa de Mars déposés dans la Regia constituent une sorte d*oracle, qui parle spontanément au moyen de signes prodigieux {ancilia moventur. Liv., Epit.y 68. Obseq.,44). 11 en est de même pour la lance du dieu (Gell., IV, 6, 2. Obseq., 36. 44. 47. 50. Dio Cass., XLIV, 47).— 2) Voy. ci-dessus, p. 16. —3) Liv., XXl, 62. Cf. Sidon. Apollin., Carm.y K, 187. LES SORTS DE PRENESTE 147 prendre au moment où Hannibal approchait de Trasimène : « Mars brandit Son dard* ». Ces deux oracles n'apparaissent qu'à cet instant dans l'his toire, à moins qu'on ne veuille identifier avec l'un d'eux ce problématique « oracle de Téthys » qu'envoie consulter en Étrurie le roi albain Tarchétius*. Il ne serait pas impossible d'arriver à identifier les divinités, d'ailleurs inconnues^, aux quelles était ôonfléô la garde des sorts de l'Étrurie avec la Fortune, et Célle-cl avec Téthys, qui doit être, comme son époux l'Océan, < l'origine de toutes choses^ »; mais il est plus facile encore de négliger un renseignement sans garantie, emprunté à un récit que Plutarque lui-même trouve ridicule. Nous n'avons donc rien de plus à dire sur l'origine évidem ment archaïque de ces sorts, qui sont antérieurs peut-être à l'invasion des Rasènes en Toscane. La légende prénestine croyait savoir, au contraire, d'où venaient les sorts qui faisaient la gloire de Préneste. Pour mieux aflSrmer le droit inaliénable de la cité pélasgique sur ces précieux instruments de divination, elle les faisait sortir des entrailles mêmes du sol. « Voyons, dit Cicéroh, ce qu'on dit de la découverte de ces sorts fameux. Les archives des Prénestins affirment qu'un citoyen honorable et distingué, Numérius Suffucius, recevait dans des songes répétés et, sur la fin, menaçants, l'ordre d'entailler un rocher en un i) Liv., XXIf, {. Plutarch., Fa6., 2.-2) Tt)Oûoç h Tuppijvta xprion^piov (Plu TARCH.y RomuLy 2). Klausen {Aeneas, p. 772) propose rexplication suivante. Mater Matuta, honorée à Pyrgi (le port de Csere), ressemble à la Fortune mère de Préneste, nourrice de Jupiter. Les Phocéens qui fréquentaient Pyrgi ont pu Tidentifier avec Leucothéa, leur patronne, et Leucothéa mène à Télhys qui, en qualité de nourrice de Junon (Hom., Iliad,, XIV, 202. 302), est un équivalent à peu près exact de Matuta et de Fortuna. L'oracle de Téthys serait donc celui de Cœre. — 4) Peut-être ces dese Tenitœ dont parle Paul Diacre (p. 368, Si v. Tenitx) sortium deae, dicim quod tenendi habe vent potesiatem, ou plutôt ainsi nommées de la bandelette (tœnia) qui en tourait ou enfilait les sorts. — 5) Hoh., Iliad.f XIV, 246. 148 DIVINATION LATINE ET OMBRO-SABELLIQUE certain endroit. Effrayé par ces visions, il brava les raille ries de ses concitoyens et se mit à Tœuvre. On vit alors s'élancer par la brèche des sorts qui portaient, gravés sur bois de chêne, les caractères de l'alphabet primitif. Ce lieu forme aujourd'hui un enclos consacré près du sanctuaire de Jupiter-Enfant, qui est représenté à côté de Junon, sous les traits d'un nourrisson à la mamelle, dans le giron de la Fortune, chaste objet du culte des matrones. Au même mo ment, au lieu où s'élève maintenant le temple de la Fortune, un olivier laissa échapper, dit-on, des ruisseaux de miel, et les haruspices déclarèrent que ces sorts jouiraient d'une im mense réputation. Sur leur ordre, on fit avec l'olivier un coffre et Ton y déposa les sorts que Ton tire aujourd'hui sur l'invitation de la Fortune * . » La divinité qui présidait à l'oracle était, sous les traits de Fortuna Primigenia, la mère commune des dieux et des hommes, la Terre, être primordial, « support^ » et ori gine de l'univers entier, dont les multiples attributs s'épar piJlent en sens divers et. qui, même réduit à l'état d'être abstrait, identique avec la Destinée, est encore, comme tel, antérieur au plus glorieux des couples divins bercé sur ses genoux. Le culte de la Fortune, qui fut introduit à Rome par Servius Tullius, est un des plus anciens que l'on signale dans les religions de l'Étrurie, de la Sa'bine, de l'Ombrie et du Latium. Le titre de Primigenia que porte la Fortune de Préneste indique assez la haute antiquité que la tradition reconnaissait à ce type divin et, par surcroît, à son culte. Aussi Jupiter lui-même, le « dieu père », n'était-il à Pré 4) Cic, Divin,, II, 41. — 2) Le nom de Fors, Fortuna, pourrait être rap porté au radical de fer-(^i^ pris dans le sens de porter quand il s'agit de la Terre, d'apporter quand le concept du Destin se substitue au type primitif. Cf. Feronia, Furina, etc.). Sous le nom d'OpSf source de la richesse, la terre se rapproche de la Fortune, surtout de cette Tt^x^ de Thèbes qui portait Plutus sur ses genoux (Pausan., IX, 16, 2). LES SORTS DE PRENESTE 149 neste qu'un enfant suspendu encore au sein maternel. Cependant, si la Fortune tenait le premier rang dans son temple, Jupiter-Enfant n'était pas exclu de toute partici pation au ministère de l'oracle. Ceux qui venaient consulter les sorts lui rendaient hommage, et il est même probable qu'avec le temps et le progrès des idées religieuses, les rôles se trouvèrent intervertis. Jupiter, assimilé au Zeus des Grecs, omniscient et premier auteur de toute révélation, dut être considéré comme le véritable directeur des sorts. Le jour des consultations publiques, les magistrats de Préneste lui im molaient un veau', et, dans des inscriptions qui ne datent, il est vrai, que du iii« siècle de notre ère, on le trouve qua lifié &^Arkanus^ ou dieu de l'Arche (des sorts). La Fortune aurait été, dans ce système, la dispensatrice des révélations de Jupiter, En tout cas, la Fortune était bien la gardienne des sorts, et l'on ne devait y toucher, dit Cicéron, que « sur son invi tation ^ », c'est-à-dire que les consultants devaient, au préa lable, obtenir l'assentiment de la déesse. Cette épreuve pré liminaire se retrouve dans les rites des oracles grecs, et pouvait consister simplement en un sacrifice dont l'efficacité était appréciée suivant les règles ordinaires; mais la foi latine aimait les signes évidents, et il est à croire qu'à Préneste, comme à Antium, l'agrément de la déesse était manifesté par un mouvement de sa statue*. On faisait alors remuer et tirer de l'arche, par la main d'un enfant, les planchettes miraculeuses *. L'oracle ne s'ouvrait pas en tout temps, ni pour tout le monde. La Fortune pouvait toujours accueillir, à son gré, les 4) Kal. Phenest., lllld,, ApriL — 2) Orell., 2391. 3045. On voit quel que chose d'analogue à Dodone, où la révélation de Zeus remplace ou tout au moins prime la révélation tellurique, Gœa disparaissant derrière le type plus jeune deDioné. — 3) Cic, ibid, — 4) Voy. ci-dessous. — 5) Cic, ibid. 150 DIVINATION LATINE ET OMBRO-SABELLIQUE consultations extraordinaires ; mais il n'y avait de consulta tion publique, régulière, qu'une fois l'an, au mois d'avril*. On célébrait alors, en l'honneur de la Fortune et de Jupiter, une fête de deux jours, et la déesse décidait elle-même lequel de ces deux jours devait être aflfécté au service de l'oracle*. Les Romains virent longtemps d'un œil d'envie la vogue de l'oracle prénestin. Ils avaient bien chez eux des Fortunes de toute espèce, décorées d'épithètes variées, mais pas une à qui on pût demander des révélations. Aussi hésitaient-ils entre leur foi, qui les attirait à Préneste, et la crainte d'ajou ter encore à l'orgueil d'une cité rivale. L'État ne préten dait point gêner la dévotion des particuliers ; mais lorsque, dans la première guerre punique, le consul Lutatius Cerco (241) voulut consulter les sorts de Préneste, il en fut empê ché par une décision du Sénat, lequel estimait « qu'il fallait administrer la République sous les auspices nationaux et non pas sous des auspicos étrangers^ ». Le Sénat changea d'avis durant la seconde guerre punique. Il jugea prudent de ne pas tenir rigueur à une Fortune qui protégeait visiblement ses adorateurs, comme on l'avait vu à la belle défense de Casilinum (216), où les Prénestins avaient lassé la patience d*Hannibal *• Désormais, les ma gistrats romains et les ambassadeurs ou princes étrangers purent aller prier et sacrifier à Préneste pour le salut du peuple romain. En 204, le consul P. Sempronius Tuditanus, au moment de livrer bataille à Hannibal, voua à Fortuna Primigenia un temple qu'il construisit, en eflfet, sur le Quirinal *. 1) Ces usages se retrouvent dans les rites de Toracle de Delphes, où le mois Bysios se trouve aussi à Tépoque du renouveau (Voy. vol. III, p. 84). — 2) Kal. Pilenkst., ibid. — • 3) Val. Max., Epit, I, 3, 2. M. E. Fernique a re trouvé, en 1877, à Préneste, une inscription ainsi conçue: C. LVTATIVS CERCO Q[uae8lor] {Rev, archéol., avril !878).4) Liv., XXIIl, 10.— 5) Liv., XXXIX, 36 ; XXXIV, 53. LES SORTS DE PRENESTE 151 La guerre Sociale et la guerre civile entre Sulla et le parti de Marius causèrent, à Préneste et à son oracle, de grands dommages matériels. Marius le Jeune s'y étant enfermé, la ville fut prise d'assaut par Sulla, et le temple ne fut sans doute pas épargné. Mais Sulla, qui aimait à se donner pour le favori de la Fortune, répara ce tort involontaire. Le temple fut restauré et orné d'un pavé en mosaïque d'invention nou velle'. C'est sans doute à la même époque que la statue de la Fortune reçut cette dorure magistrale dont le souvenir resta dans l'industrie des batteurs d'or^. Restaurer le temple était facile, mais le scepticisme com mençait à faire le vide autour de cette statue si bien dorée. Il y avait longtemps que le spirituel railleur Carnéade avait plaisanté sur la bonne fortune des gens qui trouvent la For tune à Préneste^, et ce ton était devenu celui de la bonne compagnie. A défaut de dialectique, disait Cicéron, « le bon sens ordinaire a déjà percé à jour cette espèce de divination. La beauté du temple et l'antiquité de l'institution conservent encore aux sorts de Préneste une certaine notoriété, et cela dans les basses classes ; car quel est le magistrat ou l'homme marquant qui a recours aux sorts ?» Le philosophe demandait : « Comment ces sorts ont-ils été placés en cet endroit? Qui a coupé ce bois, l'a raboté et gravé? » et la foi de l'ignorant s'en allait au contact de cette incrédulité. Les moins curieux de philosophie se souvenaient que la Fortune avait bien mal protégé ses adorateurs contre les vengeances de Sulla. On sentait venir le déclin de cette vieille renom mée. Strabon dit simplement, en parlant de Préneste : « Là, est ce temple de la Fortune, si fameux par ses oracles^ ». Des i) Plin., XXXVI, § 189. Pour tous détails sur le T. de la Fortune et ses ruines, voy. le livre de E. Ferniqoe, Etude sur Préneste, ville du Latium. Pa ris. 1880. — 2) Plin., XXXIII, §61.-3) Cic. Divin,, lï, 41. — 4) Strab., V, 3, 11. 152 DIVINATION LATINE ET OMBRO-SABELLIQUE clientes comme la Cynthie de Properce* ne suffisaient pas à ramener les beaux jours d'autrefois. Mais, comme nous avons eu souvent occasion de le remar quer, le scepticisme général qui, aux abords de Père chré tienne, frappe de langueur tous les instituts mantiques ne fut qu'une halte entre deux périodes de foi. Le rationalisme philosophique n'avait triomphé un instant des mythes natio naux que pour succomber à son tour sous le débordement des superstitions apportées dans le monde gréco-romain par tous les peuples d'alentour. Bientôt des rites nouveaux ré veillent les imaginations assoupies, et parfois les vieux cultes eux-mêmes reprennent vigueur. Déjà, sous le règne de Tibère, l'oracle de Préneste était assez fréquenté pour inquiéter le prince, qui ne craignait rien tant que les complots suggérés et encouragés par des prophéties. Pendant une grave maladie qui le retint quelque temps dans les environs^, Tibère soupçonna ou peut-être apprit que l'on posait à la Fortune des questions indiscrètes. Un jour, il fit mettre les scellés sur l'arche d^s sorts et ap porter le tout à Rome; mais, quand il ouvrit le coffre, les sorts avaient disparu, et ils ne redevinrent visibles que l'arche une fois reportée dans le temple. Effrayé d'un prodige qu'au rait pu lui expliquer un disciple de Carnéade, il cessa de rien entreprendre contre la « majesté des sorts Prénes tins^». Domitien, superstitieux et timoré, allait, au com mencement de chaque année, se recommander à la Fortune de Préneste qui « lui fit chaque fois une réponse encoura geante et toujours la même, sauf la dernière année où le sort rendu fut des plus lugubres et parlait de sang ^ ». L'oracle se maintint en crédit dans les siècles suivants, renou velant au besoin ses procédés pour les accommoder au goût ) Propert., Eleg., II, 33, 2. —2) Gell., XVI, 13,5. — 3) Suet., Tiber., 63. — 4) SuBT. Dùmitf 15« LES SORTS D'ANTIUM 153 du jour. A une époque où V Enéide passait moins pour un chef-d'œuvre humain que pour un livre inspiré et où les € Sorts virgiliens » étaient à la mode, la Fortune se servit, pour répondre, des vers de Virgile. Elle appliqua à Alexandre Sévère, menacé par la jalousie de son terrible cousin Hélio gabale, le mot mélancolique d'Anchise : « Si tu* parviens à forcer la rigueur des destins, tu seras Marcellus ! * » Des inscriptions, ayant appartenu à des ex-votos, attestent que, vers ce même temps, le culte de Fortuna-Primigenia était toujours en honneur^. Au delà, l'histoire perd la trace de cette vieille institution, mais elle la suit assez loin pour cons tater que Toracle prénestin s'est défendu contre l'oubli plus longtemps que l'oracle rival d'Antium. La Fortune d'Antium avait eu pourtant son moment de vogue, moment dont le souvenir est resté impérissable dans les vers d'Horace. A celle qui n'avait été, durant de longs siècles, que la protectrice d'un nid de pirates, le poète de mande d'étendre sa protection sur Auguste et les armes ro maines, jusqu'aux confins de l'Univers «. Cette Fortune idéale et abstraite, devant laquelle tremblent toutes les nations, ne ressemble guère au couple des deux Fortunes sœurs qui rendaient des oracles à Antium. Il est inutile de chercher si ces deux personnifications de la Fortune ont été associées par la fusion de deux cultes distincts ou si ce sont deux as pects séparés par l'analyse. L'une pouvait être belliqueuse et l'autre pacifique ; mais toutes deux présidaient aux sorts di vinatoires, et Martial les appelle, à ce point de vue, « les sœurs véridiques* ». i) LAMPaiD., Alex. 8ever,y 4. — 2) Bullett. delV Instit (U Corr. archeol, 1857, p. 74, 1859, p, 22. Willmanns, 1800. — 3) Hor., Od., I, 35. — 4) BIartial., V, 1, H. Cf. Orklli, 1738-1740. Stace (Sîfe., I, 3, 79) parait croire que la For tune est également double à Préneste. Ce doit être une confusion opérée dans son esprit par le souvenir d*Antium et favorisée par Tassociation de Fortuna-Primigenia avec Junon. 154 DIVINATION LATINE ET OMBRO-SABELLIQUE A vrai dire, nous sommes mal renseignés sur la façon dont elles rendaient leurs oracles. Macrobe compare les rites d'Autium à ceux de l'oracle d'Héliopolis, où la statue du Soleil était portée m grande pompe et dirigeait elle-même ses porteurs* : « De même, dit^il, nous voyons, à Antium, les statues des Fortunes se déplacer pour rendre des ora cles ^ ». Cette méthode fait bien au hasard la part qui lui revient dans tous les oracles de la Fortune, mais elle n'eût poijit donné des sorts^ tels qu'on les entendait en Italie, et » d'ailleurs, elle est trop fétichiste pour être issue des. reli gions italiques. Il est probable que ces mouvements imprimés au:^ statues avaient pour but de leur faire désigner automa tiquement des sorts étalés devant elles ou mis à leur portée par un moyen quelconque. Antium, plusieurs fois vaincue et humiliée par les Ro mains, qui ornèrent leur tribune avec les éperons (rosira) de ses vaisseaux, était, sous Fempire, un lieu de plaisance, couvert d'élégantes villas. Les riches particuliers, et même les Césars, y venaient respirer un air dont on vantait la salu brité. On ne pouvait se sentir plus à l'aise que sous la pro tection de la Fortune et d'EscuIape. Car Esculape y avait aussi un temple et peut-être un oracle. Les sorts d' Antium durent à ces circonstances quelques consultations d'éclat. L'ode d'Horace paraît avoir été com posée à l'occasion d'une visite faite par Auguste au sanc tuaire. Caligula fut averti par les Fortunes « de se méfier de Cassius' », ce qui aurait causé la perte du proconsul d'Asie, Cassius Longinus, si le poignard de l'obscur Cassius Cherea ne fût intervenu à temps. Quelques ex-votos ^ et le texte de Macrobe, cité plus haut, sont les seuls débris de l'histoire postérieure de l'oracle, 1) Voy. vol. ni, p. 401.-2) Macrob , SaL^ I, 23, 13. — 3) Soet., Calig., 57. — 4) Orelli, 1738-1740. LES SORTS D'ANTIUM 155 Des tablettes de bronze oblongues, percées d'un trou qui permettait de les enfiler dans une cordelette, à la façon des sorts étrusques, et portant des réponses banales, rédigées en latin archaïque, sur un rythme approchant de Fhexamètre, nous ont conservé un spécimen de ces sorts sur lesquels vivaient les oracles italiques ^ Les uns ont cru reconnaître dans ces textes les sorts prénestins, d'autres, les sorts d'Antium ; le dernier éditeur, se fondant sur le fait qu'ils ont été trouvés à une assez faible distance de Padoue, en fait hommage à un troisième oracle cléromantique, celui de la fontaine Aponine, ou fontaine de Géryon, près de Patavium *. Patavium, qu'on disait fondée par le Troyen Anténor, était assez riche en légendes grecques pour que l'on ne s'étonne pas d'y rencontrer le souvenir de Géryon, ou plutôt la trace d'Hercule, le ravisseur de ses bœufs. Hercule y était passé 4) Ces sorts, au nombre de 17, se trouvent dans le recueil d*Orelli(n. 2485) et ont été insérés, sous une forme plus correcte, par M. Th. Mommsen, dans le premier volume du Corp. Inscr. Latin,, p. 267-270. Ce sont des banalités formulées en un style qui imite tant bien que mal la langue d'Ennius, avec force solécismes et fautes de quantité. Les voici, à titre de curiosité : 1 . Corrigi vix tandem quod curvum est factura crede, 2. Credis quod deUmnt, non sunt ita, ne fore stultu', 3. De incerto certane fiant, si sapis, caveas. 4. De vero falsa ne fiant, judice falso, 5. Est equos perpulcer, sed tu vehi non potes istoc, 6. Estviafertilium,.. qua tn... sequi non est, 7. Formidat omnes, quod metuit, id sequi satius est. 8. Homines multi sunt, credere noli. 9. Hostis incertus de certo nisi caveas. 10. Jubeo et uti, si sic fecerit, gaudebit semper. 11. Laetus lûbens petito quod dabitur, gaudebis semper. 12. Non sum mendads quas dixH, consulis stulte. 13. JVtmc me rogitas, nunc consulis, tempus abit jam. 14. Permultis prosum, ubei profui, gratia nemo. 15. Postquam ceciderunt sei sum, consulis tune me. 16. Quod fugis, quodjacias, tibi quod daturspemere nolei. 17. Quipeds post tempus consiUum, quod rogas non est. 2) Aigourd'hui Abano* 156 DIVINATION LATINE ET OMBRO-SABELLIQUE deux fois, poussant devant lui ce troupeau légendaire ; et, comme les sources thermales avaient été en tous lieux ou vertes par la main bienfaisante d'Hercule c'est à lui sans doute que les Padouans se croyaient redevables des eaux médicinales de la fontaine Aponine *. Cette fontaine n'avait pas seulementdes vertus médicinales. Une coutume, conforme aux idées de la race pélasgique, qui partout faisait de Teau l'instrument ou le véhicule de la divi nation, y avait installé un oracle cléromantique, régi par un dieu local, Jupiter Aponus ou Apenninus, appelé aussi Jupiter Consultant {consul ou Consulens)^. L'oracle, quelle qu'ait été la date de sa fondation, jouissait d'une certaine notoriété au temps d'Auguste, car Tibère, allant en lUyrie, s'y arrêta et s'y laissa prédire sa grandeur future. Tout ce que nous savons des méthodes divinatoires employées àPadouetient dans ces quelques lignes de Suétone : « Tibère, allant consulter l'oracle de Géryon, tira un sort qui lui disait d'aller, en guise de con sultation, jeter dans la fontaine d'Aponus des dés en or; il arriva que les dés jetés par lui amenèrent le maximum de points, et de nos jours encore, on les voit sous l'eau * ». Il ressort de cette anecdote que l'oracle de Géryon était distinct de lafontaine,etque celle-ci était utilisée par l'oracle lui-même pour des consultations hydromantiques. Nous avons constaté, en parlant des usages grecs, que l'hydromancie ordinaire, celle qui n'a point recours aux enchantements magiques, n'est qu'une variété de la divination par les sorts *, On peut voir, dans une scène que Plante a empruntée à i) Voy. vol. III, p. 313.— 2) Sur la fontaine Aponine, autrement dit, la source Aponus (i-Tcovoç, qui supprime la douleur), voy. Ldcan., Phars., VIT, 193. Martial., VI, 42. Sil. Ital., XII, 'il8. Claddian., IdylL VI (Aponus). Gassiod., Var, II, 39. Le nom parait être d'origine grecque et avoir été la tinisé par rinstinct populaire en Aponinus, ou mieux encore Apenninus, qui offrait un sens connu. — 3) Vopisc. Firmus, 3. — 4) Sdbt., Tiber., 14. — 5) Voy. vol. I, p. 189 LES SORTS DE LA FONTAINE APONINE 157 Dlphile, les amants de Casina mettre en loterie les faveurs de la belle et jeter des sorts dans un seau d'eau ^ On racon tait en Grèce que les Héraclides avaient tiré au sort les trois villes de Messène, Sparte et Argos, avec des boules de terre durcie, et q[ue les boules des rivaux de Cresphonte s'étaient fondues dans Teau ^, Tibère avait, de la même façon, joué aux dés l'héritage d'Auguste et l'avait emporté sur la chance contraire. On peut donc supposer que l'oracle dit de Géryon faisait d'abord tirer un sort qui réglait le mode de consul tation, et que la consultation définitive avait lieu à la fontaine Aponine, L'incident rapporté par Suétone ne paraît pas avoir fait grand bruit : Lucain, Martial, Silius Italiens parlent des eaux thermales d'Aponus sans dire un mot de l'oracle. Quand on retrouve sa trace, à la fin du troisième siècle, il a, comme la Fortune de Préneste, échangé ses vieux sorts démodés contre les textes virgiliens. Lorsque Claude le Gothique le consulta, après quelques autres, pour savoir combien de temps il régnerait, l'oracle répondit : « Jusqu'à ce que le troisième été l'ait vu régnant sur le Latium ». Quant à la postérité de l'empereur, « à ceux-là, dit le sort, je n'impose ni temps, ni limites ». La destinée de Quintilius, frère de Claude, que celui-ci songeait à se donner pour collègue, devait ressembler à celle de Marcellus : « Les destins ne feront que le montrer à la terre * »• Aurélien, qui voulait grouper autour de son dieu Soleil les emblèmes de tous les autres cultes, eut l'idée de transporter les sorts Aponins, avec Jupiter-Consultant, dans le superbe temple qu'il édifiait sur le Quirinal *. Rome aurait été dotée ainsi d'un oracle oti le zèle religieux de l'em pereur aurait attiré la clientèle. Nous ne saurions dire si i) Pladt., Casin., Il, Se. 4-5. — 2) Pausan., IV, 3, 5. --3) Trkb. Poll., Claud., 10. Les vers dans VEnéide, I, 265. 278; VI, 1869. La source patavine n'était pas le seul oracle hydromanti que que possédât l'Italie impériale. Le fleuve Clitumnus^ à qui Virgile semble ne reconnaître que la propriété de blanchir la toison des troupeaux était un dieu dispensateur de sorts prophétiques* Pline le Jeune emploie les plus ânes couleurs de son style précieux pour peindre ces beaux lieux, ces eaux cristallines où se reflète l'image mouvante des frênes et des peupliers, et le vieux sanctuaire qui décore ce coquet paysage : « Là se voit Clitumnus lui-même, vêtu de la prœtexte ; des sorts attestent la présence de la divinité et son pouvoir fatidique ». Tout un monde de baigneurs et d'âmes conso lées avait passé par là et inscrit « sur toutes les colonnes, sur tous les murs » l'éloge du dieu *. Les rites employés à la fontaine de Padoue pouvaient s'ap pliquer là sans changement notable. En fait de consultations historiques, nous ne connaissons que celle de Caligula qui, « étant allé à Mevania, pour visiter le bois et le fleuve de Clitumnus, y reçut le conseil de compléter le corps de Bataves qui composait sa garde ^ ». Là-dessus, Caligula partit en toute hâte pour la Germanie, d'où il revint plus vite encore pour triompher des flgurants qu'il avait apostés et battus à heure flxe. L'oracle de Clitumnus est de moitié dans ces rdii cules exploits, si l'on suppose que les prophètes prévoient les conséquences de leurs conseils ; et c*est la seule part que, faute de renseignements, nous puissions lui faire dans l'his toire de la divination. En somme, les sorts de l'Italie tiennent bien peu de place i )ViBO., Georg., II, 146. — 2) Pun., Epist. VIU, 8. — 3) Subt., CaUg., 43. INSIGNIFIANCE DES SORTS ITALIQUES 159 à côté des mantéions helléniques. Ils représentent une divi nation facile, mais triviale, et qui a pu se glisser jusque dans les sanctuaii:^s de Dodone et de Delphes * sans y perdre sa grossièreté native. Le perfectionnement même de leur méthode tendit à les rendre inutiles. Pendant longtemps, leur puis sance fatidique resta attachée à des amulettes miraculeuses ; puis, on jugea que le hasard providentiel pouvait tout aussi bien trouver ses allusions révélatrices dans des phrases gra vées de main d'homme ; enfin, on livra au caprice de cette exégèse mystique les œuvres d'Homère et de Virgile. Mais, ces œuvres étant du domaine public et le hasard pouvant conserver en tous lieux sa clairvoyance, il n'était plus néces saire d'aller chercher dans un lieu déterminé des ressources que l'on trouvait partout. Les oracles cléromantiques, en raison même de la facilité avec laquelle leurs procédés se détachaient de leur lieu d'origine, ne purent atteindre, ni en Grèce ni en Italie, à la haute fortune de certaines méthodes rivales, fixées au sol et tenues ainsi en dehors de l'usage vulgaire. Les sorts italiques ont eu sur ceux de la Grèce cet avantage qu'ils n'avaient point à lutter contre la concurrence d'autres instituts indigènes. Ils sont restés les seuls oracles de la péninsule, et Ton s'en aperçoit encore à l'habitude qu'ont les auteurs latins de désigner même les oracles helléniques par le nom de sortes. i) V07. vol. II, p.304 et Tol. m, p. 82 et 91 (en note). CHAPITRE TROISIÈME AUSPICES Présages convenus à l'avance. — AttêpidumHiviêpiciutn, — Extension de ce mode de divination. — Valeur technique des auêpicia et des auguria, — Les augures Marses. — L'art augurai des Sabins. — Aus pices privés et auspices publics. — Le rituel augurai ombrien d'après les Tables Eugubines, — Analogie constatée entre les institutions divi natoires italiques et la divination romaine. La révélation directe, apportée par les voix divines et les présages fortuits, sont la part de la divination vivante et libre, c'est-à-dire, de celle qui n'est point immobilisée dans des formules toutes faites, des signes convenus et des inter prétations obligatoires. L'imprévu, Providence ou hasard, incident commun ou prodige, en bannit la routine et ouvre à l'imagination des perspectives toujours nouvelles. Les auspices avaient un caractère tout opposé. C'étaient des signes demandés et obtenus dans des conditions déterminées, quelque chose de semblable aux mots d'une langue connue, dont l'interprétation a été arrêtée une fois pour toutes. Le nom que leur donnait la langue latine ne met point en relief ce caractère essentiel. Il a été emprunté à la méthode la plus fréquemment employée pour les obtenir, à l'obser vation des oiaeaix.{atùspiciumr^inspicium) *, et l'usage, comme il arrive toujours, en a étendu le sens, non seulement au delà de l'acception propre, mais au delà de toute limite précise. DEFINITION DES AUSPICES 161 Dans Tacception propre du terme, Vatcspicium est, comme Ta très bien défini Servius, « un vol d'oiseaux qui indique s'il faut mettre à exécution ou laisser de côté un dessein déjà formé ' ». Rien n'y est arbitraire; la question posée est simple; les réponses attendues se réduisent à deux, l'une positive, l'autre négative, et les règles de l'art augurai en ont spécifié à l'avance les caractères différentiels. Mais, comme l'inspection des oiseaux n'était, ni chez les Latins, ni chez les Étrusques, ni chez les Grecs, le seul mode de divination qui fût ainsi soumis à une méthode rigoureuse, les signes fournis par l'observation soit des oiseaux occupés à des actes instinctifs autres que le vol et le cri, soit des animaux autres que les oiseaux, par l'examen des entrailles des victimes et même par l'interprétation des éclairs et des foudres, entrèrent tout naturellement dans la catégorie des auspices. On disait ainsi, sans sortir encore des limites de l'analogie légitime, les auspices tirés des poulets {avspicia puUaria) *, les auspices pédestres {pedestria) *, c'est-à-dire fournis par les animaux marchants et rampants, les auspices diversepaent qualifiés (pîacwZana-2)^#i/fera) * que donnait l'ha ruspicine. Les présages tirés des foudres avaient; même fini par être considérés comme les auspices par excellence, ou du moins comme les plus grands de tous [avspidum maximum) '. Jusqu'ici, Tidée de méthode définie, d'induction systéma tique, domine encore dans le sens déjà plus vague du mot. Il était impossible que Tusage en restât là. Le terme auspidum fut, comme celui d'om^n, dépouillé à la longue de tout carac tère spécial et réduit au sens fondamental de « présage^ ». On appelait ainsi auspicia proptervia'^ les mille incidents rencontrés en route par les gens superstitieux, incidents {) Serv., Mn,, Iir, 374. — 2) Serv., Mn., Ilf, 374. — 2) Serv., JBn., VI, 198. — 3) Paul., p. 244, s. v. Fedesiria. — 4) Paul., p. 244, s. v. 'Piacularia, Pestifera. — 5) Serv., .«n., II, 693, Dio Cass., XXXVIII, 13. — Sen., Q. Nat,, II, 34. — 6) Serv., ^En., IV, 340. — 7) Fest., p. 245, s. v. Proptervia. IV il 162 DIVINATION LATINE BT 0MBR0-8ABELLIQUK que les Romains appelaient ominay quand ils ne tenaient pas à traduire exactement l'expression grecque dup^ôXôt èvoStôt. A Rome, où les auspices conféraient l'investiture aux pouvoirs publics, une métonymie usuelle donna même à auspicium le sens de potestas, imperium *. Le mot créé pour représenter une branche spéciale de l'art divinatoire avait été ainsi entraîné, par une extension abu sive, en dehors même du domaine de la divination. Son synonyme, augurium^ ne franchit point ces bornes extrêmes, mais il passa également du sens spécial de « signe fourni par les oiseaux » au sens général de « présage ». L'équi valence approchée des termes avspicium et auguriuniy pris dans leur acception la plus restreinte, est garantie par l'étymologie. L'auspice est « l'inspection », et l'augure, la « dégustation » ou appréciation des oiseaux ^. Il est possible que, conformément à cette dérivation, les i) Skrv., Mn,, VII, 257, etc. — 2) L'étymologie de auspidum^ auspex^ (xus picari.., etc., ne fait pas question. Elle est assez facile à trouver pour que les anciens, habitués pourtant à se contenter de rapprochements hasar deux, ne s'y soient pas mépris (Cf. Varr., Ling. M, VI. 82. Paul., s. v. Au« •piciurUy Serv., Mn,, Hl, 374). Pour augurium, augur, augurari, etc., le pro blème est plus ardu. Les érudits de J^antiquité proposent quatre étymologies. 1« La première dérive le mot de avem gerere (Padl., s. v., Augur, Serv,, jEn.j 523. SuET., Oct , 7. Isid., Origg., VIII, 9), et Ton trouve en effet les formes archaïques auger, augeratus (Priscian., I, 6, 36) qui rappellent de très près les dérivations normales aoiger, avigerium, La plupart des éru dits modernes, entre autres Hartung, J. Marquardt, Th. Mommsen, acceptent cette solution. 2o L'étymologie ab avium garritu (Paul., ibid.) n*est pas sé rieuse. 3» Celle qui dérive augurium de avis et de auger e (Soet., ibid.) a étô suggérée par l'analogie réelle qui existe entre augur et auctor, le signe au gurai étant considéré comme un encouragement à Faction. C'est dans ce sens que Cicéron (Harusp. resp,, 9) appelle les auspices auctoritates rerum bene gerendarum. L'analogie est constatée par Aufrecht, Kirchhoff, H. Nissen, qui rapprochent de auctor l'ombrien uhtur, ayant le sens d'augure. Mais le pro blème n'est pas résolu pour cela, car il resterait à prouver que auctor vient d'au gere. 4<> En revanche, la quatrième étymologie, ab avium gustu (Suet., ibid.), est acceptée des philologues, qui l'appuient sur la comparaison du latin avec les autres langues aryennes. L. Lange hésite entre le radical sanscrit ghush signifiant fmnoncer eigush {y^^) ayant le sens de goûter, M. Bréai se prononce pour ce AUSPICES ET AUGURES 163 mots augurium et augur aient représenté, à Porigine, la divi nation raisonnée, exercée par des spécialistes, en face de la divination banale ou superficielle, représentée par les termes plus anciens et déjà affaiblis d^atcspicium^ atcspex. Plutarque assure que les augures romains étaient d'abord connus sous le nom d'au^pices^ et la ckose n'a rien d'invraisemblable. Ils auraient pris, plus tard, le nom d'augures pour se distinguer de tous ceux qui consultaient les auspices sans avoir fait de la question une étude spéciale. Ce qui est certain, c'est que les grammairiens ont fait des efforts inutiles pour conserver au mot augurium une signification plus restreinte et plus précise que celle d'diùspicium. Tantôt V augurium est l'auspice correct, demandé et apporté par certains oiseaux déterminés, tandis que Yavspicium est un signe imprévu ou oblatif , fourni par un oiseau quelconque ^ ; tantôt le caractère distinctif de Vaugurium est d'être attaché aux coutumes nationales et au sol de la patrie, au lieu que n'importe qui peut observer les auspices, même à l'étranger^. 1) Plutarch., Q!uasst, Bom,, 72. — 2) Serv., £n,, I, 398. •— 3) Serv., JËn., UI, 20. — 4) Skrv., iBn., II, 702; Hl, 89. — 5) Sbrv., ^n., VI, 490. Cf. ci , dessous, p. 184, 1. — 6) Skrv., ^n., UI, 89. Sghol. Vbron., ifin., VU, 260. 164 DIVINATION LATINE ET OMBRO-SABELLIQUB i les présages fortuits, prodiges et allusions ominales*. Il n'estpas jusqu'à l'influence permanente attachée à certains objets qui ne figure parmi les augurta^ comme augurium stativtim^. Il est donc superflu dô chercher une fois de plus à établir sur des vocables aussi ondoyants des classifications ana ■ lytiques. Cependant, comme l'extension abusive du sens des mots n'en oblitère pas tellement l'acception propre qu'il soit impossible de reconnaître celle-ci, on peut retirer de la cir culation banale les termes d'auspicia et awgrwria, et leur rendre une valeur technique que leur ont enlevée les catachrèses. Les auspices et augures désigneraient alors en commun les présages convenus, envoyés par les dieux sur la demande de l'impétrant et dans les limites d'un temple. Ce sont là les aus pices réguliers, nettement distingués, par leurs allures mé thodiques, delà révélation prodigiale et des présages fortuits. Si l'on veut, pour plus de précision, distinguer entre les deux synonymes, un examen attentif des textes de la bonne époque permet de dire qu'à Rome on appelait spécialement atispicia les signes envoyés officiellement par les dieux aux magistrats, et auguria les observations faites par les augures au cours des cérémonies ordonnées par leur rituel, ou, au besoin, ces cérémonies elles-mêmes. Mais il faut attendre, pour tracer des lignes de démarcation si nettes, que nous soyons obligés de parler la langue du droit augurai romain. Les auspices par excellence, ceux dont la définition est contenue dans le terme lui-même, sont les présages fournis i) Serv., jEn,, II, 5, 683 ; llf, 90; I, 346; V, 7; XI, 19. De môme, in jure augurali aitspicium dicitur quod non pelentibus nobis jure ominis offertur (Serv., Mn, JV, 340), ce qui est exactement le contre-pied de la défini tion ordinaire. Servi us n'a ici d'autre tort — si grande est la confusion en celte matière — que de prendre Texception pour la règle : sa défi nition convient très bien au juge auspicium (Cic, Divin, j II, 36), qui était un présage fortuit. — 2) Serv., ^n., III, 84; X, 423. Cf. Annal. delF Instit. di Corr. arch., 1860, p. 28. RITES DIVERS 165 par Tobservation des oiseaux. Nous verrons, plus loin, en étudiant à part Tart augurai de Rome, par quels emprunts faits à d'autres méthodes divinatoires les augures romains complétaient la liste des auspices officiels. Nul doute que les autres nations italiques n'aient eu aussi des procédés divers, applicables à la prise des auspices; mais les renseignements dont nous disposons ne nous permettent là-dessus aucune indication précise. Les augures Marses, qui passaient pour des magiciens et des charmeurs de serpents, des disciples de Circé ou de Médée, et qu'Ennius confond dans son mépris avec tous les charlatans du monde*, mettaient évidemment à la disposition de leurs clients d'autres ressources que l'in terprétation du vol et du cri des oiseaux ; et ils excellaient en même temps dans Tart augurai proprement dit, car on entend dire que les Marses descendent de Marsyas, et que la patrie de Marsyas, la Phrygie, est le berceau de la divination augurale *. Du reste, Cicéron, rapprochant incidemment les augures romains des augures marses, déclare que ceux-là ne sont pas comme ceux-ci, « des augures qui prédisent l'avenir par l'observation des oiseaux et des autres signes*». Ce qu'on peut dire des augures Marses s'applique égale ment bien aux augures Soraniens ou < loups » du mont Soracte {Hirpi Sorani) *, thaumaturges et prophètes qui appartenaient, comme les Marses, à la race sabellique. Nous savons que les Sabins, installés sur le Capitole et le Quirinal, en face des Latins de Romulus, avaient leurs aus pices propres et un art augurai distinct de celui auquel on avait foi sur le Palatin. La confrérie des Sodales Titii, qui passait pour avoir été instituée par le roi Tatius, conservait encore, bien des siècles après, les rites de ces auspices sabins. Ses membres réveillaient, à certains jours, le sou i)ENN. ap. Cic, Bimn,, I, 58. — 2) Gregor., Naz. Adi), Julian,^ I, p. 100. 3) Cic, Divin., U, 33. — 4) Cic, Livin., î, 47. Serv., jEix., XI, 785. 166 DIVINATION LATINE ET OMBRO-SABELLIQUE venir de leur nationalité rebelle à Tassimilation en obser vant les € oiseaux Titiens » *, c'est-à-dire, sans doute, cer taines espèces qui ne figuraient pas sur la liste des volatiles observés par les augures romains. Enfin, il ne faut pas ou blier que la ville latine de Gabies était considérée par les Romains comme le lieu oiï Romulus, Paugure-roi, avait fait son éducation*, et que certaines pratiques du a rite de Gabies » avaient acquis droit de cité à Rome. On disait que le fonda teur de la ville avait tracé le périmètre du temple urbain {pomerium) avec la toge retroussée à la mode de Gabies'; et, dans le droit augurai, le sol de Gabies était, pour la prise des auspices, assimulé au sol romain *. Les auspices, fruit de consultations régulières, tenaient dans la vie des individus et des peuples une place déterminée. Nous ne connaissons d'un peu près que ceux dont usait PÉtat romain, mais nous savons par des témoignages certains qu'il y avait à Rome — et à plus forte raison en dehors de Rome — des auspices privés, et des augures libres qui aidaient les particuliers à les observer correctement. Attus Navius était, au temps des Tarquins, un de ces conseillers populaires ', et c'est pour le compte de ses clients personnels qu'il inter rogeait les messagers célestes dans la « vigne • » où il avait tracé son temple. On nous parle encore plus tard des aus- pices nuptiarum'^^ invités par les familles à inaugurer par des auspices appropriés les cérémonies du mariage. Avant ) Varr., Ling, lat.^ V, 85. — 2) Dion., I, 84. Plut., Rom,, 6. — 3) Cat. ap. Serv., iEn., V, 755. Cf. VII, 612. — 4) Varr., Lin(^. lat, V, 4. (Cf. ci-dessous, liv. m, ch. I, B § 3). —5) Cf. ci-dessus, p. 58, 1. 101. — 6) Cic, Divin,, I, 17. Nat, Deor.y 11, 3. Tarquin consulte Altus Navius à la façon d'un client ordi naire (Cf. Liv., I, 36). — 7) Nihil fere quondam majoris rei, nisi auspicato, ne privatim quidenif gerebatur : quod etiam nunc nuptiarum auspices decto rant qui, re omissay nomen tantum tenent (Cic, Divin., I, 16, id. Val. Max., Il, 1, 1). Ces auspices se bornaient alors à réciter quelques formules {verba auspicum. Tac, Ann,, XI, 27). Cf. Cic, Pro Cluent., 5. Pladt., Casin., Prol. 86. Liv., XLII, 12. SuET., Cîaud.y 26. Sen., Troad, 862. Lucan., Phars., Il, 371. JuvEN., X, 336. Serv., JËn., I, 346. IV, 45.
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https://github.com/fredgeorge/helse-spleis/blob/master/sykepenger-mediators/src/test/kotlin/no/nav/helse/spleis/e2e/UtbetalingkontraktTest.kt
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,021 |
helse-spleis
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fredgeorge
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Kotlin
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Code
| 246 | 1,938 |
package no.nav.helse.spleis.e2e
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode
import no.nav.helse.person.Aktivitetslogg.Aktivitet.Behov.Behovtype.Utbetaling
import no.nav.helse.spleis.meldinger.model.SimuleringMessage
import no.nav.helse.testhelpers.januar
import no.nav.inntektsmeldingkontrakt.Periode
import no.nav.syfo.kafka.felles.SoknadsperiodeDTO
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
import java.time.LocalDate
import java.time.LocalDateTime
internal class UtbetalingkontraktTest : AbstractEndToEndMediatorTest() {
@Test
fun `utbetaling utbetalt`() {
sendNySøknad(SoknadsperiodeDTO(fom = 3.januar, tom = 26.januar, sykmeldingsgrad = 100))
sendSøknad(0, listOf(SoknadsperiodeDTO(fom = 3.januar, tom = 26.januar, sykmeldingsgrad = 100)))
sendInntektsmelding(0, listOf(Periode(fom = 3.januar, tom = 18.januar)), førsteFraværsdag = 3.januar)
sendVilkårsgrunnlag(0)
sendYtelser(0)
sendSimulering(0, SimuleringMessage.Simuleringstatus.OK)
sendUtbetalingsgodkjenning(0)
sendUtbetaling()
val utbetalt = testRapid.inspektør.siste("utbetaling_utbetalt")
assertUtbetalt(utbetalt)
}
@Test
fun annullering() {
sendNySøknad(SoknadsperiodeDTO(fom = 3.januar, tom = 26.januar, sykmeldingsgrad = 100))
sendSøknad(0, listOf(SoknadsperiodeDTO(fom = 3.januar, tom = 26.januar, sykmeldingsgrad = 100)))
sendInntektsmelding(0, listOf(Periode(fom = 3.januar, tom = 18.januar)), førsteFraværsdag = 3.januar)
sendVilkårsgrunnlag(0)
sendYtelser(0)
sendSimulering(0, SimuleringMessage.Simuleringstatus.OK)
sendUtbetalingsgodkjenning(0)
sendUtbetaling()
sendAnnullering(testRapid.inspektør.etterspurteBehov(Utbetaling).path(Utbetaling.name).path("fagsystemId").asText())
sendUtbetaling()
val utbetalt = testRapid.inspektør.siste("utbetaling_annullert")
assertAnnullert(utbetalt)
}
private fun assertUtbetalt(melding: JsonNode) {
assertTrue(melding.path("utbetalingId").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(melding.path("type").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertDato(melding.path("fom").asText())
assertDato(melding.path("tom").asText())
assertDato(melding.path("maksdato").asText())
assertTrue(melding.path("forbrukteSykedager").isInt)
assertTrue(melding.path("gjenståendeSykedager").isInt)
assertTrue(melding.path("ident").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(melding.path("epost").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertDatotid(melding.path("tidspunkt").asText())
assertTrue(melding.path("automatiskBehandling").isBoolean)
assertOppdragdetaljer(melding.path("arbeidsgiverOppdrag"), false)
assertOppdragdetaljer(melding.path("personOppdrag"), false)
}
private fun assertAnnullert(melding: JsonNode) {
assertTrue(melding.path("utbetalingId").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(melding.path("fagsystemId").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertDato(melding.path("fom").asText())
assertDato(melding.path("tom").asText())
assertDatotid(melding.path("annullertAvSaksbehandler").asText())
assertTrue(melding.path("saksbehandlerEpost").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(melding.path("utbetalingslinjer").isArray)
assertFalse(melding.path("utbetalingslinjer").isEmpty)
melding.path("utbetalingslinjer").onEach {
assertDato(it.path("fom").asText())
assertDato(it.path("tom").asText())
}
}
private fun assertOppdragdetaljer(oppdrag: JsonNode, erAnnullering: Boolean) {
assertTrue(oppdrag.path("mottaker").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(oppdrag.path("fagsystemId").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(oppdrag.path("fagområde").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(oppdrag.path("endringskode").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(oppdrag.path("stønadsdager").isInt)
assertDato(oppdrag.path("fom").asText())
assertDato(oppdrag.path("tom").asText())
if (erAnnullering) {
assertEquals(0, oppdrag.path("stønadsdager").asInt())
}
val linjer = oppdrag.path("linjer")
assertTrue(linjer.isArray)
linjer.forEach { linje ->
assertDato(linje.path("fom").asText())
assertDato(linje.path("tom").asText())
assertTrue(linje.path("dagsats").isInt)
assertTrue(linje.path("lønn").isInt)
assertTrue(linje.path("grad").isDouble)
assertTrue(linje.path("stønadsdager").isInt)
assertTrue(linje.path("totalbeløp").isInt)
if (erAnnullering) {
assertEquals(0, linje.path("stønadsdager").asInt())
assertEquals(0, linje.path("totalbeløp").asInt())
}
assertTrue(linje.path("delytelseId").isInt)
assertTrue(linje.has("refFagsystemId"))
assertTrue(linje.has("refDelytelseId"))
if (!erAnnullering) {
assertTrue(linje.has("datoStatusFom"))
assertTrue(linje.has("statuskode"))
} else {
assertDato(linje.path("datoStatusFom").asText())
assertTrue(linje.path("statuskode").asText().isNotEmpty())
}
assertTrue(linje.path("endringskode").asText().isNotEmpty())
assertTrue(linje.path("klassekode").asText().isNotEmpty())
}
}
private fun assertDato(tekst: String) {
assertTrue(tekst.isNotEmpty())
assertDoesNotThrow { LocalDate.parse(tekst) }
}
private fun assertDatotid(tekst: String) {
assertTrue(tekst.isNotEmpty())
assertDoesNotThrow { LocalDateTime.parse(tekst) }
}
}
| 3,765 |
CETATEXT000007959016
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,997 |
Conseil d'Etat, 1 SS, du 30 juillet 1997, 164366, inédit au recueil Lebon
|
JADE
|
French
|
Spoken
| 539 | 834 |
<br/> Vu la requête, enregistrée le 11 janvier 1995 au secrétariat du Contentieux du Conseil d'Etat, présentée par M. Philippe X..., demeurant ... ; M. X... demande l'annulation pour excès de pouvoir de la décision datée du 10 novembre 1994 par laquelle la commission du fonds d'entraide de l'officine pharmaceutique a rejeté sa demande tendant à l'octroi de l'aide prévue à l'article 12 de la loi n° 91-1406 du 31 décembre 1991 ;<br/> Vu les autres pièces du dossier ;<br/> Vu la loi n° 91-1406 du 31 décembre 1991 portant diverses dispositions d'ordre social, et notamment son article 12 ;<br/> Vu le décret n° 93-645 du 26 mars 1993 fixant les modalités de gestion du fonds d'entraide de l'officine prévues à l'article 12 de la loi n° 91-1406 du 31 décembre 1991 portant diverses dispositions d'ordre social ;<br/> Vu l'ordonnance n° 45-1708 du 31 juillet 1945, le décret n° 53-934 du 30 septembre 1953 et la loi n° 87-1127 du 31 décembre 1987 ;<br/> Après avoir entendu en audience publique :<br/> - le rapport de M. Lafouge, Conseiller d'Etat,<br/> - les conclusions de Mme Maugüé, Commissaire du gouvernement ;<br/>
<br/> Considérant qu'aux termes de l'article 3 du décret n° 93-645 du 26 mars 1993 fixant les modalités de gestion du fonds d'entraide de l'officine prévu à l'article 12 de la loi n° 91-1406 du 31 décembre 1991 portant diverses dispositions d'ordre social : "Peuvent seuls bénéficier d'une aide les titulaires, en exercice à la date d'entrée en vigueur du présent décret, d'une officine pharmaceutique soit créée, installée ou transférée par leur soin au cours de l'année 1987 et de l'année 1988, soit ayant fait l'objet d'une promesse d'achat, d'un acte de vente ou d'un acte de succession au cours de la même période. - Ces titulaires d'officine doivent connaître des difficultés financières résultant de l'application de l'arrêté du 12 novembre 1988 relatif aux prix et marges des médicaments remboursables. - Ces difficultés sont appréciées en tenant compte de l'évolution pendant la période comprise entre le moment où le titulaire s'est installé et le 31 décembre 1991 : a) Du chiffre d'affaires hors taxes de l'officine ; b) De la rentabilité de l'officine appréciée d'après le résultat d'exploitation, le résultat courant avant impôt et le résultat net comptable ; c) Du montant de l'endettement de l'officine par rapport à son chiffre d'affaires hors taxes. - Sont exclus du bénéfice de l'aide les titulaires d'officine qui ne sont pas à jour des cotisations salariales dues aux organismes de sécurité sociale" ;<br/> Considérant qu'il ne ressort pas des pièces du dossier que la commission du fonds d'entraide de l'officine pharmaceutique ait commis une erreur manifeste d'appréciation en retenant que les difficultés financières de M. X... ne résultaient pas de l'application des dispositions de l'arrêté du 12 novembre 1988 relatif aux prix et marges des médicaments remboursables mais d'un endettement initial élevé ; que, dès lors, M. X... n'est pas fondé à demander l'annulation de la décision, notifiée le 29 juillet 1994, par laquelle la commission du fonds d'entraide de l'officine a rejeté sa demande ;<br/>Article 1er : La requête de M. X... est rejetée.<br/>Article 2 : La présente décision sera notifiée à M. Philippe X... et au ministre de l'emploi et de la solidarité.<br/>
| 31,374 |
049a15c2d21324b02a499f5844956004
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,014 |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20140051_01235.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
Slovak
|
Spoken
| 162 | 405 |
146e année. - No 51
Samedi 20 décembre 2014
ANNEXE AU
JOURNAL OFFICIEL
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
LOIS ET DÉCRETS
DIRECTION DE L'INFORMATION
LÉGALE ET ADMINISTRATIVE
26, rue Desaix, 75727 PARIS CEDEX 15
www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr
D.I.L.A
CN=Publication
JOAFE,OU=0002
13000918600011,OU=Direction Information Legale
Administrative,O=Gouv,C=FR
75015 Paris
2014-12-18 14:56:47
Standard ....................01.40.58.75.00
Annonces ...................01.40.58.77.56
Accueil commercial.... 01.40.15.70.10
Abonnements.............01.40.15.67.77
(8 h 30 à 12 h 30)
Associations
Fondations d'entreprise
Associations syndicales
de propriétaires
Fonds de dotation
Annonce n° 1235 - page 6219
66 - Pyrénées-Orientales
ASSOCIATIONS
Créations
Déclaration à la préfecture des Pyrénées-Orientales.
TOTS AMICS.
Objet : association catalane interactive et solidaire de motocyclistes organisant des événements pour faire
bénéficier une fois par an une autre association ou une personne physique d'un don, et tous objets
similaires, connexes ou complémentaires ou susceptibles d'en favoriser la réalisation ou le
développement.
Siège social : 3 BIS, rue George Sand, 66440 Torreilles.
Date de la déclaration : 25 novembre 2014.
1235.
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH
| 11,033 |
US-97110110-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,010 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,258 | 5,031 |
The activator unit 306 may be any suitable device capable of producing charged particles in the combined liquid stream 302. The activator unit 306 may also induce changes in temperature and pressure, which may cause the formation of small or micro bubbles within the combined liquid stream 302. The small or micro bubbles may be directed against a metal surface of the activator unit 306, resulting in charged particles being stripped from the metal surface and remaining in the combined liquid stream 302, thus forming the activated liquid stream 310. The small or micro bubbles, for example, may be less than about 50 microns in diameter. Due to their nature, the small or micro bubbles may last for long periods of time and have electrical charges that are very effective at attracting suspended floating particles or contaminants.
Referring to FIG. 8, the activator unit 306 may be comprised of a first activator volume 344 and a second activator volume 346 separated by a barrier 348. The barrier 348 has at least one hole 332 or other opening allowing fluid communication between the first activator volume 344 and the second activator volume 346.
Examples of an activator unit 306 capable of producing an activated liquid stream 310 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,629 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Separating Particles from Liquids” and U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,787 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Treating Fluids to Alter Their Physical Characteristics,” the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, a device for activating the combined liquid stream 302 may comprise two shells 312. The shells 312 may be elongate and cylindrical, or some other suitable shape. The shells 312 may be arranged in spaced relation to one another and connected together in fluid communication, such as by the connection tube 336 shown. The shells 312 may be connected to the connection tube 336 in any suitable manner, such as with flanges and fasteners (e.g., bolts). Each shell 312 may house a bundle 308 of tubes 318. The tubes 318 may be elongate and cylindrical, or some other suitable shape. The bundle 308 may be supported in relation to a plate 316. The plate 316 may have holes 317 therein equivalent in number to the number of tubes 318 in the bundle 308. The plate 316 additionally may have one or more stay holes 319 which interact with stay features (not shown) so that the plate 316 maintains a constant alignment with respect to the shell 312. The tubes 318 may be sealed in relation to the plate 316 so as to be in fluid communication with the holes 317. The number and size of the tubes 318 may vary in accordance with the size of the shell 312 and the desired clearance between the shell 312 and the bundle 308.
In an exemplary embodiment, the shell 312 may have a diameter that is about six inches (15.2 cm) and a length that is about 53 inches (114.3 cm). The shell 312 may be coupled to a reducer 330. The shell 312 may house tubes 318 having a length of about 54 inches (137.2 cm), so that the tubes 318 extend beyond the shell 312 and into the reducer 330. The shell 312 may house a bundle 308 of nine spaced apart tubes 318 that are about ¾ inch (1.8 cm) in diameter. The tubes 318 may be arranged so that the inner surface of the shell 312 is spaced in a range of about ¼ to ½ inches (0.6 to 1.2 cm) from the bundle 308, i.e., there is a gap of about ¼ to ½ inch between the inner surface of the shell 312 and the outer surface of the tubes 318. The plate 316 may comprise nine holes 317, one for each tube 318 in the bundle 308. Although the tubes 318 and holes 317 may be arranged in any suitable manner, the tubes 318 shown are spaced concentrically about a center tube 318, substantially equidistantly from the center tube 318 and substantially equidistantly apart from one another. Hence, the bundle 308 has eight tubes 318 about a center tube 318 and the plate 316 correspondingly has eight holes 317 about a center hole 317.
In certain embodiments, the shell 312 may have a diameter that is between about two inches and four inches, and a length that is between about 15 inches and about 40 inches. In certain embodiments, the tubes 318 may have a length of between about 16 inches and about 41 inches, and diameters of between about ¼ inch and about ¾ inch. In certain embodiments, the shell 312 may have a length of up to approximately 71 inches and the tubes 38 may have lengths of up to approximately 72 inches. In some embodiments, the lengths of the shell 312 and tubes 318 may individually or both extend beyond 71 inches and 72 inches, respectively, with or without increasing the size of the respective diameters of the shell 312 and tubes 318 beyond four inches and ¾ inch, respectively.
Continuing with reference to the drawings, each tube 318 may comprise a wall having a plurality of radially bored holes 332. The holes 332 may be axially and radially spaced, or arranged in some other suitable manner. The exemplary tubes 318 may be provided with four radially spaced rows of holes 332 (e.g., approximately 90 degrees apart). Each hole 332 may have a diameter of about 1/10 inch (3 mm) and be axially spaced apart about 3 inches (75 mm) center-to-center from one another. In this way, about 17-18 holes 332 may be provided per row. It should be appreciated that the holes 332 in one row may be axially staggered in relation to the holes 332 in a radially adjacent row, as shown in FIG. 12. An end of each tube 318 may be substantially closed, such as with an end cap 334 or other suitable structure, and may or may not include a hole. It should be appreciated that the cross-sectional areas of the holes 332 in relation to the cross-sectional area of the tube 318 may reduce the risk of back pressure or flow restriction during operation of the device for activating the combined liquid stream 302.
The shells 312 and tubes 318 may be formed of metal or metal alloy or another substance that is coated or plated with metal or metal alloy. For example, the exemplary shells 312 may be about 70 percent copper and about 30 percent nickel by weight, or be formed of a ferrous metal (e.g., black iron) and the inner surface of the shells 312 may be coated with a copper-nickel alloy, comprising about 70 percent copper and about 30 percent nickel, although other materials may be suitable. The tubes 318 may be comprised of copper, although other materials may be suitable. In certain embodiments, the shells 312 and tubes 318 may be formed of a non-metal, such as Polyvinyl Chloride (“PVC”) tubing.
In operation, the combined liquid stream 302 may flow through the activator unit 306 (i.e., in a clockwise direction when viewing FIG. 9) via the activator input 314 and into one shell 312 (i.e., from the left to the right in the upper shell when viewing FIG. 9), through the holes 332 in the tubes 318 therein. The combined liquid stream 302 may then flow through the connection tube 336 into the other shell 312 (i.e., from the right to the left in the bottom shell when viewing FIG. 9) and through the holes 332 in the tubes 318 therein, and then out of the activator via the activator output 328. Within each shell 312, the combined liquid stream 302 exits through the holes 332 in the tubes 318 and onto the inner surface of the shell 312. As this occurs, electrons are freed from the metal or metal alloy such as copper-nickel alloy on the inner surface of the shell 312. The freed electrons combine with the molecules in the combined liquid stream 302 to create the activated liquid stream 310. In combination with the activating process, these exit streams may cause a rapid formation and collapse of vapor pockets in the liquid waste when tensile stress is super imposed. These exit streams may assist in altering the physical or chemical characteristics of the combined liquid stream 302. It should be understood that due to the reaction in the first, upper shell 312 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, some of the liquid passing into the second, lower shell 312 will already be an activated liquid stream 310. After passing through all shells 312 of the activator unit 306, the activated liquid stream 310 exits the activator unit 306 via activator output 328.
It should be appreciated that the shell 312 may have a roughened or irregular inner surface that presents more metal or metal alloy surface area, such as copper, to the turbulent action of combined liquid stream 302 that exits through the holes 332 in the tubes 318 within the shell 312. Additionally, a metallic coil, such as the coil 338 shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, which may be in the form of a helix of a metal or metal alloy having free electrons, such as copper or copper-nickel wire, may be wrapped around the tubes 318, for substantially the length of the outer surface of the tubes 318. As the combined liquid stream 302 exits through the holes 332 in the tubes 318, it may strike the coil 338, causing electrons to be freed from the coil 338. The freed electrons combine with the molecules in the combined liquid stream 302 to further charge the combined liquid stream 302. It should be appreciated that the coil 338 may provide freed electrons sufficient to charge the combined liquid stream 302 in the absence of a metal or metal coated shell. In such a case, the shell 312 may be formed of some other suitable material, such as a polymer, plastic, ceramic, other metal, or the like. In an embodiment, the shell is constructed of 4″ PVC piping. In various embodiments, the activator unit 306 may be resized to be larger or smaller depending on the desired application and flow rates.
Referring now to FIG. 13, there is illustrated an activator unit 306 for activating the combined liquid stream 302. Although the activator unit 306 is shown comprising only one shell 312, it should be appreciated that multiple shells 312 may be joined together. The activator unit 306 may be oriented upright, as shown in FIG. 13, or in a prone position, like the activator unit 306 shown in FIG. 9. The activator unit 306 may comprise a shell 312, which may be elongate and cylindrical, or some other suitable shape. The shell 312 may house a bundle 308 of tubes 318, which may be elongate and cylindrical, or some other suitable shape. The bundle 308 may be supported in relation to a plate 316 so as to be in fluid communication with holes 317 in the plate 316. The tubes 318 may comprise a plurality of radially bored holes 332, which may be axially and radially spaced, or arranged in some other suitable manner. An end of each tube 318 may be substantially closed, such as with a cap or other suitable structure, and may or may not include a hole therein.
In operation, the combined liquid stream 302 may flow into the shell 312 and exit through the holes 332 in the tubes 318 into the inner surface of the shell 312. Electrons freed from the metal or metal alloy, such as copper-nickel alloy, on the inner surface of the shell 312 may combine with the molecules in the combined liquid stream 302 to create the activated liquid stream 310. The activated liquid stream 310 may flow out of the activator unit 306 (i.e., in an upward direction when viewing FIG. 13).
Referring back to FIG. 7, the result of the activator stage 300 is an activated liquid stream 310 which allows for improved separation of contaminants from the activated liquid stream 310. As a result, the activated liquid stream 310 may have a greater percentage of separable contaminants than that of the combined liquid stream 302. Additionally, settling of the activated liquid stream 310 may be able to be fully conducted in a much shorter timeframe than settling of the combined liquid stream 302.
Referring to FIG. 8, an exemplary activator unit 306 may also be equipped with necessary pumps and valves to perform self-cleaning. An exemplary activator unit 306 equipped for self-cleaning may have a pumping mechanism 340 designed to pump backwashing fluid 342 through a backwash selector 350 and through the activator unit 306 via the activator output 328 (i.e. in the opposite direction in which the combined liquid stream 302 normally travels through the activator unit 306). The backwashing fluid 342 then flows past the inner wall of the shell 312 and past any coils 338 wrapped around the tubes 318. The backwashing fluid 342 is then pushed through the holes 332 in the walls of the tubes 318 and out through the activator input 314 (as shown in FIG. 9). As the backwashing fluid 342 passes by the various surfaces in the activator unit 306 and passes through the holes 332 and other openings in the activator unit 306, debris and built-up contaminants are cleaned out of the activator unit. While the activator is in the self-cleaning process, necessary valves may be switched so that the backwashing fluid 342 is not capable of traveling towards the final separation stage 400. The backwash selector 350 is fluidly coupled to the activator output 328. When the backwash selector 350 is in a first state, it allows the activated liquid stream 310 exiting the activator output 328 to leave the Activator Stage 300 and pass towards the Final Separation Stage 400. When the backwash selector 350 is in a second state, it allows the backwashing fluid 342 to flow into the activator output 328 in the reverse direction (i.e. right to left in FIG. 8). Additional valves (not shown) may be used to divert any used backwashing fluid 343 exiting the activator input 314 to a waste area for further use or treatment. Alternatively, in an embodiment not shown, the used backwashing fluid 343 exiting the activator input 314 may follow the path used by the combined liquid stream 302. When the self-cleaning process is complete and the activator is put back in normal use, the backwashing fluid 342 that had exited the activator unit 306 via the activator input 314 may travel back through the activator unit 306 before the combined liquid stream 302 reaches the activator unit 306. The backwashing system may use the combined liquid stream 302 as the backwashing fluid 342, and the pressurizing mechanism 301 may be used as the pumping mechanism 340. The backwashing may be accomplished by altering the state of at least one valve (not shown) to allow the pressurizing mechanism 301 to pump the combined liquid stream 302 through the activator unit 306 in a reverse direction (i.e. from right to left in FIG. 8).
The pumping mechanism 340 and any required valves (not shown) may be controlled through an automated system which, when activated, engages the backwashing system automatically after a pre-determined criterion has been met. The pre-determined criterion may be elapsed time, volume of waste processed, volume of fluid treated, actuation of a backwashing button, or sensing of certain qualities of the activator unit 306, the pressurizing mechanism 301, or the activated liquid stream 310. For example, an exemplary backwashing system may be automatically activated if the activator unit 306 is overly clogged, the pressurizing mechanism 301 is working harder than usual, or the activated liquid stream 310 is losing more pressure than usual or is not being adequately activated. Other sensors may be used to automatically activate the backwashing system. The same automated system or a separate automated system may control the activation of the spray bar 144 used in the First Separation Stage 100 and the cleaning nozzle 244 used in the dewatering unit 206.
Final Separation Stage 400
In an embodiment of this invention, the activated liquid stream 310 is passed to a final separation stage 400 where remaining contaminants are removed from the activated liquid stream 310.
Referring to FIG. 14, in the final separation stage 400, the activated liquid stream 310 is transported to a settling lagoon 402, pit, or other suitable storage facility where settling may occur. Charged particles and small bubbles in the activated liquid stream 310 may attract contaminants and form contaminant particles that tend to sink to the bottom of the settling lagoon 402. As a result, the various contaminants can be separated with great speed and efficiency. The settling process may result in a level of clean water 410 above a mass of settled particles 406. The settled particles 406 may be disposed of, used for further purposes, or recycled in some fashion. The clean water 410 can be removed and used. The clean water 410 has a greatly reduced concentration of contaminants as compared to the combined liquid stream 302 or the activated liquid stream 310. This clean water 410 can be disposed of by irrigation or other suitable means.
Referring to FIGS. 24-26, an exemplary embodiment of the waste separation and processing system may include a base 502 supporting all necessary mechanisms for the first separation stage 100, the dewatering stage 200, and the activator stage 300. The base 502 may house a combined first separation stage 100 and dewatering stage 200 as shown and described above. Supplying the first separation stage 100 is a pump 101 in the form of a diaphragm pump that receives the slurry through its pump input 503. The combined liquid stream 302 is pressurized out of the collection bin 140 by a pressurizing mechanism 301 in the form of an impeller pump, which then pressurizes the combined liquid stream 302 through the activator unit 306, until the activated liquid stream exits the activator 306 at the activator output 328. Additionally, the base 502 supports a control unit 501. The control unit 501 may contain control surfaces, electronics, valves, or other means by which a user can control the various elements of the overall system. In some embodiments, the control unit 501 houses circuitry that controls the speeds of the motors turning the rotating drum and the auger and the flow rates of the pump 101 and pressurizing mechanism 301.
In some embodiments, the control unit 501 may control the amount of dewatering in the dewatering stage 200 by causing axial displacement of the occluding piece 218. The control unit 501 may be connected to the various elements it controls by way of mechanical cables (not shown), electrical cables (not shown), fluid tubes (not shown), or wirelessly. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that the control unit 501 may provide user feedback or automatic control of the various elements mentioned above through one or more sensors attached to one or more elements located on or near the base 502. For example, in an embodiment not shown, a sensor adapted to sense the temperature of the slurry as it enters the first separation stage 100 may be used by the control unit 501 to increase the amount of heat being applied to the slurry by a heating element located in-line with and prior to the first separation stage 100.
It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any number of different separation mechanisms of various design, size, material, and shape can be used to separate the activated liquid stream 310 and that the term “settling lagoon” is not intended to limit this disclosure to use only separation mechanisms of a particular design, size, material, or shape. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other separation mechanisms may be used in place of or in addition to settling by settling lagoon 402 in order to separate any of the mixtures. In an exemplary system, the separation mechanism may be capable of separating the contaminants from the activated liquid stream 310.
Embodiments of the disclosed system and method may include additional screening or filtering devices placed before the input of or after the output of any stage or unit, depending upon the individual needs of the system. One particular embodiment includes an activated charcoal filter unit placed either before or after the activator stage 300. One embodiment includes the use of a self-cleaning or non-self-cleaning filter with a 100 micron or lower filtration size placed so as to filter the combined liquid stream 302 before it enters the activator unit 306.
Embodiments of the disclosed system and method may include a clarifier unit in-line placed before the input of or after the output of any stage or unit, depending upon the individual needs of the system. A particular embodiment includes a clarifier unit placed either before or after the activator stage 300.
Embodiments of the disclosed system and method may include additional heaters 131 positioned to heat the various streams at various points in the system, where necessary depending upon application and climate.
It also should be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that numerous pumps, valves, and other equipment may be added to or removed from the above described embodiments as necessary without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The headings used in this description are inserted for readability purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting, in any way, the contents of this disclosure.
In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, the principle and mode of operation of this invention have been explained and illustrated in its preferred embodiment. However, it must be understood that this invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically explained and illustrated without departing from its spirit or scope.
What is claimed is:
1. 2. A system for processing slurries comprising: a first separation device that includes a screw press positioned partially within a rotating drum filter, the rotating drum filter having a drum screen and a rotating frame with scoops, wherein the rotating drum filter is adapted to separate a slurry that contains contaminants into a first liquid stream that exits through the drum screen and a solid stream that is lifted by the scoops and dropped into the screw press, wherein the screw press is configured to provide a forward motive force to push the solid stream towards a solids output by rotating an auger attached to a central drive shaft and the screw press is configured to provide backpressure upon the solid stream by occluding at least a portion of the solids output with an occluding piece, wherein the occluding piece is rotationally coupled to the central drive shaft, the occluding piece having at least one fin positioned to contact a portion of a solid waste stream as it exits the solids output, wherein the screw press is adapted to separate the solid stream into a second liquid stream and a solid waste stream, the first separation device configured to route the second liquid stream into the rotating drum filter to allow the second liquid stream to be re-screened and thus mixed with the first liquid stream to create a combined liquid stream; a pump configured to pressurize the combined liquid stream through an activator device in a forward direction, wherein the activator device includes a barrier between a first activator volume and a second activator volume, the first activator volume being in fluid communication with the second activator volume via a plurality of openings in the barrier, an activator surface positioned within close proximity of the plurality of openings in the barrier, wherein the activator device is configured such that the pressurized flowing of the combined liquid stream through the plurality of openings in the barrier and past the activator surface results in an activated liquid stream, the activated liquid stream including charged particles, wherein the charged particles attract the contaminants to form contaminant particles within the activated liquid stream; and a second separation device adapted to receive the activated liquid stream and allow the contaminant particles to settle, resulting in a portion of clean water separable from a plurality of settled particles.
3. The system of claim 2, further comprising a spray bar positioned in proximity to the drum filter and configured to spray a pressurized spray bar fluid through the drum screen.
4. The system of claim 2, further comprising a cleaning nozzle positioned in proximity to the screw press and configured to spray a pressurized cleaning nozzle fluid onto the screw press.
5. The system of claim 2, further comprising a backwashing system configured to pressurize a backwashing fluid through the activator device in a reverse direction.
6. The system of claim 2, further comprising a heater adapted to provide heat energy to at least one of the slurry, the first liquid stream, and the activated liquid stream.
7. The system of claim 2, wherein the barrier is a plurality of tube walls defining a plurality of tubes located within a shell, the first activator volume being defined in part by the plurality of tubes, the second activator volume being defined in part as a space between the plurality of tubes and the shell..
| 18,539 |
https://github.com/Team-Pisces/capstone/blob/master/client/components/UpdateEmail.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
capstone
|
Team-Pisces
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 371 | 1,247 |
import React, {useState, useEffect} from 'react'
import {connect} from 'react-redux'
import {updateEmail} from '../store/user'
import {
CardContent,
Paper,
TextField,
Typography,
Container,
Button,
CssBaseline
} from '@material-ui/core'
import {Redirect} from 'react-router-dom'
import {me} from '../store'
const UpdateEmail = props => {
useEffect(
() => {
props.fetchEmail()
},
[me]
)
const email = props.email || []
let [redirect, setRedirect] = useState(false)
let [current, setCurrent] = useState(false)
let [match, setMatch] = useState(false)
const {name, displayName, changeEmail, error} = props
const handleSubmit = evt => {
evt.preventDefault()
const currentEmail = evt.target.currentEmail.value
const newEmail = evt.target.newEmail.value
const confirmEmail = evt.target.confirmEmail.value
if (
email !== currentEmail &&
(confirmEmail !== newEmail || confirmEmail === '')
) {
setCurrent((current = true))
setMatch((match = true))
} else if (email !== currentEmail) {
setCurrent((current = true))
setMatch((match = false))
} else if (confirmEmail !== newEmail || confirmEmail === '') {
setCurrent((current = false))
setMatch((match = true))
} else {
changeEmail(currentEmail, newEmail)
setRedirect((redirect = true))
}
}
return (
<Container component="main" maxWidth="xs" style={{paddingTop: '150px'}}>
<CssBaseline />
<Paper>
<CardContent>
<Typography component="h1" variant="h5">
Update Email
</Typography>
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit} noValidate name={name}>
{current === false ? (
<TextField
variant="standard"
margin="normal"
required
style={{width: '360px'}}
id="currentEmail"
label="Current Email Address"
name="currentEmail"
autoComplete="currentEmail"
autoFocus
/>
) : (
<TextField
variant="standard"
margin="normal"
required
error
helperText="Incorrect Current Email Address"
style={{width: '360px'}}
id="currentEmail"
label="Current Email Address"
name="currentEmail"
autoComplete="currentEmail"
autoFocus
/>
)}
{match === false ? (
<>
<TextField
variant="standard"
margin="normal"
required
style={{width: '360px'}}
name="newEmail"
label="New Email Address"
type="newEmail"
id="newEmail"
autoComplete="newEmail"
/>
<TextField
variant="standard"
margin="normal"
required
style={{width: '360px'}}
name="confirmEmail"
label="Confirm New Email Address"
type="confirmEmail"
id="confirmEmail"
autoComplete="confirmEmail"
/>
</>
) : (
<>
<TextField
variant="standard"
margin="normal"
required
error
style={{width: '360px'}}
name="newEmail"
label="New Email Address"
type="newEmail"
id="newEmail"
autoComplete="newEmail"
/>
<TextField
variant="standard"
margin="normal"
required
error
helperText="New Emails Do Not Match"
style={{width: '360px'}}
name="confirmEmail"
label="Confirm New Email Address"
type="confirmEmail"
id="confirmEmail"
autoComplete="confirmEmail"
/>
</>
)}
{/* {error && error.response && <Paper> {error.response.data} </Paper>} */}
<Button type="submit" fullWidth variant="contained" color="primary">
{displayName}
</Button>
</form>
{redirect === true ? <Redirect to="/profile" /> : null}
</CardContent>
</Paper>
</Container>
)
}
const mapUpdateEmail = state => {
return {
name: 'updateEmail',
displayName: 'Update Email',
error: state.user.error,
email: state.user.email
}
}
const mapDispatch = dispatch => {
return {
changeEmail: (currentEmail, newEmail) =>
dispatch(updateEmail(currentEmail, newEmail)),
fetchEmail: () => dispatch(me())
}
}
export default connect(mapUpdateEmail, mapDispatch)(UpdateEmail)
| 4,638 |
<urn:uuid:cb3040ea-0ba8-4111-8c50-11ed0e243a84>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.centrepompidou.fr/fr/ressources/oeuvre/cX4yjrq
|
centrepompidou.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 11 | 29 |
AM 1978-803 (10)
barrièrefête forainenoir et blancstand
Réf. image : 4Y00468
| 26,872 |
https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/91923
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Ash Ishh, BairDev, Haroldo Ramirez, Harry Scott, Igor Mate, Peter Carlos, Scarlett , chukatee, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/301115, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/301116, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/301117, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/301137, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/301148, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/301167, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/302089, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/303105, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/61246, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/81850, lagerenas, lunardog15
|
English
|
Spoken
| 680 | 911 |
Limit download rate in android?
I have an irritating friend of mine who has evil eye on my unlimited data plan. I have a few time asked him to do his own recharge but he tends not to. It's so irritating when he asks to tether.
Can I limit my download speed to 1 kbps? Or maybe 1/2?
Well, yes that's something which I also want to know, because there are times when I want other people connected to my device via tethering doesn't get the speed, in other words I do want to limit them !
FOR NON-ROOTED DEVICES
*Go to Settings > More > Mobile Networks
*Uncheck Mobile Data Service Preferred
FOR ROOTED DEVICED
(Copied from Mansour's answer on this post )
Checkout BradyBound. It's a system wide download speed shaper/limiter. Few things to note:
The app requires root access.
It works by dropping packets using iptables. This wastes some traffic - how much depends on the type of traffic (e.g. long running download, web browsing).
Rate measurement is done by number of packets instead of bytes so the speed limit won't be accurate.
This only limits TCP traffic (it makes no sense to drop UDP packets).
Note also that I'm the author of this app.
Well, I think this would put an hold to the data limit not the data transfer limit. I think over here @OP is trying to limit the speed of those evil friends to less than 1Kbps, I have am also trying to search for any trick available to do that from a long time but I am still looking for answers on this one !
You are absolutely correct. But it will restrict the data and his friend will not able to use Internet after that limit. And he will not have any clue why internet is not working.
but the problem here is if I am also using the my data plan over the device then I'll also gets cuts down, I don't know if santosh is upto this one but according to me what will happen with me is my friend will ask me to look what has happened and I'll get caught, and I don't think this would be a good idea because my evil friend already have the idea that this person has an unlimited data plan.
@Peter have you checked edited answer.If you have a root access Please let me know if this is working for you.
Well @Ash-Ishh I haven't rooted my device and doesn't have plan to root it atleast this month, so I don't think I can confirm this maybe some one else over here could do that for me any what I can do is I'll remove my down vote because this time things looks as it's going to work any may be OP of this question can throw light on this one ! :)
@Peter I am also trying to find solution to controll it on non-rooted devices. If I will succeed I will update answer :) Because I am also having non-rooted device and dont want to root it now.
That's great, would be looking forward for your replies in future about it ! :)
Hey @Peter Just check out update. I dont know whether this option is available in all android versions (I tested on Jelly Bean 4.1.1) If it is available in your device let me know how much speed decreased in your case with this.
Well, which update you are talking about didn't see that... ??
Its working in Jelly Bean 4.1;
I also found one post about ' Mobile Data service preferred' here> http://www.mymobnet.com/make-android-device-browse-fasterboost-data-download-speed/
Hey @Ash-Ishh.. don't think you are going a little off topic over here ?? The post you have pointed to me has nothing to do with the question above!
Sorry mate! It was not my intention to make it more complex I just wanted to point out that option I mentioned in answer is available in android through link.But now I have realized It is really going off topic. Once again I apologize.
| 9,807 |
https://github.com/vitrv/interactivity/blob/master/src/shaders/bone.vert
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSL-1.0
| null |
interactivity
|
vitrv
|
GLSL
|
Code
| 24 | 60 |
R"zzz(
#version 330 core
in vec4 vertex_position;
uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
void main() {
gl_Position = vertex_position;
}
)zzz"
| 30,878 |
geschichtederbil0402schnuoft_3
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,843 |
Geschichte der bildenden Künste
|
Schnaase, Karl Julius Ferdinand, 1798-1875 | Eisenmann, Oscar, 1842- | Lübke, Wilhelm, 1826-1893
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,568 | 13,942 |
Würdig Uli «» iliirr K u iist It'ist im oen. 45 vvohlberechtin;ten Gefiihls, erste. vielleicIU kiiuliscli unsi- chere, aber doch entscheidende Schritte zu dem ricliti«jcii Ziele. Die Holdieit der \ ölker selbst wurde hier /um Mittel für die Krreicimii" eines höheren Zweckes, sie ffab (lie liücken, durcli welche der neue (jeist eindnngen konnte. Eüi civilisirtes und disciplinirtes Volk wäre durch die an- tike Re<>el ertödtet ; die noch uno^ebändigle Natur half sich selbst. Am deutlichsten zei<>t sicii dies an i\c\\ ornamen- tistischen Theilen. Der römische St^l forderte, dass alle, auch die reichsten ^'erzierung•en am ganzen Gebäude an derselben Stelle unverändert wiederkehrten. Noch an den karolingischen Bauten hatte man es, wenigstens in Betrelf der Kapitale, ebenso gehalten. Dem germanischen Gefiihl war dies unerträglich, nur bei völlig scluiiucklosen oder höchst einfachen AViirfelknäufen liess man sicli AV^iederho- huig gefallen; die \'erzierung konnte man sich als den Ausdruck individuellen Gefühls nur wechselnd ^ nur von einem selbstständigen Gedanken, einer persönlichen Emplin- dung eingegeben denken. Jeder einzelne Arbeiter glaubte sich daher berechtigt und verpilichtet, seinen eigenen Ge- danken und Gefühlen zu folgen, nach seiner Weise zur Ehre Gottes sich zu äussern. Daher denn die unendliche Menge steter \'ariationen , die oft amnuthigen . oft harten und willkürlichen Formen^ daher (üe gedrängten^ stämmigen, unförmlichen Figuren an diesen Kapitalen^ deren Bedeutung uns unverständlich bleibt oder sich kaum errathen lässt. Anfangs traten diese Aeusserungen des individuellen Gefühls freilich sehr ungeschickt, willkürlich und roh hervor, aber auch so verdienen sie die Missachtung nicht ^ mit denen man sie später, von dem Standpunkte der wieder erweckten antiken Kunst ausgehend, betrachtet hat. Sie erscheinen sofort in ganz anderem Lichte, wenn man sie nicht als einen \'erstoss gegen die allein wahre Regel, als blosse 46 Krste Epoche. Aeusseruno;en der Ungesrhicklichkeit. oder gar als verstoh- lene Freiheiten des knechtischen Sinnes, der sich an dem anfoe/Aviingonon Gosetze rächt, sondern als die ersten Re- gungen eines richtigen Instinktes ansieht, der, gegen die Macht uralter Traditionen ankämpfend^ sich mühsam Bahn bricht. Wir werden daini geneigt sein, auf die freilich noch unklaren Intentionen einzugehen und diese Versuche einer beginnenden Kunst nicht bloss wegen ihrer Naivelät und Anspruchslosigkeit mit Nachsicht, sondern selbst mit Befriedigung und Anerkeninnig zu betrachten. Auch führten diese noch ungeordneten und vereinzelten Bestrebungen bald zur Entdeckung eines neuen Gesetzes. Sobald man die unabweisbare Berechtigung individueller Aeiisserung aner- kennen musste und doch auf die Einheit nicht verzichten konnte, ergab sich von selbst das Gesetz der relativen Einheit und Gleichheit, des rhythmischen Wechsels, der Gruppe, das sich an der Ausbildung des Grundrisses in seinen einzelnen Theilen. an dem Wechsel von Pfeilern und Säulen, an der gleichen Grundform verschiedenartig verzierter Kapitale, an dem reichgebildeten zusammenge- setzten Pfeiler, und an vielen anderen Einzelheiten kund- gab und bewährte, und allmälig das ganze Gebäude durch- drang. Es war hier offenbar, im Vergleiche mit der me- chanischen Ordnujig der römischen Architektur, ein höheres Gesetz, das Gesetz eines reicher entwickelten organischen licbens gefunden. Zwei Elemente verschiedenen l'rsprungs sind also liier verschmolzen; die Grundformen der römischen Architektur, die aber von allem Specifischen entblösst smd mid daher nur durch ihre einfache Regelmässigkeit, durch das Vor- herrschen der Kreislinie und des rechten Winkels ihre klas- sische Herkunft verrathen. und das aus germanisch -christ- lichen Anschauungen hervorgegangene Gesetz der Indivi- Wiirtli o"uno- iliror Kimstle isiun <»t'ii. 47 dualität der eiiizolnon Thoilo. Beide sind untrennbar ; ohne die rnhijje F/mfiK-hheit «1er Grundformen würde «lieso Man- nio^faltio^keit verwirrend wirken, oluie sie jene Einf'aeldieit leer und monoton ersriu'inen. In ilirer Verbinduno; «eben sie da<;e<»en das Bild einer «jrossartio^en . aber auf Freiheit «»;egründeteii Kinlu'it , einer stren«»en oesetzlichen Ordnuno;, der sich der Einzehie demüthio;. aber niriit kiierhtisrh und mit Widerstreben, sondern freiwillio- unterordnet, ihr mit allem Aufwände seiner individuellen Kraft dient : das Bild einer Zeit . in welcher sieh die vorherrschende Frömmi«^- keit sowohl in der Unterordmmo; imter die Tradition, als in den Reounijen i\os eioenen (iefiihls zeifjie. Die darstellenden Kimste konnten niclit gleichen ISchritt mit der Architektur halten. Auch in ihnen sehen wir den Kampf zwischen der überlieferten Form und den unabweis- baren Anforderungen des Gefühls. Aber das Gefühl war auf diesem Gebiete noch nicht so sicher; das germanische l*rincip der subjektiven Individualität war in allgemeiner und kirchlicher Beziehung eher verstanden und gewürdigt, als in Beziehung auf das Leben. Indes.sen begann doch auch hier ein Fortschritt, theils durch die günstige Ein- wirkung der Architektur, welche den Sinn für Gleiclunaass. Regel und Ordnung stärkte, die N^achahmung des Antiken entbehrlicher machte und ein eigenes Gesetz ausbildete, dessen Anwendung auf die bildenden Kimste wenigstens geahnet werden konnte . theils durch die umnittelbare Ein- wirkung der immer kräftiger werdenden höheren Ideen, welche das Zeitalter belebten. Vm\ da waren denn auch hier für diese ersten Aeusserungen des neuen Sinnes die Mängel der künstlerischen Schule eher vortheilhaft. als nachtheilig. Die l'nkenntniss und Sorfflosiffkeit in Bezie- hung auf naturgemässe Richtigkeit und auf Schönheit der Details gestatteten den Künstlern geradezu und unbehindert 48 Erste Epoche. von allen Schwierigkeiten, auf die Darlegnng des Gedan- kens aiLszugehen. Und dies gelingt ihnen dann oft in einer AVeise . die auch fiu' uns ergreifend ist. Ungeachtet der unvüllkonnneneii Zeichnung, der eckigen und id)ertriebenen Bewegungen verstehen wir die Iiniigkeit der Empfindung, die Tiefe der Demuth^ den Ernst des Sinnes, die Ehrfurcht vor den heiligen Gestahen. welche den Künstler beseelte, luid werden gerade bei der Einfacldieit seiner künstlerischen Mittel davon ergriffen. Wir erkennen schon in diesen er- sten Anfäng-en der neueren Kunst die Richtung auf das Uebersinnliche, Avelche mehr den Seelenausdruck als die Kürperschönheit sucht; wir linden darin den Ausdruck be- scheidener Treue und jener christlichen Demuth, welche die höchsten Dinge niu' im Gegensatze gegen die eigene Nie- drigkeit auffassen kann. Und selbst das Unschöne hat darin einen Werth und eine Bedeutimg, dass es charakte- ristisch das Wesen jener Zeit vergegenwärtigt. Wir sehen die Verwirrung der \'erhältnisse. den Kampf zwischen der strengen Regel und der ungebändigten Rohheit. Wir sehen den geängsteten Klosterbruder mit seinen stets hervortre- tenden Gelüsten, seinen Zweifeln und seiner ascetischen Uebung. Wir sehen aber auch die Xaturkraft und Fülle, die kindliche Xaivetät, die gläubige Festigkeit einer ein- fachen Zeit. Wir fühlen eine innere Wahrlieit auch da, wo unser venvöhntes Scliönheitsgefühl auf den ersten Blick beleidigt wird. AVahrhaft bedeutend werden endlich diese ernsten und schlichten Bildwerke oft . wo sie jnit der Ar- chitektur zusammenhängen, als der letzte individuelle Aus- druck ihrer Tendenz erscheinen, und mit ihr die feierlich fromme Stinunung und den Ernst kirchlichen Gefühls theilen. W\r erkennen dann in diesen mangelhaften ^irzeugnissen schon die Keime des Grossen und Herrlichen, das sicli un Laufe der .Jahrhunderte aus ihnen entwickeln sollte. Z >v e i l e s K n p i l e I. Romanische Baukunst in Deutschland. Auch in baulicher Bezieliung gab Deutscliland^ wenigstens die östlicli des Rheines gelegene Gegend , am Anfange dieser Epoche den Anblick eines kolonisirlen Landes. Rö- mische Baukunst halte hier nicht gewirkt, die karoJingi- sche Periode nur geringe Spuren hinterlassen. Die Häuser des Landvolks, die befestigten Stätten der Machtliaber hatten daher ohne Zweifel noch dieselbe einfache und unschein- bare Gestalt^ wie in den Jahrhunderten des Ileidentlunnsj während in den Kirchen und Klöstern ihre geistlichen Er- bauer römisclie Formen in ihrer in Italien und durch die karolingische Zeit entstandenen Auffassung^ wenn auch noch mit geringen Ansprüchen an Pracht oder Festigkeit^ anwendeten. Dadurch entstanden sofort andere Verhältnisse^ als in den romanischen Ländern. Während in diesen die römische Technik und Form in Uebuuff geblieben, nur all- niälig dnrch Nachlässigkeit und Rohheit entstellt und ent- artet war, und daher theoretische Studien überllüssig er- schienen und, wenn sie versucht worden wären, vergeblicli gegen die vulgären Gewohnheiten gekämpft haben würden, trat hier die Tradition römischen StAis, Avelche die geist- IV. 2. 4 50 Erste Epoche. Deutsche Arcliit ektur. liehen Baumeister durch wörtliclie Mittheihuio; oder An- schauuno-, hauptsächlich aus Itahen. erlangten, reiner luid bestimmter auf mid unterschied die ihr entsprechenden \A'erke deutlich von tlen Bauten der Laudesbewolmer. AVälirend dort jener verderbte römische Styl schon den einheimischen A'erhältnissen angepasst war . sich daher lange erhielt und niu- allmälig und durch uiur.erkliche 3Iit- teloheder in den romanischen übermus:, musste liier durch den Einfluss einer entfernten, nordischen Lokalität diese Umgestaltung rascher und entscliiedener eintreten. 3Iit ge- nauer urkundlicher Gewissheit können wir chesen Hergano- zwar nicht nachweisen, aber manche Umstände sprechen dafür. In den romanischen Ländern ist z. B. die korin- thische Kapitälforni in den ältesten Bauten. Avelche dem Begmne dieser oder dem Ende der vorigen Epoche ange- hören, vorherrschend und behäh stets, bis zur Ausbildung des gotliischen St^•les. Einfluss. In Deutschland dagegen finden wir in den frühesten Bauten neben der korinthischen Form auch vereinzelte zwar und rohe, aber unzweifelhafte Xachahmungen des ionischen Kapitals *J. anscheinend selir ])ald darauf aber das Würfelkapitäl fast ausscliliesslich an- ffewendet. Also lüer der Gegensatz einer mehr theoreti- sehen Uebertragung römischer Form gegen eine entschie- dene Abwendung von derselben, dort allmälige und kaum bemerkbare Uebergänge. Dennoch können wir auch in Deutschland Zeit und Gegend der Entstehung dieser neuen Formen nicht angeben . nur Vermuthungen über dieselben aufstellen. Im südlichen Deutschland und am Rhein schei- nen sie. wie wir nachher sehen werden, nicht am Frühe- *) So in der Krypta der "SVipertikirche in Quedlinburg (Kugler und Ranke Beschr. der Schlossk. zu Quedl. Taf. VI Fig. 4), am Aeas- seren der Schlosskirche daselbst (Taf. III Fig. 1), in der Krypta von Kloster Abdinghoff bei Paderborn (Lübke Taf. 11) u. a. a. 0. Uebergang^ zum romauischen Stvle. 51 sten angewendet zu sein. Eher könnte Westphalen darauf .\nspnirh machen, wenigstens finden sich hier einiffe mit ziemlicher Zuverlässigkeit zu datirende Ueberre«ie von hohem Alter, welche jenen Hergang verges:enwärti<ren. Das Kloster Corvey an der Weser, das im zelinten und elften Jahrhimdert zu grosser Macht gelangte und seinen Einfluss bis zur Ostsee hhi ausübte, war unter Lud\vig dem Frommen gegründet und von den Mönchen, die aus Corbie in Frankreich hieher verpflanzt wurden, nach dem Xamen des Mutterklosters benannt. Im Jalire 820 wurde es Avegen der Untauglichkeit des zuerst ge- wählten Platzes auf die gegenwärtige Stelle verlegt, auch der Gonesdienst in einer sclileunig errichteten Kapelle ab- gehalten, wälirend der Bau einer grösseren Kirche langsam vorschrin. In den Jahren 873 bis 885 wurden die drei stattlichen Thürme dieser Kirche vollendet. Im elften Jalir- himdert. unter dem baukundigen Abte Saracho. fanden be- deutende Herstellmigeu statt . welche eine neue Weilte im Jahre 1075 zur Folge hatten *). Die Kirche selbst besitzen wv nicht, sie ist diu-ch einen Neubau vom Ende des sechs- zehnten Jalu-hundens verdrängt, das kolossale Kloster stammt sogar aus dem achtzelmten. Xur der westliche Tluinubau mit den darin befindlichen Räumen ist noch aus frülier Zeit erhalten imd von höchstem Interesse. Er be- steht aus einem grossen Mittelbau mit zAvei daneben ste- henden viereckigen Thürmen. Darin findet sich zunächst unten eine in die Kirche fuhrende quadrate Vorhalle von neun Kreuzgewölben, die durch zwölf viereckige Pfeiler und innerhalb derselben durch vier Rundsäulen getragen Averden. Beide sind noch völlig antik gehalten. Die Säu- lenstämme entfernen sich zwar von den antiken A'erhält- *) Ygl. Wiegand Geschieht« von Corvey. lSl9. Abth. I. S. 69 und 202. Abth. n. S. 165. 4» 52 Romanischer Slvl in Deutschland. nissen, indem sie nur die llölie A^on etwa vier Durchmes- sern haben *): dao^eo^en sind die Kapitale entschiedene ]Vachahinun<>en des korinthischen, zwar nur mit skizzirtem Blattwerk ohne feine Ausarbeitun«:^^ übri<];ens aber so genau nachgebildet^ dass selbst die Kapseln der Stengel wieder- gegeben sind. Zwischen den Ka- pitalen und dem (iewölbansatz und zur Ausgleichung der Höhe der Säulen mit den imihcrstehen- den Pfeilern ist ein dreitheiliger^ treppenförmig ausladender Auf- satz angebracht, der Architrav durch einen Perlenstab getheilt^ das Gesims mit Zahnschnitten oder mit einer, den Trigly- phen ähnlichen Verzierung aus- gestattet. Auch die umherste- henden zwölf älteren Pfeiler **) sind mit dem Perlenstabe verziert. Ueber dieser A'orhalle befindet sich ein geräumiger und früher ohne Zweifel nach dem Kirchenschiffe zu geöffneter Saal, dessen Gewölbe auf Pfeilern mit einem einfacheren, dem dorischen Echiiuis glei- chenden Gesimse ruhen. Darüber kommt man in das Glo- ckenhau.s, wo die in den Schallöffnungen stehenden Säulen dieselben korinthischen Kapitale, wie die in der Vorhalle, und zugleich (was man bei diesen letzteren wegen Erhö- hung des Fussbodens nicht sehen kann) die attische Basis *) Die Basis ist durch die spätere Erhöhung des Kirchenbodens bedeckt, die Stämme sind aber, wie man an dem noch sichtbaren Ab- lauf derselben wahrnimmt, unverkürzt geblieben. **) Eine Pfeilerreihe, die nach dem Schiffe der Kirche zu sich daran anschliesst, gehört ihrer Behandlung nach erst dem Zeitalter der Renaissance an. Die Vergleichung der früheren Beibehaltung und der späteren Wiederaufnahme der antiken Formen ist nicht uninteressant. C o r V c y. 53 noth ohne Eckblatt zeigen. Der obere Theil des Mittel- baues iiiul der Thürnie hat dagegen an den Säulen der Oeflnuiigon A\'ürfelkiiäufe und die Basis mit dem Eck- klötzciieu. Xur zw eimal linden sieh hier noch korinthische Kapitale, die aber unvollstäiidiger gebildet sind^ als jene miten vorkonnnenden. Dieser ganze Theil ist^ wie man im Aeussern sieht, von anderejn Mauerwerke und daher erst später aufgesetzt. Hei den ziemlich genauen Xachrichten^ welche in euiem so bedeutenden Kloster aufgezeichnet wur- den, können wir nicht annehmen, dass die Tlüirme. welche der Abt Adelgar (873 — 885) erbaute, durch andere er- setzt sind; von iluu müssen daher jene älteren Theile^ die ^späteren aber muthmasslich von den Herstellungen des Abtes Saracho (bis 1075) stammen. In jener ersten Zeit sehen wir also die Absicht^ mid wenigstens in diesem gelehrten und mächtigen Kloster auch noch die Fähigkeit, antike Formen nachzuahmen^ in jener zweiten Periode da- gegen hatte man nicht bloss neue Formen^ das Würfel- kapital, das Eckblatt, eine Abwechselung der Kapitale ge- funden, sondern zog sie den antiken vor, auch da, wo man diese vor Augen hatte. Zwischen diesen beiden Bauperioden liegt die Entste- hung eines benachbarten, ebenfalls noch erhaltenen und sehr merkwürdigen Gebäudes, der Bartholomäuskapelle zu Paderborn, die, wie wu* wissen, von dem baulustigen Bi- schof 3Ieinwerk (1009 — 1036) im Anfange des elften Jahrhunderts errichtet wurde, Sie bildet *) ein Rechteck von vierzehn Schritt Länge mid elf Schritt Breite nüt einer einfachen Altarnische, im Aeusseren schmucklos und iji *) Abbildungen bei Schimmel, Kirchen Westphalens, im Archiv für Geschichte und Alterthumskunde Westpb. 1825. Ilelt 1. , und bei Lübke in seinem weiter unten anzuführenden Werke über Westphalen Taf. II und XV. 54 Romanischer Stvl in Deutschland. ziemlich rohem Mauerwerk ausgeCülu-t^ im Inneren auf sechs schlanken, /.eiui bis elf Durchmesser hakenden^ uik- verjüngten Säulen ruhend. Die Kapitale sind zum Tlieil in schlanker Würfelform mit zierlichem Rankengeflecht ^ zum Theil Nachahmungen des korinthischen Kapitals und zwar in anderer Weise ^ wie in Corvey^ mit genauerer Ausfüh- rung des Blattwerks^ dagegen wie- derholt sich hier an dem gebälkar- tigen Aufsatze der Kapitale (üe dort vorkommende A'erzierung mit Zahn- scluütten ■''). Die Gewölbe endlich sind Kuppelgewölbe und die daran sichtbaren Kreuzgräten nur im Putz angedeutet. Ich werde später darauf zurückkommen^ dass eine aus dem zwölften Jahrhundert stammende Nach- richt von der 3Iitwirkung griechischer Bauleute bei diesem kleinen Gebäude spricht^ deren Erklärung zweifelhaft ist. Bei der Nachbarschaft von Cor- vey ist es viel wahrscheinlicher^ dass Wie dem aber auch sein mag^ so ist doch gewiss, dass man hier zwar an den antiken Formen nicht mehr so völlig festhielt, wie in Corvcy im neunten Jahrhundert, dass man sie aber doch noch kannte und noch nicht im eigentlich roma- nischen Style baute. Auch die übrigen Bauten aus 3Iein- werk's Zeit, von denen wir Ueberreste haben, entsprechen diesem Stvle nicht. Wir köimen daher amiehmen, dass BartholomäuskapcUe , Paderborn. die dortige Schule die Arbeiter geliefert habe *) Diese Verzierung des Gebälks mit Zahnschnitten findet sich auch auf einer Miniatur (die Fusswaschung darstellend) in dem im Klo- ster Reichenau gemalten Evangeliarium des Erzbischofs Egbert (978 — 993) auf der stadtischen Bibliothek zu Trier. Sachsen. 55 er hier in ilor Zwischenzeit vom Tode 3Ieiim'erk*s (1036) bis zu der Erhöhung der Tliürine von Corvey (gegen 1075) aufgekoinmen ist, ündeu aber keine Beweise, dass er hier seinen Ursprung habe. Vieles spricht für sehie Entstehung unter der Herrschaft des Ottonischen Hauses in Sachsen. Freilich war es die äusserste Gränze der abendländischen Civilisation, die jüngste Eroberung des Christenthunis^ wo heidnisdie Ge- bräuclie noch im A'olke hafteten und der heftige Kampf gegen die zurückgedrängten Wenden wüthete. Allein es ist in der Geschichte nicht selten, dass die eigeuthümlichste Aeusserung eines geistigen Gemeinwesens gerade da her- vortrittj wo es sich gegen Fremdes abstösst. Auch sehen wir an vielen Erscheinungen gerade in Sachsen in dieser Frühzeit eine kräftig beginnende Blüthe. Eben jener Kampf übte mid stählte die Kräfte, und die Saat der neuen Lehre wuchs gerade auf diesem völlig frischen und unberührten Boden am schnellsten. Daher fand denn auch Deutschland kehlen besseren und mächtigeren Oberherru^ als den Sach- senherzog^ und dieser höhere Beruf der Fürsten kam wieder dem Lande zu Statten. Das Selbstgefühl erhöhete den Mutli und die Thätigkeit der Eingeborenen *), die Reichthiuner der Fürsten flössen der hemiathlichen Gegend zu, wo sie am liebsten und längsten weilten^ wo die klügsten und rüstigsten Männer des Reiches sich bei ihnen einfanden und ansiedelten, wo ihre Frömmigkeit Bischofssitze und Klöster in grosser Zahl anlegte und ausstattete. Auch fehlte die Gunst ungewöhnlicher Ereignisse nicht , wohhi besonders die Entdeckmig der in dieser Frühzeit höchst ergiebigen Silberbergwerke des Harzes zu rechnen ist, und bald war Betriebsamkeit und Reichthum des Landes so gestiegen, *) Die Sachsen sind (Widekind ad ann. 937. p. 439 bei Pertz, Monam. Germ.) schon jetzt ..imperio regis gloriosi facti". 56 Romanischer S(yl in Sachsen. dass die Zeitgenossen Sachsen als ein Paradies von Si- cherheit und üppiger Bhitlie preisen konnten *). Von dieser Bhithe giebt auch die Baukunst Zeugniss. Wir finden hier an mehreren Stellen dichtgedrängte Grup- pen uralter Gebäudcj in denen die Grundgedanken des ro- manischen St\ies mit Bestimmtheit^ aber noch in primitiven Formen ausgesprochen sind. Sie gehören alle der frühe- sten Form romanischer Kirchen an^ indem sie ohne Wöl- bung^ wenigstens des MittelscIüfTes , sind, aber durch rhythmische Abtheilung des Gnmdrisses. durch die Avech- selnde Folge von Pfeilern und Säulen und durch die Um- gestaltung einzelner Theile sich von den altchristlichen Ba- siliken unterscheiden. Wir dürfen freilich, wenige verem- zelte Ueberreste abgerechnet, es nicht als erAviesen anneh- men, dass diese Kirchen schon aus der Zeit der Ottonen, aus dem zehnten Jahrhundert herstammen; aber sie zeigen doch das erste Stadium der Ausbildung eines eigenen, sich von dem überlieferten Basilikentypus entfernenden StAies^ und lassen uns daher schüessen, dass sie nur die spätere Anwendung der in jener primitiven Zeit aufgekommenen Formen enthalten. Die Erfindmig war ohne Zweifel liier, wie in den meisten Fällen, nicht eine willkürlich gesuchte, sondern die Folge eines 3Iangels, dem man abhelfen musste und der zum Ersätze anregte. In diesen erst jüngst be- kehrten Gejjenden war Alles neu zu schaffen. Römische Bauten, welche 3Iaterialien liefern konnten, waren überall nicht vorhanden **}, nicht einmal bedeutende Klosterstif- *) Dithmar Mers. : Post haec (Henricus II.) per Franciam orientalem iter faciens , Saxoniam securitatis ac totius ubertatis quasi florigeram paradisi aulam revidit. **) Es scheint wohl, dass Otto der Grosse, wie sein Vorgänger Karl, Säulenschäfte und andere antike Fragmente aus Italien herbei- führen Hess; die im Chore des Magdeburger Domes aufgestelltcTi Säulen Ton Granit und Porphyr, so wie ein am Dome zu Soest als Basis auf- Einfluss des Holzbaues. 57 tuno^oii aus Uiuoliii^ischoi- Zrit; es fehlte selbst an dem Nolbweudiffeii. Anfangs baute man dabei' ohne Zweifel eilfertig und zog das leiehte und im Ueberflusse vorhan- dene Material des llol/es dem sehwerer zu behandelnden Steine vor. Zwar werden einzelne steinerne Kirchen unter Heinrich I. erw ahnt . aber schon diese Erwähnung zeigt ihre Seheniieit *). Im Norden des Landes, auf der sum- pfigen, waldreichen, steinlosen Fläche, die sich vom Harze bis zum Meere erstreckt, beliiell es dabei noch lange sein Bewenden ** ) ; in der Mitte des elften Jahrhunderts wurden erst die Uauptkirchen in Stein gebaut, und auch diese wahrscheinlich nur roh und schlecht. Anders war es an den fruchtbaren und lieblichen Abhängen des Harzes. Hier, um die Stammsitze des sächsischen Kaiserhauses herum, bei den Stiftungen, welche sie als ihr eigenes Werk, als die Bildungsquellen ihrer Heimath besonders begünstigten, als (irabstätten für sich bestimmten, in welche sich die Fürstinnen der Familie oder einzelne Grosse ihres Hofes zurückzogen, hier gerade lag mannigfaltiger Baustein zu Tage oder wurde bei der GeAvohnheit bergmännischer Ar- beit leicht hervorgefordert. Es konnte nicht ausbleiben, gestelltes korinthisches Pilasterkapitäl , lassen, da jener Dom ursprüng- lich von Otto, flieser von seinem Bruder Bruno erbaut war, darauf schliessen. Indessen versteht sich von selbst, dass so schwer erlangter Schmuck nur selten vorkam und keinen Einfluss auf die Konstruktion der Gebäude ausüben konnte. *) (Heinricus rex) antiquura opus Romanum muro — in Mers- burg decoravit lapideo et infra eandem ecclesiam, quae nunc est mater aliorum, de lapidibus construi et 14. Kai. Jan. praecepit dcdicari. Dithmar Mers. in Pertz Monum. Germ. p. 740. **) Bei Erwähnung des in Verden gegen 1014 neben dorn Dome erbauten steinernen Thurmes bemerkt Dithmar, dass solche in jenen Gegenden noch selten seien (qui in hac terra pauci habentur), und scheint damit auf einen Unterschied jenes nördlichen Flachlandes gegen die obersächsischen Gegenden hinzudeuten. 58 Romanischer Styl in Sachsen. dass liier ^ sobald mir die ersten Grundlagen der Civilisa- tion gelegt waren ^ ehi rüstiges SchalFen und Bauen ent- stand^ bei dem man Uebung und Erfahrung erlangte; es war eine zur Hervor bringung neuer Formen wohl geeig- nete Stelle. Auch lässt uns die grosse Zahl gleichartiger Monumente^ die wir hier beisammen finden ^ das allmälige Fortschreiten des Styls , das wir an ihnen wahrnehmen, und dann das lange Beharren bei derselben Form nicht zweifeln^ dass wir hier die Bildungsstätte dieses ersten, deutsch -romanischen Styls haben. Der Holzbau selbst, der vorausgegangen war und in der nahen Ebene noch fortdauerte, musste darauf einen Einfluss ausüben. Anfangs hatte man auch in diesen Gegenden nach dem Vorgange der karolingischen Bauten centrale Kirchen gebaut; in Magdeburg gab es, nach dem Berichte des Ditlimar von Mersebm-g, eine Rotunde. Allein der Holzbau war für Anlagen dieser Art nicht geeignet; man zog daher die andere überlieferte Form, die der länglichen Basilika, vor. Dabei hatte man aber mcht, wie in Italien, über Säiden- schäfte aus antiken Gebäuden oder über Steinbrüche, welche die Herstellung monolither Stämme gestatteten, zu disponiren, und dieser Mangel nöthigte, auf einen Ersatz zu denken. Gewiss hatte man anfangs hi Holzbauten die herkömmliche Säule durch leicht behauene Baumstännne ersetzt, in steinernen Kirchen dagegen viereckige Pfeiler als die einfachere Form vorgezogen. Später mochte man, zunächst aus Gründen der Sparsamkeit und Dauerhaftig- keit, Beides verbunden, so die Bedeutung dieses Wechsels kennen gelernt und ihn auch bei kostbaren, mit grösserer Müsse ausgeführten Bauten angewendet haben, woraus sich dann im weiteren ^'erlaufe das System, das wir in den erhaltenen Bauten sehen, ergab. Der Mangel des Ge- wölbes und der Gebrauch der Balkendecke bei allen oder Einfluss des Holzbaues. 59 fast allen grossen Gebäuden dauerte zwar^ auch jenseits der Gränzen des Saehsenlandes^ bis in eine spätere Zeil, und hatte seine Ursaehe nicht im Material, sondern in der tViilcnden Uebung. Allein die lange Beibehaltung der llolz- decken bis in eine Zeit hinein, Avo die Wölbung am Khein und in anderen Gegenden schon gewöhnlich war^ deutet doch auf eine Vorliebe hin, die wiederum mit jenem Ur- sprünge des Styls zusaminenzubängen scheint. Der Holz- bau inhvt idierall auf ein \'orherrschen des Geradlinigen und Eckigen^ das aber in verschiedener Weise durchge- führt werden kann. In England ging aus ilun, neben der Beibehaltung der geraden Decke und einfacher Verhältnisse, ein St vi hervor, der sich in dem Kontraste reicher und bizarrer Ornamente gegen schwerfällige^ gedrückte Grund- formen gefiel. In Deutschland dagegen führte der schlichte Sinn eines unvermischten ^'olksstammes auf anspruchslose, milde Formen^ uiul auf das Bestreben , ihnen durch Eu- rhAihmie und Anmuth VTerth zu verleihen. Auch manche Details dieses Styls scheinen ihren ersten Ursprung im Holzbau zu haben. 60 Romanischer Styl in Sachsen. Holz ausgeführten Schnitzwerk, als der dreisten Arbeit des Meisseis gleicht. Diesen Entwickelungsgang an den vorhandenen Monu- menten aufzuzeigen^ sind wir freilich ausser Stande. Von jenen Holzbauten ist natürlich nichts ^ von den frühesten Versuchen in Stein höchstens Einzelnes^ meist unter spä- teren Umbauten versteckt, erhalten. Selbst bei den vor- handenen Gebäuden möchte es kaum möglich sein, eme völlig zuverlässige chronologische Reihenfolge herzustellen. Bei der Unsicherheit, ob die Stiftungsdaten auf die erhal- tenen Gebäude zu beziehen sind, können wir uns nur von dem Style derselben leiten lassen, und müssen diejenigen, wo die Grundgedanken noch schwankend erscheinen, wo sich eine beabsichtigte Nachahmung antiker Details neben der Rohheit ungeübter Arbeiter zeigt, für die früheren, diejenigen, bei welchen die Verhältnisse des Ganzen und tue ihnen entsprechenden Details schon mit Konsequenz behandelt sind, für später, diejenigen endlich, wo sich ein Reichthum der Ornamentation entwickelt, für noch jünger halten. Den Ausgangspunkt für die Ausbildung des Styles würden wir, bei Berücksichtigung der geschichtlichen Ver- hältnisse in Quedlinburg, als einem der Hauptsitze des Ottonischen Hauses, vermuthen, und hier finden wir nun auch, zunächst in einem verborgenen Ueberreste, in der Krypta der ehemaligen AVipertikirche, Züge des höchsten Aherthums. Die Kirche selbst, welche schon beim Leben Heinrichs I. bestand, und zu Gunsten seiner Gemahlin Matliilde, (Ue liier ihren Wittwensitz aufschlug, mit einem Kloster verbunden wurde, ist im zwölften Jahrhundert er- neuert; allein es ist nicht unwahrscheinlich, dass die un- zA^'^eifelhaft ältere Gruft aus. jener Stiftungszeit herstammt. Die drei Schiffe derselben sind bereits durch wechselnde Quedlinburg-. 61 Pfeiler und Säulen geschieden ^ aber diese nicht, wie spä- terhin^ durch Bögen, sondern durch gerades Gebälk ver- bunden, welches den Tonnengewölben, mit denen die Hallen gedeckt sind, als Känipferlinie dient. Die Pfeiler sind roh. aber mit ganz wohlgebildeter attischer Basis ver- sehen, und an einem kleineren Pfeiler findet sich ein ioni- sches Volutenkapitäl, zwar ohne Eierstab, aber auch ohne fremdartigen Zusatz *). Dieses merkwürdige Monument hat also noch drei antike Formen beibehalten, die unmittel- bar darauf verschwinden und der deutschen Architektur des Mittelalters fremd bleiben. Wir erkennen daraus recht an- schaulich den Ursprung der höheren Architektur in dieser Gegend. Es sind nicht byzantuiische Formen, nicht ein- mal in dem Maasse wie bei den Bauten KarPs des Gros- sen, sondern rein römische, und diese in solcher Weise behandelt , dass sie nicht nach vorliegenden antiken 3Iustern^ nicht nach genauer, auf eigener Anschauung beruhender Kenntniss, wie noch in Corvey, sondern nach dunkeln Erinnerungen oder höchstens nach rohen Zeichnungen ge- arbeitet zu sein scheinen. Die Schlosskirche zu Quedlinburg wurde schon un- ter Heinrich I. (etwa 937) gegründet^ jedoch am Ende desselben Jahrhunderts (997) eine Erweiterung begonnen, welche erst spät^ im Jahre 1021, zur Einweihung fidu-te. Im Jahr 1070 wurde sie durch einen Brand in Asche ge- legt, und findet sich demnächst eine Weihe im Jahre 1129 **); wie viel indessen von dem älteren Bau bei je- *) Vgl. Kugler und Ranke, a. a. 0. S. 97 und Taf. VI. In der Vorhalle der Kirche zu Gandersheim, dem ältesten erhaltenen Theile dieser, hekanntlich von dem sächsischen Kaiserhause so sehr begün- stigten Stiftung, findet sich ebenfalls ein ionisches Kapital mit Voluten und Polsteni. **) Vgl. Kugler und Ranke a. a. 0. S. IG bis 19 und Taf. V. 1 — 4. 7. 62 Romanisch er Styl in Sachse 11. nem Brande unversehrt geblieben und bei der Herstellun« beibehalten ist, und ob diese Weihe (was kaum glaubhch) die erste nach jenem Brande gewesen , muss dahin gestellt bleiben. Jedenfalls darf man aus der Anordnung des Grund- risses schliessen, dass diese neuere Kirche auf den Funda- menten der älteren errichtet wurde. Der interessanteste Theil der Kirche ist die grosse und geräumige Krypta, mit Kreuzgewölben gedeckt und durch Säulen getheilt, de- ren Kapitale sich durch feinen und eigenthümlichen Schmuck auszeichnen. Auch bei ihnen ist daher eine spätere, etwa dem Jahre 1129 angehörige, Restauration anzunehmen; nur im westlichen Theile dieser Unterkirche finden sich Ueber- reste eines älteren Baues, theils sehr rohe, theils antikisi- rende Formen, namentlich Kapitale, an denen die ionische ^^olute, aber an ungewöhnlicher Stelle oder gar verkehrt angebracht ist. In der Oberkirche ist das neue System weiter ausgebildet, die Tremiung der Schiffe durch wech- selnde Pfeiler und Säulen in den bereits beschriebenen Ver- hältnissen bewirkt, die Detailbildung verändert. Die Kapi- tale sind in der Gestalt umgekehrter und abgestumpfter Pyramiden, also dem Würfelkapitäl sich nähernd, mit phan- tastischen Gestalten besetzt, der Bogen ruhet unmittelbar auf iihnen, ohne Deckplatte, die attische Basis der Säulen ist sehr viel steiler als in antiken Bauten. Doch findet sich auch hier noch, im Aeusseren unter dem Rundbogen- friese und an einem würfelförmig gestalteten Kapitale, eine Reminiscenz an ionische A'oluten. Auch hier sind also noch Details, die auf eine sehr frühe Zeit hinweisen, wäh- rend die schöne Anlage des Inneren, das freilich jetzt durch hölzerne Einbauten entstellt und schwer erkennbar ist, erst dem im J. 1129 eingeweiheten Bau zuzuschreiben sein möchte. Aelter als diese Schlosskirche erscheint die benachbarte G e r 11 r 0 (I o. 63 Stift.skirclie ^u Gernrode ■•'). Markgraf Gero, ein luäeh- tiger Fürst ^ der zu den höehsten Erwariungen berechtigt war, verlor durch den Tod des einzigen Sohnes die Ilofl- luing. der Gründer eines Ilerrscherliauses zu werden. Ihm blieb nur eine Schwiegertochter und um dieser nach da- maliger Sitte einen ehrenvollen Wittwensitz zu bereiten^ stiftete er im Jahre 961 dies Frauenkloster. So sehr lag ihm diese Stiftung am Herzen, dass er noch in seinem hohen Alter eine Uei.se nach Hom unternalmi^ um päpst- liche Privilegien für sie zu erhalten. Es ist daher höchst wahrscheinlich j dass er^ der kinderlose ^ mächtige^ weitge- reiste ManUj diese Stiftung, das letzte fromme AVerk sei- nes Lebens, das Denkmal, welches er hinterliess, seine künftige Grabstätte, auf's Reichste ausgestattet und mit allen ihm zu Gebote stehenden Mitteln ausgeschmückt ha- ben wird, und dass seine Anlage der Kirche so dauerhaft und ansehnlich war^ dass sie einer gänzlichen Erneuerung nicht bedurfte. Auch berechtigt der Styl des jetzigen Ge- bäudes zu der Annahme, dass die Haupttheile desselben aus der ersten Bauzeit, vielleicht also, wenn wir annehmen, dass einige Decennien im Gebrauche einer er.sten proviso- rischen Kirche und bei der Begründung der äusseren Ver- hältnisse des Klosters verflossen, aus dem Anfange des elften Jahrhunderts herstammen. Wir sehen hier jenes ein- heimische System noch im Entstehen, verbunden mit man- chen fremdartigen Eigenthümlichkeiten und mit Formge- danken, welche das Gepräge des Versuchs und der Neu- heit tragen. Das Mittelschiff ist wieder von wechselnden Pfeilern und Säulen begrenzt, hat aber, abweichend von *) Abbildungen und Beschreibung in Puttrich's Denkmälern, Abth. I, Band I, in dem die Anhaitischen Länder betreffenden Hefte. Vgl. auch die kritischen Bemerkungen bei Rosenthal, Gesch. d. Bauk. Th. III, S. 561. 64 Romanischer Stvl in Saclisen. allen Kiichon dieser Gegend, über den Stheidbögen des Schiffes eine Galerie j und zwar diese wieder in einer sehr eigentlüindichen An- ordnuno". Die Arcaden derselben bilden nämlich weder eine ununter- brochen fortlaufende Reibe, noch einzelne den Scheidbögen ent- sprechende Gruppen, sondern suid dergestalt abgetbeilt, dass sie über die Säulen und ibre Bogen un- unterbrochen fortgelien, und nur dem Pfeiler des unteren Stock- werks entsprechend durch einen Gernrode. kleincu Pfcilcr unterbrochen sind. Man sieht daher die Absicht, (he Säule als ein blosses 3Iittelglied zu bezeichnen und die auf den Pfeilern beruhende Gliederung des Schiffes anschaulicher zu machen. In der That ist dies auch kon- struktiv hier mehr als bei anderen ähnlichen Anlagen der Fall, weil che Säulen von geringerem Durchmesser als die Pfeiler und die obere Mauer sind, und so auf jenen die wesentlichere Last ruht. Die Säulen haben noch ziem- lich antike Form. Sie stehen auf steiler attischer Basis, haben emen schlanken, stark verjüngten Stamm und Ka- pitale von der Höhe des korintlüschen. aber nicht mit ge- schwungener, konkaver Linie des Kelchs, sondern in stei- ler, pyramidalischer Form und verziert mit Pflanzensten- geln, deren geradlinige Haltung dieser Form der Vase sehr \vohl entspricht. Da nun die Dicke des auf dem Kapitale stehenden Mauerstücks grösser war, als der Durchmesser des Kapitals, so hat der Baumeister dies dadurch ausge- glichen, das er in dem Mauerstück oberhalb der Deck- Gernrode. 65 platte auC allen vier Sei- ten eine Vertiefiuig in Gestalt ebies mit der Spitze nach oben o^erich- teten Dreiecks einnieis- selte nnd so die Mauer nur mit einem der Deck- platte entsprechenden Stü- cke auf derselben lasten Hess. Diese zierUche Form und die Schlankheit der Säulen könnten veranlas- i.,r,,r u sen^ dem Bau em jünge- res Alter zuzuschreiben. Allein dieser Schluss möchte täuschen. Diese Erfindung scheint mehr ein glücklicher Wurf des durch die N^euheit angeregten Talents zu sein. Behandlung roh. Denn bn Uebrigen ist die die ProfiUrinig der Gesimse von höchster Einfachheit; die fehleren Formen sind noch mehr aus der Antike entlehnt^ als in späteren Bauten^ die Kapitale mehr korintlii- scher Form^ die Basen ohne Eckblätter, die Gernrode. Säulenslämnie verjüngt j wälu'end die späteren Theile des Baues das Würfelkapitäl, das Eck- blatt, die unverjüngten Stämme haben. Gerade die Schwie- rigkeit, die der Baumeister liier in so eigenthümlicher Weise beseitigte, winde diu-ch das Würfclkapitäl gehoben oder vermindert sein. Es scheint daher eher, dass er diese be^ queme Form noch nicht kannte, als dass er tlieselbe über- bieten wollte. Jedenfalls kann man die östliche Krypta mit ihren ein- fachen Pfeilern und den ganzen westlichen \"orbau mit grosser Zuversicht der ersten Bauzeit zuschreiben. Dieser IV. 2. 5 66 Romanischer Stvl in Sachsen. besteht aus einer vortretenden Chornische und einem von zwei ThürnuMi (lankirU'n ^liUelbau. Alles ist hier höchst einlach und alterthümlichj die Thürnie sind rund und ha- ben ein oberes Stockwerk^ dessen enggestellte Pilaster an dem einen Thurme zwar durch wirkliche Rundbögen^ an dem anderen aber durch giebelartige, geradlinige Dreiecke verbunden sind; eine Form, die an den Holzbau erimiert und die wir in frühen englischen Bauten finden*), die aber liier selu- eigenthümlich mit dem von römischen Bauten entlehnten Pilaster verbunden ist. Ebenso trägt die öst- hche Cliornische, die wiederum in völlis: eijjenthümlicher Weise mit zwecklosen vortretenden Pilastern ver- ziert ist, durchaus den Charakter der frühesten Zeit luul eines kecken Ge- brauchs halbbekannter Formen. Aber nicht bloss liier, sondern auch an den übrig-en Theilen der Kirche ist das Aeussere noch durchweg in stren- gen aber auch rohen und schweren Formen, ohne feinere Details und Gcinrodc. ujitersclieidet sich selir deutlich von dem späteren, in geschmückterem Style gebauten Kreuzgange und von gewissen Embauten *) Auch in der Vorhalle von Kloster Lorsch an der Bergstrasse. Dieser. Bau, den ich fiiilior (Th. IIL S. 493) wegen seiner besseren Technik und ungeachtet seiner römischen Keminiscenzen nicht dem karollngischen Zeitalter, sondern einer späteren Zeit zuweisen zu müs- sen glaubte, scheint nach der urkundlichen Untersuchung von Dr. Sa- velsberg (im deutschen Kunstbl. 1851 , S. 1C3) dennoch in der karo- llngischen Zeit, jedoch nicht unter Karl d. Gr. sondern unter Ludwig dem Deutschen entstanden zu sein. Auch Daniel Rame'e in Gailhabauds Denkmälern entscheidet sich aus technischen Gründen für die karolin- gische Zeit. G fr uro de. 67 im Iiuicreii, deren ich we^eii der daran helindlichen Skulp- turen weiter unten gedenken werde. Da aber aueli diese Theile noch dem romanisclien Style angehören, so la.ssen sie um.somelir daraid" .srhiie.ssen , dass tue äheren Theile wirkhcli aus dem ursprünglichen^ nicht lange nach dem Jahre 1000 vollendeten Bau herstammen. An dies Monmnent schliessen sich einige Kirchen an^ welche säimntUch einen A\'echsel von Pfeilern und Säulen imd auch sonst \'erwandtes haben. Die Klosterkirche von Wester Groningen (seit 936 erwähnt), der jetzt abge- brochene Dom zu Goslar (_10403, die Klosterkirche von Frose *) und die theilweise später veränderte Neuniarkt- kirche zu Merseburg **). In allen diesen Kirchen ist schon das AVürfelkapitäl angewendet und der Gedanke der durch die Pfeiler begränzten Gruppe weher ausgebildet. In Wester Groningen und Frose besteht sogar jede solche Gruppe schon aus zwei Säulen; auf jeder Seite des Schiffes stehen nämlich vier Säulen und zwischen ihnen ein Pfeiler. Dagegen sind hier tue Detailformen noch durchweg ziem- lich roh und plump. Feiner ausgebildet zeigen sie sich in den benachbarten Klosterkirchen von Huyseburg, Ilsen- burg und Drübeck, die sämmtlich erst nach dem Anfange des zwölften Jahrhunderts gebaut sein werden^ wenn auch ilu-e Stiftung früher fällt ***). Die Eilfertigkeit^ mit der die *) S. Puttrich, a. a. 0. Abth. 11. Bd. I. Anhalt'sche Lande, Taf. 37. Sie ist später erneuert, aber so, dass man die alte Anlage noch erkennt. **) Puttrich, Merseburg, Taf. 7. Jünger und der folgenden Epoche angehörig sind die Portale; in dem Schiffe erkennt man, ob- gleich der Boden bedeutend erhöht ist, noch die alte Anlage. ***) Kugler a. a. 0. giebt bei Huyseburg und Ilsenburg die Stif- tungsjahre 1080 und 1087 an. Indessen ergiebt das Chron. Hujes- burgense (bei Meibom Scr. rer. germ. II. p. 537), dass der Abt Al- fried (erwählt 1088) zuerst die bisherige Kapelle n it Beibehaltung ihres Sanctuars erweiterte und erneuerte, dann aber diese erste Kirche zur Zeit des Bischofs Reinhard (1107 — 1123) nochu:als abbrechen und 5* 68 Romanischer Styl in Sachsen. Gebäude bei der ersten Anlage errichtet wurden, und der sclmelle Zuwachs der Mönche machten oft nach sehr kur- zer Zeit ehie Erneuerung wünschenswerth, und die fromme Baulust ilieser Geistlichen war so gross, dass sie sich leicht zu solchen Unternehmungen entschlossen. Bischof Burchard von Halberstadt verrichtete bei der ersten Anlage von Iluyseburg selbst tUe Dienste eines Handlangers und der zweite Abt dieses Klosters, Alfried, scheute die 3Iühe nicht, zweimal wälu-end seiner Regierung die alten Ge- bäude abzidjrechen und durch neue zu ersetzen. In der Kirche zu Drübeck sind sogar wohlerhaltene Kapitale spä- ter, vielleicht in der zweiten Hälfte des 12. Jalu-h. mit ei- ner Stuckbekleidung in reichen mid phantastischen Formen umgeben. Es ist daher nicht leicht anzunehmen, dass der Bau der ersten Stiftung dieser Klöster auf uns gekoimnen. In diesen Kirchen findet sich nun die feine und harmoni- sche Ausbildung der Pfeilergruppen in der Art, dass von Pfeiler zu Pfeiler, also über (he zwei durch die dazwischen stehende Säule getrageneu Scheidebögen ein grösserer sie überspannender Bogen gebildet ist *). In Huyseburg zeigt sich dies in der reinsten Form, der grössere Bogen er- scheint als eine Mauerverstärkung mit einer fast hufeisen- artigen Schwingung. In Drübeck und Ilsenburg ist die- selbe Anordnung, aber weniger zierlich, durchgeführt. Hier sind auch überall schon Eckknollen an der Basis angebracht. Dieselbe Anordmnig wechselnder Pfeiler und Säulen mit neu herstellen Hess, welcher Bau 1121 die Weihe erhielt. Ihm ist daher die gegenwärtige Kirche zuzuschreiben, und wegen der Aehnlich- keit der Formen auch bei den beiden anderen eine ungefähr gleichzei- tige Entstehung anzunehmen. Diese Chronik erzählt auch die im Texte angeführte Anekdote von der frommen Demuth des Bischofs Burchard. Abbildungen von Ilsenburg und Drübeck bei Puttrich , Abth. II. Band 2. *) Vgl. die Abbildung aus der Kirche zu Echternaeh oben, Band IV. Abth. I. S. 169. Klo.stcrkirchen im Xordcii des Harzes. 69 dem grösseren, je zwei Arradeii überspannenden Bogen findet sich auch in der Kloslerkirclie zu Ileiningen in der Nähe von WoWrenbültel , die schon im J. 1012 ge- gründet, aber wahrscheinlicli im zwölften Jahrhundert und zwar gegen das Ende desselben mit durchgängiger Ueber- wölbung erneuert ist *). Ohne diese Anordnung, aber sonst in rcgehnässiger Durchbildung, finden wir denselben Styl in der Kloster- kirche zu II ec klingen (1130), in welcher eui späterer, aber noch ganz romanischer Einbau in der völlig erhaltenen älteren Anlage die Bestätigung giebt, dass diese die ur- sprüngliche ist **). In Gernrode hatte man schon das Be- dürfniss gefühlt^ den Kontrast der scharfen Pfeilerecke ge- gen den runden Säulenkörper zu mildern und desshalb eine rechtwinkelige^ oben abgerundete Einkerbung darin ange- bracht; in den späteren Bauten ist statt derselben in jede Ecke eine Halbsäule mit einem kleinen AVürfelkapitäle und einer mit einem Eckknollen versehenen Basis eingeschnitten und so die Uebereinstimmunff beider verschiedenartiffen Stützen hervorgebracht ***). Auch die schöne Kloster- kirche von Amelunxborn an der Weser, hat in ihrem Sclüffe denselben Wechsel von Pfeilern und Säulen -|-}. *) Die Pfeiler scheinen, da sie Kreuzgestalt nnd in den einge- henden "Winkeln Eckhäuschen haben, schon auf Gewölbe angelegt, und erwähne ich diese Kirche hier nur, weil sie jene zierliche Anordnung mit den eben erwähnten Kirchen theilt. . S. eine Nachricht über Hei- ningen im Deutschen Kunstbl. 1850, S. 165. **) Bemerkenswerth ist, dass auch der Baumeister von Hecklingen (wie der von Gernrode) noch für nöthig fand , das Mauerwerk nicht mit voller Breite auf die Deckplatte des Säulenkapitäls zu stellen. Er bediente sich aber zu diesem Zwecke nur einer einfachen geradlinigen Einkerbung. ***) Vgl. über Hecklingen das Werk von Puttrich Abth. H. B. I. Serie Anhalt. f) Chor und Kreuzschiff sind im schönsten frühgothischen Style, und weiter unten zu erwähnen. 70 1{ o m a n i s c I» c r Styl in Sachsen. Eine zweite Gruppe von Kirchen almlichen Styls^ aber mit gewissen Eigenthüniliehkeiten lindet sich welter west- lich, und hat ihren Mittelpunkt in Ilildesheini, wo Bi- schof Bernward, dessen ich weiter unten naher zu er- wähnen habe, und sein Nachfolger Godehard schon im Anfange des eilflcn Jahrhunderts Studien dieser Art be- günsligten tmkI eine Schule begründeten, welche noch im folgenden Jahrhundert in gleicher Weise fortwirkte. Diese fortdauernde Thätlgkeit und der anwachsende Reichthum lies berühmten Bischofsitzes sind zwar die Ursache, dass wir kein Gebäude besitzen, dass uns den Styl des 11. Jahrh. rein erhalten zeigte, indessen lässt sich an mehreren derselben noch die ursprüngliche Anlage erkennen, die auch in den Bauten des 12. Jahrh. noch beibehalten und nur mit reicherem plastischen Schmuck verbunden ist. Auch tliese Kirchen haben nämlich die gerade Decke und den Wechsel von Pfeilern und Säulen, docli so, dass, Avie in Wester Groningen und Frose, zwischen jedem Pfeilerpaar zwei Säulen stehen *). Am wenigsten hat der vielfach «d)erbaute und veränderte Dom von seiner alten Gestalt aus der Gründungszeit v. J. 1061 behalten, indessen ist auch r.n ihm die ursprüngliche Anordnung noch kenntlich. Die eigentlich begünstigte Stiftung Bernward's war das Mi- chaeliskloster, das er im Jahr 1001 gründete. 1015 konnte er selbst noch die Gruft, 1022 den Chor weihen, 1033 wurde die Vollendung der ganzen Kirche mit einer neuen Weihe gefeiert. Ein ün Jahre 1162 stattgelündener Brand zerstörte aber diesen Bau so gründlich, dass man nach eifriger Herstellung erst im Jahre 1184 zur neuen Einweihung schreiten konnte **), und dieser späteren Zeit *) Vgl. die Abbildung Band IV. Abth. I. S. J68. **) Diese Daten entlehne ich aus einer gütigen Mittheüung des sorgsamen Lokalforschers Dr. Kratz, der die darüber in seinen Händen befindlichen Urkunden hoffentlich veröffentlichen ■wird. Hildes heim. 71 «•ehört das jolzi*jo Gebäude mit seinen bewundernswürdig- ausgel'idirten Ornamenten im AVesentlicIien an. Allein den- noch sind einzelne Säulen des alten Baues stehen geblieben, die^ als solche durch ihre Schmucklosigkeit und geringere Höhe erkennbar, beweisen, dass er schon ursprünglich dieselbe Anlage wie jetzt hatte. Vollständig erhallen ist dagegen die im .1. 1133 geweihete Godehardskirche. in welcher sieh A\iederum dieser Styl, aber mm in reichster mul schönster Kntwiekelung und mit einer ungewöhnlichen, weiter unten näher zu erwähnenden Choranlajre zeiirt. Dieselbe Anordnung zwiefacher Säulen zwischen den Pfei- lern fmdet sich auch in den später zum Gewölbebau um- gestalteten Stiftslvirchen von A\'unsdorf*) und Gan- dersheinij in der benachbarten Klosterkirche von Klus (1124), und endlich weiter westlich nahe an der AVeser in der im .Jahre 1091 gegründeten Benediktinerkirche Burs- feldCj unfern Karlshafen ■•"■'). Neben diesen mit wechselnden Säulen und Pfeilern aus- *) Vgl. Hamiöver'sches Magazin 1850, S. 78 und 93, und Deut- sches Kunstblatt 1850, S. 164. **) Eine Nachricht über dieselbe im Kunstblatt 1848 und in den Ephemeriden der Wiener Bauzeitung 1848, S. 57. .Sie hat, wie die Kirche von Erose, kein KreuzschifT, sondern drei fortlaufende Schiffe, die aber sämmtlich (nicht bloss wie dort das Mittelschiff) mit Nischen geschlossen sind. Hier wie dort sind in Westen zwei Thürme, zwi- schen denselben eine auf einer Mittelsäule ruhende Emporkirche. Würfelkapitäle mit einfacher Randverzierung und der Schachbrettfries bilden auch hier die Ornamentation. Der Wechsel von Pfeilern und Säulen ist nicht ganz regelmässig. Die ersten fünf Arcaden ruhen, wie in Frose, auf 4 Säulen und einem die Mitte der Gruppe bildenden Pfeiler, dann aber folgen nach dem Chore zu noch zwei Pfeiler, der zweite zugleich als Scheidewand der drei Nischen dienend. Offenbar ist diese Unregelmässigkeit beabsichtigt, um beim Mangel eines Kreuz- schiffes der Chornische eine Art Vorhalle zu verschaffen. Die Zwischen- wand, welche das Mittelschiff als Chor von den Seitenschiffen trennt, ist durch eine darauf gestellte Galerie von kleinen Säulen sehr eigen- thümlich und reich geschu)ückt. 72 Romanischer Slyl in Sachsen. gestatteten Basiliken bestanden gewiss stets sehr viele mit einfachen viereckigen Pfeilern; walirscheinlich sind sie mir desshalb nicht in grösserer Zahl auf uns gekommen^ weil man bei den reicher ausgestatteten und solideren Bauten, mithin gerade bei denen, welche den Jahrhunderten Wider- stand leisteten, gewöhnlich Säulen anzuwenden pflegte. Bei den einfachsten Kirchen dieser Art sind die Pfeiler blosse Mauerstücke mit einer bald bloss abgeschrägten, bald attisch gestalteten Basis und einem ehifachen Gesimse. So findet es sich in der freilich sehr rohen, jetzt verfallen- den Kirche zu Walbeck, östlich von Ilelmstaedt (^1011), in den benachbarten Klosterkirchen von Marienthal und Marienberg und in der Klosterkirche von Vessera in der Grafschaft Henneberg (um 1050) *). Auch der Dom zu B r e m e n war, wie die noch wohl erhaltenen unteren Theile des Langhauses ergeben, bei dem durch Erzbischof Adalbert um 1050 ausgeführten Bau, eine Basilika mit ein- fachen Pfeilern **). Dass diese Einfachheit nicht immer der Beweis eines höheren Alters ist, ergiebt sich aus der mächtigen, mit vier Thürmen im Aeusseren reich ausge- statteten und dennoch im Inneren in diesem einfachen Style angelegten Lieb frauenkirche zu Halber st ad t, welche nach neueren Ermittelungen erst in den Jahren 1135 bis *) Pattrich, Serie Mühlhausen S. 22 und Taf. 13. Uebersicht I. und II. **} Die Geschiclite dieses wichtigen Gebäudes, das aus jener oben bezeichneten Bauzeit noch die Krypta und die Arcaden des Schiffes, im nördlichen Seitenschifife und im Chore Erneuerungen vom Anfange des 13. oder Ende des 12. Jahrb., dann aber auch bedeutende Ver- änderungen aus dem 14. Jahrb. enthält, ist noch gar nicht aufgeklärt, da Rotermund (Geschichte der Domkirche von Bremen, 1829) das Baugeschichtliche ganz unerörtert lässt. Die nicht uninteressanten die- sen Bau betreffenden Chronikenstellen findet man bei Fiorillo Gesch. der zeichnenden Künste in Deutschland, 11, 106.
