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https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDA%201780764%20%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
LEDA 1780764 (مجره)
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LEDA 1780764 (مجره)&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 164 | 454 |
LEDA 1780764 هيا مجره بتتبع كوكبة ليو اللى هيا كوكبه ف دايرة البروج.
معلومات المجره
الانزياح الأحمر: 0.04964.
السرعه الشعاعيه: 14513.
المطلع المستقيم: 178.939437.
الميل: 26.561829.
مصطلحات تعريفيه
الكوكبه هيا مجموعه من النجوم اللى بتكون شكل أو صوره و هيا مجال الكره السماويه اللى المجره جزء منها.
الانزياح الاحمر هو زيادة طول الموجه الكهرومغناطيسيه اللى جايه لينا من المجره بسبب سرعه ابتعادها عننا. ده بيستخدم فى حسابات الفلك.
السرعه الشعاعيه هيا سرعه الجرم الفضائى فى اتجاه الراصد و بتنقاس بالانزياح الاحمر.
المطلع المستقيم هوا الزاويه المحصوره بين الدايره الساعيه لجرم سماوى و الدايره الساعيه لنقطة الاعتدال الربيعى. المطلع المستقيم ممكن يتقاس بقوس دايره الاستواء السماويه من نقطه الاعتدال الربيعى لحد نقطه تقاطع الدايره الساعيه لجرم سماوى مع دايره الاستواء السماويه.
الميل هوا المكافئ الفلكى لخط العرض و بيتقس بقيمة الزاويه بين أى جسم سماوى وخط الاستوا السماوى. لو كان النجم شمال خط الاستوا السماوى تكون قيمة بعده بالموجب (+) و لو النجم جنوب خط الاستوا السماوى تكون قيمة بعده بالسالب (-).
مصادر
مجرات
فضاء
| 25,797 |
https://github.com/PavelZX/rekit-studio/blob/master/tests/features/common/ErrorBoundary.test.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
rekit-studio
|
PavelZX
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 41 | 91 |
import React from 'react';
import { shallow } from 'enzyme';
import { expect } from 'chai';
import { ErrorBoundary } from 'src/features/common';
describe('common/ErrorBoundary', () => {
it('renders without error', () => {
const renderedComponent = shallow(
<ErrorBoundary />
);
});
});
| 5,670 |
https://github.com/nguyenminhthai/choinho/blob/master/service/merchant_services.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
choinho
|
nguyenminhthai
|
Python
|
Code
| 95 | 355 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import json
import requests
import time
import os
from common import mongo
import random
def connectDatabase(db_name):
return mongo.connectCol("staging", "hello", db_name)
def getMerchantCompany(company_name):
collection = connectDatabase('merchants')
res = collection.find( {'merchant_name': company_name}).count()
return res
def getMerchantSite(company_site):
collection = connectDatabase('merchants')
res = collection.find( {'merchant_spider': company_site}).count()
return res
def getZone():
collection = connectDatabase('zone')
res = list(collection.find({}, {'_id':0}).sort("name"))
output = json.dumps(res)
return output
def getDistrict(city_id):
collection = connectDatabase('district')
res = list(collection.find({'city_id':int(city_id)}, {'_id':0}).sort("district_name"))
output = json.dumps(res)
return output
def addMerchant(data):
collection = connectDatabase('merchants')
data = json.loads(data)
res = collection.insert(data)
return res
if __name__ == '__main__':
getZone()
| 34,633 |
bpt6k249526b_3
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Le Temps
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,371 | 11,736 |
Il est fâcheux, osais-je regretter, qu'on en laisse perdu le plan. Nous aurions su comment sont faits les jardins de la Sagesse. Ils nous eussent reposés de ceux de l'Intelligence. Mais le plan de l'Eden n'est pas perdu, reprit vivement mon ami. Il est tout au long dans le "Paradis perdu". À peine rentré, je rouvris, non sans curiosité, le poème de Milton. C'est au livre IV que l'on voit Satan s'approcher des frontières du pays d'Eden. Le jardin, qui se trouve à l'extrémité orientale, est un enclos vert, "green enclosure", comme celui d'une ferme anglaise. Seulement cet enclos est transporté au haut d'une montagne dont le sommet est aplati à dessein. Les flancs de ce mont, au-dessus du Paradis, restent escarpés et sauvages. À la base, ils sont formés d'un buisson épais, hirsute, capricieux et sauvage, qui interdit tout abord. Plus haut, ils sont couverts d'une forêt. Là s'élève une futaie d'une hauteur immense faite de cèdres, de pins, de sapins et de palmiers. "Et comme leurs rangs superposent ombrages sur ombrages", je emprunte la traduction de Chateaubriand, "ils forment un théâtre de forêts de l'aspect le plus majestueux". Plus haut encore que leurs dernières cimes s'élevait enfin la muraille verdoyante du Paradis. Milton remarque que, de ce haut domaine, Adam jouissait d'une très belle vue. Mais cette verte muraille, cette enceinte circulaire, ne termine point le tableau. Un voyageur qui arrive du dehors, comme Satan, aperçoit au-dessus, à l'intérieur du Paradis, un autre cercle des plus beaux arbres chargés des plus beaux fruits. « Les fleurs et les fruits dorés formaient un riche émail de couleurs mêlées le soleil y imprimait ses rayons avec plus de plaisir que dans un beau nuage du soir. » Le jardin répand au loin une odeur merveilleuse; de douces brises, secouant leurs ailes odoriférantes, apportent ces parfums jusqu'aux narines de Satan, et révèlent d'avance les lieux où elles dérobèrent ces dépouilles embaumées. Ainsi, au large de l'Arabie heureuse, le vent du nord-est apporte en mer les aromes de Saba les vaisseaux ralentissent leur course, et pendant plusieurs lieues, réjoui par la senteur agréable, le vieil Océan sourit. Satan arrive par l'ouest, ce qui est une erreur. Le Paradis n'avait qu'une porte, et elle était à l'est. Trompé par cette erreur de topographie, le Diable, qui s'est engagé dans les fourrés à la base du mont, ne tarde pas à se trouver devant une haie continue d'épines entrelacées. Qu'à cela ne tienne d'un bond léger, l'archifrère franchit toute l'enceinte, contine et muraille, et tombe en dedans sur ses pieds. Puis d'un coup d'aile il se pose, semblable à un Cormoran, sur l'arbre le plus haut, l'arbre qui est au milieu du jardin, l'arbre dont le bon usage donne l'immortalité. Sans penser à ses vertus, il ne s'en sert que pour étendre sa vue au loin. Perversion des meilleures choses. De cet observatoire, il voit avec surprise, au-dessous de lui, dans un étroit espace, toute la richesse de la nature enfermée pour les délices de l'homme. « Car ce bienheureux paradis était le jardin de Dieu, par lui-même planté. » Sur ce sol agréable, dit encore le poète, Dieu traça son plus charmant jardin il fit sortir de la terre féconde les arbres de la plus noble espèce pour la vue, l'odorat et le goût. Nous savons déjà qu'au milieu l'arbre de la vie épanouissait son fruit ambroisien d'or végétal. Of vegetable gold, Blooming ambrosial fruit, Auprès croissait l'arbre de la science, qui ne nous est pas décrit. Mais à vrai dire, nous sommes moins curieux d'espèces naturelles que du plan du jardinier divin. Je dois dire que le système d'irrigation, en particulier, me paraît particulièrement ingénieux et instructif. Pour en comprendre la finesse, il faut se rappeler qu'Eden ne signifie pas le Paradis, mais la contrée, à l'orient de laquelle se trouve le Paradis, depuis Auran jusqu'à Séleucie. Or dans ce pays coulait un fleuve large et rapide. C'est sur ce fleuve que, pour faire son FEUILLETON DU 14 MARS 1934 LA MUSIQUE À L'OPERA COMIQUE première représentation d'« Idylle funambulesque », fantaisie lyrique en un acte de M. Paul Arosa, musique de M. Robert Planel. AU CONSERVATOIRE audition des ouvrages d'élèves des classes de composition musicale. Le rôle que remplit le Conservatoire dans la musique présente a été mis en vive lumière la semaine passée. A l'Opéra-Comique, on a présenté à la scène la cantate qui a obtenu le premier Grand-Prix de Rome aux plus récents concours, et dont la partition est due à M. Robert Planel, élève de MM. Henri Busser, Georges Caussade et Jean Gallon. Dans la salle de l'ancien Conservatoire, on nous a fait entendre les ouvrages caractéristiques de quelques élèves des deux classes de composition musicale dirigées par MM. Paul Dukas et Henri Busser. Une double occasion publique nous était ainsi fournie d'apprécier le degré de mérite de l'enseignement qu'on dispense rue de Madrid. Je n'ai pas besoin d'insister sur l'importance qu'on doit attacher à ces manifestations, où l'on discerne le sens dans lequel se continue notre art lyrique. Car c'est dans les salles étroites de l'établissement conduit par M. Henri Rabaud que se prépare presque toute notre musique pour descendre et se disperser sur les chemins du monde. Était-il nécessaire d'accueillir avec tant de promptitude sur un grand théâtre la cantate que M. Robert Planel a composée pour les concours de Rome? À la vérité, cette partition, écrite et instrumentée en trois semaines, est, avant tout, un excellent devoir d'écolier. Le jeune lauréat, s'il a un sentiment un peu profond de son art, aura dû être effarouché par l'honneur brusqué qui lui est venu. Quand il sera pris, plus tard, par des ambitions plus hautes, il est possible qu'il regrette la faveur précipitée dont il est l'objet au cours de ses années d'apprentissage. Aussi bien, en craignant le jardin, le Très-Haut a posé une montagne! Ce procédé de construction n'est pas à la portée de tous les propriétaires. Devant l'obstacle subitement interposé devant ses eaux, le fleuve, contrairement à ce qu'on pourrait croire, ne changea point de cours; il s'engouffra dans la montagne. Through the scraggy mist Passed underneath engulfed. Ce détail nous fixe sur la nature de la montagne je note avec plaisir que le Paradis était calcaire, comme les Causses, ou comme le Carso car c'est dans ces terrains que se produit l'engouffrement. Mais voici où éclate la sagesse suprême. Une fois sous la montagne, cette eau, qui est sous pression, monte dans les veines et les cavités de la roche et arrivant ainsi jusqu'à la surface, elle jaillit par mille sources en ruisseaux fertilisants. Ce système d'arrosage automatique ne paraît pas supérieurement compris. Mais il est plus parfait encore, car l'eau ruisselante, après avoir rafraîchi le jardin, se rassemble de nouveau. Les mille cours d'eau par lesquels elle serpentait sur la terre se réunissent en une rivière unique. Et cette rivière, du haut d'une clairière escarpée, tombe par une cascade juste dans le fleuve principal, au moment où celui-ci sort de dessous terre. Ainsi le fleuve récupère l'eau qu'il a prêtée à la terre. C'est un modèle d'hydraulique, et nullement invraisemblable. La colline de Cormeilles, au nord de Paris, composée de la même pierre que le jardin de l'Eden, est irriguée comme lui. Quand l'afflux d'eau est excessif, les canaux intérieurs regorgent et la colline est inondée par le sommet. Après avoir considéré l'anatomie de la montagne, revenons à la surface, là où l'eau intérieure resurgit en fontaine. De cette fontaine de saphir, dit Milton, les ruisseaux tortueux roulent sur des perles orientales et des sables d'or. Leurs sinueuses erreurs sous les ombrages bas répandent le nectar, visitent chaque plante et nourrissent des fleurs dignes du paradis. Un art raffiné n'a point arrangé ces fleurs en lits, ou en noeuds mais la nature libérale les a versées à profusion sur la colline, la vallée et la plaine, aussi bien là où le soleil du matin échauffe d'abord la pleine campagne et là où l'impénétrable feuillage rend obscurs les bosquets de midi. Point de doute. Le Paradis terrestre était un jardin anglais. Les jardins réguliers, les jardins à la française, ne peuvent pas se vanter d'une aussi illustre origine. Ils viennent, comme on sait, des jardins d'Italie, et la plus ancienne description qu'on ait d'un jardin italien est celle qu'en fait Virgile, tout en regrettant de ne pouvoir le chanter. Je cite la traduction de l'abbé Delille. Le narcisse en mes vers s'élancerait d'éclat : Les roses m'ouvriraient leurs calices brillants Le tortueux concombre arrondirait ses flancs. Du persil toujours vert, des pâles chicorées Ma muse abreuverait les tiges altérées. Je courberais le lierre et l'acanthe en berceaux; Et du myrte amoureux j'ombragerais les eaux. C'est un potager. « C'est le jardin d'un habitant ordinaire des champs, tel qu'un sage, avec des goûts simples, voudrait l'orner, le cultiver lui-même.» Lequel choisir? Au temps où l'abbé Delille composait Les jardins, c'est-à-dire dans les premières années du règne de Louis XVI, les Français, lassés des jardins réguliers et des allées au cordeau, étaient toute ferveur pour les jardins anglais. Ils manifestaient ainsi leur goût pour la liberté. Ils ont émancipé les arbres quinze ans avant d'émanciper les hommes. Ce poème des Jardins, qui est d'ailleurs fort amusant, donne des avis qui sont tous en faveur du nouveau style. Il demande aux sentiers ces courbes naturelles dont on trouve le modèle dans les champs. Que le détour soit plus riant que le chemin même. Point de longs alignements, mais point de replis convulsifs. Qu'un dédale factice paraisse naturel. Que les eaux et les bois en commandent le cours. Il faut du pittoresque et de la variété, là des antres sombres, là une perspective. Ici le silence et les ombres, et plus loin un beau lac qui réfléchit les cieux. Quelquefois un bosquet, recueilli et riant, semble dire « Arrêtez où pouviez-vous mieux être ? » Quelquefois un lieu mélancolique inspire la rêverie, et l'homme vient s'y entretenir avec son cœur. Cette mélancolie ornera les jardins. Delille ne veut point de ces décorateurs monotones qui mettent partout des berceaux frais, des bocages riants, des fleurs, des festons, des temples de l'amour. Il ne craint pas les contrastes. Poussin a groupé autour d'un tombeau les bergers d'Arcadie. Ne craignez pas, comme lui, de montrer un tombeau dans un paysage riant. Et que ce tombeau ne soit point vide. Le poème condamne sévèrement les cercueils factices et les urnes sans douleur. A plus forte raison les vains monuments d'un chien ou d'un oiseau, qui insultent à la tombe et profanent le deuil. Mais chacun a bien un ami à pleurer. Pourquoi ne pas le garder dans son jardin, à portée de la main ? Ainsi Pope avait dans son enclos la tombe de sa mère mourant lui-même, il s'y fit encore porter. Si vous n'avez pas d'ami regretté, aux cendres duquel vous puissiez donner quelques larmes, faites enterrer dans votre parc de vertueux villageois. On lira sur la pierre Ci-gît un bon époux. On s'attendrira. ou modestie, il n'a pas cru devoir interrompre son studieux séjour à la villa Médicis pour assister aux répétitions et à la première représentation de son ouvrage. Claude Debussy, auquel le premier Grand Prix de Rome avait été décerné en 1884, a attendu une trentaine d'années pour voir mettre à la scène sa cantate couronnée par l'Institut. Et il s'agissait de l'Enfant prodigue, dont l'air de Liège était depuis longtemps répandu dans le public. Encore n'avait-on pu l'applaudir qu'au Théâtre Lyrique du Vaudeville, au Trianon-Lyrique ou en province. L'adorable cantate, qui avait valu la récompense suprême à Lili Boulanger (cette musicienne consumée par son génie et morte à la fleur de l'âge) n'a jamais été jouée sur un théâtre, malgré les plus pressantes sollicitations. On me permettra d'ajouter à cette liste la cantate avec laquelle Florent Schmitt cueillit le laurier d'or en 1900. De l'aveu des connaisseurs, cette cantate, intitulée Sémiramis, est la plus riche en matière musicale qu'on ait entendue à un concours de Rome. Elle, non plus, n'a pas encore été exécutée sur une scène lyrique. Il est vrai que Florent Schmitt, qui est si exigeant avec lui-même, ne trouverait peut-être pas maintenant la chose de son goût. L'avantage dont jouit M. Robert Planel est, il me semble bien, unique dans les annales du Conservatoire. Songez qu'il n'a pas même été accordé aux membres actuels de la section musicale de l'Institut comme MM. Alfred Báchel et Gustave Charpentier, Georges Hue, Gabriel Pierné et Henri Rabaud. Mais, par suite de circonstances, M. P.-B. Gheusi, qui est à la tête de l'Opéra-Comique depuis près de dix-huit mois, n'a pu monter jusqu'à présent que ce mince ouvrage inédit de musique française. Il nous faut donc bien nous rabattre sur cette maigre nourriture de carême. Idylle funambulesque est, d'ailleurs, une petite comédie lyrique empreinte de grâce légère et de distinction aisée. Elle ne souffre nullement du large cadre de la salle Favart, où elle vient d'être logée. Ses auteurs ont paru habitués de longue main à l'optique du théâtre. Le jeune compositeur, en particulier, a été tout de suite de plain-pied avec nos meilleurs praticiens de la musique dramatique. Son orchestration dénote une prestue facilité de main et sonne à merveille. Dans ses procédés habiles on reconnaît la marque de M. Henri Busser, qui a initié M. Robert Planel aux bonnes disciplines. Les amalgames harmoniques sont L'AFFAIRE STAVISKY –=F=a: L'enquête parlementaire Le bureau de la commission parlementaire d'enquête pour les affaires Stavisky, a arrêté, hier, le programme des auditions pour la semaine: après-midi, Guibaud-Ribaud; demain mercredi, les fonctionnaires du service des jeux de la Sûreté générale MM. Mittelhauser, de Toulouse, Montabré et Golombani; jeudi, M. Louis Proust, qui a demandé à être entendu pour se disculper, puis M. de Kérillis, qui a également demandé à déposer, et enfin les anciens ministres MM. Julien Durand, Dalimier et André Hesse. À la commission d'enquête sur les évènements du 6 février, les décisions ne sont pas définitives. Les sous-commissions chargées de préparer les auditions de témoins n'ont pas achevé leurs travaux. Les socialistes manœuvrent pour empêcher la commission de poursuivre ses investigations sur l'action personnelle de M. Frot. Ils ont exigé l'audition de M. Rigail, secrétaire du syndicat des agents de police, après celles de M. Loche, secrétaire du comité de grève des chauffeurs de taxi et de M. Raymond Patenôtre et ils voudraient s'en tenir là. Mais d'autres commissaires réclameront la convocation de M. Nicolle, du comité de Salut économique, avec lequel M. Frot était entré en relations avant et après la formation du cabinet Daladier. L'immunité parlementaire, M. Guernut, président de la commission d'enquête pour les affaires Stavisky, a été interrogé, hier soir, sur l'accueil qui pourrait être réservé par la commission à une proposition tendant à autoriser à l'avance toute demande de levée de l'immunité parlementaire durant les vacances de Pâques. Il a déclaré qu'une proposition de ce genre ne lui paraissait pas recevable, parce qu'elle est contraire à l'esprit de la Constitution. De son côté, M. Mandel a indiqué qu'un texte de cette nature serait repoussé par la Chambre s'il lui était proposé parce que l'Assemblée ne saurait admettre qu'elle fût privée de son privilège même à titre transitoire. Nous pouvons ajouter que l'immunité parlementaire est consacrée par l'article 14 de la loi constitutionnelle du 16 juillet 1875 lequel est ainsi conçu « Aucun membre de l'une ou de l'autre Chambre ne peut, pendant la durée de la session, être poursuivi ou arrêté en matière criminelle ou correctionnelle qu'avec l'autorisation de la Chambre, sauf le cas de flagrant délit. » La session ordinaire de 1934, qui a commencé le 9 janvier et doit durer au moins cinq mois, n'est pas close et ne peut pas être close avant le 10 juin. L'inviolabilité parlementaire est d'ordre public et aucune assemblée ne peut y renoncer en bloc, pas plus qu'aucun parlementaire ne peut y renoncer pour ce qui le concerne c'est l'Assemblée à laquelle il appartient qui doit décider. Pour que la proposition de levée en bloc de l'immunité fût recevable, il faudrait modifier la loi du 16 juillet 1875, ce qui ne peut être fait que par le Congrès de Versailles. L'enquête judiciaire OIBZ. Julien Durand et Dalimier chez le juge Sur commission rogatoire de M. d'Uhalt, M. Ordonneau a entendu, hier après-midi, les deux anciens ministres Julien Durand et Dalimier que le magistrat de Bayonne a définitivement renoncé à convoquer. M. Julien Durand s'est présenté à 16 heures au cabinet du juge et y est resté trois quarts d'heure. En sortant, l'ancien ministre a fait les déclarations suivantes : J'ai renouvelé à ce magistrat les indications que j'ai fournies à la Chambre au cours de la séance du 4 janvier 1934. Le 14 juin 1932, M. Garat a adressé au ministre du commerce une lettre dans laquelle il demandait de rappeler au ministre du travail que le décret du 9 juin 1906 permettait aux compagnies d'assurances de placer sans limitation leurs fonds de réserve en bons de caisse de crédits municipaux. Cette lettre était d'ordre général et ne visait pas spécialement le Crédit municipal de Bayonne. J'ai quitté Paris le 15 juin 1932 pour me rendre à la conférence des réparations à Lausanne. En mon absence, mon directeur de cabinet, M. Roger Picard, a écrit le 16 juin au ministre du travail pour attirer son attention sur la question. En même temps, il transmettait la lettre Garat au service de crédit au ministère du commerce, dont le directeur, M. Chaumet, écrivait le 20 juin, au ministre du travail, une lettre exposant l'état de la législation en la matière. Je n'ai pas eu connaissance des deux lettres et il ne m'en a pas été rendu compte. Ce n'est pas là une critique adressée à mes chefs de service, mais un exposé fidèle des faits. Mes deux chefs de service n'étaient pas obligés de me rendre compte de cette correspondance, puisqu'il ne s'agissait pas d'une décision à prendre, mais d'un simple rappel de la législation en vigueur. J'estime que ces deux lettres constituaient une seule et même intervention. D'ailleurs, en même temps que Garat écrivait, au ministre du commerce, le 14 juin, il adressait le même jour une lettre au ministre du travail en lui faisant connaître qu'il me saisissait de la question; et il lui envoyait copie de la lettre qu'il m'adressait. J'ai été ministre du commerce de juin 1932 à février 1933. Pendant toute cette période je n'ai jamais reçu aucune autre communication orale ou écrite d'une personnalité parlementaire ou, non parlementaire relative à cette question. Ni nos services ni les services d'autres départements ministériels ne m'ont, à aucun moment, entretenu d'une question relative au mont-de-piété de Bayonne ou de toute autre caisse de crédit municipal. J'ajoute que, non seulement je n'ai jamais rencontré Stavisky où Alexandre, mais que je n'ai appris son existence que par les journaux en février 1934. parfaitement dosés, les valeurs prosodiques du poème respectées avec scrupule. Toute la brève partition est logiquement conçue et exécutée; Malheureusement, elle ne crée aucun point de vue inédit. On ne peut exiger d'un candidat au concours de Rome de l'invention et de l'originalité. Il est déjà rare qu'il ait une claire conscience de sa tâche. Il y a huit mois, après l'audition des cantates du concours de Rome à l'Institut, j'ai analysé ici avec suffisamment de détail l'Idylle funambulesque. À l'Opéra-Comique, il est difficile de saisir les péripéties de l'intrigue imaginée par M. Paul Arosa. Je les rappellerai donc en peu de mots. Devant la tombe de Pierrot, Colombine se reproche d'avoir été cause du suicide de son naïf amant. Elle veut rompre avec Arlequin qui, malencontreusement inspiré en un si pathétique moment, a fait venir un jazz. Tout à coup surgit Pierrot. Est-ce un fantôme? Pincé par Arlequin, Pierrot finit par avouer qu'il a feint de boire la ciguë et de mourir. Colombine, furieuse d'avoir été ainsi jouée, se réconcilie avec Arlequin, et abandonne de nouveau Pierrot. J'ai essayé, à l'époque, de caractériser la partition de M. Robert Planel, que l'Académie des beaux-arts venait de primer. On en peut mieux distinguer à l'Opéra-Comique la justesse expressive. Le rôle d'Arlequin, campé musicalement avec nuance et verve, ressort joliment devant la rampe. La valse américaine, roucoulée par le saxophone, ne fait pas tache dans l'ensemble. Mais pourquoi les ballerines de la salle Favart la dansent-elles comme une gavotte? Cette saynète lyrique est interprétée dans le décor et avec les costumes de "Masques et Béatitudes" de Jusseaume. On n'a pas oublié ce décor dessiné par Jusseaume comme une sanguine. Il était fort bien accordé à la suave musique de Gabriel Fauré, alors qu'il n'évoquait en rien le paysage voulu par les auteurs d'Idylle funambulesque. Nous ne voyons pas même la pierre tombale, fleurie de rosées et devant laquelle Colombine se désespère. Mlle Gauley et M. Jean Planel, qui avaient fait triompher la cantate devant les jurés du concours de Rome, ont repris leurs rôles respectifs à l'Opéra-Comique. Mlle Gauley, qui possède une voix d'un timbre très pur et qui chante avec autant de goût que de souplesse de gosier, incarne Colombine d'un art spirituel et tendre. M. Jean Planel supplée à la faiblesse de son ténor par sa technique et son intelligence. On comprend l'émoi dont il était visiblement affecté quand on sait qu'il est le propre frère du compositeur d'Idylle funambulesque. M. Albert Dalimier arriva chez M. Ordonneau à 19 heures et demeura une heure avec le juge. En sortant du Palais, il déclara "Je n'ai rien dit qui ne soit connu." Audition de Romagnino Menottes aux mains, Gilbert Romagnino a été conduit au début de l’après-midi au Palais de justice et aussitôt introduit dans le cabinet de M. Ordonneau. Après avoir protesté contre l’accusation qui fait de lui un des bénéficiaires de Stavisky, Romagnino livra au juge divers noms de personnages dont les relations avec Stavisky lui paraissaient comme assez suivies. Il déchargea complètement Mme Stavisky du soupçon de complicité. Les « révélations de Romagnino seront lues par le juge. Audition de Mme Stavisky Mme Stavisky, venant de la prison de la Petite Roquette, a succédé alors à Romagnino dans le cabinet de M. Ordonneau. M. de Moro-Giafferri et Fugères l’assistent. Mise en présence des talons des chèques, Mme Stavisky est invitée à préciser les déclarations qu’elle avait déjà faites à la commission d’enquête, et devant les initiales dont il a été parlé, la jeune femme est moins affirmative. Elle déclare néanmoins que tous ces chèques sont bien de l’écriture de son mari et confirme ce qu’elle a précédemment déclaré au sujet des relations politiques de l’escroc. M. Lamour met en cause M. Dalimier M. Philippe Lamour, avocat de M. Jean Delcros, porteur de bons de Bayonne, qui s’est constitué partie civile, a adressé à M. Ordonneau une lettre dont voici les principaux passages : L’incident concerne la connaissance qu’aurait eue M. Dalimier de documents versés par M. Philippe Lamour au nom de M. Jean Delcros, partie civile, entre les mains du juge, et d’appréciations verbales accompagnant la remise de ces documents. Le défenseur avait, en effet, remis au juge d’instruction une lettre de Guébain qui appuyait un démarchage en vue du placement des bons de Bayonne par une lettre de M. Dalimier adressée à Dubarry, que Guébain déclarait être adressée en réalité à un directeur de caisse d’assurances sociales. Dans une note jointe, M. Philippe Lamour arrivait à conclure que cette lettre avait été établie de telle sorte qu’il suffisait de supprimer la mention de l’adresse en bas et à gauche de cette lettre pour qu’elle puisse avoir été écrite à un directeur de caisse d’assurances sociales. D’autre part, la lettre paraissait avoir été établie d’accord avec M. Dalimier, et pour cet usage; et la preuve, selon le conseil de M. Delcros, apparaissait dans ce « Monsieur le directeur », alors que M. Dalimier eût certainement écrit à M. Enfin, il répond à l'argumentation concernant l'indiscrétion Monsieur le directeur » au lieu de « Mon cher ami », il n'apparaît pas douteux, dans ces conditions, que M. Dalimier, qui, n'étant pas encore inculpé, n'a aucune qualité pour prendre ou faire prendre connaissance du dossier d'instruction, a été renseigné en quelques heures sur les dépôts de documents faits par la partie civile. Et M. Lamour termine ainsi L'inculpation immédiate de MM. Dalimier et Julien Durand et une instruction complète pour connaître dans quelles conditions dans lesquelles ces lettres, qui ne relevaient pas de l'administration normale des affaires courantes des deux ministères et qui étaient sollicitées de l'extérieur, ont été établies; quelles recherches qui en a réuni les éléments, qui en a assuré la rédaction, comment et par qui elles ont été corrigées et mises au point, de telle sorte que l'une d'entre elles puisse servir à deux usages; enfin que soient recherchées les autres lettres de M. Dalimier à M. Albert Dubarry, afin de voir s'il l'appelait « Monsieur le directeur ou « Mon cher ami ». Il est extraordinaire que cette recherche essentielle n'ait pas encore été faite spontanément jusqu'à présent. Les conditions d'établissement de ces lettres, que rien de suscitait en dehors des intérêts particuliers du groupe Stavisky-Dubarry-Guébin, sont en tout cas assez suspectes pour permettre une inculpation qui aura tout au moins l'avantage de donner à M. Dalimier une occasion de prendre une connaissance légale et régulière du dossier. Une protestation de M. Camille Aymard M. Camille Aymard communique la note suivante -On me fait savoir que Romagnino aurait déclaré, au cours de son interrogatoire d'aujourd'hui, que M. Stavisky aurait eu ses entrées au cabinet Tardieu » grâce à moi. J'apporte la preuve matérielle que cette affirmation, en ce qui me concerne, est mensongère. Il est établi, en effet, que je n'ai connu Alexandre (alias Stavisky) qu'au cours de l'été 1932, c'est-à-dire plusieurs mois après les élections législatives. A ce moment, M. Tardieu n'était plus au pouvoir depuis plusieurs mois, et il n'y est revenu que postérieurement au décès de Stavisky. Je n'ai donc pu, matériellement, lui accorder l'appui que Romagnino me prête, car cela montrerait la confiance qu'il faut avoir, d'une façon générale, dans les déclarations de Romagnino, puisqu'il est pris en flagrant délit de mensonge. Dans le rôle d'Arlequin, M. Jean Vieuille a pris la succession de M. Hérent, dont la riante fantaisie peut être difficilement égalée. Enfin, à l'orchestre, M. Henri Morin s'est signalé comme un chef de belle lignée. À la séance donnée dans la salle de l'ancien Conservatoire pour nous faire entendre les ouvrages des élèves des classes de composition, nous avons retrouvé les concurrents et les émules de M. Robert Planel. M. Henri Challan, qui, malgré les qualités pénétrantes de sa cantate, n'était arrivé à conquérir qu'un second grand-prix de Rome, nous a présenté l'allégro et le menuet d'un quatuor pour instruments à cordes. M. Henri Challan s'est maintenu dans ses supériorités. Il dispose avec infiniment d'adresse des ressources de son métier. Son quatuor, établi selon les fortes règles, brille par une écriture élégante et claire. Il est nettement inspiré du quatuor en fa de M. Maurice Ravel, qui a, de son côté, certains points de ressemblance avec les quatuors de Mozart. M. Peyron, qui a obtenu un deuxième prix de chant au Conservatoire, a interprété avec style une délicate mélodie, Tristesse, dont la musique est également signée de M. Henri Challan. On y distingue des accents déjà entendus dans le troisième tableau de Pelléas et Mélisande. M. Henri Challan est un artiste d'élite avec lequel il faudra un jour compter de près. Élève de M. Henri Busser, il est encore sous l'influence de ses maîtres modernes. Bientôt il suivra sa route propre. Un autre élève de M. Henri Busser, M. Eugène Bozza, nous a surpris, depuis quelques mois, par son labeur acharné et sa fécondité d'imagination. Son Trio à cordes et orchestre a été exécuté aux Concerts Straram et repris aux Concerts Poulet, son Concerto pour alto et orchestre créé aux Concerts Colonne, son Poème pour chant et orchestre joué en première audition aux Concerts Lamoureux. Mlle Paulette Fouquet, premier prix de chant et premier accessit d'opéra-comique au Conservatoire, a murmuré une Cantate à Bertheine dont M. Eugène Bozza avait inscrit la ligne mélodique au-dessus du troisième prélude en ut dièse majeur de Jean-Sébastien Bach. Le jeune compositeur a conservé intacte la page magistrale de l'illustre Cantor. Il s'en est servi en guise d'accompagnement. Il a été précédé en cela par Charles Gounod, qui avait utilisé ce prélude se trouve dans le premier volume du Claviecin bien tempéré, Une déclaration de M. « de Chattancourt » Dans un communiqué à la presse, M. Migeon, dit de Chattancourt, déclare que, s'il est l'ami de M. Guiboud-Ribaud, il n'a jamais vu, ni connu, ni reçu Stavisky, ni sa femme, pas plus à Paris que dans sa propriété de Monés ou ailleurs. Il ajoute qu'il n'a jamais eu connaissance des affaires Stavisky et n'y a jamais participé en aucune façon. La détention de Tissier Devant la chambre du conseil, Gustave Tissier a comparu hier. Sa détention a été prolongée pour un mois. Comme on le lui notifiait, il a déclaré : Je ne demande pas la liberté, je demande que toute la lumière soit faite et j'attends avec sérénité l'heure de la justice. D'ailleurs, que ferais-je de la liberté dans la situation où je suis? J'ai perdu dans l'affaire du Crédit municipal tout l'argent que j'avais. M. Bonnaure à Pan Le député Bonnaure a comparu hier devant la chambre des mises en accusation. L'audience a duré de 16 heures à 17 h. 30. M. Bonnaure a fourni de longues explications, puis son avocat, M. Plage, a présenté sa défense. À sa sortie, M. Bonnaure paraissait déprimé. L'arrêt sera rendu aujourd'hui. Le sénateur Turbat s'explique. M. Eugène Turbat, sénateur, maire d'Orléans, a remis à la presse une longue note dont voici les principaux extraits. À propos des incidents du Crédit municipal, dit-il, on me reproche d'avoir voulu, le 9 janvier, tranquilliser la population en déclarant devant l'assemblée communale que les relations avec les courtiers marrons étaient rompues, que les nantissements douteux étaient dégagés et que la masse des bons était rentrée. Or, il est prouvé aujourd'hui que cette affirmation n'était pas conforme à la réalité. On me fera l'honneur de croire que ma bonne foi était entière et que je n'ai jamais voulu jouer le rôle que certaine presse prétend avoir été le mien, en cachant à la population orléanaise le prêt de 200.000 francs consenti à Hayotte le 22 septembre 1933. Malgré les déclarations que l'on prête à M. Maingourd, j'ignorais tout, le 9 janvier, de cette très regrettable opération, que je n'aurais jamais autorisée si j'avais été consulté. À plusieurs reprises, par écrit et verbalement, j'avais proposé dès 1930 le départ d'Alexandre et d'Hayotte, insistant pour que les affaires soient réglées rapidement et qu'il n'en fût plus fait de nouvelles. N'obtenant du ministre du commerce le concours que j'étais en droit d'espérer, je n'ai vu d'autre moyen que de proposer au conseil municipal de ne plus se prononcer sur les budgets de la caisse de Crédit. Cette attitude n'a pas été approuvée par le ministre du commerce. Et le maire ajoute : "Comment aurais-je pu tolérer le prêt à Hayotte le 22 septembre 1933, moi qui écrivais au vice-président de la caisse de Crédit, à la date du 26 décembre 1930, une lettre dans laquelle je me réjouissais d'apprendre la fin des opérations faites par Alexandre et Hayotte ? J'affirme donc à nouveau que le 9 janvier dernier j'ignorais tout du prêt consenti le 22 septembre. Le maire refait ensuite très longuement l'historique des difficultés entre le conseil municipal et le conseil d'administration de la caisse du Crédit municipal, expliquant que MM. Lacroix, vice-président du conseil d'administration, et Maingourd, directeur aujourd'hui arrêté, avaient reçu des ordres formels pour agir, avec prudence et pour ne pas engager d'opérations importantes sans aviser le maire. M. Turbat ajoute d'ailleurs que tout le bénéfice des opérations réalisées en 1929 et 1930 avec Stavisky fut versé à des œuvres charitables. Le maire poursuit ensuite en ces termes : "On m'accuse d'avoir manqué de courage. On oublie que je dépendais de l'autorité administrative. Le ministre du commerce avait donné raison à la commission administrative contre moi. On dit aussi que je suis le « président-né du conseil d'administration; je dois en connaître et en contrôler toutes les opérations, mais le maire d'Orléans est aussi le président de nombreuses autres commissions; il ne peut, quelle que soit son activité, les contrôler toutes. Malgré mes recommandations, pourquoi MM. Maingourd et Lacroix ne m'ont-ils pas prévenu avant de réaliser le gage ? Je sais bien qu'il s'agissait d'une opération à court terme et que la caisse allait faire en quelques semaines un bénéfice d'une quinzaine de mille francs." Lorsque, au mois de janvier, je sus que l'opération avait été réalisée, je fis appeler MM. Lacroix et Maingourd pour leur adresser mes reproches. M. Lacroix reconnut qu'il avait autorisé le prêt sans savoir qu'il s'agissait d'Hayotte, Quant à Maingourd, il se jugea couvert par la décision de son vice-président, reconnaissant toutefois avoir commis une faute administrative. Lorsque, le 18 janvier dernier, M. Fressard, commissaire divisionnaire, m'a informé du résultat des investigations faites à la caisse de Crédit, j'ai été d'accord avec lui pour qu'il saisisse sans délai la Sûreté générale, et j'ai approuvé la proposition qu'il me faisait de solliciter l'autorisation de saisir les bijoux. Est-ce ma faute si le rapport du commissaire divisionnaire n'a pas eu de suite? Mon rôle, dans cette affaire, est simple. J'ai conscience d'avoir, en toutes circonstances, accompli tout mon devoir; je crois avoir fait la preuve qu'il n'était pas possible d'agir autrement que je l'ai fait. J'ai évité à la ville d'Orléans de connaître un gros scandale et maintenu intacte sa réputation d'honnêteté. D'autre part, il n'est pas un prêteur, il n'est pas un emprunteur qui ait été ou sera lésé. Je répète encore aujourd'hui que la charge de maire dans une grande ville est lourde à porter, et qu'il peut arriver qu'elle soit au-dessus des forces humaines lorsqu'elle est augmentée du poids de la calomnie. Les répercussions à Nancy M. Paul Villemin, qui s'est démis de ses fonctions de président de la caisse départementale des assurances sociales de Meurthe-et-Moselle, interrogé, a fait les déclarations suivantes: "En juillet dernier, en présentant au procès-verbal de la séance, mon conseil d'administration autorisa à l'unanimité de ses membres l'achat d'un bon du Crédit municipal de Bayonne, valant un million. Quand l'affaire Stavisky éclata, certains de mes collaborateurs semblèrent oublier, devant le scandale, le vote qu'ils avaient émis, la décision qu'ils avaient prise, et ils prétendirent que je devais assumer seul la responsabilité." Nous avons été davantage intéressés par l'ufiuelle, sicilienne et rigaudon de M. Eugène Bozza, pour hautbois, clarinette et basson. Le texte est fort ingénieusement écrit pour les instruments en question. MM. Morel, Lefebvre et Fernand Qubradous nous en ont offert une incomparable traduction. Ces trois éminents solistes de nos grandes associations de concerts ont formé, comme on sait, le fameux Trio d'anches de Paris, qui a tant ajouté au renom des « bois » français. Le petit-fils de Richard Wagner, qui assistait à la séance, nous a déclaré qu'il ne connaissait pas au monde trois virtuoses de cette force. La Suite dans le style ancien, de M. Marcel Mirouze, élève de M. Henri Busser, est un pastiche savant, avec une pointe de modernisme, dans la ligne du Tombeau de Couperin, de M. Maurice Ravel. On en a surtout goûté la sarabande. Mlle Henriette Roget, qui fut dotée l'an passé d'un premier second Grand-Prix de Rome et dont aucune œuvre ne figurait au programme, s'est généreusement dévouée pour faire valoir la partition de son camarade et s'est montrée comme une pianiste d'exception. L'andante du Quatuor pour instruments à cordes de M. Michel Boulnois, autre élève de M. Henri Busser, sembla avoir été conçu dans l'ombre de César Franck. MM. Stern, Lantier, Husson et Baquet en ont assumé l'émouvante exécution. M. Jean Langlois, musicien aveugle et détenteur d'un premier prix d'orgue, appartient à la classe de composition de M. Paul Dukas. Ses Deux quatuors vocaux sur des poèmes de Clément Marot témoignent d'une pénétrante distinction, d'un style très pur. Leur interprétation ne m'a pas paru à l'abri de tout reproche. J'ai gardé pour la fin les Variations pour piano, de M. Jean Hubeau, élève de M. Paul Dukas. Avec cette pièce de littérature pianistique, l'adolescent, âgé de seize ans, avait remporté le premier prix de composition l'année passée. J'ai tenté, à deux ou trois reprises, de vous retracer sa physionomie juvénile, ardente, illuminée. Dans ses Variations pour piano, M. Jean Hubeau révèle une calme raison, une solidité et une concentration de pensée, un sentiment profond qui surprend chez un étudiant aussi novice. Le morceau, d'une large allure, a été traité dans l'esprit avec lequel ont été bâtis les Études symphoniques de Schumann, les Variations de Brahms sur un thème de Händel, les Variations symphoniques de César, Franck, Thème et variations, de Gabriel. De notre achat. Sans y être contraint, et dans le seul but de recouvrer mon entière liberté, j'ai donné ma démission après la séance du 9 février dernier. M. Paul Villemin s'est ensuite attaché avec énergie à démentir les bruits qui ont couru et selon lesquels il aurait résigné également ses fonctions de président de l'Union régionale des caisses départementales du Nord-Est et de président de la Fédération nationale des caisses départementales des assurances sociales de France. Voici les lettres que j'ai reçues à mon dernier courrier, a ajouté M. Villemin; elles émanent de nos amis de Bretagne. Je suis soutenu par la sympathie et par le confiance de tous ceux qui ont contribué avec moi au succès d'entreprises sociales dont le gouvernement connaît le but généreux et apprécie les heureux résultats. Une crise de démence Vers 15 heures, hier, alors que M. Ordonneau, juge d’instruction, procédait à l’interrogatoire de Romagnino, ancien collaborateur de Stavisky, un avocat en robe fit irruption dans son cabinet. C’était M. Dutheillet de Lamothe, qui, après avoir tenu des propos incohérents, caressa la barbe du magistrat, puis embrassa le ruban de sa Légion d’honneur. Interloqué, M. Ordonneau pria M. Léonce Richard, avocat de Romagnino, de reconduire son confrère dans les couloirs. Ils rencontrèrent M. A. Fraisse, qui se chargea de ramener M. Dutheillet de Lamothe à son domicile, 215, boulevard Saint-Germain. Quelques incidents se produisirent sur le parcours suivi pour se rendre au vestiaire des avocats et des magistrats durent subir les embrassades du dément. Enfin, M. Fraisse réussit à emmener son ami hors du Palais. Il commit l’imprudence de le reconduire à pied. Tout alla bien jusqu’à la place Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Mais, là, arrachant un journal à l’éventaire d’un kiosque, M. Dutheillet de Lamothe le tendit à un capitaine du 6° tirailleurs marocains. M. Henri Béchard, qui se tenait au bord du trottoir, en lui disant « Tenez, voilà l’organe de la Mafia. » « Mais je ne vous connais pas » porta l’officier, stupéfait, Ces mots déchaînèrent la fureur de l’avocat. Il se précipita sur l’officier, le gifla et tenta de lui arracher ses décorations. Un agent accourut et emmena tout le monde au commissariat de police. Le secrétaire du commissariat, M. Bilgea, crut, en voyant arriver l’agent et l’officier, qu’il s’agissait d’un outrage à l’armée. Faisant entrer l’officier dans son bureau, il commençait à recevoir sa déposition, lorsque des hurlements lui parvinrent du poste de police où des agents entouraient M. Dutheillet de Lamothe. En même temps, les vitres du poste volaient en éclats, le poêle était renversé et l’avocat, après avoir tenté de se déshabiller, lançait un coup de pied dans le ventre d’un inspecteur. Tirant ensuite des billets de son portefeuille, il les déchira en petits morceaux et jeta sa chevalière à la tête des agents qui, au nombre de six, cherchaient à le maîtriser. Ils y réussirent enfin, non sans avoir été contusionnés, et le ligotèrent. Pendant ce temps, l’avocat criait: Vive la France ! Debout les morts ! Gardez-vous ! Découvrez-vous, c’est Dieu qui passe Puis il entonna la Marseillaise. Étendu sur une civière, M. Dutheillet de Lamothe resta à peu près tranquille jusqu'à 18 h. 30 ; heure à laquelle, à la demande de M. Fraisse, des infirmiers de la maison de santé, 10, quai Galliéni, à Suresnes, vinrent le chercher. M. Dutheillet de Lamothe est ce jeune avocat qui, le 7 février, dans la galerie Marchand du Palais, brûla la toque et la toque de M. Eugène Frot, qu'il était allé chercher au vestiaire. C'est également lui qui, escaladant les toits du Palais, mit le drapeau en berge en y accrochant son épitogée. Samedi, il avait été élu président du nouveau bureau de la conférence Molé-Tocqueville. Il paraissait très déprimé depuis quelques jours. Un médecin l'avait examiné hier matin, et il devait faire l'objet d'une consultation médicale dans la soirée. L'ASSASSINAT DE H. PRINCE Autour de l'enquête C'est aujourd'hui, on le sait, que doit être pratiquée, à l'institut médico-légal, la contre-autopsie du cadavre de M. Prince. Pour la permettre, les restes mortels de l'infortuné conseiller ont été exhumés, hier, au cimetière communal d'Yzeure, du caveau qui les renfermait. Le cercueil a été ensuite, par les soins du service des pompes funèbres, placé dans un fourgon qui s'est aussitôt mis en route pour Paris. M. Masselin, substitut du procureur de la République de Moulins, avait assisté à l'exhumation. On n'a pas oublié que, le 28 février, une infirmière-dentiste, habitant dans un hôtel meublé de la rue d'Alger, Mlle Yvonne Taris, avait déclaré à la Sûreté générale qu'elle avait vu, le 20 février, à la gare de Lyon, M. Prince, qu'elle connaissait, et que celui-ci était « filé par un individu portant un pardessus mastic. Vérifications faites, il ne restait bientôt plus rien de ce témoignage. Or, hier, vers 15 heures, Mlle Yvonne Taris a tenté de se suicider en se jetant dans le canal Saint-Martin. Elle a été transportée à l'hôpital Saint-Louis, où, dans la soirée, elle a pu être interrogée par un commissaire de police. Sur une demande de renseignements émanant du juge d'instruction de Dijon, la Sûreté générale a eu à s'occuper d'un témoin déjà entendu, un Russe qui se disait ingénieur, M. Simanovitch, et qui avait déclaré que, le 20 février, venu à Dijon par le train qu'avait pris M. Prince, il avait vu, arrêté non loin de la gare, devant un magasin, un homme vêtu d'un pardessus beige qui semblait guetter la sortie des voyageurs. Il a pu être établi, ce qu'on va faire savoir à M. Rabut, que M. Simanovitch, qui se donne pour ingénieur, est, en réalité, un démarcheur et rabatteur pour un cercle de la rue du Hanovre que son père a fait partie du cercle hippique dit le « Frolic's »; qu'après un séjour en France, il alla en Allemagne, d'où il revint en 1933, et qu'il est connu, tant à Paris qu'en province, comme employé de cercle. D'autre part, et toujours à la Sûreté générale, Fauré, les Variations sur un thème de Rameau de M. Paul Dukas, les Divertissements sur un thème pastoral de M. Gabriel Pierné. Autrefois, dans cette branche de la musique, on « ornementait » un thème reproduit tout au long de la composition. Depuis Schumann, Franck et Fauré, les développements de ces œuvres à l'usage des virtuoses sont devenus plus libres et plus poussés, comme dans la sonate et la symphonie. Chaque tronçon du thème choisi doit être, à son tour, « varié ». M. Jean Hubeau a rejoint sans efforts voyants ses grands modèles. Éclairé par les exemples de M. Paul Dukas, il a pris pour point de départ un thème de son œuvre, déjà riche et beau par lui-même et qui semblait, au premier abord, très difficile à paraphraser, parer et amplifier. Animé d'un souffle sincère, il n'a pas visé à l'effet, afin de ne faire fléchir son style par aucun côté. Ses développements s'effectuent, pour ainsi dire, dans l'ambiance du motif essentiel et sont aussi bien thématiques qu'harmoniques et parfois rythmiques. Effort sévère, noble, obstiné, d'une envergure peu commune, et dont on n'eût pas cru capable un musicien aussi jeune. M. Jean Hubeau est désormais armé pour les combats futurs. Il justifie, remplit par sa partition de début les espoirs élevés qu'on a placés en lui.
| 47,216 |
https://github.com/appastoy/Bowling/blob/master/Framework/Scene/SceneAssetManager.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Bowling
|
appastoy
|
C#
|
Code
| 119 | 419 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Bowling.Framework.Scene
{
class SceneAssetManager
{
Dictionary<string, object> sceneAssets = new Dictionary<string, object>();
public void AddOrUpdateAsset(string name, object asset)
{
if (sceneAssets.ContainsKey(name))
{
sceneAssets[name] = asset;
}
else
{
sceneAssets.Add(name, asset);
}
}
public void RemoveAsset(string name)
{
sceneAssets.Remove(name);
}
public void ClearAssets()
{
sceneAssets.Clear();
}
public bool HasAsset(string name)
{
return sceneAssets.ContainsKey(name);
}
public bool TryGetAsset(string name, out object asset)
{
return sceneAssets.TryGetValue(name, out asset);
}
public bool TryGetAsset<T>(string name, out T asset)
{
asset = default(T);
var found = sceneAssets.TryGetValue(name, out object rawAsset);
if (found && rawAsset != null)
{
asset = (T)rawAsset;
}
return found;
}
public object GetAsset(string name)
{
return sceneAssets[name];
}
public T GetAsset<T>(string name)
{
return (T)sceneAssets[name];
}
}
}
| 42,294 |
https://github.com/4front/api/blob/master/lib/routes/env.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
api
|
4front
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 253 | 880 |
var express = require('express');
var _ = require('lodash');
var bodyParser = require('body-parser');
var GLOBAL_ENV = '_global';
var VALID_ENV_REGEX = /^[a-z0-9]{1,10}$/;
module.exports = function() {
var hasRole = require('../middleware/has-role');
var router = express.Router();
// View the environment variables.
var middleware = [hasRole('admin'), bodyParser.json()];
router.get('/:env?', middleware.concat(validateEnvName), function(req, res) {
if (req.params.env) {
res.json(req.ext.virtualApp.env[req.params.env] || {});
} else {
res.json(req.ext.virtualApp.env || {});
}
});
// Create a global environment variable
router.put('/:key', middleware.concat(setGlobalEnvParam), put);
// Set the value of an environment variable
router.put('/:env/:key', middleware.concat(validateEnvName), put);
// Delete global environment variable
router.delete('/:key', middleware.concat(setGlobalEnvParam), del);
// Delete a virtual environment specific environment variable
router.delete('/:env/:key', middleware.concat(validateEnvName), del);
return router;
function setGlobalEnvParam(req, res, next) {
req.params.env = GLOBAL_ENV;
next();
}
function validateEnvName(req, res, next) {
if (!req.params.env || req.params.env === GLOBAL_ENV) return next();
if (!VALID_ENV_REGEX.test(req.params.env)) {
return next(Error.http(400, 'Invalid environment name ' + req.params.env, {
code: 'invalidEnvironmentName'
}));
}
next();
}
// Set the value of an environment variable.
function put(req, res, next) {
if (_.isEmpty(req.body.value)) {
return next(Error.http(400, 'No environment variable value specified'));
}
var envOptions = {
appId: req.ext.virtualApp.appId,
key: req.params.key,
virtualEnv: req.params.env || GLOBAL_ENV,
encrypted: req.body.encrypted === true,
value: req.body.value
};
req.app.settings.database.setEnvironmentVariable(envOptions, function(err) {
if (err) return next(err);
reloadApp(req, res, next);
});
}
// Delete an environment variable
function del(req, res, next) {
var db = req.app.settings.database;
var appId = req.ext.virtualApp.appId;
db.deleteEnvironmentVariable(appId, req.params.env, req.params.key, function(err) {
if (err) return next(err);
reloadApp(req, res, next);
});
}
function reloadApp(req, res, next) {
var registry = req.app.settings.virtualAppRegistry;
registry.getById(req.ext.virtualApp.appId, {forceReload: true}, function(_err, virtualApp) {
if (_err) return next(_err);
res.json(virtualApp);
});
}
};
| 9,006 |
https://openalex.org/W3117371536
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,019 |
Anterior Controllable Antedisplacement and Fusion (ACAF) technique for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal stenosis (MCSMSS): a retrospective study of 45 cases
|
Xi Luo
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,413 | 9,674 |
Anterior Controllable Antedisplacement and Fusion
(ACAF) technique for the treatment of multilevel
cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal
stenosis (MCSMSS): a retrospective study of 45
cases Jiangang Shi
(
brookluo@outlook.com
)
Changzheng Hospital Research article Keywords: cervical spondylotic myelopathy; spinal stenosis; multilevel; anterior controllable
antedisplacement fusion (ACAF)
Posted Date: August 9th, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.12543/v1 Keywords: cervical spondylotic myelopathy; spinal stenosis; multilevel; anterior controllable
antedisplacement fusion (ACAF)
Posted Date: August 9th 2019 Keywords: cervical spondylotic myelopathy; spinal stenosis; multilevel; anterior controllable
antedisplacement fusion (ACAF)
Posted Date: August 9th, 2019 Keywords: cervical spondylotic myelopathy; spinal stenosis; multilevel; anterior controllable
antedisplacement fusion (ACAF)
Posted Date: August 9th, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.12543/v1 Page 1/17 License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Clinical Spine Surgery: A Spine Publication
on March 17th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1097/BSD.0000000000001144. Page 2/17 Abstract Background To investigate the clinical effect of anterior controllable antedisplacement and fusion (ACAF)
technique for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal stenosis
(MCSMSS), and compare ACAF with hybrid decompression fixation (HDF). Methods A retrospective
analysis of 85 cases with MCSMSS was carried out. 45 patients were treated with ACAF, while 40 patients
were treated with HDF. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative complications,
Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI) score, Computed
Tomography (CT) transverse measurement, cervical curvature and Kang's grade were compared between
two groups. Results The patients were followed up for 12 to 17 months. Compared with HDF, ACAF group
achieved better decompression according to CT measurement and Kang’s grade (P < 0.05), and recovered
to a greater cervical Cobb’s angle (P < 0.05). However, JOA score and NDI index showed no significant
difference one year after surgery (P＞0.05). Additionally, ACAF presented longer operation time and greater
intraoperative blood loss (P < 0.05). As to complications, ACAF developed less incidences of
cerebrospinal fluid examination (CSF) leakage, neurologic deterioration, epidural hematoma and C5 palsy
by comparing with HDF. Conclusions ACAF is an effective method for the treatment of MCSMSS. Compared with HDF, ACAF has the advantages of significant decompression, increasing cervical
curvature, and reducing the incidences of complications. Background Multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal stenosis (MCSMSS) is a disorder of spinal cord
dysfunction characterized by involving three or more cervical segments, which is caused by congenital,
developmental or degenerative factors which results in spinal stenosis and compression of spinal cord
and its blood vessel at the levels of both intervertebral disc and vertebra[1]. Surgery plays a vital
treatment part because of the progressive feature of MCSMSS, especially for patients with intolerable
symptoms and suspected neurological damage[2], but considering the multilevel and severe
compression, the choice of surgery is controversial[3]. For single-level compression, anterior cervical
discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is the “gold standard” for surgical treatment[4, 5]. However, it is difficult for
ACDF to achieve complete compression when faced with multilevel lesions. As to the anterior cervical
corpectomy decompression and fusion (ACCF), although its effect of decompression is significant, the
instability of cervical spine and the high risk of complications cannot be ignored[6]. In order to better solve the clinical problems of MCSMSS, we proposed to utilize a novel treatment
scheme of anterior controllable antedisplacement and fusion (ACAF) on MCSMSS. ACAF is characterized
by hoisting the anterior wall of the spinal canal to make it move forward, thus expanding the volume of
the spinal canal and relieving the compression. The purpose of this study was to compare ACAF with
hybrid decompression fixation (HDF, the combination of ACDF and ACCF) in treatment of MCSMSS[7],
and to briefly introduce ACAF surgical technique, which are reported as follows. Methods Page 3/17 Page 3/17 1.1. General information From January 2017 to January 2019, 85 patients diagnosed with MCSMSS and treated with ACAF (45
cases) or HDF (40 cases) were selected for the study. X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI) of cervical spine were taken before operation. Selection criteria: (1) Confirmed
by cervical spinal stenosis (the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal is less than 12 mm), and the
conservative treatment is ineffective; (2) cervical spondylotic myelopathy involving segments≥3. Exclusive criteria: (1) deformity, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases involving
the cervical spine; (2) cervical spine trauma, surgical history; (3) severe osteoporosis. From January 2017 to January 2019, 85 patients diagnosed with MCSMSS and treated with ACAF (45
cases) or HDF (40 cases) were selected for the study. X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI) of cervical spine were taken before operation. Selection criteria: (1) Confirmed
by cervical spinal stenosis (the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal is less than 12 mm), and the
conservative treatment is ineffective; (2) cervical spondylotic myelopathy involving segments≥3. Exclusive criteria: (1) deformity, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases involving
the cervical spine; (2) cervical spine trauma, surgical history; (3) severe osteoporosis. All patients agreed to the record of research data, and signed the informed 1.2. Operative methods ACAF group: (1) After general anesthesia, supine position was taken, cervical oblique incision was made
through the anterior right side to expose deep structures. (2) The responsible intervertebral disc, anterior
and posterior edge osteophyte were removed until the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) was exposed. Then, at the cephalic and caudal ends of the planned hoisting segments, the PLL should be bitten in
intervertebral space, while the rest of PLL need not be deal with. (3) According to the requirement for
decompression, the certain thickness of anterior part of the vertebra was removed, and the space was
reserved for the responsible segment to be hoisted forward. (4) According to the decompression width
needed, the grooving position was selected on the anterior surface of vertebra, where was usually the
inner edge of Luschka's joint. Grinding drill was used to dig deep along the grooving lines on both sides,
and the bone was chisel away to reach the cortex of the posterior wall of the vertebra. The posterior wall
of the vertebra was bitten on one side. The other side was temporarily retained to maintain the stability of
the vertebra. (5) Intervertebral fusion cages, pre-curved titanium plate and vertebral screws were installed,
and then the posterior wall of the vertebra on the other side was resected to make the vertebra free. (6)
The titanium plate was pulled forward. At this time, vertebrae and compression mater would move
forward together until the vertebrae and the titanium plate were closely joined. Finally, the incision was
flushed, hemostasis and drainage were performed, and suture was finished layer by layer. The diagram of
the procedure of ACAF is presented as Fig 1. HDF group: ACCF was performed at the segments with severe compression, and ACDF was performed at
other segments. The specific steps are as follows: (1) ACCF: Exposure process was the same as ACAF group. Degenerative discs and osteophytes in the intervertebral space was removed, until reaching hook joints
on both sides. Subtotal resection of adjacent vertebrae was performed, and osteophytes were removed. Titanium cages filled with broken bones were placed after decompression. Finally, titanium plate and
screw were installed. Page 4/17 Page 4/17 (2) ACDF: Other processes were the same as ACCF. After discectomy, the osteophytes at posterior margin
of the vertebra were removed, and the intervertebral space was expanded by distractor to normal height. 1.3.1. General indicators Age, sex, operative levels, operation time, and intraoperative bleeding volume and complications were
recorded. Age, sex, operative levels, operation time, and intraoperative bleeding volume and complications were
recorded. 1.3.2. Functional evaluation Postoperative management was as ACAF’s. All operations were performed by surgeons of the same team. Negative pressure drainage tubes were
placed and pulled out 24 to 48 hours after operation. All patients were fixed with external cervical bracket
for 3 months. 1.3. Observation Indicators 1.3.1. General indicators 1.2. Operative methods Intervertebral fusion cage was selected and inserted into the intervertebral space. Titanium plate and
screw fixation was finally performed. (2) ACDF: Other processes were the same as ACCF. After discectomy, the osteophytes at posterior margin
of the vertebra were removed, and the intervertebral space was expanded by distractor to normal height. Intervertebral fusion cage was selected and inserted into the intervertebral space. Titanium plate and
screw fixation was finally performed. Postoperative management was as ACAF’s. 1.3.2. Functional evaluation Before and 1 year after operation, neurological function was evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedic
Association (JOA) score and Neck Disability Index (NDI) score. 1.3.3. CT transverse measurement By utilizing the measuring tools embedded in software of picture archiving system, 3 parameters were
measured on CT axis images to evaluate the effects of decompression. The definitions of the parameters
were as follows: (1) Transverse area of spinal canal: the area surrounded by the posterior edge of vertebra (in ACAF) or the
titanium cage (in HDF), the inner side of vertebral plate and the inner side of pedicle. (2) Decompression width: the distance between the double sides grooves at the anterior wall of spinal
canal (3) Sagittal diameter of spinal canal: the distance between the posterior edge of vertebra or the titanium
cage, and the base of spinous process The data was from all the operative segments, and were measured at the middle level of vertebra. The
measuring diagram is depicted as Fig 2. The a Cobb’s angle method was used to evaluate cervical curvature on the lateral images of X-ray, and
the angle is formed by vertical lines of the upper edge of C2 and the lower edge of C7. Page 5/17 1.3.5. Kang’s grade Kang's MRI grading system was used to assess the degree of cervical spinal cord compression[8, 9], and
the specific criteria is : grade-0, no spinal canal stenosis; grade-1, subarachnoid compression exceeded
50％; grade-2, spinal cord compression deformed; grade-3, spinal cord T2 weighted signal changes. All the parameters were measured by two senior spine surgeons independently, and the average value of
each parameter at each level was taken for independent calculation. 1.4. Statistical methods 2.1. Demographics All the enrolled 85 cases completed the operation successfully, with clinical symptoms relieved and
spinal cord function improved, and no incision infection and nerve injury occurred. 85 cases were
followed up for 12 to 17 months, with an average of 15.6 months. Among 85 cases, there were 45 cases in the ACAF group, including 33 males and 12 females, aged 40-72
(mean, 53.0+10.1) years; 40 cases in the control group, including 22 males and 18 females, aged 38-75
(mean, 56.1+9.1) years. There was no significant difference in gender, age and operative levels between
the two groups (P > 0.05). The general data is shown in Table 1. 2.2. CT measuring The preoperative diameter of spinal canal, decompression width and spinal canal area in two groups
showed no significant differences (P＞0.05). After surgery, compared with HDF group, the ACAF group
presented a better decompression at C3, C4, C5, and C6 levels (P＜0.05 ). The data is shown in Table 2. 1.4. Statistical methods SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data were expressed as mean ±standard
deviation ( ). Paired t test was used for intragroup comparison. Two independent samples t-test for inter-
group comparison, Chi-square test was for the categorical data comparison. Test level was α=0.05. 2.3. Clinical outcomes According to the data, there was no significant difference in preoperative JOA score, NDI index, Cobb’s
angle and Kang's grade between the two groups (P > 0.05). One year after operation, both groups were
significantly improved in terms of JOA score and NDI index (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant
difference in JOA score and NDI index between two groups (P > 0.05). As to postoperative Cobb’ s angle
and Kang’ s grade, ACAF revealed its unique superiority, with higher Cobb’ s angle (P＜0.05), and lower
Kang's grade (P＜0.05), comparing to HDF. Additionally, the result showed a higher cost in operative time
and intraoperative bleeding in ACAF group (P＜0.05). Page 6/17 As to the complications, 5 patients (12.5％) developed cerebrospinal fluid examination (CSF) leakage, 2
patients (5.0％) had neurologic deterioration, 2 patients (5.0％) presented with epidural hematoma, 2
patients (5.0％) suffered from C5 palsy, and 3 (7.5％) developed dysphagia in HDF group. Additionally, at
the final follow-up, and 4 patients (10.0％) presented with implant-related complications in HDF group,
including 2 cases of cage subsidence and 2 cases of delayed union. In contrast, ACAF group
demonstrated only 1 case (2.2％) of CSF leakage and 4 cases (8.8％) of dysphagia, without other
complications. The data is shown in Table 1 and 3. 2.4 Explanatory cases Case 1. Complained of numbness of both arm with gait disturbance for 3 years. The numbness had been
aggravated 2 months before presentation. ACAF was performed at C4 and C5. After the operation, the
patient showed notable relief of neurologic function. Enough decompression of the spinal cord was
achieved according to imaging. The JOA score increased from 7 to 11. There were no complications
during follow-up. The imaging examination is shown in Fig 3. Case 2. Presented with spastic weakness of both hands and gait instability for 2 years. The symptoms
progressively worsen in 3 months before presentation. ACDF was performed at C4-5 level, and ACCF at
C5-6 level. After the operation, the patient’s myelopathy showed marked recovery. Preoperative and
postoperative JOA score was 8 and 12, respectively. No complications were observed during follow-up. The imaging examination is shown in Fig 4. 3.1. Technical features of HDF The purpose of HDF is to use ACDF in slightly diseased segments and ACCF in the severe[10], so as to
preserve the vertebrae, and relieve the compression as much as possible. Compared with ACCF, HDF is
associated with less blood loss, less complications, and higher fusion rate[4, 11]. However, when
involving the multilevel compression, in order to avoid dural tear and spinal cord injury, it is sometimes
difficult to take full advantages of HDF and complete the thorough compression[12], and residual
compressive matter will still produce compression[13]. At the same time, the risk of complications such
as dural tear, spinal cord injury and titanium cage sinking still cannot be ignored in HDF just like in
ACCF[14]. 3.2. Technical features of ACAF Page 7/17
In ACAF, vertebrae-compression complex (VCC) is a vital concept that includes vertebrae of responsible
segments, osteophytes, proliferative and ossified PLL, which is freed out through grooving at both sides
of vertebrae, and it can be regarded as the anterior wall of the spinal canal. By moving VCC forward can
surgeons expand the volume of the spinal canal and retain more bone of vertebrae simultaneously. Page 7/17 Page 7/17 During the operation, the forward movement of VCC can be monitored by X-ray, so that the whole process
of hoisting and spinal cord antedisplacement can be controlled, and the "anatomical reduction" of spinal
cord can be achieved. On the other hand, according to experience, the grooving position is roughly at the
inner edge of Luschka's Joint, which not only ensures the enough decompression width (the effective
range almost reaches the medial wall of the pedicle), but also avoids the injury of vertebral artery. During the operation, the forward movement of VCC can be monitored by X-ray, so that the whole process
of hoisting and spinal cord antedisplacement can be controlled, and the "anatomical reduction" of spinal
cord can be achieved. On the other hand, according to experience, the grooving position is roughly at the
inner edge of Luschka's Joint, which not only ensures the enough decompression width (the effective
range almost reaches the medial wall of the pedicle), but also avoids the injury of vertebral artery. Compared with the HDF operated in the anterior median region of cervical spine, ACAF operation mainly
focuses on the region around Luschka's joint, which is far away from spinal cord and its artery traveling
area, constructing a "safe space" for spinal cord and reduces the risk of spinal cord injury. 3.3. Advantages of ACAF in the treatment of MCSMSS (1) Good recovery of spinal cord morphology and CSF space (1) Good recovery of spinal cord morphology and CSF space It is observed that the Kang's grade of ACAF decreased significantly, which means the compression of
CSF band and spinal cord is confirmed on MRI. By pulling the VCC, spinal cord can not only restore
normal anatomical morphology, but also avoid traction caused by backward drift, and the recovery of
CSF space is also beneficial to the improvement of symptoms after surgery[15, 16]. 2) Postoperative hematoma and CSF leakage When venous plexus and dura mater adhere to surrounding ossified mater, operation is easy likely to
cause hematoma and CSF leakage[18]. In ACAF, the operation does not directly involve the dura mater
and intraspinal venous plexus. When there exists adhesion between dura and ossified mater, after VCC is
moved forward, these structures are still in previous connection relationship, which reduces the risk of
dura tear and hematoma. Furthermore, the forward movement of VCC will pull the dura forward, keep the
dura tension to a certain extent, and form a "tent effect", thus blocking the compression of spinal cord by
hematoma. So, the ACAF theoretically completely avoid the risk of compression of spinal cord by
hematoma after operation. 3.2. Technical features of ACAF (2) Fewer complications 1) C5 palsy Due to the technical limitations of ACCF, the true decompression width of spinal canal is significantly
smaller than the slotting width of the anterior vertebral surface, resulting in incomplete decompression at
the outlet of the nerve root[17]. However, in ACAF, the width of decompression is fully guaranteed by
vertical grooving and vertebral hoisting. Anatomically, the Luschka’s joint participates in the formation of
nerve root outlet. So, when VCC moves forward, the space around the outlet of nerve root will be greatly
expanded to achieve nerve decompression, meanwhile, the risk of nerve root traction is further avoided
due to the recovery of curvature and position of spinal cord. 2) Postoperative hematoma and CSF leakage Availability of data and material Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current
study. Limitations Page 8/17 Due to its retrospective nature and short-time follow-up, the results of this study might be limited. A more
convincing clinical conclusion would be drawn if a larger asymptomatic cohort is included. Due to its retrospective nature and short-time follow-up, the results of this study might be limited. A more
convincing clinical conclusion would be drawn if a larger asymptomatic cohort is included. Consent for publication Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Conclusions The results of this study showed that ACAF technique can expand spinal canal volume by completing the
anterior displacement of the compressive substance in the treatment of MCSMSS. It can safely and
effectively relieve the problems of spinal cord compression and spinal canal stenosis, significantly
improve cervical curvature and spinal cord morphology. Additionally, ACAF can reduce the rates of
complications such as dura tear and hematoma that often occur in traditional anterior operation. In
conclusion, ACAF is a satisfactory optional surgical method for the treatment of MCSMSS. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical
standards of the Ethics Committee of Changzheng Hospital. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Funding This study was funded by Page 9/17 Page 9/17 Page 9/17 Innovation Fund for College Students of Second Military Medical University (No. FH2017077) by Xi Luo a
‡ Innovation Fund for College Students of Second Military Medical University (No. MS2016045) by Xi Luo a
‡ Authors' contributions "XL analyzed and interpreted the patient data regarding the MCSMSS, and was a major contributor in
writing the manuscript. KS and JS (Jingchuan Sun) performed the examination of the data, and
substantively revised the manuscript. SW and YW conducted the acquisition of data. HY have helped
draft the work. JJ and YG proposed the ieda of sutdy design. JS (Jiangang Shi) finished the final
assessment of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript." References 1. Hayashi H, Okada K, Hamada M, Tada K, Ueno R: Etiologic factors of myelopathy. A radiographic
evaluation of the aging changes in the cervical spine. Clin Orthop 1987, 214(214):200-209. 1. Hayashi H, Okada K, Hamada M, Tada K, Ueno R: Etiologic factors of myelopathy. A radiographic
evaluation of the aging changes in the cervical spine. Clin Orthop 1987, 214(214):200-209. 2. Melancia JL, Francisco AF, Antunes JL: Spinal stenosis. Handb Clin Neurol 2014, 119:541-549. 2. Melancia JL, Francisco AF, Antunes JL: Spinal stenosis. Handb Clin Neurol 2014, 119:541-549. 3. Zhang J, Liu H, Bou EH, Jiang W, Zhou F, He F, Yang H, Liu T: Comparative Study Between Anterior
Cervical Discectomy and Fusion with ROI-C Cage and Laminoplasty for Multilevel Cervical
Spondylotic Myelopathy without Spinal Stenosis. World Neurosurg 2019, 121:e917-e924. 4. Zhu B, Xu Y, Liu X, Liu Z, Dang G: Anterior approach versus posterior approach for the treatment of
multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J 2013,
22(7):1583-1593. 5. Li Z, Wang H, Tang J, Ren D, Li L, Hou S, Zhang H, Hou T: Comparison of Three Reconstructive
Techniques in the Surgical Management of Patients With Four-Level Cervical Spondylotic
Myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017, 42(10):E575-e583. 6. Lao L, Zhong G, Li X, Qian L, Liu Z: Laminoplasty versus laminectomy for multi-level cervical
spondylotic myelopathy: a systematic review of the literature. J Orthop Surg Res 2013, 8(1):45. 6. Lao L, Zhong G, Li X, Qian L, Liu Z: Laminoplasty versus laminectomy for multi-level cervical
spondylotic myelopathy: a systematic review of the literature. J Orthop Surg Res 2013, 8(1):45. 7. Ashkenazi E, Smorgick Y, Rand N, Millgram MA, Mirovsky Y, Floman Y: Anterior decompression
combined with corpectomies and discectomies in the management of multilevel cervical
myelopathy: a hybrid decompression and fixation technique. J Neurosurg Spine 2005, 3(3):205-209. Page 10/17 Page 10/17 8. Kang Y, Lee JW, Koh YH, Hur S, Kim SJ, Chai JW, Kang HS: New MRI grading system for the cervical
canal stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011, 197(1):W134-140. 9. Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Cailliet R, Troyanovich SJ, Janik TJ, Holland B: Cobb method or Harrison
posterior tangent method: which to choose for lateral cervical radiographic analysis. Spine (Phila Pa
1976) 2000, 25(16):2072-2078. 10. References Sun K, Wang S, Sun J, Guo Y, Huan L, Xu X, Sun X, Zhang B, Wang Y, Shi J: Analysis of the
Correlation Between Cerebrospinal Fluid Space and Outcomes of Anterior Controllable
Antedisplacement and Fusion for Cervical Myelopathy Due to Ossification of the Posterior
Longitudinal Ligament. World Neurosurg 2019, 122:e358-e366. 16. Sun K, Wang S, Sun J, Guo Y, Huan L, Xu X, Sun X, Zhang B, Wang Y, Shi J: Analysis of the
Correlation Between Cerebrospinal Fluid Space and Outcomes of Anterior Controllable
Antedisplacement and Fusion for Cervical Myelopathy Due to Ossification of the Posterior
Longitudinal Ligament. World Neurosurg 2019, 122:e358-e366. 17. Katsumi K, Yamazaki A, Watanabe K, Ohashi M, Shoji H: Can prophylactic Bilateral C4/5
Foraminotomy Prevent Postoperative C5 Palsy After Open. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011, 37(9):748-
754. 17. Katsumi K, Yamazaki A, Watanabe K, Ohashi M, Shoji H: Can prophylactic Bilateral C4/5
Foraminotomy Prevent Postoperative C5 Palsy After Open. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011, 37(9):748-
754. 18. Tian Y, Yu KY, Wang YP, Qian J, Qiu GX: MANAGEMENT OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEAKAGE
FOLLOWING CERVICAL SPINE SURGERY. Chin Med Sci J 2008, 23(2):121-125. 18. Tian Y, Yu KY, Wang YP, Qian J, Qiu GX: MANAGEMENT OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEAKAGE
FOLLOWING CERVICAL SPINE SURGERY. Chin Med Sci J 2008, 23(2):121-125. Tables References Odate S, Shikata J, Kimura H, Soeda T: Hybrid Decompression and Fixation Technique Versus Plated
3-Vertebra Corpectomy for 4-Segment Cervical Myelopathy: Analysis of 81 Cases With a Minimum 2-
Year Follow-Up. Clinical spine surgery 2016, 29(6):226-233. 11. Sakai K, Okawa A, Takahashi M, Arai Y, Kawabata S, Enomoto M, Kato T, Hirai T, Shinomiya K: Five-
year follow-up evaluation of surgical treatment for cervical myelopathy caused by ossification of the
posterior longitudinal ligament: a prospective comparative study of anterior decompression and
fusion with floating method versus laminoplasty. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012, 37(5):367-376. 12. Yang H, Lu X, Wang X, Chen D, Yuan W, Yang L, Liu Y: A new method to determine whether ossified
posterior longitudinal ligament can be resected completely and safely: spinal canal "Rule of Nine" on
axial computed tomography. Eur Spine J 2015, 24(8):1673-1680. 13. Yang H, Lu X, Wang X, Chen D, Yuan W, Yang L, Liu Y: A new method to determine whether ossified
posterior longitudinal ligament can be resected completely and safely: spinal canal "Rule of Nine" on
axial computed tomography. Eur Spine J 2015, 24(8):1673-1680. 13. Yang H, Lu X, Wang X, Chen D, Yuan W, Yang L, Liu Y: A new method to determine whether ossified
posterior longitudinal ligament can be resected completely and safely: spinal canal "Rule of Nine" on
axial computed tomography. Eur Spine J 2015, 24(8):1673-1680. 14. Shin JH, Steinmetz MP, Benzel EC, Krishnaney AA: Dorsal versus ventral surgery for cervical
ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: considerations for approach selection and review
of surgical outcomes. Neurosurg Focus 2011, 30(3):E8. 14. Shin JH, Steinmetz MP, Benzel EC, Krishnaney AA: Dorsal versus ventral surgery for cervical
ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: considerations for approach selection and review
of surgical outcomes. Neurosurg Focus 2011, 30(3):E8. 15. Yun JB, Lee JW, Lee E, Jin SY, Kim KJ, Kang HS: Cervical compressive myelopathy: flow analysis of
cerebrospinal fluid using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Spine J 2016, 26(1):1-9. 15. Yun JB, Lee JW, Lee E, Jin SY, Kim KJ, Kang HS: Cervical compressive myelopathy: flow analysis of
cerebrospinal fluid using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Spine J 2016, 26(1):1-9. 16. Values are presented as mean±SD, or number of patients. *Statistically significant. Values are presented as mean±SD. *Statistically significant. Values are presented as mean±SD. Tables Page 11/17 Table 1. Demographics and Clinical Outcomes
HDF
ACAF
P
Number of patients
40
45
Gender
Male
22
33
Female
18
12
Age (years)
56.1±9.6
53.0±10.1
0.465
Operative level
3-level
17
20
4-level
23
25
Operation duration (min)
143.5±16.1
183.2±14.0
0.000*
Blood loss (ml)
263.3±19.7
320.7±17.3
0.000*
JOA score
preoperation
7.2±2.7
8.3±4.0
0.378
postoperation
13.3±2.3
14.4±2.6
0.887
NDI index
preoperation
17.9±4.1
18.8±5.4
0.625
postoperation
6.2±3.4
3.3±0.8
0.155
Cobb's angle (°)
preoperation
15.5±8.3
14.0±9.8
0.660
postoperation
17.9±4.8
25.3±5.0
0.000*
Complications
CSF leakage
5
1
Neurologic deterioration
2
0
Implant complications
4
0
C5 palsy
2
0
Dysphagia
3
4
Epidural hematoma
2
0 Table 1. Demographics and Clinical Outcomes Page 12/17 Page 12/17 Table 2. CT measurement
HDF
ACAF
P
C3 diameter of spinal canal (mm)
preoperation
8.5±1.3
8.9±1.4
0.062
postoperation
10.6±0.9
12.6±1.8
0.001*
C3 decompression width (mm)
15.3±1.0
17.3±1.1
0.000*
C3 spinal canal area (mm2)
preoperation
76.5±6.8
73.1±8.2
0.219
postoperation
119.8±12.3
139.5±15.5
0.001*
C4 diameter of spinal canal (mm)
preoperation
9.6±1.6
8.9±1.6
0.609
postoperation
10.2±1.6
12.6±3.1
0.011*
C4 decompression width (mm)
14.9±1.1
16.9±1.1
0.000*
C4 spinal canal area (mm2)
preoperation
77.6±9.2
74.8±9.0
0.406
postoperation
119.2±11.3
134.5±24.2
0.035*
C5 diameter of spinal canal (mm)
preoperation
8.1±1.3
8.7±1.8
0.221
postoperation
11.9±1.0
15.7±2.3
0.000*
C5 decompression width (mm)
16.1±1.1
18.1±1.4
0.000*
C5 spinal canal area (mm2)
preoperation
76.8±8.4
76.2±11.9
0.869
postoperation
126.7±6.9
147.1±23.7
0.003*
C6 diameter of spinal canal (mm)
preoperation
10.3±1.5
10.7±1.9
0.358
postoperation
13.7±0.9
15.6±2.1
0.006*
C6 decompression width (mm)
16.3±1.2
18.4±1.5
0.000*
C6 spinal canal area (mm2)
preoperation
81.9±4.5
77.7±8.3
0.094
postoperation
134.1±8.6
147.6±21.1
0.030* Table 2. CT measurement Page 13/17 Page 13/17 Table 3. Kang's grading rank-sum test
HDF
ACAF
P
Grading（preoperation）
0.324
0
0
0
1
15
15
2
12
9
3
13
21
Grading（postoperation）
0.006*
0
12
30
1
9
5
2
9
0
3
10
10 Table 3. Kang's grading rank-sum test *Statistically significant *Statistically significant Figures Page 14/17 Page 14/17 Figure 1 The procedure of ACAF. (A) Expose responsible vertebral discs and vertebrae. (B) Remove the responsible
intervertebral discs and osteophytes of anterior and posterior edge. (C) Perform osteotomy to the anterior
parts of vertebrae. (D) Groove at both sides, but retain the posterior wall of the vertebra at one side. (E)
Install titanium plate, vertebral screws and intervertebral fusion cages, and resect the posterior wall of the
vertebra at the remaining side to make the vertebra free. (F) Hoist the complex of titanium plate, vertebral
screws, intervertebral fusion cages and vertebrae. The procedure of ACAF. (A) Expose responsible vertebral discs and vertebrae. (B) Remove the responsible
intervertebral discs and osteophytes of anterior and posterior edge. (C) Perform osteotomy to the anterior
parts of vertebrae. (D) Groove at both sides, but retain the posterior wall of the vertebra at one side. (E) The procedure of ACAF. (A) Expose responsible vertebral discs and vertebrae. (B) Remove the responsible
intervertebral discs and osteophytes of anterior and posterior edge. (C) Perform osteotomy to the anterior
parts of vertebrae. (D) Groove at both sides, but retain the posterior wall of the vertebra at one side. (E)
Install titanium plate, vertebral screws and intervertebral fusion cages, and resect the posterior wall of the
vertebra at the remaining side to make the vertebra free. (F) Hoist the complex of titanium plate, vertebral
screws, intervertebral fusion cages and vertebrae. Install titanium plate, vertebral screws and intervertebral fusion cages, and resect the posterior wall of the
vertebra at the remaining side to make the vertebra free. (F) Hoist the complex of titanium plate, vertebral
screws, intervertebral fusion cages and vertebrae. ,
g Figure 2 The measuring diagram on CT axis images of HDF (a) and ACAF (b). The red curve shows the transverse
area of decompression. The green line and yellow line represent the decompression width and sagittal
diameter of spinal canal, respectively. Page 15/17 Figure 3 A 57-year-old man being performed ACAF. (A-D) and (E-H) illustrated preoperative and postoperative
conditions, respectively. (A) Lateral X-ray showed the degenerative change and spinal stenosis at C3-5
levels. (B) Lateral MRI demonstrated the compression of CSF band at both discs and vertebrae levels. (C)
Axis CT depicted spinal stenosis with spinal canal diameter of 9.6 mm before surgery. (D) Axis MRI
showed no CSF signal anterior to the vertebra. (E) Lateral X-ray revealed the hoisting of C4 and C5 after
surgery (F) Lateral MRI confirmed that the CSF band reappear at operating level just after surgery. (G)
Axis CT depicted the decompression space with spinal canal diameter of 12.5 mm after hoisting. (H) Axis
MRI showed the normal CSF signal anterior to the vertebra. A 57-year-old man being performed ACAF. (A-D) and (E-H) illustrated preoperative and postoperative
conditions, respectively. (A) Lateral X-ray showed the degenerative change and spinal stenosis at C3-5
levels. (B) Lateral MRI demonstrated the compression of CSF band at both discs and vertebrae levels. (C)
Axis CT depicted spinal stenosis with spinal canal diameter of 9.6 mm before surgery. (D) Axis MRI
showed no CSF signal anterior to the vertebra. (E) Lateral X-ray revealed the hoisting of C4 and C5 after
surgery (F) Lateral MRI confirmed that the CSF band reappear at operating level just after surgery. (G)
Axis CT depicted the decompression space with spinal canal diameter of 12.5 mm after hoisting. (H) Axis
MRI showed the normal CSF signal anterior to the vertebra. Page 16/17 Figure 4
A-61-year-old man being performed HDF. (A-C) and (D-F) illustrated preoperative and
conditions, respectively. (A) Lateral X-ray showed the degenerative change and spina
evels. (B) Lateral MRI demonstrated the compression of CSF band at both discs and
Axis MRI showed CSF signal waned anterior to the vertebra. (D) Lateral X-ray revealed
and ACCF at C5-6 level. (E) Lateral MRI confirmed that the CSF band reappear at ope
CT depicted the decompression space after corpectomy and titanium mesh cage imp Figure 4 Figure 4 A-61-year-old man being performed HDF. (A-C) and (D-F) illustrated preoperative and postoperative
conditions, respectively. (A) Lateral X-ray showed the degenerative change and spinal stenosis at C4-6
levels. (B) Lateral MRI demonstrated the compression of CSF band at both discs and vertebrae levels. (C)
Axis MRI showed CSF signal waned anterior to the vertebra. (D) Lateral X-ray revealed ACDF at C4-5 level
and ACCF at C5-6 level. (E) Lateral MRI confirmed that the CSF band reappear at operating level. (F) Axis
CT depicted the decompression space after corpectomy and titanium mesh cage implantation. Page 17/17
| 30,054 |
https://github.com/bd-dev-mobileum/presto/blob/master/presto-raptor/src/main/java/com/facebook/presto/raptor/metadata/SqlUtils.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,014 |
presto
|
bd-dev-mobileum
|
Java
|
Code
| 235 | 556 |
/*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.facebook.presto.raptor.metadata;
import org.skife.jdbi.v2.exceptions.UnableToExecuteStatementException;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
public final class SqlUtils
{
private SqlUtils() {}
/**
* Run a SQL query as Runnable ignoring any constraint violations.