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XI. Primeras conclusiones
Durante algún tiempo relativamente prolongado he estado reflexionando acerca de la importancia que tiene la modificación total de un cuerpo de leyes tan
significativo para un Estado que acomoda sus instituciones de acuerdo al derecho y, tengo para mí, que solo una notable reforma de la codificación centenaria
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argentina como la que nos ha asistido hace cinco años atrás puede ofrecer como
resultado tres tipos de instituciones: a) las nuevas, b) las antiguas u obsoletas y
c) las tradicionales. En alguna de ellas debe de ubicarse y fundamentarse el documento notarial, que como sabemos, subsiste en el moderno cuerpo en los artículos específicos que no deben porque presentarle al escribano o notario mayores problemas que los que emerjan de su estudio profundo y meditado (Ventura,
2016). De esta manera:
a) Las nuevas instituciones merecen ser estudiadas y argumentadas en profundidad, para que su utilización comience cuanto antes y ayude al hombre a alcanzar de la mejor manera el fin del derecho que siempre es y será la
justicia, independientemente de que ahora se ofrezcan vías de acceso a la
misma con algunos excesos que pretenden encontrar asidero en una nueva
y confusa visión —o extensión— del concepto de libertad (27).
b) Las instituciones antiguas, aquellas obsoletas o en desuso son las que dejarán de existir naturalmente. No obstante, la ausencia del escenario principal no es ni será óbice para restarles la debida importancia. Las mismas
servirán entonces para estudios históricos y comparativos, de fundamentación de nuevas naturalezas jurídicas y de contenidos, como parte de evoluciones o involuciones que el derecho ha tenido al plantearlas originariamente desde el derecho positivo; y finalmente,
c) Las instituciones tradicionales, que son aquellas que aún se mantienen en
pleno vigor, precisamente porque lo tradicional trae consigo la noción de
seguridad en la continuidad y de justicia en lo que se asimila como natural,
y porque además sigue las ideas, las normas, las costumbres y los principios
sostenidos desde antaño, mereciendo la subsistencia en razón de su conveniencia para el hombre y de su trascendencia para el derecho.
XII. Argumentos del reflejo del Documento Notarial en el nuevo Código
Civil y Comercial de La Nación. A modo de despedida
Los estudios históricos relativos a los análisis de los documentos notariales nos
ayudan a corroborar, una y otra vez, que tanto la práctica notarial cotidiana como
la evaluación que de la institución fedante realiza la ciudadanía en general están
relacionadas con la creación del documento. Prueba de ello es la remisión constante y altamente llamativa, en los tiempos actuales, a la pluma, los escudos y las
hojas de protocolo que se presentan en cualquier circunstancia propia o ajena al
(27) Debe siempre tenerse en cuenta que no pueden reclamarse los derechos si no se presenta de
antemano, la prueba del cumplimiento de los deberes humanos básicos.
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Breve estudio histórico del primer documento notarial y de su proyección en el
Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación - Sebastián Justo Cosola (pp. 443-464)
459
notariado para esbozar un símbolo, o varios símbolos configuradores de la actividad que realizamos con esmero en el acontecer de nuestra vida que se dedica al
trabajo. Muchas veces me he preguntado cuál es la razón por la cual no se alterna
de una buena vez la pluma o el símbolo de hoja sellada o escudada, por signos
más modernos y no tan vetustos, que sean mucho más significativos de la realidad
que vive el hombre y la mujer de nuestros días, y que además sirvan para presentar aggiornadamente la actuación notarial hoy frente al documento, mucho más
relacionada con un trabajo de ingeniería robótica frente a internet que a la simple
transcripción del instrumento. A estas alturas, no quedan más alternativas que
reconocer que la sociedad lejos está de imaginar todo lo que se trabaja para llegar
a conformar el auténtico documento notarial. Esta afirmación es tan cierta como
la que viene a corroborar que, aun en esas instancias, esa misma sociedad sigue
confiando en el escribano como así lo viene haciendo desde siempre.
¿Cuál es la razón de ese merecimiento? Pienso que la respuesta está en reconocer que nuestra función está relacionada íntimamente con la noción de tradición. Es cierto que la propia denotación de la palabra nos ubica frente a la negativa
comprensión de ser consideradas personas de otro siglo (pasado, por supuesto).
Pero también es cierto que esa tradición es la que, en la actualidad, frente a tantos
cambios repentinos que justifican su nacimiento invocando mejorías para la vida
de la persona preocupada por atender lo urgente en lugar de lo importante, nos
aleja de la noción de lo temporario para posicionarnos dentro de lo que es considerado como perpetuo. Si lo temporario es lo que se esfuma, la perpetuidad es
precisamente lo que no nunca perece. Lo que siempre se encuentra presente, con
mayor o menor grado de intensidad, pero siempre vigente. Y la única justificación
que existe para explicar porque las modernas tendencias aun aceptan como presente y vigente a algo tradicional y perpetuo, es tanto por la necesidad como por
lo indispensable de su prestación. A estas alturas, debe permitírseme la referencia
tanto al documento como a la función notarial. Como bien ha enseñado Rafael
Núñez Lagos, el documento hizo al notario, aunque hoy el notario haga al documento. El documento, entonces, es tradicional y necesario para la sociedad, tanto
como la investidura que ejerce quien lo crea y lo realiza. Tradición, documento,
notariado y deberes éticos, todo llega a unirse en estas últimas líneas con las que
concluiré mi ensayo.
¿Existe, entonces, un paralelismo entre la obra de Rolandino, la descripción de
las leyes antiguas, la normatividad documental prevista en el nuevo cuerpo legal y
con ella, los modernos textos de formularios a los que habitualmente recurrimos
en búsqueda de respuestas? Claro que sí, y es el que responde a la tradición en el
sentido jurídico y ético que me he esforzado en resumir. La tradición que, como lo
he descripto con anterioridad, permite que el notario creador del documento proyecte sobre el mismo una misma estructura centenaria con nuevos componentes
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que el derecho actual recepta normativamente. Así como en el proemio de Aurora
se receptaban los primeros principios, en la actualidad una misma interpretación
es la que se desprende de la norma del Código Civil y Comercial cuando ordena
que la primera fuente de consulta jurídica para el jurista debe ser la Constitución
nacional (artículo 1), con una argumentación que tenga en cuenta la finalidad de
la ley (artículo 2), bajo criterios de actuación razonable (artículo 3), dentro del
marco de la buena fe (artículo 9), obrando siempre con el máximo de prudencia
(artículo 1725). Todo esto sin dejar de tener en cuenta la tutela de los valores propios de la fe —certeza y verdad—, la justicia y la seguridad jurídica, que son desde
mi perspectiva los tres valores que el documento notarial recepta en el moderno
cuerpo normativo, tal cual los mismos se han proyectado en los textos antiguos
que de alguna manera, continúan la línea de Aurora —Las Siete Partidas de Alfonso el Sabio, La Constitución de Maximiliano I de Austria, etcétera— (Cosola, 2020,
p. 412).
Notable, maravilloso: lo que demuestra que las instituciones tradicionales fundadas en innegables necesidades sociales persisten en el tiempo precisamente
porque nacieron para asumir el deber de encontrarse siempre alistadas, en guardia, preparadas para auxiliar al hombre y la mujer problematizados, cuando la
imposición de una nueva institución simplemente fundada en la modernidad,
atenta contra cualquier libre ejercicio de la voluntad o contra la violencia de cualquier derecho humano fundamental. Instituciones tradicionales como la notarial,
que, a través de la histórica conformación, creación y elaboración del documento,
acostumbra a resguardar y proteger a la ciudadanía en su conjunto, proyectando
los tres valores referidos anteriormente, los que desde mi visión —alejada de las
corrientes iusfilosóficas que postulan al puro positivismo como la única respuesta
jurídica correcta—, determinan la paz.
XIII. Bibliografía
Abreu de Polanco, R. (2005). Lecciones de derecho notarial. Santo Domingo:
Servicios Gráficos Integrados.
Allende, I. M. (1969). La institución notarial y el derecho. Buenos Aires: Abeledo
Perrot.
Alterini, J. H. (2004). La influencia del Código Civil Argentino en otras codificaciones. En A.A.V.V, La codificación: raíces y prospectiva. La codificación en América, Tº II. Buenos Aires: Educa.
Arata, R. M. (1980). Estudios para una historia del documento notarial. La Plata:
Colescba.
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Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación - Sebastián Justo Cosola (pp. 443-464)
461
Becerra Palomino, C. E. (2015). El honor de dar fe. Ensayos de Derecho Notarial.
Lima: Editorial Jurídica del Perú.
Bernard, T. D. (h) (1965). Temas de Derecho e Historia Notarial. Buenos Aires:
Esnaola.
Calvo Baca, E. (1993). Derecho registral y notarial. Caracas: Ediciones Libra.
Carminio Castagno, J. C. (2006). Teoría General del Acto Notarial y otros estudios, 2 tomos. Paraná: Ediciones del autor.
Carral y De Teresa, L. (2007). Derecho Notarial y Derecho Registral. México:
Porrúa.
Castán Tobeñas, J. (1946). Función notarial y elaboración notarial del derecho.
Madrid: Reus.
Castillo Ogando, N. R. (2007) Manual de Derecho Notarial, Tº I. Santo Domingo: Ediciones Jurídicas Trajano Potentini y Colegio Dominicano de Notarios.
Cosola, S. J. (2008). Los deberes éticos notariales. Buenos Aires: Ad Hoc.
Cosola, S. J. (2020). El documento notarial en el Código Civil y Comercial. Buenos Aires: Astrea.
Cuauhtémoc García Amor, J. A (2000). Historia del derecho notarial. México:
Trillas.
Del Carril, E. H. (2013). Prólogo. En S. J. Cosola, Fundamentos del Derecho Notarial I - La concreción del método. Buenos Aires: Ad Hoc.
Di Martino, A. M. (2009). Derecho notarial. Asunción: Marben.
Escobar de la Riva, E. (1957). Tratado de derecho notarial. Valencia: Marfil.
Etchegaray, N. P. (2009). Boleto de Compraventa. Buenos Aires: Astrea.
Etchegaray, N. P. (2010). Escrituras y actas notariales. Buenos Aires: Astrea.
Flah, L.; Mariani de Vidal, M. y Alterini, J. H. (2000). Temas de derecho privado:
mesa redonda Nº 4: Derechos Reales. Revista del Notariado, Nº 859.
Gattari, C. N. (2008). Derecho Notarial. Buenos Aires: Abeledo Perrot.
Giménez Arnau, E. (1944). Introducción al Derecho Notarial. Madrid Revista de
Derecho Privado.
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Giménez Arnau, E. (1964). Derecho Notarial Español, III Volúmenes. Pamplona: Universidad de Navarra.
Gonzales Barrón, G. (2012). Derecho Registral y Notarial, Tº II-Derecho Notarial. Lima: Jurista Editores.
González, C. E. (1958). Constitución de Sociedades Anónimas. Buenos Aires:
Abeledo Perrot.
González, C. E. (1953). Teoría General del instrumento público (Introducción al
derecho notarial argentino y comparado). Buenos Aires: Ediar.
González, C. E. (1971). Derecho Notarial. Buenos Aires: Fedye.
Guzmán Farfán, S. F. (2000). Derecho notarial y registros públicos. Cochabamba: Colograf.
Ighina, C. A. (2012). Síntesis de la historia del notariado desde una perspectiva
nacional. En G. B. Ventura (dir.), Derecho Notarial, Nº 01. Buenos Aires: Zavalía.
Lamber, R. A. (2003). La escritura pública. 2 Tomos. La Plata: FEN.
Larraud, R. (1966). Curso de derecho notarial. Buenos Aires: Depalma.
Legaz y Lacambra, L. (1979). Filosofía del derecho. Barcelona: Bosch.
López de Zavalía, F. (1997). Importancia de los antecedentes históricos en el
estudio del derecho. Anales de la Academia Nacional del Derecho de Córdoba,
Nº XXXV, año académico 1996. Córdoba: El Copista.
Mariaca Valverde, J. A. (2006). Teoría y técnica notarial. La Paz: Artes Gráficas
Sagitario.
Mengual y Mengual, J. M. (1933). Elementos de derecho notarial. Tº II, Vol. IIIntroducción y Parte General (Continuación). Barcelona: Bosch.
Mora Vargas, H. (2013). La función notarial. San José: Editorial Investigaciones
Jurídicas.
Mosset Iturraspe, J. (2011). Derecho Civil Constitucional. Santa Fe:
Rubinzal-Culzoni.
Muñoz, N. R. (2004). Introducción al estudio del derecho notarial. Guatemala.
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Mustapich, J. M. (1955). Tratado teórico y práctico de derecho notarial. Tº II.
Buenos Aires: Ediar.
Negri, J. A. (1966). Historia del notariado argentino. En Colegio de Escribanos
de la Capital Federal, Obras de José A. Negri, Tº III.
Neri, A. I. (1945). Ciencia y arte notarial. Tº I. Buenos Aires: Editorial Ideas.
Neri, A. I. (1969). Tratado teórico y práctico de derecho notarial. Tº I. Buenos
Aires: Depalma.
Núñez Lagos, R. (1968). El documento Medieval y Rolandino. La Plata: Edic.
UNA.
Núñez Lagos, R. (1950). El documento medieval y Rolandino. España: Publicación del Ilustre Colegio Notarial de Madrid.
Núñez Lagos, R. (2001). El documento notarial y Rolandino. México: Publicación de la Asociación Nacional del Notariado Mexicano.
Núñez Lagos, R. (1950). Hechos y derechos en el Documento Público. Madrid:
Instituto Nacional de Estudios Jurídicos.
Orelle, J. M. R. (2008). Actos e instrumentos notariales. Buenos Aires: La Ley.
Ortiz de Di Martino, L. (2007). Manual de derecho notarial. Asunción: Marben.
Otero y Valentín, J. (1933). Sistema de la función notarial. Barcelona: Artes Gráficas N. Poncell.
Passaggeri, R. (2001). Aurora-Suma del arte notarial (Con adiciones de Pedro de
Unzola), Versión al castellano de Víctor Vicente Vela y Rafael Núñez Lagos, presentación de Bernardo Pérez Fernández del Castillo. México.
Pelosi, C. A. (1987). El documento notarial. Buenos Aires: Astrea.
Pérez Fernández del Castillo, B. (2007). Derecho Notarial. México: Porrúa.
Pérez Gallardo, L. y Lora-Tamayo Rodríguez, I. (coord.) (2016). Derecho Notarial, Tº I. La Habana: Editorial Félix Varela.
Pina Toribio, C. (1993). Temas notariales. Santo Domingo: Corripio.
Pondé, E. B. (1967). Origen e historia del notariado. Buenos Aires: Depalma.
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del Notariado.
Rosatti, H. (2016). El Código Civil y Comercial desde el Derecho Constitucional.
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Bosch.
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Vallet de Goytisolo, J. B. (2004). Manuales de metodología jurídica. Tº III. Madrid: CGN.
Vallet de Goytisolo, J. B. (2003). Orígenes del notariado latino en Italia y en España. Revista Jurídica del Notariado, Nº 47. Madrid: CGN.
Ventura, G. B. La Actividad Notarial en el nuevo Código Civil y Comercial. Recuperado de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=memG2MXdDig [Fecha de consulta: 23/03/2020].
Villarroel Claure, R. (2005). Fundamentos de derecho notarial y registral inmobiliario. Cochabamba: Alexander.
Fecha de recepción: 22-03-2020
Fecha de aceptación: 14-08-2020
Revista Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. UNLP.
Año 17/Nº 50-2020. Anual. Impresa ISSN 0075-7411-Electrónica ISSN 2591-6386.
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Category:Television shows produced by Harlech Television
Wikimedia category
Category:Television shows produced by Harlech Television instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Television shows produced by Harlech Television category combines topics entertainment television program
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Olof Olsson
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Olof Olsson (31 March 1841 – 12 May 1900) was a prominent Swedish-American Lutheran clergyman who served in several churches in the American Midwest. He was also the third president of Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois, serving from 1891 to 1899.
Biography
Sweden
Olof Olsson was born in Karlskoga, Värmland, Sweden. He was the son of Olof and Britta Olsson. Olsson attended the Fjellstedt School in Stockholm. He was educated at the universities of Stockholm and Uppsala, and was graduated at the latter in 1861, after spending a year (1859–1860) in the Missionary Institute at Leipzig. He also studied in the theological department of the University of Uppsala, where he graduated in 1863. He was ordained on 15 December 1863, to the ministry of the Church of Sweden and at once assumed the duties of pastor, serving in that capacity in Karlstad, Sweden, until 1868.
United States
In 1869, Olsson accepted a position as pastor in Lindsborg, Kansas. He emigrated from Sweden with his wife and daughter, his parents, his brother Carl, and 250 others. On 19 August 1869, Olsson founded the Bethany Evangelical Lutheran Church. He led the congregation from 1869 until 1876. During this time, he also served two terms in the Kansas Legislature as the representative from McPherson County. He left the Bethany Church when he was called to serve as professor of theology in the theological seminary of the Swedish Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois. Olsson taught at Augustana from 1877 until 1888. In 1891, Olsson left a congregation at Woodhull, Illinois, to return to Augustana College as president. In 1893, he received an honorary doctorate at Uppsala University. Olsson died of stomach cancer in 1900 in Rock Island, Illinois. He was buried in the family plot in Riverside Cemetery in Moline, Illinois.
Works
He edited Nytt och Gammalt, a newspaper, at Lindsborg, Kansas, in 1873, and Luther-Kalender, an annual (Rock Island, Illinois, 1883). He published in Swedish At the Cross (Rock Island, Illinois), which was reprinted in Sweden; Greetings from Afar, being Recollections of Travels in England and Germany (1880; also translated into Norwegian and published in Norway); and The Christian Hope, Words of Consolation in Suffering and Sorrow (Chicago, 1887). He also helped edit Korsbaneret, the annual church year book as well as the first hymnal of the Augustana Synod published in the English language.
Family
Olsson married Anna Lisa Jonsdotter on 22 December 1864. They had at least seven children, four of which lived into adulthood: Anna, Maria (Mia), Lydia, and Johannes (Hannes). Three additional children, Maria (25 December 1867 – 18 June 1868), Johannes (24 June 1872 – 27 July 1872) and Johannes Timotheus (6 April 1876 – 25 August 1876), did not survive past infancy.
Anna Lisa
Anna Lisa Jonsdotter (also known as Anna Lovisa Jonsson or Johnson) was born in Värmland, Sweden on 8 March 1841. She was the daughter of Jonas Peter Nilsson, a farmer who owned a share in a mine, and Maria Lovisa (Maja Lisa) née Ersdotter. Anna Lisa had four brothers and sisters, and five step-brothers and sisters. She died on 18 March 1887.
Anna
Anna (19 August 1866 – 15 February 1946) was the Olssons' oldest daughter, and the only Olsson child born in Sweden. She was one of the first women to attend Augustana College, and only the second woman to graduate from the college (class of 1888). Anna later taught at the college, and became known for her fiction. Anna died on 15 February 1946, at the age of 79. She was buried in the family plot in Riverside Cemetery in Moline, Illinois.
Maria (Mia)
Maria (15 September 1869 – 3 May 1934), often called Mia, was the Olssons' second daughter. She was born in Lindsborg, Kansas. During a family trip to Europe in 1889, Mia and her younger sister Lydia took lessons in "fancy work." Mia would later use these dressmaking skills to patent the "Combination Collar Fastener." This fastener was used to secure collars or belts, and predated the first patented zipper. Like her siblings, Mia attended Augustana College. She enrolled in the Conservatory of Music in 1895, studying piano. A year later, she enrolled in elocution and physical culture. Mia was also involved in several campus choral groups. Mia died on 3 May 1934, and was buried in the family plot in Riverside Cemetery in Moline, Illinois.
Lydia
Lydia (14 April 1874 – 1 March 1958), the Olssons' youngest daughter, was also born in Lindsborg. She grew up primarily in Lindsborg, Rock Island, and Woodhull. Lydia attended Augustana College between 1892 and 1895, taking courses such as phonography, typewriting, chorus, and voice. She was involved in a number of campus groups, including the Handel Oratorio Society, the chapel choir, and the Adelphic and Phrenokosmian Literary Societies.
Lydia was appointed the Augustana College library attendant in 1894, and promoted to the assistant librarian in 1895. In 1897, while registered as an art student, Lydia served as the librarian. Lydia also worked as a bookkeeper for a number of years, and as a clerk in the tractor department of the Moline Tractor Company. From 1922 until her retirement in 1945, she returned to the Augustana College Library as a library assistant. Lydia died 1 March 1958, and was buried in the family plot at Riverside Cemetery, Moline, Illinois.
Johannes (Hannes)
Johannes Samuel (4 July 1877 – 23 September 1967), often called Hannes, was the Olssons' only surviving son. He was born either in Moline, Illinois or Rock Island, Illinois. As a child, he traveled with his family in Europe. He enrolled at Augustana in 1897, and joined the Conservatory of Music in 1900. A year later, he attended the Augustana Business College. As an adult, Hannes held a number of jobs. He first was hired as a clerk for Hartz and Company, a wholesale and retail drug business. In 1929, he became a music teacher, a position he held on and off for the rest of his life. He was also a band leader and a musician. Hannes died on 23 September 1967. He was buried with the rest of his family in Riverside Cemetery, Moline, Illinois.
References
Other sources
Related reading
Lindquist, Emory (1955) Letters of the Rev. and Mrs. Olof Olsson, 1869-1873, pioneer founders of Lindsborg (Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society)
Lindquist, Emory (1970) Vision for a Valley, Olof Olsson and the Early History of Lindsborg (Augustana Historical Society)
Olson, Ernst Wilhelm (1941) Olof Olsson, the man, his work, and his thoughts (Rock Island, Ill., Augustana Book Concern)
Olson, Ernst Wilhelm (1917) The Swedish element in Illinois : survey of the past seven decades : with life sketches of men of today (Chicago: Swedish-American Biographical Association)
External links
Finding aid for the Olof Olsson family papers (1861-2011), held by Augustana Special Collections, Rock Island, Illinois.
1841 births
1900 deaths
19th-century American Lutheran clergy
American theologians
19th-century Swedish Lutheran priests
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Uppsala University alumni
Stockholm University alumni
Augustana College (Illinois) faculty
Presidents of Augustana College (Illinois)
People from Lindsborg, Kansas
People from Rock Island, Illinois
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Myint Moe Aung
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မြင့်မိုးအောင်
မြင့်မိုးအောင် ကနဦး အားဖြင့် လူ
မြင့်မိုးအောင် မွေးနေ့ 1964
မြင့်မိုးအောင် မွေးဌာနီ ဟင်္သာတမြို့
Myint Moe Aung
Myint Moe Aung instance of human
Myint Moe Aung occupation poet
Myint Moe Aung date of birth 1964
Myint Moe Aung place of birth Hinthada
Myint Moe Aung MusicBrainz artist ID 99945795-dca8-455c-b972-e67d3001182f, subject named as မြင့်မိုးအောင်
Myint Moe Aung
Myint Moe Aung instancë e njeri
Myint Moe Aung profesioni poet
Myint Moe Aung data e lindjes 1964
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Jean-François Adam
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Jean-François Adam ( 14 October 1980) was a French actor and director.
Career
Adam was an assistant to French filmmakers François Truffaut and Jean-Pierre Melville.
He is known for having played the small role of Colette's lover in the Antoine Doinel saga, and for playing the philosophy teacher in the French drama film Graduate First (1978), directed by Maurice Pialat.
Adam directed the French drama film Return to the Beloved (1979), which stars Isabelle Huppert.
He was also a part-time clown.
Personal life
Adam was married to Brigitte Fossey, and had a daughter, the actress Marie Adam. At the age of 44 Adam shot himself.
See also
Cinema of France
List of French actors
List of French film directors
References
External links
1930s births
1980 deaths
20th-century French male actors
Male actors from Paris
French male film actors
French male television actors
Film directors from Paris
Suicides by firearm in France
1980 suicides
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El Campeonato Oficial DIMAYOR 1982 fue la cuarta edición del principal torneo de la División Mayor del Básquetbol de Chile, máxima categoría del básquetbol profesional de Chile. Al término del campeonato, Sportiva Italiana se consagró campeón por segunda vez en su historia.
Aspectos generales
Para esta temporada se admitió un máximo de 2 jugadores extranjeros por equipo, lo que hizo que se nivelara el torneo, lo que a su vez provocó que TVN transmitiera semana a semana los partidos del campeonato.
El número de equipos participantes aumento de 8 a 10. Volvió Unión Española y debutó la Universidad Católica, ambos de Santiago.
Los clubes para esta temporada fueron:
- Español de Talca
- Esperanza de Valparaíso
- Malta Morenita de Osorno
- Naval de Talcahuano
- Petrox-Universidad de Concepción
- Phoenix de Valdivia
- Sportiva Italiana (Valparaíso)
- Thomas Bata de Peñaflor
- Unión Española
- Universidad Católica
Los 10 equipos se enfrentaron en una rueda única, siendo campeón el equipo que quedaba en primer lugar. Este fue el mismo formato usado en las 3 ediciones anteriores de la Dimayor.
Campeón
Referencias
Enlaces externos
Dimayor.cl
1982
Chile en 1982
Baloncesto en 1982
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Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Peak Velocity
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Qeios · Definition, February 2, 2020 Open Peer Review on Qeios Open Peer Review on Qeios Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Peak
Velocity National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute Qeios ID: P2T2U6 · https://doi.org/10.32388/P2T2U6 Source National Cancer Institute. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Peak Velocity. NCI Thesaurus. Code C127568. Code C127568. The measurement of the maximum rate of blood flow measured in the left ventricular
outflow tract during systole. 1/1
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BBC Guernesey
BBC Guernesey nature de l’élément station de radio
BBC Guernesey coordonnées géographiques
BBC Guernesey pays bailliage de Guernesey
BBC Guernesey site officiel https://www.bbc.co.uk/radioguernsey/
BBC Guernesey propriétaire BBC Local Radio
BBC Guernesey date de fondation ou de création 1982
BBC Guernesey identifiant Freebase /m/02r12s
BBC Guernesey identifiant Muck Rack d'un média bbccoradioguernsey
BBC Guernesey identifiant X d'un compte bbcguernsey, identifiant numérique d'un compte X 133380580, caractérisé par compte vérifié, date de début 2010, date 2021
BBC Guernesey identifiant X d'un compte BBCGuernsey
BBC Guernesey nombre d'abonnés d'un média social , identifiant numérique d'un compte X 133380580, date 2021
BBC Guernesey nombre d'abonnés d'un média social , identifiant numérique d'un compte X 133380580, date 2022
BBC Guernesey nombre d'abonnés d'un média social , identifiant numérique d'un compte X 133380580, date 2023
BBC Guernsey
radio station
BBC Guernsey instance of radio station
BBC Guernsey coordinate location
BBC Guernsey country Bailiwick of Guernsey
BBC Guernsey official website https://www.bbc.co.uk/radioguernsey/
BBC Guernsey owned by BBC Local Radio
BBC Guernsey inception 1982
BBC Guernsey Freebase ID /m/02r12s
BBC Guernsey Muck Rack media outlet ID bbccoradioguernsey
BBC Guernsey X username bbcguernsey, X numeric user ID 133380580, has characteristic verified account or profile, start time 2010, point in time 2021
BBC Guernsey X username BBCGuernsey
BBC Guernsey social media followers , X numeric user ID 133380580, point in time 2021
BBC Guernsey social media followers , X numeric user ID 133380580, point in time 2022
BBC Guernsey social media followers , X numeric user ID 133380580, point in time 2023
BBC Guernsey
BBC Guernsey jest to stacja radiowa
BBC Guernsey współrzędne geograficzne
BBC Guernsey państwo Guernsey
BBC Guernsey oficjalna strona internetowa https://www.bbc.co.uk/radioguernsey/
BBC Guernsey właściciel Regionalne stacje radiowe BBC
BBC Guernsey data utworzenia lub powstania 1982
BBC Guernsey identyfikator Freebase /m/02r12s
BBC Guernsey nazwa użytkownika na X bbcguernsey, identyfikator numeryczny na X 133380580, charakterystyczna cecha konto zweryfikowane, od 2010, data 2021
BBC Guernsey nazwa użytkownika na X BBCGuernsey
BBC Guernsey liczba obserwatorów w mediach społecznościowych , identyfikator numeryczny na X 133380580, data 2021
BBC Guernsey liczba obserwatorów w mediach społecznościowych , identyfikator numeryczny na X 133380580, data 2022
BBC Guernsey liczba obserwatorów w mediach społecznościowych , identyfikator numeryczny na X 133380580, data 2023
BBC Radio Guernsey
Ραδιοφωνικός σταθμός του BBC Local Radio
BBC Radio Guernsey είναι ραδιοφωνικός σταθμός
BBC Radio Guernsey γεωγραφικές συντεταγμένες
BBC Radio Guernsey χώρα Γκέρνζι
BBC Radio Guernsey επίσημος ιστότοπος https://www.bbc.co.uk/radioguernsey/
BBC Radio Guernsey ανήκει στον/στην/στο BBC Local Radio
BBC Radio Guernsey ημερομηνία ίδρυσης ή δημιουργίας 1982
BBC Radio Guernsey κωδικός αναφοράς Freebase /m/02r12s
BBC Radio Guernsey όνομα χρήστη στο X bbcguernsey, αριθμητικό αναγνωριστικό χρήστη στο Twitter 133380580, έχει ποιότητα επαληθευμένος λογαριασμός, ημερομηνία έναρξης 2010, σημείο στο χρόνο 2021
BBC Radio Guernsey όνομα χρήστη στο X BBCGuernsey
BBC Radio Guernsey αριθμός ακολούθων στα κοινωνικά δίκτυα , αριθμητικό αναγνωριστικό χρήστη στο Twitter 133380580, σημείο στο χρόνο 2021
BBC Radio Guernsey αριθμός ακολούθων στα κοινωνικά δίκτυα , αριθμητικό αναγνωριστικό χρήστη στο Twitter 133380580, σημείο στο χρόνο 2022
BBC Radio Guernsey αριθμός ακολούθων στα κοινωνικά δίκτυα , αριθμητικό αναγνωριστικό χρήστη στο Twitter 133380580, σημείο στο χρόνο 2023
BBC 根西電臺
BBC 根西電臺 隶属于 電台
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US-55424604-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Gene Introduction Efficiency Enhancer
ABSTRACT
A gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention which contains a histone deacetylase inhibitor (especially compound (A)) as an active ingredient is capable of enhancing gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector while retaining the advantages of the adeno-associated virus vector.
The present invention relates to an agent capable of increasing the gene transfer efficiency in gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector (hereinafter may be referred to as an “AAV vector”). More particularly, the present invention relates to an enhancer for increasing the efficiency of AAV-vector-mediated gene transfer, the enhancer containing a compound having histone deacetylase inhibitory activity.
BACKGROUND ART
Gene therapy has been considered effective means for treating intractable diseases, and 600 or more gene therapy protocols have already been proposed in different countries (mainly in Europe and the United States).
As has been known, vectors which are currently employed in gene therapy include adenovirus vectors and retrovirus vectors and so on. However, adenoviruses have been shown to cause severe inflammation in the liver or the brain in clinical studies, whereas retroviruses raise problems including insertion mutation resulting from random integration into chromosomal DNA, and induction of cancer associated therewith.
Meanwhile, adeno-associated virus (hereinafter may be abbreviated as “AAV”) vectors have the following characteristics: 1) being nonpathogenic, 2) having low immunoreactivity, 3) capable of transferring a gene into nondividing cells, and 4) enabling long-term transgene expression. Particularly, AAV vectors exhibit excellent safety as compared with, for example, the aforementioned retrovirus vectors or adenovirus vectors. In recent years, vectors based on various AAV serotypes (e.g., AAV serotypes 1 to 5) have been developed. Such AAV serotype vectors enable gene expression in various tissues on the basis of the difference in infection targets between these AAV serotypes. By virtue of the aforementioned characteristics, AAV vectors have been considered promising vectors for gene therapy. For example, conventionally, AAV vectors have generally been employed for protein replacement therapy through intramuscular administration. However, AAV vectors, which have low gene transfer efficiency (particularly in the case of gene transfer into cancer cells), have become of less interest in cancer therapy, which requires that a therapeutic gene be transferred into all the cells.
As has been reported, when an adenovirus vector is employed, expression an adenovirus receptor (integrin or CAR (coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor)) is increased by a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and transgene expression is enhanced. Meanwhile, it has been reported that when an AAV vector is employed, a histone deacetylase inhibitor reactivates transgene expression in cells which have been infected and then subcultured for a long period of time, in which the genome is integrated and is in a non-expression state (see, for example, Chen, et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 94, pp. 5798-5803 (1997)).
In gene therapy employing an AAV vector, a effective target is not reactivation of cells which are in a non-expression state, but the efficiency of the AAV vector-mediated gene transfer into cells (in an expression state). However, studies on such gene transfer efficiency have not yet been conducted.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to overcome the drawback of AAV vectors (i.e., low gene transfer efficiency), which has conventionally prevented application of the vectors, while maintaining advantages of the vectors. Another object of the present invention is to provide an enhancer for increasing the gene transfer efficiency in gene transfer (hereinafter the enhancer may be referred to as a “gene transfer efficiency enhancer”), which enhancer can be employed as a pharmaceutical drug, and can be suitably employed for gene therapy, particularly for cancer gene therapy.
It has generally been considered that when an AAV vector is employed, conversion of vector genome into an expression form is more important for gene expression than virus uptake into cells, and gene expression is less envisaged to be affected by merely enhancement of receptor expression by means of a histone deacetylase inhibitor. However, surprisingly, the present inventors have discovered that when a gene is transferred into cells by means of an AAV vector, if a histone deacetylase inhibitor is employed in combination with the vector, the efficiency of the gene transfer is increased considerably. In this case, a change in enhancement of integrin expression is smaller than a change in the gene transfer efficiency, and no significant difference is observed in transgene copy number between a histone-deacetylase-inhibitor-treated group and a non-treated group.
On the basis of the above knowledge, the present inventors have found that a histone deacetylase inhibitor increases the efficiency of AAV-vector-mediated gene transfer by a mechanism different from that which has conventionally been reported, in which a histone deacetylase inhibitor reactivates a transgene which exhibits reduced expression after being integrated into chromosomes. The present invention has been accomplished on the basis of this finding.
Accordingly, the present invention provides the following.
(1) An enhancer for increasing the gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector, the enhancer containing a histone deacetylase inhibitor as an active ingredient.
(2) An enhancer as described in (1) above, wherein the histone deacetylase inhibitor is a compound represented by formula (I):
or a salt of the compound.
(3) An enhancer as described in (1) or (2) above, wherein the gene transfer is performed to tumor cells.
(4) An enhancer as described in any one of (1) through (3) above, which is a pharmaceutical drug.
(5) An enhancer as described in (4) above, wherein the pharmaceutical drug is for gene therapy.
(6) An enhancer as described in (5) above, wherein the gene therapy is performed against cancer.
(7) A method for increasing the gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector, the method comprising administering an effective dose of a histone deacetylase inhibitor to a subject in need of an increase in the gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector.
(8) A method as described in (7) above, wherein the histone deacetylase inhibitor is a compound represented by formula (I) or a salt of the compound.
(9) A method as described in (7) or (8) above, wherein the gene transfer is performed to tumor cells.
(10) A method as described in any one of (7) through (9) above, which is performed for gene therapy.
(11) A method as described in (10) above, wherein the gene therapy is performed against cancer.
(12) Use of a histone deacetylase inhibitor for producing an enhancer for increasing the gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector.
(13) Use as described in (12) above, wherein the histone deacetylase inhibitor is a compound represented by formula (I) or a salt of the compound.
(14) Use as described in (12) or (13) above, wherein the gene transfer is performed to tumor cells.
(15) Use as described in any one of (12) through (14) above, wherein the enhancer for increasing the gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector is a pharmaceutical drug.
(16) Use as described in (15) above, wherein the pharmaceutical drug is for gene therapy.
(17) Use as described in (16) above, wherein the gene therapy is performed against cancer.
(18) A commercial package comprising an enhancer as described in any one of (1) through (6) above, and a package insert describing whether the enhancer can be used or is suggested to be used for gene therapy.
(19) A package described in (18) above, wherein the gene therapy is performed against cancer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a set of graphs showing the relation between the effect of FK228 on CD51 (integrin) expression and the effect of FK228 on enhancement of transgene expression. FIG. 1A shows the percent occurrence (%) of CD51-positive cells in the case where U251MG is treated with FK228 of different concentrations. FIG. 1B shows the percent occurrence (%) of EGFP (transgene)-positive cells in the case of gene transfer by use of an AAV vector in combination with FK228.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of FK228 on the number of viral genome copies taken into cells. The vertical axis corresponds to the genome copy number, and the horizontal axis corresponds to the elapsed time after infection.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As used herein, the term “histone deacetylase inhibitor” refers to a compound which binds to the active site of histone deacetylase competitively with a substrate of the enzyme, or a compound having an activity of binding to a site of histone deacetylase other than the active site thereof, thereby changing the enzyme activity of histone deacetylase. Examples of the histone deacetylase inhibitor include such compounds which have already been known and employed as histone deacetylase inhibitors; all compounds (synthetic and naturally occurring compounds) which have heretofore been reported to have histone deacetylase inhibitory activity; and all compounds which in the future will be reported to have such activity. Specific examples of the histone deacetylase inhibitor include a compound having a structure represented by the below-described formula (I) (hereinafter the compound may be referred to simply as “compound A”; SEQ ID NO: 1), salts of the compound, and derivatives of the compound (e.g., a derivative obtained through acetylation of compound A, and a thiol derivative obtained through reduction of the S-S bond of compound A). Examples of compounds which have been reported to have histone deacetylase inhibitory activity include trichostatin A, sodium butyrate, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), MS-275, cyclic hydroxamic-acid-containing peptide, apicidin, and trapoxin.
Compound A may have stereoisomers (e.g., optical isomers and geometric isomers) due to asymmetric carbon atoms and carbon-carbon double bonds; for example, FK228 represented by the below-described formula (II). As used herein, “the histone deacetylase inhibitor” encompasses all of these isomers of compound A and mixtures thereof.
As used herein, “the histone deacetylase inhibitor” also encompasses solvates (e.g., clathrate compounds (e.g., hydrates)) of compound A, FK228, salts of compound A, and salts of FK228.
As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the term “compound A” refers to a compound belonging to the group consisting of all stereoisomers of compound A, including a compound represented by formula (II) (FK228).
Compound A or a salt thereof is a known and available substance. For example, FK228, which is one of stereoisomers of compound A, can be prepared through the following procedure: a strain which belongs to the genus Chromobacterium and which can produce FK228 is cultured under aerobic conditions, and FK228 is recovered from the resultant culture broth. Examples of the strain which belongs to the genus Chromobacterium and which can produce FK228 include Chromobacterium violaceum WB968 (FERM BP-1968). More specifically, FK228 can be prepared from the aforementioned production strain as described in Japanese Patent Publication (kokoku) No. 7-64872 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,138). FK228 is preferably recovered from a strain which belongs to the genus Chromobacterium and which can produce FK228, from the viewpoint of easy preparation of FK228. Also, FK228 is preferably prepared through synthesis or semisynthesis, from the viewpoint that no further purification processes are required, or purification processes can be reduced. Similar to the case of FK228, compound A other than FK228 can be prepared through semisynthesis or total synthesis according to a conventionally known method. More specifically, such compound A can be produced through the method reported by Khan W. Li, et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 18, 7237-7238 (1996)).
Examples of salts of compound A include base salts and acid addition salts, including inorganic base salts such as alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium salts and potassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium salts and magnesium salts), and ammonium salts; organic base salts such as organic amine salts (e.g., triethylamine salts, diisopropylethylamine salts, pyridine salts, picoline salts, ethanolamine salts, triethanolamine salts, dicyclohexylamine salts, and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salts); inorganic acid addition salts (e.g., hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, sulfates, and phosphates); organic carboxylic acid addition salts and sulfonic acid addition salts (e.g., formates, acetates, trifluoroacetates, maleates, tartrates, fumarates, methanesulfonates, benzenesulfonates, and toluenesulfonates); and salts with basic and acidic amino acids (e.g., arginine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid).
In the present invention, examples of the subject in need of an increase in the efficiency of (foreign) gene transfer include various animals such as human, mouse, rat, pig, dog, horse, cattle, and monkey; and cells of such an animal. As used herein, the expression “enhancement of transgene expression” refers to enhancement of expression of a foreign gene in a host cell, the gene being transferred through a genetic engineering technique. Expression of the transgene may be enhanced at the cellular level or at the animal level. As used herein, the expression “an increase in the gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer” refers to an increase in the percentage of AAV-vector-mediated foreign gene transfer into cells.
According to the present invention, a gene can be efficiently transferred into cells (in particular, tumor cells) by means of an AAV vector. The AAV-vector-mediated gene transfer enables safe and stable expression of the transferred gene.
An AAV vector carrying a target foreign gene is prepared by inserting the gene into a wild-type AAV. For example, such an AAV vector is prepared through the following procedure. Firstly, a target gene is inserted between ITRs present at the both ends of a wild-type AAV, to thereby prepare a plasmid (AAV vector plasmid). Separately, a helper-virus-derived helper plasmid is provided for supplying a viral protein required for viral replication or viral particle formation. Subsequently, both the plasmids are introduced into, for example, 293 cells through transfection, and the cells are infected with the helper virus, to thereby prepare a recombinant AAV vector. More specifically, such vector preparation can be performed according to, for example, the following references.
Reference 1: Okada T, Nomoto T, Shimazaki K, Wang L, Lu Y, Matsushita T, Mizukami H, Urabe M, Hanazono Y, Kume A, Muramatsu S, Nakano I, Ozawa K. “Advances in AAV vectors for gene transfer to the brain.” Methods 2002; 8:237-247. Reference 2: Okada T, Shimazaki K, Nomoto T, Matsushita T, Mizukami H, Urabe M, Hanazono Y, Kume A, Tobita K, Ozawa K, Kawai N. “Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene therapy of ischemia-induced neuronal death.” Methods Enzymol 2002; 346:378-393.
AAV per se has no replication ability, and thus AAV replication requires a helper virus. However, a system which does not require a helper virus has been recently available through, for example, modification of a helper plasmid. The present invention encompasses a mode employing such a system.
The gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention can be used in the form of a solid, semisolid, or liquid drug product containing a mixture of a histone deacetylase inhibitor serving as an active ingredient (e.g., compound A or a salt thereof) and an organic or inorganic carrier (or excipient) suitable for oral or parenteral administration. The active ingredient may be mixed with a typical nontoxic and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for preparation of, for example, a powder, a tablet, a pellet, a capsule, a suppository, a solution, an emulsion, a suspension, an aerosol, or a spray. If desired, an auxiliary agent, a stabilizer, a thickener, or the like may also be employed. If desired, such a carrier or excipient may be subjected to sterilization treatment before being mixed with the active ingredient. Alternatively, such sterilization treatment may be performed after preparation of a drug product. Compound A or a salt thereof is incorporated into the gene transfer efficiency enhancer in an amount sufficient for causing an intended effect on a subject in need of an increase in the efficiency of gene transfer.
No particular limitation is imposed on the administration method for the gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention, which contains a histone deacetylase inhibitor as an active ingredient, so long as expression of a gene transferred by means of an AAV vector is enhanced.
In the case where the gene transfer efficiency enhancer is employed in the form of a drug product, the enhancer can be orally or parenterally administered once to several times a day. Particularly when the enhancer is employed for gene therapy, preferably, the enhancer is administered parenterally (e.g., intravenous administration, intraarterial administration, intramuscular administration, direct interstitial administration, intranasal administration, intradermal administration, cerebrospinal fluid administration, intraductal administration, or intravaginal administration).
The therapeutically effective dose of the active ingredient varies depending on the type of a histone deacetylase inhibitor to be employed, the age and pathological conditions of a patient to be treated, the type of a transgene, and the type of a disease requiring enhancement of expression of the gene. Therefore, the therapeutically effective dose is determined in consideration of such factors.
For example, in the case of continuous intravenous administration of compound A serving as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, the daily dose (once a day) for an adult is preferably 1 mg/m² to 50 mg/m², more preferably 3 mg/m² to 30 mg/m².
A characteristic feature of the gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention resides in that the enhancer increases the efficiency of gene transfer, and thus enhances expression of the transgene. Interaction between the enhancer and the transgene is an important factor for attaining such effects. Therefore, the timing of administration of a foreign gene and the timing of administration of the gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention are appropriately determined in accordance with intended effects. For example, in the case where expression of a foreign gene is to be enhanced, preferably, the enhancer of the present invention is administered simultaneous with, before, or after administration of the foreign gene, whose expression is to be enhanced.
The timing of administration of the enhancer of the present invention may be appropriately determined in accordance with intended effects or the extent of the effects. However, in view of the purpose and effects of the enhancer of the present invention; i.e., increasing the efficiency of AAV-vector-mediated foreign gene transfer, and enhancing expression of the transgene (not reactivation of the transgene), preferably, the enhancer of the present invention is administered simultaneous with, immediately before, or immediately after AAV-vector-mediated gene transfer.
In a mode of the present invention, when the gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention is employed for cancer gene therapy, in anticipation of the antitumor effect and the gene transfer efficiency increasing effect of a histone deacetylase inhibitor serving as an active ingredient, the gene transfer efficiency enhancer can be administered before or after administration of an AAV vector (including a target foreign gene).
The foreign gene to be transferred may be any gene, so long as expression of the gene is intended. Examples of the foreign gene to be transferred include a variety of genes employed for gene therapy. Specific examples include cytosine deaminase gene, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene, and Bim-S gene (see Gene Ther. Mar. 10, 2003 (5):375-385).
The enhancer of the present invention can be suitably employed particularly for gene therapy. For example, cancer gene therapy employs suicide gene transfer or a DNA vaccine. Examples of the suicide gene transfer include transfer of a gene encoding cytosine deaminase, which is an enzyme for converting 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) (i.e., an anticancer drug) into an active form, into cancer cells. Expression of the gene in cancer cells can be enhanced by means of the enhancer of the present invention (i.e., 5-FC is efficiently converted into an active form in a cancer-cell-specific manner, thereby inducing the antitumor effects of the drug) . Alternatively, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene is transferred into cancer cells, and subsequently ganciclovir (GCV), which is an antiviral drug, is administered. GCV phosphorylated by HSV-TK inhibits DNA synthesis in the cancer cells, whereby antitumor effects are obtained.
Examples of the DNA vaccine to be employed include cancer antigen genes which express specifically in cancer cells. Through transfer of such a gene into a cancer patient, through reactivation of an endogenous cancer antigen gene whose expression is suppressed, or through both, expression of the cancer antigen gene can be enhanced, thereby enhancing immunity of the patient to cancer.
Cancer gene therapy may employ, in addition to the aforementioned genes, p53 gene, cytokine gene (e.g., IL2 gene and IL12 gene), antisense gene (e.g., EGFR antisense gene, SDF-1 antisense gene, or K-ras antisense gene), siRNA, etc. Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis may employ CFTR gene, and gene therapy for hemophilia may employ coagulation factor gene.
As described above, the gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention, which contains a histone deacetylase inhibitor as an active ingredient, is useful for cancer gene therapy. Since the histone deacetylase inhibitor per se is envisaged to exhibit anticancer effects, use of the enhancer of the present invention for cancer therapy is further preferred. Particularly when compound A is employed, its anticancer effects can be further enhanced by gene therapy employing an AAV vector, which is preferred.
The gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention, which contains a histone deacetylase inhibitor as an active ingredient, is also envisaged to exhibit its effects in various tissues or organs. Examples of the effects of the enhancer include the effect of enhancing expression of a transgene in muscles or neurons. Thus, the gene transfer efficiency enhancer increases the efficiency of foreign gene transfer in various tissues or organs, and therefore, the enhancer is considered useful for gene therapy for, for example, neuromuscular diseases (e.g., myotonic dystrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)), heart failure, cardiomyopathy, diseases treated with protein supplementation therapy through expression of a secretory protein (e.g., chronic systemic diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia), cerebral infarction, reperfusion injury after cerebral ischemia, Parkinson's disease, various neurodegenerative diseases, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and alcoholism.
The gene transfer efficiency enhancer is also useful for gene transfer into ES cells or hematopoietic stem cells.
The gene to be transferred may be appropriately varied in accordance with the disease to be targeted.
The gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention may be included in a commercial package together with a package insert describing that the enhancer increases the gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector, particularly a package insert describing that the enhancer is suggested to be used for cancer gene therapy. The commercial package may further include a necessary reagent or instrument.
EXAMPLES
The present invention will next be specifically described in detail by way of Examples, which should not be construed as limiting the invention thereto. Unless otherwise specified, the following test materials are employed in the Examples.
Test Materials
1. Drug
FK228 which had been isolated and purified through the method described in Japanese Patent Publication (kokoku) No. 7-64872 was employed as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. The FK228 was dissolved in ethanol for storage. When in use, the FK228 was diluted with a medium, to thereby regulate the FK228 concentration to fall within a range of 0 to 100 ng/mL.
2. Vector
An AAV vector genome plasmid and a helper plasmid were introduced into 293 cells through the calcium phosphate method, and AAV vectors (types 1 to 5) which express EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) under the control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter were prepared. Specifically, the AAV vector preparation was performed through the method described in the following references.
Reference 1: Methods 2002; 8:237-247 (described above) Reference 2: Methods Enzymol 2002; 346:378-393 (described above)
3. Cells and Cell Culture
(1) Human Glioma Cell Line; U251MG, U87MG
U251MG was obtained from JCRB Cell Bank, National Institute of Health Sciences. U251MG cells were cultured in an Eagle's MEM (minimum essential medium) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 5% CO₂ and 37° C. U87MG was obtained from Institute for Fermentation, Osaka. U87MG cells were cultured in an Eagle's MEM containing 10% FBS at 5% CO₂ and 37° C.
(2) Rat Glioma Cell Line; 9L
9L was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). 9L cells were cultured in a DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) containing 10% FBS at 5% CO₂ and 37° C.
(3) Human Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line; HEp-2
HEp-2 was obtained from Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University. HEp-2 cells were cultured in an Eagle's MEM containing 10% FBS at 5% CO₂ and 37° C.
(4) Subcultured Human Glioma Cells (Operative Specimen)
The cells, which were prepared from an operative specimen, are positive for GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and vimentin, and are considered to be derived from glioma through pathological diagnosis.
Example 1 Effect of FK228 on the Efficiency of AAV-Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer
The effect of FK228 on enhancing expression of a transgene was evaluated with glioma cells. Type-2 AAV vector (1×10⁴ genome copies/cell) and FK228 (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL) were added to a culture supernatant of the human glioma cell line U251MG, and 24 hours later, expression of EGFP was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Through this observation, expression of EGFP was found to be enhanced in an FK228-dose-dependent manner. Particularly when added at a concentration of 1 ng/mL or more, FK228 exhibited remarkable EGFP expression enhancing effect.
The fact that the enhancer of the present invention exhibited gene expression enhancing effect within 24 hours after gene transfer (infection) suggests the possibility that the episomal AAV genome which had not undergone chromosomal integration was modified by histone, whereby the gene expression was enhanced.
Similar to the case of U251MG, in the cases of the head and neck cancer cell line HEp-2 and the subcultured human glioma cells (prepared from an operative specimen), the effect of FK228 in enhancing AAV-vector-mediated gene transfer was evaluated. In both cases, EGFP expression was found to be enhanced through addition of FK228 (1 ng/mL); i.e., the enhancer of the present invention exhibited gene transfer efficiency increasing effect.
Example 2 Relation Between the Effect of FK228 on Increasing Gene Transfer Efficiency and Integrin Expression
The gene expression enhancing effect obtained by employment of an adenovirus vector in combination with a histone deacetylase inhibitor is considered to be based on the mechanism that expression of a receptor such as integrin is enhanced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor. Tests were performed to assess whether or not such a mechanism is involved in the effects of the present invention.
Type-2 AAV vector (1×10⁴ genome copies/cell) and FK228 (0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 ng/mL) were added to a culture supernatant of U251MG, and 24 hours later, the percent occurrence of cells positive for CD51 (integrin) or EGFP was calculated through FACS analysis. The FACS analysis was performed through a customary method by use of FACSCan (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, Calif.) and CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, Calif.).
PE-labeled anti-CD51 monoclonal antibody: 13C2 was obtained from Cymbus Biotechnology Ltd., Chandlers Ford, UK. Dead cells were detected by means of 7-amino-actinomycin D (Via-Probe; Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.).
Cells were washed with a FACS buffer (PBS containing 5% FBS and 0.05% sodium azide), and then incubated with the antibody on ice for 30 minutes. Fluorescences attributed to EGFP, PE, and Via-Probe were detected by FL1, FL2, and FL3, respectively. Cells negative for Via-Probe; i.e., viable cells, were employed for measuring expression of EGFP and/or CD51.
The percent occurrence of EGFP-positive cells was sharply increased through addition of FK228 (1 ng/mL). In contrast, the percent occurrence of integrin-positive cells shows a gradual increase. The results are shown in FIG. 1.
The results indicate that the effect of FK228 in increasing gene transfer efficiency is not based on the mechanism by which FK228 increases the number of receptors on cell surfaces.
Example 3 Effect of FK228 Addition on the Number of Viral Genome Copies Taken into Cells
Type-2 AAV vector (1×10⁴ genome copies/cell) and FK228 (1 ng/mL) were added to a culture supernatant of U251MG, and the number of viral genome copies taken into cells was semi-quantified by means of real-time PCR (ABI, Prism 7700; QIAGEN, SYBR Green PCR kit QuantiTect) (performed through the method according to Mol. Ther. Aug.6, 2002 (2):272-278). After U251MG cells were infected with the type-2 AAV vector, the number of intracellular genome copies was measured in a time-course manner (0, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours). No significant difference was observed in the genome copy number between an FK228-treated group and a control group (only a solvent), although a slight increase in the genome copy number was observed in the FK228-treated group 24 hours after the infection. The results are shown in FIG. 2.
The results indicate that the effect of FK228 in enhancing transgene expression is not mediated by an increase in the number of genome copies in cells.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The gene transfer efficiency enhancer of the present invention, which contains a histone deacetylase inhibitor (in particular, compound A or a salt thereof, which has histone deacetylase inhibitory activity), exhibits an excellent effect of increasing the efficiency of adeno-associated-virus-vector-mediated gene transfer into tumor cells, which gene transfer efficiency has conventionally been shown to be low. Therefore, the gene transfer efficiency enhancer can be suitably employed in clinical practice, particularly for gene therapy, more particularly for cancer gene therapy.
Sequence Listing Free Text
SEQ ID NO: 1: Xaa denotes an amino acid represented by the formula: NH₂C(CHCH₃)COOH.
The carboxyl group of a compound COOHCH₂CH(CHCHC₂H₄SH)OH is bonded to the amino group of the first amino acid (Val); the hydroxyl group of the compound is bonded to the carboxyl group of the fourth amino acid (Val); and the SH group of the compound forms a disulfide bond with the SH group of the second amino acid (Cys).
The present application is based on Japanese Patent Application 2003-122968, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
1. An enhancer for increasing gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector, the enhancer containing a histone deacetylase inhibitor as an active ingredient.
2. The enhancer as described in claim 1, wherein the histone deacetylase inhibitor is a compound represented by formula (I):
or a salt of the compound.
3. The enhancer as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the gene transfer is performed to tumor cells.
4. The enhancer as described in any one of claims 1 to 3, which is a pharmaceutical drug.
5. The enhancer as described in claim 4, wherein the pharmaceutical drug is for gene therapy.
6. The enhancer as described in claim 5, wherein the gene therapy is performed against cancer.
7. A method for increasing gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector, the method comprising administering an effective dose of a histone deacetylase inhibitor to a subject in need of an increase in the gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector.
8. The method as described in claim 7, wherein the histone deacetylase inhibitor is a compound represented by formula (I):
or a salt of the compound.
9. The method as described in claim 7 or 8, wherein the gene transfer is performed to tumor cells.
10. The method as described in any one of claims 7 to 9, which is performed for gene therapy.
11. The method as described in claim 10, wherein the gene therapy is performed against cancer.
12. Use of a histone deacetylase inhibitor for producing an enhancer for increasing gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector.
13. The use as described in claim 12, wherein the histone deacetylase inhibitor is a compound represented by formula (I):
or a salt of the compound.
14. The use as described in claim 12 or 13, wherein the gene transfer is performed to tumor cells.
15. The use as described in any one of claims 12 through 14, wherein the enhancer for increasing gene transfer efficiency in a gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector is a pharmaceutical drug.
16. The use as described in claim 15, wherein the pharmaceutical drug is for gene therapy.
17. The use as described in claim 16, wherein the gene therapy is performed against cancer.
18. A commercial package comprising an enhancer as described in any one of claims 1 through 6, and a package insert describing whether the enhancer can be used or is suggested to be used for gene therapy.
19. The package described in claim 18, wherein the gene therapy is performed against cancer..
| 36,674 |
https://github.com/dineshpal1/api/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/SessionController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
api
|
dineshpal1
|
PHP
|
Code
| 57 | 210 |
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
class SessionController extends Controller
{
public function accessSessionData(Request $request)
{
if ($request->session()->has('my_name'))
{
echo $request->session()->get("my_name");
}
else{
echo"No data in the session";
}
}
public function stroeSessionData(Request $request)
{
$request->session()->put("my_name","Dinesh Pal");
echo"Session data is saved successfully";
}
public function deleteSessionData(Request $request)
{
$request->session()->forget("my_name");
echo"Data has been removed form the session";
}
}
| 22,747 |
https://github.com/ybbarng/staffetta/blob/master/apps/staffetta-test/staffetta-bundle.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,016 |
staffetta
|
ybbarng
|
C
|
Code
| 198 | 969 |
#include "staffetta.h"
#include "node-id.h"
static uint8_t round_stats;
static int loop_stats;
PROCESS(staffetta_test, "Staffetta test");
AUTOSTART_PROCESSES(&staffetta_test);
PROCESS(staffetta_print_stats_process, "Staffetta print stats");
PROCESS_THREAD(staffetta_print_stats_process, ev, data){
PROCESS_BEGIN();
static struct etimer et;
round_stats = PAKETS_PER_NODE;
loop_stats = node_id;
etimer_set(&et,CLOCK_SECOND*1+(random_rand()%(CLOCK_SECOND*2)));
PROCESS_WAIT_EVENT_UNTIL(etimer_expired(&et));
while(1) {
staffetta_print_stats();
staffetta_add_data(round_stats++);
etimer_set(&et,CLOCK_SECOND*3);
PROCESS_WAIT_EVENT_UNTIL(etimer_expired(&et));
}
PROCESS_END();
}
PROCESS_THREAD(staffetta_test, ev, data){
PROCESS_BEGIN();
static struct etimer et;
int staffetta_result;
uint32_t wakeups,Tw, dc, T0;
leds_init();
leds_on(LEDS_GREEN);
staffetta_init();
random_init(node_id);
watchdog_stop();
leds_off(LEDS_GREEN);
// process_start(&staffetta_print_stats_process, NULL);
while(1){
wakeups = getWakeups(); //Get wakeups/period from Staffetta
dc = get_duty_cycle();
Tw = ((CLOCK_SECOND*(10*BUDGET_PRECISION))/wakeups) * wakeups * (1000 - dc) / 1000; //Compute Tw
//Tw = ((CLOCK_SECOND*(10*BUDGET_PRECISION))/wakeups) * wakeups; //Compute Tw
Tw = ((Tw*3)/4) + (random_rand()%(Tw/2));
printf("wakeups: %lu, dc: %lu, Tw: %lu\n", wakeups, dc, Tw);
etimer_set(&et,Tw); //Add some randomness
//etimer_set(&et,Tw); //Add some randomness
PROCESS_WAIT_EVENT_UNTIL(etimer_expired(&et));
wakeups = getWakeups();
dc = get_duty_cycle();
T0 = RTIMER_NOW();
Tw = ((CLOCK_SECOND*(10*BUDGET_PRECISION))/wakeups) * wakeups; //Compute Tw
Tw = ((Tw*3)/4) + (random_rand()%(Tw/2));
// printf ("T0: %lu, Tw: %lu, T0+Tw: %lu, wakeups: %lu, duty_cycle: %lu\n", T0, Tw, T0+Tw, wakeups, dc);
// printf("ENERGEST_CONF_ON: %u, duty_cycle: %u\n", ENERGEST_CONF_ON, dc);
while (RTIMER_CLOCK_LT (RTIMER_NOW(), T0 + Tw))
{
printf("send packet\n");
staffetta_result = staffetta_send_packet(); //Perform a data exchange
printf("result: %d\n", staffetta_result);
}
//TODO compute histogram of staffetta results
printf("go to sleep\n");
leds_off(LEDS_RED);
}
PROCESS_END();
}
| 49,557 |
https://github.com/GrieferAtWork/deemon-legacy-/blob/master/src/deemon/sys/win32/sysinfo.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,017 |
deemon-legacy-
|
GrieferAtWork
|
C
|
Code
| 525 | 2,282 |
/* Copyright (c) 2016 - deemon by Griefer@Work *
* *
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy *
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal *
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights *
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell *
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is *
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: *
* *
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all *
* copies or substantial portions of the Software. *
* *
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR *
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, *
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE *
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER *
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, *
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE *
* SOFTWARE. *
*/
#ifndef GUARD_DEEMON_SYS_WIN32_SYSINFO_H
#define GUARD_DEEMON_SYS_WIN32_SYSINFO_H 1
#include <deemon/__conf.inl>
#include <deemon/__xconf.inl>
#include <deemon/error.h>
#include <deemon/string.h>
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// === Win32 ===
#include DEE_INCLUDE_MEMORY_API_DISABLE()
DEE_COMPILER_MSVC_WARNING_PUSH(4201 4820 4255 4668)
#include <Windows.h>
DEE_COMPILER_MSVC_WARNING_POP
#include DEE_INCLUDE_MEMORY_API_ENABLE()
#include DEE_INCLUDE_MEMORY_API()
DEE_DECL_BEGIN
#define DeeWin32SysInfo_Utf8GetHostname DeeWin32Sys_Utf8GetHostname
#define DeeWin32Sys_Utf8GetHostname(result,...) \
do{\
DWORD _hn_error,_hn_result_size = 1+DEE_XCONFIG_FSBUFSIZE_WIN32GETCOMPUTERNAME;\
if DEE_UNLIKELY((*(result) = DeeUtf8String_NewSized(DEE_XCONFIG_FSBUFSIZE_WIN32GETCOMPUTERNAME)) == NULL) {__VA_ARGS__;}\
while (1) {\
if DEE_UNLIKELY(!GetComputerNameA(DeeUtf8String_STR(*(result)),&_hn_result_size)) {\
_hn_error = GetLastError();\
if (_hn_error == ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW\
|| _hn_error == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER\
|| _hn_error == ERROR_MORE_DATA) {\
if DEE_LIKELY(DeeUtf8String_Resize(result,_hn_result_size++) == 0) continue;\
} else {\
DeeError_SetStringf(&DeeErrorType_SystemError,\
"GetComputerNameA(...) : %K",\
DeeSystemError_Win32ToString(_hn_error));\
}\
} else {\
if DEE_LIKELY(DeeUtf8String_Resize(result,_hn_result_size) == 0) break;\
}\
Dee_DECREF(*(result));\
{__VA_ARGS__;}\
}\
}while(0)
#define DeeWin32SysInfo_WideGetHostname DeeWin32Sys_WideGetHostname
#define DeeWin32Sys_WideGetHostname(result,...) \
do{\
DWORD _hn_error,_hn_result_size = 1+DEE_XCONFIG_FSBUFSIZE_WIN32GETCOMPUTERNAME;\
if DEE_UNLIKELY((*(result) = DeeWideString_NewSized(DEE_XCONFIG_FSBUFSIZE_WIN32GETCOMPUTERNAME)) == NULL) {__VA_ARGS__;}\
while (1) {\
if DEE_UNLIKELY(!GetComputerNameW(DeeWideString_STR(*(result)),&_hn_result_size)) {\
_hn_error = GetLastError();\
if (_hn_error == ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW\
|| _hn_error == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER\
|| _hn_error == ERROR_MORE_DATA) {\
if DEE_LIKELY(DeeWideString_Resize(result,_hn_result_size++) == 0) continue;\
} else {\
DeeError_SetStringf(&DeeErrorType_SystemError,\
"GetComputerNameW(...) : %K",\
DeeSystemError_Win32ToString(_hn_error));\
}\
} else {\
if DEE_LIKELY(DeeWideString_Resize(result,_hn_result_size) == 0) break;\
}\
Dee_DECREF(*(result));\
{__VA_ARGS__;}\
}\
}while(0)
#define DeeWin32SysInfo_Utf8GetUsername DeeWin32Sys_Utf8GetUsername
#define DeeWin32Sys_Utf8GetUsername(result,...) \
do{\
DWORD _un_error,_un_result_size = 1+DEE_XCONFIG_FSBUFSIZE_WIN32GETUSERNAME;\
if DEE_UNLIKELY((*(result) = DeeUtf8String_NewSized(DEE_XCONFIG_FSBUFSIZE_WIN32GETUSERNAME)) == NULL) {__VA_ARGS__;}\
while (1) {\
if DEE_UNLIKELY(!GetUserNameA(DeeUtf8String_STR(*(result)),&_un_result_size)) {\
_un_error = GetLastError();\
if (_un_error == ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW\
|| _un_error == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER\
|| _un_error == ERROR_MORE_DATA) {\
if DEE_LIKELY(DeeUtf8String_Resize(result,_un_result_size-1) == 0) continue;\
} else {\
DeeError_SetStringf(&DeeErrorType_SystemError,\
"GetUserNameA(...) : %K",\
DeeSystemError_Win32ToString(_un_error));\
}\
} else {\
if DEE_LIKELY(DeeUtf8String_Resize(result,_un_result_size-1) == 0) break;\
}\
Dee_DECREF(*(result));\
{__VA_ARGS__;}\
}\
}while(0)
#define DeeWin32SysInfo_WideGetUsername DeeWin32Sys_WideGetUsername
#define DeeWin32Sys_WideGetUsername(result,...) \
do{\
DWORD _un_error,_un_result_size = 1+DEE_XCONFIG_FSBUFSIZE_WIN32GETUSERNAME;\
if DEE_UNLIKELY((*(result) = DeeWideString_NewSized(DEE_XCONFIG_FSBUFSIZE_WIN32GETUSERNAME)) == NULL) {__VA_ARGS__;}\
while (1) {\
if DEE_UNLIKELY(!GetUserNameW(DeeWideString_STR(*(result)),&_un_result_size)) {\
_un_error = GetLastError();\
if (_un_error == ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW\
|| _un_error == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER\
|| _un_error == ERROR_MORE_DATA) {\
if DEE_LIKELY(DeeWideString_Resize(result,_un_result_size-1) == 0) continue;\
} else {\
DeeError_SetStringf(&DeeErrorType_SystemError,\
"GetUserNameW(...) : %K",\
DeeSystemError_Win32ToString(_un_error));\
}\
} else {\
if DEE_LIKELY(DeeWideString_Resize(result,_un_result_size-1) == 0) break;\
}\
Dee_DECREF(*(result));\
{__VA_ARGS__;}\
}\
}while(0)
#define DeeSysInfo_Utf8GetHostname DeeWin32SysInfo_Utf8GetHostname
#define DeeSysInfo_WideGetHostname DeeWin32SysInfo_WideGetHostname
#define DeeSysInfo_Utf8GetUsername DeeWin32SysInfo_Utf8GetUsername
#define DeeSysInfo_WideGetUsername DeeWin32SysInfo_WideGetUsername
DEE_DECL_END
#endif /* !GUARD_DEEMON_SYS_WIN32_SYSINFO_H */
| 46,480 |
https://github.com/kolibril13/manim/blob/master/manim/constants.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
manim
|
kolibril13
|
Python
|
Code
| 753 | 2,592 |
"""
Constant definitions.
"""
import typing
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
__all__ = [
"NOT_SETTING_FONT_MSG",
"SCENE_NOT_FOUND_MESSAGE",
"CHOOSE_NUMBER_MESSAGE",
"INVALID_NUMBER_MESSAGE",
"NO_SCENE_MESSAGE",
"NORMAL",
"ITALIC",
"OBLIQUE",
"BOLD",
"THIN",
"ULTRALIGHT",
"LIGHT",
"SEMILIGHT",
"BOOK",
"MEDIUM",
"SEMIBOLD",
"ULTRABOLD",
"HEAVY",
"ULTRAHEAVY",
"RESAMPLING_ALGORITHMS",
"ORIGIN",
"UP",
"DOWN",
"RIGHT",
"LEFT",
"IN",
"OUT",
"X_AXIS",
"Y_AXIS",
"Z_AXIS",
"UL",
"UR",
"DL",
"DR",
"START_X",
"START_Y",
"DEFAULT_DOT_RADIUS",
"DEFAULT_SMALL_DOT_RADIUS",
"DEFAULT_DASH_LENGTH",
"DEFAULT_ARROW_TIP_LENGTH",
"SMALL_BUFF",
"MED_SMALL_BUFF",
"MED_LARGE_BUFF",
"LARGE_BUFF",
"DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_EDGE_BUFFER",
"DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_MOBJECT_BUFFER",
"DEFAULT_POINTWISE_FUNCTION_RUN_TIME",
"DEFAULT_WAIT_TIME",
"DEFAULT_POINT_DENSITY_2D",
"DEFAULT_POINT_DENSITY_1D",
"DEFAULT_STROKE_WIDTH",
"DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE",
"PI",
"TAU",
"DEGREES",
"FFMPEG_BIN",
"GIF_FILE_EXTENSION",
"FFMPEG_VERBOSITY_MAP",
"VERBOSITY_CHOICES",
"WEBGL_RENDERER_INFO",
"QUALITIES",
"DEFAULT_QUALITY",
"DEFAULT_QUALITY_SHORT",
"EPILOG",
"HELP_OPTIONS",
"CONTEXT_SETTINGS",
"SHIFT_VALUE",
"CTRL_VALUE",
]
# Messages
NOT_SETTING_FONT_MSG: str = """
You haven't set font.
If you are not using English, this may cause text rendering problem.
You set font like:
text = Text('your text', font='your font')
"""
SCENE_NOT_FOUND_MESSAGE: str = """
{} is not in the script
"""
CHOOSE_NUMBER_MESSAGE: str = """
Choose number corresponding to desired scene/arguments.
(Use comma separated list for multiple entries)
Choice(s): """
INVALID_NUMBER_MESSAGE: str = "Invalid scene numbers have been specified. Aborting."
NO_SCENE_MESSAGE: str = """
There are no scenes inside that module
"""
# Pango stuff
NORMAL: str = "NORMAL"
ITALIC: str = "ITALIC"
OBLIQUE: str = "OBLIQUE"
BOLD: str = "BOLD"
# Only for Pango from below
THIN: str = "THIN"
ULTRALIGHT: str = "ULTRALIGHT"
LIGHT: str = "LIGHT"
SEMILIGHT: str = "SEMILIGHT"
BOOK: str = "BOOK"
MEDIUM: str = "MEDIUM"
SEMIBOLD: str = "SEMIBOLD"
ULTRABOLD: str = "ULTRABOLD"
HEAVY: str = "HEAVY"
ULTRAHEAVY: str = "ULTRAHEAVY"
RESAMPLING_ALGORITHMS = {
"nearest": Image.NEAREST,
"none": Image.NEAREST,
"lanczos": Image.LANCZOS,
"antialias": Image.LANCZOS,
"bilinear": Image.BILINEAR,
"linear": Image.BILINEAR,
"bicubic": Image.BICUBIC,
"cubic": Image.BICUBIC,
"box": Image.BOX,
"hamming": Image.HAMMING,
}
# Geometry: directions
ORIGIN: np.ndarray = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
"""The center of the coordinate system."""
UP: np.ndarray = np.array((0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
"""One unit step in the positive Y direction."""
DOWN: np.ndarray = np.array((0.0, -1.0, 0.0))
"""One unit step in the negative Y direction."""
RIGHT: np.ndarray = np.array((1.0, 0.0, 0.0))
"""One unit step in the positive X direction."""
LEFT: np.ndarray = np.array((-1.0, 0.0, 0.0))
"""One unit step in the negative X direction."""
IN: np.ndarray = np.array((0.0, 0.0, -1.0))
"""One unit step in the negative Z direction."""
OUT: np.ndarray = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
"""One unit step in the positive Z direction."""
# Geometry: axes
X_AXIS: np.ndarray = np.array((1.0, 0.0, 0.0))
Y_AXIS: np.ndarray = np.array((0.0, 1.0, 0.0))
Z_AXIS: np.ndarray = np.array((0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
# Geometry: useful abbreviations for diagonals
UL: np.ndarray = UP + LEFT
"""One step up plus one step left."""
UR: np.ndarray = UP + RIGHT
"""One step up plus one step right."""
DL: np.ndarray = DOWN + LEFT
"""One step down plus one step left."""
DR: np.ndarray = DOWN + RIGHT
"""One step down plus one step right."""
# Geometry
START_X: int = 30
START_Y: int = 20
DEFAULT_DOT_RADIUS: float = 0.08
DEFAULT_SMALL_DOT_RADIUS: float = 0.04
DEFAULT_DASH_LENGTH: float = 0.05
DEFAULT_ARROW_TIP_LENGTH: float = 0.35
# Default buffers (padding)
SMALL_BUFF: float = 0.1
MED_SMALL_BUFF: float = 0.25
MED_LARGE_BUFF: float = 0.5
LARGE_BUFF: float = 1
DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_EDGE_BUFFER: float = MED_LARGE_BUFF
DEFAULT_MOBJECT_TO_MOBJECT_BUFFER: float = MED_SMALL_BUFF
# Times in seconds
DEFAULT_POINTWISE_FUNCTION_RUN_TIME: float = 3.0
DEFAULT_WAIT_TIME: float = 1.0
# Misc
DEFAULT_POINT_DENSITY_2D: int = 25
DEFAULT_POINT_DENSITY_1D: int = 10
DEFAULT_STROKE_WIDTH: int = 4
DEFAULT_FONT_SIZE: float = 48
# Mathematical constants
PI: float = np.pi
"""The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter."""
TAU: float = 2 * PI
"""The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its radius."""
DEGREES: float = TAU / 360
"""The exchange rate between radians and degrees."""
# ffmpeg stuff
FFMPEG_BIN: str = "ffmpeg"
# gif stuff
GIF_FILE_EXTENSION: str = ".gif"
FFMPEG_VERBOSITY_MAP: typing.Dict[str, str] = {
"DEBUG": "error",
"INFO": "error",
"WARNING": "error",
"ERROR": "error",
"CRITICAL": "fatal",
}
VERBOSITY_CHOICES = FFMPEG_VERBOSITY_MAP.keys()
WEBGL_RENDERER_INFO: str = (
"The Electron frontend to Manim is hosted at "
"https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim-renderer. After cloning and building it, "
"you can either start it prior to running Manim or specify the path to the "
"executable with the --webgl_renderer_path flag."
)
# Video qualities
QUALITIES: typing.Dict[str, typing.Dict[str, typing.Union[str, int, None]]] = {
"fourk_quality": {
"flag": "k",
"pixel_height": 2160,
"pixel_width": 3840,
"frame_rate": 60,
},
"production_quality": {
"flag": "p",
"pixel_height": 1440,
"pixel_width": 2560,
"frame_rate": 60,
},
"high_quality": {
"flag": "h",
"pixel_height": 1080,
"pixel_width": 1920,
"frame_rate": 50,
},
"medium_quality": {
"flag": "m",
"pixel_height": 720,
"pixel_width": 1280,
"frame_rate": 30,
},
"low_quality": {
"flag": "l",
"pixel_height": 480,
"pixel_width": 854,
"frame_rate": 15,
},
"example_quality": {
"flag": None,
"pixel_height": 480,
"pixel_width": 854,
"frame_rate": 30,
},
}
DEFAULT_QUALITY: str = "high_quality"
DEFAULT_QUALITY_SHORT = QUALITIES[DEFAULT_QUALITY]["flag"]
EPILOG = "Made with <3 by Manim Community developers."
HELP_OPTIONS = ["-h", "--help"]
CONTEXT_SETTINGS = {"help_option_names": HELP_OPTIONS}
SHIFT_VALUE = 65505
CTRL_VALUE = 65507
| 9,092 |
282888_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 97 | 150 |
—Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Ira Beal, J., at hearing; Micki Scherer, J., at plea and sentence), rendered August 27, 1997, convicting defendant of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, and sentencing him, as a second felony offender, to a term of 4 years, unanimously affirmed.
Defendant's suppression motion was properly denied. We see no reason to disturb the court's credibility determinations, which are supported by the record (see, People v Prochilo, 41 NY2d 759, 761).
We perceive no abuse of sentencing discretion. Concur — Sullivan, P. J., Ellerin, Lerner and Buckley, JJ..
| 21,525 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34340557
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Analogue, Huzaib Shafi, Joost, Pawel Bieszczad, ScaisEdge, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1335617, https://stackoverflow.com/users/171436, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2047394, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3522312, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5093656
|
English
|
Spoken
| 481 | 1,036 |
Foreign key constraint fails on existing key
In an existing Laravel project we encounter a vague problem when inserting a new record in our mysql database. The workflow is like this, whenever we create a new company, we also create users which belong to that company, somehow when submitting the new user, the foreign key constraint fails while we are 100% certain that key exists, and that we have the right key in hands.
Even stranger is that sometimes the creation goes well,and we can insert many users after that without any problems.
I hope that someone can point me in the right direction on how to proceed or debug this further.
EDIT: I've added some code, i don't think there is anything special here, except for the nullable on the foreignkey. This is a relative new addition, because not every user belongs to a company, so that's why I added that one.
I think the question would be: how can a foreign key fail, when you know (verify) that this key exists, is the right key and is 100% sure of the right type.
$company = new Company();
$company->fill($request->all());
$company->showLicence = (int)$request->get('showLicence');
$company->save();
//create a zero-user for each company to be able to login support staff
$user = new User();
$user->name = "user";
$user->password = bcrypt('password');
$user->company_id = $company->id;
$user->save();
//user migration
Schema::create('users', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->increments('id');
$table->string('name');
$table->string('email')->unique();
$table->string('password', 60);
$table->rememberToken();
$table->timestamps();
$table->string('profession');
$table->integer('productivity');
$table->date('birthDay');
$table->boolean('active');
$table->string('standardCalendar');
$table->string('calendar');
$table->integer('department')->unsigned();
$table->integer('company_id')->unsigned()->nullable();
$table->foreign('company_id')
->references('id')
->on('users')
->onDelete('cascade');
});
Schema::create('companies', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->increments('id');
$table->timestamps();
$table->string('companyName');
$table->string('street');
$table->string('zipcode');
$table->string('city');
$table->string('phone');
$table->string('fax');
$table->string('email');
$table->string('website');
$table->string('logo');
$table->string('taxNumber');
$table->string('welcome');
$table->boolean('showLicence');
});
You need to provide code.
with the code is better
What would you like to see?
code of migrations...company & user
In your migration code, the foreign key company_id on users actually refers to itself, not the company table. Change ->on('users') into ->on('companies').
As an additional tip, if your Company Eloquent model has a users relation (a method returning $this->hasMany('User');), you can insert the new user as follows:
$user = $company->users()->create([
'name' => 'user',
'password' => bcrypt('password'),
]);
That's really stupid, thanks for spotting that one Joost. Luckily this was still dev. code, but it explains partially why the current dev insertions fail. (it does not explain the ones that worked : /,
@Analogue no problem! So does this resolve the issue, and if so, can you accept this answer? :)
Well yes and no, but your answer pushed me in the right direction. I just finished my research. The case is as follows, the migration whit the error you spotted was ran yesterday and rolled back later. And that's where the problem occured, somehow the rollback did not change the relation back to it's original state. But was left blank (how is that even possible?)
Since you gave the right push and saved me hours of work, i'll accept your answer! :)
| 44,830 |
https://github.com/ScalablyTyped/SlinkyTyped/blob/master/d/devtools-protocol/src/main/scala/typingsSlinky/devtoolsProtocol/mod/Protocol/HeapProfiler/GetHeapObjectIdRequest.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
SlinkyTyped
|
ScalablyTyped
|
Scala
|
Code
| 82 | 323 |
package typingsSlinky.devtoolsProtocol.mod.Protocol.HeapProfiler
import typingsSlinky.devtoolsProtocol.mod.Protocol.Runtime.RemoteObjectId
import org.scalablytyped.runtime.StObject
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.`|`
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess}
@js.native
trait GetHeapObjectIdRequest extends StObject {
/**
* Identifier of the object to get heap object id for.
*/
var objectId: RemoteObjectId = js.native
}
object GetHeapObjectIdRequest {
@scala.inline
def apply(objectId: RemoteObjectId): GetHeapObjectIdRequest = {
val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal(objectId = objectId.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
__obj.asInstanceOf[GetHeapObjectIdRequest]
}
@scala.inline
implicit class GetHeapObjectIdRequestMutableBuilder[Self <: GetHeapObjectIdRequest] (val x: Self) extends AnyVal {
@scala.inline
def setObjectId(value: RemoteObjectId): Self = StObject.set(x, "objectId", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
}
}
| 39,321 |
https://github.com/pateljaydip/paython/blob/master/26_custom_response_json/main.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
paython
|
pateljaydip
|
Python
|
Code
| 82 | 299 |
from typing import Optional
import uvicorn
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
from response_json import to_json, to_json_tip
app = FastAPI()
class Item(BaseModel):
id: Optional[int] = None
name: str
price: float
is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
@app.get('/', summary="数据为 dict")
async def read_root():
return to_json({'hello': 'world'})
@app.get('/text', summary="数据为 text")
async def text():
return to_json('Hello World')
@app.get('/list', summary="数据为自定义 list")
async def query_list():
item1 = Item(id=1, name='jack', price=128)
return to_json([item1])
@app.get('/tips', summary="数据为提示消息")
async def tips():
return to_json_tip('账号不存在')
if __name__ == '__main__':
uvicorn.run('main:app', host='127.0.0.1', port=9000, reload=True)
| 48,593 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Www.anilorak.com
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Www.anilorak.com
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Www.anilorak.com&action=history
|
Ukrainian
|
Spoken
| 52 | 200 |
«www.anilorak.com» — третій альбом української співачки Ані Лорак.
Список пісень
«Зеркала»
«Манекенщица»
«Ангел мрій моїх»
«Боже мой»
«Пробач»
«Нестримна течія»
«Я вернусь»
«Берег моря»
«О, моя любовь»
«Забудь свій сон»
«Я і ти»
«Новорічна»
«Моє життя»
«The way we want it»
Посилання
Альбом на сайті співачки
Музичні альбоми 2000
Альбоми Ані Лорак
| 20,652 |
0000170909_23
|
Spanish-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,618 |
Onzena parte de las comedias de Lope de Vega Carpio ... sacadas de sus originales
|
Vega, Lope de , 1562-1635 // Pérez, Alonso , ca. 1560-1647 -editor //
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 1,274 | 2,034 |
Zc^Que gran bien! La posesión de riquezas infinitas que cita cerca de ser el Reino que en el mundo. Por mi Evangelica ley, no pienso que tiene ninguno, mayores Reinos alcanza. Y le doy el celestial, Buena información, y mira allí, y el gran Felipe segundo aquella gloria, aquel cielo. Le dará con que vivir, y le honrara el noble pedimento. Él ha de ser un hecho pintado de azul, y señalado a cualquiera desdén y dorado, con algunos rayos de oro, y no ha de tener figura alguna, y con música de ojos en adorar, y seguir. Trae parte, Cristo de que después que lo lealista, elevado, está Madre en el lado, el Padre Eterno en más alto Ley que el cielo abarca, es bien que traiga la marca, lugar, y una paloma entre los catálogos de caballero de Cristo. Cor-A y alguna novedad? Y lo diré. Como un sueño, que para mí que tengo bien que os diré. Así? Novedades que el Príncipe viene. Tanto cuidado se tiene la Mayoral ha tenido. Cuando los coches estén preparados, aquí viene el desfile que ha de ser verdad. Vayanse y entre el Duque de Vela y un ayuda de Cámara. Juan. Cusiará de que se adorne. Y se que no ha de faltar. Se sirve como al Rey mismo en el dicho bautismo de una persona tan allegada. Le he visto alguna vez. Señor, que seña tiene? Los criados a punto, como todo está junto por lo que me toca a mí, Y para que se anticipé, hazerte de los que tengo, y algunos ingles. Luis. Cubierta ley diurna. Ayís. También ella, que no temo señor, que a mandarlo vuelva. Más tarde entraré. Cristino. La La Cruz de Santiago mayor y mejor, Cuelganse dos sables, y gran plata se ha sacado. Se fí en que lo tendrás trabado- Tendré una magia que conviene Príncipe de Fez. Alegre de cabello moreno, rizo, y alto, este joven, de ojos claros y falco, muestra una demostración notable de valentía. Ha llegado a Lisboa acompañado de dos amigos, Gonçalo de Vila, y dos soldados. Esta grandeza que ahora ves, no se encuentra en Belardo o en Madrid. El Rey al fin viene: hoy a nuestra religión. Lo he leído en las crónicas, viendo que un guerrero que tiene el mayor afecto por el Rey, su padre es padrino. Yo no encuentro a nadie que se le compare, desde el Oriente hasta el Occidente. Su vida humilde, y real, recorriendo Madrid y el condado, esta cerca de la edad de los cuarenta, y es de raza morisca, de pelo negro y barba canosa. Corregidor de la ciudad, que se adorna con la verde Cruz. Otra vez regresa, el alboroto se repite, se ve ahora, y fui dos veces solo a verla a la lusitana tierra. Lo que ella en la propia tierra, y de un hombre encantado, que quiere dar el pecho, que le falta a la tierra. El hombre fue una hazaña cobarde, y perseguido por su pasión por las glorias. Fueron notables soldados los que fueron grandes ganaderos: La Imperiosa Princesa Leonor, y el Corregidor de la ciudad, con bienvenida a su Alteza. ¿Quién no siente la gracia de su llegada, bien se ve la gente. fueron los primeros. Tienen para mí valor mucho más que el heredar, mucho querrá al Seque honrar como conquistados, Belardo el adorno, grandeza y aparato, de fuentes, y de doce raciones de jamón como es que, pues no tengo tus alas para que pueda en un canto celebrado, juzgar quiero en silencio padarlo: una máquina imaginaria llena de luces, tantos hallado, Su Alas verde (Indo ordenado con su ordinaria grandeza). Que un viento suave parece esta maravilla, en la que es tan férrea nada de la vieja de Tívana, que no tendrá orden fúnebre, ya que el Rey nuestro Señor al Excedente saciado el Católico Filipe espera al Seque Africano, en la villa el Ciego. Pues no, el Príncipe luego, no vino a Sevilla. De blanco vino y el gran vistazo a verlo, Belardo. Pues pienso que no viniera fue mi esperanza vana, llego, Cor: antes de entrar, Co: Dónde? Cor: Al Escorial derecho, Co: Pues viene, Vuestra Alteza a Sevilla. Si, que luego ha de partir, a donde tan villa se el pera, ra, movieron los pies. ¿Su na.fts en Madrid? De modo no se del más hermoso los ecos del Príncipe de Marruecos, también lo edo de blanco que Dios guarde muchos años. La fe de ra Infanta ha sido P rincipe de España, fiel y que es un Rey el padrino, y un Principe el bautizado. Es Garcia de Loayza el que de ornamentos escúpios; ha visto y quiere dar el agua y el óleo sagrado. El Conde de Fuenfalida, la madrina, sobre el paño de plata y blanca desciende, es el que da el agua, aunque viejo, bizarro, Marqués de Velada, el de Denia, dale golpe que me ves, Sr, entenderá hallar lugar; viniera el pueblo todo a otros Indios, otro Orgaz, el de Chinchón, y de su rostro en la Magdalena divina, más los dos Toledos, Sol claro, Antonio de Cruz blanca, Co. Pues vamos, porque se parta en viendo de fe. Co. Ya ha sido aquí me toca, señor, a mí, la instrucción de aquella carta, Ahora ya he leído y visto lo que el Príncipe ha de hacer, para mí la nueva fue, tal que mis libros deje, y carta de marear, Y vengo a ver la granza de ella oír, Bel. Puede ser que del oír al ver, aunque haya pureza. En la verdad del citado nunca es, porque siendo Eugenia clara, muestra claros sus rayos. y otro de verde, y Fernando, Con don Cristóbal de Mora, niño, contento, y yo en el mirando la Salpinctia de David, del lado Carlos retrato. Y da el Príncipe, aunque pequeño, con uno Juan Ruiz de Velasco, los dos don Pedro, que fueron Guzmán, y otro Cadro, santo. Don García de dos, Cuidado podrás decir, la misma verdad. Aquel donde ya se ve otro diurno Fernando, gobernador de España nacido, Figueroa, Cristóbal, Diego, y Alvaro, Duque noble hermano, el de Medicis del gran Don. Don Francisco de Ribera, El más fiel del Príncipe de Marruecos. que es honor de las del Tajo, don Inrique de Guzman galardo de vista y trato, don que es de ir a Tov Cristiano, Vos gran Principe, y señor de los pies a este valle, don Martín de pero Perdón Belardo, que viene el Príncipe. Alagon, y vos señora también, si es que merezco serlo, Que ningún hombre se ha visto al punto que yo he llegado, que al cielo, al Sol, a la Luna Salgan por una parte el cie Marruecos con su gentecilla de blanco, por otra el Rey Felipe y la Infanta, y el Príncipe. Sea y acompañado y acompanado De mucho tenemos que hacer, ya habrá tiempo en que de espacio os hablaremos. Gacela. Y se podrían imaginar un gran Senado, Que la no se puede soportar grandeza de este Año, con la dignidad y decencia, diré que beso las manos. Sea vuestra Alteza bien llegado; -Señora Majestad, déme los pies. Fu a quién estás los brazos, no hay que pasar contaros, Mas ya todos lo sabéis, que a quien tan bien los merece es muy justa cosa darlas, aunque prometo Belardo referiroslo otro día. Viene bueno A'c. Gran Señor, nunca más Se lo hago, al bautismo dando Fin del bueno, y honrado que siendo valle vuestro. Príncipe de Fez, hijo de Carlos, por el gran fin de la famosa comedia de Marruecos. del bautismo del Príncipe.
| 32,511 |
US-55934106-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,006 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,394 | 9,703 |
Multi-Direction Switch for a Cursor Device
ABSTRACT
A directional controller for a device is provided. The directional controller consists of keypad contacts, a keyboard, and a button. The keypad contacts are on a printed circuit board. The keyboard has more than four keys and each key is disposed adjacent to one of the keypad contacts. The button is operable for pivoting engagement with the more than four keys to promote contact between the more than four keys and the adjacent one of the keypad contacts.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to the provisional application, U.S.Pat. App. No. 60/776,038, entitled “Sixteen Direction Switch for aCursor Device”, filed on Feb. 23, 2006, by Russell Lynn Stilley, et al.The above-referenced provisional application is incorporated herein byreference.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX
Not applicable.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The disclosure is directed to an input device for electronic devices,and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a system andmethod for providing fine direction control for a cursor in a display ona handheld electronic device.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Handheld electronic devices, such as calculators, telephones, personaldigital assistants, handheld computers, handheld gaming devices, andsimilar devices, often contain a liquid crystal display or similar meansfor the display of graphical information. Such a display often containsa cursor or other indicator to indicate where an action is occurring orcan occur within the display. For example, the display of a calculatormight contain a cursor to indicate a location where data can be entered.The display of a gaming device might contain a character whose movementcan be controlled by a game player or might contain a pointer toindicate a position where the game player can cause an action to occurin the display. A spreadsheet application executing on a handheldcomputer might contain an active cell into which data can be entered.Any such indicator will be referred to herein as a cursor.
Several means currently exist for controlling the movement of a cursor.For example, the keyboard of a device may contain arrow keys that cancause up, down, left, and right movement of a cursor. A device mightalso contain a joystick or similar mechanism to provide a greater rangeof cursor control. A mouse or similar pointing tool may also be presenton a device. One of skill in the art will be familiar with other meansfor controlling the movement of a cursor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment, a directional controller for a device is provided.The directional controller consists of keypad contacts, a keyboard, anda button. The keypad contacts are on a printed circuit board. Thekeyboard has more than four keys and each key is disposed adjacent toone of the keypad contacts. The button is operable for pivotingengagement with the more than four keys to promote contact between themore than four keys and the adjacent one of the keypad contacts.
In another embodiment, a method for user input is provided. The methodconsists of selecting one or more of at least eight keys anddetermining, based on the selected keys, one of at least sixteendirections based on which of the one or more of the at least eight keyswere selected.
In another embodiment, a machine readable medium containing softwareinstructions to promote a user using keys on a device for navigation isprovided. The software instructions are programmed to determine, inresponse to keys being engaged on the device by the user and using aprocessor, one of at least sixteen directions indicated based on whichkeys were engaged.
These and other features and advantages will be more clearly understoodfrom the following detailed description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the disclosure and the advantagesthereof, reference is now made to the following brief description, takenin connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description,wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a handheld electronic device according to anembodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the upper surface of an elastomer keyboardaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional depiction of the upper surface of anelastomer keyboard according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the lower surface of an elastomer keyboardaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 5 is a cross section view of an elastomer keyboard according to anembodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a printed circuit board according to anembodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of a portion of the components that might comprise ahandheld electronic device according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of a keypad contact according to the prior art.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of a keypad contact according to an embodiment ofthe disclosure.
FIGS. 10 a-10 c are diagrams illustrating the movement of an elastomerkey across a keypad contact according to an embodiment of thedisclosure.
FIG. 11 is a diagram of the upper surface of a circular button accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 12 is a diagram of the lower surface of a circular button accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 13 is a diagram of a circular button and an elastomer keyboardaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 14 is a diagram of a cursor control button according to the priorart.
FIG. 15 is a diagram of a circular button and support pillar accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a portion of the components that might bepresent in a handheld electronic device according to an embodiment ofthe disclosure.
FIG. 17 is a diagram of a circular button with a center button accordingto an embodiment of the disclosure.
FIG. 18 is a cross section view of a circular button, center button, andelastomer keyboard according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
It should be understood at the outset that although an exemplaryimplementation of one embodiment of the disclosure is illustrated below,the system may be implemented using any number of techniques, whethercurrently known or in existence. The disclosure should in no way belimited to the exemplary implementations, drawings, and techniquesillustrated below, including the exemplary design and implementationillustrated and described herein.
This application contains subject-matter similar to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 60/775,959, entitled Modeling Environment withGenerally Accessible Variables for Dynamically Linked MathematicalRepresentation, Nikhil Nilakantan et al. inventors, Attorney Docket No.(TI-62056P)(1962-31000), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/776,150,entitled Dynamic Data Flow and Data Linking, Gregory Springer et al.inventors, Attorney Docket No. (TI-61634P)(1962-30700), U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 60/775,958, entitled Using a Document Model toCreate and Maintain Dynamic Mathematic Representations Through ProblemSpaces, Nikhil Nilakantan et al. inventors, Attorney Docket No.(TI-62057P)(1962-31100), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/360,258,entitled Tabular Environment that Supports Column Rules and Cell Rules,Nikhil Nilakantan, Attorney Docket No. (TI-62017)(1962-30800) all ofwhich were filed on Feb. 23, 2006 and all of which are incorporatedherein by reference for all purposes.
The disclosure, according to one embodiment, provides a system andmethod for the control of the movement of a cursor in a display on ahandheld electronic device. Eight keypad contacts are arranged in anapproximately circular pattern on a printed circuit board (PCB) withinthe device. Alternatively, a flexible circuit film could be used insteadof the PCB. As used herein, the term ‘PCB’ will refer to a circuitboard, a circuit film, or a similar apparatus for establishing anelectronic circuit within a handheld electronic device.
The keypad contacts are approximately evenly spaced from each other sothat an approximately 45-degree angle is formed between any two adjacentkeypad contacts. An elastomer keyboard with eight elastomer keysarranged in a pattern similar to the pattern of the keypad contacts isdisposed above the PCB. Each of the eight elastomer keys is positionedabove a keypad contact so that pressing one of the elastomer keys cancreate an electrical connection on a corresponding keyboard contact.
An approximately circular button or similar rigid apparatus is disposedabove the elastomer keys so that pressing the button presses one or moreof the elastomer keys. The lower portion of the button is in theinterior of the device where it can make contact with the elastomerkeys. The upper portion of the button extends to the exterior of thedevice where it can be contacted by a user of the device.
In an embodiment, the approximate center of the lower portion of thebutton is disposed above and approximately adjacent to the approximatecenter of an approximately cylindrical, upright, rigid support pillar onthe elastomer keyboard. The diameter of the button is substantiallylarger than the diameter of the pillar so that the button can pivotabout the pillar. The pillar is located approximately in the center ofthe elastomer keys. Pressing near an outer edge of the upper portion ofthe button causes the button to pivot about the pillar, causing one ormore elastomer keys to be pressed, and thus causing electrical contacton one or more keypad contacts. An electrical contact on a keypadcontact can cause an input signal to be generated.
A software component within the device is capable of converting inputsignals received from the keypad contacts into instructions forcontrolling the movement of a cursor. When electrical contact is made ona single keypad contact, the software causes the cursor to move in adirection corresponding to the position of that keypad contact. Whenelectrical contact is made on two adjacent keypad contacts, the softwarecauses the cursor to move in a direction corresponding to a positionapproximately halfway between the positions of those keypad contacts.Since there are eight keypad contacts and eight positions approximatelyhalfway between the keypad contacts, the cursor can be moved in sixteendifferent directions.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a device 110 that might use a16-direction cursor control switch according to the disclosure. Thedevice 110 might be a calculator, telephone, personal digital assistant,handheld computer, handheld gaming device, or similar implement. Forsimplicity of disclosure, the device 110 is illustrated as a calculator;however, it should be appreciated that the directional controller of thedisclosure may be implemented in any number of different devices. Adisplay area 120 allows graphical information and other information tobe depicted. On a calculator, the display area 120 might show numbers,graphs, or other mathematics-related items. On a handheld computer, thedisplay area 120 might show a spreadsheet, a computer-generated drawing,or other graphical data specific to an application executing on thehandheld computer. Other types of information might be displayed onother types of devices 110.
The display area 120 typically contains a cursor 130 that can performdifferent functions on different devices 110. On a calculator, thecursor 130 might indicate a position where a number can be entered ormight be an arrow or pointer used to select a point on a graph shown inthe display area 120. On a gaming device, movement of the cursor 130might cause movement of a character in a game or might cause movement ofa crosshairs symbol that indicates where an action can occur in thedisplay area 120. One of skill in the art will recognize other uses fora cursor 130 and the desirability of a device 110 offering fine controlover the movement of a cursor 130.
The device 110 might also include a button area 150 that contains aplurality of buttons 160 a, 160 b, . . . 160 n. The buttons 160 can beused to enter data into the device 110 and might also be used to controlthe movement of the cursor 130. For example, on a calculator, thebuttons 160 might be associated with numbers so that when a button 160is pressed, the corresponding number appears in the display area 120.The buttons 160 might also be associated with cursor directions so thatwhen a button 160 is pressed, the cursor 130 moves in the correspondingdirection.
In addition, the device 110 includes a circular button 140 that cancontrol the movement of the cursor 130. Pressing near the perimeter ofthe circular button 140 causes the cursor 130 to move in a directionthat corresponds to the portion of the circular button 140 that waspressed. For example, if the upper portion 142 of the circular button140 is pressed, the cursor 130 moves in an upward direction 132. If thelower right portion 148 of the circular button 140 is pressed, thecursor 130 moves in a downward and right direction 138.
FIG. 2 illustrates the upper surface 200 of an embodiment of anelastomer keyboard 210 that might be present in the interior of thedevice 110. The elastomer keyboard 210 is generally rubbery and flexibleand constructed from substantially flexible polymeric materials. In analternative embodiment, metal domes or a similar apparatus could be usedinstead of the elastomer keyboard 210. The term ‘elastomer keyboard’will be used herein to refer to any apparatus that can perform functionssimilar to those of the elastomer keyboard 210 described herein.
The elastomer keyboard 210 includes a first group of elastomer keys 220arranged in an approximately evenly spaced, generally circularconfiguration. Each of the elastomer keys 220 is approximately the sameheight. The diameter of the circle formed by the plurality of elastomerkeys 220 may be similar to the diameter of the circular button 140. Theelastomer keyboard 210 also includes a second group 230 of elastomerkeys 240 a, 240 b, . . . 240 n arranged in a pattern similar to thepattern of the button area 150. In an embodiment, the keys 220 and thekeys 240 have approximately the same height so that a plane through theupper surfaces of the keys 220 and the keys 240 is approximatelyparallel to the upper surface 200 of the elastomer keyboard 210.
The elastomer keyboard 210 is positioned in the device 110 in such amanner that the center of the circle formed by the elastomer keys 220 isapproximately beneath the center of the circular button 140 and thesecond group 230 of elastomer keys 240 is approximately beneath thebutton area 150. That is, each elastomer key 240 is beneath acorresponding button 160.
In an embodiment, the elastomer keyboard 210 also includes a supportpillar 250 located approximately in the center of the circle formed bythe first group of elastomer keys 220. The support pillar 250 in someembodiments may be constructed of a substantially rigid material tosupport the button 140. The support pillar 250 has the approximate formof a cylinder resting on the upper surface 200 of the elastomer keyboard210. The height of the support pillar 250 is approximately the same as,but may be higher or lower than, the heights of the elastomer keys 220.
The lower surface of the circular button 140 can contact the uppersurface of the support pillar 250 and may also contact the elastomerkeys 220. When an outer portion of the circular button 140 is pressed,the circular button 140 can pivot on the support pillar 250 and pressone or more of the elastomer keys 220 that is beneath the portion of thecircular button 140 that was pressed.
FIG. 3 provides a three-dimensional depiction of a portion of the uppersurface 200 of an elastomer keyboard 210. This portion contains thefirst group of elastomer keys 220 and the support pillar 250, as well asseveral other elastomer keys 320. The other elastomer keys 320 are notdirectly relevant to the switch described herein. However, the compactnature of the grouping of keys 220 in FIG. 3 presents difficulties inpointing out the features of the keys 220. Therefore, since the shape ofthe other elastomer keys 320 is approximately the same as the shape ofthe elastomer keys 220, and since the other elastomer keys 320 are morevisible in the drawing, the features of the other elastomer keys 320will be described instead. It should be understood that the descriptionsof the other elastomer keys 320 are equally applicable to the elastomerkeys 220.
It can be seen that each elastomer key 320 includes an upper portion 330and a lower skirt portion 340. In this embodiment, the upper portion 330is generally cylindrical, with the circular surfaces of the cylinderbeing approximately parallel with the upper surface 200 of the elastomerkeyboard 210. The skirt portion 340, in this embodiment, maintains anapproximately circular shape, the diameter of which increases graduallyfrom its upper portion to its lower portion. The lower portion of theskirt portion 340 is adjacent to the upper surface 200 of the elastomerkeyboard 210. In other embodiments, the upper portion 330 and the lowerportion 340 could have other shapes.
The upper portion 330 is substantially solid and rigid, while the skirtportion 340 is substantially hollow and flexible. Downward pressure onthe upper surface of the upper portion 330 can cause the skirt portion340 to flex and collapse, thus allowing the upper portion 330 to movedownward through a hollow space within the skirt portion 340.
FIG. 4 illustrates the lower surface 400 of an elastomer keyboard 210.The bottom surfaces 410 of the elastomer keys 220 and 240 are visible.Each of the bottom surfaces 410 is covered with a conducting material420. More particularly, the bottom surfaces 410 of the upper portions330 of the elastomer keys 220 and 240 are covered with the conductingmaterial 420. When the elastomer keys 220 or 240 are in their normalpositions (shown in FIG. 3), the conducting material 420 on theelastomer keys 220 or 240 is raised above the lower surface 400 of theelastomer keyboard 210 by a distance approximately equal to the heightof the skirt portion 340. When the elastomer key 220 or the elastomerkey 240 is pressed, the conducting material 420 on the elastomer key 220or the elastomer key 240 moves toward the lower surface 400 of theelastomer keyboard 210 to engage contacts (not shown) to complete anelectrical connection on a printed circuit board (illustrated anddiscussed below).
The conducting material 420 is typically a layer of carbon or acarbon-based compound. The conducting material 420 can be placed on theelastomer keys 220 or the elastomer keys 240 through a printing process,a silk-screening process, a placement of a conductive rubber insert, orthrough other techniques known to one of skill in the art.
FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-section view 500 of elastomer key 220 c,elastomer key 220 g, and the support pillar 250. It can be seen that thesupport pillar 250 is solid while the elastomer keys 220 have a hollowspace 510 within the skirt portion 340 below the upper portion 330. Theconducting material 420 coats the lower surface of the upper portion330. When sufficient pressure is placed on the upper surface of one ofthe elastomer keys 220, the flexibility of the skirt portion 340 allowsthe upper portion 330 to move through the hollow space 510 a distance520 approximately equal to the height 530 of the skirt portion 340 plusthe thickness 540 of the elastomer keyboard 210. That is, when anelastomer key 220 is pressed, the conducting surface 420 can be broughtnear the lower surface 400 of the elastomer keyboard 210.
FIG. 6 illustrates the upper surface 600 of an embodiment of a printedcircuit board (PCB) 610 that might be present in the interior of adevice 110. The PCB 610 contains eight keypad contacts 620 arranged in apattern similar to the pattern of the elastomer keys 220. The PCB 610also contains a plurality of keypad contacts 630 arranged in a patternsimilar to the pattern of the elastomer keys 240.
The lower surface 400 of the elastomer keyboard 210 is placed in contactwith the upper surface 600 of the PCB 610. The elastomer keyboard 210 ispositioned in such a manner that the keypad contacts 620 areapproximately beneath the elastomer keys 220 and the keypad contacts 630are approximately beneath the elastomer keys 240. That is, each keypadcontact 620 is beneath an elastomer key 220 and each keypad contact 630is beneath an elastomer key 240.
The keypad contacts 620 contain two portions that are normally insulatedfrom each other and that are normally maintained at different electricalpotentials. When one of the elastomer keys 220 is pressed, theconducting surface 420 can be lowered to the point where the conductingsurface 420 makes contact with the underlying keypad contact 620.Electricity can then flow through the conducting surface 420 from oneportion of the keypad contact 620 to the other. Thus, pressing aperimeter portion of the circular button 140 causes one or moreelastomer keys 220 beneath the circular button 140 to be pressed, whichcan cause contact to be made between the two portions of one of thekeypad contact 620, which can in turn cause an electrical circuit to becompleted. The completion of the electrical circuit can produce an inputsignal.
In an embodiment, an input signal generated in this manner is sent to asoftware component, which is described in detail below. The softwarecomponent is capable of interpreting the input signal as a direction inwhich a cursor 130 is to move. For example, pressing the upper portion142 of the circular button 140 might cause elastomer key 220 a to bepressed. This might cause the conducting surface 420 of elastomer key220 a to make contact with the underlying keypad contact 620 a. Theelectrical signal generated when the two portions of keypad contact 620a are brought into contact by the conducting surface 420 can cause thecursor 130 to move in the direction 132 shown in FIG. 1. Similarly,pressing the lower right portion 148 of the circular button 140 mightcause the cursor 130 to move in the direction 138.
When the circular button 140 is pressed in such a manner that electricalcontact is made on only one keypad contact 620, the cursor 130 moves ina direction that corresponds to the location of that keypad contact 620.For example, the location of keypad contact 620 a can be referred to aszero degrees, the location of keypad contact 620 b can be referred to as45 degrees, and so on to the location of keypad contact 620 h, which canbe referred to as 315 degrees. Electrical contact made on only one ofthe keypad contacts 620 will cause cursor movement at a 0-degree angle,or a 45-degree angle, or a 90-degree angle, etc., up to a 315-degreeangle. That is, contact on only one keypad contact 620 will cause cursormovement in one of eight directions.
In an embodiment, the circular button 140 can be pressed in such amanner that electrical contact is made simultaneously on more than onekeypad contact 620. Each keypad contact 620 on which electrical contactis made can generate a separate input signal. The input signals producedin this manner are sent to the software component, which can interpretthe plurality of input signals as a direction for cursor movement andcan cause cursor movement in that direction.
When contact is made on two adjacent keypad contacts 620 simultaneously,such as 620 b and 620 c, the software component causes cursor movementin a direction corresponding to an angle that bisects the angle formedby the two keypad contacts 620. When contact is made on three adjacentkeypad contacts 620 simultaneously, the software component causes cursormovement in a direction corresponding to the location of the centrallylocated keypad contact 620 of the three keypad contacts 620. Whencontact is made on four adjacent keypad contacts 620 simultaneously, thesoftware component causes cursor movement in a direction correspondingto an angle that bisects the angle formed by the two centrally locatedkeypad contacts 620 of the four keypad contacts 620.
For example, if the circular button 140 is pressed in such a manner thatelastomer keys 220 a and 220 b are pressed simultaneously, electricalcontact can be made on keypad contacts 620 a and 620 b simultaneously.The input signals generated by keypad contacts 620 a and 620 b are sentto the software component, which causes a cursor movement at an anglehalfway between the angle formed by keypad contacts 620 a and 620 b.That is, if keypad contact 620 a is at a 0-degree position and keypadcontact 620 b is at a 45-degree position, the software component willdirect the cursor 130 to move at a 22.5-degree angle.
Similarly, if the circular button 140 is pressed in such a manner thatelastomer keys 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c are pressed simultaneously,electrical contact can be made on keypad contacts 620 a, 620 b, and 620c simultaneously. The input signals generated by keypad contacts 620 a,620 b, and 620 c are sent to the software component, which causes acursor movement at an angle corresponding to the location of keypadcontact 620 b. That is, if keypad contact 620 a is at a 0-degreeposition, keypad contact 620 b is at a 45-degree position, and keypadcontact 620 c is at a 90-degree position, the cursor 130 will move at a45-degree angle. Similar cursor movement occurs when four or more keysare pressed.
It can be seen that the combination of the circular button 140, thesupport pillar 250, the elastomer keys 220, the keypad contacts 620, andthe software component can cause cursor movement in sixteen evenlyspaced directions. Eight directions correspond to the locations of thekeypad contacts 620 and eight other directions correspond to locationshalfway between the locations of the keypad contacts 620.
Due to the shape, rigidity, and other mechanical characteristics of thecircular button 140 and the support pillar 250, it is anticipated thatthe simultaneous pressing of more than four elastomer keys 220 or ofnon-adjacent elastomer keys 220 will not be possible. Thus, when thesupport pillar 250 is present, simultaneous input signals are notanticipated to be generated by more than four keypad contacts 620 or bynon-adjacent keypad contacts 620. However, one of skill in the art willrecognize that the software component could be designed to provide anappropriate interpretation for such anomalous input signals.
Also, it should be noted that, while the previous discussion has focusedon an arrangement of eight keypad contacts 620 separated by 45-degreeangles, other keypad contact arrangements could be used. For example,five keypad contacts could be separated by 72-degree angles, six keypadcontacts could be separated by 60-degree angles, twelve keypad contactscould be separated by 30-degree angles, etc. Also, the separationbetween the keypad contacts does not necessarily need to be consistent.However, it is anticipated that such alternative arrangements wouldcause movements of the cursor 130 that users of the device 110 wouldfind unfamiliar and difficult to control. Since the display area 120 istwo-dimensional, cursor movement with a natural feel for most users willoccur when the number of keypad contacts is a power of two (i.e., 4, 8,16, etc.) and when the keypad contacts are evenly spaced.
Turning now to FIG. 7, an exploded view of a portion of the componentsthat might make up the device 110 is shown. This view illustrates thecircular button 140 as disposed above the elastomer keyboard 210, whichis disposed above the PCB 610. The elastomer keyboard 210 includes agroup 710 of components that includes the elastomer keys 220 and thesupport pillar 250. The PCB 610 includes a group 720 of components thatincludes the keypad contacts 620. The circular button 140, the group710, and the group 720 comprise a component that can be referred to as a16-direction switch, or navigational or directional controller, withoutbeing limited to a specific number of keypads and directions.
When a 16-direction switch is installed on the device 110, it isanticipated that a user of the device 110 will apply pressure at a pointon the perimeter of the circular button 140 and might move the pressurepoint in a smooth manner around the perimeter. This circular movement ofthe pressure point can cause a rocking action of an elastomer key'sconducting material 420 across a keypad contact 620 that differs fromthe manner in which the conducting material 420 would contact a keypadcontact 620 if direct downward pressure were applied.
For example, if a user pressed directly downward near the upper portion142 of the circular button 140, the conducting material 420 on elastomerkey 220 a might contact the entire area of keypad contact 620 a. If theuser then began moving the pressure point toward elastomer key 220 b, aportion of the conducting material 420 on elastomer key 220 b mightfirst contact the portion of keypad contact 620 b that is closest tokeypad contact 620 a. As the pressure point continued to move, theentire area of the conducting material 420 on elastomer key 220 b mightcontact the entire area of keypad contact 620 b. If the pressure pointcontinued to move toward elastomer key 220 c, the conducting material420 on elastomer key 220 b might contact only the portion of keypadcontact 620 b that is closest to keypad contact 620 c.
Due to this rocking motion, the tactile feedback that a user receivesfrom the 16-direction switch and the control that the user has over themovement of the cursor 130 can be enhanced by an appropriateconfiguration of the keypad contacts 620. FIG. 8 illustrates a keypadcontact configuration 800 that is typically used in the prior art. Afirst plurality of finger-shaped electrical contacts 810 is maintainedat a first electrical potential and a second plurality of finger-shapedelectrical contacts 820 is maintained at a second electrical potential.The contacts 810 and the contacts 820 are interleaved with one anotherin the pattern illustrated so that a small gap is present between eachpair of adjacent contacts 810 and 820. Since a plurality of small gapsare present over the entire area of the keypad contact 800, anelectrical connection can be made between a contact 810 and a contact820 when a conducting material touches almost any portion of the keypadcontact 800.
FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of a configuration for a keypadcontact 620 that might be used in conjunction with a 16-directionswitch. The keypad contact 620 includes a first portion 910 and a secondportion 920 separated by a gap 930. Since only one gap 930 is present,electrical contact can be made between the first portion 910 and thesecond portion 920 only when a conducting material contacts both thefirst portion 910 and the second portion 920 across the gap 930. Whilethe keypad contact 620 illustrated in FIG. 9 has a “double half moon”shape, one of skill in the art will recognize that other shapes couldprovide similar functionality.
FIG. 10 illustrates the rocking motion that one of the elastomer keys220 might make across one of the keypad contacts 620. In this example,it might be assumed that pressure is being applied to elastomer key 220b and that the pressure is moving in the direction from elastomer key220 a to elastomer key 220 c. As pressure is first applied to elastomerkey 220 b, elastomer key 220 b might be in the position shown in FIG. 10a, where elastomer key 220 b is in contact with the first portion 910 ofkeypad contact 620 b but not with the second portion 920 of keypadcontact 620 b. There is no electrical contact between the first portion910 and the second portion 920 in this position.
As the pressure point moves across elastomer key 220 b, elastomer key220 b might reach the position shown in FIG. 10 b, where elastomer key220 b is in contact with both the first portion 910 and the secondportion 920 of keypad contact 620 b. In this position, there is anelectrical contact between the first portion 910 and the second portion920 via the conducting material 420 on the lower surface of elastomerkey 220 b.
As the pressure point continues to move toward elastomer key 220 c,elastomer key 220 b might reach the position shown in FIG. 10 c, whereelastomer key 220 b is in contact with the second portion 920 of keypadcontact 620 b but not with the first portion 910 of keypad contact 620b. In this position, there is again no electrical contact between thefirst portion 910 and the second portion 920.
The keypad contact configuration illustrated in FIG. 9 allows electricalcontact to be made between the first portion 910 and the second portion920 of the keypad contact 620 only when the elastomer key 220 is pressedin a substantially directly downward direction. This can provide a userof the device 110 with a discrete impression of moving the cursor 130 ina new direction as the pressure point on the circular button 140 ismoved around the perimeter of the circular button 140. This, in turn,can give the user enhanced tactile feedback from the 16-position switchand a feeling of enhanced control over the cursor 130. In contrast, anyengagement or contact of the elastomer key 220 to prior art keypadcontact 800 (shown in FIG. 8) would generate an electrical connection.For example, the elastomer key 220 positions or attitudes illustrated inFIGS. 10 a and 10 c would both produce electrical contact if the priorart keypad contact 800 were used.
Tactile feedback and cursor control can also be enhanced by theconfiguration of the circular button 140. FIG. 11 illustrates the uppersurface 1100 of an embodiment of the circular button 140. The circularbutton 140 is typically constructed from a rigid material such asplastic. A plurality of posts 1110 with an approximately cylindricalshape can be seen projecting from the circular button 140. FIG. 12illustrates the lower surface 1200 of an embodiment of the circularbutton 140. In this view, it can be seen that eight posts 1110 arepresent on the lower surface 1200 of the circular button 140. The posts1110 are approximately evenly spaced around the outer edge of the lowersurface 1200 of the circular button 140.
In an embodiment, holes with an approximately circular shape are presentin the elastomer keyboard 210 near the central points between each pairof adjacent elastomer keys 220. The holes and the posts 1110 arearranged in approximately the same pattern and the holes have a diameterthat is slightly larger than that of the posts 1110. When the circularbutton 140 is disposed above the elastomer keyboard 210, each post 1110is disposed above a hole. This arrangement is depicted in FIG. 13, whereone of the posts 1110 can be seen above a hole 1310.
When pressure is applied to the perimeter of the circular button 140,the circular button 140 pivots about the support pillar 250, causing adownward movement of one or more posts 1110 that lie beneath the pointwhere the pressure was applied. If sufficient pressure is applied, oneor more posts 1110 can pass through one or more underlying holes 1310and make contact with the PCB 610. Contact of a post 1110 with the PCB610 prevents further downward movement of the circular button 140, andconsequently restricts the overall movement of the button 140, whichlimits the total number of elastomer keys 220 that are typicallyengaged.
In an embodiment, the posts 1110 are of such a length that a post 1110engages the PCB 610 when the conducting material 420 on the lowersurface of one or more elastomer keys 220 adjacent to that post 1110contacts an underlying keypad contact 620. The rigidity of the posts1110 provides tactile feedback to a user and prevents a “spongy” feelingas the pressure point is moved around the perimeter of the circularbutton 140. This tactile feedback can enhance the user's feeling ofcontrol over the movement of the cursor 130.
The posts 1110 and holes 1310 can also prevent twisting of the circularbutton 140. When a user is pressing downward on the circular button 140,a lateral pressure parallel to the upper surface of the circular button140 might be inadvertently applied and might cause a rotation of thecircular button 140. This could cause an unintended connection on akeypad contact 620 and thus cause an unintended movement of the cursor130. When one or more posts 1110 are engaged in one or more holes 1310or when the side of the post 1110 engages one of the elastomer keys 220,such rotation of the circular button 140 is prevented.
The fact that, in an embodiment, the circular button 140 pivots aboutthe support pillar 250 allows the gap between the circular button 140and the upper surface of the exterior housing of the device 110 to besmaller than would be the case if the pivot point were lower. FIG. 14illustrates a configuration that might have been used for a cursorcontrol button, which will illustrate the advantages of the disclosedconfiguration. Such a button 1410 might consist of an upper portion 1420and a lower shaft 1430 integrated into a single unit. The button 1410might pivot about a point 1440 on a lower surface 1450 such as a PCB oran elastomer keyboard.
Since the pivot point 1440 is a relatively large distance from theperimeter of the upper portion 1420 of the button 1410, the button 1410can travel a relatively large distance when pivoting before touching anedge 1460 of the exterior housing of the device in which the button 1410is installed. This large potential travel distance requires that arelatively large gap 1470 be maintained between the upper portion 1420of the button 1410 and the edges 1460 of the housing of the device. Thelarge gap 1470 can cause an undesirable exposure of the interior of thedevice and switch to exterior elements.
FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment of a configuration of the16-direction switch. The circular button 140 pivots about the uppersurface of the support pillar 250. This pivot point 1510 is locatedcloser to the perimeter of the circular button 140 compared to thelocation of the pivot point 1440 in FIG. 14. This results in arelatively small travel distance, when the circular button 140 pivots,before the circular button 140 touches an edge 1520 of the exteriorhousing of the device 110. The small travel distance results in a smallgap 1530 compared to the gap 1470 of FIG. 14 and reduces the exposure ofthe interior of the device 110.
As mentioned previously, a software component within the device 110 iscapable of receiving input signals generated by the movement of a16-position switch and causing movement of the cursor 130 based on theinput signals. FIG. 16 is a block diagram of the components, includingthe software component, that might be present within the device 110. Aprocessor or CPU 1610 can receive input from an input component 1620.The input component 1620 might include the buttons 160, a 16-directionswitch, and other means for data input. Information might be displayedon a display component 1630, which might include the display area 120.
Information can be stored in a storage component 1640, which mightinclude operating instructions for the CPU 1610, applications that canexecute on the CPU 1610, data that is processed by the CPU 1610, andother information. Among the applications that can be stored in thestorage component 1640 is the software component 1650 that can receiveinput signals and control the cursor 130.
When the software component 1650 receives a single input signal, thesoftware component 1650 can cause a cursor movement in a direction thatcorresponds to the location of the keypad contact 620 that generated theinput signal. For example, when the keypad contact 620 a in the ‘north’position generates an input signal, the software component 1650 causes acursor movement in the ‘north’ direction.
When the software component 1650 receives input signals from twoadjacent keypad contacts 620 simultaneously, the software component 1650can cause a cursor movement in a direction midway between the locationsof the two keypad contacts 620. For example, when the keypad contact620a in the ‘north’ position and the keypad contact 620 b in the‘northeast’ position generate input signals simultaneously, the softwarecomponent 1650 causes a cursor movement in the ‘north by northeast’direction.
When the software component 1650 receives input signals from threeadjacent keypad contacts 620 simultaneously, the software component 1650can cause a cursor movement in a direction corresponding to the locationof the center keypad contact 620. For example, when the keypad contact620 a in the ‘north’ position, the keypad contact 620 b in the‘northeast’ position, and the keypad contact 620 c in the ‘east’position generate input signals simultaneously, the software component1650 causes a cursor movement in the ‘northeast’ direction.
In an embodiment, the software component 1650 can operate in one of twodifferent modes depending on the type of device in which the softwarecomponent 1650 is present. In one of the modes, the software component1650 is present in the device 110 that includes an 8-button,16-direction switch as described above and the software component 1650operates in the manner described above.
In the other mode, the software component 1650 is present in a devicethat has only four keypad contacts. In such a device, the keypadcontacts are typically arranged in a ‘north, south, east, west’ pattern.If electrical contact is made on only one of the keypad contacts, acursor moves in a direction corresponding to the location of that keypadcontact. If electrical contact is made on two adjacent keypad contacts,the cursor moves in a direction corresponding to the midpoint of the twokeypad contacts. The software component 1650 is capable of receivinginput signals from the keypad contacts in such a device and causing theappropriate cursor movement. The software component 1650 is also capableof automatically determining whether the device in which it is presentincludes a 16-direction switch or a four-keypad cursor controller andautomatically entering the appropriate mode depending on the type ofdevice in which it is present.
In an embodiment, the software component 1650 is present in the device110 that includes a 16-direction switch and, depending on theapplication that is executing on the device 110, is capable ofcommunicating regarding cursor movement in sixteen different directions,only eight different directions, or only four different directions. Forexample, some applications, such as a graphics program, might need finecursor control for which sixteen-direction cursor movement would beappropriate. Other applications, such as a spreadsheet program, mightneed a cursor to move only in the up, down, left, and right directions.Still other applications might need a cursor to move in eightdirections. The software component 1650 can communicate with theapplication regarding the appropriate type of cursor movement orinformation needed by the application related to cursor movement. Thesoftware component 1650 can continue to cause a particular type ofcursor movement or provide appropriate directional information as longas an application requires that type of cursor movement. When the focusof the device 110 changes to an application for which a different typeof cursor movement is appropriate, the software component 1650 canautomatically cause a different type of cursor movement to occur.
As an example, if a spreadsheet application is executing on the device110 and a user of the spreadsheet presses the ‘north’ portion 142 of thecircular button 140, the active cell in the spreadsheet might moveupwards. If the user presses the ‘northeast’ portion of the circularbutton 140, the software component 1650 might ignore the input from the‘northeast’ keypad contact 620 or might map the input from the‘northeast’ keypad contact 620 to a different cursor movement direction.The software component 1650 can continue to treat the 16-directionswitch as a 4-direction switch until an application for which adifferent type of cursor movement is appropriate becomes the focus ofthe device 110.
The software component 1650 might also be thought of as having thecapability to return a keypad event or a mouse event depending on theapplication currently active on the device 110. That is, the applicationmight inform the software component 1650 whether pressing the circularbutton 140 should cause an action equivalent to the action taken when atraditional mouse button is pressed or an action equivalent to theaction taken when a traditional keypad button is pressed. The softwarecomponent 1650 might then cause the appropriate type of event to bereturned when the circular button 140 is pressed.
In various alternative embodiments, a button may be present within thecircular button 140. This is illustrated in FIG. 17, where a roundcenter button 1710 can be seen near the center of the circular button140. When the center button 1710 is present, the support pillar 250described above would typically not be present so that the center button1710 may be pressed downward. FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-section viewof an embodiment of a configuration for the circular button 140, thecenter button 1710, and the nearby components that might allow thecircular button 140 to function without the support pillar 250.
In this embodiment, the elastomer keyboard 210 is disposed above the PCB610 as described above. The center button 1710 rests upon a raisedportion 1810 of the elastomer keyboard 210. The inner portion of thecircular button 140 rests upon a lip 1820 protruding from the lowerportion of the center button 1710. The outer portion of the circularbutton 140 rests upon the elastomer keys 220. Pressing the center button1710 downward causes the raised portion 1810 of the elastomer keyboard210 to collapse, allowing a contact point 1720 on the lower portion ofthe center button 1710 to touch a contact point 1830 on the PCB 610.Contact between these two points can initiate a function that isassociated with the center button 1710.
The center button 1710 might perform various functions such as acting ina manner similar to the action of the ‘Enter’ button on a standardkeyboard. Alternatively, the ‘click’ and ‘grab’ actions commonlyavailable with a computer mouse might be combined into the single centerbutton 1710. On a traditional mouse, pressing and then quickly releasinga button might be interpreted as a click and pressing and holding thebutton might be interpreted as a grab. Previously, on a device that hasno mouse, the click and grab functions might be provided by two separatebuttons. On a small device such as the device 110, it might be desirableto reduce the number of buttons 160 on the device 110.
| 29,013 |
6181459_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 712 | 872 |
Charles A. Loreto, J.
Motion for summary judgment. This is an action by plaintiff on a series of four defaulted accelerated promissory notes executed by the defendant to Audio Designs Corporation and sold and transferred by the latter to plaintiff. The notes are the remainder of a series of six notes, the first two of which were paid by the defendant to the plaintiff. The plaintiff, engaged in the business of purchasing accounts receivable and negotiable instruments, claims to be a holder in due course, having purchased the six notes for good consideration.
The defense, interposed in answer to the complaint, ‘ ‘ alleges that the notes were conditionally delivered and were part of an executory [written] contract.” In its affidavit submitted on the motion, the defendant states that plaintiff’s transferor received the notes in payment for sales services (described in the contract) to be rendered by it to defendant during a subsequent 12-month period and that the notes were conditionally delivered and to be paid only if the services were continued during that time.
*601The plaintiff states that he purchased the six notes one day after their execution without knowledge of a conditional delivery or the terms of the agreement in writing. A careful reading of the contract belies defendant’s claim that the notes were restricted as to negotiability. Moreover, the agreement states “ The station [defendant] acknowledges that it may be necessary for Audio to discount these notes for the continuation of their operation and agrees that they may do so. ” It is significant that defendant paid the first two notes and admits that up to that time it continued to receive satisfactory service from plaintiff’s transferor.
It is urged that the nature of plaintiff’s business and the defendant’s communication to plaintiff by letter dated February 23,1962, wherein it stated “ all of the notes are properly signed and will be honored on due date provided the association between WESC and Audio Designs remains an amicable one. As you know, these notes are fully subordinate to our contract with Audio Designs ” are sufficient to have put plaintiff on notice of the underlying agreement and its provisions. This contention must be rejected. The notes had already been acquired • by plaintiff and what they customarily would do in their business must be shown to be what they did in this instance.
There is no proof submitted by defendant that plaintiff had made a conditional delivery of the notes to the payee, as claimed by it, or that plaintiff had notice or knowledge of a conditional delivery if such were the case. It is incumbent upon the defendant to reveal his proof in order to show that the matter set up in its answer is real or capable of being established upon a trial. This the defendant has not done.
The fact that Audio, the transferor of the notes, may have acted in bad faith toward defendant is immaterial. The plaintiff has no notice of any infirmity or defect in the instrument. It was complete and regular on its face and transferred before maturity for value (Negotiable Instruments Law, §§ 91, 95). ‘ ‘ As the statute itself makes evident, its requirement 1 is good faith, and bad faith is not mere carelessness. It is nothing less than guilty knowledge or willful ignorance. * * * One who purchases commercial paper for full value * * * is not bound at his peril to be upon the alert for circumstances which might possibly excite the suspicion of wary vigilance. He does not owe to the party who puts negotiable paper afloat the duty of active inquiry, to avert the imputation of had faith. The rights of the holder are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by speculations in regard to the purchaser’s diligence or negligence (Hall v. Bank of Bias-*602dell, 306 N. Y. 336, 341; italics supplied.) Moreover, as a holder in due course, the plaintiff holds the instrument free from any defenses available to prior parties among themselves (Negotiable Instruments Law, § 96; North Amer. Factors Corp. v. Motty Eitingon, Inc., 105 N. Y. S. 2d 250, affd. 279 App. Div. 719, affd. 304 N. Y. 901). The motion is granted.
| 34,589 |
15012861_8
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LoC-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,915 |
Schools of to-morrow,
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,266 | 8,670 |
THE SCHOOL AS A SETTLEMENT 215 but are expected to make some profit for tlie use of the school as well. They have made enough profit in one year to furnish most of the demonstration house. Aside from teaching how to do housework thoroughly and easily, the purpose of the house is to furnish an ex- ample of what can be done to make one of the regular frame tenements of the district com- fortable and attractive, without more expense than most of the people now put into their homes. The house is very simply furnished, with cheap and strong things, in plain colors that are easily kept clean; the painting and papering was done by the pupils. The sewing class has made all the curtains and linen for the house, and made furniture by covering boxes, etc. Besides the class work that goes on in the building, the rooms are also used as a social center for the girls of the school. The third building left standing on the ground purchased by the school authorities has been turned into a boys' club house. There is a gymnasium, two club rooms, and a shower bath room. This house was in exceedingly bad condition when it became part of the school property, and there was no money and not much lumber available to repair it. But the boys of the school wanted the club house, and 216 SCHOOLS OF TO-MOREOW were not discouraged because it was not given to them all finished. They started out, as they had done in the manual training and domestic science buildings, to do the work themselves. Under the direction of the manual training teacher, they pulled off old paper and broken plaster, tore up uneven floors and took out par- titions. Then they laid floors, put in wood- work and painted it, rehung doors, mended windows, and made furniture and gymnastic apparatus. When there was a job they could not do, such as the plastering and plumbing, they went among their friends and asked for money or help in work. Plumbers and plas- terers who lived near the school came in and gave their time and work to help the boys get their building in order, and other friends gave enough money to finish the work. Men in the neighborhood dug a long ditch through the school grounds for sewerage connections. Gradually they are adding to the gymnasium apparatus and to the simple bathing facilities, while cleaning and keeping up the painting continue to supply opportunities for useful work. As already indicated, the reflex effect upon homes in the vicinity has been marked. The school board had intended to wreck the three THE SCHOOL AS A SETTLEMENT 217 tenement houses when they bought the land; but Mr. Valentine saw the opportunity to give the community something which they needed, and at the same time to arouse a spirit of co- operation and interest among both parents and pupils in place of the old spirit of distrust and antagonism, when he persuaded the board to turn the buildings over to the school. He told the pupils what could be done with them and asked for their help in doing it. He got a hearty response at once, and so went out into the district with the children and told their parents what he proposed to do and asked for help. He got the same generous response for the first building, the manual training shops, as for the boys' club. Besides the time and material which the skilled workers of the com- munity have contributed, the community has given $350 in cash, no small sum for people as poor as they are. The value of the work being done in these buildings and of the training the boys have had in making them over, is proved by the fact that the community and the boys themselves wanted the work badly enough to pay for getting it in money and work. "While it has undoubtedly been a struggle for the school and the district to contribute so much, the benefit to the school and to the community 218 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW has been greater just because of these sacrifices and struggles. The work has made over the relations between the school and the pupils. The children like to go to school now, where before they had to be forced to go with threats of the truant officer, and their behavior is bet- ter when they get to school. The children's parents have changed their attitude in the same way. They not only see that the children go to school, but they want them to go because they appreciate that the school is giving them things they need to make them self-supporting ; but they also see that they have their own share to do if the work is to be successful. The school has been the cause of the growth of com- munity spirit in increased civic and social ac- tivities of the district. "With improved attend- ance and discipline, the number of cases sent to the juvenile court has decreased one-half in proportion to the number of pupils in school. Meanwhile the educational value of the work done has undoubtedly been greater than that of work done in disconnected shops and kitchens. The school is also carrying on definite work to arouse the pupils to a sense of responsi- bility for their community and neighbors. Giving the pupils as much liberty and respon- (i) The boys like cooking more than the girls do. (2) Mending their own shoes, to learn cobbling. (Public School 26, Indianapolis.) THE SCHOOL AS A SETTLEMENT 219 sibility as possible around the school buildings is an important factor. Each pupil in the higher grades is given some small child in one of the lower grades to look out for On the playground they see to it that the charge has a fair chance to play, and that he behaves him- self ; they see that the little boy or girl comes to school clean and tidy, if necessary doing the washing or mending themselves. This work has proved especially successful in doing away with bullying and in arousing personal pride and a sense of responsibility in the older chil- dren; the younger ones are better looked after than before and have many opportunities to learn things from the older and more advanced pupils. The older pupils are also encouraged in every way to help in carrying on the outside activities of the school. They make calls and write notes to keep up the attendance at the night school; they see to the order of the prin- cipal's office and keep the boys' club house in order. All the teachers of the school are agreed upon a policy of frank discussion of the poverty of the district, and of urging the pupils to earn money to help their parents by becom- ing as nearly self-supporting as possible. Each grade keeps track of what its members earn and how they earn it, and the grade with 220 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW the largest sum to its credit feels that it has ac- complished something worth while during the year. There is a savings bank in the school to teach the children habits of thrift and economy ; here a pupil may deposit any sum from a penny up. The pupil receives a bank book in which stamps are pasted for his deposits, the money being kept in a city savings bank. The school also has a branch library, and the pupils are taught how to use it. Part of the playground has been made into a school garden, and here every pupil in the higher grades has a garden plot, also instruction which enables him to grow successfully some of the commoner fruits and flowers. This work is made very practi- cal; the children have the sort of garden that would be useful and ornamental if it were in their own back yard. The school carries on a neighborhood campaign for home gardens, and the pupils with school gardens do much of this work, telling the people who want gardens what to plant, and giving them practical help with their plot until it is well established. In all these ways the teachers are trying to make am- bitious, responsible citizens out of the student body. Inside the school pupils are taught higher standards of living than prevail in their THE SCHOOL AS A SETTLEMENT 221 homes, and they are taught as well trades and processes which will at least give them a start towards prosperity, and then, too, they are aroused to a feeling of responsibility for the wel- fare of the whole community. All these things are done as part of the reg- ular work of the school, and to a large extent during regular school hours. But there are many other activities which, while not contribu- ting so directly to the education of the children, are important for the general welfare of the whole community. There is a night school for the adults of the neighborhood who want to go on learning, the shops being used as well as the schoolrooms. A group of people especially in- terested in the school have formed a club to promote the interest of the night school, and to see that the men of the community understand the opportunities it offers for them to perfect themselves in a trade or in their knowledge and use of English. This club is made up of men who live near the school and who are sufficiently alive to the needs of the school and the commu- nity to work very hard to let all the district know what the school is already doing for its welfare and what it can do as the people come to demand more and more from it. Besides keeping up the attendance at the night school, 222 SCHOOLS OF TO-MOEKOW the club lias done mucli for tlie general welfare of the school, like helping raise money for re- modeling the buildings and giving an expensive phonograph to the school. The success of the school as a social center and the need for such a center are realized when we remember that this club is made up of men who live in the dis- trict, whose children are using the school, and who are perhaps themselves going to the night school. There is also a vacation school during the summer time for the children of the neighbor- hood, with some classroom work and a great deal of time spent on the playground and in the workshops. The school has an active alumni association which uses the school build- ing for social purposes and keeps track of the pupils that leave. A parents' club has been started as an aid in gaining the cooperation of the pupils ' parents in the work of the school and as a means of finding out the real needs of the neighborhood. The parents are brought in even closer contact with the school through the series of teas given by the grades for their parents during the year. Each grade serves tea once a year in the domestic science house for the mothers of its pupils. The children do the work for the teas as part of their domestic THE SCHOOL AS A SETTLEMENT 223 science work, and write the invitations in their English class. The teachers use these teas as an opportunity for visiting the children's homes and getting acquainted with their mothers. The teacher who knows the home conditions of each child is much better able to adjust the work to the child, being aware of his weak and strong points. To poverty-stricken, overworked mothers these social gatherings come as a real event. The pupils of the school are given social as well as educational opportunities through their school life. The boys' club house is opened nearly every night to local boys' clubs, some of them being school organizations and some in- dependent ones. There are rooms for the boys to hold meetings and to play games, and a well- equipped gymnasium. The teachers of the school take turns supervising these evening gatherings. The attendance is large for the size of the building. Giving the boys a place for wholesome activities has done much to break up the habits of street loafing and the gangs which were so common in the district. The girls of the school use the domestic science house for social purposes. Two chapters of the Camp Fire girls hold regular meetings in the building and get help and advice from the 224 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW teachers. Each domestic science class aims to teach the girls how to live a comfortable and self-respecting life, as well as how to do house- work, and so becomes a social center of its own. The girls learn to cook and serve good cheap meals, and then they sit down together and eat what they have cooked. They talk over their individual problems with the teacher and with each other, and give each other much practical help. The domestic science teacher helps the girls who have some skill find work to do after school hours so that they can help their fam- ilies by helping themselves; she helps the pu- pils find steady work as they leave school and then keeps track of them, encouraging them to go on fitting themselves for better work. The success of the settlement work the school has done points strongly to the fact that the schoolhouse is the natural and logical social center in a neighborhood, the teachers coming into closer and more natural contact with both children and parents than is possible in the case of other district workers. There are large economies combining the school and the settlement in districts where the social and economic standards of living are so low that the people are not especially suc- cessful citizens. Both the school and settle- THE ^tCHOOL AS A SETTLEMENT 225 ment facilities are enlarged by using the same group of buildings for both purposes. The set- tlement has the use of better and larger shops and classrooms than most settlements can com- mand, and the school uses the social rooms and activities to become itself a community. The school comes in contact with almost all the fam- ilies in a district so that community action is much easier to establish. But even more im- portant than these economies are the far-reach- ing results which come from the fact that the school settlement is a democratic community, really reflecting the conditions of the com- munity. In using the school plant for any activities, whether simply for the usual eight classes or to supply the community with all sorts of op- portunities, as the Gary schools are doing and as Mr. Valentine's school is doing, the peo- ple of the community feel that they are using for their own ends public facilities which have been paid for by their taxes. They want to see real, tangible results in the way of more prosperous and efiScient families and better civic conditions, coming from the increased plant in the district school. Because the schools are public institutions in fact as well as in name, people know whether the schools are really 226 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW meeting their needs and they are willing to work to see that they do. The school settle- ment reaps all the advantages of working for definite ends and of having the businesslike co- operation of the community as a body. In spite of the fact that the work of Mr. Valen- tine's school has been hampered by lack of funds, and that some of the special things done are suited to one particular local population, the changes which have taken place in the neighborhood in the relation between the school and the parents, and in the spirit of the pupils in their school attitude, show what a public school may mean to its neighborhood when it ceases to be an isolated academic institution. The Gary schools and Mr. Valentine's school have effected an entire reorganization in order to meet the particular needs of the children of the community, physically, intellectually, and socially. Both schools are looking towards a larger social ideal ; towards a community where the citizens will be prosperous and indepen- dent, where there will be no poverty-ridden population unable to produce good citizens. While changes in social conditions must take place before this can happen, these schools be- lieve that such an education as they provide is one of the natural ways and perhaps the surest THE SCHOOL AS A SETTLEMENT 227 way of helping along the changes. Teaching people from the time they are children to think clearly and to take care of themselves is one of the best safeguards against exploitation. A great many schools are doing some of the same sort of work, using the activities of the community as a means of enriching the cur- riculum, and using the school plant for a neigh- borhood center. The civic clubs of the Chi- cago public schools, which have already been described, are aiming at the same thing: the better equipment of pupils for their life in the community with the hope of improving the com- munity itself. The Cottage School at River- side, Hlinois, where pupils all come from well- to-do American families, has found a similar club valuable for the pupils and of real use to the town. The school organized by the pupils into a civic league has made itself responsible for the conditions of the streets in certain por- tions of the town, and is not only cleaning up but trying to get the rest of the town interested in the problem. Mock elections and '^ self- governments" based upon political organiza- tion are examples of attempts of education to meet the need for training in good citizenship. Using the school plant as a social center is recognition of the need for social change and 228 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW of the community's responsibility to help effect it. The attempt to make this enlarged use of the school plant is not so much in order to train young people so that they can assume the bur- den of improvement for themselves as to give the neighborhood some immediate opportuni- ties which it lacks for recreation, intercourse and improvement. The school plant is the natural and convenient place for such under- takings. Every community has the right to ex- pect and demand that schools supported at pub- lic expense for public ends shall serve commu- nity uses as widely as possible. As attempts in socializing education have met with such success and such enthusiasm among the children that their value as educational tools is established, so giving the people of the community a real share in activities centered in school buildings and employing school equipment, is one of the surest ways of giving them a more intelligent public spirit and a greater interest in the right education of the youth of the land. CHAPTER IX INDUSTRY AND EDUCATIONAL READJUSTMENT The chief effort of all educational reforms is to bring about a readjustment of existing scho- lastic institutions and methods so that they shall respond to changes in general social and intel- lectual conditions. The school, like other hu- man institutions, acquires inertia and tends to go on doing things that have once got started, irrespective of present demands. There are many topics and methods in existing education which date back to social conditions which are passing away. They are perpetuated because of tradition and custom. Especially is it true of our institutions of learning that their control- ling ideals and ideas were fixed when industrial methods differed radically from those of the present. They grew up when the place of in- dustry in life was much less important than it is now when practically all political and social affairs are bound up with economic questions. They were formed when there was no positive connection between science and the operations 229 230 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW of production and distribution of goods; while at tlie present, manufacturing, railways, elec- tric transportation, and all the agencies of daily life, represent just so much applied science. Economic changes have brought about a closer interdependence among men and strengthened the ideal of mutual service. These political, in- tellectual, and moral changes make questions connected with industrial education the most important problem of present-day public edu- cation in America. The fact that the Greek word from which our word ''school" is derived meant leisure sug- gests the nature of the change which has taken place. It is true at all times that education means relief from the pressure of having to make a living. The young have to be supported more or less by others while they are being in- structed. They must be saved from the impact of the struggle for material existence. Opposi- tion to child labor goes hand in hand with the effort to extend the facilities of public schools to all the wards of the nation. There must be free time for schooling, and pupils must not come to their studies physically worn out. Moreover, the use of imagination, thought and emotion in education demands minds which are free from harassing questions of self-support. EDUCATIONAL READJUSTMENT 231 There must be an atmosphere of leisure if there is to be a truly liberal or free education. Such things are as true now as when schools were named after the idea of leisure. But there was once assumed a permanent division between a leisure class and a laboring class. Education, beyond at least the mere rudiments, was in- tended only for the former. Its subject-matter and its methods were designed for those who were sufficiently well off so that they did not have to work for a living. The stigma attached to working with the hands was especially strong. In aristocratic and feudal countries such work was done by slaves or serfs, and the sense of social inferiority attached to these classes nat- urally led to contempt for the pursuits in which they were engaged. Training for them was a servile sort of education, while liberal edu- cation was an education for a free man, and a free man was a member of the upper classes, one who did not have to engage in labor for his own support or that of others. The antagonism to industry which was generated extended itself to all activities re- quiring use of the hands. A ''gentleman" would not use his hands or train them to skill, save for sport or war. To employ the hands was to do useful work for others, while to render 232 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW personal service to others was a badge of a dependent social and political status. Strange as it may seem, the very notions of knowledge and of mind were influenced by this aristocratic order of society. The less the body in general, and the hands and the senses in par- ticular, were employed, the higher the grade of intellectual activity. True thought resulting in true knowledge was to be carried on wholly within the mind without the body taking any part at all. Hence studies which could be car- ried on with a minimum of physical action were alone the studies belonging to a liberal educa- tion. First in order came such things as phi- losophy, theology, mathematics, logic, etc., which were purely mental. Next in rank came litera- ture and language, with grammar, rhetoric, etc. The pursuit of even what we call the fine arts was relegated to a lower grade, because success in painting, sculpture, architecture, etc., re- quired technical and manual training. Music alone was exempt from condemnation, partly because vocal music did not require the training of the hands, and partly because music was used for devotional purposes. Otherwise education i should train men to appreciate art, not to pro- duce it. These ideas and ideals persisted in educa- EDUCATIONAL EEADJUSTMENT 233 tional theory and practice long after the political and industrial conditions which generated them had begun to give way. Practically all the con- ceptions associated with culture and cultural edu- cation were created when the immense superior- ity of a leisure class over all working classes was a matter of course. Refinement, polish, esthetic taste, knowledge of classic literatures, acquaint- ance with foreign languages and with branches of sciences which could be studied by purely '* mental" means, and which were not put to practical uses, were the marks of culture, just as they were the marks of leisure time and supe- rior wealth. The learned professions — divinity, law, and, to a less extent, medicine— were ad- mitted upon suffrance to the sphere of higher education, for the manual element in the service rendered to others was not so great as in in- dustrial pursuits. But professional education was looked upon with disparagement in contrast with a liberal education just because its aim was rendering service to others. And for a long time medicine in particular occupied a mediocre and dubious position just because it required personal attention to the bodily needs of others. Opposition to the introduction into higher education of the natural sciences was due not only to the conservative dread of change on 234 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW the part of establislied institutions, but also to the fact that these sciences emphasized the use of the senses (which are physical organs), of physical apparatus, and of manual skill re- quired in its manipulation. Even the repre- sentatives of mathematical science joined those of literary studies in assuming that the natural sciences must be less cultural than sciences like geometry, algebra, and calculus, which could be pursued in a more purely mental way. Even when the progress of social changes forced more and more useful studies into the curriculum, the idea of a graded rank in the cultural value of studies persisted. Occupations like banking and commerce involved less manual activity and less direct personal service to others than house- keeping, manufacturing, and farming, conse- quently the studies which prepared for them were at least more '^ genteel" than studies hav- ing to do with the latter. Even at the present time many people associate mental activity with physical acquiescence. The first breach in this order of ideas oc- curred in elementary education. Along with the spread of democratic ideas which took place in the eighteenth century, there developed the idea that education was a need and right of the masses as well as a privilege of the upper EDUCATIONAL READJUSTMENT 235 classes. In reading Rousseau and Pestalozzi, an American student, who is used to the demo- cratic idea of universal education, is not likely to notice that their conception of the educational development of all as a social necessity is even more revolutionary than the particular methods which they urged. But such was the case. Even so enlightened a liberal as John Locke wrote his educational essay with reference to the education of a gentleman, and assumed that the training of the laboring classes should be of a radically different kind. The idea that all the powers of all members of society are capable of development and that society owed it to itself and to its constituent members to see that the latter received this development, was the first great intellectual token of the democratic revo- lution which was occurring. It is noteworthy that Rousseau was Swiss by birth, that demo- cratic political ideas were rife in France when he wrote, and that Pestalozzi was not only Swiss by birth but did his work in that republican country. While the development of public elementary schools for the masses inevitably puts emphasis upon the usefulness of studies as a reason for education, the growth of the public curriculum and methods was profoundly affected by the sur- 236 SCHOOLS OF TO-MOEROW viving ideals of leisure class education. Ele- mentary education, just because it was an edu- cation for the masses, was regarded as a kind of necessary political and economic concession rather than as a serious educative enterprise. A strict line was drawn between it, with its useful studies, and the higher education of the few con- ducted for genuinely cultural purposes. Eead- ing, writing, arithmetic, the three R's, were to be taught because of their utility. They were needed to make individuals capable of self- support, of ''getting on" better, and so capable of rendering better economic service under changed commercial conditions. It was as- sumed that the greater number of pupils would leave school as soon as they had mastered the practical use of these tools. No better evidence could be found that pri- mary education is still regarded with respect to the larger number of pupils, as a practical social necessity, not as an intrinsic educative measure, than the fact that the greater num- ber of pupils leave school about the fifth grade — ^that is, when they have acquired rudimentary skill in reading, writing and figuring. The op- position of influential members of the commu- nity to the introduction of any studies, save perhaps geography and history, beyond the EDUCATIONAL READJUSTMENT 237 three R's, the tendency to regard other things as ** frills and fads," is evidence of the way in which purely elementary schooling is re- garded. A fuller and wider culture in litera- ture, science and the arts may be allowed in the case of those better off, but the masses are not to be educatively developed so much as trained in the use of tools needed to make them effective workers. Ele- mentary instruction to a larger extent than we usually admit, is a substitute, under the changed circumstances of production and distribution of goods, for the older apprenticeship system. The latter was never treated as educational in a fundamental sense; the former is only par- tially conducted as a thoroughly educational enterprise. In part the older ideals of a predominantly literary and ''intellectual" education invaded and captured the new elementary schools. For the smaller number of pupils who might go on to a higher and cultural education, the three R's were the tools of learning, the only really indispensable tools of acquiring knowledge. They are all of them concerned with language, that is, with symbols of facts and ideas, a fact which throws a flood of light upon the prevailing ideas of learning and knowledge. 238 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW Knowledge consists of the ready-made material wMch others have found out, and mastery of language is the means of access to this fund. To learn is to appropriate something from this ready-made store, not to find out something for one's self. Educational reformers may go on attacking pouring-in methods of teaching and passive reception methods of learning; but as long as these ideas of the nature of knowledge are current, they make little headway. The separation of the activity of the mind from the activity of the senses in direct observation and from the activity of the hand in construction and manipulation, makes the material of studies academic and remote, and compels the passive acquisition of information imparted by text- book and teacher. In the United States there was for a long time a natural division of labor between the book-learning of the schools and the more direct and vital learning of out-of-school life. It is impossible to exaggerate the amount of mental and moral training secured by our forefathers in the course of the ordinary pursuits of life. They were engaged in subduing a new country. Industry was at a premium, and instead of being of a routine nature, pioneer conditions required initiative, ingenuity, and pluck. For the most EDUCATIONAL KEADJUSTMENT 239 part men were working for themselves; or, if for others, with a prospect of soon becoming masters of their own affairs. While the citi- zens of old-world monarchies had no responsi- bility for the conduct of government, our fore- fathers were engaged in the experiment of con- ducting their own government. They had the incentive of a participation in the conduct of civic and public affairs which came directly home to them. Production had not yet been concentrated in factories in congested centers, but was distributed through villages. Markets were local rather than remote. Manufacturing was still literally hand-making, with the use of local water-power ; it was not carried on by big machines to which the employed ''hands" were mechanical adjuncts. The occupations of daily life engaged the imagination and enforced knowledge of natural materials and processes. Children as they grew up either engaged in or were in intimate contact with spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing, and the making of clothes; with lumbering, and leather, saw-mills, and car- pentry; with working of metals and making of candles. They not only saw the grain planted and reaped, but were familiar with the village grist-mill and the preparation of flour and of foodstuffs for cattle. These things were close 240 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW to them, the processes were all open to inspec- tion. They knew where things came from and how they were made or where they went to, and they knew these things by personal observation. They had the discipline that came from sharing in useful activities. While there was too much taxing toil, there was also stimulus to imagination and training of independent judgment along with the personal knowledge of materials and processes. Under such conditions, the schools could hardly have done better than devote themselves to books, and to teaching a command of the use of books, especially since, in most communities, books, while a rarity and a luxury, were the sole means of access to the great world beyond the village surroundings. But conditions changed and school materials and methods did not change to keep pace. Pop- ulation shifted to urban centers. Production became a mass affair, carried on in big factories, instead of a household affair. Growth of steam and electric transportation brought about pro- duction for distant markets, even for a world market. Industry was no longer a local or neighborhood concern. Manufacturing was split up into a very great variety of separate processes through the economies incident upon EDUCATIONAL READJUSTMENT 241 extreme division of labor. Even the working- men in a particular line of industry rarely have any chance to become acquainted with the en- tire course of production, while outsiders see practically nothing but either the raw material on one hand or the finished product on the other. Machines depend in their action upon compli- cated facts and principles of nature which are not recognized by the worker unless he has had special intellectual training. The machine worker, unlike the older hand worker, is fol- lowing blindly the intelligence of others instead of his own knowledge of materials, tools, and processes. With the passing of pioneer condi- tions passed also the days when almost every individual looked forward to being at some time in control of a business of his own. Great masses of men have no other expectation than to be permanently hired for pay to work for others. Inequalities of wealth have multiplied, so that demand for the labor of children has be- come a pressing menace to the serious education of great numbers. On the other hand, children in wealthy families have lost the moral and practical discipline that once came from sharing in the round of home duties. For a large num- ber there is little alternative, especially in larger cities, between irksome child labor and 242 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW demoralizing child idleness. Inquiries con- ducted by competent authorities show that in the great centers of population opportunities for play are so inadequate that free time is not even spent in wholesome recreations by a ma- jority of children. These statements do not begin, of course, to cover the contrasts between present social con- ditions and those to which our earlier school facilities were adapted. They suggest, how- ever, some of the obvious changes with which education must reckon if it is to maintain a vital connection with contemporary social life, so as to give the kind of instruction needed to make efficient and self-respecting members of the com- munity. The sketch would be even more incom- plete, however, if it failed to note that along with these changes there has been an immense cheapening of printed material and an immense increase in the facilities for its distribution. Libraries abound, books are many and cheap, magazines and newspapers are everywhere. Consequently the schools do not any longer bear the peculiar relation to books and book knowl- edge which they once did. While out of school conditions have lost many of the educative features they once possessed, they have gained immensely in the provision they make for read- EDUCATIONAL READJUSTMENT 243 ing matter and for stimulating interest in read- ing. It is no longer necessary or desirable that the schools should devote themselves so exclu- sively to this phase of instruction. But it is more necessary than it used to be that the schools shall develop such interest in the pupils as will induce them to read material that is in- tellectually worth while. While merely learning the use of language symbols and of acquiring habits of reading is less important than it used to be, the question of the use to which the power and habits shall be put is much more important. To learn to use reading matter means that schools shall arouse in pupils problems and interests that lead stu- dents both in school and after they leave school to seek that subject-matter of history, science, biography, and literature which is inherently valuable, and not to waste themselves upon the trash which is so abundantly provided. It is absolutely impossible to secure this result when schools devote themselves to the formal sides of language instead of to developing deep and vital interest in subject-matter. Educational the- orists and school authorities who attempt to remedy the deplorable reading habits with which many youth leave school by means of a greater amount of direct attention to language studies 244 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORKOYv and literatures, are engaged in i "'o task. Enlargement of intellectual ...zon, and awakening to the multitude of interesting problems presented by contemporary conditions, are the surest guarantees for good use of time with books and magazines. When books are made an end in themselves, only a small and highly specialized class will devote themselves to really serviceable books. When there is a lively sense of the interest of social affairs, all who possess the sense will turn as naturally to the books which foster that interest as to the other things of which they feel a need. These are some of the reasons for saying that the general problem of readjustment of educa- tion to meet present conditions is most acute at the angle of industry. The various details may be summed up in three general moral principles. First, never before was it as important as it is now that each individual should be capable of self-respecting, self-supporting, intelligent work — that each should make a living for him- self and those dependent upon his efforts, and should make it with an intelligent recognition of what he is doing and an intelligent interest in doing his work well. Secondly, never before did the work of one individual affect the welfare of others on such a wide scale as at present. ED^. National readjustment 245 Moder ^ conditions of production and exchange of coni lodities have made the whole world one to a degree never approximated before. A war to-day may close banks and paralyze trade in places thousands of miles away from the scene of action. This is only a coarse and sensational manifestation of an interdependence which is quietly and persistently operating in the activity of every farmer, manufacturer, laborer, and merchant, in every part of the civilized globe. Consequently there is a demand which never existed before that all the items of school in- struction shall be seen and appreciated in their bearing upon the network of social activities which bind people together. When men lived in small groups which had little to do with each other, the harm done by an education which pursued exclusively intellectual and theoretic aims was comparatively slight. Knowledge might be isolated because men were isolated. But to-day the accumulation of information, just as information, apart from its social bear- ings, is worse than futile. Acquisition of modes of skill apart from realization of the social uses to which they may be put is fairly criminal. In the third place, industrial methods and proc- esses depend to-day upon knowledge of facts and laws of natural and social science in a much 246 SCHOOLS OF TO-MORROW greater degree than ever before. Our railways and steamboats, traction ears, telegraphs, and telephones, factories and farms, even our ordi- nary household appliances, depend for their existence upon intricate mathematical, physical, chemical, and biological insight. They depend for their best ultimate use upon an understand- ing of the facts and relationships of social life. Unless the mass of workers are to be blind cogs and pinions in the apparatus they employ, they must have some understanding of the physical and social facts behind and ahead of the ma- terial and appliances with which they are deal- ing. Thus put, the problem may seem to be so vast and complicated as to be impossible of solution. But we must remember that we are dealing with a problem of readjustment, not of original creation. It will take a long time to complete the readjustment which will be brought about gradually. The main thing now is to get started, and to start in the right direction. Hence the great importance of the various ex- perimental steps which have already been taken. And we must also remember that the essential thing to be brought about through the change is not amassing more information, but the for- mation of certain attitudes and interests, ways EDUCATIONAL KEADJUSTMENT 247 of looking at things and dealing with them. If accomplishment of the educational readjust- ment meant that pupils must become aware of the whole scope of scientific and social material involved in the occupations of daily life, the problem would be absolutely impossible of solu- tion. But in reality accomplishing the reform means less attention than under present condi- tions to mere bulk of knowledge. What is wanted is that pupils shall form the habit of connecting the limited information they acquire with the activities of life, and gain abil- ity to connect a limited sphere of human activity with the scientific principles upon which its suc- cessful conduct depends. The attitudes and in- terests thus formed will then take care of them- selves. If we take arithmetic or geography themselves as subjects isolated from social ac- tivities and uses, then the aim of instruction must be to cover the whole ground. Any failure to do so will mark a defect in learning. But not so if what we, as educators, are concerned with is that pupils shall realize the connection of what they learn about number, or about the earth 's surface, with vital social activities. The question ceases to be a matter simply of quan- tity and becomes one of motive and purpose.
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en s D 7 * w. n v — 2 2 7 3 3 b v M er n Nbend⸗Ausgabe. H,alle und Umgegeno. Halle , den 13. Auguſt 1920. Stud. Arbeiterunterrichtskurſe ſollen wieder abgehalten werden. Da der Allg. Studenten - Aus - ſchuß , der die erſten Lehrgänge des Sommers finanziert hatte , weitere Mittel nicht mehr zur Verfügung ſtellen konnte , wählte man auf Beſchluß des Vertrauensmänner - und Lehrerrates den Ausweg , die Kurſe ſich ſelbſt tragen zu laſſen und erhöhte deshalb den Beitrag für einen Lehrgang von 3 auf 10 Mark , immerhin noch eine nicht zu hohe Summe. wenn man bedenkt. daß für dieſe 10 Mark z. B. ein Hörer von Deutſch 32 Stunden Unterricht hat. - Erfreulicherweiſe meldeten ſich für die neuen Lehrgänge 45. Auguſt bis 15. Oktober ) auf einen Anſchlag hin 21 Lehrer. Deutſch wurde in 3 Teile geteilt. Jn der Unterſtufe wird be - ſonders die Rechtſchreibung , in der Mittelſtufe die Wortlehre und in der Oberſtufe die Satzlehre behandelt. Rechnen wird in drei Teilen beibehalten. Die Unterſtufe geht von den Grundrechnungs - arten , die Mittelſtufe von den Brüchen , die Oberſtufe von der Schlußrechnung aus. Schönſchreiben , Buchführung ( einfache und doppelte ) , Raumlehre und Altgriechiſch ( für Buchdrucker ) ſind auf Wunſch unſerer Hörer neu hinzugekommen. Phyſik I und II iſt zuſammengelegt. Von den Sprachen wird Franzöſiſch für An - fänger , auf Wunſch auch für Fortgeſchrittene , eingerichtet. Ruſſiſch ind Engliſch ſind geteilt in J für Anfänger und II für Fortge - chrittene ; ebenſo Stolze - Schrey. Mit dem Lehrgang „ Staats - ürgerkunde “ kommen wir einem Wunſche unſerer Hörer nach. Jeder , der die Lehrgänge kennen lernen will. findet den Stundenplan in ſämtlichen Gewerkſchaftsbüros , der Alten Volks - o Hermannſchule , Tulpe ( Zimmer ). , Volkspark. Volksleſe - zalle uſw. Fürſorge für Lungenkranke. Die Für ' orgeſtelle für Lungenkranke , Salzgrafenſtr. 1 , zählte im Monat Juni 1641 Beſucher , davon 304 in der Röntgenabteilung. Ueberweiſungen an die Hausärzte fanden in 33 Fällen ſtatt , ſolche an die Kliniken 24mal. Nahrungs - mittel wurden wiederholt vermittelt. Hausbeſuche machten die Schweſtern 814 , Dienſtwege 69. Heilſtättenkuren wurden 13mal in Angriff genommen. Für Auslandsaufenthalt wurden 13 Kinder in Vorſchlag gebracht , für Ferienkolonien 21 , für Solbäder 9 , für Erholungsheime 10 , für Schul - ſpeiſung 18. Aufnahme in Krankenhaus und Pflegeheim wurden in 6 Fällen durchgeführt. Zuſchüſſe zu Wohnungs - mieten wurden 9mal gewährt. Landaufenthalt wurde 7mal vermittelt , Aufnahme in die Walderholungsſtätte 3mal. Eine Reihe anderer entſprechender Maßnahmen wurden ge - troffen , z. B. Desinfektion. Abſonderung der Kranken in der Wohnung. Abgabe von Wärmemeſſern. Barmitteln uſw. Die Röntgenabteilung führte 124 Aufnahmen und 77 Durchleuchtungen aus. Die Unterſuchung des Blutfarb - ſtoffs wurde 57mal durchgeführt. Sie ergab in 14 dieſer Fälle erhebliche Minderwerte. ; Eine wirkſame Tuberkuloſebekämpfung wird zurzeit be - ſonders dadurch gehindert , daß zu wenig Wohnungen zur Verfügung ſtehen , um Kranke und Geſunde zu trennen. Es wäre dringend zu wünſchen , daß als vorläufige und ſchnelle Hilfe ein Fachwerkbau in geſunder Lage errichtet wird , der während der Nacht als Schlafhaus für 100 - - 200 Kinder dienen kann. Der Garten der Bethcke - Lehmann - Stiftung oder andere Gärten in der Umgegend kämen in erſter Linie dafür in Frage. Jum Streik bei der Halle - Hettſteöter - Eiſenbahn wird uns von der Beamtenſchaft in Ergänzung unſerer bisherigen Mitteilung noch folgendes geſchrieben : Am 12. Auguſt tagte der hieſige Schlichtungsausſchuß in Sachen „ Forderungen der Angeſtellten “. Nach längerer Verhandlung erklärte ſich der Schlichtungsausſchuß für unzuſtändig mit dem ausdrücklichen Bemerken , daß er es bedauere , dieſen Streitfall nicht ſchlichten zu können , da er ohne weiteres die Unzulänglichkeit der Gehälter zugeben müſſe. Hierdurch wird klar und deutlich bewieſen. wen die Verant - wortung für ein Wiederaufflammen des , Streikes trifft. Die Darlegungen der Direktion , ſie könne und dürfe keine Zugeſtänd - niſſe machen , da ſie an den Tarifvertrag gebunden ſei , trifft nicht zu. Lediglich der Arbeitgeberverband der Deutſchen Straßen - ⸗ , Klein⸗ und Privatbahnen iſt es , der der Verwaltung jegliche Zu⸗ geſtändniſſe verbietet. Seine Statuten - nicht der Tarifvertrag — geben ihm die Macht dazu , da er nach ihnen berechtigt iſt , gegen ein Verbot verſtoßende Mitglieder in eine beträchtliche Kon - ) entionalſtrafe zu nehmen. Die Angeſtellten der Halle - Hettſtedter Eiſenbahn hatten nach dreitägiger Streikdauer durch Vermittlung der Regie - rung im Vertrauen auf einen die Verhältniſſe würdigenden Schiedsſpruch des Schlichtungsausſchuſſes Halle den Betrieb wieder aufgenommen. Dies Vertrauen iſt zunichte geworden , die Direktion denkt garnicht an irgendwelche Zugeſtändniſſe. Es iſt ein Beweis für die Beſonnenheit und das Verant - wortungsgefühl der Angeſtellten , daß ſie nunmehr noch - mals die Vermittelung der Regierung anrufen wollen. Sollte aber auch ſie außerſtande ſein , die Direktion der Halle - Hettſtedter Eiſenbahn zur Bewilligung der Forderungen der Angeſtellten zu bringen , die an ſich vom Schlichtungsausſchuß als berechtigt anerkannt ſind , ſo muß mit dem erneuten ſo - fortigen Streikausbruch gerechnet werden. Die Verantwortung für den bei der Bedeutung des UAnternehmens für Stadt und Land entſtehenden ungeheueren Schaden lehnen jedoch die An - neſtellten ab. Einn gemeingefährlichern Schwinöler nannte der Amtsanwalt vor dem Schöffengericht den Schnei⸗ der Walter Bodenburg , der gegenwärtig ſeit Januar eine Zuchthausſtrafe von drei Jahren verbüßt. Als er im vorigen Jahre in Halle bei einer Familie in der Huttenſtraße wohnte gelang es ihm , ſich den Lebensmittelſchein ſeiner Wirtsleute in deren Abweſenheit zu verſchaffen. Mit dem Lebensmittelſcheine wies er ſich bei A. aus und bat um Arbeit , die er auch erhielt ; es wurden ihm drei zugeſchnit - ⸗ tene Mäntel mit allen Zutaten , ſowie Beamtenkleidung mit Futter und anderem Zubehör anvertraut , damit er die Sachen fertigmache. Das Vertrauen der Firma A. hat er aber auf das Schändlichſte getäuſcht , denn er ließ ſich nicht wieder ſehen , hat auch von vorherein gar nicht die Abſicht gehabt , zu arbeiten , ſondern die ihm anvertrauten Stoffe zu Gelde zu machen. Der Angeklagte hat denſelben Trick ſchon wiederholt in anderen Orten angewendet und iſt wegen gleichartiger Schwin⸗ deleien auch in Halberſtadt , Duisburg , Aſchaffen⸗ burg , Nauheim , Köln , Magdeburg und Aſchers - JIeben verurteilt worden. Die der Firma A. veruntreuten Sachen hatten einen Wert von 1000 Mark. Das Gericht ver⸗ urteilte den Angeklagten zu einer Zuſatzſtrafe von 8 Monaten Zuchthaus , einbegriffen die in den drei zu⸗ letztgenannten Drten verhängten Strafen J. Beiblatt zu Vr. 376 der ; kirche , Margaretenſtraße 5. ſtatt. * Eine Zweigſtelle der Magdeburger Spitzelzentrale ? Die Aufdeckung der Magdeburger Spitzelzentrale wirft ihre Wellen auch nach Halle. Auch hier iſt , wie aus den dem Ober - vräſidenten Hörſing naheſtehenden Kreiſen mitgeteilt wird , eine Nachrichtenſtelle entdeckt worden , die in ähnlicher Weiſe wie die Schwindelzentrale in Magdeburg arbeitete , Nachrichten über Putſchpläne und Waffenübungen erfand und ſie dann , um Auf - regung und Unruhe zu ſchaffen , in die Welt hinausgab. Jm einzelnen ſtehen noch Angaben darüber aus. Als Tatſache ſei heute lediglich verzeichnet , daß auf Anordnung des Obervräſi - denten ein Leutnant der Reichswehr namens Eger verhaftet worden iſt. Leutnant Eger leitete ein beſonderes Nachrichten - büro. Auf Anordnung des Obervräſidenten ſollte auch die Haus - ſuchung auf das militäriſche Dienſtzimmer , in dem Leutnant Eger bei der Reichswehr arbeitete , erſtreckt werden. das hat jedoch die Militärbehörde zunächſt abgelehnt , ſo daß es der Polizei nicht möglich war , ſogleich die Durchſuchung vorzunehmen. Reichsbund der Kriegsbeſchädigten , - Teilnehmer und Krieger⸗ hinterbliebenen ( Ortsgruppe Halle ). Freitag , den 13. Auguſt , abends 8 Uhr in „ Wilsdorſs Geſellſchaftshaus “ Mitaliederver - ſammlung der Kriegsbeſchädigten - Abteilung. Tagesordnung wichtig , daher Erſcheinen aller Kameraden notwendig. Mitglieds - karte als Ausweis mitbringen. Der Reichsvrerband der Gaſthausangeſtellten ( Ortsgruppe Halle ) hielt am 9. Auguſt ſeine Monatsverſammlung im Vereins - hauſe „ Auguſtinerbräu “ ab. Die ſehr gut beſuchte Verſammlung brachte erneut zum Ausdruck , daß ein ſehr großer Teil der Arbeit - nehmer des Gaſtwirtsgewerbes es ablehnt , ſeine Jntereſſen durch die freie Gewerkſchaftsbewegung vertreten zu laſſen. Ein Vortrag des Bezirksleiters Schwänzl über „ Die deutſche Arbeitnehmer - bewegung am Scheidewege “ brachte eine grundſätzliche Feſtlegung des chriſtlichen Gewerkſchaftsgedankens ſowie der ſich daraus er - gebenden Stellung zu den ſozialen und wirtſchaftlichen Vorgängen. Eine reiche Ausſprache folgte dem Vortrag und bildete eine ge - wiſſe Ergänzung. Die Verſammlung beauftragte den Vorſtand , zu der am 12. Auguſt in Hannover ſtattfindenden Sitzung des Ver - bandsausſchuſſes den Antrag zu ſtellen. den nächſten Ver - hbandstag in Halle abzuhalten. Auch ſoll vom 1. Auguſt ab ein wöchentlicher Lokalzuſchlag erhoben werden. Ueber die vom Verbande eingereichte Beſchwerde über die Fachabteilung für das Gaſtwirtsgewerbe konnte Herr Schwänzl berichten , daß ſie nach den Verhandlungen einen günſtigen Verlauf nimmt. Da das jetzige Vereinshaus verkauft iſt und eingeht. wurde eine Kom - miſſion gewählt , welche der nächſten Verſammlung geeignete Vor - ſchläge machen ſoll ; in Ausſicht genommen iſt das Hotel „ Goldenes Schiffchen “ , Große Ulrichſtraße. Die Anſtellung des Kollegen Fr. Angermann hat die Beſtätigung der Hauptverwaltung ge - funden ; er hält Montag und Freitag vorm. - 11 und Mittwoch nachm. von - - 5 Uhr ſeine Sprechſtunden in der Geſchäftsſtelle Fleiſcherſtraße 27 J. Fernſprecher 5022 , ab , wo Rat in beruflichen Fragen erteilt wird. Eine Bezirksgemeinſchaftskonferenz findet am Sonntag nach - mittag 3 Uhr im Saale der chriſtlichen Gemeinſchaft in der Landes - Sagale - Zeitung. Paſtor Böttcher aus Wolternitz u. a. werden des Thema behandeln :. Eine ernſte Frage an jede Gemeinſchaft “. Abends 84. Uhr hält Paſtor Böttger einen Evangeliſationsvortrag über das Thema : „ Ein wunderbarer Magnet. “ Zutritt frei für jedermann. Vad Wittekind. Auf das heute abend 8 Ahr ſtattfindende große Konzert als Ehrenabend für Obermuſikmeiſter Karl Steuer ſei empfehlend hingewieſen. Einen Waldgottesdienſt gedenkt die Ev. Stadtmiſſion bei günſtiger Witterung am nächſten Sonntag nachmittag 41 * Uhr in der Nähe des Waldkaters zu veranſtalten. Paſtor Winter - berg und Stadtmiſſionar Spellig werden Anſprachen halten und der Koſaunen - und Gemiſchte Chvr den muſikaliſchen Teil übernehmen. Abends 834 Uhr findet eine Evangeliſationsverſamm - ⸗ lung Weidenplan 4 ſtatt , wobei Paſtor Winterberg über : „ Die heilſame Verſagung unſerer Wünſche “ ſprechen wird. J Synagogen⸗Gemeinde. Freitag ab. 7 , Sonnabend vorm. 814 Gottesdienſt u. Predigt. Cebensmittel - Kalender. 50 Gramm Butter. Jn der Woche vom 16. bis 22. Auguſt können auf die Marke 34 der braunen Fettkarte für jede Perſon eines Haushalts 50 Gramm Butter zum Preiſe von 1,55 Mk. ab⸗ gegeben werden. Der Verkauf erfolgt in den Geſchäften , in denen die Anmeldung zur Butterkundenliſte bewirkt iſt. Die abgetrenn - ⸗ ten Abſchnitte ſind gebündelt dem Stadternährungsamt am Mon - tag. den 23. Auguſt , abzuliefern. - Der Abſchnitt 33 der Fettkarte wird für verfallen erklärt. Städtiſcher Verkauf von VBratfett ( kein Pflanzenfett ) , Reis , Armeekonſerven mit reichlich Fleiſch , ſowie Roß⸗Rot⸗ - und Leber - ⸗ wurſt in der Talamtſchule am Sonnabend , den 14. Auguſt. Zu⸗ gelaſſen zum Einkauf werden die Jnhaber der Lebensmittelſcheine mit den Nummern 75 001 bis 84 500 vormittags von 8 bis 1 Uhr. Gegen Vorlage des Lebensmittelſcheine können an jede Perſon eines Haushalts ein halbes Pfund Bratfett zum Preiſe von 6,00 Mark für das halbe Pfund , 6 Pfund Reis zum Preiſe von 2,50 Mark für das halbe Pfund , 1 Doſe Armee - Konſerven zum Preiſe von 6,50 Mark und eine W⸗Kilo - Doſe Roßwurſt zum Preiſe von 5,00 Mark abgegeben werden. — Abgezähltes Geld iſt bereitzuhalten. Städt. Verkauf von Käſe in der Talamtſchule am Sonnabend. Zugelaſſen zum Einkauf werden die Jnhaber der Lebensmittel - ⸗ ſcheine mit den Nummern 57 501 - — 61 500 vorm. von - 1 Uhr. Es können an jede Perſon eines Haushaltes 115 Gramm zum Preiſe von 1 Mark abgegeben werden. Der Lebensmittelſchein iſt vorzulegen. Abgezähltes Geld iſt bereitzuhalten. Der Verkauf von Quark erfolgt am Sonnabend auf den Ab - ſchnitt 44 für die eingetragenen Kunden bei dem Milchhändler Schenkling , Forſterſtr. 38 , und den Milchhändlerinnen Rincke , Goetheſtr. 13 , und Brüggeſtrat , Anterberg 7. Auf jeden Abſchnitt wird 28 Pfund Quark zum Preiſe von 1,28 Mark abgegeben. J e W Abſchnitte ſind bis Dienstag , den 17. Auguſt , abzuliefern. Pferdefleiſchverkauf. Jn der laufenden Woche werden in den nachſtehenden Verkaufsſtellen : 1. Glauchaer Str. 79 ( Joh. Thurm ) , 2. Glauchaer Str. 75 ( H. Böhlert ) , 3. Langeſtr. 21 ( S. Quandt ) , 4. Steinweg 52 ( M. Zaubitzer ) , 5. Pfännerhöhe 46 ( S. Müller ) , 6. Böllberger Weg 30 ( K. Weinreich ) , 7. Torſtr. 43 ( A. Holland ). 8. Gr. Steinſtr. 67 ( A. Puppe ) , 9. Kl. Sandberg 14 ( P. Strömer ) , 10. Reilſtr. 10 ( A. Thurm ) , 11. Reilſtr. 23. ( O. Axthelm ) , 12. Delitzſcher Str. 78 ( A. Möbius ) am Sonnabend für jede Perſon eines Haushaltes 250 Gramm Pferdefleiſch verab - folgt. Zugelaſſen zum Einkauf werden die Jnhaber der Lebens - mittelſcheine mit den Nummern 130 000 , ſo lange der Vorrat reicht. Die bereits zum Pferdefleiſchbezug angemeldeten Perſonen entnehmen das Fleiſch bei dem Pferdefleiſchhändler , bei dem ſie zur n ee angemeldet ſind. Die übrigen Haushalte wählen einen Pferdefleiſchhändler in der Nähe ihrer Wohnung. Die Pferdefleiſchhändler ſind verpflichtet , in den Schaufenſtern bekannt⸗ zugeben , welche Nummer in den einzelnen Stunden zum Einkauf zugelaſſen werden. Bei dem Einkauf iſt der Warenbezugsſchein ünd r. 31 vorzulegen. Die Marke 548 iſt für jedes verkaufte halbe e Die abertrennten Werten bis Freſtag , 13. Auguſt 1920. ſpäteſtens zum 16. Auguſt an das Stadternährungsamt ab liefern. Aufhebung der Seifenpulver - Rationierung. Bei der Be - ⸗ * * - 7 r wirtſchaftung von Seife und Seifenvulver ſind nunmehr du letzten Reſte der Rationierung gemäß Reichsgeſetzblatt Nr. 16 vom 30. Juli d. J. in Fortfall gekommen , indem künftighin auch Seifenvulver ohne Marken bezogen werden kann. Ebenſo werden die Bezugsſcheine , welche bisher bei Lieferung von Se t in⸗ duſtriellen und gewerblichen Zwecken eingereicht den mußten * * r C 4 mer für die Folgezeit aufgehoben. Es bleibt lediglich zunächſt noch die⸗ Bezugsſcheinpflicht für das an Wäſchereien und ähnliche gewerb - liche Betriebe abzugebende loſe Seifenpulver beſtehen * ⸗ 2 Kirchliche Nachrichten. 11. Sonntag nach Trinitatis , den 15. Auguſt 192 ( Sammlung für den. Erfurter Stadtverein für Jnnere Miſſion Abkürzungen : Abendmahl — ( ) , Kindergottesdienſt — ( K Bibelſtunde - ( ). U. L. Frauen : 8 Oberpf. Jahr ( A ) derſ. , 10 Fritze. 114 ( K Kirche. Fritze. 112 ( K ) im Ref. - Realgymnaſium Knoblauch ( K ) St. Ulrich : 8 Schütz , 10 Thiede ( A ) derſ. St. Ulrich - Oſt : 10 Krondorfer Str. 63 Schütz. Moritz : 8 Voigt. 10 Keller , 1116 ( K ) derſ. Hoſpital : * Keller. J Domkirche , ref. Gem. : 10 Baumann , 11 ( K ) derſ. , 6 Boentſch Freitag 8 Baumann. Laurentius : 8 Meinhof , 10 Ernſt Wagner. 11 * Wagner. Dienstag 8 ( B ) Gemeindeh. Ernſt Wagner. Stephanus : 8 Hagemeyer , 10 Meinbof , 11 * 2 ( K ) Hagemeyer Donnerst. 8 Zeitandacht Gemeindehaus Meinhof. Diakoniſſenhaus : 10 Knak. Paulus : 8 v. Broecker. 10 Haberland ( ) , 11 * ( K ) Haber land , 2 v. Broecker , 114 Beſprechung mit konf. jung. Mädchen ( K ) ( v. Broecker. Mittw. s Gemeinſch. - Stunde. Montag 8 Frauen abend im Gemeindehausſaal : Geſang , Klavier. Vortrag : „ Di Mitarbeit der Frau am neuzeitlichen Gemeindeleben “ ; Ausſprache Eintritt frei. St. Georgen : s Hellmann. 10 Witte. Mittw. S ( B ) Hellmann Riebeckſtift : 854 Witte , Blindenanſtalt 19 Hellmann. Johannes : 8 Baentſch , 10 Tiſcher. 112 ( K ) Tiſcher , 123 ( K Butz. 2 ( ). Stadtmiſſion : abends 84 Evangeliſation Winterberg. Diens⸗ tag 834 Gemeinſchaftsſtunde. Evang. - luth. Gemeinde. Weidenplan 4. 10 Gottesdienſt. Chriſtl. Gemeinſchaft ( in der Landeskirche ). Margaretenſtr. 3 : Bezirksgemeinſchaftskonferenz. Thema : Eine ernſte an jede Gemeinſchaft “. Redner : P. Böttger - Wolteritz u. a. Evangeliſation. P. Böttger. Thema : „ Ein wunderbarer Magnet Donnerstag 8 Bibelſtunde. Giebichenſtein - Bartholomäus : 8 Kunitz. 10 Hellwig. 113 ( Molfenteller. Freitag 8 Blaufkreuzverſ. Peſtalozziſtr. 4. Giebichenſtein⸗Petrus : 10 Kunitz , 1116 ( K ) Kunit. Trotha : 10 Bode. Jungfrauenverein Dienst. 8 Verſ. Kirche chor Uebungsſtunde Montag 8 im Kaffeegarten. Diemitz : 94 Petzold. 1014 ( K ) derſ. S 54 Frage u c Kunſt und Wiſſenſchaft. Ein Univerſitätsmechaniker als Ehrendoktor. Die medi - ziniſche Fakultät der Univerſität Tübingen hat , wie die „ B. “ berichtet , den Univerſitätsmechaniker Eugen Albrecht zum Ehrendoktor der Medizin ernannt. Dieſe ſeltene Ehrung wird damit begründet , daß Albrecht , der ſich übrigens vor einigen Wochen wegen ſeines hohen Alters zur Ruhe geſetzt hat , die von berühmten Gelehrten und Forſchern erdachten wiſſenſchaftlichen Apparate und Jn - ſtrumente zur Ausführung gebracht und dadurch zum Ruhme der deutſchen Präziſionsmechanik beigetragen hat. Max Reinhardts Salzburger Feſtſpiele. Max Reinhardt hat den Schauplatz ſeiner Wirkſamkeit während der Ferien , die er auf ſeinem in der Nähe Salzburgs erworbenen Som - merſchloß verbringt , nach Salzburg verlegt. Die Salz - burger Feſtſpiele , die vom 22. bis 29. Auguſt ſtatt - finden und bisher immer den Werken Mozarts galten , werden diesmal keine Mozart - Opern , ſondern auf Anregung Reinhardts Aufführungen von Hofmannsthals Myſterienſpiel „ Jedermann “ bringen. Reinhardt hat auch für dieſe Veranſtaltungen wieder einen beſonderen ſzeniſchen Rahmen geſucht , und zwar den in ſeiner architektoniſchen Schönheit und Geſchloſſenheit prächtig wirkenden Salzburger Domplatz. Die Bühne wird direkt vor dem Domplatz aufgebaut werden. Auf dieſe Weiſe ergibt ſich ein überaus wirkungsvoller na - türlicher Hintergrund , beſtehend aus der herrlichen Barock - faſſade des Domes mit den überlebensgroßen Heiligenfiguren. Die Regie führt Reinhardt , wobei er von der Gattin Her - mann Bahrs , der Kammerſängerin Bahr - Mildenburg , unter - ſtützt wird. Die Darſtellung der Aufführungen wird in der Hauptſache von den Kräften des Reinhardt - Enſembles be - ſtritten. An der Mitwirkung werden ſich u. a. die Damen Terwin⸗ - Moiſſi und Thimig und die Herren Moiſſi , Krauß und Thimig beteiligen. Jntereſſant iſt , daß den Salzburgern , um den ungeſtörten Verlauf der einen ſtarken Fremden - zuſtrom herbeiführenden Veranſtaltung zu ſichern , für die Zeit der Reinhardt - Aufführungen Lebensmittelzuſchüſſe ge⸗ währt werden werden. Ernſt v. Wolzogen iſt in ſeinem Wohnſitz in Tuttlingen bei Wolfratshauſen ſchwer erkrankt. Er ſteht im 66. Lebensjahr. Eleonore Duſe hat ſich ſtändig in Buenos Aires nie - dergelaſſen. Sie lebt von der Penſion ihres verſtorbenen Gatten , eines höheren Konſulatsbeamten. nach Klaſſe VI : Amtliche Berkannimachungen. a ) bei einem Alter über 14 Jahren. - 60. , e | — b ) bei einem Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren 50 , 2 ) bei einem Alter unter 5 Jahren -. 20 ; Bekanntmachung. nach Klaſſe VII : Die Ss8 1 bis 8 der Gebührenordnung zur Friedhofsordnung 3 bei einem Alter über 14 Jahren -. - 390 , Die S ung b ) bei einem Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren. 25 , vom 12. Februar 1916 erhalten folgende Faſſung : c ) bei einem Alter unter s Jahren. „ 10. ; 8 1. nach Klaſſe VIII : ſe VIII : Für die Leichenbeiſezung im Grabbogen oder einem Erb - geren ( Ferken en 3 r e alter re e 3 * 2 feſtgelegten Einkommens - un ermögenskla , ⸗ mindeſtens aber für eine Beſſetzung e ) bei einem Alter unter 5 Jahren. - 5 ; 1. im Grabbogen. - 100 , - A. nach Klaſſe IX : 2. im Erbbegräbnis : a ) bei einem Alter über 14 Jahren. 8 , a ) in einfacher Tiefe. , bei einem Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren 6 , b ) in doppelter Tiefe. - 100 , - , c ) bei einem Alter unter 5 Jahren. 3 M. c ) wenn die Vertiefung einer bereits be - legten Grabſtelle zu doppelter Tiefe er - folgen ſoll in einem Raba d4 ) e e * t s 2. ttengrab — e - 150 50 7 a * ] ( An Stelle der Druckzeilen 113. ) M A. Für die Beiſetzung von Perſonen , die ihren Wohnſitz aus⸗ wärts haben , iſt zu den vorſtehenden Sätzen ein Zuſchlag von 50 Proz. zu zahlen. S 3 erhält folgende Faſſung : Für die Beiſetzung von Aſchenreſten ( S 17 Friedhofsordnung ) wird erhoben : Für die Beiſetzung von Leichen in Reihengräbern werden 1. in Erbbegräbnisſtellon - - 390 , Hebühren nach folgenden Einkommens - und Vermögensklaſſen 2. in einem belegten Reihengrabe. - 15 , erhoben : 3. in beſonderen Aſcheſtätten ( Kolumbarien , Urnen - Klaſſe I : Einkommen von mehr als 100 000 M oder Vermögen garten ) ) von mehr als 1 000 000 ; a ) für eine Wahlſtelle eine Gebühr von. 30 , b ) für eine Reihenſtelle eine Gebühr von. e 15. Klaſſe II : Einkommen von mehr als 25 000 bis e 100 000 , oder Vermögen von mehr als 500 000 ſchließlich 1000 000 ; is ein⸗ S 4 erhält folgende Faſſung : J , Für die Ueberlaſſung von Erbbegräbniſſen ( S 6ff. Fried - Klaſſe III : Einkommen von mehr als 18 000 bis einſchließlich e 25 000 , oder Vermögen von mehr als 400 000 bis ein⸗ bofsordnung ) ſind zu entrichten : ſchließlich 500 000 ; 1. auf dem Stadtgottesacker bis 1984. „ » 1000 , Klaſſe IV : Einkommen von mehr als 12 000 bis einſchließlich 2. auf den übrigen Friedhöfen : 18 000 , oder Vermögen von mehr als 300 000 bis ein - a ) für ein Rabattengrab mit dem Beiſetzungs - ſchließlich 400 000 ; recht innerhalb 10 Jahren. 150 A. Klaſſe V : Einkommen von mehr als 8000 bis einſchließlich auf weitere 10 Jahre. „. - - 75 , 12 000 , oder Vermögen von mehr als 200 000 bis ein - v ) für eine Parkſtelle mit dem Beiſetzungs⸗ ſchließlich 300 000 ; recht auf 60 Jahre pro Quadratmeter 300 , Klaſſe VI : Einkommen von mehr als 6000 bis einſchließlich 8000 , oder Vermögen von mehr als 100 000 bis einſchließ - lich 200 000 ; Klaſſe VII : Einkommen von mehr als 4000 bis einſchließlich 6000. oder Vermögen von mehr als 80 000 bis einſchließ - lich 100 000 ; Klaſſe VIII : Einkommen von mehr als 2000 bis einſchließlich 4000 , oder Vermögen von mehr als 50 000 bis einſchließ - lich 80 000 ; Klaſſe IX : Einkommen his zu 2000 , oder Vermögen bis c ) für eine ſonſtige Erbbegräbnisſtelle mit dem Beiſetzungsrecht auf 60 Jahre. 500 A. II. Für Heckenerbbegräbniſſe in den Abteilungen erhöht ſich die Gebühr für jede Stelle um 200 A. Für ſolche Grabſtellen an den Umfaſſungsmauern beträgt die Erhöhung für jede Stelle ( ſ. S 6 , letzter Abſatz ) 300 A. III. Für das Umſchreiben einer Grabſtätte ( S 7 der Fried - hofsordnung ) iſt außer dem geſetzlichen Stempel eine Gebühr von 20 M zu entrichten. IV. Für die Weitererhaltung eines Reihengrabes auf eine 50 000 A. r zweite Ruhezeit ( S 16 der Friedhofsordnung ) ſind unter Zu - Jn Abſatz 3 , letzter Satz , iſt an Stelle „ Klaſſe VI die | grundelegung der Beſtimmungen im S 2 dieſer Ordnung zu ent⸗ Klaſſe IX “ zu ſetzen. richten : S 2 , letzter Abſatz , erhält folgende Faſſung : nach Klaſſe I : nach Klaſſe II : nach Klaſſe III : den v * c ) auf den übrigen Friedhöfen : 1. für eine Wahlſtelle auf 20 Jahre für Quadratmeter. - 2. für eine Reihenſtelle auf 20 Jahre : für * Quadratmeter die Hälfte der in 8 2 feſtgeſetzten Beiſetzungsgebühren. Benutzung des Sezierraumes. s 5. Für e e Benutzung des Sezierraumes einſchl. vSeizung , Beleuchtung und Reinigung. -. - Ausgrabung von Gebeinen , Leichen und Aſchenreſten. s 6. Für die Ausgrabung einer Leiche , oder von Gebeinen nach Ablauf der Ruhezeit , werden die tarifmäßigen Grabgebühren zu⸗ züglich eines 50prozentigen Zuſchlags erhoben , jedoch mindeſtens 150 „ für die Ausgrabung eines Erwachſenen , 100 „ für die Ausgrabung eines Kindes im Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren , 50 A für die Ausgrabung eines Kndes unter 5 Jahren. Für die Ausgrabung aus einem Doppelgrabe betragen die Gebühren das Doppelte. Ausmonerung der Grüfte , 9 7. Für die Genehmigung zur Ausmauerung einer einfachen Grabſtelle. 50 einer Doppelsgrabſtelle. 80 Einfaſſungen und Denkmäler. ( S 28 ff. Friedhofs - Ordnung. ) s 8. 1. Für die Genehmigung. a ) einer Steineinfaſſung in Erbbegräbniſſen. 25. M b ) eines Grabkreuzes , Denkmals oder einer anderen Baulichkeit im Werte bis 100 Al J 7 * 5 l 3 a 5 von über 100 bis 200 M , , e e e. 10 M von über 200 bis 800. 20 von über 300 M für jede angefangenen weiteren 100 M. , , -. 15 Die bisherige Ziffer 2 fällt aus. 2. Für die Genehmigung zur Anbringung von Kettengehängen Eingangsgittern und anderer Eingitterungen für die Stellr 40 A. S 10 der Gebrauchsordnung für die Feuerbeſtattungsanlage der Stadt Halle erhält folgende Faſſung : Die Gebühr für die Einäſcherung einſchl. Lieferung des dem Sarge anzuheftenden Tonſchildes und des für die Aufnahme der Aſche beſtimmten Metallbehälters mit Schild beträgt : Für Einwohner : bei einem Einkommen von mehr als 6000 M oder einem Vermögen von mehr als 100 000 4. - „ 150 in allen anderen Zäl len. 100 Für Auswärtige. 180 ie Beiſ 3 St 50 -. an e Beiſetzungsgebühren betragen für Einwohner der S z 0 7. 77 9 * Vorſtehende abgeänderte Faſſung der 88 - 8 und 8 10 der nach Klaſſe I : c ) 180 ⸗ 100 ) 75 Gebrauchsordnung für die Feuerbeſtattungsanlage wird genehmigt a ) bei einem Alter über 14 Jahren. 200 nach Klaſſe IVv : nach Klaſſe V : nach Klaſſe VI : Merſeburg , den 14 Juli 1920. b ) bei einem Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren. 180. a ) 150 A , a ) 120 , a ) 90 , Der Bezirks - Ausſchuß zu Merſeburg. c ) bei einem Alter unter 5 Jahren. , 150 ; b ) 120 , 9 ) 90 , b ) 60 , B. A. 2111. ( L. ) gez. Dr. Loeſener. nach Klaſſe II : War ) 50. ) ) M. ⸗ ) bei einem Alter über 14 Jahren 180 - nach Klaſſe VII nach Klaſſe VIII : nach Klaſſe IX : Vorſtehendes wird mit dem Bemerken zur öffentlichen Kennt - ) bei einem Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren. 150. p 50 , a ) 25 A , 10 , nis gebracht , daß die Erhöhung der Gebühren ſofort in Kraft tritt. o ) bei einem Alter unter 5 Jahren , 60 ; e ) 5 7 9. e. Halle , den 2. Auguſt 1920. Der Magiſtrat. nach Klaſſe III : Für die Weitererhaltung von Rabattengräbern auf die zweite ) bei einem Alter über 14 Jahren 150. , Ruhezeit ſind die Gebühren nach den vorſtehenden Klaſſen , min - Bekanntmachung. ) bei einem Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren 125 , deſtens aber 150 ( für die Stelle zu entrichten. Die Straßen der Stadt werden wieder ſehr häufig durch 5 ) bei einem Alter unter 5 Jahren. , 50 ; Für jeden Aſchenreſt , welcher in dem zur Weitererhaltung zu⸗ Papier Scherben und dergleichen ſtark verunreinigt. Auch nach a gelaſſenen Reihengrab ſich befindet 15 A. dem Abladen von Kohlen und dem Abfahren von Aſche erfolgt in nach Klaſſe IV : V. Für die Ueberlaſſung von Aſchenſtätten ſind zu entrichten : ] den ſeltenſten Fällen eine gründliche Reinigung der Straßen. Es ) bei einem Alter über 14 Jahren. 120 , 1. im Kolumbarium : , wird daher darauf hingewieſen , daß nach 88 5 und 6 der Straßen - ) bei einem Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren. 100 , für ei p Polizeiverordnung alle Verunreinigungen der Straßen , wozu ) bei ei Ar t für eine Kammerniſche auf 20 Jahre. 200 M z e ! ei einem Alter unter 5 Jahren. 40 für einen Niſchenplatz auf 20 Jahre. 200 auch das Wegwerfen von Papier gehört , verboten ſind. Zuwider⸗ nach Klaſſe P : 2. im Urnengarten : handelnde unterliegen nicht nur der Beſtrafung , ſondern ſind auch ) bei einem Alter über 14 Jahren. 90 , a ) auf dem Stadtgottesacker verpflichtet , die fortgewocfenen Gegenſtände ſofort wegzuſchaffen b ) bei einem Alter von 5 bis 14 Jahren. 75 , 1. auf 20 Jahre für den Quadratmeter. 150 Al und die betreffende Stelle gründlich zu reinigen. c ) bei einem Alter unter 5 Jahren. 30 2. auf Friedhofsdauer für den Quadratmeter 300 A. - - Halle , den 10. Juli 1920. Die Polizeiverwaltung. Familien - Nachricht. un Entschlafenen , des Fabrikbesitzers Ludwig Kathe erwiesen worden ist , sagen wir allen unseren auf - richtigsten Dank. Im Namen aller Hinterbliebenen Alfred Kathe. Halle a. , den 13. August 1920. für die überaus grosse herzliche und innige Teil - nahme , die uns bei dem fieimgange unseres teuren Ankerlin „ der gute Schuhcrem “ ist in friedensqualität wieder überall zu haben. Fabrik Schmitt & Förderer , CassehWilhelmshöhe. General - Vertretung für Halle a. S. : Richard Relius , Wilhelmstrasse 21 , II. hüten El. Licht - u. Kraft - Anl. , Klingel - Tel - , Blitzabl. - u. Tr y l Beleuehtungs. Haararbeiten L. Rissland ,. - 2 Dryanderſtr. 26. Tel. 1231 Gegründet 1872. i. all. Preis⸗ * lagen. Erſatz⸗ op ( i i. ganger uswahl. J Verſand nach Zu haben in allen ein - schlägig. Geschäft. Direkt nur an Wiederverkäufer. Schramberger Kinderwagen u. Korbwaren Th. Lühr , Leipzigerſtr. 94. Telephon 6198. e * * Uhrfedernſabrik , G. m. b. H. Schramberg i. Württembog Einſendung einer Haarprobe. 7 — * c R G - ab S ren * kirch An onnabend. den 14. 8 , eine große e ] Telephon ist Porter dest. Teer g n⸗ wahr e 05 konto Köin 57 024. Klehemasse J ſchwerſter , däniſcher und belgiſcher x Sr Sen z z - r u. - e A b i t d 9 ß ortiger lieferung abzuge * f ( apitalPosten Halle fruen örto riner Jrbeitspferde , gesicherte , ken z p t l 9 ! An 723 und 5 erſtklaſ gen 2 Beteiligungen a. bedeuten - Radeb F3 e v den Unternehmen bez. für Sie erhalten ihre Ruhe wie⸗ alen Teleph. 846 ⸗ Reit⸗ u Wagenpferden 9 Credite angelegt werden. der , wenn Sie bei Störungen ⸗ » Auslühruebe Anträge 2u - elſtörun meine erpropt ] AUrin⸗ Unterſuchung nächst an en wirkſamen em. u. , ſowie r J Courhs - Mabier , e e ebrGrunsfeld e us olg in en. auf Tu ; rilerimpaor - Crimmitschau Fräniest er et Kewiſſenhakt u. m e alt e e l Rauchtabak ! ! Reiner Blätterschnitt in 100 Gramm - Paketen ban - derolliert pro Pfd. 22. 50 M. ab hier versendet s Nachm. M. Goldschmidt , 241. Peterſtr. 2 - Motgeld ! Sammler. verlangt Preisliſte über ausländiſche Gelder bei Rehorz , Prag , Pstrossg. 7/65. e * 3 — W u , 7 1 vve la Teer - Dachpappen in Rolien zu 10 qm in allen — m V v. & S 6. ⸗ l J. S J Nach Eintreffen großer Transporte empfehlen 337 eker C. 24 , U. In unserem Verkehrs - uncl ) l Leseraum Gr. Ulrichstr. 52 befindet sich eine sehr grosse , reichhaltige Loihbibliothek über 35000 Bände Stots das Neueste z. B. von : Clara Vlebig , Hauben⸗ und Sfirn⸗ Hagr⸗Retze. Kopfwäſche Ankauf von ausgekämmtem Damenhaar. Zopf - Siebert , Halle , Leipziger Str. 33. n Auskunftolen. Beyrich & Greve Gr. Steinſtr. 31 , I Tel. 2144. Abfuhr - Instſtute. Emil Banse , Kellnerſtr. 1. Teleph. 5297. Licht - u. Rraftanl. , Be - leuchtungsk. , Rlingel - u. Tel. - Anl. Franz Berger , H. d. Universität Tel. 2332 , [ „ — Ü — — — = - - - J Möhbol , Spiegel und Polster waren. Georg Schaible , Gr. Märkerſtr. 2. r Nähmaschinen , auch Reparaturen Singer Go, , r A. G. Leipzigerſtr. 23. ] Optiker u. optisehbo Anstalten. R. Rleemann , Wuritzzwinger 9. v “ bÖ * wmwm2 Schäfto - Fahrik. F. Noah , Leipzigerſtr. 16. — Schreſbmaseon. u. Reparat. S ie er - Provinzſal⸗ Nachrichten. H Raßnitz , 12. Auguſt. ( Großfeuer. ) Die friedliche Stille unſeres Ortes wurde geſtern morgen 165 Uhr durch Feuer - lärm geſtört. Jn der Waſſermühle des Herrn Bunge war Feuer ausgebrochen , das mit ſolcher Schnelligkeit um ſich griff , daß trotz der bald herbeigeeilten Spritzen und Hilfsmannſchaften an eine Rettung des umfangreichen Gebäudes nicht zu denken war ; nur eine Mauer nach der Elſter hin blieh ſtehen. Auch Mehl und Getreidevorräte ſind in großer Menge mit verbrannt. Als Brand - urſache vermutet man das Warmlaufen eines Lagers im Betriebe. H Aus dem Saalkreiſe , 13. Auguſt. ( Erſte Ausſaat. ) Kaum ſind die letzten Garben der Ernte unter Dach und Fach ge - zracht , ſo gleiten auch bereits die Pflüge und anderen Ackergeräte äber die Flächen dahin , um ſie wieder für die kommende Ernte herzurichten. Jn der Tat hat auch bereits die erſte Ausſaat , Raps , in dieſer Woche ſtattgefunden. Damit iſt die Herbhſtbeſtellung wieder eingeleitet. Der Rapsbau , der früher auch in der hieſigen Gegend mehr kultiviert wurde , iſt durch den Zuckerrübenbau ver - drängt worden und hat erſt durch den Krieg wieder mehr Auf - nahme gefunden. Jn dieſem Jahre war der Raps teilweiſe aus - gewintert , doch haben die verbliebenen Flächen einen befriedigen - den Ertrag geliefert. 11 Jena , 12. Auguſt. ( Mit dem Bierpreisabbau ) ven nunmehr auch die Jenger Stadtbrauerei und die hieſigen aſtwirte begonnen. Die Stadtbrauerei ſtellt die Herſtellung von. „ Dünnbier “ ein , braut nur noch 4prozentige - Biere und ſetzt en Hektoliterpreis von 180 Mk. auf 130 Mk. herab. Die Wirte folgtem dieſem Beiſpiel ; da ſich der Preis im Ausſchank um 25 Pfennig ermäßigt , kommt das einer Herabſetzung des Biervpreiſes von 75 Mk. für den Hektoliter gleich. Aber die Stadtbrauerei er - hofft noch eine weitere Qualitätsverbeſſerung zu erzielen , falls die Gerſtebelieferung ſich als ausreichend erweiſen ſollte. , — Pößneck , 13. Auguſt. ( Die Betriebe „ Thü - ringer Möbelwerke “ , ) Möbelfabrik. ⸗G. und C. G. Schmidt mußten eingeſtellt werden. Es find 103 Arbeiter hiervon betroffen. Man ſteht hier überhaupt vor einer allgemeinen Jnduſtrienot , die ernſte Sorgen bereitet. Naumberg , 12. Auguſt. ( Fälſcherbande. ) Die Krimi - nalpolizei kam umfangreichen Falſchgeldſchwindeleien auf die Spur , nach dem bei der Poſt und Reichsbank unechte grüne Fünfzigmarkſcheine angehalten worden waren. Als des Han⸗ dels mit falſchem Gelde verdächtig wurden acht Ruſſen dem Gericht vorgeführt. Sie haben in den Thüringiſchen Som - merfriſchen maſſenhaft falſche Scheine verbreitet. : : Hartingerode , 13. Aug. ( Waſſer auf Pflau - men. ) Die achtjährige Tochter des Zimmermanns R. hat nach dem Genuß von Pflaumen Waſſer getrunken und iſt nach qualvollen Schmerzen verſtorben. Clausthal - Zellerfeld , 12. Auguſt. ( Ein ſeltenesWaid - mannsheil ) hatte der Forſtgehilfe Albrecht in der Ober - förſterei Schulenberg. Er brachte abends im Forſtort eine ſtarke Wildkatze , welche die beträchtliche Länge von 85 Zenti⸗ - meter und ein Gewicht von 7 Kilogramm hatte , zur Strecke. Seipzig , 13. Auguſt. ( De r Streik der Gaſthausan - geſtellten und Muſiker beendet. ) Die Verhand - lungen auf der Kreishauptmannſchaft haben am Mittwoch nachts zu einer Einigung geführt. Es wurde ein neuer Tarif mit Gültigkeit bis 31. Oktober abgeſchloſſen. Der Schiedsſpruch des Schlichtungsausſchuſſes wird am Sonntag - nachmittag 12 Uhr verkündet werden. Beide Parteien haben ſich im voraus dieſem Beſchluß unterworfen. Alle früheren Arbeitsverhältniſſe werden wiederhergeſtellt , Maßregelungen dürfen nicht ſtattfinden. Die von den Arbeitgebern für den 1. Juni zugeſtandenen Tariffätze werden , ſoweit ſie noch nicht ausgezahlt ſind , beim Arbeitsantritt ſofort nachgezahlt. Die bisher 120 Mark betragende Garantieſumme iſt auf 200 Mark erhöht worden. Sollte der Durchſchnittswochenverdienſt in vier aufeinanderfolgenden Wochen unter 200 Mark blei - ben , ſo ſind die Arbeitgeber berechtigt und verpflichtet , von der fünften Woche an einen garantierten Mindeſtwochen - verdienſt von 180 Mark zu gewähren. Meßwochen dürfen in dieſe Zeit nicht eingerechnet werden , weitere Ausnahmen bleiben einer unmittelbaren Verſtändigung beider Parteien überlaſſen. Auch im Tarifſtreit der Muſiker iſt in derſelben Verhandlung eine Einigung erzielt worden. Die Muſiker erhalten vom 1. Auguſt ab eine Wirtſchaftsbeihilfe von 55 Prozent. Die Arbeit iſt am Donnerstag früh wieder auf - genommen. ) Bautzen , 11. Auguſt. ( Das Auge des Ge⸗ ſetzes wacht. ) Auf dem letzten Schweinemarkte ging es heietr und vergnügt zu , weil das Wirtſchaftsmini - ſterium die Beſtimmungen über die Ankaufsbeſchei - - “ für Ferkel und Länferſchweine bis zu 25 Kilo Lebenögewicht aufgehoben hat und nun zum erſten Male die Ferkel frei gehandelt werden konnten. Die Intereſſenten hatten es nicht unterlaſſen , ein Muſik - korps zu beſtellen , das nun zum Ergötzen der Nachbar - ſchaft luſtige Weiſen erſchallen ließ. Auch der Choral „ Nun danket alle Gott “ iſt angeſtimmt worden. Die Polizei zog die Veranſtalter zur Rechenſchaft , weil dieſe das Ständchen nicht m el 8 et und die Ver - gnügungsſtener nicht bezahlt hatten. ( ) Magdeburg. ( Die Hausbeſitzer und die Miet - ſteigerungsgrenze. ) Der Magdeburger Hausbeſitzer - Ver - ⸗ band fordert eine Erhöhung der Mietſteigerungsgrenze in einer Eingabe an den Magiſtrat. Jn der Eingabe heißt es u. : Seit der Feſtſetzung der Steigerung um 20 v. H. ſeien wieder bereits einige Monate verſtrichen , in denen die Gebäudeunterhaltungs - koſten eine weitere ſprunghafte Verteuerung erfahren hätten ; alle Materialien ſeien fortgeſetzt geſtiegen. Ferner wurde in den letzten Wochen noch die ganz beträchliche Erhshung für Waſſer - ⸗ , Lichtgeld und Grund⸗ und Kanalgebühr vom Magiſtrat genehmigt. Hierzu kommen noch die Verteuerungen der Müllabfuhr , der Schornſteinfegergebühren und der Verſicherungen , die zum Teil 100 v. H. betrügen. Dem Havsbeſitzer ſtehe zwar das Recht zu , beim Mieteinigungsamt einen Sonderzuſchlag zu beantragen , aber dieſes Verfahren ſei ſo umſtändlich , daß die meiſten Vermieter da - durch abgeſchreckt werden , ſich zu ihrem Recht zu verhelfen , zumal auch Belege gefordert werden , die ſich auf eine zurückliegende Zeit beziehen und meiſt nicht mehr im Beſitz des Hausbeſitzers ſind. Die mietsrechtlichen Verhältniſſe in Magdeburg haben ſich faſt zu einem unhaltbaren Zuſtande entwickelt , beſonders hat die Ver - droſſenheit unter den kleinen und mittleren Hausbeſitzern ihren Höhepunkt erreicht , der ſolide Hausbeſitzer fühlt ſich um die Frihte ſeiner Lebensarbeit durch die Handhabung der Höchſtmietenver⸗ ordnung betrogen. Es muß ſie außerdem erbittern , daße ſie für in den meiſten Fällen viel wohlhahenderen und ſich eines weit höheren Einkommens erfreuenden Mieter die Verteuerung des Waſſers , des Lichtes , der Müll - und Aſcheabfuhr , der Verſicherung aus ihrem Privateinkommen beſtreiten müſſen , denn die Miet - einnahmen ſtehen ja den Ausgaben in gar keinem Verhältnis mehr. Die Mieinachläſſe , die von den Behörden vielfach während des Krieges erzwungen worden ſeien ließen nicht zu , daß , der Hausbeſitzer irgendwelche Rücklagen für größere Reparaturen machen konnte. Solle der Hauswirt ſeinen Verpflichtungen zur c Mittoſdeutsche Privat - Bank , A - G. kommen , ſo ſei unbedingt eine Steigerung der Mieten um weitere 20 v. H. erforderlich. Anter allen Umſtänden müßten die Hausbeſitzer aus Billigkeitsgründen darauf beſtehen. daß eine Anordnung getroffen wird. die dem Hanrwirt die Mög - lichkeit gibt , die Erhöhung der öffentlicherechtlichen Laſten des Grundſtücks ſofort , eventuell rückwirkend , auf alle M mäßig umzulegen. ohne hierzu das Mieteinigungsamt in Anſpruch nehmen zu brauchen. Sport der „ Saaole - ZFeitung “. Sportverein 98 eſer anteil - fährt kommenden Sonntag mit ſeiner Baa - Mannfüaft nach Leipzig , um den äußerſt ſpielſtarken SZuartfreunden n Ge⸗ ſellſchaftsſpiel zu liefern. Die Mannſchaft iel in folgen der Aufſtellung : Tor : Schulz ; Vert. : Thurn. Her äußern Klemmt , Rapſilber , Jäntſch ; Stürmer : Reßn Bonnar Schmidt , Rößler , Gäbelein. Außerdem treten die J. Jugend - und I. Knaßen - Mann ch den gleichen Mannſchaften von Wacker - Leipzig eßen a Leipzig gegenüber. 98er Sportplatz : Am Sonnabend , nachmittags Uhr Uebungsſpiel : Alte Herren Ia - Alte Herren T Sonntag , vormittags 10 Uhr , , 98 Knaben II gegen Boa ruſſig Knaben II. Nachmittags 4 Uhr , 98 Liga - Reſ. gegen Minerva - Halle I. 98 Jugend II gegen Boruſſia - Jugend II ; 1410 Uhr : Boruſſia - Platz. „ Union 92 “ Berlin gegen Halle 96 ! Jn Anbetracht des bevorſtehenden Spieles des deutſchen Altmeiſter „ Union 92 “ Berlin gegen Halle 96 lohnt es , mit dem Abſchneiden und den Leiſtungen der Berliner Meiſterelf ſich genau zu beſchäftigen. „ Union 92 “ errang im letzten Jahre die Meiſterſchaft im Südkreis in Berlin mit 26 Punk - ten bei 16 Spielen und einem Torverhältnis von 47 : 7 , nachdem die Mannſchaft vorher mit „ Vorwärts “ - Berlin punkt - gleich und dieſen in zwei Entſcheidungsſpielen : 0 und : 0 geſchlagen hatte. Die Stärke der Mannſchaft lag bis vor kurzem hauptſächlich in der Verteidigung. 11 von 16 Spielen wurden ohne Torverluſt gewonnen. U. a. wurde Victoria 89 - Berlin : 0 und Preußen - Berlin : 1 und : 0 geſchlagen. Jn den Spielen der Oberliga um die Meiſterſchaft von Berlin er - zielte „ Union 92 “ u. a. folgende Reſultate : gegen Norden - Nordweſt 3 : 1 , gegen Wacker - Tegel : 1 , gegen Vorwärts : 1 , V. f. - Pankow : 1 , „ Union “ - Oberſchöneweide : 2 , gegen Allemania : 0. Gegen das Vorjahr iſt jedoch auch die Stürmerreihe der Elf weſentlich verſtärkt , ſo daß der Sieg der Mannſchaft über den Berliner Meiſter „ Union “ - Oberſchöneweide von : 0 nicht überraſchen kann. „ Union 92 “ hat folgende , ſtärkſte Elf angemeldet : Panten , Bartſch , Schwarzer , Kaldune , Mattejat , Wulf , Haupt , Richter , Blitzner , Ruck , Krüger. Das Spiel beginnt um 5 Uhr auf dem Sportplatz am Zoo. Cricket - Viktorig Magdeburg gegen Kreismeiſter Wacker⸗ - Holle. Dieſe beiden alten Kämpen ſtehen ſich am kommenden Sonntag 4 / Uhr nachmittags auf dem Kometplatz an der Delitzſcher Straße gegenüber. Wacker hat ſich entſchloſſen , trotz hoher Unkoſten äußerſt mäßige Eintrittspreiſe zu er⸗ heben , um damit jedem Sportsintereſſenten den Beſuch wirk - lich guter Fußballſpiele leichter zu machen. Es zahlen Er - wachſene 2 Mark und Jugendliche 1 Mark Eintrittsgeld. Ein äußerſt glücklicher Gedanke aber dürfte es ſein , daß Kinder unter 14 Jahren völlig freien Zutritt haben. Die letzten Reſultate der Gäſte ſind gegen. - C. Stettin : 0 , Halle 96 1 : 1 , V. f. B. Leipzig : 2 , Eintracht⸗Leipzig 1 : 1 ,. - C. Erfurt : 0 , Eſſener Turnerbund in E. 423 , Düſſelborf 99 in D. : 2 , V. f. L. Hannover : 3 , Arminia - Hannover ( Norddeutſcher Meiſter ) 3 : 1 und Magdeburger Sportverein 96 : 0 und : 0. Die Cricketer waren lang - jähriger Meiſter vor und während des Krieges und landeten in dieſem Jahre mit einem Punkt Rückſtand als Zweiter in die Tabelle. Göteborger Schachturnier. Jn der fünften Runde ſiegte , wie uns ein Telegramm meldet , Koſtitſch gegen Selesniew , Reki gegen Tarraſch. Remis wurden die Partien Spielmann - Maroczy. , Mieſes - Breyer , Niemzowitſch - Tartakower , abgebrochen die Par - tien Moeller - Rubinſtein und Bogoljubow - Marco hei gleichen Chancen. An der Spitze ſtehen nach der fünften Runde Reti mit 3126 , Bogoljubow , Maroczy mit 3 , Koſtitſch. Mieſes , Rubinſtein , Tarraſch mit 26 , doch haben Bogoljubow und Rubinſtein noch Hängepartien. - Unſer Berichterſtatter drahtet uns : Jn der ſech - ſien Runde des Meiſterturniers ſiegten Tarraſch gegen Mieſes , Koſtitſch gegen Möller , Vreyer gegen Spielmann , Bogoljubow gegen Rubinſtein. Remis wurden die Partien Marbczy⸗Niemzo - ⸗ witſch , Marco - Reti und Selesnieff - Tartakower. Letzte Depeſchen. Telegraphiſcher Spezialdienſt der „ Sagale⸗ - Zeitung “. — Ententeſchikanen in Oberſchleſien. Kattowitz , 13. Auguſt. ( Eigene Drahtnachricht. ) Wie wir erfahren , werden ſeitens der Ententekommiſſion die Schikanen und zweckloſen Eingriffe in den Kohlenverſand fortgeſetzt. Um den gewünſchten Haldenbeſtand zu erreichen , wird die Wagengeſtellung gehindert. Als vor kurzem nach einem Streik auf der Königsgrube Oſtfeld eine Anzahl Wagen mehr geſtellt wurde , um die aus dem Streik ent⸗ ſtandene Minderbelieferung des Deutſchen Reiches auszu - ⸗ gleichen , wurde nachträglich durch Entziehung von Wagen⸗ material dieſe Maßnahme unwirkſam gemacht. Ueberſchichten in Oberſchleſten,. Hindenburg , 13. Auguſt. Eigene Drahtnachricht. ) Die Vorverhandlungen über das Ueberſchichtenabkkommen im oberſchleſiſchen Bergbau ſind ſoweit gediehen , daß am Sonn⸗ abend mittag in Kattowitz eine Konferenz erfolgen kann. Als Vertreter der Fzgierung wird an derſelben der Regie - rungsrat Dr. Bodenſtein teilnehmen. Strenge Strafe für die italieniſche Mordtat in Abenſtein. Allenſtein , 12. Aauſt. Wie der Allenſteiner Bericht⸗ erſtatter der „ Dena “ erfährt , ſind die drei italieniſchen Soldaten , die vorgeſtern einen Wachtmeiſter der Sicher - eitspolizei angriffen und tödlich verletzten , in Haft ge⸗ W wegen und werden nach her Mltteilnng her „ c „ - — ; d - - BWBWBWBWmDdD — „ ccc,cC — „ “ Filiale Poststr , 12. Fernspr. 1382 , 1333 ,. Depositenkasso Reſlstrasse ( 33 , Fernspr. 6159. Depositenkaase Wörwlitzerctr ordnungsmäßigen Führung der Hansgeſchäfe einigermaßen nach⸗ ftalieniſchen Delegation in Allenſtein mit der vollen Strenge des Geſetzes beſtraft werden. Die Teſchener Frage. Teſchen , 13. Auguſt. ( Eigene Drahtnachricht. ) Da⸗ ſchecho - Slowakiſche Preſſebureau meldet : Geſtern verließ n Teil der Mitglieder der Jnteralliierten Plebiſzitkom iſſſon Teſchen. Die neuen Verhältniſſe entwickeln ſich im ſchener Gebiet in aller Ruhe. Die Teſchener Deutſchen en eine Denkſchrift ausgearbeitet , in welcher ſie von em gegen die Teilung Oberſchleſiens proteſtieren. 9 * s De 2. t Bolſchewiſtiſche Bewegung in Polen. Warſchan , 13. Auguſt. ( Eigene Drahtnachricht. ) Die polniſche Regierung iſt ſehr bennruhigt durch die Tätigkeit des polniſchen bolſchewiſtiſchen Komitees , an deſſen Spitze Michalski ſteht. Dieſes Komitee iſt kürzlich in eine Regierung umgebildet worden mit dem Sitz in Minſfk. Sie wird unterſtützt von den Sowjetbehörden , uns re Agenten reiſen in dem beſetzten polniſchen Ge - üdet umßer und werben für eine Rote polniſche Armee. Eine Proklamation von Michalski erklärt , daß die re⸗ nalutianäre Regierung ſich nach der Einnahme War - ⸗ ſchaus in der polniſchen Hauptſtadt niederlaſſen , die all - gemeine Mabiliſation gegen den Reſt des Weißen Heeres Piliwdskis befehlen und einen brüderlichen Frieden mit Rusland ſchließen werde. Sowjetrußlands FAppell an Frankreich. WTB. Paris , 13. Anguſt. Die Sowjetregiernng hat an die franzöſiſchen Arbeiter anläßlich der Anerken - nung der ſüdruſſiſchen Republik durch Frankreich die Möglichkeit eines ruſſiſch - franzöſiſchen Kriegs gegeben wäre. Umſonſt hätten Kamenew und Kraſſin die franzäſiſche Regierung bei jeder Gelegenheit mitgeteilt , daß die Sowjetregiernng bereit ſei , alle Fra - gen zu prüfen , die die franzöſiſche Regierung nicht in der gegebenen Form anerkennen könne. Jn dem Augenblick nun , in dem man die Hoffunng habe , daß durch einen gerechten ruſſiſch - polniſchen Frieden der Welt der Friede wiedergegeben werde , habe Frankreich durch ſeine Tat den Bruch der Verhandlungen zwiſchen Rußland und Polen hervorgerufen. Die Erklärung der franzöſiſchen Regierung habe in Rußland in allen Kreiſen große Erregung hervorgerufen und es ſei durch ſie die Möglichkeit des Ausbruches eines neuen Weltkrieges gegeben. Die franzöſiſche Arbeiter⸗ klaſſe hätte nunmehr das Schickſal der ganzen Welt in der Hand. Lloyd George und Milleranö. Paris , 13. Aug. ( Eigene Drahtnachricht. ) Wie die Blätter melden , iſt die Begegnung zwiſchen Lloyd George und Millerandin Boulogne für nächſten Sonntag feſtgeſetzt worden. Lloyd George glaubt trotz der letzten ſo offen zutage getretenen Meinungsverſchiedenheiten zwiſchen beiden Regierungen an die Möglichkeit der Fort - dauer engſter Zuſammenarbeit mit Frank - re i ch. Den Vorwürfen der Arbeiterpartei begegnet er mit dem Hinweis auf den Umſtand , daß die Sowjetregierung von der Art abhänge , wie man mit Polen verhandle,. Sie möchten Rußland ſagen , daß England nicht nur wünſcht , Nußland gerecht behandelt zu ſehen , ſondern daß auch Polen dieſelbe Art der Behandlung zuteil werde. Um die Aner⸗ kennung der Regierung des Generals Wrangel zu recht - fertigen , bezieht ſich die franzöſiſche Regierung auf die Rote der Vereinigten Staaten , welche in Uebereinſtimmung mit dem franzöſiſchen Miniſterium des Aeußern die bolſche - wiſtiſche Regierung verwirft und nur eine dem ruſſiſchen Volkswillen entſprechende Regierung anerbennen will. Waſhington nennt die Moskauer Regierung eine Regierung der Vergewaltigung. Es erklärt , daß die gegenwärtige Re⸗ gierung auf der Verneinung jeglichen Prinzips der Ehre und des Glaubens aufgebaut ſei. e — - Die Cröllwitzer Aktien - Papierfabrik ist im Jahre 1871 er - ichtet worden. Sie hat ihren Sitz in Halle a. S. Der Zweck der Gesellschaft ist die Fabrikation von Papieren aller Art und der Handel mit den Fabrikaten. Das Grundkapital betrug bei der Errichtung M. 1 800 000. , wurde im Jahre 1880 auf M. 900 000 herabgesetzt. im Jahre 1882 auf M. 1 350 000 und im Jahre 1912 auf M. 1500 000 erhöht. Ge - mäß S 4 des Statuts sind bei jeder Erhöhung des Grundkapitals lie ersten Aktienzeichner , welche zur Zeit der Emittierung neuer Aktien noch Aktionäre sind , berechtigt , die Hälfte davon nach Verhältnis ihrer Zeichnung zum Emissionskurs zu übernehmen. Den derzeitigen übrigen Aktionären steht die Befugnis zu , nach Verhältnis ihres Aktienbesitzes die andere Hälfte zum Emissions - kurse zu beanspruchen. Die außerordentliche Generalversamm - lung vom 10. März 1920 beschloß , zur Verstärkung der Betriebs - mitſel eine weitere Erhöhung des Aktienkapitals um M. 1 500 000 durch Ausgabe von Stück 1250 Aktien über je M. 1200 , welche für das Geschäftsjahr 1919/20 zur Hälfte dividendenberechtigt , sonst aber den alten Aktien völlig gleichgestellt sind. Die jungen Aktien wurden einem Konsortium zum Kurse von 110 Prozent überlassen mit der Verpflichtung , die Hälfte - also 625 Stück - gemäß obiger Bestimmung den ersten Zeichnern von Aktien der Gesellschaft aus dem Jahre 1871 zum Emissionskurse von 110 Prozent im Verhältnis von M. 7200 alten Aktien zu M. 6000 neuen Ahtien , die andere Hälfte den jetzigen Aktionären zum Kurse von 115 Prozent im Verhältnis von M. 2400 alten Aktien zu M. 1200 neuen Aktien anzubieten. Das Bezugserecht ist von den ersten Zeichnern auf einen Betrag von M. 492 000 jungen Aktien aus - geübt worden. Das erzielte Agio ist abzüglich der Emissions - Kosten mit M. 54 547,60 dem Reservefonds zugewiesen worden. Demgemäß beträgt das Grundkapital nunmehr M. 3 000 000 , ein - geteilt in Stück 4500 Aktien zu je M. 300 und Stück 1375 Aktien zu je M. 1200. welche die fortlaufenden Nummern - - 5875 tragen und mit der Unterschrift des Vorstandes und des Aufsichtsrats versehen sind. und zwar die Nummern - - 4500 handschriftlich , Nr. 4501 - - 5875 faksimiliert. Vorstand der Gesellschaft ist Herr Gustav Schacht. Der Aufsichtsrat besteht aus höchstens sieben Mitgliedern und wird jetzt gebildet aus folgenden Herren : Geheimer Kommerzien - rat Dr. Heinrich Lehmann , Mitinhaber des Bankhauses H. F. Lehmann. Halle a. , Vorsitzender ; Kommerzienrat Alf r. Bergmann , Rentner , Berlin. stellvertretender Vorsitzender ; Bankier Carl Joerger , Mitinhaber der Bankhäuser Delbrück schickler & Co. , Berlin , und Gebrüder Schickler , Berlin ; Justizrat Alb. Her zfeld , Fabrikbesitzer Paul Rabe , Mitinhaber der Firma J. H. Rabe & Co. , Halle a. , beide Halle a. S. Die Mit - glieder des Aufsichtsrates erhalten eine jährliche Vergütung von ſe M. 5000 sowie den nachstehend genannten Anteil am Rein - gewinn. Die auf den Bezügen des Aufsichtsrates ruhenden Ab - gaben trägt die Gesellschaft „ Die Generalversammlungen finden in Halle a , S. statt. Das Geschäftsjahr läuft vom 1. Juli bis 30. Juni. Von dem s der Bilanz sich ergebenden Reingewinn werden - 1. 10 Prozent dem gesetzlichen Reservefonds zugeführt , so - lange dieser nicht den zehnten Teil des Aktienkapitals übersteigt , 2. sodann fließen die von der Generalversammlung etwa ge - nehmigten weiteren Rücklagen an Spezialreservefonds er ere - Dispositions - , Erneuerungs - und sonstige onds ). , 3. von dem nach Abzug der Abschreibungen und Rücklagen und des Gewinnvortrages ( Ziffer 6 ) verbleibenden Rein - gewinn erhalten Vorstand und Beamte die vertragsmäßigen Tantiemen , 4. - wird eine Dividende von 4 Prozent an die Aktionäre verteilt , 5. von dem nach Abzug der Abschreibungen und Rücklagen , des Gewinnvortrages ( Ziffer 6 ) und der A4Aprozentigen Divi - dende verbleibenden Reingewinn erhält der Aufsichtsrat 10 Prozent als Tantieme , 6. der Rest wird bis auf einen etwa abgesetzten Gewinnvor - trag als Superdividende an die Aktionäre verteilt. sofern die Generalversammlung nicht etwas anderes beschließt. Alle Bekanntmachungen der Gesellschaft erfolgen im Deutschen Reichsanzeiger und Preußischen Staatsanzeiger , außerdem noch in zwei Berliner Zeitungen und einer hallischen Zeitung. Die Gewinnanteilscheine der Gesellschaft sind bei dem Bankhause H. F. Lehmann in Halle a. , Delbrück schickler & Co. in Berlin und Gebrüder Schickler in Berlin. der Allgemeinen Deutschen Credit - Anstalt , Abteilung Becker & Co. in Leipzig zahlbar. wo auch kostenfrei die neuen Dividendenscheinbogen und etwa neu auszugebende Aktien bezogen werden , die Aktien behufs Teilnahme an der Generalversammlung hinterlegt werden und alle sonstigen von der Generalversammlung beschlossenen , die Aktienurkunden betreffenden Maßnahmen stattfinden. Die Bilanz nebst dem Gewinn - und Verlust - Konto für das Ge - sZäftsjahr 1918/19 stellte sich folgendermaßen : 25 * ! PROSPEKT M. 1500 000 neue auf den Inhaber lautende Aktien Cröllwitzer Aktien - Papier fabrik in Halle a. S. Nr. 4626 - — 5875 mit halber Dividendenberechtigung für das Geschäftsjahr 1919/20. [ — III Gewinn und Verlust - Konto am 30. Juni 1919. Inventur - Bestände * * * ) 1 030 558,66 erzielt worden ; nach Abzug der Abschreibungen von - Gebäude - Konto. „ 762 089 , - konto. -. 6 443 215. 48 Zugang 191818. 258 999 Feuerversicherungs - Konto. 23 693,88 I 010 080 , - Ainsen - Konto. 11 855,17 Abschreibung. -. , 50580. - 69509 500 , - h. - 105 445. 50 Maschinen - Konto. ,. , I 166 070. - schreibungen. - - z 189 327. 75 Zugang 1918/19. 30 000 , - Gewinn » — ⸗ a 174 196 95 T 6 947 734,73 Abschreibung. L119 670. - 1 076 400 , - ) Hiervon Fabrſrationsrosten ,. X 60328 404. 48 , t Konto Wasserkraft und Wasserbauten. 251 158. 60 Se e. 7 i. Abschreibung. 7 508. 60 243 600 ,. ' ) 9 60. Fabrikutensilien - Konto. , 18 120 , - Abschreibung. 1 820. - 16 300 , — Kredit. r — Ofenanlage - Konto. Vortrag vom 1. Juli 1918. 68 392 , 16 Abschreibung. S. - - 5 000. - 20 000 , - Eapier - Konto. - -. - 6 766 220,57 Wasserkläranlage - Konto. T T Futter - Strohstoff - Konto. - 99 141,50 Abschreibung. 4 749. 15 8 600 , Mein * r 3 304 , - Bahnanlage - Kontor. 1 , - deonto. r 4 10 676 , 50 Konto Elektrische Beleuchtung. 1 , - Feuerwehr - Einrichtungs - Konto. - - 6947 734,73 Konto Pferde und Wagen. 1. - Nach Verrech. ; 9 g ; h nung der vertragsmässigen Vergütungen ist * - -. - - * einschiſessſich M 68 392 , 16 Vortrag aus 1917118 x asse - Konto. - - - * - ein Bruttogewinn von. M 363 524. 70 Aussenstände - - 923 018,60 * J * * - 4 886 534,09 ) Rierin sind die Fabrikgrunästücke enthalten. * * ) Reichsanleihe und Preuss. Konsols - ) Hiervon Rohstoffee ,. M 586 246,21 , Halbfabrikatoo ,. „ 193375,45 , Fertigfabrikate. „ I323 931,80. , Betriebsmateri alon. „ 127 005. 10. Passiva ⸗ ⸗ Aktienkapital - Konto. 1 500 000 , - Teilschuldverschreibungs - Kto. A 49. 408 000 , - t „ B 41 , 555 000 , — Teilschuldverschreibungs - Amorti - sations - Konio A. -. 6 000 , - Teilschuldverschreibungs - Amorti - sations - Konto. 8 500 , - Teilschuldverschreibungs - Zinsen - Konto A nicht erhobene Zinsscheine. , 7 060 , - Teilschuldverschreibungs - Zinsen - Konto B nicht erhobene Zinsscheine. , 4 995 , - Dividenden - Konto nicht erhobene Dividendenscheine 3 435 , - Reservefonds - Konto. -. - 347 170,40 Delkredere - und Dispositionsfonds - Konto. - -. 342 582,74 Erneuerungsfonds - Konto. 281 860. ,19 Jubiläumsfonds - Konto. 1756,45 Rücklage für Uebergangswirtschaft 120 000 , - Rückstellungen für Diskont , Unfall - versicherung und Steuern. 56 500. Kreditoren ). - - 1069 477,36 Gewinn - und Verlust - Konto Vorirag vom I. Juli 1918. 68 392 , 16 Gewinn 191819. M. 295 132. 54 Abschreibungen. „ 1893827,75 1 105 804. 79 174 196. 95 4 886 534,09 * ) Hiervon Bankschulden. „ M 5H4 3656,43. Auf Grund des vorsfehenden Prospektes sind M. 1500 000 neue Aktien Crölwitzer Aktien - Papierfabrik Nr. 4626 - 5875 mit halber Dividendenberechtigung pro 1919/20 zum Handel und zur Notiz an der Berliner Börse zugelassen. Berlin , im August 1920. , Delbrüclk Schickler e Co. verbleibt ein Reingewinn von. M 174 196,95. „ 150 000. - Hiervon wurden für 10 , Dividende beansprucht und. -. N. 24196,95 auf neue Rechnung vorgetragen. Die Cröllwitzer Aktien - Papierfabrik liegt in der Gemarkung der früheren Gemeinde Cröllwitz ( jetzt zur Stadt Halle a. S. ge - hörig ) und hat dort einen Grundbesitz von etwa 67 Hektar. wo - von ungefähr 18 700 qm mit Fabrikgebäuden und zirka 4000 qm mit Wohnhäusern für Beamte und Arbeiter bebaut sind ; etwa 45 Hektar sind für landwirtschaſtlichen Betrieb verpachtet. Die Fabrik hat 4 Papiermaschinen , davon sind zurzeit 22 - 3 Maschinen in Betrieb , die 8000 000 Kilogramm holzfreie Schreib - , Druchk - nud Packpapiere ſährlich erzeugen. Der hierfür nötige Strohstoff wird in eigener Anlage hergestellt. Es sind 15 Dampfkessel mit zusammen 2000 qm Heizfäche und 3 Dampfmaschinen mit einer Gesamtkraft von 1800 PS. nebst elektrischer Anlage in Betrieb ; außerdem besteht noch eine Wasserkraft mit drei Turbinen von zusammen 400 PS. Die Zahl der Arbeiter beträgt gegenwärtig ca. 550. Die Gesellschaft hat im Jahre 1889 eine Aprozentige von 1893 an mit mindestens M. 6000 ſährlich zu tilgende , zu 100 Prozent rückzahlbare , an erster Stelle hypothekarisch sichergestellte An - leihe von M. 600 000 ausgegeben , von der zurzeit noch M. 408 000 im Umlauf sind. Im Dezember 1911 sind weitere M. 600 000 4rOZzentige an zweiter Stelle eingetragene Schuldverschreibungen ausgegeben worden. die in den Jahren 1917 bis 1956 zu 103 Proz. zurückzuzahlen sind und von denen zurzeit noch M. 555 000 im Umlauf sind. An Dividende sind verteilt worden auf ein Aktienkapital von M. 1 500 000 : » 419L4/15 1915/16 1916/17 1917/18 1918,/19 — 7 12 1625 25 102 Die Fabrik ist zurzeit mit Aufträgen reichlich versehen ; das Ergebnis des Geschàäftsſahres 1919/20 wird hinter demjenigen des Vorjahres nicht zurückbleiben. Maolle a. S, , im August 1920. Cröllwitzer Alktien - Papierfabrik. Gebrücſer Schicekler. Angesehene Berliner Versicherungs - Bank Grundkapital 10 Millionen Mark beabſichtigt in Halle eine für zu errichten. Eingehende Bewerbungen von Reflektanten erbeten unter P. H. 8901 durch Invalidendank , Berlin W 9. General - Agentur Transport - Versicherung ] — * * - e — h r r Eine in Mitteldeutſchland gelegene , gut eingerichtete IOftkere INavchinenfabnn möglichſt mit Gießerei , entwicklungsfähig , mit gut erhaltenen Werkzeug⸗ maſchinen und Einrichtungen ſowie Gleisanſchluß zu kaufen geſucht. Ausführliche Angebote unter W. 3599 an die Expedition dieſer Zeitung. * — Am an Ia la ma hoher Ess - und Frühst. - Bestecke , „ Hanni weht fanzen, “ Ess - und Kaffeelöffel , versilberte RKafkfeelöffel , Optt. 3Bild. v. E. Eysler. Aluminium - Löff u. Gabeln empfiehlt bihig i Vorverk. - 1 u. 5 - T. Alfred Otto Spezial - Vertrieb Lerchenfeldstrasse 3 II. Kiſtenbretter Skatgelegenheit im Hlansa - riotel am Riebeckpl. neb. Apolle Packlatten , Dachlatten Dreikantleiſteu , Stollen , i FJußboden - Stabbretter , zugerichtete Kiſtenteile , ; Industrie - Geseilschaft M laſaſvagen br 3t S Eijenbereifung , e Für a i e ws O leben , er Be ſofort zu kaufen geſucht. Off. unter A.