* This is a HACK to allow us to support idempotent inserts on
*/
public static void runIgnoringConstraintViolation(Runnable task)
{
try {
task.run();
}
catch (UnableToExecuteStatementException e) {
if (e.getCause() instanceof SQLException) {
String state = ((SQLException) e.getCause()).getSQLState();
if (state.startsWith("23")) {
return;
}
}
throw e;
}
}
/**
* Run a SQL query as Runnable ignoring any constraint violations.
* This is a HACK to allow us to support idempotent inserts on
*/
public static <T> T runIgnoringConstraintViolation(Callable<T> task, T defaultValue)
throws Exception
{
try {
return task.call();
}
catch (UnableToExecuteStatementException e) {
if (e.getCause() instanceof SQLException) {
String state = ((SQLException) e.getCause()).getSQLState();
if (state.startsWith("23")) {
return defaultValue;
}
}
throw e;
}
}
}
| 23,083 |
<urn:uuid:e7738fce-770c-4492-a96a-de9ed8c60289>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.courdecassation.fr/en/decision/62a977d7c8dc0d05e5542429
|
courdecassation.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,454 | 2,286 |
5°/ à Mme [BM] [PA], épouse [GV], domiciliée [Adresse 25],
6°/ à Mme [TE] [E], domiciliée [Adresse 36],
7°/ à Mme [ZT] [P], épouse [C], domiciliée [Adresse 11],
8°/ à Mme [PI] [DF], épouse [U], domiciliée [Adresse 18],
9°/ à Mme [SW] [WO], épouse [G], domiciliée [Adresse 27],
10°/ à Mme [AZ] [UM], épouse [AX], domiciliée [Adresse 33],
11°/ à Mme [VG] [HO], domiciliée [Adresse 21],
12°/ à Mme [X] [O], épouse [GM], domiciliée [Adresse 43],
13°/ à Mme [EW] [IA], épouse [WL], domiciliée [Adresse 38],
Mmes [RR] épouse [PL], [PA] épouse [GV], [E], [P] épouse [C], [HO], [O] épouse [GM] et [IA] ont chacune formé un pourvoi incident identique au pourvoi principal, contre le même arrêt, à l'encontre de l'Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM) et de la société Merck santé et en présence de l'intégralité des autres parties à la procédure du pourvoi initial.
Les demandeurs aux pourvois, tant principal qu'incidents, invoquent, à l'appui de leur recours les deux moyens identiques de cassation annexés au présent arrêt.
Sur le rapport de M. Chevalier, conseiller, les observations de la SCP Spinosi, avocat de Mmes [Z] et de trente-six autres demandeurs et de Mmes [RR] épouse [PL] du Maroussen, [PA] épouse [GV], [E], [P] épouse [C], [HO], [O] épouse [GM] et [IA], de la SCP Thomas-Raquin, Le Guerer, Bouniol-Brochier, avocat de la société Merck santé, après débats en l'audience publique du 10 mai 2022 où étaient présents M. Chauvin, président, M. Chevalier, conseiller rapporteur, Mme Duval-Arnould, conseiller doyen, et Mme Tinchon, greffier de chambre,
1. Selon l'arrêt attaqué (Toulouse, 23 février 2021), au mois de mars 2017, la société Merck santé (le producteur) a mis sur le marché une nouvelle formule de Levothyrox (Levothyrox NF), un médicament à marge étroite délivré sur ordonnance médicale pour le traitement de I'hypothyroïdie, dont, à la demande de l'Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM), elle a modifié la composition afin d'en améliorer la stabilité, en remplaçant l'un des excipients, le lactose monohydraté, par du mannitol et de l'acide citrique.
2. De nombreux patients traités au moyen du Levothyrox NF ayant fait état d'effets indésirables, l'importation de l'ancienne formule (Levothyrox AF) dénommée Euthyrox, qui ne bénéficiait plus d'une autorisation de mise sur le marché sur le territoire national, a été autorisée à titre transitoire et exceptionnel en 2017 et 2018.
3. Le 6 juillet 2018, Mme [Z] et d'autres patients traités par Levothyrox (les requérants) ont assigné le producteur aux fins d'obtenir l'indemnisation de leurs préjudices moral et d'anxiété et sa condamnation à leur fournir du Levothyrox AF.
4. La société Merck santé a appelé l'ANSM en intervention forcée.
5. Par jugement du 5 novembre 2018, le tribunal de grande instance de Toulouse s'est déclaré compétent pour connaître de la demande de délivrance de Levothyrox AF, condamné sous astreinte le producteur à fournir du Levothyrox AF à des requérants, sursis à statuer sur leurs demandes de préjudices d'anxiété et moral, avant dire droit sur ces préjudices, ordonné une expertise médicale et déclaré la mesure d'expertise commune à l'ANSM.
6. La société Merck santé a formé appel de ce jugement et les requérants appel incident.
Sur le second moyen des pourvois, rédigés en termes identiques
7. Les requérants font grief à l'arrêt d'infirmer en toutes ses dispositions le jugement et de déclarer la juridiction incompétente, alors « que, en infirmant totalement le jugement entrepris et en se déclarant entièrement incompétente, c'est-à-dire pour connaître de tout le litige, en tous ses volets, cependant que le producteur, qui ne sollicitait une réformation de la décision de première instance qu'en ce qu'il avait ordonné la mise à disposition du médicament Euthyrox sous astreinte, sans remettre en cause l'expertise qui avait été ordonnée avant dire droit sur le préjudice d'anxiété et sur le préjudice moral, ne remettait pas en question la compétence du juge judiciaire pour se prononcer sur la responsabilité civile du laboratoire et pour ordonner une expertise avant dire droit et que, dans le cadre de leur appel incident, les intimés, quant à eux, se bornaient à solliciter qu'une expertise chimique soit ordonnée en complément de l'expertise qui avait été déjà été ordonnée par le tribunal de grande instance, et ce sans que la recevabilité de cette demande ne soit contestée par leur adversaire, la cour d'appel, qui a statué ultra petita, a méconnu les termes du litige tels qu'ils ressortaient des écritures récapitulatives respectives des parties et a méconnu les exigences de l'article 4 du code de procédure civile. »
9. L'arrêt infirme le jugement du 5 novembre 2018 en toutes ses dispositions et déclare la juridiction judiciaire incompétente.
10. En statuant ainsi, alors que le producteur, qui ne contestait pas la compétence de la juridiction judiciaire pour connaître de la demande d'indemnisation, n'avait sollicité l'infirmation de ce jugement qu'en ce que le tribunal s'était déclaré compétent pour connaître de la demande de délivrance de Levothyrox AF et l'avait condamné sous astreinte à fournir ce médicament à des requérants, et que les requérants avaient sollicité que soit ordonnée une expertise chimique en complément de l'expertise médicale, la cour d'appel, qui a modifié l'objet du litige, a violé le texte susvisé.
CASSE ET ANNULE, mais seulement en ce que, d'une part, il infirme le jugement du tribunal de grande instance du 5 novembre 2018 en ce qu'il sursoit à statuer sur le préjudice moral et d'anxiété des requérants et ordonne une expertise médicale et, d'autre part, il déclare la juridiction judiciaire incompétente pour connaître de la demande d'expertise chimique complémentaire des requérants, l'arrêt rendu entre les parties le 23 février 2021, par la cour d'appel de Toulouse ;
Condamne la société Merck santé aux dépens ;
Moyens identiques produits par la SCP Spinosi, avocat aux Conseils de Mme [Z] et trente-six autres demandeurs au pourvoi principal et des 7 demanderesses aux pourvois incidents ;
Les exposants font grief à l'arrêt attaqué d'avoir déclaré la juridiction judiciaire totalement incompétente ;
1. Alors que, d'une part, s'il est incompétent pour enjoindre à une entreprise pharmaceutique de distribuer et commercialiser un médicament qui ne dispose plus d'une autorisation de mise sur le marché, sauf à se substituer à l'autorité administrative dans l'exercice de ses pouvoirs exclusifs de police sanitaire, ce qui ne relève pas de ses pouvoirs, le juge judiciaire demeure, en revanche, compétent pour connaître des actions entre personnes de droit privé, et notamment des actions en responsabilité des fabricants de produits de santé en cas de dommage ; qu'en se déclarant totalement incompétente, c'est-à-dire y compris pour connaître de l'action en responsabilité civile contre la société de droit privé Merck Santé, ainsi que pour ordonner des expertises dans le cadre d'une telle action, la cour d'appel a violé la loi des 16 et 24 août 1790 et le décret du 16 fructidor, an III ;
2. Alors que, d'autre part, en énonçant, dans les motifs de sa décision, que la juridiction judiciaire était compétente pour connaître d'une action en responsabilité contre la société de droit privé qui commercialise les produits pharmaceutiques litigieux (arrêt, p. 16), tout en infirmant totalement, dans son dispositif, le jugement de première instance et en disant que cette même juridiction judiciaire incompétente pour connaître de l'entier litige (ibid., p. 18), c'est-à-dire, nécessairement, aussi d'une telle action en responsabilité civile, la cour d'appel s'est contredite et a méconnu les exigences de l'article 455 du Code de procédure civile.
Les exposants font grief à l'arrêt attaqué d'avoir infirmé en toutes ses dispositions le jugement de première instance et d'avoir déclaré la juridiction judiciaire incompétente ;
Alors que en infirmant totalement le jugement entrepris et en se déclarant entièrement incompétente, c'est-à-dire pour connaître de tout le litige, en tous ses volets, cependant que la société Merck Santé, qui ne sollicitait une réformation de la décision de première instance qu'en ce qu'elle avait ordonné la mise à disposition du médicament Euthyrox sous astreinte, sans remettre en cause l'expertise qui avait été ordonnée avant dire droit sur le préjudice d'anxiété et sur le préjudice moral, ne remettait pas en question la compétence du juge judiciaire pour se prononcer sur la responsabilité civile du laboratoire et pour ordonner une expertise avant dire droit et que, dans le cadre de leur appel incident, les intimés, quant à eux, se bornaient à solliciter qu'une expertise chimique soit ordonnée en complément de l'expertise qui avait été déjà été ordonnée par le tribunal de grande instance, et ce sans que la recevabilité de cette demande ne soit contestée par leur adversaire, la cour d'appel, qui a statué ultra petita, a méconnu les termes du litige tels qu'ils ressortaient des écritures récapitulatives respectives des parties et a méconnu les exigences de l'article 4 du Code de procédure civile.
| 30,242 |
https://github.com/PaulPetring/Pentatube/blob/master/KiCad/original/pentatube.sch
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Pentatube
|
PaulPetring
|
Eagle
|
Code
| 8,364 | 16,406 |
EESchema Schematic File Version 4
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F 2 "" H 4938 6450 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 4900 6600 50 0001 C CNN
1 4900 6600
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
Connection ~ 4900 6450
Wire Wire Line
4900 6750 4550 6750
Connection ~ 4550 6750
$Comp
L Device:R R?
U 1 1 5C5AC309
P 2600 950
F 0 "R?" V 2393 950 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "200" V 2484 950 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" V 2530 950 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2600 950 50 0001 C CNN
1 2600 950
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 2750 950 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain0
$Comp
L power:+12V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C5B3A97
P 1350 950
F 0 "#PWR?" H 1350 800 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+12V" V 1365 1078 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 1350 950 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 1350 950 50 0001 C CNN
1 1350 950
0 -1 -1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5B8F45
P 1500 1350
F 0 "D?" H 1493 1095 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1493 1186 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1500 1350 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1500 1350 50 0001 C CNN
1 1500 1350
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5B8F4B
P 1900 1350
F 0 "D?" H 1893 1095 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1893 1186 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1900 1350 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1900 1350 50 0001 C CNN
1 1900 1350
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5B8F51
P 2300 1350
F 0 "D?" H 2293 1095 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 2293 1186 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 2300 1350 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2300 1350 50 0001 C CNN
1 2300 1350
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
1650 1350 1750 1350
Wire Wire Line
2050 1350 2150 1350
$Comp
L Device:R R?
U 1 1 5C5B8F59
P 2600 1350
F 0 "R?" V 2393 1350 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "200" V 2484 1350 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" V 2530 1350 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2600 1350 50 0001 C CNN
1 2600 1350
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 2750 1350 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain0
$Comp
L power:+12V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C5B8F60
P 1350 1350
F 0 "#PWR?" H 1350 1200 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+12V" V 1365 1478 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 1350 1350 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 1350 1350 50 0001 C CNN
1 1350 1350
0 -1 -1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 5350 1300 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain0
Text GLabel 5350 1400 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain1
Text GLabel 5350 1500 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain2
Text GLabel 5350 1600 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain3
Text GLabel 5350 1700 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain4
Text GLabel 5350 1800 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain5
Text GLabel 5350 1900 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain6
Text GLabel 5350 2000 2 50 Input ~ 0
RDrain7
$Comp
L dk_Logic-Shift-Registers:TPIC6B595N U?
U 1 1 5C50234D
P 4750 1200
F 0 "U?" H 4800 1603 60 0000 C CNN
F 1 "TPIC6B595N" H 4800 1497 60 0000 C CNN
F 2 "digikey-footprints:DIP-20_W7.62mm" H 4950 1400 60 0001 L CNN
F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tpic6b595.pdf" H 4950 1500 60 0001 L CNN
F 4 "296-1956-5-ND" H 4950 1600 60 0001 L CNN "Digi-Key_PN"
F 5 "TPIC6B595N" H 4950 1700 60 0001 L CNN "MPN"
F 6 "Integrated Circuits (ICs)" H 4950 1800 60 0001 L CNN "Category"
F 7 "Logic - Shift Registers" H 4950 1900 60 0001 L CNN "Family"
F 8 "http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tpic6b595.pdf" H 4950 2000 60 0001 L CNN "DK_Datasheet_Link"
F 9 "/product-detail/en/texas-instruments/TPIC6B595N/296-1956-5-ND/277601" H 4950 2100 60 0001 L CNN "DK_Detail_Page"
F 10 "IC PWR 8-BIT SHIFT REGIS 20-DIP" H 4950 2200 60 0001 L CNN "Description"
F 11 "Texas Instruments" H 4950 2300 60 0001 L CNN "Manufacturer"
F 12 "Active" H 4950 2400 60 0001 L CNN "Status"
1 4750 1200
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
Text GLabel 7800 1300 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain0
Text GLabel 7800 1400 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain1
Text GLabel 7800 1500 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain2
Text GLabel 7800 1600 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain3
Text GLabel 7800 1700 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain4
Text GLabel 7800 1800 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain5
Text GLabel 7800 1900 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain6
Text GLabel 7800 2000 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain7
Text GLabel 10200 1300 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain0
Text GLabel 10200 1400 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain1
Text GLabel 10200 1500 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain2
Text GLabel 10200 1600 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain3
Text GLabel 10200 1700 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain4
Text GLabel 10200 1800 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain5
Text GLabel 10200 1900 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain6
Text GLabel 10200 2000 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain7
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5EBE08
P 1500 1900
F 0 "D?" H 1493 1645 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1493 1736 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1500 1900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1500 1900 50 0001 C CNN
1 1500 1900
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5EBE0E
P 1900 1900
F 0 "D?" H 1893 1645 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1893 1736 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1900 1900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1900 1900 50 0001 C CNN
1 1900 1900
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5EBE14
P 2300 1900
F 0 "D?" H 2293 1645 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 2293 1736 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 2300 1900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2300 1900 50 0001 C CNN
1 2300 1900
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
1650 1900 1750 1900
Wire Wire Line
2050 1900 2150 1900
$Comp
L Device:R R?
U 1 1 5C5EBE1C
P 2600 1900
F 0 "R?" V 2393 1900 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "100" V 2484 1900 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" V 2530 1900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2600 1900 50 0001 C CNN
1 2600 1900
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 2750 1900 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain0
$Comp
L power:+12V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C5EBE23
P 1350 1900
F 0 "#PWR?" H 1350 1750 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+12V" V 1365 2028 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 1350 1900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 1350 1900 50 0001 C CNN
1 1350 1900
0 -1 -1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5EBE29
P 1500 2300
F 0 "D?" H 1493 2045 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1493 2136 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1500 2300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1500 2300 50 0001 C CNN
1 1500 2300
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5EBE2F
P 1900 2300
F 0 "D?" H 1893 2045 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1893 2136 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1900 2300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1900 2300 50 0001 C CNN
1 1900 2300
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5EBE35
P 2300 2300
F 0 "D?" H 2293 2045 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 2293 2136 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 2300 2300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2300 2300 50 0001 C CNN
1 2300 2300
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
1650 2300 1750 2300
Wire Wire Line
2050 2300 2150 2300
$Comp
L Device:R R?
U 1 1 5C5EBE3D
P 2600 2300
F 0 "R?" V 2393 2300 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "100" V 2484 2300 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" V 2530 2300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2600 2300 50 0001 C CNN
1 2600 2300
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 2750 2300 2 50 Input ~ 0
GDrain0
$Comp
L power:+12V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C5EBE44
P 1350 2300
F 0 "#PWR?" H 1350 2150 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+12V" V 1365 2428 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 1350 2300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 1350 2300 50 0001 C CNN
1 1350 2300
0 -1 -1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5F84F6
P 1500 2900
F 0 "D?" H 1493 2645 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1493 2736 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1500 2900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1500 2900 50 0001 C CNN
1 1500 2900
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5F84FC
P 1900 2900
F 0 "D?" H 1893 2645 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1893 2736 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1900 2900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1900 2900 50 0001 C CNN
1 1900 2900
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5F8502
P 2300 2900
F 0 "D?" H 2293 2645 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 2293 2736 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 2300 2900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2300 2900 50 0001 C CNN
1 2300 2900
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
1650 2900 1750 2900
Wire Wire Line
2050 2900 2150 2900
$Comp
L Device:R R?
U 1 1 5C5F850A
P 2600 2900
F 0 "R?" V 2393 2900 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "100" V 2484 2900 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" V 2530 2900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2600 2900 50 0001 C CNN
1 2600 2900
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 2750 2900 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain0
$Comp
L power:+12V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C5F8511
P 1350 2900
F 0 "#PWR?" H 1350 2750 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+12V" V 1365 3028 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 1350 2900 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 1350 2900 50 0001 C CNN
1 1350 2900
0 -1 -1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5F8517
P 1500 3300
F 0 "D?" H 1493 3045 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1493 3136 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1500 3300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1500 3300 50 0001 C CNN
1 1500 3300
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5F851D
P 1900 3300
F 0 "D?" H 1893 3045 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 1893 3136 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 1900 3300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 1900 3300 50 0001 C CNN
1 1900 3300
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:LED D?
U 1 1 5C5F8523
P 2300 3300
F 0 "D?" H 2293 3045 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "R LED" H 2293 3136 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 2300 3300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2300 3300 50 0001 C CNN
1 2300 3300
-1 0 0 1
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
1650 3300 1750 3300
Wire Wire Line
2050 3300 2150 3300
$Comp
L Device:R R?
U 1 1 5C5F852B
P 2600 3300
F 0 "R?" V 2393 3300 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "100" V 2484 3300 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" V 2530 3300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 2600 3300 50 0001 C CNN
1 2600 3300
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 2750 3300 2 50 Input ~ 0
BDrain0
$Comp
L power:+12V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C5F8532
P 1350 3300
F 0 "#PWR?" H 1350 3150 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+12V" V 1365 3428 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 1350 3300 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 1350 3300 50 0001 C CNN
1 1350 3300
0 -1 -1 0
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
4550 2400 4650 2400
Connection ~ 4650 2400
Wire Wire Line
4650 2400 4750 2400
Wire Wire Line
7000 2400 7100 2400
Connection ~ 7100 2400
Wire Wire Line
7100 2400 7200 2400
Wire Wire Line
9400 2400 9500 2400
Connection ~ 9500 2400
Wire Wire Line
9500 2400 9600 2400
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C61A82D
P 4650 2400
F 0 "#PWR?" H 4650 2150 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" H 4655 2227 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 4650 2400 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 4650 2400 50 0001 C CNN
1 4650 2400
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C61B6FD
P 7100 2400
F 0 "#PWR?" H 7100 2150 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" H 7105 2227 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 7100 2400 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 7100 2400 50 0001 C CNN
1 7100 2400
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C61C83C
P 9500 2400
F 0 "#PWR?" H 9500 2150 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" H 9505 2227 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 9500 2400 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 9500 2400 50 0001 C CNN
1 9500 2400
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:+5V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C624B79
P 4750 1000
F 0 "#PWR?" H 4750 850 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+5V" V 4765 1128 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 4750 1000 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 4750 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 4750 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L dk_Logic-Shift-Registers:TPIC6B595N U?
U 1 1 5C50523F
P 7200 1200
F 0 "U?" H 7250 1603 60 0000 C CNN
F 1 "TPIC6B595N" H 7250 1497 60 0000 C CNN
F 2 "digikey-footprints:DIP-20_W7.62mm" H 7400 1400 60 0001 L CNN
F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tpic6b595.pdf" H 7400 1500 60 0001 L CNN
F 4 "296-1956-5-ND" H 7400 1600 60 0001 L CNN "Digi-Key_PN"
F 5 "TPIC6B595N" H 7400 1700 60 0001 L CNN "MPN"
F 6 "Integrated Circuits (ICs)" H 7400 1800 60 0001 L CNN "Category"
F 7 "Logic - Shift Registers" H 7400 1900 60 0001 L CNN "Family"
F 8 "http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tpic6b595.pdf" H 7400 2000 60 0001 L CNN "DK_Datasheet_Link"
F 9 "/product-detail/en/texas-instruments/TPIC6B595N/296-1956-5-ND/277601" H 7400 2100 60 0001 L CNN "DK_Detail_Page"
F 10 "IC PWR 8-BIT SHIFT REGIS 20-DIP" H 7400 2200 60 0001 L CNN "Description"
F 11 "Texas Instruments" H 7400 2300 60 0001 L CNN "Manufacturer"
F 12 "Active" H 7400 2400 60 0001 L CNN "Status"
1 7200 1200
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:+5V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C628994
P 7200 1000
F 0 "#PWR?" H 7200 850 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+5V" V 7215 1128 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 7200 1000 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 7200 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 7200 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:+5V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C628E74
P 9600 1000
F 0 "#PWR?" H 9600 850 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+5V" V 9615 1128 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 9600 1000 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 9600 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 9600 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 4250 1700 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.3
Text GLabel 5400 4900 2 50 Input ~ 0
P3.2
Wire Wire Line
5400 4900 5200 4900
Text GLabel 6700 1700 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.3
Text GLabel 9100 1700 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.3
Text GLabel 4250 1600 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.4
Text GLabel 6700 1600 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.4
Text GLabel 9100 1600 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.4
Text GLabel 4250 1500 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.7
Wire Wire Line
7800 2100 8600 2100
Wire Wire Line
8600 2100 8600 1500
Wire Wire Line
8600 1500 9100 1500
Wire Wire Line
5350 2100 6200 2100
Wire Wire Line
6200 2100 6200 1500
Wire Wire Line
6200 1500 6700 1500
Wire Wire Line
4250 1400 3650 1400
Text Label 3650 1400 0 50 ~ 0
RegisterClock
Wire Wire Line
4250 1300 3700 1300
Text Label 3700 1300 0 50 ~ 0
OutputEnable
$Comp
L Device:C C?
U 1 1 5C649D87
P 4400 1000
F 0 "C?" V 4148 1000 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "0.1uF" V 4239 1000 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 4438 850 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 4400 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 4400 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:C C?
U 1 1 5C64C465
P 6850 1000
F 0 "C?" V 6598 1000 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "0.1uF" V 6689 1000 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 6888 850 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 6850 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 6850 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L Device:C C?
U 1 1 5C64D08D
P 9250 1000
F 0 "C?" V 8998 1000 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "0.1uF" V 9089 1000 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 9288 850 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 9250 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 9250 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
9600 1000 9400 1000
Connection ~ 9600 1000
Wire Wire Line
7200 1000 7000 1000
Connection ~ 7200 1000
Wire Wire Line
4750 1000 4550 1000
Connection ~ 4750 1000
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C655D64
P 4250 1000
F 0 "#PWR?" H 4250 750 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" V 4255 872 50 0000 R CNN
F 2 "" H 4250 1000 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 4250 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 4250 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C656E00
P 6700 1000
F 0 "#PWR?" H 6700 750 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" V 6705 872 50 0000 R CNN
F 2 "" H 6700 1000 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 6700 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 6700 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C6576AC
P 9100 1000
F 0 "#PWR?" H 9100 750 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" V 9105 872 50 0000 R CNN
F 2 "" H 9100 1000 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 9100 1000 50 0001 C CNN
1 9100 1000
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 5400 4500 2 50 Input ~ 0
P1.7
Text GLabel 5400 4200 2 50 Input ~ 0
P1.4
Text GLabel 5400 4100 2 50 Input ~ 0
P1.3
Wire Wire Line
5400 4100 5200 4100
Wire Wire Line
5400 4200 5200 4200
Wire Wire Line
5400 4500 5200 4500
$Comp
L Memory_EEPROM:24LC01 U?
U 1 1 5C662732
P 6650 3250
F 0 "U?" H 6650 3731 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "24LC01" H 6650 3640 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 6650 3250 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/21711J.pdf" H 6650 3250 50 0001 C CNN
1 6650 3250
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:+5V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C66BF1A
P 6650 2950
F 0 "#PWR?" H 6650 2800 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+5V" V 6665 3078 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 6650 2950 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 6650 2950 50 0001 C CNN
1 6650 2950
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C66CCB6
P 6650 3550
F 0 "#PWR?" H 6650 3300 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" H 6655 3377 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 6650 3550 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 6650 3550 50 0001 C CNN
1 6650 3550
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
Text GLabel 7050 3150 2 50 Input ~ 0
P1.7
Text GLabel 7050 3250 2 50 Input ~ 0
P1.5
Text GLabel 7050 3350 2 50 Input ~ 0
P3.7
Text GLabel 5400 5300 2 50 Input ~ 0
P3.7
Wire Wire Line
5200 5300 5400 5300
Wire Wire Line
6250 3150 6250 3250
Wire Wire Line
6250 3550 6650 3550
Connection ~ 6250 3250
Wire Wire Line
6250 3250 6250 3350
Connection ~ 6250 3350
Wire Wire Line
6250 3350 6250 3550
Connection ~ 6650 3550
$Comp
L Device:C C?
U 1 1 5C677629
P 6400 2950
F 0 "C?" V 6148 2950 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "0.1uF" V 6239 2950 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 6438 2800 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 6400 2950 50 0001 C CNN
1 6400 2950
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
6550 2950 6650 2950
Connection ~ 6650 2950
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C67C1DC
P 6250 2950
F 0 "#PWR?" H 6250 2700 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" V 6255 2822 50 0000 R CNN
F 2 "" H 6250 2950 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 6250 2950 50 0001 C CNN
1 6250 2950
0 1 1 0
$EndComp
$Comp
L power:+5V #PWR?
U 1 1 5C688E07
P 7200 4800
F 0 "#PWR?" H 7200 4650 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "+5V" V 7215 4928 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" H 7200 4800 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 7200 4800 50 0001 C CNN
1 7200 4800
0 -1 -1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 7200 4900 0 50 Input ~ 0
P3.2
Text GLabel 6650 5000 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.1
$Comp
L Connector_Generic:Conn_02x05_Counter_Clockwise J?
U 1 1 5C68B0C6
P 7400 5000
F 0 "J?" H 7450 5417 50 0000 C CNN
F 1 "Conn_02x05_Counter_Clockwise" H 7450 5326 50 0000 C CNN
F 2 "" H 7400 5000 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 7400 5000 50 0001 C CNN
1 7400 5000
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
Text GLabel 7200 5200 0 50 Input ~ 0
P3.3
Text GLabel 7200 5100 0 50 Input ~ 0
P3.4
$Comp
L power:GND #PWR?
U 1 1 5C693A14
P 7700 5100
F 0 "#PWR?" H 7700 4850 50 0001 C CNN
F 1 "GND" V 7705 4972 50 0000 R CNN
F 2 "" H 7700 5100 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "" H 7700 5100 50 0001 C CNN
1 7700 5100
0 -1 -1 0
$EndComp
Text GLabel 8200 5000 2 50 Input ~ 0
GR
Text GLabel 3700 1300 0 50 Input ~ 0
GR
Text GLabel 7700 4800 2 50 Input ~ 0
GB
Text GLabel 7950 4900 2 50 Input ~ 0
GG
Text GLabel 6700 1300 0 50 Input ~ 0
GG
Text GLabel 9100 1300 0 50 Input ~ 0
GB
Text GLabel 3650 1400 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.2
Text GLabel 6700 1400 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.2
Text GLabel 9100 1400 0 50 Input ~ 0
P1.2
$Comp
L Device:R R?
U 1 1 5C69EC13
P 7700 4500
F 0 "R?" H 7770 4546 50 0000 L CNN
F 1 "R" H 7770 4455 50 0000 L CNN
F 2 "" V 7630 4500 50 0001 C CNN
F 3 "~" H 7700 4500 50 0001 C CNN
1 7700 4500
1 0 0 -1
$EndComp
Wire Wire Line
7700 5000 8200 5000
Wire Wire Line
7700 4900 7950 4900
Wire Wire Line
7700 4800 7700 4650
$Comp
L Device:R R?
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6063543_1
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Judgment unanimously affirmed, with costs. No opinion. Present — Peek, P. J., Glennon, Cohn, Van Voorhis and Shientag, JJ.
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%20Natale%20del%201833
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Il Natale del 1833
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https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il Natale del 1833&action=history
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Italian
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Spoken
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Il frammento manzoniano Il Natale del 1833 viene generalmente inserito all'interno del carteggio contenente i manoscritti degli Inni Sacri, pur non facendo parte dell'elenco del progetto iniziale trattandosi di una poesia "d'occasione".
La composizione
Il giorno di Natale del 1833 moriva Enrichetta Blondel, la prima moglie del Manzoni, dopo una malattia durante la quale egli non aveva cessato fino all'ultimo di sperare e di invocarne da Dio la guarigione. Non fu solo la sventura della morte della moglie a tormentare l`animo del poeta, ma anche lo strazio religioso di vedere respinta da Dio la sua supplica; quella morte significò subire una grave prova di fede. Proprio nel giorno che santifica la nascita di Gesù, il giorno di Natale 1833, quando Manzoni attendeva che il Bambino redentore gli portasse in dono il miracolo di una guarigione, vedeva invece morire l'amatissima Enrichetta, la donna che aveva sposato e che gli aveva dato numerosi figli, ma soprattutto la persona che con la sua spiritualità lo aveva riavvicinato al cattolicesimo e alla quale dunque riconosceva una parte non secondaria della sua conversione.
Nel marzo del 1835, ripensando a quel dolore e al turbamento che ne era seguito, in uno stato d'animo di più sereno distacco e di più ferma fede («morrò s'io non ritorno, culla beata», dicono due versi sparsi dell'abbozzo), il Manzoni incominciò a stendere le strofe di un "nuovo" Natale del 1833. Queste strofe si presentano infatti tra le sue carte in due versioni: la prima, scritta di getto nel 1833, si compone di 17 ottave di settenari, la seconda, datata 14 marzo 1835, più breve, di sole 5 ottave. Fra questi due disegni compositivi mesi di silenzio, un lungo spazio vuoto quasi come se il poeta non riuscisse a scrivere.
Il romanzo di Pomilio
Interessante l'interpretazione di Mario Pomilio che, dinanzi al silenzio poetico di Manzoni, elabora un componimento misto di storia e d'invenzione; lo scrittore, addentrandosi nel mondo dei sentimenti del Manzoni con grande intuizione, abilità narrativa e grazie al suo ingegno, riesce a tradurre in immagini visive il dolore e la sofferenza del poeta. Pomilio, ripescando tra le carte del Manzoni i versi abbozzati e rimasti incompiuti, versi che sono grida di protesta disarmata di un uomo che si ribella alla propria sventura, narra la vicenda interiore del Manzoni a poche ore dal lutto fino alla difficile stesura dell'opera incompleta. Racconta, attraverso un immaginario carteggio fra Giulia Beccaria e Mary Clarke, l'eccezionale avventura spirituale che Manzoni compie rielaborando il suo lutto. L'avventura è quella di una coscienza religiosa che scopre le oscurità e le asprezze della fede e che viene a conoscenza per la prima volta dell'infinita lontananza che si crea tra l'uomo e Dio quando egli tace davanti alle richieste umane. Manzoni diventa nel romanzo di Pomilio forse soltanto un pretesto con il quale l'autore tenta di dare una risposta all'animo sconsolato, malinconico e tormentato affannosamente nel domandarsi il perché, nonostante Dio, il dolore abiti il mondo.
La risposta che Pomilio trova è posta a conclusione del suo libro: «la croce di Dio ha voluto essere il dolore di ciascuno; e il dolore di ciascuno è la croce di Dio». Pomilio risolve la sofferenza umana in formula quasi matematica: se Dio per la salvezza dell'uomo ha dovuto pagare il prezzo della sua agonia, allora l'opera del riscatto continua a passare attraverso la sofferenza. Al contrario Manzoni non cerca di trovare una risposta alla sofferenza, anzi quando giunge al dilemma intellettuale di negare la provvidenza o di accusarla («Ti vorrei dir: che festi?/Ti vorrei dir: perché?», dicono due versi del primo abbozzo) scopre che anche nel silenzio di Dio vi è un disegno provvidenziale, preferendo allora il silenzio: non a caso «cecidēre manus» ("caddero le mani") recitano le parole su cui chiude, incerta, la poesia.
Note
Natale del 1833
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999492_1
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Caselaw Access Project
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Open Government
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Foster, J.
This is a contest between the respondent mother and appellants, the paternal grandparents of Vicky K. Rawe, aged three and one-half years. Respondent's former husband, Raymond A. Rawe, while a defendant, did not join his parents in this appeal. By decree entered below July 8, 1954, a divorce was granted both the respondent and the husband, Raymond A. Rawe, in which it was found that neither the father nor the mother was a fit, suitable, or proper person to have the custody of their little daughter, and consequently, the custody of the child was awarded to the appellants, the father's parents.
At the time of the marriage, respondent was but fifteen years of age and was only sixteen at the time of the divorce. On September 16, 1955, respondent petitioned for modification of the original decree and asked that she then be awarded the custody of her daughter. She alleged that circumstances had materially and substantially changed. The proofs show, and the court found upon substantial evidence, that since the divorce respondent had remarried and that her present husband is an upright man, gainfully employed, and has provided a decent home for her, and that she is now a fit and proper person to have the care, custody, and control of her minor child; and based upon such changes, the court modified the decree by awarding the custody of the child to her.
No question arises as to the fitness of the appellant grandparents, because the court expressly found that they were good and respectable citizens and maintain a respectable and proper home.
While, of course, the welfare of the child is the predominate factor in determining custody, parents have superior rights unless found to be unfit. Cases dealing with awards of custody to grandparents are collected in the footnote. Upon the modification, the trial court expressly found that the respondent was then a fit and proper person to have the care, custody, and control of her minor child.
The remarriage of a mother and the establishment of a satisfactory home have been held to be a change of circumstances sufficient to warrant modification (Allen v. Allen, 38 Wn. (2d) 128, 228 P. (2d) 151); and the remarriage of the father and the establishment of a respectable home has been held to be a sufficient change in circumstances to warrant a modification awarding him the custody of a minor child (Morin v. Morin, 66 Wash. 312, 119 Pac. 745) previously awarded grandparents.
It cannot be said that the evidence preponderates against the trial court's finding, and the judgment appealed from is, therefore, affirmed.
Donworth, Mallery, and Finley, JJ., concur.
Schwellenbach, J., concurs in the result.
State ex rel. Michelson v. Superior Court, 41 Wn. (2d) 718, 251 P.(2d) 603; In re Ward, 39 Wn. (2d) 894, 239 P. (2d) 560; Fleck v. Fleck, 31 Wn. (2d) 114, 195 P. (2d) 100; Brookshire v. Brookshire, 29 Wn. (2d) 783, 189 P. (2d) 636; Eliason v. Eliason, 10 Wn. (2d) 719, 118 P. (2d) 170; In re Kneeland, 160 Wash. 64, 294 Pac. 562; In re Stuart, 138 Wash. 59, 244 Pac. 116; Morin v. Morin, 66 Wash. 312, 119 Pac. 745..
| 24,956 |
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OFFICE INTERCOMMUNAL DE TOURISME PROVE
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ACCO
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Spoken
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ACCORD SUR « LES PRIMES GRATIFICATIONS DE FIN D’ANNEE
& TITRES RESTAURANTS »
ENTRE :
L’OFFICE INTERCOMMUNAL DE TOURISME PROVENCE MEDITERRANEE
Dont le siège est fixé au 107 Bd Henri FABRE - CS 30536 - 83041 Toulon Cedex 9
Siret : 82410412900013 - NAF : 7990Z
Relevant de l’URSSAF de Toulon, numéro 9372062891599.
Représentée par , ayant tous pouvoirs à l’effet des présentes
Ci après, dénommé « l’employeur »
d'une part,
ET
L'organisation syndicale CFDT représentative au sein de l'entreprise, représentée par :
La déléguée syndicale CFDT,
Il a été conclu le présent accord, à durée indéterminée, sur certains avantages sociaux accordés aux salariés de l'OIT.
D’autre part,
IL A ÉTÉ CONCLU L’ACCORD COLLECTIF D’ENTREPRISE DONT LES TERMES SUIVENT :
* *
*
Table des matières
PREAMBULE
Au 1er janvier 2017, cinq entités juridiques ont fusionné pour créer l’EPIC Office Intercommunal de Tourisme Provence Méditerranée, qui reprend et poursuit intégralement les activités des entités préexistantes :
L'association du REVEST
L’EPIC Office du tourisme de HYERES
L’EPIC Office du tourisme du PRADET
L’EPIC Office du tourisme de l’OUEST VAR
L’EPIC de TOULON hors PALAIS NEPTUNE
Depuis le 1er janvier 2017, l’OIT compte environ 71 salariés en équivalent temps plein. Son siège est 107 Bd Henri FABRE - CS 30536 - 83041 Toulon Cedex 9. Il s’agit d’une seule et même entité juridique composée de bureaux d’information touristique et non pas d’établissements distincts.
Trois autres entités préexistantes ont été incluses dans la fusion mais les salariés de droit public ont été transférés à TPM et mis à dispositions à l’OIT :
L’office du Tourisme de CARQUEIRANNE
L’office du Tourisme de SAINT MANDRIER
L’office du Tourisme de LA CRAU
L'association du REVEST, L’EPIC Office du tourisme de HYERES, L’EPIC Office du tourisme du PRADET et L’EPIC Office du tourisme de l’OUEST VAR appliquaient la convention collective des organismes de tourisme. L’EPIC de TOULON se référait quant à lui à la convention collective des bureaux d’études techniques.
Le 12 octobre 2017, l’OIT a organisé pour la première fois des élections des membres du comité d'entreprise constitué en tant que délégation unique du personnel.
* *
*
TITRE 1 – DISPOSITIONS GENERALES
Objet de l’accord
Les parties font le constat d’une disparité, selon les Pôles, entre les différentes primes, gratifications, titres restaurant, tant dans leurs montants, quant aux personnes bénéficiaires, sources juridiques des engagements, modalités de versement.
Par souci et nécessité d’homogénéité, le présent accord se substitue aux usages, accords atypiques ou engagements unilatéraux de l'employeur ci-après listés, en vertu de la jurisprudence selon laquelle l'accord collectif ayant le même objet qu'un usage ou que l'accord atypique ou que l’engagement unilatéral de l'employeur a pour effet de le remettre en cause.
Encore, le présent accord se substitue aux dispositions de l’accord d'entreprise signé entre l’office de tourisme de TOULON le 22 juin 2006 et le syndicat Force Ouvrière, en ce qu’elles concernent les primes et gratifications de fin d’année et spécialement l’article 52, article 39 ainsi que l’avenant n°1. A cet égard, il est précisé que lorsque l'application d'une convention ou d'un accord est mise en cause dans une entreprise déterminée en raison notamment d'une fusion, d'une cession, d'une scission ou d'un changement d'activité, cette convention ou cet accord continue de produire effet jusqu'à l'entrée en vigueur de la convention ou de l'accord qui lui est substitué ou, à défaut, pendant une durée d'un an à compter de l'expiration du délai de préavis prévu à l'article L 2261-9 du Code du travail, sauf clause prévoyant une durée supérieure. ().
Il résulte de ce texte que l'accord d'entreprise de l’OT TOULON est automatiquement dénoncé depuis le 1er janvier 2017.
Liste des avantages dénoncés et substitués par le présent accord
Suppression de la Prime de fin d'année résultant de l'accord d'entreprise de l’OT TOULON du 22 juin 2006 et ses avenants n°1,2,3,4 automatiquement dénoncés par l’effet de l'article L. 2261-14 al 1 du code du travail, et en particulier celui n° 1 du 8 février 2008 lequel stipule: « l'article 52.5.est modifié comme suit : il est accordé à l'ensemble du personnel une prime de fin d'année égale : à 100% d’un mois de salaire brut, calculé sur la base de la moyenne des douze derniers mois, pour tout membre du personnel ayant 3 mois d’ancienneté au moment de l’attribution de cette prime. Elle est proratisée en cas d’embauche en cours d'année. Elle est versée sur la paye de décembre. Sous déduction de la prime de vacances ».
Suppression de la Prime de vacances résultant de l’accord d’entreprise de l’OT TOULON du 22 juin 2006 et par l’effet de l'article L. 2261-14 al 1 du code du travail, et venant en déduction de la prime de fin d’année
Suppression de la Gratification de fin d'année du personnel de l’OT du SIVU OUEST VAR versée en vertu de la délibération n° 53 du 1er juillet 2005 du Comité de Direction (ayant valeur d’un engagement unilatéral de l'employeur) : « collège cadres : 1 680 euros ; collège agents de maîtrise 1 350 euros, collège employés 1 200 euros ».
Suppression de la Prime exceptionnelle de rendement du personnel de l’OT du SIVU OUEST VAR versée en vertu de la délibération 268 de 2016 : 750 bruts versés en juin (ayant valeur d’un engagement unilatéral de l'employeur).
Suppression de la gratification de fin d'année du personnel de l’OT de HYERES versée en vertu de la Délibération n° 3 du 13.12.2016 : 1 920 euros bruts proratisé temps présence.
Suppression des Primes annuelles du personnel de l’OT du PRADET versées chaque année sur les bulletins de salaire de décembre sans qu’aucune norme écrite n’en fixe le principe ni les modalités, au prorata du temps de travail, et déterminées comme suit : conseillers en séjour : 210,45 euros bruts, agent de maîtrise : 426.40€ brut (au prorata temps travail 28/35, 80%), directrice : 686€ brut. Ces primes ont valeur d’usage (constance, généralité, fixité) et le présent accord d'entreprise les supprime et s’y substitue.
Suppression des Primes exceptionnelles du personnel de l’OT du PRADET: versées durant 3 années, soit 300€ nets par salarié. Cette prime a valeur d’usage (constance, généralité, fixité) et le présent accord d'entreprise les supprime et s’y substitue.
Suppression des titres restaurant versés au personnel de l’OT TOULON : valeur faciale 7,5 euros, 60 % part employeur, 40 % à la charge du salarié.
Suppression des titres restaurant versés au personnel de l’OT du SIVU OUEST VAR : valeur faciale 6 euros, 50 % part employeur, 50 % à la charge du salarié.
Suppression des titres restaurant versés au personnel de l’OT de HYERES, de l’OT du Pradet, de la Direction générale : valeur faciale 8 euros, 50 % part employeur, 50 % à la charge du salarié.
* *
*
TITRE 2 – GRATIFICATION DE FIN D'ANNEE
Dispositions de la convention collective des organismes de tourisme
Le présent accord vient améliorer les stipulations de la convention collective précitée et homogénéiser les accords et avantages préexistants avant la fusion. La convention collective stipule :
« Article 21 – Gratification : ]
Les organismes accorderont à leur personnel ayant au moins 6 mois d'ancienneté une gratification de fin d'année ou de fin d'exercice.
(Avenant n° 7, 30 sept. 2009, étendu ; Avenant, 28 mars 2012, étendu) On entend par gratification toute somme versée à fréquence semestrielle ou annuelle, quelle que soit son appellation (gratification ou prime de fin d'année ou 13ème mois...).
(Avenant n° 7, 30 sept. 2009, étendu ; Avenant, 28 mars 2012, étendu) Son montant ne peut être inférieur à 10 % de la rémunération de base brute mensuelle moyenne du salarié, cette moyenne étant calculée sur les douze mois précédant le versement de la prime. (Avenant n° 7, 30 sept. 2009, étendu ; Avenant, 28 mars 2012, étendu) Pour les salariés ayant entre 6 mois et 12 mois d'ancienneté, elle est proratisée et calculée sur le salaire moyen du temps de présence.
(Avenant n° 7, 30 sept. 2009, étendu ; Avenant, 28 mars 2012, étendu) L'ancienneté et le temps de présence effective s'apprécient conformément aux dispositions de l'article 16-1 de la Convention Collective.
(Avenant n° 7, 30 sept. 2009, étendu ; Avenant, 28 mars 2012, étendu) Ces dispositions ne peuvent se traduire par une diminution des avantages antérieurs acquis par les salariés. Elles sont applicables à compter du 1er janvier 2010 ».
Modalités d’attribution de la gratification de fin d'année
La gratification de fin d'année est versée dans les conditions suivantes :
4.1 Bénéficiaires
Sont concernés par la gratification tous les salariés de L’OFFICE INTERCOMMUNAL DE TOURISME PROVENCE MEDITERRANEE qui totalisent au minimum 6 mois d’ancienneté sur les 12 derniers mois précédant le versement , c'est-à-dire en décembre de chaque année).
Exemple : salarié embauché le 16 juillet 2017 : en décembre 2017, le salarié n’est pas éligible à la prime versée en décembre 2017.
Exemple : salarié embauché le 1er avril 2017 : en décembre 2017, le salarié est éligible à la prime versée en décembre 2017 au prorata de son ancienneté (9/12ème)
Exemple : salarié embauché le 30 juin 2017 : en décembre 2017, le salarié est éligible à la prime versée en décembre 2017 au prorata de son ancienneté (6/12ème)
Exemple : salarié embauché le 1er juillet 2017 : en décembre 2017, le salarié n’est pas éligible à la prime versée en décembre 2017.
Il est rappelé qu’en vertu de l'article 16.1 de la convention collective :
« Sont assimilés à des périodes de travail effectif notamment :
- les périodes de congés payés ;
- les congés spéciaux, les congés de formation économique, sociale et syndicale et autres congés de formation ;
- les absences pour maternité ou adoption ;
- les absences pour accident du travail ou maladies professionnelles limitées à une durée d'un an ;
- les congés syndicaux ;
- les périodes de service national obligatoire, les périodes de service civil ;
- les jours de repos supplémentaires octroyés en compensation de la réduction du temps de travail
Sont également considérées comme périodes de travail effectif, pour les salariés ayant un an de présence, les absences pour maladie dans la limite de trois mois par période de référence ».
4.2 Montant
Le montant est fonction du salaire de référence brut, prime d’ancienneté comprise.
Si le Salaire mensuel de référence brut est inférieur à 2100 euros bruts prime d’ancienneté comprise, la prime sera égale à 2100 € bruts pour un salarié à temps plein, étant précisé que pour un temps partiel la prime est proratisée
Si le Salaire mensuel de référence brut est égal ou supérieur à 2100 euros bruts prime d’ancienneté comprise, la prime sera égale 100 % de ce salaire brut de référence.
Le Salaire mensuel de référence est égal à la moyenne des salaires bruts, prime d’ancienneté comprise, de janvier à décembre de l’année civile du versement.
Exemple : Si le cumul des salaires de janvier à décembre 2017 = 22 212,34 € bruts prime d’ancienneté comprise, le salaire mensuel de référence sera de 22 212,34 / 12 = 1851,02 et la prime s’élèvera à 2100 € bruts.
Exemple : Si le cumul des salaires de janvier à décembre 2017 = 34 174,79 € bruts prime d’ancienneté comprise, le salaire mensuel de référence sera de 34 174,79 / 12 = 2847,89 et la prime s’élèvera à 2847,89 € bruts.
4.3 Date de versement
Le versement sera effectué pour 6/12ème sur le bulletin de salaire de novembre et pour le solde en décembre avec un calcul des droits totaux au 31 décembre de chaque année.
4.4 Modalités particulières du premier versement au 31.12.2017
Le premier versement sera effectif au 31 décembre 2017. A cette date, il sera tenu compte des versements effectués en cours d'année qui seront déduits du montant total de la prime.
Exemple 1 :
Salaire mensuel de référence : 23 135.76 / 12 = 1 927.98 €
Prime : la prime sera égale à 2100 € bruts soit
2 100 € bruts auxquels seront déduits les 1 920 € bruts de gratification de fin d’année déjà versée en novembre, soit 2 100-1 920 = 180,00 €
Exemple 2 :
Salaire mensuel de référence : 27 048 / 12 = 2 254.00 €
Prime : égale 100 % de ce salaire brut de référence soit
2 254.00 € bruts auxquels seront déduits les 750 € bruts de prime de printemps et les 1 350 € bruts de gratification de fin d’année déjà versées en juin et en novembre, soit 2 254-2 100 = 154 €
Exemple 3 :
Pour un salarié présent seulement 9 mois dans l’année sans prime en cours d’année :
Salaire mensuel de référence : 20 286 / 9 = 2 254 €
Prime : égale 100 % de ce salaire brut de référence mais versé au prorata de son temps de présence au cours des 12 derniers mois soit 9/12ème de 2 254.00 € bruts. Aucune prime ne lui a été versée en cours d’année en conséquence, en décembre la prime versée sera de : 2 254 x 9/12 = 1 690,50€ €.
4.5 Prorata entrée sortie en cours d'année
Pour les salariés entrés ou sortis en cours d'année civile mais ayant au moins 6 moins d’ancienneté, la prime sera versée prorata temporis.
* *
*
TITRE III - TITRES RESTAURANT
Les partenaires sociaux décident par le présent accord de poursuivre la pratique consistant pour L’OFFICE INTERCOMMUNAL DE TOURISME PROVENCE MEDITERRANEE, à permettre aux salariés de disposer de titres restaurant, dans le respect des conditions posées par les articles du code du travail.
Conformément à la législation, la pratique consiste à permettre aux salariés ne disposant pas sur leur lieu de travail d'un local de restauration, de déjeuner à l'extérieur de leur entreprise à des conditions financières avantageuses. Le prix du repas est financé par le salarié et l'employeur, lequel peut alors bénéficier d'une exonération de charges sociales et fiscales.
Salariés concernés
Les titres restaurant seront attribués aux salariés titulaires d'un contrat de travail (CDI, CDD et intérimaires, en contrat d'apprentissage ou de professionnalisation, etc.).
Ils sont accordés aux stagiaires dans les conditions prévues par la législation en vigueur.
Conditions d’obtention du titre
Chaque salarié est habilité à recevoir un titre restaurant par jour de présence effective à son poste de travail et par repas inclus dans son horaire de travail.
L'exercice des fonctions d'un représentant du personnel lui permet de recevoir un titre restaurant comme s'il avait accompli l'« horaire de travail » auquel se réfère la réglementation pour l'attribution de tels titres.
Aucun titre restaurant ne sera délivré à un salarié absent, quel que soit le motif de cette absence (arrêt maladie, congé de maternité, congés payés, périodes de dispense de préavis, congé individuel de formation, jours fériés, , etc.).
Il ne se cumule pas avec un remboursement de frais de repas ni avec une prime de repas.
Cas du salarié absent : en cas de remise des titres en début de mois, le salarié devra restituer ceux correspondant à ses jours d’absence ou au remboursement de frais.
Cas du salarié quittant l'entreprise : le salarié remet à son employeur les titres restaurant encore en sa possession, et en échange, l'employeur remboursera la part salariale précédemment prélevée ;
Dans les 2 cas (salarié absent ou quittant l'entreprise), s’il conserve les titres, la part patronale sera décomptée sur le bulletin de salaire
Horaires de travail – salarié à temps partiel
Lorsque l'horaire de travail ne comprend pas de pause repas permettant de déjeuner à l'extérieur, le salarié à temps partiel ne pourra pas se voir attribuer de titres restaurant. De ce fait, un salarié à temps partiel dont l'horaire s'achève en fin de matinée ou commence en début d'après-midi n’aura pas droit aux titres restaurant.
Participation patronale à l'acquisition de titres
Selon le code général des impôts (CGI ann. IV art. 6-A), la participation de l'employeur est exonérée de charges sociales si elle est comprise entre 50 % et 60 % de la valeur du titre-restaurant.
En conséquence, conformément à la législation, l'employeur prendra en charge 60% de la valeur du titre restaurant, tandis que les 40% restant seront à la charge du salarié.
A la date du présent accord, la valeur faciale du titre est de 7,50 euros. Elle pourra être augmentée par décision de la direction après consultation du comité social et économique (CSE).
Les titres restaurant octroyés dans de telles conditions sont exonérés d'impôt sur le revenu.
* *
*
TITRE IV – DISPOSITIONS FINALES
Durée et entrée en vigueur
Le présent accord est conclu pour une durée indéterminée.
Révision
Chaque partie signataire ou adhérente peut demander la révision de tout ou partie du présent accord, selon les modalités suivantes :
Toute demande de révision devra être adressée par lettre recommandée avec accusé de réception à chacune des autres parties signataires ou adhérentes et mentionner l'indication des dispositions dont la révision est demandée, ainsi qu'éventuellement des propositions de remplacement.
Le plus rapidement possible et au plus tard dans un délai maximum de 1 mois suivant la réception de cette lettre, les parties sus-indiquées devront ouvrir une négociation en vue de la rédaction d'un nouveau texte.
Les dispositions du présent accord dont la révision est demandée resteront en vigueur jusqu'à l'entrée en vigueur de l'avenant de révision et, à défaut, seront maintenues ;
Les dispositions de l'avenant portant révision, se substitueront de plein droit à celles de l'accord qu'elles modifient et entreront en vigueur dans les conditions fixées par l'article 1 ci-dessus.
Dénonciation
Le présent accord, conclu sans limitation de durée, pourra être dénoncé à tout moment selon les modalités mentionnées par les dispositions du code du travail.
Cette dénonciation, sous réserve de respecter un préavis de trois mois, devra être notifiée par son auteur aux autres parties par lettre recommandée avec accusé de réception.
La dénonciation devra être déposée dans les conditions prévues par les textes en vigueur.
Formalités de dépôt et de publicité
Conformément aux dispositions des articles L. 2231-6, D. 2231-2, D. 2231-4 à D. 2231-7 du code du travail, le présent accord sera déposé à l’initiative de la Direction de l’OIT selon les modalités suivantes :
- en un exemplaire au Secrétariat- Greffe du Conseil de Prud’hommes de TOULON ;
- en deux exemplaires, dont une version sur support papier signée des parties et une version sur support électronique, auprès de la Direction Régionale des Entreprises, de la Concurrence, de la Consommation, du Travail et de l’Emploi (DIRECCTE) de TOULON.
Le dépôt de l’accord sera accompagné des pièces énoncées à l’article D. 2231-7 du code du travail.
En outre, le texte de l’accord sera diffusé auprès de l’ensemble des salariés et de tout nouvel embauché par la Direction, conformément aux articles L. 2262-5, R. 2262-1 et R. 2262-3 du code du travail.
Suivi de l’accord
Afin de réaliser un suivi de l’application du présent accord, une réunion annuelle avec le syndicat sera consacrée au bilan d’application de l’accord. A cette occasion seront évoquées les difficultés d’application ainsi que les éventuelles mesures d’ajustement.
Fait à ......., le …………..
| 21,138 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111048843
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Pacific Knight
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 83 | 127 |
Pacific Knight
ship launched in 1980
Pacific Knight instance of tug
Pacific Knight IMO ship number 8016378
Pacific Knight category for ship name Category:Pacific Knight (tugboat, 1980)
Pacific Knight service entry 1980
Pacific Knight Commons category IMO 8016378
Pacific Knight manufacturer Main Iron Works
Pacific Knight country of registry United States of America
Pacific Knight MMSI 366982280
Pacific Knight call sign WCY6660
Pacific Knight gross tonnage
Pacific Knight significant event ship completed, point in time 1980
Pacific Knight image Tugboat Pacific Knight (cropped).jpg
| 3,332 |
https://github.com/chenzhangyu/WeiboOAuth/blob/master/base.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
WeiboOAuth
|
chenzhangyu
|
Python
|
Code
| 10 | 43 |
# encoding=utf-8
__author__ = 'lance'
import tornado.web
class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
pass
| 46,411 |
https://github.com/gitSina9468/youliao/blob/master/youliao-web/src/main/java/com/seahorse/youliao/config/SqlJob.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
youliao
|
gitSina9468
|
Java
|
Code
| 274 | 1,136 |
package com.seahorse.youliao.config;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
/**
* @description: sql 定时执行
* @author: Mr.Song
* @create: 2020-02-29 10:57
**/
@Component
public class SqlJob {
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SqlJob.class);
/**
* 批量执行sql语句
* 每天6点执行
* @throws SQLException
*/
@Scheduled(cron = "0 0 6 * * ?")
public static void execute() throws SQLException {
Statement stmt = null;
List<String> sqlList = new ArrayList<String>();
Connection conn = getConnection();
try {
sqlList = loadSql();
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
stmt = conn.createStatement();
for (String sql : sqlList) {
logger.info(sql);
stmt.addBatch(sql);
}
int[] rows = stmt.executeBatch();
logger.info("Row count:" + Arrays.toString(rows));
conn.commit();
logger.info("数据更新成功");
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.error("数据定时更新异常:"+e.toString());
conn.rollback();
}finally{
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}
}
/**
* 读取sql文件,获取sql语句
* 返回所有sql语句的list集合
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
private static List<String> loadSql() throws Exception {
List<String> sqlList = new ArrayList<>();
ClassPathResource classPathResource = new ClassPathResource("static/json/youliao-data.sql");
InputStream inputStream =classPathResource.getInputStream();
InputStreamReader InputStreamReader = new InputStreamReader(inputStream,"UTF-8");
StringBuffer sqlSb = new StringBuffer();
char[] buff = new char[12];
int byteRead = 0;
while ((byteRead = InputStreamReader.read(buff)) != -1) {
sqlSb.append(new String(buff, 0, byteRead));
}
/*
* windows下换行是/r/n，Linux下是/n，
* 此处需要根据导出的sql文件进行具体的处理，我在处理的时候
* 也遇到了很多的问题，如果我这个不行可以在网上找找别的解析方法
* */
String sqlArr[] = sqlSb.toString().split("(;\\s*\\rr\\n)|(;\\s*\\n)");
for(int i = 0; i<sqlArr.length; i++) {
String sql = sqlArr[i].replaceAll("--.*", "").trim();
if(!"".equals(sql)) {
sqlList.add(sql);
}
}
InputStreamReader.close();
inputStream.close();
return sqlList;
}
/**
* 获取sql连接
* @return
*/
private static Connection getConnection(){
Connection conn = null;
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://172.16.8.187:3307/youliao-security", "root", "khan1128$");
if(!conn.isClosed()) {
logger.info("数据库连接成功!");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.error("数据库连接异常:"+e.toString());
}
return conn;
}
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
execute();
}
}
| 15,834 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheiracanthium%20angulitarse
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Cheiracanthium angulitarse
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheiracanthium angulitarse&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 72 | 157 |
Kaliwatan sa kaka ang Cheiracanthium angulitarse. Una ning gihulagway ni Simon ni adtong 1878. Ang Cheiracanthium angulitarse sakop sa kahenera nga Cheiracanthium, ug kabanay nga Cheiracanthiidae.
Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
Espanya
Pransiya
Corse
Italya
Unggriya
Rumanya
Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Kaka
Kaka sa Espanya
Kaka sa Pransiya
Kaka sa Corse
Kaka sa Italya
Cheiracanthium (Cheiracanthiidae)
Kaka sa Romaniya
Kaka sa Ungariya
| 8,104 |
https://github.com/whuang85/tedious/blob/master/test/setup.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
tedious
|
whuang85
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 7 | 40 |
require('babel-register');
require('source-map-support').install({
handleUncaughtExceptions: false,
hookRequire: true
});
| 45,895 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3776953
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Walsh Island
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 399 | 1,075 |
Уолш-Айленд
Уолш-Айленд государство Ирландия
Уолш-Айленд географические координаты
Уолш-Айленд это частный случай понятия населённый пункт
Уолш-Айленд код GeoNames 3314491
Уолш-Айленд высота над уровнем моря
Уолш-Айленд изображение Entrance to Walsh Island, Co. Offaly - geograph.org.uk - 1390463.jpg
Уолш-Айленд категория на Викискладе Walsh Island
Уолш-Айленд часовой пояс UTC±0:00
Уолш-Айленд историческое графство Оффали
Уолш-Айленд код Freebase /m/02qxrtj
Уолш-Айленд код Logainm 1414397
Уолш-Айленд код GNS 407463
Уолш-Айленд название на языке оригинала
Walsh Island
town in Ireland
Walsh Island country Ireland
Walsh Island coordinate location
Walsh Island instance of human settlement
Walsh Island GeoNames ID 3314491
Walsh Island elevation above sea level
Walsh Island image Entrance to Walsh Island, Co. Offaly - geograph.org.uk - 1390463.jpg
Walsh Island Commons category Walsh Island
Walsh Island located in time zone UTC±00:00
Walsh Island Irish Grid Reference N518204
Walsh Island historic county County Offaly
Walsh Island Freebase ID /m/02qxrtj
Walsh Island Logainm ID 1414397
Walsh Island GNS Unique Feature ID 407463
Walsh Island native label
Inis na mBreatnach
baile in Éirinn
Inis na mBreatnach tír Éire
Inis na mBreatnach comhordanáidí geografacha
Inis na mBreatnach sampla de áit lonnaithe
Inis na mBreatnach ID GeoNames 3314491
Inis na mBreatnach airde os cionn na farraige
Inis na mBreatnach íomhá Entrance to Walsh Island, Co. Offaly - geograph.org.uk - 1390463.jpg
Inis na mBreatnach catagóir Commons Walsh Island
Inis na mBreatnach lonnaithe i gcrios ama UTC±00:00
Inis na mBreatnach contae stairiúil Contae Uíbh Fhailí
Inis na mBreatnach ID logainm 1414397
Inis na mBreatnach ID Uathúil GNS 407463
Inis na mBreatnach lipéad sa teanga dhúchais
Walsh Island
nederzetting in Ierland
Walsh Island land Ierland
Walsh Island geografische locatie
Walsh Island is een woonplaats
Walsh Island GeoNames-identificatiecode 3314491
Walsh Island hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Walsh Island afbeelding Entrance to Walsh Island, Co. Offaly - geograph.org.uk - 1390463.jpg
Walsh Island Commonscategorie Walsh Island
Walsh Island tijdzone UTC+0
Walsh Island Irish Grid Reference-identificatiecode N518204
Walsh Island historisch gebied County Offaly
Walsh Island Freebase-identificatiecode /m/02qxrtj
Walsh Island Logainm-identificatiecode 1414397
Walsh Island GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode 407463
Walsh Island label in oorspronkelijke taal
Walsh Island
Walsh Island herrialdea Irlandako Errepublika
Walsh Island koordenatuak
Walsh Island honako hau da giza kokaleku
Walsh Island GeoNames identifikatzailea 3314491
Walsh Island itsas mailaren gainetiko altuera
Walsh Island irudia Entrance to Walsh Island, Co. Offaly - geograph.org.uk - 1390463.jpg
Walsh Island Commons-eko kategoria Walsh Island
Walsh Island ordu-eremua UTC±00:00
Walsh Island Britaniar irletako eskualde historikoa Offalyko konderria
Walsh Island Freebase-ren identifikatzailea /m/02qxrtj
Walsh Island jatorrizko izena
| 46,191 |
sn99021999_1884-11-03_1_4_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 595 | 987 |
S. W. E., Pittsburgh, Neb. 817-n 21 jp, FOR SALE Two second hand pianos, at Edmonds & Erlckson's Music Store on 16th St. 890 tr FOR SALE Restaurant with fixtures; best trade in the city reason for selling, ill health; address M. L., city. FOR SALE-Four 18 foot, walnut counters, and 50 feet of first-class sewing, suitable for dry goods or book store. Inquire at the office of Congdon & Hunt, 1324 Farnam St. 891tf FOR SALE-Sco.003 feet dry lumber, Ash, Oak, Elm, Basswood and Sultable. E. A. Stinson, at Charles, Michigan. 801n21p Equity of job and newspaper type for sale. Also a good Zither. C. T. Bunco, at Bice. 7Mtf : FOR SALE Cottage of 5 rooms, corner lot in Shin's addition; only $1.50, small cash payment and balance monthly. Bargain. McCagney, opposite St. John's. 801n21p FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE A water power Gilst mill, reasons for selling, concerning operation to O. E. Bragg, Watercolor, North East corner 10th and Dodge Street. FOR SALE - 100 feet on Faroara Street between 18th and 20th, Leo, Grocer, 2nd and Leavenworth. _ _ S33.1m IOK SALE Pine busiresi rh uiro at Grand Island Neb. S5.COODUJB the bank building 28x44 ; an Ice building which rents lot $15 a month ; a largo ) and burglor proot eafo with Yale time lock cojt ( WO , nho very largo bank book fire proof safe , nk counter , desks , hint coal stove , In fact , a corn- He bank outfit , together r.lth lot 44x69 ou Locust cet. Title perfect. Terms J cash , la'ancoou nne 1 two jears time if desired. Cell on or addreM Jay mme , Grand Island , Neb. S22-tf 10R BALE A good frame house , B roorrs , all In peed order Must bo moved at enc . Apply to > Ucttern Newspaper Union , cor. 12th and How- I streets. si4 tl 'OR ' SALE Cheap a sucond hand hUh top buggy. Inquire at SlmpBon'j Carrlairo Factory , Dodgo. , wccn 14th and 16th. jso.t ! 'OK i SALE 160.00J brlcn ou cars at lieUovuo. u. T. Ch > rk. IOK SALE A whole lock of clothing , boots and shoes , buildings at cost , retiring from business. II. Peterson. 80i south Tenth street 113-3m DK will buya phaeton a 1310 FamamSt. tjtj. _ . _ 1336. Q 'OR ' SALR Northcaat corner 20th and Cumlng itreet O. V. Davis & Co. , 1MB Farnam atreet , 76 tf _ 'OK ' SALE Two opuu eeoonu-uuia Duguioa , LU one i dJllvery wa on , cheap , t 1810 Hirney K >. MISCELLANEOUS, MAYED From the turn N, W, corner South and Douglas, on black inst, we get about 10,000 feet of deformity under the eye. Any person wishing to purchase, please notify W. J. Wilson, phone 3103. NEW COUCH, the most luxurious Rag Carpet Woven. NW-c! reliable at 35 cents per yard, 1241 Sheridan Avenue. AJIILIV Storair, etc., repair and general repair, O M Eaton, 14th St. 74C-nl3 SCHROEDER, Massachusetts Healer, now located to N W, corner 20th and Columbia St. VV vaults, sinks, and cesspools cleaned at the shortest notice and at any time of the day, in any or all the way without the least molestation, with our large and small. SCHROEDER Kokapiratui. A. EVJIU & CO., 10)3 ( IVt vaults, sinks and coal, unhammnd Hitri unitary cleaner. Situation guaranteed by > '. belucoe Mr to J. M, Smith, ) box 378. Uniir.lt STAMPS-On yraauufucturtH In Omaha. lUia 1'rlntlng Co. V ) > tf.
| 13,924 |
https://github.com/tighten/jigsaw/blob/master/src/PageData.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
jigsaw
|
tighten
|
PHP
|
Code
| 63 | 300 |
<?php
namespace TightenCo\Jigsaw;
class PageData extends IterableObject
{
public static function withPageMetaData(IterableObject $siteData, array $meta)
{
$page_data = new static($siteData->except('page'));
$page_data->put('page', (new PageVariable($siteData->page))->put('_meta', new IterableObject($meta)));
return $page_data;
}
public function setPageVariableToCollectionItem($collectionName, $itemName)
{
$this->put('page', $this->get($collectionName)->get($itemName));
}
public function setExtending($templateToExtend)
{
$this->page->_meta->put('extending', $templateToExtend);
}
public function setPagePath($path)
{
$this->page->_meta->put('path', $path);
$this->updatePageUrl();
}
public function updatePageUrl()
{
$this->page->_meta->put('url', rightTrimPath($this->page->getBaseUrl()) . '/' . trimPath($this->page->getPath()));
}
}
| 12,724 |
2021/Legislative acts_55/Legislative acts_LV.pdf_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
Latvian
|
Spoken
| 640 | 1,753 |
13280/21 ML/ica
ECOMP.2.B LV
Eiropas Savienības
Padome
Briselē
,
2021.
gada
12.
novembrī
(OR.
en
)
13280
/
21
FISC 181
ECOFIN 1032
ENER 455
TRANS 634
Starpiestāžu lieta:
2021/0324 (NLE)
LEĢISLATĪVIE AKTI UN CITI DOKUMENTI
Temats:
PADOMES ĪSTENOŠANAS LĒMUMS, ar ko Itālijai atļauj piemērot
samazinātu nodokļa likmi elektroenerģijai, kas tiek tieši piegādāta kuģiem,
kas nav privāti atpūtas kuģi, ostas piestātnē
13280/21 ML/ica 1
ECOMP.2.B LV
PADOMES ĪSTENOŠANAS LĒMUMS (ES) 2021/...
(... gada ...),
ar ko Itālijai atļauj piemērot samazinātu nodokļa likmi
elektroenerģijai, kas tiek tieši piegādāta kuģiem,
kas nav privāti atpūtas kuģi , ostas piestātnē
EIROPAS SAVIENĪBAS PADOME,
ņemot vērā Līgumu par Eiropas Savienības darbību,
ņemot vērā P adomes Direktīvu 2003/96/EK (2003. gada 27. oktobris), kas pārkārto Kopienas
noteikumus par nodokļu uzlikšanu energoproduktiem un elektroenerģijai1, un jo īpaši tās 19. pantu,
ņemot vērā Eiropas Komisijas priekšlikumu,
1 OV L 283, 31.10.2003., 51. lpp.
13280/21 ML/ica 2
ECOMP.2.B LV
tā kā:
(1) Itālija 2020. gada 14. se ptembra vēstul ē lūdza atļauju saskaņā ar Direktīvas 2003/96/EK
19. pantā noteikto procedūru piemērot samazinātu nodokļa likmi elektroenerģijai, kas tiek
tieši piegādāta jūras vai iekšējo ūdensceļu kuģiem, kas nav privāti atpūtas kuģi, ostas
piestātnē (“kra sta elektroenerģija”). 2021. gada 12. maija vēstul ē Itālija sniedza papildu
informāciju.
(2) Ar samazināto nodokļu likmi Itālija vēlas veicināt krasta elektroenerģijas izmantošanu.
Šādas elektroenerģijas izmantošana tiek uzskatīta par videi nekaitīgāku vei du, salīdzinot ar
flotes degvielas izmantošanu, kā apmierināt kuģu ostas piestātnē vajadzības pēc
elektroenerģijas.
(3) Tā kā krasta elektroenerģijas izmantošana nerada tādas gaisu piesārņojošu vielu emisijas,
kas saistītas ar flotes degvielas izmantošanu kuģos ostas piestātnē , tā uzlabo apkārtnes
gaisa kvalitāti ostas pilsētās. Tāpēc ir paredzams, ka samazinātā nodokļu likme krasta
elektroenerģijai veicinās Savienības vides, veselības un klimata politikas mērķu
sasniegšanu.
13280/21 ML/ica 3
ECOMP.2.B LV
(4) Atļauja Itālijai piemērot samazinātu nodokļa likmi krasta elektroenerģijai nepārsniedz to,
kas ir vajadzīgs, lai palielinātu šādas elektroenerģijas izmantošanu, jo elektroenerģijas
ražošana kuģī vairākumā gadījumu joprojām būs konkurētspējīgāka alternatīva . Tā paša
iemesla dēļ un arī tādēļ, ka šīs tehnoloģijas izplatība tirgū pagaidām ir visai neliela,
samazinātā s nodokļu likme s piemērošana krasta elektroenerģijai diez vai radītu
ievērojamus konkurences izkropļojumus minētās nodokļu likmes piemērošanas laik ā,
tādējādi tam nebūs negatīvas ietekmes uz iekšējā tirgus pareizu darbību.
(5) Lai ostu un kuģu operatori, kā arī elektroenerģijas sadales un pārdales uzņēmumi varētu
turpināt veicināt krasta elektroenerģijas izmantošanu, ir lietderīgi atļaut Itālijai piemērot
samazinātu nodokļa likmi krasta elektroenerģijai.
13280/21 ML/ica 4
ECOMP.2.B LV
(6) Saskaņā ar Direktīv as 2003/96/EK 19. panta 2. punktu atļaujām, kas piešķirtas, ievērojot
minētās direktīvas 19. panta 1. punktā noteikto procedūru, ir jābūt stingri ierobežot ām
laikā. Lai nodrošinātu, ka atļaujas termiņš ir pietiekami ilgs, un tādējādi neatturētu
attiecīgos uzņēmējus no vajadzīgo investīciju veikšanas, ir lietderīgi piešķirt pieprasīto
atļauju no 2022 . gada 1. janvāra uz sešiem gadiem. Tomēr atļauju būtu jāpārtrauc piemērot
no dienas, kad sāk piemērot jebkādus vispārīgus noteikumus par nodokļu atvieglojumiem
krasta elektroenerģijai, ko Padome pieņēmusi saskaņā ar Līguma par Eiropas Savienības
darbību 113. pantu vai citiem attiecīgiem noteikumiem, ja šādi noteikumi kļūst
piemērojami pirms 2027. gada 31. decembra.
(7) Šis lēmums neskar Savienības noteikumu par v alsts atbalstu piemērošanu,
IR PIEŅĒMUSI ŠO LĒMUMU.
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1. pants
Itālijai tiek atļau ts piemērot samazinātu nodokļa likmi elektroenerģijai, kas tiek tieši piegādāta jūras
vai iekšējo ūdensceļu kuģiem, izņemot privātus atpūtas kuģus , ostas piestātnē (“krasta
elektroenerģija”) , ar noteikumu, ka tiek ievēroti Direktīvas 2003/96/EK 10. pant a 1. punkt ā
paredzētie minimālie nodokļu līmeņi.
2. pants
Šo lēmumu piemēro no 2022 . gada 1. janvāra līdz 2027. gada 31. decembrim.
Taču, ja Padome, rīkojoties saskaņā ar Līguma par Eiropas Savienības darbību 113. pantu vai citiem
attiecīgiem noteikumiem, nosaka vispārīgus noteikumus par nodokļa atvieglojumiem krasta
elektroenerģijai, šis lēmums zaudē spēku dienā, kurā stājas spēkā šie vispārīgie noteikumi.
13280/21 ML/ica 6
ECOMP.2.B LV
3. pants
Šis lēmums ir adresēts Itālijas Republikai.
...,
Padomes vārdā —
priekšsēdētājs.
| 34,423 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68259090
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
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Fer Toasted, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13772033, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1870780, juliomalves
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English
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Spoken
| 373 | 897 |
Nextjs config: Module parse failed: Unexpected character '@'
I'm having this problem while importing stream-chat modules to my app.
I got a legacy code config and I've seen similar here cases but I'm not sure how I'm going to apply the suggested fixes in my next.config.js.
From other posts:
I'm supposed to install npm i css-loader file-loader url-loader -D and then wrap my module module.exports inside withCSS({}).
Webpack 4 - Module parse failed: Unexpected character ' '
NextJS Module parse failed: Unexpected character '@' (7:0)
The error(s)
> [ error ]
> ./node_modules/stream-chat-react/dist/assets/Poweredby_100px-White_VertText.png
> 1:0 Module parse failed: Unexpected character '�' (1:0) You may need
> an appropriate loader to handle this file type. (Source code omitted
> for this binary file) ModuleParseError: Module parse failed:
> Unexpected character '�' (1:0) You may need an appropriate loader to
> handle this file type. (Source code omitted for this binary file)
>
> Module parse failed: Unexpected character '@' (4:0) You may need an
> appropriate loader to handle this file type. | /* colors */ | /*
> miscellaneous */
> > @import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=IBM+Plex+Sans:400,400i,700,700i");
And my next.config.js
const { withPlugins, optional } = require('next-compose-plugins')
const { PHASE_PRODUCTION_BUILD } = require('next-server/constants')
const sass = require('@zeit/next-sass')
const images = require('next-images') // update
const css = require('@zeit/next-css') // also added this plugin
const { requireEnvVar } = require('./lib/nodeUtils')
const nextConfig = {
publicRuntimeConfig: {
...
},
useFileSystemPublicRoutes: false,
webpack(config, { webpack }) {
config.plugins.push(
new webpack.ContextReplacementPlugin(/moment[/\\]locale$/, /en/)
)
return config
},
}
module.exports = withPlugins(
[
[sass],
[images], // tried this with images
[css], // also tried with css
[
optional(() => require('@zeit/next-bundle-analyzer')),
{
analyzeServer: ['server', 'both'].includes(process.env.BUNDLE_ANALYZE),
analyzeBrowser: ['browser', 'both'].includes(
process.env.BUNDLE_ANALYZE
),
bundleAnalyzerConfig: {
server: {
analyzerMode: 'static',
reportFilename: '../../bundles/server.html',
},
browser: {
analyzerMode: 'static',
reportFilename: '../bundles/client.html',
},
},
},
[PHASE_PRODUCTION_BUILD],
],
],
nextConfig
)
Also tried const css = require('@zeit/next-css') and const images = require('next-images') then adding it next to sass in the first array of withPlugins like so: withPlugins([[sass], css, images ,[...]); with no success.
Thanks as always!
You need an appropriate loader to import .png files, using next-images should take care of that. Can you show your full config when you try to use next-images?
Sure, it is updated now. Thanks in advance
| 48,767 |
bpt6k32042037_1
|
French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Annales de Bourgogne : revue historique trimestrielle publiée sous le patronage de l'Université de Dijon et de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles lettres de Dijon
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 9,642 | 14,692 |
BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE 3 7531 04371508 6 Zp SoSSlUsn, <-t$ ,A. ANNALES D E BOURGOGNE REVUE HISTORIQUE TRIMESTRIELLE PUBLIÉE SOUS LE PATRONAGE DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE DUON de l’Académie de Duon et de l’Association Bourguignonne des Sociétés Savantes AVEC LE CONCOURS du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique TOME XLIX, ANNÉE 1977 — FASCICULE 1. JANVIER-MARS CENTRE D’ÉTUDES BOURGUIGNONNES 36, rue Chabot-Charny DIJON ANNALES DE BOURGOGNE Revue fondée en 1929 par Henri Drouot et René Durand I i l RÉDACTION : Pierre Gras, conservateur en chef de la Bibliothèque de la Ville de Dijon, et Jean Richard, professeur à l’Université de Dijon. — Adresser la correspondance destinée à la rédaction au Centre d’études régionales de Bourgogne, 36, rue Chabot-Charny, Dijon. ADMINISTRATION : Le Directeur des Services d’Archives de la Côte-d’Or, 8, rue Jeannin, Dijon. Les abonnements de la revue (France : 40 F ; étranger : 45 F) doivent être payés dès parution du 1" fascicule de chaque tome annuel au compte de chèques postaux ouvert au nom des Annales de Bourgogne, 8, rue Jeannin (Dijon 376-70). Les Annales sont infiniment reconnaissantes à ceux de leurs abonnés qui, chaque année, majorent volontairement leurs versements en vue de les aider. Pour la vente au numéro (12,00 F l’exemplaire, franco de port), s’adresser à l’administration de la revue, en ce qui concerne les tomes XXVII (1955) et suivants. Les fascicules antérieurs sont en vente auprès de la Johnson Reprint Corporation (111, Fifth avenue, New York, U.S.A.), qui assurera d’autre part la réimpression des volumes épuisés en tout ou en partie (tomes I à XXVI, 1929-1954) et celle de la table des vingt-cinq premières années (Agent général pour l’Europe continentale : Kraus-Thomson, FL 9491 Nedeln, Lichtenstein). Société des Annales de Bourgogne Président : J. Rigàult (Arch. Côte-d’Or) ; — Vice-présidents : P. Gras (Bibl. Dijon) et J. Richard (Univ. Dijon) ; — Secrétaire général : J.-Cl. Garreta (Bibl. Dijon) ; — Secrétaire adjoint : P. Levêque (Univ. Dijon) ; — Trésorier : J.-P. Roze (Bibl. Fac. Médecine); — Trésorier adjoint : M.-L. Thro (Dijon). In memoriam : Maurice Chaume, Léon Delessard et Gaston Roupnel. ANNALES DE BOURGOGNE ANNALES BOURGOGNE REVUE HISTORIQUE TRIMESTRIELLE PUBLIÉE SOUS LE PATRONAGE DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE DUON de l’Académie de Duon et de l’Association Bourguignonne des Sociétés Savantes AVEC LE CONCOURS du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique TOME XLIX — ANNEE 1977 CENTRE D’ÉTUDES BOURGUIGNONNES 36, rue Chabot-Charny DIJON Fondateurs : f Henri Drouot, René Durand. Rédaction : P. Gras, conservateur de la Bibliothèque de la Ville de Dijon et J. Richard, professeur à la Faculté des Lettres de Dijon. Administration : Le directeur des Archives de la Côte-d’Or, 8, rue Jeannin, Dijon. Comptes Chèques postaux : Annales de Bourgogne, 8, rue Jeannin, Dijon, Dijon 376-70. N° 193 Janvier-Mars 1977 ANNALES DE BOURGOGNE Tome xlix — année 1977 LA DIME DANS LES CLOS T ? -Li ETUDE de la dîme sur les cultures dans les clos pourrait n’être qu’un chapitre d’une étude sur la question plus générale de la dîme des menus grains. Mais de nombreux exemples nous ont prouvé que les clos recevaient également les cultures traditionnelles : froment, seigle, conceau, orge et avoine. Notre enquête portant sur une région de campagne ouverte, nous n’entendrons par clos que les pièces distinctes des jardins, attenantes aux maisons. Ce sont les lopins que, dans une partie de la Bourgogne, on appelait et on appelle encore meix. La géographie du terme n’a pas été établie ; dans la présente étude nous nous intéressons surtout à la plaine du Dijonnais et à une portion de la vallée de la Saône ; là, chaque maison a son meix ; sur le sens premier du mot nous ne pouvons que renvoyer aux travaux de P. de Saint-Jacob 1 ; au cours d’une lente évolution le nom du tout s’est attaché à une partie de ce tout. Cependant vers 1750 le curé d’Aubigny-en-Plaine n’avait pas oublié la définition primitive : « On appelle ordinairement meyx un certain pourprix de terre d’environ un journal ou plus ou moins, clos d’aix vives ou mortes dans lequel est construit la maison, grange et écurie et le reste du terrain est occupé par des arbres fruitiers » 2 . En 1612 les religieux de Cîteaux soutenaient que « sous ce mot de meix sont compris non seulement les fonds des terres labourables mais aussi les bâtiments, jardins et vergers qui font portion desd. meix » 3 . Ils se heurtaient en cela à l’opinion des 1. Le Village : les conditions juridiques de l’habitat, dans AB, t. XIII, 1941, p. 180. 2. A.D. Côte-d’Or, G 1038. — Aubigny-en-Plaine, Con Saint-Jean-deLosne. (Sauf indication contraire, les localités citées sont situées en Côted’Or). 3. 11 H 806. 6 L. Ligeron habitants de Chaugey 4 pour qui le meix ne comprenait que la partie cultivable, preuve qu’à cette date le sens du mot s’était déjà rétréci dans l’esprit du commun. Les religieux avaient un intérêt évident à ne pas reconnaître ce nouveau sens puisqu’il s’agissait de définir une superficie franche de dîme. L’ouche, dépendance du meix dans certaines parties de la Bourgogne, ne subsistera pas comme pièce close attenante à la maison ; son souvenir ne se maintiendra que dans la toponymie ; cependant, à Corpoyer-la-Chapelle, une pièce de terre d’un journal et un tiers située près du village est cultivée tous les ans comme le sont ordinairement les meix ; cette pièce s’appelle « Touche » 5. D’autre part P. de Saint-Jacob signale un procès de 1609 engagé contre les habitants de Thury qui refusent la dîme « sur les héritages qu’ils appellent ouches » 6 ; nous sommes là dans une zone attardée 7. Dans la région où triomphe le terme meix, à Magny-sur-Tille, nous avons rencontré un lieu-dit « Les Ouches » d’une superficie de 9 journaux dont on nous dit « qu’ils ne se dixment point » 8. Dans les lieux où le terme meix n’est pas connu pour désigner l’enclos, des litiges sont nés au sujet des chenevières et des vergers. C’est par exemple, à Jailly-les-Moulins, un verger dont on veut renouveler les arbres ; mais avant de mettre en place les jeunes plants, on y sème du chanvre pour faire mourir les mauvaises herbes ; la question de la dîme sur cette chenevière temporaire fait naître un proès dont l’issue ne nous est d’ailleurs pas connue 9. A Pouillenay plusieurs particuliers refusent la dîme sur leurs chenevières closes et joignant leurs maisons ; tous finissent par se soumettre 10. Quant aux vergers ils ne sont pas toujours distingués des meix, ceux-ci étant très souvent, en tout ou en partie, plantés d’arbres fruitiers. Il arrive aussi qu’on appelle verger ce qui est meix ; voici par exemple la déclaration d’une femme déposant dans une enquête : « elle a vu dimer tous les vergers, ajoute que par le mot verger elle entend les enclos où on sème du bled, des 4. Chaugey, Cne Losne, Con Saint-Jean-de-Losne. 5. 15 H 95 (6 juillet 1692. — Corpoyer-la-Chapelle, Con Vénarey-lèsLaumes. 6. pois et autres » u. Le clos peut comprendre une partie en terre labourable, une partie plantée d’arbres ; « le verger enclou joignant la maison ; il y a demi-journal tant turquis que chenevier, arbres fruitiers pommes et poires » lit-on dans la description d’un domaine situé à Varanges 12. Enfin l’extension de la culture de la vigne se manifeste par le changement de nature de nombreux meix. A Brazey-en-Plaine, Argilly, Fauverney, ces plantations paraissent dater du XVIII e s. ; à Broin, à Mont-lès-Seurre elles sont de la fin du XVII e s.; à Gevrey elles sont beaucoup plus anciennes. Il était tenu pour vérité indiscutable que le droit de dîme ne s’exerçait que sur le finage, qu’il s’arrêtait aux limites du village c’est-à-dire aux clos joignant les maisons. « Par toute la Bourgogne l’usance commune est que l’on ne paie point de dixme des meix enclos et fermés » lit-on dans un mémoire de 1609 13. La même affirmation prend ailleurs la forme d’un de ces adages dont les juristes de l’Ancien Régime étaient friands : « Meix fermés et deppendant de bastiments ne doibvent aulcung dixmes ». Ils aimaient aussi à rechercher des explications historiques dont la naïveté fait sourire ; l’exemption de dîme des meix est « un privilège spécial et particulier donné aux lépreux qui vivent en commun les exemptans seulement à raison de leur misère et infirmité » 14. L’abbaye de Saint-Bénigne reconnaissait implicitement le privilège des clos en écrivant dans une requête : « L’on scay que par le privilège des ecclésiastiques ils lèvent les dixmes par tout mesme dans les enclos n’estoit que lesd. enclos fussent de toute antienneté » 15 ; nous touchons ici à la question des meix nouveaux sur laquelle nous aurons à nous étendre. S’il y eut une époque où, de consentement unanime, la dîme ne fut pas prélevée sur les produits des enclos, elle est antérieure à la période moderne. Il est des terriers du XVI e s. où elle est reconnue et un terrier ne fait le plus souvent que reprendre les droits inscrits dans un document plus ancien. Une autre caractéristique du meix c’est qu’il était clos de toutes parts soit par une haie, soit par un palis, soit par un mur. En 1657 un particulier prétend interdire aux dîmeurs une pièce entourée de fossés ; le décimateur le fait condamner. 8 L. Ligeron l’abbaye de Saint-Bénigne fait condamner pour le même motif le fermier de Saulon-la-Rue 16. Un texte de 1784 précise que « ne seront pas regardée comme clôture les héritages fermés par des fossés ; ils seront considérés comme faisant partie des fins ordinaires » 17. La superficie du meix est de l’ordre du journal soit un tiers d’hectare, « ou plus ou moins » dit le curé d’Aubigny pour signifier qu’il ne s’écarte pas beaucoup de cette dimension. Pour sa part le curé de Vielverge 18 est tellement persuadé qu’il existe une surface coutumière des meix qu’il demande au Parlement de la sanctionner. On admet enfin comme vérité générale que le meix échappe à l’assolement, qu’il est cultivé tous les ans et qu’on n’y sème que des menus grains surtout les légumes secs, le maïs et le chanvre. C’est avec ces caractéristiques que, dans la nouvelle Histoire économique de la France, est présenté le meix bourguignon qui est confondu d’ailleurs avec le jardin ; « c’est la terre », y est-il dit, « de la presque possession paysanne » 19. Résumons-nous : pièce d’environ un tiers d’hectare, attenante à la maison, close, distincte du jardin, échappant aux droits fonciers et à la dîme, placée hors des soles et cultivée tous les ans de menus grains. La revue au fil des ans des litiges et des procès soulevés à l’occasion du droit de dîme, va nous amener à constater qu’aucun des éléments de cette définition n’a un caractère permanent. Nous verrons égalemnt que, si les procès sont causés par l’avidité des décimateurs, ceux-ci ont été poussés à agir d’un côté par l’habileté matoise des paysans, de l’autre par l’esprit de privilège des gros propriétaires, les uns et les autres cherchant à étendre la notion de clos. Débarrassons-nous tout de suite de la question des jardins. Il paraît inutile de donner des preuves que le jardin est généralement distinct du meix ; elles se rencontrent nombreuses dans les actes notariés, dans les inventaires, dans les descriptions de domaines. De nos jours, dans tel village de la vallée de la Saône que nous connaissons bien, les maisons anciennes sont encore accompagnées et de leur jardin et de leur meix, les deux pièces distinctes 16. Saulon-la-Rue, Con Gevrey-Chambertin. 17. G 4094. 18. Vielverge, Con Pontailler-sur-Saône. 19. Histoire économique et sociale de la France, 1970, t. 2 (16601789), p. 92-93. bien que portant à présent les mêmes plantes potagères sauf parfois dans le meix un carré de luzerne pour les lapins. D’après les anciens textes le jardin était de très petite surface, celle-ci définie en ouvrées ou en petite fraction du journal, parfois seulement par le terme « aire » sans autre précision 20. Il ne recevait que les « hortolages » ; mais certains textes permettent d’y déceler du chanvre ou du maïs. Il échappe à la dîme mais comme il n’y a pas de règle absolue en matière d’anciennes institutions, citons une déclaration concernant Longvic et datée de 1751 : « on dixme sans exception dans tous les enclos ensemencés, jardins et vergers. La dixme du jardin des Carmélites apartient toute entière à la cure de même que tous les autres jardins qui sont le long de la rue dud. Longvic qui sont en deçà de la rivière et qui la laisse du coté de midi » 21. Et un bail des dîmes de Labergement-lès-Seurre, après énumération du contenu du contrat, apporte la précision suivante : « ensemble la dixme qui peut avoir lieu dans le jardin du sieur curé » 22. Enfin, au cours d’une enquête testimoniale menée en 1760 à Saint-Seine-en-Bâche à la requête du curé, un des témoins déclare : « Il a vu payer la dixme... dans les meix et curtys à l’exception des grains qui ne se lient pas » ; et un autre : « Elle qui dépose a un petit jardin attenant a la maison qu’elle occupe ou quelque fois elle sème de la chenevière et que pour lors les dixmeurs y lèvent la dixme » 23. Prenons garde toutefois que le vocabulaire des contemporains n’a pas toujours la précision que nous adoptons et que la distinction meix et jardin n’est pas toujours bien tranchée. C’est ainsi que l’auteur d’un mémoire des environs de 1725 parle dans un premier paragraphe de jardins mis en chenevières à Ruffey alors que dans un autre paragraphe les mêmes lopins sont qualifiés « jardins et meix » 24. Un bail de 1788 définit ainsi les éléments du contrat : « 1° une maison... et une place d’environ un demijournal audevant de lad. maison ; 2° un jardin de la contenance d’environ deux journaux et demi ledit jardin clos de toute part... » 25. 10 L. Ligeron mettait à la fois des cultures de champ et des plantes potagères ; l’âpreté des décimateurs a pu aller jusqu’à y prendre la dîme sur le chanvre, les pois, le maïs et autres produits décimables. Revenons aux caractéristiques du meix. S’il est presque toujours contre la maison, il y a des exceptions puisqu’à Barges le droit de dîme s’applique aux « enclos contigus et non contigus aux maisons » 26 et à Gevrey aux « meix joignant ou non joignant les maisons » 27. Par un arrêt du 2 mai 1693 le Parlement déclare « les meix clos scitués dans les finages de Corjangoux, Mazerotte, Parney et Grosbois non joignant les maisons sujets à la dîme tant en grains que vins » 28. L’existence de ces meix s’explique facilement par les destructions dues aux guerres et aux incendies accidentels ; les textes nous découvrent à chaque instant dans les villages de ces « places » où se trouvaient autrefois des bâtiments ; lorsqu’un meix sans bâtiment se rencontre hors du groupement des maisons on est à coup sûr en présence d’un habitat disparu. La clôture paraît être l’attribut essentiel du meix puisque clos et meix sont deux mots souvent employés indifféremment l’un pour l’autre par les contemporains. Or, à des dates aussi éloignées l’une de l’autre que 1618 et 1780, on rencontre un décimateur revendiquant son droit sur tous les meix « clos et non clos ». En 1618 les villages et hameaux de Saulon-la-Rue, Saulon-laChapelle, Fénay, Chevigny-Fénay, Domois et Layer sont assignés par l’abbaye de Saint-Bénigne qui, dans son mémoire, conclut que « les partyes assignées doibvent estre condampnées à payer la dixme tant en grains, orge, aveyne que aultre chose qui se lyent des meix scis ausd. lieux tant clos que non clos » 29. Mais déjà, dans la première moitié du XVI e s., des procès portés devant le juge de la baronnie de Pagny avaient attiré notre attention, en particulier celui où était impliqué « honorable homme Pierre Moreau du fait de prendre et choisir gens pour mectre des bosnes en son meix » 30 ; or on ne se livre pas à l’opération onéreuse du bornage sur une pièce fermée de haies ou de palissades mais seulement dans la campagne ouverte, dans le « plain ». ficiaient les meix primitifs ont dû inciter les villageois à étendre leur superficie ou à créer des meix nouveaux. Le procureur de l’abbaye de Cîteaux écrit que « le meix que possède led. Magnien riere Balon est en continance de 3 journaux et ainsi nul doubte qu’il n’ayt clos pour truster lesd. Vénérables de la dixme » 31. Quelques années après un arpentage du finage de Rouvres qui fut fait en 1680 un représentant de l’abbaye de Saint-Bénigne observe : « Il (l’arpenteur) a fait un estât des clos des maisons qui dès ce temps-là estoient très considérables et qui présentement se sont beaucoup augmentés » 32. A Argilly 33 un arrêt du Parlement relatif à une affaire de dîme distingue les meix formés depuis moins de trente ans, des meix anciens ; il contient défense de les agrandir, interdiction qui est la preuve d’une pratique répandue ; il n’y aura qu’un meix par maison. Une déclaration des dîmes de l’abbaye de Saint-Etienne à Rouvres mentionne « un petit meix qui étoit autrefois des terres de la fin de Marteloye » 34 et un second dans le même cas. A Chaugey, en 1733, un particulier refuse la dîme sur un pré de 7 journaux qu’il a mis en culture et clos ; ce pré était situé derrière son meix. Et vers 1750 le curé d’Aubigny-en-Plaine signale qu’outre les meix « qui sont aussi anciens que le village » il y en a « une demi-douzaine qui ayant été séparés de la fin, ont été construits comme les autres il y a environ trente ans » 35. Dans tous ces exemples le meix a été agrandi par prélèvement sur les terres du finage qui lui étaient contiguës. Des meix nouveaux peuvent être aussi le résultat d’un défrichement ; dans cette même déclaration des dîmes de Rouvres figure « un meix de 8 journaux dont Sept quartiers sont novales ». Evaluant les revenus du curé de Noiron-sous-Gevrey en exécution de l’édit de 1768 sur les portions congrues, les prudhommes désignés à cet effet comptent à part « les meix mis en terre labourable et défrichés » 36 ; ils couvrent au total 9 journaux et demi dont la dîme est évaluée 29 livres. 31. 11 H 609 (août 1665). — Balon, Cne Gerland, Con Nuits-SaintGeorges. 32. 1 H 1133. 33. Argilly, Con Nuits-Saint-Georges. 34. G 345 (2 mai 1786). 35. G 1038. 36. 73 H 1051. — Noiron-sous-Gevrey, Con Gevrey-Chambertin. 37. B2 29/133. — Belleneuve et Magny-Saint-Médard, Con Mirebeau. 12 L. Ligeron Au cours d’une enquête faite à Chaugey en 1607, un batelier de Saint-Jean-de-Losne appelé comme témoin déclarait que 25 ans plus tôt il avait été employé à lever la dîme de l’abbaye de Cîteaux et l’avoir fait « mesme en maiz clos et fermé depuis les corpaults seulement qui estoit une petite séparation desditz maiz despuis laquelle le dixme se levoit jusques au bout des aultres champs » 37. Sur ces « corpaults » nous sommes renseignés par un procèsverbal d’exécution de sentence dressé le 24 septembre 1612 par le lieutenant du baillage de Dijon : « Les corpaults qui sont paux racourcis et aplanis dessus, deçà et delà les soyes et bouchures servant comme descaliers pour passer et repasser par les gens de pied au travers desdits meix en tems de mauvais chemin » 38. Ces échaliers marquent la limite des meix anciens car ainsi que l’indique la sentence « ce qui est depuis les corpaults... demeurera du coté des bastiments exempt de dixme et des lesdits corpaults tirant contre les champs sujet au dixme ». Tous les meix anciens semblent s’être agrandis puisque le chemin courant primitivement autour du village est maintenant englobé dans ces meix. Les clos de vigne ont aussi tendance à s’agrandir ; celui de Bretagne par exemple à Mont-lès-Seurre augmenté de 4 ouvrées, celui de Philibert Arbaleste à Corgoloin qui passe de 4 à 20 ouvrées ; enfin à Gerland, en 1664, le fait que plusieurs habitants sont condamnés à payer la dîme de vin sur des meix nouveaux montre bien qu’ils avaient agrandi les meix primitifs 39. A. Meynier souligne que la clôture peut avoir « un sens avant tout abstrait, juridique, plus que concret »; il donne en exemple le mot « chiusa » qui en Italie s’applique à tout champ d’oliviers même si la clôture n’est pas matérialisée 40. Ainsi les paysans ont pu accorder à leurs meix non clos les mêmes attributs, les mêmes privilèges qu’à des clos. A l’origine la superficie des meix ne devait guère dépasser le journal. journal, de 3/4 de journal. Dans le même village, en 1786, on trouve trois meix de 8 journaux, 4 journaux, 2 journaux et demi et dans chacun un demi-journal est franc de dîme. A Chaugey à l’occasion du litige dont nous venons de parler on constate que des meix dépassent 5 journaux. A Noiron-sous-Gevrey le comte de Saulon est décimateur de nombreux meix qui tous dépassent 3 journaux. L’agrandissement des meix est à l’origine de longues chicanes entre certains habitants de Gerland et de Balon et le curé de la paroisse agissant comme amodiateur de l’abbaye de Citeaux. Une sentence de 1644 condamne un cordonnier de Nuits et un laboureur de Gerland, de leur consentement « a payer suivant leurs offres le dîme dont est question sur les terres adjoutées a leurs antiens meix » 42. Aussi le conseil de l’abbaye peut-il écrire : « estant vray de dire que les enclos n’ont este faicts pour la plus part qu’en fraude des seigneurs dixmiers ». Et le procureur de l’abbaye de Flavigny remarque que « si l’on avoit authorisé une semblable prétention (l’exemption des clos) le droit de dixme auroit été bientôt anéanti par tous ceux qui pour s’exempter de payer auroient fait des enclos et des vergers » 43. Les paysans n’ont pas été les seuls à étendre la notion de meix et de clos. Certains gros propriétaires, souvent des seigneurs, ayant enfermé une grande parcelle à proximité du château ou des bâtiments de la ferme ont revendiqué le bénéfice d’exemption ; mais les pièces des litiges et des procès ne nous permettent pas de juger du degré de bonne foi des intéressés. En 1656, M. d’Esbarres refuse la dîme sur une pièce de 100 journaux à Ruffey ; elle touche à son château et est entourée de fossés; l’abbaye de Saint-Bénigne obtient sans peine une sentence de condamnation qui ne semble pas avoir été portée en appel. En 1668 c’est la dame de Saulon qui a enclos 60 journaux sur lesquels elle a refusé la dîme ; mais nous ne savons pas si une suite a été donnée à l’affaire. Enfin, en 1715, c’est à Chevigny-Fénay un refus de dîme sur un enclos de 18 journaux enfermé de haie vive et emblavé de grains décimables 44. 14 L. Ligeron sanctionnée par le Parlement. Les décimateurs d’Argilly demandèrent comme limite un demi-journal ; le Parlement accorda deux journaux aux laboureurs, un aux manouvriers. Les religieux de Saint-Pierre de Flavigny demandaient en 1625 que « la continance de tous lesd. meix de Glanon et Auvillars fut réglée à la quantité de deux journaux pour estre exempts de la dixme » 45 ; cette demande était très modérée car il s’agissait de vigne, et un clos de cette étendue pouvait fournir en moyenne 12 à 13 hl de vin ce qui était supérieur aux besoins d’un ménage. En résumé les dimensions des meix telles qu’on peut les relever dans les documents sont extrêmement variables. Il n’est d’ailleurs pas possible de déterminer si l’augmentation des superficies est toujours en rapport avec l’exemption de dîme ; il est probable qu’elle n’a pas eu une cause unique. Il en est une autre que l’on peut supposer sans toutefois pouvoir fournir une preuve ferme : c’est la pratique de la culture continue. Nous avons tout lieu de penser que, lorsqu’elle s’est introduite, c’est dans les champs les plus proches du village ; réclamant, sauf sur les sols très riches, beaucoup de soins, beaucoup de fumure, c’est là qu’elle pouvait le plus facilement et le plus efficacement s’installer ; pour protéger ces cultures dérobées des méfaits du bétail errant sur la jachère en temps de vaine pâture, il était nécessaire de les entourer d’une clôture temporaire 46 ; quelle tentation de rendre celle-ci permanente et d’annexer la pièce au meix attenant ! D’autant que dans l’esprit du paysan la culture sur sombre ne devait pas subir le prélèvement décimal ; elle s’apparentait à la culture en clos. Les meix, même plantés d’arbres sur toute leur surface, sont cultivés. En 1609 à Chevigny-Fénay, une femme déclare « qu’elle a un meix audict lieu de Chevigny enclos et planté d’arbres auquel l’année dernière elle fit ensemencer environ un boisseau d’orge » 47. Au cours d’une enquête menée en 1760 à Saint-Seineen-Bâche un témoin dit » qu’il a vu semer dans les vergers quoi qu’il y eut des arbres, de la chenevière, d’autre fois du blé et du turquis » 48. Ces meix ou vergers ne peuvent être travaillés avec la charrue longue et encombrante sans risque de dégâts aux arbres ; ils le sont à la bêche et à la houe. dîme dans les meix, la distinction de ceux qui sont labourés de ceux qui sont bêchés est essentielle ; les premiers ne sont pas toujours soumis à la dîme, les seconds ne le sont jamais. A l’abbaye de Saint-Bénigne qui réclame en 1618 la dîme sur leurs meix, les habitants de Fénay opposent qu’en aucun d’eux on ne peut passer la charrue 49. Les habitants de Magny-Saint-Médard doivent la dîme dans les meix emblavés de grains décimables mais un témoin déclare « qu’il n’a jamais rien vu prendre... dans les enclos emplantés d’arbres dans lesquels on sème des bleds ou autres grains lorsqu’ils ne sont labourés qu’à la bêche ou à la pioche » 50. A Bretenière un commissaire des Requêtes du Palais envoyé pour enquêter sur une délicate affaire de dîme note en son rapport « que l’on n’a jamais perçu la dixme du turquis, menus grains et légumes semés ou plantés dans les terres rompues avec la bêche ou la pioche » 51 ; en 1730 le curé, évaluant le produit de ses dîmes, faisait la même remarque. Enfin, un état des clos de Ruffey dans lesquels le curé avait le droit de dîme indique pour chaque article : « labouré avec les bras » ou « labouré avec la charrue ». Dans d’autres lieux, si les décimateurs ou autres ne parlent pas des meix bêchés, ils précisent que le droit de dîme s’applique aux enclos labourés ; ainsi à Chaugey en 1607, à Longeault et Collonge-lès-Premières, à Fénay où un bourgeois « qui a eu la dixme pendant l’espace de dix-huit ans a perçu led. droit... sur tous les enclos quand ils étaient labourés avec la charrue » 52. Le motif de l’exemption des meix travaillés à la bêche a peut-être sa source dans une assimilation de ces lopins aux jardins. Bien entendu cette franchise n’est pas admise par tous les décimateurs ; un particulier de Jailly-les-Moulins où la dîme des menus grains est due, ayant cultivé des pois dans son verger est poursuivi par l’abbaye de Flavigny. Les Chartreux de Dijon proclament hautement : « Nous tenons pour principe de droit que de quelque manière qu’un héritage soit cultivé la dixme n’en est pas moins due toutes les fois qu’il porte un fruit décimable » 53. 16 L. Ligeron La culture des gros grains dans les meix a été l’un des prétextes à l’introduction et à la généralisation de la dîme. Innombrables sont les exemples de cette pratique ; aussi peut-on la considérer comme ancienne et générale. Ce sont probablement les plus dépourvus de terre qui l’ont introduite ; celui qui n’en avait pas d’autre que celle de son meix était tenté d’y semer tout ce qui était nécessaire aux besoins de sa famille. Quant au froment que l’on y trouve souvent n’était-il pas destiné à la vente pour procurer l’argent nécessaire au payement des redevances et de la taille plutôt qu’à la fabrication du pain ? Cependant un mémoire intéressant Fauverney paraît montrer que la culture des gros grains dans les clos n’est pas toujours le fait des plus démunis ; après avoir parlé de la dimension des clos estimée entre 1/8® de journal et un demi-journal, l’auteur ajoute : « dans ces petits clos les possesseurs qui sont la plupart des pauvres manouvriers y sèment un peu de turquis, de pois ou de navette... Il y a enfin d’autre clos pareillement attenant aux maisons mais plus considérables et qui s’ensemencent ordinairement de froment, conceau, avoine et autres gros grains » 55. Les textes dont nous disposons ne permettent pas toujours de savoir si les cultures d’hiver et de printemps sont alternées d’année à autre, si le meix est partagé en deux parties ou si aucun rythme n’est respecté. Lorsque le curé de Rouvres signale en 1788 que l’un de ses paroissiens a refusé la dîme sur « un meix et enclos » ensemencé de froment on peut penser que ce clos ne contient pas autre chose ; il faudrait savoir aussi ce qu’il contenait l’année précédente. A Layer-le-Franc on a récolté dans le meix d’un nommé Mingot « 34 douzaines de gerbes de froment, 20 douzaines de gerbes d’avoine, outre ce 15 mesures de navette et il reste dans l’héritage un journal tant chenevière que turquis » 56 ; ce propriétaire met donc un peu de tout dans son clos qui devait être de belle taille. De même à Saulon où, après avoir énuméré les meix, le décimateur ajoute : « toutes les terres cidessus sont ensemancées tous les ans tant en bled que orge, turquet et chenevière » 57. Certains textes indiquent sans doute possible l’existence d’un assolement. temps qu’ilz seront semez de bled, d’orge, d’avoine ou aultres grains qui se lient » ce qui implique une alternance gros grains, menus grains. La preuve est plus nette à Fauverney : « Véritablement il y a des enclos qui sont réglés avec les saisons qui se dixment comme la saison qu’ils dépendent » 58 ; et aussi à MagnySaint-Médard où un témoin déclare qu’il a vu le curé prendre la dîme dans tous les enclos « sur les bleds, orge, avoine et chenevières, que ces dixmes ne sont dues que de deux années de trois et qu’il n’en est point du la troisième année appelée sombre quoique l’on sème cette troisième année des turquis et des haricots et millets et camomille sur lesquelles il n’a jamais vu dixmer » ; un autre témoin confirme : « Il n’y a point d’enclos où le curé n’ait pris la dixme en bled l’année que l’on y en sème et d’orge et d’avoine suivant les épies que l’on fait dans les dits enclos » 59. Citons enfin ce bail d’un meix situé à Bessey-lèsCîteaux, conclu le 31 mars 1772 et contenant cette clause : « Sera tenu l’adjudicataire de cultiver led. meix selon ses épies; et saisons convenables » 60. S’il ne s’agit pas d’un stéréotype réservé aux locations de terres labourables et employé à contre-sens par le scribe, on trouve ici l’affirmation d’un rythme de culture que l’on pensait ne concerner que le finage. La question de la dîme dans les clos de vigne devait provoquer les mêmes conflits que celle de la dîme des grains d’autant plus que dans le vignoble les lopins étaient souvent entourés de murettes. Aussi dans un procès avec Auvillars et Glanon, l’abbaye de Flavigny croit bon de préciser que « les mots de meix et clos se dévoient entendre des meix enfermés contigus et joinans les maisons et que encore sont propres à ceux a qui appartiennent lesd. maisons et non des vignes que sont en plaine campagne enfermés de pallis et hayes et comme ausd. villages la plus part des vignes commensoient derrière le logis et suivent par contrée que la continence desd. meix et clos devoit estre réglée à deux journaux qu’est plus qu’il ne falloit » 61. Pour parler plus clairement, dans le vignoble on ne sait où finissent les meix et où commence le finage. 18 L. Ligeron point depuis qu’ils sont en vigne » 62. A Fauverney, non seulement le nommé Jean Bartet a refusé la dîme sur un meix d’un journal et demi, planté de vigne depuis six ans et qui auparavant payait la dîme, mais à la sommation du chapitre de Saint-Etienne de Dijon a répondu « qu’il ne demandoit pas mieux que Messieurs du chapitre le fissent assigner » 63 ; nous ignorons ce que fut la suite. A Argilly, Mont, Broin, Gevrey les querelles furent beaucoup plus âpres ; dans le premier village, alors que la communauté demandait l’exemption de tous les meix « emplantés de vignes, semez de chanvre, navette et autres » 64 , l’arrêt intervenu le 22 août 1732 traitait des meix semés de gros et menus grains sans faire allusion aux vignes. A Mont-lès-Seurre ne furent aux prises que le curé et un notable de Seurre, Claude Bretagne ; l’arrêt du Parlement suit la sentence du baillage rural de Seurre : Bretagne paiera la dîme sur son meix d’un journal et demi, mais deux ouvrées « pour servir à l’utilité de la maison dud. Bretagne » 65 seront franches. A Broin, dans l’instance née du refus de dîme opposé par un marchand sur un meix d’un demi-journal emblavé de maïs, la communauté avait pris parti et posé la question de la dîme de vin. L’arrêt intervenu du 7 août 1692 avait condamné « le particulier et lesd. habitans a payer la dixme du vin des meix et des grains décimables de tous les meix antiens dud. lieu a la réserve des clos en nature de vergers et potagers » 66. Mais c’est à Gevrey comme il fallait s’y attendre, que la querelle fut la plus ardente et la plus longue. L’affaire avait débuté vers 1670 par un refus de dîme opposé au chapitre de Langres par « Dame Françoise Ferraud, veuve d’Antoine Lopin maître des Comptes ». Une sentence des Requêtes du Palais l’avait condamnée à payer la dîme des années 1669 et 1670 mais en déduisant un demijournal déclaré franc. Sur ce chef le chapitre avait fait appel et la communauté était intervenue pour demander « que tous les meix anciens clos ou non clos, joignant ou non joignant les maisons fussent déclarés exempts de dime ». décida que les meix devraient la dîme mais en seraient exempts ceux plantés en légumes et dans lesquels se trouveraient quelques treilles 67. Le litige rebondit un demi-siècle plus tard ; une instance fut introduite sur plusieurs chefs parmi lesquels la question de la dîme des meix. Elle fut réglée par un arrêt du 30 janvier 1748 déclarant « qu’il appartient au chapitre de Langres la dixme tant en grain que vin sur toute l’étendue du finage mesme la dixme de vin sur ceux qui sont recueillis dans les anciens meix clos et non clos joignant ou non joignant les maisons » 68. Si l’on examine l’ensemble des décisions de justice que nous avons eu l’occasion de citer, on a vite fait de s’apercevoir que la jurisprudence était hostile à l’exemption des meix. Parmi les arrêts dont nous avons eu connaissance, un seul est favorable aux propriétaires ; c’est celui qui fut rendu le 4 février 1672 entre le curé de Longepierre et ses paroissiens. Une sentence du baillage de Chalon condamnant les possesseurs de meix à en payer la dîme avait d’abord été confirmée par un arrêt du 27 juin 1656. Mais les habitants avaient refusé de l’exécuter et s’étaient pourvus devant « les sieurs députés pour la vérification des debtes des communautés » c’est-à-dire en fait devant l’intendant. Un nouvel arrêt du 30 septembre 1666 leur ordonnait de poursuivre l’instance devant la cour cependant qu’en 1667 l’intendant prononçait un jugement provisoire renvoyant les parties devant son subdélégué mais par provision adjugeait la dîme au curé. Enfin, cinq ans plus tard, la Cour, par un arrêt définitif, renvoyait le curé de sa demande de la dîme sur les meix 69. Nous avons cru devoir résumer toute cette procédure car nous pensons que les habitants de Longepierre ont bénéficié du conflit permanent de compétence entre Parlement et Intendance et non de la sollicitude des conseillers. Les autres jugements sont défavorables à des degrés divers d’où une jurisprudence qui ne paraît pas avoir de principe directeur. Parfois s’affirme l’identification des meix et du finage ; ainsi dans une sentence du baillage de Dijon du 27 novembre 1688 condamnant plusieurs particuliers de Saulon-la-Chapelle à payer la dîme de tous les grains et sur toutes les terres : le terrier 67. G 1082. 68. G 1082. — Pour P. 20 L. Ligeron employait l’expression « en et par tout le parriochage » 70. Les Requêtes condamnent de même un habitant d’Auvillars à payer la dîme des grains décimables ensemencés « tant dans son ancien meix clos ou non clos proche ou éloigné de sa maison » 71. Dans un arrêt contre un apothicaire de Seurre pour un meix situé à Bagnot, la Cour ordonne de faire preuve de l’exemption, donc juge que celle-ci ne se présume pas 72. Mais au sujet d’un clos situé à Broin 73 , d’un autre situé à Mont-lès-Seurre 74 , bien que les défendeurs offrent de faire preuve de l’exemption, la Cour passe outre et les condamne à payer la dîme. Le juge de Bonnencontre, sous le seul motif que le terrier ne prévoit pas d’exemption, condamne un particulier du lieu. Le juge de Renève fait de même à l’égard d’un laboureur dont le fermier des dîmes dit que « c’est un paysan aisé et dès lors un insolent » 75. La rigueur des décimateurs se tempère dans certains cas en acceptant la franchise des meix anciens ; l’abbaye de SaintBénigne, tant à Ruffey en 1656 qu’à Barges en 1663 et à Saulon en 1688 ne réclame rien sur les meix clos de toute ancienneté. Le juge de Gerland ne se prononce définitivement en faveur des décimateurs que pour les meix ajoutés aux anciens ; pour ces derniers il ordonne de faire preuve de leur exemption ; le baillage de Nuits admet celle-ci en 1644 ; mais l’abbaye de Cîteaux, portant directement l’affaire au conseil du roi en vertu de son privilège d’évocation, les deux défendeurs se résignent en 1664 à accepter de payer la dîme sur tous les meix anciens et nouveaux 76. Le décimateur d’Aubigny-en-Plaine admet que sur les anciens meix joignant les bâtiments on ne lèvera que « demi-dixme » tandis que les meix nouveaux et tous ceux qui sont séparés des maisons payeront le taux normal 77. Par un autre biais les jugements reconnaissent l’exemption des anciens meix en accordant une franchise partielle : à Corgengoux, 4 ouvrées soit un demi-journal compris le jardin et le verger (arrêt du 2 mai 1693), à Mont-lès-Seurre, 2 ouvrées (arrêt du 17 juillet 1696). Ajoutons que la faible superficie des enclos est parfois pour les conseils des décimateurs un motif de ne rien 70. 1 H 799. 71. exiger ; ainsi à Pouillenay : « il y a une considération qui devroit faire prononcer sur l’exemption de dixme de l’enclos de Ligier quand l’usage seroit de dixmer sur les enclos, c’est sa petite continence » 79 . et à Ruffey où c’est le conseil du seigneur qui parle : « on est persuadé de la justice du seigneur qui ne voudra point part à la dixme que le curé exige induement sur les chanvres semés et recueillis dans des jardins et meix d’une aussi petite continance » 79 . Mais les tribunaux montraient moins de libéralité ; Besancenot de Broin est condamné tant au baillage qu’au Parlement à payer la dîme sur un meix d’un demi-journal. La jurisprudence donc n’est pas favorable à la franchise des clos ; dans un cas seulement nous avons vu un juge rechercher l’usage : c’est au baillage de Saint-Bénigne en 1711 au sujet d’une instance née à Longvic 80 . Les juridictions tranchent comme si l’édit, non enregistré, de février 1657, avait force de loi ; un avocat le cite comme tel dans ses conclusions. Si la dîme des menus grains n’est pas due dans les champs du finage elle n’est pas exigée dans les clos ; mais les gros grains ne sont jamais épargnés. En cherchant les causes de l’introduction de la dîme dans les clos nous en entrevoyons deux. C’est d’abord la désagrégation du manse qui aboutit, en matière de redevances assises à l’origine sur un foyer, à l’égalation dont le but est de répartir l’unique prestation primitive sur tous les possesseurs. Les habitants de Chaugey et de Maison-Dieu, poursuivis dès 1603 en payement de la dîme sur leurs meix, rétorquent « que ces meix étoient sujets à clôture, cense et amende, que la plupart étoient les places où étoient auparavant des maisons ruinées par les guerres et qui payoient les charges réelles au prieur de Losne » 81 . En 1554 les villages d’Orgeux, Varois, Chaignot, Coutemon et Saint-Apollinaire reconnaissaient devoir la dîme à l’abbaye de Saint-Bénigne mais « sans attoucher aux meix et halles d’iceux qui doibvent les bichets et la redevance appelée double solz » 82 . Enfin Jean Nicquet de Corgoloin refuse la dîme « sur des baptimens enclos et vignes... parce que lesdicts enclos, vignes et baptimens sont chargés d’un cense de 7 sols » 83. 78. 6 H 401 (9 avril 1693). 79. E 207 (s.d. vers 1725). 80. B2 1025/16 (10 janvier 1711). 81. 11 H 806 (mémoire de 1745). 82. 1 H 678. — Tous ces villages sont du canton de Dijon-Est. 83. E 1213 (5 novembre 1670). 22 L. Ligeron Pour l’avocat chargé des intérêts de l’abbaye de Flavigny cette corrélation entre le payement d’une redevance et l’exemption de la dîme est une « imagination ». Il écrivait dans un mémoire de 1733 : « Ils s’imaginoient (comme plusieurs personnes de la campagne font encore aujourd’hui) qu’un héritage chargé d’un cens envers le Décimateur n’est point et ne peut être sujet à la prestation de la dime » 84. Quoi qu’il en soit, puisque à l’aube de l’époque moderne et plus tard, le payement d’une redevance sur le meix est une cause d’exemption de la dîme, est-il permis de conclure que si, après égalation, le meix est libéré de toute redevance, il apparaît alors comme sujet à la dîme ? Cette compensation impliquerait l’hypothèse d’une origine commune aux redevances seigneuriales et à la dîme. Il n’est pas indifférent de noter que dans l’exposé de l’affaire où est impliqué Jean Nicquet il est écrit : « Les baptimens, enclos et vignes sur lesquels lesd. admodiateurs demandent le dixme par forme de redevance ». Toujours à Corgoloin en 1678 la veuve Morizot pour refuser la dîme sur un meix de vigne se réfère à un acte de 1547 par lequel le seigneur « fit vente et remise au possesseur du meix des redevances, corvées, gélines et autres droits » 85. La seconde explication surgit lorsque l’on constate que dans beaucoup de lieux la dîme des meix appartient aux curés 86. Parfois comme à Rouvres et à Bretenière le droit du curé ne va pas plus loin. Lorsque les dîmès des paroisses étaient entièrement accaparées par les gros décimateurs, que ceux-ci n’avaient qu’une obligation morale et non juridique de fournir aux desservants un « gros » convenable, il est possible que les paroissiens, sollicités ou non par leur pasteur, aient versé volontairement une part de la récolte de leur clos ; par cette brèche la dîme obligatoire se serait introduite. C’est un des processus par lesquels s’est répandu le droit de dîme sur les menus grains ; mais si dans le cas de ces derniers nous avons des textes qui sont presque des preuves, il n’en va pas de même pour la dîme des clos. Pour conclure, reconnaissons qu’à la veille de la Révolution il ne restait pas grand-chose de la franchise des meix ; mais reconnaissons également que souvent ceux-ci avaient perdu leur caractère 84. 6 H 510. La dîme dans les clos 23 de fournisseurs aux besoins des ménages ; ils remplissaient un rôle économique comme les champs du finage. Enfin, nous assistons en la matière à un phénomène constant à la fin de l’Ancien Régime : la tendance à l’unification donc à la simplification ; du même ordre que la suppression du droit particulier des novales, le cantonnement des « dixmeries », et, pour les droits seigneuriaux, le rachat des corvées, des banalités, parfois aussi la réduction de tous les cens à une somme fixe par unité de surface. Mais pour le sujet qui nous occupe, la conséquence de l’unification pesait sur les plus démunis. Louis Ligeron. DISCUSSIONS ET DOCUMENTS Pour l’histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne et des Etats « bourguignons » (1315-1493). — XVIII. Un compte de la recette générale de Jean sans Peur retrouvé à Dijon M. M. Mollat a publié, en annexe à sa récente édition des comptes généraux de l’état bourguignon de 1416 à 1420 S une liste des comptes de la recette générale des Finances parvenus jusqu’à nous. Les lecteurs, peu familiers des archives « bourguignonnes », auront dû éprouver quelque surprise à parcourir ce tableau où quatorze lacunes seulement sont à déplorer entre 1384 et 1477, alors que seules des épaves des comptes de la recette générale des rois de France sont parvenues jusqu’à nous 1 2 . Encore faut-il ajouter que ces lacunes peuvent être parfois comblées : j’ai montré ailleurs que le compte général de l’année 1456, qu’on croyait perdu, était conservé à l’état de fragments à la Bibliothèque royale de Belgique 3 . J’aimerais signaler aujourd’hui une nouvelle trouvaille : le premier compte de la recette générale du duc Jean sans Peur, qui repose aux Archives départementales de la Côted’Or à Dijon 4. 1. Comptes généraux de l’état bourguignon entre 1416 et 1420 publiés par M. Mollat avec le concours de M.R. Favreau, sous la direction de R. Fawtier. Paris, I, 1965. (Recueil des Historiens de la France. Documents financiers, 3). 2. Voir F. Lot et R. Fawtier, Le premier budget de la monarchie française. Paris, 1932 ; B.A. Pocquet du Haut-Jusse, Le compte de Pierre Gorremont, receveur général du royaume (1418-1420) dans Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes, 98, 1937, p. 66-98 et 232-282. 3. P. Cockshaw, Fragments d’un compte de la recette générale de Bourgogne conservés à Bruxelles (B.R. Il 2756) dans Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique, 37, 1966, p. 241-244. Ce compte est aujourd’hui conservé à Bruxelles, Arch. Gén. du Royaume, CC 1966 bis. 4. Cette trouvaille n’est cependant pas une découverte et M. B.A. Pocquet du Haut-Jussé paraît bien avoir reconnu dans ce document un compte de la recette générale des Finances. Mais il a procédé de manière allusive et n’a jamais affirmé clairement la chose. Un compte de la recette générale 25 Mais le rappel de quelques faits aidera peut-être à mieux comprendre. Le duc de Bourgogne, Philippe le Hardi, meurt à Hal le 16 juin 1404, et Jean Chousat, son receveur général des Finances, cesse très naturellement ses fonctions à cette date 5. Le duc défunt laissait une veuve, Marguerite de Flandre, et trois fils : Jean, Antoine et Philippe. Or, si le duché de Bourgogne lui appartenait en propre, il n’était comte de Flandre, d’Artois et de Bourgogne que par sa femme. D’autre part, il y avait les duchés de Brabant et de Limbourg avec, à leur tête, la vieille duchesse Jeanne, presque nonagénaire, terres qui devaient revenir à la maison de Bourgogne. De quelle façon pouvait donc s’opérer dans ces conditions cette succession embrouillée ? Elle se fit, et fort bien, en respectant scrupuleusement les clauses du testament du 27 septembre 1401 par lequel le duc Philippe et la duchesse Marguerite avaient disposé de leurs biens et de leurs espérances entre leurs trois fils. Il était prévu dans cet acte que si le duc venait à disparaître avant son épouse Marguerite, leurs trois fils étant toujours en vie, Jean, l’aîné, hériterait du duché et du comté de Bourgogne ainsi que de la seigneurie de Salins. A la mort de sa mère, il recevrait en outre les comtés de Flandre et d’Artois ainsi que la seigneurie de Malines, mais abandonnerait alors le comté de Nevers et la baronnie de Donzy à son frère cadet, Philippe. Quant à Antoine, il devait succéder à la duchesse Jeanne dans les duchés de Brabant et de Limbourg et recevoir la châtellenie d’Anvers et l’Outre-Meuse. Mais si son père et sa mère mouraient avant la vieille duchesse de Brabant, il obtiendrait d abord les comtés d’Artois et de Rethel jusqu’à son accession au pouvoir en Brabant, moment où il abandonnerait l’Artois à son frère aîné, Jean, et le comté de Rethel à son cadet, Philippe 6. Ce testament fut respecté : la duchesse Marguerite continua à diriger la Flandre et l’Artois 7 , Antoine s’occupa du Brabant en qualité de régent et Jean devint duc et comte de Bourgogne. 26 P. Cockshaw le duc Philippe le Hardi que sous le poids des circonstances. Les accroissements territoriaux successifs avaient en effet rendu impossible le maniement de deniers provenant de recettes de plus en plus éloignées géographiquement par le seul receveur de Bourgogne, et le duc s’était vu contraint, après avoir déchargé, en 1386, Amiot Arnaut de ses doubles fonctions de receveur général des Finances et de receveur de Bourgogne, de nommer Oudot Douay receveur de Bourgogne alors que Pierre du Celier devenait receveur général des Finances 8 . Le duc Jean sans Peur n’exerçant son autorité de juin 1404 à mars 1405 (mort de sa mère) que sur les seuls territoires bourguignons, la nécessité de désigner un receveur général des Finances n’existait plus. Mais plutôt que de charger, comme l’avait fait son père, le receveur de Bourgogne de s’occuper aussi de la recette générale, le nouveau duc préféra confier ce soin au maître de la chambre aux deniers 9 . Le choix de ce fonctionnaire peut paraître curieux, puisque le comte de Nevers avait désigné le 25 octobre 1400 un gouverneur de ses finances en la personne de Regnaudin Doriac et que ce dernier percevait depuis lors une pension 10 . Pourtant, la mention marginale du compte de la recette générale commençant le 5 novembre 1405 est formelle : si le receveur général désigné a bien été Regnaudin Doriac, les comptes ont été tenus par Jean de Velery seul u. 8. Dijon, ADCO, B 1467 : Compte de la rec. gén. des Finances, 22-1-1387 au 31-1-1398 ; Dijon, ADCO, B 1465 : Compte de la rec. de Bourgogne, 1-6-1386 au 1-6-1387. 9. « C’est assavoir que Jehan de Velery, maistre de la chambre aux deniers, a esté par avant comis a la dicte recepte generale et en a compté par ses comptes de la chambre aux deniers » (Dijon, ADCO, B 1543, f. 7 r, note marginale : Rec. Gén. des Finances, 5-11-1405 au 19-11-1406). Jean de Velery fut désigné comme maître de la chambre aux deniers par lettres patentes du 20 avril 1398 (Dijon, ADCO, B 5518, f. 1 r) et occupa ces fonctions jusqu’à la mort de son maître, le 10 septembre 1419. 10. Dijon, ADCO, B 5519, f. 32 v ; , B 5520, f. 84 r ; —, B 1543, f 69 v : « A Regnauldin Doriac conseillier de mon dit seigneur auquel mon dit seigneur eust pieca ordonné la somme de IIIc frans de pension par an pour la charge qu’il avoit lors d’entendre au gouvernement des finances de mon dit seigneur tant qu’il avoit la dicte charge. Et pour ce que mon dit seigneur a deschargé le dit Regnauldin de la charge dessus dicte pour Pemploier en ses autres besoingnes et affaires... » le duc décide par ses lettres patentes données à Paris le 8 janvier 1406 de maintenir cette pension. Retenu plus tard maître à la chambre des comptes de Paris, R. Doriac devint en 1420 argentier du roi Charles VI puis, le 9 septembre 1421, maître de la Chambre aux deniers du roi avant de prêter serment, en avril 1427, en qualité de trésorier et de général des Finances de France (L. Douet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’hôtel des rois de France au XIV e et XV e siècles, p. 270-271 ; — , Nouveau recueil de comptes de l’Argenterie des rois de France, p. XLVII). 11. C’est également la remarque que formule B.A. Pocquet du HautJussÉ, Les chefs des finances ducales de Bourgogne sous Philippe le Hardi et Jean sans Peur (1363 à 1419) dans Mémoires de la Société pour l’histoire du droit et des institutions des anciens pays bourguignons, 4, 1937, p. 54-55. Un compte de la recette générale 27 Plusieurs comptes, rendus par ce receveur à la chambre des comptes de Dijon, sont conservés aujourd’hui encore aux archives départementales de la Côte-d’Or, mais perdus au milieu de recettes locales, sous la mention : « Nivernais (comté de) : Chambre aux deniers » 12. Le dernier de ces comptes n’est pas seulement un compte de la chambre aux deniers, mais est aussi le compte de la recette générale des Finances, comme en témoigne son incipit : « Compte IIIP de Jehan de Velery, maistre de la chambre aux deniers de monseigneur le duc de Bourgoingne, conte de Flandres, d’Artoiz et de Bourgoingne, par avant conte de Nevers et baron de Donzi et commis de par icellui seigneur a recevoir toutes ses finances des receptes et mises faictes par ledit Jehan a cause desdiz offices commencans le premier jour de janvier mil quatrecens et deux et finissant le derrain jour de juing mil quatrecens et cinq ensvant, tous inclux... » 13 , intitulé qui montre que Jean de Velery exerça les fonctions de receveur général au moins jusqu’au 30 juin 1405. Mais un mandement ducal du 11 juillet de la même année le désigne toujours comme « maistre de nostre chambre aux deniers et commis a la recepte generale de noz finances » 14 et nous permet de supposer que Jean de Velery put exercer les fonctions de receveur jusqu’au 5 novembre 1405, moment où la recette générale fut remise à l’ancien receveur Jean Chousat 1S. Nous avons conservé, nous l’avons dit, plusieurs comptes rendus par Jean de Velery, en qualité de maître à la chambre aux deniers. Il nous a paru intéressant de comparer un de ces comptes, qui couvre une période de deux ans 16 au compte que nous venons de décrire pour examiner si une différence apparaît et dans l’ordonnance et dans la masse financière. On observera tout d’abord que les sources de revenus paraissent assez différentes. La recette de Bourgogne représente 65 % du total des recettes en 1401-1402, et 45 % seulement en 1403-1405. Au contraire, les dons de joyeuse entrée consentis par les villes et les prêts accordés au nouveau duc représentent 54 % des recettes en 14031405 ; ils sont inexistants en 1401-1402. Quant aux dons royaux qui 12. Dijon, ADCO, B 5518 à B 5520. 28 P. Cockshaw RECETTES 17 B 5519 B 5520 Recette Bourgogne .... 49 100 F 46 582 F Trésorier du duc 1 000 F — Recette gén. des Finances 1 910 F 711 F 18 Recette aides France .. 4 400 F — Epargne royale 16 000 F — Trésorier de France .. 1 000 F — Bailliage de Mâcon et sénéchaussée de Lyon 1 133 F — Vente de vins 108 F — Dons et prêts — i 1 206 1 par. de 16 s l le franc. 3.505 1 de 40 g la livre. i 41 1 de 20 s le 1 franc, f 5 679 écus. 44 884 F. Total 74 685 F 104 058 F représentaient près de 30 % des recettes dans le compte de 14011402, ils ne sont plus mentionnés dans celui de 1403-1405. Enfin, en ce qui concerne les montants, on note dans le compte de 1403-1405, une augmentation d’environ 10 % par rapport au compte précédent, augmentation qui, si elle n’est pas négligeable, reste cependant assez faible si l’on songe que le compte de 1401-1402 est celui du maître de la chambre aux deniers du comte de Nevers, et celui de 1403-1405, le compte de la recette générale du duc de Bourgogne ! La différence essentielle entre les deux comptes en ce qui concerne les dépenses ne réside pas tellement, on le voit, dans l’ordonnance (absence des « Deniers baillés a ceux qui en doivent compter » et du payement des dettes du duc Philippe dans le compte de 1401-1402 qui contient par contre un chapitre de change et perte de monnaie, absent du compte de 1403-1405) 19 , que dans le montant. La dépense 17. J’ai systématiquement arrondi les totaux au franc ou à livre négligeant les sous et les deniers. 18. Solde du compte clôturé le 16 juin 1404. 19. Ces absences sont d’ailleurs parfaitement explicables : si le chapitre « Change et Perte de monnaie » fait défaut dans le compte de 1403-1405, c’est que toutes les recettes, toutes les rentrées sont d’origine exclusivement bourguignonne ; de même, Jean sans Peur ne pouvait pas, en 1401-1402, commencer à rembourser les dettes de son père qui vivait encore. Un compte de la recette générale 29 DEPENSES Chambre aux deniers ..