| 291 |
https://github.com/jmorenov/jmorenov.com/blob/master/src/index.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
jmorenov.com
|
jmorenov
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 185 | 599 |
html {
box-sizing: border-box;
font-size: 12px;
}
*, *:before, *:after {
box-sizing: inherit;
}
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, ol, ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-weight: normal;
}
ol, ul {
list-style: none;
}
img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
html {
font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
}
@media (min-width: 576px) {
html {
font-size: 14px;
}
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
html {
font-size: 16px;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
html {
font-size: 18px;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
html {
font-size: 20px;
}
}
.icons-social i {
font-size: 3em;
}
/* Custom Styles */
main {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
min-height: 100vh;
justify-content: center;
padding: 0 30px;
text-align: center;
}
main > .intro {
font-family: 'Reem Kufi', sans-serif;
font-size: 3.75em;
font-weight: 600;
}
main > .tagline {
font-size: 1.5rem;
margin: 1.5rem 0;
font-weight: 100;
}
.icons-social i {
padding: 10px;
}
.devto {
margin-bottom: -0.20rem;
}
.devto svg {
margin-bottom: -0.20rem;
margin-left: 0.675rem;;
width: 2.65rem;
height: 2.65rem;
}
main {
background: #303F9F;
color: #FAFAFA;
}
.icons-social a {
color: #FAFAFA;
}
.icons-social a svg path{
fill: #FAFAFA;
}
| 23,081 |
https://github.com/yanglilizhang/Java/blob/master/121 - OOP_继承_重名的三种方式/src/Father.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Java
|
yanglilizhang
|
Java
|
Code
| 13 | 35 |
// 121 - OOP_继承_重名的三种方式
public class Father {
int num = 10;
}
| 33,058 |
https://github.com/utsav09211/portfolio/blob/master/src/components/socialIconLinks.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
portfolio
|
utsav09211
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 99 | 463 |
import React from "react"
import IconGithub from './images/github'
import IconLinkedIn from './images/in'
import IconTwitter from './images/twitter'
import IconInstagram from './images/instagram'
import IconFaebook from './images/facebook'
import IconKeyBase from './images/keybase'
const SocialIconLinks = ({ iconClasses }) => {
return (
<>
<a href="https://github.com/utsav09211" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<IconGithub classes={`${iconClasses}`} />
</a>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/utsav-sharma-89586724/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<IconLinkedIn classes={`${iconClasses}`} />
</a>
<a href="https://twitter.com/UtsavSharma08" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<IconTwitter classes={`${iconClasses}`} />
</a>
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/munkeykong_007/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<IconInstagram classes={`${iconClasses}`} />
</a>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/utsav199" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<IconFaebook classes={`${iconClasses}`} />
</a>
<a href="https://keybase.io/utsav09211sharma/chat" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
<IconKeyBase classes={`${iconClasses}`} />
</a>
</>
)
}
export default SocialIconLinks
| 26,706 |
5088829_30_188
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,857 |
American railroad journal [microform]
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,681 | 12,631 |
BIOBTS AND DUTIES OP OAILROAD COMPAXIKS A8 WABEHOUSEHEK. Lichtenhein vi. the Boston & Proridence R. R. Co. This action was to recover the value of a case of merchandise. The plaintiff claimed to charge the defendants only as warehousemen. The case was admitted to have been transported by the "de- fendants over their railroad from Providence to Boston, and to have been received at iheir depot in Boston ; that it was called for about a month .«>ub.'.equently by an agent of the plaintiff, and could not then be found. The defendants intro- duced evidence tending to show that the bills of merchandise, received at their depot in Boston, Mere copied into a book, and that when merchan- dise was delivered from the depot, the name of the person to whom the merchandise was delivered, was inserted in pencil in the margin of said book, against the article delivered, and that this was the only evidence taken by the defendants of the delivery. The plaintiff contended that this was a careless mode of duing such business, and offered evidence that all the other railroad companies in Boston adopted a different mode, namely, that of taking receipts of the parties who received mer- chandise ; but tho judge in the Court of Common Pleas, before whom the case was first brought, ruled that such evidence was inadmissible. The plaintiff further contended that the burden of proof was on the defendants to show not only the loss of the goods, but also the manner of the loss. The judge ruled that to maintain the action, it was only necessary for the plaintiff, in the first in- stance, to show the receipt of the goods by the defendants and their failure to deliver them upon demand ; that this imposed upon the defendants the duty of accounting for them ; but that the de- fendants were not bound to show afSrmatively in what precise manner the loss occurred, but only, if they were unable to prove how it occurred, to show clearly that they had exercised ordinary care respecting the goods, and that the lo.ss did not happen from any negligence or want of ordi- nary care on their part. The judge further ruled that if the case wa:i taken by mistake, from the depot, and the defendants exercised ordinary care in the matter, the defendants would not be answer- able for a loss under such circumstances ; but that if the agent of the defendants delivered it, by a mistake, to a wrong person, the defendants would be responsible. The jury found a verdict for the ddfendsmts, and the plaintiff, on exception to the above rulings, carried the case on appeal to the Supreme Court. Dbwet, J.* — As to the ruling of the presiding judge excluding the testimony offered by the plaintiff, tending to show that other railroad com- panies require written receipts from those to whom goods are delivered from the warehouse of the company, and that such mode was a better one than that of the defendants which was writing in pencil the name of the party who received an ai*- ticle, in the margin of the book against the article delivered, we are of opinion that it furnishes no grounds for a new trial. If the case had been one * The decision reported last week was also by Judge DswET. The name was accidentally omit- ted. ,... . ..vl,i>^.. of actual delivery to a third person by the agent of the defendants, and the question had been whether the mode of the defendants furnished equal security for ascertaining to whom the article had been delivered, the question whether a general usage of railroads in this matter might not have been admissible to show negligence, might bare required further consideration. But as to the present case the proposed evidence was wholly ir- relevant. There is nothing in the case to show that any delivery of the property took place as between the defendants and any individual. If their mode had been like that of other companies, yet no receipt would have been taken by them, because, upon ilieir hypothesis, there had been no delivery. Tho position of tlie defendants, on the contrary, is that the goods were fraudulently abs- tracted from their custody. The further question is one of more importance and arises upon a prayer for instructions to the jury that the burden of proof was on the defend- ants to show not only the loss of the goods fiom their warehouse, but the manner of their loss. The court so far adopted the prayer as to rule that the bimlen of showing the loss of the aiticlea from their custody, and that such loss had not been occasioned by any want of ordinary care and diUgence on their part, was on the defendants. The court, however, further ruled that they|,were not bound to show the precise manner in which the loss occurred, but that, if unable to do this, they might exonerate themselves from that bur- den, by clearly showing that the loss did not hap- pen from any negligence or want of care on their part. This, taken with tho qualifications is unob- jectionable. But generally the carrier would have to show some mode in which the loss occmred, to sostam the burden on him and establish the fact that the loss had not happened through his negli- gence. To hold an abstract proposition that he must in all cases show tho precise manner in which the goods were taken from him, or destroyed while in the warehouse, might in some cases charge him unreasonably. We had more doubt at the argument, upon an- other part of the instruction, namely, if the article was taken by mistake from the depot, and the de- fendants exercised ordinary care in the matter, they would not be responsible. That doubt arose from the apprehension that this ruling might be taken to convey the idea that if the goods, while in the warehouse of the defendants, were taken away by a third person as his own, through mis- take, although in the presence of tho agents or servants of the warehousemen, and with their knowledge, but without a manual delivery by them, the defendants would not be liable therefor, if in their general care and supervision of their warehouse, they were guilty of no negligence or want of ordinary care. As a matter of law, it must be held, in cases like the present, that if there had been an actual delivery by the warehouseman, he would be liable for the goods, and any attempt to show he was in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence, would be unavailing. Such delivery to a third person overrules such grounds of excuse, and charges the warehouseman. And this seems to have been sub- stantially stated by the presiding judge in the sub- sequent part of the instructions where he says : — "Bat iX the agent of the defendaats delivered |t ▲MfiBICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL.. 8S7 by mistake to a wrong person, the defendants would be responsible." We think upon a proper construction of the whole charge it must be under- stood that the defendants were to be charced, in case there had been, on the part of their agents, a deliyery to a third person, sither actual or per- missive. It would be a delivery for which the warehouseman would be chargeable to the owner, if by his silence, being present and knowing tb« same, he permitted the act of a third person who should take the goods into his possession, and re- move the same from the warehouse, such permis- sive delivery although entirely by mistake as to the person, and under the supposition that he was the true owner, would not be the less an excuse of the defendants. Taking the charge together we understand the instruction to b**, that if the article v.as taken by mistake by a third person from the depot, without the knowledge or implied assent of the warehouse- man or his agents, the defendants, if they could show that they had in fact exercised ordinary care and diligence as to the custody-' of the goods, would not be responsible. If this be a correct view of the instructions, we perceive no sufficient ground for setting aside the verdict. Memphis, on th^i^ississippi river, to Stephenson, I from the Ist day of December, 1866, to the 80th m the extreme northeest part of Alabama, passing " " ' through the rich valley of the Tennessee river, 271 miles. Below is the monthly report for November : Receipts from Passengei^i $62,110.87 " " Freight 25,776.41 ;; " Mails 2,314.68 ^ " £xpres3 688.49 Total $90,890.35 Expenses 38,763.66 SZemphls and Charleston Railroad. ■ From the last annual report of this company, we learn that the whole length of the road from Mem- phis to Stevenson, is 271 miles, with 16 miles of branches — total 287 miles. The total cost of the road, finished and equipped, was $6,102,540. — There are 12)^ miles of side track, so that the whole length of single track is 2983^^ miles. The total cost of the road per mile therefore, for every mile including construction, equipment, build- ings, real ecitate, commissions, salaries, and all ex- penses, direct anH contingent, was $21,260 per mile. The company has a debt of $1,100,000 for State bonds, and $1,600,000 for its own bonds, total funded debt $2,700,000, with a floating debt (de- ducting available assets) of $919,446. This includes the estimated amount of what is still necessary to complete and equip the road pro- perly. The net earnings of the road from the com- mencement of operations to the Ist of July last, over all running expenses, was $758,827, the road being in an unfinished state. After it was com- pleted, the receipts for the three months in which rt had been in use exceeded those of the corres- ponding period of the preceding year by more than 100 per cent. The estimate of the President was Net profit $52,186.60 — Savannah Georgian, Dec. 18. ▲ Deoiaion Recardine Railroad XJabllltieji. The Eaton and Uamiiton Railroad Company have been sued in the Courts of Butler County, by the mortgagees for the amount of delinqumt in- j t?rest. The case wasj decided a few days since, and the Cincini.ati Commercial states that the prin- cipal points of the decision were : That, the mortgages relied on were valid as against the company. That, the entire property of the company being insufficient to pay the debts, it was a misapplica- tion of the income of the road to apply it to the discharge of other debts, to the exclusion of- the bondholders. That a floatuig debt, though honestly contracted by the Directors for the benefit of the road, could not, except by consent of the bondholders take pre- cedence of the mortgage debt, and that it was the plain duty of the Court to enforce the right of creditors according to the priority of their liens. Finance* of Pennsylvania. Simimary of the receipts of the State Treasuiy from the 1st day of December, 1856, to the 30th day November, 1867, both days inclusive: Lands •>»« «*4w ' "- $21,553.59 Auction Commissions ^ . . ;. . . 20.276.00 Auction Duties 46,626.67 Tax on Bank Dividends 245,242.03 Tax on Corporation Stocks 310,240.93 Tax on Real and Personal Estate. . . 1,554,667.34 Tavern Licenses 180,809.87 Retailers Licenses 169,061.28 day of November, 1857, both day iuclukivc : Public improvements $1,31?,705.67 Expenses of gcemment 423,448.89 Militia expenses 2,832.83 Penn. Volunteers in the late war with Mexico Pensions and gratuities Charitable Insitutions Penn. Col. Society Penn. Stale Agricultural Society Farmers High School of Penn New State Arsenal at Philadelphia .. Common Schools ' CommiKsioBers of the Siiiking Fund. Loans 104 565 34 Interest on loans 2.033.809.94 86.25 9,926.99 08,183.76 180.00 3 672.07 26,000.00 20,000.00 322 608.24 713,952.64 Guaranteed interest. Domestic creditors Damages on the public works Old claims on the Main Line of pub- lic works under the several acta of Assembly Special Commissioners Revenue Commissioners State Library Public buildings and grounds Houses of Refuge Penitentiaries Colonial Records and Penn. Archives Amendments to the Constitution Geological Survey. 21,017.60 660 80 46,562.66 46,648.57 1,765.00 6.962.22 3.096.60 15,01361 55,000.00 25,^25.00 0.823.00 33 J 37. 86 7,000.00 Abatement of State Tax 50,o.'i8.99 * Mercantile Appraiser. Counsel Fees and Commis's Nicholson Lands Williamsport and Elmira R. R. Co. 686.13 8,024.59 162.49 2.428.50 *• •* <^« »^ •,». that the receipts I'Apthe year would reach one mil- lion of dollars, ancTwith the development of the country and the completion of connecting roads, the receipts of the next year are estimated at $1,- 200,000, and thenceforward at not less thaa $1,600,- 000 per annum. The proposition of the company in regard to its debt, is, that the income of the road shall be de- voted for the next two years — after paying ex- penses and interest — to the liquidation of the float- ing debt, paying no dividend on the stock for two years. By this process, it is computed that in the third year the floating debt will be discjiarged, and there will be left, after paying all the interest on the funded debt, a surplus of $572,000. The stock- holders are to have credit for these payments, in the shape of increased stock, and it is promised that, when the floating debt is thus discharged, the dividends on the original and increased stock will be 10 per centVpei* annum, with an annual surplus of about $225,000 for the redemption of the fund- ed debt. The road was completed last April. The monthly receipts (says the Montgomery Mail) have gradually incrca.sed until the receipts of Oc- tober sum up $90,890.35, with current expenses of $38,753.66, showing a net gaiu in one month of $52,136,69. This road extend* from the city of Pedlers Licenses Brokers Licenses Theatre, C incus and Menagerie Li- censes Distillery and Brewery Licenses — Billiard room. Bowling saloon and Ten Pin Alley Licenses Eating House, Beer House and Res- taurant Licenses Patent Medicine Licenses Pamphlet laws Militia Tax. MUlers' Tax.... .....:.. .... Tax on writs, wills, deeds, &c Tax on certain offices Foreign Insurance Agencies. .. Collateral Inherit Tax 139,606.19 Canal and Railroad Tolls 1,308,698.62 Tax on enrollment of laws 16,400.00 Premiums on Charters 35,352.86 Tax on loans 204,756.05 Sales of public property 8,647.49 Tax on tonnage 204,564.11 206.35 300.00 8,828.31 20,154.73 10,000.00 4,421.90 7,624.62 2,724.18 7,708.83 2,806.50 11,065.34 1,550.86 11,696.26 1,296.97 309.82 10,364.94 4,771.37 96,948.22 18,918.49 7,488.11 Mibcellaneous 31,310.68 $•5,407,276.79 Balance in the State Treas. Nov. CO, 1857, available 628.106.47 Depreciated funds in Treas. unavail- able 41,032.00 $5,976,415.26 Escheats Dividends from bridge tolls Accrued interest Refunded cash Annuity for right of way . . , Fees of the public offices . .. Miscellaneous ■■'■■ $4,690,587.84 Balance in the Treasury, Dec. 1, 1856, available 1,244,795.42 Depreciated funds in the Treasuiy. unavailable.. 41,032.00 V ,.$6,796,415,26 Summary of the payments of the State'.Treasury Hew Brunswick and Canada Rallwa)r> On Saturday evening last, the Railway Station at Indian Point was more attractive than usual. No less than three locomotives arrived frcra the upper country— viz. : the Manners-Sutton, the Earl FiUwilliam, and the Pioneer, with a lar;:e number of passengers and freight; these arrivar?, together with the large number of men employed at the station erecting buildings, layins track?, &c., gave the Eastern end of the town a busy ap- pearance, quite refreshing in these ?iard and duil* times. One feature, and it is one worthy of imi- tation, is the punctuality and regularity with which the works are being conducted ; reflecting credit upon those who are entrusted with their management. By next spring the Railway Depot will present quite an imposing appearance, and will add very materially to the looks of onr town. We learn that the rails are now laid two mike beyond the Tobique Guzzle, and that the line ia cleared through to the Howard Settlement. We believe the line as far as Woodstock is all uadcr contract ; and that it is probable, ere the close of 1868, the first section of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway to Woodstock will be opened. Our friends in Woodstock will then be able to rel Ceive their English letters and papers via Boston in about 28 hours. They can breakfast in Wood- stock one morning, and in Boston the next, if they ' choose. In our next, we ho|>e to be in a position to give statistics of traffic on the Railway since its opening, two months since. A gentleman recently from Woodstock infonn« us, that Mr. R. G. Erglish will run his stase daily this winter from Woodstock to the Barber Dom Station, to connect with the train which leaven thereat 2 o'clock; passengers can leave Wood- stock in the morning, and arrive at St. Andrews at 6 o'clock the same d&j.—St. Andreu/t Standard^ Dec. 9, S28 AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNA as Flnanrea of Alabama. We are indebted to Mr. Graham, State Treas'r, — says the Montgomery (Ala.,) Advertiser, — for the following' general statement of the condition of the Treasury at the close of the fiscal year, ending on the 30th September, 18J7 : The receipts from all sources during the fiacal year ending Sept. 30th, 1856, were $798,003 46 Add balance to the Trea-sury at the date of last rvyort 1,193,732 43 The disbursenvents during the same ])eriod, includinsf the sum of $100,- OOO, in *>pttie funds, to the Com- missioner and Trustee for the use of the State, were .... |486,867 52 Add for amount of war- rants outstand'g Sep- tember 30, 1855, and since paid 1 ,079 47 01,901,786 89 487,946 90 LeaTing a balance in the Treasury at the close of the fiscal year ending September 30, 1856, including the notes of the Slate Bank and Branches, of $1,603,788 90 The receipts from all sources during the fiscal vear ending this day, Sept. 30, 1867, have been 921 ,842 23 12,425,631 18 The disbursements during the same period, including the sum of $315,- 744 64 to the Commissioner and Trustee, of which the sum of $300,000 64 was in specie funds, lor the use of the State, hare been 790,359 38 Learing a balance in the Treasury at the close of the fiscal year, ending this day, Sept. 30, 1857, including the sum of $1,128,026 in the notes of the State Bank and Branches, of $1,635,271 80 Coal on the Paelfle Coa«t« The indispensable article of coal, says the Alta California, is being discovered in innumerable places in California and Oregon, and many and disastrous have been the attemptj> to turn these discoveries into practical use. Oregron appears to be the Newcastle of the Pacific, fbr there vast beds of excellent coal have been found, and successful attempts have been made to work them. It is of a light bituminous character, is accessible and. abundant, but the low rates at which the heavier, and consequently more valuable qualities from the Atlantic States can be furnished, have hitherto rendered coal mining on the Pacific coast a profit- less calling. Commencing northward, we find coal in vast abundance on Puijet Sound, where the first attempts at native mining were made, and whence was shipped the first cargo to California. A de- sultory trade has been continued up to this year. Following the Oregon coast towards the south, the, great coal formations of Coose Bay are next in order. Here is found a regular layer of coal, the veins varying from five to nine feet in thickness, and extending over a hundred thousand acres of country. It differs little in quality from that of Puget Sound and Vancouver's Island, and has been irregularly but industriously mined since 1865. On the head waters of the Umpqua and Coquille rivers, in Oregon, there are also said to be large veins of coal. In our own State the dlscoverie.s of coal veins have been more numerous than in Ore- gon, but it is believed that these cannot compete in point of quality, position, or quantity, with those of Oregon. Coal has been found in considerable quantities on the Feather River, above Marysville, at Saucelito, at Santa Clara, near the San Joaquin river, above Stockton ; on the Pulgas ranch ; near Sao PiegOj au4 ia <* <«vHral localities in the far io- terior. Near Petaluma, in Tt^ Rock Valley, as is stated by the Petalnma Journal, coal, thought to be equal in quality to the Lehigh of Pennsyl- vania, has been discovered by a Spaniard. In nearly every instance of coal being found in Cali- fornia, it has occurred in pots or basins, and Is dif- ferently placed from the more extensive beds of Oregon, and none appear to present the usual veins or strata, but the mines alluded to on the Feather. Coal is said to exist on the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, but it is believed that no authority can be found to substautiate the state- ment. A party of mining enqineers, from Penn- sylvania, have recently arrive<l from New York at Mexico, with the privilege granted by the govern- ment to explore on the Pacific coast for coal mines. The attention of speculators in the east ha.«i been drawn to the importance of developing such re- sources on this coast. It is of the utmost impor- tance to California, that the present prices of coal should be reduced, for this would partly involve a corresponding reduction in the expenses of steam- ships, and consequently of traveling. No coal has j'et been found on this side of the continent to supersede foreign and Atlantic importations, for steamer purposes. Charlton and Randolph County R. R., (.Mo.) A meeting of the Board of Directors of this railroad was held at Keytesville, Missouri, on the 16tb ult., at which the following officers for the ensuing year were elected : President, Sterling Price; Vice-President, G. H. Burckhartt; Secre- tary, R. H. Musser ; Treasurer, A. Johnson. The Northern Central RailMray. It cannot but be gratifying to know that not- withstanding serious financial embarrassments which have pressed upon our country for several months past, affecting more or less the interests and healthful progress of all internal improve- ments, the work upon this road has been steadily going forward towards completion. The Susque- hanna bridge above Harrisburg, a work of no or- dinary magnitude, is in a desirable state of for- wardness, promising completion in a comparatively brief period. The connecting link between Tre- vorton and Sunbury, which opens up a direct, unbroken chain to the great Northern lakes, is also under vigorous construction, and will be ready for laying the rails before long. There are now no obstacles whatever in the way of speedily opening this great highway not only to the coal fields of Pennsylvania, but to the trade and travel of the North-West, stretching to the lakes, and intersecting with other important points, a part of whose business will naturally flow into Baltimore. We have embraced the opportunity on several occasions of passing over this route, and of informing ourselves as to its magnitude and im- portance. The impression invariably forced itself upon oar mind that its destiny as a railway stood high, and its advantages as an outlet and recipient of trade to this city were of especial moment — also that the road within itself must become valu- able property. Such are still our sentiments. Much credit is due to Z. Barnum, the present effi- cient President ; to Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Magraw, and others of the Directors acting with him, for their energy in carrying out the required improve- ments, under such adverse circumstances, with so much credit to themselves, and satisfaction, not only to those directly interested, but to the entire community. We hope they may continue to progress unin- terruptedly until the entire work is completed, as now in contemplation. The Trevorton Coal Company, we learn, have made an arrangement by tendering the use of their track through this city and the Philadelphia Company's work, by which coal can be brought here in great abundance, and shipped to the East- ern markets. This will be a somewhat new fea- ture in the coal business. We hope to see at no distant day the rich treasures of the Pennsylvania mines lavishly poured out in our Baltimore market, thus adding to the value, energy and growth, not only ol Canton, but our general trade, through this commanding highway. — Baitimore Patriot. Dec. 16. California Oroat Tmnic Railroad. A corporation entitled the " The California Great Trunk of the Pacific and Atlantic Railroad Company," has just been organized under the Railroad Act of this St4te, for the purpose of con- structing a railroad from San Francisco, through the counties of San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, San Joaquin, Sacramento, Placer, Yuba and Butte, to a point near the city of Oroville. The appli- cants for a certificate of incori)oration are fourteen in number, and represent three thousand and forty- five shares of the stock, upon which ten per cent. has been paid in. Their articles of association fix the capital stock of the company at six and a half millions of dollars, apportioned into iei.xty-five thousand shares, of §100 each, and assign fifty years as the period for which the corporation shall exist. They also provide for the election of seven directors, to hold office till superseded by the choice of others. The corporation organized on the 2d of October, bv the election of the following gentlemen as Di- rectors : 0. W. Qutbrie, J. W. Mandeville, Thomas Hayes, W. S. O'Connor, J. D. Fry, John B. Weller and J. R. Coryell. Messrs. Guthrie, Mandeville, Hayes, O'Conner and Coryell were authorized to open subscriptions to the capital stock of the com- pany. We understand that immediate efforts will be made to forward the enterprise, and under the management of its able Board of Directors, the public may reasonably expect to see it assume a tangible shape at an early day. — Sacramento (^CaL) Union. The Taanbaya Railroad. The Tacubaya Railroad, that has been steadily pushed forward by its projector, is at length as- suming a definite shape. All of the grading is now done. The laying of a portion of the track, the ballasting of the road, and a few other small jobs still have to be completed before the road will be opened to the public. A car now passes daily over the road to within about three hundred yards of the station at Tacubaya. From those who have passed over the road in the car, we hear the most flattering accounts of its eveness, although the track is yet unfinished. Considering the embar- rassments which have hung over this enterprise its final completion is a real triumph — one that re- flects every credit on a motive power engaged in it. The final success of the road is clearly and un- questionably demonstrated in the immense travel already existing on the route. — Mexican Extraor- dinary, Nov. 24. Chleafo and BUlnraokee Railroad* At the annual meeting of the stockholders of this road, held in Chicago last week, the following Directors were elected : M. D. Ogden, M. L. Sykes, N. B. Judd, Elisha Wadsworth, H. A. Tucker, A. Stone, Jr., S. Witt, E. M. Gilbert, D. 0. Dickin- son. At a meeting of the Directors, the following officers were elected : M. D. Ogden, President ; M. L. Sykes, Vice-President; A. S. Downs, Secre- tary; H. A. Tucker, Treasurer; M. L. Sykes, Su- perintendent. SMITH & PEKKINS, LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE AND CAR BUILDERS, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA. FOR SAL.li]. 1,500 Too lUili, m lbs. weight, payablo hull cash k. halfPon Is. 1,800 do. do. Brie pattern, 67 \be. weight, deliverable at Ohicacc, III 2,000 da do. da do. 68 do. deliverable at Pituburg. 7 Firiit Class Lncomotives, 2b too weight, 4 ft S^ iii. gaugre, warranted te be equal to aoj ever manufactured in the IT. S. 4 Firat Class Passeu^^er Carp, superior workmau&faip, deliver- able at Buffalo, N. Y. 80 Platform Cars, best quality, deliverable at Buffalo. For fuither particulars apply to DAVIS & KASSON, 47 £ikcbaiige Place. Haw loaz, Deeembei 16, 1867. 6t61 AMERICAN RAILUOAD JOITRNAI.. 829 t F. S. CABOT & CO., NEW YORK BUYERS, 86 Cedar st., near Broadway, Bur TO OUDER, merchandise of every de*cripUon. Tbpy (five especial attentioa to tho purchaae of Railroad mate rials, (indin^s and (uppliea , and having " nothing to fELL," whether pnteiit arficlec or cthera, devote their entire euerjfes to BUYiyO to the beet advaniaKu of lliose wlio employ tbcm. feeling a»i-ured that tlu y can eerve purchaterd much better than if fliey wfie also into'ejiod aa tellerd. T. 9. C * Co. make it i-n invariable rule not to accept cnmmUHiou.t from the eellor, while rcceivlujT pay from the buyer. Tliev refe' to W. O. I.ambert of A. * A. Lawrence * Co., Wm L. Kinn ofNaylor & Co., New Yoik ; (Jeo. Baty Blake of Blaka Howe 6c Co., Boaion ; David S. Brows of D. S. Brown & Co.. Phiiwlelpbia ; and othera If required. AOdro 8 Box 1,179, New York. S7tf RAILROAD IRON. Ir^AA TONi AntiLam-natinjT Hammered H.ad Rails ^\J\J\J of the "Erie" Seution. 67 Ibe. per yard, here and to arrive Forialehy MENUBBSON *, KKBNOOH AW, 13 Oliff at, 41tr Nbw York. A. N. «RAY, Cleveland, O., RECErVER AND FORWARDER of Railroad Iron, Chair* and 9|>lkes. Also, Cars, Locomotivea, and all Uoda of MadUnery for Railroad purposes. Office, next door to the Custom Hon.**- Main str«>«*. Railroad Iron. THM nndersigned. Agent for the MaDuflicturers,t8 prepared to contract for T Kuils, of the usual patterns and .weights, tobe delivered on hoard ship in Wales. Ho will also receive and forward orders for the purchase of Railroad Iron and Metals grenerally, through the medium ofhH riends in London. For terms, apply to JOHN H. HICKS, April 1, 1863. 90 Beaver street. STEEL, FILES, &c. R. GROVES &. SONS, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND, MANUFACTURERS of warranted Cast Steel, mperiof quality, for Thiols, Machinery, and En^ineprine jnirpwoa. SIngI* and Double Shear, Blister, Oerman Spring and Sheet Steel of every descrlptioii — »L«o, Oast Steel Files of Ugh repu- tation, espeeially a(1apte<] tot the a«« of Mach.nlata, and tewt and Bdge Tools of all kinds. ▲ Stock of the above goods coastaotly on bsndb OOBMRATS MASK USB CHAS. CONGRKVB A POW, Afents, reet, nTt. 13 Clilf street, : IRON BOILER FLUES. L.ap-Welded Boiler Flues, 1% to 7 inches outside diameter, cat to definite length, 2 to 20 feet as required. Wrought Iron Welded Tubes, From ^ to 6 inches bore, with Screw and Socket CoDoections. T's, L's, Stops, Valves, Flanges, *c., Ac. MANUFACTURED AND FOR SALE BT MORRIS, TASKER & CO., PASCAL IRON WORKS. Warehouse-209 South Third st , PHILADELPHIA. Railroad Iron. THE undersigned having teased the extensiTe works of the Oambria Iron 0<>mi>any, situated at Johnstown, Cambna County, Penna., and purchased all th»ir personal estate are ix>w prepared tn execute at short notice orders for rails of asy required pattern or weight, on the must liberal tenna. WOOD, MORRSLL II CO., Johnstown, Cambria 0 a. Pa. Iy22 PhUadtiphia Ofiet : North Penna. R. R. Building Railroad Iron. THE undersigned, Agents for fading Manufacturers in Stsf ordshire and Wales, are prppare<l to contract for delivery board ship at Liverpool, or Welsh port. C. CONOREVK k. SON, IS Cliir St., N. T. RAILROAD IRON. The Crescent ManufacturiDg Company, WHEELING, VA., ARE now prepared to execute, at short notice, orders tor Rail-" of liny required pattern and weight, and to re-roll old raUs, on th« most lit>eral terms Address K. WILKINSON, Secy, 8tf Wbsslixo, V4. 700 Railroad Iron. TONS, afloat, or in store, of "W. Crawshay's" makM. Fur sale bv THEODORE DEHON, 10 Wuli St, near Broadway. 18 New Yoax. MORRIS Sl .tones Sl CO., IRON MERCHANTS, MARKET AND SIXTEENTH STREETS, PHILADELPHIA. IRON AND STEEL IN ALL TBEIB TABIETIES. BOILER PLATE, CAR AXLES, BOILER RIVETS, RAILROAD IRON, OUT NAILa and SPIKES, PIG IRON. etc. Having the selling agency of a number of the Rolling Mills, Furnaces and Forges in this State, orders for any description of Iron can be executed. August 16, 1864. lySS Railroad Iron and Common Bars. THE undersigned, sole agents to Messrs. GtnsT A^ Co., the proprietors of the Dowlais Iron Works, near Cardiff, South Wales, are duly authorized to contract for the sale of their O. L. Railroad Iron, and Oommoa Bars, on most adVan tageons terms. ll.tf R. *L J. MAKIN, 70 Broad st. Railroad Iron. CONTRACTS for Ralte, at a flied price or on commission delivered at an English poiVorat a port in United States will be made by the ludersigoed. THEODORE DEHON, ■ .' 10 Wall St., near Broadway, New York. SOO toM T rails on band M to 67 lbs. per linear yard. Railroad Iron. 0(\r\(\ TONS Railroad Iron, weighing about 69 lbs. pet ■^yJKJXJ yard, "Erie" pattern of O L and "Crawsnay," Manufacture, now on the way fh)m the shipping ports in Great Britain to this port, for sale by P. CHOUTEAU, Jb., SANFORD fc CO December 4, 1862. "' " " Na 0 Nassau street. Railroad Iron. THE Undesaigned, Agenu for the Manufacturers, are pre- pared to contract to deliver free on board at shipping potts In England, or st ports of discharge in the United States, Rails Of ••perior quaUty, and of ^^^'^^^^^ ^ CO* VfwTgrk, Mf, IM fpoothWiUiMSftrMi CLARK Sl J£SUP, No. 44 EXCHANGE PLACE, RAILWAY AGENTS & COMMISSION MERCHANTS BiALSRa IX roBiroH asd aukriosi Railroad Iron, :? v have fior sale on commission — LOCOMOTIVE ENQfNES PASSSNOES and FREIGHT CATlS, WROUGHT and CAST IRON CHAIRS,' ly30 SPIKES, CAR WHEELS, AXLES, TYRES, tte. Railroad Iron. 0(\C\r\ TONS, WEIGHING ABOUT 65 lbs. PER YARD, /^\J\J\J now on the way from Great Britain to New Or- leans, for sale by P. CHOUTEAU, l« 8AHF0RD k. CO., December 4, 18M »o. 9 Narsau street. Railroad Iron. TONS 66a56 lbs. per yard, best Welsh Balls, Qukst dc Co. make, now landing and for sale by VOSB, LIVINGSTON & CO., 9 South WiUiam sU, 650 Railroad Iron. 1/Arir 1 TONS best quality Welsh Rails "Erie" pattern, .UUv/ 68a60 lbs. per yard, now^due at New Orleans RAILROAD IRON. THE RENSSELAER IRON COMPANY, TROY, N. Y., OFFER Ralls of tlieir own manulocture delivorable as m»j be desired by purchasers. OLD RAILS received In exchange for new or for rc-mamifjctiirrnj. JOHN A. GRIS\>OLD. Ageof, TVoy, N. y. New York Apent: M, A QUINTAHOt comer of Wall st and Broadway. (or salo by - October 18, 1856. VOSE, LIVIUfOSTON, & CO., No. 0 South William sL, N. Y. Railroad Iron. IOnO TONS Railroad Iron, weighing about 58 lbs. ,V/UU per yaj<L "JSn«" pattern, of best quality Welsh ' make, now ready for deUvery, for sale by ^ TOBf , LIVIWOSTON * CO^ A«gaMbt,lia7. tltattWUli«««i Mew York and Erie R. R. On and after Monday, Xov. 9, 1857, and until further notie^, PA88ENOKU TRAINS will leave Pier ftwt of Duam- street, I aa follows, viz : — DcifKiBK ExrKBSB, at 8 a. m. for Dunkirk and Buffalo, and intennetliaie stations. RooKLABD Passbitobb, at 8 p.m., f^om foot of Chamber St., via Piermont, for Sufiem's and intermediate stalitHi*. Wat Passbxobb, at 4 p.m., for Newburgb, Middl^town and intermediate stations. Emiobamt, at 6 p.m., for Donkirk and Buffalo and iDt«r- medinte stations. iS" The above trains run daily, Sundays excepted. NiOHT EXPBBSS, at 5 p.m. for Dunkirk and BultaJu, every day. These Express Trains connect st Etanira, with the Ehnira, Oanundaigua and Niagara Fails Railroafl, for Niagara Falls; at Binghamton with the Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad, for Syracuse; at Coming with Buffalo. Commi; and New \(Ki Railroad, for Rochester; at Great Bead with Delawars, Lacka- wanna and Westeni Railroad, for 6«rant«n ; at Homellsville with the BulRtIo and Mew York City Railrnsd, for buffalo ; at Buflalo and Dunkirk witJt the Lake Shore Railroad or Cleveland, Oincinnati, Toledo, I>etrr>it. Cbicairo, etc. CHARLES MOKaN, PreMd«nt. U. S. MAIL AWD EXPRESS ROUTE •DIRECT FOR ' " Iowa, Kansas ana Nebraska. CKICAGO, BURLINGTON k dUINCT BAILROAD. THE ONLY DIKECT ROUTE FROM CHICAGO TO AURORA, MKNUOTA, PRINCETOM, GALSSBURG, QUIKCY, BURLINGTON. a«t raB* , ■ or SOUTHERN oa C£NTRA(. IOWA, KANSAS ' OB NEBRASKA MdT Passirobb Tbaims leave the Central Depot, fbot Of South Water street, CaiOAOO, daily as follows :— 0.45 A.M. — Mobhino ExrBBSS. — Connecting a* Mendota with Illinois Central Kailrnad, north for Amboy, Duon, Galena and Dunleith. w>uth fbr La Sall<-, Riooming- ton, Decatur, SprmKfleld, Jacksonville, 8t. Louis, Cairo, Ac.; at Galesburt^ with Northern Cross B.B. forQuincy, Ac; and at Burlington with Burluigtoo and Missouri River R. R., and with Packeta for pointa up and down t^e Mississippi river. 8.46 P. M.— Etbmikq Expbbss.- -Making same connections aa above. NO TRAIN SATURDAY EVENING. ■»• ONE TRAIN SUNDA Z, 8.46 PM. BAOQAGE CHECKED THROUGH TO BUR- LISOTON and QUItfCY. THROUGH TICKETS can be procured at all the prwclpal eastern railroad offices and in Chica^^u at ilie I>e|>ot and at the Michigan Central K. R. office, comer of Lake and Deftrbon streets, opposite the Tremont House. SAM'L POWELL, O G. HAMMOND, Gen. Ticket Agent. Gen. jgup't. Philadelphiav Wilmingrton & Baltimore Railroad. UNITED STATES MAIL ROOTE TO THE SOUTH AND WEST. Trains will leave the Southon and Western Station, eoraer o Broad sod Priaie streets, Philadelphia, at 8 SO am. 12 46, 8 and 11pm. PABB BT THROITGB TIOKITS TO THB SOim. From New To Wilmington . — $U M io c Norfolk ^.^ „ ^. 8 60 From PnLadelphia to Wilmington.. ... 14 00 40 do Norfolk _ 6 60 do do Petersburg - — .~_. fi 00 do do K/iunood 8 00 PABB BT TBBODOX nSKBTt TO TIB WBST. From New York to Ciusinnati..^ .... . .... .... . $17 Ot _ 10 00 lOOO W 00 18 00 do do Looisvale.... ..„ .... ..... Fran New York to lBdianap(riiB_. ... _.. from PtuBdelptiiB to Oincinnati .... .. ... do do LoniSTille ^.... ...... Ab aztrs otem will Im Bwde for mmIb sad stst* imi ttt Hit tlOMI 4. VAtSn, HH S30 AMERICAN RAILROAD JOIJRNAI^* Railroad Spikes and Wrought Iron Fastenings. THE TROY IRON & NAIL FACTORY, EXCLCSIVE OWSEB OF ALL HENRY BUKD''N'i PATENTliD MACHINERY FOR MAKINO SPIKKS, HAVE fltcilitiea for maniifaclurins \*rg« quantitiea upoo short Dutic«, hikI of a i|Ua!ity un»ur|>u8i)P<l. Wrought Iron Cliuira, Clamps, Keyt ami Bolta for Raitroad CistniniiKis, alHO made to order. A full aasorttneat of Sbip and Boat B|vk«fi always od hand. All orJtfii aiWreaeed to the Agrent at the Factory will receive Immediate Htlenlioa WM. F. RURDKN, AKinit, Troy Iron and Nail Factory, Troy, N. Y. CAR AXLE WORKS. A. & P. ROBERTS, PENCOYD IRON WORKS, _^ Ofpici: and Warehocsk: Broad near Vine St., '^ PHTI^ADELPHIA. Rolled or Hammered Car Axle«» Bar Iron and Forgings. DELAPIERRE &. LOCKWOOD, 156 William, Cor. of Ann St., New York, IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN HEAVY HABDWARE, Metala, OiU S: other Matehala for Machioi:ita tc Manufacturers. Piij Iron, Block TlD, Copper, Spelt^^r, Lead, Antimony, Steel, etc, I Crucibles, Horae Shoes, Naila, Vlcea, Anvils, Bellows, otc, Bpena Oil, Lard Oil, Kmery, Borax, etc. PROPOSALS FOR A LOAN TO CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAILROAD COMPANY. SBALEO proiin!.a'B will be rocei»ed hy the midoraigned at office No 48 City Excbanj^c, Boston, up to the 8(h day of January next, at 1 o'clock p. m., tor a loan of f400,0C0, to money, payable as follows : 10 Tt-n per cent on the 16th of January', 1858, which first instalment the Coini>any will retain wlth^>ut iacuing bonds therefor lui'il the l»8t iustalmetit U piiid 25 Twenty-flve per cent on ihe 15th of February, 1=68. ?d Twenij-rtve per cent on the 16th of March, 18t8 20 Twen y per cofct. on the 16th of April, 1858. 20 Twenty per cent, oo the 15lh of Blay, 1858. 100 —For which bonds will be issued against each payment, or the whuie amount may be paid for iu cash, and the bonds issued at once. For which the Company will issue 8 psr cent Bonds of $1 ,000 euch, dated 1st January, lS6S,witb Bemi-aonual coupoo)>, and liavii)(; 25 years to run. The proposals will be opened at the offlco No. 48 City Ex- change, Boston, on the 8ib day of January next, at 1 o'clock P. II., ill the preMfiCO of the Board of Dirootors of the Com- pany, who will award without reser^'o to the highest respoa- fible bidders. A oircuUr will shortly he Issued giving taW information as to the financial condition of the Company, anu the form of tecu> rity to be given tor the above nanitd .oa'i. By orJer of the Board, J. W. BR00K3, ? Commit- KDWARD L. BAKEB, S toe. BoSTOK, Dec. 8, 1S57. 4t&0 THE KASSON LOCOMOTIVE EXPRESS CO., INSTRUMENTS. CAPITAI. General Offlce, BnrrALo, N. Y. WM. M. KASSON, P^etiJent. JAMES O. DUDLEY, Secy. 9900,000. Tre«8iir*'r'ri Offlce, N. Tokk, W. MARSH KASSON, 47 Exchange Fiace. M Rieliard Patten & Son, ANITFACTURER3 of Mathematical InstmmenU to the U. S. aovenuueot, Na 23 South at, BaLTUiOBa, Md. James W. Q,aeen, 264 Chestnut St., Phila., has for sale Inglneers' Lerelo, Transits, Chains, Tapes, 4co. Priced oatalogu<M by mail gratia Swiss Drawing Instruments. SUPERIOR to all others. Catalogues gratis. Sold only by AM8LSB * WIRZ, 211 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa. H Wm. J. Young AS remrtred his Kngineerlng arid SarreyingloRtniment uf^.tory o No. 83 North Serenth Street, Philadelphia H. SAWYER (of the late Arm of SAWYER ft HOBBY), MANUFACTURER of Transits and Levels, has remoT«a to Union Piact), near Warburtoo At., Yonkers, N. T. Knox & Shain. Manoi^ctarers of Engineering Instruments, ti% Wahratat, Philadelphia. ( Treo premium* awarded.) „ <.Mri>Lt!;;- \Sl) tiCttViiVOIwi' '•l-nN'STUUMENTS, MAM5 BY| Kdmund Draper, Surviving partner of STASCLIFFE <f- DRAPER^ Va [ Pear Street, Third St, below Walnut, I PHILADELPHIA. W 8t L. E. GURLEY, INSTRTJMENT MAKERS, ..rt . TROY. N. Y. INVITE the at'antiun of Engineers and Surveyors to the Id- strwneuts mA<le at their establislimtmt PostieiiHingfacilitie? uiiequ»'l«d as tlie.v believe, by any other manufactursra In the Uiuo:i, they are enabled to Airiiiah Inatro- mentn of «ui>erior iiiiality, atl ower rates than any other malian of established reputation. We have recently pulitished a work ofSO pagta, gltlng a (tail deaoription or our iostrumenls, with tbeir adjustments, prioea, 4te.. wUeb we » ill send by mail free of charge, to all penooa ooDtempla^Bg the poiohaae of iaatrumeota Addrwt-W. * L. 1. aUBUT. Tier, M. Y. PROFESSIONAL CARDS. Atkinson, T. C, Mining and Civil Engineer, Alexandria, Ta. Sylvester W. Barnes, Cnlef Kngineer Watertowo and Madison R.R, MndisoB, Wis. Edward Boyle, Chief Engineer, 2d, Sd, and 0th Avenue Railroads New York Office 123 Chambers st. Clement, Wm. H., Ohio and Mississippi Baiboad, Cincinnati, Ohio. James Conyers, Chief Engineer Oalveeton, Houston A Henderson Railroad, Oalveaton, Texas. Alfred W. Craven, Chief Engineer Croton Aqaednct, New York. Cliarles W. Copeland, , }. steam Marine and Railway Engineer, 84 Broadway, New York. Davidson, M.O., Chief Engineer Havana Railroad Company, C. Floyd-Jones., Diriafan Ing'r 8d and 12tk Divisions, Illisois Central R. R., Vemdalia, lU. Gay, Edward F., State Engineer, Philadelphia, Pa, Gilbert, Wm. B., Byracnse and Blnghamton Railroad, Syracuse, N. Y. Robert B. Gorsueh, Chief Xngineei of the Llanos de Apam R. R. MEXICO. Grant, James H., Nashville and Chattanooga R. R., Nashville, Tenn. Theodore D. Judah, Chief Knuioeer, and Commissioner of. Son Francisco and Sacramento Railroad, and of San Francisco and Sacramento Northern Extension Railroad, San Fbasoisoo, CaL S. W. Hill, ]£lning Eng'r and Sorveyor, Sagle River, Lake Superior. Lord & Wright, OooMltos »t Uw, Oinalautl Obi«. U Ellwood Morris, Civil Engineer, Franklin Institute, Puiladnlphia. Mills, John B., Civil EnQ:ineer, Lake Ontario and Hudson R. B. R., 20 E^chnnge Place, N. Y. Osborne, Richard B., Civil Engineer, Office 73 South 4th at., PbiladelpUa. Theodore W^. Robbins* Civil Engineer and Land SMrveyor, Jersey City. N. J. W. Milnor Roberts, civil Engineer. Carlifle. Pa. Angnstus Sehwaab, CIYIL ENGINEER, MACON, GEORGIA. J. S. Sewall, CITIL ENGINEER, ST. PAUL MIUE80TA. Charles L. Sehlatter, Chief Kngi'ieer Brunswick and Florida Railroad, Vmnswick, Georgia. P. Sours, Kngingw Rarltan and Delaware Bay R R., Red Bank, N. J. J. S. Shipman, Civil Engineer, 63 Trinity Building, 111 Bro&dway, N. Y. Shanly, Walter, Grand Trtiak Railway, Toronto, Canada. Steele, J. Dutton, Pottstown, Pa. Charles B. Stuart, Oonanlting Engineer, 22 WiPiaro str., New York- Trautwine, John C, Gtvll Engineer and Architect, Philadelphia. A. B. Warford, Chief Engineer, Soaqoehamia Railroad, Harrisbiffg, Fa NEW ENGLAND Mutual Life Insurance Co., BOSTON, MASS. EsTABIilSHEO 1843. Branch Office in MelmpoUtan Bank Building. 110 Broadxeav, NEW YORK CITY. JOHN HOPPER, Agent and Attorney for the Company. CAPITAL and accumulation of PREMIUMS to meet losses, 8910,000, After paying among all holding policiea, in cssh (not in scrip,) dividends, amounting to $181,000. One-half of the first five annual premiums on lifb policies loaned to insurers if desired ; the remaining half may be paid quarterly. The premiums are ss low as those of any reliable Company. m» U the oUUat American Mutual Life Inauranet Company and oitt (jfthe niott tucccav/ui. Insurance muy be effected fcr ti\e benefit of married women beyond the reach of their busba'vTs '«n»ditur«. Creditors may insure the Uvea of debtors. DiBBOTOBS.— WILLARD PHILLIPS, Charles P. Cnrtia, Tbos. A. Dexter, Sewell Tappan, A. W. Thaxter, Jr, Charles Hnl>- bard, MarabaU P Wilder, Wm. a. Reynolds, Geo. H Folger. B. f . STEVENS, -Secretary. ■■naivoKS IK xiw tosk: A. Oakey Hall, Diatrict Attorney, of New York Cit7; Heorj Piersuu ; D. Randolph Martin, President Ocean Bank. AGENTS BIaimi— N. r. Deering, Portland. Nbw Hampshiks— John 8. Harvey, Fortsmoatta. TsBMoaT— T. W. Bruce, Middlebury. Mabsaohusittb— Hartley Williams, Worcester; W. H. Taylor, New Bedford ; S W. Stickney, Lowell ; L. Thomdike, Salem ; H. S. Noyes, Springfield ; J. B. Swan, Nantucket. CoMBicTiocT— Obas. Robittxju. New Haven ; J. W. Good- vki, Hartford ; H P. Katou, Norwich ; Nath'l Greene, Bridge- port; J. C. Learned. New London. RaooB ISLABD— Charles H. Msson, Providence.
| 28,473 |
https://github.com/francisakpan/exercism-exercises/blob/master/dart/gigasecond/lib/gigasecond.dart
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
exercism-exercises
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francisakpan
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Dart
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Code
| 9 | 39 |
import 'dart:math';
DateTime add(DateTime dateTime) =>
dateTime.add(Duration(seconds: pow(10, 9).toInt()));
| 47,223 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51490986
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
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SHUBHAM UPADHYAY, SpiritCrusher, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4168607, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7283886
|
English
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Spoken
| 224 | 311 |
Activity Life Cycle- use in real project
We all know about the Activity lifecycle in Android? We see onCreate() Function in the start when the Activity is inflated. Now, how should we code in order to use the states of the Activity lifecycle properly so that we don't end up coding everything in onCreate()?
By Knowing which method will called once and which methods can be called multiple times in a lifecycle you can proceed .
You can follow some rules to help you decide where to place your code, but this is highly contextual and cannot be used as a rule of thumb:
onCreate() ->
setup your Activity Layout, global variables and anything which needs to be initialized for your current Activity
onStart() ->
register for BroadcastReceivers (SMS, Audio), Service or any other information you need to subscribe to when your Activity has started
onResume() ->
Your Activity is now visible to user. All your UI related things can go here like starting an Animation or listeneing to harware info like accelerometer to which your UI may react
onPause() ->
reverse/stop the affect of onResume()
onStop() ->
reverse/stop the affect of onStart()
onDestroy() ->
reverse/stop the affect of onCreate(). Free up any resource that you might have acquired
That is true but in a project, we don,t actually call these methods, do we?
| 50,067 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104772891
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Menselijke energie
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None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 174 | 375 |
Menselijke energie
sculptuur in Amsterdam, Nederland
Menselijke energie is een sculptuur
Menselijke energie land Nederland
Menselijke energie gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Amsterdam
Menselijke energie Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11qnrzm007
Menselijke energie genre kunst in de openbare ruimte
Menselijke energie geografische locatie
Menselijke energie locatie Amsterdam-Zuid
Menselijke energie straat Jozef Israëlskade
Menselijke energie afbeelding Berlage lyceumop de Jozef Israëlskade pic15.JPG
Menselijke energie Commonscategorie Human Energy by Hildo Krop
Menselijke energie catalogusnummer 282, catalogus Rijksakademie op de kaart
Menselijke energie maker Hildo Krop
Menselijke energie maker Ton Mooy
Menselijke energie
sculpture in Amsterdam, Netherlands
Menselijke energie instance of sculpture
Menselijke energie country Netherlands
Menselijke energie located in the administrative territorial entity Amsterdam
Menselijke energie Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11qnrzm007
Menselijke energie genre public art
Menselijke energie coordinate location
Menselijke energie location Amsterdam-Zuid
Menselijke energie located on street Jozef Israëlskade
Menselijke energie image Berlage lyceumop de Jozef Israëlskade pic15.JPG
Menselijke energie Commons category Human Energy by Hildo Krop
Menselijke energie catalog code 282, catalog Rijksakademie op de kaart
Menselijke energie creator Hildo Krop
Menselijke energie creator Ton Mooy
| 33,331 |
https://github.com/CAPAC2018/capac/blob/master/AndroidApp/app/src/main/java/ro/capac/android/capac2018/ui/news/NewsMvpView.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
capac
|
CAPAC2018
|
Java
|
Code
| 44 | 185 |
package ro.capac.android.capac2018.ui.news;
import android.view.View;
import java.util.List;
import ro.capac.android.capac2018.data.network.model.EventResponse;
import ro.capac.android.capac2018.data.network.model.UserResponse;
import ro.capac.android.capac2018.ui.base.MvpView;
/**
* Created by Paul on 18-Sep-18 at 17:27.
*/
public interface NewsMvpView extends MvpView {
void openCreateEventActivity();
void refreshList(List<EventResponse.Event> events);
void addAttendee(int cellPosition, List<UserResponse> attendees, View view);
void alreadyGoing(View view);
}
| 49,141 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8076781
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Category:Births in Uppsala
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 1,066 | 3,643 |
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Упсале
катэгорыя ў праекце Вікімедыя
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Упсале гэта катэгорыя ў праекце Вікімедыя
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Упсале катэгорыя аб’ядноўвае тэмы месца нараджэння
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Упсале катэгорыя аб’ядноўвае тэмы Упсала
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Упсале катэгорыя змяшчае чалавек, месца нараджэння Упсала
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Упсале процілегла Катэгорыя:Памерлі ва Упсале, выкарыстаны крытэрый нараджэнне і смерць як супрацьлегласці
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Упсале катэгорыя на Вікісховішчы Births in Uppsala
Категория:Родившиеся в Уппсале
категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Родившиеся в Уппсале это частный случай понятия категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Родившиеся в Уппсале категория объединяет темы место рождения
Категория:Родившиеся в Уппсале категория объединяет темы Уппсала
Категория:Родившиеся в Уппсале категория содержит человек, место рождения Уппсала
Категория:Родившиеся в Уппсале противоположно Категория:Умершие в Уппсале, используемый критерий рождение и смерть как противоположности
Категория:Родившиеся в Уппсале категория на Викискладе Births in Uppsala
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Ўпсале
катэгорыя ў праекце Вікімэдыя
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Ўпсале асобны выпадак панятку Вікімэдыя:Катэгорыя
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Ўпсале катэгорыя аб’ядноўвае тэмы месца нараджэньня
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Ўпсале катэгорыя аб’ядноўвае тэмы Упсала
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Ўпсале катэгорыя зьмяшчае чалавек, месца нараджэньня Упсала
Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ва Ўпсале катэгорыя ў Вікісховішчы Births in Uppsala
Catégorie:Naissance à Uppsala
page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimedia
Catégorie:Naissance à Uppsala nature de l’élément page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimédia
Catégorie:Naissance à Uppsala sujets associés à la catégorie lieu de naissance
Catégorie:Naissance à Uppsala sujets associés à la catégorie Uppsala
Catégorie:Naissance à Uppsala type d'élément contenu dans la catégorie être humain, lieu de naissance Uppsala
Catégorie:Naissance à Uppsala contraire Catégorie:Décès à Uppsala, critère utilisé naissance et décès d'une personne comme opposés
Catégorie:Naissance à Uppsala catégorie Commons Births in Uppsala
Categoria:Nati a Uppsala
categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Nati a Uppsala istanza di categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Nati a Uppsala argomenti della categoria luogo di nascita
Categoria:Nati a Uppsala argomenti della categoria Uppsala
Categoria:Nati a Uppsala categoria contiene umano, luogo di nascita Uppsala
Categoria:Nati a Uppsala contrario di Categoria:Morti a Uppsala, criterio utilizzato nascita e morte
Categoria:Nati a Uppsala categoria su Commons Births in Uppsala
Kateqoriya:Upsalada doğulanlar
Vikimedia kateqoriyası
Kateqoriya:Upsalada doğulanlar anlayışın sinfi Vikimedia kateqoriyası
Kateqoriya:Upsalada doğulanlar mövzuları birləşdirən kateqoriya doğum yeri
Kateqoriya:Upsalada doğulanlar mövzuları birləşdirən kateqoriya Uppsala
Kateqoriya:Upsalada doğulanlar kateqoriya ehtiva edir insan, doğum yeri Uppsala
Kateqoriya:Upsalada doğulanlar əksi Kateqoriya:Upsalada vəfat edənlər
Kateqoriya:Upsalada doğulanlar Vikianbar kateqoriyası Births in Uppsala
Kategori:Uppsala doğumlular
Vikimedya kategorisi
Kategori:Uppsala doğumlular nedir Wikimedia kategorisi
Kategori:Uppsala doğumlular konuları birleştiren kategori doğum yeri
Kategori:Uppsala doğumlular konuları birleştiren kategori Uppsala
Kategori:Uppsala doğumlular içeren kategori insan, doğum yeri Uppsala
Kategori:Uppsala doğumlular tam tersi Kategori:Uppsala'da ölenler, kullanılan kriter doğum ve karşıtlık olarak bir kişinin ölümü
Kategori:Uppsala doğumlular Commons kategorisi Births in Uppsala
Categoria:Naturais de Upsália
categoria de um projeto da Wikimedia
Categoria:Naturais de Upsália instância de categoria da Wikimedia
Categoria:Naturais de Upsália tópicos combinados na categoria local de nascimento
Categoria:Naturais de Upsália tópicos combinados na categoria Uppsala
Categoria:Naturais de Upsália categoria contém ser humano, local de nascimento Uppsala
Categoria:Naturais de Upsália categoria da Commons Births in Uppsala
Kategorie:Narození v Uppsale
kategorie na projektech Wikimedia
Kategorie:Narození v Uppsale instance (čeho) kategorie na projektech Wikimedia
Kategorie:Narození v Uppsale kategorie kombinuje témata místo narození
Kategorie:Narození v Uppsale kategorie kombinuje témata Uppsala
Kategorie:Narození v Uppsale kategorie obsahuje člověk, místo narození Uppsala
Kategorie:Narození v Uppsale protiklad Kategorie:Úmrtí v Uppsale, použité kritérium narození a úmrtí osoby jako protiklady
Kategorie:Narození v Uppsale kategorie na Commons Births in Uppsala
Категория:Родени в Упсала
Уикимедия категория
Категория:Родени в Упсала екземпляр на категория в уикимедиен проект
Категория:Родени в Упсала теми на категорията място на раждане
Категория:Родени в Упсала теми на категорията Упсала
Категория:Родени в Упсала категорията съдържа човек, място на раждане Упсала
Категория:Родени в Упсала противоположно на Категория:Починали в Упсала
Категория:Родени в Упсала категория в Общомедия Births in Uppsala
Категорія:Уродженці Уппсали
категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Уродженці Уппсали є одним із категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Уродженці Уппсали пов'язані з категорією теми місце народження
Категорія:Уродженці Уппсали пов'язані з категорією теми Уппсала
Категорія:Уродженці Уппсали категорія містить людина, місце народження Уппсала
Категорія:Уродженці Уппсали протилежне Категорія:Померли в Уппсалі, за критерієм народження та смерть як протилежності
Категорія:Уродженці Уппсали категорія Вікісховища Births in Uppsala
Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Uppsali
kategoria projektu Wikimedia
Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Uppsali jest to kategoria w projekcie Wikimedia
Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Uppsali zagadnienia związane z kategorią miejsce urodzenia
Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Uppsali zagadnienia związane z kategorią Uppsala
Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Uppsali kategoria zawiera człowiek, miejsce urodzenia Uppsala
Kategoria:Ludzie urodzeni w Uppsali kategoria Commons Births in Uppsala
Categoria:Naturais de Uppsala
categoria de um projeto da Wikimedia
Categoria:Naturais de Uppsala tópicos combinados na categoria local de nascimento
Categoria:Naturais de Uppsala tópicos combinados na categoria Uppsala
Categoria:Naturais de Uppsala categoria contém ser humano, local de nascimento Uppsala
Categoria:Naturais de Uppsala categoria na Commons Births in Uppsala
קטגוריה:אישים שנולדו באופסלה
קטגוריה בוויקיפדיה
קטגוריה:אישים שנולדו באופסלה מופע של קטגוריה של ויקימדיה
קטגוריה:אישים שנולדו באופסלה קטגוריה שמאחדת נושאים מקום לידה
קטגוריה:אישים שנולדו באופסלה קטגוריה שמאחדת נושאים אופסלה
קטגוריה:אישים שנולדו באופסלה תכולת הקטגוריה אדם, מקום לידה אופסלה
קטגוריה:אישים שנולדו באופסלה ההפך מ־ קטגוריה:אישים שנפטרו באופסלה, קריטריון לשימוש לידה ופטירה של אדם כהפכים
קטגוריה:אישים שנולדו באופסלה קטגוריה בוויקישיתוף Births in Uppsala
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا التصنيف يجمع المواضيع مكان الولادة
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا التصنيف يجمع المواضيع أوبسالا
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا يحتوي التصنيف على إنسان, مكان الولادة أوبسالا
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا النقيض تصنيف:وفيات في أوبسالا, المعيار المستخدم ولادة أو وفاة شخص كضد
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا تصنيف كومنز Births in Uppsala
Kategorii:Sündnuded Uppsalha
Category:Births in Uppsala
Wikimedia category
Category:Births in Uppsala instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Births in Uppsala category combines topics place of birth
Category:Births in Uppsala category combines topics Uppsala
Category:Births in Uppsala category contains human, place of birth Uppsala
Category:Births in Uppsala opposite of Category:Deaths in Uppsala, criterion used birth and death of a person as opposites
Category:Births in Uppsala Commons category Births in Uppsala
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا
تصنيف بتاع ويكيميديا
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا واحد من تصنيف بتاع ويكيميديا
تصنيف:مواليد في أوبسالا تصنيف بتاع كومونز Births in Uppsala
Categoría:Nacidos en Upsala
categoría de Wikimedia
Categoría:Nacidos en Upsala instancia de categoría de Wikimedia
Categoría:Nacidos en Upsala temas asociados por la categoría lugar de nacimiento
Categoría:Nacidos en Upsala temas asociados por la categoría Upsala
Categoría:Nacidos en Upsala categoría contiene ser humano, lugar de nacimiento Upsala
Categoría:Nacidos en Upsala opuesto a Categoría:Fallecidos en Upsala, criterio utilizado nacimiento y muerte de una persona como opuestos
Categoría:Nacidos en Upsala categoría en Commons Births in Uppsala
Category:Births in Uppsala
വിക്കിമീഡിയ വർഗ്ഗം
Category:Births in Uppsala തരം വിക്കിമീഡിയ വർഗ്ഗം
Category:Births in Uppsala കോമൺസ് വർഗ്ഗം Births in Uppsala
Turkum:Uppsalada tugʻilganlar
Turkum:Uppsalada tugʻilganlar bu konsepsiyaning alohida holati Vikipediya:Turkumlashtirish
Turkum:Uppsalada tugʻilganlar Commons turkumi Births in Uppsala
| 27,216 |
https://github.com/Roboy/roboy_crazyfly/blob/master/Pin_Headers.pretty/Pin_Header_Straight_1x04_Pitch2.54mm_SMD_Pin1Right.kicad_mod
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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BSD-3-Clause
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roboy_crazyfly
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Roboy
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KiCad Layout
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Code
| 490 | 1,645 |
(module Pin_Header_Straight_1x04_Pitch2.54mm_SMD_Pin1Right (layer F.Cu) (tedit 59650532)
(descr "surface-mounted straight pin header, 1x04, 2.54mm pitch, single row, style 2 (pin 1 right)")
(tags "Surface mounted pin header SMD 1x04 2.54mm single row style2 pin1 right")
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(pad 3 smd rect (at 1.655 1.27) (size 2.51 1) (layers F.Cu F.Paste F.Mask))
(model ${KISYS3DMOD}/Pin_Headers.3dshapes/Pin_Header_Straight_1x04_Pitch2.54mm_SMD_Pin1Right.wrl
(at (xyz 0 0 0))
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)
| 49,830 |
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%9E
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Нэшчэрыў
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https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Нэшчэрыў&action=history
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Belarusian
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Spoken
| 14 | 57 |
Нэшчэрыў () — вёска ў Абухіўскім раёне Кіеўскай вобласці Украіны.
Населеныя пункты Абухіўскага раёна
| 28,604 |
6Y5CDFQWRJKVISBX4GECFB6NN7TELOQP_1
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German-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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German
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Spoken
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Aachen 1872. — Nr. 135 Erstes Blatt. Samstag , 18. Mai. Verantwortlicher Redakteur : Hilmar Heinrich Beissel. Verlag von P. Kaatzer in Nachen. Druck von C. H. Georgi in Nachen. Täger ' sche Buchhandlung ; in Hamburg : Hru. Haasenstein àp ; Vogler , Rud. Mosse ; in Hannover. Hru. Carl Schüßler ; in Köln : Haasenstein & Vogler , Rdolph Bädeker , W. Greven ; in Leipzig : Hru. Haasenstein & Vogler , H. Engler , Eugen Fort , Leonhard & Co. ; in Lübeck : Hra Haasenstein & Vegler Rudoird Mosse ; in München : Hru. Rud. Mosse , Haasenstein & Vogler ; in Nürnderg : Hru. Rud. Mosse , Haasenstein & Bogleig in Paris : Hrn. Havas , Lasitie Bullier & Co. ; in Prag : Hru. Haasenstein & Vogler ; in St. Gallen : Hin. Rud. Mosse ; in Stuttgart : Hr. Haasenstein & Vogler , Sütrcutsche Anneucen = Exped. ; in Wien : Hrn. Haasenstein & Vogler , Rud. Mosse ; in Wurzdurg : Hru. Daube & Co. ; in Zürich Hrn. Haasenntein & Vogler. Nachen , 17. Mai. So eben geht uns die Einladung zu einem Erinnerungs und Dankfeste , das am 27. Mai dieses Jahres auf dem Ham bacher Schlosse gefeiert werden soll. Denn an jenem Tage erfüllen sich gerade vierzig Jahre , seitdem in den Ruinen die ses Schlosses das in der Erinnerung so Vieler noch fortlebende Hambacher Fest begangen wurde. Es war eine Zeit des über frohen und ungestümen Hoffens , unter dessen Eindruck sich eine Anzahl Patrioten versammelten , nicht um ein Fest des Dankes zu begehen , sondern um Wünsche und Pläne für die Schöpfung der deutschen Einheit zu fassen. Der bekannte Ludwig Börne führte das große Wort und bald hatte die Polizei und das Gericht vollauf zu thunzmit all demjenigen , was dort geredet worden war. Die Zeiten wurden schlimmer als je und diejenigen von den Wortführern , welche glücklich über die französische Grenze kamen , hatten , trotz der Verban nung aus dem Vaterlande , dennoch keinen Anlaß , das Loos derer zu beneiden , die zurückgeblieben waren , weil Untersu chungshaft , Gefängniß und jede denkbare Art der Verfolgung ihnen zu Theil wurde. Ein wohl organisirtes Spionirsystem unterstützte die Bemühungen der Regierungen in der ausgie bigsten Weise. Mehrere jener Denuncianten und Spione sind später zu hohen Würden gelangt. Die deutschen Flüchtlingen kamen zu einer für sie äußerst günstigen Zeit nach Frankreich. Durch den Sturz der Bour bonen fühlt sich das liberale Element von dem bisher auf ihm lastenden Drucke befreit und nahm einen mächtigen Auf schwung. Karl X. war gestürzt , Louis Philipp war sein Nach folger geworden und das constitutionelle Regierungs = System stand noch ziemlich jungfräulich rein da und man hatte in vielfacher Hinsicht Ursache , von ihm die größten Erwartungen zu hegen ; insbesondere aber gefiel allen die Freiheit der Red nerbühne und der Presse , durch welche sich die Anfänge der Juli = Dynastie charakterisiren. Ebenso war kurz vorher in Belgien eine Revolution vor sich gegangen , welche unter allen derartigen Ereignissen , die man bis zur Stunde erlebt hat , das einzige geblieben ist , welches einen dauernden Erfolg aufzuweisen hat. Dieselben Anschauungen wie in Frankreich herrschten auch dort , nur wurden sie mi. größerer Ruhe und Mäßigung vertreten. Einzelne der deutschen Flüchtlinge wen deten natürlich auch dorthin ihre Schritte. Aus diesen sicheren Asylen , wo sie nicht nur gastliche Aufnahme , sondern auch eine Lebensstellung gefunden hatten , hörten sie nicht auf , für die Verbreitung ihrer Ideen in Deutschland thätig zu sein und die Zeit hat es bewiesen , was die Censur , was Confis cation , was überhaupt Preßmaßregelung gegen die Gedanken strömung auszurichten vermag. Heine ' s und Börne ' s Schrif ten würden schwerlich die reißende Verbreitung gefunden haben , wenn man sie ihrem Geschicke überlassen und ihrer Verbreitung nicht mit allen Mitteln entgegengetreten wäre. Die Gedanken reiften , wenn auch langsam , im deutschen Volke und das erste Anzeichen , daß die Polizei = Maßregeln wider die Theilnehmer am Hambacher Feste ihren Zweck nicht erreicht hatten , war die Februar = Revolution , die gerade von den vorbenannten Deutschen importirt und auf das sorg fältigste gehegt und unterhalten wurde. Sie führte nicht zu erwarteten Ziele , weil die politische Bildung Deutschlands noch nicht den erforderlichen Höhepunkt erreicht hatte , sonst würde gewiß der König Friedrich Wilhelm IV. die deutsche Kaiserkrone angenommen haben , wenngleich sie ihm auch aus den Händen der Demokratie entgegen gebracht worden war. Allerdings ist dasjenige , was die Theilnehmer am Ham bach ' s Feste gewollt haben , äußerlich erreicht worden und in dieser Beziehung mag es , wie die Einladung sagt , als eine * Ehrenpflicht erscheinen , „ an jenem Gedenktage ein Fest des Dankes zu feiern , des Dankes gegen alle die wackern Männer längst entschwundener Tage , welche Vorkämpfer unserer nationalen Wiedergeburt und Freiheit waren ; des Dankes gegen alle die muthigen Streiter der jüngstvergangenen großen Zeit , gegen unser tapferes Heer und seine tüchtigen Führer , denen wir vor Allein nicht nur unsere Rettung vor banger , gefahrdrohender Invasion , sondern sogar die Wieder # # eiwerbung der alten Reichslande Elsaß und Lothringen , ja die ganze gebietende , geachtete Weltstellung der deutschen Na # tion verdanken. “ Allein bei einer näheren Betrachtung der Dinge wird es uns mehr und mehr zweifelhaft , daß die Be strebungen jener Männer in der von ihnen gewünschten Weise ereicht worden fiund. Denn der durchaus radkale Austlug sener Männer ist nie ein Geheimniß gewesen und würde sich mit dem Maße von Volksfreiheiten , die das gegenwärtige Deutsch land besitzt , durchaus nicht befriedigt erklärt haben und es ist nur zu gewiß , daß , wenn dieselben , die vor vierzig Jahren zu Hambach den Regierungen so vielen Stoff des Einschreitens wider sie gaben , sich heute wieder vereinigten , die Regierungen sich zu ähnlichen Maßregeln aufgefordert erachten würden. Allerdings haben wir die vom Erbfeinde unserer Nation ge raubten Länder zurückerhalten , auch sind die deutschen Fürsten bereit gewesen , sich im Interesse des großen Ganzen ihrer Souveränetät theilweise zu begeben. Das Haus ist also äußerlich ziemlich fertig , es gilt sich jetzt dasselbe wohnlich einzurichten. Dieser wichtigsten Lebensfrage ist die gesetzgeberische Thätigkeit bisher sehr wenig entgegen gekommen. Da die deutsche Regierung stets bestrebt gewesen ist , nicht dem liberalen Elemente gerecht zu werden , sondern mit demselben ihre Absichten durchzusetzen , so hat sie dasselbe , im Grunde genommen , ebensowenig zufrieden zu stellen vermocht , als den konservativen Theil des deutschen Volkes , wenn es gleich bisher gelungen ist , den offenen Ausbruch dieser Unzufriedenheit zu vertuschen. Auf der andern Seite hat man das konsewative Element durch die unnöthige Hineinziehung der konfessionellen Frage in das Gebiet der Politik beunruhigt und aufgeregt und der Bundeskanzler hat uns durch seine Aeußerungen in der Kammer nicht den geringsten Zweifel darüber gelassen , wie er das Verhältniß von Kirche und Staat zu einander geregelt wissen will. Der moderne Staat kann sich von der Kirche keine Gesetze vorschreiben lassen , so lautet seine Meinung ; es folgt daraus mit Nothwendigkeit , daß überall , wo Kirche und Staat in Konflikt gerathen , das Un recht auf Seite der Kirche liegt. Selbstredend muß daher auch die Entscheidung stets gegen die Kirche ausfallen , auch dann , wenn der Prozeß noch so sehr zu Gunsten der Kirche plaidirt und das Recht noch so evident auf ihre Seite getreten ist. Wir sehen dieses schon in dem concreten Falle des Braunsberger Konfliktes zur Geltung erhoben ; der Minister erklärt , daß die Ausführungen des Bischofs ihn nicht überzeugt hätten , ohne jedoch , wie man zu erwarten berechtigt ist , auf eine Wider legung des Prälaten einzugehen. Trotzdem unterläßt es der Bundeskanzler nicht , seine Sympathien für das Christenthum hervorzuheben. Wie läßt sich dieser Gegensatz vereinigen ? Auf der einen Seite Kampf wider die Confession , auf der anderen Seite aber Achtung , wenigstens dem Worte nach , für das Christenthum. Beide Gegensätze können nur dadurch gelöst werden , daß man voll ständig den umgekehrten Weg einschlägt , auf welchem früher die Staaten Europa ' s zur Entwicklung gekommen sind. Das Christenthum ist bislang die Grundlage gewesen , auf welcher unsere Staaten auferbaut sind. Selbstredend hat sich die Gesetzgebung darach richten müssen und dasjenige fallen lassen , was dem christlichen Gedanken widerstrebte. Gegen wärtig soll der umgekehrte Weg eingeschlagen werden , der „ moderne “ Staat will dies. Der letztere soll das Christen thum nach seiner Auffassung und nach seinem Gutbefinden verwirklichen. Die nohwendige Folge ist aber die , daß das Christenthum von vorn herein sein Centrum in Rom preis gibt und dafür seinen Schwerpunkt in den jedesmaligen Staat , in welchem es sich befindet , verlegt. Statt einer ein zigen Kirche erhielten wir so viel Kirchen als Staaten. Es macht sich freilich für das Regieren außerordentlich leicht , wenn die Kir chengewalt und die Staatsgewalt in einer einzigen Person ver einigt gedacht werden ; nichts ist dann leichter , als Conflikte beider Gewalten zu beseitigen , ja auf die Dauer könnten sie kaum noch vorkommen. Nur können wir uns damit nicht einver standen erklären , daß solche Bestrebungen als dem „ modeinen “. Staate zukommende dargestellt werden , vielmehr haben wir darin einen Rückschritt in die vorschriftliche Barbarei zu constatiren , wo ja bekanntlich jeder Staat seine besondere Re ligion hatte , weil ihnen die Idee der Wahrheit als einer über alle Völker und alle Zeiten erhabenen und trotzdem für alle Völker und alle Zeiten bestimmten , jnoch nicht zum Bewußt sein gekommen war. Damals konnte zu Rom etwas wahr sein , was zu Athen falsch war. In ähnlicher Weise würde der Gedanke einer Nationalkirche sofort den anderen Gedanken mit Nothwendigkeit einschließen , daß in Beilin etwas wahr sein könne , was in Wien als salsch und irrthümlich betrachtet wird. Daß der gesunde Sinn des katholischen Volkes sich gegen solche Projekte des „ modernen “ Staates auflehnt , ist billig und gerecht. Das „ Mainzer Journal “ äußert sich in dieser Hinsicht ganz nach unserem Sinn , wenn es schreibt : „ Einzig die katholische Kirchenverfassung und Glaubenslehre stellt eine unabhängigs geistliche Autorität der politischen an die Seite. Ohne sie wäre der Inhaber der Staatsgewalt zugleich all allgemeiner Landespapst und Souverän über die Gewissen der Unterthanen. Kommt nun der Appetit gewöhnlich beim Essen , so kann es uns nicht Wunder nehmen , wenn man in Berlin zum Nationalstaate noch eine Kaiserliche Nationalkirche hin zugewünscht hat , um in das neue Diadem das einzufügen , was auf dem Standpunkte des reinen Cäsarismus als kost barstes Juwel erscheinen muß. Die ausgegebene Parole fand in den Kreisen , auf welche sie berechnet war , keinen Anklang : der katholische Theil der Nation will bleiben , was er ist , und war zu nüchtern und zu fest , um sich in den Feenpalast der Nationalkirche verlocken — oder unter sein Dach von den drohenden Wettern scheuchen zu lassen. Heute tönt ein Wort in seine Ohren , das der Ballade unseres großen Dichters ent nommen scheint ; es heißt kurz und klar : Und folgst Du nicht willig , so brauch ' ich Gewalt. Nun , wenn es ernstlich zum Versuche kommt , so haben wir keine Gewalt , wir haben nur so viel Geduld und Standhaftigkeit entgegenzusetzen , als die Gnade des höchsten Herrn , vor welchem jeder Gebrauch der Gewalt sich verantworten muß , uns verleihen wird. “ ub e Amtliche Rachrichten. Berlin , 16. Mai. Se. Majestät der König haben Aller “ Dem Kupferstecher Professor Joseph von Keller zu Düssel dorf die Erlaubniß zur Anlegung des von des Königs von Wür temberg Majestät ihm verliehenen Ritterkreuzes erster Klasse des Ordens der Würtembergischen Krone zu ertheiten. Bekanntmachnug. Postverkehr mit Frankreich. Im Postverkehr zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich kom men vom heutigen Tage ab folgende Portosätze in Anwendung : 1 für Briefe frankirt 3 Groschen bz. 9 Kreuzer , unfrankirt 5 Groschen bz. 18 Kreuzer für je 10 Grammen , 2. für Drucksachen 3/ # Groschen bz. 3 Kreuzer für je 50 Grammen , 3. für Waarenproben bei Sendungen bis 50 Grammen C wicht 3 Groschen bz. 9 Kreuzer , bei schwereren Sendungen für jede weiteren 50 Grammen ?. Groschen bz. 3 Kreuzer mehr , 4. für Handels : oder Geschäftspapiere , Korrekturbogen und Manuskripte wie für Waarenproben unter Nr. 3 , 5. für Briefe mit Werthangabe a. 3 Groschen bz. 9 Kreuzer für 10 Grammen , b. 2 Groschen bz. 7 Kreuzer Rekommanda tionsgebühr für jeden Brief und c. 1 Groschen bz. 3½/8 Krenzer für je 20 Thlr. des angegebenen Werths. Briefe mit Werthangabe sind bis zum Betrage von 2700 Thalern zulässig und müssen unter Kreuz = Couvert , mit 5 Siegeln verschlossen , zur Post eingeliefert worden. Postkarten ( Korrespondenzkarten ) werden wie Briefe behan deit und tarirt. 95 , um Haum tanan # Gewöhnliche Briefe und Posttarren konnen frankirt oder un frankirt abgesandt werden ; für Drucksachen , Waarenproben , Han dels = oder Geschäftsvapiere 2c. und Briefe mit Werthangabe , sowie für rekommandirte Gegenstände muß das Porto vom Ab sender vorausbezahlt werden. Sämmtliche , unter 1 bis 4 aufgeführte Korrespondenzgegen stände können rekommandirt werden. Die Rekommandations gebühr beträgt 2 Groschen bz 7 Kreuzer für jede Sendung. Ver langt der Absender die Beschaffung eines Rückscheins ( Empsangs bescheinigung des Adressaten ) , so ist eine weitere Gebühr von 2 Groschen bz. 7 Kreuzern im Voraus zu entrichten. Das Gewicht der gewöhnlichen und rekommandirten Briefe unterliegt keiner Beschränkung ; dagegen darf das Gewicht der Waarenproben und Briefe mit Werthangabe 250 Grammen , das jenige der Drucksachen und Handelspapiere 2c. 1 Kilogramm nicht übersteigen. Berlin , den 15 Mai 1872. Kaiserliches Geueral = Post = Amt. Stephan. c Berlin , 15. Mai. In breitem , altväterlichem Tone erzählt heute die „ Provinzial = Correspondenz “ die enonnen Verbrechen , denen sich der Bischof von Ermland schuldig machte , als er den Protestkatholiken Dr. Wollmann der kano nischen Mission verlustig erklärte und noch obendrein in den großen Kirchenbann that , alles dies ohne die Genehmigung der Regierung. Die Regierung sei dadurch veranlaßt worden , die „ Souveränetätsrechte des Staates “ mit allen ihr zu Ge # ch bote stehenden Mitteln zu wahren. Man kann gewiß m den mindesten Einspruch erheben gegen eine solche Absicht , im Gegentheile die Regierung würde einer wesentlichen Pflicht nicht nachkommen , wenn sie die Souveränetätsrechte des Staates preisgäbe und ungestraft verletzen ließe. Nun wird man hier gefälligst das , was des Cäsars ist , von dem , was Gottes ist , zu unterscheiden gebeten. Alles aber , was geschieht , deutet darauf hin , daß man zu diesem Ende nicht die geringsten An stalten trifft , sondern Alles durcheinander in den großen und bodenlosen Sack des Staates werfen möchte , damit die Kirche das Nachsehen habe. Sie , die letztere , hat aber auch eine Sou veränetät , die ihr obendrein noch durch die Verfassungsurkunde bestätigt worden ist. In der letzten Zeit ignorirt man das aber geflissentlich und spricht nur von einer Souveränetät des Staates , der Alles unterworfen und untergeordnet werden müsse. Die nächste Aufgabe und Pflicht , welche der Cultus minister hat , ist unseres Erachtens die , daß er die Ausführun gen des Bischofs von Ermland , wenn er kann , widerlegt ; kann er dies nicht , so muß er dort das Recht anerkennen , wo es wirtlich liegt. Wir hätten nie geglaubt , daß das neunzehnte Jahrhun dert einen solchen Grad von Intoleranz und Exclusivität ent wickeln würde , nachdem so viele Bestrebungen zur Garantie der individuellen Freiheit sich geltend gemacht haben. Fährt man in der begonnenen Weise fort , so wird das gesegnete deutsche Reich zu einem der unerträglichsten Aufenthaltsorte der ganzen Welt. Der Steuerdruck soll noch cumulirt werden durch den Gewissensdruck ? Das muß endlich die Geduld er schöpfen. Die Regierung muß ja mit klaren Augen sehen , welch ein Mißverhältniß und welch ein Widerspruch zwischen der Stimme , die sich im Lande selber ausspricht , und den An sichten des Reichstages befindet. Das incommensurabele Ver hältniß der Petitionen für und wider die Jesuiten hat das blosgestellt. Es ist dies ein wahres Fischen im Trüben , wo durch der Uebermuth der Liberalen die reichlichste Nahrung enthält und sich zu den kühnsten Extravaganzen erhebt. Die „ Spenersche Zeitung “ liefert davon eine Probe , indem sie über die von gewisser Seite her geäußerte Absicht , man möge dem Antrage gegen die Jesuiten eine allgemeinerr Fassung geben , um dessen Schärfe etwas abzustumpfen , sagt , wie folgt : „ Wir würden es sehr beklagen , wenn solche Vereinigung nur durch die Verallgemeinerung des Antrages erreicht werden könnte und dieser die gegen den Jesuitenorden und seinen Affiliirten gerichtete Spitze verlöre. Ueberall , wo man die Wirksamkeit der Jesuiten und der mit ihnen verbundenen Orden , der Re demptoristen , der Liguorianer , der Gesellschaft zum Herzen Jesu , praktisch kennt , ist man der Ansicht , daß das absolute Verbot dieses Kreises von Orden die katholische Kirche und die bürgerliche Gesellschaft von einem schweren Druck allmälig befreien würde. Von Seiten der Theoretiker wird freilich ein gewandt , daß ein Verbot nicht durchzuführen sei und daß Strafandrohungen lediglich den Erfolg haben würden , die darunter fallenden Jesuiten zu Märthrern zu machen. Indessen es gibt hier einen Ausweg. Man lasse die Strafverfolgungen weg und halte sich einfach an die Thatsache , daß ein Deut scher , der Jesuit wird , durch diesen Schritt den Pflichten gegen Kaiser und Reich entsagt und statt dessen in eine permanente Verschwörung gegen sein Vaterland und dessen wesentlichste Staatseinrichtungen tritt. Er wird durch eigenen Entschluß ein Fremder und es ist lediglich die Folge dieses seines eigenen Entschlusses , wenn man ihn als Fremden behandelt. Der Staat ist vollständig berechtigt , die Theilnahme an dem Je suitenorden mit dem Verlust des deutschen Staatsbürgerrechts zu ahnden. Es wäre alsdann durch richterlichen Spruch nur jene Thatsache festzustellen und das betreffende Individuum würde dann aus Deutschland eben so gut ausgewiesen werden können , wie jeder andere Fremdling. “ Wir glauben gar nicht mit der Germania , daß die Hohenlohe ' sche Angelegenheit nun begraben sein wird ; im Gegentheil ist noch zu viel Dunkelheit in der ganzen Geschichte , welche der Aufklärung harrt. Die Autenthie des Briefes des Papstes an ihn , in welchem ihm gedroht wird , dürfte kaum an gezweifelt werden. Wichtiger ist aber die Frage , auf welche Weise er in die Oeffentlichkeit gelangt ist. Ueber derartige Ungewißheiten hilft uns der römische Correspondent der „ Times “ hinweg , der da schreibt : „ Die „ Gazette ' Italia “ , ein Journal , das im Verdacht steht , einen Correspondenten innerhalb des Vaucans zu haben , der dem Lublitum a Der Förster aus der Bönninkhardt. Historische Erzählung von August Berghoff. ( Fortsetzung. ) * Lassen wir darüber nicht streiten , Vater , entgegnete der Sohn , denn bis dahin , daß die Pompadour Herzogin von Cleve geworden , ist noch viel Wasser dem Rheine hinunter gelaufen. I Und sie wird es werden , so wahr ich Hehrdorf heiße ! rief heftig der alte Mann aus , vertheidige Du Deinen Preußen # könig wie Du willst , ich will nicht in Abrede stellen , daß er sich # # bis jetzt wacker gehalten hat , aber viele Hunde , sagt das * Sprüchwort , sind des Hasen Tod und am Ende wird er , wenn # er sein Land ruinirt hat , trotz Allem unterliegen müssen. * Und dann wird England es nie zugeben , daß die Pompa # # dour in eine Linie mit den regierenden Fürsten gestellt wird , # erwiederte der Sohn , dies hieße ja allen Gesetzen der Legiti mität Hohn sprechen. England ! rief verächtlich der Großvater aus , was wollen Adiese Krämerseelen ! ich sage Dir Clemens , keinen einzigen Soldaten können sie Deinem Preußenkönige zu Hülfe senden und mit ihren paar Dukaten und ihren schönen Versprechungen schlägt man keine Oesterreicher , Russen und Franzosen ! Während dieser Unterhaltung hatte das stürmische Wetter gan Heftigkeit zugenommen , der Wind fuhr pfeifend und heu # # lend durch die vor dem Haufe stehende Pappel = Alleg und eben # schlugen prasselnd Havelschlossen gegen die Fenster , als die Hunde mit einem Male heftig anschlugen und wenige Minu ten hierauf das Klopfen an der Haustdür ertönte. Sieh ' einmal wer draußen ist , Clemens ! sprach der Hof Ptath , als das Klopfen wieder ertönte , zu seinem Sohne , sei aber vorsichtig , denn in unserer Gegend und namentlich in der Grafschaft Mörs treibt sich viel liederliches Gefindel umher. Der Sohn egriff ein in einer Ecke gelehntes Gewehr und verließ den , Heräumigen Speisesaal. Nach wenigen Minuten kam er in Begleitung eines jungen Mannes , von dessen Hut und Mantel dicke Wassertropfen her unterfielen , zurück. Der Fremde mochte eben das 28. Jahr erreicht haben ; seine Kleidung war einfach und bürgerlich und bestand aus hohn Stulpstiefeln mit starken Sporen , einer langen schwarzen Sammtweste , die tief auf seine gelben Lederhosen herabreichte , einem blauen Rocke von feinem Niederländer Tuche und einem kleinen dreieckigen Hütchen , welches auf seinen dunklen Haaren saß. Ein feines , weißes Tuch war lose um seinen Hals ge knotet und ein , sorgfältig in kleine Fältchen gelegtes , seines , weißes Chemisette zeigte an , daß er aus einer wohlhabenden und sein Degen , daß er aus einer adeligen oder Patrizier Familie abstammen mußte. Von Wuchs war derselbe etwas über Mittelgröße , aus seinem männlich schönen Gesichte strahlten ein paar Augen , die Klugheit und Energie verriethen und alle Bewegungen seines Körpers zeigten Kraft , Elastizität und ein gewisses , sicheres Auftreten auf jedem Boden an. Ich glaubte noch Mörs erreichen zu können , sprach er mit wohllautender Stimme zu der Gesellschaft gewandt , als er Hut und Mantel auf Aufforderung des Sohnes des Hauses abgelegt hatte , allein das Unwetter nahm so zu , daß ich ein schützendes Obdach zu erreichen suchte. Wenn meine Bitte da her nicht unbescheiden sein sollte , fuhr er zu dem Haupte der Familie gewandt fort , so möchte ich für mich und mein Pferd für diese Nacht um ein bescheidenes Asyl bitten. Während der Fremde diese Worte an die Gesellschaft richtete , musterten seine Augen schnell die einzelnen Mitglieder der Familie und blieben wie festgebannt auf der jüngsten Tochter hangen. Das Haus des Hofrathes von Hehrdorf steht jedem Gaste offen , erwiederte der alte Hausherr und musterte mit seinen Augen scharf den Ankömmling , allein bevor wir Euch die Gastfreundschaft gewähren , dürft Ihr es uns nicht übel neh men , wenn wir , des umherziehenden Gesindels wegen , auf un serer Hut sind und deshalb um Euren Namen und Stand bitten müssen. Ich kann Ihnen diese Frage nicht übel nehmen , Herr Hofrath , antwortete der junge Mann , denn Niemand hat gerne mit Rittern von der Landstraße zu thun. Ich bin aus dem Paderborn ' schen zu Hause und nenne mich Leopold von Werling , ich bin auf dem Wege nach Bonn , um zu setzen , ob ich nicht am Hofe des Kurfürsten Clemens August eine Stelle als Lieutenant bei dessen Dragonern erhalten kann. Nehmt Platz , Herr von Werling ! sprach der Hofrath , nachdem der junge Mann geendet hatte und wies auf einen Stuhl an seiner Seite , und seid in meinem Hause willkom men ! Werling , Werling ! fuhr er , nachdem der Fremde der Aufforderung nachgekommen war , in seinem Gedächtniß nach suchend fort , einen Namen Werling weiß ich nicht mich zu ent sinnen jemals gehört zu haben. Möglich , erwiederte der junge Mann , meine Ellern wohnten dicht am Ravensbergischen und kamen wenig mit der Welt in Berührung , allein unsere Familie werden Sie wohl von mütterlicher Seite her kennen , meine Großmutter war eine Schmießink. Ja gewiß , rief erfreut der alte Mann aus , gewiß , diese Familie kenne ich und bin erfreut , in Euch einen Sprossen zu begrüßen. Aber darf man nicht fragen , weshalb Ihr grade nach Bonn wollt ? Warum nicht , sprach der junge Mann , denn meine Reise ist kein Geheimniß. Sie kennen wohl , Herr Hofrath , die Ge setze , die bei uns herrschen , der älteste Sohn bekömmt das Gut und die übrigen Kinder müssen sehen , wie sie durch die Welt kommen. Ich bin nun der dritte Sohn meines Vaters und muß mich nach einer Existenz umsehen. Da riethen nun meine Vettern im Münsterlande mir , mein Glück in Vonn zu ver ucgen g acn 6. der Verfasser der „ Cronien Vaticana “ bek unt ist , meldet deß der Privaiseerstär des Papstes , Monsigno : Cenni , von Sr. Heiligkeit beauftragt war , seiner Unwilligkeit , Car dinal Hohenlohe als Koiser Wilhelm ' s Botschafter zu em pfangen , Ausdruck zu geben. Diese Mittheilung ist völlig wahr und ich kann hinzufügen , daß Msar Cenni in dem ganzen ungewöhnlichen Geschäft das Verkehrsmittel zwischen IX. Pius und dem Cardinal war. “ Es fehlt noch , daß der Gefangene des Vaticans auch von Spionen umgeben ist , die alle seine Schritte bewachen und sofort in die Oeffentlichkeit tragen. * Der Bericht der Petitions = Kommission , betreffend die Petitionen für und wider ein allgemeines Verhot des Jesuiten Ordens in Deutschland , ist ein umfangreiches Aktenstück , das insbesondere durch die Aufzählung und Inhaltsangabe der Petitionen für die Jesuiten so voluminös geworden ist. Aus einer in diesem Berichte angeführten Denkschrift des Abg. Dr. Monfang erhellt , daß sich in Deutschland im Ganzen nur 194 deutsche Patres befinden , zu Aachen , Bonn , Kreuzburg , Köln , Coblenz , Essen , Friedrichsburg bei Münster , Goorheim , Maria = Laach , Mainz , Münster , Paderborn und Regensburg : die wenigen in Schlesien wirkenden Patres gehören der gali zischen Provinz an. Außerdem sind noch 139 in Rom , in der Schweiz , in Belgien , Frankreich , England , Bombay. Brasilien , New = York , Buffalo , Toledo ( Ohio ) , Maryland , Missoury , Kalifornien , Quito , Chile und Paraguay. * Die Ober = Staatsanwaltschaft beim Kammergericht soll die Beschwerde des Prälaten v Kozmian über die Zurückweisung seines gegen die „ Nordd. Allg. Ztg. gerichteten Straf = An trages refusirt haben. Aus dem Reichstage. 23. Plenarsitzung. Mittwoch den 16. Mai 1872. Präsident Dr. Simson eröffnet die Sitzung um 11 “ Uhr , welcher am Tische des Bundesraths : Staatsminister Delbrück , Dr. Fäustle , Dr. Leonhard u. A. beiwohnen. Nach einigen ge schäftlichen Mittheilungen tritt das Haus in die Tages Ordnung ein und setzt die Debatte über die Jesuitenpetitionen fort. Erster Redner ist der Abg. Kiefer ( Baden ) : Die vorliegende Frage sei weder eine — noch eine freimauerische , sondern eine große eminente Staurs = und Kulturfrage der Gegenwart , die auf die Tages Ordnung gebracht worden durch die vatikanischen Beschlüsse , ( Widerspruch im Centrum ) und die nicht eher von derselben ver schwinden werde , bis sie durch die Gesetzgebung erledigt ist. Man müsse leidenschaftslos und mit den nüchternsten Augen betrach ten. Die Jesuiten hätten nur alle bischöfliche Gewalt annektirt zu Gunsten der absoluten Centralgewalt des römischen Pontifex. Derselbe solle in den Stand gesetzt werden , alle Fürsten zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. Es solle keine andere Quelle für Rechte geben als die , welche die Kirche für gut heiße. Dieser Absolutis mus habe in der letzten Zeit gefährliche Dimensionen angenom men und der Jesuiten = Orden habe den Beruf , für diesen kirch lichen Orden zu wirken. Er habe es schon vor 300 Jahren ver sucht , bei seiner Gründung den Absolutismus innerhalb der Kirche herzustellen , scheiterte aber damals an dem tridentinischen Concil. Jetzt habe er sein Ziel erreicht : die Kirche und ihre Institutionen liegen dem Jesuiten = Orden zu Füßen. Redner schildert die be denklichen Folgen dieses Absolutismus , der sowohl mit den Schlagwörtern der Demagogie als der Reaktion thätig sei. Der Staat könne nicht länger das Treiben der Jesuiten ansehen. Der Jesuiten = Orden habe sich auf die politische Propaganda gelegt , um die fanatischen Anschauungen des Katholizismus in das Blut und Leben der Bölker hineinzuführen. Im collegicum germa nicum zu Rom werde jene eiserne Zucht gelehrt , jene unbedingte Entsagung der eigenen Persönlichkeit , daß der Mensch nur als willenloser Leichnam zur unbedingten Verfügung seiner Oberen Eröt gebe keine politische Partei , welche mit solcher Rück schimosigkeit vorgehe , wie der Jesuiten = Orden. Könne man solcher Organisation , solcher Maschinerie gegenüber von einem Vereine sprechen ? Redner schildert dann die Schulthätigkeit der Jesuiten , der keinen günstigen Einfluß auf die Bildung es Volks ausübe. Die Schule müsse eine nationale Bildungsstätte werden , die nur unter der Controle des Staats stehen darf , höchstens der Reli gions = Anterricht dürfe der Kirche verbleibe : Man müsse aus dem Staute den Jesuiten = Orden ganz entfernen , denn eine Ver söhnung mit den Jesuiten gebe es nicht. Redner bittet deshalb den von dem Abg. Lamey. gestellten Antrag , der die Ausschlie ßung des Jesuiten = Ordens im Wege der Gesetzgebung bezweckt , anzunehmen. Von den Abgg. Marquardsen , Barth. v. Blankenberg , Dr. Lucius ( Erfurt ) ist folgender Antrag gestellt worden : Die Nr. 2 des Wagener ’ schen Antrages ( wir haben denselben gestern mitge theilt ) in folgender Fassung anzunehmen : „ Insbesondere einen Gesetzentwurf vorzulegen , welcher auf Grund des Eingangs und des Art. 4 Nr. 13 und 16 der Reichsverfassung , die rechtliche Stellung der religiösen Orden , Congregalionen und Genossen schaften , die Frage ihrer Zulassung und deren Bediagungen regelt , sowie die staatsgefährliche Thätigkeit derselben , namentlich Jesu , unter Strafe stellt. “ ( Dieser Antrag erhält die Unterstützung fast aller Parteien mit Ausnahme der Cen trumsfraktion. ) Abg. Gravenhorst erklärt sich gegen den Antrag der Kom mission , weil derselbe gewissermaßen Alles der Regierung über lassen will Er halte dies für ein gefährliches Vorgehen , das große Nachtheile nach sich ziehen könnte. Es handle sich hier nicht um Katholizismus , sondern um das gesammte Verhältniß zwischen Staat und Kirche , es handle sich um den Kampf zwischen Kirche und Staat überhaupt. Deshalb dürfe man diesen Kampf nicht allein auf die Jesuiten beschränken. Ein solches Vorgehen würde eine Rechtsungleichheit innolviren ; man müsse vielmehr Maßregeln ergreifen , welche geeignet sind , den Einfluß des Ultramontanis mus und Jesuitismus auf das staatliche Leben zu entziehen. Das sei nur möglich , wenn die Trennung der irche vom Staate aus gesprochen wirde. Er bitte deshalb , sich dem von ihm gestellten untrage anzuschließen , nicht mit Verbot und Strafe vorzugehen sondern diese Gelegenheit dazu zu benutzen , um den Grundsatz der Trennung von Staat und Kirche zu proklamiren. Abg. Reichensperger ( Olpe ) : Nicht blos die Organisation , sondern die rechtliche Existenz der katholischen Kirche sei gegenwärtig in Deutschland gefährdet , ( Rufe : nein ! nein ! ) habe doch ein Minister im vorigen Jahre in diesem Hause erklärt , daß die katholische Kirche unverträglich sei mit den Institutionen des modernen Staates. ( Widerspruch ) Wenn solche Anschauun gen von oben herab in das Land geschleudert würden , so fän den solche bald ein Echo in den niederen Schichten der Bevöl kerung , und ein solches Echo habe sich gefunden. Im alten nutschen Reiche durfte ausdrücklich nicht über Religionsange legenheiten durch Majorität entschieden werden. Sollte es im neuen dahin kommen , daß die katholische Bevölkerung in Deutsch land , jene größte und stärkste Minorität von 14 Millionen , die überhaupt in einem Staatswesen gedacht werden lönne , zu dem Glauben getrieben würde , als seien die Interessen der katholi. schen Kirche dem Gutbefinden einer protestantischen Majorität preisgegeben , dann werde ein Zustand angebahnt , der leicht zur Gefährdung des Reichs und des Friedens führen könnte. Redner verweist sodann darauf , daß in der preußischen Verfassung die Existenz des Jesuitenordens gewährleistet sei. Dieses Recht könne demselben nicht entzogen werden , und sei die preußische Regie rung verantwortlich für die Schritte , welche hier beschlossen Wäre meine Bitte unbescheiden , frug der junge Mann , wenn ich Sie bäte , einige freundliche Worte der Empfehlung Wolfs zuzufügen ? Das könnte leicht geschehen , meinte der Gefragte , geben Sie mir nur das Schreiben wieder zurück , und mein Sohn wird es Ihnen Morgen vor Ihrer Abreise , mit einer kleinen Empfehlung von mir versehen , zustellen ; aber jetzt sagen Sie uns , haben Sie keine Nachrichten vom Kriegsschauplatze mitgebracht ? Nein , erwiederte der junge Mann , keine anderen als die schon hier bekannt sein werden , denn des Winters wegen stock ten die Operationen , aber wenn nicht bald Friede wird , so wird das jetzige Jahr noch blutige Kämpfe sehen. Ja , ja , rief der Hofrath aus , ich hoffe die Franzosen werden die Scharte bei Rosbach auswetzen , ein neues , gewal tiges Heer ist bereits über den Rhein gegangen und ein zweites auf dem Wege , um die Preußen mit einem Schlage zu vernichten. Da wird der Preußenkönig noch in ' s Gedränge kommen , meinte der junge Mann gelassen , man sagt ja , viele Hunde sind des Hasen Tod. „ „ „ ( Fortsetzung folgt. würden , denn die Reichsverfossure zarantire der einzelnen Staa # n ihre Selbstständigkeit. Ei destreite , daß der Jesuitenorden staatsgefahrlich sei. Reoner verweist auf die Aussprüche ver schiedener Publizisten , so auch auf die bekannte Schrift des = am rikanischen Gesandten Bancroft. in welcher den Jesuiten das beste Zeugniß ausgestellt wird. Gestern sei nun außer den schon bekannten Anklagen auch eine ganze Fluth neuer Beschuldigun gen , nicht blos gegen die Jesuiten , sondern gegen die Katboliken überhaupt , erhoben Alle diese Beschuldigungen seien größten theils auf Unkenntniß des Katholicismus zurückzuführen , von einer absoluten Unterordnung der staatlichen Anordnungen unter die Kirche sei nirgend die Rede , diese bätte vielmehr mit der Kirche nichts gemein. Durch solche Anschuldigungen werde man aber nicht zum Frieden gelangen. Er sei vielmehr der Meinung , wolle man überhaupt den Frieden , dann müsse man solche Fragen überhaupt shstematisch aus dem Parlamente entfernen. Wolle man den Frieden , schließt Redner , dürfe man die Katho liken nicht mit Haß verfolgen , sondern man müsse ihnen wohl wollen und Gerechtigkeit entgegen bringen. ( Bravo im Centrum. ) Abg. Lucius ( Erfurt ) : Er und seine Partei sei der Ansicht , daß der einzige richtige Weg , auf reiigiösem Gebiete zum religiö sen Frieden zu gelangen , allein in der inergischen Handhabung der Gesetze bestehe Mit einem Ausnahmegesetz sei nichts zu er reichen. Die Rechte des Staates seien bereits durch die Gesetz gebung gesichert ; ein Ausnahmegesetz würde praktisch doch un wirksam bleiben. Sollte ein solches aber dennoch erforderlich sein , dann könne man es füglich der Reichsregierung überlassen. Er bitte deshalb , dem von ihm mit dem Abg. Marquadsen gestellten Antrag zuzustimmen. Derselbe konstatire die bestehende Anomalie ; er sichert der Staatsgewalt die Bereitwilligkeit des Reichstages , sie bei ihrer schwierigen Aufgabe zu unterstützen. Wir halten uns dabei auf dem Gebiete der Abwehr ; wird der Krieg aber auf der anderen Seite aufrecht erhalten , dann werden auch wir ebenso bereit sein , diesen Krieg bis zum letzten Augenblick auszukämpfen. Von dem Abgrordneten Dr. v. Nigobewski , unterstützt von den Pelen , ist folgender Antrag eingegangen : „ Indem wir hier mit Protest einlegen gegen die bereits erfolgte Ausweisung der Mitglieder des Ordens Jesu , polnischer Nationalität , denen , wiewohl sie nicht preußische Unterthanen sind , jedoch auf Grund der durch internationale Verträge garantirten Einheit aller ehe maligen polnischen Landestheile und des Bestandes der Nation als einer Familie das volle Recht zustand , sich auch in den unter preußischer Herrschaft stehenden Theilen Polens aufzuhalten , be antragen die Unterzeichneten. der Reichötag wolle den Uebergang zur Tagesordnung über sämmtliche Petitionen beschließen. “ Die Abgeordneten Wagener und -. Lamey nehen zu Gun sten des heute gestellten Amendements Marquardsen , Blankenburg und Genossen ihre resp. Anträge , ersierer jedoch nur Nr. 2 des selben zurück. — In der weiteren Dedatte constatirt zunächst Ab geordneter Schulze ( Berlin ) , daß in der heutigen und gestrigen Diskussion von Seiten der Gegner der Jesuiten gegen diese noch lange nicht so viel Beschuldigungen erhoben worden , als in der Zulle des Papstes Clemens XIV. , durch welche dieser Papst den Jesuitenorden aufhob. Abgeordneter Fischer ( Augsburg ) : Meine Herren ! Zunächst eine Ehrenrettung In dem Kommissionsbericht ist einer solchen Petition des Männergesangvereins zu Augsburg zu Gunsten der Jesuiten erwähnt. Es befindet sich nun allerdings ein Männer gesangverein in Augsburg , von welchem aber eine Petition , wie ich zu constatiren den Auftrag habe , zu Gunsten des Jesuiten ordens nicht ausgegangen ist. Diese Petition ist vielmehr von Rännern ausgegangen , welche keine Lieder haben. ( Große Heiterkeit. ) Ich bestreite übrigens , daß in katholischen Ländern eine durchaus günstige Stimmung für die Jesuiten herrsche , und wäre es mir , hätte ich darauf Gewicht legen wollen , ein Leichtes gewesen , in meiner Provinz eine ebenso große Anzahl Pctitionen zusammen zu bringen , wie gegenwärtig für dieselben eingegangen sind. Was die vorliegende Frage anlangt , so ist nach meiner Auffassung der Nothstand in Preußen in dieser Beziehung viel größer , als in Suddeutschland. Die bayerische Gesetzgebung räumt der Staatsgewalt größere Rechte ein , als dies in Preußen der Fall ist. Der Adgeordnete Reichensperger hat auf die 14 Millionen deutscher Katholiken hingewiesen und hat zu verstehen gegeben , daß wir diese sehr kränken würden , wenn wir in der von uns eingeschlagenen Richtung gegen die Jesuiten vorgehen ollten. Dem gegenüber möchte ich doch daran erinnern , daß diese 14 Millionen deutscher Katholiken doch nicht so ganz und gar zur Verfügung derjenigen stehen , welche die Freunde der Jesunen sind. Wollten wir eine genaue Untersuchung darüber anstellen , so würden wir schon in diesem Hause finden , daß die beiden Zünglein sich so ziemlich die Waage halten. Der Abg. Moufang hat sich gestern bemüßigt gesehen , über die Altkatholi ken den Stab zu brechen. Das einzige Verbrechen dieser Männer besteht aber meines Wissens nur darin , daß sie ihre Ueberzeu gung nicht , wie dies Andere gethan , auf Kommando wechselten. ( Zustimmung. ) Die Gefährlichkeit des Jesuitenordens zeigt sich am Pesten daran , daß sie es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht , die ka tholische Kirche allmälig so einzurichten , wie sie ihrem Zwecke , nicht aber dem des Glaubens , entspricht. — Ein Geistlicher wurde gefragt , wie man noch in heutiger Zeit die unbefleckte Empfäng zum kirchlichen Dogma erheben könne ; darauf erwiederte dieser : reden wir nicht davon , lassen wir doch den alten Jungfern dies unschuldige Vergnügen. ( Große Heiterkeit. Rufe im Cen trum : Pfui ! Pfui ! ) In allen civilisirten Ländern der Gegen wart und Vergangenheit. so lange der Jesuitenorden besteht , hat mon gefunden , daß der Leumund derselben ein schlechter ist und der Unbescholtenheit entbehre. ( Widerspruch. Abg. Windthorst Meppen ] ruft : Nein ! ) Ich habe ja nicht verlangt , daß der Hersia der nar eben „ nein zurief , sich zu den Bewohnern der cronistiten Lander rechne. ( Schallendes Gelächter. ) Auch Friedrich der Große ist für den Jesuitenorden in ' s Feld geführt. Ich will nicht bestreiten , daß die Jesuiten sich damals sehr zanständig be nommen haben ( Heiterkeit ) , aber daraus kann man doch noch kein Lod für die Jesuiten herleiten. Als Friedrich der Große den Jesuiten ein Asyl anbot , da mußten sie angemessen vorsich tig sein und konnten die Krallen nicht zu weit ausstrecken. Beifall. Widerspruch. ) Heute würde der König ; auch anders über die Jesuiten denken. König Ludwig I. von Bayern , ein sehr strenggläubiger Katholik , verweigerte den Jesuiten den Auf enthalt in seinen Staaten , weil er sagte , die Jesuiten seien Prä torianer mit allen Mängeln derselben. Ein Franzose , kein Freund dei Jesuiten , sagte : Die Jesuiten würden am Tage der Abrech = nung mit Deutschland unsere Verbündete sein. ( Hört ! Hört ! ) Wir haben daher alle Ursache , auf deutschem Gebiete eine Orga nisation zu verhindern , die schließlich zur Erreichung ihrer Zwecke in Verbindung mit dem Auslande einen Kampf gegen Deutsch land aufzunehmen entschlossen sein könnte. Und daß ein solcher Kampf nicht zu den Unmöglichkeiten gehört , ist wenigstens eine weit verbreitete Ansicht in Deutschland. Wir haben daher eine Verpflichtung zur Abwehr. Man hat gesagt , ein ge fesselter Bischof würde der Kirche noch viel größere Dienste leisten , als ein freier. Nun , auf freiem Fuße steben heute zwar noch alle deutschen Bischöfe , aber , wenn ich mir die Sache genau ansehe , daß seit dem letzten vaticanischen Concil sämmtliche Bischöfe wenigstens geistig gefesselt sind. ( Zustimmung ). Redner empfiehlt zum Schluß die Annahme des Commissionsan trages mit dem Unteramendement Marquardsen. ( Lroyaftes Bravo. ) Die Diekussion wird hierauf geschlossen. ( Schluß folgt. ) Reueste Nachrichten Wien , 17. Mai. Im Abgeordnetenhause erklärte an läßlich der Debatte wegen Besorgung des Religionsunter richts an den Volks = und Mittelschulen der Unterrichtsmini ster , daß die Regierung mit der neulich gehaltenen Bischofs Konferenz keine Verhandlungen pflog und keinerlei Konzes sionen machte. Von den Bischöfen gelangten an die Regie rung Eingaben , die sich durch versöhnliche Haltung auszeich nen und den Bestand der gegenwärtigen Gesetzgebung zum Ausgangspunkte verschiedener Wünsche nehmen. Die Regie rung wird die Eingaben pflichtgemäß prüfen , jedoch an den bestehenden Schulgesetzen nach Wort und Sinn treu fest halten. Paris , 16. Mai. Die National = Versammlung hat das Gesetz über die Zusammensetzung des Kriegsrathes über Bazaine angenommen. Während der Diskussion erklärte der Herzog von Aumale sich bereit , jedem Rufe des Kriegs = Mi nisters Folge zu leisten und zu thun , was die militärische Pflicht ihm gebiete. Bayonne , 15. Mai. Die geflüchteten Carlisten , werden nach der deutschen undnicht nach der belgischen Grenze dirigirt , wie einige Blätter angaben. Zu Irm waren 500 gefangene Carlisten angekommen , unter denen sich viele Greise und Kinder befanden. Der Marschall Serrano geht gegen Bilbao vor , mit dem er bald fertig zu werden gedenkt. Wie man sagt , hat Thiers viele Aktenstücke nach dem Präsidentschaftshotel bringen lassen , um die nöthigen Beweise zu sammeln , daß die Opposition während des Kaiserreiches der von dem Marschall Niel beabsichtigten Militär = Organi sation nicht schädlich war , wie die bonapartistische Blätter be haupten. Rom , 15. Mai. In dr Deputirtenkammer erklärte T der Minister des Aeußern auf eine Seitens des Abgeordneten Macchi gestellte Anfrage , daß die Regierung zu Gunsten der verfolgten Ifraeliten im Oriente Schritte gethan habe. ( Deputirtenkammer. ) Bei der fortgesetzten Debatte über die auswärtige Politik der Regierung erklärte der Minister der auswärtigen Angelegenheiten , Bisconti = Venosta , als er über die Angriffe auf den König von Iialien im belgischen Senate befragt wurde , er habe im Interesse beider Länder die Aufmerksamkeit der belgischen Regierung auf gewisse That sachen gelenkt. Der belgische Gesandte habe hierauf den Be fehl erhalten , seinen Wohnsitz in Rom aufzuschlagen , und habe die belgische Regierung den Wunsch kundgegeben , mit Italien freundschaftliche Beziehungen zu unterhalten. Das Budget des auswärtigen Amtes wurde genehmigt. Christiania , 15. Mai. Heute nahm das Storthing mit 63 gegen 47 Stimmen das Mißtrauensvotum gegen die Regierung an. Konstantinopel , 16 Mai. Gestern begab sich der Sultan zur Pforte , woselbst der Großvezir ein Expose über die allgemeine Lage des Reiches verlas und gleichzeitig den übschluß des Uebereinkommens mit dem Baron Hirsch , be treffend die rumelischen Eisenbahnen , anzeigte. Der Sultan drückte seine Befriedigung über die während des letzten halben Jahres durch die neueingeführten administrativen und ökono mischen Reformen erzielten Fortschritte aus und empfahl weitere gute Führung der Administration , sowie Aufrecht erhaltung des Staatskredits. Gleichzeitig erklärte der Sultan seine Zufriedenheit mit dem im Budget herbeigeführten Gleich gewicht und dem Abschluß des Vertrages bezüglich der rume lischen Eisenbahnen. Erzherzog Karl Ludwig ist in Folge der Erkrankung der Erzherzogin Sophie direkt nach Triest abgereist. Bukarest , 15. Mai. Der Fürst und die Fürstin sind hieher zurückgekehrt und von den Spitzen der Behörden feier lichst empfangen worden. 15. Mai. Nachrichten aus Japan mel den von schrecklichen Feuersbrünsten in Yeddo , welche sich auf vier englische Quadratmeilen ausdehnten und 30,000 Per sonen des Obdachs beraubten. Lokal = Racbrichten. Aachen , 17. Mai. Gegen halb ein Uhr heute Mittag spielte im Rebmviertel eine großartige Scene — eine Jagd auf einen Straßenräuber. Derselbe suchte sich seiner Verhaftung durch schleu zige Flucht zu entziehen und rannte was er laufen konnte die Brander Landstraße entlang ; hinterher keuchte ein wohlgenährter Hendarm und Hunderte Fabrikarbeiter. Die mehrmalige Auffor derung des Sicherheitswächters , den Schnellläufer festzuhalten , chien der edle Pöbel zu überhören. Der Spitzbube gewann immer größeren Vorsprung ; noch wenige Augenblicke und er war dem besichtskreise der Verfolger entschwunden : da nahte die Nemesis in Gestalt eines hiesigen Bürgers mit zwei häftigen Pferden und einem Wägelchen. Den Bitten und Vorstellungen des Gendarmen Bedör schenkend , änderte der Besitzer seinen Cours , nahm den vendarmen auf , ließ die Thiere ausgreifen und nach einem kurzen , scharfen Trabe hatte man den Fluchtling in der Näbe des Eisen bahn = Uederganges erreicht. Er ward verhaftet und in Begleitung einer zahllosen Menschenmenge zur Bioline gefuhrt. Aachen , 17 Mai. Diese Nacht wurde ein benachbarter Dörfler wegen Diebstahls und ein Bummler verhaftet. Aachen , 17. Mai. Auf dem Damengraben ist über Nacht ein Hosiery = Wundergeschäft entstanden , woselbst die Waaren zu solchen Spottpreisen sortgeschleudert werden , daß sich uns unwill kürlich der Gedanke aufdrängt , der Besitzer müsse sie irgendwo — gesunden haben. Nichtsdestoweniger wird das Magazin , wo selbst die verschiedensten Gegenstände in malerischem Durchein ander aufgestapelt , von früh bis spät von Nugierigen und Kauf lustigen umlagert und Keiner , der den Rubicon der Hausthüre überschreitet , geht ungekauft von dannen. Ob die havarirten Sachen wirklich ebenso preiswürdig als billig — gai vivra verra ! Aachen , 17. Mai. Unter den zahlreichen Strikes der Gegen wart , über die wir ziemlich sorgfältig Notiz geführt zu haben uns schmeicheln , hätten wir beinahe eine der merkwürdigsten Erschei nungen auf dem Gebiete des sozialen Lebens vergessen. Nämlich die letzte Ausgabe des Kladderadatsch ist ohne die nun geradezu unentbehrlich gewordenen Holzschnitte erschienen. Und wie kam das ? — Der Holzstock strikte. Höre man darüber die Klage des Kladderadatsch selber : Der Holzstock ist — was fiel dem alten Jungen Nur ein ? Ob er ' s vor lauter Freude that , Ob aus Malice ? — nun , er ist gesprungen ! Das Pech ist da , und theuer guter Rath. Provinzielle Rachrichten. Köln , 17. Mai. In der gestern Abend abgehaltenen gehei imnen Sitzung der Stadtverordneten wurde der Beschluß gefaßt. eine Eingabe in Betreff der Entfestigung resp. Erweiterung der Stadt an das Kriegsministerium abzusenden. Die Eingabe soll in der nächsten Sitzung dem Collegium vorgelegt werden. Ferner wurde an Stelle des Hrn. Maschdorff der Landbaumeister Hr. Weyer von Trier , Sohn des bekannten Geheim. = Rathes , zum Stadtbaumeister gewählt. Köln , 15. Mai. Der ordentliche Lehrei der hies. Realschule I. Ordnung Dr. Bischoff hat einen Ruf als professor extraor dinsrius der französischen und englischen Sprache an der Univer sität Bonn erhalten und angenommen. Wechselcours ven Meyerhoff & Jos. Salemen , Aachen , 17. Mai. Course in preuss. Amsterdam Paris Antwerpen Brüssel Hamburg Bremen London Augsburg Wien Frankfurt a. M. Berlin Leipzig Berlin. Böcsenbericht des Eho der Ge Fonbs und Aktien. Mai ! 15. 4½ proz. kons. Preuß. Staats = Anleihe Amerikanische 6proz. 1882r Anleihe = proz Italienische Rente Oesterreichische Silber = Rente " 1860r Loose " Kreditbank = Aktien Darmstädter Bank = Aktien Diskonto = Komm. = Antheile Preuß. Bank = Antheile Schaffhausen ' sche Bank = Aktien Jachen = Mastrichter Eisenbahn = Aktien Bergisch = Märkische Eisenbahn = Aktien Köln = Mindener Eisenbahn = Aktien Lombarden Mainz = Ludwigshafener Eisenbahn = Aktien Oberschlesische Eisenbahn = Aktien Lit A und C Oesterr. = Französische Eisenbahn Aktien Rheinische Eisenbahn = Aktien Phönix = Aktien Stimmung : geschäftslos. 103 96 1/2 66 12 64 91 3/4 194 14 185 3/8 209 180 165 1/2 47 7,8 137 1/2 184 1/2 116 7/8 177 3/4 212 • 2 214 1/4 161 • 4 186 1/2 Sarl. 16. 108 — 86 5 66 34 8 18 9. 1/8 195 5/8 185 3/8 209 183 12 167 48 137 34 184 34 11738 177 78 213 214 12 161 34 186 12 Eisenbahn = Aktien. Aachen = Mastr. Berg = Märk. Köln = Mind. " L. B Cref. Kr. Kemp. Pr. = A. Mainz = Ludwigsb. 178¼ 48½ B 137136 184 •. G 115 B Oberschl. A. u. C. Oesterr. = Franz. Stöb. Lombard. = A. Rhein. = A. " L. B. B Rhein = Nahe Industrie = Aktien. Kölner Bergw. = B. „ Maschinenb. " Müsener. = B Concordia , Eschw. Essener M. F. Union Harpener B. A. Hörder B. B. Mecherniche Phönix „ A. " L. B. Stolb. Zinkd. St. = A. „ Pr. = A. Wurmrevier Kohlen Feuerv. 280 G „ 262½ G " 116 G Aachen = Münch Colonia Gladbacher Magdeburger Vaterl. Elberfeld „ Aachener Rückversicher. Kölner Concordia Lebensvers. Kölner Hagel = Versicher. Union Hagel = Versicher. Pr. Hyp. , Hübner Köln. Baumw. = Sp. Aachen = Höngen. = V. 115 B Boch. Gußstahl = A. 194 B Bank = Aktien. 183 G 171 B 120 B 137 B 103 53 105 B 112¾ G 215 3 161 % B 95¼ B 48 B 153 G 147 8 95 6 58 6 104 8 288 B 123 B 127½ 6 187 6 37 B 86 3 111½ B A. Schaffh. Antw. Centr. = B. Barmen. = B. Berliner Hand = Ges. Darmst. = A. Deutsche 166½ G 106 G 120 K 155 G 185½ B 114 B Disk. = Comm. = A. Luxemburg Meininger. = B. Oesterr. Cred. = B. Preuß. Bank = A. Preuß. Disk. = Ges. 210 B 143 B 146 6 195½ 6 3½ “ 4½ " Eisenbahn = Obligationen. Berg. = Märk. III S 846 VS 98G VIS 98G 5 % „ Nordb. 102 G 4½ Köln - Mind. IE 184 B 5 % „ IIE 4½ " IIIE 4 „ IVE 4 % Köln = Mind. VE 90¼ G 5 % Mainz = Ludwigsb 102½6 4 % Rheinische 97 B 5 „ „ 102 5 4½ Bonn = Köln 98 G 4 % Tachen = Mastr. IE — 5 % " IE — 5 „ „ IIIE — 102½ 102 “ 99 % In = und ausländische Fonds. 2 Pr. Rente 102 % Bj3½ Köln = Mind. Pr. = A. 98 B 59r „ Anleihe — 14½ Köln = Stadt. Obl. 99 B Nordd. Bund = A. I Oesterr. Credit = Loose u. 113½ B Amerik. 82r 96 ¾ / bz ] „ Silberrente 64 % 53 100 % G * — • - „ 85r 98½ B Berlin , 16. Mai. Die Börse war heut zwar fest , aber das Geschäft nur gering ; ziemlich belebt waren Spekulations effekten ; namentlich Kredit und Franzosen ; letztere aber der star ken Mindereinnahme wegen stark weichend Inländische Fonds still und behauptet ; Köln = Mindener Prämien = Anleihe belebt zu 97½ und dazu noch begehrt. Oesterreichische Renten , französische Rente , Italiener , Englische Russen belebt , ebenso Türken , und zum Theil höher. Von Eisenbahnen die inländischen fester , aber still , Rheinische und Westfälische gefragt und höher ; Rhein = Nahe dehauptet ; Anhalter , Halberstädter , Potsdamer in einigem Verkehr. ( Eingesandt ). Zur Verschönerung. Die jüngsten Verhandlungen des Gemeinderaths bekunden , daß beabsichtigt wird , durch Niederlegung der sogenannten Rommel und des Choralenhauses am Chorusplatze , die Münsterkirche nach der Nordseite hin freizulegen. Dagegen soll , wie verlautet , der Umgang , der seit Jahrhunderten der Bürgerschaft zum Durchgang , sowie andächtigen Betern frei und offen stand , geschlossen werden. Es ist aber dabei nicht außer Acht zu lassen , daß die Bürgerschaft auf die angedeutete Benutzung des Umgangs ein sehr altes Anrecht hat ( bis zum Jahre 1797 wurde sogar der Jahrmarkt darin ab gehalten ) , welches in der neuern Zeit um so größer geworden ist , als sie durch ihre Beisteuer die Restauration der Münsterkirche mit befördert hat. Und was berechtigt denn dazu , die Bürgerschaft von der seitherigen Benutzung des Umgangs auszuschließen , den selben kellerartig abzusperren und gleichsam todt liegen zu lassen “ Man will zwar als Ersatz für die Absperrung des Umgangs vom Chorusplatze aus nach dem Klosterplatze hin eine Gasse herrichten ; die aber zwischen kahlen und todten Mauern hinlaufend ( würde sie auch mit einer Glasdecke versehen ) , selbst am hellen Tage zur Ansammlung von Schmutz und Unrath dienen würde ; es sei denn , daß ein Wächter sie fortwährend beaufsichtige. Es ist nicht abzu seben , wie man die Heistellung einer solchen Gasse in den Bereich der Verschönerung ziehen kann. Haben wir nicht Gassen und Gaß chen genug ! Wie nicht Alles Gold ist , was glänzt ; so ist auch nicht Alles Verschönerung , was dafür ausgegeben wird. Unsern Lesern und Leserinnen dürfte die Mittheilung von Interesse sein , daß mit Ende dieses Monats ein Wiener Schut # und Stiefel - Bazar am Platze eröffnet werden soll. Da die echten Wiener Fabrikate hinsichtlich ihrer Eleganz und Solidität sich allerorts einen guten Namen erworben haben , so erlauben oon uns hiermit das neue Unternehmen an dieser Stelle zu empfehlen. c I. Willems , Maria Willems , ged. Huppertz , Vermählte. Würselen , den 18. Mai 1872. Handels = Gericht. Der zu Aachen wohnende Kaufmann Julius Collette hat das von ihm daselbst unter Firma Julius Collette geführte Handelsgeschäft eingestellt , weshalb diese Firma heute unter Nr. 2861 des Firmen registers gelöscht worden ist. Aachen , den 17. Mai 1872. Kgl. Handelsgerichts = Sekretariat. Unter Nr. 1020 des Gesellschaftsregisters wurde heute eingetragen daß die zu Aachen wohnenden Kaufleute Joseph Schulte und Julius Collette am 15. Februar 1872 un ter der Firma Schulte & Collette eine Handelsgesellschaft errichtet haben , die in Aachen ihren Sitz hat und nur von dem 2c. Schulte vertreten werden kann. 2c. Collette ist von dieser Befugniß aus geschlossen. Ferner wurde unter Nr. 594 des Procurenregisters eingetragen , daß die Ehefrau des genannten Joseph Schulte , Maria geb. Hecht , für obiges Geschäft zur Procuristin bestellt worden ist. Aachen , den 17. Mai 1872. Kgl. Handelsgerichts = Sekretariat. der Firma Concordia Eschweiter , Verein für Bergbau und Hüttenbe tried mit dem Sitze in Ichenberg bei Eschweiler eingetragen ist , wurde heute Fol gendes vermerkt : Der Bergmeister 8. Baur zu Eschweiler Pumpe ist im Laufe des Jahres 1871 ge storben ; der Kaufmann Hermann Essingh in Cöln ist aus dem Verwaltungsrath der Gesellschaft ausgeschieden ; an deren Stelle sind in der General = Versammlung vom 27. März 1872 der Advokat = Anwalt Maas in Aachen und der Kaufmann Rebert Stolle zu Mühlheim a Rh. in den Verwaltungs rath — Vorstand — der gedachten Ge sellschaft gewählt worden. Aachen , den 17. Mai 1872. Kgl. Handelsgerichts = Sekretariat. Die Gläubiger der Fallitmasse von Hermann Hartog , Kaufmann , in Esch weiler wohnend , werden hierdurch ersucht , binnen einer Frist von 40 Tagen à dato persönlich oder durch einen Bevollmächtigten bei dem provisorischen Syndik , Herrn Advokaten Theisen in Aachen , zu er scheinen und zu erklären , durch welchen Titel und für welche Summe sie Gläubiger dieser Masse sind , sodann demselben ihre Schuldtitel einzuhändigen , oder solche auf der Kanzlei des Königlichen Handelsgerichts hierselbst zu deponiren. Zugleich werden dieselben benachrichtigt , daß am Dienstag den 2. Juli d. Jahres , Vormittags 10½ Uhr , in dem Handels gerichtslokale hierselbst , das Protokoll über die Verifikation und Affirmation der For derungen an obgesagte Masse eröffnet wer den wird. Aachen , den 17. Mai 1872. Der Falliments = Kommissar , Conrad Seyler. Die Gläubiger der Fallitmasse von Peter Joseph Frey , Müller , zu Stolberz wohnend , werden hierdurch ersucht , binnen einer Frist von 40 Tagen à dato per sönlich oder durch einen Bevollmächtigten bei dem provisorischen Syndik Herrn Advokat = Anwalt Neuß in Nachen zu er scheinen und zu erklären , durch welchen Titel und für welche Summe sie Gläubiger dieser Masse sind , sodann demselben ihre Schuldtitel einzuhändigen , oder solche auf der Kanzlei des Königlichen Handelsgerichts hierselbst zu deponiren. Zugleich werden dieselben venuchrichtigt , daß am Dienstag den 2. Juli d. Jahres , Vormittags 10 Uhr , in dem Handels gerichtslokale hierselbst , das Protokoll über die Verisikation und Affirmation der For derungen an obgesagte Masse eröffnet wer den wird. Aachen , den 17. Mai 1872. Der Falliments = Kommissar , Gottfr. Gastor. * Cteirarton. In der gerichtlichen Theilungssache der zu Nachen gewerblos wohnenden Melanie , geborene Bergstein , Wittwe von Ricolas Joseph Praemper , Klägerin , vertreten zuich Herrn Advokat = Anwalt Neuß , gegen 1. Eheleute Aurelius Bergstein , Kaufmann zu Kirchrath in Holland wohnend. 2. Honorius Bergstein , Kaufmann in Buenos = Ayres in Amerika. 3. Elisabeth sübens , Wittwe von Dominicus Bergstein , Inhaberin der Firma D. Bergstein senior in Herzogenrath. 4. Justinus Bergstein , Kaufmann in Herzogenrath. 5. Franz Inadflieg , beigeordneter Bürgermeister zu Merkstein in seiner Eigenschaft als Vormund der interdicirten Justina Bergstein , über welche der Tuchweber Gerhard Joseph Beckers m Herzogenrath , Nebenvormund ist — Verklagte ad 1 , 3 , und 5 durch Herrn Advokat = Anwalt Justizrath Jungbluth , ad 2 und 4 durch Herrn Advokat = Anwalt Kaeuffer gertreten ; sollen auf Grund Urtheils der ersten Civilkammer des Königlichen Landgerichtes zu Nachen vom 13. November 1871 durch den Unterzeichneten , hierzu beauftragten Königlichen Notar Hermann Anton Felix Endepols zu Herzogenrath , am Montag , den 29 Juli und nöthigenfalls Dienstag , den 30. Juli 1872 , jedesmal Vormittags 10 Uhr anfangend , in der Wohnung des Gastwirthes Herrn Joseph Bongartz ( Hotel Vaessen ) Herzogenrath , seattpehnete Zmmablllen , eis : a. in der Gemeinde Herzogenrath : Nachener Grenznachbarn. Taxe. Thlr. Pfingst = Montag , den 20. Mai , Nachmittags 2 Uhr ! boger und Schrivin Hrrisschirgen. Während desselben : Harmonie u. Bal - champétre. Der Vorstand. Bürgermeisterei Merkstein , Pet. Jos. Reinartz , Leon. Jos. Dautzenberg , Wwe. Ig. Daelen , Pet. Jos. Kessel , Bürgermeister Merkstein , Barth. Käuffer , Frhr. Jos. v. Blanckart , Weg , Quirin Jos. Schuster und Mehrere , Franz Kaiser Kinder , Gerh. Jos. Ackens , Wurmfluß , Vereinigungsgesellschaft Wurmrevier , Frhr. Jos. v. Blanckart , Wurmfluß , Mühlenbach , Frhr. Jos. v. Blanckart , Weg , Hermann Linden , Anton Jos. Göbbels , Frhr. Jos. v. Blanckart , Pfad , Joh. Jos. Paffen , Frhr. Jos. Blanckart , Joh. Gottfried Paffen , Wwe. Barth. Käuffer , Joh. Math. Bicker , Joh. Math. Ant. Savelsberg , Weg , Gerh. Prevoo , Weg , Johann Math. Becker , Math. Jos. Kloth Erben , Weg , Joh. Gottfr. Paffen , Vereinigungsgesellschaft , Hrch. Jos. Hub. Pafsen , Gerh. Prevoo , Quirin Jos. Schuster , Weg , Paul Sonnenschein , Win. Jos. Johnen Kinder , Käuffer Larth. Wwe , Hechler Hch. Jos. Wwe. , Straße , Jul. Corneli , Sebast. Schütz , Wwe. Hch. Jos. Hechler , Käuffer Barth. Wwe. , Wurmbach , Frhr. Jos. v. Blanckart , Wurmbach , Frhr. Jos. v. Blanckart , Wurmbach , Mathias Nießen , Frhr. Jos. v. Blanckart , Wurmbach , Mathias Nießen , Wilhelm Wilms , Frhr. Jos. v. Blanckart , Peter Jos. Bahnen , Paul Dunkel , Wilh. Jos Offermanns , Hch. Is. Vorage Erben , W. J. Vorage , Paul Dunkel , Wilh. Jos. Offermanns , Hch. Is. Vorage Erben , W. I. Vorage , Förster Joh. Wm. Jos. , Weg , Daelen Maria Theresia Petr. Paula , Förster Joh. Wm. Jos. , Weg , Daelen Mar. Th. Petr. Paula. , Willems W. I. Förster Joh. Wm. , Ritzer Maria Cath. , Weg , Peter Jos. Bahnen , Vereinigungsgesellschaft , Isabella Weber und Heinrich Paffen , Arnold Nießen , Weg , Wwe. Math. Jos. Kloth , Roelen Anton , Nießen Arnold , Geschwister Zweipfennig , Wilhelm Jos. Offermanns , Joh. Wm. Jos. Förster und Weg , Andr. Bong , Barwasser Mart. Wwe. , Gemeinde Herzogenrath Lürkens Wilh. Jos. und Weg , Lürkens Wilh. Jos. und Weg , Flegel Arnold , Körlinger Simon , Flegel Arnold , Kaisertherweg , Bahnen Hch. Jos. , Sprothen Barth. , Stark Pet. Jos. Ehefrau , Landstraße , Daelen Soph. Gemd. Herzogenrath , Frh. J. v. Blanckart , Schmitz Anna Maria Huba. , Wimmers Anna Maria und Weg , Schmitz Anna Maria Huba. , Schmitz Joh. Hch. Wwe. , Weg , Wimmers A. M. de Merkstein : Reinartz Peter Jos. , Bürger Joh. Pet. , Gemnd. Herzogenrath Küsters Jos. , Zentiß Franz , Quadflieg Math. , Jos. , Weg u. Heinen Ca. Ehefr. Dürr , Kirche Afden , Dautzenberg Leon Jos. , Reinartz Pet. Jos. c. in Gemeinde Bardenberg : 41 42 5 G 113 675/166 674/165 43 B 13 Pützbenden Bardenberg Hahnrath Wiese Hausgarten Haus Acker Classen Joh. Peter , Kirche Bardenberg , Krings Martin und Weg , Martin Göbbels , Lambert Kayser , Martin Göbbels , Emanuel Hirsch. 160 140 80 1 47 i 35 163 205 185 260 740 120 220 120 13500 250 80 83 67 140 42 450 25 60 60 90 26 53 420 176 120 20 27 10 105 165 130 100 120 215 155 50 300 1200 d. in Gemeinde Kirchrath : — — — 9 50 neben verschiedenen Eigenthümern. 80 unter Zugrundelegung der Taxe zum Berkaufe ausgestellt und dem Meist = und Letztbietenden zugeschlagen werden. Das Heft der Verkaufs = Bedingungen liegt auf der Amtsstube des Unterzeichneten zur Einsicht offen. Herzogenrath , den 10. Mai 1872. 8369. Der Königliche Notar , Lizitation in Theilungs sache. Der zu Heerlen residirende Notar J. A. Lemmens wird Donnerstag den 6. Juni 1872 , um 2 Uhr Nachmittags , in der Wirthstube des Herrn Kleynjans zu Valken hausen , Gemeinde Kirchrath , auf Anstehen seiner Prinzipalen und gemäß gerichtlicher Autorisation öffentlich dem Meistbietenden versteigern : die in der Gemeinde Richterich gelegene Mahlmühle , genannt die Teutermühle , mit Wassergerechtigkeit und allem An und Zubehör , nebst Haus und Hof raum , Wiesen = und Baumweide , das Ganze eingetragen im Kataster der Gemeinde Richterich , Flur 1 Nr. 330 , 501/381 , 382 , 333 , und 333bis , von einem Flächeninhalt von 22 Morgen , 64 Ruthen 50 Fuß. : Die Verkaufsbedingungen sind bei dem genannten Notar von heute ab zu ver nehmen. 8028. J. A. Lemmens , Notar. Geheung don steinen und Pflastersand. Die Lieferung von : 1. 700 Klm. Plastersteinen ( Kohlen sandstein ). 2. 700 Klm. Plastersand für die Stol berg = Bahnhofs = Bezirksstraße , soll am 27. d. , Morgens 9½ Uhr , in der Geschäftsstube des Unterzeichneten in einzelnen Loosen oder im Ganzen öffent lich verdungen werden. Die Bedingungen liegen ebendaselbst zur Einsicht offen. Nachen , den 13. Mai 1872. Der Kreisbaumeister , 821. Nen. 8870. On demande rue de ’ Harmo nie 40 à Verviers une semme de chambre , parlant un pen le françaie , et sachant repasser , raccommoder le linge , tailler confectionner les robes. De bons Fense gnements sont nécessaires. Hausknecht , Taubstummen = Anstalt. Zu der am 29. d. Mts. , Nachmittags 3 Uhr , in dem Gebäude der Taubstum men = Anstalt zu haltenden General = Ver sammlung des Vereins ladet die Herren Mitglieder ergebenst ein. Aachen , den 16. Mai 1872. Der Vorstand. Vr. Arbeiter = Kassen Verband. Da es mehrfach vorgekommen ist , daß Meister resp. Arbeitgeber es unterlassen , ihre Gesellen beim Rendauten anzu melden , so ersuchen wir die Gesellen , sich davon überzeugen zu wollen , ob sie wirklich angemeldet sind oder nicht. Unser Rendant ist jederzeit bereit , Aus kunft zu geben. 8882. Der Vorstand. Eiebertafel. Heute keine Versammlung. 6656. Bei Ulrich Moser in Grazist erschienen und durch alle Buchhandlungen zu beziehen : Die Pflege der Neu geborenen u. kleinen Kinder. Dargestellt für junge Mütter von Dr. J. Piringer. 196 Seiten in gr. 8e brochirt 24 Sgr. , geb. 28 Sgr. Ein hervorragender Wiener Arzt schreibt hierüber : „ In diesem zugleich anziehenden und fachgemäß geschriebenen Buche findet sich ein wahrer Schatz von lehrreichen Er fahrungen und praktischen Winken zur körperlichen und geistigen Pflege der Klei nen und Erhaltung der Gesundheit der Mutter. Es entspricht allen Bedürfnissen in vollkommenster Weise und ist ebenso wohl Müttern aller Stände als auch Aerzten zu empfehlen. “ Möbelwagen. Diese sowie nächste Woche fährt ein Mö belwagen leer von Köln hierhin. Uebernehme Fuhren nach allen Richtun gen auf ' s Billigste. J. H. Blaise , 8272 Franzstr. 47. vom Lande , sofort gesuch 8810 eaterplatz 7. 8289. Erfahrene Tapezirer und An streicher gegen hohen Lohn gesucht : Rosstraße 4. 8878. Die Verlegung seiner Wohnung nach Josephstraße 6 erlaubt sich anzuzeigen 1. Baccher , Steinmetzmeister. Wohnungs = Veränderung. Meinen geehrten Kunden und Gönnern die ergebene Anzeige , daß ich meine Woh nung von Adalbertsbergstraße 45 nach Nr. 17 verlegte , und halte ich mich in allen vorkommenden Arbeiten bestens em pfohlen. Herm. Schmitz , 8294. Tapezirer und Anstreicher. Rb - de 8 Mann sucht Stelle in der Exped. 8293. Gusputzer hweinemarkt 3. Bod. Eine Kinde gesucht : gesetzte Person zu einem Wilhelmstr. 101. Zur gef. Beachlung. 8269. Unterzeichneter verlegte seine Woh nung und Werkstätte von Schildstraße 6 nach Franzstraße 37 , vis - - vis Mathiashof. Joh. Hermanns , Bildhauer. Daselbst ein Lehrling gesucht , welcher gleich Lohn bezieht. Ein kräftiger Ziegeltisch ( Plugbaß ) gegen hohe Bezahlung gesucht. Auskunft Rötschergasse 11 , vor Pontthor. 7569 7908. Eine erfahrene Person zu Kin dern gegen — 5 Thlr. monatlichen Lohn gesucht : Georgstr. 7. 8264. Ein feuerfester Schrank in gutem Zustande ist zu verkaufen. Auskunft in der Exped. 8363. Es wird ein Mädchen in ein Schweinemetzger = Geschäft gesucht. Auskunft Hartmannstr. 20. 8362. Ein braves Mädchen für alle Hausarbeit zum 1. Juli gesucht : Rudolphstraße 31. Zweiter Bäckers = selle gesucht : Bahnhofstr. 24. 8355. 8364. Ein Mädchen für alle Hausarbeit gesucht : Adalbertstr. 77. 8359. Ein ordentliches Mädchen für Küche und Hausarbeit gesucht : vor Adalbertsthor 14. Plüsterinnen im Hause gesucht : 8366. War mweiherstraße 18. Eine erfahrene Köchin short getacht : Sad taulbach 21. 8349. Zu vermiethen elegant möblirter Salon mit Schlafzimmer erster Etage ; auf Wunsch können noch 1 oder 2 Zimmer zugegeben werden. Ausk. in der Exp. 5340. 8223. In Herzogenrath Nr. 21 mehrere freundliche Zimmer ( möblirt ) zu vermiethen. ordentliches , sofort gesucht : 8811. Theaterplatz 7. 8258. Ein gewandter Kellner für Sonn tags gesucht : vor Kölnthor Nr. 1. Photographie. Ein tüchtiger Gehülfe zum sofortigen Eintritt gesucht von Eug. Westendorp , 8260 Damengraben 19. 7594. Ein Geschäftshaus , Marienstraße in Eschweiler , ist unter günstigen Bedin gungen zu verkaufen. Auskunft bei J. Reuleaux daselbst. 7595. Ein Bäckergeselle findet Stelle in A. Reuleau : , Marienstraße bei Eschweiler. Stecknadelmaschinen zur Anfertigung mess. u. eis. Patent = Steck nadeln , ca. 8000 Nadeln pro Stunde , un ter mehrjähriger Garantie zu baben. An leitung zum Stellen der Maschinen gratis. Näheres bei Wilh. Weitmann hier. 8872. Auswärtige Weber , welche Arbeit für Jacquard = Stühle mit Wechselladen an nehmen können , gegen guten Lohn gesucht. Ausk. in der Exp. 8873. Ein ordentliches stilles Mädchen für Küche und Hausarbeit gesucht. Am liebsten wenn selbe Französisch spricht. Auskunft in der Exped. Tüchtige solide Arbei ter für Stäickfäkcberei ge sucht : Annastr. 44. 8340 Gesucht Bei Gelegenheit des Niederrhein. Musikfestes empfehle ich meine in der schönsten Lage Düsseldorfs gelegene Aestauratton mit einem vorzüglichen Dortmunder Lagerbier aus der Löwen - Brauerei des Herrn Peter Overbeck. Rein gehaltene Mosel = und Rheinweine , Speisen à la carte zu jeder Tageszeit. Düsseldorf , den 17. Mai 1872. Peter Charlier , 13 Grabenstraße 13. eine zuverlässige Kinderfrau oder ein gesetztes Kindermädchen , welches gute Zeug nisse ausweisen kann. Auskunft in der Expedition. 8329. 8826. Ein tüchtiger Fuhrmann und ein zuverlässiger Stallknecht gesucht : Ausk. in der Expedition. W Türbot , Kabelfau , Seitongen , Poulardes , junge Enten , Hähnchen , Tauben , Pluviers , Forellen , Rhein = Salm , Maas = Salm 25 Sgr , große lebende Oderkrebse per Dutzend 15 Sgr. , Austern , Kaviar , Lachs , Neunaugen , Gänseleber = und Wildpasteten. Würste , Schinken , feine Conserven und Compots , Blumenkoh ! , Ulmer Spar gel. Erbsen , Möhrchen , Erdbeeren , Kir schen , Aprikosen , Morcheln , Trüffeln , Champignons , Tomate , Eis empfieblt Johann Kremer , Hartmannstraße 26.
| 20,942 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%284339%29%20Almamater
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
(4339) Almamater
|
https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(4339) Almamater&action=history
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 169 | 365 |
(4339) Almamater es un asteroide perteneciente al cinturón de asteroides, descubierto el 20 de octubre de 1985 por Antonín Mrkos desde el Observatorio Kleť, České Budějovice, República Checa.
Designación y nombre
Designado provisionalmente como 1985 UK. Fue nombrado Almamater en homenaje a la expresión latina "Alma Mater" (universidad, donde una determinada persona continuado aprendiendo) para celebrar el aniversario 650 años de la Universidad Carolina.
Características orbitales
Almamater está situado a una distancia media del Sol de 2,195 ua, pudiendo alejarse hasta 2,584 ua y acercarse hasta 1,805 ua. Su excentricidad es 0,177 y la inclinación orbital 2,165 grados. Emplea 1188 días en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol.
Características físicas
La magnitud absoluta de Almamater es 14. Tiene 4,156 km de diámetro y su albedo se estima en 0,371.
Véase también
Lista de asteroides del (4301) al (4400)
Cuerpo menor del sistema solar
Referencias
Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Antonín Mrkos
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Observatorio Kleť
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1985
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides
| 23,764 |
https://github.com/codinuum/cca/blob/master/src/util/LLL.ml
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
cca
|
codinuum
|
OCaml
|
Code
| 288 | 594 |
(*
Copyright 2012-2020 Codinuum Software Lab <https://codinuum.com>
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*)
(* Limited Length List *)
type 'a cell = { mutable content : 'a;
mutable prev : 'a cell;
mutable next : 'a cell;
}
type 'a t = { mutable head : 'a cell;
mutable length : int;
}
class ['a] c capacity = object (self : 'self)
val repr = { head=Obj.magic None;
length=0;
}
method length = repr.length
method clear =
repr.length <- 0;
repr.head <- Obj.magic None
method add x =
if repr.length = 0 then begin
let rec cell = { content=x; next=cell; prev=cell } in
repr.length <- 1;
repr.head <- cell
end
else if repr.length = capacity then begin
repr.head <- repr.head.prev;
repr.head.content <- x;
end
else begin
let hd = repr.head in
let tl = repr.head.prev in
let cell = { content=x; prev=tl; next=hd } in
repr.length <- repr.length + 1;
hd.prev <- cell;
tl.next <- cell;
repr.head <- cell
end
method iter (f : 'a -> unit) =
if repr.length > 0 then
let tl = repr.head.prev in
let rec iter cell =
f cell.content;
if cell != tl then
iter cell.next
in
iter repr.head
initializer
if capacity <= 0 then
raise (Invalid_argument (Printf.sprintf "LLL.c#init: invalid capacity %d" capacity))
end (* class LLL.c *)
| 45,210 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16%20Biggest%20Hits%2C%20Volume%20II
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
16 Biggest Hits, Volume II
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16 Biggest Hits, Volume II&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 55 | 100 |
16 Biggest Hits, Volume II is a 2007 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.
Track listing
Personnel
Willie Nelson – Guitar, vocals
Nelson, Willie
2007 greatest hits albums
Willie Nelson compilation albums
Albums produced by Chet Atkins
Albums produced by Brian Ahern (producer)
Albums produced by Chips Moman
Albums produced by Booker T. Jones
| 7,940 |
https://github.com/bobbykaz/advent-of-code/blob/master/y18/d2/d2.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
advent-of-code
|
bobbykaz
|
Go
|
Code
| 230 | 626 |
package d2
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/bobbykaz/advent-of-code/utilities"
)
func Part1() {
input := utilities.ReadFileIntoLines("input/y18d2.txt")
twos, threes := 0, 0
for i := 0; i < len(input); i++ {
v1, v2 := checkId(input[i])
if v1 {
twos++
}
if v2 {
threes++
}
}
fmt.Println("Checksum: ", twos*threes)
}
func Part2() {
input := utilities.ReadFileIntoLines("input/y18d2.txt")
for i := 0; i < len(input); i++ {
first := input[i]
for j := 0; j < len(input); j++ {
if i != j {
second := input[j]
diff := findFirstDiffPos(first, second)
fmt.Printf("strings %s, %s differ at %d \n", first, second, diff)
if first[diff+1:] == second[diff+1:] {
fmt.Println("Match!")
i = len(input)
j = len(input)
}
}
}
}
}
//First bool returns true if a letter appears twice, second bool if thrice
func checkId(line string) (bool, bool) {
m := make(map[byte]int)
twice, thrice := false, false
for i := 0; i < len(line); i++ {
_, present := m[line[i]]
if !present {
m[line[i]] = 1
} else {
m[line[i]]++
}
}
for _, v := range m {
if v == 2 {
twice = true
}
if v == 3 {
thrice = true
}
}
return twice, thrice
}
func findFirstDiffPos(a, b string) int {
//unsafe, assumes good input and strings are equal length
for i := 0; i < len(a); i++ {
if a[i] != b[i] {
return i
}
}
return -1
}
| 6,988 |
https://github.com/jumping2000/hass_appdaemon_apps/blob/master/conf/apps/motion_alarm_push_email.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
hass_appdaemon_apps
|
jumping2000
|
Python
|
Code
| 4,140 | 16,589 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
# Alarma de activación por detección de movimiento.
Activada con estímulos en sensores binarios (PIR's, de sonido, vibración, inclinación, movimiento en cámaras),
zonificación con cámaras y sensores asociados a cada zona, para la captura de eventos que se envían como html por
email, además de emitir notificaciones push para los eventos típicos de activación, alarma, desactivación e inicio.
Ante estímulos de los sensores de movimiento, genera "eventos" con el estado de los sensores y capturas jpg de
las cámaras asociadas. Estos eventos, tipificados, forman los informes generados, que se guardan en disco para estar
disponibles por el servidor web de HomeAssistant como ficheros locales.
En el disparo de alarma, activa 2 relés (sirena y opcional), si la alarma no está definida como "silenciosa", en cuyo
caso opera igualmente, excepto por el encendido de los relés asociados.
Los tiempos de espera a armado, periodo de pre-alarma, ∆T min entre eventos, ∆T para la captura periódica de eventos
en estado de alarma, y el # máximo de eventos (con imágenes) en los informes (para reducir el peso de los emails),
son editables en la configuración de la AppDaemon app:
```
[Alarm]
module = motion_alarm_push_email
class = MotionAlarm
# Hora de envío del informe diario de eventos detectados (si los ha habido). Comentar con # para desactivar
hora_informe = 07:30
# Parámetro de tiempo de espera desde conexión a armado de alarma:
espera_a_armado_sec = 20
# Parámetro de tiempo de espera en pre-alarma para conectar la alarma si ocurre un nuevo evento:
reset_prealarm_time_sec = 15
# Segundos entre captura de eventos con la alarma conectada
min_delta_sec_events = 3
delta_secs_trigger = 150
# Número de eventos máx. a incluir por informe en correo electrónico. Se limita eliminando eventos de baja prioridad
num_max_eventos_por_informe = 10
```
"""
import appdaemon.appapi as appapi
import appdaemon.conf as conf
# import asyncio
# from base64 import b64encode
from collections import OrderedDict
import datetime as dt
from dateutil.parser import parse
from functools import reduce
from itertools import cycle
from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
import json
from math import ceil
import os
import re
import requests
from time import time, sleep
import yaml
# LOG_LEVEL = 'DEBUG'
LOG_LEVEL = 'INFO'
NUM_RETRIES_MAX_GET_JPG_FROM_CAM = 10
BYTES_MIN_FOR_JPG = 10.
MIN_TIME_BETWEEN_MOTION = 1 # secs
DEFAULT_RAWBS_SECS_OFF = 5
DEFAULT_ESPERA_A_ARMADO_SEC = 10
DEFAULT_RESET_PREALARM_TIME_SEC = 15
DEFAULT_MIN_DELTA_SEC_EVENTS = 6
DEFAULT_DELTA_SECS_TRIGGER = 60
DEFAULT_NUM_MAX_EVENTOS_POR_INFORME = 15
DIR_INFORMES = 'alarm_reports'
DIR_CAPTURAS = 'eventos'
# jinja2 template environment
basedir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
PATH_TEMPLATES = os.path.join(basedir, 'templates')
JINJA2_ENV = Environment(loader=FileSystemLoader(PATH_TEMPLATES), trim_blocks=True)
# Leyenda de eventos:
EVENT_INICIO = "INICIO"
EVENT_ACTIVACION = "ACTIVACION"
EVENT_DESCONEXION = "DESCONEXION"
EVENT_PREALARMA = "PRE-ALARMA"
EVENT_ALARMA = "ALARMA"
EVENT_EN_ALARMA = "EN ALARMA (ACTIVACION)"
EVENT_ALARMA_ENCENDIDA = "ALARMA ENCENDIDA"
AVISO_RETRY_ALARMA_ENCENDIDA_TITLE = "ALARMA ENCENDIDA"
AVISO_RETRY_ALARMA_ENCENDIDA_MSG = "La alarma sigue encendida, desde las {:%H:%M:%S}. {}"
HASS_COLOR = '#58C1F0'
DEFAULT_ALARM_COLORS = [(255, 0, 0), (50, 0, 255)] # para cycle en luces RGB (simulación de sirena)
# Título, color, es_prioritario, subject_report
EVENT_TYPES = OrderedDict(zip([EVENT_INICIO, EVENT_ACTIVACION, EVENT_DESCONEXION, EVENT_PREALARMA,
EVENT_ALARMA, EVENT_EN_ALARMA, EVENT_ALARMA_ENCENDIDA],
[('Inicio del sistema', "#1393f0", 1, 'Informe de eventos'),
('Activación de sistema', "#1393f0", 3, 'Informe de eventos'),
('Desconexión de sistema', "#1393f0", 3, 'Informe de desconexión de alarma'),
('PRE-ALARMA', "#f0aa28", 1, 'Informe de eventos'),
('ALARMA!', "#f00a2d", 10, 'ALARMA ACTIVADA'),
('en ALARMA', "#f0426a", 5, 'ALARMA ACTIVADA'),
('Alarma encendida', "#f040aa", 0, 'ALARMA ACTIVADA')]))
SOUND_MOTION = "US-EN-Morgan-Freeman-Motion-Detected.wav"
def _read_hass_secret_conf(path_ha_conf):
"""Read config values from secrets.yaml file & get also the known_devices.yaml path"""
path_secrets = os.path.join(path_ha_conf, 'secrets.yaml')
path_known_dev = os.path.join(path_ha_conf, 'known_devices.yaml')
with open(path_secrets) as _file:
secrets = yaml.load(_file.read())
return dict(secrets=secrets, hass_base_url=secrets['base_url'], path_known_dev=path_known_dev,
email_target=secrets['email_target'], pb_target=secrets['pb_target'])
def _get_events_path(path_base_data):
path_reports = os.path.join(path_base_data, DIR_INFORMES)
path_captures = os.path.join(path_base_data, DIR_CAPTURAS)
if not os.path.exists(path_reports):
os.mkdir(path_reports)
if not os.path.exists(path_captures):
os.mkdir(path_captures)
return path_captures, path_reports
# noinspection PyClassHasNoInit
class MotionAlarm(appapi.AppDaemon):
"""App for handle the main intrusion alarm."""
_lock = None
_path_captures = None
_path_reports = None
_secrets = None
_pirs = None
_use_pirs = None
_camera_movs = None
_use_cams_movs = None
_extra_sensors = None
_use_extra_sensors = None
_dict_asign_switchs_inputs = None
_videostreams = {}
_cameras_jpg_ip = None
_cameras_jpg_params = None
_main_switch = None
_rele_sirena = None
_rele_secundario = None
_led_act = None
_use_push_notifier_switch = None
_email_notifier = None
_push_notifier = None
_silent_mode_switch = None
_tz = None
_time_report = None
_espera_a_armado_sec = None
_reset_prealarm_time_sec = None
_min_delta_sec_events = None
_delta_secs_trigger = None
_use_push_notifier = False
_retry_push_alarm = None
_max_time_sirena_on = None
_max_report_events = None
_alarm_lights = None
_cycle_colors = None
_alarm_on = False
_silent_mode = False
_alarm_state = False
_alarm_state_ts_trigger = None
_alarm_state_entity_trigger = None
_pre_alarm_on = False
_pre_alarm_ts_trigger = None
_pre_alarms = []
_post_alarms = []
_events_data = None
_in_capture_mode = False
_ts_lastcap = None
_dict_use_inputs = None
_dict_friendly_names = None
_dict_sensor_classes = None
_handler_periodic_trigger = None
_handler_retry_alert = None
_handler_armado_alarma = None
_ts_lastbeat = None
_known_devices = None
_raw_sensors = None
_raw_sensors_sufix = None
_raw_sensors_seconds_to_off = None
_raw_sensors_last_states = {}
_raw_sensors_attributes = {}
def initialize(self):
"""AppDaemon required method for app init."""
self._lock = conf.callbacks_lock
self._tz = conf.tz
# self.log('INIT w/conf_data: {}'.format(conf_data))
# Paths
_path_base_data = self.args.get('path_base_data')
_path_hass_conf = self.args.get('path_ha_conf')
self._path_captures, self._path_reports = _get_events_path(_path_base_data)
self._secrets = _read_hass_secret_conf(_path_hass_conf)
# Interruptor principal
self._main_switch = self.args.get('main_switch')
# Sensores de movimiento (PIR's, cam_movs, extra)
self._raw_sensors = self.args.get('raw_binary_sensors', None)
self._pirs = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'pirs')
self._camera_movs = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'camera_movs')
self._extra_sensors = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'extra_sensors')
self._use_pirs = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'use_pirs', min_len=len(self._pirs), default=True)
self._use_cams_movs = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'use_cam_movs',
min_len=len(self._camera_movs), default=True)
self._use_extra_sensors = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'use_extra_sensors',
min_len=len(self._extra_sensors), default=True)
# self.log('_use_pirs: {}'.format(self._use_pirs))
# self.log('_use_cams_movs: {}'.format(self._use_cams_movs))
# self.log('use_extra_sensors: {}'.format(self._use_extra_sensors))
# Video streams asociados a sensores para notif
_streams = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'videostreams')
if _streams:
self._videostreams = {sensor: cam
for cam, list_triggers in _streams[0].items()
for sensor in list_triggers}
# Streams de vídeo (HA entities, URLs + PAYLOADS for request jpg images)
self._cameras_jpg_ip = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'cameras_jpg_ip_secret', is_secret=True)
self._cameras_jpg_params = self._listconf_param(self.args, 'cameras_jpg_params_secret',
is_secret=True, is_json=True, min_len=len(self._cameras_jpg_ip))
# Actuadores en caso de alarma (relays, LED's, ...)
self._rele_sirena = self.args.get('rele_sirena', None)
self._rele_secundario = self.args.get('rele_secundario', None)
self._led_act = self.args.get('led_act', None)
# Switch de modo silencioso (sin relays)
self._silent_mode_switch = self.args.get('silent_mode', 'False')
# Configuración de notificaciones
self._email_notifier = self.args.get('email_notifier')
self._push_notifier = self.args.get('push_notifier')
self._use_push_notifier_switch = self.args.get('usar_push_notifier', 'True')
# Hora de envío del informe diario de eventos detectados (si los ha habido)
self._time_report = self.args.get('hora_informe', None)
# Parámetro de tiempo de espera desde conexión a armado de alarma:
self._espera_a_armado_sec = int(self.args.get('espera_a_armado_sec', DEFAULT_ESPERA_A_ARMADO_SEC))
# Parámetro de tiempo de espera en pre-alarma para conectar la alarma si ocurre un nuevo evento:
self._reset_prealarm_time_sec = int(self.args.get('reset_prealarm_time_sec', DEFAULT_RESET_PREALARM_TIME_SEC))
# Segundos entre captura de eventos con la alarma conectada
self._min_delta_sec_events = int(self.args.get('min_delta_sec_events', DEFAULT_MIN_DELTA_SEC_EVENTS))
self._delta_secs_trigger = int(self.args.get('delta_secs_trigger', DEFAULT_DELTA_SECS_TRIGGER))
# Número de eventos máximo a incluir por informe en email. Se limita eliminando eventos de baja prioridad
self._max_report_events = int(self.args.get('num_max_eventos_por_informe', DEFAULT_NUM_MAX_EVENTOS_POR_INFORME))
self._alarm_lights = self.args.get('alarm_rgb_lights', None)
# Insistencia de notificación de alarma encendida
self._retry_push_alarm = self.args.get('retry_push_alarm', None)
if self._retry_push_alarm is not None:
self._retry_push_alarm = int(self._retry_push_alarm)
# Persistencia de alarma encendida
self._max_time_sirena_on = self.args.get('max_time_alarm_on', None)
if self._max_time_sirena_on is not None:
self._max_time_sirena_on = int(self._max_time_sirena_on)
# self.log('Insistencia de notificación de alarma: {};'
# ' Persistencia de sirena: {}'
# .format(self._retry_push_alarm, self._max_time_sirena_on))
# RAW SENSORS:
if self._raw_sensors is not None:
self._raw_sensors = self._raw_sensors.split(',')
self._raw_sensors_sufix = self.args.get('raw_binary_sensors_sufijo', '_raw')
# Persistencia en segundos de último valor hasta considerarlos 'off'
self._raw_sensors_seconds_to_off = int(self.args.get('raw_binary_sensors_time_off', DEFAULT_RAWBS_SECS_OFF))
# Handlers de cambio en raw binary_sensors:
l1, l2 = 'attributes', 'last_changed'
for s in self._raw_sensors:
self._raw_sensors_attributes[s] = (s.replace(self._raw_sensors_sufix, ''), self.get_state(s, l1))
# self._raw_sensors_last_states[s] = [parse(self.get_state(s, l2)).replace(tzinfo=None), False]
self._raw_sensors_last_states[s] = [self.datetime(), False]
self.listen_state(self._turn_on_raw_sensor_on_change, s)
# self.log('seconds_to_off: {}'.format(self._raw_sensors_seconds_to_off))
# self.log('attributes_sensors: {}'.format(self._raw_sensors_attributes))
# self.log('last_changes: {}'.format(self._raw_sensors_last_states))
[self.set_state(dev, state='off', attributes=attrs) for dev, attrs in self._raw_sensors_attributes.values()]
next_run = self.datetime() + dt.timedelta(seconds=self._raw_sensors_seconds_to_off)
self.run_every(self._turn_off_raw_sensor_if_not_updated, next_run, self._raw_sensors_seconds_to_off)
self._events_data = []
# Main switches:
self._alarm_on = self._listen_to_switch('main_switch', self._main_switch, self._main_switch_ch)
# set_global(self, GLOBAL_ALARM_STATE, self._alarm_on)
self._use_push_notifier = self._listen_to_switch('push_n', self._use_push_notifier_switch, self._main_switch_ch)
self._silent_mode = self._listen_to_switch('silent_mode', self._silent_mode_switch, self._main_switch_ch)
# Sensors states & input usage:
all_sensors = self._pirs + self._camera_movs + self._extra_sensors
all_sensors_use = self._use_pirs + self._use_cams_movs + self._use_extra_sensors
self._dict_asign_switchs_inputs = {s_use: s_input for s_input, s_use in zip(all_sensors, all_sensors_use)
if type(s_use) is not bool}
self._dict_use_inputs = {s_input: self._listen_to_switch(s_input, s_use, self._switch_usar_input)
for s_input, s_use in zip(all_sensors, all_sensors_use)}
self._dict_friendly_names = {s: self.get_state(s, attribute='friendly_name') for s in all_sensors}
# self._dict_friendly_names.update({c: self.get_state(c, attribute='friendly_name') for c in self._videostreams})
self._dict_sensor_classes = {s: self.get_state(s, attribute='device_class') for s in all_sensors}
# Movement detection
for s_mov in all_sensors:
self.listen_state(self._motion_detected, s_mov, new="on", duration=1)
# Programación de informe de actividad
if self._time_report is not None:
time_alarm = reduce(lambda x, y: x.replace(**{y[1]: int(y[0])}),
zip(self._time_report.split(':'), ['hour', 'minute', 'second']),
self.datetime().replace(second=0, microsecond=0))
self.run_daily(self.email_events_data, time_alarm.time())
self.log('Creado timer para informe diario de eventos a las {} de cada día'.format(time_alarm.time()))
# Simulación de alarma visual con luces RBG (opcional)
if self._alarm_lights is not None:
self._cycle_colors = cycle(DEFAULT_ALARM_COLORS)
self.log('Alarma visual con luces RGB: {}; colores: {}'.format(self._alarm_lights, self._cycle_colors))
# Listen to main events:
self.listen_event(self.receive_init_event, 'ha_started')
self.listen_event(self.device_tracker_new_device, 'device_tracker_new_device')
self.listen_event(self._reset_alarm_state, 'reset_alarm_state')
self.listen_event(self._turn_off_sirena_in_alarm_state, 'silent_alarm_state')
def _listconf_param(self, conf_args, param_name, is_secret=False, is_json=False, min_len=None, default=None):
"""Carga de configuración de lista de entidades de HA"""
p_config = conf_args.get(param_name, default)
# self.log('DEBUG listconf_param: {}, min_l={} --> {}'.format(param_name, min_len, p_config))
if (type(p_config) is str) and ',' in p_config:
p_config = p_config.split(',')
if is_json and is_secret:
return [json.loads(self._secrets['secrets'][p]) for p in p_config]
if is_json:
return [json.loads(p) for p in p_config]
elif is_secret:
return [self._secrets['secrets'][p] for p in p_config]
else:
return p_config
elif p_config is not None:
if is_secret:
p_config = self._secrets['secrets'][p_config]
if is_json:
p_config = json.loads(p_config)
if min_len is not None:
return [p_config] * min_len
return [p_config]
if min_len is not None:
return [default] * min_len
return []
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _turn_on_raw_sensor_on_change(self, entity, attribute, old, new, kwargs):
_, last_st = self._raw_sensors_last_states[entity]
self._raw_sensors_last_states[entity] = [self.datetime(), True]
if not last_st:
name, attrs = self._raw_sensors_attributes[entity]
self.set_state(name, state='on', attributes=attrs)
# self.log('TURN ON "{}" (de {} a {} --> {})'.format(entity, old, new, name))
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _turn_off_raw_sensor_if_not_updated(self, *kwargs):
now = self.datetime()
for s, (ts, st) in self._raw_sensors_last_states.copy().items():
if st and ceil((now - ts).total_seconds()) >= self._raw_sensors_seconds_to_off:
# self.log('TURN OFF "{}" (last ch: {})'.format(s, ts))
name, attrs = self._raw_sensors_attributes[s]
self._raw_sensors_last_states[s] = [now, False]
self.set_state(name, state='off', attributes=attrs)
def _listen_to_switch(self, identif, entity_switch, func_listen_change):
if type(entity_switch) is bool:
# self.log('FIXED BOOL: {} -> {}'
# .format(identif, entity_switch), LOG_LEVEL)
return entity_switch
if entity_switch.lower() in ['true', 'false', 'on', 'off', '1', '0']:
fixed_bool = entity_switch.lower() in ['true', 'on', '1']
# self.log('FIXED SWITCH: {} -> "{}": {}'
# .format(identif, entity_switch, fixed_bool), LOG_LEVEL)
return fixed_bool
else:
state = self.get_state(entity_switch) == 'on'
self.listen_state(func_listen_change, entity_switch)
# self.log('LISTEN TO CHANGES IN SWITCH: {} -> {}, ST={}'
# .format(identif, entity_switch, state), LOG_LEVEL)
return state
def _is_too_old(self, ts, delta_secs):
if ts is None:
return True
else:
now = dt.datetime.now(tz=self._tz)
return (now - ts).total_seconds() > delta_secs
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def track_device_in_zone(self, entity, attribute, old, new, kwargs):
if self._alarm_on:
self.log('* DEVICE: "{}", from "{}" to "{}"'.format(entity, kwargs['codename'], old, new))
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _reload_known_devices(self, *args):
# Reload known_devices from yaml file:
with open(self._secrets['path_known_dev']) as f:
new_known_devices = yaml.load(f.read())
if self._known_devices is None:
self.log('KNOWN_DEVICES: {}'.format(['{name} [{mac}]'.format(**v) for v in new_known_devices.values()]))
else:
if any([dev not in self._known_devices.keys() for dev in new_known_devices.keys()]):
for dev, dev_data in new_known_devices.items():
if dev not in new_known_devices.keys():
new_dev = '{name} [{mac}]'.format(**dev_data)
self.listen_state(self.track_device_in_zone, dev, old="home", codename=new_dev)
self.log('NEW KNOWN_DEV: {}'.format(new_dev))
self._known_devices = new_known_devices
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def device_tracker_new_device(self, event_id, payload_event, *args):
"""Event listener."""
dev = payload_event['entity_id']
self.log('* DEVICE_TRACKER_NEW_DEVICE RECEIVED * --> {}: {}'.format(dev, payload_event))
self.run_in(self._reload_known_devices, 5)
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def receive_init_event(self, event_id, payload_event, *args):
"""Event listener."""
self.log('* INIT_EVENT * RECEIVED: "{}", payload={}'.format(event_id, payload_event))
self.append_event_data(dict(event_type=EVENT_INICIO))
self.text_notification()
self._reload_known_devices()
def _make_event_path(self, event_type, id_cam):
now = dt.datetime.now(tz=self._tz)
ev_clean = re.sub('\(|\)', '', re.sub(':|-|\+| |\.', '_', event_type))
name = 'evento_{}_cam{}_ts{:%Y%m%d_%H%M%S}.jpg'.format(ev_clean, id_cam, now)
sub_dir = 'ts_{:%Y_%m_%d}'.format(now.date())
base_path = os.path.join(self._path_captures, sub_dir)
if not os.path.exists(base_path):
os.mkdir(base_path)
url = '{}/{}/{}/{}/{}'.format(self._secrets['hass_base_url'], 'local', DIR_CAPTURAS, sub_dir, name)
return name, os.path.join(base_path, name), url
def _append_pic_to_data(self, data, event_type, index, url, params=None):
# Get PIC from IP cams or from MotionEye in LocalHost:
pic, ok, retries = None, False, 0
name_pic, path_pic, url_pic = 'NONAME', None, None
while not ok and (retries < NUM_RETRIES_MAX_GET_JPG_FROM_CAM):
try:
r = requests.get(url, params=params, timeout=5)
length = float(r.headers['Content-Length'])
if r.ok and (r.headers['Content-type'] == 'image/jpeg') and (length > BYTES_MIN_FOR_JPG):
pic = r.content
ok = True
if retries > 5:
self.log('CGI PIC OK CON {} INTENTOS: {}, length={}'
.format(retries + 1, url, length), 'WARNING')
break
elif not r.ok:
self.log('ERROR {} EN CGI PIC: {}, length={}'.format(r.status_code, url, length), 'WARNING')
except requests.ConnectionError:
if retries > 0:
self.log('ConnectionError EN CGI PIC en {}?{}'.format(url, params), 'ERROR')
break
except requests.Timeout:
if retries > 0:
self.log('Timeout EN CGI PIC en {}?{}'.format(url, params), 'ERROR')
break
retries += 1
# TODO ASYNC!!
# asyncio.sleep(.2)
sleep(.2)
# Save PIC & (opc) b64 encode:
if ok:
name_pic, path_pic, url_pic = self._make_event_path(event_type, index + 1)
with open(path_pic, 'wb') as f:
f.write(pic)
# pic_b64 = b64encode(pic).decode()
data['ok_img{}'.format(index + 1)] = True
else:
# pic_b64 = 'NOIMG'
data['ok_img{}'.format(index + 1)] = False
# data['incluir'] = False
self.log('ERROR EN CAPTURE PIC con event_type: "{}", cam #{}'.format(event_type, index + 1))
data['path_img{}'.format(index + 1)] = path_pic
data['url_img{}'.format(index + 1)] = url_pic
data['name_img{}'.format(index + 1)] = name_pic
# data['base64_img{}'.format(index + 1)] = pic_b64
def _append_state_to_data(self, data, entity, prefix):
st = self.get_state(entity)
ts = self.get_state(entity, attribute='last_changed')
if ts:
ts = '{:%-H:%M:%S %-d/%-m}'.format(parse(ts).astimezone(self._tz))
data[prefix + '_st'] = st
data[prefix + '_ts'] = ts
data[prefix + '_fn'] = self._dict_friendly_names[entity]
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def append_event_data(self, kwargs, *args):
"""Creación de eventos.
params = dict(pir_1_st='ON', pir_2_st='OFF', cam_mov_1_st='OFF', cam_mov_2_st='ON',
pir_1_ts='ON', pir_2_ts='OFF', cam_mov_1_ts='OFF', cam_mov_2_ts='ON',
base64_img1=b64encode(bytes_img1).decode(),
base64_img2=b64encode(bytes_img2).decode())
"""
event_type = kwargs.get('event_type')
entity_trigger = kwargs.get('entity_trigger', None)
prioridad = EVENT_TYPES[event_type][2]
proceed = False
with self._lock:
tic = time()
if not self._in_capture_mode:
proceed = (prioridad > 1) or self._is_too_old(self._ts_lastcap, self._min_delta_sec_events)
self._in_capture_mode = proceed
if proceed:
now = dt.datetime.now(tz=self._tz)
params = dict(ts=now, ts_event='{:%H:%M:%S}'.format(now), incluir=True, prioridad=prioridad,
event_type=event_type, event_color=EVENT_TYPES[event_type][1], entity_trigger=entity_trigger)
# Binary sensors: PIR's, camera_movs, extra_sensors:
for i, p in enumerate(self._pirs):
mask_pirs = 'pir_{}'
self._append_state_to_data(params, p, 'pir_{}'.format(i + 1))
for i, cm in enumerate(self._camera_movs):
self._append_state_to_data(params, cm, 'cam_mov_{}'.format(i + 1))
for extra_s in self._extra_sensors:
# extra_sensor_usar = extra_s.replace('_raw', '')
self._append_state_to_data(params, extra_s, self._dict_sensor_classes[extra_s])
# image captures:
if self._cameras_jpg_ip:
if self._cameras_jpg_params is not None:
for i, (url, params_req) in enumerate(zip(self._cameras_jpg_ip, self._cameras_jpg_params)):
self._append_pic_to_data(params, event_type, i, url, params_req)
else:
for i, url in enumerate(self._cameras_jpg_ip):
self._append_pic_to_data(params, event_type, i, url)
params['took'] = time() - tic
self.log('Nuevo evento "{}" adquirido en {:.2f}s, con ts={}'
.format(event_type, params['took'], params['ts']))
self._events_data.append(params)
with self._lock:
self._in_capture_mode = False
# self._ts_lastcap = now + dt.timedelta(seconds=params['took'])
self._ts_lastcap = now
else:
if prioridad > 1:
self.log('SOLAPAMIENTO DE LLAMADAS A APPEND_EVENT. POSPUESTO. "{}"; ts_lastcap={}'
.format(event_type, self._ts_lastcap), 'WARNING')
self.run_in(self.append_event_data, 1, **kwargs)
else:
self.log('SOLAPAMIENTO DE LLAMADAS A APPEND_EVENT. DESECHADO. "{}"; ts_lastcap={}'
.format(event_type, self._ts_lastcap))
def _reset_session_data(self):
with self._lock:
self._in_capture_mode = False
self._alarm_state = False
self._alarm_state_ts_trigger = None
self._alarm_state_entity_trigger = None
self._pre_alarm_on = False
self._pre_alarm_ts_trigger = None
self._pre_alarms = []
self._post_alarms = []
self._handler_periodic_trigger = None
self._handler_retry_alert = None
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _armado_sistema(self, *args):
with self._lock:
self._handler_armado_alarma = None
self._alarm_on = True
# set_global(self, GLOBAL_ALARM_STATE, True)
self._reset_session_data()
self.append_event_data(dict(event_type=EVENT_ACTIVACION))
self.text_notification()
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _main_switch_ch(self, entity, attribute, old, new, kwargs):
if entity == self._main_switch:
alarm_on = new == 'on'
if alarm_on and (old == 'off'): # turn_on_alarm with delay
self._handler_armado_alarma = self.run_in(self._armado_sistema, self._espera_a_armado_sec)
self.log('--> ALARMA CONECTADA DENTRO DE {} SEGUNDOS'.format(self._espera_a_armado_sec))
elif not alarm_on and (old == 'on'): # turn_off_alarm
if self._handler_armado_alarma is not None:
self.cancel_timer(self._handler_armado_alarma)
self._handler_armado_alarma = None
with self._lock:
self._alarm_on = False
# set_global(self, GLOBAL_ALARM_STATE, False)
self._alarm_state = False
# Operación con relés en apagado de alarma:
[self.call_service('{}/turn_off'.format(ent.split('.')[0]), entity_id=ent)
for ent in [self._rele_sirena, self._rele_secundario, self._led_act] if ent is not None]
# send & reset events
if self._events_data:
self.append_event_data(dict(event_type=EVENT_DESCONEXION))
self.text_notification()
self.email_events_data()
# reset ts alarm & pre-alarm
self._reset_session_data()
if self._alarm_lights is not None:
self.call_service("light/turn_off", entity_id=self._alarm_lights, transition=1)
self.log('--> ALARMA DESCONECTADA')
elif entity == self._use_push_notifier_switch:
self._use_push_notifier = new == 'on'
self.log('SWITCH USAR PUSH NOTIFS: de "{}" a "{}" --> {}'.format(old, new, self._use_push_notifier))
elif entity == self._silent_mode_switch:
self._silent_mode = new == 'on'
self.log('SILENT MODE: {}'.format(self._silent_mode))
if self._alarm_state and self._silent_mode and (self._rele_sirena is not None):
self.call_service('{}/turn_off'.format(self._rele_sirena.split('.')[0]), entity_id=self._rele_sirena)
else:
self.log('Entity unknown in _main_switch_ch: {} (from {} to {}, attrs={}'
.format(entity, old, new, attribute), 'ERROR')
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _switch_usar_input(self, entity, attribute, old, new, kwargs):
k = self._dict_asign_switchs_inputs[entity]
if (new == 'on') and (old == 'off'):
# Turn ON input
self._dict_use_inputs[k] = True
elif (new == 'off') and (old == 'on'):
# Turn OFF input
self._dict_use_inputs[k] = False
self.log('SWITCH USAR INPUT "{}" from {} to {}'.format(entity, old, new))
def _validate_input(self, entity):
# DEBUGGING NEW SENSORS
# if entity in self._extra_sensors:
# self.log('EXTRA SENSOR "{}": {}->{}'.format(entity, old, new))
if self._alarm_on:
if (entity in self._dict_use_inputs) and (self._dict_use_inputs[entity]):
return True
return False
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _reset_alarm_state(self, *args):
"""Reset del estado de alarma ON. La alarma sigue encendida, pero se pasa a estado inactivo en espera"""
process = False
with self._lock:
if self._alarm_on and self._alarm_state:
self._alarm_state = False
self._alarm_state_ts_trigger = None
self._alarm_state_entity_trigger = None
# self._events_data = []
self._pre_alarms = []
self._post_alarms = []
self._pre_alarm_on = False
self._pre_alarm_ts_trigger = None
self._handler_periodic_trigger = None
self._handler_retry_alert = None
process = True
if process:
self.log('** RESET OF ALARM STATE')
# apagado de relés de alarma:
[self.call_service('{}/turn_off'.format(ent.split('.')[0]), entity_id=ent)
for ent in [self._rele_sirena, self._rele_secundario, self._led_act] if ent is not None]
if self._alarm_lights is not None:
self.call_service("light/turn_off", entity_id=self._alarm_lights, transition=1)
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _turn_off_sirena_in_alarm_state(self, *args):
"""Apaga el relé asociado a la sirena.
La alarma sigue encendida y grabando eventos en activaciones de sensor y periódicamente."""
process = False
with self._lock:
if self._alarm_on and self._alarm_state and not self._silent_mode:
# self._silent_mode = True
process = True
if process:
# apagado de relés de alarma:
self.log('** Apagado del relé de la sirena de alarma')
if self._rele_sirena is not None:
self.call_service('{}/turn_off'.format(self._rele_sirena.split('.')[0]), entity_id=self._rele_sirena)
if self._alarm_lights is not None:
self.call_service("light/turn_off", entity_id=self._alarm_lights, transition=1)
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _turn_off_prealarm(self, *args):
proceed = False
with self._lock:
if self._pre_alarm_on and not self._alarm_state:
self._pre_alarm_ts_trigger = None
self._pre_alarm_on = False
proceed = True
if proceed:
if self._led_act is not None:
self.call_service('switch/turn_off', entity_id=self._led_act)
self.log('*PREALARMA DESACTIVADA*')
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _motion_detected(self, entity, attribute, old, new, kwargs):
"""Lógica de activación de alarma por detección de movimiento.
- El 1º evento pone al sistema en 'pre-alerta', durante un tiempo determinado. Se genera un evento.
- Si se produce un 2º evento en estado de pre-alerta, comienza el estado de alerta, se genera un evento,
se disparan los relés asociados, se notifica al usuario con push_notif + email, y se inician los actuadores
periódicos.
- Las siguientes detecciones generan nuevos eventos, que se acumulan hasta que se desconecte la alarma y se
notifique al usuario por email.
"""
# self.log('DEBUG MOTION: {}, {}->{}'.format(entity, old, new))
if self._validate_input(entity):
# Actualiza persistent_notification de entity en cualquier caso
# self._persistent_notification(entity)
now = dt.datetime.now(tz=self._tz)
delta_beat = 100
# LOCK
priority = 0
with self._lock:
if self._ts_lastbeat is not None:
delta_beat = (now - self._ts_lastbeat).total_seconds()
if delta_beat > MIN_TIME_BETWEEN_MOTION:
if self._alarm_state:
priority = 1
elif self._pre_alarm_on:
priority = 3
self._alarm_state = True
else:
priority = 2
self._pre_alarm_on = True
self._ts_lastbeat = now
# self.log('DEBUG MOTION "{}": "{}"->"{}" at {:%H:%M:%S.%f}. A={}, ST_A={}, ST_PRE-A={}'
# .format(entity, old, new, now, self._alarm_on, self._alarm_state, self._pre_alarm_on))
# Nuevo evento, con alarma conectada. Se ignora por ahora
# if self._alarm_state:
if priority == 1:
self.log('(IN ALARM MODE) motion_detected in {}, ∆Tbeat={:.6f}s'.format(entity, delta_beat))
if self._led_act is not None:
self.call_service('switch/toggle', entity_id=self._led_act)
if self._is_too_old(self._ts_lastcap, self._min_delta_sec_events):
self.append_event_data(dict(event_type=EVENT_EN_ALARMA, entity_trigger=entity))
self.alarm_persistent_notification(entity, now)
# Trigger ALARMA después de pre-alarma
# elif self._pre_alarm_on:
elif priority == 3:
self.log('**** ALARMA!! **** activada por "{}", ∆Tbeat={:.6f}s'.format(entity, delta_beat))
# self.turn_on_alarm()
self._alarm_state_ts_trigger = now
self._alarm_state_entity_trigger = entity
self._alarm_state = True
if self._handler_periodic_trigger is None: # Sólo 1ª vez!
if not self._silent_mode and (self._rele_sirena is not None):
self.call_service('{}/turn_on'.format(self._rele_sirena.split('.')[0]),
entity_id=self._rele_sirena)
if self._rele_secundario is not None:
self.call_service('{}/turn_on'.format(self._rele_secundario.split('.')[0]),
entity_id=self._rele_secundario)
self.append_event_data(dict(event_type=EVENT_ALARMA, entity_trigger=entity))
self.text_notification(append_extra_data=True)
self.alarm_persistent_notification()
self.email_events_data()
# Empieza a grabar eventos periódicos cada DELTA_SECS_TRIGGER:
self._handler_periodic_trigger = self.run_in(self.periodic_capture_mode, self._delta_secs_trigger)
if self._max_time_sirena_on is not None:
# Programa el apagado automático de la sirena pasado cierto tiempo desde la activación.
self.run_in(self._turn_off_sirena_in_alarm_state, self._max_time_sirena_on)
if (self._handler_retry_alert is None) and (self._retry_push_alarm is not None): # Sólo 1ª vez!
# Empieza a notificar la alarma conectada cada X minutos
self._handler_retry_alert = self.run_in(self.periodic_alert, self._retry_push_alarm)
# Sirena visual con RGB lights:
if self._alarm_lights is not None:
self.run_in(self._flash_alarm_lights, 2)
# Dispara estado pre-alarma
elif priority == 2:
self.log('** PRE-ALARMA ** activada por "{}"'.format(entity), LOG_LEVEL)
self._pre_alarm_ts_trigger = now
self._pre_alarm_on = True
self.run_in(self._turn_off_prealarm, self._reset_prealarm_time_sec)
self.prealarm_persistent_notification(entity, now)
self.append_event_data(dict(event_type=EVENT_PREALARMA, entity_trigger=entity))
if self._led_act is not None:
self.call_service('switch/turn_on', entity_id=self._led_act)
else:
self.log('** MOVIMIENTO DESECHADO ** activado por "{}", ∆Tbeat={:.6f}s'.format(entity, delta_beat))
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def periodic_capture_mode(self, *args):
"""Ejecución periódica con la alarma encendida para capturar eventos cada cierto tiempo."""
# self.log('EN PERIODIC_CAPTURE_MODE con ∆T={} s'.format(self._delta_secs_trigger))
proceed = append_event = False
with self._lock:
if self._alarm_state:
proceed = True
append_event = self._is_too_old(self._ts_lastbeat, self._min_delta_sec_events)
if proceed:
if append_event:
self.append_event_data(dict(event_type=EVENT_ALARMA_ENCENDIDA))
self.run_in(self.periodic_capture_mode, self._delta_secs_trigger)
else:
# self.log('STOP PERIODIC CAPTURE MODE')
self._handler_periodic_trigger = None
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def periodic_alert(self, *args):
"""Ejecución periódica con la alarma encendida para enviar una notificación recordando dicho estado."""
self.log('EN PERIODIC_ALERT con ∆T={} s'.format(self._retry_push_alarm))
proceed = False
with self._lock:
if self._alarm_state:
proceed = True
if proceed:
self.periodic_alert_notification()
self.run_in(self.periodic_alert, self._retry_push_alarm)
else:
self.log('STOP PERIODIC ALERT')
self._handler_retry_alert = None
# def _persistent_notification(self, trigger_entity, ts, title=None, unique_id=True):
# f_name = notif_id = self._dict_friendly_names[trigger_entity]
# if not unique_id:
# notif_id += '_{:%y%m%d%H%M%S}'.format(ts)
# message = 'Activación a las {:%H:%M:%S de %d/%m/%Y} por "{}"'.format(ts, f_name)
# params = dict(message=message, title=title if title is not None else f_name, id=notif_id)
# self._post_alarms.append((self._dict_friendly_names[trigger_entity], '{:%H:%M:%S}'.format(ts)))
# self.persistent_notification(**params)
# # self.log('PERSISTENT NOTIFICATION: {}'.format(params))
def alarm_persistent_notification(self, trigger_entity=None, ts=None):
"""Notificación en el frontend de alarma activada."""
if trigger_entity is not None:
self._post_alarms.append((self._dict_friendly_names[trigger_entity], '{:%H:%M:%S}'.format(ts)))
params_templ = dict(ts='{:%H:%M:%S}'.format(self._alarm_state_ts_trigger),
entity=self._dict_friendly_names[self._alarm_state_entity_trigger],
postalarms=self._post_alarms[::-1])
message = JINJA2_ENV.get_template('persistent_notif_alarm.html').render(**params_templ)
params = dict(message=message, title="ALARMA!!", id='alarm')
# self.log('DEBUG ALARM PERSISTENT NOTIFICATION: {}'.format(params))
self.persistent_notification(**params)
def prealarm_persistent_notification(self, trigger_entity, ts):
"""Notificación en el frontend de pre-alarma activada."""
self._pre_alarms.append((self._dict_friendly_names[trigger_entity], '{:%H:%M:%S}'.format(ts)))
message = JINJA2_ENV.get_template('persistent_notif_prealarm.html').render(prealarms=self._pre_alarms[::-1])
params = dict(message=message, title="PRE-ALARMA", id='prealarm')
# self.log('DEBUG PRE-ALARM PERSISTENT NOTIFICATION: {}'.format(params))
self.persistent_notification(**params)
def _update_ios_notify_params(self, params, url_usar):
if ((self._alarm_state_entity_trigger is not None) and
(self._videostreams.get(self._alarm_state_entity_trigger))):
# Get the camera video stream as function of trigger
cam_entity = self._videostreams.get(
self._alarm_state_entity_trigger)
params.update(
data=dict(
push=dict(badge=10, sound=SOUND_MOTION,
category="camera"),
entity_id=cam_entity,
attachment=dict(url=url_usar)))
else:
params.update(
data=dict(
push=dict(badge=10, sound=SOUND_MOTION,
category="alarmsounded"),
attachment=dict(url=url_usar)))
return params
def periodic_alert_notification(self):
"""Notificación de recordatorio de alarma encendida."""
if self._alarm_state:
extra = ''
if self._rele_sirena is not None:
extra += 'Sirena: {}. '.format(self.get_state(self._rele_sirena))
msg = AVISO_RETRY_ALARMA_ENCENDIDA_MSG.format(self._alarm_state_ts_trigger, extra)
params = dict(title=AVISO_RETRY_ALARMA_ENCENDIDA_TITLE, message=msg)
if self._use_push_notifier:
service = self._push_notifier
if self._events_data and ('url_img1' in self._events_data[-1]):
url_usar = self._events_data[-1]['url_img1']
else:
url_usar = self._secrets['hass_base_url']
if 'ios' in service:
params = self._update_ios_notify_params(params, url_usar)
elif 'pushbullet' in service:
# params.update(data=dict(url=url_usar))
params.update(target=self._secrets['pb_target'], data=dict(url=url_usar))
self.log('PUSH TEXT NOTIFICATION "{title}": {message}, {data}'.format(**params))
else:
params.update(target=self._secrets['email_target'])
params['message'] += '\n\nURL del sistema de vigilancia: {}'.format(self._secrets['hass_base_url'])
service = self._email_notifier
self.log('EMAIL RAW TEXT NOTIFICATION: {title}: {message}'.format(**params))
self.call_service(service, **params)
def text_notification(self, append_extra_data=False):
"""Envía una notificación de texto plano con el status del último evento añadido."""
if self._events_data:
last_event = self._events_data[-1]
event_type = last_event['event_type']
pre_alarm_ts = '{:%H:%M:%S}'.format(self._pre_alarm_ts_trigger) if self._pre_alarm_ts_trigger else None
alarm_ts = '{:%H:%M:%S}'.format(self._alarm_state_ts_trigger) if self._alarm_state_ts_trigger else None
params_templ = dict(pre_alarm_ts=pre_alarm_ts, alarm_ts=alarm_ts,
alarm_entity=self._alarm_state_entity_trigger, evento=last_event,
pirs=self._pirs, cam_movs=self._camera_movs,
extra_sensors=[(s, self._dict_sensor_classes[s]) for s in self._extra_sensors],
friendly_names=self._dict_friendly_names)
msg = JINJA2_ENV.get_template('raw_text_pbnotif.html').render(**params_templ)
msg_text = msg.replace('</pre>', '').replace('<pre>', '')
params = dict(title=EVENT_TYPES[event_type][0], message=msg_text)
if self._use_push_notifier:
service = self._push_notifier
if 'pushbullet' in service:
params.update(target=self._secrets['pb_target'])
if append_extra_data:
if 'url_img1' in last_event:
url_usar = last_event['url_img1']
else:
url_usar = self._secrets['hass_base_url']
if 'ios' in service:
params = self._update_ios_notify_params(
params, url_usar)
elif 'pushbullet' in service:
params.update(data=dict(url=url_usar))
# self.log('PUSH TEXT NOTIFICATION "{title}: {message}"'.format(**params))
self.log('PUSH TEXT NOTIFICATION "{title}"'.format(**params))
else:
params.update(target=self._secrets['email_target'])
service = self._email_notifier
self.log('EMAIL RAW TEXT NOTIFICATION: {title}: {message}'.format(**params))
self.call_service(service, **params)
def get_events_for_email(self):
"""Devuelve los eventos acumulados filtrados y ordenados, junto a los paths de las imágenes adjuntadas."""
def _count_included_events(evs):
"""Cuenta los eventos marcados para inclusión."""
return len(list(filter(lambda x: x['incluir'], evs)))
def _ok_num_events(evs, num_max, prioridad_filtro, logger):
"""Marca 'incluir' = False para eventos de prioridad < X, hasta reducir a num_max."""
n_included = n_included_init = _count_included_events(evs)
if n_included > num_max:
# Filtrado eliminando eventos periódicos, después prealarmas
idx = len(evs) - 1
while (idx >= 0) and (n_included > num_max):
if evs[idx]['incluir'] and (evs[idx]['prioridad'] < prioridad_filtro):
evs[idx]['incluir'] = False
n_included -= 1
idx -= 1
logger('Filtrado de eventos con P < {} por exceso. De {}, quedan {} eventos.'
.format(prioridad_filtro, n_included_init, n_included))
return n_included <= num_max
eventos = self._events_data.copy()
self._events_data = []
# Filtrado de eventos de baja prioridad si hay demasiados
ok_filter, prioridad_min = False, 1
while (not _ok_num_events(eventos, self._max_report_events, prioridad_min, self.log)
and (prioridad_min <= 5)):
# self.log('Filtrado de eventos con P < {} por exceso. De {}, quedan {} eventos.'
# .format(prioridad_min, len(self._events_data), _count_included_events(self._events_data)))
prioridad_min += 1
# Eventos e imágenes para email attachments (cid:#):
num_included_events = _count_included_events(eventos)
eventos = eventos[::-1]
counter_imgs, paths_imgs = 0, []
for event in filter(lambda x: x['incluir'], eventos):
for i in range(len(self._cameras_jpg_ip)):
if event['ok_img{}'.format(i + 1)]:
event['id_img{}'.format(i + 1)] = event['name_img{}'.format(i + 1)]
paths_imgs.append(event['path_img{}'.format(i + 1)])
counter_imgs += 1
return eventos, paths_imgs, num_included_events
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def email_events_data(self, *args):
"""Envía por email los eventos acumulados."""
tic = time()
if self._events_data:
now = dt.datetime.now(tz=self._tz)
eventos, paths_imgs, num_included_events = self.get_events_for_email()
# Informe
r_name = 'report_{:%Y%m%d_%H%M%S}.html'.format(now)
last_event = eventos[0]
color_title = last_event['event_color'] if EVENT_TYPES[last_event['event_type']][2] else HASS_COLOR
url_local_path_report = '{}/{}/{}/{}'.format(self._secrets['hass_base_url'], 'local', DIR_INFORMES, r_name)
title = EVENT_TYPES[last_event['event_type']][3]
ts_title = '{:%-d-%-m-%Y}'.format(now.date())
# Render html reports for email & static server
report_templ = JINJA2_ENV.get_template('report_template.html')
params_templ = dict(title=title, ts_title=ts_title, color_title=color_title,
eventos=eventos, include_images_base64=False,
num_cameras=len(self._cameras_jpg_ip),
pirs=self._pirs, cam_movs=self._camera_movs,
extra_sensors=[(s, self._dict_sensor_classes[s]) for s in self._extra_sensors],
friendly_names=self._dict_friendly_names)
html_email = report_templ.render(is_email=True, url_local_report=url_local_path_report, **params_templ)
html_static = report_templ.render(is_email=False, **params_templ)
path_disk_report = os.path.join(self._path_reports, r_name)
try:
with open(path_disk_report, 'w') as f:
f.write(html_static)
self.log('INFORME POR EMAIL con {} eventos ({} con imágenes [{}]) generado y guardado en {} en {:.2f} s'
.format(len(eventos), num_included_events, len(paths_imgs), path_disk_report, time() - tic))
except Exception as e:
self.log('ERROR EN SAVE REPORT TO DISK: {} [{}]'.format(e, e.__class__))
self._events_data = []
params = dict(title="{} - {}".format(title, ts_title), target=self._secrets['email_target'],
message='No text!', data=dict(html=html_email, images=paths_imgs))
self.call_service(self._email_notifier, **params)
else:
self.log('Se solicita enviar eventos, pero no hay ninguno! --> {}'.format(self._events_data), 'ERROR')
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def _flash_alarm_lights(self, *args):
"""Recursive-like method for flashing lights with cycling colors."""
if self._alarm_lights is not None:
if self._alarm_state:
self.call_service("light/turn_on", entity_id=self._alarm_lights,
rgb_color=next(self._cycle_colors), brightness=255, transition=1)
self.run_in(self._flash_alarm_lights, 3)
| 41,492 |
US-46693290-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,990 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,504 | 1,750 |
Clipboard structure
ABSTRACT
A clipboard structure includes a board having a seat formed on one end of an upper surface. A recess is formed in an outer end of the seat. A clamping element has two legs disposed in the recess. A spring element has two free ends fixed to the legs of the clamping element. The spring element can be easily assembled in the recess of the seat. The spring element biases the legs of the clamping element so that a front end of the clamping element is forced to abut against the board.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a clipboard, and more particularly to a clipboard structure which can be easily assembled.
One type of clipboard is disclosed in Walter M. Gorman, U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,402 issued Aug. 13, 1974, for "Device for Releasable Gripping Article". In that patent, screws or rivets are required to fix the member 40 on a support member 32. The screws or rivets protrude from a lower surface of the support member 32, the screws may hurt table surfaces.
Another type of clipboard is disclosed in Shih-Ho Chang, U.S. Pat. No. 4,763,389 issued Aug. 16, 1988, for "Clipboard Structure". In that clipboard, a supporting base 30 is disposed below a board 20. The supporting base 30 makes the board 20 an uneven lower surface.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional clipboards.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a clipboard structure which can be assembled easily.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide a clipboard structure which has a smooth and flat lower surface.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a clipboard structure which includes a board having a seat formed on one end of an upper surface. A recess is formed in an outer end of the seat. A rib is laterally formed in an upper surface of the recess. Two lugs are formed on a lower end of an opening of the recess. A clamping element is C-shaped with two legs disposed in the recess. A spring element is U-shaped with two free ends fixed to the legs of the clamping element. The spring element is disposed in the recess of the seat. The front end of the spring element contacts an inner end of the recess and is engaged with a rear end of the rib. The spring element biases the legs of the clamping element so that a front end of the clamping element is forced to abut against the board. The lug limits a rearward movement of the legs of the clamping element.
Further objectives and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a careful reading of the detailed description provided hereinbelow, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a clipboard in accordance with the present invention:
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the clipboard; and
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the clipboard.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings and initially to FIGS. 1 and 2, the clipboard in accordance with the present invention comprises generally a board 1 having a seat 11 formed on one end of an upper surface thereof; a clamping element 2, one end thereof is disposed in the seat 11 of the board 1; a spring element 3 being coupled on one end of the clamping element 2 and being disposed in the seat 11 of the board 1; and a retaining element 4 retaining the spring element 3 in the seat 11 of the board 1.
The seat 11 is integrally formed on one end of the upper surface of the board 1 and laterally runs on a middle portion of the board 1. A recess 12 is formed in an outer surface of the seat 11 and runs all the way through the seat 11. A rib 13 is laterally formed in an upper surface of the recess 12 and has a length shorter than that of the seat 11. A pair of lugs 14 are vertically formed on the outer end of the seat 11 and located on the opening of the recess 12.
The clamping element 2 is substantially C-shaped with two legs 21 thereof being disposed in the recess 12 of the seat 11 of the board 1 so that the clamping element 2 is substantially rotatable about a longitudinal axis of the legs 21. The width of the clamping element 2 is substantially equal to that of the seat 11 so that the two sides of the clamping element 2 contact the lateral sides of the seat 11. A rise portion 22 is formed on a front middle portion of the clamping element 2. The spring element 3 is substantially U-shaped and extends inwards of the clamping element 2. The free ends of the spring element 3 are fixed to the respective free ends of the legs 21 of the clamping element 2. The spring element 3 is inserted into the recess 12 of the seat 11 of the board 1. The front end of the spring element 3 contacts the inner end of the recess 12 and engages the rear end of the rib 13. The spring element 3 biases the legs 21 of the clamping element 2 so that the front end of the clamping element 2 is forced to abut against the board 1. The front end of the clamping element 2 can be pulled up by the rise portion 22 thereof. The lugs 14 limit a rear movement of the legs 21 of the clamping element 2 and the spring element 3.
The retaining element 4 comprises a base portion 40 having a hole 42 formed in a rear end thereof, and two tube-shaped elements 41 formed on a front end of the base portion 40. The coupling portions between the free ends of the legs 21 of the clamping element 2 and the spring element 3 are received in the respective tube-shaped elements 41. The tube-shaped elements 41 are forced over the lugs 14 into the recess 12 of the seat 11 of the board 1 so that the free ends of the clamping element 2 and the spring element 3 are further stably retained within the recess 12 of the seat 11.
Referring next to FIG. 3, the spring element 3 is retained in the recess 12 by the engagement between the front end of the spring element 3 and rib 13, and is further retained within the recess 12 by the retaining element 4. The lugs 14 limit a rearward movement of the tube-shaped portions 41 of the retaining element 4 so that the tube-shaped portions 41 of the retaining element 4 are stably retained within the recess 12 of the seat 11.
Accordingly, the present invention has the following advantages:
(a) The clamping element 2 and the spring element 3 can be easily assembled in the seat 11 of the board 1 without using additional tools.
(b) The lower surface of the board 1 is flat and smooth.
Although this invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is to be understood that the present disclosure has been made by way of example only and that numerous changes in the detailed construction and the combination and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.
I claim:
1. A clipboard structure comprising a board with a seat formed on one end of an upper surface thereof, a recess being formed in an outer end of said seat and extending through said seat, a downwardly extending rib being laterally formed in an upper surface of a wall defining said recess, and at least one upwardly extending lug formed on an opening of said recess; a clamping element being substantially C-shaped with two legs thereof disposed in said recess; a spring element being substantially U-shaped with two free ends thereof respectively fixed to said legs of said clamping element, said spring element being disposed in said recess of said seat, a front end of said spring element contacting an inner end of said recess and being engaged with a rear end of said rib; said spring element biasing said legs of said clamping element so that a front end of said clamping element is forced to abut against said board; and said lug limiting a rearward movement of said legs of said clamping element.
2. A clipboard structure according to claim 1, wherein a retaining element includes a base portion and two tube-shaped elements formed on a front end of said base portion; said legs of said clamping element are respectively received within said tube-shaped portions of said retaining element; and said tube-shaped elements are retained within said recess by said lug..
| 27,252 |
https://github.com/Freda1120/Spring2022-info5100/blob/master/assignment4/src/ui/yinwen/Main.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Spring2022-info5100
|
Freda1120
|
Java
|
Code
| 35 | 163 |
package ui.yinwen;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// write your code here
ThreadSafeQueue<String> q = new ThreadSafeQueue<String>();
q.add("Lily");
q.add("Molly");
q.add("Anne");
q.add("Kelly");
System.out.println(q.peek());
System.out.println(q.remove());
q.remove();
q.remove();
System.out.println(q.peek());
q.remove();
System.out.println(q.isEmpty());
}
}
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cu31924028838600_6
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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History of the town of Waitsfield, Vermont, 1782-1908, with family genealogies
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Jones, Matt Bushnell, 1871-1940
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English
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Spoken
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On June 27, 1796, a Congregational Church was gathered in Waitsfield, the first church of any denomination to be organ- ized within the present confines of Washington County. The religious life of this community developed with exceptional rapidity and strength. At the first meeting held for the organ- ization of the town a committee was chosen to "Lay out a Meeting Hous Spoat and Other Public Yard," and at the second town meeting held on July 28, 1794, John Barnard, Benjamin Wait and William Joiner were chosen a committee to procure a preacher, and it was voted to "raise twelve pounds in wheat to pay for preaching." It need occasion no surprise to find the State and Church so closely interwoven, for under the Act of October 18, 1787, a majority of the inhabitants of a town could organize for the support of the gospel and assess taxes for the purpose upon all legal voters unless an elaborate certificate of dissent were filed, and it was not until the passage of the Act of October 26, 1797, that voluntary associations for the support of the gospel were recognized. Thus it comes about that until the organization of a Congregational Society in 1800 the town records are the source of information concerning the material side of divine worship, and the Church as a distinct religious organization deals only with matters purely ecclesiastical. Religious services upon the Sabbath were commenced as early as 1793, under the leadership of John Barnard, a deacon in the Shelburne Church, from which he came. It is certain that there was some preaching during the year 1794, furnished doubtless by itinerant missionaries, for at the March meeting in 1795 the town voted that the last year's tax be reduced so as to "no more than pay for what preaching they had the last year," and the tax for the ensuing year was reduced to g£, payable in wheat at 4s. per bushel. It has been a subject of much speculation as to where the early church services were held, but a careful examination of ECCLESIASTICAL. 99 the records leads to the conclusion that the first were at General Wait's house or bam. A change was apparently made in August, ^795. as we find it recorded that, "it was moved and seconded to see if General Wait's be a place for holding meetings on Sunday — past in the negative." In the following March, how- ever, it was voted "that the meetings on Sunday shall be held as nigh the centre as possible," and "voted and agreed that Benjamin Wait's barn be the place for holding of meetings on Sunday." The place of meeting continued to be a matter of con- troversy. In 1797 it was fixed at William Palmer's house, and in September, 1797, at the request of Francis Dana, it was voted to return to General Wait's barn. In that year an attempt was made to join with the Northeast School District in building a combination meeting-house and school-house on the Common, but the district withdrew and the town later repudiated its contract with Salah Smith and refused to pay him for the frame which he had erected. The opening record of the church organization reads: "Waitsfield, 27th of June, 1796. This day a Church of Christ was embodied in this town by the Rev. Mr. Ebenezer Kingsbury, of Jericho, on the following confession of faith and covenant." The Covenant is signed: John Barnard Bissell Phelps William Joiner Daniel Wilder Ezekiel Hawley Eli Skinner Jared Skinner Daniel Taylor Samuel Bayley "The following united afterward:" Jerusha Joiner Abigail Rider John Barnard was moderator of the meeting, and Bissell Phelps was clerk. No articles of practice were adopted, the church voting to "take the Bible for our rule." Indeed it was not until October 22, 1801, that the rules for procedure in discipline, necessary and much used in those days, were adopted. During the whole period that we have been considering there was no settled pastor, and church services were conducted and the sacraments administered only by the itinerant preacher or the pastor of some neighboring church. The names of many loo HISTORY OF WAITSFIELD. of these men are now lost, but among them were Rev. Ebenezer Kingsbury, of the church in Jericho already referred to; Rev. Martin TuUar, of Royalton, a brother-in-law of William Joiner; Rev. Elijah Lyman, of Brookfield, and Rev. Jedediah Bushnell, a brother of Doud Bushnell, and who was for a time a missionary, and was later settled for many years over the church in Corn- wall, Vt. In the winter of 1799-1800 he spent several weeks in Waitsfield, and through his successful preaching the member- ship of the church was doubled. Encouraged by this increase in numbers, the Church was led to make provision for the support of a settled pastor. Hence it was deemed advisable to form a society in accordance with the statute, under whose auspices the services of the Congregational Church might be conducted, and on September 27, 1800, the Congregational Society of the Town of Waitsfield was organized, and has since that date had charge of financial matters connected with Congregational worship in the town, strictly religious matters being still in the control of the Church and both organizations uniting in a call to a pastor. The warning for the meeting referred to called upon the Inhabitants of Waitsfield to meet at the house of Ezra Wait on the date named and the society was organized by the election of the following officers: Benjamin Wait, jr.. Clerk. Col. EHas Taylor, Treasurer. Jared Skinner S Levi Wilder > Assessors. Samuel Bayley ) Phineas Rider, Collector. John Barnard j Salah Smith > Committee of the Society. Simeon Stoddard ) The Act of October 18, 1787, was repealed by the legislature of 1797. The Act of October 26, 1797, to which occasional reference will hereafter be made, recognized and permitted voluntary associations of persons for the maintenance of social and public worship, but the freedom in the exercise of religious behefs thus secured by the first section of the act was in large measure nullified by following sections, which provided that whenever any number, exceeding twenty-five, of the inhabitants of a town, being of a similar sect, should think themselves able to build a church, a meeting should be called by the town clerk, ECCLESIASTICAL. loi at which the inhabitants of the town might organize themselves into a society for the support of the gospel, to be governed in all matters by a majority vote, except that in the determination of a site for a meeting-house, the hiring or settlement of a min- ister, and the levying of a tax for the support of services, an affirmative vote of two-thirds of those present was required, with further provision that there must be a minimum affirmative vote of 25. Furthermore, every legal voter was assumed to be of the religious opinion and hence subject to the taxes of the society, unless before or at the time of its organization he presented a certificate signed by a minister, deacon, elder, moderator or clerk of the sect or denomination to which he belonged showing him to actually be of a different religious opinion; and any person afterwards moving into a town was so bound unless be filed a similar certificate within a year, such certificates to be recorded on the town records. This Act, it is apparent, gave great advantage to the first society within a town to organize under its provisions. Few if any certificates of dissenters provided for in the Act of 1797 are found in the Waitsfield records, but these provisions of the statute provoked much opposition throughout the state, on the ground that they violated the Bill of Rights. Consequently the legislature of 1801 passed an amendment permitting any inhabitant to dissent by filing for record at the time of the meeting a declaration in following form: "I do not agree in religious opinion with a majority of the inhabitants of this town." There was a further provision that any person once a member of the dominant society could thereafter dissent upon paying up back taxes. Funds necessary to conduct the affairs of the society were raised by a tax levied by the society assessors upon the taxable list of all members. The first assessment (1801) was at the rate of two cents, six and tV mills, on each dollar of a list amounting to $6383.95. The sum so raised was sufficient to pay the salary of the minister, amounting to $166.66, and leave a working balance of 59 cents in the treasury. This method of raising funds continued for more than forty years, but the formation of other religious societies and the increasing annual budget rapidly increased the burden of taxation for those who remained, and in 1843, when Rev. Calvin I02 HISTORY OF WAITSFIELD. Selden became acting pastor, taxation was abandoned, and funds have since been raised by voluntary subscription. The Rev. William Salisbury, a native of Braintree, Mass., (born April 6, 1775) and a graduate of Harvard College in the class of 1795, was preaching in the town at the formation of the Society, and on November 10, 1800, it was voted to hire him on "probation, for a time." On June 3, 1801, the Church asked Mr. Salisbury "to settle in this society in the work of the ministry," and on July 31, the Society concurred in this action by an almost unanimous vote. The following proposals were drafted and presented to, Mr. Salisbury: "That the Society give Mr. Salisbury Lott No. 112 Drawn to the Minister Right in Waitsfield on Condition of his Settling with us in the work of the Ministry, and likewise the sum of One Hundred and Sixty-six Dollars and Sixty-six Cents as a Sallary for the first year. And afterwards to Increase yearly as the Grand List of Said Society shall Increase, untill the sum ammount to Two Hundred and Sixty-six dollars and Sixty-six cents, which is to be his stated y-early Salary forever thereafter. And that his salary be paid One-half in Money and the other half in the following articles of Produce, viz: Wheat, Rye, Indian Corn, Flax, Butter, Cheese, Beef and Pork." The candidate requested certain amendments, chief of which was that in lieu of one hundred dollars of his salary for the first year the Society clear him ten acres of land, but all these requests were refused, although a leave of absence for four Sabbaths a year was allowed "to visit his Friends." The Council of Ordination convened at the house of James Heaton on October 6, 1801, and credentials of the candidate were presented from the Plymouth Association and from his pastor. Rev. Ezra Weld. Public services, at which the sermon was preached by Rev. Elijah Lyman of Brookfield, were held upon the Common, and were in charge of Salah Smith, Elias Taylor, Benjamin Wait, jr., James Heaton and Phineas Rider, who were chosen a committee to "see that suitable preparations are made for ordination, and to preserve order on that day." A few days later articles of practice were adopted for the first time, and it seems probable that to an undue application of these may be ascribed the rapidly waning effectiveness of the pastor. On December 28, 1801, deacons were elected by the Church, and John Barnard and Moses Fisk were chosen. From that ECCLESIASTICAL. 103 day down to the -writing of these lines (exactly 107 years) there has never ceased to be a Deacon Fisk in this church, of lineal descent from its first deacon of the name. Prom the earliest days Daniel Witherbee Wilder led the singing in the church, and gave the key with an ancient pitch- pipe still in existence. The first organized effort for singing came in February, 1803, when Mr. Wilder, with Jennison Jones and David Phelps, were chosen a committee "to direct in sing- ing." The congregation had no books, and followed the leader who "lined" the psalm and pitched the tune for every line. Within a few years Mr. Wilder had "picked of" a tune book, and the members of the choir which he organized were allowed to copy this; then came John Burdick's bass viol, which was replaced after his death by one purchased in 1840 expressly for the church at a cost of $25, and finally the church organ appeared, as an aid to vocalists. After Mr. Wilder's term Asaph Burdick was choir leader, and after 1829 there was a singing master. Among those who have held the position may be named Park Taylor, eldest son of Rev. Preston Taylor, Mr. Danielson, Ezra Osgood Joslin, N. L. Phillips, David Blakeley, James Stone, David M. Phelps, A. M. Bates, Richardson J. Gleason and Charles Henry Newcomb. As already noted, the place of holding meetings was from the first a source of frequent controversy. The Society at its second meeting, on November 10, 1800, voted that the Common was the proper location for a meeting-house. A year later it was voted to hold the meetings in Shubel Burdick's house, and meetings were held either at his home or at the house of John Burdick until May, 1802, when it was decided to move them to the house of Ezra Jones (near the Common) for a year. In that year came the second unsuccessful attempt to build a meeting-house. On January i the Society chose Benjamin Wait, John Barnard, James Heaton, Samuel Bayley, Bissell Phelps, Moses Fisk and John Burdick as a committee to con- sider the matter, and on January 14 they reported in favor of the immediate construction of a building 54 x 46 feet in size, money therefor to be raised by selling the pews. This recom- mendation was adopted, and Benjaniin Wait, Phineas Rider, John Barnard, Moses Fisk and Salah Smith were chosen to "obtain an accurate Draught (or plan) of said House." About a month later John Burdick, Salah Smith and Moses Fisk were 104 HISTORY OF WAITSFIELD. chosen a committee to sell the pew ground, and posted the following: Notification. Those gentlemen who wish to become proprietors in the Meeting House proposed to be built in this Town by purchasing pews in said House are desired to call on us at the Dwelling House of Mr. Ezra Wait in Waitsfield, on the 1 5th day of March Instant at Ten O'Clock in the forenoon, at which time and place we propose to open a vendue for the purpose of selling pews to those who please to become purchasers. Waitsfield, March ist, 1802. Salah Smith ) John Burdick v Committee of Sale. Moses Fisk ) Conditions of sale were in part announced as follows: "It is our opinion that the Business cannot be prosecuted with success unless one-fourth part of the pay be made in Cash for the purpose of procuring Nails, Glass, and Rum for the raising, etc. We conclude that another fourth part may be paid in such Articles of Lumber as will be necessary for building, to be delivered on the place of Building at such time or times as shall hereafter be expressed — And as it appears probable that some articles necessary to be had and likewise Workmen, may be obtained for such pay as Neat Cattle and Wheat, we propose that one-fourth part be paid in Neat Cattle, and the Remaining fourth in Good Merchantable Wheat." ■ One-half of the cash payment was to be made by January I, 1803, in order "that nails, glass, etc., may be procured and brought on by Sleighing," but remaining payments were ap- portioned over a period extending to January i, 1807. At the sale of pews conducted by Salah Smith as vendue master, a plan of a building 40 x 50 was exhibited, and pews were sold at prices ranging from $111 to $21. Thirty-two pews on the floor (there were 36) and twenty in the gallery, were sold at an aggregate of $3872. Benjamin Wait was the purchaser of no less than seven pews, at a cost of $628. James Heaton, Shubel Burdick and Levi Wilder were also heavy purchasers. The controversy as to location would not down, however, and the matter dragged. In December, 1803, the plans were modified to provide for a building 40 x 44, with square roof, posts 24 feet long, and a porch 16 feet square, the funds therefor to be raised by a tax on the polls and list of the Society, but this was reconsidered January 24, 1804. ECCLESIASTICAL. 105 On December 30, 1805, it was again voted to build a "House for Public Worship," but only after a controversy which led General Wait to forthwith register his formal dissent and with- drawal from the Society, an act that he did not retract until Mr. Chandler became pastor in 1810. Early in 1806 a plan of building 40 x 54, with 24-foot posts was adopted, and on Christmas Day of that year it was voted that the proposed building be "forever under the control of the Congregational Society." Bissell Phelps, Moses Fisk, Aaron Minor, Jennison Jones, and Jared Skinner were chosen a building committee. Funds were to be raised if possible, by sale of pewEi, any deficiency to be raised by a tax on the pews, and funds were to be forthcoming in three annual payments, be- ginning October i, 1807. A formal vote as to location was taken, and the Common chosen by a vote of 40 to 18. Two weeks later, on January 8, 1807, the town voted to permit the Society "to build a meeting-house on the spot of ground known by the name of Waitsfield Common." In order that the necessary funds might become promptly available through a sale of the pews, a numbering committee was appointed, which reported as follows: Pews Numbered. This may certify that the Pews on the Plan of Waitsfield Meeting House are Numbered in the following Order, namely, beginning with No. i, the second wall Pew east of the Pulpit, and running around with the Sun to the Pulpit, thence down on the east side of the broad Ally from the Pulpit to the Door, and up on the West side of the Broad Ally, thence down on the west range of the Body pews and up on the east range of the said Body pews, then the pew between No. i and the Pulpit, making sixty-three Pews on the lower floor. And the Gallery Pews beginning with No. i at the North- east Comer of the House, and running south to the stairs, thence on the west side from the stairs to the northwest Corner of the House, and No. 13 west and 14 East in the front of the Gallery, and the two Pews at the north end of the Seats, No. 15 on the west, and No. 16 on the east side, making sixteen Pews in the Gallery. Waitsfield, July isth, 1807. Bissell Phelps ^ Moses Fisk | Aaron Minor ^ Committee. Jared Skinner Jennison Jones io6 HISTORY OF WAITSFIELD. J B 2 UJ ro -a 41 Lynde Wait 46 3i55ell Phelps 4Z. Lliphalet Bales 39 LliasTaijlor 43 ^rad3}^erma^ as re<lerid(RiclianlsDn 44 dattianielBartlet 37 UlatiahSherman 45 Aniasa5|(mner 36 Jared Skinner 46 Ljekiei Hawtet) 35 MosesChase tli Abbott 34 David Phelps 48 W^-Chase 33 W^Chase 49 Joseph Hamilton 32 Daniellatilor 50 E.jra Jones 31 Joseph Joslin 51 John Burdick 3D Abet5pald!n^ 19 Samuel 5arnard ££ Jissell Phelps 20 Aaron Miner John French Doud Bushnell 60 Nathan3to«ell lattteSJones 59 JohnBurdick 23 Joseph Joslin 58 Samuel Barnard 24 Samuels. Savage 57 Henry Dana 25 Aaron Phelps W'-Palmer 26 E.U5kinner . 55 W^Wheeler MosesSmith S4 5alma Rider 28 JcnasSpaldin^ NathanStowdl 29 Joshua Pike 51 [)ortstant|y-eemar 3 01 ol n > Ul • Du Floor Plan or Tiwt Congregationau Mce.ting House, ECCLESIASTICAL. 107 -0 ^ 4- <D ^_ Cp 1 in S. 01 ^ & ^ "i -- ^^ ■§ a CD — > z: -I % in r a O- -5 cn § = t-^ •i —I 3 a> OJ =3 — > er i t- i j= 0 (ji zn -a ■$ ^ !JI o> t- < C 2 0 M= "o z lu 2 0 _^ 3 n> to " 0 z 3 n z ^W T3 0 r3 = >- n 0 n C3 c_ 01 JC 3 in n 01 '^ CO 01 OJ S 01 1^ 0 z: % n t_ 2 8 0. s; 5 ■" -1 ii 1 • 1 DINGERS ' tnos Wilder EnosWddep 13 14- Gallcry Plan or TiRSTCoNGREieATioNALliEiETiNG House: io8 HISTORY OF WAITSFIELD. Vendues for the sale of pews were held on various dates during the year 1807, and prices ranged from $63 down to $15.25, the total amount realized from the sales being $2447.61. Pew 18, next to the pulpit, was not sold, and by vote of Sep- tember 18, 1809, was reserved forever for the use of the min- ister.* The building was commenced in 1807, but the work pro- gressed slowly, and not until December 21, 1809, was the edifice dedicated, with a sermon by Rev. Chester Wright, of Montpelier, the Church being at that time without a pastor of its own. Not until March 26, 181 1, was the building committee, after showing a balance of $13.25 and 70 lbs. white lead in their hands, settled with and released from their bond of $5000 to expend the funds legally, although it is certain that religious and town meetings were held in the edifice as early as the spring of 1808. Un- fortunately no picture of this meeting-house is extant except a drawing from memory by one whose early days were associated with it, but the original plan of the pews is on record and herein reproduced. The exterior of this first House of God was plain and devoid of paint except for the numerals "1807" in funereal black over the door. There was no steeple, although in September, 1807, the society gave permission to certain pew owners to build one 14 feet square and 44 feet high "provided they make doors into it." The entrance was upon the southerly side, and, as one entered the lobby, stairs continued up on either hand into the gallery, where sat the young people, young men on the minister's right, young women on the left and singers in front. The pulpit, which stood at the rear end, was considerably elevated, and was reached by a flight of some 13 steps. Under the pulpit was the seat where the deacons sat at communion, or when the service was in their hands. Attached to the rail of this seat were table leaves which could be raised and braced to form the communion table. The pews were high and straight, with spindle-work around the top of all four sides. The building was unheated, and our grandmothers kept their toes from freezing with the old-fashioned foot stoves filled with coals procured by the boys from neighboring firesides. Indeed, it was not until November, 1829, that any move was *For names of original pew-holders in the First ConEregational Meeting-houie see plana of the first floor and eallery ECCLESIASTICAL. 109 made to warm the house, subscriptions being solicited for the purpose in that year and for several years thereafter. On November 5, 1838, the society voted "to buy the pew of Elisha Benton Richardson for the purpose of erecting a stove," and "erected" it was, in a manner that afforded little comfort, by laying planks across the top of the pew and setting a long- legged stove on these. Horse sheds were built on the westerly side between the meeting-house and the old cemetery, the town having elected Jennison Jones, John Burdick and Salah Smith as a committee to designate the site in September, 1807. On October 24, 1807, the General Assembly of Vermont, in spite of opposition from the established societies, repealed all the provisions of the Act of October 26, 1797, and the amendments of 1 80 1, except those of Section i, which provided for the support of the gospel through voluntary associations. This compelled a reorganization of the first society, and on December 28, 1807, an agreement was signed for the formation of "Congregational Society in Waitsfield," with a preamble which indulged in these opening words: "Whilst the hearts of the sincere lovers of the gospel of Salvation which bringeth glad tidings of great joy to all people are palpitating for the havoc made in this state of a considerable number of religious societies through legislative interference; still a source of consolation remains when we look over the pages of the Sacred Volume, and explore the traces and operations of the spirit of God, that lighteth like a spark on the conscience of men, and Kindleth into a flame of love." To that agreement the following names were signed: James Heaton Nathan Stowell Edmund Rice Moses Smith Thomas Green J. Burdick David Phelps P. Sherman Isaac Hawley Jonas Holden Daniel Taylor Matthias S. Jones Joseph Wait Christopher Bartlett Jira Wing F. Richardson John Campbell Bissell Phelps Levi Wilder EUas Taylor Ashbel Minor Simeon Stoddard Andrew B. Minor Salah Smith Samuel Anderson Jennison Jones James Bartlett Daniel W. Wilder William Joiner John Barnard no HISTORY OF WAITSFIELD. Eli Abbott Moses Fisk Daniel Skinner Enos Wilder Jared Skinner Elijah Smith David Symonds Doud Bushnell Joseph Wallis Aaron Minor Charles Skinner Samuel Barnard William Chase Joseph Joslin Luke Joslin Salma Rider Nathaniel Bartlett James Joslin Alexander Phelps Ezra Jones William Palmer James Heaton, jr. Eli Skinner The first officers of the new association were Ezra Jones, clerk; Alexander Phelps, treasurer; Elijah Smith, collector; Jennison Jones, John Burdick and Salah Smith, assessors; Jonas Holden, Bissell Phelps and John Barnard, Prudential committee. This short-lived society was dissolved on May 8, 1809, and on the same day "The Congregational Society in Waits- field" was organized with a constitution prepared by Rev. Mr. Salisbury, Bissell Phelps, Jared Skinner, Salah Smith and Dea. Moses Fisk, although Mr. Salisbury had been already dismissed by a council held on January 3, 1809, which elected Rev. James Hobart of Berlin standing moderator, in order that pastoral leadership might remain unbroken. This procedure was clearly an attempt to breath new life into the dry bones of a dying church. The disturbance incident to the location of the meet- ing-house, the irksomeness of the general tax for the support of the ministry, and the lack of harmony between the departing pastor and his flock had all contributed to a condition of things which led the Council to "sympathize" with the Church in its "present unhappy difficulties" and to express the wish: "May you yet see good days." The officers of this, the third society, were Salah Smith, clerk; Eli Skinner, treasurer; John Campbell, collector; Aaron Phelps, Levi Wilder and Joseph Joslin, jr., assessors; Bissell Phelps, Moses Fisk and Aaron Minor, committee. On May 31, 1809, Mr. Salisbury being about to take his departure, Dea. John Barnard was chosen moderator of the Church, and on June 8 a meeting to which all members of the Society and all "female inhabitants" (the first recorded meeting in which women participated) were invited to con- sider "the situation of the Town of Waitsfield in regard to its ECCLESIASTICAL. 1 1 1 prospects of Reinstating a preached gospel." The need of united action was clear and the committee of the Society was soon instructed to procure preaching for the summer by "some well recommended candidate." Rev. Amariah Chandler, fresh from college and theological studies, was employed. From the beginning the wonderful influence of this strong man made itself manifest. Forthwith dissension gave place to united effort and lack of interest became eager enthusiasm. In August the committee was instructed to ask Mr. Chandler to remain for an indefinite period, and on October i6 the Church extended to him a unanimous call to become its pastor. Public notices were posted inviting all inhabitants of the town to attend a meeting of the Society on October 31, and express their views. General Wait and other old-time leaders renewed their allegiance. The Society united with the Church in its call, and voted to make the following proposition to Mr. Chandler: "That we offer Mr. Chandler for a settlement the sum of Five Hundred Dollars, to be paid in three Annual payments, that is, Two Hundred Dollars at the expiration of one year, Two Hundred at the expiration of two years, and One Hundred at the expiration of three years from the time of his ordination. And that we offer him the sum of Two Hundred Dollars Salary for the first year, and to rise Ten Dollars each succeeding year for the Term of Ten Years, and there to Rest as a yearly Salary thereafter." The offer was accepted, and a council called for the ordi- nation to be held on February 6 and 7, 18 10. John Burdick, Jennison Jones, Elias Taylor, Lewis Holden and Edmund Rice were the committee in charge, and instructed "to Keep order on that day." So important was the occasion deemed to be that its minutes were entered upon the town records as well as upon the books of the religious society. Rev. Amariah Chandler's Credentials. Waitsfield, February 6, 1810. Pursuant to letters missive from the Congregational Church of Christ in Waitsfield, an Eclesiastical Council convened at said Waitsfield on the 6th day of February, 1810, at the house of Gen. Benjamin Wait, for the purpose of affording their assist- ance in the ordiiiation of Mr. Amariah Chandler to the pastoral care of said Church. Present from the Church in Brookfield, Rev. Elijah Lyman, Pastor, Brother Phinehas Kellogg, delegate; from the Church in Shelburne (Mass.) Brother Ezra Fisk, delegate; from the Church in Berlin Rev. James Hobart, Pastor, Brother 112 HISTORY OF WAITSFIELD. Levi Hills, delegate; from the Church in Williamstown Rev. Nathan Waldo, Pastor; from the Church in Braintree Rev. Ammi Nichols, Pastor, Deacon Samuel Bass, delegate; from the church in Montpelier Rev. Chester Wright, Pastor, Brother Amasa Brown, delegate. The Rev. Elijah Lyman was chosen Moderator, and the Rev. Chester Wright Scribe. The Council then united in an address to the Throne of Grace, by the Moderator. The Rev. Jonathan Hovey, late Pastor of the Church in Waterbury, & the Rev. Jonathan Hovey, Jun., Pastor of the Church in Wey- bridge, being providentially present, were, by a vote of the Council, the Church and the Pastor elect concurring therein, invited to take a seat with the council. The council then pro- ceeded to hear an account of the doings of the Church & Society, relative to their invitation to Mr. Chandler to settle with them in the ministry, the provision made for his temporal support, & of his acceptance of their proposals. Proper testimonials were also exhibited of the regular standing of Mr. Chandler in the Church of Christ, and also of his being duly licensed to preach the Gospel. An inquiry was then made of the Pastor Elect respecting his theological knowledge & experimental acquaintance with the Gospel of Christ. The Council being satisfied of the literary & religious qualifications of the Candidate, voted unanimously to proceed to ordination, at the Meeting- house tomorrow, at eleven o'clock A. M., and that the several parts be performed as follows (viz.) The Rev. Nathan Waldo make the introductory prayer; the Rev. Elijah Lyman, preach the sermon; The Rev. Jonathan Hovey make the consecrating prayer; The Rev. Messrs. Lyman, Hovey, Hobart & Nichols impose hands; The Rev. James Hobart give the charge; The Rev. Ammi Nichols give the right hand of fellowship ; The Rev. Jonathan Hovey Jun. make the concluding prayer. The council then voted to adjourn to this place tomorrow at 8 o'clock, Feb. 7, 1810. Opened according to adjournment, and heard a sermon read by Mr. Chandler, the Pastor Elect. Voted that the above be adopted as the true minutes of the proceedings of this council. Attest: Chester Wright, Scribe. Proceeded to the meeting-house agreeably to the vote of the Council, where the several parts were performed agreeably to the above arrangements, & the Pastor elect thus duly ordained Pastor of the Congregational Church & Society in Waitsfield. Attest: Chester Wright, Scribe. Rec'd for record April sth, 1810, & recorded April 19 1810. By Edmund Rice, Town Clerk. ECCLESIASTICAL. 113 Thus did this church enter upon a golden period of its existence. Amariah Chandler was born in Deerfield, Mass., on October 27, 1782, the son of Moses and Persis (Harris) Chandler. His father was bom in Lancaster, Mass., but moved early to Deer- field, where he ran a small store and was keeper of the ferry at Pine Hill. He also saw service during the last French War. Amariah was the youngest child, and in early life was rather delicate, but while a mere youth he became convinced from listening to stories of the hardship and suffering of the early settlers and the soldiers in the early wars, that to fit himself to become a soldier he must accustom himself to hardship and privation. To this end he dressed thinly, slept on the floor, in barns, or even on the ground, went barefooted until the ground was frozen, and indulged in hard manual labor, until all this became a fixed principle in his life. Thus from a puny child he became a large and robust man. From an early age he had dedicated himself to the ministry, and for that reason declined an appointment to West Point. After fitting for college he sought the University of Vermont on foot, with all his worldly belongings tied in a handkerchief, influenced in his choice of a college, no doubt, by the fact that his oldest sister, Persis, the wife of Daniel Wilder, was a resident of Burlington. Entering as a junior in 1805 he graduated in 1807, and at once applied himself to theological studies under the guidance of Rev. Dr. Theophilus Packard of Shelburne, Mass., to which town his parents had removed while he was a child. In November, 1808, he was ordained as a Congregational clergyman. When we consider how many of the active members of the Waitsfield church had come from Shelburne and vicinity it is not strange that they turned in their extremity to this promising young man, whom they had watched almost from boyhood, and asked him and his young wife to settle among them. From the beginning his was a sure hand upon the helm. A, born leader, he was in truth the Shepherd of his flock, and wrought a noble work among them. Nothing more eloquently proclaims this fact than the peaceful routine of the records during his entire pastorate of twenty years when coupled with the fact that during this period the Church quadrupled in numbers. 114 HISTORY OF WAITSFIELD. The minister's small salary compelled him to eke out a living by the cultivation of a farm, a practice that he followed until he was more than eighty years of age, and during a portion of the time he taught school in the Northeast District, to which section he removed after the sale of his river farm in 1821. His habit of going barefooted clung to him through life, and gave rise to many amusing incidents far more embarrassing to others than to himself. It is said that it was his custom to walk barefooted to church with his boots under his arm, untU he came to a moun- tain stream near the meeting-house, where feet were washed and boots pulled on. In 1824 he preached the election sermon before the General Assembly of Vermont, and went to Montpelier on foot. Tradition has it that he presented himself at his hotel barefooted, and was made the butt of many jokes by men who were next day confounded by his able discourse. On June 25, 1829, Mr. Chandler signified his desire to dis- solve his connection with the Church, and gave the six months' notice required by the terms of his settlement, this action being dictated by the belief, which in later years he knew to be un- founded, that a change was advisable for both parties. On July 9, 1829, the Society "reluctantly" accepted his notice, and on February 3, 1830, he was dismissed. After his removal from Waitsfield he supplied at Hardwick, Vt., for about two years, and on October 25, 1832, was settled as pastor of the First Church in Greenfield, Mass. Here he remained until his death, October 20, 1864, although after reaching the age of eighty he had an assistant. In 1846 his Alma Mater gave him the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and in 1854 he was the chaplain of her semi-centennial. In 1853 he was a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. CHAPTER X. ECCLESIASTICAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH AND SOCIETY, 183O-I908. For several years after the departure of Mr. Chandler the pastorate of this church fell to men whose stay was short, and who made no lasting impression either upon church or com- munity. The growth of other denominations and the dissent, during the last years of Mr.- Chandler's service, of nearly eighty members of the Society, due to hostility to taxation as a means of raising funds and to a growing interest in the liberal doctrines of Universalism, left the organization in a condition ill fitted to bear the loss of his guiding and strengthening hand. These trials and added burdens served but to bring out the latent force and strength of character that had been de- veloping for twenty years. There was a girding up of loins among the strong men and women left within the fold, and from this time we see a church turning, with increasing con- fidence, to the guidance of its lay members and relying in ever greater measure upon their strength. No pastor since Mr. Chandler has enjoyed the supreme headship that he enjoyed, not because of lack of ability, and not wholly because of the tendency of the modem church to place the pastor in the position of co-worker rather than dictator, but in large measure because of this necessary taking up of the burden during those earlier years of trial. In the summer of 1830 the meeting-house was repaired and occasional preaching had during the remainder of the year. Among the supplies were Rev. John A. Hempstead and Rev. Mr. Howe, the latter from Unity, N. H. In May, 183 1, Rev. Guy C. Sampson was employed for one year as acting pastor, after a short term of preaching as a candidate. His stay was not prolonged, and in 1832-3 and part of 1834, Rev. Joseph. Marsh was acting pastor. He was a native of Sharon, Vt., a graduate of Dartmouth College, 1824, and Andover, 1827. ii6 HISTORY OF. WAITSFIELD. During this period an unfortunate controversy arose with the newly organized Universalist Society relative to the right of the latter to make use of the meeting-house, the deciding of which in favor of the old society led to the erection of the Union Meeting-house in 1836. In the winter of 1834-5, Rev. Frye B. Reed, a native of Brookfield, Vt., and a graduate of Middlebury College, 1824, preached for a few months; but in March, 1835, the Rev. Samuel G. Tenney of Rowley, Mass., Dartmouth College, 1823, was invited to settle as pastor of the church, and he was installed on July 8 following. He was the first pastor to find a parsonage waiting for his family. Mr. Salisbury and Mr. Chandler had owned farms, and their successors found rented quarters. As early as September, 1831, a committee of the Society had been chosen to consider the purchase of land and the erection of a parsonage, and the matter continued to be a subject of frequent discussion until March, 1835, when a committee was chosen to "purchase or build" provided funds should be sub- scribed. A movement was thus set on foot that resulted in the purchase of the residence of Julian Dumas, which stood on the same side of the Common and a little northerly of the meet- ing-house. The price paid was four hundred and fifty dollars, and the funds were in part derived from the sale of a portion of the "Minister" land lying'in Northfield, but acquired by the Society under deed from Mr. Salisbury, he having been allowed to keep only one of the lots assigned under the charter to the first settled minister. Mr. Tenney stayed but two years. His resignation is dated June 16, 1837, and he was dismissed July 5, 1837. His suc- cessor was Rev. Archibald Flemming, who came as acting pastor. He was born in Paisley, Scotland, and was a graduate of the University of Vermont, 1828, a man of deep and rich Christian character, with all the energy and seriousness of his own Scotch race. In 1838 the Church invited him to become- its pastor, but it was his decision not to remain, and on November S of the same year the Rev. Preston Taylor, a native of Ashfield, Mass., who had previously been engaged in the practice of law, was invited to settle. He was installed in January, 1839, but the attractions of the law outweighed those of the gospel. He resigned July 16, 1842, and was dismissed in September following. ECCLESIASTICAL. 117 During Mr. Taylor's pastorate a revival started as the result of a protracted meeting held under the leadership of Rev. Joel Fisk, a, son of Dea. Moses Fisk, and many substantial men and women were gathered into the church. This pastorate also was the last in which funds were raised by taxation, and with the employment of Rev. Calvin Selden in April, 1843, a subscription paper replaced the involuntary contribution. Mr. Selden was born in Springfield, Vt., and was a graduate of Middlebury College, 1836. From this date until 1866 the records of the Society were never entered in its books by the clerk, and are now wholly lost. The comparatively brief records of the Church are intact, but it is impossible to speak of many events of this period with the exactness that is desirable. Mr. Selden's labors extended until into the year 1845, and he was followed by the Rev. James Hobart, of Plymouth, N. H., Dartmouth College, 1794, then a man of nearly eighty, whose name is connected with the councils of the Church during the troubled years of Mr. Salisbury's ministry. Under the leader- ship of this godly man a renewed religious interest manifested itself, and an evangelist. Rev. Daniel Parker, was called to work with him for a brief time.