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Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919 | Greene, F. V. (Francis Vinton), 1850-1921
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The order for landing was immediately given, and at 1.30 P.M. the boats left the ship with a party of 42 men under the command of Lieut. -Commander H. M. Witzel, with Midshipman J. P. Jackson as second in command. Time being pressing I gave verbal orders to Mr. Witzel to take the building above referred to, to put it into the best state of de- fence possible, and protect the lives of the citizens assembled there — not firing unless fired upon. The women and children took refuge on the German steamer Marcommna and Panama Railroad steamer City of Washington, both ready to haul out from dock if necessary. The Nashville I got under way and patrolled with her along the water front close in and ready to use either small-arm or shrapnel fire. The Colombians surrounded the building of the railroad company almost immediately after we had taken possession, and for about one and a half hours their attitude was most threatening, it being seemingly their purpose to provoke an attack. Hap- And State Papers 733 pily our men were cool and steady, and, while the tension was very great, no shot was fired. At al30ut 3.15 P.M. Colonel Torres came into the building for an interview and expressed himself as most friendly to Americans, claiming that the whole affair was a misapprehension and that he would like to send the alcalde of Colon to Panama to see General Tobal and have him direct the discontinuance of the show of force. A special train was furnished and safe conduct guaranteed. At about 5.30 p.m. Colonel Torres made the proposition of withdrawing his troops to Monkey Hill, if I would withdraw the Nashznlle's force and leave the town in possession of the police until the return of the alcalde on the morning of the 5th. After an interview with the United States consul and Colonel Shaler as to the probability of good faith in the matter, I decided to accept the proposition and brought my men on board, the disparity in numbers between my force and that of the Colombians, nearly ten to one, mak- ing me desirous of avoiding a conflict so long as the object in view, the protection of American citizens, was not imperiled. I am positive that the determined attitude of our men, their coolness and evident intention of stand- ing their ground, had a most salutary and decisive effect on the immediate situation, and was the initial step in the ultimate abandoning of Colon by these troops and their return to Cartagena the following day. Lieutenant-Commander Witzel is entitled to much praise for his admirable work in command on the spot. 734 Presidential Addresses I feel that I can not sufficiently strongly represent to the Department the grossness of this outrage and the insult to our dignity, even apart from the sav- agery of the threat. Very respectfully, John Hubbard, Commander, U. S. Navy, Commanding. The Secretary of the Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. In his letter of November 8 Commander Hubbard sets forth the facts more in detail : U. S. S. Nashville, Third Rate, Porto Bello, U. S. Colombia, November 8, igo^ Sir : I . I have the honor to make the following report of the occurrences which took place at Colon and Panama in the interval between the arrival of the Nashville at Colon on the evening of November 2, 1903, and the evening of November 5, 1903, when by the arrival of the U. S. S. Dixie at Colon I was relieved as senior officer by Commander F. H. Delano, U. S. Navy. 2. At the time of the arrival of the Nashville at Colon at 5.30 P.M. on November 2 everything on the Isthmus was quiet. There was talk of proclaim- ing the independence of Panama, but no definite ac- tion had been taken and there had been no disturb- ance of peace and order. At daylight on the morn- ing of November 3' it was found that a vessel which had come in during the night was the Colombian And State Papers 735 gunboat Cartagena carrying between 400 and 500 troops. I had her boarded and learned that these troops were for the garrison at Panama. Inasmuch as the Independent party had not acted and the Gov- ernment of Colombia was at the time in undisputed control of the Province of Panama, I did not feel, in the absence of any instructions, that I was justi- fied in preventing the landing of these troops, and at 8.30 o'clock they were disembarked. The com- manding officers, Generals Amaya and Tobal, with four others, immediately went over to Panama to make arrangements for receiving and quartering their troops, leaving the command in charge of an officer whom I later learned to be Colonel Torres. The Department's message addressed to the care of the United States consul I received at 10.30 a.m. ; it was delivered to one of the ship's boats while I was at the consul's and not to the consul as ad- dressed. The message was said to have been re- ceived at the cable office at 9.30 a.m. Immediately on deciphering the message I went on shore to see what arrangements the railroad company had made for the transportation of these troops to Panama, and learned that the company would not transport them except on request of the Governor of Panama, and that the prefect at Colon and the officer left in command of the troops had been so notified by the general superintendent of the Panama Railroad Company. I remained at the company's office until it was sure that no action on my part would be needed to prevent the transportation of the troops that afternoon, when I returned on board and cabled 73^ Presidential Addresses the Department the situation of affairs. At about 5.30 P.M. I again went on shore, and received notice from the general superintendent of the railroad that he had received the request for the transportation of the troops and that they would leave on the 8 a.m. train on the following day. I immediately went to see the general superintendent, and learned that it had just been announced that a provisional govern- ment had been established at Panama — that Gen- erals Amaya and Tobal, the Governor of Panama, and four officers, who had gone to Panama in the morning, had been seized and were held as prison- ers; that they had an organized force of 1,500 troops and wished the government troops in Colon to be sent over. This I declined to permit, and verbally prohibited the general superintendent from giving transportation to the troops of either party. It being then late in the evening, I sent early in the morning of November 4 written notification to the general superintendent of the Panama Railroad, to the prefect of Colon, and to the officer left in command of the Colombian troops, later ascertained to be Colonel Torres, that I had prohibited the trans- portation of troops in either direction, in order to preserve the free and uninterrupted transit of the Isthmus. Copies of these letters are hereto ap- pended ; also copy of my notification to the consul. Except to a few people, nothing was known in Colon of the proceedings in Panama until the arrival of the train at 10.45 on the morning of the 4th. Some propositions were, I was later told, made to Colonel And State Papers 737 Torres by the representatives of the new Govern- ment at Colon, with a view to inducing him to re- embark in the Cartagena and return to the port of Cartagena, and it was in answer to this proposition that Colonel Torres made the threat and took the action reported in my letter No. 96, of November 5, 1903. The Cartagena left the port just after the threat was made, and I did not deem it expedient to attempt to detain her, as such action would cer- tainly, in the then state of affairs, have precipitated a conflict on shore which I was not prepared to meet. It is my understanding that she returned to Carta- gena. After the withdrawal of the Colombian troops on the evening of November 4, and the re- turn of the Nashville's force on board, as reported in my letter No. 96, there was no disturbance on shore, and the night passed quietly. On the morn- ing of the 5th I discovered that the commander of the Colombian troops had not withdrawn so far from the town as he had agreed, but was occupying buildings near the outskirts of the town. I imme- diately inquired into the matter and learned that he had some trivial excuse for not carrying out his agreement, and also that it was his intention to oc- cupy Colon again on the arrival of the alcalde due at 10.45 A.M., unless General Tobal sent word by the alcalde that he. Colonel Torres, should with- draw. That General Tobal had declined to give any instructions I was cognizant of, and the situa- tion at once became quite as serious as on the day previous. I immediately landed an armed force, reoccupied the same building; also landed two i- 15— Vol. XIV 73^ Presidential Addresses pounders and mounted them on platform cars behind protection of cotton bales, and then in company with the United States consul had an interview with Colonel Torres, in the course of which I informed him that I had relanded my men because he had not kept his agreement ; that I had no interest in the af- fairs of either party; that my attitude was strictly neutral; that the troops of neither side should be transported; that my sole purpose in landing was to protect the lives and property of American citi- zens if threatened, as they had been threatened, and to maintain the free and uninterrupted transit of the Isthmus, and that purpose I should maintain by force if necessary. I also strongly advised that in the interests of peace, and to prevent the possibility of a conflict that could not but be regrettable, he should carry out his agreement of the previous even- ing and withdraw to Monkey Hill. Colonel Torres's only reply was that it was un- healthy at Monkey Hill, a reiteration of his love of Americans, and persistence in his intention to occu- py Colon, should General Tobal not give him direc- tions to the contrary. On the return of the alcalde at about ii a.m. the Colombian troops marched into Colon, but did not assume the threatening demeanor of the previous day. The American women and children again went on board the Marcomania and City of Washington, and through the British vice-consul I offered protec- tion to British subjects as directed in the Depart- ment's cablegram. A copy of the British vice-con- sul's acknowledgment is hereto appended. The And State Papers 739 Nashville I got under way as on the previous day and moved close in to protect the water front. Dur- ing the afternoon several propositions were made to Colonel Torres by the representatives of the new government, and he was finally persuaded by them to embark on the Royal Mail steamer Orinoco with all his troops and return to Cartagena. The Orin- oco left her dock with the troops — 474 all told — at 7.35 P.M. The Dixie arrived and anchored at 7.05 P.M., when I went on board and acquainted the com- manding officer with the situation. A portion of the marine battalion was landed and the Nashville's force withdrawn. 3. On the evening of November 4 Major William M. Black and Lieut. Mark Brooke, Corps of Engi- neers, U. S. Army, came to Colon from Culebra and volunteered their services, which were accepted, and they rendered very efficient help on the following day. 4. I beg to assure the Department that I had no part whatever in the negotiations that were carried on between Colonel Torres and the representatives of the provisional government; that I landed an armed force only when the lives of American citi- zens were threatened, and Avithdrew this force as soon as there seemed to be no grounds for further apprehension of injury to American Hves or prop- erty ; that I relanded an armed force because of the failure of Colonel Torres to carry out his agreement to withdraw and announced intention of returning, and that my attitude throughout was strictly neutral as between the two parties, my only purpose being 740 Presidential Addresses to protect the lives and property of American citizens and to preserve the free and uninterrupted transit of the Isthmus. Very respectfully, (Signed) John Hubbard, Commander, U. S. Naz'y, Commanding. The Secretary of the Navy, Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. This plain official account of the occurrences of November 4 shows that, instead of there having been too much prevision by the American Govern- ment for the maintenance of order and the protec- tion of life and property on the Isthmus, the orders for the movement of the American w^arships had been too long delayed ; so long, in fact, that there were but forty-two marines and sailors available to land and protect the lives of American men and women. It was only the coolness and gallantry with which this little band of men wearing the American uniform faced ten times their number of armed foes, bent on carrying out the atrocious threat of the Co- lombian commander, that prevented a murderous catastrophe. At Panama, when the revolution broke out, there was no American man-of-war and no American troops or sailprs. At Colon, Commander Hubbard acted with entire impartiality toward both sides, preventing any movement, whether by the Colombians or the Panamans, which would tend to produce bloodshed. On November 9 he prevented a body of the revolutionists from landing at Colon. And State Papers 741 Throughout he behaved in the most creditable man- ner. In the New York "Evening Post," under date of Panama, December 8, there is an article from a special correspondent, which sets forth in detail the unbearable oppression of the Colombian Government in Panama. In this article is an interesting inter- view with a native Panaman, which runs in part as follows : . . . We looked upon the building of the canal as a matter of life or death to us. We wanted that because it meant, with the United States in control of it, peace and prosperity for us. President Marro- quin appointed an Isthmian to be governor of Pan- ama; and we looked upon that as of happy augury. Soon we heard that the canal treaty was not likely to be approved at Bogota; next we heard that our Isthmian Governor, Obaldia, who had scarcely as- sumed power, was to be superseded by a soldier from Bogota. . .. Notwithstanding all that Colombia has drained us of in the way of revenues, she did not bridge for us a single river, nor make a single roadway, nor erect a single college where our children could be educated, nor do anything at all to advance our in- dustries. . . . Well, when the new generals came we seized them, arrested them, and the town of Panama was in joy. Not a protest was made, ex- cept the shots fired from the Colombian gunboat Bogota, which killed one Chinese lying in his bed. We were willing to encounter the Colombian troops at Colon and fight it out ; but the commander of the United States cruiser Nashville forbade Superin- 74'i Presidential Addresses tendent Shaler to allow the railroad to transport troops for either party. That is our story. I call especial attention to the concluding portion of this interview, which states the willingness of the Panama people to fight the Colombian troops and the refusal of Commander Hubbard to permit them to use the railroad and therefore to get into a posi- tion where the fight could take place. It thus clearly appears that the fact that there was no bloodshed on the Isthmus was directly due — and only due — to the prompt and firm enforcement by the United States of its traditional policy. During the past forty years revolutions and attempts at revolution have succeeded one another with monotonous regu- larity on the Isthmus, and again and again United States sailors and marines have been landed as they were landed in this instance and under similar in- structions to protect the transit. One of these revo- lutions resulted in three years of warfare; and the aggregate O'f bloodshed and misery caused by them has been incalculable. The fact that in this last revo- lution not a life was lost, save that of the man killed by the shells of the Colombian gunboat, and no prop- erty destroyed, was due to the action which I have described. We, in effect, policed the Isthmus in the interest of its inhabitants and of our own national needs, and for the good of the entire civilized world. Failure to act as the Administration acted would have meant great waste of life, great suffering, great destruction of property ; all of which was avoided by And State Papers 743 the firmness and prudence with which Commander Hubbard carried out his orders and prevented either party from attacking the other. Our action was for the peace both of Colombia and of Panama. It is earnestly to be hoped that there will be no unwise conduct on our part which may encourage Colombia to embark on a war which can not result in her re- gaining control of the Isthmus, but which may cause much bloodshed and suffering. I hesitate to refer to the injurious insinuations which have been made of complicity by this govern- ment in the revolutionary movement in Panama. They are as destitute of foundation as of propriety. The only excuse for my mentioning them is the fear lest unthinking persons might mistake for acquies- cence the silence of mere self-respect. I think proper to say, therefore, that no one connected with this Government had any part in preparing, inciting, or encouraging the late revolution on the Isthmus of Panama, and that save from the reports of our mili- tary and naval officers, given above, no one con- nected with this Government had any previous knowledge of the revolution except such as was ac- cessible to any person of ordinary intelligence who read the newspapers and kept up a current acquaint- ance with public affairs. By the unanimous action of its people, without the firing of a shot — with a unanimity hardly before re- corded in any similar case — the people of Panama declared themselves an independent republic. Their recognition by this Government was based upon a 744 Presidential Addresses state of facts in no way dependent for its justification upon our action in ordinary cases. I have not de- nied, nor do I wish to deny, either the validity or the propriety of the general rule that a new state should not be recognized as independent till it has shown its ability to maintain its independence. This rule is derived from the principle of non-interven- tion, and as a corollary of that principle has general- ly been observed by the United States. But, like the principle from which it is deduced, the rule is sub- ject to exceptions; and there are in my opinion clear and imperative reasons why a departure from it was justified and even required in the present instance. These reasons embrace, first, our treaty rights; sec- ond, our national interests and safety ; and, third, the interests of collective civilization. I have already adverted to the treaty of 1846, by the thirty-fifth article of which the United States se- cured the right to a free and open transit across the Isthmus of Panama, and tO' that end agreed to guar- antee to New Granada her rights of sovereignty and property over that territory. This article is some- times discussed as if the latter guarantee constituted its sole object and bound the United States to pro- tect the sovereignty of New Granada against domes- tic revolution. Nothing, however, could be more er- roneous than this supposition. That our wise and patriotic ancestors, with all their dread of entangling alliances, would have entered into a treaty with New Granada solely or even primarily for the purpose of enabling that remnant of the original Republic of And State Papers 745 Colombia, then resolved into the States of New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador, to continue from Bogota to rule over the Isthmus of Panama, is a conception that would in itself be incredible, even if the contrary did not clearly appear. It is true that since the treaty was made the United States has again and again been obliged forcibly to intervene for the preservation of order and the maintenance of an open transit, and that this intervention has usu- ally operated to the advantage of the titular Gov- ernment of Colombia, but it is equally true that the United States in intervening with or without Colom- bia's consent, for the protection of the transit, has disclaimed any duty to defend the Colombian Gov- ernment against domestic insurrection or against the erection of an independent government on the Isthmus of Panama. The attacks against which the United States engaged to protect New Granadian soivereignty were those of foreign powers ; but this engagement was only a means to the accomplish- ment of a yet more important end. The great de- sign of the article was to assure the dedication of the Isthmus to the purposes of free and unobstructed interoceanic transit, the consummation of which would be found in an interoceanic canal. To the accomplishment of this object the Government of the United States had for years directed its diplo- macy. It occupied a place in the instructions to our delegates to the Panama Congress during the Ad- ministration of John Ouincy Adams. Long before the conclusion of the Hay-Herran treaty the course of events had shown that a canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans must be built by the United States or not at all. Experience had demonstrated that private enterprise was utterly inadequate for the purpose; and a fixed policy, de- clared by the United States on many memorable oc- casions, and supported by the practically unanimous voice of American opinion, had rendered it morally impossible that the work should be undertaken by European powers, either singly or in combination. Such were the universally recognized conditions on which the legislation of the Congress was based, and on which the late negotiations with Colombia were begun and concluded. Nevertheless, when the well- And State Papers 747 considered agreement was rejected by Colombia and the revolution on the Isthmus ensued, one of Colom- bia's first acts was to invoke the intervention of the United States ; nor does her invitation appear to have been confined to this Government alone. By a tele- gram from Mr. Beaupre, our minister at Bogota, of the 7th of November last, we were informed that General Reyes would soon leave Panama invested with full powers ; that he had telegraphed the Presi- dent of Mexico to ask the Government of the United States and all countries represented at the Pan- American Conference "to aid Colombia to preserve her integrity"; and that he had requested that the Government of the United States should meanwhile "preserve the neutrality and transit of the Isthmus" and should "not recognize the new government." In another telegram from Mr. Beaupre, which was sent later in the day, this Government was asked whether it would take action "to maintain Colombian right and sovereignty on the Isthmus in accordance with article 35 [of] the treaty of 1846" in case the Co- lombian Government should be "entirely unable to suppress the secession movement there." Here was a direct solicitation to the United States to intervene for the purpose of suppressing, contrary to the treaty of 1846 as this Government has uniformly construed it, a new revolt against Colombia's authority brought about by her own refusal to permit the fulfilment of the great design for which that treaty was made. It was under these circumstances that the United States, instead of using its forces to destroy those 74^ Presidential Addresses who sought to make the engagements of the treaty a reality, recognized them as the proper custodians of the sovereignty of the Isthmus. This recognition was, in the second place, further justified by the highest considerations of our national interests and safety. In all the range of our inter- national relations I do not hesitate to affirm that there is nothing of greater or more pressing impor- tance than the construction of an interoceanic canal. Long acknowledged to be essential to our commer- cial development, it has become, as the result of the recent extension of our territorial dominion, more than ever essential to our national self-defence. In transmitting to the Senate the treaty of 1846, Presi- dent Polk pointed out as the principal reason for its ratification that the passage of the Isthmus, which it was designed to secure, "would relieve us from a long and dangerous navigation of more than 9,000 miles around Cape Horn, and render our coTnmuni- cation with our own possessions on the northwest coast of America comparatively easy and speedy." The events of the past five years have given to this consideration an importance immeasurably greater than it possessed in 1846. In the light of our present situation, the establishment of easy and speedy com- munication by sea between the Atlantic and the Pa- cific presents itself not simply as something to be desired, but as an object to be positively and prompt- ly attained. Reasons of convenience have been su- perseded by reasons of vital necessity, which do not admit of indefinite delays. And State Papers 749 To such delays the rejection by Colombia of the Hay-Herran treaty directly exposed us. As proof of this fact I need only refer to the programme out- lined in the report of the majority of the Panama Canal Committee, read in the Colombian Senate on the 14th of October last. In this report, which recom- mended that the discussion of a law to authorize the government to enter upon new negotiations should be indefinitely postponed, it is proposed that the con- sideration of the subject should be deferred till Oc- tober 31, 1904, when the next Colombian Congress should have met in ordinary session. By that time, as the report goes on to say, the extension of time granted to the New Panama Canal Company by treaty in 1893 would have expired, and the new Congress would be in a position to take up the ques- tion whether the company had not, in spite of further extensions that had been granted by legislative acts, forfeited atl its property and rights. "When that time arrives," the report significantly declares, "the Republic, without any impediment, will be able to contract, and will be in more clear, more definite, and more advantageous possession, both legally and materially." The naked meaning of this report is that Colombia proposed to wait until, by the enforce- ment of a forfeiture repugnant to the ideas of justice which obtain in every civilized nation, the property and rights of the New Panama Canal Company could be confiscated. Such is the Fcheme to which it was proposed that the United States should be invited to become a 750 Presidential Addresses party. The construction of the canal was to be relegated to the indefinite future, while Colombia was, by reason of her own delay, to be placed in the "more advantageous" position of claiming not merely the compensation to be paid by the United States for the privilege of completing the canal, but also the forty millions authorized by the act of 1902 to be paid for the property of the New Panama Canal Company. That the attempt to carry out .this scheme would have brought Colombia into con- flict with the Government of France can not be doubted; nor could the United States have counted upon immunity from the consequences of the at- tempt, even apart from the indefinite delays to which the construction of the canal was to be subjected. On the first appearance of danger to Colombia, this Government would have been summoned to inter- pose, in order to give effect to the guarantees of the treaty of 1846; and all this in support of a plan w^hich, while characterized in its first stage by the wanton disregard of our own highest interests, was fitly to end in further injury to the citizens of a friendly nation, whose enormous losses in their gen- erous efforts to pierce the Isthmus have become a matter of history. In the third place, I confidently maintain that the recognition of the Republic of Panama was an act justified by the interests of collective civilization. If ever a government could be said to have received a mandate from civilization to effect an object the accomplishment of which was demanded in the in- And State Papers 751 terest of mankind, the United States holds that position with regard to the interoceanic canal. Since our purpose to build the canal was definitely announced, there have come from all quarters as- surances of approval and encouragement, in which even Colombia herself at one time participated ; and to general assurances were added specific acts and declarations. In order that no obstacle might stand in our way, Great Britain renounced important rights under the Clayton-Bulwer treaty and agreed, to its abrogation, receiving in return nothing but our honorable pledge to build the canal and protect it as an open highway. It was in view of this pledge, and of the proposed enactment by the Con- gress of the United States of legislation to give it immediate effect, that the second Pan-American Conference, at the City of Mexico, on January 22, 1902, adopted the following resolution: The Republics assembled at the International Conference of Mexico applaud the purpose of the United States Government to construct an inter- oceanic canal, and acknowledge that this work will not only be worthy of the greatness of the American people, but also in the highest sense a work of civil- ization, and to the greatest degree beneficial to the development of commerce between the American States and the other countries of the world. Among those who signed this resolution on behalf of their respective governments was General Reyes, 75^ Presidential Addresses the delegate of Colombia. Little could it have been foreseen that two years later the Colombian Govern- ment, led astray by false allurements of selfish ad- vantage, and forgetful alike of its international obligations and of the duties and responsibilities of sovereignty, would thwart the efforts of the United States to enter upon and complete a work which the nations of America, re-echoing the senti- ment of the nations of Europe, had pronounced to be not only ''worthy of the greatness of the Ameri- can people," but also "in the highest sense a work of civilization." That our position as the mandatary of civiliza- tion has been by no means misconceived is shown by the promptitude with which the powers have, one after another, followed our lead in recognizing Panama as an independent State. Our action in recognizing the new republic has been followed by like recognition on the part of France, Germany, Denmark, Russia, Sweden, and Norway, Nicaragua, Peru, China, Cuba, Great Britain, Italy, Costa Rica, japan, and Austria-Hungary. In view of the manifold considerations of treaty right and obligation, of national interest and safety, and of collective civilization, by which our Govern- ment was constrained to act, I am at a loss to com- prehend the attitude of those who can discern in the recognition of the Republic of Panama only a general approval of the principle of "revolution" by which a given government is overturned or one portion of a country separated from another. Only And State Papers 753 the amplest justification can warrant a revolutionary movement of either kind. But there is no fixed rule which can be applied to all such movements. Each case must be judged on its own merits. There have been many revolutionary movements, many move- ments for the dismemberment of countries, which were evil, tried by any standard. But in my opinion no disinterested and fair-minded observer acquaint- ed with the circumstances can fail to feel that Pan- ama had the amplest justification for separation from Colombia under the conditions existing, and, more- over, that its action was in the highest degree bene- ficial to the interests of the entire civilized world by securing the immediate opportunity for the building of the interoceanic canal. It would be well for those who are pessimistic as to our action in peacefully recognizing the Republic of Panama, while we lawfully protected the transit from inva- sion and disturbance, to recall what has been done in Cuba, where we intervened even by force on gen- eral grounds of national interest and duty. When we interfered it was freely prophesied that we in- tended to keep Cuba and administer it for our own interests. The result has demonstrated in singularly conclusive fashion the falsity of these prophecies. Cuba is now an independent republic. We governed it in its own interests for a few years, till it was able to stand alone, and then started it upon its career of self-government and independence, granting it all necessary aid. We have received from Cuba a grant of two naval stations, so situated that they in no 754 Presidential Addresses possible way menace the liberty of the island, and yet serve as important defences for the Cuban peo- ple, as well as for our own people, against possible foreign attack. The people of Cuba have been im- measurably benefited by our interference in their behalf, and our own gain has been great. So will it be with Panama. The people of the Isthmus, and as I firmly believe of the adjacent parts of Cen- tral and South America, will be greatly benefited by the building of the canal and the guarantee of peace and order along its line; and hand in hand with the benefit to them will go the benefit to us and to mankind. By our prompt and decisive action, not only have our interests and those of the world at large been conserved, but we have forestalled complications which were likely to be fruitful in loss to ourselves, and in bloodshed and suffering to the people of the Isthmus. Instead of using our forces, as we were invited by Colombia to do, for the twofold purpose of de- feating our own rights and interests and the in- terests of the civilized world, and of compelling the submission of the people of the Isthmus to those whom they regarded as oppressors, we shall, as in duty bound, keep the transit open and prevent its invasion. Meanwhile, the only question now before us is that of the ratification of the treaty. For it is to be remembered that a failure to ratify the treaty will not undo what has been done, will not restore Panama to Colombia, and will not alter our obligation to keep the transit open across the And State Papers 755 4 Isthmus, and to prevent any outside power from menacing this transit. It seems to have been assumed in certain quarters that the proposition that the obhgations of article 35 of the treaty of 1846 are to be considered as adhering- to and following the sovereignty of the Isthmus, so long as that sovereignty is not absorbed by the United States, rests upon some novel theory. No assumption could be further from the fact. It is by no means true that a state in declaring its independence rids itself of all the treaty obligations entered into by the parent government. It is a mere coincidence that this question was once raised in a case involving the obligations of Colombia as an independent state under a treaty which Spain had made with the United States many years before Spanish-American independence. In that case Mr. John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, in an in- struction to Mr. Anderson, our minister to Colom- bia, of May 27, 1823, said: By a treaty between the United States and Spain concluded at a time when Colombia was a part of the Spanish dominions ... the principle that free ships make free goods was expressly recognized and estabHshed. It is asserted that by her declara- tion of independence Colombia has been entirely re- leased from all the obligations by which, as a part of the Spanish nation, she was bound to other na- tions. This principle is not tenable. To all the engagements of Spain with other nations, affecting their rights and interests, Colombia, so far as she 756 Presidential Addresses was affected by them, remains bound in honor and in justice. The stipulation now referred to is of that character. The principle thus asserted by Mr. Adams was afterward sustained by an international commission in respect to the precise stipulation to which he re- ferred; and a similar position was taken by the United States with regard to the binding obligation upon the independent State of Texas of commercial stipulations embodied in prior treaties between the United States and Mexico when Texas formed a part of the latter country. But in the present case it is unnecessary to go so far. Even if it be ad- mitted that prior treaties of a political and commer- cial complexion generally do not bind a new state formed by separation, it is undeniable that stipula- tions having a local application to the territory embraced in the new state continue in force and are binding upon the new sovereign. Thus it is on all hands conceded that treaties relating to boundaries and to rights of navigation continue In force with- out regard to changes in government or in sover- eignty. This principle obviously applies to that part of the treaty of 1846 which relates to the Isthmus of Panama. In conclusion let me repeat that the question actually before this Government is not that of the recognition of Panama as an independent republic. That is already an accomplished fact. The ques- tion, and the only question, is whether or not we shall build an Isthmian Canal. And State Papers 757 I transmit herewith copies of the latest notes from the minister of the Repubhc of Panama to this Gov- ernment, and of certain notes which have passed between the special envoy of the Republic of Co- lombia and this Government. Theodore Roosevelt. White House, January 4, IQ04 EXTRACTS FROM THE MESSAGES OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT AS GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK MESSAGE OF THE GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK TO THE LEGISLATURE, JANUARY 2, 1899 State of New York, Executive Chamber, Albany, January 2, i8pp To the Legislature : The people of New York, like the people of every other State in the Union, are to be congratulated, because during the past year the Nation has carried to a brilliant triumph one of the most righteous wars of modern times. When last spring it became evident that the interests of humanity and of na- tional honor alike demanded that we should drive Spain from the Western Hemisphere and free from her tyranny the subject peoples of the islands of the sea, New York responded with eager zeal to the call for volunteers, and in the Cabinet, in Con- gress and in camp, her representatives did all they could to insure the success of the American policy. We are not merely New Yorkers. We are Americans; and the interests of all Americans, whether from the North, the South, the East or the great West, are equally dear to the men of the Em- pire State. As we grow into a mighty nation, (758) Gubernatorial Messages 759 which, whether it will or not, must inevitably play a great part for good or for evil in the affairs of the world at large, the people of New York wish it understood that they look at all questions of Ameri- can foreign policy from the most thoroughly na- tional standpoint. The tropic islands we have taken must neither be allowed to lapse into anarchy nor to return under the sway of tyranny. War is a grim thing at best, but the war through which we have passed has left us not merely memories of glory won on land and sea, but an even more blessed heri- tage, the knowledge that it was waged from the highest motives, for the good of others as well as for our own national honor. Above all, we are thankful that it brought home to all of us the fact that the country was indeed one when serious dan- ger confronted it. In our domestic affairs, the State is to be con- gratulated on the gradual return of prosperity. Though temporarily checked by the war this return has been on the whole steady. The capitalist finds constantly greater business opportunities; the wageworker, in consequence, is more steadily em- ployed; the farmer has a better market. 760 Gubernatorial Messages TAXATION No Other question is of such permanent impor- tance in the domestic economy of our State as the question of taxation. At present our system of tax- ation is in utter confusion, full of injustices and of queer anomalies. It is an exceedingly difficult sub- ject, one well worthy the attention of our best men, the men with most highly trained minds and the broadest practical experience; men who are able to approach the subject from the standpoints alike of the farmer, the merchant, and the manufacturer. Not only is it necessary to consider whether any kind of tax ought, if practicable, to be levied, but whether it is in fact practicable to levy it. We should discourage the building up of non-taxable in- terests, and yet we should discourage driving prop- erty out of the State by unwise taxation, or levying a tax which is in effect largely a tax upon honesty. I most earnestly commend the whole matter to your special attention. MESSAGE OF THE GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK TO THE LEGISLATURE, MAY 22, 1899 State of New York, Executive Chamber, Albany, May 22, iSgg To the Legislature: I have called you together in extraordinary session for the purpose of considering the subject of the taxation of franchises. Gubernatorial Messages 761 My message to the Legislature of March 27, 1899, ran in part as follows : "At present the farmers, the market gardeners, and the mechanics and tradesmen having small hold- ings are paying an improper and excessive portion of the general taxes, while at the same time many of the efforts to remedy this state of affairs, notably in the direction of taxing securities, are not only un- wise, but inefficient, and often serve merely to put a premium upon dishonesty." "There is evident injustice in the light taxation of corporations. I have not the slightest sympathy with the outcry against corporations as such, or against prosperous men of business. Most of the great material works by which the entire country benefits have been due to the action of individual men, or of aggregates of men, who made money for themselves by doing that which was in the interest of the people as a whole. From an armor plant to a street railway no work which is really beneficial to the public can be performed to the best advantage of the public save by men of such business capacity that they will not do the work unless they themselves re- ceive ample reward for doing it. The effort to deprive them of an ample reward, merely means that they will turn their energies in some other direction; and the public will be by just so much the loser. Moreover, to tax corporations or men of means in such a way as to drive them out of the State works great damage to the State. To drive i^-VoL. XIV 762 Gubernatorial Messages out of a community the men of means and the men who take the lead in business enterprises would probably entail, as one of its first results, the star- vation of a considerable portion of the remainder of the population.
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https://github.com/uwbmrb/nmr-star-dictionary-scripts/blob/master/scripts/aditifdic.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
Unlicense
| 2,020 |
nmr-star-dictionary-scripts
|
uwbmrb
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Python
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Code
| 745 | 1,823 |
#!/usr/bin/python -u
#
# adit_interface_dict.txt contains extras used by adit-nmr: tag labels (interface prompts) and examples
#
from __future__ import absolute_import
import sys
import os
import sqlite3
import ConfigParser
import pprint
import re
if __package__ is None :
__package__ = "nmr-star-dictionary-scripts"
sys.path.append( os.path.abspath( os.path.join( os.path.split( __file__ )[0], ".." ) ) )
from scripts import sas as sas
from scripts import BaseClass as BaseClass
else :
from . import sas
from . import BaseClass
#
#
#
class DicParser( BaseClass, sas.ErrorHandler, sas.ContentHandler ) :
"""SAS handler for adit_interface_dict.txt"""
SQL = "update adit_item_tbl set adititemviewname=:viewname,example=:example,description=:description " \
+ "where originaltag=:tag"
# main
#
@classmethod
def read_descriptions( cls, props, connection = None, dburl = None, verbose = False ) :
obj = cls( verbose = verbose )
obj.config = props
if connection is not None :
obj.connection = connection
else :
obj.connect( url = dburl )
csvdir = props.get( "dictionary", "csv.dir" )
descfile = props.get( "dictionary", "extras.adit_if_file" )
infile = os.path.realpath( os.path.join( csvdir, descfile ) )
if not os.path.exists( infile ) :
raise IOError( "File not found: %s" % (infile,) )
with open( infile, "rU" ) as inf :
lex = sas.StarLexer( inf, bufsize = 0, verbose = verbose )
sas.DdlParser.parse( lexer = lex, content_handler = obj, error_handler = obj, verbose = verbose )
return obj
# _Adit_item_view_name appears to be redundant.
# Original code seems to add an extra blank line to that value and stick it in the database.
# See if this version breaks anything in adit -- seems not
#
#
def __init__( self, *args, **kwargs ) :
super( self.__class__, self ).__init__( *args, **kwargs )
self._row = {}
# when reading csv excel does math on "1999-01-02" and gets 1996. Eldon adds a quote to defeat it
# so dates can survive round trips to csv and back
#
self._date_re = re.compile( r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}'" )
self._curs = None
# dot and question mark are nulls
# replace dollar sign with comma: Excel doesn't quote strings when exporting CSV so input has $s instead
#
def _sanitize( self, val ) :
if self._verbose : sys.stdout.write( self.__class__.__name__ + ".__sanitize()\n" )
if val is None : return None
v = str( val ).strip()
if v == "" : return None
if v in ("?", ".",) : return None
return v.replace( "$", "," )
########## SAS callbacks ########################################################################
def error( self, line, msg ) :
sys.stderr.write( "parse error in line %d: %s\n" % (line,msg,) )
return True
def comment( self, line, text ) : return False
def startLoop( self, line ) : return False
def endLoop( self, line ) : return False
def startData( self, line, name ) :
if self._verbose : sys.stdout.write( self.__class__.__name__ + ".startData(%s)\n" % (name,) )
if self._curs is None :
self._curs = self._db.cursor()
# self._curs.execute( "update dict set adititemviewname='n/a'" )
# if self._verbose : print "zero out adititemviewnames:", self._curs.rowcount
return False
# commit and close -- __del__() is redundant
#
def endData( self, line, name ) :
if isinstance( self._db, sqlite3.Connection ) :
self._db.commit()
self._curs.close()
self._db.close()
# every tag has its own saveframe: read into a dict and comit in endSaveframe()
#
def startSaveframe( self, line, name ) :
if self._verbose : sys.stdout.write( self.__class__.__name__ + ".startSaveframe(%s)\n" % (name,) )
self._row.clear()
return False
#
#
def data( self, tag, tagline, val, valline, delim, inloop ) :
if self._verbose : sys.stdout.write( self.__class__.__name__ + ".data()\n" )
if tag == "_Tag" :
self._row["tag"] = val
return False
if tag == "_Description" :
self._row["description"] = val
return False
if tag == "_Adit_item_view_name" :
self._row["viewname"] = val
return False
# FIXME: this is actually in loop but with only one value since it comes from main excel table.
# If that ever changes...
#
if tag == "_Example" :
m = self._date_re.search( val )
if m :
val = val.rstrip( "'" )
self._row["example"] = val
return False
# commit the tag
#
def endSaveframe( self, line, name ) :
if self._verbose : sys.stdout.write( self.__class__.__name__ + ".endSaveframe(%s)\n" % (name,) )
# massage
#
pprint.pprint( self._row )
self._row["description"] = self._sanitize( self._row["description"] )
self._row["example"] = self._sanitize( self._row["example"] )
if self._verbose :
sys.stdout.write( self.SQL + " " )
pprint.pprint( self._row )
self._curs.execute( self.SQL, self._row )
if self._verbose : sys.stdout.write( ">>> %d rows\n" % (self._curs.rowcount,) )
return False
####################################################################################################
#
if __name__ == "__main__" :
props = ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser()
props.read( sys.argv[1] )
dbfile = props.get( "dictionary", "sqlite3.file" )
if not os.path.exists( dbfile ) :
raise IOError( "File not found: %s (create dictionary first?)" % (dbfile,) )
db = DicParser.read_descriptions( props, dburl = dbfile, verbose = False )
| 24,971 |
https://github.com/swuecho/pyecharts/blob/master/test/test_radar.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
pyecharts
|
swuecho
|
Python
|
Code
| 184 | 1,165 |
from unittest.mock import patch
from nose.tools import assert_equal, assert_in
from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Radar
v1 = [(4300, 10000, 28000, 35000, 50000, 19000)]
v2 = [(5000, 14000, 28000, 31000, 42000, 21000)]
@patch("pyecharts.render.engine.write_utf8_html_file")
def test_radar_base(fake_writer):
c = (
Radar()
.add_schema(
schema=[
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="销售", max_=6500),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="管理", max_=16000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="信息技术", max_=30000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="客服", max_=38000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="研发", max_=52000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="市场", max_=25000),
]
)
.add("预算分配", v1)
.add("实际开销", v2)
.set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=False))
)
c.render()
_, content = fake_writer.call_args[0]
assert_equal(c.theme, "white")
assert_equal(c.renderer, "canvas")
@patch("pyecharts.render.engine.write_utf8_html_file")
def test_radar_item_base(fake_writer):
series_names = ["预算分配", "实际开销"]
series_data = [
[4300, 10000, 28000, 35000, 50000, 19000],
[5000, 14000, 28000, 31000, 42000, 21000],
]
radar_item = [
opts.RadarItem(name=d[0], value=d[1])
for d in list(zip(series_names, series_data))
]
c = (
Radar()
.add_schema(
schema=[
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="销售", max_=6500),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="管理", max_=16000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="信息技术", max_=30000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="客服", max_=38000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="研发", max_=52000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="市场", max_=25000),
]
)
.add("", radar_item)
.set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=False))
.set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Radar-基本示例"))
)
c.render()
_, content = fake_writer.call_args[0]
assert_equal(c.theme, "white")
assert_equal(c.renderer, "canvas")
@patch("pyecharts.render.engine.write_utf8_html_file")
def test_radar_options(fake_writer):
c = (
Radar()
.add_schema(
schema=[
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="销售", max_=6500),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="管理", max_=16000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="信息技术", max_=30000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="客服", max_=38000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="研发", max_=52000),
opts.RadarIndicatorItem(name="市场", max_=25000),
],
radiusaxis_opts=opts.RadiusAxisOpts(),
angleaxis_opts=opts.AngleAxisOpts(),
polar_opts=opts.PolarOpts(),
)
.add("预算分配", v1)
.add("实际开销", v2)
.set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=False))
)
c.render()
_, content = fake_writer.call_args[0]
assert_in("radiusAxis", content)
assert_in("angleAxis", content)
assert_in("polar", content)
| 6,289 |
entertainingand01tocqgoog_15
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,801 |
Entertaining and Instructive Exercises, with the Rules of the French Syntax.
|
John Perrin, J. F . Tocquot
|
English
|
Spoken
| 236 | 579 |
The veib paflivu govcrmi the fccond cafe, 16 s, 2* f^trhs folli)W-d by the prcpofition de^ '65, $• I 166, 8,9,10, 13, Verks full Aved by the prepofidon ^, 165, 4. I 166 g, II, 12. fjlJowcd by P'UKf 165, 5.} 167 13. • t'i j.j'v-d '. y a or i/*, 166, 6. viiith h iv^ no prcpofitions af- ti-r them, i^.j^ 15. • isTjjVrfinal, 176. — — rrrt clf'i!, their conjugatlOi^f 24, 2. I 54, 8. /'^'^ pr'p. 202, 6s. I 226, 16, I^ii-u-tiif u rcf>fHffiti^ their govern- ment, and their dlftcrcnce, 2z6| 19. W. jyhafrver^ ivharftrfr, how render- ed In French, i 15, 23. In iviirb, in zvbjt, &c. fometimei rcnd.-rcd by cu, IC7, 6. jyhcnsj tL'bibf xkaty fometim? s fup» preH'ed in Englirh, but always ex- prciTedin French, xo3,4. WLijCy 103,2. ■ when rendered by ^ f«, no, 6. If^hoevtrf qui juc ce fiit, 1 15, 24» *5- JVrJjsutf before a participle a£^ivr, how rendered in French, 226, 20. ffcriit fupf>r£j/ed {ometimcs in Eng- liih, but which ought always to b; txpreffiditx French, 93, 9. | loj, 4. I 242, 8. See Repttitl^n, Y. j^, fupplying pronoun or adverb, I:s order in the conftruAion, 13. | %Zf 12, 13. I 123, I, 2. FINIS. 1^ [H. Ba\dw\n ^vA Son, '?vmVw«-^'\^vw'W>^Vi-\V\^tv^\iwiaon. j THE NEW YORK PUBUC UBRARY BBFBSBNCB DEPARTMENT Wa book b oadM no oiroiutMtiuiaM to be Oken from tba BniUint J 7 injy.
| 11,753 |
https://github.com/DannyBerova/C-Fundamentals-Jan2018-SoftUni/blob/master/C# OOP Basics/ExamOOPBasic18Mar2018Fixed/Structure_Skeleton (.NET Core)/Factories/ItemFactory.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
C-Fundamentals-Jan2018-SoftUni
|
DannyBerova
|
C#
|
Code
| 48 | 171 |
using DungeonsAndCodeWizards.Models.Items;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace DungeonsAndCodeWizards.Factories
{
public class ItemFactory
{
public Item CreateItem(string itemName)
{
switch (itemName)
{
case "HealthPotion":
return new HealthPotion();
case "PoisonPotion":
return new PoisonPotion();
case "ArmorRepairKit":
return new ArmorRepairKit();
default:
throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid item \"{itemName}\"!");
}
}
}
}
| 33,129 |
https://github.com/hoppfull/Learning-AndroidDevelopment/blob/master/Ex14-masterdetail/app/src/main/java/com/example/hoppf/ex14_masterdetail/IMainActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Learning-AndroidDevelopment
|
hoppfull
|
Java
|
Code
| 14 | 53 |
package com.example.hoppf.ex14_masterdetail;
import android.os.Bundle;
public interface IMainActivity {
void loadMasterFragment();
void loadDetailFragment(Bundle state);
}
| 32,814 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27962324
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Miss Prestige Guyane
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 26 | 44 |
Miss Prestige Guyane
Miss Prestige Guyane pays France
Miss Prestige Guyane qualifie pour Miss Excellence France
Miss Prestige Guyane nature de l’élément concours de beauté féminin
| 32,290 |
https://github.com/bergwolf/ringbahn/blob/master/src/event/connect.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
ringbahn
|
bergwolf
|
Rust
|
Code
| 70 | 252 |
use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
use std::os::unix::io::RawFd;
use iou::sqe::SockAddr;
use iou::registrar::UringFd;
use super::{Event, SQE, SQEs, Cancellation};
pub struct Connect<FD = RawFd> {
pub fd: FD,
pub addr: Box<SockAddr>,
}
impl<FD: UringFd + Copy> Event for Connect<FD> {
fn sqes_needed(&self) -> u32 { 1 }
unsafe fn prepare<'sq>(&mut self, sqs: &mut SQEs<'sq>) -> SQE<'sq> {
let mut sqe = sqs.single().unwrap();
sqe.prep_connect(self.fd, &mut *self.addr);
sqe
}
fn cancel(this: ManuallyDrop<Self>) -> Cancellation {
Cancellation::from(ManuallyDrop::into_inner(this).addr)
}
}
| 18,613 |
https://github.com/j4kmine/pwa_kd/blob/master/src/app/tags/tags.component.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
pwa_kd
|
j4kmine
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 58 | 255 |
import {Component} from '@angular/core';
import { Subscription } from 'rxjs';
import {ActivatedRoute,Params,RouterModule} from '@angular/router';
@Component({
selector: 'app-tags',
templateUrl:'tags.html',
styleUrls: ['tags.component.css']
})
export class TagsComponent {
subcsription$:any
tags:String
ngOnInit() {
this.subcsription$ = this.route.params.subscribe(
(params:Params)=>{
this.tags = this.jsUcfirst(params['tags'].replace('-',' '));
}
)
}
constructor(private route:ActivatedRoute) { }
ngOnDestroy(){
this.subcsription$.unsubscribe()
}
loadMore(){
alert('asdasd')
}
jsUcfirst(string)
{
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
}
}
| 23,199 |
https://github.com/GotWoods/Fluent-Build/blob/master/Plugins/TeamCity/fluentbuild-runner/fluentbuild-runner-test/testData/plugins/fluentbuildRunner/app_testunit/tasks/output.rake
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
Fluent-Build
|
GotWoods
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 16 | 72 |
require "fluentbuild"
require "fluentbuild/testtask"
########################################
namespace :tests do
FluentBuild::TestTask.new(:test_output) do |t|
t.test_files = FileList['tests/output/**/*_test.rb']
end
end
| 34,319 |
https://github.com/adrianheine/gitsh/blob/master/spec/units/environment_spec.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
gitsh
|
adrianheine
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 529 | 1,772 |
require 'spec_helper'
require 'gitsh/environment'
describe Gitsh::Environment do
describe '#[]=' do
it 'sets a gitsh environment variable' do
repository = stub('GitRepository', config: nil)
factory = stub(new: repository)
env = described_class.new(repository_factory: factory)
expect(env[:foo]).to be_nil
expect(env['foo']).to be_nil
env['foo'] = 'bar'
expect(env[:foo]).to eq 'bar'
expect(env['foo']).to eq 'bar'
end
end
describe '#[]' do
it 'reads a gitsh environment variable' do
env = described_class.new
env[:foo] = 'bar'
expect(env[:foo]).to eq 'bar'
expect(env['foo']).to eq 'bar'
end
it 'reads a git config variables' do
repository = stub('GitRepository')
repository.stubs(:config).with('user.name').returns('Joe Bloggs')
factory = stub(new: repository)
env = described_class.new(repository_factory: factory)
expect(env['user.name']).to eq 'Joe Bloggs'
expect(env[:'user.name']).to eq 'Joe Bloggs'
end
it 'prefers gitsh environment variables to git config variables' do
repository = stub
repository.stubs(:config).with('user.name').returns('Joe Bloggs')
factory = stub(new: repository)
env = described_class.new(repository_factory: factory)
env[:'user.name'] = 'Jane Doe'
expect(env['user.name']).to eq 'Jane Doe'
expect(env[:'user.name']).to eq 'Jane Doe'
end
end
describe '#fetch' do
it 'reads a gitsh environment variable' do
env = described_class.new
env[:foo] = 'bar'
expect(env.fetch(:foo, 'default')).to eq 'bar'
expect(env.fetch('foo', 'default')).to eq 'bar'
end
it 'reads a git config variable when there is no environment variable' do
repository = stub('GitRepository')
repository.stubs(:config).with('user.name', 'default').returns('John Smith')
env = described_class.new(repository_factory: stub(new: repository))
expect(env.fetch('user.name', 'default')).to eq 'John Smith'
end
end
describe '#config_variables' do
it 'returns variables that have a dot in the name' do
env = described_class.new
env['example'] = '1'
env['user.name'] = 'Joe Bloggs'
env['user.email'] = 'joe@example.com'
expect(env.config_variables).to eq(
:'user.name' => 'Joe Bloggs',
:'user.email' => 'joe@example.com'
)
end
end
describe '#output_stream' do
it 'returns $stdout by default' do
env = described_class.new
expect(env.output_stream).to eq $stdout
end
it 'can be overridden in the constructor' do
stream = stub
env = described_class.new(output_stream: stream)
expect(env.output_stream).to eq stream
end
end
describe '#git_command' do
it 'defaults to "/usr/bin/env git"' do
env = described_class.new
expect(env.git_command).to eq '/usr/bin/env git'
end
it 'can be overridden' do
env = described_class.new
env.git_command = '/path/to/git'
expect(env.git_command).to eq '/path/to/git'
end
end
describe '#print' do
it 'prints to the output stream' do
output = StringIO.new
env = described_class.new(output_stream: output)
env.print 'Hello world'
expect(output.string).to eq 'Hello world'
end
end
describe '#puts' do
it 'prints to the output stream' do
output = StringIO.new
env = described_class.new(output_stream: output)
env.puts 'Hello world'
expect(output.string).to eq "Hello world\n"
end
end
describe '#puts_error' do
it 'prints to the error stream' do
error = StringIO.new
env = described_class.new(error_stream: error)
env.puts_error 'Oh no!'
expect(error.string).to eq "Oh no!\n"
end
end
describe '#git_aliases' do
it 'combines locally-set aliases with global aliases' do
repo = stub('GitRepository', aliases: %w( foo bar ))
env = described_class.new(repository_factory: stub(new: repo))
env['aliasish'] = 'not relevant'
env['alias.baz'] = '!echo baz'
expect(env.git_aliases).to eq %w( foo bar baz ).sort
end
end
context 'delegated methods' do
let(:repo) { stub }
let(:repo_factory) { stub(new: repo) }
let(:env) { described_class.new(repository_factory: repo_factory) }
describe '#repo_heads' do
it 'is delegated to the GitRepository' do
expect(env).to delegate(:repo_heads).to(repo, :heads)
end
end
describe '#repo_current_head' do
it 'is delegated to the GitRepository' do
expect(env).to delegate(:repo_current_head).to(repo, :current_head)
end
end
describe '#repo_initialized?' do
it 'is delegated to the GitRepository' do
expect(env).to delegate(:repo_initialized?).to(repo, :initialized?)
end
end
describe '#repo_has_modified_files?' do
it 'is delegated to the GitRepository' do
expect(env).to delegate(:repo_has_modified_files?).
to(repo, :has_modified_files?)
end
end
describe '#repo_has_untracked_files?' do
it 'is delegated to the GitRepository' do
expect(env).to delegate(:repo_has_untracked_files?).
to(repo, :has_untracked_files?)
end
end
describe '#git_commands' do
it 'is delegated to the GitRepository' do
expect(env).to delegate(:git_commands).to(repo, :commands)
end
end
end
end
| 18,144 |
https://github.com/eagleboost/DanPiessensUnityCaseStudy/blob/master/DanPiessensCaseStudy/Data/Logger.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
DanPiessensUnityCaseStudy
|
eagleboost
|
C#
|
Code
| 116 | 309 |
// Author : Shuo Zhang
//
// Creation :2018-03-15 21:00
namespace DanPiessensCaseStudy.Data
{
using System;
using DanPiessensCaseStudy.Contracts;
using Microsoft.Practices.Unity;
public class Logger : ILogger
{
private readonly string _namespaceFormat;
////LoggerNameResolverPolicy would register a temp item with a NamedTypeBuildKey with Name=LogSourceType
////this [Dependency("LogSourceType")] would ask that item from the Unity Container
public Logger([Dependency("LogSourceType")]Type logSourceType)
{
CtorLogSourceType = logSourceType;
_namespaceFormat = logSourceType.FullName + " : {0}";
}
/// <summary>
/// For demo purpose, the LogSourceType would also be injected to this property
/// </summary>
[Dependency("LogSourceType")]
public Type LogSourceType { get; set; }
public Type CtorLogSourceType { get; private set; }
public void Debug(string format, params object[] args)
{
var log = string.Format(format, args);
Console.WriteLine(_namespaceFormat, log);
}
}
}
| 36,009 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktor%20Trofimow%20%281938%E2%80%932013%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Wiktor Trofimow (1938–2013)
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktor Trofimow (1938–2013)&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 361 | 759 |
Wiktor Iwanowycz Trofimow, ukr. Віктор Іванович Трофімов, ros. Wiktor Iwanowicz Trofimow, Виктор Иванович Трофимов (ur. 22 marca 1938 w Leningradzie, zm. 1 października 2013 w Równem) – ukraiński żużlowiec.
Życiorys
Życie prywatne
Ojciec Wołodymyra i dziadek Wiktora – również żużlowców.
Kariera sportowa
Siedmiokrotny medalista drużynowych mistrzostw świata. Dwukrotny finalista indywidualnych mistrzostw świata (1972, 1975). Złoty medalista indywidualnych mistrzostw Związku Radzieckiego (1967). Pięciokrotny złoty medalista indywidualnych mistrzostw Ukrainy (1961, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969).
Starty w lidze
Liga radziecka
Raduga Równe (1962–1979)
Signal Równe (1980–1982)
SK Lokomotīve Dyneburg (1987)
Osiągnięcia
Indywidualne Mistrzostwa Świata
1972 - Londyn - 9. miejsce - 6 pkt → wyniki
1975 - Londyn - 8. miejsce - 8 pkt → wyniki
Drużynowe Mistrzostwa Świata
1965 - Kempten (Allgäu) - 4. miejsce - 0 pkt / 7 pkt
1966 - Wrocław - srebrny medal - 6 pkt / 25 pkt
1967 - Malmö - brązowy medal - 4 pkt / 19 pkt
1969 - Rybnik - brązowy medal - 0 pkt / 23 pkt
1971 - Wrocław - srebrny medal - NS / 22 pkt
1972 - Olching - srebrny medal - 5 + 1 pkt / 21 + 7 pkt
1973 - Londyn - brązowy medal - 2 pkt / 20 pkt
1975 - Norden - srebrny medal - 8 pkt / 29 pkt
1976 - Londyn - 4. miejsce - 0 pkt / 11 pkt
Indywidualne Mistrzostwa ZSRR
1960 - 7. miejsce
1961 - 12. miejsce
1963 - 8. miejsce
1964 - brązowy medal
1965 - 4. miejsce
1966 - 4. miejsce
1967 - złoty medal
1968 - 10. miejsce
1969 - brązowy medal
1971 - 4. miejsce
1972 - 15. miejsce
1974 - 5. miejsce
1975 - 6. miejsce
1979 - 13. miejsce
Indywidualne Mistrzostwa Ukrainy
1961 - złoty medal
1962 - srebrny medal
1963 - srebrny medal
1964 - złoty medal
1965 - złoty medal
1966 - złoty medal
1967 - srebrny medal
1969 - złoty medal
1979 - brązowy medal
1982 - srebrny medal
1987 - brązowy medal
1992 - 5. miejsce
Bibliografia
SPEEDWAY HISTORY INFO - HISTORIA ŻUŻLA | Wiktor Trofymow
Zmarł Wiktor Trofimow
Radzieccy żużlowcy
Ukraińscy żużlowcy
Urodzeni w 1938
Zmarli w 2013
| 39,777 |
https://github.com/brettz9/shim/blob/master/Array.isArray.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,016 |
shim
|
brettz9
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 19 | 54 |
/*globals define*/
define(function () {
'use strict';
return function isArray (o) {
return Object.prototype.toString.call(o) === '[object Array]';
};
});
| 44,453 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16902268
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Uitkamp Wetlands
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 43 | 85 |
Uitkamp Wetlands
wetland reserve in Durbanville in the Western Cape
Uitkamp Wetlands coordinate location
Uitkamp Wetlands image Uitkamp wetlands Cape Town - Watsonias and Arum lilies.jpg
Uitkamp Wetlands country South Africa
Uitkamp Wetlands instance of protected area
Uitkamp Wetlands iNaturalist place ID 132689
| 49,477 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13069229
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
ပုဂံချောင်းရွာ၊ ဓဓဓနုံးချောင်းဓ
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None
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Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 21 | 298 |
ပုဂံချောင်းရွာ၊ ဓဓဓနုံးချောင်းဓ
ပုဂံချောင်းရွာ၊ ဓဓဓနုံးချောင်းဓ ကနဦး အားဖြင့် လူသားတို့ အခြေချနေထိုင်ရာ
ပုဂံချောင်းရွာ၊ ဓဓဓနုံးချောင်းဓ နိုင်ငံ မြန်မာ
ပုဂံချောင်းရွာ၊ ဓဓဓနုံးချောင်းဓ ကိုဩဒိနိတ် တည်နေရာ
ပုဂံချောင်းရွာ၊ ဓဓဓနုံးချောင်းဓ တည်ရှိသည့် အချိန်ဇုန် UTC+၀၆:၃၀
| 33,267 |
6341474_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,691 | 2,792 |
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
(Filed: April 4, 2022)
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
E.M., * UNPUBLISHED
* No. 18-1153V
Petitioner, *
* Special Master Dorsey
v. *
* Attorneys’ Fees and Costs
*
SECRETARY OF HEALTH *
AND HUMAN SERVICES, *
*
Respondent. *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Ronald C. Homer, Conway, Homer, P.C., Boston, MA, for petitioner.
Catherine E. Stolar, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for respondent.
DECISION ON ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS1
On August 8, 2018, E.M. (“petitioner”) filed a petition for compensation under the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10, et seq.,2 (“Vaccine Act”).
Petitioner alleged that she developed an allergic reaction and related sequelae, including but not
limited to hypersensitivity dermatographism, fatigue, myalgia, ocular itching and swelling,
exertional dyspnea, anxiety, and parethesias as a result of an influenza vaccination administered
on October 13, 2016. Petition at 1. (ECF No. 1). On October 26, 2021, the parties filed a
stipulation, which the undersigned adopted as her decision awarding compensation on the same
day. (ECF No. 91).
1
This Decision will be posted on the website of the United States Court of Federal Claims' website, in accordance
with the E-Government Act of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012). This means the Decision will be available to
anyone with access to the internet. As provided by 44 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)B), however, the parties may object
to the published Decision’s inclusion of certain kinds of confidential information. Specifically, Under Vaccine Rule
18(b), each party has 14 days within which to request redaction “of any information furnished by that party: (1) that
is a trade secret or commercial or financial in substance and is privileged or confidential; or (2) that includes medical
filed or similar files, the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” Vaccine
Rule 18(b). Otherwise the whole decision will be available to the public in its current form. Id.
2
The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program is set forth in Part 2 of the National Childhood Vaccine
Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755, codified as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to -34 (2012)
(“Vaccine Act” or “the Act). All citations in this decision to individual sections of the Vaccine Act are to 42 U.S.C.
§§ 300aa.
On January 11, 2022, petitioner filed an application for attorneys’ fees and costs. Motion
for Attorney Fees and Costs (ECF No. 85). Petitioner requests compensation in the amount of
$27,793.83, representing $25,738.30 in attorneys’ fees and $2,055.53 in costs. Fees App. at 2.
Pursuant to General Order No. 9, petitioner warrants that she has personally incurred costs
totaling $23.67 in pursuit of her claim for compensation. Id. Respondent filed his response on
January 11, 2022, indicating that he “is satisfied the statutory requirements for an award of
attorneys’ fees and costs are met in this case.” Response at 2 (ECF No. 87). Petitioner did not file
a reply thereafter. The matter is now ripe for disposition.
For the reasons discussed below, the undersigned GRANTS petitioner’s motion and
awards a total of $27,405.00.
I. Discussion
Under the Vaccine Act, the special master shall award reasonable attorneys’ fees and
costs for any petition that results in an award of compensation. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1).
When compensation is not awarded, the special master “may” award reasonable attorneys’ fees
and costs “if the special master or court determines that the petition was brought in good faith
and there was a reasonable basis for the claim for which the petition was brought.” Id. at
§15(e)(1). In this case, because petitioner was awarded compensation pursuant to a stipulation,
she is entitled to a final award of reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs.
a. Reasonable Attorneys’ Fees
The Federal Circuit has approved use of the lodestar approach to determine reasonable
attorney’s fees and costs under the Vaccine Act. Avera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 515
F.3d 1343, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Using the lodestar approach, a court first determines “an
initial estimate of a reasonable attorney’s fee by ‘multiplying the number of hours reasonably
expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate.’” Id. at 1347-58 (quoting Blum v.
Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984)). Then, the court may make an upward or downward
departure from the initial calculation of the fee award based on other specific findings. Id. at
1348.
Counsel must submit fee requests that include contemporaneous and specific billing
records indicating the service performed, the number of hours expended on the service, and the
name of the person performing the service. See Savin v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 85
Fed. Cl. 313, 316-18 (2008). Counsel should not include in their fee requests hours that are
“excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Saxton v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs.,
3 F.3d 1517, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)). It
is “well within the special master’s discretion to reduce the hours to a number that, in [her]
experience and judgment, [is] reasonable for the work done.” Id. at 1522. Furthermore, the
special master may reduce a fee request sua sponte, apart from objections raised by respondent
and without providing a petitioner notice and opportunity to respond. See Sabella v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 86 Fed. Cl. 201, 209 (2009).
2
A special master need not engage in a line-by-line analysis of a petitioner’s fee
application when reducing fees. Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 102 Fed. Cl.
719, 729 (2011). Special masters may rely on their experience with the Vaccine Program and its
attorneys to determine the reasonable number of hours expended. Wasson v. Sec’y of Health
and Human Servs., 24 Cl. Ct. 482, 484 (Fed. Cl. Nov. 19, 1991) rev’d on other grounds and aff’d
in relevant part, 988 F. 2d 131 (Fed. Cir. 1993). Just as “[t]rial courts routinely use their prior
experience to reduce hourly rates and the number of hours clamed in attorney fee requests …
[v]accine program special masters are also entitled to use their prior experience in reviewing fee
application.” Saxton, 3 F. 3d at 1521.
i. Reasonable Hourly Rates
The undersigned has reviewed the hourly rates requested by petitioner for the work of her
counsel at Conway, Homer, P.C. (the billing records indicate that the majority of attorney work
was performed by Mr. Joseph Pepper, with supporting work from Mr. Ronald Homer, Ms.
Christina Ciampolillo, Ms. Meredith Daniels, and Ms. Lauren Faga), and finds that the hourly
rates are consistent with what counsel have previously been awarded for their Vaccine Program
work. The undersigned shall therefore award them herein for work performed in the instant case.
ii. Reasonable Hours Expended
In reducing an award of fees, the goal is to achieve rough justice, and therefore a special
master may take into account their overall sense of a case and may use estimates when reducing
an award. See Florence v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-255V, 2016 WL 6459592, at
*5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 6, 2016) (citing Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838 (2011). It is well
established that an application for fees and costs must sufficiently detail and explain the time
billed so that a special master may determine, from the application and the case file, whether the
amount requested is reasonable. Bell v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 18 Cl. Ct. 751, 760
(1989); Rodriguez, 2009 WL 2568468. Petitioner bears the burden of documenting the fees and
costs claimed. Id. at *8.
Upon review, the undersigned finds the overall hours billed to be largely reasonable.
Counsel has provided sufficiently detailed descriptions for the tasks performed. However, a
small reduction must be made for excessive review of filings by counsel. While it is reasonable
to have a second set of attorney eyes review substantive filings, such as the petition or a
settlement demand, it is not reasonable to have another attorney review routine filings given that
Mr. Pepper (lead counsel in this case) is an experienced Vaccine Program practitioner.
Accordingly, a reduction of $412.50 is being made to account for this issue. Petitioner is
therefore awarded final attorneys’ fees of $25,325.80.
b. Attorneys’ Costs
Petitioner requests a total of $2,055.53 in attorneys’ costs. This amount is comprised of
postage and work performed by petitioner’s medical expert, Dr. David Rosenstreich. Fees App.
at 19. The undersigned previously found Dr. Rosenstreich’s hourly rate to be reasonable when
3
awarding interim attorneys’ costs, and it is reasonable for the work for which petitioner now
seeks reimbursement. Accordingly, petitioner is awarded the full amount of attorneys’ costs
sought.
c. Petitioner’s Costs
Pursuant to General Order No. 9, petitioner has indicated that she has personally incurred
costs totaling $23.67 for postage. These costs have been supported with adequate documentation
and are reasonable in the undersigned’s experience, and shall be fully awarded.
II. Conclusion
Based on all of the above, the undersigned finds that it is reasonable compensate
petitioner and her counsel as follows:
Attorneys’ Fees Requested $25,738.30
(Total Reduction from Billing Hours) - ($412.50)
Total Attorneys’ Fees Awarded $25,325.80
Attorneys’ Costs Requested $2,055.53
(Reduction of Costs) -
Total Attorneys’ Costs Awarded $2,055.53
Total Attorneys’ Fees and Costs Awarded $27,381.33
Petitioner’s Costs $23.67
Total Amount Awarded $27,405.00
Accordingly, the undersigned awards the following:
1) a lump sum of $27,381.33, representing reimbursement for attorneys’ fees and costs,
in the form of a check payable jointly to petitioner and petitioner’s counsel, Mr.
Ronald Homer; and
2) a lump sum of $23.67, representing reimbursement for petitioner’s costs, in the
form of a check payable to petitioner.
In the absence of a motion for review filed pursuant to RCFC Appendix B, the Clerk of
Court SHALL ENTER JUDGMENT in accordance with this decision.3
IT IS SO ORDERED.
3
Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), entry of judgment can be expedited by the parties’ joint filing of notice renouncing
the right to seek review.
4
s/Nora Beth Dorsey
Nora Beth Dorsey
Special Master
5.