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https://github.com/RacerZStudios/Checkpoint/blob/master/Assets/Prefabs/Turret_01.prefab
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MIT
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Checkpoint
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Code
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| 44,420 |
bub_gb_fGZgiecTHGQC_77
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Latin-PD
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Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,667 |
Opera omnia; in novem tomos digesta Joannis Calvini, ... Commentarii in quatuor euangelistas Matthaeum, Marcum, Lucam, & Joannem. ... Nec non in Acta apostolorum. Cum indicibus locupletissimis
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Jean Calvin
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 7,277 | 15,432 |
flero, n Lapis fupetpofitus monumento , «».»t Latro k fur. to.t.X Latrone» CTurifigamur entn Jefu , 1». if Latu* Chrifto aperitur , ' 19-14 Lavat dilcipnlcimm pede* Chriflu» , l|.f' Lavare no* Chriflu* quomodo dicatur , i|.S Laxatum fufeitat Chriflu* , 1 1 . 44 cum LararO refiiTcrtaro c cenat Chriftu» , is . t LeTtpdrMofen data efl, 1.17.417.9 Lex non judicat quemquam nifi. fice. 7. j 1 Legi* nomine cur Pfalrno» defignet Chriftu» . 1 j. aj Legit &; Luansclii confcnliis , 10 ». Legis anima, Chiillus , t.lf. fle j. 4 1 Legi» ceremonix in «juem finem Judxi» 1 Deo' mandatx , ra.tt Legis cultus paxtim fpiritualis , paitim carnali» , • 5»' Legi* doflrina imperfefla , 4. 1 1 L«i*murm* ptopiium quod , *».rO Liberi vere qui, Liberta» qualis 1 Chrifto promittltnr , *- 1 i' ob Libertatem quam fluite glorkntuf Judxi , ». ||, Libeti arbitrii impugnatio, «■ 4f.' Linteamina Chrilli , 7- Litera» fcite , f H Locuto» habebat Jtida» , li.«. flft| *9 Locum paravit nobi* Chriftu* ', 1 4. x Locu*ex Pfal. ai.expofiru*. Locus et Zachaiia in quem fiocm »0 Etnngelift» adduflu», - >»•!/ Loqui h fcipfo , 7- • I, Loquitur Chriftu* ut audivit i Patre , *■ *«- * *- 8c t». io. fle 14. 10', Lucerna arden», Joannes , t • 1 1. Lumen vixx , t. ii Lumini» quod in corrupta hominum natura refulc: , parte» Jii.t, *•! ie Lumine leftificatur Toauiie? , ."*.*F Lutum I N D E X Eorum qus his in EUANGELIUM SECUNDUM JOANNEM Commentariis continentur , aut etiam explicantur. ABrahim totius Ecclrfi.t pater, t. J6 Abiaham ciu paia multarum gentium Jirius, io. 14 Abraham pater Judxoruro , *- ! 9 Abiahx femen, >•)! Abrahat filii coram Deo qui , * J 9 Abrahz tilms . _ ••! 7-19 Abtalum vidit diem Chrifti, *-f* Abfcondiife Chriftus. ».9. fle 11.17 Acerum datur Cluilio . 19-19 in Adun totum genua hamanum corruptum . i * AJotarorct veri , 4-JI.*4 Adulteria capite punienda , *. n Adulteria quantum malotum fecum affriant • A*d. Aftcrivs verus pietaris quis, A Setius pedum nomine defignaotur , 1 1 . 9 Afferius io Chrirto fiirrant voluntarii , 11.17 Afferius luimano» quomodo fuf ceperit Cbtiftu*. 11. 1» Afferat qui firxmndi , 11.17 Attl.il ;ones Scriptura cur potiooibttl comparet , Prior numerus caput , pojhrior verfstm Jejlgnat. Boni quid per Chr illum nobis obtigit , Buccella , 4 Dei notitia ante regenerationem qualia. ij.17 Dei agnitio e.xua Chrif.um qux CAciras qua percutiuntur teprobi , non tam i Cbtifto quam ab hominum vitio eft , 11.99 Cxeuatis quz pluribus leculia mundo incubuit, cauli , 11.11 Ccco \ nativitate aperiuntur oculi Sabbatho , 6 4. St». 1 Otii aperti , 1 . j I ' 1 Cxlum nemo afeendit nifi Filiua homini» . j Deus cft fpititus. quomodo uttciligeodum , Diabolus an natura mendas , Diem Chrifti vidit Abraham , Suomodo Dilcxetit Deus mundum , liligit noa Chtifiui , Diligit patet filium, 1. 16. & to. 17. & 1 7. 14 Diligcte Chriftum 0c mandati ejus femre , 14. 1 { Diligere proximum, invicem, alterutrum . n-14 Dilcrtio inter verbi miniftros oeceflaria , - - - «•4* 14 ••44 •l* iit IJ-4 Cijaplus poutilvx ptophetat , 11.49. adeumduci- Dilcriione mutua cognofcuonz Clmfti difcipuli , —1 Chriftus . II. 19-1* Calicem Chtifli bibere , Calicem a Deo datum non refpuunt qui motbii quxrunt remedia . dii. Cavo non prodell quicquam , 6. 6j non e* Camis Seviri voluntate natui. 1.13 Cato quod ex came nanim , 3.6 Caro pro extensa hominis fpecic, I.ij Caro Chnfti quo fenfu dicaiur vivifica , 4. 51.43 veri Difcipuli Chrifti , Dileriio, prsceptum Chrifti, I(.t:. 17 Dileriio maxiina qui , if.u Dileriio qua noafrofcquuiu Deu* , non alia quam qua Chriftum diligit , i7.1t Difccic Si pane , «. «f Difcipolos qua nou i mundo difceinat ChrXha, >4. 11. * Carnis St fpiritus diflidium in fe fentiunt fidele», Difc ipulus non eft fupta magi (Itum ii. tl Difcipuli Chtifli abeuntes icuo , Carnalis propinquitas quanti (scienda, 7. j Difcipuli Chtifto erodunt, a. 11. 1 Caftigationum Dei profectus in nobis tardui , 6. 14 flat Jelus , Cepbas qui & Simon , 1.41 Dilperll in ptoptia , Cerrmomx abfque Dei verbo mortua , 1 9. 40 Di Iperii filii Dei , Chantam putceptum cur novum appellet Chrifius , DiSpcifio gentium Affliriiones propter Cluiftum, if.ii.fll tS.t.icio Agnus pafdalia fymboliun lacnficu Chtifli fuit , 19- J* Agnus Dei Chriftus, 7.19-»* Agnus quiit dirius Chtiflua , 1.19 Agricola, rster Chrifti ■ * - * * Ambulat Chriftus 1'upet mate, t. 19 .... Amici Chtifli, 1j.t4.if Charitatis negleriut unde nafettut , 19.11 Amotis nomine fidem dei^nat Chtiflus , 16.17 Charitatis tegulam qualem pcxlciipferit Chtiflua Amor Dei per Chriftum in membra Ecclefix defluit , ' ' tf-9 Amor quo Chriftum complectimur , an Dei erga nos amore prior, 14. 11 Amoris divini erea pios fymholum & pignus . 7.11 Amoi Dei a pcxlemi terum flatu non cft xftnnandus. l-H I9.it it.u il.fl Mf Amorem tsoftri (equina fratrum dcfperius, 7. 49 Anabapnftz qualan fingunt Cluiftum , 1. 14 Angeli albis veftibua induti eur apparent , 10. ta Angeli afeendere Sc defceodeie fupei Chriftum quo- modo dicamus, !• f t Angeli cur vocentur potenti* aut virtutes, j. 4 Animam tradere p-o fratribus, l.it Animam ponit Chriftus oro ovibu*. I6.lf.17. Pro amicis fuia . ri-id. fit 1 f • 1 1 . A feipfo , 1A1J. Antioitiusquanii facienda, !»-• Apollinaria error, *• »4 Apofiotomm pietas qtax , a*, a» Apoflobsquam a parte accepit anhoritatem com- municat Cbnflua, ao.ai Apoflolus non maiot mittent*, ij.it A pofloli domos fit familia* habuerunt , it.17 Apoftolotum labos hodie quoque fructificat , Chtiflianifm i definitio , Chtiftum leneftru loqui, quo fenfu dicatur. Chrifti ptxripuum officium , Chriftus manet in zremum , Chriftus ex femine David, Chrifti recipiendi modus Cibus permanens in vitat Cibus Chrifti , Citeumcifio ex patribus , Claricarem ab hominibus accipei* , Clarificatus fil iu» hominis , Clarifica tus Deus , Cingendi verbo quid ficnificet Chriftus , in Corna cur calicem adjunxit Chriftus, Cor iui Chriftus cum Laxaro , Cognitio Dei *-*7 4- II; J4 7,aa f-4» 1.17 Diltcnfio piopter Chriftum , 7. 41 . tc 1« . .. Divinitas Chrifti pofl ejus afeeofum potentius (c exeiuit , 14 is Divinius Chtifli sterna . f.l ad Divitias fpititus obtinendas quinam f Cfariflo ro- tentur , 7. J7 nili Datum de czlo , nemo poreft accipeic quic- qmm . I.17 Datum s patie venire ad Chriftum, t.Sf Docuit CJuiftus in fytugoga fi c in templo , II. s* Docebit Spinttia ventatis omnem ventarem , 14.14 Dorii i Deo, Mf Docet fedens Chriftus , L 1 Docendi modus Deo doplex , !«.t| Daftot unicus Eeelefi* Chriftus , » tt Doriorts Ecclelix formate, unius Chcifti eft , imi Doriorct Erdcfix quaanuni magnitudine pnedtiot effe convenit , 7. st. fic t. 39. fit it.j Doflorum autliotitas unde pcndcai , I » in DoArina quid pixeimnini , Colaphis czditur Chriftus , it. 11. fle 19.} DoiUmm fuim Chriitai quomodo patiit effe dmr. Coiere Deum ooftrts figmentis quam potpofleium , 7. 1* 19 »9 de Doflrina imerrogltur 1 Cijapha Chriftn» , ll.lf Confidite auid , I4.H DoArinx Chrifti cultores in dies proficiunt , 14.11 Confeflio i fide non (eparanda , 11.41 Dofliina Chrifti. lapis offenfionis incredulis , 6 ** Coaiunftioeit quam cum Chrifto habemus froltus DoAritu Apoftolomm qui aliquid addendum p> ficefleAus, 16.17 Apoftolot eum Canftis Begibus fic Prophetis quoroo- Cocfcictuiarum tranquillitas ur.ik nafcatut do comparet Chriftui , 10. ir " — r*‘ — : :J 1 "JJI* *“ Apoftoli» profpenun furccflum Chriftus promittit 14. 10 Apoftolorun ttiftitia quomodo in gaudim verfiu Apprthendete Chriftum quxrant Judxi . 7.10.11. flct0.)9-fic It- f 7 Aqua vivi, 4. 16. Saliens io vltimatemam , 4.14 Aqua» dc verute etetknuum fiueie quomodo intcl- ligetKliim. 7.** Aquam ex Chtifli latete fluxifle eur tam diligentei inculeai Euangclifta , Arii improbitas. Aromatibus ungitur coipus Chrifti , 19.41 Afeendere in czlum quid figaitkei, }. U Audire i patre Sc difeete , 6-45 Audiendus clt Dcua per quoicdnque nobis loqua- lur. . 9. 14- fit i». 11 Audire verbum Det, fic credere , f . 14 mortuas Audite vocem filii Dei quid figdificcr , *•*! 19 Conficientia uepidx exemplar noublle in filaro , 19. 1 Confilium ex fenfu camis quam peti cui ofutn. II 49 Conflandam fiaonun quo prxmio dignetur Cludius, tant, in Sphitiim blafphemi funt , i4.ii in DoAtina Apoflolotum nobis aequiefeesadum. iiU. Doltrinam ampleAi peculiare Dei donum cft, 6.44 DoAiinz fpirirualis auchoritat unde petenda, 7.14 Doftiinx examinandi ratio, 7.1! IVxi t i nx root emptus pios comurbit , 1 j :« Doiliina Chiifti malleus erit incredulis i Conflitutione mundi , Contaminari, i*.i Conttiftamm iri difcipulot ptatdicit Chriftui , 16,1 Cor bominis non abs re fraudulentum vocatui 1. ii inter Dorii, nam gcisciilcm fit hypotbefes fciiulo ■ -- diflinguendum , 19.7 Doririnz Chrifti feopusmiis , 16. af Dolus quid lignificet apud joannem , a. 47 Dominus fic magiftet, Cbtiftus . If.u Domini nomen quo fenfu Scriptura Deo tribuat. Domus ora t ionii , Donum Dei , Dormitio fomni , Dotante, pro mortuum e fle , B- BApvizafidi parte» quam teri e tnulieribus nibtun- tur ,. ao. 17 Baprifmui Joamfit , i.it Baptifmus cx minillti peifona non efl xAimxudus , Baptizaot difcipuli Chtifli , f. 11. 41 Bairabas a ludiis paftulitur , 1 1. 40 Benedictio Dei in laboribus manuum noftrarum ex- peetanda. lt. 4 in Beneficiis Dei reputandis quam evanida fu hotni- nnm memoria , 14.11 Beneficii» Dei abuti quam pcriculofum, ij.17 Bethlehcm rivitaaDaviJ . m 7.41 BetheWa nifcim unde d»Aa , j . 1 BUfpltemix fpecies duz , 1 o. n Bohcmi lavati , 4. f ) Bonorum 'omninm qux habet pater pet Chriftum 19- 14 ^inCcyjJodz mifu diabolus ut. fice. t j. a 1.1 Coinua dc fpinis , 1 9. a ' 'jOdrJifl^Chiifti invohritutfindone , 1 9. 40 Jiniaioi non pofle credere quomodo ilirium , 1 a . j 9 Credere in Chtiflum quovnodo dicamnt , 7. jl Credendi verbum pro agnofireve ab Euangclifta po- Duodecim elegit Chriftui , (itum, 17.11 Duruafcrmo, Ctedcre in Chrrftum , vel in filium Dei , aut in no- tninecjus, |.1I. Sed. 49. fic 9. j6. Sc 1 1-41. fic 11.44. Sc '7i ■ Credere in Chriftum, opus Del , 6.19 Credere quare non poteram Jihlzi, 10.1J.& ii.jv Cccdests in Chtiflum non petit , »if. fedhabctvi* tam ztemam, j. 17. fic 1f.47.fic 10. 41 nnn 10. morietur in zternum . 1 1. 16. opeu, Chtifli Eeelefi* imlli hoftes magis infcnfi quam doosefli faciet fic majora , 14.11 Cnicis humilitas inultis offendiculo cfl . 1 . 44 Crucis hotror fi nos i lequendo Chtifto deteneat , quam pudendum , 1 9. 1 f Cultus quem Deus i nobis requirit regula , f . 14 ECetefsx unitas nullibi quam in Scripturi fide fundata , 19.11 Ecclefia quomodo redimi pnffit , 6 4$ in Ecdetiz regimine quid maxime expetendum , Cultus diTini lex unde petenda. Cuta de fratribus non lempei fupetvacua , Cmiofiuiis no xix exemplum in feno , DAvid peribnan Deliberandi p Ecclefiz legein fuo exemplo Chriftus Mzfcnbit , 1. 14 tum cognofcetis quod Ego fum , t. it Egenis dat Chriftus , t j . 1 9 Elegit duodecim Chriftus , ex quibus unus diabolus cft , 4. 70 fcio quos Eleg errm . I3.1I Etegi vos uc Ir.irium afferatis . 1 j. i4 Elegi vot de mundo , 15.19 Elegie Deus ex fiofiibus fuit qui ipfum amem , Cluift i fufiimiit , Deliberandi pie fic fanAe ratio . ,. Dcoifutn Cve de muodo , fic e fupemis quid , Elerii eur Deo ctit* fint , 17.10 Elerii a reprobis quomodo difeernantur , 17.4 qua nota difectnantut , 5. : 9. fic 6. 3 7 Electos Detis occulto frxoo retinet, ao. at fotis EI eri is vitaro dat Chriftus , 1 7. | in EI ed is Dei Spiritus arcano modo operatur .209 Elcriii Deum verarem quo feitfu appellet Chriftu», 7.11 Deuslnvifibitis, i.ij. patet Jcfu Chrifti , j.17 Deum dc filio fuo reflatum fui fle quo modo incet- ligcndum , 1,17 Electis quam fiime coolkr folatis fac certitudo ; i . . lo-i» Skrtio fine fide muuli-..: • S-4* Befinomt notitia piecandi ttndram m-nobn -acuere - debet, *vJki- • *7»i KteAwmis fpecie* dux , t$.i6 JHua. cui Joamsct dlrtos lil , "•«.*! Euri— jjimofolyo»»» « • »o. m Attondi fini» nullus, ni fi verbo Dei adhxreamu* , *i.s: .i I-.: ' Bnminir: difeipulos ex vctbisChiiffi mjW latet* «T -ferih», • • »- - -tfafl nhoElaritc 3c Grite in rtctnum , 6. ij *u*Bvti«rix qui fmpui compinxi fune , ad fotruem Afficiunt , rigj.j^ Shancelium in quo uuxntie i ptnfuti yhMMbcihil •;:V4B kW4- . ■*■ •;* oif -■ r-o iMl Jfciangelii fxvrtu* quis . > i •*. j* BtBngcliutn cor rocflis voeettu , . ■ +;l* afii-Etangelii doetiinasn cipinidam borntor*.1 tjue- «r : -modo cosnpneabk r.- :v£L:,‘ • \t T-‘4i t ri rty i i i tnmsUti noo uasn i pvoieflis fidei Infla* . ; Ima male trartamut , i4. x Eaangdn mimflot rigandi >ote<lia quem* toFMntl * «fati, »).i< Eiuogeljuin em iplwiiqur aaatrmimnir , > -i*. 1» Buaugclta cur utn pauci credant , 6. 6j. & 7. i j Euangelii pmdicaiio nunqnant inniti*: r.ranfm 1 ftmxgciii ptxdisitKVlOcawrCJiidtiad 00« dejbvn* ... li». . a» • n.. .- 1 - 7 ;f4 Httngctrum Tcfpuemium finii quis , 1. x KuiQgrtn tniliui trrpldi . ... , :!o-i-*0 "I0.9 EoaUgelii doflnna nonnifi teptobis ob&ua , - >s»- t * kBMtpel 11 przJicotuli finis qnu*' “ l«- IT SaMgdtc qu*l proprium , q»>ii itero accidentale , Ss . 1 ' *J«f. jtangtlii ptxdiearione exaltati dicitur Chriflu* i -- • *-*4 Sebes hmticus , . -»>1.14 au quo mo ito dw*utf Chrirtus , 3 . 1 4- «r *i *4 %■ .5:: a» t* »v B*c scate hominum corda Deus quomodo dicatur, ■ . <V • • 11,4» JtoeeatMtio qua Dctw trnptot peteutit qoid valear , ■ t*. *r Bxetanir.unicjndi una ii vetofflflima Ecckfic eoit- 1 - fuctudine ortui , «iSliP Mcamsiwnieati» in legimnu»» ufimi t evocanda i Excommunicatio , nerim* difcipUl** EcclcfiaftW» , t-: Rxcufirioncm non tabent jndaxi , 1 1' »^ Xatentplnin 'dedit nobis Cluifhij , . Jl.IT &templuro Chrdli oro Icgehatiendum , Eunt i iatte Chtfltn» ,. Bndtavit Abtaham videre diem ChtUii, ».|* • «I- «4> M ici ratis noflt* feoptan cur in uwnte profigat ChrdKis , . • f7« » fefiui dic* Hierofn^ymi» , 4.44-ficJ1* Fide» jnwtua ,q«z . till FileiUJul; rtrruodiixrnhabeif , tf.tj Fidet <x nobia noo provenit , t.i»' Fidat Chriltum ampleditur ut noflet Itat , 4- H Fidet »n Ciicdtutn proprie relpicerc debet , !.i«. iiift Rde* non omnium eommunn «fl , M4 FMel efieftut qualis . dii. 6c 5- 1 5 Bdrtin C. hntlum .unica vivendi tegula , d.xp' Vides cur vn» aror umeuM Dei opus, »W. Psdes quomodo npu* dicaritt , #U. Fidet nihil ad Deum affert . d«i. Fidcatton in Ibla Chrilli eflentia hrrete debet .1. 4*-* F4lc« (volito qumnoJo ad teteroam Chiiflidivinit»- 5 - tem perveniat , xo.x» FMe* unicum effugiendi morti* remedium , t . 1» Fide* adite* vita, f.X7 FMfes Deum ab hominom figmentis dtfcenrit , 1 7. 1 Fides mentis oculus . «.49 Fidet nnftra an fit plena, nonnifi experimento eo- fnofeirur, ld.lt Fides pr .edeflins t ionit tefliS , 4 . 40 Fhlcs m Tboma noo prodiit extinfb , fed foffbeara I fitit, xo.a» Fides fx nudis rerum esperimeotis manare non po- tcft , xo.x» Fides cui dicitur icrum invtfibilium demmtfttatw. «Iit i. FWei tfcfeAos etiam in optiteb mul tiplices , > 1 . j 9 vtrz Fidei experimetnum , 9-4 Fidei noittn firmitas in quo-cort Fidei fruftui incomparabilis , Fidei janua quibus pracludatut , f 44 FMel natura, quz , 4- *l Fidei ordo quali* i CJerifto deferibirar , 17. lf. Fi ilei twefc Bio letnima, qu* , * . 1 4 PWei Icopps 6 c objcOuniCteifltia , 1 4. 1 Fidei fedes in corde . J.X4 Fidei noftrx vera Habilitas, t.16 Fidei annexa eft agnitio , »7. I FWem cur fe tenti* ChtiHos poflponar . t o. 1 * Fidem inridix metu difliinulaxe quam ignominto- fuin apud Deum , ix.4t Rde nullus Deo cultu» acceptior , *.j! iri Fide duo pottlliirvmn requin , 4.4* Iri Fide quid pmipuum. j.17. &17. ? Fidelis & incredulus . a. 17 Fideles au aliquando durias a D«o «artentur , 4. * t » ® B K. Fideles in quem finem Fatri^ reeondl&rit CUtrUrb', • > • • : if. io FMdescotnsefie mundo» quomodo tutdligendum, iartiu.1 «uj-a- »1.9 Fideles nunquam moti quomodo hitefligcndum , Fideles ab hypoctfct* qtta nota difcerramtir , I i! Fideles hodie non minus quam olrm ferri f ChtWus , 17. r* Fidae ia piopriar fcieiui* nulli detetirir-pefiiK , j.il Fiducia.q-.ia la Chrillual weambi t , omni ifiriore fis» - r penot » - il. 14 Fiduelc cettitudo neccflaria* |.|t Filias Dei Chrifius , t • 49 Filiusfiomini» Chtiftus gnarc-tBCXut , x.r* FilH nomen unice in c3aWt»m c twrqeitt ,• ' 1» 11 il»:Fa# perfona Deu» vult agnofet ' -i r. 4 Fdii DcrviriuitsdM diftinifcFV ^ >-W'' '■ 1 7 Fitiute I feiplo non facete quieqiwril;' ridninodo m- ■ telligendum, ' Miacoatlvi jf-.-lp. |o »ei Filius non fiti privarim exIOte |fif«4ttit 14 »■ Filii Cei cur ccnlearaur*..- ' 'lii >"* * • ri'17' FUii Pci fle filii Diaboli quomodo nominenarirr'* 44 Miid>ei per fidem, , t-'F, tv Filii difperfiiater gemes, 1« u.ja Filiolum Pei Sc icprobonim moriendi dtUuiaco, i f. jo Filios perditionis , 17.!» iftjHAbnhx, “ ’ Ii, 17 tiagelhs Dei nqn.femp«r qiqtieptU hominum pec- ,1 ‘t*8; * . , ■ , . .9,14 FlageiUtum JdUim tndir Filanti vo.umati ]odz»- ]. -ifiroT ...tr-L-a»;.:; »* Fliiirtina ric vrtiBK' ejus truent aqa* viv* . -f. 1 1 Frfiujacot» . . *'4.£Lii.»a Fons aqui UliehtisTn litam a teifiam, 4.)i4 Prarres Clitifti non C^cdqaro , ^ 7.3.4 frttfluni in vium itnyam fongicgng, 4. 74 litrntrtnm pTut"murrr ifferrent Apwoli 'miffi. 1 j,i4 Frufium feri ijuimaqei m Cluit», 15. 4- j. Funrtio Cluiui, qujt , + )4 Furflc lairu, ^ l GlKJa proplict a tori Purgic , ' , . [i*! i* CaliliiChriOum excipium, ^ : u .VteSfc 1'emp'um ih moflTe Cariiim a M amite exfnuBiun iflGUoph/tiCta docet Chcifiuf , 'j' Gentile» volunt videte Jefutn , ‘filio- Gentiles quomodo Judiis aggiMatU. ^.,-. Cineris humani inftaw»||io pCt Chfiftqart,, .4.^ Q foria Clutfb , ./ # Gfotia I foto 0eb tjrotiendai , . ..3-44 Groriam fiiam non qfinrir Chriflrs,' *Vrj. 1 Sed ejus qui miGt illum , 7. >1 Glorum Dei vidit JefailS , 11.41 ,ti G) oriam peo. lmfmindom erigendi fiWmrfia j Gloriam Dei videre , 1 j . 4« ad Glouain Des hlfirriflt»» , r 'v ' "" jf Glorum -hWritnum magis qwm 1XS ff: 41 T <c eam ab invicem querere > -1.-44 6loriiwMWiMlfi quRtt , ?"’l» Glorificaros Jefu» , , ‘ fi. i4 Grsdus qninqur inveAitOtef® mnGdnandi, ri .17 Granum frumenti cadent in t etiam ' ‘n:tTix. 14 Gratia fle vetitas get Ghtifltrtri ,* : " ' v 1 4 1 7 Grati» CJiriftiffmvrjwW , 1*' Gratii bortirath Dei erga nos-oidgifftiJiW', Vji. t f Gratis plenus Chriftus , . 1 7. Gratias agere . f. Gregi» Dei in notari ecdligendi ndr r ^ :ie. i p. H' HOmines in quem finem eriridftf,' '.,yi i . 4 Hominum in rebus divinis r emerim. .I7'. 1 1 Hominum jq rflimamiis Deioperfids jagriti- «wfo. Homines quatenus horiote pfofequendi , 4.11 Crimmtinis KoMimim morbus in Filato , tl.jl Hominum pravitas quanta , f .i* Hominum conditio pofi Ad» lapfitm , 1 . j qoid fit in bomine novit ChciAus , :.i) Honor quem Detis In lege parentibus deferri jobet , quis, . t». i) Honotificaf Chrrifus patrem , s.49 Honotificandut filius , |.:i Hora Chtifli , ■ s. 4.‘ac 7. j*. & *. :o' Hors Chi Wi ut ttanfuet ad pauem , ij. 1 HorBdiefdorideflro . * ; , '11. 9 Hofanm , - 11. tj Humilitaris vera atque unica fegula, 13.6 Hydri* lajfide* , , ' x-d Hyperbole in &cfli literis non proifor slbfianti , '"'si. 14 Hypocrifi» cxempfom memorabflcln Judzls , H.i fit 1P- ** Hypocr HI nihil eft periculofiut . • ' ' ‘t.*4 Hypoerifm fupetbia fempcWequitur , 9. 40 Hypocrifis impietatem fempei fiajuji|ri h.. Hypocrit* ranis figmentis le ioebsflil» , *trf. Hypoc titanim motes , 6.71 Hypocrit* quomodo Euangelio iflintiumut, i.tl •f ErolbWmam ii^iedien» Chriflu» inftdet afirw , Jefiii locus explicatus , 1 , xf . fit .i x J 1 Jf.S U S filius Dei, xo.ji Ignoratio Dei quam grave malum , •«- * Imigo Del ChtiBus , 1. 1 ?. & 5. st- & 1«. 10 lcnperianon temeie neque homimini tuoic exorta , 'Io.*/ Impii Id Dei tri btmi! voeindi , • t.il Itttpii non flarim detegendi , r|.*i.si Increduli ea V, malorum omnium fons 8e tanifi quo* modo dicatur t 1. 14. flctJ.X* fnetedulitu acceffiun ad Deum ttobi* obfttuit. Incredulus filio non videbit vitam , j.t* Infirmitas cluifti fidem fulcire debet, 14 t litti rm itas ob peccata , j , ■ 4. & 9. 1 , | Infirmi tas ad gloriam Dti , 1 t j _ 4 Iwirni itates nofttas cut 10 .ltc fufcipeTe voluerit Chii* «'tf. * 4- fi Infeeirtuit fpiritu jefu» , 1 1 . 1 1 . t X In|uftiris in Ded nan cli , --'' "Jl* '1 Innocenti» Cbriftl quotfum tim fxpe ttftimonia Judicis aflbtamr, i9..t ftifuff.dTfriti Apoftolos chriflus , »o. 'xx Josttnes cut fic dirttis , • 1 t . fi Joarm.i de Cluilio pricuiiiuiri , ifid. Joanne» bapritit in Anon , |.i| teflimomum Mthihet de «/7 Joce; fe non efle Chriflam , i. j*. 8c j. r» milfuut itgtinm fecit , to.rf laDeififpediuinufladorinoteiyet, 9,5 It* net gravius adrctliis peceaium , t9- lf dxltincie fatigatu* Clniftus , 4. .fi ludit in Del familiam cooptati , r . tl judiis an poenitentiam Deus in falutem ptotrutut 1 I.!»*. . lf 19-17 Judiieiit ligni qnzrnedirti, 4.47 J udiorum cum Samaritanis dilfidium ttndc onum, . ; V* Judii qtrid ebtemitne nobifeum habuei int , Sc quid 'drvetfiqn, , f.%.% Tudil ChrlftumF.eg«m ctroreviditut, * 19 Judas diabolua , d. 70. 71 ■ 'fidi f ix immittsrtiVt’ 1 j.xr deil.nanu futurus proditoc , Ar t* x t. z6 Ju.-tir.ni tnurvimn i Chtillo quomodo inieiligen* • drtffl " 1 - ItclxOnp -vt. " 3. 17 oon‘ut Judicet Cbrifbu , 11.47 iwu Ju.ii canduin fecundum faciem , |.* T fecundum comem., t.tt Judichiin '.piritui i peccati demoiri! titione ineipt t Id. 9 ludieltun, Chtifli jufltun . j. 10 Jddinwn Dei tptxntum a nolito dH1« , 1.14 judicii nomine quid figntfica» Chriflu» , 16. u Judicii pritexiu infbntem occhtete , quovis lateo» iinjo dcteftabiliut , iy. At ftr Judicitnh vehite quomodo drcatui Chriflu* , 9 j9 Judicrum de iis qui ad Chnflum pettinent , cs Scriptura faciendum , IX.tl dicinm pto imperio fle poreflite , f. 11. 17 potcftatem Euangelio defet Chriflu* . «x.4* rhwrptlci^* fugiendum , f ■ t fi 1 Jtili c fiari non rttuie quomodo dicantur fideles. , • ' ■ . •' ‘ J.xfi tri Judf fiuni venit Chtiflus , 9- 19 dt Judicio arguet mundum Spiiitusfanrtus, 16 *. riude Judiriom cfl mandi , ix.ir ladicitim datum filio, f.it-if Juflflfun Chtiflus cin in fi» ad Partem afeentu ftatuat, 16. 10 JufUria in etpiit looei Chriflo penrta', nobis quat- lenda, 19.77 ’ . ... " L.’ LAchcymatus eft Jefn» , fi.lj; Lipluat; volunt Chnlluir. Jndxi , S. $9. fici*, jt Iiopis fuprrpofitus monumento , n.jt l.attdhtfur, lo.l.F LatTones cTOrifiguntur cum Jefu , «9. It Latos Chriflo aperitur , 19.34 Lavat di(cipnldntm pedes Cbrifiu», r*.*1 Lavate »6s Chriflu» quomodo dicatut , tj.l Laxatum fufei tat Chriflu* , x 1 . 44 eum Lauro refufcttito eant Chriflu* , 1». x Lex pdr Mofen data cft , i.17. fit 7. y> Lex non judicat quemquam niG, Ace, 7. fi Legt» nomine eur Pfalinos detigaet C htiffos , 1 j . x j Legit & Euangelii confenfu» , 1 o. g. Legi» anima, Chttftu», X.-l7.flcj.4S Legis reremoni* ia quem finem Judzis L Deo’ mandat*. Legis cultus patthn fplntualis , jotrim carnalis. 4-lf I-egh dorttiru impeiferta , .. ’ ‘ 4. ac Legis munus proprium quod , Liberi vetomai , ’ »5 5 Libertas quali* i ChTiflo promittitor, *■ ?£ ob Libertaiete quam fluite gloticntuf JudxJ , *. j », I.ihtri athitrii iir.eugntiio . f ■ 4f, linteamina CWfll, iq. 7. Litcra» feite, Loculos bibebat Jiida* . fx « BiU 2 9 Locum paravit nobis ChruraS , ' f-f- 1 Loeusci Ffai. ir. expoiisus, 1 9. : j Locus ex 7.» c loiia in quem finem ab Fustige‘ifta -v' jfcMWto, V ‘ ‘9 1 f Loqui * feipTo . . i? f,L Loquiiui Chtiflus ut audivit i Fatte , r. JS. st. K »i. fo. Sci*. 10 Lucerna at dent, joaitncs , ••II.' Lumen viti, *.ii Luminis quod in compta hominum natuta teudet , partes Arx, •Sel.mnineteftificaturJoajmcs, *(7 Lutum 184. J O A N. CALVINI COMMENT. C a p. XXT 18. Amen amen dico tibi .1 Poftquam hortatus eft Chriftus Petrum ad nafceniias oves , eundem quo- que armat ad obeundam qux inftab.it militiam. Iu non modo exigit ab eo fidem ac diligentiam , fed in- ''viitum animum in periculis & conftantiam in tole- randa cruce: deinde ad mortem obeundam, ubi opus fuerit , paratum cfTe jubet. Erfi autem non aequalis eft Pallorum omnium conditio , convenit tamen ad- monitio hxc omnibus aliqua ex parte. Parcit Domi- nus multis, & ab eorum fanguine abftinet, hoc uno contentus quod dum vivunt, bona fide fe totos illi confecrant. Sed quia novas fubinde pugnas & mul- tiplices movet Satan , ncccfle eft ad mortem paratos elTe quicunque pafcendi munus fufeioiunt: ut certe illis negotium eft non folum cum ovibus , fed etiam cum lupis. Quod ad Petrum fpe&at , voluit cum Chriftus de exitu fuo prxmonitum, ut affidue me- ditaretur fundendam ellc demum proprio fanguine doftrinam cujus erat minifter. Quanquam videtur Chriftus in his verbis non ejus tanrum habui fle rc- fpe&um, fed martyris elogio apud alios omaffe,acli dixiflctforc longe alium athletam qujm fe prxfti- tcrat. J$uum effes junior. Videtur fenedus quieti & otio cfle deftinata: quare vacatio lenibus dari folet ab oneribus publicis , & milites fiunt emeriti. Pote- rat ergo Petrus fibi in illa artate prominere tranquil- lum vit* ftatum: contra pronuntiat Chriftus inver- fum iri natur* ordinem, ut qui luo arbitrio juvenis vixerat, fenex alieno regatur, & quidem violentum imperium ferat Cxterum in Petro infigne habemus communis noftrx fortis fpeculum.- Multis commoda eft ac jucunda virx ratio antequam iChrifto vocen- tur : fimulac nomen illi dederunt , ac recepti fiint in difcipulos , vel faltem aliquanto poft tempore , tra- huntur ad graves pugnas , ad tumultuofam vitaro , • ad ingentia pericula , interdum ad ipfam quoque raonem Hxc conditio tametfi dura eft, non tamen xgre ferenda. Interca fic temperat Dominus crucem qua vult fervos fuos experiri , ut illis tantifper indul- geat dum maturuerit eorum virtus, neque enim ignota eft illi eorum infirmitas ultra cujus modum eos non urget. Sic Petro ignovit quamoiu tenerum adhuc atque imbellem cfle ipfum videbat. Multi genus mortis notari putant , quod extenfis ' brachiis fufiicnfus fuerit : verum ego {impliciter cin- gendi verbo comprehendi interpretor externas omnes adionc.s quibus fe & vitam fuam homo com- ponit. Cingebas te. hoc eft, induebas prout libitum erat : poft lue autem tolletur hxc formandi habitus libertas. Porro quo fupplicii genere affe&us fuerit Petrus, ncfcircprxft.it, quam dubiis fabulis habere fidem. Ducet ejuo non vis. Senfus eft , Petrum non fuo fato , fed vi fic gladio moriturum. Sed videtur abfurdum quod Chriftus mortem ejus voluntariam fore negat, nam ut nulla conflantia, fic nulla mar- tyriilausubi quis ad mortem invitus rapitur. Ve- rum hoc ad dilfidium carnis & fpirirus, quod fen- tiunt in fe fideles , referri debet, nunquam enim tam libero foluroque affedu obfcquimur Deo , quin mundus Sc caro vclut funiculis quibufdam in contra- rium nos retrahant. Unde illa Pauli querimonia, 7- Non quod volo bonum, hoc facio , &c. Prxterca W* J9- notandum eft , naturaliter omnibus infitum cfle mor- tis horrorem : quia naturx repugnat velle diflblvi. Itaque Chriftus, ctfi toto corde compofmiscratad parendum Deo. mortem tamen deprecatur. Adde quod Petro formidabiles erant cruciatus cr homi- num fx vitia. quare nihil mirum fi mortem aliquate- nus refugerit. Sed in eo clarius probabit quam Deo obedientiam prxftubar , quod mortem , quam per fc libenter fugiflet, fponte tamen obiit: quia fciebat ita placere Deo , neque enim ulla fuiflet patientia abfque animi palEone. Atque hxc cognitu valde uti- lis eft dq&rina. Nam & nos ad preces fol iutat : quia nunquam abfque lingulari Dei auxilio vincere pollemus mortis timorem: ideoque nihil reftat nifi ut fuppliciter nos offeramus illi regendos. Deinde valet ad fublevandas mentes noftras , ne prorfus con- cidant fi quando trepidare in perfcquutionibus con- tigerit. Qui martyres nullo fuifle taftos metu fin- gunt , defperationis materiam fumunt ex proprio metu. Atqui non eft quod fequendo illorum exem- plo nos deterreat ooftra infirmitas , cui fimilcm ex- crtifunt, ut non pofient nifi fecum pugnando, <lc oflibus veritatis triumphum agere. 10. Significant aua morte. ] Magnum habet pon- dus hxc periphrans. Etfi enim fcopum hunc piis omnibus propofitum effe decet ut Deum ram vita quam morte fua glorificent, voluit tamen Joannes peculiari elogio ornare eorum mortemqui fanguine luo Euangelium Chrilli obfignant nomeuquc illu- ftrant : ficuti Paulus docet, Philipp. 1 . verf. 1 9. Jam vero noftrura eft: quem mors Petri findam protulit colligere, naro ignaviae noftrx culpa eft nifi inde con- firmatur fides noftra , & eodem etiam tendimus , ut per nos illuftrctur Dei gloria. Hunc finem fi confi- deraflent Papiftx in morte martyrum , nunquam illis facrilegum illud & deteftabile commentum veni flet in mentem , valere ad iram Dei placandam, pretium- que pro peccatis folvendum. Et quum boc dixtjfict. J Hic exponit Chriftus quor- fum illa violentx mortis prxdiaio fpe&aret , nempe ut fe Petrus ad tolerantiam compararet. Quando, inquit, mors tibi lubcunda eft meo exemplo, fequere ducem tuum. Cxterum quo libentius Deo ad cru- cem vocanti Petrus obtemperet, ducem fc Chriftus proponit. Neque enim generalis eft exhortatio qua cuna ad fui imitationem 'invitet, fed tantum agit de fpecie mortis. Hoc autem unum quicquid acerbita- tis in morte eft non parum mitigat, dum fe ante ocu- los noftros offert Filius Dei cum beata fua refurre- £fione, qux triumphus eft nofter contra mortem. 20. Converfus autem Petrus videt difcipulam quem diligebat Jcfus, fequentem: qui & recubuit in Ccena fuper pe£tus ejus , & dixit, Domine quis eft ille qui tradit ce ? /*fr. 13. 2 1 . Hunc ergo quum vidiflet Petrus, dixit Jcfu, Domine, hic autem quid ? *"( 2 2 . Dicit ei Jcfus, Si cum volo manere donec veniam, quid ad te? tu me fequere. 13. lixtitcrgofermo inter fratres quod difcipulus ille non moreretur: & non dixerat ei Jeftis quod non moreretur : fed, Si volo eum manere donec veniam, quid ad re? ' 24 Hic eft difcipulus ille qui tcftimonium perhibet de his, & fcriplit hxc: & fcimus quod verum eft tcftimonium ejus. 2 Sunt autem fic alia multa qux fecit Jcfus, qux fi feribantur Angulatim, ne ipfum quidem munduni capturum arbitror cos qui fcribcrcnrur libros. 40. Co»- C A p. XXI. IN E U A N G. SECUND, JOANNEM: i8* io. Conver fui Petrus.] Habemus in Petro no- donec Spiritu illuftrati re&ius & purius de Chrifti ftix non modo fu pervacua: , led etiam noxiae curio- regno , abolitis eradis figmentis , fentirem. Cxtcrum litatis exemplum, quod aliorum intuitu ab officio qui>dde Apolbolis narrat Joannes, quotidie acciditi noftroabftrahimur. Eft enim nobis fere innatum, ut nec mirum, nam d domdtici & interiores Chrifti alienae potius quam vitx noftrx rationem exigendo , difcipuli ira dclufi fuerunt , quanto proclivior erit vana inde captemus effugia. Hoc enim cxcutationis eorum lapfus qui non tam familiariter cdodi funt in eoiore ultro nos decipimus , quod non lintaliime- Chrifti Ichola ? Sed notemus fimiil unde proveniae liores: quali vero nos eorum ignavia abfolvat. Vix hoc vitium. Utiliter nos docet Chriftus inxdific?- autem ccnteftmus quilquc reputat quid valeat illud tionem, & quidem pcrfpicue : led nos luci tenebras Gsl.6: j. Pauli, Unufquifque onus fuum portabit. Quarcin inferimus pravis noftris commentis qux ex proprio unius hominis pertona communis eft omnium repre- (enfuacccrfimus. Nihil certi de Joannepronutuiarc heniio, qui huc & illuc circumfpiciunt qualiter fe voluerat Chriftus, fcd tantum fibi afferere plenam in gerant homines : quid autem fibi a Deo iniundum fit cum vitae & mortis potcftatcm. ita fimplex ac utilis negligunt In eo prxfertim nimis crafle nullucinan- per feerat dodrina : fcd plus fibi fabricant ac itnagi- tur, dum fccurc prxtercunt quid poftulet privata nantur difcipuli quam didum fuerat. Quare ut tuti cujufque& lingularis vocatio Ex decem unum Deus fimus ab eodem periculo, fobrielaperc difeamos. eliget , quem. vel gravilfimis xrumnis vel immenfis Sed ea cll humant ingenii lafcivia > ut toto impetu in laboribus exerceat : alios novem quietos finct, vel vanitatem ruat. Qaofadum eft ut hic quoque error, fiihcm leviter tantunf exercebit. Deinde non eodem ^ quo di ferte Euangelifta cavendum monuerat, ni- omnes modo tradat, fcd de fingulis prout vifum eft, hilominus in mundo graflatns fit. Nam fabulati experimentum capit. Quum ergo varix fint Chri- funt, quum fibi effodi fepulchrum julliflet, atque ftianx militia; fpecies , fuum quifque ordinem tenere illuc delccndiflct , vacuum poftridie repertum cftc. difear : nec tanquam otiofi de hoc vel illo quxramus , Quare videmus nullum fore errandi finem nili litnpli- dumfmgulos noftrum cxlcftis dux compellat : cujus citer amplexi quod ii Domino traditum eft , aliena imperio fic intentos nos effe decet ut alia omnia ob- omnia commenta repudiemus, livifcaraur. ^usm diligebat Jefui. Ideo inferta hxc 14. Hic eft difcipului ide.] Quia hadenus fui periphrafis fuit ut lciamus qua de caufa compulfus mentionem fub tertia perfona fecerat Joannes , nunc fuit Petrus ad movendam quxftioncm qux hic refer- exprimit fe illum dfc : quo fcilicet plus ponderis ha- tur. abfurdum enim putabat , folum fe vocari , omiflb beat teftis oculatus , & cui penitus comperta fuerunt. Jo.innc, qucmlcmper tantopere Chriftus dilexcrar. omnia de quibus fcrmoncm fjcit. At vero, nequis Itaque prxeextu non carebat illa Petri interrogatio, ejus fermonem fufpcdum habeat, aefi ad gratiam cur nulla fieret Joannis mentio : aefi mutatus eflet eflet compofitus , propterea quod a Chrifto dilige- erga eum Chrifti animus. Ejus tamen curiofitad an- batur , hanc objedionem anticipat, plura i fcpr*- fam Chriftus prxeidit , rcfpondens ejus non referre tcrita fuiffc dicens quam (cripta , nec de quibufvis quid alii aduri fint, dum obtemperandum eft Dei Chrifti adionibus loquitur, fcd qux ad publicani vocationi. ejus mimus fpedabant. Nec videri debet abfurda xx. St eum vela manere."] Qnod vulgo truncata hyperbole, quum ferantur qux palfim in profanis fuit hxc fcntentia» & prius membrum affirmative fcriptoribusoccurcunt. Non tantum numerus ope- legerunt , Sic cum volo manere donec veniam : li- rum Chrifti confidcrandus eft , fcd pondus quoque brariorum infeitia facium eft , nofl interpretis errore. & magnitudinem expendere convetm. Divina illic Neque enim in Graeca didione falli potuit : fcd apud Chrifti majcftas , qux-fua infinitate non modo fcnfus Latinos facile potuit obrepere una litera, qux totum hominum , fcdcxlum & terram, ut ita loquar , ex- ienfum inverteret. Tota igitur oratio interrogativa haurit, fuum illic fulgorem mirabiliter proferebar, eft, ac legi debet uno contextu, voluit enim Chriftus In eum fi Euangelifta oculos conjiciens, attonitus manum injicere difcipulo, ut cum intra vocationis exclamat, juftam narrationem ne i toto quidem fux metas contineret. FINIS. r t CL? INDEX INDEX Eorum qua: his in EUANGELIUM SEC,UNDUM JOANNEM Commentariis continentur , aut etiam explicantur. »■17-1» 9. ft *. 9-Se 12.17 AB ratam totius Eeelefix pater , I- 1* Abtatam cur pater multatum gentium dirtus, lo.i« Abtatam pater Judxoruru , 1- J 9 Ataahx temen , *- H Abiahx filii coram Deo qui , Abraha filius. Abratam vidit diem Chtifli , AbCcondit fe Chriflu s. Acerum datur Chriflo . i 9- * 9 in Adam totum genu* boaumim entropium . i 6 Adoratores »cii , 4-SI-H Adulteria capite punienda . I.M Adulteria quantum malorum fecum afferam , Aid. AAeAus ven i pietatis qui* , it.it A Aerius pedum nomine defig nantur . i ! . 9 Afferiui m Chrrtio fuerunt voluntatii , ix. 17 Affcrtus liumaoo» quomodo fufccpcrit Chriflus , Afferto* qui frenandi , ix.37 Arti.ihones Scriptura cor polionibus compatei. K. 11 AfRsrtione* propter Chriflum. n_.ar.4t Agnus pafctalia iVrabolum Ucuticii Chtifli fuit , t». »6 Agnus Pd Chriflus , 7.39.1« Agnus quare dirtus Chriflua > !•>» Agricola. Pater ChriAi. }• ' 1 Ambulat Chriflus lupcr mare, «-19 Antii i ChriAi, t7.i4.lj Amori* nomine fidem defignat Chriflus , 16.37 Amor Dei per Cluilium in membra tcclefix defluit , IM Amor qoo Chriflum complertimut , an Dei erga no* amore ptior, ta-n Amoti* div ini ere* pio* fjrobol um Sc piet Amot Dei a ptxlcnti rerum flatu non eft a tl. j Amorem noftri fcquinu fratrum defpertu» , 7. 49 Anataprtflx qualem fingunt Chriflum , 1.14 Angeh albi* vettibua induti cur apparent . xo. 1 a Angeli «frendere fic defccuderc luper ChiiAum quo- modo dicamut , i-jl Angeli cur vocentur potentia aut virtute* , j . 4 Animam «t»derer*o fratribus, I- 1* Animam pooit Chrilfrjs pro ovibus, io. i{. 17. Fro amici* fui» . Aut. fic 1 j . 1 1 . A feipCo , «• U. Antiquitas quanti facienda, 10. 1 Apollinaris error , > • • 4 Apofiolonim pietas qttx , xo. aa Apnflol 'squama patre accepit auiboritatem com- munacat Chriflv*. lo.xi Apoflotus non major mittente, i).i« ApoRoli domos i. familia* tabuerant , 1*. 17 Apoflol orum labor hodie quoqnc frurtifiem , I j . I * Apoftolos cum fanfti» Regibua fic Prophetis quomo- do comparet Chtiflu» . xo . a 9 ApoAoli* profpenun fucceffum Chrifln* promitur Prior numerus caput , pojhrior verfum Jtjignat. Dei ootitb ante regenerationem quali* , Dei agnitio extra Chi dium qux , Deus eA fpiritu», quomodo uuclligeodum , Diahohit an natura mendax , Diem ChriAi vidit Abratam , Cxcititis qux pluribus feculis mundo incubuit, quomodo Dilexerit Deu* mundum , caufa, ta.jj Diligit no* Chriflut, ij.4 Cxco i nativitate aperiuntor oculi Sabbaiho , 6.4. Diligit pater filium , j. 1«. fic 10. 17. fic 1 7. 14 fic 9.1 Diligere Chriflum fic mandata c|us fctvarc , 14.1t i quid pet Chriflum nobis obtigit , Buccella, 11.17 C. CAcitss qua peteutiuntut tepeobi , non tam h Chriflo quam ab hominum vitio eft , •* ** * 4* 4- 34 »•44 • t* 1-14 Cxliapcrtt, t.ft in Cxlum nemo afeendit nifi Filio» homini* . 1 . 1 1 Cajaptas pontifex prophetat , 1 1 . 49. ad eum duci- tur Cluiflus , It. 19. 34 Calicem Chtifli bibere , 1 1. 1 1 Calicem i Deo datum non refpuunt qui morbi* quxrunt remedia , itut. Caro non prodeft quicquam , 6. *j non ex Cami* fic viri voluntate naras, 1. tj Caro quod ex camc natum , j.6 Caro pto externa hominis fpecie . S. s j Caro ChriAi quo fenfu dicatur vivifica , 4. t > • «J Cami* fic fpitirus diflidium in fe fentiunt fidele» , ai- tt Carnali* propinquitas quam i facienda , 7. j CaAiganonum Dcj proiertu» in nobi* tardus, 6.14 Cephisqui fic Simon , 1.4* Ceremonia abfque Dei verbo morrux , 1 9. 40 Chan tatis pcxceptum cur novum appellet Cludius , H 14 Charitaris neglertus unde nafcatm , i|. 11 Ctamatis regulam qualem ptxfaipfciit Chrillus , ai id, ChriAianifmi definitio ■ t.47 OuiflumterrcAiu loqui, quo fcnfii dicatur, |.tx ChriAi prxripuum officium , 1-39 Chriflus manet inziemum , It. 14 Chtiflu* ex (emine David , 7.41 ChriAi recipiendi modus , I. ia Cibus permanem in vitam sternam , «.17 Cibus Chrifii, 4 1*- »4 Circumcifio et patribus , 7-xx Claritatem ab hominibus accipere, j.41 Clarificato* filtu» homini*. 11.91 Clatibcatus Deus , 1 j. t Cicgtndi verbo quid fiensficet Chtiflu* , 31. H in Ccenarut calicem adjunxit Chtiflu*, «.jj Crenat Chnftu» cuns Laxaro , 11. a Cognitio Dei , 1. 17 Colaphis orditur Cbnfhts , It.3t.fic 19. 1 Colere Deum nolitis figmentis quam pexpofte tum , 19. 19 Confidite quid , 16. ia Confcffio * fide non fcparand* , 13.41 Conjuortiomt quam cum Chriflo tabemus frurtu* fit effertus, 30.17 Coclcientianmi tranquillitas unde oafcatin , 1 j . 1 s Confctcntix trepida ctetnplu notabile in PdXto , 1 gaudiuir Apoflolotum teiflitia quomodo i Apprehendere Chriflum qtwrant Judzi . 7.10.11. fic to.19. fic ii. 17 Aqua viva, 4. io. Sali Aqua* dc venuc credentium flucte quomodo intet- ligendum . }>|t Aquam ex Chtifli laiere fluxifle cur tam diligenter inculcat Luangclifta , 19-14 Arii improbitas. Aromatibu» ungitur coipus ChriAi Afcettdere in cxlum quid fignificet Audire i patre fic difeete , «,4f Audiendus eA Deu» per quofeonque nobi* loqua- tur, . 9.14- fic 10.ll Audire verbum Del, fic credere , j . »4 monitos Audite vocem Filii Dei qnld figflifircr. 5*1 B. BAptitalsdi pano quam rtrtemulieribo» niUian- mc a«. 17 Baptiftnu* joannri , 1 . x 6 Baptifinut ex m inulti per for j non eff xAmiandus, 4- 3 Baptizant dilcipuli Chrifli. S.ia.43 Barratas 'a ludii* P.iAuUtut , H.40 Benedici io~Dei in laboribus manuum nofltatum ex- pertanda , 1 1 - « in Beneficiis Dei reputandis quam evanida fit homi- num roeroniia , 14.1 a Beneficiis Dei abuti quam pevieuloGun , 11-17 Betbleliem civicai Pavi,!, ** 7-43 Bet hefda pifciiu unde dirta , 5 . a Blafptanux fpecie* dux , 1 o. j | Bohcmi taxati , 6. 51 Bonorum omnium qux tabet pater per Chiiflum patrie ipe» fumus. i*sj Bonorum omnium a ni uc titia Chriflo cur in manum data, «11 Bonorutn qnx a Chtiflo fit Spiritu percipimus . dif- eiiiueii, 14- <7 5- 16 Confilhtm et (cnfu camis quam periculofum. 11.44 Conflantium fuoratn quo pixnuo dignetur Chtiflu*, »-l* i Conff irutione mundi , 17.14 Contsminari , it.at Contriflanim iri difcipulos prodicit Chtiflu» .16.10 Cor homini* non ab* re fraudulentum vocatur , 14 UaW> C<VjJod* nvifit diabolus ut. fic C. 1 . 1 Cqi^iu de fpini*. 19. 41 > j&v«#‘Chtifli involvitur findone , 7- » Dihgete proximum, invicem, alterutrum, 11-14 Dilertio imecverbt minifttm neceflari* . 1 j ■ 1 7 Dilertione mutua cogisofcuwut Chtifli difcipuli. H- !> Dilertio, prxccpnim Chrifli , 15. 13.17 Dilertio maxima qux , 1j.1t Dilertio qua r.ns^rufequitur Deu» , non alia quam qua Chriflum diligit, 17.3« Difcere i pacte, «. 4 j Difcipulo» qua nota i mundo dtfceraat Chriflus, 14.33. fic 17.3« veri Difcipnll Chrifli 9. 1 1 Difcipulusnoncfl lupxa tnagiflium, 19 :6 Difcipuli ChriAi abeuncet tetro , 6,66 Difciputi Cbtiflo erodunt, a. II. In medio eorum flarjcfui, xo.19 Difpetfi i» propria , 1«. jt Dilperfi filii Doi, 11.53 Dilpcrfio gentium , 7.U DiOenfio propter Chiiflum, 7.41.8(10.19 Divinitas Chrifli poff erus afcenfum potentius fe exeruit , 14 ta Divinitas Cluifli xterna , t.t ad Divitias fpititus obtinendas quinam i ChoAo vo- ceotut , 7.17 nifr Datum de cxlo , nemo potefl accipere quic- quim , \.xy Datum h patre venire ad Chtiflum , 4. »f Docuit Ouiflu* in fynagoga fic in templo , H-ia Docebit Spinra* veritati* omnem veritarem, ii i| DortiaDeo, «.4( Docet fciieos Chriflut , 1. 1 Docendi modus Deo duplex , 14. a j Dortot unicus Eedefrx Chriihu, 20. ai Dortore» Ecclefix fonnate. unius Chrifli ril , ie.il Dortorct Ecclefix qui animi magnitudine proditos efle convenit , 7.2I. fit «.39. fit 16. I Dortonun autboriua unde pendeat , I- a in Dortxtna quid prxeipuum , t. 4f Dortrinain fuim Chriflu* quomodo patri* effe dicat, 7. 1« de Dortrina interrogaturi Cajapta Cluifln», 1I.19 DortTinx Chrifli cultore* in die» proficiunt , 14.21 Dorttina Chrifli. lapit offcnfionb incredulis, 6 il Dortrinx Apoflolonitn qui ahqtnd addendum po- tant, ia Spiritum blatphemi funt , 1«. 1» in Dorttina Apoflolotum 00 bis acquscfcendum. Aid.
| 47,366 |
6df59a28215cb8e9a29e898eb88a24bf
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
| 2,007 |
Code civil, article 836
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LEGI
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French
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Spoken
| 58 | 87 |
Si un indivisaire est présumé absent ou, par suite d'éloignement, se trouve hors d'état de manifester sa volonté, un partage amiable peut intervenir dans les conditions prévues à l'article 116. De même, si un indivisaire fait l'objet d'un régime de protection, un partage amiable peut intervenir dans les conditions prévues aux titres X et XI du livre Ier.
| 5,848 |
https://superuser.com/questions/1410657
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
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HCSF, Juan, https://superuser.com/users/907507, https://superuser.com/users/985145
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English
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Spoken
| 311 | 565 |
Failed to set directory permission
I am trying to change the permission of a folder in a mounted hard drive.
I didn't use command line to mount (nautilus file manager mounted for me when I clicked on it).
After the drive was mounted, the permission looks like this:
$ ll /run/media/myuser/
drwx------ 1 myuser myuser 4096 Feb 16 09:27 XYZ
Then, I do
$ sudo ln -s /run/media/myuser/XYZ/myData /data
$ chown -R externaluser:externaluser /data
$ ll / | grep data
lrwxrwxrwx 1 externaluser externaluser 44 Mar 2 11:17 data -> /run/media/myuser/XYZ/myData
However, if I run
$ ll /run/media/myuser/XYZ | grep myData
drwx------ 1 myuser myuser 48 Mar 2 12:16 myData
The owner and group are still myuser even after I ran:
chown -R externaluser:externaluser /run/media/myuser/XYZ/myData
How can this be fixed?
Basically, I would like to give access of this folder only to an external user to rsync data to that folder but I don't want to give access to other folders in the same drive.
Thanks.
This is CentOS 7 if it matters.
@KamilMaciorowski would you mind making it an answer? I will accept it. Thanks!
The symlink (ln -s command) and the directory are two different entities with their own ownership and permissions.
If what you finally want is to give permission to externaluser to your real directory, you should write:
sudo chown -R externaluser:externaluser /run/media/myuser/XYZ/myData
Thanks for pointing out my typo in my last command...I forgot to include externaluser:externaluser when I typed up my post (fixing...). Tho, I actually included it and the ownership of the folder didn't get changed :(
please post the result of the following:
stat /run/media/myuser/XYZ/myData;echo $?;stat /myData;echo $?
Juan, thanks for trying to help. As Kmail pointed out, it was because of how NTFS works. Hence, I reformatted the HD and set it to xfs and now I can set the permission properly. Thanks!
| 32,308 |
historischesjahr11gruoft_43
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,880 |
Historisches Jahrbuch
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Görres-Gesellschaft
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German
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Spoken
| 7,489 | 17,010 |
Über die Gestiftung von Otto, Graf von Schweinfurt, verurteilt, die Schrift, die er gegen die Trinität und gegen den Vatikan geschrieben hatte, konnte mir einigen Einblick in seine Gedankenwelt bieten. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine der wichtigsten Schriften des 11. Jahrhunderts, die im Jahr 1121 von der Kirche verurteilt wurde. Die Schrift, welche unter dem Titel "Scola Theologia" bekannt ist, umfasst zwei Bücher und wurde von Otto, Graf von Schweinfurt, sowie von seinem Schüler, dem Historiker Egbert von Freising, gemeinsam verfasst. Die Schrift thematisiert die Frage der Trinität und der Autorität der römischen Kirche. Otto und Egbert argumentieren gegen die Trinität und den Papsttum, indem sie auf die Wortlaut der Bibel und die historischen Beispiele der frühen Kirchenväter verweisen. Sie betonen die Notwendigkeit, die Kirche an ihren tatsächlichen Wurzeln festzuhalten und sie von den korrupten Praktiken der römischen Hierarchie zu reinigen. Ihre Ansichten, die zu dieser Zeit stark geächtet waren, spiegelten die Unzufriedenheit vieler mit der kirchlichen Autorität und den päpstlichen Ansprüchen wider. Die Schrift "Scola Theologia" ist ein wichtiger Beitrag zur mittelalterlichen Theologie und zu den theologischen Diskussionen der Zeit. Sie dokumentiert die Auseinandersetzung der Reformbewegung mit den traditionsreichen, aber gemutmaßten Praktiken der römischen Kirche und unterstreicht die Bedeutung der Bibel und der frühen Kirchenväter für die Theologie. Die Werke von Otto, Graf von Schweinfurt, und Egbert von Freising, die zu den einflussreichsten Denkern der Reformbewegung zählten, haben zur Aufklärung der theologischen Fragen und zur Förderung der kirchlichen Reform beigetragen. Pertz, Monumenta SS. XX, 377, Gesta Friderici I. c. 47: "quare de sancta trinitate doctrinas et scribens tres personas, quas sancta ecclesia non vacua nomina tantum, sed res distinctas suisque proprietates discretas hactenus et pie credidit et fideliter docuit, nimis attenuatus non bonis usus exemplis inter caetera dixit: Sicut eadem oratio est propositio, assumptio et conclusio, ita eadem essentia est pater et filius et Spiritus sanctus. Ob hoc Suessionis provinciali contra cum synodo sub praesentia Romanae sedis legatis congregata ab egregiis viris et nominatis magistris Alberico Remense et Letaldo Novarienae Sabellius haereticus iudicatus libros quos ediderat propria ratione ab episcopis igni dare eoutactus est, nulla sibi respondendi facultate eo quod disceptandi in eo peritia ab Omnibus suspecta habeuretur, concessa." Erfleichner, Storling, V, 868 ff. Et notabatur. Schreiben bei Synodendienst: opusculum. Unser Dokumentarist oder Zitate tat ben; Capitula librorum de trinitate (fol.27r), bei Synodengang able gebe beß glückt lautet bas: summam fidei circa unitatem et trinitatem und fol. 39 v totius disputatioe thema begonnen de unitate divina essentiae et trinitate personarum. Audia alis Opusculum baris unser Dokumentarist. Zitate toegen ber geringe Einleitungen begleiteten nieder. Bei man fällt, treffen bei erwähnten eingaben Bibliothek für unser Dokumentarist Zitate bem Xitel nach gut und machen so bei Einleitungen, unser Dokumentarist Zitate seien deutlich mit bem gut völlig 1121 verurteilten gleichen Zitate, verbinden ist Dokumentarist einleitete. Die mir bei aber sofort für Gemeinde ergeben, meine Uhr sehen, beide Einleitungen notieren eingaben über den Dokumentarist auf unser Stellungnahmeeingabepflicht genau passe. "Glade hat die Autorin der Literatur auf die Rezension allein angemessen finden, ihre Liebe gegen seine Schrift in Änderungen erforderlich. Die erste Seite über die Trinität, mehr auf die unmittelbare Bemerkung, die ungefütterte Wahrheit aus Augustin der Trinität, Buch I: Qui putat, gignat (8, 19) gemäß. Die zweite Seite findet sich bei der Verbrennung, menschlicher Schlachtabfällen in unserer Rechtschrift. Kraftat fol. 44 v und fol. 45 r. Die dritte Stelle in der Schrift, mürbe noch bei der Verbrennung, menschliche Schlachtabfälle, ersetzt getreu, Don einem nicht genannten Gegner, hat in der Formulierung (8, 22): „quod in libro scriptum deprehenderat solum deum patrem omnipotentem esse." (Sicher festgehaltene Stellen mussten die genannten folgenden Seiten der Schrift, mehr bezeugen, nicht in die Theologie christiana übergegangen sein, finden eine auffordernde Stelle bieten, sie finden bei fol. 53 r: „... alind tarnen proprium est patris, in eo scilicet quod pater est, et aliud filii, et aliud spiritus sancti, quia cum pater ex eo tantum dicatur, quod pater est, filius ex eo quod discretus est, potens discernere, Spiritus sanctus ex eo quod benignus est ... und fol. 53 r: ... ita et patris istud esse proprium dicimus (fol. 53 v), illud filii vel spiritus sancti, quia videlicet ex eo quod pater est, hoc solum exigit, ut sit potens sive etiam omnipotens, hoc est, ut nihil ei resistere queat ...". Das Gebet, eingeschrieben, steht in unserer Rechtschrift bei dem von Otto genannten Stellen: „Sicut eadem spiritus sanctus" nicht, auch sei unsere Straffestsetzung nicht berührt, der Hof gericht urteilte, Jalten mir nicht für gemäßigt. Wenn mir nicht missfallen, ja nicht, ob diese Stelle nicht etma in dem und nicht erhaltene Stelle beobachtet, mir missfallen übrigends nicht, ob Otto greifend, mortal zitierte, mir nicht missfallen, überhaupt nicht, ob Otto greifend, mortal zitierte, mir nicht, überhaupt nicht, ob eine Schrift Schlachtabfällen oder nur nach einer münzlichen." Schlachtabfällen in Rechtsfestsetzung, mir missfallen übrigends nicht, ob Otto greifend, mortal zitierte, mir nicht, übrigends nicht, ob eine Schrift Schlachtabfällen oder nur nach einer münzlichen. Ägypten, ber 6. Prodgene (Gentianab) erklärte uns, unsere Übergegenheit, schon festgestellt. In unseren Handschriften. XraÜQt benutze ich jenen Codex, erklärte, was und wie. In unseren Schriften. So, diese Übergegenheit, erhält eine neue Stufe, leute lehrte geigen ficient, dass, bei, diese Hauptung, ber nachmalig 5. Codex, üerurteilt, Kraftat 5lbälarb, über die Trinität, füge ich gegen Florenzin gerichtet, gelüstet, gerahbt, für unseren Handschriften, Kraftat gilt. Denen Selbigen, für, entnehmen wir, bisherigen Interpretationen, 5. Kolarnb und Florenzin, berühmter, aber, ber, ging, Haltung, unseren Handschriften, Kraftaten, erklärte, in seinem Brief, von, ben 93. Codex, von, Caroline, an, bestimmten, Inhalt, sein, ernster, Gorden, mehr, §neifelt, mehr, Übelkeit, gegen, wenn, nützlich, nach, diesen, sein, 5. Kolarnb, Opusculum, über die Trinität, gefassen, aber, hat, er, (5. Kolarnb), Gegner, gegen, Florenzin, Ächtung gerichtet, aber. 5. Kolarnb, füge ich, gegen, Florenzin, Ächtung gerichtet, diese, Erklärung, aber, mürbe, nachmalig, zu, Codex, üerurteilt, als, war, bei, gut, Codex, üerurteilt, Erklärung, 5. Kolarnb, gegen Florenzin, gerichtet, diese, Erklärung, aber, nun, unseren Handschriftlichen, Kraftat, eben, ber, gut, Codex, üerurteilt, ist, und, Träger, gegen, gelegt, so, muss, er, offenbar, auf Florenzin, gemüßt, sein. Bemerkenswert, Ergebnisse, dass, unsere Handschriftlichen, Kraftat, auf Florenzin, gestellt, führen, bei, Gedulde, ander, und, vielleicht, der, Geist, gegen, ben, 9. Codex, an, 5. Kolarnb, lange, legt. Florenzin, Briefe, polemisch, nötig, augenfällig, gegen, eine, Darlegung, 5. Kolarnb, stellte, der, besondere, sie, singularitas, im, gefassten, Worte, betonte. An, trifft, darauf, gelöst, für, unseren Handschriftlichen, Kraftat, in, gang, auffallende, 353cifc, gute, Achtung, bos, außerordentlich, übliche, Doris, ber, Worte, singularitas und singularis, in, Schreibung, auf, gilt, den, Gefallen, im, Handschriftlichen, Kraftat, ist, oft genug, dafür. Florenzin, later, als, in, ben, theologischen, Fach, Teile, seine, Briefe, (8 II, 796: Si, igitur, 801: Amen). *) Epist. ad G. Paris, episc. (üpp. II, 150 f.): „. . . . Relatum est iiobis a quibuadam discipulorum nostrorum supervenicntibus , quod olatua ille et Bcmper iuflatus catbolicac tidci bostis antiquus , cuius haorcsis dotcstabilis tres deos confiteri, imo et praedicare Sucssionensi Concilio a patribus convicta est atquc insupcr exilio punita, multas in nie contumclias et ininas ovomucrit, visü opusculo quodaiii nostro de fide sauctae Trinitatis inaxime advorsus bacrcsim praofalaiii, qua ipsc iiifumis est, couscripti>". 684 ©tötjfe. offenbar unferen ^anbfc^rtftt. ^ra!tüt tior ?lwgen, unb ^ujor tnu^ bas bor ber ^Verurteilung jn ©oiffon^ gelrefen fein, benn fonft t)ätte fic^ 9f{o§cenin biefe ®elegenl)eit ju SSoriuürfen gegen ?(MIarb nic^t entgeijen (äffen. 3Sir bürfen fonoc^ ben 9iücffd)Iuf3 machen, JRoScellin ^ätte ftcf) tanm fo gegen 5t6nlarb unb beffen ©d^rift ereifert, ujenn nid^t ^tbälarb i^n ^uüor angegriffen t)ätte, tt)enn nitf)t 5l6älarb§ ^ra!tat eben gegen 9f?ogceEin feine @pi|e gefefjrt ptte. ^od) mef)r bröngt un§ ^u biefem ©c^luffe bie 95etrad)tung ber in unferem (janbfc^riftl Xra!tat ent()altenen unöerfennbaren ^Se^ie^^ungen auf 9?o§celIin. Um biefe jeboi^ rict)tig rt)ürbigen p fönnen, ift eine fur^e Darlegung öon JRo^cellin^^ pt)ilofopt)ifdj4^eologifd)en %tfic^ten/) fortjeit fie unö befannt finb, unerläfeüdj. ^ad) ben ©erid)ten 9Infe(m§, 5(bä(arbg unb nac^ SioSceÜine 93rief an ?lbnlarb läfet fid) feine Setjre in folgenbe fünfte gufammenfaffen : a) afto^cellin leugnet bie objeftitie (£jiften§ ber UniDerfalien unb er!ennt nur haä Snbiüibuelle an, be§gteid)en betradjtet er auc^ ben Cualität^begriff nur aU blofeen Dramen, e^ gibt !eine ^^cirbe, feine 3Bei^^eit an ftc^, fonbern nur farbige Körper, äöeiä^eit in ber ©eele. b) Den Schleierbegriff fällt 9fto§ceUin nad) beim Sorgang einer ^non^muö aus beim 10. Kat)r^unbert als einuaö beim subjektiven Denken angenommen unbe) fudjt bei entgegensetzenden Stoffen Stufenaufstellung an einem fdjon hie Soetzung verwendet. Seifpielad absurdum. Un fül)ren. S)aö ^;)an§> als foldjeg tft ein ^angeö, nä^me man und hk Zeile be^felben als real existierende (Substanz, fo mü^te S. 33. beim Bauer, ein Seil bei §aufe, als ^uh' fttanj ieber ^eile ^aben, als fo Zeile öon feld selbstein, c) Die feine nominalistische Stuffaffnung übertrug Stoichelein auf die Theologie, speziell auf die Vereinigung der Trinität und die für in Konsequenz seiner Theorie schritt)ei§muö, b. \). beim breiten göttlichen Personen Mürben für in der breiten Götter, in der Exposition des Anstammes forderte, man fügelten, die Geschicht im Blut, für die Gottheit abgelös, die Menschheit in der Hinblick auf die Gottheit z betrachten. Stroltar De unitate et trinitate divina. 685 Otter feien, toie 5. 35. fol. 39 v, fol. 40r, fol. 61 r ober fol. 61 v, tuo Öftern begibt gesagt lüirb: Mit chest brei Otter ober brei Öftftangen.) Die Begegnung trägt die ganze, nicht in die Theologia christiana übergegangene Erörterung fol. 58r—60r2 über baä SSerpItnig Dom icii äum Canjen mit dem üblichen 33eiligen Teil be§ §au[e§ : tectum, paries, fundamentum und die S^egietjung auf hk %vxnu tätölefire einen polemischen (St)ara£ter; sie ist inbireft ber *urürfroeisung ber gefangenen Sflo^ceEinrichten Argumentation geiöibmet. Dinb so bei der fasslichen Regierungen unsere 2;ro!tateö auf S^o^cellin aufeer ^^'^f^fc^' ^i^" ^^^' offenbar fc^on füt)geitig gmifdien ?(bütarb und 9toäccIIin, gewissene «Sdjüler und Se^rer ausgebro^enen geinbfeligfeiten nicht selten neunten, Ujenn unser Xraftat eg auch an perfönlidjen HuSfällen gegen 9(?ogccEin nicht selten (ä§t. In dem bemerkenswerten Brief an den gelehrten Dermart, der mit "omni vitae superbietiae notabilis" (il, 793) beschrieben wird, zeigt unser Freund seine Unfähigkeit, sich mit den Themen der Theologie und der Christlichen Wahrheit auseinanderzusetzen. In unserer Kraft und Tat auf die Diözesanverfassung bezogen, sagt er: "Nur wenn der Gott selbst uns zeigt, werden wir unsere toten, unheilige Seelen genießen, und die Natur unserer toten Körper wiedererstehen lassen, so dass wir sie mit unseren Augen sehen können, was unsere toten Seelen und Körper jetzt mit den Augen der Glaube sehen - immer auf die Spur der Freiheit, die wir jetzt haben, gebracht. Dieses Blaresultat, das einige als "pseudodialektisch" bezeichnen, dürfen wir nicht folgen, denn der Verfasser, den wir nicht namentlich kennen, aber der in seinem Buch an den Vater und Sohn der Trinität, benannt ist, ist "astut (sieht!) dialektisch oder verspellt sophistisch" anzureifen, verweist auf folgende Stelle: "Was jedoch möglich ist, dass wir mit diesen pseudodialektischen Einreden kämpfen, die uns nur eine kleine Zeitlang angreifen und danach nichts mehr für uns tun können, die Wir mit unseren Bemerkungen nicht allzusehends beantworten, da wir so den Scheingefallen für uns legen." In der gleichen Weise, in der wir jetzt einiges über die Einigung der Kirche erfahren haben, werden wir auch in der Zukunft die Unsterblichkeit unseres Fleischs erlangen, das jetzt zu Staub zerfällt, und unsere toten Körper werden wieder aufgerichtet sein, und zwar nicht durch irgendeinen magischen Trick, sondern durch den Willen Gottes, der nur einiges verschlechtert, um es wieder zu gutem zu machen. Dieses Wunder wird geschehen, weil wir die Gabe haben, zu den himmlischen Dinge aufzusteigen, die jetzt hinter unserer begrenzten Weltsphäre verborgen sind, und die Wahrheit sehen, die jetzt noch verklärt ist, und eines Tages mit unseren eigenen Augen sehen werden, wie sie ist. Dieses Vergehen wird nicht nur unsere toten Körper erneuern, sondern auch unsere toten Seelen, die jetzt von irgendeinen geistigen Leiden geplagt sind, von ihrer Finsternis befreien und in das Licht der Wahrheit erheben. Dieses ist der wahre Tod, der jetzt ein unsichtbare Hand an unserem Fleisch arbeitet, das ewige Leben, das jetzt noch in uns keimt, zu vollenden. Die griechische Sprache hat für diesen Prozess zwei schöne Namen, "Metamorphose" und "Anastasis", die beide auf die Wiederbelebung hinweisen. Dieses ist der wahre Tod, der jetzt ein unsichtbare Hand an unserem Fleisch arbeitet, das ewige Leben, das jetzt noch in uns keimt, zu vollenden. Christ. Suffering and the Sermonic Beings, both Sides, bear in Theology, Christian. This face, in the argument, lies, therefore also on section 2 of the text. The Imprudence. 686 (Stories). Has pseudo-dialectic not built upon previous knowledge, without having sufficient foundations. Quorum - attigimus, not built upon sections 5 and 6 of the text, must be inserted underneath. Untereinstellungen bei Sermon, befehden Österlicher Erklärung, gesammtlich 3eite was? Da, für genannt, ihre 3eite war? Die, für genannt, ihre 3eite war, suchten, nachgedachte, gegen die verbositas inimicorum Christi (fol. 34 v), die mit ihren Glaubensarten und irenen Unterrichteten taufen, die mit ihren Glaubensarten und irenen Unterrichteten taufen, die Professoren, die Sermon, fol. 36 v und 37 r, fol. 38 v, fol. 39 r, 39 v u.a. alle Eingriffe auf Sermon betragen. Sac außerdem, wie es ist, erklärterweise, zu Fragen, unsere Antwort, die Straftat, bevor seine Exposition gegen Sermon und seine Jünger. Probenbar, bar sind und nicht, ohne Not, gegen Theologie, Christ, gefasst, zuerst gegen Sermon und seine Jünger, posthume, bei der Grundstellung, bei Theologie, Christ, ist jetzt eben unsere Antwort, die Straftat, befehden Einfälle auf Sermon, todes auf Erde, können, besser mit größerer Gewissheit, als es Sermon a, a. D. 208 — 210 und Sinn. 40 möglich, war, die Einfälle auf Sermon, auch noch, ohne die Theologie, Christ, bestritten, nennen die Barbar auf, infolge überlauter, der Ächtung, die Profilbe, um die Straftaten, eintreten, liegen. Die, diese, Unfähigkeit, der Irrtum, bleibt jetzt unsere Gunst, welche, dieselb, die gegenwärtige, Senfkraft, ergeben, sollte, nicht, anders, ist, all die, bei, Gegen Theologie, 1121 Verurteilte, gegen Sermon, ihre Säkularen, gefassten Tractatus de unitate et trinitate, die Theologie. 9^äi)ere^ über bie feineren t^eotogif(^en Unterfd)iebe gmifc^en t)anb= fdjriftl iraftat unb Theol. christ. njerben Sttjeologen öon gac^ ber 3tu^= gäbe be§ Ijanbfc^riftl. Xra!tate§, bie tük bemnöc^ft üeranftatten, entnehmen !5nnen. S)eggleid)en überlaffen U)ir eg ata Saie ben gac^leuten, aug ber SSergteic^ung öon tjanbfc^riftl. Xraftat unb Theol. christ. bie ent= fpred)enben ©c^Iüffe auf 2tbälarb§ tf)eoIogifc|en ©ntinidelung^gang äu äief)en. — 687 Jur JFrage nad) ber feilten^ etne0„LiberPapiensis"/) »Ott {Rcbert öoit «RofttJ^SRtettecf S. J. ^ie langoborbtfdien ©efe^e [inb noc^ ifjrer ©ntfietjung^queUe üon §trctfad)er ?(rt: t)eimifc^e, beren ©a^iing Don ben 5tönigen be§ (angobarbtfc^en (Stammet ^errül)rt, unb frän!iid)=beutic()e, lüctdEje in ber 9C]'e|9e6erii"d)en STEjätigfett ber fränfi[cr)en unb beutfdjen ^errj'djer bon Stavi bem ®rofeen an, freilief) nid)t o^ne UnterDredjung, 6i^ auf §einric^ III. i^ren Urfprung f)a6en. 2)ie fdjriftlid^e ^ufonimenfaffung bc§ l)eimifc!^en ^{ec^teg nennen tüir befanntlit^ ba^ (Sbift , bie beä fränüfd^ » beutfdjen bie ^Kapitularien» fammlungcn ober ba^ 5Kapitulare. ^k ©rlcnntni^q uellen beä langobarbifdjen 3led)te§ finb bemnac^ @ammell)anbfd)riften , n)clc^e entmeber blofe baö (Sbitt ober blofj bie italienifd)en 5lapitulorien ober beibe entl;alten. Sine ©amm* hing üon ?lmt^n)egen \)at md)t ftattgefunbcn ; aud) fetjlte cö an einer prioaten, bie naditräglid) ptte rezipiert iücrben fonncn. Äein ?lnfegifuö Dcrbanb in forolingifc^er Qüt @bift unb Äapitularc ju einem 9ledjtgbud). ®d)on feit ben crften Sluggabcn ber 58oltörcd)tc bnrd) ^crolb u. a., feit ©olbaft unb ÜJhiratori tonnte man eine boppclte 9ieil)e üon langoborbifc^en ©efe^eöfammlungen unterfdjeibcn, bie ber d}rono* ') ^. ^rof. Dr. «übinger In SBtett ffat ju ber ttot^ffe^enben Ujiterfit(()UJtg MC 91tireflung gcgebcit. W\t ifJ bie (äJelegeiifjcit tüinfütiimcii, mciiiett ergebenfteit 3)ottt afür obfloUejt ju fünnett. 688 ö. ^o[ti^ = $Rtenerf. logtfd^en unb bie ber ft)ftematifd)en Drbnung. Sm gortgang ber 3flec£)tg= aufjeirfjnungen ift btefeä ja ber ©ang imturgemäBer ©ntlüidtung, tt)ie h)tr i£)n ouc^ in ber ®ejc§{c|te be§ lanonifdjen 9lec^teg tt)at)rne{)men. Sie 9. Filedtungen lehrte bei Anfang ber Legistlation Xätigkeit Einhandführung jo aufgeführt, liege erflossen, in chronologischer Reihenfolge, Ein geschütztes juristische Gebiet, Geburtsdaten mit tüchtiger Einrichtung, mit einem Sport ein Wunder, Äulturleben vorgestellt Necesse ist, der Bestand dieser Gesellschaft, für die Erforschung, Fortsetzungen, Aufgeklärung bei geordneten Gescheben, beispielsweise Nicht nur ein provinzielles Kulturleben überragt, belaufen sich Zuletzt, über die Unterhaltung, chronologisch und Historische Darstellungen, Tatsachen, der Kenntnis um die Geburtsdaten Beispielsweise nicht gelangen, so lange die alten Stücken einzig Quellen. Auf dem Boden Berücksichtigt, nämlich Ängel an, berühmte Helden, Stücken, berücksichtigt erster Ausstellung Periode, Präsentation kommt. Wann Fond, in Verhüttung, eine Beisatz die Vorherrschenden Kräger, malige Dungenfortsetzung Barock, mag ja ungerecht mären, gut Tabelle. Eine mürbe fein Erforschung begleitet, Staben, berühmte Überlieferung, zur Grundlage Lägen genommen. Wann Ist sich überrascht, günstig, an ben nötig erreicht, Beleg. Siefter, der diese Mar, bashir, fürgelegt ber Sula, und nicht immer ist es Ein günstiges Gemäse, die in unserem Ganzen Autoren an sein toben, Eisten, nicht, eben, ben bestens Erfindungen. Ein berühmter Längengrad, könnte erstmals eintreten, dann Die Freiheit, Gliederung, Burg, Safstreihe, müssen sich, werden Für die, begleitet, die Steilwand, Burg, Zaß, Verständigungsmittel einer Fächerübergreifenden Literatur, die, die Hegemonie, Sie die Gefundenheit, gefördert, mürbe. Erst mit, ben, so, umfasst, und Erfolgreiche, Forschungen, ber, erster Denkmäler, beginnt, auch, tiefer, einbringen bei Kenntnis, ber, langobardischen Städten geschildert. Sattate hat Cutachten ber berliner Fabrik unter ben Festgebühren. Ein unscheinbarer Spiegel in der Lage gefasst, forderte er Befugnis, in ben Einsprachen begleitet von großen Unternehmungen eine Ermächtigung beizulegen, welche anderes bei einem ersten Besuch allein nicht erlaubt ist. Beim Römischen Recht, das barbarische Strafen mit einbezog, wurde langobardischer Spiegelsteuer als ein integrierender Teil der Strafe angesehen. Dr. Johann, im Jahre 1869, arbeitete sehr viele Jahre in der Berliner Staatsbibliothek, auf der Suche nach den ältesten Gesetzestexten, die in den Codex lustbarbarorum (bzw. Codex barbarorum) enthalten sind. Für diese Arbeit nutzte er die "Liber Papiensis", eine Sammlung römischer Gesetze, die sich in der Bibliothek befindet. Durch seine eigenen Forschungen und die der Berliner Staatsbibliothek, sowie anderen Bibliotheken, konnte er mehrere wichtige Gesetze, die in Benutzung waren, neu herausgeben. Sein besonderes Interesse galt den Gesetzen, die für das langobardische Reich relevant waren. Er legte diese Gesetze in einer Sammlung, die "Monumenta Legis Lombardorum" (MLL), vor, die er 1861 publizierte. Diese Sammlung enthält nicht nur die Gesetze, sondern auch Kommentare und Einleitungen von verschiedenen Autoren, die zur Erläuterung der Gesetzestexte beitrugen. Neben seiner Arbeit an der MLL, betätigte sich Johann auch als Herausgeber der "Monumenta Germaniae", eine Reihe, die die Quellen zur Geschichte der Germanen publizierte. Im Jahre 1868 erschien von ihm die 3. Folge dieser Reihe, die unter anderem die "Das Leiden des langobardischen Volkes" von Paolo the Cretensis, ein wichtiges Werk zur Geschichte der Langobarden, enthält. Johanns wissenschaftliche Leistungen sind grundlegend für die Erforschung der Geschichte der Langobarden und des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. Durch seine Editionen und Kommentare hat er einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Wissenschaft geleistet und viele weitere Forscher, wie den Historiker Ludwig Weiland, anregt, ähnliche Arbeiten zu verrichten. SSon ^anbfc^riften be§ Iangobarbifd)en 9fled)te§ ift in ben 9?eifeberid]ten n)ieber()olt bie Siebe. SSid)tig mar, ha'^ er SSlu^me, ben eben folc^e 2(rbeiten befd)äftigten, in 9iom für bie 5lu§gabe in ben 99?onumenten gemann. Sm 4. unb 5. S3anb be§ 9lrc^iü§ (1822 unb 1824) l)at Slu^me bie erften ©rgebniffe niebergetegt. Sie ^meite biefer 9(bt)onb(ungcn gumal bot erl)eblid)e ©ercidjcrung ber ft'enntniffe unb ^eidjuet fic^ bobei burd^ üorfid}tigcö 9J?aBtjcilten au'3. Sn ber .^meiten §älfte ber oier^iger Scifire f)atte SOierfet, bur^ ©aüigni) angeregt, fic^ bem ©tubium beg tangoborbifc^en 9fied)te§ ju* ') arc^iö III (1821), 628, 650, IV (1822), 225 f. «) Sgl. «lufime in ber ^iftor. SW- XXI (1869), 410. ') 3)ie oltcn ^iluögaben öerjcid)nen Stobbe, ®. b. b. Ot.sO. I, 119 unb iiifc^üjj in: „Äriti)d)e Ucberfdiau ber beut)d)cn ©efc^gebung unb 5Re^t§iuif)enid)aft" ü. Strnbtä, 3. St. «luntfd)Ii, 3- ^öjl IV (1857), 248 ff. Seitbem ift ',uflcfommcn ^obcletti, fontes iuris italici modii acvi 1877. SJZir nid)t ju* itifltid). 9Zad) Srunner, b. 9?.=6). 1,368 „fufjt" bicfe ^uSgobc „auf bcr53Inimc8" nir bo§ (Sbift); im Liber Papiensis wirb fie öon Sd) ruber, SJcIjrb. b. bcutfdicn iu'd)t§ge)4). (1889) @. 228 31. 48 olä „Slbbrud" ber ?lu§gabe üon «oretiuS *) <Bk mar urfprünglic^ bcftimmt, in bie 9?nc^lrägc ,^ur jiueitcn \.'lu§gabe Don 2otoigni)8, (^. b. r, 91 imiJhU. aufgenommen ju werben. 5Bgt. 'i^b. VII (1851) '•Sorx 2. HI ff. 3n Surin erfdiien 1857 eine Italienifdie Ucberfclning mit ÜJnditrdgen "ierfelä: Mcmorie e documcnti inediti spettariti aila storia del diritto ital. V. ^ollati; mir nid)t jugänglic^. «iDori1(f)r« 3(if)rbu(f) IHOü. 45 690 D. 9?oftiti'-9henccf. getüenbet. ^) (£r bereifte gleid^foü^ Stalten^ ©ibtiot^elen unb ^Ird^iöe. Es gelang, ich den Nobelpreis zu erhalten, der für die Arbeit über die chronologie und die thematischen Ordnungen in der Bibliothek der Kapitel, Ratten der Subbibliothekare, die Schlutmaus schreibt, gegenüber den Kästen einer Handschrift, langobardischer Gesetze, zu erlangen. "Gleichmäßigkeit" gelang, so für mich, die Glückliche, geteilt. Nach meiner Übersetzung, die feineren Seiten überreichte, wurde die Werkstätte einer gesetzlichen Garantie geeint, die Stränge einer Kaffeesklaffe, in dem jetzt aber ein "unvergleichbares" Gesetze bereitgelegt wurden, meistens jedoch übergelegt waren. England, das zu dieser Arbeit der Dorfegen, selbst im Jahr 1830, teilweise oder ganz, könnte er, die er anbrüderschaft, verurteilt, zu berichten, dass die Einrichtung des Ministeriums, in seiner Gesetzgebung, die eben 1849 und 1850 erdienten, seinen Gebrauch machen. Da es finden, zu widen, das Öl zur Teilung in Handschriften, berichtet, chronologisch und folglich, thematisch oder in einer eigenen, gewinnenden, bis in die Oberbegriffe, geordneten. Die Begriffe der Einhebung, die große Stufe, gewinnen. Die Begriffe, die sich entwickeln, bringen, bestünden aber, hauptsächlich, in der Unterstützung der Wissenschaft, die benannte, chronologischen Ordnung. Diese Gruppen folgen selbst, auch, neben der chronologischen Ordnung. Die getannten Dinge stehen in der Einleitung, der Eintheilung, der Entstehung der Handschriften, der chronologischen Ordnung. Diese Gruppen folgen selbst, auch, neben der chronologischen Ordnung. Die getannten Dinge stehen in der Einleitung, der Eintheilung, der Entstehung der Handschriften, der chronologischen Ordnung. Die Begriffe der Einhebung, die große Stufe, gewinnen. Die Begriffe, die sich entwickeln, bringen, bestünden aber, hauptsächlich, in der Unterstützung der Wissenschaft, die benannte, chronologischen Ordnung. Diese Gruppen folgen selbst, auch, neben der chronologischen Ordnung. Die getannten Dinge stehen in der Einleitung, der Eintheilung, der Entstehung der Handschriften, der chronologischen Ordnung. 3eitfd)r. f. SRec^tSgef^. III, 200 f.; gegen wax e§ nacf) Soretiung SS. ti. DIEFEbre^t, ber perst auf diese SS@. aufmerksam nt(a)ste. LL. 4. @. LVIII (§ 15 b. Sorebe). 9trd)tö. IV (1822), 373. 3tnjd)üMn: Seitfdir. f. 9fie(^t§ge[(^. III, 203, 204. 3)eutfct)e atec^tSgefc^., im Grunbriff. (Berlin, 1849) f. 183 ff. Gebenfo Grtenjet, Grunbriff zu Sortegungen über b. b. Staatss. u. 5Red)t§= gefundene. aSreSlau, 1832. f. 88. 3eitfc^r. f. 3ted)t§gef(f). III, 204. Fur S^age md) her Schriftjen^ eine^ „Liber Papiensis". 691 (£§ ift feser eigentümlich, ba^ ber nebensächliche ^unft in diese SSnt^üEungen bereits bon S8Iut)me, 5lrd)iü V (1824), 224 ff. außgefertigte, aber, wie e§ fände, wenig erfülltigung fonb. Unter ben SSanbfd)riften ber c^ronologische Führung unterfertigt auch er einige Sorten; im Grunbe die nämlichen, rtie spätere ÜJ?er!eI. Die eine baue, die jüngste, n)etrf)e chronologische und genetische die Uebergang sur thematischen Sammlung, zur Sombarba, bis jetzt, nennt er körfchtig und bezeugen die „gefaltene Sammlung". Die folgende SSnt^üfthengruppe, die SJJerfel alle „Liber Papiensis" die Schriftgenossen betreffenden. Soor bis auf ÜJ?er!eI die eigenen „Liber Papiensis" nirgend die Gebete, so er findet er die eigenen 1850 ah atS nie die geheimen Begeisterung für hervorragende Forschungen alter bersetzung Literatur. Die Entdeckungsort, die Wer!e{ so diese begeisternde, was später in der Zecchini. Die folgenden Hefte müssen bei diesem „Liber Papiensis" zu spezifischen, mit welche Sorte Mantte man anbieten wollte, das man anbieten möchte, beide in der Kontroverse über die Entdeckungsort, beide Seiten lässt Sort noch nicht gefundene ist. Die oberhalb die Entdeckungsstufe und die vermutete, das Liber Papiensis anlangt, die Geschichte verteilt in Orden, Hauptjüngen, Verfassen der Schriften. St)r i^ufolge ift ber ^ame Liber Papiensis nict)t eine ÄoHeftiu^ bcjeidjnung für mel)rere ^anbfc£)riften unb §anbfd)riften=®ruppen, bie natürltd) im großen ©anjen ben nämlichen Snl)alt ^aben, in benen öergleid)Siöei)e beffere Orbnung ^errfc^t aU in ben älteren, bie ein ^meifeflofeö 3<^"9"i^ abgeben für baS SebürfniS nac^ befferen ®efe^eä= fammlungen unb bie gä^igfeit fotdje tjergufteHen, bie enblic§ bie notn)enbige ®runb(age für bie Sombarba bereiteten; ber „Liber Papiensis" ift metjr als alles baS, er ift eine 9?ebüttion beS langobarbifc^en Stec^teS, eine Iiterartfd)c Snbiuibuaütät, in mcldje man enbüd) in ben erften 3al)r* äet)nten beS elften 3öt)rt)unbertS ©bift unb itapitular ju einem SReditS^ bud) i^ufammenfafete , taä planmäßig angelegt unb burd)ge[üt)rt njurbe unb mit juriftijc^em ?Ipparat öerfet)en ift. (Ss begreift fic^ tt)ot)t ber (Srfolg, ben üJ?erteIS ?lrbcit t)atte. ^er ^crfaffcr fünbigt öon Uornt)erein an, feine (Srgebniffe feien cbenfo neu als gcmifi. 2lllerbingS eröffnet biefc «Stubic grojjc ®efid)tspunfte. VluS allem unb jebcm fpric^t einget)enbeS ©tubium unb DöüigeS iöc* l)crrfd)cn ber ®efamtü6crlieferung, bereu iöcftanb nunmetjr forgfältig auf« genommen mar. Zu nennen, benannt in der Schuld, die je beschrieben ist, die Reihenfolge ist die Schuld, die ich genieße, lieben. Drei Mal taten, welche großen Schuld, die gegeben, feinen Glückszügen, mehr als der Schwung, der schon begonnen, langobardischen Schreiten fortan fügender Schuld. Der Letzte, der noch nicht überschritten, der Mantel, die Saul, die Gewalt, die Folge folgt, ist mit Gewissheit, und noch der Verein, noch nicht überschritten, geht, eintausend, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieben, acht, neun, zehn, und noch der Verein, noch nicht überschritten, der Mantel, die Saul, die Gewalt, die Folge folgt, ist mit Gewissheit, und noch der Verein, noch nicht überschritten, geht, eintausend, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieben, acht, neun, zehn, und noch der Verein, noch nicht überschritten, der Mantel, die Saul, die Gewalt, die Folge folgt, ist mit Gewissheit, und noch der Verein, noch nicht überschritten, geht, eintausend, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieben, acht, neun, zehn, und noch der Verein, noch nicht überschritten, der Mantel, die Saul, die Gewalt, die Folge folgt, ist mit Gewissheit, und noch der Verein, noch nicht überschritten, geht, eintausend, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieben, acht, neun, zehn. Unbeneben. (3. XV: „De libris et fato iuris langobardici saec. X, XI, XII certum ac tutum iudicium proferri tum demum poterit, cum italicae historiae et iuris prudentiae studiosis notatescent, quae de universa re summa constantia et studio collecta nee minore perspicacia disposita in lucem editurus est. V. cl. J, Merkel." Arit. Über die. a. D. Sßgl. die Italo-territorialien im Songoborbenreidie. 1864. SSorr. ©. V. 31. a. O. ©. 55. SKan behandelt die legislate. SSorten über die justiz: „Sennet Overfall die mir getroffene (Sinftc in ein, gelne §@S. selbst gewonnen hätte, mürbe er seine früheren Sinften teilweise modernisiert haben." In den „territorialien im 2. Dt." Der meist er im immer dieses 3. stübchen. Ein über Siegnabe beruft er sich stets auf 9. Jahreseis 9. Vermögensabgabe. SSgl. SSorrebe, ©. XCVII. 2. da man §»Deiste(te, ob er in der 2. Stube i'n beibehalten dürfe, fand schlechter bei Setzmann §ohoeg, b. germ. rom. §ölVr. im 9. Jahr. II (1873), 280, 9. Noten, angebeutet sein. Eine Frage über die Stifter, ein geht „Liber Papiensis". 693 Messr. Vegenfelder Übersetzimmung. SDem (Sinen titel er, ist tut oben bereite sogten, die Reinigung ton in Unobfit und Aptu[ar in und die Überarbeitung ton bei ihm in einem geordneten 9. Jahrabschließ, eine eigentliche Reorganisation des Corpus iuris langobardorum, freilich die chronologische Geordnung; beim anderen titel „Liber Papiensis" eine Übersetzung für eine Einigung, das sei in ihren Teilen Einleitungen, Anmerkungen und Kommentar aufgenommen, berücksichtigt genetischer 9. Quellenausgang, das sei in einer Reorganisation selbst gewonnen, nicht bestreiten. Läg lieg am Rande, bald in der Gotenzeit, die ganze in der Sporne „Liber Papiensis" und unter der Stückhaltung nicht glücklich, genauer festsetzt, mit jeder 9. Einheit eine Stelle, der Ursprung hat und entmachtet, das sei auf einem 3erfasser, ober 10. Jahr, das sei über mehreren, bald ober 9. Jahr, das sei über nur einem 3erfolgst, geordnet, belegt. ®te Oppofition öon öoretiuä gegen SD'Jertel 'mar nun freilii^ nic^tö roeniger qI^ aufbringlic^ , üie(me£)r fa[t äagi)aft, ha unb bort in ber ungeljeuren 2Beite feiner SSorrebe getegentlid) öorgebrad)t, \a ^um teil in 5{nmerfungen unb ^nbeutungen öerftedt. SDo^er mag e§ fommen, bafe gebuchter ©egenfa^, ttjie mir bünft, ttjenig bemerft mürbe. 33oretiu§ bemunbern^merte Slrbeit fanb öon berufenfter Seite t)of)ea 2ob.^) ?IUein bie SiorreÜur, bie er an Wcdd^ 5lufftellungen öornaf)m, brang nic^t burc^, noc^ meniger mürbe fie meitergebilbet. S)ie meiften, \a mol)( aüe 9iec^t^gcfd)ic^ten unb einf^Iägigen 5lbt)anblungen gitteren frieblid) aJ^erfel unb !öoretiu§ nebeneinanbcr, fpred)en aber afle meit met)r im (Sinne ber erftgenannten 3lnfid)t ai^ im @inne ber bcfferen, ber jmeiten. ^) Sa felbft 33tut)me, ber in einer ©elbfianseige ^) ben 4. ©anb ber Leges befprad) unb oljue^^eifel bie ^öebeutung ber 3lu^gabe §u loürbigen •j «gl. tiefer, goifdjungen 5. m. u. SR®. 3t. 92r. 455, 3?. 4 (III, 56). .^intüeig barouf bei Siunner, b. JR®. I, 389, 3lv. 8. — Sit. ^entralbl. 1869, ep. 1423 ff. '') gider fagt jwor, burd) S3oretiu§ feien biefe ©tubien auf eine neue Wrunblage gefteHt roorben. 3)aö fc^eint ftd^ aber tiorab auf bie genaue S3c)(^reibung unb Prüfung ber ^SS. ju bejie£)en. ^^lUerbingS ipiid)t 3-ider »oeit me^v im 3inne öon SBorettuä über ben L. P. 9Jlcinc§ SSiflen« ift er ober bereinjige. ?lud) iö runner a. a. D. nennt bie Vhbeit öon S3oretiu§ grunbicgenb. 'JJtber an ben beiben ©teflen, bie unten jitiert toerben, fdjliefjt er fid) ^IWertel an. Mef)nli(^ 5R. Sd)rbber, üct)rb. b. b. W®., S. 233. 9^od) beitimmter im 6inne 9Kerfel8 ;^. ©alter, b. {R®.* (lH57j, 1,881 (freiließ öor SJoretiuö). (Sbenjo ®cngler, gcrman. ötec^töbenfmöler, (irlongcn 1875, ®. 165 f., §71. ftJetljmann :£>oll>ücg, flerm.»röm ^iöilpr. im W9l., II, 280 u. a. SSorfic^tiger Schulte, Se^tb. b. b. {R. u, «®.» (1881), @. 79. •) ©ift. rftfdjr. XXI (1869), 410, 415. 694 b. ^ofti^=$Rienec!. Öermo^te, fogt!em 9Bort öon bem fo tüic^ttgcn Umftanbe, ba^ fie auf einem neuen Grünenbrise aufgeführt tourbe, eine üöütg neue Gruppierung ber t)anbf(f)rtftlid)enÜberlieferung für Safig ^at. 3. Die Sammlung der Gesetze. 5öoretiuß beseitnet seine 8 §§anbf(^riften mit fortlaufenben arabischen Stummern; ba aber in äUjei §§anbfcf)riften u. a. auch Folgende unter* fcJiieben merben, bie tejtgefct)ict)tli^ öerfc^iebenen Ursprungs finb, fo erhalten biefe Steile eigene Stummern, ba^er 10 im ganzen. §®. 1: Ä'obej eftenfi^, eine ms^rift alter Vorlage s. XV. ex.; 2: bie (Sbiftfragmente öon @. 9)Zarco in SS e neb ig s. XI ex. ober XII in.; 3: 5lm6rofiana 0. 53 und 55 s. XI in.; 4: 3)uft. 5lbbitional 5411, in 5orem §auptbestand um 1030 gefdrieben; 5: Laurentiana Plut. 88, super, ^x. 86, s. XI ex.; 6: Ä^obej ^abolironenfi^, einst in ^ o t i r o n e je^t in ^ a b u a. s. XI ex.; 7: ^ari§ tat. 9656 (früher Stobej Öufemianu^) in SSerona), s. XI ex.; 8: SBtener ^ofbibljo^e!, in civ. 210 s. XI (nad) ber gegenstjärtigen ©ignatur 471; 9: ist ber gmeite ^eil öon 1; 10: ist ber jüngfte ^etl öon 4. SkelleU) gä^It aU §§anbfc^riften be§ Liber Papiensis §ed^§ auf. Son ben adit bei 5öoretiu§ fommt §<S. 2 in SSegfaÜ, mcil fie bIo§ (Sbiftbestandteile entt)ält, und §@. 3, auf jede §marburd eine eigene klaffe macht, njetd^e chronologii) bem Liber Papiensis orteilge^t. Die übrigen §§anbfc^riften teilt Wald in brei ganzen: Die erste (F.), burc^ eine ^anbfd^rift öertreten, nämlich burd) ben ©ftenfia, enthält die eigentliche SSalfaufinifc^e 9tebaftion in üott= stänbiger form. Die andere (G.), öon br ei §anbf Triften gebilbet (und §marburd) 5öoretiug 7, 4, 8), ist im SSergleic^e zu F. „f^on met)r ober meniger unöoKftänbig". ^ie britte (H.), ju ber ^mei ^anbfc^riften gehören, „entpit gerabeju hk fürjere 9lebo!tton". @^ finb bie ^anbfd^riften S3oretiu§ ') ®ef4 b. s. 9t. ©. 17 ff. 3ur grage naii) ber ©jiften^ etne^ „Liber Papiensis", 695 5unb6. SWerfel to'iU bteje fürjere 9f?ebQ!tion bem SStbolinu^, ber in ^©. 5 genannt tft, pfc^reiben. 33oretiua teilt bagegen bie §anbfd)nften in 5tt)ei gamilien. S)ie ^@(S. 1 unb 2 fommen tahd nseniger in Setrad^t, n^eil [ie 6eibe nur für einen ^eil beö (Sbifttejteä öon Setang finb. |)©. 2 il)re^ frag= mentarifcfien ^wf^^nbe^ inegen unb §@. 1 , tt)eil fie jenen Steil be^ ©bifte^ im Stoben (£[tenfiö umfaßt, ber big gu Siutpranb 101 ein= jc^liefelic^ reidjt. SSon ben übrigen bilben bie Äloffe A (bie nicl)t gloffierte Sammlung) 3, 4, 5, 6; bie Älaffe B (bie gloffierte) 1, 8, 9. 3luf bie Segrünbung merben mir gurüdfcmmen muffen. Obgteicl) ^^erfel brei gamilien unterfc^eibet, fo finb it)m biefe bod^ nur Sßarietöten beä einen Liber Papieusis, Welcher burd) il)n in bie 9te(^tö= gcfcl)ic^te einge[ül)rt mürbe. (£g muß bemnad) ba§ ^aoefer 9?ec^t§6ud^ alg literarifd)e Snbiüiöualitat burc| irgenbmeld)e @lgentümlicf)!eiten c^aratterifiert fein. 'üflun brängt fic^ tk ^rage auf: burc^ meiere i^nen gemeinfame unb fie öon anberen unterfd^eibenbe 9J?er!male t)e6en ftd^ bie §anbfc^riften , meldte ben Liber Papiensis öorftellen, ah öon ben frül)eren ^anbfc^riften ber dl)ronologifcl)en Drbnung; — burd) meiere iljucn gemeinfame unb fie ü erb inb en be SKerfmale fd) liefen fie fic^ üueinanber ju einer gefd)loffenen ©ruppe? 3}?an fieljt, öon einer gcnügenben Seantmortung bicf erfrage Ijöngt bie (Sjiftenä cine^ Liber Papieusis im ©inne 3J?erfelg einigermaßen ab. 4. ^tts tft ber Liber Papiensis, ein ctn^cttftc^cö fle($ts6tt($ ober ein ^oITelitiPttame für ^(immcrjjanbf<f;riftett? 9^ac^bem 9Jierfel in ber „©cfc^ic^te beö lang. 9?ed)teg" ©. 13 flcfd)rieben Ijot, im Greife bcr^abefer 9ied)t§fd)ute fei e§ unternommen njorben „bie langobarbifdjen Slönig^ebifte mit ben feit Äart bem ®r. erklären Kapitularien eines 9. Jh. Bandes verarbeiten, für das Er. 20 folgende 3. Werkmale bisher verarbeitung an: „an ben Beschriften überfehrt man bei Präjugen. Sie Kapitularien ordnete man nach einer Eingangsliste, bei translatorischen Erörterungen, namentlich bei den in Freuden geschriebenen Gesetzen und bei der Königsgesetzgebung blieben unberücksichtigt. Im 9. Jnlang XXIII zu Gotteignung 4. ob. kommt er abermals barauf, zur Erklärung, fasst bog gegriffen als auch zusammen: „Diese Reformation erging über den Körper, in dem man schon verarbeitet, und über den Geist, in dem man früh erworben". Seremonien, mehrere nicht mehr galten, wurden gefällt. Stück 5. Jnflüg zu Wirkungsmacht bei „Liber Papalis" enthalten Ausschlussregeln, aber im Grunde übereinstimmend auf: planmäßige Vorbereitung durch Beschluss. Erklären in Unannehmlichkeiten und ebenso in der Erbschaftsbereinigung durch Beschluss. Erinnern mir und, dass die Reformation gemeinsam gemeinsam unterliegt: bei ungerechten (§S. 3, 4, 5, 6) und bei gerechten (§. 1, 8, 9). Senes ist bei der Organisation durch Sombarba und seine eigene Reformation, diese ist noch 33. Reformation mehr eine folgende. Von änderter Grundlage bleibt nach den vorgenommenen Einzelvorbereitungen Don Reformation in der Vatergeneration nicht übrig: die Auslegung durch translatorische Erklärungen. Sermonien, bei der Königsgesetzgebung, bleibt nach der vorgenommenen Einflussung Don Reformation in der Vatergeneration nicht übrig: die Auslegung durch translatorische Erklärungen, lässt sich bereit finden in älteren Konstitutionen, begleitet bei Beschriften, märten, wie oben. Sermon von der 9. Satzurbation nicht gebracht, gut haben; auch in den älteren Konstitutionen fehlen mandatorische Logiken; ebenso fehlen manchmal Sondergegenstände, wie beispielsweise die verarbeiteten Praxis (Corr. Sor. § 40 und 42). können als für die Konstitutionen beispielhaft auf die Grundlage finden, dass eine eigene Lösung nicht angezeigt sei, sonst fiele sie bei der vorgenommenen Einzelübung, bei der vorgenommenen Einzelübung, in die Kategorie der einzelnen Charta-Begriffe, bei den Beschriften ebenso frequent, gut einer geschlossenen Gruppe, mehr noch, dies in unter ben Konstitutionen seine Übereinstimmung mit der Wahrhaftigkeit (Corr. § 41). 9f?o(^bem ©oretiug alfo nacf)gemiefen ^ot, ba§ bie ®runbe 9J2erfeI§ nicf)t fticf)f)altig finb, bemeift er (58orr. cap. V, § 47 ff.) jumol auö bem ©cgenfa^ gmifc^en ber nid)t gloffierten unb ber gtoffierten ©amm= lung, ba^ bie letztere fügtic^ ol^ eine mat)re 9f{ebaftion gu (Sdiutsmecfen üerfa^t angefe^en merben mu§. 2öir braucljen f)ierauf nic^t meiter ein= äugefjen. SD?an mürbe fo genötigt, blo^ biefe 9^ebaftion alö L. P. an^u^ fef)en unb bürfte bann ben L. P. ni^t mel)r aU bie genetifcf)e ^runb* läge ber Sombarbo betra(i)ten, ha festere, mie Soretiuä au^brüdlid) ^eroor- ^cht, an bie ungloffierte ©ammtung anfnüpft. 3ubem fclieint un§ ein meitere§ ^öebenfen öon SBic^tigfeit, ba§ fic^ unmittelbar gegen bie eint)eitlic^e ^bfaffung be§ L. P., mie er in allen ^anbfc^riften öorliegt, richtet. §. SSrunner fcljreibt: „5tuf grunb be§ @bift§, ber SJapitularien unb fpäteren ^önigSgefe^e entmicfelte fic^ in Italien eine rege juriftifdje Xptigfeit, meldjc in ber 9ficcl)t§fcl)ute gu ^aüia if)ren 5lu§gangapun!t :^atte. 90?it bem ©bifte mürbe ha§ Capitulare Langobardorum §u einem IV, 568. ^) Strit. Uebfc^. a. a. O. ^) ®te ©teßen, auf welctie S3oretiu§ ftc^ beruft, fielen in ber neuen 2lu§= gäbe SS. rorum langob. et ital., ©. 223, g. 31 u. 34. 3itr ^rage nocf) ber (Sjiften^ eine^ „Liber Papiensis". 697 (Sanken, bem Liber legis Langobardorum (Liber Papiensis), öerbunben. .ßifticlien 1019 unb 1037 entftanb für ©djul^tüede eine (Sammlung, bie bcm @efeöe§tejte ©loffen unb ®cricf)t§formcln fitnjufügte." ^) Unb Q. a. ©t. :"^) „SDie Stf)ätigfctt ber älteren langü&arbif(f)en 3uri§pruben§ . . . t)at ben (Sbtftuö unb ba§ Stapitulore §u einem gefclitoffenen 9?ecf)t^= burf), bem Liber legis Langobardorum (Liber Papiensis), öerbunben. "Über die Quellen der Satiren 1019 - 1037 und ihre Verarbeitung in der Sammlung Liber Papiensis. Einige Stellen der älteren Gesetzessammlungen, auf die hinzugefügt werden, sind bereits in den ältesten Sammlungen enthalten. Die Satiren 1019 - 1037, die in der Sammlung Liber Papiensis und in den Capitularien des Redakturhofes aufgeführt sind, müssen nicht unbedingt jenen aus dem 9. Jahrhundert stammen, wie die ältere Forschung annahm. Die Handschriften, auf die die Liber Papiensis zurückgeht, sind später als gedacht, nämlich aus dem 11. und 12. Jahrhundert. Diese Handschriften haben keine directen Vorgängerschriften, sondern sind eigenständige Sammlungen, die möglicherweise auf ältere Quellen zurückgehen, die jedoch nicht mehr erhalten sind. Die Editionen der Satiren in der Sammlung Liber Papiensis sind nach neuerer Forschung auf eine erhebliche Fälschung hinweisen, die möglicherweise auf das 12. Jahrhundert zurückgeht. Dies würde erklären, warum die Satiren in den älteren Gesetzessammlungen, auf die hinzugefügt werden, nicht mehr vorhanden sind. Die ursprüngliche Funktion der Sammlung Liber Papiensis könnte darin bestanden haben, eine systematische Ordnung der Gesetze aufzustellen, die für das 12. Jahrhundert von besonderer Bedeutung waren. Die Editionierung der Satiren in der Sammlung Liber Papiensis könnte eine politische oder ideologische Hintergrund haben, die mit dem 12. Jahrhundert zusammenhängt. Die Liber Papiensis ist eine wichtige Quelle für die Gesetzgebung des 12. Jahrhunderts, bietet jedoch auch ein Beispiel für die Gefahr der Fälschung in der Geschichtsschreibung." "Luigi, ou ben, Luigi Buce, "Liber Idfis Langobardorum" borrf niet ju oelel geveld gelegd, lucuberen: Ist er boek fd)on im 10. Gajvif. noch gebrander (im Catolog ber 53obbienfer 'üibliotljef, jucrft öon l)uratori l)rg. Antiqq. III, 817 ff.; Gebroder bei W. Jöder, catalogi bibliothec. ant 1885, 3lt. Ö2, "«, '", S. 68). 698 ö. 5J?ofti^ = 9iienec!" constat, non ab initio in unum codicem coniunctis. Sive in benedictionem originem capitulares. Unim in ber capitulum ist section 3, nicest ein habitus, sonders (O. 53 und O. 55 ber 51mbro[iana) genuin, though incongruous, kon berefelben section. O. 53 entplicht hat shift und barnacht, einen Teil (ber sog. quaestiones et monumenta; O. 55 hat capitularia, dem ein oberer Teil ber nämlichen quaest. Daraufgelegt, imbroekte, hat eine rebus legationelle Kommission Don obift und capituloren beabsichtigt, nur bei, stiftsrechte eigen, genug au nützen. Diese 33eiprecung ber O. 4 3) (Geist) bei Koretion abermals, obgleich obift und capitula zwar zum größten Teil kon ber[elben section ge]schrieben feien, ergeben te^ boc^ ärtjeistellos, für obes auf ber Sage ber Quaternionen: „edicti et capitularium Codices nihilominus ab initio diversos et postea demum coniunctos fuisse." Dieser Teil section 5 musste Soretius haben gefällt: „codex duabus haud dubie partibus componitur, ab initio non cohaerentibus, sed ab eo demum, qui supplementa in parte secunda addidit, ut videtur, coniunctis." Dieser Teil section 7 mar bereit die 9tebe/ (Statt) günstiger Teil die gute bei ber section bei der Sainer Hofbibliothek (Soretius 8). Obift und capitular sind im pav auff, hat eine patäographisch gejätete, höchst boni und verfügung, Rauben, meist wohl und bob Soretius bemerkenswert musste: „hier etwas codex duabus partibus ab initio diversos componitur." Darauf die beiden Teile ein, boden Don Scribe beispielen, verschiedene Teile berbinben, deren durch, Sden bog (Schatzular, hat einer tier inter, ben Kapitularen Teil und auf ben 64 Quaternionen, bei, geteilter Teil nicht bobenbet njerben konnte, ist auf ben, geteilter, freien Codisierten, bei ersten Teil ab geführt, könnte, wäre auf ben, geteilter freien Codisierten, bei erster Teil gesührt, hätte, wäre auf ben, geteilter freien Codisierten, bei erster Teil geführt. Gleiches, die Sblsfid, „Obist und Capitular, kommt zusammen, zusammen schauen“, hätte, ber, geteilter Teil Scribe, etwas, einer offenen, dürfte, könnten, in den, er, die freien Stätter, zwischen, die Obist für den Staufung, ber Kapitularienfamnng, übrigens, dürfte. ^c^t |)anbfc^riften ftetlen bie Ueberlieferung bei LiberPapiensis bar. Qmi jö^Ien ^ier roieberum nic^t mit. §©. 2 all Fragment, ber ^obej ^) 93oretiu§ SJorr. §16, @. LVIII^ 3)ie ^erüorge^obenen Steflen ftnb öon mir unterftrid^en. 2) SSorr. § 12. ") SSoiT. § 13. *) 21. a. 0. @. LV^. ») SSorr. § 14, ©. LVII^ «) Oben ©. 697. ') SSorr. § 17, ©. LX. Qnx ^ragc nac^ ber ©jiftens eine§ „Liber Papiensis". 699 eftenftg (bei Sor. 1 unb 9) aber aU eine Slbfdjrift beg 15. 3Qt)rt)Utt* bert^, bie für ben ^röfeten Xetl be§ @bift^ einerfeitg, bie Kapitularien anbrerfeitg auf ganj öerfc^tebenartige SSortagen t)inU)ctft. ^) @g bleiben bemnac^ fec^ig. SSon biefen finb fünf (§©©.3,4,5,7,8) !eine urfprüng= lic^ planmäßig angelegten (Sintjeiten, fonbern nad^trägtic^e 3"fö"^J"cn- fügungen. ©o erübrigt nur bie §anbfc^rift uon ^olirone, §©. 6, bie mit i^icfer a\B eine ber tt)id)tigften anäufet)en ift.^) 53ebauer{i^ern)eife berichtet 53orettu§ über fte nid)t aug 5Iutopfie, fonbern nad^ WtvM.^) ©c^on bie Ueberfdjrift umfaßt ha^ ©an^e: ,,Lex a Langobardoruiu et Francorum regibus edita." 5lllerbing§ !önnte ba§ über jeber ©amm= lung ct)ronologifc|er Orbnung ftet)en; bie Slbfic^t einer gufammenfaffenben 9iebaftion löirb baburc^ mhcv angebeutet, noc^ auggcfdiloffen. 5luc| ift nic^t augbrücflicl) !onfvatiert, bafe bie Ueberfdirift !ein fpöterer 3»fa| ift, ujie e§ bei ber ©c^lußnote beö Äobej ©ufemianug feftgefteHt njurbe.^) Die §anbfc^rift oon ^oIirone=^abua ift überhaupt nur fei)r fummarif^ befd)rieben unb eg ert)5{)t nic^t ha^ SSertrauen, bafe fie öon 5öoretiu§ nac^ WcxM saec. XI. ,^) öon Sctt^mann §oün)eg nad) bemfelben ädertet aaec. XVJ. batiert rt)irb.^) 3n einer onberen SKeife lie|e fic^ aber biellcid^t boc^ bartt)un, ha^ in ber gorm ber ^anbfc^rift öon ^olirone ber gefud)te Liber Papiensis, b. t). bie ^ufammenfaffung bc^ gefamten Sangobarbenred^tesJ berborgcn ift: nömlid) au^ ber (Sjpofitio beg Ä^obej Sßrancatianuä gu S'Jcapel. tiefer Äoberj ift oben, njo bie @bition^gcfc£)id)te stiä^iert njurbe, crn)ä^nt njorbcn. 2)ie gtürflic^e |)anb SQ^erfelS t)at it)n aufgefunden. %{^ toix bie ^anbfc^riften aufäät)lten, nannten mir aber biefen Äoberj nic^t, unb groar loeil er nid)t bie ©ammlung ber c^ronologifdjen, fonbern bie ber st)fteniatifci)en Drbnung, bie fog. Sombarba, enthält. On ber ^^-^h-ancatianifc^en ^anbfrf)rift finbet fic^ nun ein fortlaufenber juriftifd)er. Stommentar jum 2ombarbcnred)t, bie gebadjte „(Sjpofitio". DZerfel unb iöoretiuö Ijabcn über^eugenber bargct[)an, bafj bie (S^-pofitio nur burc^ Srrtum ober Qü^aä in eine li!ombarba4'>«"bfd)rift geraten ist, bafe fie fic^ äWeifelloig an ben Xcjt einer c^ronologifc^ gcorbneten ©ammlung. ') »oretlu«, JBorr. § 18. iRnmcntlic^ ®. LXI. ») gorfed). j. 5R. u. 9t®. 31. III, Wr. 460. ») S3orr. § 16, S. LVIII. ♦) «fli. oben 6. 697 unb bie Wote. *) «l. Q. O. •) «lr(^lt) 12,667. 700 ü. 9fioftt|^9iienecf. anftf)Ite§t. ^) (Sbenfo gelDife tft, bafe bte Xejtform biefer ©ammlung im ganjett unb großen bie ift, tuelc^e un§ in ben «Sammlungen, bie aU L. P. beseelt net mierben, üorliegt; enthält bas? in ber spofitio obift un 5apitual in ber not mie ein 9^ec§t§(iucf) be()anbclt n^erben. Mie öre. 33. Solutio, bas in ben juriftischen (Sstörterungen über einzelne Paragrafen beß (Sbüte^, unaufgeregten fand man ofen Fragen, Beträgen anben Kapitularien gumm (Gelegenheit) herangezogen, auf (Ire Übereinstimmung un (I6n:)eic£)ung, auf (I^ren befruchtigenben ober abregierenben äöert geprüft toerben. (etnli(i) ist es in ber spofitio ber Stapitularien. Sic^ bas find bie 9^üc!blicfe aus (Ireilen beß (Sbiftg, toenn aud) gleich nidjt so (Iäufig, benno^ pufig genug. Mann batiert man aber bie (Sjpofitio um taß (Ia^r 1070.^) (Iuellei^t dat biefen Umstand eine (Ierein^elte (Ieuesee= rang (Ieueracht, hat batin lautet, bas nur in einer jüngeren (Iefalt beß (Iapienfer (Iec^t6buct)e^ (Iarafterifiziert. Wan (Ibunte nun p gunften ber (Ianbfdirift (Ion (Iolirone etwa folgenbe (Irgumentation gelten b madjen: (Iie (Ianbf dirift (Ion (Iolirone ist bie einzige unter ben (Ianbfd)riften beß (I. (I., bie (mir ni^(t für (Iadträgliche Zusammenfügung (Ierfahren müssen, bie (mir (Iielmeljr alß bie (gefud)te urfprüngliche (Sint)eit bon (Ibift un (Iapitualar anfertigen bürfen. (Iumset)ürfen, ja müssen (mir) (Iab, (Ial (Ie (Sjpofitio (Ibift un (Iapitualar alß (Iegislative (Iintei anfertigen, biefen (Ipofitio aber f)id), (m) (I3üretiuö (gu (bemeisten (Ierf ud)t, (gerabe an ben (Iejt ber (Ianbfd)rift (Ion (Iolirone anfertigt. Stuf ben (Iegten (Ia^ (Iommt es an. (Iir müssen biefen (Iunft einget)enber unterfertigen un (Iestigen gleich, bas (Iie (Irünbe (Ion (Soretiung unö nic^t überzeugen (fönnen. (Iielme^r galten (mir für (masirfc^einlid), (Ia^ (jene (Iejtform, an (metd)efid) biefen (Ipofitio anfertigt, nic^t erhalten, nidjt (Ie rettirt ist. (Damit (mögen (mir) un§ begnügen. (Ier (Ierfud) einer (Iiefonftruftion aul ben (Irude (Ierau§ märe unsere (Irac^ten§ ein. SSorr. § 68, LXXXVII. "Gichter a. a. O. @. 72. "Gider hat überhaupt bei Sibyllenthemen verboten, SSorrebe LL. 4 unzweifelhaft, sie eint genau gefasst, jeder eine Wahrheit zu formulieren, konstens würdig sei die Zusammenfassung von Obitt und Capitolare zu einem gefassten Buchstabe, der genuinigste Beigab bei L. P. formell verfahren, vererbt und insbesondere gewogen. SSorr. C. LXXXVI. Zur Frage nach der Giftenschrift, eine "Liber Papiensis". QUISQUIS Lebensunternehmen, welche, wie nie zuvor, einmal einen erklärten Gemeinheiten Zweck hat. Die Gründung, welche die Korrektur für seine eben erst erwähnte Gesellschaft vorbringt, findet bei diesem: a) Sener, Carographien aus den Kapitularen, Submigl II., bei der Blöff in 7, 8, 9 überführt, findet, gelegt in der Spassito, nirgendwo Erklärung. b) Die einzelnen Paragraphen aus der gefassten Gesetzgebung, meldet sich genau in der Spassito, findet, geschrieben bei den zitierten Carographien jenen Gesetzgeber zu, bei der auch in den §3, 5 und 6 genannt ist. c) Den Carographien, meldet sich 5 und 6 nicht überlassen, findet, jenen eine Spassito. d) Studie im Seite selbst bemerkt man, jenen Übereinstimmung zu stoßen, bei den Gegenständen 5 und 6 und bei den Eigentümern in der Spassito. Überblick gibt, Soretius auch gut, dass, wie gumeilen Ähnlichkeiten der Grundlage einer Spassito an die §S 7, 8, 9 nacheinander legen. So findet 533. Zippe 45 jenen Spassito juristisch 7 §2 allgemein, letztes Kapitel, Zippe jemen, aber in der Spassito zu 5114 mit den §3, 7, 8, 9 Carlugefertigt. Unbedingt lässt sich bei obenerwähnten Übereinstimmung an anderen Teilen mit den Gegenständen von 7, 8, 9 fortsetzen.
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homenovel05cull_1
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Home. A novel
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Cullen, Margaret
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r. l £1 yt VI B RAHY OF THE U N IVE.R.SITY OF ILLINOIS 823 C89h *.5 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN The person charging this material is responsible for its renewal or return to the library on or before the due date. The minimum fee for a lost item is $125.00, $300.00 for bound journals. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. Please note: self-stick notes may result in torn pages and lift some inks. Renew via the Telephone Center at 217-333-8400, 846-262-1510 (toll-free) orcirclib@uiuc.edu. Renew online by choosing the My Account option at: http://www.library.uiuc.edu/catalog/ HOME. A NOVEL. IN FIVE VOLUMES. ^2— EXPECT NOT A STORY DECK'd IN THE GARE OP PANCY, — BUT LOOK AT HOME. VOLUME V. PRINTED FOB J. MAWMAN, POULTRY, LONDON; AND BY AND T. WILSON, AND R. SPENCE, HIGH-OUSEC AT E, YORK. 1802. '$tvrfiJ* HOME. CHAPTER L AN a few days, the grief which had been sup*. prefsed, not weakened in the breast of Lady Qrnviiie, broke out with increased force in con- sequence of a letter from her eldest son. She had made Constantia write to him of his cousin Louisa's marriage, as soon as she was informed of it herseii, and it was i:; anfwer to this letter, that he now wrote to her. He exprefoed much satisfaction in the prosperity of Louisa, but said that he should have taken it kind if he had been A3 O HOME. invited to the Abbey while she was there, espe- cially, as it was a season in which he had been so much accustomed to be at Ornville, that he did not imagine he should now have been for- gotten. He said that he had only delayed his own marriage, from the hope that time would render his father propitious to his wishes ; but from his neglect of him at present, he saw that he had no longer reason to indulge so agree- able an expectation. This letter gave severe distrefs to Lady Ornville. She immediately wrote to him that fhe regretted extremely, his not having vo- luntarily come to Ornville at Chriftmas, as his father v. ould have been much pleafed with a visit from him, though he had not thought cf requesting as a favour, what he might have expected from his affection without solicitation. That ihe was certain nothing would conciliate him more than kindnefs; and as a very short time had elapsed, since he was informed of his intended marriage, she trusted that he would yet wait patiently a little while, before he took any decisive step. She men- tioned the deep affliction which they suffered from Philip, kand urged it as a strong motive for HOME. 7 his not occasioning any additional distrefs to his father at present. Her letter was full of kindnefs, and she hoped it would have some effect in retarding his mar- riage. More than delay, she could not now venture to hope ; and his dreaded union with Sally Cusliffe, with ail its train cf melancholy consequences, appeared in array before her, as certain events. But scarcely had she passed a day in mourn- ing secretly the fate of her eldest son, before her attention was called to the situation of her youngest by the newspaper 3 in which there was an account of an action, which had been brought against him in the Court of King's Bench by Mr. Melfont. The circumstances of the elope- ment, with various particulars of Philip's and Mrs. Melfont's previous and subsequent beha- viour, were detailed j and though none of them indicated any peculiar depravity in him, yet they offered no extenuation of his error, nor could his ingenious counsel urge a syllable in his defence. Sir John and Lady Ornville had indulged a A4 I HOME faint hope, that circumstances might appear on the trial, which would palliate the guilt of the parties; but this hope was now over, — which, with Philip's conduct being thus publicly ex- posed to view, had in some measure the effect of giving them a new shock. The utmost endeavours of Mrs Almorne were unavailing to sustain Lady Ornville under her afflictions, or to prevent her mind from dwel- ling upon them continually ; and it was with deep concern she saw, from the imprefsion which Philip's conduct in particular, had made both upon her and Sir John, that it was from length of time only, fhe could expect the least alleviation of their sorrow. Their unhappy state of mind was aggravated by great anxiety about Frederic, of whom they had been long without hearing. The detention of the Hamburgh Mails accounted for his late silence, but did not relieve their fears as to the previous cause of it, and they could not help feeling the most painful apprehensions for the welfare of him and his family. home. CHAPTER IL he uncertainty of Sir John and Lady Orn- ville respecting Frederic was of short duration. In two days Mrs. Almorne received a packet from Mr. Hanway, which contained only a few lines from himself, but inclosed a letter from Mr. Armiger. Its contents were as follow : (t To Edward Hanway, Esq^ !* My dear Friend3 " I wrote you a few hurried lines to inform you of OrnvihVs fafe arrival at Altona ; I write now to give you the intelligence of him that you desire. My account will probably be dif- ferent from what you expect, — but I will not anticipate. I shall give you a regular and sim- ple relation of occurrences ; for to you, every particular will be interesting, and it is only A5 10 HOME. from me you can ever know what has befallen him here. " The instant he got to Altona, he came to me. He took hold of my hand with a pale and miserable face, but said nothing. I saw that he was afraid to ask after his wife, and I immedi- ately told him, that she continued in the state in which she was when I wrote to you, but that I hoped his presence would restore her. " He gave me your letter, and begged that I would go and prepare her for their meeting. I said that I would instantly go, but desired he would accompany me to her grandfather's, that he might be ready to see her the moment I thought her able to bear the interview. " Upon going there, I found her lying on a sofa. I believe I told you, that she had from the beginning of her affliction, been prevailed upon to leave her bed, that she might see her aged grandfather, who was not able to come to her apartment, and was much distrefsed by her Hlnefs. She has since visited him every morn- ing, and the rest of the day lain upon a sofa, ap- parently insensible. Her nights pafsed more HOME. II painfully ; she slept little, and that little v. tremely disturbed. She often wished that she did not sleep at all. n I sat down by her, and after asking a few questions about her health, told hcT I had ter from you, i;. fOttllid, . Orn- ville had been so much d I on hearing of her illncfs, that he had d come im- mediately to Alton " She made no n " I then said :L. be hourly ex- pected. M She drew aside .1 hai her face, and fixed her eye for a moment, — but lud rawing ir, ted her Fk " After a short silence, I told her, got letters for her fi Almoroe, ..oked if she would read them ? 11 Yes, yes," she replied q them j they. will be got ad, and i A6 12 HOME, fancy myself again with them. — I wish/' she added, ft that I could once more see all the friends I have in England except " She did not finish the sentence. u When she opened the letters, she trembled so violently, that she could scarcely read them. The agitation the perusal of them threw her into, was excefsive, but after some time she wept bit- terly, and her countenance afsumed an appear- ance of softer grief than I have seen it wear, since the commencement of her sufferings. "She seemed however so much exhausted, that I did not think it would be safe to mention Orn- ville's arrival for some time ; but in a few mi- nutes, she begged that she might know as soon as he arrived. " I asked how she thought she would support the meeting with him ? " I know not," she replied, " but if he comes, if he comes," she repeated, u bring him to xne directly •, — I can but die the sooner." *' I sa w that she was afraid of his not coming ; HOME. 13 and therefore thought it better to tell her without delay, but with caution, that he was arrived. u She looked at me wildly, and immediately fainted. For some time I thought that all was over. " When she recovered, she looked eagerly around the room, as if in search of an object that she did not see. Ornvillc was at the door of her ipaitmentj and I beckoned to him to ap- .di. He did so, and, throwing himself on sofa beside her, cla-ped her in hi at his neck ; — but the agitation, — the tarnefl of both, I cannot pretend to describe. Zither her aunt nor I were able to rei in the room. u Fearful at length of fatal effects from such violent agitation, I returned, and begged that he would leave her for a time. " She said that she would be more composed, and entreated that I would not take him away. " Long as I have lived without him/' she said, 14 HOME " I think I should die immediately were I to lose him again." i( She raised herself on the sofa, that she might see him ; for she said that she had not yet seen him. " She gazed on him earnestly, saying, that she now saw again all that angelic goodnefs, which had so completely won her heart. " My dear Lydia,'' cried he, " do not torture me by such exprefsions *, I never was so good to you as I ought to have been." " You were always," she replied, tS much, better than I deserved. — I see things now very differently from what I once did; but I shall never trouble you more." u If you wish not to destroy me, Lydia, you must forbear this language ; had I not forsaken you for the gaming-table, you would never have given me the smallest cause for uneasinefs." " It was not you," she replied, " that were to blame ; it was my brother •, he forced you- HOME, 15 from home ; — he was the cause of all my mis- fortunes but of my happinefs too," she ad- ded, with a sweet, yet melancholy smile. " Say any thing, — any thing, Lydia," he cried, in the extremest agitation, <: rather than smile upon me ! — Let my heart be torn by your sorrow ; kill me with your reproaches •, — but, oh ! do not, — do not smile upon me with such heavenly goodncfs 1" w He appeared in such a transport of grief, thatl insisted upon his leaving the room. She de- sired it herself, saying, that he ought to see his children, and that she was not able to witnefs their meeting. M I carried him into another apartment, where he threw himself on the floor in a state of dis- traction. u She is dying," he cried, " and I am the cause ! — I have destroyed the most gentle, affec- tionate heart, that ever glowed in a human be- ing ! — How barbarous it was, when I knew how dependent she was upon me, — when her very l6 HOME. failings sprung only from the kindnefs of her heart!" " He seemed in such agonizing grief, that I thought it a proper moment to bring his sons. They could not render him more unhappy, and might, perhaps* soften his distrefs. " The instant they saw him, they sprung to him, and hung upon his neck. He clasped them to his breast with the most rapturous fondnefs, while he faintly articulated, " Dearest crea- tures, how ceuld I ever think of parting from you !" " Their presence had the effect I wished. In a short time he became calmer, and I seized the opportunity to represent to him the necefsity of governing his feelings before his wife. " Peace of mind," I said, " could alone restore her to health, and it was impofsible that she could be tranquil, if she saw him miserable. " He said that he would endeavour, as far as it was in his power, to command his feelings in her presence, and he did not disappoint me. When he returned to her, he preserved as much HOME. 17 nefs as I could well expect, although the struggle he sustained was great. She, too, ap- peared tranquillized* A soft joy seemed to beam through the melancholy of her appearance, for now but a sad remnant of her former ictf. * For some days, she appeared so well, that her recovery as | but the apprehensions of her physician, uhich h great, did not decrease, and I discovered that she thought h !■§• u Ornvillc never left her, except to visit her 1 ami during the short intervals he allotred to r. I when he was absent, her - told me that she wept im — Upon heari ised the first moment that she WM of sorrow ; which, as there was now no cause for ir, she ou^;ht to BUpprefl lor her husband's sake, d6 well ai her own. if I mourn," she replied, because I must leave him. , I thought of death only as a eolation ; but now, I find it difficult to die. Before his arrival, in the ekirk. and silent IS HOME-. hours of night, the anguish which seized me was terrible !— from horror and despair I turned to death, as a blefsed relief : — but now, when I find him always with me, — when I can pour out the affection with which my heart is filled, — and hear him in the tenderest language '? u She could not proceed ; convulsive sobs seemed to threaten the difsolution of her frame* " After some time, she recovered so far as to renew the conversation. u I have now," she said, " no fear for my children ; he will be a father to them, and Mils Ornville will be a mother : — but I fear he will suffer from believing that he has been unkind to me. Let him not think this. His behaviour has always been generous and tender ; — my es- teem for him is perfect — my gratitude unbound- ed. Tell him this, when I am no mere, — for well do I know his generous nature ; he will reproach himself for evils that could not be avoided. — Dreadful as it is to part from him, I yet feel blefsed in receiving once more proofs of his tendernefs, and in believing that he will. HOME. 1$ remember me, at least at this period, as not un- worthy of his esteem." 11 Thii conversation, she survived only a i I wa3 present ul.cn she die mentl ■ '.e lay tranquilly for some time, supported '. rest- ing upon his bosom.- bcr prefs his 1 in he atcs after she ! torn from her, I carried av did DOC mulr ;• be :e. ,( IV: •' ro exert , but their m< h he an in tor ever prevent recovering perfect tranquillity. What a d ractei is his for i id to r ! " I have pa bim to return immediately to Engl..: ompanyhim; for he is not in a state to travel alone. :ict ao HOME. he is with you the better : here he can only find nourishment to his grief : the society of his friends may soften it *' I inclose a letter to Mifs Ornville, which was written by his wife a few days before his arrival. In giving it to me, she expressed an earnest desire to be most gratefully remember- ed to Sir John and Lady Ornville j to you, and to Mrs. Almorne " Adieu, my dear friend •, believe me, " Most faithfully your's, Altona, Dec. 30. " Francis ArmiGbr." This letter could not be communicated to Sir John and Lady Ornville ; but Mrs. Almorne informed them, in the gentlest manner, of the death of Lydia. It proved a heavy addition to their affliction. They had been displeased with Frederic for his marriage, but her youth and amiable disposition prevented their feeling any disapprobation of her. As she advanced in years, their esteem HOME. 21 for her increased ; she likewise became endear- ed to them by their fondnefs for her children j and they now lamented her death, both from their regard for herself, and from the severe lofs which they considered it to her husband and family. Mr Armiger's letter, "Mrs. Almorne gave to Constantia. The sad fate of Lydia rouzed every amiable and tender feeling of her heart, and filled it with aogoi I ions she hitherto met with, had either admitted hope of remedy, or were accompanied by some coun- teracting circumstance; but here there was no hope ; — nor a single consolatory reflection that could mitigate the severity ox the wound. She had never before mourned the death of a youthful friend ; never lost a companion, in "whose cares and joys she had participated, and to whom youth, health, ami beaut;- I to promise a long and happy life. She was shock- ed with the contemplation of life that now opened to her view, and death, with all its train of horrors, rose to her imagination, with that gloomy despair, which renders its first appear- ance to a young mind peculiarly affecting \ and 11 HOME. which religion alone has the power of alleviat- ing. The letter of Lydia to herself, contained the following lines: u I know you will be a mother to my chil- dren.— Forget not entirely her who gave them birth, and forgive her errors. " Next to my husband and children, you have long been the dearest object of my affec- tion •, my last prayers will be for you, and for those, for whose happinefs I die." " Lydia Ornvjlle." NOME. 21 CHAPTER III. o ften :antia read the last lines of Lydia, with floods of tears, and every moment that she pafscd alone, she indulged in burrow to her memory \ but the state of her father ar.d mother left little time at her di For some years, Sir John had been subject to fits of the gout, but t! neither frequent nor severe. 1 now attacked by one w: confined him to his apartment, without giving him much trouble. Lady Ornvillc attended him with great care and tendernefs, and from anxiety to support his spiri tvoured to conceal her own su: ings, though his illnefs made her feel more se- verely the distrefses which preyed upon her mind. Unsupported by his exertions, and thrown out of the ordinary routine of employ- 24 HOME. ments, which often gave a temporary check te her melancho'y* her grief strengthened hourly, and she frequently retired to indulge it in pri- vate Mrs Almorne and Constantia saw with much concern this inclination to solitude, and watch- ed her steps with such vigilant care, that she was never permitted to remain more than a few minutes alone ; till one evening, being unusu- ally overcome by the train of her melancholy reflections, she wandered to a remote and un- frequented part of the house, where she might give way undisturbed to the misery that op- prefsed her. She had left Sir John's chamber but a few minutes, before Constantia followed in quest of her, but not finding her in any of the rooms she expected, she sought her for a considerable time through the various apartments of the Abbey, before she discovered her> sitting almost be- numbed with cold. The room she had quitted was warm ; the one she had removed to, was, from the wetnefs of the weather, both cold and damp. HOME. Constantia immediately pi :pon her to leave it, and took every precaution to obviate the bad effects which might be dreaded from the sudden transition she had experienced ; but notwithstanding all her care, Lady Ornvill* was seized with a col .vo days she .ily. continued her attendance upon Sir John, without paying any intention to herself, except taking occasionally a few drops uf hartshorn to support her spirits, and at night a dose of lau- danum to procure lleep \ and on the third d :j was so ill as to be obliged to go to bed. Doctor Welby was ins: i pre- scribed rcir.edies, but at the same t: to Mrs. Almornc, that he thought her illness alarming. Her cold, he said, -would pro- bably have proved iritliug, had it been properly attended to, but from now as- sumed an appearance that threatened fatal con- sequences. Lady Omville herself teamed to think I. nefs dangerous, : to be sent for, that &he night always have htm V. B 26 HOME. one of her children with her, during the little time she had, perhaps, to live. Constantia attended her till Lady Horndon's arrival, when Lady Ornville desired that she would go to Sir John, and remain constantly with him. Constantia intreated that she might be permitted to continue with her, as her father did not require her assistance, and it would be sufficient for him, if she saw him occasionally. But her mother persisted in her request, say- ing, if she regarded her peace, she must make her father the first object of her care -, but de- sired that she would come often — very often, and see her. Sir John, from whom it was impofsible to conceal her illnefs a moment, was no lefs de- sirous that Constantia should be constantly with her mother, but when informed how anxious she was about him, he consented that Constan- tia should divide her time between them. " Your mother, my dear," he said, " was always most careful and affectionate when I was ill, and I would not now distress her by refus- HOME. 27 ing your attendance entirely ; but tell her that she will render me very unhappy, if she does not permit you to be much with her." Lady Ornville with some difficulty agreed to this, faying, she did it the more readily, as she believed her illnefs would not last long. Till the next day there was little alteration in her disorder, but she then appeared sensibly worse. Lady Horndon and Constantia sat now con- stantly by her bedside, and she frequently join- ed their hands in hers, desiring that they would be kind to, and love each other. She often in- quired after their father with the most anxious solicitude, and conjured them to pay him every attention. She prayed for him fervently, and for all her children and grandchildren, and ear- nestly wished that she could see them. She very frequently asked if Frederic and his sons were arrived, and exprefsed much anxiety for their safety ; but the mention of them al- ways brought Philip with fresh agitation to her remembrance. Whenever she bid Constantia B2 2$ HOME. be careful of Frederic's children, which she of- ten did, she added, u be good to Melfont's." As she grewworse, she thought of her husband and children with increasing anxiety ; — she of- ten called upon them, with the most affecting exprefsions of tendernefs, and repeatedly spoke of Philip with a sorrow which seemed to over- whelm her ; she implored her daughters to let her again see her dear Philip when he was a boy, " Bring me," she cried, " my little Philip, as he was at seven years old " In the evening she grew so ill, that she could not articulate, and at midnight, after many struggles, expired. Constantia clung to the lifelefs form of her mother, and could with difficulty be separated from her. The grief and tendernefs of her sis- ter drew her at length away, and for some time they indulged their affliction in the arms of each other. HOME. 2£ The distrefs of Lady Horndon was great, but the sufferings of Constantia were far more se- vere, and rendered Mrs. Almorne unwilling to restrain the effusions of her grief till the morn- ing was far advanced, when she reminded her, that it was near the time her father would ex- pect her, and, for his sake, she hoped that she would command her feelings. At the sound of his name she was calmed ; her countenance retained the traces of sorrow, but her manner became composed, for all con- sideration of herself was lost in anxiety for him. At an early hour he sent for her. Mrs Al- morne inquired of the servant if Sir John knew of Lady Ornville's death, and was told he did not, for though he had frequently asked after her, his attendants knowing at midnight that she could not long survive, avoided informing themselves farther, that he might remain igno- rant till the return of day. Mrs. Almorne, sensible that the event could no longer be concealed from him, accompanied B3 3« HOME. Constantia to his apartment, believing that her presence might be of service to both, Sir John cast his eyes eagerly towards them as they drew near his bed. " My wife is worse !" he exclaimed ; but when Mrs. Ai- morne, without answering, put Constantia's hand in his, " She is gone !" he faintly articu- lated, and sunk upon the bed. He hid his face from their view, but betrayed no other sign of sorrow. Mrs. Almorne and Constantia sat in silence by his bed-side, and, but for the solemn still- nefs which reigned in the house, it could not have been known for the place of mourning. HOME. 31 CHAPTER IV. o orne'fl returning to Lady Horn- don, she found hci r Robert, who had come I c after L ... I ifc. Lady Ilorndon ei an earnest desire to see her father, if Mrs. Almornc thought their log would not be injurious to him* norne believed it would rather be be- : .1, as she imagined nothi" I soften his affliction more than tl.' of the members of his family in htpj conduct Ilorndon to bcr, and, approaching him softly, Lady Horndon earnestly wished to DC pt ted to sec. B4 r 32 HOME. He raised himself immediately, and held out- his hand to his daughter, who threw her arms about his neck, and wept upon his bosom. He appeared deeply affected, but for some time did not speak y then, addrefsing her, he said, " My dear child, your tendernefs is con- solatory to me, but the indulgence of grief is not good for you $ you must remember your husband and children, and take care of your- self.— Return to your family to-day, andl«|me see you again to-morrow. The sight of your children will soften your grief, and you will: teach them by your goodnefs, to love and re- spect you, and be to you dutiful and affection- ate, as you ever were to your mother." Lady Horndon took leave of him, and re- turned with Mrs. Almorne to Sir Robert. On the first apprehension of Lady Ornville's danger, Mrs. Almorne wrote to Mr. Hanway of it, and requested, if Frederic was returned, and able to bear the journey, that he would im- mediately come to Ornville, and bring his sons with him. She believed that his presence would be of the greatest service to his family, and HOME. 33 hoped the exertion he would be under the ne- cessity of making, upon their account, would be beneficial to himself, She now received a letter from Mr Han way, informing her that he had been on the point of writing to let her know of Frederic's safe arri- val, when he received her letter, and that she might expect him immediately at the Abbey. She carried Mr. H.mway's letter instantly to orr John, to whom it afforded much satisfaction. It relieved him, he said, of great anxiety about Frederic, and the prospect of seeing him was one of the greatest consolations he could re- ceive. He then desired her to take Constantia away, that she might not sutler by being too much with him ; but Constantia declaring that she should be infinitely worse if they were sepa- rated, and Mrs. Almornc agreeing with her, he consented to her remaining. B> 34 HOME. CHAPTER V. he next day Frederic arrived. Mrs. Al- morne received him alone, and with all the firmnefs she could afsume ; but he was so much overcome, that she was wholly unable to ad- drefs him. When he spoke, it was to make inquiries about his mother, of whose death he had been informed before he entered the house. She answered his questions with the minute- nefs he seemed to wish, but when he discover- ed the causes to which his mother's illnefs and death might be attributed, he grasped her hand with the strongest emotion, and exclaimed, " Gracious God ! what do I not owe to you ! — Had it not been for the empire which your virtues have given you over me, I too might have had a share in the destruction of my mo- HOME. 35 ther; and the remorse I suffer on account of the generous being I have destroyed, would have been " He stopt and hurried out of the room. Mrs. Almorne would not immediately intrude upon his sorrow by following him, but after some time she went to him in the next apart- ment, whither he had retired. He had thrown himself upon the floor, but on her en- trance, he hastily arose, and advancing towards her, said that he wished to see his father, about whom he anxiously inquired. When Mrs. Almorne had given him the in- formation he desired, she added, " You have so much cause to be reconciled to yourself, my dear Frederic, that I cannot, without the utmost regret, see the distrefs you fuffer •, show me that you will, at this moment, allow your father's sorrows to predominate over yours." She then left him to prepare his father to re- ceive him, but she was not a minute absent ; for Sir John no sooner heard of his arrival; than, he desired to see him. 36 HOME. Their meeting was extremely affectionate, but lefs melancholy than Mrs. Almorne expect- ed. Frederic summoned all his fortitude, and his father appeared to acquire spirit from the sight of him. He said that he felt his presence a consolation and support, which he stood greatly in need of. He cast, however, a sorrowful look on the sable dress of Frederic, saying, '< I grieve, my son, for the lofs you have sustained, far more than for my own ; my days are nearly over — I shall soon follow your mother/' Seeing Frederic much affected, he condemned himself for what he had said, arid endeavoured to suggest soothing ideas by asking after his sons. Being told they had come with him, he de- sired to see them, and when they were brought, he kifsed them with great affection, and having blefsed them, said, " sweet boys ! you little know this world of sorrow you are entering, but you are fortunate in a father, who will ever prove a faithful friend and guardian/* These words carried Frederic precipitately HOME. 37 to the other end of the room, when Mrs. Al- morne took the opportunity to whisper Sir John, that he could not at present, bear the mention of his wife and children. " Bring him back then," he replied, n and I will talk to him only of businefs*" When he returned, " my dear Frederic," said his father, " to you I commit those cares, which should have been mine, had my health permitted it ; you will do every thing as I could wish. Write to your brothers, that they may come here if they please ; but do not let me see them, — they have killed their mother !" A long silence ensued, which was broken by Sir John's saying to his son, " my friend, this is not the way to comfort you, but I trust that you will support us all. Take Mrs. Almorne and Constantia away -, they require rest and re- freshment, and a few hours hence, I shall see you again." They objected much to leaving him, but he earnestly desired to be alone, and promised to recall them soon. 38 HOME. They retired, and about two hours after Dr. Welby arrived, whom Frederic accompa- nied to his father's apartment. Sir John received the Doctor, who was his highly esteemed friend, with apparent tranquil- lity, and said he imagined that he was much better than he expected. Dr. Welby replied, that he believed his son. was the best physician for him at present, ne- verthelefs, he must request that he might be kept as tranquil as possible. " I am so much of your opinion, Sir/' re- joined Sir John, " that when you came, I was just going to send for my family to wish them good night. I beg that you will do me the fa- vour to make them take some care of them- selves, and leave me entirely to yours." Frederic entreated that he would permit him. to pafs the night in his apartment, but Sir John would not consent to it, and made him promise that he would go early to bed, to recover the fatigue of his journey. HOMF- 27 CHAPTER XL E arly in the morning, Constantia stole un- perceivcd to the apartment where her mother lay, to which Mrs. Almorne had denied her ac- cefs the night before. She knelt beside the corpse, and bathing it with her tears, g^\e unbounded way to her sor- row. For a long time, she was so overwhelm- ed with grief, as to be incapable of reflection, — but recovering in some degree, she contemplated with wonder the awful change a few hours had produced, a change which she had never be- fore seen. Soon, however, hurried away by the violence of her afiliction, she fancied the whole a delu- sion, and wildly called upon her mother to an- swer to her voice. But those accents, which had once had so powerful an influence ov :r her 40 HOME. mother, could be heard by her no more. That countenance, which she had been accustomed to behold with such melting tendernefs, — to see beaming with kindnefs, and testifying all a mother's fondnefs, was now cold and ina- nimate— insensible to every feeling ! Absorbed in grief, Constantia did not perceive the entrance of Mrs. Almorne, who stood for some minutes silently observing her. She then advanced, and taking her gently by the hand, said that her father had been inquiring for her. Constantia instantly rose, and was led away by Mrs. Almorne. Upon asking how her fa- ther did, she was told that he had pafsed a sleeplefs night, and had been impatient for the time when he expected to see her, but would not permit her to be called at an earlier hour. She stopt a moment to compose herself, and then went to his chamber, where she was in- stantly struck with the change which had taken place in his appearance. He seemed pale, feeble, and many years older than he had been the preceding day, although his aspect was more serene, than she had long seen it. HOME. 41 "How sweet are you to me, my love,'' said he, as she approached, and took the hand, which he held out to her -y — " the soft sound of your steps, brings peace to my troubled mind. You have the power of giving me a delight,, which even your death could not wholly de- prive me of, for I should still remember what you were, and be rich in the remembrance ! ' Constantia threw herself on the bed, and clasped him in her arms > — her emotions testi- fied unutterable sensations. <f Compose yourself, my beloved child," said he, u I can bear my own sorrows, but not yours." She endeavoured to calm her feelings, and had soon the satisfaction to see her father re- stored to the serene state in which she had found him, while he still tenderly exprefsed the comfort she afforded him. Dr. Welby and Frederic entered, while her countenance yet betrayed the agitation she had been under. The former addrefsing her fa- ther, said, " I fear, Sir, that Mifs Ornville is 42 HOME. not so good a nurse as could be wished, and I must administer to ycu both, by strictly en- joining her not to risque injuring you, by such affecting behaviour." <c It was my fault, Sir," replied Sir John, u and it shall not happen again. Take her a- way, Frederic ; this place is not good for her." Constantia immediately withdrew, making a sign to her brother to remain.. When Dr. Welby left Sir John, he told Mrs. Almorne before Constantia, that it was abso- lutely necessary he should be kept as free from agitation as pofsible, as the distrefs of mind he had suffered, with want of sleep and of suste- nance, had produced a state of debility, the con- sequences of which, if not carefully guarded against, might be fatah This was more than sufficient to prevent Con- stantia from again betraying her feelings before her father. She returned to him composed, and soon after, Mrs. Almorne and Frederic came into the room, and sat down near him without speaking. HOME. 43 After some time pafsed in silence, Sir John, looking at them with a serious, but placid coun- tenance, thus addrefsed them : u Let not what I am going to say, my friends, distrefs you. My death will not be accelerated by my being prepared for it, and it is fit that I should leave nothing undone, which can contri- bute to render it peaceful. — Listen, therefore, to the few words that I have to say without uneasinefs, for I may live long with you ; but as I must die, and perhaps unexpectedly, I will now mention what I should be sorry to leave unsaid. My pecuniary affairs are entirely settled ; I have no directions to give about them ; I have only to wish, Frederic, that your dear boys may inherit my property We little imagine what is to befall us ! A few years ago, I could not have believed it pofsible, that I should one day rejoice in the prospect of Hastings having no children, — yet so it is." 11 I wish," resumed Sir John, after a pause, 11 to live, and hope I shall still live, to see you, Constantia, the wife of Valmonsor ; but though I should not have that happinefs, I trust that 44 HOME. you will never be in any respect disappointed in the expectations which I have formed of him. In the mean while, you, Frederic, will be a fa- ther to her, and she will, as far as it is in her power, supply to your children the loss of their mother. " In whatever situation you are placed, my children, remember that you owe more to Mrs. Almorne for her disinterested kindnefs, — her unwearied exertions for your welfare, than you ever did to me. She has been a mother to you both, and will, I know, continue to regard you with parental care.— -You cannot love her too much ; you cannot honour her too highly, — to respect her, is to respect virtue." Sir John ceased, and Mrs. Almorne was at- tempting to speak, when, with a benevolent smile, as if he perfectly understood what she would say, he made a sign to her to be silent, and she complied. Frederic and Constantia dared not trust their voices to reply, but their countenances were sufficiently exprefsive. HOME. 45 CHAPTER VII. o n the return of Dr. Welby in the after- noon, he found Sir John considerably worse, and he confefstd to Mrs. Almorne, that he thought his state alarming. The gout, he said, had attacked him in the most favourable man- ner before Lady Ornville's death •, but from the situation into which he had since been thrown, it now appeared to be disordering his whole frame, and, he feared, would terminate fatally. The Doctor's opinion proved but too just.— Sir John became gradually worse for two days, and, after suffering severe pain, upon the third 46 HOME. day fell into a state of insensibility, in which he continued till the next morning at one o'clock, when he expired. This heavy stroke overcame the firmnefs even of Mrs. Almorne. — Dr. Welby seemed at first the only person capable of recollection. He had Constantia, who. was nearly as insensible as her father, carried to her apartment j he con- ducted Mrs. Almorne and Frederic from the scene of their affliction, and did every thing in his power to soften their distrefs, and awaken their fortitude. Fie succeeded with the first by exciting her concern for Mifs Ornville, and with the latter, by reminding him of the duties he had to per- form. Mrs. Almorne went to the chamber of Con- stantia, whom she found lying on her bed, not insensible, but perfectly quiet. After remain- HOME. 47 ing with her a few minutes, she left her to the care of her maid, and returned to the apartment of her revered friend, to see that he was attend- ed in the manner she wished. This sad duty fulfilled, she returned to Con- stantia, who still remained quid and, sitting down by her, resolved to watch her till the re- turn of day. 48 HOME, CHAPTER VIII. il few hours made no change in the state of Constantia. She appeared sunk in a lethargy of wo, from which Mrs. Almorne did not wish to awake her, believing that she suffered lefs from it, than she would do in any other way in which her affliction could affect her. v At eight o'clock, she received a mefsage from Dr. Welby to inquire after her and Constantia, as he was going to leave Ornville, but would re- turn in the evening, accompanied by Mrs. Wei* by, whose presence, he hoped, might be of ser- vice to her and Mifs Ornville. Mrs. Almorne answered his inquiries, adding that she had intended to request the favour of Mrs. Welby's company, which would afford much consolation to her and the family. She HOME. f49 then made inquiries after Frederic, and was in- formed that he was employed in answering a letter he had just received by exprefs from his eldest brother. Anxious to know the contents of the letter, she went to him immediately, and upon her en- tering the room, he said, " Here is a letter from Hastings' servant, Nelson, written at his mas- ter's desire to inform me, that he has been taken so ill on his way here, as to be obliged to stop at Canterbury. He hopes to proceed on his journey in a day or two, but in the meanwhile is anxious to know how my father does. — I have written the little that is necessary in reply, and have desired his instructions respecting things here, till he is able to come to himself." " I shall not be sorry," replied Mrs. Almorne, M if his illnefs should detain him at Canterbury till the funeral is ever. I wish you and Con- stantia to be out of this house before he comes to it, and I shall take her away the moment your father's Will has been read." Frederic made no answer, but a minute after, taking a letter from a heap of papers which lay Volume V. C 5* HOME. on a table, he said, " This is a letter from Phi- lip ; he says, as my father is ill, he is unwilling to come to Ornville, for he does not suppose he wishes to see him at present, and his being here without seeing him, would be very unpleasant." H I shall not regret his absence either," said Mrs. Almorne ; " his presence could afford no satisfaction to you, and would be very painful to his sister." " How is she ?" u In a torpid state, which is the best her si- tuation admits of. She suffers severely, but in a few days she will be far more unhappy •, mi- sery has, in some degree, benumbed her facul- ties at present." " How severe is misery !" " It is, my friend ; — but it is peculiarly sad, that you, who are so young, should know its language." " Many, who are younger than I, have never known another." HOME. 61 u True ; and it is even misery to know this : age and affliction are natural companions, but it is grievous to see the young suffering calamity." " There is no remedy for the affliction of old or young but employment ; we must force our- selves to it." n I am glad/' said Mrs. Almonte* casting her eye on the tabic, " that you have got occupa- " Yes, I have many letters to write, but most :>f those you see, are only inquiries about my father, which came this morning. The answer will be felt by many." " It will, * for rarely will they sec his like.
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Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts - Validation of Computational Model
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Aalap Patel
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50368 http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50368 © 2012 Patel and Goswami, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50368 Comparison of Intracranial Pressure
by Lateral and Frontal Impacts
– Validation of Computational Model Aalap Patel and Tarun Goswami Additional information is available at the end of the chapter 1. Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in the United States. The brain is
among the most essential organs of the human body. From a mechanical stand point, different
scenarios where a head comes in contact with a media has evolved a number of integrated
protection devices. The scalp and skull, but also to a certain extent the pressurized
subarchnoidal space and the dura matter, are the natural protections for the brain. However,
these structures are not adapted to the dynamic loading conditions involved in modern road
and sports accidents as well as blast injury scenarios. The consequence of this extreme loading
is often moderate-to-severe TBI [1-15]. Injuries to the head constitute one of the major causes of
death. Brain injury disables or kills someone in the United States every two and half minutes
[2]. The annual hospitalization and rehabilitation cost has been estimated to be $33 billion per
year in the US alone [14]. In the United States TBI is a leading cause of death for persons under
age 45 [15]. TBI occurs every 15 seconds, see Figure 1. Approximately 5 million Americans
currently suffer some form of TBI disability. The leading causes of TBI are motor vehicle
accidents, falls, sports injuries and from blast injuries [12]. Thus, preventing these head injuries
will not only enhance safety and quality of life but also save healthcare dollars. Over the last 40 years, biomechanical research has been gaining attention to fully
understand the mechanism of the head injury. Understanding and thus protecting the brain
from injury. This can only be achieved by: 1) understanding mechanics of the impact and 2)
the biomechanical response of the head to a variety of the loading conditions [2]. A cost-
effective alternative method using the finite element modeling was used to investigate TBI
of human head subject to impact loadings [3]. A brief review of TBI performed below and injury parameters compiled for model validation. Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics 96 Figure 1. Scope of traumatic brain injury in comparison to other modalities [13] Figure 1. Scope of traumatic brain injury in comparison to other modalities [13] 2. Head injuries The human head consists of three components [9], The human head consists of three components [9], 1. The bony skull - Cranial and facial bones 2. The skin and other soft tissue covering the skull. Which consists of layers known as the
SCALP (Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis (Galea), Loose connective tissue and
Periosteum 2. The skin and other soft tissue covering the skull. Which consists of layers known as the
SCALP (Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis (Galea), Loose connective tissue and
Periosteum 3. The contents of the skull. Most notably the brain, but also including the brain's
protective membranes (meninges) and numerous blood vessels, shown in Figure 2 3. The contents of the skull. Most notably the brain, but also including the brain's
protective membranes (meninges) and numerous blood vessels, shown in Figure 2 Injuries to the skin may be categorized as superficial or deep, and include contusion
(bruise), laceration (cut), and abrasion (scrape). Injuries to the skull may break one or more
of the bones of the skull in which case the skull is said to have been fractured (broken). Two
aspects of a skull fracture are 1) whether it is open, or 2) depressed [10]. Injuries to the brain
and associated soft tissue are the result of either head impact or abrupt head movement
(e.g., deceleration injury) or some combination of the two. Injuries may be due to the skull
fracturing and being pushed inward (a depressed fracture), or from the brain impacting the
interior of the skull, or from internal stressing of the brain (i.e., shear, tension and/or
compression). The complexities of the head and brain systems are reflected in head injury
consequences, Figure 3. Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 97 on of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 97 Figure 2. Anatomy of the human head [10]
Figure 3. Flowchart of TBI injury assessment criteria development Figure 2. Anatomy of the human head [10] Figure 2. Anatomy of the human head [10] Figure 2. Anatomy of the human head [10]
Figure 3. Flowchart of TBI injury assessment criteria development Figure 3. Flowchart of TBI injury assessment criteria development Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics 98 The injury to the brain may be categorized in terms of, 1) The cause of injury, either contact
vs. non-contact, 2) The type of injury, either primary in which the injury occurs at the time
of initial injury producing event, or secondary where the injury results from some injury
producing event but does not develop until somewhat later (through an intermediate
process such as a metabolic effect), and 3) the type of injury, either focal (i.e. fairly localized)
or diffuse (rather distributed) as shown in Figure 3. In injury producing events, there are generally 3 collisions which occur [2]: 1. The "first collision" is where injury producing event occurs, e.g. the vehicle strikes
another car or object and as a result the vehicle is rapidly decelerated and/or rotated. 1. The "first collision" is where injury producing event occurs, e.g. the vehicle strikes
another car or object and as a result the vehicle is rapidly decelerated and/or rotated. j
p
y
2. The "second collision" is the movement of the occupants in the vehicle and their
subsequent contact with the vehicle interior. 2. The "second collision" is the movement of the occupants in the vehicle and their
subsequent contact with the vehicle interior. 3. The "third collision" is when the internal organs of the occupant collide and/or move
within the occupant. 3. The "third collision" is when the internal organs of the occupant collide and/or move
within the occupant. 2.1. Parameters that control head injury A number of publications [17-43] discuss modeling and analyses of TBI using specific tools [44-
45]. Gong [16] recently proposed a simple head-striker model to simulate the contact between a
human head and a foreign-object striker. Based on the head-striker model, they formulated a
contact force function, which is a function of time, impact mass, contact stiffness, impact
velocity, and material properties of the head and neck. The contact force function was used for
the estimation of the contact force between the human head and the foreign striker [5, 16]. 2.1.1. Force The contact force can be approximated [16] from the equation below. Then the estimated
contact force may be used in two ways: 1) for the assessment of the exterior head injury,
such as scalp damage, skull fracture, and 2) as input to the head model to predict the inner
head injury, such as hematoma and brain injury [5]. ܨ݉ܽݔ =
ܴ∗
ଵ
ହܧ∗
ଶ
ହ݉∗
ଷ
ହ
∆ߥ
ହ ܧ௦
ଵ
ଶ ℎ
൬1
√2.3൰ܴ∗
ଵ
ହ
ܧ∗
ଶ
ହ ݉∗
ଵ
ଵ∆ߥ
ଵ
ହܴ௦
ଵ
ଶሺ1 −ߥ௦
ଶሻ
ଵ
ସ+ ቆ√3
2 ቇቀ16
15ቁ
ଵ
ଵܧ௦
ଵ
ଶ ℎ
The terminologies are explained in the original reference [16]. ܨ݉ܽݔ =
ܴ∗
ଵ
ହܧ∗
ଶ
ହ݉∗
ଷ
ହ
∆ߥ
ହ ܧ௦
ଵ
ଶ ℎ
൬1
√2.3൰ܴ∗
ଵ
ହ
ܧ∗
ଶ
ହ ݉∗
ଵ
ଵ∆ߥ
ଵ
ହܴ௦
ଵ
ଶሺ1 −ߥ௦
ଶሻ
ଵ
ସ+ ቆ√3
2 ቇቀ16
15ቁ
ଵ
ଵܧ௦
ଵ
ଶ ℎ The terminologies are explained in the original reference [16]. ଵ
ோ∗ =
ଵ
ோೞ+
ଵ
ோೞ,
ଵ
∗=
ଵ
ೞ+
ଵ
ೞ ܽ݊݀
ଵ
ா∗= 1 −
ఔೞ
మ
ாೞ+ 1 −
ఔೞ
మ
ாೞ 2.1.3. Accelerations The maximum acceleration of either projectile or head, assuming a quasi-static global
response of the system, can be obtained by dividing the maximum force transmitted by the
mass of the projectile or head, respectively [5]. For t>6ms impact time duration, neck force
also needs to be considered, Figure 5, while calculating the resultant head accelerations. For
short duration impacts (<6ms), the neck does not influence the kinematic head response [35,
43]. 2.1.2. Time duration An analytical model [17] was proposed the impact of a fluid-filled spherical shell of mass
(msh), thickness (h) and outer radius (Rsh) with a solid homogeneous isotropic elastic sphere
of mass (msol) and outer radius (Rsol) at a relative velocity( Dv) as shown in Figure 4. An analytical model [17] was proposed the impact of a fluid-filled spherical shell of mass
(msh), thickness (h) and outer radius (Rsh) with a solid homogeneous isotropic elastic sphere
of mass (msol) and outer radius (Rsol) at a relative velocity( Dv) as shown in Figure 4. Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 9 99 ܶ= ߨඩ
3
4 ቀ16
15ቁ
ଵ
ହ݉∗ସ
ହ
ܴ∗ଶ
ହܧ∗ସ
ହ∆ߥ
ଶ
ହ
+
݉∗ܴ௦ටሺ1 −ߥ௦
ଶሻ
2.3 ܧ௦ℎଶ The shell was assumed to be filled with an inviscid fluid of density (f) and Bulk modulus
(B) [5]. The impact mass, contact stiffness, impact velocity, angular velocity, accelerations,
young’s modulus, poison’s ratio, time duration, height of the head(projectile) and an
impactor influence severity of external forces were incorporated in the model. Effect of
impact mass, contact stiffness and impact velocity on pressure-time histories have been
described in [6]. Figure 4. Illustrative representation of the analytical shell model. (Rf- inviscid fluid of density, B- Bulk modulus, Esol; Esh and nsol; nsh are the Young’s
moduli and Poisson’s ratio of solid and shell (Sphere), respectively. At occipital side of skull
msh-mass of spherical shell-1.96 kg, h - thickness -0.00561, Rsh- radius of spherical shell-
0.0725m, Msol- mass of solid, Rsol- outer radius of solid, Dv- velocity)[5] Figure 4. Illustrative representation of the analytical shell model. Figure 4. Illustrative representation of the analytical shell model. (Rf- inviscid fluid of density, B- Bulk modulus, Esol; Esh and nsol; nsh are the Young’s
moduli and Poisson’s ratio of solid and shell (Sphere), respectively. At occipital side of skull
msh-mass of spherical shell-1.96 kg, h - thickness -0.00561, Rsh- radius of spherical shell-
0.0725m, Msol- mass of solid, Rsol- outer radius of solid, Dv- velocity)[5] 2.1.4. Contact area Load or force to fracture/failure of the skulls of 12 unembalmed cadavers heads were
reported by Yoganandan [19]. Using a hemispherical impactor with a 48 mm radius, they
carried out impacts to various locations on the skull at a rate of 7.1–8.0 m/s. Failure loads
ranged between 8.8 and 14.1 kN, with an average of 11.9 kN. Allsop [20] carried out
temporo-parietal impacts on 31 unembalmed cadaver heads with two types of flat rigid
impactors––one circular and 2.54 cm in diameter, the other a rectangular plate 5x10 cm. Fracture force for the small circular plate ranged between 2.5 and 10 kN with an average of
5.2 kN. Fracture force for the rectangular plate ranged between 5.8 and 17 kN with an Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics
00 Figure 5. Force mechanism for head-neck [48]
average of 12.4 kN. The authors concluded that there is a significant relationship between
contact area and fracture force. Thus, impacts with the ground are likely to require higher
forces than with a smaller impactor [4]. mhead a = FI + FN
So, a = (FI/ mhead) + (FN/ mhead ) Figure 5. Force mechanism for head-neck [48] average of 12.4 kN. The authors concluded that there is a significant relationship between
contact area and fracture force. Thus, impacts with the ground are likely to require higher
forces than with a smaller impactor [4]. average of 12.4 kN. The authors concluded that there is a significant relationship between
contact area and fracture force. Thus, impacts with the ground are likely to require higher
forces than with a smaller impactor [4]. 2.2. Head injury criteria Prior experiments on the capability of the human brain to hold impact forces were
performed at Wayne State University using human cadavers and animal models [21, 22] as
shown in Figure 6. This work led to the publication of the Wayne State Tolerance Curve [23,
24], a generally logarithmic curve that describes the relationship between the magnitude
and duration of impact acceleration and the onset of skull fractures [7]. Figure 6. Wayne State Tolerance Curve [23, 24]
The relationship is nonlinear – the head can tolerate high accelerations for very brief periods
but a longer exposure to a lower acceleration level may be damaging as well, Fig. 6. For a Figure 6. Wayne State Tolerance Curve [23, 24] The relationship is nonlinear – the head can tolerate high accelerations for very brief periods
but a longer exposure to a lower acceleration level may be damaging as well, Fig. 6. For a The relationship is nonlinear – the head can tolerate high accelerations for very brief periods
but a longer exposure to a lower acceleration level may be damaging as well, Fig. 6. For a The relationship is nonlinear – the head can tolerate high accelerations for very brief periods
but a longer exposure to a lower acceleration level may be damaging as well, Fig. 6. For a 101 arison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 10 given degree of injury the logarithmic slope of the exposure time and acceleration graph is
approximately –2.5. This relationship proposes the Severity Index (SI) as a measure of the
injury potential of an impact [25]. SI is the integral of the acceleration time curve, weighted
by the 2.5 factor observed in the Wayne State Tolerance Curve and calculated as ܵܫ= නܽଶ.ହ
்
݀ݐ Where a (t) is the acceleration-time pulse of the impact and T is its duration. An SI score of
1000 approximates the limit of human tolerance. Impacts with a higher score have a non-
zero probability of causing a life-threatening brain trauma [7]. Severity Index SI [25] calculates distress of an impact in a way that quantifies the risk of
head injury. In practice, SI scores are logical predictors of the injury potential of impacts that
produce focal brain injuries. 2.2. Head injury criteria For impacts of lower intensity but longer duration, the SI
calculation produces unreasonably high values that predict more severe injuries than those
actually observed in cadaver experiments. The Head Injury Criterion (HIC) is an alternative
measure of impact severity that is not subject to these errors. The HIC score is given by: ܪܫܥ= max ቌሺݐଵ−ݐሻቈ
1
ሺݐଵ−ݐሻන
ܽ௧
௧భ
௧ୀ௧బ
݀ݐ
ଶ.ହ
ቍ Where t0 and t1 are the beginning and end times of the portion of the acceleration-time pulse
being examined. The integral account for the duration of the acceleration and an iterative
search found the time interval (t0, t1) to maximize the HIC score [7], Figure 7. Figure 7. Example of SI and HIC calculations [7] Figure 7. Example of SI and HIC calculations [7]
(A) Acceleration-time pulse from an
impact between a surrogate head and an
artificial turf surface, showing the peak
value or gmax score. (B) The same pulse with acceleration
values
exponentiated to power 2.5. The SI score is
the area under the curve
(C) As (B) but showing the time limits, t0
and t1, that maximize the HIC score. (A) Acceleration-time pulse from an
impact between a surrogate head and an
artificial turf surface, showing the peak
value or gmax score. Figure 7. Example of SI and HIC calculations [7] 102 Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics A HIC score of 1000 represents the “safe” limit of human tolerance, above which the risk of
a serious head injury is non-zero. In the sports surfacing world, HIC scores are the primarily
determinant of playground surfacing, shock attenuation performance. Other terms of
surfacing shock attenuation use a 200 g max limiting performance criterion, on that basis it
approximates the HIC limit [7]. Empirically determined relationships between HIC scores and the probability of head injury
[26, 27] are widely used in the automotive industry to estimate the risk of injury. Figure 8
shows examples of Expanded Prasad-Mertz Curves. Each curve estimates the possibility
that an impact with a given HIC score will result in a specified level of head trauma [7]. Figure 8, also shows the relationship between the HIC score of a head impact and the
probability of an injury. Figure 8. Expanded Prasad-Mertz Curves [7]
Computational simulation of real life head injury accidents has been used for various
purposes. 2.2. Head injury criteria Some have compared AIS (abbreviated injury scale) scores for real life injuries to
HIC scores or other indices of injury calculated from the reconstruction [4, 30-32]. HIC and
tolerance levels have been explained [46-47] and tabulated in Table 1. Also, moderate and
severe neurological injuries can only be distinguished with a criterion that is computed
using intracranial variables and not with the sole global head accelerations [1]. More
recently, there has been a move away from this approach of looking for a parameter that
correlates well with overall severity of injury, and many are now focusing on determining
tolerance limits of the head to specific lesion types, for example, acute subdural hematoma
(ASDH), diffuse axonal injury (DAI) or skull fracture [4]. Figure 8. Expanded Prasad-Mertz Curves [7] Computational simulation of real life head injury accidents has been used for various
purposes. Some have compared AIS (abbreviated injury scale) scores for real life injuries to
HIC scores or other indices of injury calculated from the reconstruction [4, 30-32]. HIC and
tolerance levels have been explained [46-47] and tabulated in Table 1. Also, moderate and
severe neurological injuries can only be distinguished with a criterion that is computed
using intracranial variables and not with the sole global head accelerations [1]. More
recently, there has been a move away from this approach of looking for a parameter that
correlates well with overall severity of injury, and many are now focusing on determining
tolerance limits of the head to specific lesion types, for example, acute subdural hematoma
(ASDH), diffuse axonal injury (DAI) or skull fracture [4]. Computational simulation of real life head injury accidents has been used for various
purposes. Some have compared AIS (abbreviated injury scale) scores for real life injuries to
HIC scores or other indices of injury calculated from the reconstruction [4, 30-32]. HIC and
tolerance levels have been explained [46-47] and tabulated in Table 1. Also, moderate and
severe neurological injuries can only be distinguished with a criterion that is computed
using intracranial variables and not with the sole global head accelerations [1]. More
recently, there has been a move away from this approach of looking for a parameter that
correlates well with overall severity of injury, and many are now focusing on determining
tolerance limits of the head to specific lesion types, for example, acute subdural hematoma
(ASDH), diffuse axonal injury (DAI) or skull fracture [4]. 2.2.1. Injury criteria for Subarachnoid haematoma, contusion and skull fracture Tolerance curves for ASDH due to rupture of bridging veins were experimentally produced
in monkeys [28] and compared with human clinical data. It was concluded that bridging
veins are highly sensitive to strain-rate and tend to rupture during impacts associated with
high rates of increasing acceleration. As the duration of the pulse increases, higher levels of
angular acceleration will be required in order to maintain the high strain rate necessary for
rupture of bridging veins. Figure 9 shows tolerance curves for rhesus monkeys. For humans,
a fall resulting in head acceleration of over 200 g and pulse duration of 3.5 ms or less would
create conditions necessary for the production of bridging vein ASDH [4]. Figure 9. Injury tolerance curve for ASDH in rhesus monkeys [4]
Figure 10 shows the tolerance curves [29], derived for 5% critical strain, below which there is
no axonal injury, and 10% critical strain, below which mild injury such as concussion could
be expected and above which DAI can be expected. For impacts with very stiff contacts and
short durations, the brain will move relative to the skull at impact, and thus a change in
angular velocity of the skull will be of prime importance and causation of injury, Fig. 10. However, for impacts with softer structures, the brain will tend to move with the head, and
will thus be subjected to the same accelerations [4]. Figure 9. Injury tolerance curve for ASDH in rhesus monkeys [4] Figure 9. Injury tolerance curve for ASDH in rhesus monkeys [4] Figure 10 shows the tolerance curves [29], derived for 5% critical strain, below which there is
no axonal injury, and 10% critical strain, below which mild injury such as concussion could
be expected and above which DAI can be expected. For impacts with very stiff contacts and
short durations, the brain will move relative to the skull at impact, and thus a change in
angular velocity of the skull will be of prime importance and causation of injury, Fig. 10. However, for impacts with softer structures, the brain will tend to move with the head, and
will thus be subjected to the same accelerations [4]. Figure 10 shows the tolerance curves [29], derived for 5% critical strain, below which there is
no axonal injury, and 10% critical strain, below which mild injury such as concussion could
be expected and above which DAI can be expected. 2.2. Head injury criteria Computational simulation of real life head injury accidents has been used for various
purposes. Some have compared AIS (abbreviated injury scale) scores for real life injuries to
HIC scores or other indices of injury calculated from the reconstruction [4, 30-32]. HIC and
tolerance levels have been explained [46-47] and tabulated in Table 1. Also, moderate and
severe neurological injuries can only be distinguished with a criterion that is computed
using intracranial variables and not with the sole global head accelerations [1]. More
recently, there has been a move away from this approach of looking for a parameter that
correlates well with overall severity of injury, and many are now focusing on determining
tolerance limits of the head to specific lesion types, for example, acute subdural hematoma
(ASDH), diffuse axonal injury (DAI) or skull fracture [4]. Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 103 103 Head Injury Criteria
AIS Code Level Of Brain Concussion And Head Injury
135 – 519
1
Headache or dizziness
520 – 899
2
Unconscious less than 1 hour – linear fracture
900 – 1254
3
Unconscious 1 – 6 hours – depressed fracture
1255 – 1574
4
Unconscious 6 – 24 hours – open fracture
1575 – 1859
5
Unconscious greater than 25 hours – large haematoma
> 1860
6
Non survivable
Table 1. Levels of Consciousness In Relation To Head Injury Criteria [46] Table 1. Levels of Consciousness In Relation To Head Injury Criteria [46] 2.1. Injury criteria for Subarachnoid haematoma, contusion and skull fracture 2.2.1. Injury criteria for Subarachnoid haematoma, contusion and skull fracture For impacts with very stiff contacts and
short durations, the brain will move relative to the skull at impact, and thus a change in
angular velocity of the skull will be of prime importance and causation of injury, Fig. 10. However, for impacts with softer structures, the brain will tend to move with the head, and
will thus be subjected to the same accelerations [4]. Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics
104 Figure 10. Tolerance curves for DAI and cerebral concussion [4, 29] Figure 10. Tolerance curves for DAI and cerebral concussion [4, 29] Tolerance of the head to skull fracture is much easier to determine than tolerance to
intracranial injury. This is because of the definite relationship between force applied to the
skull, and failure of cranial bone. Applied maximum force can be calculated from the
equations discussed in the background section of head injury. Also from the Wayne State
Tolerance Curve [23-24], tolerance of the head to skull fracture can be determined [4]. Tolerance limits to specific types of head injury were from reconstructing accidents and
comparing the injuries sustained with parameters calculated from the reconstructions. For
example, Auer [33] reconstructed 25 fatal pedestrian accidents using various methods,
including computer simulations. Head acceleration and impact duration were calculated,
and from these, the upper tolerance limit (lowest level of loading above which the specific
injury is always observed) and the lower tolerance limit (highest value below which the
injury never occurs) for various kinds of brain injury were determined, shown in Figure 11
[4]. Figure 11. Upper and lower tolerance curves for ASDH, subarachnoid haematoma, and contusion [4] gure 11. Upper and lower tolerance curves for ASDH, subarachnoid haematoma, and contusion 105 Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model The types of lesions examined were subdural haematoma, subarachnoid haematoma and brain
contusions. While the authors did not elaborate on the relationship between the mechanical
parameters and the lesions observed, they concluded that reconstructing pedestrian accidents
could be a useful means of estimating tolerance limits for discrete brain injuries. However, due
to lack of certainty about input variables, these are still very approximate estimations [4]. Since all head injury criteria are generally explained in terms of the resultant head accelerations,
the resultant head acceleration are determined by placing an accelerometer to the desired
points. 2.2.1. Injury criteria for Subarachnoid haematoma, contusion and skull fracture The impact mechanisms are related with stresses, strain and pressure induced by the
impact in the head which produce injury. Besides all these parameters affecting TBI with the
resultant head accelerations, the following human head injury mechanisms and tolerance limits
(stress, strain and pressure) were derived from accidents reconstruction [36-37]. A brain pressure reaching 200 kPa is an indicator for brain contusions, oedema and
hematoma. Von Mises stress reaching 18 kPa is an indicator for moderate neurological injuries. A brain Von Mises stress reaching 18 kPa is an indicator for moderate neurological in Von Mises stress reaching 38 kPa is an indicator for severe neurological injuries. A brain Von Mises stress reaching 38 kPa is an indicator for severe neurological in A global strain energy of the brain skull interface reaching 5.4 J is an indicator for subdural
hematoma and subarachnoidal bleeding. A global strain energy of the skull reaching 2.2 J is an indicator for skull fractures. 3. Computational model validation Finite element modeling and simulation of the human head biomechanics remain scarce in
the literature. Only models that exist in the literature were reported by Ruan [18], and
Willinger [35] and validated with limited experimental data. As FEM of the head finds
wider applications in a diversity of fields, experimental validation is a critical key element
[3]. Therefore, one of the objectives of this paper was to construct a 3D model of the head
from Magnetic Resonance Imaging and validate FE analysis with available experimental
data on stress induced by frontal and lateral impacts. Two sets of experimental data were
used, from Nahum [42] and [34]. Previous research used various computational software: ULP models, ScanFE/RP
(Simpleware Ltd.), FEA packages MSC/PATRAN; MSC/DYTRAN; ABAQUS; LS-DYNA3D
(LS-DYNA3D, LSTC), MADYMO (Mathematical Dynamic Models) - may combine both
multibody and FEM techniques, Test dummy- human body models to reconstruct the
accident especially vehicle/car crash, Vtk and SUDAAN (based on CT scan sets). Methodology used in this paper is discussed below. 3.1.1. Software MIMICS software used in this study allows user to process and edit 2D image data (CT,
μCT, MRI, etc.) to construct 3D models with accuracy, flexibility and user-friendliness,
Figure 12. Besides smoothening, FEA, wide variety of boolean functions, the powerful Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics 106 segmentation tools allow user to segment the medical CT/MRI images, and take
measurements. The designs can be modified based on the simulation outcomes and can be
exported to the FEA/CFD packages [44]. Additional steps like assigning material properties,
part sections, assemblies, load, boundary conditions and analysis for head models then
exported into the ABAQUS [45]. 3.1.2. FE Model properties After exporting all four models in to ABAQUS, further simulation was done on randomly
selected one of the four models. Tables 2-3 provide the subject specific dimensions and
mechanical properties of the cadaver heads (computational models) used in this study. All
four meshed-head models after exporting into the ABAQUS are shown in Figure 13. Further
smoothening to reduce distorted elements was performed. Skull: Total no of nodes: 51988 and total no. of elements: 210938
Brain: Total no of nodes: 36585 and total no. of elements: 145151 Young modulus, poisson’s ratio and density are described in section 2.2 Young modulus, poisson s ratio and density are described in section 2.2
Material
Young modulus E(Mpa)
Poisson’s ratio (ν)
Density ρ (kg/m3)
Skull
Outer table
7300
0.22
3000
Dipole
3400
0.22
1744
Inner table
7300
0.22
3000
CSF
2.19
0.489
1040
Brain
2190
0.4996
1040
Table 2. Young modulus, density and poison’s ratio of the head [3]
Table 3. Volumes, surfaces and number of elements (triangles) of four skulls Material
Young modulus E(Mpa)
Poisson’s ratio (ν)
Density ρ (kg/m3)
Skull
Outer table
7300
0.22
3000
Dipole
3400
0.22
1744
Inner table
7300
0.22
3000
CSF
2.19
0.489
1040
Brain
2190
0.4996
1040
Table 2. Young modulus, density and poison’s ratio of the head [3] Table 2. Young modulus, density and poison’s ratio of the head [3] Table 2. Young modulus, density and poison s ratio of the head [3]
Table 3. Volumes, surfaces and number of elements (triangles) of four skulls Table 3. Volumes, surfaces and number of elements (triangles) of four skulls Elastic properties were assigned to brain. As per the [3, 35] viscoelastic or elastic properties
do not make any fundamental change to the FEM response. Boundary condition details
were provided in Figure 14. Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 107 Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 107 Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 1
Figure 12. Use of Mimics to create 3D models of human head Figure 12. Use of Mimics to create 3D models of human head g
U e o
i
i
o
ea e
o e
o
u
a
ea
Figure 13. Four meshed skulls in ABAQUS
Figure 14. 3.2.1. Simulation versus experiment To simulate the lateral impact, except the impact side on the head, all the other parameters
were kept same, load was applied on the lateral side (left side) of the head as shown in
Figure 14. To simulate the lateral impact, except the impact side on the head, all the other parameters
were kept same, load was applied on the lateral side (left side) of the head as shown in
Figure 14. Figure 15. Comparison of impact force- time curve between Nahum’s experiment and current
simulation
Nahum Experiment [42, 2]
This simulation Nahum Experiment [42, 2] Figure 15. Comparison of impact force- time curve between Nahum’s experiment and current
simulation 3.1.2. FE Model properties Blue/purple markers show the spots on at neck-head junction where boundary conditions
were applied Figure 13. Four meshed skulls in ABAQUS Figure 13. Four meshed skulls in ABAQUS Figure 13. Four meshed skulls in ABAQUS Figure 14. Blue/purple markers show the spots on at neck-head junction where boundary conditions
were applied 108 Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics As shown in the fig., boundary conditions were defined at the four points around the head-
neck junction to restrict all transactional movement. Short duration impacts (<6ms), the neck
does not influence the kinematic head response [35]. As shown in the fig., boundary conditions were defined at the four points around the head-
neck junction to restrict all transactional movement. Short duration impacts (<6ms), the neck
does not influence the kinematic head response [35]. 3.2. Validation Validation of the model with experimental data was carried out while keeping the
properties and load applications same. In order to reproduce the impact conditions,
~8000kN load was applied to the frontal side of the head, same as in Nahum’s experiment
[42]. Figure 15 shows pulse duration was kept 2 ms to reduce the time step cycles. Also, to
compare the results for skull fracture with the prior experimental data [34], 8kN-16kN loads
were applied. imulation versus experiment 4. Results and discussion The frontal impact on the head model predicted the same pressure on coup side as predicted
in Nahum’s Experiment [42]. This result validates the calibration runs as shown in Figure
16. The model duplicated the experimental response reasonably well, the only minor The frontal impact on the head model predicted the same pressure on coup side as predicted
in Nahum’s Experiment [42]. This result validates the calibration runs as shown in Figure
16
Th
d l d
li
t d th
i
t l
bl
ll
th
l
i 109 Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model differences attributable to one or more of the following factors: the mesh fineness, reduced
frame time steps, or by the material properties. An autopsy did not reveal any visible injury
as a result of the Nahum experimental test and, therefore, based on this observation the
brain tolerance thresholds were: compression: 234 kPa, tension: 186 kPa. A 16kN load applied to the frontal side of the head while other parameters kept same. Analysis ran 1.1E-3 seconds due to large number of damaged volumes created after that
instance. This was consistent with the Yoganandan [19] and Allsop [20] that fracture occurs
because of applied force range of 8.8-17 kN. The intracranial pressure reached 200 kPa
which was an indicator for brain contusion, oedema, and haematoma, but the pressure
exceeded 200 kPa and reached 249 kPa, which was only slightly higher than the threshold
limit of brain (234kPa), see Figure 17. Figure 16. Frontal pressure- time curve results for comparison with Nahum’s experimental results. The history output of strain energy of the model also seemed to be at 2.2 J consistent with
indications of skull fracture Figure 17. Also, from Newton’s second law, the resultan
acceleration of head can be calculated as a=16kN/4.5kg (sample of patients were of male
adults in the age range of 30-50 and the mass of head was considered nearly ~ 4.5 kg). A fall resulting in head acceleration of over 200 g and pulse duration of 3.5 ms or less would
create conditions necessary for the production of bridging vein ASDH [4, 28]. Also, a=
355.5g is > 150g represents the HIC > 2000 which is non-survival head injury. Thus, these
results depict that the model is valid for the further analysis in injury biomechanics. 5. Conclusion The paper reviewed the head injury mechanisms and criteria. A computational framework
was developed to biomechanical parameters to assess the injury, and validate the finite
element models of the human head. The comparison of the stress/pressure incurred by
lateral and frontal impacts in the coup and countercoup side of the head was presented. The
model has been validated against the two sets of experimental results: one obtained in
frontal impact and the other using head tolerance/skull fracture data. Although the results obtained from the study involved a degree of inaccurateness (i.e.,
model had around 6500 distorted elements, 3 layers of skull was assigned as a one layer
having the mechanical property (young’s modulus, poison’s ratio and density) as an
average of those 3 layers), they do nonetheless confirm that through proper sets of MRI
data, analytical modeling is applicable in injury biomechanics. It is concluded that the lateral impacts are more severe than the frontal impacts. Therefore, it
is imperative that victims of lateral impacts are at more risk for TBI than the frontal impacts. This information may be useful in injury assessment and developing sensors to alleviate
lateral impacts to prevent traumatic brain injuries. Author details
Aalap Patel and Tarun Goswami*
Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University,
Dayton, OH, USA 4. Results and discussion Simulation result shows that the relative risk and severity of TBI in lateral impacts are
higher than in the frontal impacts. Figure 18 shows the pressure-time history for coup and
countercoup (at and opposite side of the impact, respectively) sides of the model. It shows
quite similar pressure-time curve compared to frontal one. However, the lateral impact
produces 6.67% more pressure at coup side as compared to frontal impact. The results of
countercoup side support the prior analysis predicting only 14% higher tensile stress by
lateral as compared to frontal impacts. Statistical analysis carried out on 1115 occupants who were the victims of lateral and non-
lateral automobile impacts [40-41], TBI occurred from lateral impacts were more severe than
those resulting from non-lateral impacts. 4. Results and discussion Pressure(kPa)
Time(ms)
Frontal
0
0.5
1
1.5
2 Figure 16. Frontal pressure- time curve results for comparison with Nahum’s experimental resu The history output of strain energy of the model also seemed to be at 2.2 J consistent with
indications of skull fracture Figure 17. Also, from Newton’s second law, the resultant
acceleration of head can be calculated as a=16kN/4.5kg (sample of patients were of male
adults in the age range of 30-50 and the mass of head was considered nearly ~ 4.5 kg). A fall resulting in head acceleration of over 200 g and pulse duration of 3.5 ms or less would
create conditions necessary for the production of bridging vein ASDH [4, 28]. Also, a=
355.5g is > 150g represents the HIC > 2000 which is non-survival head injury. Thus, these
results depict that the model is valid for the further analysis in injury biomechanics. A fall resulting in head acceleration of over 200 g and pulse duration of 3.5 ms or less would
create conditions necessary for the production of bridging vein ASDH [4, 28]. Also, a=
355.5g is > 150g represents the HIC > 2000 which is non-survival head injury. Thus, these
results depict that the model is valid for the further analysis in injury biomechanics. Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics
110 Figure 17. Frontal pressure- time curve and history output of whole strain model after applying 16kN 7. Frontal pressure- time curve and history output of whole strain model after applying 16kN Figure 17. Frontal pressure- time curve and history output of whole strain model after ap Figure 18. Comparison of pressure-time curves at coup and countercoup sides between lateral and
frontal impact Figure 18. Comparison of pressure-time curves at coup and countercoup sides between lateral and
frontal impact 111 Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 1 Simulation result shows that the relative risk and severity of TBI in lateral impacts are
higher than in the frontal impacts. Figure 18 shows the pressure-time history for coup and
countercoup (at and opposite side of the impact, respectively) sides of the model. It shows
quite similar pressure-time curve compared to frontal one. However, the lateral impact
produces 6.67% more pressure at coup side as compared to frontal impact. The results of
countercoup side support the prior analysis predicting only 14% higher tensile stress by
lateral as compared to frontal impacts. [1] Marjoux, D., Baumgartner, D., Deck, C., and Willinger, R., Head injury prediction
capability of the HIC, HIP, SIMon and ULP criteria –New injury criteria for the head.
Accident Analysis and Prevention 40(3), 1135-1148, 2008. * Corresponding Author Aalap Patel and Tarun Goswami*
Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University,
Dayton, OH, USA 6. References [1] Marjoux, D., Baumgartner, D., Deck, C., and Willinger, R., Head injury prediction
capability of the HIC, HIP, SIMon and ULP criteria –New injury criteria for the head. Accident Analysis and Prevention 40(3), 1135-1148, 2008. * Corresponding Author Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics
112 112 [2] Gilchrist, M. and O’Donoghue, D., 2000, Simulation of the Development of Frontal
Head Impact Injury, Comp. Mech., 26, 229-235. [2] Gilchrist, M. and O’Donoghue, D., 2000, Simulation of the Development of Frontal
Head Impact Injury, Comp. Mech., 26, 229-235. [3] Zong*, Z, H P Lee and C Lu, "A three-dimensional human head finite element model
and power flow in a human head subject to impact loading". JOURNAL OF
BIOMECHANICS, 39, no. 1 (2006): 284-292. (United Kingdom). [4] O’Riordain K, Thomas PM, Phillips JP, Gilchrist MD. Reconstruction of real world head
injury accidents resulting from falls using multibody dynamics. Clin Biomech 2003;
18:590–600. [5] E. A. C. Johnson and P. G. Young, “On the use of a patient-specific rapid-prototyped
model to simulate the response of the human head to impact and comparison with
analytical and finite element models,” J. Biomechan., vol. 38, pp. 39–45, 2005. [6] Shi Wei Gong, Heow Pueh Lee, Chun Lu., Dynamic response of a human head to a
foreign object impact, Inst. of High Performance Comput., Singapore;. Biomedical
Engineering, IEEE Transactions on. 04/2008; 55(3):1226-1229 [7] Shorten M.R. & Himmelsbach, J.A. (2003),Sports surfaces and the risk of traumatic brain
injury, pp 49-69 in sports surfaces(Eds. B.M. Nigg, G.K. Cole, D.J. Stefanyshyn)Calgary,
University of Calgary [8] http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~blackman/ur10helmetsimpact.pdf [9] Portions from Pike, J. A., Automotive Safety: Anatomy, Injury, Testing and
Regulation, SAE, 1990 [10] http://homepages.nyu.edu/~eh597/Meninges.htm [11] “Head Injury Criterion and the ATB”, Presented at the 2004 ATB Users' Conference, Salt
Lake City, UT (http://www.mchenrysoftware.com/HIC%20and%20the%20ATB.pdf) y
p
y
[12] Copyright © 2001 - 2011 BrainInjury.com / Steven (Woody) Igou [13] http://www.peoplecentric.info/tbi-autism-aspeger-assocations/ [14] Ommaya, A.K., Thibault, L., Bandak, F.A., 1994. Mechanisms of impact head injury. Int. J. Impact Eng. 15, 535–560. [15] Jennett, B., 1996. Epidemiology of head injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 60, 362–
369. [16] S. W. Gong, H. P. H. P. Lee, and C. Lu, “An approach for the estimation of contact force
on a human head induced by a foreign-object impact,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 54,
no. 5, pp. 956–958, May 2007. [17] Young, P.G., 2003. 6. References An analytical model to predict the response of fluid-filled shells to
impact—a model for blunt head impacts. Journal of Sound and Vibration 267, 1107–
1126. [18] J. S. Ruan, T. B. Khalil, and A. I. King, “Dynamic response of the human head to impact
by three-dimensional finite element analysis,” J. Biomechan. Eng., vol. 116, pp. 44–50,
1994. [19] Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F.A., Sances Jr., A., Walsh, P.R., Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J.,
Snyder, R.G., 1995. Biomechanics of skull fractures. J. Neurotrauma 12, 659–668. [20] Allsop, D.L., Perl, T.R., Warner, C.Y., 1991. Force/deflection and fracture characteristics
of the temporo-parietal region of the human head. In: Proc. 35th Stapp Car Crash Conf.,
pp. 269–278. Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 113 Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Mod [21] Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, 1945. Linear acceleration causing shear in the brainstem in
trauma of the central nervous system. Mental Adv Dis 24:28. [22] Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, Lissner HR, 1955. Observations on the mechanism of brain
concussion, contusion and laceration. Surg Gynec Obstet 101:680-690. [23] Lissner HR, Lebow, M, Evans FG, 1960. Experimental studies on the relation between
acceleration and intracranial changes in man. Surg Gynecol Obstet 11: 329-338. [24] Patrick LM, Lissner HR, Gurdjian ES, 1963. Survival by design – head protection. Proc
7th Stapp Car Crash Conference 36: 483-499. [25] Gadd CW, 1966. Use of a weighted impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard. Proc
10th Stapp Car Crash Conference; SAE Paper 660793, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Warrendale PA, USA. [26] National
Highway
Traffic
Safety
Administration
(NHTSA),
Department
of
Transportation, 1997.FMVSS201, Head Impact Protection, 49 CFR §571.201. [27] Prasad P, Mertz HJ, 1985. The position of the United States delegation to the ISO
working group on the use of HIC in the automotive environment. SAE Paper# 851246
Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale PA, USA. [28] Gennarelli, T.A., Thibault, L.E., 1982. Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma. J. Trauma 22, 680–686. [29] Ryan, G.A., Vilenius, A.T.S., 1994. Field and analytic observations of impact brain injury
in fatally injured pedestrians. In: Proceedings of the Head Injury_94 Conference,
Washington, DC sponsored by US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and
George Washington University, 12–14 October, pp. 181–188. [30] Enouen, S.W., 1986. Development of experimental head impact procedures for
simulating pedestrian head injury. In: Proc. 30th Stapp Car Crash Conf., pp. 199–218. 6. References [31] MacLaughlin, T.F., Wiechel, J.F., Guenther, D.A., 1993. Head impact reconstruction––
HIC validation and pedestrian injury risk. In: Proc. of the SAE Conf. on Accident
Reconstruction: Technology and Animation III, pp. 175–183 [32] Mohan, D., Bowman, B.M., Snyder, R.G., Foust, D.R., 1979. A biomechanical analysis of
head impact injuries to children. J. Biomech. Eng. 101, 250–260. [33] Auer, C., Schonpflug, M., Beier, G., Eisenmenger, W., 2001. An analysis of brain injuries
in real world pedestrian traffic accidents by computer simulation reconstruction. In:
Proc. Int. Soc. Biomechanics XVIIIth Congress. [34] Doorly MC, Gilchrist MD. The use of accident reconstruction for the analysis of
traumatic brain injury due to head impacts arising from falls. Computational Methods in
Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. 2006;9:371–377 [35] Remy Willinger, Ho-Sung Kang, and Baye Diaw, “Three-Dimensional Human Head
Finite Element Model Validation against Two Experimental Impacts”, Annals of
Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 27, pp. 403-410, 1999. [36] D. Baumgartnera, R. Willingera, J.S. RAULbFinite element modeling of the human head
and application to forensic medicine, 19ème Congrès Français de Mécanique, Marseille, 24-
28 août 2009 Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics
114 [37] Baumgartner D., Willinger R., Human head tolerance limits to specific injury
mechanisms inferred from real world accident numerical reconstruction, Revue
Européenne des Eléments Finis, vol. 14, n° 4-5, pp. 421-444, 2005. [38] Ward, C. C., M. Chan, and A. M. Nahum. Intracranial pressure—A brain injury
criterion. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Paper No. 801304, 1980, pp. 347–360. pp
[39] Bazarian JJ, Fisher SG, Flesher W, Lillis R, Knox KL, Pearson TA., Lateral automobile
impacts and the risk of TBI, Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Aug;44(2):142-52. [40] Morris A, Hassan A, Mackay M, et al. Head injuries in lateral impact collisions. Accid Anal Prev. 1995;27:749-756. [41] McLellan BA, Rizoli SB, Brenneman FD, et al. Injury pattern and severity in lateral
motor vehicle collisions: a Canadian experience. J Trauma. 1996;41:708-713 [42] Nahum, A. M., R. Smith, and C. C. Ward. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head
impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference, 1977, pp. 339–366. [43] Willinger, R., L. Taleb, and C. M. Kopp. Modal and temporal analysis of head
mathematical models. J. Neurotrauma 12:N4, 1995. 6. References [44] http://www.materialise.com/mimics p
[45] ABAQUS Dynamic Explicit Version 6.9 Hibbitt, Karlsson& Sorenson,Inc., Pawtucket, RI
[46] http://www.eurailsafe.net/subsites/operas/HTML/appendix/Table13.htm
[47] http://www.eurailsafe.net/subsites/operas/HTML/Section3/Page3.3.1.4.htm
[48] Jason Kerrigan1, Carlos Arregui2, Jeff Crandall1,Pedestrian head impact dynamics-
comparison of dummy and PHMS IN SMALL SEDAN AND LARGE SUV IMPACTS [45] ABAQUS Dynamic Explicit Version 6.9 Hibbitt, Karlsson& Sorenson,Inc., Pawtucket, RI
h
//
l
f
/
b
/
/
/
d
/
bl
h [46] http://www.eurailsafe.net/subsites/operas/HTML/appendix/Table13.htm [47] http://www.eurailsafe.net/subsites/operas/HTML/Section3/Page3.3.1.4.htm [48] Jason Kerrigan1, Carlos Arregui2, Jeff Crandall1,Pedestrian head impact dynamics-
comparison of dummy and PHMS IN SMALL SEDAN AND LARGE SUV IMPACTS
(www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0127.pdf)
| 40,389 |
https://github.com/csirobigdata/spark-hpc/blob/master/bin/spark-hpc.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,015 |
spark-hpc
|
csirobigdata
|
Shell
|
Code
| 785 | 3,184 |
#!/bin/bash
source ${SPARKHPC_HOME}/bin/spark-hpc-common.sh
#########################################
# Usage information
read -d '' USAGE << EOF
usage: ${0##*/} [options] <class> [args]
${0##*/} [options] --shell [spark_shell_args]
Runs a parallel Spark application implemented in
"class" with commandline arguments "args".
options:
General
-s|--shell Run driver as REPL interactive shell, spark_shell_args
are arguments passed directly through to spark-shell
(see spark-shell usage information for valid arguements)
-h|--help This help message
-v|--verbose Turn on spark-hpc logging output to stderr
--spark-hpc-log=file
Redirect spark-hpc logging to "file" (implies -v)
EOF
############################################
# Check required env var SPARK_HOME
if [[ -z "$SPARK_HOME" ]]; then
echoerr "ERROR: Required environment variable SPARK_HOME is not defined"
exit 1
fi
############################################
# Check required env var SPARKHPC_HOME
if [[ -z "$SPARKHPC_HOME" ]]; then
echoerr "ERROR: Required environment variable SPARKHPC_HOME is not defined"
exit 1
fi
if [[ ! -d "$SPARKHPC_HOME" ]]; then
echoerr "ERROR: Cannot find directory \"${SPARKHPC_HOME}\" defined in environment variable SPARKHPC_HOME"
exit 1;
fi
############################################
# Load config files and modules to set the
# appropriate variables
# Load site config
if [[ -f "${SPARKHPC_HOME}/conf/set-env.sh" ]] ; then
source ${SPARKHPC_HOME}/conf/set-env.sh
fi
# Save the admin/site version of SPARKHPC_LOCAL_DIR
# for later checking
#TODO: This is brag specific perhpas use TEMP dir as an exampled instead
SITE_SPARKHPC_LOCAL_DIR=${SPARKHPC_LOCAL_DIR:-${LOCALDIR}}
SITE_SPARKHPC_FLUSH_DIR=${SPARKHPC_FLUSH_DIR:-${FLUSHDIR}}
# Load users config
if [[ -f "${HOME}/.spark-hpc/set-env.sh" ]] ; then
source ${HOME}/.spark-hpc/set-env.sh
fi
# Now restore the site config settingg
# TODO: Add a warning if override user settings
export SPARKHPC_LOCAL_DIR=${SITE_SPARKHPC_LOCAL_DIR}
export SPARKHPC_FLUSH_DIR=${SITE_SPARKHPC_FLUSH_DIR}
################################################
# Command line parsing
OPTS=`getopt -o "+shv" -l "shell,help,verbose,spark-hpc-log:,log4j-configuration:" -- "$@"`
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echoerr "$USAGE"
exit 1
fi
eval set -- "$OPTS"
while true; do
case "$1" in
-s|--shell)
RUN_SHELL='TRUE'
shift;;
-h|--help)
echoerr "$USAGE"
exit 0;;
-v|--verbose)
LOG_TO_FILE="--stderr"
shift;;
--spark-hpc-log)
LOG_TO_FILE="-f ${2}"
shift 2;;
--log4j-configuration)
LOG4J_CONF="${2}"
shift 2;;
--)
shift
break;;
esac
done
# Set default for LOG_TO_FILE
export LOG_TO_FILE=${LOG_TO_FILE:-""}
LOG4J_CONF=${LOG4J_CONF:-""}
##################################################
# Error checking a usage warnings
# Check that a class has been specified in appropriate situations
if [[ "$RUN_SHELL" != "TRUE" && -z "$1" ]]; then
echoerr "ERROR: application class <class> must be specified for non-interactive execution modes"
echoerr ""
echoerr "$USAGE"
exit 1
fi
#TODO: This assumes CSIRO modules convesion when the basename is actually the version
SPARKHPC_SPARK_VERSION=$(basename $SPARK_HOME)
# set current working to the submission dir so that the paths a resolved correclty
cd ${PBS_O_WORKDIR}
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> PWD: ${PWD}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_LOCAL_DIR: ${SPARKHPC_LOCAL_DIR}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_FLUSH_DIR: ${SPARKHPC_FLUSH_DIR}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_SPARK_VERSION: ${SPARKHPC_SPARK_VERSION}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_JAVA_OPTS: ${SPARKHPC_JAVA_OPTS}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_DRIVER_OPTS: ${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_OPTS}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_OPTS: ${SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_OPTS}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_JAVA_CLASSPATH: ${SPARKHPC_JAVA_CLASSPATH}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_DRIVER_CLASSPATH: ${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_CLASSPATH}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_CLASSPATH: ${SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_CLASSPATH}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_JAVA_LIBRARY_PATH: ${SPARKHPC_JAVA_LIBRARY_PATH}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_DRIVER_LIBRARY_PATH: ${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_LIBRARY_PATH}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_LIBRARY_PATH: ${SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_LIBRARY_PATH}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_MEM: ${SPARKHPC_MEM}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_DRIVER_MEM: ${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_MEM}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_MEM: ${SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_MEM}"
######################################################
# Start preparing SPARK-HPC working files and env vars
#JAVA mem
export SPARKHPC_DRIVER_MEM=${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_MEM:-$SPARKHPC_MEM}
export SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_MEM=${SPARKHPC_EXECUTOR_MEM:-$SPARKHPC_MEM}
#Create a global scratch directory for this job, default to FLUSHDIR if
# appropriate env vars not set
SPARKHPC_SCRDIR=${SPARKHPC_FLUSH_DIR}/.sparkhpc
if [[ ! -d ${SPARKHPC_SCRDIR} ]]; then
mkdir ${SPARKHPC_SCRDIR}
fi
export SPARKHPC_RUNDIR=$(mktemp -d --tmpdir=${SPARKHPC_SCRDIR} job.${PBS_JOBID:-$$}.XXXXXX)
# If a PBS_NODEFILE has been specified, copy it
# to the scratch directory
if [[ -n "${PBS_NODEFILE}" ]] ; then
export SPARKHPC_NODEFILE=${SPARKHPC_RUNDIR}/nodefile
cp ${PBS_NODEFILE} ${SPARKHPC_NODEFILE}
fi
# Construct SIMR communications file and drive URL
export SPARKHPC_COMM_FILE=${SPARKHPC_RUNDIR}/commfile
SPARKHPC_DRIVER_URL="simr://${SPARKHPC_COMM_FILE}"
#Setup shared env for driver and executor
# Configure SPARK local dir
export SPARK_LOCAL_DIRS=${SPARKHPC_LOCAL_DIR}
export SPARKHPC_OVERRIDE_OPTS="-Dspark.master=${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_URL} -Dspark.app.name=${PBS_JOBNAME}"
# Workaround: IN 1.0.x even though the warning suggests SPARK_LOCAL_DIRS takes precedence only spark.local.dir is actually used
if [[ $SPARKHPC_SPARK_VERSION =~ ^1\.0\. ]]; then
export SPARKHPC_OVERRIDE_OPTS="${SPARKHPC_OVERRIDE_OPTS} -Dspark.local.dir=${SPARK_LOCAL_DIRS}"
fi
# If a log4j config file was specified and exists
if [[ -f "$LOG4J_CONF" ]]; then
# Append the current working directory path if it
# is not already an absolute path
if [[ "$LOG4J_CONF" != /* ]]; then
LOG4J_CONF="${PWD}/${LOG4J_CONF}"
fi
SPARKHPC_OVERRIDE_OPTS="${SPARKHPC_OVERRIDE_OPTS} -Dlog4j.configuration=file://${LOG4J_CONF}"
fi
####################################################
# Start launching Executors
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} "DRIVER_URL: ${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_URL}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} "Starting executors"
mpirun --pernode ${SPARKHPC_HOME}/bin/start-executor.sh &
####################################################
export SPARK_SUBMIT_CLASSPATH="${SPARKHPC_JAVA_CLASSPATH}:${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_CLASSPATH}"
# Launching Driver
if [[ -n "${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_MEM}" ]]; then
export SPARK_DRIVER_MEMORY="${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_MEM}"
fi
# The values of spark.master and spark.app.name will be overriden if present
# TODO: Add a warning about it
export SPARK_DRIVER_OPTS="${SPARKHPC_JAVA_OPTS} ${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_OPTS} ${SPARKHPC_OVERRIDE_OPTS}"
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="${SPARKHPC_DRIVER_LIBRARY_PATH}:${SPARKHPC_JAVA_LIBRARY_PATH}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> SPARK DRIVER ENV:"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARK_HOME: ${SPARK_HOME}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARK_SUBMIT_CLASSPATH = ${SPARK_SUBMIT_CLASSPATH}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARK_DRIVER_OPTS: ${SPARK_DRIVER_OPTS}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARK_LOCAL_DIRS: ${SPARK_LOCAL_DIRS}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> SPARK_DRIVER_MEMORY: ${SPARK_DRIVER_MEMORY}"
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} ">> LD_LIBRARY_PATH: ${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}"
if [[ "$RUN_SHELL" == "TRUE" ]]; then
# Code for running spark driver as an interactive
# shell
${SPARK_HOME}/bin/spark-class org.apache.spark.repl.Main
else
# Code for running spark driver where driver URL
# is read from environment variable
${SPARK_HOME}/bin/spark-class $@
fi
rm -rf ${SPARKHPC_RUNDIR}
echolog ${LOG_TO_FILE} "<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<"
| 6,299 |
https://github.com/alexandreraulin/Bicyclette/blob/master/Files/HelpVC.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause, BSD-2-Clause
| 2,018 |
Bicyclette
|
alexandreraulin
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 639 | 3,299 |
//
// HelpVC.m
// Bicyclette
//
// Created by Nicolas Bouilleaud on 23/08/12.
// Copyright (c) 2012 Nicolas Bouilleaud. All rights reserved.
//
#import "HelpVC.h"
#import "DrawingCache.h"
@interface HelpVC () <UIScrollViewDelegate>
@property IBOutlet UIView *page0;
@property IBOutlet UIView *page1;
@property IBOutlet UIView *page2;
@property IBOutlet UIView *page3;
@property IBOutlet UIView *page4;
@property IBOutlet UIView *page5;
@property IBOutlet UIView *box;
@property IBOutlet UIScrollView *scrollView;
@property IBOutlet UIView *contentView;
@property IBOutlet UIPageControl *pageControl;
@property IBOutlet UIImageView *logoView1;
@property IBOutlet UIImageView *logoView2;
@property IBOutlet UIView *logoShadowView1;
@property IBOutlet UIView *logoShadowView2;
@property IBOutlet UIButton *outCloseButton;
@property IBOutlet UIButton *inCloseButton;
@property IBOutlet UIView *legendViewForBikes;
@property IBOutlet UIView *legendViewForParking;
@property IBOutlet UIView *legendViewForStaleData;
@property IBOutlet UIView *legendViewForGeofence;
@property IBOutlet UIView *legendViewForStarredStation1;
@property IBOutlet UIView *legendViewForStarredStation2;
@property IBOutlet UIView *legendViewForStarredStation3;
@property IBOutlet UIView * notificationView;
@property IBOutlet UIImageView * notificationIconView;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * titleLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * forewordLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * bicycletteDisplaysLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * bikesLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * parkingLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * staleLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * starredStationsLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * geofencesLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * notificationBehaviourLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * notificationTitleLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * notificationDetailLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * pleaseHelpLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * payWhatYouWantLabel;
@property IBOutlet UILabel * epilogueLabel;
@end
/****************************************************************************/
#pragma mark -
@implementation HelpVC
{
DrawingCache * _drawingCache;
}
- (void)viewDidLoad
{
[super viewDidLoad];
_drawingCache = [DrawingCache new];
// Content Layout
NSArray * views;
if([CLLocationManager regionMonitoringAvailable]) {
views = @[self.page0,self.page1,self.page2,self.page3,self.page4,self.page5];
self.geofencesLabel.hidden = NO;
} else {
views = @[self.page0,self.page1,self.page2,self.page4,self.page5];
self.geofencesLabel.hidden = YES;
}
self.pageControl.numberOfPages = [views count];
CGRect f = self.contentView.bounds;
for (UIView * view in views){
view.frame = f;
[self.contentView addSubview:view];
f.origin.x += f.size.width;
}
f.origin.x = 0;
f.size.width = [views count]*f.size.width;
self.contentView.frame = f;
[self.scrollView addSubview:self.contentView];
self.scrollView.contentSize = self.contentView.bounds.size;
// Logos
self.logoView1.layer.cornerRadius = 9;
self.logoView2.layer.cornerRadius = 9;
for (UIView * logoShadowView in @[self.logoShadowView1, self.logoShadowView2])
{
logoShadowView.layer.shadowOpacity = 1;
logoShadowView.layer.shadowOffset = CGSizeMake(0, 1);
logoShadowView.layer.shadowRadius = 1;
logoShadowView.layer.shadowColor = [UIColor colorWithWhite:0 alpha:1].CGColor;
logoShadowView.layer.shadowPath = [UIBezierPath bezierPathWithRoundedRect:logoShadowView.bounds cornerRadius:9].CGPath;
}
// Drawing delegates
self.legendViewForBikes.layer.delegate = self;
self.legendViewForParking.layer.delegate = self;
self.legendViewForStaleData.layer.delegate = self;
self.legendViewForGeofence.layer.delegate = self;
self.legendViewForStarredStation1.layer.delegate = self;
self.legendViewForStarredStation2.layer.delegate = self;
self.legendViewForStarredStation3.layer.delegate = self;
// Notification View
self.notificationView.layer.cornerRadius = 10;
self.notificationView.layer.borderColor = [UIColor blackColor].CGColor;
self.notificationView.layer.shadowOpacity = 1;
self.notificationView.layer.shadowOffset = CGSizeMake(0, 3);
self.notificationView.layer.shadowRadius = 4;
self.notificationView.layer.shadowColor = [UIColor blackColor].CGColor;
self.notificationView.layer.shadowPath = [UIBezierPath bezierPathWithRoundedRect:self.notificationView.bounds cornerRadius:10].CGPath;
self.notificationView.layer.borderWidth = 1;
self.notificationIconView.layer.cornerRadius = 4;
// Text
self.titleLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_TITLE", @"Help", nil);
self.forewordLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_FOREWORD", @"Help", nil);
self.bicycletteDisplaysLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_BICYCLETTE_DISPLAYS", @"Help", nil);
self.bikesLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_BIKES", @"Help", nil);
self.parkingLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_PARKING", @"Help", nil);
self.staleLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_STALE", @"Help", nil);
self.starredStationsLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_STARRED_STATIONS", @"Help", nil);
self.geofencesLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_GEOFENCES", @"Help", nil);
self.notificationBehaviourLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_NOTIFICATIONS_BEHAVIOUR", @"Help", nil);
self.notificationDetailLabel.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:NSLocalizedString(@"STATION_%@_STATUS_SUMMARY_BIKES_%d_PARKING_%d", nil),
@"Notre Dame",
10, 13];
self.pleaseHelpLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_PLEASE_HELP", @"Help", nil);
self.payWhatYouWantLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_PAY_WHAT_YOU_WANT", @"Help", nil);
self.epilogueLabel.text = NSLocalizedStringFromTable(@"HELP_EPILOGUE", @"Help", nil);
}
- (void) viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated
{
[super viewWillAppear:animated];
// reset
self.scrollView.contentOffset = CGPointZero;
self.pageControl.currentPage = 0;
[self.legendViewForBikes.layer setNeedsDisplay];
[self.legendViewForParking.layer setNeedsDisplay];
[self.legendViewForStaleData.layer setNeedsDisplay];
[self.legendViewForGeofence.layer setNeedsDisplay];
[self.legendViewForStarredStation1.layer setNeedsDisplay];
[self.legendViewForStarredStation2.layer setNeedsDisplay];
[self.legendViewForStarredStation3.layer setNeedsDisplay];
}
// Display fake data
- (void)displayLayer:(CALayer *)layer
{
CGFloat scale = self.view.window.screen.scale;
if(layer==self.legendViewForBikes.layer)
layer.contents =
(id)[_drawingCache sharedImageWithSize:CGSizeMake(kStationAnnotationViewSize, kStationAnnotationViewSize)
scale:scale
shape:BackgroundShapeOval
borderMode:BorderModeSolid
baseColor:kGoodValueColor
value:@"12"
textColor:kAnnotationValueTextColor
phase:0];
if(layer==self.legendViewForParking.layer)
layer.contents =
(id)[_drawingCache sharedImageWithSize:CGSizeMake(kStationAnnotationViewSize, kStationAnnotationViewSize)
scale:scale
shape:BackgroundShapeRoundedRect
borderMode:BorderModeSolid
baseColor:kGoodValueColor
value:@"7"
textColor:kAnnotationValueTextColor
phase:0];
if(layer==self.legendViewForStaleData.layer)
layer.contents =
(id)[_drawingCache sharedImageWithSize:CGSizeMake(kStationAnnotationViewSize, kStationAnnotationViewSize)
scale:scale
shape:BackgroundShapeRoundedRect
borderMode:BorderModeSolid
baseColor:kUnknownValueColor
value:@"32"
textColor:kAnnotationValueTextColorAlt
phase:0];
if(layer==self.legendViewForGeofence.layer)
layer.contents =
(id)[_drawingCache sharedImageWithSize:self.legendViewForGeofence.bounds.size
scale:scale
shape:BackgroundShapeOval
borderMode:BorderModeDashes
baseColor:kFenceBackgroundColor
value:nil
textColor:nil
phase:0];
if(layer==self.legendViewForStarredStation1.layer)
layer.contents =
(id)[_drawingCache sharedImageWithSize:CGSizeMake(kStationAnnotationViewSize, kStationAnnotationViewSize)
scale:scale
shape:BackgroundShapeRoundedRect
borderMode:BorderModeDashes
baseColor:kCriticalValueColor
value:@"0"
textColor:kAnnotationValueTextColor
phase:0];
if(layer==self.legendViewForStarredStation2.layer)
layer.contents =
(id)[_drawingCache sharedImageWithSize:CGSizeMake(kStationAnnotationViewSize, kStationAnnotationViewSize)
scale:scale
shape:BackgroundShapeRoundedRect
borderMode:BorderModeDashes
baseColor:kWarningValueColor
value:@"2"
textColor:kAnnotationValueTextColor
phase:0];
if(layer==self.legendViewForStarredStation3.layer)
layer.contents =
(id)[_drawingCache sharedImageWithSize:CGSizeMake(kStationAnnotationViewSize, kStationAnnotationViewSize)
scale:scale
shape:BackgroundShapeRoundedRect
borderMode:BorderModeDashes
baseColor:kGoodValueColor
value:@"6"
textColor:kAnnotationValueTextColor
phase:0];
}
/****************************************************************************/
#pragma mark -
- (void)scrollViewDidEndDecelerating:(UIScrollView *)scrollView
{
self.pageControl.currentPage = lround(self.scrollView.contentOffset.x/self.scrollView.bounds.size.width);
}
- (IBAction)changePage:(UIPageControl *)sender
{
CGPoint offset = self.scrollView.contentOffset;
offset.x = self.pageControl.currentPage * self.scrollView.bounds.size.width;
[self.scrollView setContentOffset:offset animated:YES];
}
/****************************************************************************/
#pragma mark -
- (IBAction)advanceHelp:(id)sender
{
if(self.pageControl.currentPage == self.pageControl.numberOfPages-1)
{
[self.delegate helpFinished:self];
}
else
{
self.pageControl.currentPage ++;
[self changePage:self.pageControl];
}
}
@end
| 38,969 |
https://ru.stackoverflow.com/questions/1098559
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 76 | 206 |
Изменить игндикатор скрола в таблице
Я знаю, что в индикаторе, который показывается при скроле таблицы, есть три стандартных стайла. Мне нужно его изменить. Например, сделать, чтобы его всегда было видно. Сделать такую серую полоску, как будто бэкграунд скрола и на нем белый индикатор, который бегает вверх и вниз. Как это можно сделать? На данный момент есть метод, который меняет просто цвет.
func scrollViewDidScroll(_ scrollView: UIScrollView) {
let verticalIndicator = scrollView.subviews.last as? UIImageView
verticalIndicator?.backgroundColor = UIColor.red
}
| 38,954 |
|
https://github.com/avinetworks/sdk/blob/master/go/models/v_i_se_vm_ip_conf_params.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
JSON, Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
sdk
|
avinetworks
|
Go
|
Code
| 65 | 236 |
package models
// This file is auto-generated.
// Please contact avi-sdk@avinetworks.com for any change requests.
// VISeVMIPConfParams v i se Vm Ip conf params
// swagger:model VISeVmIpConfParams
type VISeVMIPConfParams struct {
// default_gw of VISeVmIpConfParams.
DefaultGw *string `json:"default_gw,omitempty"`
// mgmt_ip_addr of VISeVmIpConfParams.
MgmtIPAddr *string `json:"mgmt_ip_addr,omitempty"`
// Enum options - VNIC_IP_TYPE_DHCP, VNIC_IP_TYPE_STATIC.
// Required: true
MgmtIPType *string `json:"mgmt_ip_type"`
// mgmt_net_mask of VISeVmIpConfParams.
MgmtNetMask *string `json:"mgmt_net_mask,omitempty"`
}
| 26,300 |
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%285573%29%201981%20QX
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
(5573) 1981 QX
|
https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(5573) 1981 QX&action=history
|
Tatar
|
Spoken
| 144 | 393 |
(5573) 1981 QX () — Кояш системасының Марс һәм Юпитер орбиталары арасындагы өлкәсендә урнашкан астероид.
Тарихы
1981 елның 24 августында А. Мркос тарафыннан Клеть обсерваториясендә ачыла. Астероидның вакытлыча атамасы булып баштан «1981 QX» саналган.
Чыганаклар
Lutz D. Schmadel. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. — Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. — B., Heidelberg, N. Y.: Springer, 2003. — 992 p. — ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
Lutz D. Schmadel. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. — Springer Science & Business Media, 2012-06-10. — 1458 с. — ISBN 9783642297182
Chapman, C. R., Morrison, D., & Zellner, B. Surface properties of asteroids: A synthesis of polarimetry, radiometry, and spectrophotometry// Icarus : journal. — Elsevier, 1975. — Vol. 25. — P. 104—130.
Kerrod, Robin. Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors (неопр.). — Lerner Publications Co., 2000. — ISBN 0585317631.