| 12,906 |
https://github.com/frostRed/indra/blob/master/modules/node/src/withdraw/withdraw.entity.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
indra
|
frostRed
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 121 | 432 |
import { BigNumber } from "ethers";
import {
Column,
CreateDateColumn,
Entity,
ManyToOne,
PrimaryGeneratedColumn,
UpdateDateColumn,
OneToOne,
JoinColumn,
} from "typeorm";
import { Channel } from "../channel/channel.entity";
import { OnchainTransaction } from "../onchainTransactions/onchainTransaction.entity";
import { transformBN } from "../utils";
import { IsEthAddress, IsBytes32, IsEthSignature } from "../validate";
@Entity()
export class Withdraw {
@PrimaryGeneratedColumn()
id!: number;
@CreateDateColumn({ type: "timestamp" })
createdAt!: Date;
@UpdateDateColumn({ type: "timestamp" })
updatedAt!: Date;
@Column("text", { transformer: transformBN })
amount!: BigNumber;
@Column("text")
@IsEthAddress()
assetId!: string;
@Column("text")
@IsEthAddress()
recipient!: string;
@Column("text")
@IsBytes32()
appIdentityHash!: string;
@Column("text")
@IsBytes32()
data!: string;
@Column("text")
@IsEthSignature()
withdrawerSignature!: string;
@Column("text", { nullable: true })
@IsEthSignature()
counterpartySignature!: string;
@Column("text")
finalized!: boolean;
@ManyToOne((type: any) => Channel)
channel!: Channel;
@OneToOne((type: any) => OnchainTransaction, { nullable: true })
@JoinColumn()
onchainTransaction!: OnchainTransaction;
}
| 32,507 |
https://github.com/docToolchain/docToolchain/blob/master/scripts/exportConfluence.gradle
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
docToolchain
|
docToolchain
|
Gradle
|
Code
| 77 | 295 |
buildscript {
repositories {
maven {
credentials {
username mavenUsername
password mavenPassword
}
url mavenRepository
}
}
dependencies {
//for the exportJiraIssues Task
classpath libs.http.builder
//for the renderToConfluence Task
classpath libs.httpmime
classpath libs.jsoup
classpath libs.groovy.xml
}
}
task exportConfluence (
description: 'exports a given confluence space to AsciiDoc',
group: 'docToolchain'
) {
doLast {
def srcDir = findProperty("confluence.export.srcDir")?:config.confluence.export.srcDir
def destDir = findProperty("confluence.export.destDir")?:config.confluence.export.destDir
String[] args = ["srcDir=${docDir}/$srcDir",
"destDir=${docDir}/$destDir"]
logger.info ("args: "+args)
binding.setProperty('args', args)
evaluate(new File(projectDir, 'scripts/confluenceToAsciiDoc.groovy'))
}
}
| 50,673 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21899028
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Whitulania Creek
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 71 | 162 |
Whitulania Creek
Whitulania Creek
Whitulania Creek Geonames-ID 2143742
Whitulania Creek land Australien
Whitulania Creek instans av flod
Whitulania Creek GNS-ID -1609450
Whitulania Creek geografiska koordinater
Whitulania Creek inom det administrativa området Queensland
Whitulania Creek
river in Australia
Whitulania Creek GeoNames ID 2143742
Whitulania Creek country Australia
Whitulania Creek instance of river
Whitulania Creek GNS Unique Feature ID -1609450
Whitulania Creek coordinate location
Whitulania Creek located in the administrative territorial entity Queensland
| 21,029 |
treatypeacewith00goog_77
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,919 |
Treaty of peace with Germany
|
Allied and Associated Powers (1914-1920). Treaty with Germany, June 28, 1919 | Germany (1918- ) Treaties, etc. 1918-
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,408 | 9,555 |
The Government of Sweden and the Swedish people have given to the whole world the assurance of their unalterable will to maintain peace and friendly relations with all other nations, but at the same time of an equally strong de- cision to defend their own country, their national honor and their Independence, dating back to times immemorial. The safety of Sweden greatly depends on the possession of Aland. Sweden's possession of Aland would in a great measure help to make the whole Baltic a free sea, which no doubt will be one of the alms of the present world conference. The claim of Finland to the Aland Islands rests on no other foundation In fact than their joint position as **exparts** of the Russian Empire. From a nationalistic point of view, the claim Is untenable by the fact that the popula- tion of Finland consists of more than 3,000,000 Finns and only about 400,000 people of Swedish descent. The political considerations which may come up before the peace conference at the time when the conference will be ready to decide the fate of Finland are hard to guess. But the claim of the Alanders seems so natural, so reasonable, and so fully In accord with the famous four- teen points of President Wilson, that a decision In their case could be reached without connection with any other nationalistic problems. Mr. Johnson. It appears, however, from information through the newspapers, that the Baltic Commission of the peace conference has had the Aland question investigated and has discu&sed it, in con- clusion giving the opinion that a final settlement could not be reached at preswit, owing to the uncertain or rather chaotic conditions pre- vailing in Russia, but that a temporary solution might be arrived at through an agreement between the owedish Government and the Government of Finland. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the Baltic Commission does not give any opinion regarding the main point of the Aland auestion, viz, the rights of the inhabitants of the Aland Islands to etermine, themselves, how they should be governed. Very briefly stated, the Alanders claim their independence and their right of reunion with Sweden on the following grounds : Aland is an old Swedish territory. The inhabitants are all Swedes, by origin, language, sentiment, and customs. Their commercial in- tercourse is almost exclusively with Sweden and has so remained even during the last 100 years, when the Aland Islands were a part of the Russian Empire. The people of Aland have never consented to their secession from Sweden, to which they were forced in 1809. With other former provinces of Sweden's, collectively known as Finland and lying east of the Gulf of Bothnia, Aland seceded from Russia shortly after the overthrow of the Czar Government. The Alandese took no part in the fight between the White and the Red forces of Finland, which ended with the victory of the former. The desire to again become Swedes, in fact, as well as they have always been in heart, was expressed by the entire major population of Aland through a petition to the King of Sweden and the Swedish people at the end of the year 1917, as extensively described in the pamphlet referred to. 1048 TBEATT OF PEACE WITH GSBMAKY. The assertion being made in Finnish papers that the above appeal addressed by the people of Aland to the King and people of Sweden (December, 1917), was ceuaed by the oppression and cruelties of the Russian military invasion of the islands at that time, a new expression by popular vote was decided upon and took place during the month of June of the current year. The result was that 9,735 men and women of major age sipped a petition giving full power to the Aland popular representation Handsting) to take all meas- ures necessary for the confirmation oi the stand alt-eady taken by the people, and alone to represent the people of Aland and to speak for them. Of the major population of Aland — about 11,000 men and women, altogether — 10,196 took part in the vote. Only 461 voted against Aland's reunion with Sweden. The other 9.736 who voted in favor of the reunion amount to 96.3 per cent of tne voters. The balance, 3.7 per cent, consists mainly ot persons having moved in from Fin- land and of the Finnish Government oflScers. Thus a renewed testimony of the well-nigh unanimous desire of the inhabitants of the Aland Islands to again become members of the Kingdom of Sweden has been given since the question of the future status of the islands was brought up before the peace con- ference. Senator Brandegee. Will you be kind enough to allow me to in- terrupt you there for a minute ? Mr. Johnson. Yes. Senator Brandegee. Before the war with Germany, who owned the island of Aland? Mr. Johnson. The Czar of Russia. Senator JNew. You say the Czar of Russia? Mr. Johnson. Yes. The Province of Finland and the island of Aland were ceded to the Russian Czar in 1809. The Province formed the grand duchy of Finland, but the island of Aland was a separate part of Swedish territory and did not belong to Finland or to the grand duchy at all. Senator Poicerene. Are you a native of the island of Aland? Mr. Johnson. No; I am a native of Stockholm, just across the street, you may say, from the island of Aland. Senator Pomerenb. Are you a naturalized American? Mr. Johnson. Yes; I have been naturalized for over 30 ;^ears. Senator Pokerene. Have you been in communication with the inhabitants of this island on this subject? Mr. Johnson. Yes. I have been in communication with them through correspondence, and through people coming from there rep- resenting them and asking me to help them along. Senator Poherene. Did the people of that inland take any part in the war? Mr. Johnson. They took no part whatever in the war. The peo- ple of Finland took some part in the war, but the Alanders never took any part in the war. Even in the internal strife in Finland they kept aloof. Senator Knox. Has any disposition been made of this island by this treaty? * Mr. Johnson. It does not form a part of the treaty ttiat is now before the Senate. It has just been handled by the Baltic Commis- TBEAIT OF PBAOB WITH CffiBMANY. 104^ sion of the peace conference* After the treaty with Grennany it came before the peace conference proper. Just recently Uiey httve discussed the queetion, and the representatives of tiie Swedes and the Finlanders were heard ; but my contention, and what I tiunk is the main point in this oontroverav, is the demand or request of the people of the island of Aland to aetermine their own fate. Permit me to say in conclusion that even in the interest of future Sice in the Baltic it seems evident that the possession of the Aland ands by a more powerful, albeit peace-loving, country, sudli a& Swed^i, would be preferable to their possession by Finland, whose history as an independent State is an uiiwritten page. But the political side of the question is no oonoem of mine. As an American citizen, I am interested in seeing American principles of fairness prevail over the* whc^ world. To me the desire of the Aland people to join their own nationalify by a reunion with Sweden seems so much more justified, as the geographieal pontion of the country makes Aland a physical aitity. xhus no objection could reasonably be raised agamst the desire of the popuiation to deter- mine their own fate. Senator Knox. How long had Russia sovereignty over this group of islands ? Mr. JoHNso}^. Russia had possessed Finland and the Aland Islands from 1809, when they were ceded to Russia after the Russian-Swedish war by the treaty of Frederickshaven. Senator Knox. And prior to 1809? Mr. Johnson. Before that they belonged to Sweden. Aland and Finland were settled from Sweden. The islands belonged to Sweden from prehistoric times, from time immemorial. The Finland Prov- inces belonged to Sweden for 700 years before they were ceded to Russia. Senator Knox. Did Sweden lose this group of islands at the same time that she lost Finland? Mr. Johnson. Yes. All that is extensively described in the pam- phlet which I leave with you. Sweden tried very hard to keq[) tiie Aland Islands, but Russia wanted them, and claimed them by right of conquest, because they had overrun them. To show the territorial importance of the islands, it is a question of life and (teath to Swe- den to possess them. They absolutely dominate Stockholm, far more so now, with the powerful engines of war that have becoi discovered. But I am not talking for Sweden or any political party. The Chairman. What is the total population of the islands? Mr. Johnson. Twenty-two thousand and some hundreds. The Chairman. They are all Swedes? Mr. Johnson. Yes; there are not 2 per cent that do not talk the Swedish language. Senator Moses. Does Sweden claim these islands are necessary for her self-defense? Mr. Johnson. I do not know that they made that claim before the peace conference, but they have always done so, and that is an ad- mitted fact. Under the treaty of Frederickshaven Sweden tried to get an engagement or a promise from Russia not to fortify those islands, but Kussia was so strong and Sweden so weak at that time that the request was paid no attention to. 1060 TBBATY OF PBACE WITH QEBMAHY. Senator Knox. It seems to me that it is obvious on the face of it that they do dominate Stockholm, because they are only about 25 miles away from Stoddiolm, and with the modem engines of war like these long-range guns, those islands fortified would have Stock- holm at their mercy. Senator Mosss. I can understand that perfectly from the map, but what I was trying to get at is why tne claim of necessity of those islands for self-defense of Sweden, when the league of na- tions is going to aboli&h war. Mr. Johnson. All those questions will be eliminated, I suppose, as soon as the league of nations is an actuality, but that claim was raised by Sweden ri^ht after the islands were ceded by Sweden to Russia. They were fortified by Russia. In 1856 when tiie Crimean war took place, the English and French fleet combined to destroy the fortifications of Aland, and then in the treaty of Paris in the next year it was stipulated that those islands should not be fortified any more. During this war Russia permitted herself to start forti- fications on the islands, and when Sweden made protest against it they claimed it was in fear of a German attack. Senator Moseh. What I was trying to get at was whether Sweden would rather have the Aland Islands or the league of nations as a means of defense. Mr. Johnson. I can not talk for Sweden. I think if they got the Aland Islands to begin with, they would be satisfied, and then they would make a request to be admitted to the league of nations after- wards. It may be, I do not know. Senator New. Mr. Johnson, I would like to have you clear up one point that is not clear in my mind. You spoke of Sweden losing Finland and the Aland Islands at the /^ame time. Mr. Johnson. Yes. Senator New. That was in 1809? Mr. Johnson. Yes. Senator New. You said Finland was taken by Russia? Mr. Johnson. Yes. Senator New. And the Aland Islands were given to the Czar. Do you mean that there is a difference in the condition in which the two were lost? Mr. Johnson. I beg your pardon, but they were both ceded to the Czar of Russia. The wording of the treaty says that the King of Sweden cedes to the Czar of Russia, and my contention is that the Czar of Russia^ if he was alive, could cede the Aland Islands to Sweden without the consent of Finland. Senator New. That is all right, but from the way in which you first stated it I thought there might have been a difference in the condition under which the two were ceded. Mr. Johnson. No. The Case for Czechoslovakia. STATEMENT OF MB. EDWABD VACZT. Mr. Vaczy. Mr. Chairman, I am a resident of Brooklyn. Mr. Van Svarc, of Cleveland, Ohio, an American by birth, of Czech descent a lawyer by profession, Mr. O. D. Koreff, of Pittsburgh, an American TREATY OF PEACE WITH QEBMANY. 1051 citizen of Czech birth, a newspaper editor, and myself, also an American citizen of Slovak birth, represent the Slovak people and the Bohemian Natiorial Alliance of America, and its branch organi- zations, which organizations exist in nearly one-half of the States of the Union. I want to state at this time that our committee has been somewhat handicapped. It was very late last evening when we received tiie stenographic reports of the meeting yesterday morn- ing, and we have not been able to prepare our briefs in a manner that would do justice to this case. The Chairman. The committee will give you time to prepare your brief, if you wish to file anything aft«r the hearing. Mr. Vaczy. I appreciate that very much. I trust you will, there- fore, appreciate our position in this matter. At this time I wish to thank you most kindly in extending to us the opportunity to present the case of Czechoslovakia insofar as it relates to the Magyar ped- ple. Our purpose in view in appearing before you is to cooperate with your committee and assist you in reaching a fair settlement in the so-called matter entitled, "The Case of Hungary,*' and further to refute and correct the misleading statements propounded by the representatives of the Magyar people who appeared yesterday before your honorable body. I shall be very brief with the Czecho-Slovaks and Magyar situa- tion and discuss the matter as it exists in the United States to-day, and leave the economic, geographical and historical questions affect- ing the European situation to my colleagues. The Czecho-Slovaks began to emigrate to the United States before the Civil War. Many of them fought bravely and heroically in this war. The Czecho- slovaks began to come to our shores in large numbers, principally to escape the hardships and cruelties perpetrated upon them by the Magyar imperialistic Government, and further to escape the military service, realizing the humiliation and the insults and treatments that would be accorded to them by the Magyar militaristic lords. As the years rolled on their immigration be^n to increase to this land until to-day the Czecho-Slovak population in the United States is approximately 1,600,000, or five times that of the Magyar population in this country. The Czecho-Slovaks have principally settled in the States of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Illinois, Nebraska, Iowa, West Vir- ginia, Texas, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Pennsvlvania, Maryland, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Minnesota. In many or the cities in these States they have built magnificent churches and schools, and in fact most of these people, I may say, own their homes. It is their abso- lute intention to ren^ain in this country. They have became a part of our Government. These people have expended and invested mil- lions of doUars in building operations and have materially assisted in developing our country in this one respect. There has been an erroneous impression received by the average American that the Czecho-Slovaks are only capable of performing manual labor. This is incorrect Thousands of these men are ex- pert artisans, manv of them are successful business and professional men, while other nave established reputations as artists and musi- cians. The Czecho-Slovaks have developed a deep interest in our political life and have made rapid strides in that direction. Two members of the present House of Congress are of Czecho-Slovak 1052 TREATY OF PBACE WITH GERMANY. birth. Others oocup^ elective and ap^ointiYe political positions^ while others hold civil-serYice positions in nearly every arm of our service, Federal, State, and municipal. I might state this, that the Czecho-Slovaks of this country have proven themselves to be an extraordinarily patriotic and indep^ad- ent, liberty-loving people. They have organized a Czecho-Slovak army in the United States. They were able to organize a force of vpwards of 3,500 Czecho-Slovaks, men who were not citizens of the United States and who were under no obligations to serve our coun- try, but who were exceedingly glad and desirous of going to the front and fighting for our country and fighting for the cause of the AUies. There was only one way in which those men could engage in battle, and that was by enlisting in the Czecho-Slovak Army. I might say that while yesterday the Magyar representatives appeared here and asked you for justice for Hungary, or for the Magyars, as I maintain, there is no such place as Hungary. Hungary to-day has been equitably divided. There is only a place there, Magyar- land, and not a united Hungary. Twenty-five hundred Czecho- slovak soldiers were marching up Fifth Avenue w^hile the Magyar representatives here were asking for sympathy and justice to Uieir country — these 2,500 Czecho-Slovak soldiers live in the UniUnl States; they are not citizens — after coming from Siberia. Many of them have been wounded and crippled. They left- their wives, their parents, their dependents, while they were in the Czecho-Slovak Army. I am sure tliat you must admire their heroic position in this matter. But while the Czecho-Slovaks in tliis country have been doing everything in their power to assist the United States to win this war — and I say they materially assisted the United States in winning this war — what were the Hungarians doing — or the Magyar people, to be correct? "What were they doing? 1 ou realize and you know tlie extensive propaganda that the Magyar agents in this country were carrying on prior to our declaration of war against the Central Powers. These Magyar agents were scheming and plotting to blow up munitions factories, sink ships, if you please, do anything in order to destroy our property, in owier words to cause disorder, to cause strikes, to interrupt our business pursuits in this country until the matter became so serious, if yon recall, that an investigation was had, and a convincing report was drawn up of the operation of the Magyar agents in this country, and of the harm that they were doing, so that Dr. Dumba as a result of that investigation was asked to be recalled, which he was. We bid that gentleman a final farewell, a representative of a so-called highly cultured, humane people. At this very time, Mr. Chairman and Senators, on August 10 a whole page advertisement appeared in four New York newspapers entitled "To the American Nation. Real facts about Hungary.'' It is signed ^American committee for the relief of Hungary, Arnold Somlyo, corresponding secretary ; Bertalan Barna, chairman." They conclude by stating "We respectfully appeal, therefore, to the Presi- dent of the United States, to the United States Senate, to Congress, and to the American Nation for justice to Hungary." I have read this article, and I am soriy to state that there seems to be no conscience as to the extent tx) which these Ma^ar TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 1058 propagandists will go to mislead the American public. There are three or four prominent facts to which I could draw your attention from this advertisement, which solely affect the J^lovak people, while it deals also with Serbia and Roumania. The Chairman. Let me ask one question in order to make it <5lear. When you speak of Czecho-Slovak, you mean Bohemian, Moravian, and Slovak. ^ Mr. Vaczt. Yes I do. We are only interested as far as this advertisement affects the Slovaks. The other nationalities quoted here can very well take care of themselves. At a meeting in New York I was elected by a branch of the Slovak League Senator Pomerene (interposing). Before you come to that, you said that there were three or four facts or statements that were gross misrepresentations. That is the substance of what you said. Mr. Vaczt. Yes. Senator Pomerene. What are they t Mr. Vaczt. Well, I can answer that argument, but I will leave that to my colleague, Mr. Svarc, who will explain that matter much better than I, can. He has been in Czechoslovakia and has recently returned, and understands conditions there and understands condi- tions here. I was asked to answer this advertisement. I then proceeded to the New York Sunday World office and inquired as to what it would cost to publish a similar full-page advertisement. I was sur- prised when I was told that it would cost $1,344 for one insertion. It seems that it cost as much money for the page advertisement in the New York Herald, the New York American, and the New York Times. So in round figures it cost about $6,500 for those four ad- vertisements in the New York newspapers. Now the question is, gentlemeiij I am wondering where this large sum of money is coming from. If these people can afford to spend $6,500 for advertising purposes, it is a very serious problem in my estimation as to where the money is coming from. Is it possible, gentlemen, that perhaps the purse strings of Bela Kuhn have been loosened and some of that money imported into this country? Or is it possible that the Magyar aristocrats have opened their pocket- books and are expending some money for these expensive adver- tisements? This advertisement, to my mind, has been solely published for the purp^ose of misleading and poisoning the minds of the American public ; and, gentlemen, further for the reason that they are endeav- oring to mold public opinion, and I think that they want to use that public opinion as a s(»t of a hammer upon the Senate of the United States. There are a great many points which I could touch upon, so far as the Slovak situation is concerned. I know that your time is somewhat limited. You can put it to great advantage in other important matters that are before you, and I will conclude by sajring that the Magyars have been before the bar of justice. There is no Teason why sentence should not be passed, and they are awaiting sentence, and I will say that may the Lord have mercy on their souls. 1054 TREATY OF PEACE WITH GEBMANY. Further, more than that, I want to serve notice upon the repre- sentatives of the Magyar people in this countrv that the Czecho- slovaks in this country will do everjrthing witnin their power to prosecute this malicious and mischievous propaganda until it is for- ever banished from the shores of the United States, and we will back up the statement that we make. I thank you very much. The Chairman. Mr. Svarc, of Cleveland, Ohio. STATEMEHT OF KE. YEN SVAEC, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO. Mr. SvARC. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee: Rep- resenting the Slavic League of America and the Bohemian National Alliance, two organizations in the United States which were organ- ized for the purpose of prosecuting the war to a successful issue, so that the people from whom we have sprung abroad might on the other side come into their own, might a^in be free and enjoy the blessings of liberty, I thank you for this privilege of addressing you on this occasion, and I know that our people, not onljr in the united States but our long-suffering people abroad, appreciate the fact that we can raise our voices before you on behalf of their liberty. We did not think a few days ago that it would be necessary for us to appear before you. We had an idea that in the peace conference, owing to the victory which the allied armies, together with the Array of the TJnited States, have won abroad, the political questions would be settled over on the other side, and, above all, tliat our Magyar brethren would finally see the light, and in the light of their previous mistakes, the mistakes which are due to that outlook upon political life which goes back to feudal times, that they would be willing to get back into the channels of the modern world and become modern- ized. But it seems that they have not only failed to grasp the lesson of the war on the other side but they on this side who live under the Stars and Stripes have nevertheless failed to be imbued with the idea for which America stands, the principle which she represents, and the stem logic which she applies in these progressive times for the better- ment of the world, for the increase of justice in the world, and for the upbuilding of fraternity among nations. And that is why we are here ; not because we wanted to come, but because the occasion has compelled us to come in order that we may raise our voice in behalf of the truth, and endeavor to efface the various distortions of history, the various distortions of truth, and that subtle, specious reasoning which has been introduced here in 4his committee room by our Magyar friends in order that they might throw sand into your eyes and m order that they might deceive the American public at large in regard to those issues which are at stake on the other side and which are at stake as well in this country of ours. The political questions arising out of the situation in Hungary are ?uite easy to determine if we go back to a few basic definitions. V'hat is or what was this country that was known as Hungary? There have been certain unscrupulous men not only in these United States but elsewhere in the world who have traded wonderfully upon this word " Hungary," and who, because certain people came from this geogi-aphical designation known as Hungary, thevSe imscrupulous men had thought to claim them in that generic term " Hungarians." TREATY OF PEACE WITH QEBMANT. 1055 What is a Hungarian, or what was a Hungarian ? A person who came from the geographical area known as Hungary. He was either a Magyar, he was either a Slav — ^that is, a Slovak, Serb, or a Croat — or he was a Roumanian. In some instances he was a German, who came from tlie German settlement in Slovakia or in Transylvania. There never was such a thingas a homogeneous Hungary inhabited by a homogeneous nation. jThese various nations have inhabited Hungary from times immemorial, and the Magyars were the last people to enter Hungar\'. These peoples formed one polyglot State. This polyglot State imtil almost tne close of the eighteen^ century, because of these various nations which spoke different languages, em- Eloyed the Latin language in its transactions of government, the latin lan^age was used in its parliament, and the Latin language was used m the law courts. This condition continued down to the close of the eighteenth century, when under Joseph the Second, the Emperor of Austria-Hungary, the great movement for Grermanizing by force all the peoples of Austria-Hungary was endeavored to be put into effect. Under the stress of the Germanizing movement, the Magyar people began to receive the idea that they ought, in that geographic Sart known as Himgary, or the Kingdom of St. Stephen, to seek to lagyarize, and immediately after the French Revolution, when the new ideas began to pervade Europe, and the (question of nation- ality began to assert itself, from that day begms the idea of a Magyar iiuperialisni. and from that day, accentuated later on by the effort of I^uis Kossuth, which effort has been misrepresented in these United States, and which modern scholarship has sought to set right — American scholarship among other scholarships — the Magyars sought to efface all the other nations which had been on very friendly terms in centuries past, inhabiting a common country, and sought to Magyarize these other nations, a terrible task in it- self and a most brutal one, when we stop to consider that if the truth were known, that is if Magyar statistics did not lie, being made by the government, probably 8,000,000 people were seeking to rob 12,000,C^ people of their language, of their educational sys- tems, of their part of the government, and were simply trying to efface every vestige of their national tradition and impose upon them a false idea that they were Magyars. This situation continued down to 1867 with greater or less suc- cess, because up to that time the Magyars were immediately subject to the government of Vienna. In 1867 the Hapsburc ruler, Francis Joseph, saw that the Magyars were so obstreperous that it was time that he relented, that he should permit them to have their say, and so the old Empire of Austria-Hungary was divided into two parts, one part ruled from Vienna and the other part ruled from Buda- pest. The famous Saxon stateman. Bach, who got up this wonderful plan of dualism, upon the occasion of its bemg put into practice made this wonderfully humame statement. Turning to the berman ruler from Vienna, he said "You will take care of your hordes'* — meaning the Slovaks — ^"and of course," — turning to the Magyar ruler, "you will take care of your hordes from Budapest." And they have been quite true to that famous injunction. They have treated these subject peoples in all times as hordes. 1056 TBB4TY OF PBAOE WITH GEBMAJSTY. It was quite amusing yesterday to hear the justification for dual- ism as it was explained here, that the Magyars under the situation did what they thought was best. Yes, because they knew that they would have power in their hands to proceed to enace these nations that inhabit the common country, and that they would make one Magyar Empire out of this country, which was never in a position to assume the Magyar language, a non-Arrun language, which is strange to their ears, which is difficult for tnem to learn, whidi has absolutely no significance in education or culture because it is prac- tically limited to a nation of 8,000,000 people in the heart of Europe who are foreigners there. Now, if we once set in our minds this picture of the former Hun- gary, namely', a country or area which is inhabited by four great nations, nations which have an independent history, wnich have an independent culture entirely distinct from anything that is Magyar, then we can readily see the false reasoning which has been presented there and through which false reasoning you have been asked to do your part in preserving the integrity of this conglomeration called Hungary. There is no such thing as the integrity of Hungary. There is such a thing as the integrity of the Magyar nation, and nobody is seeking to deprive the Magj^ar nation of its integrity. But the whole civilized world is raising its voice against permitting 8,000,000 Magyars comprising the Magyar nation to impose their brutal system of government, a system which means denationaliza- tion, carried on in the most brutal fashion. That system, of course, was overthrown by this war and the civilized nations of the world are bound to see that it shall not be resuiTeoted. Now, in this connection I think it would bejproper to refer to the advertisement appearing in the New York World under date of Sunday, August 10, 1919, under caption, " To the American Nation. Real facts about Hungary," and signed by the "American com- mittee for the relief of Hungary." It seems that the title of this American committee for the relief of Hungary is a misnomer. I quote from this article : The American people had so little opportunity to hear Hungary's side of the atory that this information should be welcomed by every fair-minded dtiieen of this cDimtry. I wish to add to my previous remarks in regard to the definition of ** Hungary," the way this term is abused, and refer to this abuse through this entire article, showing the way in which the American public is deceived. In the Magyar language there is no term at all for an equivalent of the term ^Hungary." In other words, they call the country Magyar-Orsza^, meaning the country of the Magyars, and under that term they include Slovakia, they include Transylvania, that part inhabited by the Roumanians, and they include the southern parts- Croatia, Slovania, and so forth. In other words, in the Magj'ar lan^age they do not recognize at all that ancient term " Hungary," which means simply a geograph- ical area ruled by a common sovereign; and therefore, when they speak of Hungarians they usually fail to explain that they mean any- body who comes out of Hungary, but they try to impress you with TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 1057 the fact that "Magyar" is synonymous with "Hungary," whereas the fact is that it is not synonymous at all. It means that the Magyars form but one portion of Hungary, that they number about 8,000,000 out of the 20,000,000 inhabitants of the whole country, that their interests are entirely hostile to the interests of the rest of the population, because this population demands self-determination, and they demand that they work out their own destiny. They have been doing this in the United States continuously by talking about -Hun- garians. Senator Pomerene. If it will not interrupt you, how generally are these 8,000,000 Magyars distributed over what we understand to be Hungary? Mr. SvARC. I shall explain that. In this very article appearing on August 10 in the New York World is the following statement, and I quote it at this point in order that I may use their own figures : Life and time niinjxled the various races In Hungary incessantly. Other minglinps were accentuate<l during the eighteenth century, and as one finds them now side by side, Protestant, Catholic, Jew, and Orthodox, similarly there are in Hungary in the same region members of five or six nationalities. If we except central Hungary, which is wholly Magyar, 85 per cent, and north- ern Hungary, which is indeed almost entirely Slovak, 76 per cent, the races are so intermingled that you can not cut out an unbrolien territory from any of them. Every such attempt creates new mixed territories with no clear racial majority in them. I ask you gentlemen to consider the sincerity of a statement of this type, which admits that in the Danubian plain, which is prac- tically the onlv part that is essential Magyar, where they admit that 85 per cent oi the people are Magyars, even in this vast Danubian plain 15 per cent of the population belong to other races and nationalities. Senator Pomerene. Approximately what portion of the territory is that? Mr, SvARC. I will show you the map which they presented here yesterday It is practically this part here Senator Knox. About 20 per cent of the whole ? Mr. SvARC. Which, according to their own claim, would be about 20 per cent of old Hungary. They do not use the word " Slovakia." It has been the policy of these propagandists, and the policy of the Magyar Government sitting at Budapest, to endeavor all through these years to efface that word "Slovak." Then they have the effrontery to come into this committee room, as they did yesterday, and to suggest to you gentlemen that the situation there is similar to the situation in the United StatCvS pertaining to Texas or to California; in other words, that they are trying to do over there with those people what we are trying to do in these United States, to make the nation homogeneous. I think that if they were sincere, a better comparison and parallel would be to compare the situation to that in Switzerland, where three nations or peoples, speaking three languages, live side by side and manage their own govern- ment. That would be the truth. But one of the reasons why we are here is to protest against any such comparison as comparing the situation over there in Hungary with the situation in the United States as it pertains to Texas or New Mexico or California. It is nothing of tne sort. These nations in Hungary were there before the Magyars came. 135646—19 67 1058 TREATY OF PEACE WITH GEBMANY. And another point against which we protest, that is contained in this advertisement, is the claim that all these nations that are seeking the right of self-determination over there now are immi- grants, that the Ma^ars were there first. The Magyars have set up the false contention that they were the aborigines. I do not think it requires much of a scholar to realize the fact that any race that came to Europe in the tenth century, is far from being the aboriginal race of the country, because we laiow that the great migra- tions took place in the sixth and seventh centuries. We also know this fact, that the Magyar language, as far as its terminology is concerned which relates to agriculture, which relates to the home, which relates to the marriage state, which relates to the common things of life such as tools, practically aU in the terms in the Magyar language have been adopted from the Slovak. That of itself, gentlemen, is significant, because no nation aboriginal in a country borrows its common words from a nation which has come in in later years. The process is just the reverse. And when they, before you here, have been claiming their much-vaunted culture, that culture such as it is is due to the fact that they have taken it from these other nations, and they have labeled it Magyar. The extent to whichthey have gone along these lines in order to rob the nations which have lived in a common country with them, of tfieir own reputation along the lines of civilization and culture, is ap- parent from the fact that at the World's Fair in Chicago they would not permit the Slovak women to label their embroideries as Slovak embroideries, but insisted that they be labeled as Hungarian em- broideries, again fooling the public with that term "Hungarian" and misleading the public. The same was true in London, where they refused to permit the Slovaks, and Austria on the other hand refused to permit the Czechs to label their exhibits under their national names. In this robbery of reputation these two plunderers, the Germans of Vienna and the Magyars of Budapest, have persisted in all these years, in order that they might make it appear to the world that they were ruling over homogenous nations; that Austria was German and that Hungary was Magyar, and yet on the other hand Hungarian, a thing which meant nothing if it did not mean the fact that it was Magyar. Now we protest against this misrepresentation in this advertisement, which seeks to show that the Magyars were the aboriginal inhabitants of Hungary, and that these other nations moved in there like a lot of interlopers many centuries afterwards and that now they are try- ing to rob the Magyars of their country. In proof of the facts which I nave stated, I refer you gentlemen to the books of Seton Watson, Racial Problems in Hungary, and Political Corruption in Hun- garv, and the work of Seton Watson on the Jugoslav question. I also refer you to the work of Emily Green Balch on Our Slo- vak Fellow Citizens. Emilv Green fealch is an American, and she discusses the problem ot our Slovak fellow citizens both here in the United States and on the other side, where she has had an opportunity to view them. Every impartial observer and scholar in Hungary has condemned the governmental system over there, the system of denationalization, and condemned that colossal humbug that the Magyars have been circulating over the world, in stating that they are a chivalrous, pro^essive, liberty-loving people. TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 1059 They have some laws on the statute books, but they never enforce them. They have those laws on the statute books in order that they may refer to them when the occasion arises, in order that they may be able to deceive somebody by claiming that they have such and such a law. The astounding statement was made here yesterday that their constitution is akin to our Anglo-Saxon constitution. I ask you gen- tlemen, what do you think of such a statement, in the light of the fact that they for instance do not know what the writ of habeas cor- pus is? I ask you what you think of that statement when you con- sider the fact that no editor over there has ever been safe who dared to defend the rights of his nationality, but almost without trial, un- der the guise of a trial, was sent to jail time after time, and that newspapers have been fined so that their financial resources were ex- hausted, so that they would have to stop finally from sheer exhaus- tion? I ask you what you think of callmg that constitution akin to an Anglo-Saxon constitution, when a nation like the Slovaks, com- prising about 3,000,000 souls, were only able to send four representa- tives to the Diet at Budapest, and were only able to do it once when they used all the power that they could summon together in order to bring about a proper campaign? I ask you what do you think of a situation concerning electoral laws under which one-sixth of the pop- ulation are graciously permitted to elect about 4 representatives when they ought to have about 50 ? And that situation also pertains to the Roumanians. What do you think of the " highly chivalrous " Magyar nation that officially flogs little schoolboys because they dare to recite a poem entitled " I Am Proud that I Am a Roumanian," and does it in the name of sav- ing the State. Then these gentlemen come before you here and try to tell you, and have the effrontery to tell you that the Magyar Gov- ernment over there — they say Hungarian Government, but it is the Magyar Government — is trying to bring about a situation in Hun- gary akin to that in the United States where we try to show our im- migrant peoples that they ought to know the finglish language. Over there they are trying to tell the Roumanian, who has occupied those hills of Transylvania from a time long before the nomadic Magyar came onto the Danubian Plain, that he must forget his won- derful romance language and that he must learn that language which resoxmds in Turkey and in Finland, but which resounds in only a few parts- of the world. They are telling him that he must cut off his intellectual relationship with the Italian and the Spaniard and the Portuguese and the French, and, if you please, with the English- man, and that he must limit himself to the barbaric language which cuts him off from intellectual relationship with the greatest and best in the world, past as well as present? What do you think of these men who have the effrontery to come before you and claim that it is perfectly proper for them at Budapest to tell the Slovak, '^ You must not leam the Slovak or any other Slav language, but you must learn the Magyar lan^age, and you must at once sever your intel- lectual relationship with almost 200,000,000 people in this world, and with literatures which run back for 20 centuries, that you must cut off your intellectual relationship with literature which runs back tp Cicero and Virgil, and you must leam this language of ours which affords you intellectual relationship with practically 10,000,000 1060 TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMAKY. people only "? Those are a few of the things that we protest against here.
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US-66402996-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Audio message service apparatus
ABSTRACT
An audio message service apparatus comprises a first memory to store an encoded audio message, a second memory to store management data regarding the encoded audio message stored in the first memory and an encoder for again encoding the encoded audio message stored in the first memory by another different encoding method on the basis of the management data stored in the second memory and for storing the audio message which was again encoded into the first memory. The encoder encodes the encoded audio message by an encoding method of a higher compression ratio.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/161,745, filed on Dec. 2, 1993, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an audio message service apparatus for storing an inputted audio message and for transmitting the stored audio message.
2. Related Background Art
In a telephone exchange apparatus having a mail function, mail functions such as memory registration/hearing/deletion, substitute transmission/reception, official report, and the like are realized by using a storing apparatus of a large capacity. For example, there are the following mail functions.
(1) Mail notification
When a mail is registered into a mail box, the mail is notified by the following method.
1 the telephone corresponding to the mail box is called.
2 the mail corresponding to the mail box is displayed to the telephone.
3 a call is generated to a preset external line or extension and the mail is transferred.
4 a preset pocket bell is called. or the like.
(2) Hearing of a mail
1 the mail is reproduced together with the registered data and time.
(3) Mail capacity
1 the number of mails which can be registered into the mail box is designated.
2 the maximum time of one mail is designated. (4) Method of sound encoding (compression)
1 it can be selected from among a plurality of encoding methods.
In such a kind of system, further, an absence setting is performed and a mail can be transferred to another extension or an absence message can be displayed independent of the mail function.
However, after the mail was notified, when the user doesn't listen to the mail, the mail which is not so important is held for a long time and limited memory resources are used in vain.
Hitherto, in a telephone system which has a sound storage device and executes what is called a substitute transmission service, the recorded message is transmitted to the designated destination at the time designated by the user. Since the user cannot know the speech communication charge in advance, there is a drawback such that a feeling to save the costs is not awakened to the user and a vain cost burden is unconsciously caused.
As a case of using the substitute transmission service, it is possible to presume a case where there is some information to be informed, a case where the user is going to move to a location where he cannot call a telephone from now on, a case where it is troublesome to dial many times, or the like. The above cases are considered as reasons. As messages which are transmitted in such cases by using the substitute transmission service, in many cases, there is no need to talk to the partner in a real-time manner, it is sufficient to notify the message to the partner sometime today and the time is not so important, or the like.
Hitherto, however, there is a case where even a message which is not an emergency message and whose transmission time can be shifted is transmitted at a time of a high charge in spite of the fact that the speech communication charge will be cheap if the message is transmitted a little while later.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to effectively use resources of an audio message service apparatus.
Another object of the invention is to effectively use a memory to store an audio message.
Still another object of the invention is to prevent that the memory is occupied by audio messages of a low significance.
Further another object of the invention is to reduce a memory area which is occupied by audio message of a low significance.
Further another object of the invention is to inform the calling party of the fact that the audio message from a partner has been stored in the memory on the basis of information of the partner which was inputted for call generation.
Further another object of the invention is to save the costs which are required to transmit the audio message stored in the memory.
The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a construction of the first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a construction of an exclusive-use telephone in the first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an example of usage data of an extension in the first embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the usage data regarding the process in the case where a mail stayed in the usage data which is common to a system in the first embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a management table which is used in the mailing function in the first embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes upon mail registration by a control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes upon message registration by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIGS. 8A and 8B are flowcharts for explaining a flow of processes upon completion of one-minute timer by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes upon external line reception by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes upon extension reception by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes upon extension transmission by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 12 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes upon external line transmission by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIGS. 13A and 13B are flowcharts for explaining a flow of processes during extension transmission by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 14 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes during dial storage by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes upon time designation operation waiting by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 16 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes upon external line response waiting by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. 17 is a flowchart for explaining a flow of processes during external line speech communication by the control device in the first embodiment;
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the first embodiment of the invention and shows a key telephone system which encloses (N) external lines and (M) extension terminals.
In the embodiment, a main unit (control unit) 1 of the key telephone system as a center of control comprises: an analog line interface 4 for transmitting dial numbers to analog lines 2 and for detecting the reception or PB signal from the analog lines 2; an ISDN T-point interface (I/F) 5 to connect the ISDN line 3; an exclusive-use telephone interface 6 to enclose an exclusive-use telephone 21 as an extension; an ISDN S-point interface 7 to connect an ISDN telephone 50; an ordinary telephone interface 8 for sending a call signal to an analog ordinary telephone 40 or a facsimile and for detecting dial pulses or a PB signal therefrom; a speech path switch 9 to switch/connect a speech path between an external line and an extension; a control device 10 comprising a microprocessor or the like for controlling the operation of the key telephone system; an ROM 11 to hold a program describing the operation of the system or the like; an RAM 12 to hold usage data of the system and set data and charge information for each terminal; a sound source 13 to generate a reservation sound, a dial sound, and a PB signal sound; a sound storage device 14 to record or reproduce a speech communication sound or a response message; a timer device 15 for measuring the time and notifying an event of the timeout to the control device 10; and a switch 16 to control a sound signal output to a load-apparatus (sound amplifying apparatus) 17 such as a speaker or the like.
The sound storage apparatus 14 has an encoding apparatus 14A for encoding a sound by either one of the encoding method of a low compression ratio and the encoding method of a high compression ratio and for storing the encoded signal.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a construction of the exclusive-use telephone 21 which is enclosed in the key telephone system.
The exclusive-use telephone 21 comprises: a communication interface (I/F) 22 to establish a control channel and an information channel between the communication I/F 22 and the main unit 1; a control device 23 to control the operation of the exclusive-use telephone 21; a display 24 to display various kinds of information such as dial numbers and the like; a speaker 25 for a loud sound reception; a microphone 26 for a hand-free speech transmission; a transceiver 27 to execute a speech communication; a speech network 28 to switch the speaker 25, microphone 26, and transceiver 27; dial buttons 29 to input dial numbers; function buttons 30 which are used at the time of the reservation or the setting of various kinds of data; and external line buttons 31 which are used for an external line capture or response.
The terms in the following description will now be defined hereinbelow.
First, "event" denotes the operation (lift-up or put-down of the handset) of the user, the reception from the external line, the timeout from the timer device 15, or the like. "state" denotes the stage in which the system waits for an event in the processing step of the control device. "idle" denotes a state in which the terminal is not used and the reception is not accepted. "off hook" denotes that a handset is lifted up from an idle state or a speaker button is depressed. "on hook" denotes that the handset is put down at the time of speech communication using the handset or the speaker button is depressed upon speech reception via a speaker. "special number operation" denotes the depression of a number other than the number for the extension/external line transmission or the depression of the buttons which are especially allocated. "terminal" denotes a general denomination of the equipment which is enclosed in the extension of the system.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an example of usage data of the extensions in the embodiment.
As such usage data, there are prepared: a telephone type indicative of either one of four kinds of 0 to 4; an absence setting indicative of the presence or absence of an absent state and the extension number of the transfer destination; an absence message to display the contents of the absence; a corresponding mail box number of the extension; and a service classification indicative of either one of five kinds of 0 to 5 with respect to, for example, the transmission.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the usage data regarding the processes in the case where mails stay among the usage data which is common to the system in the embodiment.
As shown in the diagram, information indicating whether each of the processes such as "transmission limitation", "mail registration limitation", "message display", "alarm sound", "encoding method change", "transmission time, transmission (the staying mails corresponding to the transmission terminal are sent upon transmission)", and "absence time, transmission (in the case where a call is received during the absence setting, the staying mails corresponding to the calling party terminal are sent)" is executed or not and a limitation value of the number of staying mails are set. Namely, with respect to the processes in which the result of the discrimination about "permission or inhibition" in FIG. 4 indicates the permission, at a time point when the number of staying mails is equal to or larger than the limitation value, each process is executed.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a management table which is used in the mailing function of the system. The terms in each column in FIG. 5 will be first described.
"mail box" denotes a fundamental constructional element of the mailing function. Mails are posted into or read out from the "mail box". One "mail box" is ordinarily allocated to each telephone. There is another mail box for an official report or the like which is commonly used for the system.
"mail box number" denotes an identifier to unconditionally identify the mail box. "address" denotes a management address in the sound storage device 14 indicative of the area in which the message is held. "mail number" denotes information to manage for every mail box. In the system, the number (for example, 50) of mails which can be registered for one mail box can be defined. Although FIG. 5 shows the management table of the mail box of the mail box number "01", a similar management table is also provided for the mail box of another mail number.
"registration data & time" denotes the data and time at which the mail was registered. Upon hearing, they are announced as a sound prior to sending the mail. "registrant number" denotes the number of the person who registered the mail. In case of the extension, the extension number of the terminal is stored. In case of the external line to which the calling party number is informed, such a number is stored. In case of the external line to which no calling party number is notified, when the number is notified by the PB signal, such a number is stored.
"hearing state" denotes the data and time at which the mail was first heard in the case where the mail has already been heard. When nothing is heard, such a fact is shown. "transfer data and time" denotes the date and time at which the mail is automatically transferred to another terminal or external line. "encoding method" denotes 32 kbps and an ADPCM system or another system.
In the system, when the mail is registered, heard, or deleted, the management table is renewed.
FIGS. 6 to 17 are flowcharts for explaining flows of processes of the control device 10 in the embodiment.
(1) When the mail is registered to another terminal:
The occurrence of the event at the terminal in the idling state (S101 in FIG. 6) is monitored (S102). When the event indicates the special number operation of the mail registration, it is instructed for the user to input the mail box number of the destination and the number of mails held there is discriminated (S103). When it is larger than the number (50 in this case) of mails which is permitted for the system, a guidance indicating that they cannot be registered is sent (S104) and the apparatus is held in the idling state.
It is now assumed that the guidance has previously been held in the RAM 12, sound source 13, and sound storage device 14. This point is also similarly applied hereinbelow.
When the number of mails of the corresponding terminal lies within the allowable range in step S103, a check is made to see if the transmission limitation mode has been set or not (S105) on the basis of the management table expressing the usage data which is common to the system shown in FIG. 4. For example, in the case where the extension "1", requested the mail registration to the mail box of the extension "2", a check is made to see if the number of mails registered in the mail box of the extension "1" is equal to or less than the limitation value "40" or not.
When the number of mails for the operation terminal is equal to or larger than the limitation value and when the transmission limitation mode is set, a service class of the transmission is changed (for example, it is changed from "no limitation" to "extension only") in step S106.
In steps S107 and S108, a check is made to see if it is necessary to display the message or not in accordance with the number of mails and, if YES, the terminal is controlled so as to display a message to instruct the user to listen to the mail.
Similarly, in steps S109 and S110, a control is performed so as to transmit an alarm sound indicating that the mails stay.
In step S111, a check is made to see if the registration is limited or not. If the limitation is necessary, the request for the mail registration is refused and the system is set into the idling state. If the registration is not limited, the registering process is executed by using the encoding method of a low compression ratio in step S112.
(2) When a message service is registered:
In the following description, message information such as message ID, telephone number of a message destination, transmission date and time, transmission time, and the like has been held in a format shown in FIG. 18.
"message service" denotes a function to transmit the messages registered in the sound storage device to the designated terminal at the set time.
The control device 10 secures a message registration area which is necessary for registration in the sound storage device 14 (S602 in FIG. 7). The message ID is given to the secured area and is used for management. After that, a guidance to instruct the user to generate an event is displayed and the sound recording operation is started (S603). The time is measured.
After completion of the recording, the telephone number of the partner to which the message is informed is inputted and is held into the RAM 12 as message information together with the recording time (S604). The operating mode of the system is shifted to the time designation operation waiting mode (S700).
Even in the time designation operation waiting mode (S700), the event generation of the event is monitored (S701 in FIG. 15). When the user inputs the dial buttons by numerals, they are held (S702) and the system waits for the next operation.
In step S701, when the operation of the user is an established operation, a check is made to see if numerical values of four digits have been inputted or not (S703). When the numerical values are correctly inputted, they are recognized as a time and the speech communication charge at that time and the speech communication charge of the time zone near such a time point are calculated and compared (S704). When the charge at the designated time is cheapest, such a time is set as a message time (S705) and the system is set into the idling state. When there is a time zone cheaper than the designated time, a message indicative of such a fact is displayed on the telephone and is informed to the user (S706). The system waits for the correction/established operation of the user.
When numerical values of four digits are not inputted in step S703, the cheapest time is set as a message time as an automatic setting by the system (S707). The system is returned into the idling state.
When a cancellation operation is executed in step S701, the message information is cleared (S708) and the system is returned to the idling state.
(3) Upon completion of one-minute timer:
When the one-minute timer times out for the event in step S102 in FIG. 6, the time display of the telephone is renewed (S605 in FIG. 8A). A one-minute completion event has been preset so that the timer device 15 notifies such an event for every one-minute interval. Subsequently, the message information in FIG. 18 is retrieved and a check is made to see if the time which coincides with the present time exists in the transmission times or not (S606).
If YES, a check is made to see if the message destination is an external line or not (S607). If YES, a free external line is captured (S608). The line of the cheapest speech communication charge is determined (S609). The access number to such a line is dialed (S610). The message destination numbers are subsequently dialed (S611). When all of the dial numbers are sent, an RBT time timer to judge that the partner doesn't respond is activated (S612). The system is set into an external line response waiting mode.
In the external line response waiting mode (S800), the occurrence of the event is monitored (S801 in FIG. 16). When the response of the partner is detected by the polarity inversion of the line, the stop of the RBT, or the like, the corresponding registration message is sent (S802). The system enters the external line in-communication state (S900).
In step S801, when the event is in the partner's speech communication or the RBT time timer times out, the message time is changed (S803). "RBT" denotes a ring backtone, namely, a calling sound and is a sound to inform the calling party of the fact that a call signal has been transmitted. Although the change time is set to a value in which a predetermined time is added to the value so far, since it is desirable to transmit in the cheap time zone as much as possible, the change time is set so as to frequently transmit the message as the speech communication charge is cheap as much as possible. As shown in FIG. 19, as for the speech communication charge, "speech communication time charge" data of a plurality of telephone line companies (A, B, C, D) has been provided in the RAM 12 in correspondence to the ground numbers (station numbers necessary when the charges are obtained from the time difference method for each distance. Such a data is renewed each time the charge system of each line is changed.
When the message time is renewed as mentioned above, a disconnection processing is executed to the external line (S804).
Even in the state in step S800, the cancellation processing is effective (S805).
Even during the external speech communication (S900), the event is also monitored (S901 in FIG. 17). The message information is cleared by the notification of the end from the sound storage device 14, detection of the disconnection of the partner, or the cancellation operation (S902). The speech communication is disconnected (S903).
A check is made to see if it is necessary to change the encoding method or not in step S121 in FIG. 8B on the basis of the management table.
When it is necessary to change the encoding method, in steps S122 to S129, the holding periods are calculated from the registration dates and times with respect to all of the mails in all of the mail boxes in FIG. 3 and checks are made to see if they are equal to or larger than limitation values of the system usage data or not. If YES, a part of the sound storage device 14 is used as an operation area and is again registered as a mail by using the encoding method of a higher compression ratio. After all of the processes of the reselection registration, other processes such as renewal of the date and time display and the like are executed (S130).
In the case where the number of mails has been set as a limitation value, the mails which have already been registered is again compressed at the time of mail registration in step S112.
(4) In the case where there is a reception from the external line in which the calling party number is known and the mail of the same registration number as the calling party number exists:
In the case where the event indicates the external line reception in step S102 in FIG. 6, a check is made to see if the operating mode is the mail transmission mode or not in accordance with a situation of the absence setting (S131 in FIG. 9). In case of transmitting the mail, a check is made to see if the calling party number exists in the reception call information from the external line or not (S132). When the calling party number is known, a check is made to see if the external line number such as a communication partner or the like exists in the absence message in FIG. 3 or not with respect to all of the terminals. Such a discrimination is made by judging whether the set number coincides with the calling party number or not (S134). When they coincide, since there is a high possibility such that the communication is a communication from the user who made the absence setting, the system responds to the reception. The corresponding mail is sent to the absence setting terminal (S135). In this instance, since it is also considered that there is a reception from a person other than the absence setting user, a personal identification number is sent prior to the mail transmission.
When the absence message which coincides with the calling party number doesn't exist in all of the mails, a control such as ringing of a reception sound or display is executed in accordance with a predetermined reception responding system (S137).
(5) In the case where the terminal in which the absence transfer has been set is accessed from the extension:
When the event indicates the extension reception in step S102 in FIG. 6, in steps S142 to S145 in FIG. 10, when the calling party terminal coincides with the transfer destination in the absence transfer mode, the sound storage device 14 is connected to the calling party terminal and the mail is sent.
When the numbers don't coincide in the absence mode, a reception is sent to a predetermined transfer destination (S146). When the terminal is set to an operating mode other than the absence transfer, an absence display or a reception display is executed (S147 to S149).
In step S135 in FIG. 9 or in step S145 in FIG. 10, a tone signal indicative of the presence of the mail can be also transmitted instead of sending the mail.
(6) When the extension call is performed:
When the event denotes the extension transmission in step S102 in FIG. 6, a transmission sound is transmitted to such a terminal (S151 in FIG. 11), thereby setting the state into a state during the extension transmission (S201).
Event is monitored in the state in which the extension is in transmission (S202 in FIG. 13A). When the event denotes the dial and the first dial, the transmission sound is stopped (S203, S204). The dial numbers are subsequently held (S205). The dial end is discriminated by the number of digits of the numbers held (S206). When there is a remaining dial number, the system waits for the next event in the extension transmission.
When the dial end is detected in step S206, a check is made to see if the mode to transmit the mail at the time of transmission has been set or not (S207 in FIG. 13B). When the registration number of the mail is the same as the calling party dial number, the mail is transmitted (S208 to S211).
After the mail was sent, a calling process or a transmitting process of a busy tone is newly executed (S212 to S214).
(7) When a call is generated to the external line in which the mail was registered:
When the event indicates the external line transmission in step S102 in FIG. 6, so long as the mail transmitting mode has been set (S161 in FIG. 12), a pseudo transmission sound is transmitted (S162) in consideration of the case of sending the mail before the external line call is generated. A capture reservation is performed (S163) so that the external line is not used by another person. Actually, the operating mode is shifted to the mode in dial storage without capturing the external line (S301).
When the mail transmitting mode is not set, the external line is captured and is connected to the terminal (S164, S165).
The event is monitored even during the dial storage (S302 in FIG. 14). When the event indicates the dial, the operation of a dial interval timer is started (S303). In case of the first dial, the pseudo transmission sound is stopped (S304, S305). The dial numbers are held (S306).
The dial numbers are successively stored. After the operator inputted the final dial number, a dial interval timer completion event is soon generated in step S302. Subsequently, the dial numbers which were stored so far and the registrant numbers of the mails are compared. When there is the mail of the coincident number, such a mail is sent to the operation terminal (S311 to S314).
After the mail was transmitted, the external line whose capture was reserved is captured (S315). The operation terminal is connected to the external line (S316). The stored dial numbers are sent to the external line (S317).
In step S210 in FIG. 13B and in step S313 in FIG. 14, a tone signal indicative of the presence of the mail can be also transmitted instead of transmitting the mail.
In the above first embodiment, various modifications are further possible. For example, in case of a network such that the calling party number is not notified in step S132, after the state during the external line speech communication was obtained, a guidance can be also generated so as to transmit the numbers by the PB signal. In this instance, the number is detected by a PB signal receiver which the system has, and when the number coincides with the registrant number, the mail is transmitted.
In the first embodiment, the mail which is not yet listened has been used as a target that is compared with the limitation value in the usage data table shown in FIG. 4. However, the registered mail can be also merely used as a target irrespective of the result of the discrimination regarding whether the mail has been listened or not.
In the first embodiment, further, the numbers or holding period has been considered as a limitation value shown in FIG. 4. However, a residual capacity of a capacity which can be allocated to each mail box or a remaining capacity of the whole system can be also used as such a limitation value.
The sound storage device 14 can be also provided as an external device and can be also commonly used by other systems. In this case, means for interfacing with the sound storage device is newly provided. The above function can be also realized by a sole telephone instead of an exchange apparatus such as a key telephone system.
FIGS. 20 and 21 are flowcharts showing the operation in the second embodiment.
The control device 10 monitors the state of each terminal and always waits for an event (S401). The user of the terminal in the idling state depresses the special number in order to execute the message service. When the next operation (S402) indicates the new registration of a message, a message ID is newly decided and a message information area as shown in FIG. 18 is secured (S403). The processing routine advances to step S405. When the next operation indicates the correction of the existing message in step S402, the designation of the ID is received (S404) and step S405 follows.
In the embodiment, the transmission date and time are inputted from the function buttons 30 and dial buttons 29 before the message is recorded.
As instruction is made for the user to designate the renewal item in step S405. When the message content is designated, the recording time is initialized and the time is measured (S406). The recording operation is started from the transceiver 27 (S407). The system is set into the state in the message recording (S500).
In step S405, the transmission time is renewed (S408) and the message partner is renewed (S409) in correspondence to the renewal item, respectively. The speech communication charge is calculated and displayed on the telephone 21 of the user (S410).
Even in the state during the message recording (S500), the generation of the event is monitored (S501). When the one-second timer times out, the recording time displayed on the telephone 21 is renewed (S502).
In this instance, a check is made to see if the timing to renew the speech communication charge is renewed has come or not from the data in FIG. 19 (S503). If YES, the charge displayed is renewed (S504) and the recording is continued.
When the event indicates the recording end operation in the message recording state, the telephone 21 is disconnected from the sound storage device 14 and the message time or the like is renewed (S505). The system is returned to the idling state.
In the above second embodiment, further various modifications are possible. For example, the sound storage device 14 can be provided as an external device and can be also commonly used by other systems. In this case, a circuit to interface with the sound storage device is newly provided. The speech communication charge can be also expressed by an audible sound instead of displaying as a visual message. A sound indicative of the speech communication charge can be also generated from the speaker 25 of the telephone in correspondence to one degree. Further, the present function can be also realized by a sole telephone instead of the exchange apparatus such as a key telephone system.
Although the present invention has been described above, the invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiments but many modifications and variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the appended claims of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. An audio message service apparatus comprising:first input means for inputting an audio message; memory means for storing the audio message inputted by said first input means; transmitting means for transmitting the audio message stored in said memory means; second input means for inputting a transmission time to transmit the audio message by said transmitting means, the transmission time being different from an input time when the audio message is inputted by said first input means; and display means for displaying a charge which will be required for a transmission by said transmitting means at the transmission time inputted from the second input means, during the input of the audio message by said first input means, wherein said display means displays the charge changed according to continuation of the input of the audio message by said first input means.
2. An audio message service method comprising the steps of:inputting an audio message; storing the audio message inputted in said audio message inputting step, into a memory; transmitting the audio message stored in said audio message storing step; inputting a transmission time to transmit the audio message in said transmitting step, the transmission time being different from an input time when the audio message is inputted in said audio message inputting step; and displaying a charge which will be required for a transmission in said transmitting step at the transmission time inputted in said transmission time inputting step, during the input of the audio message in said audio message inputting step, wherein the charge displayed in said displaying step is changed according to continuation of the input of the audio message in said audio message inputting step.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the charge is outputted to a display..
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https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%20%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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פייער מויער
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https://yi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=פייער מויער&action=history
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Yiddish
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Spoken
| 108 | 503 |
פײַער־מױער (ענגליש: Firewall) אין קאָמפּיוטערײַ, איז א סיסטעם צו פֿאַרמײַדן ניט געװוּנטשנע פֿאַרבינדונגען דורכן קאָמפּיוטער־נעצװערק װעלכע איז פֿאַרבונדן מיט א קאָמפּיוטער. די סיסטעם קען זײַן אױסגעפֿירט דורך ווײכװאַרג (א קאָמפּיוטער פּראָגראַם) אדער דורך האַרטװאַרג.
Firewall פראגראמען
איינע פון די באקאנטע Firewall פראגראמען איז די Zone Alarm פראגראם.
ווינדאז XP איז די ערשטע אפערירן סיסטעם וועלכע מייקראסאפט האט אײַנגעבויט א-Firewall דערין. אין ווינדאז וויסטע האט מייקראסאפט אײַנגעבױט צוויי Firewall פראגראמען, די סטאנדארט Firewall פראגראם וועלכע איז שוין געווען פראדוצירט אין ווינדאז XP און א נייע פארגעשריטענע Firewall פראגראם אונטערן נאמען Windows Firewall with Advanced Security.
אין מאקאס X איז דער פייער-מויער אײַנגעבױט. מען שטעלט אים פון System preferences…|Security
קאמפיוטעריי
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mystery%20Mind
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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The Mystery Mind
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The Mystery Mind&action=history
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English
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The Mystery Mind is a 1920 American crime drama silent black and white film serial directed by Will S. Davis and written by John W. Grey and Arthur B. Reeve. An homonym novel is based on this film, also written by Grey.
In the story a variety of weird assassins controlled by "the Mystery Mind," a disembodied voice who can command living people to do his bidding, threaten Violet Bronson, the daughter of an explorer, who they believe may know the location of the treasure of Atlantis. She is defended by her fiance Robert Dupont, a hypnotist, and her adoptive father who she calls "Doctor Daddy." The assassins include a hunchback, a faceless man called Phantom Face, Carl "the Wolf" Canfield, Vera "the Snake" Collins, "The Fox" and a strangler. A new weird menace appears in almost every episode, making this serial the one that likely included more villains in the cast than any other. The trail to the treasure leads to the Orinoco in Florida and there a weird civilization dominated by a three-eyed witch doctor is discovered, as is the treasure and the secret of the entity known as the Mystery Mind.
The setup of the serial draws inspiration from The Mysteries of Myra, a 1916 serial in which another young blonde heroine also subject to the mental control of a master villain is protected by a man with a romantic interest in her who also has a mystical side to him from a variety of weird threatening menaces, again, often one new threat or even monster per episode. One episode of Myra was actually entitled "The Mystery Mind."
The episodes of the film were The Hypnotic Club, The Fires of Fury, The War of Wills, The Fumes of Fear, Though Waves, A Halo of Help, The Nether World, The Mystery Mind, Dual Personality, Hounds of Hate, The Sleepwalker, The Temple of the Occult, The Building Ray, The Water Cure, and The Gold of the Gods.
Cast
J. Robert Pauline as Robert Dupont
Violet MacMillan as Violet Bronson
Paul Panzer as Carl 'The Wolf' Canfield
Ed Rogers as Carl Canfield
Peggy Shanor as Vera Collins
Saville De Sacia
Edward Elkas
Arthur Pierot
Baby Ivy Ward as Violet as a child
References
External links
1920 crime drama films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Will S. Davis
Films with screenplays by John Grey
Films with screenplays by Arthur B. Reeve
Films about murder
Films about hypnosis
1920 films
1920s American films
Silent American crime drama films
| 34,399 |
https://github.com/nowkoai/test/blob/master/app/assets/javascripts/jobs/components/log/log.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
test
|
nowkoai
|
Vue
|
Code
| 185 | 631 |
<script>
import { mapState, mapActions } from 'vuex';
import CollapsibleLogSection from './collapsible_section.vue';
import LogLine from './line.vue';
export default {
components: {
CollapsibleLogSection,
LogLine,
},
computed: {
...mapState([
'jobLogEndpoint',
'jobLog',
'isJobLogComplete',
'isScrolledToBottomBeforeReceivingJobLog',
]),
},
updated() {
this.$nextTick(() => {
this.handleScrollDown();
});
},
mounted() {
this.$nextTick(() => {
this.handleScrollDown();
});
},
methods: {
...mapActions(['toggleCollapsibleLine', 'scrollBottom']),
handleOnClickCollapsibleLine(section) {
this.toggleCollapsibleLine(section);
},
/**
* The job log is sent in HTML, which means we need to use `v-html` to render it
* Using the updated hook with $nextTick is not enough to wait for the DOM to be updated
* in this case because it runs before `v-html` has finished running, since there's no
* Vue binding.
* In order to scroll the page down after `v-html` has finished, we need to use setTimeout
*/
handleScrollDown() {
if (this.isScrolledToBottomBeforeReceivingJobLog) {
setTimeout(() => {
this.scrollBottom();
}, 0);
}
},
},
};
</script>
<template>
<code class="job-log d-block" data-qa-selector="job_log_content">
<template v-for="(section, index) in jobLog">
<collapsible-log-section
v-if="section.isHeader"
:key="`collapsible-${index}`"
:section="section"
:job-log-endpoint="jobLogEndpoint"
@onClickCollapsibleLine="handleOnClickCollapsibleLine"
/>
<log-line v-else :key="section.offset" :line="section" :path="jobLogEndpoint" />
</template>
<div v-if="!isJobLogComplete" class="js-log-animation loader-animation pt-3 pl-3">
<div class="dot"></div>
<div class="dot"></div>
<div class="dot"></div>
</div>
</code>
</template>
| 42,601 |
https://openalex.org/W2889565937
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,018 |
Polyacrylamide Bead Sensors for <i>in vivo</i> Quantification of Cell-Scale Stress in Zebrafish Development
|
Nicole Traeber
|
English
|
Spoken
| 12,179 | 20,086 |
Polyacrylamide Bead Sensors for
in vivo Quantification of Cell-Scale
Stress in Zebrafish Development
N. Träber1,2,6, K. Uhlmann3,6, S. Girardo2,4,5, G. Kesavan4, K. Wagner2, J. Friedrichs1,
R. Goswami4,5, K. Bai4, M. Brand4, C. Werner1, D. Balzani3* & J. Guck2,5*
OPEN Mechanical stress exerted and experienced by cells during tissue morphogenesis and organ formation
plays an important role in embryonic development. While techniques to quantify mechanical stresses
in vitro are available, few methods exist for studying stresses in living organisms. Here, we describe and
characterize cell-like polyacrylamide (PAAm) bead sensors with well-defined elastic properties and size
for in vivo quantification of cell-scale stresses. The beads were injected into developing zebrafish embryos
and their deformations were computationally analyzed to delineate spatio-temporal local acting stresses. With this computational analysis-based cell-scale stress sensing (COMPAX) we are able to detect pulsatile
pressure propagation in the developing neural rod potentially originating from polarized midline cell
divisions and continuous tissue flow. COMPAX is expected to provide novel spatio-temporal insight into
developmental processes at the local tissue level and to facilitate quantitative investigation and a better
understanding of morphogenetic processes. Mechanical signalling has been established as one of the key factors regulating cellular behaviour1–3 and thereby
driving embryonic development, morphogenesis and tissue patterning4–11. An important prerequisite for further
progress is the availability of appropriate techniques that can either quantify stresses acting on or exerted by cells,
or apply known stresses to cells to study their biological response. Many measurement techniques already exist
for this purpose. Atomic force microscopy12,13 and micropipette aspiration14 are used as standard techniques for
quantification of mechanical properties by the direct application of controlled forces to cells or tissue samples. In contrast, traction force microscopy15 and micropillars16,17 use deformation of the surrounding material to
determine cell-generated tensional forces. Nonetheless, it is important to emphasize that these techniques enable
only in vitro investigation of the interplay between mechanical cues or material properties and the resulting cel-
lular behaviour. The detection of forces in vivo remains challenging and requires the development of appropriate
tools18–20. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors are increasingly used on a molecular scale to detect
and quantify forces acting inside living organisms21,22. While this is a valuable tool to measure forces acting on
individual molecules, it is unable to provide information on cell-scale stresses. With the introduction of biocom-
patible oil microdroplets as force transducers at the cellular level, Campas et al. (2014) have developed a pioneer-
ing method for quantifying cell-generated forces in living tissues23. Based on cell-induced deformations of the
microdroplets, which were microinjected into the extracellular space of cell aggregates and tissue explants, ani-
sotropic normal stresses could be quantified. www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ contrast to oil microdroplets, hydrogel probes are compressible and therefore allow quantification of local pres-
sure changes by tracking the bead volume change. However, as the shear or elastic moduli of these PAAm beads
remained undetermined, their application was limited to the identification of isotropic stresses. More recently,
Lee et al., 2019, confirmed the applicability of PAAm beads for the determination of mechanical stress in multi-
cellular spheroids26. In contrast to the PAAm beads introduced by Dolega et al., ellipsoidal shape deformations
could be evaluated. However, a monodisperse bead production was not realizable precluding a reliable in vivo
application of these bead sensors.l pp
In another study, elastic round microgels (ERMGs) made of alginate, loaded with fluorescent nanoparticles,
were used to quantify isotropic and anisotropic compressive stresses in living tissues by tracking nanoparticle
displacement27. This represents a promising method for identifying stresses, both in vitro and in vivo. The quan-
titative analysis of microsphere deformations rests on the definition of a stress-free spherical shape as reference
configuration. Thus, the accuracy of this general approach critically depends on the availability of compressible,
elastic spheres whose shape, size, and mechanical properties are well established prior to injection. p
p
p
p
p
j
Here, we present a method that circumvents the limitations of existing cell-scale stress sensors. We validate
PAAm as suitable material to create cell-like, spherical beads with a narrow size distribution using droplet micro-
fluidics. We extensively characterize both the compressibility and elastic modulus of the beads to enable the
quantification of isotropic and anisotropic stresses. This detailed determination of size and mechanical properties
before injection provides the methodical basis for the in vivo use of the computational analysis-based cell-scale
stress sensing (COMPAX). Importantly, it removes the necessity to recover the beads observed after the experi-
ment in order to acquire knowledge of their individual stress-free reference configuration. We demonstrate the
utility of COMPAX using PAAm beads by spatially and temporally quantifying for the first time the stresses
acting in the developing zebrafish neural rod. We show the presence of oscillatory pressure propagation, which