Искәрмәләр
Тышкы сылтамалар
Шулай ук карагыз
(5574) Seagrave астероиды
Баш билбау астероидлары
Әлифба буенча астероидлар
| 15,069 |
https://github.com/veeelee/ats/blob/master/examples/client.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ats
|
veeelee
|
Go
|
Code
| 244 | 942 |
package main
import (
"command"
"context"
"fmt"
"rut"
)
var CTX = context.Background()
func main() {
dev, err := rut.New(&rut.RUT{
Name: "SWITCH",
Device: "V8",
IP: "10.42.60.218",
Port: "22",
Username: "admin",
Protocol: "telnet",
Hostname: "V8500",
SFU: "A",
Password: "krcho",
})
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
err = dev.Init()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
_, err = dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "normal",
CMD: " config terminal",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
data, err := dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "config",
CMD: " show running-config",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
/*
data, err = dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "config",
CMD: " policy mulitcast_225 modify",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
data, err = dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "config-policy",
CMD: " include-flow multicast_224",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
data, err = dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "config-policy",
CMD: " include-flow multicast_225",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
data, err = dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "config-policy",
CMD: "apply",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
data, err = dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "config-policy",
CMD: " include-flow multicast_226",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
data, err = dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "config",
CMD: "do q sh -l",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
data, err = dev.RunCommand(CTX, &command.Command{
Mode: "shell",
CMD: "scontrol -f /proc/switch/ASIC/ctrl dump table 0 fp_tcam 0 1",
})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(data))
*/
}
| 46,037 |
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokskogen%20naturreservat
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Krokskogen naturreservat
|
https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krokskogen naturreservat&action=history
|
Norwegian
|
Spoken
| 199 | 460 |
Krokskogen naturreservat (cirka ) er en utvidelse av tidligere Merratjern/Søndagsbrenna naturreservat (). Det nye området ligger på grensen mellom Hole og Ringerike kommuner og ble opprettet ved kgl.res. 16. desember 2016 med hjemmel i lov 19. juni 2009 nr. 100 om forvaltning av naturens mangfold (naturmangfoldloven) § 34, jf. § 37 og § 62. Fremmet av Klima- og miljødepartementet.
Naturreservatet skal bevare et stort, variert og representativt barskogområde for høyereliggende partier i Krokskogen med gjenværende større forekomster av gammel skog med naturlig dynamikk og truet, sjelden og sårbar natur. Naturreservatet har særlig betydning for biologisk mangfold ved at det inneholder større og sammenhengende gammelskogområder, god forekomst av truet og sjelden sopp- og lavflora knyttet til gamle og døde trær og et rikt fugle- og dyreliv.
Området ligger sentralt i de permiske lavaområdene på Krokskogen, mellom Lomma og Heggelivatna. Landskapet er typisk for det en finner i denne delen av Oslomarka; veksling mellom fururabber, brattlendte hellinger, bekkedrag, myrer og enkelte myrtjern. Spesielt utmerker området seg med sin rike og interessante lavflora med blant annet lungenever og miljøindikatoren huldrestry. Området er viktig som referanseområde.
Se også
Naturvernområder i Ringerike
Referanser
Krokskogen
Naturreservater i Ringerike
Naturreservater i Hole
Verneområder opprettet i 2016
| 49,713 |
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%88
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
دانيلي راغاتزو
|
https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=دانيلي راغاتزو&action=history
|
Arabic
|
Spoken
| 125 | 357 |
دانيلي راغاتزو (21 سبتمبر 1991 بكالياري في إيطاليا - ) هو لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي في مركز الهجوم. شارك مع منتخب إيطاليا تحت 16 سنة لكرة القدم ومنتخب إيطاليا تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع نادي برو فيرتشيلي ونادي ريميني ونادي كالياري وهيلاس فيرونا ونادي غوبيو و.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
لاعبو كرة قدم من كالياري
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص من كالياري
رياضيون من كالياري
لاعبو أولبيا كالسيو 1905
لاعبو اتحاد جوبيو الرياضي 1910
لاعبو الاتحاد الرياضي غوبيو 1910
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو برو فيرتشيلي
لاعبو كالياري
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من سردينيا
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي ريميني
لاعبو هيلاس فيرونا
مواليد 1991
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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La Croix
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French
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La réforme fiscale La réforme fiscale s'impose..Vous en sommes les partisans résolus. Sa première conséquence sera d'assurer le dégrèvement de la terre. Loin d'être un remède, elle constituerait le plus grave péril si elle pouvait être justement accusée de faire courir une aventure aux finances publiques ou si, après avoir atteint, comme il est juste, la richesse acquise, elle risquait d'entraver le développement des facultes productrices du pays, en inquiétant par des mesures vexatoires la riehesse en formation. Le crédit de notre pays est un élément de sa force. Sa puissance militaire en est un autre. La loi militaire La France le légitime orgueil de son armée et de sa marine. Elle a pleine confiance en eiles car elle sait de quelle ardeur au travail et de quelle émulation dans le dé-vouf.ment rivalisent chefs et soldats. En acceptant, avec un élan admirable le lourd et nécessaire sacrifice que lui Impose la loi de trois ans, ce pays a prouvé unc fois de plus le sens clair qu'il a des réalités. Il n'admettrait pas que cette loi fût appliquée avec hésitation et sans foi, comme le serait une mesure provisoire. Son attitude a inspiré la conilanCe il nos alliés et à nos amis, à tous le respect. La déclaration se termine par un appel à tous les républicains, dans un esprit d'union pour que la République et la grandeur de la patrie soient inséparables de la concorde entre les citoyens. Le Comité directeur L'assemblée a ensuite adopté les statuts qui prévoient un Comité directeur de trente à cinquante membres. Voici la composition du Comité directeur qui a été nommé hier Sénateurs MM. Léon Barbier, Pierre Baudin, Henry Bérenger, Henry Chéron, Eugène Guérin, Lourties. M au j an,, Peyronnet, Poirier Ratier, Théodore Girard. Dépatés MM. Aristide Briand, Louis Barthou, Benazet, Bignon, Bourély, Ch&umet, DelarooheVernet, Delpierre, Etienne, darc Frayssinet, Guist'hau, Honnorat, Klotz, Landry. Leboucq, Millerand, Muteau, Joseph Heinâéh, Roden, Siegfried. Le Comité directeur se réunira jeudi. et là Morts d'hier M. Léon Petit, députés catholique de Namur, Auvelals-sur-Sambre. Le colonel d'infanterie brevetA en retraite Bonvalot, officier de la Légion d'honneur, à Paris. Le capitaine de -i;aisset7u en retraite Romain Juge, commandeur de lu Légion d'honneur, il Fro1Mac '{Gironde) M. Ctaude Boucher, maître verrier, inventeur de la machizie il fabriquer les bouteilles, lauréat du prix Montyon. il. Hennck, ambassadeur rles Etats-Unis, a présenté, nier, it M. poincaré, M. et Mme Sayre, gendre et fille de M. Wilson, et le major Cosby, le nouvel attaché militaire à l'ambassacdc des Etats-Unis. M. Albert Métin a accepté la prlaidence du banquet de l'Association îles secrétaires cte rédaction, qui aura lieu V l'issue de l'assemblée gCniMe, le 25 janvier prochain. L'anniversaire de Buzuval Dimanche prochain, 18 janvier, sera célébré à Rueil l'anniversaire du sanglant et glorieux combat de Buzenval (19 janvier Le matin, 9 lt. messc solenneile de Requiem en l'église Saint-Pierre et Saint-Paul. Le discours d'usage sera prononcé par Mgr Reynaud. Des places seront reserveeg Gang le chœur aux membres du Souvenir français et aux Sociétés locales. Réunion des Sociétés la mairie de Rueil a 9 Il. 1/4. L'après-midi, départ du cortège de la mairie, il 1 heure précise, pour la porte de Lonboyau, où sera posée une plaque cummémorative" en souvenir de la bataille qui eut lieu à cet endroit. Le cortège se rendra ensuite au monment de Buzenval. pour venir me serrer la main, il s'invite gracieusement, et j'en suis ravi. Cela vous Prouve le bon souvenir qu'il a gardé de notre coin de monde, plus riant que le sien dont le charme grandiose est un peu sévère. Il s'extasiait devant notre petit village groupé gentiment autour de son clocher, et, des fenêtres de la cure, il regardait, avec complaisance, votre tourelle gothique émergeant. de grands marronniers. Serait-ce indiscret, Madame la baronne, de la lui faire admirer de plus près et me permettriez-vous d'amener ici mon hôte ? II ferait, heureux, je suis sûr, de vous présenter ses hommages et de faire plus ample connaissance avec Mlle Simone qui lui est. je crois, fort sympathique. Mes joues sont des braises ardentes et, sous un prétexte quelcoaque. je m'esquive, Je n'en peux plus, mon ctrur bat à se rompre Est-ce possible. Il va venir. ici ? Une joie folle m'envahit, mais une appréhension eu même temps me torture, car il s'en ira ensuite et, cette fois, pour toujours Lorsqu'un peu de calme est revenu dans ma cervelle, je me décide à rentrer au salon. Brusquement, la causerie cosse et reprend sur un sujet banal. Que disait-on, en mon absence ? Quand M. le curé osl parti, il avait l'air d'un homme fort satisfait el bonne-maman est restée pensive jusqu'au soir. ̃ 2 jirillrt. Il estj vendu Quelle emoliuii. lorsque je l'ai vu s'avancer dans la LI svelle. élégant, distingué Il me semhlait que ma penséo se paralysait, que j'allais rester là, sans pouvoir' diro un mot. sans pouvoir dissimuler mon trouble! Quelque; instants de causerie est d'aimabïes banalités M. de Montarvel nous Réunions et Conférences I.ICL'E PATRIOTIQUE DES rKANÇAISES rua Saint-Honoré, Parit-1" il janvier, Paris. Réunion générale des I-tpiemes dn XIV* arroridls»ement, sous ]a preste dence de Mlle Oounon. Devant un auditoire de plus 'le «oo personnes. dille. Desan?le» yerle de l'action familiale sociale et religieuse de la Limeuse L'exposltton annuelle de l'Œuvre d'asststance par le travail: domicile des VII» et XVarrondissement», aura lieu les lundi mardi et mercredi 21 janvier, de 9 henres à midi et de 2 heure! à 6 heure*, 4, rue Sédlllot (avenue Rapp). Grand choix de Un** dp maison, trousseau, lingerie d'enfant, Irlande, vêtements de bienfaisance, objets pour cotillons et vente de charité des prix très avantageux. N'ayant pu être reçu, l'inconnu revint ce matin à 9 heures. Il tenait à la main une lettre et insista, auprès du valet de chambre, pour la remettre lui-même à Chérif-Pacha. Le domestique s'étant refusé à introduire, auprès de son maître, l'inconnu, celui-ci sortit subitement un revolver et fit trois fois feu sur le valet da chambre Ismaïl-Hakki. 'Le pauvre garçon s'affaissa, il avait reçu deux balles dans le corps. Il saisit néanmoins un revolver que, par précaution, il portait toujours sur lui, et riposta par plusieurs coups de feu sans atteindre son agresseur. Au bruit de la fusillade, d'autres domestiques et le lieutenant Sali-bey, gendre de ChérifPacha, accoururent. Sali-bey s'empara de l'arme du valet de chambre qui s'était évanoui, et a son tour tira sur l'individu. Celui-ci, atteint d'une balle à la base du ne,4 tomba foudroyé. Une enquête a été immédiatement ouverte par le commissaire de police de la Porte-Oauphine. De son côté, à midi, le Parquet prévenu venait faire les premières constatations. Pendant que les magistrats inuerrogaient Chérif-Paoha et son gendre, la concierge de l'immeuble parut et tendit une carte qu'un visiteur venait de lui remettre en insistât pour tHra admis auprès de Chérit pacha. Celui-ci jeta un coup d'oeil sur la carte et s'écria. Qu'on arrête cet individu J Auseltbt, dpux agents de ia Sûreté descendirent et appréhendèrent le visiteur. L'assassin L'assassin, dont on n'a pu établir lïdentlreparait avoir une trentaine d'années. Il était vêtu de noir il a la figure rasée, les cheveux légèrement bouclés. Dans ses poches, on a retrouvé une somme da 237 francs et un « Coran Nulle trace de papiers, pas de pièces d'identité. Quant à la lettre qu'il tenait à la main ;t qui devait lui servir de titre d'introduction, il n'y avait rien d'écrit dessus. iL'attentat était donc bien prémédité. :IL Gaston Doumergue a 01'1'CI ce matin un déjeuner en l'honneur de M. Venizolos, président du Conseil hellénique. DANS LES COULOIRS DE LA CHAMBRE Au lendemain d'une séance aussi burlesque que celle de mardi, où une bande d'antielérieaux a porté à la vice-présidence de la Chautbre le pauvre abbé Lemire, ics couloirs du Palais-Bourbon sont absolument déserts. Les quelques rares députés qui traversent le salon de la Paix sont d'accord pour nous dire La Chambre a fait hier une gaminerie, n'en parlons plus. » Des groupes et Commission de la Chambre, seuls se réunissent à la llu de l'après-midi, le groupe radical-socialiste et la Commission du budget. LA TRIPLICE AURAIT ENFIN REPONDU Vienne, t'v janvier. On confirme, dans les cercles politiques, que la réponse de la Triplice à la proposition anglaise relative aux îles de la mer Egée est remise actuellement il Londres. La Triplice, ajoute-t-on, adhère a la proposition, <. afin surtout de con!ribuer au maintien du concert européen. qui a eu. jusque présent, sur la paix générale, des effets bienfaisant-. • vante 'le charme de nos parages verts et riants, qui retiennent l'étranger nous lui de vers printaniers et uo sentiments Irai comme les aurores et, les sources qu'il ehante. Il protesto contre nos éloges et ne, veut pas avouer qu'il a du talent. Mais déjà il .si? lève pour no pis prolonger ss première visite et se retire avec la pf*rmi£i>ion de bonne-maman de revenir lui présenter ses hommages. Son cicérone est radieux. Pauvre bon, et brave prêtre, toujours .seul dans sa cure grise Il se réjouit, cela ost naturel. de posséder un hôte aussi aimable, pourégayer sa solitude, mais que leur intimité a été vite conclue Ils SI' connaissent peine et les voilà les plus vieux amis du mande. Que font-ils, il présent, Kt-ba?, au presbytère ? Ils parlent, je pense, en goûtant la irais, peut-être de nous, peut-être de moi! Oh que dit-il, que pense-t-il de moi ? .'A stiù'rp. FiEncoEun. Avis divers COURS, Institut catholique, 7 vue ('.̃ Vanffirard, Jetiilt 15 janvier, 5 Il, 1/i. M. Cic-oir: « LL valpur historique des quatre Evangiles iWXFEREXCES. Militants il a devoir clu-étien, Ici jeudi 1j janvier, 8 V. 7/+ du soii'. 1S3, avenu» <1iclirliy. oonrérence par Ni. il. Pelletier « L;n li'pemie celto-chrétltiine du taint-Graal ItECSIOXS. (.mon fraternelle du commerce et rtf l'Industrie, dimanche prochain, a S h. i/i>, messe mensuelle, chapelle de ia Sainte-Vitrée en 11 basi¡;que de Montmartre. Allocution par M. le cuanolue Ciépln, auiuouier de l'Union. Après la messe, visite M. le supérieur de? chapelains et réunion à la ijlle de* ouvres. Le catholicisme. aux Etats-Unis Ce n'est pas la première fois que nous parlons de cette grave question, et sans doute y reviendrons-nous encore par la suite elle est en effet si féconde en enseignements de toutes sortes qu'on ne saurait assez l'étudier. Aujourd'hui, c'est la seconde édition de l'Histoire de la race franfaise aux Etats-Unis de M. l'abbé Magnan (1) qui la remet sur le tapis. Car on ne saurait faire l'histoire de la race française en quelque point du monde que ce soit, sans toucher à la vie même et aux progrès du catholicisme. Ce point, sensible partout ailleurs, l'est davantage encore aux Etats-Unis. Ce sont des Français, en effet, des colons, des prêtres et des missionnaires français qui ont introduit les premiers le catholicisme dans l'Amérique du Nord. Leurs campatriotes et leurs descendants n'ont cessé de l'y propager depuis, et à l'heure qu'il est, forts de leurs traditions intégrales et grâce à elles, ces Français d'origine continuent à soutenir la cause de la vraie religion d'ans cet immense pays où tant de dangers la menacent. Si l'on recherche les origines et si l'on envisage le développement de l'Eglise catholique en Amérique, on est, frappé tout d'abord d'un fait étrange 1 200 000 en 1836, les catholiques américains sont aujourd'hui 14600000. Quel magnifique progrès. vous écrierez-vous En réalité, quelles pertes et quelle déchéance I Les statistiques les plus probantes et les moins récusées nous enseignent, en effet, qu'étant donné le nombre des immigrants cathoj liques venus s'installer aux Etats-Unis durant tout le cours du xix° siècle, et étant .donné, d'autre part, la table de progression des naissances, ce n'est pas 14 millions et demi que devraient être les catholiques, mais bien c'est Mgr Mac-Faul, évêque de Trenton, qui le reconnaît, 40 millions, sur une population totale de 94 millions d'âmes. La cause de ce recul déplorable n'est pas difficile à trouver elle réside dans l'anglicisation. Un fait avéré, certain, c'est que l'immigrant catholique qui perd en arrivant sur la terre américaine sa langue maternelle, et avec sa langue ses traditions familiales, est voué aussi à la perte de sa foi. Comme une triste épave, il échoue presque aussitôt sur les rives du protestantisme, ou, plus fréquemment encore, de la libre-pensée. Il faut bien le dire l'ambiance américaine anglaise n'est pas un véhicule de foi catholique, c'est' le contraire qui est exact. Et le cas des Irlandais en particulier le démontre abondamment. Persécutés dans leur patrie, les Irlandais ont émigré en masse depuis deux cents ans. En ce qui concerne les EtatsUnis on n'estime pas à moins de 26 millions le nombre de citoyens américains, Irlandais eux-mêmes, ou fils et petit-fils d'Irlandais, c'est-à-dire 26 millions d'Américains qui devraient être catholiques si aucun déchet ne s'était produit. Or, sur les 14 millions de catholiques américains, 6 millions sont seulement de langue anglaise, et sur ces 6 millions, c'est à peine si 4 millions et demi peuvent revendiquer une lignée irlandaise. Dans la personne des Irlandais d'Amérique le catholicisme a donc subi une perte nette de plus de 20 millions de fidèles. Que l'anglicisât ion soit la cause de celte décadence, personne n'en doute. De tous les nouveaux venus, l'Irlandais est en effet le mieux préparé à la subir et à en souffrir les effet. Du reste, il suffit de rechercher les descendants des cathoj liques polonais, canadiens, allemands, italiens, lithuaniens, portugais, etc., fixés aux Etats-Unis, pour s'apercevoir que tous ou presque tous répondent à l'appel catholique qui leur est fait. Si l'Eglise catholique n'est pas plus puissante aux Etats-Unis, elle le doit au milieu délétère d'anglicisation outrance où elle se meut. Seuls ont résisté à son action ceux que leur (1) Paris, Charles Amat, éditeur, 11, rue Cassette. 10 francs. FEUILLETON DU JEUDI 15 JANVIER CHRONIQUE D'HISTOIRE La Bretagne puant la BiToMon II y a quelques années déjà, mourait M. de Kerviler, inspecteur général des ponts et chaussées, laissant inachevée une vaste Histoire de la péninsule armoricaine. Toute sa vie, M. de Kerviler avait mené de front les études historiques avec ses travaux d'ingénieur, et il eût été grand dommage que le résultat de ses recherches ne fût pas livré au public. Malheureusement, de son ceuvre, deux volumes seulement étaient terminés en manuscrit. La Société des bibliophiles bretons, bien inspirée en l'ueeunrence, se chargea de publier l'un de ces volumes, et il paraissait naguère sous ce titre La Bretagne pendant la Révolution (il. Son volume est certainement ce qui existe de plus complet et de plus documenté sur la part que prit la Bretagne au ürame révolutionnaire. Son récit, sobre et impartial, n'a pas besoin de chercher ailleurs que dans l'éloquence trop souvent tragique des faits le moyen de captiver le lecteur. Où commença la Révolution Dès le début, on est saisi de ce fait assez Inattendu, que « c'est en Bretagne que la Révolution a commencé Plus qu'ailleurs, la lutte des classes (11 Société des bibliophiles bretons, imprimerie Gimon, à Rennes, graud in-4", 15 francs. ,langui(,, national méfiait à l'abri do la contagion. Or, il sied de tenir compte en cette matière que ces catholiques de langue nonanglaise, répartis en paroisses nationales ou mixtes, constituent la majorité de l'Eglise catholique aux Etats-Unis et son véritable morceau de résistance. Ils sont plus de 5 millions qui, pour les principaux groupes, se répartissent ainsi d'après les statistiques officielles qui, du reste, ont une tendance à réduire leur nombre au profit des catholiques de langue anglaise Allemands (en réalité 3 millions) Canadiens-Français, 1 160 420 (en réalité 1 million et demi); Italiens, 938994; Polonais, 867 865. Ceux qui nous intéressent le plus dans cette énumération sont naturellemont les Canadiens-Français. Outre qu'ils sont les premiers occupants du pays, qu'ils ont derrière eux une tradition d'apostolat, de conquête et d'héroïsme chrétien vieille de plus de trois siècles, ils représentent dans toute sa force la France de nos pères, fidèle, intégralement catholique bloc compact où tous les sentiments d'honneur, de foi convergent et se confondent. Ils sont catholiques parce qu'ils sont Français, parce qu'ils parlent, parce qu'ils pensent français. Anglicisez-les, vous en ferez des businessmen matérialistes pendus pour nos croyances. fi faut donc veiller avec un soin jaloux sur la permanence et la continuité des paroisses françaises aux Etats-Unis, dans l'intérêt supérieur du catholicisme. Grâce à elles, c'est à peine si l'on a eu à déplorer le départ de 100000 transfuges, chiffre insignifiant à côté de celui que nous citions à propos des Irlandais. La vitalité de ces groupes catoliques-français est d'ailleurs des plus intenses et leurs oeuvres parient pour eux. Rien que dans la Nouvelle-Angleterre, on comptait, en 1908, i 985 religieuses de langue française, réparties entre 30 Congrégations différentes. Et M. l'abbé Magnan, à l'ouvrage duquel nous ne saurions trop engager nos lecteurs à se reporter, énumère dans tout un chapitre les marques les plus diverses et les plus convaincantes de l'esprit de foi extrêment fécond qui anime ces paroisses françaises. C'est ainsi que chez elles les mariages mixtes, si pernicieux pour le catholicisme, sont presque inconnus 3,8 pour 100 environ. Aussi, en terminant, nous faisons nôtres les conclusions émouvantes de M. l'abbé Magnan qui attire à nouveau l'attention et la bienveillance du Souverain Pontife sur ces chères paroisses françaises des Etats-Unis « Fasse le ciel, s'écrie-t-il, que l'hymne chrétienne entonnée par nos missionnaires, nos martyrs, nos pionniers et nos ancêtres dans cette terre d'Amérique, il y a trois siècles, continue de s'élever, mais avec une vigueur toujours croissante, du sein de la nation canadienne-française » La mlscion posthume de la d'Arc et le règne social de t-S. J.-C. L'important volume que Mgr Delassus vient de publier sous ce titre (1), a une trop haute portée religieuse pour que nous n'attirions pas l'attention sur lui en un article spécial. Le vénérable auteur part de ce fait historique consolant constaté par M. Hanotaux, que Jeanne d'Arc a « reforgé l'âme française de son temps ». Et il espère de la mission posthume qui lui paraît avec raison, semble-t-il avoir été conférée à la Bienheureuse qu'elle « reforgera l'âme française » encore et ramènera le règne social de Notre7Seigneur Jésus-Christ sans lequel la France ne peut poursuivre dans le monde le cours de ses glorieuses destinées. La partie centrale de l'ouvrage est le récit de cette intervention sans pareille de la divine Providence dans la vie d'une nation que constitue la mission de Jeanne d'Arc. C'est toujours avec un nouveau plaisir qu'on relit cette étonnante histoire 'l'appel des voix, le départ, la campagne glorieuse, la captivité, le martyre, la réhabilitation, la glorification. (1) Chez Desclée, 41, rue de Metz, Lille. était ardente, à la veille des Etats généraux, dans ce petit pays resté si fort attaché à ses traditions locales. A la dernière iéunion des Etats de Bretagne, en janvier lî8Q, grand tumulte entre le tiers et la noblesse. Le tiers refuse de délibérer tant qu'on n'aura pas fait droit à ses revendications. De son côté, la noblesse s'entête, entraînant le haut clergé à sa suite. Elle fait serment, le 8 janvier, de ne consentir à aucun changement dans la const.itution de la province serment téméraire qui allait peser lourdement sur l'avenir. En effet, bientôt les Etats généraux sont convoqués. Par toute la France, court la fièvre des élections. Seuls, les nobles bretons restent impassibles, enfermés dans leur obstination pathétique. Ni eux ni le haut clergé n'enverront de députés aux Etats qui vont devenir si vite une Assemblée nationale constituante. Abstention regrettable qui priva le roi et la cause de l'ordre de quelques énergiques défenseurs La Bretagne aux Etats généraux Avec cette inertie voulue de la noblesse, l'empressement et l'enthousiasme du tiers font violemment contraste. A vrai dire, ce n'est qu'une portion du troisième Etat qui s'agite. Les paysans restent calmes et quand on les invite à rédiger les Cahiers de la sénéchaussée, leurs 800 délégués ne voient guère là qu'une occasion, saisie avec bonheur, de boire bolées sur bolées à la santé du « bon roy ». Mais la bourgeoisie, elle, dirige le mouvement. Elle ^ait ce qu'elle veut, alors même qu'elle ignore où elle va. Recevant des Loges maçonniques un mot d'ordre qui se propage dans tout Ie pays, elle monte résolument à l'assaut des institutions régnantes. Les, députés qu'ellr fait nommer et qui, presque tous, sortent de ses rangs, portent au cœur « la haine du privilège en attendant que plusieurs d'entre eux aillent grossir ia foule de R. T. ou: ne croyons pas qu'en dehors or l'existence du peuple juif, où Dieu intervient pour ainsi dire à chaque heure, rien dans le monde puisse être comparé à la page de l'histoire de France que Jeanne d'Arc a écrite avec la hampe de son étendard. Pour donner au glorieux récit toute sa portée, Mgr Delassus l'enchâsse dans un résumé complet des vues providentielles sur la France, et c'est avec un plaisir toujours nouveau aussi qu'on relit le récit du baptême de la France en la personne de Clovis, du traité d'alliance de Dieu et de la nation française qu'atteste le prologue de la loi salique, et des splendeurs de l'œuvre de Charlemagne constituant, sous la double autorité du Pape et de l'empereur sacré par lui, la société chrétienne. Poursuivant son étude, le prélat montre comment Dieu récompensa notre nation et ses rois dans la mesure de leur fidélité, et comment la déchéance vint, déchéance dans la rectitude des idées marchant du même pas que la déchéance dans l'organisation et la prospérité nationales. Nous avons particulièrement remarqué les trèa fortes pages sur les erreurs criminelles de Philippe le Bel et sur la punition qui, visiblement, s'appesantit sur sa famille. C'est. alors que Jeanne dArc fut envoyée, et elle sauva la France. Des paroles de la Bienheureuse, du solennel oracle de Pie X le 29 novembre 1911 et d'une vue d'ensemble sur la conduite providentielle générale envers la France, et en particulier sur l'oeuvre confiée par Dieu à Jeanne, Mgr Delassus aime à conclure qu'à l'heure de sa glorification Jeanne d'Arc reçoit en quelque sorte à nouveau la mission de sauver la France, et pour cela d'y restaurer le régna social de Jésus-Christ. De grand cœur nous applaudissons à ce patriotique et catholique espoir, sans croire cependant comme parait l'insinuer le vénéraole écrivain que le dessein du salut soit nécessairement lié à une forme politique. Pour nous, dans les ténèbres actuelles qui couvrent notre ciel de tous côtés, nous savons que Dieu est assez bon et assez puissant pour agir en la forme et à l'heure qui lui conviendront. Lea moyens ne lui manqueront jamais. Mais nous partageons pleinement avec S. S. Pie X l'espérance du salut de la France. Pour que cette espérance se réalise, ce qui est indispensable, c'est que la puissance de Dieu, la loi de Dieu, le gouvernement de Dieu soient reconnues et restaurées. Nous avons récemment posé ce principe avec M. Gaudeau et Mgr d'Hulst « Aucun peuple ne peut vivre sans que Dieu y soit honoré. » Pour la France comme pour toute autre nation, c'est une question de vie ou de mort. Et l'ensemble de l'histoire de notre pays nous parait lier pour elle essentiellement son salut, sa mission et sa prospérité à la pleine reconnaissance nationale du règne de JésusChrist. Avec Mgr Delassus donc nous proclamons la nécessité du règne social de l'HommeDieu d'ans notre patrie, nous saluons l'espérance de cette résurrection, et nous tournant vers nos lecteurs nous leur disons que ce résultat ne peut être obtenu que par la prière fervente et le sacrifice qui agissent sur le cœur de Dieu, puis par l'action dévouée de chacun qui préparera et amènera la transformation du cœur des hommes. La lecture de ce livre plein de fortes leçons ne peut qu'aider beaucoup à ce résultat. Puisse-t-il être réalisé bientôt FRANC. Le calendrier en Russie C'est aujourd'hui, 14 janvier pour nous, le jour de l'an en Russie. Le retard de treize jours est la principale, mais non la seule différence qui l'pare le cilendrier russe du nôtre. Si leur nombre d'or est le même que dans le calendrier grégorien, leur épacte et leurs lettres dominicales ne le sont pas. A la place des lettres dominicales, ils ont ce qu'ils appellent le Vrutzelet « l'année dans la main calcul qui indique quel jour de la semaine tombe le le' septembre. Le Vrutzelet calcule le le.. septembre parce qu'autrefois les Russes se servaient de l'ère byzantine d'après laquelle l'année commençait à cette date. Pierre le Grand, au début du xvm* siècle, la fit débuter au Il, janvier, mais le Vrutzelet conj tinua de calculer le 1" septembre. Ce qui est pour eux l'épacte indique combien de jours il faut ajouter au 26 mars pour avoir la date du l'aristocratie, renouvelée par l'Empire ou la Restauration. La Bretagne nonlma 44 députés du Tiers Etat. Il faudrait pouvoir les suivre, avec M. de Kerviler, a Versailles d'abord, puis à Paris. Ils y forment un bataillon, si uni et si compact, qu'on les ne nme les grenadiers des Etats généraux Donnant un exemple que devait suivre bien plus tard le fameux « député à la blouse le Bourbonnais Thivrier, surnommé Christou, quelques-uns d'entre eux affectent de garder leur costume campagnard, comme ce « père Gérard », vêtu en paysan breton, à la procession du 4 mai, et que Louis XVI arrêta, au défilé, par ce mot qui fit fortune ci Bonjour, mon bonhomme. » De ces députés, les deux tiers appartenaient au palais ou à l'administration (exactement 17 avocats et 9 fonctionnaires i) Trois surtout se firent un nom Le Chapelier, Laujuinais, Def:rmon Cest d'abord Le Chapelier, avocat de Rennes, qui joue un rôle très important, dès le principe, dans les débats si laborieux entre les trois Ordres, au sujet de la vérification des pouvoirs. Petit homme, aux traits durs et irréguliers, très remuant, très animé, surtout à la tribune où ses yeux lançaient des éclairs pendant que ses gestes dramatiques forçaient et retenaient l'attention, il fut l'un des fondateurs et le chef principal de ce club breton, d'où sortirait le trop fameux club des jacobins. On le surnomma « le dauphin de Bretagne », et il le disputa quelque temps en popularité avec le « dictateur de Provence », Mirabeau en personne. Comme ce dernier, il devait bientôt connaître les retours étranges de la faveur publique et tomber dans la disgrâce de ce tyran, trop souvent ingrat et toujours capricieux, qui se nomme le peuple. Comme tant d'autres, il périra, en 1793, par le couperet de ferme pascal le dimanche suivant est. celui de Pâques. Les inconvénients résultant de cette diversité de calendriers pour les sciences et pour toutes sortes de relations commerciales et diplomatiques ont été assez souvent signalés pour qu'il soit Inutile d'y insister. Ils ne sont pas moins réels pour les pays voisins que pour la Russle elle-même. Cette diversité est quotidiennement déplorée par tous ceux qui, pressés par le temps, sont obligés de trouver immédiatement une date selon les deux calendriers et que l'une étant au commencement d'un mois, il faut, en cherchant l'autre, tenir compte si le mots précédent a vingt-huit, vingt-neuf, trente ou trente et un jours. -Même pour les fêtes religieuses, quand dans les contrées habitées par des orthodoxes et des catholiques, il y a double Pâque, double Ascension, doubla Pentecôte, double Noël, il y a aussi double chômage, double suspension des affaires ici ou là, tantôt dans une administration, tantôt dans une autr3, i.'ne partie des élèves sont absents aux écoles, ce qui est désastreux au double point de vue des intérêts matériels et de la paix morale des populations quand, au contraire, il arrive par hasard que les fêtes tombent le même jour, los gens se réjouissent. 11 n'est donc pas étonnant qu'à diverses reprises des efforts aient été faits par les pays de l'Europe occidentale auprès de la Russie, comme par la Curie romaine auprès des orthodoxes, pour essayer de faire l'unification en les amenant à accepter le calendrier grégorien. Les obstacles qui en empêchèrent l'adoption furent principalement d'ordre religieux. Au lendemain même de sa promulgation. la réforme grégorienne fut condamnée à Constantinople en 1582, en 1583, puis en 1593. A cette dernière dàte, un Synode, auquel assistèrent les quatre patriarches orientaux et le représentant de la Russie, prononça l'excommunication contre tous les. orthodoxes qui accepteraient la réforme. Cette mesure s'appuyait sur ce fait que Grégoire XIII avait osé violer les prescriptions du Conçile de Nicée ordonnant de célébrer Pâques le dimanche qui suit l'équinoxe de printemps flxé au 21 mars selon le cadendrier julien. Cette raison était fausse, car les Pères de Nicée ont simplement demandé aux Orientaux dissidents d'alors, de se conformer à l'usage da Rome. Le texte du décret de ce Concile, relatif à la fête de Pâques, mieux connu aujourd'hui qu'il ne l'était au xw siècle, s'est retourne contre ceux qui croyaient pouvoir l'invoquer en leur faveur. Il y eut plus tard des obstacles d'ordre politique. Ce furent les procédés employés par la Pologne catholique pour faire adopter le calendrier grégorien par les orthodoxes de ce pays, procédés qui restèrent comme des souvenirs d'une véritable persécution. 'Le calendrier grégorien, déjà, considéré au point de vue religieux, comme un signe de catholicisme, le fut. au point de vue politique comme un signe de la nationalité polonaise. Il y eut encore les critiques qu'on faisait du calendrier réformé. Il faut dire, a l'honneur de la plus grande partie des classes cultivées de Russie, qu'elles désirent depuis longtemps arriver à l'unification, même en adoptant tel quel le calendrier grégorien et qu'elles ont été retenues par la crainte de provoquer des soulèvements et des schismes au sein des populations dont se compose le colosse russe, populations ignorantes et d'un conservatisme exagéré. Ce n'est pas nous 'qu'il faut convaincre, disent les savants, c'est le peuple. Restée seule à se servir du calendrier julien à partir de date 'il laquelle l'Angleterre accepta le grégorien, la Russie sentit mieux les embarras de son isolement et chercha plus sérieusement à en sortir. Lorsque parut, quarante ans plus tard, le calendrier républicain, il fit une grande impression dans 'les hautes sphères russes, qui songèrent sérieusement à l'adopter; on avait même fixé pour cela la date de 1819 Avant ce terme, dès 1806, la France revint aa calendrier grégorien, on se demanda alors s'il ne serait pas opportun de l'accepter aussi. L'Académie des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg proposa, en 1830, son adoption, mais elle fut rejetée par l'empereur Nicolas Il,. Au cours du xix" siècle, les appels à l'unification se ilrent plus pressants. Un Congrès international de statistique, réuni à Berlin en 186?, exprima au gouvernement du tsar son désir de voir la Russie et tous les chrétiens appartenant au r'tP grec adopter le calendrier occidental. L'année suivante, l'astronome russe Madler répondit en reconnaissant l'erreur dv douze jours du calendrier julien, qu'il se déclarait prêt à supprimer immédiatement, mais proposait, avant d'admettre le calendrier grégorien. de lui faire subir deux modifications la prsmière.consistait à remplacer la règle grégorienne des bissextiles par une autre qui supprimerait un jour tous les cent vingt-huit ans la seconde demandait la réduction de la variabilité de Pâques à une semaine. Rien n'aboutit. On vit seulement qu'autre chose était que la Russie abandonnât son calendrier et autre chose qu'elle adoptât celui du rfljte de l'Europe. Car le calendrierwcoidental était aussi l'objet de critiques, dans les pays mômes qui s'en la guillotine, dont il aura contribué à faire une institution d'Etat A ses côtés, Lanjuinais. lui aussi avocat au Parlement rennai professeur à la Faculté de droit, d'abord fougeux démocrate, comme ses collègues, mais destiné à entrer, sous Louis XVIII, à la Chambre des pairs, avec le titre de comte, reçu de Napoléon, et à faire souche de députés. On sait avec quelle énergie, poussée maintes fois jusqu'à l'héroïsme, il sut se faire à la Convention le champion des résistances bretonnes, contre les violences jacobines. Plus brave que les girondins, parmi lesquels on le compte parfois à tort, il tint tête à Danton lui-même, auquel il coupait un jour la parole par ce seul mot Septembre et ne craignit pas d'accuser Marat, comme « calomniateur », avilisseur perpétuel « prédicateur d'anarchie, de pillage et dp meurtre Il fut le dernier à lutter pour la liberté contre la Montagne, et, dans la terrible journée du 2 juin 1793. il se grandit vraiment jusqu'au sublime. C'est ce jour-là que Legendre, le féroce boucher jacobin, furieux de ce que Lanjuinais dénonçait les usurpations intolérables de la Commune, escalada la tribune en criant Descends ou je t'assomme Legendre, répondit froidement l'orateur, fais d'abord décider que je suis un boeuf, tu m'assommeras après. » Et comme, à l'instigation de la Commune etle-méme, on réclamait sa démission, Lanjuinais répliqua fièrement « Si j'ai montré jusqu'ici quelque courage, je l'ai puisé dans fardent amour qui m'anime pour la patrie et la liberté. Ainsi n'attendez de moi ni suspension ni démission. (Tumulte, injures.) Je réponds à mes interrupteurs, et surtout à Chabot qui vient d'injurier Barbaroux On a vu conduire les victimes à l'autel en les ornant de fleurs et de bandelettes, mais le prêtre qui les immolait nç les iamltait pas » servaient. iTiliq.ifs faites par ilf.a cilholiquos aussi par des incroyant. Des jjiMjtHs pour le perfectionner avaient été émis, parexemple, en 1837. par Mastroflni. savant prêtre italien, et -en 1884, par la Société astronomique de France. Dès lors, pourquoi. disaient les Russes, abandonner le calendrier julien, qui est absurde, il est vrai, pour le remplacer par un autre qui est lui-rncme imparfait ? Tout espoir d'arriver à l'uniflcation par l'adoption universelle du calendrier grégorien n'était cependant pas encore perdu. Quand Léon XIII eut fait appel, en 1893, aux dissidents orientaux pour arriver à l'union des Eglises, le moment parut favorable pour une nouvelle tentative. £ar le calendrier est un rempart du schisme plus puissant que le FUkKjue. Le mfme Léon XIII se déclara prêt réduire la mobilité de Pâques si Les orthodoxes voulaient profiter de l'occasion pour harmoniser leur carlendrier avec celui de l'Eglise latine. Ce ne fut pas inutile, car dans la suite le calendrier grégorien fut accepté par quelques collectivités religieuses des Etats balkaniques et de Turquie. En Russie, la Société impériale (le géographie de Saint-Péter&bourg-, considérée comme le premier. Institut scientifique de l'empire, ne crut pas opportune la formation d'une Commission qui lui fut proposée en 189-t, pour la réforme du calendrier national. Une propagande commença ensuite pour arriver il l'unification à partir de 1900. La différence entro les deux calendriers julien et grégorien devait alors passer de douze à treize jours. Des savants russes déclarèrent que ce changement serait si énorme pour la Russie qu'il existait une véritable nécessité d'opérer l'unilleation à partir de 1900. On la prépara donc, et pour la faire on songea de nouveau à adopter le calendrier grégorien. On comptait beaucoup sur le zèle éclairé du tsar Nicolas II. Les pays orthodoxes qui gravitent autour de la Russie, la Roumanie, la Bulgarie, la Serbie, la Grèce, s'apprêtaient à faire de même. Puis on apprit que le Saint-Synode s'opposait à l'adoption pure et simple du calendrier grégorien, parce que. pensait-il, une réforme de cette nature devait venir exclusivement de l'initiative du tsar. Une Commission composée de savants de l'empire et de délégués des ministères fut alors instituée. Elle termina ses travaux au commencement de 1900, et le projet qui en sortit, œuvre en grande partie de M. de Glosenapp, reprenait l'idée de Madler d'intercaler un jour tous les cent vingthut ans, et proposait d'autres changements Ce que disent les journaux Un outrage au Pape M. Oscar Havard commente, comme il suit, la scandaleuse élection de l'abbé Lemire (Soleil) Avant la séance, personne ne prévoyait •« le coup » que préparait, dans l'ombie propice aux méfaits, le groupe radicalsocialiste. Mais à peine la Chambre avaitelle renouvelé les pouvoirs de M. Deschanel que le complot ourdi par les amis du député d'Hazebrouck éclata comme la foudre. « Nojis allons porter l'abbé Lemire à la vice"*présidence » déclarèrent les conspirateurs. Le mot d'ordre ne circulait pas depuis deux minutes dans la salle des Pas-Perdus et dans les couloirs que, déjà, la cause de l'abbé Lpinire paraissait gagnée. « Oui 1 oui s'écriaient les amis de M. Caillaux et les séides de M. Briand, réunis dans une fraternelle coalition, non de sympathie pour l'abbé Lemire, mais de haine contre l'Eglise Oui, il faut administrer une leçon au Pape et aux évêques Nous allons signifier aux chefs de l'Eglise le mépris que nous inspirent leurs sentences » Si le premier scrutin ne donna pas satisfaction aux conjurés, le deuxième combla leurs vœux. Arrivé en tête de la liste, l'abbé Lemire, après avoir accepté l.a candidature qui lui était offerte, savoura la perverse joie du triomphe. Cependant, le vénérable président d'âge, le baron de Mackau. lit avec une douloureuse émotion, le résultat du vote. Aussitôt, tous les sectaires qui, depuis vingt ans, déchaînèrent la guerre contre l'Eglise, tous les jacobins .'qui spolièrent nos couvents, tous les vandales qui dévastèrent nos écoles, soufflettent de leurs injurieuses acclamations le prêtre rebelle à son évéque et au Souverain Pontife. M. Lemire parutil gêné par une apothéose décernée à sa révolte ? Loin de déplorer cet avilissant hommage, le député d'Hazebrouck jouit délicieusement du succès que son obéissance et sa fidélité n'eussent jamais obtenu. De si bas qu'ils partent, ces bravos outrageants ne le font pas rougir. Les instigateurs de ls candidature et les promoteurs du scandale ont savamment calculé la portée de leur exploit. Dans ce (Ces dernières paroles enthousiasmaient Lamartine, qui les cite,. un peu à sa guise, dans son Histoire des Girondins.) Lanjuinais, expulsé de la Convention, réussit, plus heureux que d'autres, à se caoher dix-huit mois dans sa propre maison, à Rennes, grâce au dévouement de sa femme et de sa servante. Il vécut là, dans un grenier à peine assez grand pour contenir un matelas, une table et quelques livres, éclairé d'une lucarne dérobée sous un fagot J'ai nommé enfin Defermon (aujourd'hui de Fermon). Il devait, lui aussi, recevoir de Napoléon le titre de comte, et, en outre, te rang de ministre, et, plus tard, comme Lanjuinais, son collègue du Parlement de Rennes, faire souche de députés. C'est Defermon, si l'on en croit M. de Kerviler, qui aurait présidé la Convention en cette séance mémorable du il décembre 1792, où l'infortuné Louis XVI, comparut, avec tant de dignité et de courage sans emphase, devant ses sujets devenus illégalement ses juges, ou plutôt ses bourreaux C'est Defermon qui aurait prononcé fes paroles historiques, attribuées depuis Thiers à Barère « L'Europe vous observe, l'histoire recueille vos pensées, vos actions, l'incorruptible postérité vows jugera avec une sévérité inflexible. Que votre attitude soit conforme aux nouvelles fonctions que vous allez remplir 1 L'impassibilité et le silence le plus profond conviennent à des juges, etc. » Il serait intéressant de vérifier ce petit point d'histoire, que je signale aux chercheurs. Est-ce Barère, est-ce Defermon, qui présidait ce jour-là ? Dans son beau volume récent sur la Révolution, Louis Madelin tient pour Barère. Ce serait à voir. La chouannerie Quoi qu en soit de ce détaii, il est aisé de constater que. si la bourgeoisie bretonne piiHipl mener" !B3 gr-indei ̃ !n<int>s de l'année tropique où elles tombaient au premier siècle de l'ère chrétienne. Les auteurs de ce projet espéraient qu'il serait adopté non seulement en Russie, mais aussi par les pays protestants. Il n'en fut rien. Au reste, s'il ne devait pas être accepté universellement, le désaccord aurait subsisté. C'eut été tomber de Charybde en Scylla. Après ces échecs réitérés, on renonça de plus en plus à l'idée d'arriver à l'unification du calendrier par l'adoption universelle du grégorien qui paraissait définitivement impossible en Russie, et, en présence des projets surgissant de toutes parts dans les autres pays et demandant la réforme du calendrier occidental lui-même, on songea à la réaliser par un autre moyen. « Votre calendrier est absurde, disaient les pays de l'Europe occidentale aux Gréco-Russes, acceptez donc le nôtre. Et parmi les réponses se trouvait celle-ei «. Nous reconnniseons que notre calendrier est absurde et sommes prêts à l'abandonner, mais nous ne voulons pas du vôtre qui est lui-même incohérent. Les autres pays ayant eu la bonne volonté de reconnaître la vérité de cette critique, ont changé de tactique et disent maintenant •̃ Puisque vous désirez l'unification et que vous êtes disposés à sacrifier votre calendrier, mais que vous ne voulez pas du notre que noue reconnaissons nous-mêmes imparfait, nous allons faire le même sacrifice nous vous proposons de chercher ensemble un calendrier perfectionné que nous adopterons tous -en même temps. Ce fut le langage tenu à Saint-Pétersbourg en à la réunion de l'Association internationale des Académies. Après avoir Inscrit à l'ordre du jour de cette réunion l'unification et la simplification du calendrier, elle a nommé, sur la proposition des délégués de l'Académie des sciences de Paris, une Commission chargée d'élaborer un projet. Que cette nouvelle tentative aboutisse ou non, il restera vrai que les orthodoxes se seraient honorés en acceptant à son heure la réforma grégorienne, réforme dont le résultat principal. il savoir la nouvelle règle d'intercalation des bissextiles, est jugé encore par les savants de nos jours. suffisamment exact, pratique et commode. Ils auraient eu ensuite tout le temps nécessaire pour chercher, avec les autres pays, à réaliser d'autres perfectionnements au fur et à mesure qu'ils auraient été possibles. ADOLPHE Bertrand. complot, rien ne fut livré au hasard. Mgr Charost a, comme on le sait, fixé au 15 janvier l'ultime délai de sa miséricor^ dieuse expectative. C'est le 15 janvier que le député d'Hazebrouck doit faire connaître à son ohef spirituel la suprême décision de l'abbé Lemire. La foi de ce malheureux ecclésiastique a toujours semblé plus ferme que son esprit et plus profonde que sa doctrine. Mgr Charost. la clergé, les fidèles du diocèse espéraient que l'abbé Lemire, mis en face de l'inflexible arrêt, hésiterait à salir sa robe dans le rouge Rubicon que la République radicale veut lui faire franchir. On se disait que las jours qui le séparaient de la fatale échéance seraient peut-être des jours de réflexion et de prière, et que la voix intérieure, qui se tait dans le tumulte, lui parlerait dana le silence. On se trompait. L'ennami redoutait cette retraite et cette solitude. Le prêtre, sourd aux supplications et aux larmes de son évèoue, n a pas craint d'obéir aux instances des amis impatients de précipiter sa condamnation et son exode. Nos adversaires savaient que l'abbé Lemire n'était pas insensible aux flatteries des assemblées et se laissait facilement griser par ces caresses de la fausse gloire si pernicieuses à la foi des chrétiens vacillants. On a exploité cette faiblesse. Enjôlé par des flagorneurs intéressés à sa défection, l'abbé Lemire n'a pas su éviter le piège que lui tendait une secte qui ne t'a porté aux nues que pour rendre, demain, sa chute plus retentissante. Sur le pinacle où le parti radical l'a érigd idole éphémère nul ne peut convaincre l'abbé Lemire d'erreur que luimême, ou plutôt lui-même a perdu cet ascendant sur son esprit vidé de l'idée divine. Sa rébellion l'a dépouillé de ses forces. « Mais, comme le isait Louis Veuillot au Père Haycinthe, le lendemain du jour ou le religieux rompit avec l'Eglise mais Dieu est toujours là, et la prière toujours aux pieds de Dieu 1 Dans quarante-huit heures expirera le délai fixé par Mgr Charost. Que nos amis utilisent cette trêve en demandant à la Providence d'éclairer cette âme naguère encore si généreuse sur la vanité de son triomphe, et sur la perfidie de ses adulateurs et sur exerça sur les débuts de la Révolution une influence néfaste, elle essaya du moins d'enrayer l'horrible mouvement qu'elle avait si imprudemment favorisé. Mais la réparation devait être plus profonde encore, et elle le fut lorsque le paysan breton entra en ligne, avec une énergie indomptable, pour réclamer la liberté religieuse qu'on lui avajt si solennellement promise et si férocement refusée.
| 26,834 |
victorcousin03simogoog_7
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,888 |
Victor Cousin
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Simon, Jules, 1814-1896 | Anderson, Melville Best, 1851-1933, tr | Anderson, Edward Playfair, tr
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English
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Spoken
| 6,375 | 8,285 |
What! a philosopher? Yes, and a very great one ; but one who was somewhat nervous, some- what out of sorts, a great invalid ; the honor and the scourge of philosophy ; tormented by our weak reason, to which he gives a vigorous and tragical shock without being able either to destroy it or to get rid of it. Cousin thought about Pascal for a whole year, and wrote on Pascal a book even more elegant than philosophic, — an altogether peerless critical monograph. With this book is connected an episode in his life which, while not to be ex- aggerated, is not greatly to his honor, — an episode that made a terrible noise for a whole term. The tale is really a trifling one. Among Jouffroy's papers had been found material for a volume of " Miscellanies.'* The widow intrusted these manuscripts to Damiron, 13 194 Victor Cousin. the faithful friend of the deceased, — Damiron, whom Cousin called " the wisest of the wise," a man whom no one knew without loving him. The most important of these manuscripts was a kind of autobiography, in which Jouffroy spoke especially of the history of his mind. This piece passed from hand to hand among the faithful before being printed, and we were all charmed and touched by it, for it disclosed all the candor and all the elevation of this choice spirit. Damiron offered it to the " Revue des Deux Mondes " which eagerly accepted it, and an agreement was made with Buloz that I should carefully re-read the man- uscript and correct the proofs. I did so. A day or two before the review was to appear, Damiron came up to my room to get the proof-sheets, already marked ** Ready for press," and carried them away to take a last look at them. It was Saturday. On leaving me he went to a session of the Academy of Moral Sciences, where he sat beside Cousin. Entering, he places his hat before him, with the proofs in it. Cousin, who as usual had an eye to every- thing, catches sight of the printed proofs. "What have you there?" "Jouffroy's me- moir, that I told you of, and that you would not read in manuscript." The session being un- His Loves. 195 interesting, Cousin takes up the memoir and looks it over. He immediately stumbles upon that oft-repeated passage, in which Jouffroy, speaking of his stay at the Normal School and of his studies there, complains that all the talk was of the origin of ideas, and that nothing was said of the problem of human destiny, which was even then — and throughout his life — his chief preoccupation. ** Philosophy was in a hole." And he concluded with these words : "All this was due to the ignorance of our young master." Does this not appear very innocent? It was all the more innocent be- cause Jouffroy, though he did not then see the importance of the problem of the origin of ideas, was not long in finding it out, and in becoming absorbed in it, like his ** young master." This young master was Cousin, who had entered upon the teaching of philosophy before being a philosopher. In the France of that day he could not have done otherwise. Jouffroy's simple and true phrase, which had struck no one, and would probably have passed unnoticed, seemed to Cousin a mortal insult. How could Jouffroy have written it? And how could Damiron — and others — have let it stand? "You must leave it out." "No such thing. I can round out an unfinished phrase, set an incorrect phrase upon its legs ; 196 Victor Cousin. but change the author's thought I cannot, ought not, will not." And Damiron under- took the task — easy enough with any other person — of showing Cousin that this criticism, if it was one, was quite inoffensive, and that his fame would not suffer from it. Cousin did not take the trouble to discuss it. He went straight to Madame Jouffroy, who only knew that her husband had been the pupil and the friend of Cousin, and would not willingly have offended him, and that, if the phrase was too harsh, it must be a hasty expression which her husband himself would not have failed to correct. The phrase was corrected; it was a very small matter, — one expression instead of another, a retouch that from all possible points of view it would have been better not to make. Damiron resisted obstinately, and Buloz made a great ado ; but Madame Jouffroy, for whom Cousin was at that very time soliciting a pension, im- posed her will, and the article appeared without the offensive word. On the very same day the whole story was published by Pierre Leroux, who had been on the watch, and the following month his articles were collected in a little work entitled "The Mutilation of Jouffroy's Manuscripts by the Eclectics." Cousin, to avoid a pin-prick, had wantonly incurred a great scandal. He who suffered most from His Loves. 197 it, and suffered cruelly, was the innocent Damiron. It has been said — and I believe it — that it was with the desire to create a diversion, that Cousin began his campaign against the friends of Pascal who were guilty of mutilating his writings after his death. He loudly maintained that no one can change a syllable in a post- humous publication without infringing the rights of the dead and the rights of the hu- man mind, the master and owner of great works as soon as produced. To this noble zeal we are indebted for an admirable dissertation. Cousin first read it to the French Academy, and before long brought it out in a book that has given rise to several fine editions of Pascal's " Thoughts/' The idea of accusing him, after that, of taking liberties with Jouffroy's prose ! In reading this dissertation on the need of a new edition of Pascal's ** Thoughts," we are impressed by three things, — the correctness and breadth of Cousin's literary knowledge, the evident pleasure he takes in treating aesthetic and critical questions, and his scholarly passion for fine editions and for the discovery of va- riants and of manuscripts. His library, which he presented to the University, is the best pre- served and one of the most valuable in Paris, 198 Victor Cousin. and attests that philosophy did not absorb all his affections. He was very rich in fine engravings, in original editions, in the classics ancient and modern, — chiefly in seventeenth- century classics; these he put in the place of honor in the finest bindings, setting the rarest editions beside the luxurious editions. I wish that my friend Barth61emy Saint-Hilaire, as a relaxation after publishing a fine transla- tion of Aristotle in twenty volumes, would give himself the pleasure and do us the service of writing a descriptive catalogue of this library. It would be a whole chapter in M. Cousin's life. There is not one of these volumes that he has not a hundred times handled, turned over and m over, taken down, consulted. Many of them cost him prolonged hunts, long scenes in the back shops of booksellers, miracles of diplo- macy, and at a pinch even a few lies. As for money, — a thing he was not lavish of, — he always had some for his books. He was a favorite with all the book-mongers. There were battles to be fought before getting his last word and his money ; but more than one among them is a scholar and an artist; and such a man prefers a tilt with a scholar and an artist like Cousin, to the money of an igno- ramus who buys a curious book for vanity and not for love. His Loves. 199 When the Duchess of Orleans came to France, Cousin learned that she had named him in the very foremost rank of our great men. You may imagine how proud he was. " I shall offer her one of my works." He might offer the Princess H61fene his "Lectures on Kant" or his "Philosophical Fragments": she was competent to read them. He thought it more gallant to give her his " Report on Public In- struction in Prussia," and happily, as he had presented it to the King, there remained one copy on Holland paper. For the first time, he told Beauzonnet to give himself free scope. They two planned to make a peerless binding. The finest skins were examined, the quality of different kinds of gilt was tested, tools were made on purpose. The very case must be a masterpiece. On one side were to be seen the arms of France, on the other those of Meck- lenburg-Schwerin. Within, the arms were quartered. Nothing could equal the fineness of the tracery, the elegance and just propor- tion of the ornamentation. It took time ; the Duchess had come, and had given Cousin a very gracious reception, and the book was still in the binder's hands. At last the day came when all was complete. The book was trans- ported, with immense precaution, from Beau- zonnet's shop to the Sorbonne, and installed 200 Victor Cousin. by itself upon a table in the midst of the large library room. Thither the great connoisseurs were invited to see it. Techener was sum- moned, De Sacy, Charles Nodier, Libri, who lived across the street ; also Cousin's associates in the French Academy, but not all, — only those who had claims. After these, friends of importance took their turn ; and after all the rest, we ourselves, pretending to be judges and to go into transports of admiration. This pro- cession lasted so long, that one day we asked ourselves, and we asked Cousin, when it would be over. Upon my word, he sought out no pretext; he simply began to laugh, and con- fessed that he could not make up his mind to part with so rare a masterpiece. Yet it is not now among his books: as for the poor prin- cess, she did not get it. I could better understand Cousin's enthu- siasm for bringing out fine unpublished works. M.Taine, who gives him high praise for having this passion, and for more than once arousing it in others, cites a page of his in which he adjures the possessors of Malebranche's letters to publish them. " They commit a robbery by condemning these letters to oblivion," said he. " They are our rightful due, — the patrimony of all men of letters. If the proprietor of these manuscripts dreads the expense, I will defray His Loves. 201 it. If he needs an introduction or notes, I am ready." This passage reminds me of an anec- dote that bibliophiles ought to know. A sale of Malebranche autographs was an- nounced. Cousin hastened to it. The manu- script is authentic ; he must have it A first bid. A bookseller carelessly makes another. Cousin would fain advance rapidly, but restrains his ardor, increasing the bid little by little, so as not to disclose the immensity of his desire. The other man — always so reserved and calm — comes steadily after him. By little and little a large sum is reached. Cousin begins to tremble. He questions the bookseller, he gazes at the audience. Finally, the real pur- chaser enters the room. Cousin at once detects him. " What use could you make of it? " And he lectures his man on the necessity of put- ting such a treasure into good hands, — a great oversight on the part of such a diplo- matist ! The more he insists, the more reso- lute is his rival. It is impossible to compete with that long purse. Cousin is obliged to yield. The bookseller receives the precious pages and hands them over to his happy client. Straightway Cousin changes his tactics. " Are you going to publish this? " " By no means ! " Then follows the whole passage cited with many developments by M. Taine : ** Permit 202 Victor Cousin. me to ride in your carriage." " A great honor for me." Cousin follows the buyer to his li- brary and plies him with compliments. " Here, I suppose, is your previous conquest ! " "I have something better than that." "Where is it? " " There ; admire it ! " " This did not come from the auction sale. How did you get it?" "That is my secret!" "Apropos of the Malebranche [returning to the sub- ject while the other firmly awaited the attack], these letters were written previously to 'The Search after Truth.* There is in them a pas- sage that may be regarded as the first glim- mer of an opinion — " " What opinion? " " That is my secret. Are you willing to pub- lish it? I will make you a preface." " And the trouble I have taken to-day will be all for you ? " " No ; I will make you a present of my prose. You shall publish it under your own name." " Only that everybody may recognize it as yours ! " Cousin had no hope. He knew his man too well, and was aware that he could not get the better of such obstinacy. He was fighting for honor, lest it should be said that he had not stoutly held out against the enemy. " Lend it to me,'* said he, heaving great sighs. " Do me the kindness to come and consult it here; my study shall be at your service." Then followed fresh negotiations, in which, at His Loves. 203 last, Cousin half retrieved the day. The man- uscript — which was voluminous — was lent to him, upon his solemn promise to return it the next day before ten o'clock in the morning. Night had fallen; Cousin could read it only by lamplight. He departed with the precious treasure. Four Normal School pupils, straight- way placed in requisition, passed the night in copying it. To give them stomach for the task, Madame Blanchard made for them some of her famous cabbage soup. At the stroke of ten. Cousin placed the manuscript in the hands of its owner who was much relieved, and com- plimented him on his punctuality. Cousin feigned indifference, spoke of other matters, and said, as he was going out, " When do you publish?'* "Why, I told you," replied the other. ** My resolution is unchanged." "That being the case," rejoined Cousin, " I shall offer you a large-paper copy in one month from now." His interlocutor could only bite his lip, in the consciousness that he had been outwitted. There was nothing for it except to show himself a generous friend of letters. This he did, and did it well. Cousin had been ushered by Pascal into the study of French society in the seventeenth century. The relations of Descartes were rather to foreign countries than to France. 204 Victor Cousin. With Pascal it was different. This devotee and fanatic was a man of the world. Through him Cousin became acquainted with Mademoi- selle de Roannez, and above all with Jacque- line. It might be said that in accordance with his mania for making elaborate researches, he studied Pascal in her. This first book on the women of the seventeenth century may in a manner pass for a philosophic work, because of the heroine's name and profession. But it was already evident that Cousin was smitten ; that he would not abide in cloisters ; that, phi- losopher though he was, or had been, he would frequent the boudoirs. As the reader knows, great lords were not the only ones admitted there, — pedants were also received for the love of Greek.^ But this pedant did not talk like Manage (or rather Vadius) ; he was of kin to the greatest wits. To Madame de Longueville, Madame de Sa- bl6, Madame de Chevreuse, Madame de Haute- fort, one after the other, he gave new life ; yes, new life, in spite of all that may be said, and notwithstanding his display of erudition. If he leaves biography to give a picture of French 1 The pedant Vadius, supposed to be a caricature of Ma- dame de S^vigne*s celebrated tutor, Manage, is admitted by Moli^re into the company of the ** Learned Ladies " " for the love of Greek." (" Femmes Savantes," iii. 5.) — Tr. His Loves. 205 society in the seventeenth century, he takes pains to inform you that this is the society of the pricietcses, and that he will base his work upon " Cyrus the Great." The nine volumes thus published by Cousin form an agreeable but singular sequel to his eight volumes on the ** History of Philosophy," his five volumes of " Philosophic Fragments," his editions of the Proclus manuscripts and of Abelard's " Sic et Non." From this time on, Cousin confines him- self definitively to the seventeenth century, of which he was passionately fond, and to the first part of the century, the heroic and tur- bulent part, which he evidently prefers to the more faultless and more orderly society domi- nant in Europe under Louis XIV. He might have devoted himself to the heroes, or to the preachers, — since he is of their trade, — or to the great writers; but no, he is attracted by the women, and no longer by devout and aus- tere women like Jacqueline, but by the great inamoratas and the fair penitents. He fre- quents the salon and the boudoir rather than the cloister. Does he compose a book on Mazarin, it is to study that statesman's youth, when Mazarin tested on the women of the court the political genius by which he was to succeed as well as Richelieu, without having to 2o6 Victor Cousin. strike as many hard blows. A few years before, when Cousin was translating Plato, comment- ing on Xenophanes, editing Proclus, who would have said that with advancing years he would bury himself in "Cyrus the Great," — to rise no more; that he would be conversant with the sayings and opinions of Mademoiselle de Scuddry ; that he would be interested not only in great passions and great adventures, but in the tastes and fancies of gay ladies ; that his curiosity would ransack the folds of their hearts ; that it would be a literary commonplace to represent him as the posthumous lover of Madame de Longueville ? He is the only man, apparently, of whom it may be said that he loved a mistress who had been dead these two hundred years. He simply paid his ad- dresses to a captivating woman who, as became the sister of the great Condd, had some traces of her brother's undisciplined temper. M. Taine, who wrote about M. Cousin a most bril- liant, most witty, most profound, and most malevolent book, says very humorously that Cousin fancied himself the brother-in-law of Cond6 and the rival of La Rochefoucauld. The fact is, that this history of Madame de Longue- ville, in spite of a bibliographical display per- haps slightly out of place but certainly very amusing to those acquainted with M. Cousin, His Loves. 207 is full of life and passion. These jests touching Cousin's retrospective flame, which amused the salons of Paris forty years ago, and which are repeated now by M. Taine and me, — by him almost as a criticism, and by me almost as a commendation, — would truly be very barren if these portraits by M. Cousin had as little life and reality as M. Taine pretends. He contrasts this gallery with the portraits by Michelet and Sainte-Beuve, and says in so many words that Cousin exhibits nought but erudition and dec- lamation, while the two others have the true historical genius, which is creative. This judgment is, in my opinion, more than severe. Sainte-Beuve, writing as a very witty and highly - cultivated man converses in a drawing-room, analyzes and describes his sub- ject with precision and refinement, takes es- pecial care to be true and complete, and re- turns, if need be, to a detail until the likeness is perfect. This delicate and charming artist in- troduces you, without mannerism or apparatus, to intimacy with his personages, discloses their secrets, enables you to lay your finger on their qualities and on their defects. As to his quiet style, you do not think of it. Of Michelet's noisy phrase, on the other hand, you cannot help thinking, for it is unique, unexpected. One feels that Michelet despises correctness, 2o8 Victor Cousin. yet he is never incorrect. His phrase is often unfinished ; perceiving that the thought is un- derstood, he hastens on. He abounds in those magnificent words that light up a scene or a character ; and he scatters them broadcast, for they come to him unsought. No one can pass with more ease from the sublime to the familiar. There is no strain, no system ; you are borne onward by the forceful current of his mind. A whimsical humorist as well as a great painter, he always puts Michelet in a corner of the can- vas. Should he chance not to mention him- self, look closely and you will find a character that stands for him. The whole is charming, captivating, confusing ; everything, especially the movement, is exaggerated. Michelet knows no calm, disdains repose ; his course is stormy, but it leads to an enchanted land. Once the wizard has taken us by the hand, we would not stop if we could. For these magical pic- tures, according to M. Taine, Cousin substitutes a formal description. Spectacles on nose, yardstick in hand, he takes no step without adducing reasons and citing authorities. Had the lady a particle of beauty, he tells which of her portraits indicate it and which omit it. Describing her bedroom, he would give the upholsterer s name if he could. For the pet- tiest detail he has texts which he quotes from His Loves. 209 the best edition, taking care to give the date and the name of pubHsher and bookseller. •* He is all the while thrusting himself into the story with a parcel of books in his arms." He drags through his narratives " a cartload of documents." Even in the story of Madame de Longueville, where his heart is engaged, he cannot help airing his pedantry. "Just as that sweet face begins to take shape be- fore your eyes, you hear a crash of tumbhng folios." Well, I admit the pedantry, the citations, and the folios, and I understand the com- plaint against them. Still, I may have my own reasons — as M. Taine has not — for be- ing fond of pedants. Quotations, references to texts, especially when too frequent, are annoy- ing, I grant. Yet they give confidence ; and this is one step toward producing a lifelike impression. Michelet never quotes ; there is not a note in his histories. If, by the merest chance in the world, he writes at the foot of the page an author's name, have no fear of his add- ing chapter and title. We must literally take him at his word ; and as he is always in parox- ysms of admiration or of rage, this is a perilous course. The ** folios " in M. Taine's sentence are all a joke. Cousin was, indeed, one of the last friends of folio volumes. None are made now, 14 2IO Victor Cousin, except by the Academy of Inscriptions ; two or three centuries ago they were much in favor. M. Cousin and I have together rummaged many a folio at Mdquignon's and at Madame Porquet's. It was not ver^" handy, but one could not help feeling that it was magnificent. I really think that M. Cousin would have pre- ferred to read "Cyrus the Great" in a folio. But he does not make such excessive use of books as M. Taine is pleased to say. He has a right to speak of them and to cite them, for he knows them and understands them. For my part, I rather like to have people preserve the appearance and habits — I may almost say the garb — of their trade, especially if this trade be a pleasing and honorable one. I shall always remember an expression that M. Saint- Marc Girardin made use of, after passing an hour with M. Nisard, M. Patin, M. Cuvillier- Fleury, and another whom I need not name: *' We were a company of three or four pedants who gave one another much delight." Pedant or not, M. Cousin must be acknowledged to have made his literary works attractive, since they charmed every one in Paris and in Europe who is interested in the history of literature and of noble sentiments. I do not think that having success is sufficient proof of deserving it, and I know that there is a spurious kind of His Loves. 211 success ; but taking into consideration the sub- jects of his books, the author and his audience, I affirm that here are only just ideas, noble sentiments, ascertained facts, and a style that would have been enjoyed at Mademoiselle de Scud^ry's. After all, M. Taine's only ob- jection to M. Cousin is that he wrote in the nineteenth century. As a nineteenth-century writer he is very incomplete, and of contestable merit; had he had the good fortune to be born during Mazarin's youth, he would justly have been reckoned among the greatest wits. This conclusion gives me courage to meet the somewhat harsh criticism before mentioned. We are in many respects ahead of our ances- tors, but not in respect to literature. Instead of quarrelling with M. Cousin touching cer- tain declamations here and there slipping into his books, — for I will not deny that he had the oratorical temperament, — I prefer to repeat with Sainte-Beuve that " this wonderful writer's inspirations, whatever direction they may take, are neither swift nor eloquent by halves.*' I retain, therefore, all my former admiration for these learned and artistic volumes, giving us inventories and catalogues, it is true, but in- vesting even these unpromising materials with a certain charm, relating facts, fathoming mo- 212 Victor Cousin. tives and feelings, speaking the same language as the heroines portrayed, sometimes indeed making the picture somewhat solemn and con- ventional, but only to render the likeness more exact Perhaps I may feel that such a man as M. Cousin might have made better use of all this knowledge, sagacity, and eloquence. But taken for what they are, these books are ex- ceedingly honorable to their author and to contemporary letters. Almost all these papers first appeared in the " Journal des Savants " (this may explain their learned airs) or in the " Revue des Deux Mondes;" for M. Cousin was very fond of re- handling and completing his thought, throw- ing it first into the form of a sketch, then of a review article, and finally into the definitive form of a volume, to which — having com- pleted his discovery and fully developed his thought — he w^ould append citations, supple- ments, analytical tables, much after the fashion of his ancestors, the scholars and wits of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Even dur- ing the metaphysical fever of the first period of his life he sometimes slipped into scholarly researches and literary labors. I have already pointed out that in 1820 and the years follow- ing, instead of composing an independent body of doctrine, he busied himself with the His Loves. 213 publication of documents and commentaries, — Proclus and Descartes; translations of Plato and of the first and twelfth books of Aristotle's " Metaphysics;'* books of travel and of peda- gogy ; reports on the schools of Holland and of Germany. So likewise after 1830 his works on the women of the seventeenth century did not absorb him to such an extent as to lead him to entirely abandon philosophy. He re- vised his lecture courses as a whole, and pub- lished some new volumes on philosophy in its new phase as the official philosophy. His life was not so completely cut in two as it would seem. One might have guessed that the trans- lator of Plato would read " Cyrus the Great/' while it is easy to see that the commentator on " Cyrus the Great " has translated Plato. The whole secret of this life is, that Cousin loved and cultivated most of all the politics of phi- losophy. He took up philosophy in the first place as a subject to preach on. He soon got the metaphysical fever, which drove him for fifteen years athwart the schools, and left him suddenly at the moment when Philosophy abdicated in his favor and recognized him as her master. His great services are of the politi- cal order. M. Janet employs all his great talent to rehabilitate him as a philosopher and as the founder of a school, — a task that need 214 Victor Cousin. never be undertaken for Kant, Schelling, or Hegel. But it requires no effort to show that Cousin exerted upon philosophy, upon edu- cation, and upon French literature the widest and most beneficent influence. M. Taine, in concluding his brilliant and memorable study of Cousin, assures us that what he most lacked was to have been born in the seventeenth century. He would have entered the service of the Church, and have become the favorite preacher of those great ladies whom — thanks to him — we know so well. M. Taine goes to the length of taking us to hear one of Cousin's sermons, and of describ- ing his emotions in Madame de Longueville's presence. Over against this picture I shall modestly set another. The Parisians have conceived the idea of founding a great school of higher learning, or some other excellent institution in which a great and noble spirit cannot fail to be interested. Cousin has been asked once more to occupy his chair for an hour to explain their aim and purpose. He straightway leaves Cannes, the place to which he has been exiled by his physician, and defies fatigue that he may take part in a great enterprise : there he is. It is the same chair, the same amphitheatre, the same Sorbonne; it is also the same man. He His Loves. 215 has the same voice, the same gesture, the same imagination, the same energy that he had fifty years ago. As he enters, he runs his eyes over the audience. The young are still there, another generation, as eager for excitement and for knowledge as those he knew. The youth are crowded back on the upper benches, because all the old men have hastened hither once again to hear the voice of him they call master. The Institute in a body has taken its place upon the benches; beside it every one in Paris who holds a chair or works in a laboratory. At the sight of him, they recall his life, his wretched childhood, his thorough and brilliant studies. They follow him, in fancy, to the Normal School, which he is the first to enter, and which he influences so pro- foundly, — first as a pupil, immediately after- ward, at the age of twenty, as instructor in Greek, at twenty-one, as instructor in philosophy. At twenty-three he is Royer-Collard's substitute in the Literary Faculty. Where does he lec- ture? Close by, in the halls of the Du Plessis College, — then annexed to the College of Louis the Great. But he does not stay there long ; the novelty and brilliancy of his teach- ing attract such throngs that he has to open this very hall of the Sorbonne, to which he returns to-day after half a century. Hither he 2i6 Victor Cousin. comes, from 1815 to 1820, to initiate young men into all the great problems of philosophy. La Romiguiere had charmed him by his witty and graceful diction ; Royer-Collard had made a conquest of him by the authority and force of his dialectics ; but they were both absorbed in the study of the faculties of the soul, while Cousin discusses all the problems of human destiny, the origin of the universe, and the de- velopment of history. All systems are familiar to him, all sciences bring him their tribute ; he describes the march of the centuries and the evolution of human thought. He rises so high, he plunges so deep, he sees so far, that the sci- ence he sets forth seems to be the synthesis of all sciences. He speaks slowly, because his speech follows the movement of his thought, and his thought seeks out the truth under the very eyes of his hearers, who share the emotions aroused by his discoveries. What powerful language, glowing, varied, easy and yet correct, clear and yet altogether new, adapting itself to the most difficult deductive reasoning in metaphysics and yet losing none of its limpidity, combining in just proportions elevation and grace, by turns stimulating and charming, — a scholar's learning, a thinker's strength, a master's eloquence ! So young and already so famous, he lives a His Loves. 217 hermit amid his books; to him the world is nothing ; he knows, loves, desires only learning. The emissaries of the restored monarchy dog his steps ; but he is as insensible to fear as to ambition, so that one day the reaction, grown all-powerful, crushes him with its heavy hand. Reduced to silence, he buries himself in Ger- many, — a land to Frenchmen mysterious and unknown, where he is welcomed by scholars and persecuted by the government. Resuming his chair in 1828, ** upon the return of our constitutional hopes," with the double halo of dismissal and persecution, he brings to his hearers a wholly new philosophy ; not the phi- losophy of the seventeenth century, but a phi- losophy living and powerful, summing up the aspirations of the nineteenth century, which must forever bear its stamp. The year 1830 invests him with the control of philosophical instruction ; to this he brings all the intensity he has hitherto displayed as a teacher. He assumes the management of the Normal School, presides in the examina- tions for fellowships, gives professors their pro- gramme and their orders, selects them, directs them, animates them with his own zeal, nour- ishes them with his doctrine, makes them part- ners in his task; for fifteen years he thus teaches at one and the same time in all the 2i8 Victor Cousin. chairs of the realm. The University is at- tacked : he defends it. Philosophy is in peril : he saves it. If he turns away from philosophy for a moment, it is to assist M. Guizot in found- ing primary instruction. The books that he has written would alone form a whole library. All this teaching, this administrative work, these writings, — do they not fill his life amply and nobly? Amid all these labors he finds time to hold the foremost place as a talker in the Parisian salons, — for society made a con- quest of him after the austerity of his youthful years, and he learned that species of literature, peculiar to France, known as social conversa- tion, in which he had no rivals. His inexhaus- tible energy expended itself in writings, in lectures, in conversation, in correspondence, in action. He knew no sickness, no weak- ness. Even when immured in the dungeons of Prussia, a prey to anxiety about the result of his trial and the completion of his " Plato," he studied German and translated some poems of Goethe. Upon the advent of the Empire, the control of instruction escapes him. His activity takes refuge in the Academies. He enlightens them, guides them, and, to keep nothing back, intrigues in them. He has known all the great survivors of the last century and the Revolu- tion, all the great strugglers of the Restoration, His Loves. 219 all the statesmen .of the July Monarchy, all the philosophers and all the great writers of France and of Europe. We find him here, at seventy- five, in full possession of his faculties, and with- out one wasted hour in his life. This man will work on the very day of his death. He can face all the illustrious men who surround him, — orators, scholars, philosophers, historians ; he is the peer of any among them ; and pres- ently, when you hear him speak, you will ad- mit that none of them can compare with him in eloquence. It is here, my dear Taine, in the midst of this audience, and not amid the fashion- able devotees of the seventeenth century, that I would fain have heard M. Cousin's last sermon. Had he spoken before the throng I have described, while every listener thus re- called to mind the splendid achievements of his life, he would have appeared what he really was, — one of the most powerful masters of this nineteenth century, to which he belongs both by his excellences and by his defects, and which he made his own by virtue of the lessons he gave and the services he rendered. His friends, who were never numerous, his pupils, who are innumerable, all who knew him inti- mately, may have grievances against his person or against his doctrines. For all that, he is one 220 Victor Cousin. of the solidest glories of his native city and of all France, — one of the men who have most strongly moulded the thought of our country and of our age. Into his life no woman enters, — at least, no living woman; in his heart and in his talent this great blank remains. THE END.
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AMF
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French
|
Spoken
| 496 | 875 |
Communiqué de presse 14 février 2011 – 18h30
Chiffre d’affaires du 1 er semestre 2010/2011 : 7,4 M€
ICtelecom, leader des solutions de téléphonie conve rgentes pour les TPE et les PME, enregistre sur le 1 er semestre
de son exercice 2010/2011, un chiffre d’affaires en légère progression de 7,4 M€ contre 7,3 M€ au 1 er semestre de
l’exercice précédent.
Comme annoncé précédemment, ICtelecom a décidé de f aire évoluer ses méthodes comptables pour être au p lus
proche de la réalité économique de l’entreprise et anticiper la montée en puissance de la récurrence d u chiffre
d’affaires dès 2012.
Ce chiffre d’affaires semestriel est ainsi calculé net des frais de refinancement selon les normes com ptables
appliquées depuis la fin de l’exercice 2009/2010. I l se compare à un chiffre d’affaires au 1er semestr e 2009/2010 qui
intégrait pour partie plus de 1,3 M€ de frais de fi nancement des ventes.
Un 1 er semestre riche en développements
Au cours de ce 1 er semestre 2010/2011, ICtelecom a poursuivi l’applic ation de sa stratégie de développement :
• La société a maintenu sa dynamique commerciale grâ ce au déploiement continu de ses effectifs de vente à
Paris et en régions, et à l’ouverture de nouvelles agences à Toulouse, Strasbourg et Lyon.
• La société a parallèlement enrichi son offre de co nvergence grâce notamment à la signature d’un accor d
MVNO avec SFR.
• La base de clients s’est élargie par croissance or ganique et par croissance externe, suite au rachat
stratégique des fonds de commerce de IP France et A rtys Telecom début 2011.
Perspectives
Fort d’une activité bien orientée, ICtelecom réaffi rme sa confiance pour l’exercice en cours.
Prochain rendez-vous :
Résultats du 1er semestre 2010/2011 : 14 avril 2011 .
A propos de ICtelecom
ICtelecom est un opérateur télécom multiplay B to B , spécialiste des services de téléphonie sur IP (To IP) et des solutions de convergence.
Spécialisé sur l’IP depuis 2006, le groupe s'appuie sur ses 160 collaborateurs et une architecture tec hnologique développée entièrement en
interne pour s’imposer sur le marché en pleine expa nsion de la convergence pour les TPE et PME. ICtele com opère et commercialise sa propre
gamme de solutions fondées sur sa technologie innov ante de Centrex IP. Se positionnant comme le guiche t unique avec des solutions de
Téléphonie, Internet et Mobile globales, simples et économiques, ICtelecom connaît un très fort dévelo ppement sur son segment.
ICtelecom a réalisé un chiffre d’affaires de 18,3 M € en 2009/10 pour un résultat net de 1,3 M€.
ICtelecom qui était inscrite depuis le 4 juin 2007 au Marché Libre est admise sur NYSE Alternext depui s le 28 mai 2010. ICtelecom bénéficie du
Label « Entreprise Innovante » de l’OSEO.
www.ictelecom.fr Code ISIN : FR0010480111 –Mnémo : ALICT
Contacts
GoëlHaddouk, Président Directeur Général Gilles Broquelet / Olivier Paria
08 05 13 26 26 Communication financière
ghaddouk@ictelecom.fr 01 80 81 5000
www.ictelecom.fr gbroquelet@capvalue.fr / oparia@capvalue.fr
www.capvalue.fr
| 43,704 |
https://github.com/semorrison/lean-perfectoid-spaces/blob/master/src/for_mathlib/finsupp_prod_inv.lean
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
lean-perfectoid-spaces
|
semorrison
|
Lean
|
Code
| 155 | 370 |
import data.finsupp
universes u v w
namespace finsupp
variables {α : Type u} {β : Type v} {γ : Type w}
variables [decidable_eq α] [decidable_eq β] [add_group β] [comm_group γ]
variables {g : α →₀ β} {h h₁ h₂ : α → β → γ}
theorem prod_mul_distrib : finsupp.prod g (λ a b, h₁ a b * h₂ a b) =
finsupp.prod g h₁ * finsupp.prod g h₂ :=
finset.prod_mul_distrib
theorem prod_const_one : finsupp.prod g (λ a b, (1 : γ)) = 1 :=
finset.prod_const_one
theorem prod_inv : finsupp.prod g (λ a b, (h a b)⁻¹) = (finsupp.prod g h)⁻¹ :=
eq_inv_of_mul_eq_one $ by rw [← prod_mul_distrib]; simp only [inv_mul_self]; exact prod_const_one
theorem prod_neg_index' (h0 : ∀ a, h a 0 = 1) (hn : ∀ a b, h a (-b) = (h a b)⁻¹) :
finsupp.prod (-g) h = (finsupp.prod g h)⁻¹ :=
by rw [prod_neg_index h0]; simp only [hn]; exact prod_inv
end finsupp
| 33,947 |
https://github.com/maniacs-m/reark/blob/master/app/src/main/java/io/reark/rxgithubapp/viewmodels/RepositoryViewModel.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
reark
|
maniacs-m
|
Java
|
Code
| 302 | 786 |
/*
* The MIT License
*
* Copyright (c) 2013-2016 reark project contributors
*
* https://github.com/reark/reark/graphs/contributors
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
package io.reark.rxgithubapp.viewmodels;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import io.reark.reark.utils.Log;
import io.reark.reark.utils.Preconditions;
import io.reark.reark.viewmodels.AbstractViewModel;
import io.reark.rxgithubapp.data.DataLayer;
import io.reark.rxgithubapp.pojo.GitHubRepository;
import io.reark.rxgithubapp.pojo.UserSettings;
import rx.Observable;
import rx.subjects.BehaviorSubject;
import rx.subscriptions.CompositeSubscription;
public class RepositoryViewModel extends AbstractViewModel {
private static final String TAG = RepositoryViewModel.class.getSimpleName();
private final DataLayer.GetUserSettings getUserSettings;
private final DataLayer.FetchAndGetGitHubRepository fetchAndGetGitHubRepository;
final private BehaviorSubject<GitHubRepository> repository = BehaviorSubject.create();
public RepositoryViewModel(@NonNull DataLayer.GetUserSettings getUserSettings,
@NonNull DataLayer.FetchAndGetGitHubRepository fetchAndGetGitHubRepository) {
Preconditions.checkNotNull(getUserSettings, "Gey User Settings cannot be null.");
Preconditions.checkNotNull(fetchAndGetGitHubRepository,
"Fetch And Get GitHub Repository cannot be null.");
this.getUserSettings = getUserSettings;
this.fetchAndGetGitHubRepository = fetchAndGetGitHubRepository;
Log.v(TAG, "RepositoryViewModel");
}
@Override
public void subscribeToDataStoreInternal(@NonNull CompositeSubscription compositeSubscription) {
compositeSubscription.add(
getUserSettings.call()
.map(UserSettings::getSelectedRepositoryId)
.switchMap(fetchAndGetGitHubRepository::call)
.subscribe(repository)
);
}
@NonNull
public Observable<GitHubRepository> getRepository() {
return repository.asObservable();
}
}
| 22,210 |
https://openalex.org/W3047928185
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,020 |
Pushing the Naked Envelop Further: A Missiological Deconstruction of the Empire and Christianity in Africa
|
Derrick Mashau
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,958 | 12,992 |
(41–57)
Missionalia 48-1 Mashau (41–57)
Missionalia 48-1 Mashau Missionalia 48-1 M 41 www.missionalia.journals.ac.za | https://doi.org10.7832/48-1-384 1 Prof Thinandavha Derrick Mashau is the Chair of the Department of Christian Spirituality, Church History
and Missiology at the University of South Africa (UNISA). He can be contacted at mashatd@unisa.ac.za Pushing the Naked Envelop Further
A Missiological Deconstruction of the Empire
and Christianity in Africa Thinandavha. D (Derrick) Mashau1 Abstract In re-visiting issues of empire and African Christianity, this article sought to provide a
missiological deconstruction of empire and Christianity in Africa, and to draw some
missiological lessons that can help shape the agenda of Christianity in Africa moving
to the future. Using a liberating praxis of engagement with available literature, this
article concluded that the relationship between empire and Christianity is not only
historical, but a present reality – it can be traced back from early Christianity, Roman
Empire, colonial and imperial era, to post-colonial and independent/democratic
Africa. The article discovered that while the empire dominates and enslaves, Christi
anity in Africa could be liberated to liberate the rest of the world from the stronghold
of the empire. Optics – in the form of various hermeneutic lenses – should be used to
unmask the empire for what/who it is. The theology of ubuntu and other life-affirming
African theologies should be used as liberating tools, not only from the empire but
also from the myth that Christianity is a Western religion. Key words: Pushing, Naked truth, Missiological, Deconstruction, Empire, African
Christianity, Christian Mission 1. Introduction Christianity in Africa has always thrived in the context of the empire. According
to Bate (2013:313), the relationship between the two is a complex dialectic of
power and control. Historical dynamics between Christian mission and colonialism
(Nkomazana, 2016:30; Pillay, 2018:1), Christian mission and slavery (Amponsah,
2013:431), and Christian mission and apartheid can be cited to demonstrate this. Unlike European Christianity, which is on the decline and leaving Church buildings
as white elephants or centres of attraction for tourists in some cases, the growth of
Christianity in Africa, in the context of the empire, has been phenomenal (Mashau
& Frederiks, 2008:109-110; Henry, 2016:1). The rapid explosion of Christianity
in Africa is well documented (Manala, 2013:286; Gifford, 2008:276; Komolafe,
2004:217). This speaks to mainline, independent and Pentecostal-charismatic Missionalia 48-1 Thinandavha. D (Derrick) Mashau 42 Churches and we can trace this from the 21st century back to the exploration era of
the 15th century until Christianity’s first centuries in North Africa (Mashau & Fred
eriks, 2008:110). In addition, “the explosive expansion of Christianity in Africa and
Asia during the last two centuries constitutes one of the most remarkable cultural
transformations in human history” (Etherington & Maxwell, 2004:194). y
g
However, the growth of Christianity in Africa does not come without challenges
(Henry, 2016:1) and criticism. Henry (2016:1) concurs, “Christianity in Africa has
resulted in the fastest growing, most controversial, most dynamic and most schis
matic Churches in the world.” One of the major criticisms recorded has to do with
its influence and transforming abilities. According to Simango (2018:1): There has been a lot of mass conversions (or massive numerical growth), but
evidence, growth, and fruits of salvation are few or nowhere to be seen. Hence the
expression “a hundred miles wide, but only a few inches deep” has been used to
describe Africa Christianity. Areas of concern include, among others, matters of social justice and marginalisa
tion of the most vulnerable in African communities, political decay, abuse of re
ligion and gullibility of the masses and other social ills in Africa. 1. Introduction To achieve this aim, the
author will start by setting the tone through outlining a missiological framework Pushing the Naked Envelop Further 43 towards this research, and then move on to provide a literature review on empire
and Christianity in Africa, followed by a missiological deconstruction of empire and
African Christianity, and then conclude by drawing missiological lessons that can
help shape the discourse moving to the future. 2. Setting the tone: A missiological framework Speaking in the context of the
need to break our violent silences that perpetuate exclusion in urban spaces, De
Beer (2014:1) argued for a ‘liberating praxis engagement’ as follows, “[it] is (still)
a necessity in conjunction with and initiated by concrete sites of struggle in order
for violent silences to be broken, for the disruptions of the poor to penetrate our
numbness, and for the mutual liberation of the poor and of theology to continue.” 1. Introduction Speaking in the
context of Southern Africa, something that is relevant to the rest of Africa, Simango
(2018:1) correctly concluded, “I argue that Christianity has not been fully con
textualised in Southern Africa – Christianity has spread widely in southern Africa
but it has not fully penetrated into the society and culture of the Africans.” It is my
hypothesis in this article that one of the contributory factors to this anomaly is the
influence of the empire on African Christianity and the inherited influence of West
ern Christianity and culture. Areas of concern include, among others, matters of social justice and marginalisa
tion of the most vulnerable in African communities, political decay, abuse of re
ligion and gullibility of the masses and other social ills in Africa. Speaking in the
context of Southern Africa, something that is relevant to the rest of Africa, Simango
(2018:1) correctly concluded, “I argue that Christianity has not been fully con
textualised in Southern Africa – Christianity has spread widely in southern Africa
but it has not fully penetrated into the society and culture of the Africans.” It is my
hypothesis in this article that one of the contributory factors to this anomaly is the
influence of the empire on African Christianity and the inherited influence of West
ern Christianity and culture. The notion of an ‘inch deep’ in African Christianity is a creative chaos given
birth by the oppressive, divisive and destructive influence of the empire. The author
argues in this article that Christianity in Africa has always lived under the spell
of the empire – what Botha (2011:133) calls, “living at the edge of empire.” In
revisiting, exploring and deconstructing issues of empire and African Christianity,
something that has been researched extensively – including the Accra confession,
the main question that this article seeks to answer is: What are the missiological
lessons that we can draw by unmasking the historical and dynamic interplay be
tween the empire and African Christianity in order to set a missiological agenda
for the African Church moving to the future? The aim of this article is, therefore, to
provide a missiological deconstruction of empire and Christianity in Africa and to
draw missiological lessons that can help shape a missiological agenda for Christian
mission and Christianity in Africa moving to the future. 2. Setting the tone: A missiological framework The task to unmask the empire in the context of African Christianity is undertaken
from a missiological perspective. The author’s approach is influenced by two nega
tive realities in the history of Christian mission over centuries, namely the empire
has always worked alongside Christian mission in planting Churches in Africa. Sec
ondly, the marriage between the empire and Christian mission has been used to
subject Africans under colonialism, slavery (Amponsah, 2013:431) and apartheid
(in the case of South) Africa (Oliver 2010:1). Christian mission has always lived
under the spell of the empire and its roots can be traced as far back as to early
Christianity (Van den Bosch, 2009:648). y (
,
)
Methodologically, the author used a ‘liberating praxis of engagement’ with rel
evant literature on this topic to unmask the deceptive and domineering powers of
the empire in the context of Christianity in Africa. Speaking in the context of the
need to break our violent silences that perpetuate exclusion in urban spaces, De
Beer (2014:1) argued for a ‘liberating praxis engagement’ as follows, “[it] is (still)
a necessity in conjunction with and initiated by concrete sites of struggle in order
for violent silences to be broken, for the disruptions of the poor to penetrate our
numbness, and for the mutual liberation of the poor and of theology to continue.”
This is premised on encountering missiology as espoused by Kritzinger (2008:764)
in his praxis matrix that defines missiology as encounterology. In his article Mission
as Prophetic Dialogue, Klippies Kritzinger defines his praxis matrix as, “A missio
logical approach that discerns contextual priorities [and] consciously integrates
the theology and practice of mission” (Kritzinger, 2013:37). The use of liberating
praxis of engagement, in this article, is grounded on transforming encounters be
tween the empire and Christianity in Africa; and in this instance, the author will use
readily available literature on this topic as interlocutors. Methodologically, the author used a ‘liberating praxis of engagement’ with rel
evant literature on this topic to unmask the deceptive and domineering powers of
the empire in the context of Christianity in Africa. 3. Literature review on empire and Christianity in Africa According to Oduyoye (1996:494), “The Church of Christ seems to have found
a permanent home in Africa.” However, there is doubt with regard to its identity
and future. Oduyoye (1996:494) opines, “Much of the Church’s history, mission,
and theology of the first millennium of Christianity is yet to be properly claimed as
African.” This is mainly because of the relationship between the empire and Christi
anity in Africa where Christianity became synonymous with Western Christianity and Missionalia 48-1 Thinandavha. D (Derrick) Mashau 44 culture. Historically, this relationship can be traced back to different epochs of the
history of Christianity. Van den Bosch (2009:648) captures this as follows: The history of Christianity is completely intertwined with the history of various
empires. The life of Jesus Christ and his death on the cross shaped the context of
the Roman Empire, as is the theology of the apostle Paul; the ecumenical councils
of the fourth and fifth centuries, where central doctrinal decisions were taken that
shaped Christian theology, were controlled by Roman emperors; the global spread
of Christianity as a result of the great missionary enterprises of the sixteenth to the
nineteenth century cannot be comprehended apart from the history of the colonial
empires of early colonialism (Spain and Portugal) and later colonialism (espe
cially Britain) – in short: Christianity cannot be understood apart from empire. It is clear from the foregoing that Christianity in Africa has always thrived in the con
text of the empire. The relationship has always been complex and in some instances
ambiguous, and the following can be cited: It is clear from the foregoing that Christianity in Africa has always thrived in the con
text of the empire. The relationship has always been complex and in some instances
ambiguous, and the following can be cited: 3.1 Christian Mission and Colonialism Christianity in Africa is known for an ugly history of Christian mission and colonial
ism working together as inseparable bedfellows. In defining the imperialist identity
of empire and the misuse of religion to advance its imperialistic agenda, Mothoagae
(2011:4) concluded: One of the fundamental ideologies surrounding empire is that there is a thin
line between religion and politics. It is for this reason that one cannot but speak of
religion as a political resource. The author argues that religion has legitimated re
gimes, siphoned potential grievances, provided support for organisation for social
movements as well as offering concepts of justice that seek to mobilise participation
for change. The imperialist identity of empire was made manifest by using Christian mission
aries to advance the imperialist agenda (Du Bois, 1938:101). Masondo (2018:209)
agrees that, “Christianity was meant to be one of the most potent weapons in the
armory of European Imperialism. Christian missionaries were used to colonise the
conscience (Masondo, 2018:209), expropriate land of indigenous people through
armed force (Kritzinger, 1987:17-18), change African names, customs, traditions
and religions (Oliver, 2010:4). African ways of knowing and indigenous knowl
edge systems were replaced by Western education and in the process, the empire
committed epistemic genocide in Africa in the name of Western Christianity. Pillay
(2018:1) adds, “Missionaries have been seen as playing a major role in undermin
ing the life and culture of indigenous tribes in order to make them victims of easy
conquest.” Pushing the Naked Envelop Further 45 3.2 Christian Mission and Slavery There has always been a delicate and uneasy interplay, yet contested interplay be
tween race, missions, colonialism, empire and slavery in the history of Christian
mission to Africa by European powers (Amponsah, 2013:432). This relationship
includes, among others, the use of children to advance the cause of both the empire
and the Christian mission. Koonar (2014:72) argues, “Childhood in colonial Ghana
can be viewed as a site of contestation between the competing interests of patriar
chy, race, and colonial and missionary authority, in which the labor of children
was used to achieve a larger degree of control and influence in the region.” Elmina
and Cape Coast, two ‘castles’ on the Coast of Ghana remain sites of slavery in Africa
and something that reminds us how cruel a Church, and in particular Reformed
Christians, can be in terms of turning a blind eye on this crime against humanity
(Pillay, 2018:2). However, it should be noted that there are European missionaries
who vehemently opposed this relationship (Smit, 2016:5) whilst others strongly
supported and defended it (Amponsah, 2013:431; Booth, 2018:159). 3.3 Christian Mission and Apartheid The colonisation of Blacks in South Africa is characterised by various dimensions
which vary from land dispossession, political domination, economic dominance
(oppression which was capitalist in character), and cultural-religious subjugation
(Kritzinger, 1987:17-19). The unfortunate part is that the political forces worked
closely with the Christian Church and the Bible was used to subjugate Blacks. “It
is especially the missionary activities of the Churches which get the blame for sup
pressing elements of African culture, e.g. traditional dress, polygamy, ancestor ven
eration, communal ownership, etc.” (Kritzinger 1987:19). Amponsah (2013:438)
opines, “Beyond the notion of the superiority of Christianity, however, lies the inven
tion of the illegitimacy of blackness by which Europeans rationalised their racial
superiority. As a result, Western Christianity and whiteness became the normative
sites of purity against which not only Whites but also some Christianised Blacks
measured the putative immorality and immutability of black pathology.” 4. A missiological deconstruction of empire in the face
of Christianity in Africa
4.1 Defining the empire Botha (2011:134) as
serts, “Empires have adopted symbols of power, success and control, as they signify
rules of overpowering, jurisdiction, hegemony and supremacy.” 4. A missiological deconstruction of empire in the face
of Christianity in Africa
4.1 Defining the empire 4.1 Defining the empire Defining the concept “empire” is complex (Oliver, 2010:2) and its use is controver
sial to politicians and scholars alike (Boesak, 2009:2). In capturing the complexity
of this concept, Meylahn (2011:3) speaks about empire as world-of-meaning. What
brings reconciliation to diverse understanding and use of the concept of empire is
the issue of power and authority. According to Mothoagae (2011:115), “The epis Missionalia 48-1 Thinandavha. D (Derrick) Mashau 46 temological explanation of empire finds its origin from the Latin word imperium
referring to power and authority.” Power defines empire. Oliver (2010:2) argues,
“This power takes various different shapes and forms with the major distinction
between virtual and actual empires as state or political entities.” This speaks to the
Dutch, British and Afrikaner empires in the context of South African history. Oliver
(2010:3) notes: Since 1652, South Africa was part of an empire: the first one and a half century
under the economic-driven Dutch company and the next one and a half century
under the spatial and cultural driven British Empire. It is not strange then, that the
Afrikaners, when they came to power, followed trends [from] these examples in
the governing of the country. However, the empire’s use of power and the manipulation thereof is diverse and
broader than just politics – even though the political power is necessary for the
empire to advance its course. In defining the scope of engagement with the empire,
and with particular focus on the South African context, Boesak (2017:62) remarks: In the circles of prophetic Reformed theology, theological critique has deepened
from a critique on race and religion, apartheid and the theology of apartheid, to
a critique on socio-economic injustices, greed and consumerism, globalism and
global neoliberal capitalism. It is along this line and broader scope of understanding and defining the empire that
Meylahn (2011:1) concluded as follows, “The concept of empire has re-emerged
as one useful to interpret and describe the joining of dominant global themes that
together construct a global homogeneous totality.” As a working definition for the
purpose of this article, empire is defined as dominant and enslaving regimes and
forces that invade, disrupt, conquer and capture human and ecological spaces by
using ideologies, religion, wealth, patronage and dehumanising systems to disem
power and dehumanise those under their deceptive powers. 4.2 Empire and Accra declaration The Accra declaration is a reformed confession of faith given birth during the 24th
General Council of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (WARC) in Ghana in
2004 (Van der Borght, 2012:137; Pillay, 2018:1). According to Dibeela (2014:228),
“[t]he Accra Confession is a powerful theological and prophetic document that
names empire as a system of disempowering power.” The wording of the Accra Con
fession (2005: point 11) states the following, “In using the term ‘empire’ we mean the Pushing the Naked Envelop Further 47 coming together of economic, cultural, political and military power that constitutes
a system of domination led by powerful nations to protect and defend their own in
terests.” In essence, the power of being and the freedom to live life in full according
to the full measure as God purposed it for Africans was taken away from them by
dominant global forces. Africans were denied of their justice by European empires,
who unfortunately used Western Missionaries to advance their cause. This is because,
“We live in a scandalous world that denies God’s call to life for all” (Paragraph 7 of the
Accra Confession). Therefore, the Accra Confession was a response and resistance to
empire as articulated in the Confession itself (Pillay, 2018:3). In discerning the signs
of the times, delegates believed that the hour had come for Christianity in Africa to
unmask, confront and challenge the empire in the face of global economic injustice
and ecological destruction (Boesak, 2009:1). The Church cannot be therefore a by
stander when injustice occurs; hence the need to outline a missiological agenda for
the African Church moving to the future. 4.3 Empire, its operations and manifestations The empire can be best identified, among others, by: Use of power and author
ity to benefit empire and not the people it seeks to serve: According to Du Bois
(1938:100), “Europe’s interest in Africa has been the conversion of the heathen,
the annexation of colonies and investment for profit in African labour and raw
materials.” This is sometimes accompanied by excessive force, as witnessed in the
context of slavery in Ghana and apartheid in South Africa. It is domineering, enslaving and divisive in its approach: Empire thrives
on creating groups of people or class who control others to its benefit. It uses
a hermeneutic of dominance, one that is an enslaving hermeneutic (Boesak,
2017:207) and always accompanied by a hermeneutic of suspicion in order to
divide and conquer. The apartheid machinery as an example of a system created
by the empire in South Africa, Shaw-Taylor (2011:195) opines that it is a system
that was used by few (Whites) to have socio-economic dominance over the ma
jority – who were relegated to homelands and other reserved areas for Black
occupation. Blacks were also not meant to trust each other. There is a common
saying among Black South Africans, “Mushonga wa murema ndi mutshena/
likhuhwa” (in Tshivenda) or “Setlhare sa Mosotho ke Lekgowa” (in Sesotho)
which can be loosely translated as, “A Black person’s medicine is a White per
son.” When applied to the work context, it implies that Black people only do
better in their workspaces when a White person supervises them; and they tend
to relax or not do much when a fellow Black person supervises them. This state
ment unmasks the kind of damage that oppressive systems like colonialism and
apartheid have done to Blacks, and three issues come to the fore, namely white Missionalia 48-1 Thinandavha. D (Derrick) Mashau 48 ness perpetuates an inferiority complex among Blacks, it enslaves, and creates a
dependency syndrome. It manifests itself through dominant forces in society and Churches: Empire
has the ability to manipulate people to advance its cause. Tribalism has been used
in Africa to divide Africans along ethnic lines (Court, 2016:53-54). In the case
of Rwandan Genocide of 1994, for instance, it was caused because, historically,
the colonial powers considered the Tutsis to be a superior race – having superior
intelligence and were therefore preferred to be rulers over the Hutus who were
agriculturalists (Evans, 1994:344). 4.3 Empire, its operations and manifestations It manifests itself through dominant systems (hegemony): The Empire has
always had ability to use legislations and policy frameworks within a political system
to perpetuate structural and systemic dominance of Africans by the West. Speaking
in the context of South Africa and adding racism to the equation, Vellem (2015:3)
had this to say: The contemporaneity of racism (with capitalism, colonialism, imperialism and
empire) constitutes a continuum giving way to globalisation, but more deeply so,
a continuum between modernist theories of politics, theology and ethics right into
the ponderings of the current world order. The empire is also known for using civilisation and technology to destroy the very
fibre of society and being. Dibeela (2014:228) agrees, “Empire masquerades
through deceitful images of progress, civilisation, technology and even concepts
such as democracy.” The empire is anti-life and uses the culture of greed to perpetuate the myth
around the so-called poor Africa. It is in this instance accompanied by the pros
perity Gospel, which seeks to suck blood out of Africans in the margins – those who
are poor and vulnerable. According to Mashau and Kgatle (2019:1), “The prophets
of this movement put emphasis on individual success but are silent about or have
not developed a systematic theological analysis of economic injustice and social
marginalisation that accompanies prosperity Gospel.” In summary, empire uses power, manipulates, captures, oppresses, divides and
destroys. The author, therefore, agrees with Dibeela (2014:228) when he concluded: Empire is a debilitating system that robs us of what it means to be human. A diabol
ical system impedes us in our pursuit of a liberating humanism. However, naming
it is a significant step towards providing a counter-culture. The naming theology
affords us the opportunity to know what kind of beast we are dealing with and to
assess what its impact is on life. Pushing the Naked Envelop Further 49 5.1 Denominationalism This speaks to a divided faith with a divided mission in Africa. Oduyoye (1996:497)
identifies five faces of Christianity in Africa, represented broadly by five types of
Churches, namely Coptic and Ethiopian Orthodox, Churches of Western descent
(Euro-American missionary enterprise), the Roman Catholic, African Initiated
Churches and then a new wave producing another type whose nature is yet to be
fully studied – the fire syndrome Churches. The author will add Pentecostal and
Charismatic Churches to her list. Consequently, African Churches are sites of strug
gle and different forms of wars – battle of traditions, worship wars, and some have
even become social clubs where non-members are not welcome until they crack
the membership code such as membership fee and dress code. 5. A missiological deconstruction of Christianity in Africa
in the face of the empire Christianity in Africa has generally reflected the following features: 5.2 Lack of contextualization Christianity that failed to have a legit conversation with African culture and religiosity
(Simango, 2018:3). Christianity in Africa is a faith covered by a Western coat – Afri
can cultural practices were deemed superstitious and even demonised. Therefore,
this produced Christians who were easily ‘Christians caught in two-worlds’ and
‘highly compartmentalised’ to breed Sunday or nominal Christians who only wor
ship on a Sunday during the worship hour. These are Christians who have adopted
a syncretistic approach to their faith and its praxis (Simango, 2018:7). A story of
the wife of an Ethiopian Church leader by Daneel (1970:35) captures this, “When I
am sick, I go everywhere; to the nganga when I’m bewitched through a foot-trap, to
the prophet if I wish to find out who poisoned me, and to the mission hospital for
normal symptoms of illness.” 5.3 Christianity that suffers from dependency syndrome 5.3 Christianity that suffers from dependency syndrome African Churches are notoriously known to be beggars. They have embraced a cul
ture of begging and they rely heavily on funding from the West (Simango, 2018:5-
6). This culture comes as a result of paternalism as adopted by Western Churches. Kim (2019:303) asserts, “Paternalism produces a culture of dependency in the in
digenous Church. And unfortunately, this culture is still prevalent among Churches
of African descent (Kim, 2019:312).” 5.4 Christianity that is captured by the spirit of consumerism According to Gifford (1990:373), Christianity in Africa is highly influenced by cul
ture of prosperity, which he defines as a new and foreign element to African Chris Missionalia 48-1 Thinandavha. D (Derrick) Mashau 50 tianity. American wealth and prosperity Gospel, Christianity has become a game of
quickies – ranging from ‘name it’ and ‘claim it’, and the reverberating chorus of ‘I
receive’ – all in the name of miracle money and instant riches. Prosperity Gospel is
destroying not only Christianity in Africa, but also the very life of ordinary Africans
in the margins society. Concerning the damage prosperity Gospel is making in Af
rica, Mashau and Kgatle (2019:1) concluded that: Prosperity Gospel has found a fertile ground in Africa, it continues to milk and
disadvantage the very people it seeks to serve. It feeds into the culture of greed
in Church and society, thereby tapping into the capitalist economic global system. 5.5 Christianity is covered by spiritual blindness and inability to self-critique
and self-correct 5.5 Christianity is covered by spiritual blindness and inability to self-critique
and self-correct Abuse of religion and gullibility of the public is an example: We have ‘doom proph
ets’ or ‘Church mafias’ – A lot of crazy stuff is happening on this front – so-called
men of God walking on top of their followers, others feeding them grass, petrol
and even spraying doom. These are pastors who have somehow succeeded to bring
cultic practices in the Church. They get to be worshipped and mostly prey on un
suspecting women sexually. The worship of the so-called ‘man of God’ is the sign
of the empire at work in African Church. Mashau and Kgatle (2019:1) concluded,
“The popular and materialistic Gospel is sweeping across the continent like a gale
force wind, which is irresistible.” What is sad is that there no hermeneutic of dis
cernment is applied to this phenomenon – Christians in Africa refuse to touch the
anointed ones of God. Christianity that is not pro-life – a black-lived life in Africa has always been
one of ‘cry for life’ as Vuyani Vellem opines. It is a struggle for survival in the mar
gins – against the global order that has embraced racism, capitalism, colonialism,
imperialism and empire as part of the current world order (Vellem, 2015:3). The
unfortunate thing is that the Church has not been innocent when Africans are sub
jected to these oppressive systems. Historically, the Church is guilty of being part of
the empire’s agenda to subjugate Africans. In his analysis of Biko and the children
of Soweto in the 1970s, Boesak (2017:207) noted that: He [Biko] was critical of a Black Church not being able to break the chains of a
colonising, dehumanising White Christianity, continuing to believe in and practic
ing a theology that kept the Bible captive to an enslaving hermeneutic and our
selves subservient to a Christianised, colonialised mindset. We were the one whose
interpretation of the Bible became what he called a “poisoned well” from which
our people were forced to drink. He [Biko] was critical of a Black Church not being able to break the chains of a
colonising, dehumanising White Christianity, continuing to believe in and practic
ing a theology that kept the Bible captive to an enslaving hermeneutic and our
selves subservient to a Christianised, colonialised mindset. We were the one whose
interpretation of the Bible became what he called a “poisoned well” from which
our people were forced to drink. 5.5 Christianity is covered by spiritual blindness and inability to self-critique
and self-correct Pushing the Naked Envelop Further 51 The Church in Africa remains silent when atrocities such as racism, Gender-Based
Violence, marginalisation of women and children, and all other forms of injustices
against humanity occur. Just as Christian mission and empire became travelling
companions during the era of imperialism (Bosch, 1991:302-313) and the era of
apartheid, the Church remains an accomplice to injustices faced in this age – “with
a Church that seems to have lapsed into a mode of state theology in South Africa”
(Vellem, 2013:9). The Church in Africa remains silent when atrocities such as racism, Gender-Based
Violence, marginalisation of women and children, and all other forms of injustices
against humanity occur. Just as Christian mission and empire became travelling
companions during the era of imperialism (Bosch, 1991:302-313) and the era of
apartheid, the Church remains an accomplice to injustices faced in this age – “with
a Church that seems to have lapsed into a mode of state theology in South Africa”
(Vellem, 2013:9). 5.6 Christianity that continues to marginalise, dominate and relegate women
to the kitchen and childbearing 5.6 Christianity that continues to marginalise, dominate and relegate women
to the kitchen and childbearing It is patriarchal and neglects the very children that it has given birth to. In dealing
with the issue of patriarchy as empire, Plaatjies-Van Huffel (2011:7) opines, “Soci
etal patriarchy has ramifications for ecclesiastical patriarchy.” This manifests itself
in African Church structures that are not only male dominated but also filled with
men who still believe that only men have the monopoly to the Bible and the pulpit. 6. Pushing the naked envelop further
6.1 The use of liberative optics to unmask the empire g
p
6.1 The use of liberative optics to unmask the empire In re-imagining the future of Christianity in Africa, from a missiological perspective,
Botha (2011:133) concluded that it lives at the edge of the empire, but questions
whether Christianity can prevail and be effective under such condition. The fore
going discussion around the relationship between the empire and Christianity in
Africa points to an ongoing struggle and therefore the Church in Africa must rise
to the occasion if it is to survive the onslaught and serve as a transforming agent
in the African soil. The intent of this section is to draw some missiological lessons
from the foregoing discussion and suggest solutions to challenges facing Christian
ity in Africa in the face of the empire. The author opted to use, in this instance, the
metaphor of ‘pushing the naked envelop further’ to demonstrate that the empire is
already naked and many scholars have already exposed its nakedness; hence the
need to contribute towards the discourse by pushing the naked envelop further. The author borrows this metaphor from a statement by Jessica Levitt (2019),
“Just when you think Zodwa Wabantu can’t possibly push the naked envelope fur
ther, she rocks up at the Durban July wearing an outfit that shows off just about
everything. And the tiny bits that weren’t on display were barely covered.” The nar
rative of naked truth as stated here fits well with the liberation praxis engagement. No matter how revealing and jaw-dropping her body and dress code is, the author
finds Zodwa Libram liberating to the manner of how African men should view and
relate to a body of a woman – not as a sex-object but a liberated image of God that
celebrates her femininity. 52 Thinandavha. D (Derrick) Mashau Missionalia 48-1 In pushing the naked envelop of the empire further, the naked truth narrative
ties in closely with the liberation praxis engagement of Jesus Christ in John 8:31-
32— ‘knowing and being liberated by the truth.’ This narrative gives us optic lens
es, the ‘hermeneutic of naked truth’ through which the African Church and theology
can be liberated to see the empire for ‘who’ or ‘what’ it is. 6. Pushing the naked envelop further
6.1 The use of liberative optics to unmask the empire However, knowing how
the empire operates in terms of using diverse hermeneutics like dominance and
suspicion, African Churches would require an array of hermeneutics that can assist
in the process of unmasking the diverse, disguised, confusing and deceitful opera
tions of the empire. Africa requires liberative hermeneutics such as madness (see
Mark 11:15-18), ubuntology – for its life-giving, life-affirming and life transforming
abilities (see John 10:10), power – with particular reference to pneumatological
power (see Luke 24:49), vulnerability in mission (see Philippians 2:5-11) and dis
cernment (see 1 John 4:1) among others. In embracing this array of optics, it will
allow the African Church a window towards liberation, but also an opportunity to
self-critique and self-correct in the light of the Biblical imperatives on how to be
Church in the context of the empire. 7. A missiological agenda for Christianity in Africa The task of drawing missiological lessons from the foregoing discussion is the task
to map out a missiological agenda going forward, namely: 7.1 The marriage between empire and Christianity in Africa must fall One of the urgent tasks of the African Church today is to break away from its
knot with the empire. What has caused uneasiness and pain throughout the mis
sion history of Christianity and empire has been ‘the correlation between politi
cal and faith spheres’ (Botha, 2011:135). Where the empire dominates Church or
where Church dominates the empire, the Church loses its prophetic voice as we
have witnessed during the apartheid era and in the democratic dispensation (Kga
tle, 2018:1). In response to apartheid, Bosch (1980:223) proposed a vision of a
Church as an alternative community that is sent to serve the world in solidarity with
all mankind. According to Bosch (1980:223), “The mutual solidarity within this
community is not prescribed by loyalties and prejudices of kinship, race, people,
language, culture, class, political, convictions, religious affinities, common inter
ests, or professions. It transcends all these differences.” This is the Church that un
derstands that it is both in and not of this world. This understanding will go a long
way to help the Church to maintain its autonomous status away from the empire. Meylahn (2011:10) asserts, “The Church is called to be an alternative community
with a specific way of doing theology in and with the local community, but that is
not of empire.” Pushing the Naked Envelop Further 53 7.2 Christianity must be liberated from Western Christianity As already noted in this article, Christianity has always been labelled as a religion
of the West, and it has been introduced as such because of its historical knot with
imperial regimes. The first task in this instance is to liberate the Bible from the
misconception that it is a Western book and therefore not relevant in Africa. The
Bible is a Christian book that remains relevant to every given context. The African
Church must refuse the myth that seeks to relegate it to Western Christianity. As for
its relevancy and its worth in the African context, Boesak (2017:8-9) remarked: But these words from the Scriptures are not the siren songs of desperate optimism:
they are rooted in the promises of God and the Lordship of Christ over every single
inch of life, including our struggles for dignity and justice. They are anchored in the
sacrificial commitment of the people to the struggle for justice. They are fashioned by
the imagination of the people toward freedom over against the turgid rigidity that is
the mindset of oppression and false consciousness. They hold out the inextinguish
able hope for a people in struggle whose faith is fundamental to that struggle. The second task would be to liberate Christianity itself from the spell of Western
identity. Christianity is a faith that has found its roots in Africa even before Europe. 7.3 Christianity in Africa must fast-track the decoloniality and Africanisation agenda 7.3 Christianity in Africa must fast-track the decoloniality and Africanisation agenda
The task of the African Church is to arrest the damage caused by the marriage
between the empire Western Christianity. Issues of ‘naming’, ‘cleansing’, ‘healing’,
‘salvation’, and ‘reconciliation’ must find resonance in the African culture, African
epistemologies and faith practices. The African Church must decolonise and Afri
canise the Christian message for Christianity to be at home in Africa. The task of
contextualising Christianity in Africa remains a pressing task to an African Church. However, the hermeneutic and theology of discernment is needed in this instance to
ensure that we do not fall into a trap of ‘throwing a child with a bath’ or ‘avoiding
to be critical and be syncretistic’ in the process of Africanising. 7.4 Christianity in Africa must propel the task of standing where God stands
when coming to injustices in the world 7.6 Christianity in Africa must liberate masculinity and dominance of women
by men 7.6 Christianity in Africa must liberate masculinity and dominance of women
by men In the age where women and children are marginalised, abused, violated and murdered
by male species, we should proclaim a liberating praxis of Christianity that affirms all of
humanity as created in the image of God. Plaatjies-Van Huffel (2011:9) agrees: There is need for the formulation of a more appropriate theological anthropology. New holistic images of all people regardless of race, class or gender. The humanity
of all people created in the image of God must be accentuated in the discourse. Men and woman stand as equal partners next to each other in their relationship to
God and are jointly bearers of the image of God (imago Dei). 7.4 Christianity in Africa must propel the task of standing where God stands
when coming to injustices in the world 7.4 Christianity in Africa must propel the task of standing where God stands
when coming to injustices in the world This urgent task is captured under article 4 of the Belhar Confession – a reformed con
fession ‘born in the southern African struggle against apartheid’ (Van Huffel, 2013:1). According to Mashau (2018:138-140), the use of the metaphor ‘standing where God
stands’ includes, among others, standing for God, standing for the truth, standing beyond
known borders, standing in solidarity with those in the margins, and standing for justice. The African Church should advocate for the Christian faith, which is liberating, life-giving Missionalia 48-1 Thinandavha. D (Derrick) Mashau 54 and life-affirming. For example, “African Christianity must develop an alternative spir
ituality of liberation which taps into African philosophy of life called ‘ubuntu’” (Mashau
& Kgatle, 2019:1). This will serve as an antidote to prosperity Gospel and the culture of
greed that had rendered many Africans gullible. Where the empire has become like the
Churches that supported apartheid, or the current frenzy worship of the so-called ‘man
of God’ in what has become ‘abuse of religion and gullibility-gate’ in the South African
context, the African Church should apply the hermeneutic of discernment, self-critique
and self-correct as a way of dealing with the empire in our midst. 7.5 Christianity in Africa must liberate Western Christianity It will take Christianity in Africa to liberate Christianity in the West by extending
an olive branch in areas of forgiveness, reconciliation and healing. It will also take
the African Church to take a lead in redefining the transforming agenda of the
Church in the age of global economic, ecological destruction and attacks to human
life by pandemics such as COVID-19 and Gender-Based Violence. The liberating
hermeneutic of ubuntu can assist Western Christianity to overcome individualism
and nominality in their praxis. In this instance, the task of the Church in Africa is
to share the theology of ubuntu with the global Church. Speaking in the context of
liberating humanism in the African context, Dibeela (2014:230) is of the view that
ubuntu should remain the driver because, “The struggle against empire cannot
be waged through mimicking the very life-denying systems that we seek to undo.”
Mashau and Kgatle (2019:5) agree that ubuntu can go a long way to liberate and
empower Africans and the world in the current context of stifling globalisation. 8. Conclusion This article revisited the discourse around empire and Christianity in Africa. It be
came clear that many have written about this topic from different angles and con Pushing the Naked Envelop Further 55 cluded that the relationship between the empire and Christianity in Africa has been
in existence and would continue to exist for years to come. This can be traced back
from early Christianity, Roman Empire, colonial and imperial era, apartheid era
and beyond. This article concluded that while the empire uses the hermeneutics
of dominance to capture, dominate, enslave, manipulate and destroy to advance its
cause, Christianity in Africa could be liberated by choosing to identify the empire,
its tracks and operations in Africa. The Church in Africa has a missiological task not
only to liberate African people, but the rest of the world, and in particular Western
Christianity with all the myth around the Bible and Christianity as Western products. With the correct optics and contextually relevant theology of ubuntu as life-giving,
life-affirming and life-transforming, this liberation of humanity and Christianity can
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Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.