may potentially be generated by polarized cell divisions, and quantify compressive stress distributions within the
tissue during neural rod development. Results
b i Fabrication and mechanical characterization of PAAm beads. The production of standardized cell-
like elastic PAAm beads has recently been described by our group elsewhere28. In order to use these beads as force
sensors, we adjusted their size and elastic properties to be almost uniform and similar to those of cells. Spherical
PAAm beads were prepared by controlled polymerization of acrylamide and N,N´-methylenebisacrylamide
in a flow-focusing microfluidic device (left inset Fig. 1a) to obtain uniform particle size with a diameter of
17.0 µm ± 0.5 µm (mean ± SD, Fig. 1a). By altering the total monomer concentrations, the elastic modulus of
the beads was adjusted to mimic the typical stiffness range of eukaryotic cells29 (assuming that cells can be rep-
resented as a homogeneous isotropic elastic material at the lowest order). To render the inert PAAm beads bio-
adhesive, and to allow a visualization of the stress response in real time, they were covalently modified with
Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) conjugated with Cy3 fluorophores (PLL-Cy3) via NHS-ester, after production (right inset
Fig. 1a)28. g
)
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based colloidal probe nanoindentation was applied to determine the elastic
modulus of the PAAm beads in an initial (small) strain regime and to analyze the effect of different processing
steps and environmental parameters on bead stiffness. Figure 1b shows the effect of PLL-Cy3 functionalization
on the elastic modulus of the PAAm beads. Unmodified PAAm beads exhibited a Young’s modulus of 1.4 ± 0.6
kPa (mean ± SD). PAAm beads which were modified with NHS-ester did not significantly increase bead elasticity
(1.6 ± 0.6 kPa). The addition of PLL-Cy3 to NHS modified beads slightly increased bead elasticity to 1.8 ± 0.7 kPa. This value was then used for further analysis of the bead deformation in vivo. The insensitivity of the mechanical
bead properties to different physiological temperatures was confirmed by AFM measurements of the same PAAm
beads at temperatures from 24–50 °C (Fig. 1c). At all conditions tested, the elastic modulus of the beads remained
constant. Young’s moduli determined using AFM were validated by numerical reconstruction of the indentation
process and revealed that the reconstructed radial displacement matched the increase in bead diameter obtained
by confocal microscopy during colloidal probe indentation (Supplementary Fig. 1). www.nature.com/scientificreports/ COMPAX will not only provide novel spatio-temporal insight into mor-
phogenetic processes in embryos, but can also be used for quantifying stresses in adult tissues and organoids, or
when beads encounter individual cells during phagocytosis or migration. Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 Polyacrylamide Bead Sensors for
in vivo Quantification of Cell-Scale
Stress in Zebrafish Development
N. Träber1,2,6, K. Uhlmann3,6, S. Girardo2,4,5, G. Kesavan4, K. Wagner2, J. Friedrichs1,
R. Goswami4,5, K. Bai4, M. Brand4, C. Werner1, D. Balzani3* & J. Guck2,5*
OPEN This method has now be refined to the point where a fluid-to-solid
jamming transition has been shown to underlay vertebrate body axis elongation in zebrafish embryos24. However,
due to the incompressibility of the oil microdroplets, the estimation of isotropic tissue pressures (negative hydro-
static stress) was not possible.i )
p
Recently, the concept of using calibrated spherical probes as force sensors has been refined by the introduc-
tion of elastic polyacrylamide (PAAm) microbeads to quantify compressive stress in multicellular spheroids25. In 1Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany. 2Biotechnology Center,
Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden,
Germany. 3Chair of Continuum Mechanics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum,
Germany. 4Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische
Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany. 5Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light,
Staudtstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany. 6These authors contributed equally: N. Träber and K. Uhlmann. *email:
daniel.balzani@rub.de; jochen.guck@mpl.mpg.de www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Results
b i y
py
g
p
(
pp
y
g
)
Measuring the volume variation of the PLL-Cy3 PAAm beads as function of osmotic pressure using dextran
solutions25,30 was used to determine the bulk modulus (Fig. 1d). Linear fitting of the curve at small strains in
the region of elastic deformation resulted in a bulk modulus of ĸ = 6.2 ± 0.2 kPa (mean ± SD). Considering the
Poisson ratio ν, which was previously determined to be 0.44328, the correlation between bulk modulus ĸ and
elastic modulus E can be described using the equation E = 3ĸ (1–2ν), which corresponds to a Young’s modulus of
2.1 ± 0.3 kPa. This independently confirmed the value obtained by AFM indentation. hi
In addition, plate compression of PAAm bulk gels also verified bead elasticity at small compressions
(Supplementary Fig. 2). Simultaneously, these measurements displayed a non-linear material behavior of PAAm
at large strains, which precluded the application of the small strain (geometrically linear) framework. However,
for moderate strains up to 15% the material response was only slightly nonlinear, which indicated the possibility
to use a rather simple finite strain formulation (e.g. Neo-Hookean model) for the analysis of bead deformations.i pi
g
y
Compressibility of the PAAm beads was further confirmed by incorporation of the beads into human mesen-
chymal stromal cell (MSC) aggregates (Supplementary Fig. 3). At 24 h and 48 h of culture, PLL-Cy3 functionalized
PAAm beads showed significant volume reduction. After dissociation of the cells after 14 days of culture, the bead
volume returned back to its initial value (shape recovery), illustrating their elastic material properties even over
extended periods of time. Together, this detailed material characterization of the PAAm beads’ size, compressi-
bility and elastic modulus provide the basis for subsequent computational analysis of in vivo bead deformations. Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 1. Mechanical characterization of polyacrylamide (PAAm) beads. (a) Size distribution of Cy3
conjugated Poly-L-lysine (PLL-Cy3) functionalized PAAm beads (n = 1339) determined by a macro
implemented on Fiji28. Inset left: microscopic image of the bead production by microfluidic flow-focusing. Inset right: confocal microscopy section showing PAAm beads (magenta) functionalized with PLL-Cy3. Scale bar, 15 µm. (b) Young’s modulus of PAAm beads as determined by AFM-based indentation after PAAm
polymerization (w/o NHS), after NHS ester modification (w NHS) and after PLL-Cy3 functionalization
(n = 50, temperature = 24 °C). (c) Young’s modulus stability with increasing temperature. Results
b i Identical PLL-Cy3
functionalized PAAm beads (n = 25) were measured for each condition. (d) Stress-strain relation of PLL-Cy3
functionalized PAAm beads during osmotic compression. The dotted line indicates a linear fit that is used
for the determination of the bulk modulus. Results are represented as mean ± SD. Inset: confocal microscopy
images of a PAAm bead (magenta) in dextran solution (FITC label, green) confirming that dextran molecules
(hydrodynamic radius: 27 nm) are not able to enter the polymer network (mesh size: 21 nm28). Scale bar, 20 µm. (b,c) The boxes are determined by the 25th and 75th percentiles. The mean is shown as filled square symbol,
the median as straight line, the whiskers represent the standard deviation and the 1st and 99th percentiles are
indicated by crosses. (b–d) Insets are a schematic representation of the applied methods. A homogeneous
osmotic pressure compressing the bead and a spherical cantilever tip indenting the PAAm bead, respectively. Figure 1. Mechanical characterization of polyacrylamide (PAAm) beads. (a) Size distribution of Cy3
conjugated Poly-L-lysine (PLL-Cy3) functionalized PAAm beads (n = 1339) determined by a macro
implemented on Fiji28. Inset left: microscopic image of the bead production by microfluidic flow-focusing. Inset right: confocal microscopy section showing PAAm beads (magenta) functionalized with PLL-Cy3. Scale bar, 15 µm. (b) Young’s modulus of PAAm beads as determined by AFM-based indentation after PAAm
polymerization (w/o NHS), after NHS ester modification (w NHS) and after PLL-Cy3 functionalization
(n = 50, temperature = 24 °C). (c) Young’s modulus stability with increasing temperature. Identical PLL-Cy3
functionalized PAAm beads (n = 25) were measured for each condition. (d) Stress-strain relation of PLL-Cy3
functionalized PAAm beads during osmotic compression. The dotted line indicates a linear fit that is used
for the determination of the bulk modulus. Results are represented as mean ± SD. Inset: confocal microscopy
images of a PAAm bead (magenta) in dextran solution (FITC label, green) confirming that dextran molecules
(hydrodynamic radius: 27 nm) are not able to enter the polymer network (mesh size: 21 nm28). Scale bar, 20 µm. (b,c) The boxes are determined by the 25th and 75th percentiles. The mean is shown as filled square symbol,
the median as straight line, the whiskers represent the standard deviation and the 1st and 99th percentiles are
indicated by crosses. (b–d) Insets are a schematic representation of the applied methods. Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 Results
b i For this purpose, radial distance vectors (light grey arrows) are computed pointing
to the surface of the undeformed configuration assumed to be a sphere. (c) The inverse radial distance vectors
(red arrows) are applied as surface displacement vectors in an FE analysis to compute the stresses of the
deformed bead. Figure 2. Workflow for the computational analysis of cell-scale stresses. (a) The deformed shape of the
PAAm bead is captured by confocal microscopy. (b) Three-dimensional FE discretization of the undeformed
configuration is constructed. For this purpose, radial distance vectors (light grey arrows) are computed pointing
to the surface of the undeformed configuration assumed to be a sphere. (c) The inverse radial distance vectors
(red arrows) are applied as surface displacement vectors in an FE analysis to compute the stresses of the
deformed bead. Figure 2. Workflow for the computational analysis of cell-scale stresses. (a) The deformed shape of the
PAAm bead is captured by confocal microscopy. (b) Three-dimensional FE discretization of the undeformed
configuration is constructed. For this purpose, radial distance vectors (light grey arrows) are computed pointing
to the surface of the undeformed configuration assumed to be a sphere. (c) The inverse radial distance vectors
(red arrows) are applied as surface displacement vectors in an FE analysis to compute the stresses of the
deformed bead. the assumed undeformed geometry of the bead. At this point, an approximation of the mean pressure is already
feasible by computing the volume change of the bead based on the meshes produced (see section ‘Numerical
simulations’). However, since this approximation involves the simplifications of the theory for small strains, the
accuracy is limited. In step three (Fig. 2c) we applied the inverse radial distance vectors as surface displacements to the mesh
constructed in step 2. Then, the main FE simulation was performed to obtain the stress distribution that was
assumed to mimic the one in the real PAAm bead. For this simulation we considered the Neo-Hooke mate-
rial model in a geometrically nonlinear continuum mechanics setting that allowed for large displacements (see
also Supplementary Fig. 2). The two material parameters E and ν were estimated from the linearized situation
obtained previously, i.e. they coincided with the Young’s modulus and the Poisson ratio from the linear elasticity
framework that describes the initial stress-strain response under small strains. Considering large strains, the
model yielded a slightly nonlinear increase in stresses with increase in strains. Results
b i This was motivated by the fact that
large displacements occurred in the bead; however, the resulting stress-strain response was only slightly nonlin-
ear in the regime of large strains up to approximately 10% (Supplementary Fig. 2). Note that strains in the beads
analyzed were mostly of this level, while local maximal values reached to approximately 20%. Numerical validation. COMPAX constitutes a new approach to quantify cellular stresses inside soft tissues,
which permits the determination of isotropic stresses as well as distinct shape changes of the beads. Therefore,
a numerical validation was of major importance to evaluate the accuracy of the computed stress state from a
qualitative and quantitative point of view. For this purpose, we analyzed several artificially created load scenarios
applied to a spherical bead with a diameter of 17.0 μm, a Young’s modulus of 1.8 kPa, and a Poisson ratio of 0.443. These artificially deformed beads served as virtual experiments, that compared stresses obtained using COMPAX
by analyzing the shapes resulting from the reference simulation with known data used for the simulation (Fig. 3). Note that the same diameter and material parameters were used for COMPAX as for the reference simulation
such that the differences in the results should be on the order of computer accuracy in a perfect scenario.hf f
p
y
p
The quality of our approach was assessed via four criteria: the local differences in surface pressure Pres
σ
, the
magnitude and direction of the volumetric mean of the principal stresses 1
Ø
σ , 2
Ø
σ and σ3
Ø, and the volumetric
mean of pressure σPres
Ø . Here, pressure refers to negative hydrostatic stress, defined as the arithmetic mean of nor-
mal stresses. Positive values of the pressure indicate compressive isotropic stresses (for more information about
definitions, see section ‘Numerical simulations’). Note that by “normal” stresses, contrary to shear stresses, we
refer to those components of the stress tensor which are associated with the normal directions of the particular
cross-sections in the body. As a plausibility check, we first compared the results for a homogeneous surface pres-
sure of 1000 Pa, where the resulting displacements are indeed radial. Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 Results
b i A homogeneous
osmotic pressure compressing the bead and a spherical cantilever tip indenting the PAAm bead, respectively. Figure 1. Mechanical characterization of polyacrylamide (PAAm) beads. (a) Size distribution of Cy3 Computational analysis-based cell-scale stress sensing. In the current study, cell-induced bead
deformations are analyzed and converted to stresses using a newly developed method called computational
analysis-based cell-scale stress sensing (COMPAX). COMPAX consists of three basic steps. In step one (Fig. 2a),
we registered two-dimensional confocal images of the deformed PAAm beads embedded in the tissue of a zebrafish
embryo. Since we were aiming to capture the detailed shape of the beads while avoiding as much noise as possi-
ble in the confocal images, the distance between the individual two-dimensional sections was chosen as 1 μm. Based on this, we constructed a three-dimensional geometry of the deformed PAAm bead and a suitable finite
element (FE) discretization using the 3D visualization and processing software Avizo. The first step in geometry
generation, using the confocal images, involves the segmentation of voxels belonging to the microbead. Then the
geometry of the bead is interpolated between confocal images according to certain criteria. Since the geometry
creation process is a fixed order, the quality of COMPAX results remains unaffected.i i
yf
In step two (Fig. 2b) the undeformed configuration and approximate boundary conditions were estimated. Since each deformed bead cannot (yet) be assigned to its undeformed configuration due to technical reasons,
the undeformed state is generally not known. However, encouraged by the almost uniform fabrication of the
PAAm beads resulting in narrow distributions in shape and diameter, we considered the reference geometry of
the beads to be a sphere with a mean diameter of 17.0 μm. To construct the FE mesh for the respective reference
configuration, we computed radial distance vectors pointing out from the surface nodes of the deformed mesh
to the assumed spherical reference geometry and utilized those distance vectors as Dirichlet boundary condi-
tions during a preprocessing FE analysis. The resulting deformed configuration was then used as the mesh for Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 2. Workflow for the computational analysis of cell-scale stresses. (a) The deformed shape of the
PAAm bead is captured by confocal microscopy. (b) Three-dimensional FE discretization of the undeformed
configuration is constructed. Results
b i The resulting stresses of COMPAX differed
from the virtual data by values in the order of computer accuracy, implying that the method had been correctly
implemented.ii p
In a first relevant test scenario, we defined a periodic surface pressure whose intensity varied sinusoidally with
circle coordinates angle ϕ in the x-y-plane from a minimum of 600 Pa to a maximum of 1000 Pa with a wavelength
of π
4. In this case, the comparison revealed an excellent agreement between virtual data and the COMPAX-method
(Fig. 3a). In particular, the almost identical contour plots indicate that the detection of large fluctuations in the
surface pressure represents no difficulty for the COMPAX-method.h p
pfi
y
The second test scenario considered a quadratic distribution of surface pressure along one rotation axis of
the bead with a maximum pressure of 1000 Pa at the equator and a minimum pressure of 600 Pa at the poles. The
contour plots exhibited some local quantitative differences, while also the values of the volumetric means of the
principal stresses varied (Fig. 3b). Nevertheless, the direction of principal stresses as well as the mean pressure
showed good conformity. In a final load scenario, we combined a homogeneous surface pressure of 800 Pa with Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 3. Method validation using analysis of numerically deformed beads. 3D contour plots of pressure and
principal stresses in the reference simulation (left) and results of the COMPAX method (middle). Reference
values based on the volumetric mean of the Cauchy stress tensor (right). (a) The application of periodic surface
pressure shows nearly same results for both computations. (b) Larger non-radial displacements lead to local
deviations in the contour plot. (c) Stresses reveal inverse local values for the numerical simulation of surface
shear, but nearly no difference in mean pressure. Figure 3. Method validation using analysis of numerically deformed beads. 3D contour plots of pressure and
principal stresses in the reference simulation (left) and results of the COMPAX method (middle). Reference
values based on the volumetric mean of the Cauchy stress tensor (right). (a) The application of periodic surface
pressure shows nearly same results for both computations. (b) Larger non-radial displacements lead to local
deviations in the contour plot. (c) Stresses reveal inverse local values for the numerical simulation of surface
shear, but nearly no difference in mean pressure. two different shear loads of 120 Pa. Results
b i Each of the two loads was applied tangentially on one of the two halves of the
bead. The first and second loads were oriented from the north to the south pole and from the east to the west pole,
respectively. Comparing the contour plot in Fig. 3c, significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the local
pressure distributions could be observed, even though the directions of the principal stresses and volumetric
mean of the pressure remained comparable. In addition, Supplementary Fig. 5 shows contour plots of the shear
stresses for the final load scenario. As expected, the shear stresses generated by the COMPAX-method differ from
the shear stresses in the reference simulation. This is due to our assumption of radial displacements at the surface
of the bead which results only in moderate shear deformations.hi y
These artificial situations did not yet include potential errors resulting from measurement uncertainties e.g.,
associated with the shape of the undeformed bead and the material parameters. Therefore, an uncertainty analysis
was performed for diameter and Young’s modulus, which showed an influence of up to 30% standard deviation
in volumetric mean pressure as a result of measured differences in these two parameters (Supplementary Fig. 4). Taken together, COMPAX was less reliable when extracting surface shear and larger non-radial deformations,
which led to local deviations in stress computation and simultaneously affected the values of principal stresses. These artificial situations did not yet include potential errors resulting from measurement uncertainties e.g.,
associated with the shape of the undeformed bead and the material parameters. Therefore, an uncertainty analysis
was performed for diameter and Young’s modulus, which showed an influence of up to 30% standard deviation
in volumetric mean pressure as a result of measured differences in these two parameters (Supplementary Fig. 4). was performed for diameter and Young’s modulus, which showed an influence of up to 30% standard deviation
in volumetric mean pressure as a result of measured differences in these two parameters (Supplementary Fig. 4). Taken together, COMPAX was less reliable when extracting surface shear and larger non-radial deformations,
which led to local deviations in stress computation and simultaneously affected the values of principal stresses. However, we obtained very satisfying results for the determination of mean pressure and directions of the princi-
ple stresses, which were thus primarily analyzed in the experiments. Results
b i The embryo was immobilized in an agarose mold to facilitate upward orientation
of the animal pole for microinjection. PLL-Cy3 PAAm beads were injected at the bud stage of zebrafish
development (10 hpf). For confocal imaging of cell-force-induced bead deformations, the embryo was
embedded in 1% low melting agarose. (b) PAAm bead trapped between the left and right side of a uniformly
opened neural rod (nr) in the region of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (mhb) of a zebrafish embryo at prim-
15 stage (30 hpf). Developing eyes (e) and structures of the central nervous system are recognizable. Anterior
(A) - posterior (P) direction is marked in the image. Scale bar, 200 µm; the PLL-Cy3 PAAm beads are magenta
colored and the cell membranes are GFP-labeled (green). Here, we wanted to distinguish between local stresses on distinct areas of a bead and the global volumetric mean
f pressure. p
While local tensile isotropic stresses (negative pressure values) were initially detected at 14 hpf, volumetric
compression (positive pressure values) dominated at later time points. The temporal evolution of volumetric
mean of the pressure for each time period, as well as the corresponding volume of the PAAm bead, is shown in
Supplementary Fig. 6a. Additionally, COMPAX-based rendering of local pressure could be related to the activity
of adjacent cells, where cell spreading/division caused greater local compressions. An exemplary representation of
such pressure distributions can be found in Fig. 5c, in which contour plots of the distributed pressure in selected
cross-sections of the bead are depicted within the corresponding confocal images of the z-stack. To quantify
prevailing stress directions during neural rod formation, we computed the normal stress components (acting in
the x-y-plane) as a function of the direction in space described by the angle ϕ (Fig. 5d). For better visualization,
we amplified the curviness of the resulting stress curves by amplifying the fluctuation around the mean. This was
achieved by first calculating the mean values of the normal stresses acting in the x-y-plane and secondly scaling
the differences of the normal stresses to the mean by a factor of five. This allowed us to detect the directions of
the main normal stresses in the x-y-plane for serial time points (see red marks in Fig. 5d). In addition, we were
interested in the development of these normal stresses over time. Results
b i f
Taken together, COMPAX was less reliable when extracting surface shear and larger non-radial deformations,
which led to local deviations in stress computation and simultaneously affected the values of principal stresses. However, we obtained very satisfying results for the determination of mean pressure and directions of the princi-
ple stresses, which were thus primarily analyzed in the experiments. Quantifying cell-scale stresses during zebrafish development. Cell-generated forces that emerge
during neural rod formation in zebrafish embryos were quantified by computationally reconstructing the defor-
mations of embedded PLL-Cy3 PAAm beads. The beads were microinjected into the developing neural plate at
the tailbud stage (10 hours post fertilization (hpf)) and time-lapse confocal microscopy was used to visualize
three-dimensional shape changes of the beads in the neuro-epithelium (Fig. 4).i p
g
p
g
First, we analyzed cell-induced deformations of a bead embedded in the developing neural rod of a zebrafish
embryo. Bead and embryo were imaged for different periods of time at 14 hpf, 15 hpf, and 20 hpf (Fig. 5a). Throughout the imaging period, the bead remained constantly positioned in the basal region of neural rod adja-
cent to the developing otic placodes of the embryo. At the indicated time points, COMPAX showed that the
surrounding cells exerted forces on the bead that induced its deformation (see the deformed shapes in Fig. 5b). Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 4. PAAm bead microinjection into zebrafish embryos. (a) Schematic illustration of the microinjection
and imaging procedures. The embryo was immobilized in an agarose mold to facilitate upward orientation
of the animal pole for microinjection. PLL-Cy3 PAAm beads were injected at the bud stage of zebrafish
development (10 hpf). For confocal imaging of cell-force-induced bead deformations, the embryo was
embedded in 1% low melting agarose. (b) PAAm bead trapped between the left and right side of a uniformly
opened neural rod (nr) in the region of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (mhb) of a zebrafish embryo at prim-
15 stage (30 hpf). Developing eyes (e) and structures of the central nervous system are recognizable. Anterior
(A) - posterior (P) direction is marked in the image. Scale bar, 200 µm; the PLL-Cy3 PAAm beads are magenta
colored and the cell membranes are GFP-labeled (green). Figure 4. PAAm bead microinjection into zebrafish embryos. (a) Schematic illustration of the microinjection
and imaging procedures. Results
b i Although the mean value at each time point was
not modified by the amplification, different intensities of fluctuations led to absolute values of the normal stresses
which are not comparable for different time points. Therefore, we normalized the normal stresses by the maximal
absolute value of normal stress. We observed a continuous pulsatile pressure propagation pattern in the basal part of the neural rod during
the evaluated periods. The intensity of pressure oscillations decreased with time but were clearly detectable for
the entire period of evaluation. Decreased changes between stress distributions of serial time points implied the
dominance of the global stress state over stress changes caused by local developments. Furthermore, deformation
of the beads indicated a change in stress orientation during the first imaging period at 14 hpf, as evidenced by Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 5. In vivo quantification of cellular stresses during zebrafish neural rod formation. (a) Confocal sections
of the developing neural rod (nr) of a zebrafish embryo after bead injection at 14 hpf, 15 hpf, and 20 hpf. The
PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead (magenta label; white box) is embedded between neural progenitor cells at the basal
part of the neural rod, reframed by the developing otic placodes (oc). Anterior (A) and posterior (P) direction
is always marked in the image. The plasma membrane of all cells in the zebrafish embryo is marked in green. Scale bar, 50 µm. (b) Representative contour plot of pressure distributed on the surface of the PAAm bead at the
beginning of the imaging period at 14 hpf, 15 hpf, and 20 hpf. The golden arrows indicate the directions of the
principal stresses. The grey slices represent the positions of the confocal planes depicted in (c). (c) Overlay of the Figure 5. In vivo quantification of cellular stresses during zebrafish neural rod formation. (a) Confocal sections
of the developing neural rod (nr) of a zebrafish embryo after bead injection at 14 hpf, 15 hpf, and 20 hpf. The
PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead (magenta label; white box) is embedded between neural progenitor cells at the basal
part of the neural rod, reframed by the developing otic placodes (oc). Anterior (A) and posterior (P) direction
is always marked in the image. The plasma membrane of all cells in the zebrafish embryo is marked in green. Scale bar, 50 µm. Discussion
Th The present work has demonstrated that PLL-Cy3 functionalized PAAm beads can be efficiently injected into
living tissue/embryos to quantitatively determine in vivo cellular stresses. For the first time, a reliable reference
configuration has been proposed to numerically analyze bead deformations that deviate from the spherical shape
in vivo. As a result, the COMPAX-method reconstructed credible data on pressure changes as well as the direction
of main shape changes. Detailed mechanical characterization of the beads and elaborate computational analysis of
in vivo bead deformation revealed pulsatile stresses during zebrafish embryo development.hll i
The preparation of PAAm beads using standardized microfluidic flow focusing28 resulted in an extremely
narrow size distribution which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been achieved in other studies. In general,
computation of bead shape changes is based on the knowledge of the stress-free state as reference. Mohagheghian
et al.27 have shown that this reference configuration could be accurately determined by cell removal during in
vitro application of alginate microspheres. However, as this is not realizable in vivo, the initial state after injection
was used to define the stress-free state, which introduced uncertainties in stress calculation. In contrast, the size
uniformity of the PAAm beads used here was essential to render COMPAX insensitive to variations in initial size
and permitted the application of this approach to living developing tissues/animals over extended periods of time.h The elastic modulus of the PAAm beads (~2 kPa) was similar to that of cells or tissues which, once injected
into a living tissue/embryo, allowed the surrounding cells to deform the beads, and thus enabled sensitive cell
force studies at different stages of zebrafish embryonic development. Since knowledge of elastic bead properties is
an essential prerequisite for a reliable stress analysis, we performed extensive material characterization measure-
ments directly on the PAAm beads. AFM-based colloidal probe indentation was used to determine the Young’s
modulus of the beads at various stages of the PLL-Cy3 functionalization process. The average Young’s modulus of
NHS-modified beads slightly increased after PLL-Cy3 modification due to electrostatic interactions (additional
crosslinking points). The PLL-Cy3 enhances interactions with the cell membranes (negatively charged ions) and
its fluorescent label enables the detection of the beads with confocal microscopy. Modification of the gel with PLL
introduced positive charges that may have altered bead elasticity by introducing additional crosslinking points
into the polymer network31. Results
b i (b) Representative contour plot of pressure distributed on the surface of the PAAm bead at the
beginning of the imaging period at 14 hpf, 15 hpf, and 20 hpf. The golden arrows indicate the directions of the
principal stresses. The grey slices represent the positions of the confocal planes depicted in (c). (c) Overlay of the
cross-section of the contour plot (presented in b) and the corresponding confocal plane of the z-stack at 14 hpf,
15 hpf, and 20 hpf. The angle ϕ represents the orientation of the normal stress depicted in (d). Scale bar, 20 µm. (d) 3D representation of the distribution of normal stresses for the entire imaging period at 14 hpf, 15 hpf,
and 20 hpf. Note that here amplified values which were normalized by absolute maximum values are depicted
(see descriptions in the text). Maximum amplitudes of normal stresses are displayed as red dots. In this and all
subsequent figures, the time periods between the measurements are indicated by grey areas. Sampling interval:
2 min at 14 hpf, 5 min at 15 and 20 hpf. Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ the change in the direction of the maximum value of normal stress. Stress orientation remained unaltered during
subsequent periods.hlii q
p
This occurrence of periodic pressure fluctuations during zebrafish development was confirmed by microin-
jecting additional beads into the neural plate and tracking their deformations at identical developmental stages
(biological replicates). A PAAm bead at a position comparable to the bead shown in Fig. 5 — in the developing
structure of the otic placode (basally localized) — also exhibited oscillatory normal stresses at 14 hpf and 15 hpf
(Fig. 6a, Supplementary Fig. 6b). In contrast, a bead positioned close to the midline (apically localized) of the
neural rod within the same embryo (Fig. 6b, Supplementary Fig. 6c) was simultaneously exposed to pulsatile
tensile stresses. Deformation patterns of another bead embedded near the midline in another embryo (Fig. 6c,
Supplementary Fig. 6d) also confirmed the overall trend of oscillatory stress propagation, but showed compres-
sive stresses only at 14 hpf, which might be explained by the continuous movement of this bead from the midline
towards the basal border of the neural rod (inset Fig. Discussion
Th Once the beads were modified with PLL-Cy3, the whole beads were homogenously
fluorescent and displayed stable stiffness at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 50 °C. lf
In a majority of studies on the use of colloidal microgels as stress sensors, mechanical characterization of the
test system was performed on bulk gels27,32. Here, we have directly compared bead properties at the macro- and
microscale. Pressure tests on PAAm bulk gels (identical composition as the beads) were performed and revealed
similar initial elastic moduli as determined by AFM-based indentation. Nevertheless, bulk gel tests exhibited
minor dispersions in curve shape compared to AFM measurements, which could be caused by variations in
sensitivity to the porosity of the gels during macro- and microscale responses. Moreover, a comparison of axial
material behavior of PAAm gels with the Neo-Hookean material law showed conformity for strains up to 10%. Within that range, deformations of the PAAm beads were observed. Simultaneously, a Poisson ratio of 0.443
was determined28. This justifies the application of the compressible Neo-Hookean material law, which allows the
detection of volumetric changes, which is excluded for incompressible beads. However, a new non-linear elastic
material law needs to be developed to capture with equal accuracy larger deformations that were observed locally
in the beads. This conclusion is contrary to the conventional approach of previous studies, which describe hydro-
gel stress sensors as linear elastic materials. The resulting numerical simulations were restricted to being geomet-
rically linear — a scenario that did not allow for an appropriate incorporation of large strains. Additionally, bulk
tests have demonstrated that further investigations of the material at the microscale could facilitate development
of a more detailed understanding of mechanical behavior. As AFM-based colloidal probe indentation only ana-
lyzed the Young’s modulus for deformations less than 10%, the rising slope of the strain-stress curve from the bulk
tests could not be captured. Both, macroscopic and microscopic material characterization were prerequisite for a
detailed understanding of the material behavior which enabled us to constrain uncertainties during computations
of isotropic and anisotropic stresses to a minimum.f Numerical validation of COMPAX exhibited good results for all load scenarios with four different criteria,
along with significant accuracy during determination of principal stress orientation and the mean pressure. Only
shear stress distribution could not be captured quantitatively using COMPAX, which can be explained by dis-
crepancies of the real displacement direction from the assumed radial orientation. Results
b i 6c).t (
g
)
To visualize prevailing forces after the opening of ventricles in the neural rod, deformations of a bead located
at the ventricle at 19 hpf were imaged (Fig. 6d, Supplementary Fig. 6e). The bead was surrounded by cells on two
sides but unattached on the other two sides. COMPAX analysis revealed oscillating compressive stresses within
the developing cerebral rod. Overall, these results suggest the presence of spatially varying oscillatory stresses
during development of the zebrafish neural rod. Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 Discussion
Th To increase the accuracy of the Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificrepo
ntificreports/
Figure 6. Spatial and temporal normal stress variations within the zebrafish neural rod during developme
(a) Left panel: Confocal section of a PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead (white box) within the neural rod embedded bet
cells of the otic placode (oc) at the 10-somite stage (14 hpf) and the 12-somite stage (15 hpf). Right panel: 3
representation of the normal stress distribution for the entire imaging period at 14 hpf and 15 hpf, respectiv
Sampling interval: 2 min at 14 hpf, 5 min at 15 hpf. (b) Left panel: Confocal section of a PLL-Cy3 PAAm be
(white box) embedded (in the same embryo as shown in panel a) close to the midline (ml) of the neural rod
at the 10-somite stage and the 12-somite stage. Right panel: 3D representation of the normal stress distribu
over the entire imaging period at 14 hpf and 15 hpf, respectively. Sampling interval: 2 min at 14 hpf, 5 min a
hpf. Note that positive normal stress values correspond with tensile stresses. (c) Left panel: Confocal sectio
PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead (white box) close to the midline (ml) of the neural rod at 14 hpf. Inset: Identical bead
movement towards the basal part of the neural rod at the end of the imaging period at 14.5 hpf. Right pane
representation of the normal stress distribution for the entire imaging period. Sampling interval: 3 min. (d) Left panel: Confocal section of a PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead trapped in the developing midbrain-hindrain (m
of the neural rod at 19 hpf. The dashed lines indicate the border of the mbh. Right panel: 3D representation
the normal stress distribution for the entire imaging period. Sampling interval: 2 min. (a–d) Confocal imag
anterior (A) and posterior (P) direction is always marked in the image PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead (magenta lab Figure 6. Spatial and temporal normal stress variations within the zebrafish neural rod during development. (a) Left panel: Confocal section of a PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead (white box) within the neural rod embedded between
cells of the otic placode (oc) at the 10-somite stage (14 hpf) and the 12-somite stage (15 hpf). Right panel: 3D
representation of the normal stress distribution for the entire imaging period at 14 hpf and 15 hpf, respectively. Sampling interval: 2 min at 14 hpf, 5 min at 15 hpf. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ method, fluorescent and highly dispersed markers could be embedded within the beads to enable a point-wise
reconstruction of displacement vectors, at least at the marker positions, and to obtain volume displacement infor-
mation in addition to surface displacements. A similar approach for reconstructing shape deformations using
fluorescent markers has already been used for the ERMG method27. However, because of the lack of a reference
configuration corresponding to the shape of the stress-free bead, the marker could not be utilized to obtain
detailed information on displacements. Further, another approach will be required to map the markers in the
deformed configuration to corresponding markers in the undeformed configuration. For this purpose, a few dif-
ferent markers with a predefined distance between each other in order to re-identify the orientation of the bead
in the deformed state and to map the highly dispersed markers in the undeformed configuration. This method
modification could serve to identify the exact reference configuration of the undeformed initial bead and would
constitute a substantial improvement. Furthermore, deconvolution, or multi-angle light-sheet microscopy offers
the possibility of improving the axial resolution of COMPAX. Nonetheless, since the average bead diameter is
used to construct an undeformed sphere, which was assumed to be the reference geometry for the main FE anal-
ysis, uncertainty in the bead diameter had to be considered. The narrow size distribution of the fabricated PAAm
beads enabled us to constrain the standard deviation of the related uncertainty analysis to 30%. The implantation
of fluorescent markers could reduce this variance even further.i l
Initial observations on tissue stress distributions in zebrafish embryos were possible by ERMGs made of alginate
injected into the blastula and at early gastrulation stages of embryonic development27. In that study, the authors
provided evidence for spatial differences in tensile and compressive stresses during the early stages of tissue devel-
opment. As an extension of the previous study, we now show that PAAm beads can be used to quantify changes
in stresses generated by cells during zebrafish neurulation, a dynamic morphogenetic process that transforms
the neural plate into the neural rod. We also show that tensile and compressive stresses occur simultaneously
at different positions within the developing neural rod and that they coincide with observations derived from
early developmental studies that used ERMGs. Importantly, both studies indicate that spatial variations can arise
in prevailing stresses during tissue formation. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ In the present study, we also provide evidence that compressive
stresses might dominate neural rod formation between 14 hpf and 20 hpf. Such compressive stresses are attrib-
utable to persistent and dense tissue packing and associated feedback control of neurogenesis at the apical-basal
polarity axis33.if p
y
Using PAAm bead stress sensors we show, for the first time, differences in spatial and temporal stress distri-
butions not only during gastrulation, but also directly within the tissue during zebrafish neural rod formation. The observed pulsatile variations in relative stress fields during neurulation may possibly result from polarized
cell divisions, especially for beads located in the neural rod at 14 hpf and 15 hpf. Such oriented cell divisions
occur during the neural keel-rod period of zebrafish neurulation and induce a uniform distribution of polarity in
the neural rod through synchronized cell divisions at the midline34–36. As neurulation progresses, tissue flow in
combination with general cell shape changes37, cell movements along the apical-basal axis33 and axis elongation24
may also be a cause of the observed stress distribution. The observed oscillations are well resolved by the sam-
pling frequency in Fig. 5d at 20 hpf and Fig. 6. Further, the amplitude of oscillations gradually changes from
large oscillations at 14 hpf to small oscillations (and lower frequency) at 20 hpf (Fig. 5d) or vice versa (Fig. 6a,b),
which would not occur if the effect was generated by random noise. Oscillations in morphogenetic processes
are not uncommon and to be expected38. A good example are the well-documented and understood oscillations
of the amnioserosa cells during dorsal closure in Drosophila morphogenesis39,40. Along these lines, due to the
biological and morphogenetic processes that occur at this time, we believe that the observed variations over time
are real oscillations. Since the mean values per time point are not changed by the amplification, the indication of
the presence of significant oscillations is additionally supported. From Fig. 5d we observe a 20-80% deviation of
maximal normal stress from one time point to the next time point. Such large deviations were not even observed
for the virtual numerical analysis where exaggerated scenarios were analyzed. Therefore, an insufficient accuracy
of COMPAX itself cannot explain the oscillations. Variations in the elastic modulus or radius from bead to bead
(as analyzed in Supplementary Fig. Discussion
Th (b) Left panel: Confocal section of a PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead
(white box) embedded (in the same embryo as shown in panel a) close to the midline (ml) of the neural rod (nr)
at the 10-somite stage and the 12-somite stage. Right panel: 3D representation of the normal stress distribution
over the entire imaging period at 14 hpf and 15 hpf, respectively. Sampling interval: 2 min at 14 hpf, 5 min at 15
hpf. Note that positive normal stress values correspond with tensile stresses. (c) Left panel: Confocal section of a
PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead (white box) close to the midline (ml) of the neural rod at 14 hpf. Inset: Identical bead after
movement towards the basal part of the neural rod at the end of the imaging period at 14.5 hpf. Right panel: 3D
representation of the normal stress distribution for the entire imaging period. Sampling interval: 3 min. (d) Left panel: Confocal section of a PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead trapped in the developing midbrain-hindrain (mbh)
of the neural rod at 19 hpf. The dashed lines indicate the border of the mbh. Right panel: 3D representation of
the normal stress distribution for the entire imaging period. Sampling interval: 2 min. (a–d) Confocal images:
anterior (A) and posterior (P) direction is always marked in the image. PLL-Cy3 PAAm bead (magenta label)
and cell membranes (GFP labeled; green). Scale bar, 30 µm. Note that in the images to the right amplified values
which were normalized by absolute maximum values are depicted (see descriptions in the text). Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Methods Fabrication and modification of PAAm beads. The fabrication of PAAm beads using a microfluidic
device as well as their subsequent functionalization with PLL has been described elsewhere in detail by Girado
et al.28. Briefly, the generation of PAAm beads, which were sufficiently compliant to allow cell force induced
deformations and enabled a convenient handling during microinjection at the same time, was achieved by using
a total monomer concentration of acrylamide (AAm) and bis-acrylamide (BIS) of 7.9%. During the production
process PAAm droplets were functionalized with NHS-ester to enable their modification with Poly-L-Lysine
(PLL) conjugated with Cy3 fluorophores (NANOCS). A PLL-Cy3 concentration of 28 pg/bead was used to enable
a homogeneous peptide functionalization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM indentation measurements were performed using a
Nanowizard I AFM (JPK Instruments) mounted on an inverted optical microscope (Axiovert 200, Zeiss). A
tipless cantilever (Arrow TL-1, nominal spring constant k = 0.035–0.045 N/m, NanoAndMore GmbH), equipped
with a polystyrene microsphere (diameter: 5 µm, Microparticles GmbH), was used. For gluing the microsphere
to the end of the cantilever, a two-component epoxy glue (Araldite) was used. The cantilever was calibrated
by the thermal noise method before the experiment. For indentation, the cantilever tip was aligned over the
center of the bead and individual force-distance curves were acquired with an approach velocity of 5 µm/s and
with a contact force of 2 nN (typical indentation depth: 1 µm). Extracting the Young’s modulus of the beads was
realized by fitting the approach force-distance curve with the Hertz model for an spherical indenter and apply-
ing a double-contact correction considering an additional deformation derived from the counter pressure at
the bottom side of the bead during indentation28,43,44. A cell-adhesive protein solution (CellTak, Cell and Tissue
Adhesive, Corning) was used to immobilize the PAAm beads on the bottom of a petri dish to prevent bead
motion during the experiment. The Young’s modulus was determined using the JPK data processing software
(JPK Instruments). The measurements were executed in PBS and at room temperature, except the temperature
stability tests where the temperature was set to 24 °C, 30 °C, 37 °C, 44 °C and 50 °C, respectively. For AFM meas-
urements combined with confocal fluorescent microscopy the identical AFM set up and parameters were used in
combination with a confocal microscope (Zeiss 510 Meta). Bulk modulus measurements of PAAm beads. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 4) can also not be associated with noise in this regard because the same bead
is analyzed over time and, thus, the influence from incorrect modulus or radius would be consistent at each
time point. The remaining potential source for noise is the image data and the associated segmentation process. However, considering the significantly deformed beads shown in Fig. 5, the displacements at the boundary can
be expected to be several orders of magnitude larger than the variation of shape in the image resulting from
noise. Therefore, the significant oscillations observed for the normal stresses can also not be explained by noise
in the image data. Furthermore, our observations also imply that the influence of single cell divisions related to
the entire development of the fish probably decline with time as we show dominance of global stress state over
stress changes due to local developments and only minor changes in stress distributions during serial time points. g
p
y
g
g
p
In conclusion, we have used PAAm beads and COMPAX to quantify compressional forces in real-time and
estimate the direction of main shape changes during neural rod formation in vivo in zebrafish embryos. The same
principle can be applied to other fields of application in order to investigate prevailing stresses in vivo and in
vitro2,41. From a developmental biology perspective, further investigation of stresses acting in tissues/organisms
during early or later development as well in adult animals can be addressed using this system. Moreover, explor-
ing stress changes in cultured cells, organoids, or monolayers will provide further knowledge on mechanical
aspects of cell-cell interactions. Also at a single cell level, processes such as migration or phagocytosis, can be
detected when the beads encounter individual cells. The versatility of this approach has been recently exemplified
by Vorselen et al., who have used the same general approach to quantify the forces generated by macrophages dur-
ing phagocytosis of PAAm beads42. We predict that, many other applications can be envisioned where the quan-
tification of cell-scale stresses will improve our understanding of the role of mechanics in biology and medicine. Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 10 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Methods Compressive osmotic stress for the determination of the
bulk modulus of the PAAm beads was induced by PBS supplemented with fluorescein labeled dextran (molecular
weight of 2 MDa, Sigma Aldrich 52471-1 G). Well-defined amounts of dextran were utilized to ensure a con-
trolled application of osmotic stress25,30. The three-dimensional shape of the PAAm beads was captured using an
inverted confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM700) before and 30 min after exposing to the dextran solution, and the
volume of the PAAm beads was analyzed using the open source software Fiji (3D image counter)45. Rheometer. For rheological measurements a plate rheometer (ARES Rheometer, Rhemetric Scientific) was
used. Fully swollen PAAm bulk gels (monomer concentration: 7.9%, gel diameter of 1 cm) were compressed until
60% strain at room temperature. MSC aggregate formation. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) immortalized mesenchymal
stromal cells (MSCs) were transduced according to Girardo et al.28. and maintained under humidified 5% CO2
atmosphere in low-glucose Dulbecco´s modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco) enriched with 10% fetal bovine
serum (Gibco, Invitrogen). For multicellular aggregate formation, MSCs in suspension were mixed with PLL-Cy3
functionalized PAAm beads and cultured in form of 70 µl droplets on inverted petri dish lids for 24 h, 48 h and 14
days according to the classical hanging drop method. Numerical simulations. Confocal images were imported to the 3D visualization and processing software
Avizo. Therein, the bead was segmented in every image utilizing segmentation tools e. g., thresholding. Based on
the segmentation the 3D geometry was interpolated and, subsequently, the FE mesh was constructed. All sim-
ulations were conducted in ABAQUS, a commercial finite element software, which provides the Neo-Hookean
material law as internal material subroutine. All stress computations were based on the Cauchy stress tensor σ. Contour plots of PAAm microbeads show
the distribution of surface pressure, which is defined as
tr( )
Pres
1
3
σ
= −
σ . Further evaluations of the
COMPAX-method were based on the volumetric mean of the Cauchy stress tensor Ø
σ , which was computed by σ
σ
= ∑
∑
=
=
v
v
,
i
n
i
e
i
e
i
n
i
e
Ø
1
1
e
e where σe is the Cauchy stress tensor at a single integration point within the finite elements and ve is the corre-
sponding volume. Methods ∆σ
σ
σ
=
−
,
i
i
i
Ø
,CMX
Ø
,ref
Ø
σ
σ
σ
σ
∆σ
=
−
,
Pres
Ø
Pres,ref
Ø
Pres,CMX
Ø
Pres,ref
Ø
Pres,ref
Ø ∆σ
σ
σ
=
−
,
i
i
i
Ø
,CMX
Ø
,ref
Ø where ( )ref
•
and •
( )CMX constitute the labeling of values related to the reference simulation and the
COMPAX-method, respectively. where ( )ref
•
and •
( )CMX constitute the labeling of values related to the reference simulation and the
COMPAX-method, respectively. where ( )ref
•
and •
( )CMX constitute the labeling of values related to the reference simulation and the
COMPAX-method, respectively. Zebrafish strain and maintenance. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and adults were obtained,
raised, and maintained as described previously46,47. Embryos were staged as hours post fertilization (hpf)48. To obtain membrane-tagged eGFP embryos, adults from the transgenic strain Tg(Bactin:HRas-eGFP)
(ZDB-ALT-061107-2)49 were outcrossed with those from wild type AB strain. Furthermore, a transgenic line
which expressed a nucleus-targeted venus fluorescent protein at the otx2 locus (knock-in) was established using
the CRISPR knock-in strategy as previously described50; this line was used to identify the midbrain hindbrain
boundary. y
All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with animal welfare laws and local authority require-
ments (Landesdirektion Sachsen, Germany) and performed in accordance with appropriate guidelines and
regulations. Protocols for the generation (24-9168.11-1/2013-14) and maintenance (DD24-5131/346/11 and
DD24-5131/346/12), and experimentation with transgenic animals (24-9168.24-1/2014-4) were also appro-
priately approved and performed in accordance with appropriate guidelines and regulations (Landesdirektion
Sachsen, Germany). All experiments utilized zebrafish embryos only until 120 hours post fertilization, which do
not come under animal experimentation (Directive 2010/63/ EU and in accordance with German animal pro-
tection law and Landesdirektion Sachsen, Germany). Adult transgenic animals were used only for maintaining
transgenic lines and breeding purposes. Zebrafish microinjection. The embryos were grown in a 28.5 °C incubator, dechorionated at 9 hpf using
pronase (Sigma-Aldrich, P8811) and incubated in calcium-free ringer solution (recipe from the zebrafish infor-
mation network (ZFIN) database; http://zfin.org) for 10 minutes. The bead implantation was carried out in the
same solution. Standard borosilicate capillaries without filament (World Precision Instruments) were pulled
using a micropipette puller (Sutter Instruments). The tips were cut to obtain an opening of about 15 µm and
back-loaded with the injection solution containing hydrogel beads. Methods The beads were implanted into the devel-
oping neural plate close to the prospective midbrain hindbrain boundary using a microinjector system (PV820,
pneumatic picopump, World Precision Instruments). The injected embryos were incubated in E2 buffer (recipe
from ZFIN protocol) until imaging. The implantation of the beads did not result in any morphological or devel-
opmental abnormalities. Fish were pre-screened for successful implantation in the desired location. The selected
embryos were mounted as described below and imaged. Embryo mounting and imaging. Embryos with beads in the desired location were anesthetized using
MS-222 (Sigma Aldrich, A5040) in E2 solution and dorsally mounted on a glass-bottomed petridish (MatTek)
in 1% low melting agarose prepared in E2 solution (Fig. 4a). Time-lapse images were acquired using an inverted
confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM780) using a 40x water immersion objective (NA 1.2) with laser lines 488 nm for
eGFP and 561 nm for Cy3. Images were analyzed using the open source software FIJI43. Statistical analysis. The bin widths of the histogram (Fig. 1a) was chosen according to the
Freedman-Diaconis rule51. In the box plots (Fig. 1b,c; Supplementary Fig. 4b) the mean is shown as filled square
symbol, the median as straight line, and the boxes are determined by the 25th and 75th percentiles. The whiskers
represent the standard deviation and the 1st and 99th percentiles are indicated by crosses in Fig. 1b,c. In Fig. 1d
data points with error bars indicate mean ± standard deviation. The number of measurements (n) is given at the
respective data point boxes (Fig. 1d; Supplementary Fig. 4b) and in the figure description (Fig. 1b,c), respectively. The data in Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 4b was analyzed using OriginPro Software. Both data sets rejected
normally (Shapiro-Wilk test). To evaluate the statistical difference, the non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney
test was used. The asterisks define the statistical difference as follows: ***P < 0.001. Received: 19 June 2019; Accepted: 23 October 2019;
Published: xx xx xxxx Received: 19 June 2019; Accepted: 23 October 2019;
Published: xx xx xxxx Methods We label the principal stress of the volumetric mean of the Cauchy stress tensor to be σi
Ø with
=
i
[1, 3] and the volumetric mean of the pressure Pres
Ø
σ
. Ø
V
V where σe is the Cauchy stress tensor at a single integration point within the finite elements and ve is the corre-
sponding volume. We label the principal stress of the volumetric mean of the Cauchy stress tensor to be σi
Ø with
=
i
[1, 3] and the volumetric mean of the pressure Pres
Ø
σ
. V
V An approximation of the volumetric mean of the pressure σPres
Ø may be computed by
V
V
V
Pres
Ø
c
r
r
κ
σ
=−
−
, where V
Pres
r
κ represents the bulk modulus, Vc is the volume of the current configuration and Vr is the volume of the reference
configuration. However, due to the nonlinearities included in the Neo-Hooke model, the volume change locally
varying inside the bead will induce a locally varying, nonlinear pressure. Its volume average is not necessarily Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ identical to the evaluation of the constitutive law at the total bead scale, i.e. V
V
V
Pres
Ø
c
r
r
κ
σ
=−
−
, although the volume
change V
V
V
c
r
−
is in fact equal to the average of local volume changes. identical to the evaluation of the constitutive law at the total bead scale, i.e. V
V
V
Pres
Ø
c
r
r
κ
σ
=−
−
, although the volume
change V
V
V
c
r
−
is in fact equal to the average of local volume changes. Vr
The values of comparison ∆σi
Ø and ∆σ
σ
/
Pres
Ø
Pres, ref
Ø
which were involved in the numerical validation, are
defined as i
∆σ
σ
σ
=
−
,
i
i
i
Ø
,CMX
Ø
,ref
Ø
σ
σ
σ
σ
∆σ
=
−
,
Pres
Ø
Pres,ref
Ø
Pres,CMX
Ø
Pres,ref
Ø
Pres,ref
Ø
where ( )ref
•
and •
( )CMX constitute the labeling of values related to the reference simulation and the
COMPAX-method, respectively. Received: 19 June 2019; Accepted: 23 October 2019;
Published: xx xx xxxx
References
1. Roca-Cusachs, P., Conte, V. & Trepat, X. Quantifying forces in cell biology. Nat. Cell Biol. 19, 742–751 (2017).
2. Trepat, X. et al. Physical forces during collective cell migration. Nat. Phys. 5, 426–430 (2009).
3. Fletcher, D. A. & Mullins, R. D. Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton. Nature 463, 485–492 (2010).
4. Wozniak, M. A. & Chen, C. S. Mechanotransduction in development: A growing role for contractility. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10,
34–43 (2009).
5. Mammoto, T. & Ingber, D. E. Mechanical control of tissue and organ development. Development 137, 1407–1420 (2010). References On the histogram as a density estimator:L 2 theory. Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und
Verwandte Gebiete 57, 453–476 (1981). References Epithelial relaxation mediated by the myosin phosphatase regulator Mypt1 is required for brain ventricle
lumenexpansion and hindbrain morphogenesis. Development 137, 795–804 (2010). 8. Lin, S. Z., Li, B., Lan, G. & Feng, X. Q. Activation and synchronization of the oscillatory morphodynamics in multicellula
monolayer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 8157–8162 (2017). y
9. Sokolow, A., Toyama, Y., Kiehart, D. P. & Edwards, G. S. Cell ingression and apical shape oscillations during dorsal closure in
Drosophila. Biophys. J. 102, 969–979 (2012). p
p y
40. Dierkes, K., Sumi, A., Solon, J. & Salbreux, G. Spontaneous oscillations of elastic contractile materials with turnover. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 1–5 (2014). 41. Paluch, E. & Heisenberg, C. Biology and Physics of Cell Shape Changes in Development Review. 790–799. 42. Vorselen, D. et al. Superresolved and reference-free microparticle traction force microscopy (MP-TFM) reveals the complexity of
the mechanical interaction in phagocytosis. bioRxiv 431221 (2018).tt 3. Glaubitz, M. et al. A novel contact model for AFM indentation experiments on soft spherical cell-like particles. Soft Matter 10, 6732
(2014). 4. Dokukin, M. E., Guz, N. V. & Sokolov, I. Quantitative study of the elastic modulus of loosely attached cells in AFM indentation
experiments. Biophys. J. 104, 2123–2131 (2013). p
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(
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45. Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 676–682 (2012).ihii p y
. Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-im 46. Westerfield, M. The Zebrafish Book. A Guide for the Labratory Use of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). (University of Oregon Press, 2 ihi
yi
(
) (
y
g
47. Brand, M., Granato, M. Keeping and raising zebrafish. in Zebrafish: A Practical Approach, 7–37 (2002). ihii
47. Brand, M., Granato, M. Keeping and raising zebrafish. in Zebrafish: A Practical Approach, 7–37 (20 48. Kimmel, C. B., Ballard, W. W., Kimmel, S. R., Ullmann, B. & Schilling, T. F. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev. Dyn. an Off. public 203, 253–310 (1995).i f
49. Cooper, M. S. et al. Visualizing morphogenesis in transgenic zebrafish embryos using BODIPY TR methyl ester dye as a vital
counterstain for GFP. Dev. Dyn. 232, 359–368 (2005).i y
0. Kesavan, G., Chekuru, A., Machate, A. & Brand, M. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Zebrafish Knock-in as a Novel Strategy to Study
Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary Development. Front. Neuroanat. 11, 1–14 (2017).t 51. Freedman, D. & Diaconis, P. References Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 6. Blanchard, G. B. et al. Tissue tectonics: morphogenetic strain rates, cell shape change and intercalation. Nat. Publ. Gr. 6, 458–464
(2009). (2009). 7. Lecuit, T. & Lenne, P. F. Cell surface mechanics and the control of cell shape, tissue patterns and morphogenesis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell
Biol 8 633 644 (2007) 7. Lecuit, T. & Lenne, P. F. Cell surface mechanics and the control of cell shape, tissue patterns and morphogenesis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cel
Biol. 8, 633–644 (2007). 8. Nelson, C. M. & Gleghorn, J. P. Sculpting Organs: Mechanical Regulation of Tissue Development. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 14
129–154 (2012). 10. Weber, I. P., Yun, S. H., Scarcelli, G. & Franze, K. The role of cell body density in ruminant retina mechanics assessed by atomi
and Brillouin microscopy. Phys. Biol. 14, 065006 (2017). 12. Haase, K. & Pelling, A. Investigating cell mechanics with atomic force microscopy. Microsc. Anal. 12, 6–9 (2014). 13. Kirmizis, D. & Logothetidis, S. Atomic force microscopy probing in the measurement of cell mechanics. Int. J. Nanomedicine 5,
137–145 (2010). 14. Hochmuth, R. M. Micropipette aspiration of living cells. J. Biomech. 33, 15–22 (2000). ochmuth, R. M. Micropipette aspiration of living cells. J. Biomech. 33, 15–22 (2000). 15. Han, S. J., Oak, Y., Groisman, A. & Danuser, G. Traction microscopy to identify force modulation in subresolution adhesions. Nat. Methods 12, 653–656 (2015). 16. Tan, J. L. et al. Cells lying on a bed of microneedles: An approach to isolate mechanical force. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 1484–
(2003). 17. du Roure, O. et al. Force mapping in epithelial cell migration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102, 2390–2395 (2005). 18. Sugimura, K., Lenne, P.-F. & Graner, F. Measuring forces and stresses in situ in living tissues. Development 143, 186–96 (20 19. Campàs, O. A toolbox to explore the mechanics of living embryonic tissues. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 55, 119–130 (2016). toolbox to explore the mechanics of living embryonic tissues. Sem p
p
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y
20. Polacheck, W. J. & Chen, C. S. Measuring cell-generated forces: a guide to the available tools. Nat. Methods 13, 415–423 (2 21. Krieg, M., Dunn, A. R. & Goodman, M. B. Mechanical control of the sense of touch by β-spectrin. Nat. Cell Biol. 16, 224–233 (2 22. Grashoff, C. et al. Measuring mechanical tension across vinculin reveals regulation of focal adhesion dynamics. References Nature 466, 263–266
(2010). 23. Campàs, O. et al. Quantifying cell-generated mechanical forces within living embryonic tissues. Nat. Methods 11, 183–9 (2014 p
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Q
y
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24. Mongera, A. et al. A fluid-to-solid jamming transition underlies vertebrate body axis elongation. Nature 561, 401–405 (2018). A fluid-to-solid jamming transition underlies vertebrate body axis gl
j
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y
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25. Dolega, M. E. et al. Cell-like pressure sensors reveal increase of mechanical stress towards the core of multicellular spheroids u
compression. Nat. Commun. 8, 1–9 (2017). p
6. Lee, W. et al. Dispersible hydrogel force sensors reveal patterns of solid mechanical stress in multicellular spheroid cultures. Nat
Commun. 10, 1–14 (2019). 27. Mohagheghian, E. et al. Quantifying compressive forces between living cell layers and within tissues using elastic round microgels. Nat. Commun. 9, 1878 (2018). 28. Girardo, S. et al. Standardized microgel beads as elastic cell mechanical probes. J. Mater. Chem, 179–185 (2018). 29. Wu, P. et al. A comparison of methods to assess cell mechanical properties. Nat. Meth. 15, 491–498 (2018).f al. Effect of an osmotic stress on multicellular aggregates. Methods 30. Monnier, S. et al. Effect of an osmotic stress on multicellular aggregates. Methods 94, 114–119 (2016). f
1. Okay, O. & Durmaz, S. Charge density dependence of elastic modulus of strong polyelectrolyte hydrogels. Polymer (Guildf). 43
1215–1221 (2001). 2. Huang, J., Wang, L., Xiong, C. & Yuan, F. Elastic hydrogel as a sensor for detection of mechanical stress generated by single cell
grown in three-dimensional environment. Biomaterials 98, 103–112 (2016). 3. Hiscock, T. W., Miesfeld, J. B., Mosaliganti, K. R., Link, B. A. & Megason, S. G. Feedback between tissue packing and neurogenesi
in the zebrafish neural tube. Development 145, dev157040 (2018). i
p
4. Vijayraghavan, D. S. & Davidson, L. A. Mechanics of Neurulation: From Classical to Current Perspectives on the Physical Mechanic
that Shape, Fold, and Form the Neural Tube. Birth Defects Res. 109, 153–168 (2016).i p
f
5. Araya, C., Ward, L. C. & Girdler, G. C. & Miranda, M. Coordinating Cell and Tissue Behavior During Zebrafish Neural Tube
Morphogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 245, 197–208 (2016).i y
Morphogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 245, 197–208 (2016) 6. Hong, E. & Brewster, R. N-cadherin is required for the polarized cell behaviors that drive neurulation in the zebrafish. Developmen
3905, 3895–3905 (2006). (
)
37. Gutzmann, J. H. & Sive, H. Acknowledgements g
We thank the Microstructure Facility and the Light Microscopy Facility (partly funded by the State of Saxony and the
European Fund for Regional Development – EFRE) of the Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering of the
TU Dresden for bead production and for technical support with confocal microscopy, respectively. We thank Angela
Jacobi (Biotechnology Center, TUD) for providing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) immortalized 13 Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We thank Petra Welzel (IPF, Dresden) for help with the rheometer. We thank
Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich (Biotechnology Center, TUD) for letting us use the AFM combined with a confocal
microscope. We thank Marika Fischer, Jitka Michling and Daniela Mögel for dedicated zebrafish care. We thank
Dr. Vasuprada Iyengar for language and content editing. This work was also supported by an ERC advanced grant
(Zf-BrainReg) and project grants of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, project
number BR 1746/6-1 and BR 1746/3) to M.B. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Alexander von
Humboldt Foundation (Alexander von Humboldt Professorship to J.G.) Competing interestsh p
g
The authors declare no competing interests. Author contributions J.G., D.B., M. B. and C.W. supervised and defined the project; N.T., G.K., and K.B. designed the bead injection
routine; N.T. microinjected the beads in zebrafish embryos; K.U. and D.B. developed the computational analysis,
N.T. and K.W. mechanically characterized the beads; N.T. and J.F. performed MSC aggregate experiments; S.G. designed and R.G. prepared the PAAm beads; G.K. and M.B. provided zebrafish embryos and helped with data
interpretation; N.T. and K.U. wrote the paper with the help of D.B. and J.G. Additional information Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.B. or J.G. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or
format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Cre-
ative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this
article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the
material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not per-
mitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the
copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or
format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Cre-
ative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this
article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the
material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not per-
mitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the
copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2019 Scientific Reports | (2019) 9:17031 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53425-6
| 1,096 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61256314
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Ла Ескондида, Ла Ескондидита
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 71 | 202 |
Ла Ескондида, Ла Ескондидита
Ла Ескондида, Ла Ескондидита држава Мексико
Ла Ескондида, Ла Ескондидита INEGI ID места 190110057
Ла Ескондида, Ла Ескондидита географске координате
Ла Ескондида, Ла Ескондидита управно-територијална јединица Општина Сералво
La Escondidita I
La Escondidita I país México
La Escondidita I código de localidades del INEGI 190110057
La Escondidita I coordenadas
La Escondidita I instancia de localidad de México
La Escondidita I situado en la entidad territorial administrativa Cerralvo
| 6,824 |
https://github.com/SammyEnigma/ign-transport/blob/master/log/src/QueryOptions_TEST.cc
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
ign-transport
|
SammyEnigma
|
C++
|
Code
| 418 | 1,815 |
/*
* Copyright (C) 2018 Open Source Robotics Foundation
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/
#include <regex>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_set>
#include "ignition/transport/log/QualifiedTime.hh"
#include "ignition/transport/log/QueryOptions.hh"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
using namespace ignition::transport;
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTimeRange, GetRange)
{
log::QualifiedTime beginTime(1s, log::QualifiedTime::Qualifier::INCLUSIVE);
log::QualifiedTime endTime(2s, log::QualifiedTime::Qualifier::EXCLUSIVE);
log::QualifiedTimeRange range(beginTime, endTime);
log::TimeRangeOption rangeOption(range);
EXPECT_EQ(range, rangeOption.TimeRange());
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTimeRange, GetRangeConst)
{
log::QualifiedTime beginTime(1s, log::QualifiedTime::Qualifier::INCLUSIVE);
log::QualifiedTime endTime(2s, log::QualifiedTime::Qualifier::EXCLUSIVE);
log::QualifiedTimeRange range(beginTime, endTime);
log::TimeRangeOption rangeOption(range);
const log::TimeRangeOption &constRangeOption = rangeOption;
EXPECT_EQ(range, constRangeOption.TimeRange());
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicList, TopicList)
{
std::set<std::string> topicList = {"/topic/one", "/topic/two"};
log::TopicList topicOption(topicList);
EXPECT_EQ(topicList, topicOption.Topics());
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicList, TopicListConst)
{
std::set<std::string> topicList = {"/topic/one", "/topic/two"};
log::TopicList topicOption(topicList);
const auto &constTopicOption = topicOption;
EXPECT_EQ(topicList, constTopicOption.Topics());
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicList, CopyTopicList)
{
std::set<std::string> topicList = {"/topic/one", "/topic/two"};
log::TopicList topicOptionOrig(topicList);
log::TopicList topicOption(topicOptionOrig);
EXPECT_EQ(topicList, topicOption.Topics());
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicList, CopyTopicListConst)
{
std::set<std::string> topicList = {"/topic/one", "/topic/two"};
log::TopicList topicOptionOrig(topicList);
const auto &constTopicOption = topicOptionOrig;
log::TopicList topicOption(constTopicOption);
EXPECT_EQ(topicList, topicOption.Topics());
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicList, CreateFromVector)
{
// We repeat /topic/one to verify that we can handle unsanitized input
std::vector<std::string> topics = {"/topic/one", "/topic/two", "/topic/one"};
log::TopicList topicList = log::TopicList::Create(topics);
EXPECT_EQ(2u, topicList.Topics().size());
EXPECT_EQ(1u, topicList.Topics().count("/topic/one"));
EXPECT_EQ(1u, topicList.Topics().count("/topic/two"));
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicList, CreateFromUnorderedSet)
{
std::unordered_set<std::string> topics = {"/topic/one", "/topic/two"};
log::TopicList topicList = log::TopicList::Create(topics);
EXPECT_EQ(2u, topicList.Topics().size());
EXPECT_EQ(1u, topicList.Topics().count("/topic/one"));
EXPECT_EQ(1u, topicList.Topics().count("/topic/two"));
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicList, CreateFromSet)
{
std::set<std::string> topics = {"/topic/one", "/topic/two"};
log::TopicList topicList = log::TopicList::Create(topics);
EXPECT_EQ(2u, topicList.Topics().size());
EXPECT_EQ(1u, topicList.Topics().count("/topic/one"));
EXPECT_EQ(1u, topicList.Topics().count("/topic/two"));
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicPattern, Pattern)
{
std::regex topicPattern("foo");
log::TopicPattern topicOption(topicPattern);
std::regex uutPattern = topicOption.Pattern();
EXPECT_TRUE(std::regex_match("foo", uutPattern));
EXPECT_FALSE(std::regex_match("bar", uutPattern));
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicPattern, PatternConst)
{
std::regex topicPattern("foo");
log::TopicPattern topicOption(topicPattern);
const auto &constTopicOption = topicOption;
std::regex uutPattern = constTopicOption.Pattern();
EXPECT_TRUE(std::regex_match("foo", uutPattern));
EXPECT_FALSE(std::regex_match("bar", uutPattern));
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicPattern, Copy)
{
std::regex topicPattern("foo");
log::TopicPattern topicOptionOrig(topicPattern);
log::TopicPattern topicOption(topicOptionOrig);
std::regex uutPattern = topicOption.Pattern();
EXPECT_TRUE(std::regex_match("foo", uutPattern));
EXPECT_FALSE(std::regex_match("bar", uutPattern));
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicPattern, CopyConst)
{
std::regex topicPattern("foo");
log::TopicPattern topicOptionOrig(topicPattern);
const auto &constTopicOption = topicOptionOrig;
log::TopicPattern topicOption(constTopicOption);
std::regex uutPattern = topicOption.Pattern();
EXPECT_TRUE(std::regex_match("foo", uutPattern));
EXPECT_FALSE(std::regex_match("bar", uutPattern));
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
TEST(QueryOptionsTopicPattern, MoveConstructor)
{
std::regex topicPattern("foo");
log::TopicPattern topicOptionOrig(topicPattern);
log::TopicPattern topicOption(std::move(topicOptionOrig));
std::regex uutPattern = topicOption.Pattern();
EXPECT_TRUE(std::regex_match("foo", uutPattern));
EXPECT_FALSE(std::regex_match("bar", uutPattern));
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}
| 22,532 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49015131
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Bowerman Peak
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 94 | 182 |
Bowerman Peak (bukid sa Estados Unidos, Trinity County)
Bowerman Peak
mountain in California, United States of America
Bowerman Peak GeoNames ID 5560243
Bowerman Peak coordinate location
Bowerman Peak GNIS Feature ID 219714
Bowerman Peak country United States of America
Bowerman Peak instance of mountain
Bowerman Peak located in the administrative territorial entity Trinity County
Bowerman Peak
berg in Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Bowerman Peak GeoNames-identificatiecode 5560243
Bowerman Peak geografische locatie
Bowerman Peak GNIS-identificatiecode 219714
Bowerman Peak land Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Bowerman Peak is een berg
Bowerman Peak gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Trinity County
| 29,701 |
https://github.com/XQDD/coolweather/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/xqdd/coolweather/db/Area.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
coolweather
|
XQDD
|
Java
|
Code
| 95 | 251 |
package com.xqdd.coolweather.db;
import org.litepal.crud.DataSupport;
/**
* Created by 10324 on 2017/10/2.
*/
public class Area extends DataSupport {
private Integer id;
private String code;
private String name;
private Integer cityId;
public Integer getCityId() {
return cityId;
}
public void setCityId(Integer cityId) {
this.cityId = cityId;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getCode() {
return code;
}
public void setCode(String code) {
this.code = code;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
| 3,258 |
https://github.com/KaiVolland/types-ol/blob/master/test/geojson-vt.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
types-ol
|
KaiVolland
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 292 | 820 |
import { Feature, VectorTile } from 'ol';
import Map from 'ol/Map';
import View from 'ol/View';
import GeoJSON from 'ol/format/GeoJSON';
import { Tile as TileLayer, VectorTile as VectorTileLayer } from 'ol/layer';
import Projection from 'ol/proj/Projection';
import OSM from 'ol/source/OSM';
import VectorTileSource from 'ol/source/VectorTile';
declare var geojsonvt: any;
const replacer = (key: string, value: any) => {
if (value.geometry) {
let type: any;
const rawType = value.type;
let geometry = value.geometry;
switch (rawType) {
case 1:
type = 'MultiPoint';
if (geometry.lengt === 1) {
type = 'Point';
geometry = geometry[0];
}
break;
case 2:
type = 'MultiLineString';
if (geometry.lengt === 1) {
type = 'LineString';
geometry = geometry[0];
}
break;
case 3:
type = 'Polygon';
if (geometry.length > 1) {
type = 'MultiPolygon';
geometry = [geometry];
}
break;
}
return {
type: 'Feature',
geometry: {
type,
coordinates: geometry,
},
properties: value.tags,
};
} else {
return value;
}
};
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| 33,362 |
allgemeineforst38unkngoog_79
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,825 |
Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,584 | 14,146 |
Die Herren Forſtwirte und Freunde der Forftwirtichair, welche an der Verfammlung ſich beteiligen, wollen, werben dringend gebeten, möglichit frühzeitig, fpäteiten® aber bis zum 12. Auguft, dies der Gefchäftsführung mitzuteilen und dabei gleichzeitig anzugeben, ob fie an ben Erfurfionen in den Gutten⸗ ı bergerwald und nach Lohr, fowie an bem Diner hier ſich be teiligen, dann, ob fie wünfchen, daß ihmen non der Gefchäfts: führung Quartier beftellt wirb und bejahenden Falles, in welcher nad I., II. oder III. Kaffe abgeftuften Güte und ob biezu Gafthans oder Privatwohnung bevorzugt wird. Diefe Angaben find notwendig, wenn die nötige Anzahl von Wagen bei den Ausflügen, Cuartier und gute Verpflegung völig ſicher geftellt werden follen. Würzburg, den 10. Juli 1895. Für die Geihäftsführung: Kleeſpies, k. Oberforftrat. Verleger: I. D. Sauerländer in Frankfurt a. M. — ©. Otto's Hof-Buchdruckerei in Darmſtadt. Ullgemeine ft md Jun Bien Heptember 1895. Beiträge zur Renntnis der Lärde von Dr. Karl Gayer. Für den mit wirtfhaftlihen Fragen beſchäftigten und im Walde arbeitenden Forſtmann bfeibt die Kennt: nis von der wirtfhaftlihen Natur feiner Holzarten und die fortgefete Vertiefung derſelben allzeit der wichtigſte Gegenftand feiner geiftigen Bemühungen. Namentlich anf dieſem Zelte lernt man niemal® aus, und ber Erfahrenfte kann immer noch neues erfahren. Könnte man die Natur ciner Holzart, d. 5. den vollftändigen Einblik in alle Bedingungen und Vorausſetzungen ihrer Lebensthätigfeit und ihres Gedeihens durch eine exafte Unterſuchungsmethode, durch ein Erperiment, mittel® ſubtiler Unterſuchung des Geworbenen ac. feit: ftellen, — fo wäre dieſes Kapitel unferer Wiſſenſchaft längfi abgeſchloſſen. Ich bin weit entfernt, die Bes mũhungen aller exakten Forſchungsarbeiten auf forit: lihem Gebiete gering zu ſchätzen, denn fie haben uns auf benadbarten Gebieten, befonders auf jenem der Pilzkunde und in mander andern Richtung wertvolle Aufſchlüſſe gebracht, — aber bezüglich der Natur und ber Lebensanſprüche unſerer Holzarten find wir auf dieſem Wege nur wenig weiter getommen. Das erklärt ih wohl in eriter Linie aus der Unmöglichkeit, alle anf das Leben fih äußernden Probuktionsfaftoren und ihrer fpezifiichen Wirkung innerhalb einer befonderen Pflanzenſpezies exakt feſtzuſtellen, und dann aus der Unmöglichkeit, derartige Forſchungen in gleichförmigem Sinne während der ganzen Lebensdauer unferer Wald⸗ bäume, von der Keimpflanze bis zum Starkholzitamme, fortführen zu Können, So bfeibt ung nur ber durch die MWiffenfchaft ges ſchaͤrfte und von einer möglichft reihen Erfahrung unterftüßte fihere Blick und die vergleichende Ber obadtung, wodurch wir langſam und allmählich zu einem vollendeteren Einblick in die Biologie der Holz: arten gelangen Können. Je größer und ausgedachter aber der Beobahtungsfreis, je mannigfaltiger und ab: weichender bie Standortszuftände und je aufmerkfamer und geſchärfter der Blick in der Beurteilung der ein: zelnen Tpatbeftände ift, deſto mehr wird ſich unfer Ber 1885 die Lärche. ſtändnis klären, und deſto ſicherer kommen wir auf den langſamen Wege zur Erkenntnis vorwärts. Wenn wir aber bedenken, daß mit einer hinreichenden Kenntnis der Natur einer Holzart bezüglich ihrer Lebens» anſprüche erft der eine Teil unferer Aufgabe gelöft ift, und daß der andere, in ber praftiihen Anwend⸗ ung unſeres Holzartenwiſſens auf einem Fonfreien Standort beftehende Teil oft noch größere Schwierig: feiten gebiert, — da uns in ber Megel ausreichende Mittel fehlen, in alle wirkfamen Standbortsfaftoren ben zu halbwegs jicheren Vorgehen nötigen Einblid zu gewinnen, — fo muß uns das wenigſtens zum bes jcheidenen Bewußtfein führen, daß unfer forſtliches Wiffen noch in hohem Maße nur Stückwerk ift, und daß wir nicht nachlaſſen dürfen, von unſerer Meifterin der Natur fort und fort au lernen. Es erklaͤrt fich auch daraus, daß man oft geneigter ift, dieſes ſchwie⸗ rigſte Feld unſerer Berufswiſſenſchaft auf irgend eine Weiſe geſchickt zu umgehen und ſich auf dem mehr formalen Gebiete zu tummeln, ober ſich in der Praris zu größerer Bequemlichkeit nur auf eine einzige Holzart zu vebnzieren, — als dahin zu wirken, daß die Gefamt- Arbeitskraft aller Berufenen auf dem grumblegenben Felde einer naturgerechten Produktionswirtſchaft ſich konzentriert. Oder haben wir es in dem Verſtändnis unſerer einheimiſchen Holzarten ſchon ſo weit gebracht, daß wir von ſicherem Vorgehen reden dürfen? Woher dann die zahlreichen Mißerfolge bei der Wahl und bei der wirtſchaftlichen Behandlung einer Holzart im konkreten Falle? Und wie oft führen doch ſolche ſelbſt verſchuldete Mißerfolge zur Verurteilung einer fonft wertvollen Holz⸗ art, während vielleicht im Nachbarbezirke bie beften Erfolge erzielt werden? Solden wechſelnden Schwankungen in der Benrteilung und Behandlung einer Holzart unterlag und unterliegt an manchen Orten heute nody Sie ift für manden nod heute die am meijten rätfelhafte und vielleicht am wenigften ver: ftandene Holzart, — und ich geftehe gern, daß auch ich mich Lange zu biefen Tegteren zählen. mußte. Wohl hatte ich die Lärche an zahlreichen und auf! den diver— gierenſten Standorten ihres Vorkommens innerhalb ber a 294 Grenzen Deutſchlands mit Aufmerkfamkeit verfolgt, aber ich blieb unbefriedigt, fo lange ich fie nicht in ihrer eigentlichen Heimat aufgefucht und foweit mir möglich ftudiert hatte. So richtete ich vor einer Neihe von Jahren meine Wege nach den Zentralalpen von Tirol, Savoyen, den Faſſaner Bezirken und Grau— bünden ; beſonders war es das obere Engadin mit den angrenzenden Gebieten, das mich ‚für einige Wochen durch feine ausgedehnten Lärchenwälder, feine fo charak— teriftifchen klimatiſchen und feine ausgeprägten Beges tationsverhältnife gefeffelt hielt. Was mir mein Ge dächtnis von meinen bier gemadhten Wahrnehmungen und Betrachtungen noch aufbewahrt Hat, will ich, dem Wunfche der verehrten Redaktion dieſer Zeitung ent: ſprechend, im Nachfolgenden kurz niederſchreiben. Die faft ! /2 Stunde breite, nahezu ebene Thalſohle des Oberengadin liegt durchſchnittlich 1800 Meter über dem Meer; fie trägt faft im ganzer Eiſtreckung wenig erträgliche Weiden und Wiefengelände, unterbrodyen von mehreren anfehnlichen Seen, welche teilmeife durch Heine Walpftreifen berandet fin. Der junge Zum, der das Thal durchfließt, bat in der Nähe des obern Thal: endes (Malojapaß) jeinen Urjprung. Schon am Rande des Thalgrundes beginnen, vorzüglich am den Nord: und Nordmweitgehängen, anfänglich fanft anfteigend die Lärchen- und Arvenwälder, und 300-500 Meter höher Liegt die Baumgrenze. Darüber ragen bie nadten Bergmände und Felshalden mit ihren ſchneebedeckten Häuptern empor. Geht auch der Horizontale Ver: breitungsbezirk der Lärche weit über ven ins Auge ge faßten engen Bezirk des Oberengadins hinaus, felbft weit über die Grenzen Graubündens, und fteigt die Lärde in diefen weiten Gebieten auch in erheblich tiefer gelegene Thäler und Gelände hinab, — fo ift fie doch nirgends ein fo ausgeſprochener Charakterbaum der Landſchaft, als im obern Engadin. Es ift alfo die höchſt bedeutende Höhenlage dieſes Gebietes, auf welche ich vor allen hinweiſen nächte, Dazu kommt die befondere Beichaffenheit des Klimas in dieſem Hochthale, die in einer außergewöhnlich großen Trodenheit ver Luft befteht, mehr im Winter als im Sommer. Pilze, Farn, Flechten, Bartmooſe, die doch ſonſt im Herbſte faſt in keinem Walde fehlen, ſind hier nur ſpärlich zu gewahren, und genügt doch bier den Einwohnern das Eintrocknen des Fleiſches an der Ruft, um es für längere Seit zu Ronfervieren ! In der großen Wafferarmut der Luft ift auch allein der Grund für das vollftännige Fehlen ter Fichte zu ſuchen. Man ftaunt, diefen Yllerwelts:Broletarier hier als bürftigen Zierbanm in den Fleinen Hausgärten (Sils) oder gar in Zöpfen und Kübeln zur Deforation vor ven Häufern (Maloja) au finden, wie Myrthe und Gra: nate anf den Terraffen unſerer fürſtlichen Landfige. Daß das Klima im übrigen rauh, in der vollen Be: deutung bes Worte, der Winter lang und ſchneereich iſt, und die geringe Sommerwärme nur eine furze Vene: tationsperiode geftattet, läht ſich leicht denken. Das Grundgeftein wird durch die alpinen Granite und kryſtalliniſchen Schiefer in mannigfachem Wechſel mit dioritiſchen und Syenit-Gefteinen gebildet, dariiber oft ſtark verworfene Nuflagerungen von alpinen Dole- miten und Kalken. Auf dem Thalgrunde und den untern Gehängen bilden mehr oder weniger greb: toͤrnige Geſchiebe und Granitmajjen, gemengt mit niedergegangenen Felsftücen den Boden, wie am Aue: gange ver Gletſcherthäler die alten Moränen. Es ſind fohin fehr mannigfaltige und wechſelnde Vorkommniſſe, unter welchen ſich ver Verwitterungs- und Wurzelboren für den Wald darſtellt. Das Gedeihen des letztern Icheint aber durch die petrographiſche Veichaffenbeit des Bodens weit weniger bedingt. zu fein, als durch tie inneren phyſikaliſchen Strufturverhältnifje des Bodeus und durch feinen Waffergebalt. Graubünden und das Engadin find reich bewalker. An langen, öfter unterbrochenen Zonen zieht ſich dei Wald am Fu der Berge hin, bald mehr, bald weniger hoch an deren Gehängen emporfteigend. Es find das feine Forſte, wie fie anf unferen Kahlflächen durch die ichablonengerechte Hand unſerer Förſter gemacht werten, — es jind Mälder der Natur, mehr oder weniger frei erwachſen unter den Gefegen der Standortsbeſchaffenheu. in welcher die Wirtichaft des Menſchen den Step der Urfprünglichfeit noch nicht erheblich verwiſcht bat und, wie ich glaube, auch nicht völlig verwiſchen will und fan; denn die Nutzung ift eine femelweife, Kabl: Schläge ſieht man kaum irgendwe, und die Verjũüngung ift in der Haupiſache der Natur überlaffen. Toch we es fih um vermehrte Einbringung der Arve, um Er: gänzung der Lärchenanflüge handelt, da fehlt auch tie fünftlihe Hülfe nicht. Daß dieſe Wälder nicht das gleihförmige Schluß⸗ verhältnis unferer Kulturwälder bejigen, läßt ſich denken. Partien und gruppenweiler Schluß, wechſelnd mi: lodeven Beftandstheilen ift überhaupt ein allgemeiner Charafterzug des Naturwaldes, entiprechend den Were, der örtlichen Standortsbefhaffenheit. Daß aber dir duch die Lärche gebilneten Waldbeſtände im Durd: ſchnitte noch weniger vollgefchloffene Vejtände bilden fönnen, als ſolche mit Fichten, Buchen zc., mnß ein: leuchten, und wenn in denfelben aud bier Licht gemn:, zum Boden gelangt, um furzem Gras, Heideldeer. Alpenrojen Raum zu geftatten, fo bewähren die Lärchen- mälder des Engadins im großen ganzen aber doch c. befferes Schlußverhältuis als die-Lärchen unſerer Tie'. länder. Die meijt vollere, tiefer“ herabreichende Be fronung, welche der höheren, durch die dünne Luft ve- —— urſachten Lichtintenſität zu danken ſein mag, und die eingemengten dunkelſchattigen Arvengruppen tragen zur Beſtandsfülluug nicht unweſentlich bei. Es iſt begreiflich, daß in Höhenlagen von 6000 Fuß das Wachstum ein nur ſehr laugſames ſein kann, und die Zuwachsgrößen einer nur auf vier Monate beſchränkten Vegetationszeit ſehr gering ſein müſſen. Schmaler Jahrringbau mit faſt verſchwindender Früh— jahrszone und reichlichſter Kernholzbildung geben dem nicht überalten*) Holze feine große Bau: und Nutzholz tũchtigkeit. Abgefehen von dieſen allgemeinen Erfcheis nungen ift aber das beſſere oder geringere örtliche Ge: deihen der Lärchenbeſtände augenſcheinlich in erfter Linie durch die vielfady wechlelnden Bodenverhältniffe in bervorragendem Maße bedingt; und zwar ift es die Durchdringbarfeit des Bodens für die Wurzeln und fein Fenchtigfeitemaß, das insbeſondere für den Höhenwuché maßgebend fcheint. Man ijt überrafcht, auf dem feljigen oder feicht fich anfehenden, mit Gefteinsbreden ftark durch— mengten Böden die Lärchenwurzeln oberflächlich oft 3 und 4 Meter weit ansftreichen zu fehen, und die Lärche bier fcheinbar als eine flachwurzelnde Holzart zu finden. Das ift oft der äußere Eindruck; aber bei näherem Suchen gewahrt man, wie bie über den Boden friechenden Wurzeln da und dort die Klüfte finden, durch welche fie ſich oft weit im die Tiefe ſenken und bie friiheren Bodenſchichten erreihen. So akkomodiert ſich auch bie Lärche dem Boden, wie alle Holzarten; dieſer Wurzel⸗ entwicfelung verbanfen dann die Stämme ihre große Sturmfeftigfeit. Ein mächtig wirfendes Moment in den Wachstums— erfcheinungen der Lärche ift offenbar der Waffergehalt des Bodens. Wie groß find doch die Gegenfäge zwifchen dem felfigen trodenen Boden eines Loret- und ähnlicher Mülder — gegenüber dem Lärchenwuchs in der Nähe der Flußläufe und Seen. An letzteren fteint nicht felten die Lärde mit ihren Wurzeln nahezu ins Waller hinein, und auf dem tiefgründigen frifhen Anſchütten und Detritusfeldern am Fuße der nadten Wände er: reicht fie die ftärfften Dimenfionen. Bei Sils:Bafeglia ftand vor 10 Jahren noch eine Partie von mehrhundert: jährigen Rieſenlärchen, mit Brufthögenftärken bie 1 und 1!/2 m, 40 und mehr Meter Höhe und bis zu Felt: gehaltsgrößen von 15 Eubifmeter. Vieleicht ftehen jie noch heute. In kurzer Entfernung fließt der junge Sum vorüber und die Schnee: und Bergmaffen ver ans nrenzenden Wände des Piz Lagref verfinfen in den Detritnshügeln, auf welchen diefe Kärchen ftehen. * Das Holz ber vielleicht 800—500 jähr. Riefenftämnte, welche ich zu fehen bekam, ift meiſt ringſchälig und flark zer— Trüftet, Leider find ſolche Wahrzeichen aus alter Zeit im Oberengabin felten geworben, wie überhaupt die nutz⸗ baren Althöfzer, in Folge vorausgegangner Uebergriffe ſehr zuſammengeſchwunden find, und eine Siftierung größerer Bauholzbiebe vorerft nötig gemacht haben. Sobald man die Hochlagen des Dberengadine ver: läßt und nad dem untern Innthal ſich wendet, tritt bie Lärde ale Miſchbaum der Fichte am bie Seite, teil® in einzelner, mehr aber in horſt- und kleinbeſtands⸗ ‚weifer Miſchung. Bei weiteren Hinabfteigen, im Rhein— thal ꝛc., geſellt fie fich endlich noch im befcheidenem Maße ber Buche bei. Ebenfo in dem vom Maloja⸗Paſſe ab fich tief einfenfenden VBergell. Man wird felten fo un— vermittelte VBegetationsübergänge gewahren Können, als wie bier. In den oberen Stufen des Bergell ift die Lärdye noch fehr veichlich vertreten, fie Tebt Hier zumeift in Gemeinfchaft mit der Fichte, Tanne, auf ben Hochſtandsorten mit der Arve zufammen. Ju ber tieferen Stufe zicht fie ſich gegen die mehr und mehr zur Herrſchaft kommende, unter den Einfluß des lom⸗ bardifiben Tieflandes ftehende, Vegetation zurück, — negen Kaftanie, Eiche, Ulme Afpe,. Hafel 2c. Miſcht fih die Lärche auch oft einzeln in bie bier ebenfalls nur horſtweis neichloffenen Fichtenbeſtände ein, beſonders als Randbanm auf Graslücken ꝛc., fo bildet fie vielfach doch auch reine Horſt- und Klein⸗ beſtände, meiſt auf eiwas herausgehobenen Bodenſtellen. Letzteres iſt z. B. beſonders auégeprägt in ben oberen Stufen des Bergell — zwiſchen Maloja und Pro— montonio, — wo ber Nüden der zum Fuß ber Berge herabgeführten, in der Oberflächengeftaltung unferen Wellblechen vergleichbaren Schutthügeln, durchweg mit Lärchen, die zwilchenliegenden Mulden und Gräben aber mit Fichten beſtockt find. Bemerkenswert ift das fporadifche Auftreten der Lärche, ja der Arve! ſelbſt in Geſellſchaft der Kaftanie noch in Tieflagen (Soglio), die unzweifelhaft unter dem Einfluffe der oberitalifchen Luft ftehen. Am Vorausgehenden ſchilderte ich in aller Kürze meine Eindrüde und Wahrnehmungen aus einem der höchſten Standortöbezirfe der Lärche, in welchen biefer Baum die herrſchende Holzart ift, Bezirke, deren atmosphä— riſche Verhältniffe erheblich mit jenen unferer deutſchen Gebirge: und Tiefländer Fontraftieren. Es wäre un: billig, jenen Vorwürfe machen zu wollen, welche früher in diefen Kontraften ernſte Bebenfen gegen eine Trande ferierung der Lärche aus ihren Hochitanbarten ins Tiefland fahen, — und auch jenen, welche heute an: geſichts der fo zerftörenn fi Außernden Krebskrankheit diefer Holzart wenig Sympathie, entgegen ) bringen. Diefe Bedenken fcheinen nur allzu berechtigt. Und 41* 296 dennoch beherbergen unfere deutſchen Wälder an zahl: reihen Orten Lärchen in einer Vollkommenheit des Wuchſes und der Stärke, wie man fie kaum in jenen Hochlagen antrifft. In ber erften Hälfte des gegenwärtigen und der zweiten Hälfte des vorigen Jahrhunderts, aus welchen dieſe wuchskräftigen und vielfach zu erſtaunlichen Dis menfionen erwachſenen beutfchen Lärchen ſtammen, konnte von einem richtigen Verſtändniſſe der Lärchenatur und einer darauf begründeten grundfäßlichen Behandlung diefer Holzart wohl kaum die Rede fein. Die Lärche war eine eingewanderte fremde Holzart, Tauſende jener damals künſtlich eingebrachten Lärchen mögen zu— grunde gegangen fein, und fo kann man die bis heute zurücgebliebenen wohl nur als Kinder glücklicher Um: Stände bezeichnen, die uns aber heute als wertvolle Fingerzeige dienen können. In der Mitte des gegenwärtigen Jahrhunderts er wachte wieberhoft die Luft zum Lärchenanbau. Uber auch bei diefer Gelegenheit zeigte ſich unfere volle Un— kenutnis bezüglich der wirtſchaftlichen Borausfegungen zum Gedeihen diefer Holzart innerhalb ver deutſchen Grenzen. Unter Hinweifung auf die heimatlichen Hochſtandorte der Laͤrche glaubte man, ihr auch Bei gie aber nur in abſoiut trockener Luft gedeihen könn, das halte ich für zu weit gehend. uns die Hoclagen auf den Plateaus und Rücken unferer Berge zuweilen zu follen, ohne Rückſicht auf die örtlichen Bodenverhältniffe. an folden Orten der Kiefer in reihenweis abwechfelnden Saarftreifen auf armen, verunfrauteten, trodenen Sands böden bei, und mußte bald gewahren, daß fie den Kampf mit der anfpruchaloferen Kiefer nicht zu beftehen ver- mochte und frühzeitig, ohne eine Spur zurückzulaſſen, zugrunde ging. An andern Stellen baute man jie zwar in mitunter jehr erheblicher Ausdehnung, ebenfalle in der Annahme, die „auf den Felſen der Alpen“ be: bheimatete Lärche ftelle an ben Boden nur mäßige oder | geringe Anforderungen. Da kam die Invaſion bes Kärchenkrebfes, über welden ung Robert Hartig durch feine meifterhaften Unterfuhungen*) Aufklärung brachte. Weitaus der größere Teil aller noch jüngeren Lärchenorte vom Fuße der Alpen bis hinauf nach Hoch— ſchottland unterlag bekanntlich diefer verheerenden Krebs: epidemie, — zu welcher ſich die fortgefeßten Beſchädig- ungen durch die Lärchenmotte gefellten. Das war nun freifih ein harter Stoß für die Luft zum Lärchenbau und veranlaßte viele, von dieſer Fapriziöfen unverläſſigen Holzart ganz abzufehen. Ich kenne heute manches Gebiet, in welchem dieſelbe als Jungholzbaum wenige * ‚Wichtige Krankheiten der Waldbäume“ 1874, Lehrbuch Ser Baumkrankheiten 2. Aufl. 1889, ©. 109. Se miſchte man fie ‚bie ftetS drohende Krebsgefahr. : gejegt werben zu können. ften® zu den Seltenheiten gehört, — eine Erfcheinung über welche oft mit ber furzen Bemerkung hinweg— gegangen wird: „Die Lärde geht Hier nicht”. Es il gewiß zugugeben, daß e8 viele Standörtlichfeiten gicht, die dem Lärchengebeihen nicht zufagen, Orte mit Hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit, großer Negenhöhe, Orte mit bartem, geringem oder feichtgrundigem Boden ꝛc., ob man ſich aber über den lokalen Standortszuftand derartiger ! Gebiete eine ausreichende Kenntnis verfhafft bat, kann fraglich fein. Nach dem vorausgehend Gefagien will ich nun noch die Anſchauung beſprechen, welche ih mir über die Anſprüche der Lärche an Standort und Wirticart auf Grund ber mannigfaltigen, miv befannt gewordenen Vorkomnmiffe in einem Fangen Berufsleben gebildet habe. Vielleicht gebe ich dadurch Veranlaffung, daß auch antere dazu beitragen, daß wir über die wirtſchaftlich zu Les achtenden Grundſätze bei der Lärche mehr und mebr Klarheit gewinnen, und biefer hochwichtigen Holzart mehr Beachtung zuwenden, als es an vielen Orten geſchieht. Daß die Lärche kein Baum der feuchten ſtagnierenden Luft iſt, darüber beſteht heute wohl fein Zweifel. Dax Es find bier offen: bar nur zwei Momente im Spiel: einmal das Be dürfnis nach einer potenzierten Transpiration und dann Wie faft allen Licht. belaubten Holzarten, wird wohl auch der Lärche ein: energifhere Transpirationsthätigkeit zuzu— ſchreiben ſein, als den dunkelbelaubten Baumarien. (Das Maß der Transpiration ſteht offenbar im enger ' Kaufalverbindung mit dem Lichtbebarfe einer ange, durch Saat oder Pflanzung in reinem Stande und | — — iſt aber noch wenig aufgeklärt.) Daß aber das Be— dürfnis der Transpiration in den Hochſtandorten bei einer nur kurzen Vegetationszeit (4 Monate) ein größeres iſt, als bei einer langen, ſcheint wohl voraus: So finde ih es erklärlich. daß ſchon im dieſem Sinne die Lärche mit gebeihlichen: Wuchſe ſowohl in den Infttrodneren Hocalpen, wie ir den luftfeuchten Tieflagen unferer deutſchen Bezirke ix gutem Gebeihen angetroffen wird. Freilich! konſtam und entfchieden hochgradig feuchte Luftorte müffen in legterem Falle ausgefchleffen bleiben. Handelt es jit aber überhaupt um eine gefleigerte Transpirations. Energie, fo kann befanntlih die Trodenheit des Me— diums durch reihlihe Bewegung und Erneuerung die: felben zum großen Teile erjegt werben, und fo vermag auch cine feuchtere, die Krone der Lärche aber jteta umfpülende und bewegte Luft das während einer längeren Begetationsperiode ermäßigten, Tranepirationsbebürinit wohl zu befriedigen. Dazu muß aber fortgefepte 297 Gipfelfreiheit wenigftens für dem thätigften Teil der Krone vorausgejeßt werben. Das andere mit der Luftfeuchtigfeit zuſammen bängende Moment ift die Pilzgefahr, die um fo größer | ift, je fenchter und und gegen Ruftzug verſchloſſener der Standort if. Man kann wohl der Betrachtung, baß alles, was die Blattverdunftung iördert, die Pilz vegetation befchräntt, ein gewiſſes Maß von Berechti— gung einräumen, — aber damit allein kann die Gefahr nicht paralyfiert werden. Wir Fönnen diefe Gefahr überhaupt nicht befeitigen, fo wenig als jene, welche fortgefegt dur) den Schüttepilz, die Note, den Kiefern- ſpauner ꝛc. droßt. Deshalb aber wird es niemand wobl einfallen, Kiefer und Fichte aufzugeben, — um fo weniger, als walbzerftörende Epitemien doch ftets nur in längeren Zwifchenpanfen wieberfehren. mildern und befchränfen Können wir alle biefe dem Walde drohenden Gefahren, und auch jene, welche das Leben der Lärche bedrohen, wenn wir der Meiterver breitung ber Pilzfporen möglichſt wirffame Hemmniſſe in den Wen ftellen. Das kann aber nur dadurch ges ſchehen, daß wir die Lärde durch Vergeſellſchaftung mit andern Holzarten möglichit zu ifolieren, alfo | reine Beftände zu vermeiden fuchen. Wenn bie Lärche auf ihren Hochſtandorten reine Beftände bildet, oder nur mäßig und truppmweife mit ber Arve gemifcht vor kommt, fo ift zu bedenken, daß e8 eben dort (wenigſtens im Oberengadin) feine andere Holzart mehr gibt, mit welcher fie fich vergeſellſchaften könnte, — und da ihr dort ber So gefährliche Krebapilz jene Gefahr nicht bringt, wie im Tieflande, da dort bekanntlich die gegen | trockene und bewegte Luft fo empfindlichen Fruchtpolfter des Pilzes faft regelmäßig der Mehrzabl nach vertrocknen und fehin nur wenig Früchte zur Reife nelangen, Die trodene Luft der Hocftandorte Fünnen wir in unferen tieferen und aDgemein luftfenchteren deutſchen Standorten nur einigermaßen durch bemegte Luft er- feßen, und einer ſolchen fol die Lärche auch mit Rück: fiht auf die Pilzgefahr durch reichliche und fortgefeßte Gipfelfreiheit ausgefegt fein. Es muß fohin als wirt: ſchaftlicher Grundfag gelten, die Lärche nur als Miſch- holz zu behandeln, und fie nur in mäßiger Menge andern Holzarten und zwar gipfelfrei beizumengen- Mas die Form ihrer Einfügung in den Grundbeitand betrifft, fo ift der unregelmäßig verteilte Einzelbeſtand ebenfo paffend, wie ein truppweiles Zuſammenſtehen; ſelbſt kleine Horfte mögen auf ausgeſprochen günftigen Orten berehtigt fein, wenn ein nicht allzu lange ver: zogerter Unterbau nachfolgt. Tale den Lärchenbau in großen Horften oder gar Nein: beftänben bethätigen zu wollen, muß vollftändig ver: mieden werben. Aber auch im Teßteren | Aber behandelnde nicht einbeimifche Holzart zu betrachten, “bezüglich deren von einer Maffenprobuftion nicht bie Nede fein kann. Weil fie aber, wie jede eingewanderte Holz⸗ art, Anfpruch auf unfere befondere Sorgfalt machen darf, fo müſſen wir ber Lärche das beſte bieten, was unſere Waldnngen Teiften können; wir müſſen ihr die beiten Bobdenftellen im Beltaube einräumen und dürfen ihr nicht die Molle eines Lückenbüßers zumuten, wie es leider mandmal noch geſchieht. Die Bodengüte kömmt bier nicht nur hinſichtlich eines hinreichenden Gehalts an mineraliſchen Naͤhrſtoffen und der Tiefgründigkeit in Betracht, ſondern auch bezüglich des Feuchtigkeitszuſtandes. Daß ein bis zu größerer Tiefe durchdringbarer hinreichend kräftiger Boden ein nnabweisbares Bedürfnis für das volle Gedeihen der Lärche iſt, dokumentiert ſich auf allen Standorten : und wird wohl kaum bezweifelt. Was aber der Wafjers Die Lärche ift in unferen Waldungen | gehalt des Bodens betrifft, fo geht weine Meberzeugung dahin, daß man bdiefe Holzart bezüglich dieſes An: fpruches vielfach, unterihägt Hat. Sie fordert einen entſchieden „Friichen” Boden, wem fie zu wertvollen Nutzholze erwachſen foll, — fei es, daß biefes Maß des Waſſergehaltes dem Boden, verimöge feiner petroz araphifch:phyiifaliichen Beſchaffenheit eigentümlich iſt, ſei es, daß derſelbe der konſervierenden, konſtanten Bodendecke eines paſſenden Grund- oder Schutzholz⸗ beſtandes und deſſen Streudecke zu danken iſt. Eine vielfach zu beobachtende Erſcheinung im Lebens: vorgange fonft frohwüchſiger Lärchen, welche bie Freude am Lärdenbau in unſeren beutfchen Standorten zu bes einträchtigen vermöchte, befteht in einer Art von Nadel: ſchütte im den unteren Partien der Krone. Die Nadeln werden mißfarbig und rot, fallen meiſt ſchon im Sommer ab, die zurücgelaffenen leeren Aeſte ver: trocknen und überziehen fich reichlich mit Flechten und Moofen. Beſonders find e8 einzele oder truppweis in gleichalterige Fichten eingemengte jüngere Lärchen, welche in ihrem unteren Kronenteile, foweit derfelbe von Fichten umbrängt wird, durch biefen bärtigen Flechtenanſatz vernmftaltet werben, während die obere Kroncnpartie noch ein frendiges intaktes Anſehen bewahren kann. Man weiſt oft auf dieſe Erſcheinung Hin, um daraus ben Schluß zu ziehen, daß die Lärche am konkreten Orte nit auf ihrem richtigen Standorte ſich befinde, daß die Lärche „bier nicht gehe”. Ich kann mich nicht erinnern, biefer Erfcheinung auf den Hochſtandorten der Lärche in fo auffalendem Maße begegnet zu fein, wie in den dichter gefchloffenen Beſtänden der Tieflänber, und glaube ih, mir biefe Kronenerfrantung vorzüglich durch das engere Schlußverhältiie und eine der Laͤrche immer nur als eine mit befonderer Aufmerkfamkeit zu ! zumidere Kronenumbrängung durch die raſch ihr nach⸗ 298 eilende Fichte erflären zu können. Es genügte mir diefe Erflärungsart umſomehr, als man vielfach die Intakterhaltung der, auf gutem Standort der Fichte oft Länger vorauseilenden, oberen SKronenhälfte beob: achten, ımd auch noch im höheren Alter die über die Beftandefrone herausragende, allerdings beſchränkte Lärchenkrone in frohwüchſiger Verfaffung finden kann, Anderfeits darf aber nicht fiberfehen werden, daß auch zahlreiche einzeln und kleinhorſtig zwiſchen Fichten eine gemiſchte Lärchen durch diefen manchmal hoch hinauf: ſteigenden Flechtenbeſatz ergriffen werden und durch— forſtungsweiſe beſeitigt werden müſſen. Durch die unermüdlichen Forſchungen Rob. Hartig's iſt in den jüngſten Tagen infoferne Klärung gebracht worden, als er fand, daß auch bei dieſer Schüttefranf- heit ein Bil; — Sphaerella larieina n. sp. Hart. — im Spiele ift.*) Ohne auf die Sache näher einzu: gehen, will ich nur ermähnen, daß die auf den Lärchen⸗ nabeln zur Neife gelangenden Fruchtpolſter dieſes Pilzes überaus feine fadenartige Konidien abſchuüren, welche mit den Nadeln zu Boden fallen, bei trockenem Wetter vom Luftzug weiter und auch in die Höͤhe geführt werben, um bie Infektion auf noch gefunde Aeſte und Pflanzen zu tragen. . Hartig will nun in dem Umftande, daß bie im Sommer an Boden fallenden verpilgten Nadeln von Lärchen, welche zwifchen Buchen eingemengt find und welde durch den folgenden Blattabiall ver legtern ũberdeckt werden, die Erflärung dafür finden, daß Lärden mit gleihalterigen Buchen gemengt oder dur Teßtere unterbaut, von der Pilzinfektion befreit Bleiben. Daß Lärchen allerwärts am beften in Miſchuug der Buche gedeihen, ift eine amerfannte Thatſache. Die Bewahrung der Standortethätigkeit und das für alle. Zeiten geſicherte Ueberlegenbleiben ver Färche gegen— über der Höhenentwickeluug der Buche waren bisber ; icon falt genügeude Erklärungsgründe hierfür. Geſellt fih dazu noch im gleichem Sinne der Schuß, welchen die Bude der Lärche gegen fraglihe Pilzgefahr bietet, — ſo liegen Gründe genug vor, um die Bude für unfere Zieflandftauborte als die befte und ſicherſte Mifhholzart. für die Lärde zu erflären Darin muß aber weiter auch wiederholt bie Aufforderung Tiegen, unferen zahlreichen Fichtenverjüngungen nad Möglichkeit die Buche, und zwar hanptftändig, beizumengen, wenn überhaupt am eine geficherte Beigeſellung ver Lärche gedacht wird, — wozu doc in zahlreichen Fällen berechtigte Veranlaffung geboten fein dürfte. * Hartig hat über bie biolog. Verhältniſſe dieſes Pilzes in ber jüngften Sigung ber Akademie der Wiffenfhaften in Münden Bericht erftattet und wird darüber weiter auch in fort. Blättern Nachricht geben. Die Einmiſchung der Lärche in reine Tichtenbeitände Tann, nad) meiner Meinung, jene Sicherheit für eine gedeihlihe Entfahtung der Lärche nur dann bieten, wenn es ſich um einen ansgeſprochen zufagenden Stand: ort handelt, oder fortgefegt für jenes Schlußverbältnis in der Nähe der Lärchen geforgt wird, wie e8 die Be— bürfniffe der Kronenfreiheit erheifcen, d. b. wenn man in ſolchen Beſtänden mehr auf borftweilen, als auf gleichförmigen Beſtandeſchluß hinarbeitet. Taß aber unter allen Verhältniſſen die ungleichalterige Beſtands— verfaſſung, wie ſie aus der femelſchlagweiſen Verjüngung hervorgeht, mit frübzeitiger und bezüglich der Orte: bemeffung wählerifher Einbringung der Lärcheu der maturgemäßefte Wer zu einer geficherten Erziehung uuſerer Holzart ift, Das kann niemand bezweifeln, der mit diefer VBerjüngungsart bekannt ift. Möchte man ih doch mehr und mit größerer Liebe, als es heute an vielen Orten gefchieht, dem Anban der fo wertvollen Lärche zunvenden! Mächte auch dadurch vielleicht Veranlaffung gegeben fein, der immer noch herrſchenden Süßen Gewohnheit, die Aufgabe einer zeitz | gemäßen Forſtwirtſchaft in der Erziehung reiner Bez ‚ Hände zu erblicken, almäblich zu entfagen, und damit in die gefündere Fähre einer naturgemäßen Wirtſchaft einzufenfen! Eine ſtandorts⸗ und holzartengerechte Ein: bringung der Lärche im unſere Beftände und ihre forg- fältige Erziehung und Pflege würde die aufgewendete Arbeit ſicherlich beſſer lohnen, als faft alle Heute oft ſo fehr favorifierten Exoten. Der Baumfahrftuhl, ein neues Hilfsmittel bei der Aftung der Waldbäume Bon cand. forest. Jacob Weber in Gießen. " Angeregt durch Erörterungen über die Vorteile unt Nachteile des Zehnpfund'ſchen Steigapparates in ben Vorlefungen meine® hochverehrten Lehrere, des Herrn Seh. Hofrat Prof. Dr. Heß, fowie auch durch eigence Befteigen von Bänumen, ift e8 mir gelungen, ein Mittel zu Schaffen, welches geeignet fein dürfte, bie mit obigem Apparat verbundenen Mißftände teils abzuſchwächen, teil® ganz zu befeitigen und fomit die Vorteile, wie ſie jener Apparat bietet, bebeutend zu erhöhen. Bor allem Liegt e8 in der Natur der Sade, tah man einen Menfchen den größten Teil dev ihm zuge: wiefenen Arbeit nicht mit Bruft und Füßen verrichten ‚ läßt, fondern, mit Ausnahme der zur Arbeit vorane: beftimmten und von Jugend auf an biefe gewöhnten Arme und Hände, alle übrigen Körperteile fo viel als möglich ſchont, damit jene in Stand( gefegt werden, um ſo länger und ſicherer zu arbeiten. Der leitende Grundgedanfe bei der Konftruftion des Banmfahrfiuhls war daher furz folgender: Unter feiner Bedingung darf fih die Bruit direft an am Baume beteiligen, und ebenfewenig dürfen die Füße feft an den Apparat angefchnaflt fein. Mit dem feſten Anprefjen der Bruft gegen den Baum, wobei gleichzeitig nicht nur das Gewicht des eigenen Körpers, ſondern aud dasjenige des an ihm hängenden NApparates in Schwebe zwiihen Himmel und Erde gehalten werten muß, ift eine derartige Alembeſchwerde verbunden, daß go natũrl. Größe.) die Anftrengungen, die nötig werben, um den Atmungs- proxch dennoch zu ermöglichen, fowie die tharfächlich eintretenden Atembejchwerden einen großen Zeil der Manneskraft abjorbieren. Leicht könnte mir bier ber eine ober andere einwenden: „Ja Freundchen, das ift alles aan redt, aber du vernißeft, daß du nicht von Jugend auf in dem Mafe an körperliche Arbeit gewöhnt bift, wie unfere Waldarbeiter!“ Nun wohl, dies gebe ih au; doh auch ich komme bier mit einem „aber“, ; denn ich bin auch mit dem neuen Apparate anf Bäume der Aufwärts— beziehungsweiſe Abwärtsbewegung , [ geftiegen! Wenn man nım imftande ift, zwei vers fchiedene Werkzeuge, die demfelben Zwecke dienen follen, mit denfelben Sträften, derſelben Gefchiclichkeit und Gewandtheit zu meſſen, fo wird einem wohl auch die Fahigkeit zur Faͤllung eines Urteils nicht abgeſprochen werden dürfen. Was nun weiter das feſte Verbinden: fein der Füße mit dem Steigapparate anlangt, fo fchliegt dies, trog der hierdurch hervorgerufenen Un: bequemlichkeit, keineswegs die Gefahr des Ausgleitens ans den Schuhen ans, beſonders in ven oberen Partien der Bäume, wo fid) der Zehnpfund: Apparat fchräger gegen den Banm anlegt und wo infolgedejjen auch das unbeweglihe Stanpbrett mit feiner oberen Fläche fich vom Baume abwendet. Selbft der um Körper und Baum gefhlungene Strid, der übrigens die Auf« bes ziehungsweife Abwärtsbewegungen dis Steigers nicht unerheblich hemmt, kann das Gefühl der Unſicherheit nicht ganz benehmen. Es iſt mir zwar wohl bekannt, daß die Schuhe gar nicht dazu da find, das Ausgleiten ı zu verhindern, fondern lediglich dem Zwecke bienten, den Zehnpfunds Apparat nad oben zu führen. Wie notwendig es aber ift, daß bei diejem Apparate das Ausgleiten aus den Schuhen vermieten werden muß, zeigt wohl am beiten folgender Heiner Vorfall: ALS meine werten Herrn Kollegen und ich im vers gangenen Sommer bei einer forjtlichen Erfurfion bemüht waren, einige Bäume zu befteigen, ſchien ſich auch ein Ansländer, der zwecks forftliher Studien feinen Aufent: balt in Gießen genommen hatte, nicht wenig für ben BZehnpfund: Apparat zu intereffieren. Der Hauptjache nach beiteht er, wie nebenftchende Figur zeigt, aus einer 2,00 m langen und 0,46 m breiten Leiter A und zwei Rahmen B und C. Letztere wirken wie der Zehnpfund’jche Apparat und unterfcheiden ſich von diefem wie folgt: Die beiden Bretier a und b, ‚ die in der Mitte den einander zugefehrten Ansfchnitt c 300 haben, find derart an die GSeitenlatten d und e ber feftigt, daß fie durch Lockern der Flügelmuttern ff, an d und e bin nnd Ber gefchoben werden können. Die Konftruktion des Baudeiſens g ift aus brei Gründen in der Geftalt gewählt worden, wie es bie Figur zeigt. Erſtens wird hierdurch ein feites, glattes Aufliegen des Brettes a anf d beziehumgsweile e bewirkt, weil man im ftande ift, vasjelbe faft feiner ganzen Breite nach anzuziehen. Auch wird die au dem Zehnpfund: fhen Rahmen angebrachte Laufſchiene überflüffig, auf welche die Flügelſchraube, gerade nicht zu Gunften großer Haltbarkeit, immer nur an einem Punkte brüdt. Der zweite Grund war der, daß fenfredt unter ber Kante h—k, und etwas gegen diefe vorftehend, die Rolle 1 angebracht werden mußte, von welcher verlangt | wird, daß fie ſich mit dem Brette a verfchieben läßt. &8 wurden daher je zwei einander gegenüberftehende Banbeifen in der Nähe ihres gebogenen Teiles durch eine Eifenftange verbunden und über diefe die Nofle 1 gelegt. Last not least wäre bier nody der Umftand zu ers wähnen, daß bie vier Bohrlöcher in dem Zwickbrette nicht im eine einzige gerade Linie und zwar in bie Nichtung des Faſerverlaufs zu Liegen kommen; hierdurch wird ein Reißen des Holzes in der angegebenen Richtung verhindert. Genau wie a iſt das Brett b eingerichtet, nur find bier die beiden Bandeiſen mit der Sproffe m durd Ketten verbinden, welche verhindern, daß ein beſtimmtes Marimum des betreffenden Winkels zwiſchen Leiter und Rahmen überfchritten wird. Der untere Rahmen ift in dem Zeile, mit welchem er fih an dem Baume feftflenmt, ebenfo wie der oben befehriebene. An der Stelle aber, wo iu leßteren bie Sproffe n eingreift, ftellt hier eine Eifenftange x die | Diefe geht in den | Verbindung zwiſchen p nnd q ber. Scligen rs durch die beiden Leiterbäume p und q ftehen nod etwa 85 em über die Leiter vor und find an ihren Enden durch die Sproffe t—u verbunden. Die Leiter ſelbſt beiteht ans den beiden Leiter— bäumen, von welchen der linke 10 em länger gewählt wurde, damit der an feinem oberen Ende befindliche Griff v angebracht werben konnte. Unmittelbar unter diefem Griffe befindet fi eine Welle, auf welder das Seil w-x-z mittel® der Kurbel y aufgewidelt werden | | Das Seil greift in den Punkten w und z jo au, bat fann. An den beiden nädıften Sproffen find die Ketten beziehungsweiſe ber Nahmen in der ſchon beſchriebenen Weiſe befeſtigt. Es folgen unn noch ſechs feſte Sproſſen nach unten, hinter welchen in den Leiterbäumen die beiden 1,05 melangen Laufſchlitze eingeſchnitten find. Dieſe geſtatten dem unteren Nahmen ein Aufwärts⸗ Der ganze Nahmen iſt beweglich an der Leiterſproſſe n befeftigt, fo daß er ſich um diefe ala Achſe vermitteld des Hebels o drehen läßt. | beziefungsweife Abwärtsbewegen bis zu den Punkten s ud r. Der ganze Fahrſtuhl ift folide und kräftig aus Eſchenholz gebaut. Der Apparat wiegt 48 W, wovon 16 ® auf ten unteren Rahmen kommen; bieraus ergiebt fih, daß ein Marimalgewiht von 32 bleitt, welches ter Arbeiter zu heben hat. Um bieie 32 Aä oder 16 kg 1 m body zur heben ift etwa 1 Sekunde erforderlich; mithin arbeitet der Vefteiger bei der jebes: maligen Anfwärtsbemenung des Apparate mit einer Kraftleiftung von etwa 16 Meterfilogrammen. Das Inftrument mit allem Zubehör wie Sicherbeitt: feil, Karabinerhafen und Sicherheitsgürtel ift zu dem Preife von TO ME. von mir zu beziehen. Unternehmen wir mm, um den Apparat in Thätig⸗ feit zu fehen, eine Auf und Abfahrt: Zunächſt werben die beiden Rahmen geöffnet, d. h. die Bretter « und 3 herausgenommen, der Fahrſtuhl in den Baum ein- geſchoben und alsdann ber obere Rahmen wieder ge: ſchloſſen. Je nachdem der betreffende Baum vi ober dünn ift wird das betreffende Brett weniger oder mebr eingefchoben, fo daß zwifchen dieſen und Baum noch ein Spielrann von etwa 3—4 em bleibt. Nachdem die Flügelmuttern gehörig angebreht find, tritt ber ; Arbeiter vor bie Leiter, wendet ihr feine linke Seite zu, erfaßt eine der unteren Sproffen, hebt den ganzen Fahrſtuhl ſo hoch, daß er noch Bequem die unterſte Sproſſe betreten kaun und drückt alsdann mit der Rechten den Hebel o nach unten, ſodaß ſich der obere Rahmen an dem Baume feſtklemmt. Es iſt dieſes erſi⸗ malige Heben unbedingt erforderlich, weil — wenn mar die Leiterbäume auf dem Boden ruhen laſſen und je die Leiter befteigen wollte — man den unteren Rahmen nicht nachziehen könnte. Die Leiter würde ſich mebr oder weniger in ben Boden eindrüden und dies tas Ausweichen derfelben vom Baume ab verhindern, welches ftattfinden muß, wenn fich der umtere Teil beim Auf: ziehen nicht feſtklemmen fol. Hängt der Apparat frei am Baume, fo fehliegt man zunächft auch den unteren Nahmen. Durch das Schliegen bes letzteren erſt nach Heben des Baumfahrſtuhls wird der meift bedeutend ſtärkere Wurzelanlauf umgangen und fomit ein engeres Einftellen ermöglicht. Nun betritt man die Leiter und fteigt 6i8 zur fünften Sproffe aufwärts, greift mit ber linken Hand in den Griff v, legt fih etwas nach vorn über und dreht die Kurbel y mit dev Rechten um. Hierdurch bewegt fih der untere Rahmen aufwärts. der Rahmen nicht vollkommen im Gleichgewicht hängt. Sondern nach der Baumfeite hin fich etwas neigt. Die Folge biervon ift, daß die an den Klemmbrettern be findlichen Rollen in Thätigfeit trelen und die Aufwärts: bewegung ermöglichen, beziebungsweiſe erleichtern. Iſt 301 der Rahmen mit der ſich am ihm befindlichen Eifenftange der linken Hand an ber Sproffe n feft und drückt den an bem Punkte 8 der Leiter angelangt, fo hört Bier die ! Bewegung auf, und nur der hintere Teil hebt ſich beim Weiterbrehen der Kurbel y noch in die Höhe, bis fich ! dag Brett 4 gegen den Baum anlegt. Nun erfaßt man mit der Linken die Welle x, damit der Rahmen nicht wieber zurückrutſchen kann, tritt von der Leiter rückwärts auf die Sproffe tu, und der aufgemundene Teil bes Apparates klemmt fih an den Banm feſt. Alsdann wiederholt man die ganze Manipulation. Man hebt bie Leiter mit beiden Händen im bie Höhe, wodurch ſich der obere Rahmen vom Baume löſt und fo meit nieder: fänt, als die Ketten es erlauben. Sebi jet man bas Heben der Reiter fo lange fort, biß das Seil w-x-z | abgewidelt ift, und die Länge besfelben ein Weiterheben verbietet. Man läßt hierauf mit der Nechten die Leiter los, drückt mit derjelben den Hebel o abwärts und ber Apparat hängt, ein Meter höher als zuvor, abermals am Baume feft. Auf diefe Weife klimmt man fo bach, bis der Fahrſtuhl gegen die Aefte ftößt und beginnt nun mit dem Aften. Bei dem Abfägen ber unteren Achte Hält man fi) an der Reiter feft; fteht man höher, etwa auf der fünften oder gar ſechſten Sprofie, fo wird man fi mit der einen Hand am Baunıe fefthalten. Man fteige nicht höher, als die ſechſte Sproffe und afte foweit, als «8 die Größe des Mannes zuläßt, daun fchiebe man den Fahrſtuhl Höher. Iſt die betreffende Höhe, auf- weldye geaftet werden fol, erreicht, fo fteigt der Arbeiter auf der Leiter abwärts und tritt auf die Sproffe tu. Hier fei erwähnt, daß das Seil w-x-z den unteren Rahmen nicht ſoweit fallen laſſen darf, bis derjelbe auf dem Punkte r des Laufſchlitzes auf: figt, fondern es muß zwiſchen Rahmen und dem Punkte r nod ein Abftand von etwa 10 Genti- meter bleiben, bamit ſich eriterer Teichter antritt, und, was die Hauptſache ift, damit ſich die Leiter, wenn man unten auf dem Nahmen fteht, noch etwas beben Täßt. der obere Rahmen nicht Löfen, ſondern bliebe feſtgeklemmt und das Abwärtsfteigen wäre vereitell. Die eben er: wähnten 10 Gentimeter genügen aber fat immer, um das Mbfallen des oberen Teiles vom Baume zu bes wirken und hierdurch zu verhiten, daß man felbft die | Brücke Hinter ſich abbricht. Sollte es dennoch vors kommen, daß ſich der untere Rahmen im oberen Teile des Baumes fo ſchräg gegen denſelben anlegt, und hier: durch ein Heben und Löſen des oberen Rahmens nicht ftattfinden Kann, fo drehe man nur die Kurbel einmal um, damit jih der untere Nahmen etwas höher am Barme feftflemnt. Haben fich die Ketten am oberen Rahmen infolge eines Niedergehens geipannt, fo läßt man die Leiter abwärts gleiten, Hält fie, wenn der Punkt 8 beinahe am dem unteren Rahmen angelangt ift, mit 1895 Wäre dies nicht der Fall, jo könnte ſich Hebel o mit der Rechten nah unten. Set tritt man auf die fünfte Sprofje der Leiter, Tegt fi etwas vorne über, und der untere Rahmen wird gewöhnlich von felbft abwärts gleiten. Sollte er fi) jedoch das eine oder andere mal feftfegen, fo bebarf e8 nur eines Meinen Ruckes an dem Seil, um ihn in Bewegung zu bringen. Man fleigt nun abwärts und wicherholt das eben he: Ichriebene Verfahren fo oft, 6i8 man die Erde wieder erreicht hat. Betrachten wir nun noch kurz den Zehnpfund’fchen Apparat neben dem Baumfahrftuhl, um die Vorteile bes letzteren ins vechte Licht zu Stellen. Schon in ber Einleitung habe ich ſchwerwiegende Gründe angegeben, die mich zur Konſtruktion des neuen Apparates ver anfaßten, und brauche daher hier mur zu erwähnen, daß die betreffenden Uebelftänte vollfommen weggefallen find, und dag man mit dem Baumfahrftuhl Leicht und ſicher arbeitet, ohne jede Atembeſchwerde und ohne un: natürliche Arbeitsleiftung mit den Füßen. Der Nachteil, daß Druditellen an dem Baume entftehen, ift geblieben, aber fie find am Zahl erheblich vermindert worden. Wenn man dem Zehnpfund nachrühmt, daß bei ihm etwa nur alle 0,40 m eine Druckſtelle entftehe, fo muß id) dies nad) meinen Beobachtungen als eine gewagte Behauptung binftellen, denn es ift Schon ein fehr ge übter Arbeiter notwendig, wenn er auf die Dauer jo gewaltige Kniebeugungen mit ben beichwerten Glied: maßen machen fol. Denken wir uns, e8 feien Bäume zu aften, die Shen früher einmal vorgeaftet waren, md deren Aeſte in einer Höhe von 10 m über dem Boden beginnen. Um die erften Aeſte abjägen zn Können, muß ber Arbeiter zunächſt etwa 8 m hoch beſtändig fteigen. Räumen wir aljo ein, er nimmt jebesmal 0,40 m, fo müßte er, um 8 m aufwärts zu rüden, 20 Kniebeugen machen. Wenn mun der Arbeiter Fontroliert wird, wenn er überdies weiß, daß es fich um einen Verſuch handelt, jo wird er vielleicht bei einem Baume feinem Auffeher den Gefallen thun und die betreffende Höhe mit 20 Beugen nehmen. Wer aber wollte glauben, daß aud) der beſte Waltarbeiter dies bei fünf oder gar zehn Stämmen hinter einander zu leiften im ftande wäre ? Anders ift es beim Baumfahrſtuhl. Hier ift der Raum, um welden er vorrüct, immer glei groß, und der Arbeiter ermüret Tange nicht fo leiht. Die erfte Drucks ſtelle Liegt ungefähr 1,20 m vom Boden und die zweite 40 cm Höher; alsdann folgen immer, in Zwifchen- räumen von 1,00 m und 0,40 m abwechſelnd, weitere Druckſtellen. Wir hätten alfo im Durchſchnitt ungefähr alle 0,70 m ein Klemmpnunkt. Iſt daher Diefes Uebel, wie gefagt, noch nicht ganz wengefchafft, fe ift e8 doch wenigftend foweit vermindert, daß wir auf eine Höhe von 8 m nur etwa 11—12 Druckſtellen erhalten, alſo 42 302 etwa halb foviel wie beim Zehnpfund'ſchen Ups parat, Ein weiterer Vorteil dürfte ber fein, daß dem Ars beiter eine freiere Bewegung auf dem Baumfahrjtuhl möglich iſt. Auch fein Stand ift ein fejterer, weil bie Sproffen rund find, und cin Ausgleiten dadurch er ſchwert wird, daß der Arbeiter die Sproffe zwiſchen Abfag und Sohle hat, was bei den breiten Standbrett des Zehnpfund nicht denkbar ijt. Außerdem aber fällt der ſchlechte Stand auf legterem, wie er durch die Un: beweglichfeit des Standbrettes hervorgerufen wirb, ſowie das hiermit verbundene ſchmerzhafte Gefühl in ten Knöchelgelenfen bei dem Baumfahrſtuhl vollkommen fort, ta bie Sproffen fäntlih rund find, und ſich ſo— mit auch die Eproffe des unteren Rahmens in jeder Stellung des letzteren gleich gut zwiſchen Sohle und Abſatz des Fußes anſchmiegt und diefer nicht in eine unnatürliche Rage zum Unterfchenfel gebracht wird. Endlich dürfte noch der Umjtand günftig mitwirken, daß man fich während eine& großen Teiles der Arbeit bequem mit der einen Hand an ben Leiterfproffen halten kann und den Baum nicht zu umarmen braucht. Bei dem Aften mit dem Zehnpiund- Apparate Liegt es in der Art und Weiſe feiner Verwendbarkeit, daß man zunächſt fo hoch Flettert, bis man den erften Quirl erreichen fan. Iſt diefer entfernt, fo bewegt man fid) nm fo viel aufwärts, als nötig ift, um bie nächjten Nefte abjägen zu können u. |. w. Bei dem Fahrſtuhl wird nit etwa mit ben Aften begonnen, wenn der Arbeiter die eriten Aefte von einer der oberften Sproffen aus erreichen kann, fondern dev Apparat wird, wie ſchon bemerkt, mit feinen oberen Teile bis dicht unter den erften Quirl geſchoben und nun beginnt man mit dem Sägen von einer der mittleren Sproffen aus. Auf biefe Weile wird es ermöglicht, auf eine Höhe von mehr als 1 m zu aften, ohne während deſſen den Ap⸗ parat felbft weiter zu bewegen. Handelt e8 fich bei dem Beiteigen von Bäumen nur um das Entfernen der Aeſte, fo wird man mit ben Zehnpfund-Apparat die nötige Höhe, auch wenn der Baum ziemlich abjällig ift, faft immer erreichen können. Anders aber, wenn es ſich etwa um eine wilfenfchaftliche Unterfugung handelt, welche ein bedeutend höheres Steigen. erfordet. Denfen wir zum Beifpiel an Zuwachsunterſuch⸗ ungen in den verfchiebenen Höhen der Bäume. Hier bürfte der Baumfahrituhl aushelfen. Iſt man nämlich mit dem i Zehnpfund: Apparat bis zu einer gemijjen Höhe geftiegen, | fo legt er ſich, infolge der abuehmenden Durchmefferftärte | | überbeugen und die wenigen Aeſte, die hier in Frage bes Baumes, fo ſchräg gegen denjelben, daß der Staub für den Arbeiter, und fomit auch das weitere Aufwärtsbewegen unmöglich wird. Die Leiter des Baumfahrſtuhls da= gegen bleibt im jeder Lage der beiden Rahınen zu dem Banme, diefem felbft parallel, infolge defjen ſich an der Bequemlichkeit im Stande des Arbeiter auf der Leiter durdans nichts Ändert. Doch fo ganz glatt ift vie Sache aud hier nicht. Stößt nämlich die Keiter gegen die beiden Rollen & oder y an, fo hört ein Weiterbe— wegen bes Arparates auf. Dies gefchieht aber erft in fehr bedeutender Höhe. Mit 'unſerer Leiftungefähigkeit find wir jedoch hiermit noch Tange nicht am Ende. Liegt es doch in der Konftruftion des Bannıfahrituhles, var man jeder Zeit einen Teil desjelben frei haben kann! Stehe ich alfo auf dem unteren Rahmen, jo leckere ich die Flügelnmttern des Brettes b und fchiebe dies gegen den Baum. Nachdem basfelbe wicder befeftigt ift, ſteigt man auf der Reiter in die Höhe, zicht den unteren Rab: men nad), drückt ihn aber nicht feft, fordern fteigt zwiſchen tu und der Leiter bis zur unterften Stufe der leßteren herab und verfchiebt das Brett d gerade foweit wie vorher b. Das Verschieben der Bretter darf aber auf einmal nicht al zu ftark erfolgen, weil fonft der Ap: parat zu ſchwer arbeiten würde Daß die Auffahrt va endlich einmal aufhören muß, wo der Baum fo ſchwach wird, daß er Leiter und Arbeiter nicht mehr zu tragen im Stande ift, bedarf feiner Erwähnung. Man kann aber auch, ohne den Apparat während der Auffahrt zu verstellen, zu einer jo bedeutenden Höhe auffteigen, daß oben beichriebenes Verfahren nur in den feltenften Fällen notwendig wird, und wozu, was nicht zu beftreiten iſt, ein fehr geübter und vorfichtiger Arbeiter gehört.
| 8,195 |
https://github.com/PranavPurwar/java-n-IDE-for-Android/blob/master/javacompiler/src/main/java/com/sun/tools/javac/util/Abort.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
java-n-IDE-for-Android
|
PranavPurwar
|
Java
|
Code
| 129 | 251 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 1999, 2005, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*/
package com.sun.tools.javac.util;
/** Throwing an instance of
* this class causes (silent) termination of the main compiler method.
*
* <p><b>This is NOT part of any supported API.
* If you write code that depends on this, you do so at your own risk.
* This code and its internal interfaces are subject to change or
* deletion without notice.</b>
*/
public class Abort extends Error {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
public Abort(Throwable cause) {
super(cause);
}
public Abort() {
super();
}
}
| 40,114 |
https://github.com/GaiaFL/chirpstack-api/blob/master/go/gw/gw.pb.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
chirpstack-api
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GaiaFL
|
Go
|
Code
| 8,421 | 33,201 |
// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
// source: gw/gw.proto
package gw
import (
fmt "fmt"
common "github.com/brocaar/chirpstack-api/go/v3/common"
proto "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
duration "github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes/duration"
timestamp "github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes/timestamp"
math "math"
)
// Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.
var _ = proto.Marshal
var _ = fmt.Errorf
var _ = math.Inf
// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
// is compatible with the proto package it is being compiled against.
// A compilation error at this line likely means your copy of the
// proto package needs to be updated.
const _ = proto.ProtoPackageIsVersion3 // please upgrade the proto package
type DownlinkTiming int32
const (
// Send the downlink immediately.
DownlinkTiming_IMMEDIATELY DownlinkTiming = 0
// Send downlink at the given delay (based on provided context).
DownlinkTiming_DELAY DownlinkTiming = 1
// Send at given GPS epoch value.
DownlinkTiming_GPS_EPOCH DownlinkTiming = 2
)
var DownlinkTiming_name = map[int32]string{
0: "IMMEDIATELY",
1: "DELAY",
2: "GPS_EPOCH",
}
var DownlinkTiming_value = map[string]int32{
"IMMEDIATELY": 0,
"DELAY": 1,
"GPS_EPOCH": 2,
}
func (x DownlinkTiming) String() string {
return proto.EnumName(DownlinkTiming_name, int32(x))
}
func (DownlinkTiming) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{0}
}
type FineTimestampType int32
const (
// No fine-timestamp available.
FineTimestampType_NONE FineTimestampType = 0
// Encrypted fine-timestamp.
FineTimestampType_ENCRYPTED FineTimestampType = 1
// Plain fine-timestamp.
FineTimestampType_PLAIN FineTimestampType = 2
)
var FineTimestampType_name = map[int32]string{
0: "NONE",
1: "ENCRYPTED",
2: "PLAIN",
}
var FineTimestampType_value = map[string]int32{
"NONE": 0,
"ENCRYPTED": 1,
"PLAIN": 2,
}
func (x FineTimestampType) String() string {
return proto.EnumName(FineTimestampType_name, int32(x))
}
func (FineTimestampType) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{1}
}
type CRCStatus int32
const (
// No CRC.
CRCStatus_NO_CRC CRCStatus = 0
// Bad CRC.
CRCStatus_BAD_CRC CRCStatus = 1
// CRC OK.
CRCStatus_CRC_OK CRCStatus = 2
)
var CRCStatus_name = map[int32]string{
0: "NO_CRC",
1: "BAD_CRC",
2: "CRC_OK",
}
var CRCStatus_value = map[string]int32{
"NO_CRC": 0,
"BAD_CRC": 1,
"CRC_OK": 2,
}
func (x CRCStatus) String() string {
return proto.EnumName(CRCStatus_name, int32(x))
}
func (CRCStatus) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{2}
}
type TxAckStatus int32
const (
// Ignored (when a previous item was already emitted).
TxAckStatus_IGNORED TxAckStatus = 0
// Packet has been programmed for downlink.
TxAckStatus_OK TxAckStatus = 1
// Rejected because it was already too late to program this packet for downlink.
TxAckStatus_TOO_LATE TxAckStatus = 2
// Rejected because downlink packet timestamp is too much in advance.
TxAckStatus_TOO_EARLY TxAckStatus = 3
// Rejected because there was already a packet programmed in requested timeframe.
TxAckStatus_COLLISION_PACKET TxAckStatus = 4
// Rejected because there was already a beacon planned in requested timeframe.
TxAckStatus_COLLISION_BEACON TxAckStatus = 5
// Rejected because requested frequency is not supported by TX RF chain.
TxAckStatus_TX_FREQ TxAckStatus = 6
// Rejected because requested power is not supported by gateway.
TxAckStatus_TX_POWER TxAckStatus = 7
// Rejected because GPS is unlocked, so GPS timestamp cannot be used.
TxAckStatus_GPS_UNLOCKED TxAckStatus = 8
// Downlink queue is full.
TxAckStatus_QUEUE_FULL TxAckStatus = 9
// Internal error.
TxAckStatus_INTERNAL_ERROR TxAckStatus = 10
)
var TxAckStatus_name = map[int32]string{
0: "IGNORED",
1: "OK",
2: "TOO_LATE",
3: "TOO_EARLY",
4: "COLLISION_PACKET",
5: "COLLISION_BEACON",
6: "TX_FREQ",
7: "TX_POWER",
8: "GPS_UNLOCKED",
9: "QUEUE_FULL",
10: "INTERNAL_ERROR",
}
var TxAckStatus_value = map[string]int32{
"IGNORED": 0,
"OK": 1,
"TOO_LATE": 2,
"TOO_EARLY": 3,
"COLLISION_PACKET": 4,
"COLLISION_BEACON": 5,
"TX_FREQ": 6,
"TX_POWER": 7,
"GPS_UNLOCKED": 8,
"QUEUE_FULL": 9,
"INTERNAL_ERROR": 10,
}
func (x TxAckStatus) String() string {
return proto.EnumName(TxAckStatus_name, int32(x))
}
func (TxAckStatus) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{3}
}
type UplinkTXInfo struct {
// Frequency (Hz).
Frequency uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=frequency,proto3" json:"frequency,omitempty"`
// Modulation.
Modulation common.Modulation `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=modulation,proto3,enum=common.Modulation" json:"modulation,omitempty"`
// Types that are valid to be assigned to ModulationInfo:
// *UplinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo
// *UplinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo
ModulationInfo isUplinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo `protobuf_oneof:"modulation_info"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) Reset() { *m = UplinkTXInfo{} }
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*UplinkTXInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*UplinkTXInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{0}
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkTXInfo.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkTXInfo.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_UplinkTXInfo.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkTXInfo.Size(m)
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_UplinkTXInfo.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_UplinkTXInfo proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) GetFrequency() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Frequency
}
return 0
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) GetModulation() common.Modulation {
if m != nil {
return m.Modulation
}
return common.Modulation_LORA
}
type isUplinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo interface {
isUplinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo()
}
type UplinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo struct {
LoraModulationInfo *LoRaModulationInfo `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=lora_modulation_info,json=loRaModulationInfo,proto3,oneof"`
}
type UplinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo struct {
FskModulationInfo *FSKModulationInfo `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=fsk_modulation_info,json=fskModulationInfo,proto3,oneof"`
}
func (*UplinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo) isUplinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo() {}
func (*UplinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo) isUplinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo() {}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) GetModulationInfo() isUplinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.ModulationInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) GetLoraModulationInfo() *LoRaModulationInfo {
if x, ok := m.GetModulationInfo().(*UplinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo); ok {
return x.LoraModulationInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkTXInfo) GetFskModulationInfo() *FSKModulationInfo {
if x, ok := m.GetModulationInfo().(*UplinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo); ok {
return x.FskModulationInfo
}
return nil
}
// XXX_OneofWrappers is for the internal use of the proto package.
func (*UplinkTXInfo) XXX_OneofWrappers() []interface{} {
return []interface{}{
(*UplinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo)(nil),
(*UplinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo)(nil),
}
}
type LoRaModulationInfo struct {
// Bandwidth.
Bandwidth uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=bandwidth,proto3" json:"bandwidth,omitempty"`
// Speading-factor.
SpreadingFactor uint32 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=spreading_factor,json=spreadingFactor,proto3" json:"spreading_factor,omitempty"`
// Code-rate.
CodeRate string `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=code_rate,json=codeRate,proto3" json:"code_rate,omitempty"`
// Polarization inversion.
PolarizationInversion bool `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=polarization_inversion,json=polarizationInversion,proto3" json:"polarization_inversion,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) Reset() { *m = LoRaModulationInfo{} }
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*LoRaModulationInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*LoRaModulationInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{1}
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationInfo.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationInfo.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationInfo.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationInfo.Size(m)
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationInfo.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationInfo proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) GetBandwidth() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Bandwidth
}
return 0
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) GetSpreadingFactor() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.SpreadingFactor
}
return 0
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) GetCodeRate() string {
if m != nil {
return m.CodeRate
}
return ""
}
func (m *LoRaModulationInfo) GetPolarizationInversion() bool {
if m != nil {
return m.PolarizationInversion
}
return false
}
type FSKModulationInfo struct {
// Frequency deviation.
FrequencyDeviation uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=frequency_deviation,json=frequencyDeviation,proto3" json:"frequency_deviation,omitempty"`
// FSK datarate (bits / sec).
Datarate uint32 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=datarate,proto3" json:"datarate,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) Reset() { *m = FSKModulationInfo{} }
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*FSKModulationInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*FSKModulationInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{2}
}
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationInfo.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationInfo.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationInfo.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationInfo.Size(m)
}
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationInfo.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationInfo proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) GetFrequencyDeviation() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.FrequencyDeviation
}
return 0
}
func (m *FSKModulationInfo) GetDatarate() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Datarate
}
return 0
}
type EncryptedFineTimestamp struct {
// AES key index used for encrypting the fine timestamp.
AesKeyIndex uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=aes_key_index,json=aesKeyIndex,proto3" json:"aes_key_index,omitempty"`
// Encrypted 'main' fine-timestamp (ns precision part of the timestamp).
EncryptedNs []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=encrypted_ns,json=encryptedNS,proto3" json:"encrypted_ns,omitempty"`
// FPGA ID.
FpgaId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=fpga_id,json=fpgaID,proto3" json:"fpga_id,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) Reset() { *m = EncryptedFineTimestamp{} }
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*EncryptedFineTimestamp) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*EncryptedFineTimestamp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{3}
}
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp.Size(m)
}
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) GetAesKeyIndex() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.AesKeyIndex
}
return 0
}
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) GetEncryptedNs() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.EncryptedNs
}
return nil
}
func (m *EncryptedFineTimestamp) GetFpgaId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.FpgaId
}
return nil
}
type PlainFineTimestamp struct {
// Full timestamp.
Time *timestamp.Timestamp `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=time,proto3" json:"time,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *PlainFineTimestamp) Reset() { *m = PlainFineTimestamp{} }
func (m *PlainFineTimestamp) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*PlainFineTimestamp) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*PlainFineTimestamp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{4}
}
func (m *PlainFineTimestamp) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_PlainFineTimestamp.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *PlainFineTimestamp) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_PlainFineTimestamp.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *PlainFineTimestamp) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_PlainFineTimestamp.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *PlainFineTimestamp) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_PlainFineTimestamp.Size(m)
}
func (m *PlainFineTimestamp) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_PlainFineTimestamp.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_PlainFineTimestamp proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *PlainFineTimestamp) GetTime() *timestamp.Timestamp {
if m != nil {
return m.Time
}
return nil
}
type GatewayStats struct {
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// Gateway IP.
Ip string `protobuf:"bytes,9,opt,name=ip,proto3" json:"ip,omitempty"`
// Gateway time.
Time *timestamp.Timestamp `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=time,proto3" json:"time,omitempty"`
// Gateway location.
Location *common.Location `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=location,proto3" json:"location,omitempty"`
// Gateway configuration version (this maps to the config_version sent
// by LoRa Server to the gateway).
ConfigVersion string `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=config_version,json=configVersion,proto3" json:"config_version,omitempty"`
// Number of radio packets received.
RxPacketsReceived uint32 `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=rx_packets_received,json=rxPacketsReceived,proto3" json:"rx_packets_received,omitempty"`
// Number of radio packets received with valid PHY CRC.
RxPacketsReceivedOk uint32 `protobuf:"varint,6,opt,name=rx_packets_received_ok,json=rxPacketsReceivedOK,proto3" json:"rx_packets_received_ok,omitempty"`
// Number of downlink packets received for transmission.
TxPacketsReceived uint32 `protobuf:"varint,7,opt,name=tx_packets_received,json=txPacketsReceived,proto3" json:"tx_packets_received,omitempty"`
// Number of downlink packets emitted.
TxPacketsEmitted uint32 `protobuf:"varint,8,opt,name=tx_packets_emitted,json=txPacketsEmitted,proto3" json:"tx_packets_emitted,omitempty"`
// Additional gateway meta-data.
MetaData map[string]string `protobuf:"bytes,10,rep,name=meta_data,json=metaData,proto3" json:"meta_data,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
// Stats ID (UUID).
// Unique identifier for the gateway stats.
StatsId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,11,opt,name=stats_id,json=statsID,proto3" json:"stats_id,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *GatewayStats) Reset() { *m = GatewayStats{} }
func (m *GatewayStats) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*GatewayStats) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*GatewayStats) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{5}
}
func (m *GatewayStats) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayStats.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *GatewayStats) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayStats.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *GatewayStats) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_GatewayStats.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *GatewayStats) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayStats.Size(m)
}
func (m *GatewayStats) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_GatewayStats.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_GatewayStats proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *GatewayStats) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetIp() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Ip
}
return ""
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetTime() *timestamp.Timestamp {
if m != nil {
return m.Time
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetLocation() *common.Location {
if m != nil {
return m.Location
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetConfigVersion() string {
if m != nil {
return m.ConfigVersion
}
return ""
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetRxPacketsReceived() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.RxPacketsReceived
}
return 0
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetRxPacketsReceivedOk() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.RxPacketsReceivedOk
}
return 0
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetTxPacketsReceived() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.TxPacketsReceived
}
return 0
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetTxPacketsEmitted() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.TxPacketsEmitted
}
return 0
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetMetaData() map[string]string {
if m != nil {
return m.MetaData
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayStats) GetStatsId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.StatsId
}
return nil
}
type UplinkRXInfo struct {
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// RX time (only set when the gateway has a GPS module).
Time *timestamp.Timestamp `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=time,proto3" json:"time,omitempty"`
// RX time since GPS epoch (only set when the gateway has a GPS module).
TimeSinceGpsEpoch *duration.Duration `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=time_since_gps_epoch,json=timeSinceGPSEpoch,proto3" json:"time_since_gps_epoch,omitempty"`
// RSSI.
Rssi int32 `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=rssi,proto3" json:"rssi,omitempty"`
// LoRa SNR.
LoraSnr float64 `protobuf:"fixed64,6,opt,name=lora_snr,json=loRaSNR,proto3" json:"lora_snr,omitempty"`
// Channel.
Channel uint32 `protobuf:"varint,7,opt,name=channel,proto3" json:"channel,omitempty"`
// RF Chain.
RfChain uint32 `protobuf:"varint,8,opt,name=rf_chain,json=rfChain,proto3" json:"rf_chain,omitempty"`
// Board.
Board uint32 `protobuf:"varint,9,opt,name=board,proto3" json:"board,omitempty"`
// Antenna.
Antenna uint32 `protobuf:"varint,10,opt,name=antenna,proto3" json:"antenna,omitempty"`
// Location.
Location *common.Location `protobuf:"bytes,11,opt,name=location,proto3" json:"location,omitempty"`
// Fine-timestamp type.
FineTimestampType FineTimestampType `protobuf:"varint,12,opt,name=fine_timestamp_type,json=fineTimestampType,proto3,enum=gw.FineTimestampType" json:"fine_timestamp_type,omitempty"`
// Fine-timestamp data.
//
// Types that are valid to be assigned to FineTimestamp:
// *UplinkRXInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp
// *UplinkRXInfo_PlainFineTimestamp
FineTimestamp isUplinkRXInfo_FineTimestamp `protobuf_oneof:"fine_timestamp"`
// Gateway specific context.
Context []byte `protobuf:"bytes,15,opt,name=context,proto3" json:"context,omitempty"`
// Uplink ID (UUID bytes).
// Unique and random ID which can be used to correlate the uplink across multiple logs.
UplinkId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,16,opt,name=uplink_id,json=uplinkID,proto3" json:"uplink_id,omitempty"`
// CRC status.
CrcStatus CRCStatus `protobuf:"varint,17,opt,name=crc_status,json=crcStatus,proto3,enum=gw.CRCStatus" json:"crc_status,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) Reset() { *m = UplinkRXInfo{} }
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*UplinkRXInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*UplinkRXInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{6}
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkRXInfo.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkRXInfo.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_UplinkRXInfo.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkRXInfo.Size(m)
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_UplinkRXInfo.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_UplinkRXInfo proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetTime() *timestamp.Timestamp {
if m != nil {
return m.Time
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetTimeSinceGpsEpoch() *duration.Duration {
if m != nil {
return m.TimeSinceGpsEpoch
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetRssi() int32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Rssi
}
return 0
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetLoraSnr() float64 {
if m != nil {
return m.LoraSnr
}
return 0
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetChannel() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Channel
}
return 0
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetRfChain() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.RfChain
}
return 0
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetBoard() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Board
}
return 0
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetAntenna() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Antenna
}
return 0
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetLocation() *common.Location {
if m != nil {
return m.Location
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetFineTimestampType() FineTimestampType {
if m != nil {
return m.FineTimestampType
}
return FineTimestampType_NONE
}
type isUplinkRXInfo_FineTimestamp interface {
isUplinkRXInfo_FineTimestamp()
}
type UplinkRXInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp struct {
EncryptedFineTimestamp *EncryptedFineTimestamp `protobuf:"bytes,13,opt,name=encrypted_fine_timestamp,json=encryptedFineTimestamp,proto3,oneof"`
}
type UplinkRXInfo_PlainFineTimestamp struct {
PlainFineTimestamp *PlainFineTimestamp `protobuf:"bytes,14,opt,name=plain_fine_timestamp,json=plainFineTimestamp,proto3,oneof"`
}
func (*UplinkRXInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp) isUplinkRXInfo_FineTimestamp() {}
func (*UplinkRXInfo_PlainFineTimestamp) isUplinkRXInfo_FineTimestamp() {}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetFineTimestamp() isUplinkRXInfo_FineTimestamp {
if m != nil {
return m.FineTimestamp
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetEncryptedFineTimestamp() *EncryptedFineTimestamp {
if x, ok := m.GetFineTimestamp().(*UplinkRXInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp); ok {
return x.EncryptedFineTimestamp
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetPlainFineTimestamp() *PlainFineTimestamp {
if x, ok := m.GetFineTimestamp().(*UplinkRXInfo_PlainFineTimestamp); ok {
return x.PlainFineTimestamp
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetContext() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.Context
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetUplinkId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.UplinkId
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkRXInfo) GetCrcStatus() CRCStatus {
if m != nil {
return m.CrcStatus
}
return CRCStatus_NO_CRC
}
// XXX_OneofWrappers is for the internal use of the proto package.
func (*UplinkRXInfo) XXX_OneofWrappers() []interface{} {
return []interface{}{
(*UplinkRXInfo_EncryptedFineTimestamp)(nil),
(*UplinkRXInfo_PlainFineTimestamp)(nil),
}
}
type DownlinkTXInfo struct {
// Gateway ID.
// Deprecated: replaced by gateway_id in DownlinkFrame.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// TX frequency (in Hz).
Frequency uint32 `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=frequency,proto3" json:"frequency,omitempty"`
// TX power (in dBm).
Power int32 `protobuf:"varint,6,opt,name=power,proto3" json:"power,omitempty"`
// Modulation.
Modulation common.Modulation `protobuf:"varint,7,opt,name=modulation,proto3,enum=common.Modulation" json:"modulation,omitempty"`
// Types that are valid to be assigned to ModulationInfo:
// *DownlinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo
// *DownlinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo
ModulationInfo isDownlinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo `protobuf_oneof:"modulation_info"`
// The board identifier for emitting the frame.
Board uint32 `protobuf:"varint,10,opt,name=board,proto3" json:"board,omitempty"`
// The antenna identifier for emitting the frame.
Antenna uint32 `protobuf:"varint,11,opt,name=antenna,proto3" json:"antenna,omitempty"`
// Timing defines the downlink timing to use.
Timing DownlinkTiming `protobuf:"varint,12,opt,name=timing,proto3,enum=gw.DownlinkTiming" json:"timing,omitempty"`
// Types that are valid to be assigned to TimingInfo:
// *DownlinkTXInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo
// *DownlinkTXInfo_DelayTimingInfo
// *DownlinkTXInfo_GpsEpochTimingInfo
TimingInfo isDownlinkTXInfo_TimingInfo `protobuf_oneof:"timing_info"`
// Gateway specific context.
// In case of a Class-A downlink, this contains a copy of the uplink context.
Context []byte `protobuf:"bytes,16,opt,name=context,proto3" json:"context,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) Reset() { *m = DownlinkTXInfo{} }
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*DownlinkTXInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*DownlinkTXInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{7}
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXInfo.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXInfo.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXInfo.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXInfo.Size(m)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXInfo.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXInfo proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetFrequency() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Frequency
}
return 0
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetPower() int32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Power
}
return 0
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetModulation() common.Modulation {
if m != nil {
return m.Modulation
}
return common.Modulation_LORA
}
type isDownlinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo interface {
isDownlinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo()
}
type DownlinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo struct {
LoraModulationInfo *LoRaModulationInfo `protobuf:"bytes,8,opt,name=lora_modulation_info,json=loRaModulationInfo,proto3,oneof"`
}
type DownlinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo struct {
FskModulationInfo *FSKModulationInfo `protobuf:"bytes,9,opt,name=fsk_modulation_info,json=fskModulationInfo,proto3,oneof"`
}
func (*DownlinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo) isDownlinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo() {}
func (*DownlinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo) isDownlinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo() {}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetModulationInfo() isDownlinkTXInfo_ModulationInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.ModulationInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetLoraModulationInfo() *LoRaModulationInfo {
if x, ok := m.GetModulationInfo().(*DownlinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo); ok {
return x.LoraModulationInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetFskModulationInfo() *FSKModulationInfo {
if x, ok := m.GetModulationInfo().(*DownlinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo); ok {
return x.FskModulationInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetBoard() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Board
}
return 0
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetAntenna() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Antenna
}
return 0
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetTiming() DownlinkTiming {
if m != nil {
return m.Timing
}
return DownlinkTiming_IMMEDIATELY
}
type isDownlinkTXInfo_TimingInfo interface {
isDownlinkTXInfo_TimingInfo()
}
type DownlinkTXInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo struct {
ImmediatelyTimingInfo *ImmediatelyTimingInfo `protobuf:"bytes,13,opt,name=immediately_timing_info,json=immediatelyTimingInfo,proto3,oneof"`
}
type DownlinkTXInfo_DelayTimingInfo struct {
DelayTimingInfo *DelayTimingInfo `protobuf:"bytes,14,opt,name=delay_timing_info,json=delayTimingInfo,proto3,oneof"`
}
type DownlinkTXInfo_GpsEpochTimingInfo struct {
GpsEpochTimingInfo *GPSEpochTimingInfo `protobuf:"bytes,15,opt,name=gps_epoch_timing_info,json=gpsEpochTimingInfo,proto3,oneof"`
}
func (*DownlinkTXInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo) isDownlinkTXInfo_TimingInfo() {}
func (*DownlinkTXInfo_DelayTimingInfo) isDownlinkTXInfo_TimingInfo() {}
func (*DownlinkTXInfo_GpsEpochTimingInfo) isDownlinkTXInfo_TimingInfo() {}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetTimingInfo() isDownlinkTXInfo_TimingInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.TimingInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetImmediatelyTimingInfo() *ImmediatelyTimingInfo {
if x, ok := m.GetTimingInfo().(*DownlinkTXInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo); ok {
return x.ImmediatelyTimingInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetDelayTimingInfo() *DelayTimingInfo {
if x, ok := m.GetTimingInfo().(*DownlinkTXInfo_DelayTimingInfo); ok {
return x.DelayTimingInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetGpsEpochTimingInfo() *GPSEpochTimingInfo {
if x, ok := m.GetTimingInfo().(*DownlinkTXInfo_GpsEpochTimingInfo); ok {
return x.GpsEpochTimingInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXInfo) GetContext() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.Context
}
return nil
}
// XXX_OneofWrappers is for the internal use of the proto package.
func (*DownlinkTXInfo) XXX_OneofWrappers() []interface{} {
return []interface{}{
(*DownlinkTXInfo_LoraModulationInfo)(nil),
(*DownlinkTXInfo_FskModulationInfo)(nil),
(*DownlinkTXInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo)(nil),
(*DownlinkTXInfo_DelayTimingInfo)(nil),
(*DownlinkTXInfo_GpsEpochTimingInfo)(nil),
}
}
type ImmediatelyTimingInfo struct {
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *ImmediatelyTimingInfo) Reset() { *m = ImmediatelyTimingInfo{} }
func (m *ImmediatelyTimingInfo) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*ImmediatelyTimingInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*ImmediatelyTimingInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{8}
}
func (m *ImmediatelyTimingInfo) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *ImmediatelyTimingInfo) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *ImmediatelyTimingInfo) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *ImmediatelyTimingInfo) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo.Size(m)
}
func (m *ImmediatelyTimingInfo) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_ImmediatelyTimingInfo proto.InternalMessageInfo
type DelayTimingInfo struct {
// Delay (duration).
// The delay will be added to the gateway internal timing, provided by the context object.
Delay *duration.Duration `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=delay,proto3" json:"delay,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *DelayTimingInfo) Reset() { *m = DelayTimingInfo{} }
func (m *DelayTimingInfo) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*DelayTimingInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*DelayTimingInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{9}
}
func (m *DelayTimingInfo) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_DelayTimingInfo.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *DelayTimingInfo) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_DelayTimingInfo.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *DelayTimingInfo) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_DelayTimingInfo.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *DelayTimingInfo) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_DelayTimingInfo.Size(m)
}
func (m *DelayTimingInfo) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_DelayTimingInfo.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_DelayTimingInfo proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *DelayTimingInfo) GetDelay() *duration.Duration {
if m != nil {
return m.Delay
}
return nil
}
type GPSEpochTimingInfo struct {
// Duration since GPS Epoch.
TimeSinceGpsEpoch *duration.Duration `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=time_since_gps_epoch,json=timeSinceGPSEpoch,proto3" json:"time_since_gps_epoch,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *GPSEpochTimingInfo) Reset() { *m = GPSEpochTimingInfo{} }
func (m *GPSEpochTimingInfo) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*GPSEpochTimingInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*GPSEpochTimingInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{10}
}
func (m *GPSEpochTimingInfo) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_GPSEpochTimingInfo.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *GPSEpochTimingInfo) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_GPSEpochTimingInfo.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *GPSEpochTimingInfo) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_GPSEpochTimingInfo.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *GPSEpochTimingInfo) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_GPSEpochTimingInfo.Size(m)
}
func (m *GPSEpochTimingInfo) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_GPSEpochTimingInfo.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_GPSEpochTimingInfo proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *GPSEpochTimingInfo) GetTimeSinceGpsEpoch() *duration.Duration {
if m != nil {
return m.TimeSinceGpsEpoch
}
return nil
}
type UplinkFrame struct {
// PHYPayload.
PhyPayload []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=phy_payload,json=phyPayload,proto3" json:"phy_payload,omitempty"`
// TX meta-data.
TxInfo *UplinkTXInfo `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=tx_info,json=txInfo,proto3" json:"tx_info,omitempty"`
// RX meta-data.
RxInfo *UplinkRXInfo `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=rx_info,json=rxInfo,proto3" json:"rx_info,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *UplinkFrame) Reset() { *m = UplinkFrame{} }
func (m *UplinkFrame) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*UplinkFrame) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*UplinkFrame) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{11}
}
func (m *UplinkFrame) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrame.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *UplinkFrame) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrame.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *UplinkFrame) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrame.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *UplinkFrame) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrame.Size(m)
}
func (m *UplinkFrame) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrame.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrame proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *UplinkFrame) GetPhyPayload() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.PhyPayload
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkFrame) GetTxInfo() *UplinkTXInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.TxInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkFrame) GetRxInfo() *UplinkRXInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.RxInfo
}
return nil
}
type UplinkFrameSet struct {
// PHYPayload.
PhyPayload []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=phy_payload,json=phyPayload,proto3" json:"phy_payload,omitempty"`
// TX meta-data.
TxInfo *UplinkTXInfo `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=tx_info,json=txInfo,proto3" json:"tx_info,omitempty"`
// RX meta-data set.
RxInfo []*UplinkRXInfo `protobuf:"bytes,3,rep,name=rx_info,json=rxInfo,proto3" json:"rx_info,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) Reset() { *m = UplinkFrameSet{} }
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*UplinkFrameSet) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*UplinkFrameSet) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{12}
}
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrameSet.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrameSet.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrameSet.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrameSet.Size(m)
}
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrameSet.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_UplinkFrameSet proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) GetPhyPayload() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.PhyPayload
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) GetTxInfo() *UplinkTXInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.TxInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *UplinkFrameSet) GetRxInfo() []*UplinkRXInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.RxInfo
}
return nil
}
type DownlinkFrame struct {
// PHYPayload.
// Deprecated: replaced by items.
PhyPayload []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=phy_payload,json=phyPayload,proto3" json:"phy_payload,omitempty"`
// TX meta-data.
// Deprecated: replaced by items.
TxInfo *DownlinkTXInfo `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=tx_info,json=txInfo,proto3" json:"tx_info,omitempty"`
// Token (uint16 value).
// Deprecated: replaced by downlink_id.
Token uint32 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=token,proto3" json:"token,omitempty"`
// Downlink ID (UUID).
DownlinkId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=downlink_id,json=downlinkID,proto3" json:"downlink_id,omitempty"`
// Downlink frame items.
// This makes it possible to send multiple downlink opportunities to the
// gateway at once (e.g. RX1 and RX2 in LoRaWAN). The first item has the
// highest priority, the last the lowest. The gateway will emit at most
// one item.
Items []*DownlinkFrameItem `protobuf:"bytes,5,rep,name=items,proto3" json:"items,omitempty"`
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,6,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) Reset() { *m = DownlinkFrame{} }
func (m *DownlinkFrame) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*DownlinkFrame) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*DownlinkFrame) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{13}
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrame.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrame.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrame.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrame.Size(m)
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrame.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrame proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *DownlinkFrame) GetPhyPayload() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.PhyPayload
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) GetTxInfo() *DownlinkTXInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.TxInfo
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) GetToken() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Token
}
return 0
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) GetDownlinkId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.DownlinkId
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) GetItems() []*DownlinkFrameItem {
if m != nil {
return m.Items
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkFrame) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
type DownlinkFrameItem struct {
// PHYPayload.
PhyPayload []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=phy_payload,json=phyPayload,proto3" json:"phy_payload,omitempty"`
// TX meta-data.
TxInfo *DownlinkTXInfo `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=tx_info,json=txInfo,proto3" json:"tx_info,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) Reset() { *m = DownlinkFrameItem{} }
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*DownlinkFrameItem) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*DownlinkFrameItem) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{14}
}
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrameItem.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrameItem.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrameItem.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrameItem.Size(m)
}
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrameItem.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkFrameItem proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) GetPhyPayload() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.PhyPayload
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkFrameItem) GetTxInfo() *DownlinkTXInfo {
if m != nil {
return m.TxInfo
}
return nil
}
type DownlinkTXAck struct {
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// Token (uint16 value).
// Deprecated: replaced by downlink_id.
Token uint32 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=token,proto3" json:"token,omitempty"`
// Error.
// Deprecated: replaced by items.
Error string `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=error,proto3" json:"error,omitempty"`
// Downlink ID (UUID).
DownlinkId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=downlink_id,json=downlinkID,proto3" json:"downlink_id,omitempty"`
// Downlink frame items.
// This list has the same length as the request and indicates which
// downlink frame has been emitted of the requested list (or why it failed).
// Note that at most one item has a positive acknowledgement.
Items []*DownlinkTXAckItem `protobuf:"bytes,5,rep,name=items,proto3" json:"items,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) Reset() { *m = DownlinkTXAck{} }
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*DownlinkTXAck) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*DownlinkTXAck) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{15}
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAck.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAck.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAck.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAck.Size(m)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAck.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAck proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) GetToken() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Token
}
return 0
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) GetError() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Error
}
return ""
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) GetDownlinkId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.DownlinkId
}
return nil
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAck) GetItems() []*DownlinkTXAckItem {
if m != nil {
return m.Items
}
return nil
}
type DownlinkTXAckItem struct {
// The Ack status of this item.
Status TxAckStatus `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=status,proto3,enum=gw.TxAckStatus" json:"status,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAckItem) Reset() { *m = DownlinkTXAckItem{} }
func (m *DownlinkTXAckItem) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*DownlinkTXAckItem) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*DownlinkTXAckItem) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{16}
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAckItem) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAckItem.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAckItem) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAckItem.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAckItem) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAckItem.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAckItem) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAckItem.Size(m)
}
func (m *DownlinkTXAckItem) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAckItem.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_DownlinkTXAckItem proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *DownlinkTXAckItem) GetStatus() TxAckStatus {
if m != nil {
return m.Status
}
return TxAckStatus_IGNORED
}
type GatewayConfiguration struct {
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// Configuration version.
Version string `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=version,proto3" json:"version,omitempty"`
// Channels.
Channels []*ChannelConfiguration `protobuf:"bytes,3,rep,name=channels,proto3" json:"channels,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) Reset() { *m = GatewayConfiguration{} }
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*GatewayConfiguration) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*GatewayConfiguration) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{17}
}
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayConfiguration.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayConfiguration.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_GatewayConfiguration.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayConfiguration.Size(m)
}
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_GatewayConfiguration.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_GatewayConfiguration proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) GetVersion() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Version
}
return ""
}
func (m *GatewayConfiguration) GetChannels() []*ChannelConfiguration {
if m != nil {
return m.Channels
}
return nil
}
type ChannelConfiguration struct {
// Frequency (Hz).
Frequency uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=frequency,proto3" json:"frequency,omitempty"`
// Channel modulation.
Modulation common.Modulation `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=modulation,proto3,enum=common.Modulation" json:"modulation,omitempty"`
// Types that are valid to be assigned to ModulationConfig:
// *ChannelConfiguration_LoraModulationConfig
// *ChannelConfiguration_FskModulationConfig
ModulationConfig isChannelConfiguration_ModulationConfig `protobuf_oneof:"modulation_config"`
// Board index.
Board uint32 `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=board,proto3" json:"board,omitempty"`
// Demodulator index (of the given board).
Demodulator uint32 `protobuf:"varint,6,opt,name=demodulator,proto3" json:"demodulator,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) Reset() { *m = ChannelConfiguration{} }
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*ChannelConfiguration) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*ChannelConfiguration) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{18}
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_ChannelConfiguration.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_ChannelConfiguration.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_ChannelConfiguration.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_ChannelConfiguration.Size(m)
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_ChannelConfiguration.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_ChannelConfiguration proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) GetFrequency() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Frequency
}
return 0
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) GetModulation() common.Modulation {
if m != nil {
return m.Modulation
}
return common.Modulation_LORA
}
type isChannelConfiguration_ModulationConfig interface {
isChannelConfiguration_ModulationConfig()
}
type ChannelConfiguration_LoraModulationConfig struct {
LoraModulationConfig *LoRaModulationConfig `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=lora_modulation_config,json=loRaModulationConfig,proto3,oneof"`
}
type ChannelConfiguration_FskModulationConfig struct {
FskModulationConfig *FSKModulationConfig `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=fsk_modulation_config,json=fskModulationConfig,proto3,oneof"`
}
func (*ChannelConfiguration_LoraModulationConfig) isChannelConfiguration_ModulationConfig() {}
func (*ChannelConfiguration_FskModulationConfig) isChannelConfiguration_ModulationConfig() {}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) GetModulationConfig() isChannelConfiguration_ModulationConfig {
if m != nil {
return m.ModulationConfig
}
return nil
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) GetLoraModulationConfig() *LoRaModulationConfig {
if x, ok := m.GetModulationConfig().(*ChannelConfiguration_LoraModulationConfig); ok {
return x.LoraModulationConfig
}
return nil
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) GetFskModulationConfig() *FSKModulationConfig {
if x, ok := m.GetModulationConfig().(*ChannelConfiguration_FskModulationConfig); ok {
return x.FskModulationConfig
}
return nil
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) GetBoard() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Board
}
return 0
}
func (m *ChannelConfiguration) GetDemodulator() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Demodulator
}
return 0
}
// XXX_OneofWrappers is for the internal use of the proto package.
func (*ChannelConfiguration) XXX_OneofWrappers() []interface{} {
return []interface{}{
(*ChannelConfiguration_LoraModulationConfig)(nil),
(*ChannelConfiguration_FskModulationConfig)(nil),
}
}
type LoRaModulationConfig struct {
// Bandwidth.
Bandwidth uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=bandwidth,proto3" json:"bandwidth,omitempty"`
// Spreading-factors.
SpreadingFactors []uint32 `protobuf:"varint,2,rep,packed,name=spreading_factors,json=spreadingFactors,proto3" json:"spreading_factors,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) Reset() { *m = LoRaModulationConfig{} }
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*LoRaModulationConfig) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*LoRaModulationConfig) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{19}
}
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationConfig.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationConfig.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationConfig.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationConfig.Size(m)
}
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationConfig.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_LoRaModulationConfig proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) GetBandwidth() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Bandwidth
}
return 0
}
func (m *LoRaModulationConfig) GetSpreadingFactors() []uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.SpreadingFactors
}
return nil
}
type FSKModulationConfig struct {
// Bandwidth.
Bandwidth uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=bandwidth,proto3" json:"bandwidth,omitempty"`
// Bitrate.
Bitrate uint32 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=bitrate,proto3" json:"bitrate,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) Reset() { *m = FSKModulationConfig{} }
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*FSKModulationConfig) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*FSKModulationConfig) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{20}
}
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationConfig.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationConfig.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationConfig.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationConfig.Size(m)
}
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationConfig.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_FSKModulationConfig proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) GetBandwidth() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Bandwidth
}
return 0
}
func (m *FSKModulationConfig) GetBitrate() uint32 {
if m != nil {
return m.Bitrate
}
return 0
}
type GatewayCommandExecRequest struct {
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// Command to execute.
// This command must be pre-configured in the LoRa Gateway Bridge configuration.
Command string `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=command,proto3" json:"command,omitempty"`
// Execution request ID (UUID).
// The same token will be returned when the execution of the command has
// completed.
ExecId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=ExecId,json=execID,proto3" json:"ExecId,omitempty"`
// Standard input.
Stdin []byte `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=stdin,proto3" json:"stdin,omitempty"`
// Environment variables.
Environment map[string]string `protobuf:"bytes,5,rep,name=environment,proto3" json:"environment,omitempty" protobuf_key:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" protobuf_val:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) Reset() { *m = GatewayCommandExecRequest{} }
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*GatewayCommandExecRequest) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*GatewayCommandExecRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{21}
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecRequest.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecRequest.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecRequest.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecRequest.Size(m)
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecRequest.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecRequest proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) GetCommand() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Command
}
return ""
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) GetExecId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.ExecId
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) GetStdin() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.Stdin
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecRequest) GetEnvironment() map[string]string {
if m != nil {
return m.Environment
}
return nil
}
type GatewayCommandExecResponse struct {
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// Execution request ID (UUID).
ExecId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=exec_id,json=execID,proto3" json:"exec_id,omitempty"`
// Standard output.
Stdout []byte `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=stdout,proto3" json:"stdout,omitempty"`
// Standard error.
Stderr []byte `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=stderr,proto3" json:"stderr,omitempty"`
// Error message.
Error string `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=error,proto3" json:"error,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) Reset() { *m = GatewayCommandExecResponse{} }
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*GatewayCommandExecResponse) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*GatewayCommandExecResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{22}
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecResponse.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecResponse.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecResponse.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecResponse.Size(m)
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecResponse.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_GatewayCommandExecResponse proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) GetExecId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.ExecId
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) GetStdout() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.Stdout
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) GetStderr() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.Stderr
}
return nil
}
func (m *GatewayCommandExecResponse) GetError() string {
if m != nil {
return m.Error
}
return ""
}
// RawPacketForwarderEvent contains a raw packet-forwarder event.
// It can be used to access packet-forwarder features that are not (fully)
// integrated with the ChirpStack Gateway Bridge.
type RawPacketForwarderEvent struct {
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// Raw ID (UUID).
RawId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=raw_id,json=rawID,proto3" json:"raw_id,omitempty"`
// Payload contains the raw payload.
Payload []byte `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=payload,proto3" json:"payload,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) Reset() { *m = RawPacketForwarderEvent{} }
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*RawPacketForwarderEvent) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*RawPacketForwarderEvent) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{23}
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderEvent.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderEvent.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderEvent.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderEvent.Size(m)
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderEvent.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderEvent proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) GetRawId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.RawId
}
return nil
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderEvent) GetPayload() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.Payload
}
return nil
}
// RawPacketForwarderEvent contains a raw packet-forwarder command.
// It can be used to access packet-forwarder features that are not (fully)
// integrated with the ChirpStack Gateway Bridge.
type RawPacketForwarderCommand struct {
// Gateway ID.
GatewayId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=gateway_id,json=gatewayID,proto3" json:"gateway_id,omitempty"`
// Raw ID (UUID).
RawId []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=raw_id,json=rawID,proto3" json:"raw_id,omitempty"`
// Payload contains the raw payload.
Payload []byte `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=payload,proto3" json:"payload,omitempty"`
XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{} `json:"-"`
XXX_unrecognized []byte `json:"-"`
XXX_sizecache int32 `json:"-"`
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) Reset() { *m = RawPacketForwarderCommand{} }
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
func (*RawPacketForwarderCommand) ProtoMessage() {}
func (*RawPacketForwarderCommand) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7, []int{24}
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
return xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderCommand.Unmarshal(m, b)
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
return xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderCommand.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderCommand.Merge(m, src)
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) XXX_Size() int {
return xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderCommand.Size(m)
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderCommand.DiscardUnknown(m)
}
var xxx_messageInfo_RawPacketForwarderCommand proto.InternalMessageInfo
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) GetGatewayId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.GatewayId
}
return nil
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) GetRawId() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.RawId
}
return nil
}
func (m *RawPacketForwarderCommand) GetPayload() []byte {
if m != nil {
return m.Payload
}
return nil
}
func init() {
proto.RegisterEnum("gw.DownlinkTiming", DownlinkTiming_name, DownlinkTiming_value)
proto.RegisterEnum("gw.FineTimestampType", FineTimestampType_name, FineTimestampType_value)
proto.RegisterEnum("gw.CRCStatus", CRCStatus_name, CRCStatus_value)
proto.RegisterEnum("gw.TxAckStatus", TxAckStatus_name, TxAckStatus_value)
proto.RegisterType((*UplinkTXInfo)(nil), "gw.UplinkTXInfo")
proto.RegisterType((*LoRaModulationInfo)(nil), "gw.LoRaModulationInfo")
proto.RegisterType((*FSKModulationInfo)(nil), "gw.FSKModulationInfo")
proto.RegisterType((*EncryptedFineTimestamp)(nil), "gw.EncryptedFineTimestamp")
proto.RegisterType((*PlainFineTimestamp)(nil), "gw.PlainFineTimestamp")
proto.RegisterType((*GatewayStats)(nil), "gw.GatewayStats")
proto.RegisterMapType((map[string]string)(nil), "gw.GatewayStats.MetaDataEntry")
proto.RegisterType((*UplinkRXInfo)(nil), "gw.UplinkRXInfo")
proto.RegisterType((*DownlinkTXInfo)(nil), "gw.DownlinkTXInfo")
proto.RegisterType((*ImmediatelyTimingInfo)(nil), "gw.ImmediatelyTimingInfo")
proto.RegisterType((*DelayTimingInfo)(nil), "gw.DelayTimingInfo")
proto.RegisterType((*GPSEpochTimingInfo)(nil), "gw.GPSEpochTimingInfo")
proto.RegisterType((*UplinkFrame)(nil), "gw.UplinkFrame")
proto.RegisterType((*UplinkFrameSet)(nil), "gw.UplinkFrameSet")
proto.RegisterType((*DownlinkFrame)(nil), "gw.DownlinkFrame")
proto.RegisterType((*DownlinkFrameItem)(nil), "gw.DownlinkFrameItem")
proto.RegisterType((*DownlinkTXAck)(nil), "gw.DownlinkTXAck")
proto.RegisterType((*DownlinkTXAckItem)(nil), "gw.DownlinkTXAckItem")
proto.RegisterType((*GatewayConfiguration)(nil), "gw.GatewayConfiguration")
proto.RegisterType((*ChannelConfiguration)(nil), "gw.ChannelConfiguration")
proto.RegisterType((*LoRaModulationConfig)(nil), "gw.LoRaModulationConfig")
proto.RegisterType((*FSKModulationConfig)(nil), "gw.FSKModulationConfig")
proto.RegisterType((*GatewayCommandExecRequest)(nil), "gw.GatewayCommandExecRequest")
proto.RegisterMapType((map[string]string)(nil), "gw.GatewayCommandExecRequest.EnvironmentEntry")
proto.RegisterType((*GatewayCommandExecResponse)(nil), "gw.GatewayCommandExecResponse")
proto.RegisterType((*RawPacketForwarderEvent)(nil), "gw.RawPacketForwarderEvent")
proto.RegisterType((*RawPacketForwarderCommand)(nil), "gw.RawPacketForwarderCommand")
}
func init() {
proto.RegisterFile("gw/gw.proto", fileDescriptor_b93a753e2b32e8e7)
}
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0x6b, 0xa3, 0xd9, 0x75, 0x46, 0x4c, 0x86, 0x2f, 0xff, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x46, 0x19,
0x7e, 0x1a, 0x9c, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00,
}
| 39,825 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56420556
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
Smart Manoj, U13-Forward, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10841074, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5033247, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8708364, nikhildr22
|
English
|
Spoken
| 162 | 381 |
Pydroid - Unexpected EOF while reading a line
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
xaxis=[]
yaxis=[]
x=int(input('number of triangles:'))
while x>0:
for i in range(0,0x3ff):
yaxis.append(i)
for i in range(0x3ff, 0,-1):yaxis.append(i)
x=x-1
for j in range(len(yaxis)):xaxis.append(j)
plt.plot(xaxis,yaxis)
plt.ylabel('amplitude')
plt.show()
The above code throws the following error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/data/user/0/ru.iiec.pydroid3/files/temp_iiec_codefile.py", line 4, in <module>
x=int(input('number of triangles:'))
EOFError: EOF when reading a line
How did you run this
Whats does import sys;print(sys.version_info.major) output?
@SmartManoj Android phone
pydroid 3
@U9-Forward I got 3 as output
Maybe you have to give input before run
According to this post, it is just impossible to use input and print with matplotlib for the simple response that there is no terminal attached to the GUI on Pydroid.
What you can do if you really want to run it on mobile is either to look for another python app which works as you want, either to use repl.it (your code perfectly worked for me on this website)
| 49,248 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17428344
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Huyn de Vernéville
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 19 | 50 |
Huyn de Vernéville
adellijke familie
Huyn de Vernéville is een adellijk geslacht
Huyn de Vernéville Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/1222nt0y
| 6,094 |
https://github.com/Chuyukang/faas-netes/blob/master/pkg/k8s/function_utils.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
faas-netes
|
Chuyukang
|
Go
|
Code
| 209 | 599 |
package k8s
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/openfaas/faas-provider/types"
"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors"
v1 "k8s.io/client-go/listers/apps/v1"
"log"
"strings"
)
const LBPolicyLabel = "com.openfaas.LoadBalance.policy"
// GetService returns a function/service or nil if not found
func GetService(functionNamespace string, functionName string, lister v1.DeploymentLister) (*types.FunctionStatus, error) {
item, err := lister.Deployments(functionNamespace).
Get(functionName)
if err != nil {
if errors.IsNotFound(err) {
return nil, nil
}
return nil, err
}
if item != nil {
function := AsFunctionStatus(*item)
if function != nil {
return function, nil
}
}
return nil, fmt.Errorf("function: %s not found", functionName)
}
func GetLoadBalancePolicy(functionNamespace string, functionName string, lister v1.DeploymentLister) string {
fallback := "RoundRobin"
functionStatus, err := GetService(functionNamespace, functionName, lister)
if err != nil {
log.Printf("Could not get load balance policy. Use default RoundRobin. Internal error")
return fallback
}
if functionStatus == nil {
log.Printf("Could not get load balance policy. Use default RoundRobin. Could not find function.")
return fallback
}
labels := *functionStatus.Labels
policy, exists := labels[LBPolicyLabel]
if exists == false {
log.Printf("Could not get load balance policy. Use default RoundRobin. No policy specified.")
return fallback
}
return policy
}
// GetFuncName parse <function_name>.<namespace>
// if no namespace return defaultNamespace
func GetFuncName(name string, defaultNamespace string) (string, string) {
functionName := name
namespace := getNamespace(name, defaultNamespace)
if strings.Contains(name, ".") {
functionName = strings.TrimSuffix(name, "."+namespace)
}
return functionName, namespace
}
| 18,218 |
US-201615343899-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,021 | 6,853 |
In contrast, in various embodiments described herein, the coating device uses a non-metered-rolling process (e.g., a reverse-rolling technique) to apply the slurry to the sheet. FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of a system 800 that can be used to apply a coating 810 by reverse-rolling. For instance, in certain variants, in the non-metered, reverse-rolling process, the metal sheet 820 is drawn below a first rolling element 830 (e.g., a coating roller) of the coating device in a first direction 822. The first rolling element 830 is in fluidic communication with a reservoir 840 containing a slurry of antimicrobial agent, polymer, and/or solvent that is formed between the first rolling element 830 and a second rolling element 832 (e.g., a doctor roll). The first rolling element 830 draws the slurried mixture from the reservoir 840 and deposits it on a surface of the first rolling element 831 which distributes the slurried mixture to the sheet as the sheet passes below the first rolling element 830. During reverse-rolling, the region of the first rolling element 830 that is approximately adjacent to the sheet 820 travels (e.g., rolls) in a second direction 834, which is opposite to the first direction 822 (the direction of movement of the sheet). In some implementations, when reverse-rolling is used, the final coating is substantially or completely streak-free to the unaided eye (see, e.g., FIGS. 3B and 4B).
Without being bound to any particular mechanism, it is believed that the antimicrobial agent adds contrast the coating. If applied using certain methods, the contrast of a coating having an antimicrobial agent, as disclosed herein, becomes large enough to be visible by the naked eye. In some embodiments, whether a coating is streak-free can be measured using the naked eye. In some implementations, whether a coating is streak-free can be quantified. In some embodiments, for instance, streak-free coatings are those having a transmittance variation between any two points on the surface that varies by less than: about 75%, about 50%, about 30%, about 20%, about 10%, about 5%, about 2%, or about 1% transmittance. In some embodiments, for instance, streak-free coatings are those having a reflectance variation between any two points on the surface that varies by less than: about 50%, about 25%, or about 5% reflectance. In certain implementations, the coating is applied using other solution-based techniques (e.g., spray coating, spin-coating, dip-coating, inkjetting, or the like) that result in streak-free materials.
In some embodiments, as the slurry cures, it forms a homogeneous distribution of antimicrobial agent within the coating. In some embodiments, a gradient of antimicrobial agent can be formed in the coating by, for example, depositing additional layers of slurry (with different concentrations of antimicrobial agent) onto the sheet. In some embodiments, a gradient can be formed by changing the curing rate (e.g., by slowing or increasing the curing speed using lower or higher cure temperatures etc.). In some embodiments, a gradient can be formed by depositing additional layers of higher or lower concentration slurry over partially cured other layers of slurry. In some embodiments, a gradient can be formed by changing the concentration of antimicrobial agent and/or polymer in solution. For example, in certain implementations, in more dilute solutions, the cure rate can be slowed so that more of the antimicrobial agent can settle in the direction of gravity during the curing process, forming a more concentrated layer in that direction. Any of the methods described in this specification can be used to form antimicrobial agent gradients that are either more concentrated at the surface of the coating or more concentrated at the surface of the household good (which can be especially useful in applications where, for example, the antimicrobial diffuses towards the surface of the coating over time). In some variants, gradients can be used to advantageously maintain or increase antimicrobial effect over time.
In some embodiments, uneven application of coatings to surfaces is reduced or minimized using the disclosed methods and/or substantially even (or uniform) coatings result. In certain implementations, visible streaking in the coating can be caused by the uneven application of the coating to the surface of the trashcan. In certain implementations, the methods used to deposit the coating result in a substantially uniform coating thickness on the sheet material. In certain implementations, the thickness of the coating can be equal to or greater than about 10 μm and/or less than or equal to about 20 μm. In some embodiments, the thickness can be less than or equal to: about 100 μm, about 80 μm, about 70 μm, about 60 μm, about 50 μm, about 40 μm about 30 μm, about 20 μm, about 10 μm, about 5 μm, values between the aforementioned values, ranges spanning those values, or otherwise. In some embodiments, the coating is of substantially uniform thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the coating varies by less than or equal to: about 100%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, about 10%, about 5%, about 2%, values between the aforementioned values, ranges spanning those values, or otherwise as measured between any two points on a coated surface. In some embodiments, this level of uniformity results in a coating that appears substantially streak-free. In some embodiments, the coating is generally planar, substantially flat, substantially smooth and uniform, and/or substantially contiguous, such that streaks are not generally visible upon casual visual observation.
In some embodiments, the methods described herein result in a material that is substantially optically transparent. For example, in certain implementations, the optical transmittance of the coating over the visible spectrum is at least: about 65%, about 75%, about 85%, about 95%, about 98%, values between the aforementioned values, ranges spanning those values, or otherwise.
Certain Protective Coverings
Some embodiments pertain to protective coverings for the coatings disclosed herein. A flow chart describing an embodiment of a method 900 is provided in FIG. 9. As shown, in certain variants, a plurality of metal sheets is obtained 901. In some embodiments, sheets of a different material can be used (plastic, composite, etc.). A slurry of antimicrobial agent in a polymer/solvent solution is layered onto a plurality of metal sheets 902 which are then cured to form a coated sheets 903. A protective film is then adhered to the coated sheets using an adhesive 904. The sheets are then stacked 905 and transported to a fabricating facility 906. At the facility, the protective films and adhesive is removed without leaving residue from the adhesive on the coated sheet 907. The sheets are then cut and shaped to form household goods 908. In certain implementations, as described above, the dried coated sheet be cut and shaped in appropriate ways to form walls, lids, foot pedals, and handles for metal household goods including trashcans. In some implementations, finished goods can be protected by applying an adhesive and a protective film to antimicrobially coated household goods.
During shipping of sheets to make a household good or a household good itself, the surfaces of the sheet or sheet good can be protected by depositing films onto those surfaces. Rubber adhesives can be used to adhere protective films onto portions of the sheets or household goods. However, it has been found that some rubber adhesives leave deposits (e.g., residue, etc.) on the coatings (see FIG. 10A). This can result in streaks and other visual imperfections 1020 on the coating 1001 after the protective film 1010 is removed, as is pointed-to by the arrow in FIG. 10A. In certain instances, the residue can leave an unwanted sticky region on the coating. In certain instances, these residues cannot be readily washed away from the coatings.
Certain embodiments are configured to ameliorate at least one of these problems, or other problems. For example, some embodiments adhere or otherwise connect a protective film to a coated sheet of material such that removal of the film does not leave an appreciable residue on the coated material. In some embodiments, acrylic or silicone rubber adhesive is used to adhere the film to the coated sheet of material, which has been found to reduce or eliminate appreciable residue on the coating 1001 after removal of the film 1011 (see FIG. 10B which lacks residue). In certain implementations, the use of acrylic or silicone or rubber adhesive leads to a more visually appealing result once the protective film is removed. In some variants, the substantially complete removal of residue helps avoid areas (e.g., on top of the residue) where the antimicrobial activity of the coating could be blocked. In some embodiments, rubber may be used as an adhesive (with or without one or more other adhesives).
Some embodiments pertain to methods of applying protective films to antimicrobial coatings. In certain implementations, the adhesive is applied to a coated sheet of material using a solution-based technique (e.g., spray coating, spin-coating, dip-coating, inkjetting, rolling, or the like). Once applied, a protective film (e.g., a polymeric material) is deposited onto the adhesive, such as by rolling the film onto the coated sheet of material.
SUMMARY
Several illustrative embodiments of coatings and methods of coating have been disclosed. Although this disclosure has been described in terms of certain illustrative embodiments and uses, other embodiments and other uses, including embodiments and uses which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein, are also within the scope of this disclosure. Components, elements, features, acts, or steps can be arranged or performed differently than described and components, elements, features, acts, or steps can be combined, merged, added, or left out in various embodiments. All possible combinations and subcombinations of elements and components described herein are intended to be included in this disclosure. No single feature or group of features is necessary or indispensable.
Certain features that are described in this disclosure in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation also can be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the combination may be claimed as a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.
Any portion of any of the steps, processes, structures, and/or devices disclosed or illustrated in one embodiment, flowchart, or example in this disclosure can be combined or used with (or instead of) any other portion of any of the steps, processes, structures, and/or devices disclosed or illustrated in a different embodiment, flowchart, or example. The embodiments and examples described herein are not intended to be discrete and separate from each other. Combinations, variations, and other implementations of the disclosed features are within the scope of this disclosure.
The terms “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, in some embodiments, as the context may dictate, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than or equal to 10% of the stated amount. The term “generally” as used herein represents a value, amount, or characteristic that predominantly includes or tends toward a particular value, amount, or characteristic.
Some embodiments have been described in connection with the accompanying drawings. Moreover, while operations may be depicted in the drawings or described in the specification in a particular order, such operations need not be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Other operations that are not depicted or described can be incorporated in the example methods and processes. For example, one or more additional operations can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the described operations. Additionally, the operations may be rearranged or reordered in other implementations. Also, the separation of various components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged into multiple products. Additionally, other implementations are within the scope of this disclosure.
Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term “or” is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list.
Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require the presence of at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z.
Further, while illustrative embodiments have been described, any embodiments having equivalent elements, modifications, omissions, and/or combinations are also within the scope of this disclosure. Moreover, although certain aspects, advantages, and novel features are described herein, not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. For example, some embodiments within the scope of this disclosure achieve one advantage, or a group of advantages, as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages taught or suggested herein. Further, some embodiments may achieve different advantages than those taught or suggested herein.
In summary, various embodiments and examples of antimicrobial coatings and protective films have been disclosed. This disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments and examples to other alternative embodiments and/or other uses of the embodiments, as well as to certain modifications and equivalents thereof. Moreover, this disclosure expressly contemplates that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with, or substituted for, one another. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above, but should be determined only by a fair reading of the claims.
EXAMPLES Example 1: Fabrication of Coated Metal
Coatings were prepared using a metered-rolling process and a reverse-rolling technique. Prior to coating, a slurry of polyethylene polymer and solvent was prepared. To this solution was added 1.25 wt % of AC10D grade AGION® (relative to the dry weight of polyethylene) forming a mixture. This mixture was stirred to achieve a uniform slurry. Once a uniform was achieved, it was added to the reservoir of a metered-rolling device which distributed the slurry on a stainless steel sheet via a roller rotating in the same direction of the sheet movement. The sheet was allowed to cure. FIGS. 3A and 4A show the resultant coated sheet.
A second slurry was formed using the same ingredients and techniques described above. This mixture was added to the reservoir of a reverse-rolling device which distributed the slurry on a stainless steel sheet via a roller rotating in the direction opposite the direction of the sheet. The sheet was allowed to cure. FIGS. 3B and 4B show the resultant coated sheet.
As shown in the figures, the reverse-rolling technique resulted in an antimicrobial coating that was streak-free and uniform relative to the antimicrobial coating formed using the metered-rolling technique.
Example 2: Antimicrobial Testing
Several experiments were performed using the Japanese Industrial Standard (“JIS”) method Z 2801 antimicrobial evaluation method to show the antimicrobial activity of a sheet metal coated using the reverse-rolling process described in Example 1. The JIS method Z 2801 is a quantitative test designed to assess the performance of antimicrobial finishes on hard, non-porous surfaces. The method can be conducted using contact times ranging from ten minutes up to 24 hours. For a JIS Z 2801 test, non-antimicrobial control surfaces are used as the baseline for calculations of microbial reduction. The method can be used to determine the antimicrobial activity of a diverse array of surfaces including plastics, metals, and ceramics. The test microorganism(s) selected for this test were Escherichia coli 8739 (a Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus 6538 (a Gram-positive bacteria).
Testing Method
The test microorganism was prepared by growth in a Tryptic Soy Broth. The suspension of test microorganism was standardized by dilution in a nutritive broth (this affords microorganisms the opportunity to proliferate during the test). Control and test substances were wiped clean with 70% ethanol and allowed to dry prior to testing. Control and test surfaces (50 mm×50 mm) were inoculated with microorganisms (where the testing parameter was 0.400 mL at a concentration of 4×10⁵ CFU/Carrier), and then the microbial inoculum was covered with a thin, sterile film (40 mm×40 mm). Covering the inoculum spreads it, prevents it from evaporating, and ensures close contact with the antimicrobial surface. Microbial concentrations were determined at “time zero” by elution followed by dilution and plating to Tryptic Soy Agar. A control was run to verify that the neutralization/elution method effectively neutralizes the antimicrobial agent in the antimicrobial surface being tested. Inoculated, covered control and antimicrobial test surfaces were allowed to incubate undisturbed in a humid environment for 24 hours, at 36° C.±1° C. After incubation, microbial concentrations were determined. Reduction of microorganisms relative to the control surface were calculated. The neutralizer was D/E Broth (10 mL). The enumeration plate media was tryptic soy agar. The enumeration plate was incubated for 24±6 hours at 36° C.±1° C.
Results were calculated using the following formulae:
${{Percent}\mspace{14mu}{Reduction}} = {\left( \frac{B - A}{B} \right) \times 100}$ Where B=Number of viable test microorganisms on the control carriers after the contact time; and A=Number of viable test microorganisms on the test carriers after the contact time.
${{Log}_{10}\mspace{14mu}{Reduction}} = {{Log}\left( \frac{B}{A} \right)}$ Where B=Number of viable test microorganisms on the control carriers after the contact time; and A=Number of viable test microorganisms on the test carriers after the contact time. Results of E. Coli Testing
TABLE 1 Percent Log₁₀ Reduction Reduction Compared to Compared to Test Contact Carrier Control at Control at Microorganism Time Type CFU/Carrier Contact Time Contact Time E. coli Time Zero Inoculum 2.30E+05 N/A 8739 Only 24 Hours Control 2.35E+07 B 1.50 <5.00E+00 >99.99998% >6.67 E 1.25 <5.00E+00 >99.99998% >6.67
The data collected using E. Coli on 50 mm×50 mm carriers (covered by 40 mm×40 mm films) is shown in Table 1. FIG. 5 shows a graph plotting E. Coli CFU/Carrier against the control and experimental samples. The limit of detection for this study is 5 CFU/Carrier. Values less than the limit of detection are shown as <5.00 E+00 on the table and zero on the graph.
Results of S. aureus Testing
TABLE 2 Percent Log₁₀ Reduction Reduction Compared to Compared to Test Contact Carrier Control at Control at Microorganism Time Type CFU/Carrier Contact Time Contact Time S. aureus Time Zero Inoculum 3.85E+05 N/A 6538 Only 24 Hours Control 9.50E+06 B 1.50 5.00E+00 99.99995% 6.28 E 1.25 <5.00E+00 >99.99995% >6.28
The data collected using S. Aureus on 50 mm×50 mm carriers (covered by 40 mm×40 mm films) is shown in Table 2. FIG. 6 shows a graph plotting S. Aureus CFU/Carrier against the control and experimental samples. The limit of detection for this study is 5 CFU/Carrier. Values less than the limit of detection are shown as <5.00 E+00 on the table and zero on the graph.
Example 3: Antimicrobial Testing
Below are experiments performed using the Sciessent LLC antimicrobial evaluation methods to show the antimicrobial activity of a sheet metal (2″×2″) coated using the reverse-rolling process described in Example 1. Certain samples were abraded before testing. The bacteria used were E. coli and S. Aureus.
TABLE 3 E. Coli (ATCC#: 25922) Testing Organism Count (CFU/ml) Zero 24 Hours Contact Contact Percent Sample Identification Time Time Reduction** Assay (+) 2.5 × 10⁵ 2.0 × 10⁷ No Reduction Assay (−) <10* <10* N/A Untreated coated metal 4.6 × 10⁷ No Reduction samples Sciessent ID# 150811-1A Coated metal samples (1.5% 3.2 × 10⁴ 99.93% AC10D in coating) Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 1 Coated metal samples (1.5% 2.8 × 10⁴ 99.94% AC10D in coating) Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 2 Coated metal samples (1.5% 1.04 × 10³ 99.99% AC10D in coating) - Abraded Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 1 Coated metal samples (1.5% 5.4 × 10² 99.999% AC10D in coating) - Abraded Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 2 Testing was performed in accordance with standard operating procedures of Sciessent LLC. *≤10 = Limits of Detection; **is percent reduction calculated using: untreated T24 contact time.
TABLE 4 S. Aureus (ATCC#: 6538) Testing Organism Count (CFU/ml) Zero 24 Hours Contact Contact Percent Sample Identification Time Time Reduction** Assay (+) 2.3 × 10⁵ 6.5 × 10⁶ No Reduction Assay (−) <10* <10* N/A Untreated coated metal samples 5.0 × 10⁷ No Reduction Sciessent ID# 150811-1A Coated metal samples (1.5% 7.8 × 10⁴ 99 84% AC10D in coating) Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 1 Coated metal samples (1.5% 5.9 × 10⁴ 99.90% AC10D in coating) Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 2 Coated metal samples (1.5% 3.3 × 10⁴ 99.93% AC10D in coating) Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 3 Coated metal samples (1.5% 7.0 × 10¹ 99.9999% AC10D in coating) - Abraded Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 1 Coated metal samples (1.5% <10* 99.9999% AC10D in coating) - Abraded Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 2 Coated metal samples (1.5% <10* 99.9999% AC10D in coating) - Abraded Sciessent ID# 150806-3B, Rep 3 Testing as performed in accordance with standard operating procedures of Sciessent LLC. *≤10 = Limits of Detection; **is percent reduction calculated using: untreated T24 contact time.
Example 4: Application of Protective Film to Coated Sheets
Protective film coatings were applied to a portion of sheet metal coated using the reverse-rolling process described in Example 1. In one experiment, to the coated sheet was sprayed a rubber adhesive (coinciding to FIG. 10A). In a second experiment, to the coated sheet was sprayed an acrylic and/or silicone rubber adhesive (coinciding to FIG. 10B). Soon after application of each adhesive, film protective layers were applied to the adhesives on the coated sheets. After 24 hours, the protective films were removed. After removal of the protective film, a residue was noted on the coated sheet where a rubber adhesive was used. The residue was washed several times with ethanol but remained on the coated surface (see FIG. 10A). No such residue was noted on the coated sheet where an acrylic and/or silicone rubber adhesive was used (FIG. 10B).
What is claimed is:
1. A trashcan comprising: a metal body shaped to provide at least a portion of a container that is configured to receive refuse; wherein a surface of the metal body comprises a coating deposited directly on the surface of the metal body, the coating comprising a substrate comprising polyethylene and an antimicrobial agent that is dispersed within the substrate; wherein the coating is applied directly to a metal sheet used to form the metal body by applying a slurry comprising a solvent, polyethylene, and the antimicrobial agent to the metal sheet using a reverse-rolling device and then drying to provide the coating on a coated sheet; wherein the coated sheet is shaped to form the metal body; wherein at least a portion of the antimicrobial agent is exposed on an outside surface of the coating and is available to directly contact microbes on the surface of the coating without requiring polishing; wherein the coating is smooth and substantially streak-free; wherein the coating is fingerprint resistant and is substantially resistant to water-based material transfer and resists the visible transfer of residue after physical interactions with a user.
2. The trashcan of claim 1, wherein the substantially streak-free coating appears substantially flat.
3. The trashcan of claim 1, wherein the fingerprint resistant material allows fingerprints to be removed by wiping without using a liquid solution.
4. The trashcan of claim 1, wherein 24 hours after an initial bacterial exposure to the coating, an amount of bacteria remaining on the coating is at least about 95% less than at the initial bacterial exposure.
5. The trashcan of claim 1, wherein the coating reduces an amount of E. coli from about 2.3×10⁵ colony forming units (CFU) per 50 mm×50 mm carrier to less than about 5 CFU/carrier over a period of about 24 hours.
6. The trashcan of claim 1, wherein the coating reduces an amount of S. aureus from about 3.85×10⁵ CFU per 50 mm×50 mm carrier to less than about 5 CFU/carrier over a period of about 24 hours.
7. A trashcan comprising: a metal body shaped to provide at least a portion of a container that is configured to receive refuse; wherein a surface of the metal body comprises a fingerprint resistant coating, the fingerprint resistant coating comprising a polymeric substrate; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating is positioned directly on the surface of the metal body; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating comprises an antimicrobial agent dispersed within the polymeric substrate; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating is applied directly to a metal sheet used to form the metal body by applying a slurry comprising a solvent, a polymeric substrate material, and the antimicrobial agent directly to the metal sheet using a reverse-rolling device and then drying to provide a coated sheet; wherein the coated sheet is shaped to form the metal body; wherein at least a portion of the antimicrobial agent is exposed to the surface of the fingerprint resistant coating without requiring polishing and is available to directly contact microbes on the surface of the fingerprint resistant coating; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating is substantially streak-free; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating is substantially resistant to water-based material transfer or oil-based material transfer.
8. The trashcan of claim 7, wherein the substantially streak-free coating appears substantially planar.
9. The trashcan of claim 7, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises polyethylene.
10. The trashcan of claim 7, wherein 24 hours after an initial bacterial exposure to the coating, an amount of bacteria remaining on the coating is at least about 95% less than at the initial bacterial exposure.
11. The trashcan of claim 7, wherein the coating reduces an amount of E. coli from about 2.3×10⁵ colony forming units (CFU) per 50 mm×50 mm carrier to less than about 5 CFU/carrier over a period of about 24 hours.
12. The trashcan of claim 7, wherein the coating reduces an amount of S. aureus from about 3.85×10⁵ CFU per 50 mm×50 mm carrier to less than about 5 CFU/carrier over a period of about 24 hours.
13. The trashcan of claim 7, wherein the reverse-rolling device is non-metered.
14. The trashcan of claim 7, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises a zeolite.
15. The trashcan of claim 7, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises ionic silver, ionic copper, and ammonium.
16. The trash can of claim 1, wherein the metal sheet is a stainless steel metal sheet.
17. The trash can of claim 7, wherein the metal is stainless steel metal sheet.
18. A trashcan comprising: a stainless steel metal body shaped to provide at least a portion of a container that is configured to receive refuse; wherein a surface of the stainless steel metal body comprises a fingerprint resistant coating, the fingerprint resistant coating comprising a polymeric substrate; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating is positioned directly on the surface of the stainless steel metal body; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating comprises an antimicrobial agent dispersed within the polymeric substrate; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating is applied to a stainless steel metal sheet used to form the stainless steel metal body by applying a slurry comprising a solvent, a polymeric substrate material, and the antimicrobial agent to the stainless steel metal sheet and then drying to provide a coated sheet; wherein the metal sheet is a stainless steel metal sheet; wherein the coated sheet is shaped to form the stainless steel metal body; wherein at least a portion of the antimicrobial agent is exposed to the surface of the fingerprint resistant coating without requiring polishing and is available to directly contact microbes on the surface of the fingerprint resistant coating; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating is substantially streak-free; wherein the fingerprint resistant coating is substantially resistant to water-based material transfer or oil-based material transfer.
19. The trashcan of claim 18, wherein the polymeric substrate comprises polyethylene.
20. The trashcan of claim 18, wherein 24 hours after an initial bacterial exposure to the coating, an amount of bacteria remaining on the coating is at least about 95% less than at the initial bacterial exposure.
21. The trashcan of claim 18, wherein the coating reduces an amount of E. coli from about 2.3×10⁵ colony forming units (CFU) per 50 mm×50 mm carrier to less than about 5 CFU/carrier over a period of about 24 hours and wherein the coating reduces an amount of S. aureus from about 3.85×10⁵ CFU per 50 mm×50 mm carrier to less than about 5 CFU/carrier over a period of about 24 hours.
22. The trashcan of claim 18, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises a zeolite.
23. The trashcan of claim 18, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises ionic silver, ionic copper, and ammonium.
24. The trashcan of claim 18, wherein the antimicrobial agent is supported on a nanoparticle.
25. The trashcan of claim 18, wherein the slurry is applied the stainless steel metal sheet using a reverse-rolling device..
| 23,858 |
https://github.com/adamcarlson/flowCoordinatorInvestigation/blob/master/flowCoordinatorInvestigation/Cells/PlaybackTableViewCell.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
flowCoordinatorInvestigation
|
adamcarlson
|
Swift
|
Code
| 90 | 259 |
//
// PlaybackTableViewCell.swift
// flowCoordinatorInvestigation
//
// Created by Adam Carlson on 7/23/18.
// Copyright © 2018 adam. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
class PlaybackTableViewCell: UITableViewCell {
static let identifier = "flowCoordinatorInvestigation.PlaybackTableViewCell"
@IBOutlet var titleLabel: UILabel!
weak var delegate: (PlaybackRequestDelegate & ShowDetailsDelegate)?
var model: Entity? {
didSet {
titleLabel.text = model?.name
backgroundColor = model?.color
}
}
@IBAction func playButton(_ sender: UIButton) {
if let entity = model {
delegate?.playbackRequested(for: entity)
}
}
@IBAction func detailsButton(_ sender: UIButton) {
if let entity = model {
delegate?.showDetails(for: entity)
}
}
}
| 35,982 |
https://github.com/nshcat/asciikingdom/blob/master/Game/Simulation/WorldMetadata.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
asciikingdom
|
nshcat
|
C#
|
Code
| 175 | 370 |
using Engine.Core;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Gif;
namespace Game.Simulation
{
/// <summary>
/// Represents a collection of metadata that belongs to a world
/// </summary>
public class WorldMetadata
{
/// <summary>
/// The dimensions of the map
/// </summary>
public Size Dimensions { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The initial "spawn" location that is on the initially discovered continent
/// </summary>
public Position InitialLocation { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The seed used to generate this world
/// </summary>
public int Seed { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The relative scale of the overview map in relation to the detailed map
/// </summary>
public float OverviewScale { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// User-specified name of the world
/// </summary>
public string Name { get; set; } = "";
/// <summary>
/// Construct a new world metadata instance
/// </summary>
public WorldMetadata(Size dimensions, int seed, float overviewScale = 0.1250f)
{
this.Dimensions = dimensions;
this.Seed = seed;
this.OverviewScale = overviewScale;
}
/// <summary>
/// Parameterless constructor for deserialization
/// </summary>
public WorldMetadata()
{
}
}
}
| 3,678 |
https://github.com/surjit/RESTful/blob/master/core/RESTful/Exception/Server/ServiceNotFound.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
RESTful
|
surjit
|
PHP
|
Code
| 41 | 121 |
<?php
namespace RESTful\Exception\Server;
/**
* RESTful - Standalone RESTful server library
* @author: Daniel Aranda (https://github.com/daniel-aranda/)
* @package: RESTful\Exception\Environment
*
*/
class ServiceNotFound extends \RESTful\Exception\Server
{
public function __construct($service)
{
$message = 'Service not Found: ' . $service;
parent::__construct($message);
}
}
| 40,379 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3282594
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Sing It Again Rod
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,537 | 3,295 |
Sing It Again Rod
Sing It Again Rod identificador MusicBrainz dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing It Again Rod instância de álbum
Sing It Again Rod identificador de álbum Allmusic mw0000192009, autor Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing It Again Rod identificador Discogs (master/obra) 68338
Sing It Again Rod intérprete Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod data de publicação 1973
Sing It Again Rod data de publicação 1973
Sing It Again Rod género rock
Sing It Again Rod género música pop
Sing It Again Rod género folk rock
Sing It Again Rod género blue-eyed soul
Sing It Again Rod produtor Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod editora discográfica Mercury Records
Sing It Again Rod distribuição streaming de música
Sing It Again Rod identificador Freebase /m/01jstfw
Sing It Again Rod forma da obra criativa coletânea musical
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド MusicBrainzリリース・グループ識別子 dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド 分類 アルバム
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド オールミュージック アルバムID mw0000192009, 著者 スティーヴン・トマス・アールワイン
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド Discogs master識別子 68338
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド 演者・演奏者・歌手 ロッド・スチュワート
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド 出版日 1973
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド 出版日 1973
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド ジャンル ロック
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド ジャンル ポップ・ミュージック
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド ジャンル フォーク・ロック
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド ジャンル ブルー・アイド・ソウル
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド プロデューサー ロッド・スチュワート
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド レコードレーベル マーキュリー・レコード
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド SpotifyアルバムID 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド メディア形態 音楽ストリーミング
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド Freebase識別子 /m/01jstfw
シング・イット・アゲイン・ロッド 創作物の形式 コンピレーション・アルバム
Sing It Again Rod
1973 compilation album by Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod MusicBrainz release group ID dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing It Again Rod instance of album
Sing It Again Rod AllMusic album ID mw0000192009, author Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing It Again Rod Discogs master ID 68338
Sing It Again Rod performer Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod publication date 1973
Sing It Again Rod publication date 1973
Sing It Again Rod genre rock music
Sing It Again Rod genre pop music
Sing It Again Rod genre folk rock
Sing It Again Rod genre blue-eyed soul
Sing It Again Rod producer Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod record label Mercury Records
Sing It Again Rod Spotify album ID 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
Sing It Again Rod distribution format music streaming
Sing It Again Rod Freebase ID /m/01jstfw
Sing It Again Rod form of creative work compilation album
Sing It Again Rod part of Rod Stewart's albums in chronological order, follows Never a Dull Moment, followed by Smiler, followed by The Best of Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod
Sing It Again Rod identificador MusicBrainz del grupo de lanzamiento dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing It Again Rod instancia de álbum
Sing It Again Rod identificador AllMusic de álbum mw0000192009, autor Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing It Again Rod identificador maestro de Discogs 68338
Sing It Again Rod intérprete Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod fecha de publicación 1973
Sing It Again Rod fecha de publicación 1973
Sing It Again Rod género rock
Sing It Again Rod género pop
Sing It Again Rod género folk rock
Sing It Again Rod género blue-eyed soul
Sing It Again Rod productor Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod sello discográfico Mercury Records
Sing It Again Rod identificador Spotify de álbum 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
Sing It Again Rod distribución streaming de música
Sing It Again Rod Identificador Freebase /m/01jstfw
Sing It Again Rod forma artística álbum recopilatorio
Sing It Again Rod
album Roda Stewarta
Sing It Again Rod identyfikator release group MusicBrainz dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing It Again Rod jest to album muzyczny
Sing It Again Rod identyfikator albumu w AllMusic mw0000192009, autor Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing It Again Rod identyfikator w Discogs (master) 68338
Sing It Again Rod wykonawca Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod data wydania 1973
Sing It Again Rod data wydania 1973
Sing It Again Rod gatunek rock
Sing It Again Rod gatunek muzyka pop
Sing It Again Rod gatunek folk rock
Sing It Again Rod gatunek biały soul
Sing It Again Rod producent Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod wydawnictwo muzyczne Mercury Records
Sing It Again Rod identyfikator albumu w Spotify 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
Sing It Again Rod format streaming muzyki
Sing It Again Rod identyfikator Freebase /m/01jstfw
Sing It Again Rod forma utworu kompilacja
Sing It Again Rod
album de Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod identifiant MusicBrainz d'un groupe de sorties dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing It Again Rod nature de l’élément album
Sing It Again Rod identifiant AllMusic d'un album mw0000192009, auteur ou autrice Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing It Again Rod identifiant Discogs d'une œuvre 68338
Sing It Again Rod interprète Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod date de publication 1973
Sing It Again Rod date de publication 1973
Sing It Again Rod genre artistique rock
Sing It Again Rod genre artistique pop
Sing It Again Rod genre artistique folk rock
Sing It Again Rod genre artistique blue-eyed soul
Sing It Again Rod producteur ou productrice Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod label discographique Mercury Records
Sing It Again Rod identifiant Spotify d'un album 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
Sing It Again Rod format de distribution streaming musical
Sing It Again Rod identifiant Freebase /m/01jstfw
Sing It Again Rod forme de l'œuvre compilation
Sing It Again Rod partie de albums de Rod Stewart par ordre chronologique, précédé par Never a Dull Moment, suivi par Smiler, suivi par The Best of Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod
Sing It Again Rod MusicBrainz-utgjevingsgruppe-ID dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing It Again Rod førekomst av musikkalbum
Sing It Again Rod utøvar Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod utgjevingstidspunkt 1973
Sing It Again Rod utgjevingstidspunkt 1973
Sing It Again Rod sjanger rock
Sing It Again Rod sjanger pop
Sing It Again Rod sjanger folkrock
Sing It Again Rod produsent Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod plateselskap Mercury Records
Sing It Again Rod Freebase-identifikator /m/01jstfw
Sing It Again Rod kreativt format samlealbum
Sing It Again Rod
muziekalbum van Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod MusicBrainz-identificatiecode voor uitgavegroep dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing It Again Rod is een muziekalbum
Sing It Again Rod AllMusic-identificatiecode voor album mw0000192009, auteur Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing It Again Rod Discogs-identificatiecode voor master 68338
Sing It Again Rod uitvoerend artiest Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod datum van uitgave 1973
Sing It Again Rod datum van uitgave 1973
Sing It Again Rod genre rock
Sing It Again Rod genre popmuziek
Sing It Again Rod genre folkrock
Sing It Again Rod genre blue-eyed soul
Sing It Again Rod producer Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod platenlabel Mercury Records
Sing It Again Rod Spotify-identificatiecode voor album 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
Sing It Again Rod uitgavevorm muziekstreaming
Sing It Again Rod Freebase-identificatiecode /m/01jstfw
Sing It Again Rod vorm van creatief werk verzamelalbum
Sing it Again Rod
album di Rod Stewart del 1973
Sing it Again Rod identificativo MusicBrainz di un album dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing it Again Rod istanza di album discografico
Sing it Again Rod identificativo AllMusic di un album mw0000192009, autore Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing it Again Rod identificativo Discogs di un master 68338
Sing it Again Rod interprete Rod Stewart
Sing it Again Rod data di pubblicazione 1973
Sing it Again Rod data di pubblicazione 1973
Sing it Again Rod genere rock
Sing it Again Rod genere musica pop
Sing it Again Rod genere folk rock
Sing it Again Rod genere soul bianco
Sing it Again Rod produttore Rod Stewart
Sing it Again Rod etichetta discografica Mercury Records
Sing it Again Rod identificativo Spotify di un album 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
Sing it Again Rod distribuzione streaming musicale
Sing it Again Rod identificativo Freebase /m/01jstfw
Sing it Again Rod formato dell'opera creativa compilation
Sing it Again Rod
Sing it Again Rod MusicBrainz-Veröffentlichungsgruppenkennung dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing it Again Rod ist ein(e) Album
Sing it Again Rod AllMusic-Album-ID mw0000192009, Autor Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing it Again Rod Discogs-Masterkennung 68338
Sing it Again Rod Interpret Rod Stewart
Sing it Again Rod Veröffentlichungsdatum 1973
Sing it Again Rod Veröffentlichungsdatum 1973
Sing it Again Rod Genre Rockmusik
Sing it Again Rod Genre Popmusik
Sing it Again Rod Genre Folk-Rock
Sing it Again Rod Genre Blue-Eyed Soul
Sing it Again Rod Produzent Rod Stewart
Sing it Again Rod Plattenlabel Mercury Records
Sing it Again Rod Spotify-Album-ID 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
Sing it Again Rod Materialart/Vertriebsweg Musikstreaming
Sing it Again Rod Freebase-Kennung /m/01jstfw
Sing it Again Rod künstlerische Form Kompilation
Sing it Again Rod
Sing it Again Rod julkaisuryhmän MusicBrainz-tunniste dfe06f2a-473c-314d-81b8-d01fcb4adfd5
Sing it Again Rod esiintymä kohteesta musiikkialbumi
Sing it Again Rod albumin AllMusic-tunniste mw0000192009, kirjoittaja Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Sing it Again Rod julkaisuryhmän Discogs-tunniste 68338
Sing it Again Rod esittäjä Rod Stewart
Sing it Again Rod julkaisupäivä 1973
Sing it Again Rod julkaisupäivä 1973
Sing it Again Rod lajityyppi rock
Sing it Again Rod lajityyppi popmusiikki
Sing it Again Rod lajityyppi folk rock
Sing it Again Rod tuottaja Rod Stewart
Sing it Again Rod levymerkki Mercury Records
Sing it Again Rod albumin Spotify-tunniste 1aGejI37sLQuTpU5W86Cyp
Sing it Again Rod jakelumuoto musiikin suoratoisto
Sing it Again Rod Freebase-tunniste /m/01jstfw
Sing it Again Rod teoksen tyyppi kokoelma-albumi
Sing It Again Rod
Sing It Again Rod sampla de albam ceoil
Sing It Again Rod taibheoir Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod dáta foilsithe 1973
Sing It Again Rod dáta foilsithe 1973
Sing It Again Rod seánra rac-cheol
Sing It Again Rod seánra popcheol
Sing It Again Rod seánra rac-cheol tíre
Sing It Again Rod seánra blue-eyed soul
Sing It Again Rod léiritheoir Rod Stewart
Sing It Again Rod lipéad ceoil Mercury Records
Sing It Again Rod formáid dáilte ceol sruthaithe
Sing It Again Rod foirm an tsaothair chruthaithigh albam díolama
Sing It Again Rod cuid de albaim de chuid Rod Stewart in ord croineolaíoch, leanann sé/sí Never a Dull Moment, á leanúint ag Smiler, á leanúint ag The Best of Rod Stewart
| 46,115 |
savoye-cours-de-langue-allemande-1873_1
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,873 |
Cours de Langue Allemande d'après la méthode Robertson : avec des exercices gradués, conversations, phrases et locutions usuelles
|
Savoye, Joseph, 1802-1869
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,886 | 13,137 |
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Re, ..< CAF" Li Tes + = 4 GG Go d by PDigitize L L L ba y R y ?, 1 2 . | 1 L à bye — QE É hge À Pan es Pay ; ' " Eine Ÿ | ÈS | FE NE SARA AE re Eee : % Lo Pier { ) md FE : at ; { = pu A+ 72 4 Lu TIReT 1 L 4 SEE Un : ne T À | té + Bot | SE 2e ( Perd PE QE PA. Fe ri Pre A : "+ » ; J de ir E La d ue L4 D Ù f / P +, A En n pu : La + UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE ; 2 à LAS COURS Langue allemande » E. DERACHE, LIBRAIRE -EDITEUR, 48, rue Montmartre, à Paris. en — = ——— LEÇONS PRATIQUES DE LANGUE ALLEMANDE à l'usage des établissements d'instruction EXTRAITES DU COURS DE LANGUE ALLEMANDE ° | de J. SAVOYE. Ces leçons ne renferment que le texte, la traduction interlinéaire ou juxta-linéaire, la traduction française, la conversation, la comparaison des deux langues et les exercices, sans la traduction. In-8° broché 2 fr. CORRIGÉ DES EXERCICES DE CONVERSATION ET DE COMPOSITION contenus dans le Cours de langue allemande et dans les Leçons pra tiques extraites dudit Cours. In-80. 1 fr, 50 Germania Recueil en prosefèt en vers DE LITTERATURE ALLEMANDE pAr J. SAVOYE. Deuxième édition en deux parties, ou 2 vol. in-8c. Prix : 42 fr. Le premier volume contient les plus beaux morceaux en prose de l'au cienne et de la nouvelle littérature allemande. Le deuxième volume contient la partie poétique, précédée d'un Traité de prosodie et de versification allemandes. Chaque volume peut être pris séparément au prix de six francs. Strasbourg, typ. G. Fischbach, succ. de G. Silbermann. à 27 D — 5 S PT. lire ons ee A _—— Æ mr 43 Gov 7 4 fangne allemande D'APRÈS LA MÉTHODE ROBERTSON AVEC DES BXERCICES GRADUÉS CONVERSATIONS, PHRASES ET LOCUTIONS USUELLES ss us FORMANT UN COURS DE THÈMES ET DE VERSIONS PAR J. SAVOYE ANCIEN PROFESSEUR DE LANGUE ALLEMANDE AU COLLEGE LOUIS-LE-GRAND Ouvrage approuvé par l’Université SIXIÈME ÉDITION Ï | Î Pr À ) (1706. ? _. PARIS | 4 en a E. DERACHE LIBRAIRE POUR LES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES 48, rue Montmartre, au premier 1873 TOUS DROITS RÉSERVÉS. 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L'At Ê : © PAP + < 2 2. _… octo Lin Er s0 VE re À oi Le, + 7 Z LR ef VS = FES = cd ee Fe S 79 (az no | LE 4 CCR Hum °° mrss . 2 HTPE À : ds SIA Ffeaique au-dusosus à nc suflate Mmque L'accent Lonique, — La flouqueur La fruisvete de fa Aloe. 4 A | “fl P°. fre PA ee Es Ée v' ASE rh PA 72 ne Je pe A: 27 Dr A sRI5 5 _HAIIHÉ ie vesursposlur. 7e 4 Le LS A are AE papes pitt LR LL. PASSA / LA. Dr 20 Cl C7 y PO LT #:, 5__ À Le 2 _s A se ; La rue 4 . RAT TRE PIRE, PIPRITERN CIMPÉTE. ITEMS l'E SLIA AE if. ren mnt IS Pere ne ne J À Le 2. ce ere Lou DE APRES A De F PRE Se ie Le ue LFTR-A— RE 2. Fr. Po fi | _ ? un C on Rs Ford A “7e a PROCHES, D 22 2. 222 ne 6 L. 2e HAN TE god rip A Ex, TE LA 7 Thon #en 17 és Pers Ge à Chr nt Re ds éd Or ee Pr pres phnlnee à % TZ. ALLGE;.: 72e md Le pre LA De a en PÉPEN III IPET 1 sr 2 L'OPPIS. À À À ANR Lors a DA 2 " É LE} 4 PE. : o ? . eLa A ti SSPPS IDE a 2200 enr ES / ? PP: A est s8 ui, Th AEAtS-: RS LA & Le PÉTER os 4 ; A 2 , A / ge. JL TH PRE A PSE A ZE ee peus 7 Dors ie 6 ie $ e A PPT ES 1; 2. me té une he L jé en o. L7 repe Se A. PARCS 7EE 1, SE è ? AL E: +" S Lada d 7 4 # 0°! LT « Pa 9% sa j ss 7 Po HU 15 Lialien jai pare mo /ÉL CA 2 Sttsj au -s1 /. m/f : 2 4 LE RS : TE | cd DT SIT ee Pas sx fe. u Le D ES / Ve FF lo su 2 DT RE PIPT Pt Et Us “PRIS sf e 2 / LE. 7 Fe 4 V4 CO CYX PT Sue : ; Lu LE pe ARS ee S Le A Us por "+ CHÉT 52% AW dise. # / , £ rs à 41 > A | SJ KA La 9 11. me His 1 7 SCA Atsots6 ; ile DIN I HIT LI ex pe 1 a 4 4 / ; Z vw 2 » cé d, LE s" a $ A È A 10 ovs ee cs À fleurs, FRDIS RIM HA #7 flsit ss 4 27 _ LES : Nour 2 de re CS et LS, PÉ 00 #4 sv 4 # 2 8 papes PAR TL: RS Pire. Pr s6118Fo #74 4 + MR RS CAC À LA. ref. ET € (Beutfhes Alphabet.) ALPHABET ALLEMAND. NOMS NONE se 72 “ p PS p P Rs æ qa S q kou b 3 b b er ; Le té |f S) Ch ch tséha® | 8 «| s simple S : 4 : : Ê È s double hi. sf, f fé Sb sch | ess-tsé-ha fer fr ft @t st st 8 G g hié ou gué | t & ! t p& h hat |+6 & th té-ha t =) 1 1 nu Lu ou ou i S j jotte 5 ü Ou u tr # k k autrefois Qué Œ « ck tsé-ka 5 & « a. 1 © ! 1 » & v ï nm DE m m re Æ x : De : y 2% y ypsilonne . : à 3 2 tsètte OU EU lt « té-tsètte autrefois 0-6 1 Prononcez &. Autrefois on appelait cette lettre @-è (en prononçant l’a et l’é sépa rément). 3 En aspirant l’h. 8 Prononcez è/ffèffe. 4 En aspirant l’À. 5 Voyez pour le nom de cette lettre les explications sur les consonnes, $ 5, pages 11 et 12. 6 Prononcez essesse. Nora. Les lettres dont la majuscule n’est pas indiquée, comme ff, @4,86,6,ff,6,ne sont pas usitées au commencement des mots. 4 VOYELLES SIMPLES. (@etbftlaute, Gocale.) ve v? adeivo Suüp»p AAHEGSSOSUAUUTY DIPHTHONGUES. (Doppellaute, Dipbthongen.) ai (ay) au du et (ev) eu te pi Mi (Ur) Au An Ei (Evry) En — Où (09) ui uv. (Sy) Ui Ur. CONSONNES. (litlaute, Gonfonanten.) AVIS POUR FACILITER LES RECHERCHES. Le Cours d'Allemand est divisé en Leçons; les Leçons sont divisées en 66, et les 65 en subdivisions de I. IL. 111., etc., ou bien 1. 2. 3., etc., ou bien encore a, b,c, etc. L'enchaînement de l'ouvrage, condition d’une instruction claire, satisfaisante et ne laissant aucun doute dans l'esprit de l'étudiant, repose sur les renvois de Leçon à Leçon et de $ à $. La même page pouvant contenir différents paragraphes, aussi bien que le même $ se continuer à travers plusieurs pages, la simple pagination du livre et les renvois à la page ne nous ont pas semblé répondre au but que nous nous sommes proposé. En plaçant au haut de chaque page, outre le chiffre de la Leçon, celui des $$ et de leurs subdivisions qu'elle renferme, nous espérons avoir rendu la recherche plus facile à l'élève, qui, au lieu de se préoccuper de la pagination, laquelle ne le rensei gnerait qu’incomplétement, ira droit aux $$. Par exemple : en rencontrant au $ 341. d. (page 318), le renvoi suivant «voy. $ 97, n° 35», il saura aussitôt qu'il devra rechercher au haut des pages, à droite et à gauche, l'indication précise non-seule ment de ce $ 97, qui occupe, à lui seul, plusieurs pages consécutives, mais encore celle de la subdivison n° 3, ajoutée au $ 97, où il sera sûr de trouver l'explication formant l’objet du renvoi. EMPLOI DU VERBE AUXILIAIRE Wetben DANS LA CONJUGAISON PASSIVE. VOoy. . . 6 46, 47, RÈGLES DE CONSTRUCTION. . ose se... $ 420-442. TABLEAU DE LA DÉCLINAISON DES SUBSTANTIFS + « » » oo + « oo Rare ae $ 151 PARTICULES dites SÉPARABLES €t INSÉPARABLES « + + eo oo + e TR 6 79 et 297. VERBES IRRÉGULIERS « .. see. Are as .... 6328 et 329-337. COURS LANGUE ALLEMANDE. Seutfche Spracblebre. La langue allemande se compose, comme la langue fran çaise, de propositions ou phrases; ces phrases se composent de mois, et les mots de syllabes et de lettres. De là la division toute naturelle de la grammaire en trois parties principales, dont la première traite des sons, c’est-à-dire des lettres et des syllabes, de leur forme, de leur valeur et de leur prononcia tion ($$ 1-21); la deuxième, des mots, des parties du dis cours, de leur formation, de leur valeur et de leurs variations ($S$ 22-290); la troisième enfin de la construction (syntaxe), c’est-à-dire des principes qui régissent la formation des pro positions ($$ 291-447)". PREMIÈRE PARTIE. DES SONS. — Yon den Lanten. PREMIÈRE LEÇON. — Grfte Section. ALPHABET ALLEMAND. NOMS ET SONS DES LETTRES, $ 4. VOYELLES SIMPLES. (Gelbftiaute, Socale.) A, À, E, %, ©, ©, Uu, Ù, 9, a, à, €, i, 0, 0, u, ü, ). : Cette troisième partie récapitulera les principes de syntaxe qui auront été expli qués occasionnellement dans le cours des exercices. Pour le résumé total des règles de construction en particulier, voy. Leçon xxx1x, $ 420 et suivants. $ 1 LEÇON 1. — ALPHABET. * a, À. S'appelle comme en français; il se prononce comme l’a dans me, arme, câble. Il est tantôt long, comme dans Mabmub, war; tantôt bref, comme dans bätte, Lande. = & À. S'appelle comme il se prononce, c’est-à-dire é. Il est tantôt long, comme dans ergüblt, raconte, tantôt bref, comme dans beftändigen, perpéluelles. Quelquefois aussi l’à se prononce comme un e fermé (6), surtout dans les mots en ät (as en latin), qui se terminent en français en é; par exemple : majestas, majesté, Majeftüt. e, ©. S’appelle et se prononce comme l’e français. Il est tantôt long et fermé (é), comme dans Sefmuth, tristesse ; tan tôt long et ouvert (é), comme dans er, il; ber, le ; Reben, vie; cette prononciation s'applique aux monosyllabes et au pre mier e des mots de deux syllabes dont chacune a un c: Icben, vivre, beten, prier; tantôt 1l est bref et ouvert, comme dans denn, car; perfif, persan ; fnell, vite. Jl y a en outre l’e mi-muet, qui se rencontre dans les syl labes finales des mots variables, et dans certaines particules initiales (be et ge), comme dans Batte, avait; Sfricge, guerres ; Staaten, états ; f@ônes, beau ; beftänbdigen, perpétuelles ; getobt, loué. [I] a le son de l’e dans le, me, le, ne. Ïl n’y a pas d’e tout à fait muet, comme par exemple dans les syllabes finales des verbes français parlent, excellent, ex cepté l’e après l’i, dans les mots d’origine germanique, où il indique que lt est long : be, les ; Rriege, guerres. i, 3. Nom et son comme en français; li est tantôt long, comme dans bie, Rriege, Ruinen (ruines); tantôt bref, comme dans in, dans ; mit, avec; perfijche. 9, ©. Nom et son comme en français ; tantôt long, comme dans grofes, fo; tantôt bref, comme dans Gütt, Dieu; folf, doit ; fômmen, venir. Lorsque l’o allemand est long, il a le son fermé comme dans gros, pôle; lorsqu'il est bref, au contraire, il a le son ouvert, comme dans homme, pomme. _ D | LEÇON I. — ALPHABET, VOYELLES. $ 1—2 5, $. S'appelle eu et se prononce à peu près de même; il faut l'entendre ; il est tantôt long, comme dans fdônes, Rünig (roi); tantôt bref, comme dans entvülferten, dépeuplaient ; WBôrter, mots. u, U. S’appelle ou, et se prononce de même ; tantôt long, comme dans ©düle, école; Ætüg, tromperie ; tantôt bref, comme dans @ültan, sultan; äünd, et; bürd, par. ü, ü. Nom et son de lu français; tantôt long, comme dans füv, pour; @wüler, écolier; tantôt bref, comme dans fülteu, remplissaient ; fütteln, secouer. _», Y. S’appelle ypsilonne et se prononce comme l’y fran çais ou li. Il a été souvent employé autrefois, et il l’est parfois encore à présent, pour distinguer certains mots dont le son est le même, mais qui diffèrent de sens, comme fein (son, pronom possessif) et fein ou feyn (être). & 2. 4. On appelle voyelles fortes l'a, lo, l’u; voyelles faibles l’e et l’i et les affaiblissements de a,o,u, qui sont ä, 5, ü. Il est essentiel de retenir dès à présent cette distinction, parce qu’elle influe sur la prononciation de certaines con sonnes. | 2. Les voyelles a, e, o, sont quelquefois redoublées, ce qui en rend le son long ; p. ex.: @taaten, Deer (mer), Sdoof (gi ron); li et l’u ne sont jamäis redoublés. 3. Lorsque les deux. aa ou ee ou 00 n’appartiennent pas à la même syllabe, on ne les prononce pas d’un seul son ; mais on fait entendre distinctement les deux voyelles, comme be-erben (hériter de). $ 5 LEÇON I. — ALPHABET, DIPHTHONGUES. 6 $ 3. VOYELLES COMPOSÉES OU DIPHTHONGUES. (Doppellaute, Diphbthongen.) ai (aÿ), au, äu, ei (ey), eu, îe, où (oÿ), ui (ut). Ui (A), Au, Ïu, Gi (Er), Eu — Où (Ov), Ui (U). La diphthongue est un son formé par la réunion de deux voyelles et qui peut se prononcer sans l’aide d'aucune autre lettre. Le nom des diphthongues allemandes est celui des deux voyelles qui les composent. Leur valeur, leur son répond généralement aux sons réunis des deux voyelles, sauf quelques modifications dont il est très-difficile de définir la nuance délicate ; il faut les entendre . prononcer. ai (ap), au, vi (09), ui (uv) se prononcent tout natu rellement, en faisant sonner chacune des deux voyelles dont la diphthongue est composée : ainsi Raifer, prononcez l'ai, ai comme ay dans Blaye; au8, prononcez aous, d’abord l’a, puis l’u, mais sans interruption (non pas o, comme au dans au tre). (Qi, 0ÿ, ui, uÿ ne se trouvent pas dans les mots d’origine allemande.) äu se prononce comme si le tréma -* était sur l’u et non sur l’a; il ressemble au son de l’aü dans Saül, prononcé très coulamnient : die Päufe (prononcez maüse), les souris. eu n’a pas d’équivalent en français ; il ressemble à üu, mais le son en es! un peu moins ouvert: Gule, hibou (prononcez éüle). ei (ep) a un son intermédiaire entre at et ei, mais qui se rapproche bien plutôt de ai que de ei: ein, nein (non), Reich, feine; prononcez aîn, naïn, etc. ie que nous avons vu comme représentant l’i long, peut être diphthongue, sous les deux conditions suivantes: qu’il se trouve dans un mot étranger et qu’il n’ait pas l'accent. Ex. : bie Gamilie, la famille; die Giftorie, l’histoire, où l’on entend l’i et l’e. 7 | LEÇON I. — ALPHABET, DIPHTHONGUES. $ 3—A Lorsqu’au contraire l’accent est sur l’ie, la prononciation suit la règle ordinaire, et l’e disparaît: bie Harmonie, l’harmo nie ; die Aftronomie, l'astronomie; der Bezler, le visir. EXERCICES. — Übnngen. & 4. 4. LECTURE ET TRADUCTION LITTÉRALE. (LRejen und wirtlihes Ueberjeten.) Miabmud war Sultan. Er batte ein arofes, [urnes Mahmoud était sultan. Il avait un grand, Neidb. Seine beftändigqen Kriege int AusSlande, und ne empire. Ses continuelles guerres dansle étranger et sa Evrannei in SQnnern füllten Die yperfifher Staaten tyrannie dans le intérieur remplissaient les pereans états mit Muinen nnd entvôlferten das Raifertbnm. So avec ruines et dépeuplaient le empire. Ainsi ersblt man. raconte on. 2. Traduction française. (Sliekende [coulante] Überfetung.) —— Mahmoud était sultan. Il avait un grand et bel empire. Ses guerres continuelles au dehors et sa tyrannie au dedans rem plissaient les états persans de ruines et dépeuplaient l'empire. Voilà ce qu’on raconte. 3. Comparaison des deux langues. (Bergleidung der beiden Spraden.) — Orofes, fbônes Reid; beftändigen Rriege; perfifen Staaten: l’adjechif se met toujours avant le subs tantif qu'il accompagne ; —im Auslanbe, im Fnnern; mot à mot : dans au étranger, dans au intérieur: in est la contraction de in, dans, qui régit le datif, et de bem, au, datif de l’article neutre bas, le; —mit Ruinen, avec ruines: on dit mit etwas füflen, remplir avec quelque chose. 4. Conversation". (Gefpräd.) — 1. Qui était sultan? — * Voir notre Corrigé des Exercices de composition et de construction, qu'on ne doit consulter cependant qu'après avoir fait l’essai de ses propres forces. + $ 4—5 LEÇON II. — ALPHABET, CONSONNES. 8 3. Qu’était Mahmoud? — 3. Qu’avait-il? — 4. Où faisait-il ses guerres continuelles ? — 5. Que faisait-il au dehors? — 6. Qu’exerçait-il au dedans? — 7. Où exerçait-il sa tyrannie? — 8. Qu'est-ce que les guerres remplissaient de ruines? — 9. Que dépeuplaient-elles ? — 10. De quoi les guerres remplis saient-elles les états persans ? 5. Construction. (Gatbilbung.) — 1. Mahmoud avait un empire bel et grand. —2. Il était sultan. — 3. Le sultan Mah moud (sultan Mahmoud, sans article) était à l'étranger (dans au étranger). — 4. Le sultan Mahmoud était à l’intérieur. — 5. Il avait les états persans. —6. Il avait ses guerres à l’étran ger. — 7. Sa tyrannie était à l’intérieur. — 8. Ses guerres dé peuplaient l’empire. — 9. Ses guerres et sa tyrannie dépeu plaient les états persans. — 10. Mahmoud raconte ses guerres. — 11. Les états persans sont (find) un bel empire. — 12. Le (der) sultan raconte ses guerres et satyrannie. —13. Les guerres continuelles sont à l'étranger. —14. On raconte sa tyrannie. — 15. Raconte-t-on (raconte on) sa tyrannie et ses guerres? — 16. Oui, monsieur (Gawobl).—17. Ainsi l’on raconte Les guerres en allemand (sur allemand, auf beutfd). —18. Les (bie) guerres perpétuelles etla (die) tyrannie remplissaient l’empire de ruines. — 19. Les étals persans sont à l’intérieur. — 20. Les guerres perpétuelles sont à l'étranger, et la tyrannie est à l’intérieur. — 21. Cela (bies) est la première leçon. DEUXIÈME LEÇON. — 3weite £ection. ALPHABET ALLEMAND. NOMS ET SONS DES LETTRES, 8 5. CONSONNES. (Miitlaute, Confonanten.) ÿ, ç, d, d, f, ff, g, b, L f, d, [, m, n, p, 5, G, Gb, ®, d, . G, ÿ, $, f, E {, M, h, P, q, ©, f, 8, ff, & ft fd, t, v, W, x, 3, $. O,R,S, — — — St, Sd, &, B, B, X, 8. — 9 LEÇON II. — ALPHABET, CONSONNES. $ 5 b, p. Nom et son comme en français: bat, priait; perjifd, persan. Le ph ressemble à un f un peu dur: empbatif®, emphatique. Le pf est égal en valeur et en son à pp, et il fait entendre le ÿ plus fort que dans pb: empfangen, recevoir. c s'appelle sé. Il se prononce: 1. Comme un k, devant les voyelles fortes a, o, u; devant les consonnes, et à la fin d’une syllabe: Gato, Eur (cure), Credit (crédit), Shbectafel (tapage) , Rection (leçon). 9. Comme fs, devant les autres voyelles: Gäüfar, Gücilia, Girfus (cirque). s'appelle ésé-ha en aspirant l’h. Il se prononce : 4. Généralement au moyen d’un son guttural, comme dans Reid; id, je; nidt, pas; Sprade, langue, et qui n’a pas d’é quivalent en français. Pour prononcer le & dans id, il faut appuyer la langue contre les dents inférieures et essayer de prononcer iche; l’effort ainsi fait produira infailliblement le son id, qui pourra être regardé comme la base de la pronon ciation que nous cherchons. En prononçant id et @prade, on entend qu’il y a une diffé rence dans le & des deux mots. En effet, le son du ® est plus guttural après les voyelles fortes a, o, u; et il l’est moins après les voyelles faibles ü, e, i, 5, it (voyez $ 2, p. 5) et les con sonnes liquides {,m,n,; p. ex. dans nad, après; bas Rod, le trou ; bas Bud, le livre; die Sprade, la langue, le d est fort et guttural, et il est doux dans der Seder, le gobelet; id, je, moi; lädeln, sourire; die füdin, la cuisinière; die Bitder, les livres; fpridt, parle ;.ivelder, qui; burd, par; München, Munich, etc. | 2. Comme un f, au commencement des mots d’origine grecque ou latine: Gbriftus, Christ ; Gbronif, la chronique; et dans les deux mots d’origine allemande: far et €bur, qu’on ne trouve que dans les composés : Cfar-mode, semaine-sainte $ 5 LEÇON IT. — ALPHABET, CONSONNES. | 10 (ou semaine de la passion); Cbar-freitag, Vendredi-Saint et Gburfürit, prince électeur. $ se prononce comme f$ ou comme un x fort, lorsque les trois lettres qui le composent appartiennent à la même syllabe radicale: wuds (croissait), prononc. wuts; der Bus (le buis), pron. Buts; mais dans Bus, génitif de Bud (livre), et formé seulement par contraction du mot dissyllabique Bud-es, le Y conserve sa prononciation naturelle. D,t. Semblables aux d et t français. tion se prononce comme cion: Nation, nation; Lection. Le th, qu’on rencontre souvent en allemand, n’a pas de pro nonciation particulière; le ÿ indique seulement que le son de la syllabe est long : die Notb, le besoin. f, v, w. f et m sont semblables en nom et en son à f, v français ; v s’appelle faou et se prononce comme l’f français: Besier, visir ; von, de, prononc. Gezier, fon. a. Le nom de cette consonne est hié; d’autres l’appellent gué. Nous lui conserverons le premier nom. Le g, qui a beaucoup d’analogie avec le d, mais qui est généralement moins fort que lui, se prononce de deux ma nières différentes, selon qu’il est au commencement ou à la fin d’un mot ou d’une syllabe. 4. Le g initial, qu'il soit suivi d’une voyelle forte ou d’une voyelle faible ou d’une consonne, se prononce uniformément comme le g français dans gant, gros; p. ex.: grof, grand; gelernt, (prononc. quélernt), appris ; Gott (Dieu), gib (prononc. gutb (donne), gnt (bon), Gaft (hôte). 2. Le g final a un son guttural analogue à celui du à, mais qui, après les voyelles faibles, est beatcoup plus doux que le d. Il présente d’ailleurs la même différence que le d. Ainsi il est guttural et fort après les voyelles fortes a, o,u: ber Sogel, l'oiseau" (pron. Boüdel) ; das Auge (l'œil), bas Lager (le camp), bie ag (la chasse) ; et il est très-doux après les voyelles faibles ü, 41 __ LEÇON IT. — ALPHABET, CONSONNES. $ 5 e, i, 5, ü, ou les consonnes liquides {, m, r: der frieg (la guerre), die Vôgel (les oiseaux), der Effig (le vinaigre), die Ginnwillig-ung (le consentement), folg-enbes (ce.qui suit), die Sorg-e (le soin). 11 faut entendre cette prononciation. Après un n, dans la même syllabe, le g a la prononciation que nous lui avons vue ci-dessus, n° 1 ; la réunion des deux caractères n et g produit alors un son qui rappelle celui de ng dans angle, anguleux, mais plus énergique et moins nasal : die Géblange (le serpent), der Gefang (le chant). Dans les mots qui viennent du français, le g se prononce à la française : bas Genie (le génie). b s’appelle ha; c’est l’h fortement aspiré. 1. Le 6 est toujours aspiré lorsqu'il est initial , c’est-à-dire au commencement d’un mot ou d’une syllabe, et suivi d’une voyelle ou d’une diphthongue. Il se prononce d’une manière fortement aspirée au com mencement des mots : aben (avoir), borde (écoute), Gerr (sei gneur), beute (aujourd’hui). Il est moins aspiré dans le corps d’un mot : ©-beim (oncle). 2. Le b final (à la fin d’un mot ou d’une syllabe) ou placé devant une consonne, ne se prononce pas du tout ; il indique alors que la syllabe est longue: früÿ (tôt), 3abl (nombre), fbrte (tournait), môBI (bien), Sub (soulier). 3. Lorsque le 6, placé à la fin d’une syllabe, est précédé d’une voyelle et suivi d’un e mi-muet: fab-en (virent), nab-e (près), geb-e (marche) , les deux voyelles séparées par le f se prononcent comme si elles étaient liées entre elles par un trait d'union: faben, prononc. sa-en, en laissant à chacune des deux voyelles le son naturel qui lui appartient. i s'appelle ofte et se prononce comme li français dans ÿo nique, iambe; mais plus for tement-et en liant plus étroitement le j et la voyelle suivante : jeder (chacun), ja (oui). ” On comprendra mieux cette règle en n’oubliant pas que le Fi $ © LEÇON II. — ALPHABET, CONSONNES. 12 j n’est pas une voyelle, mais une consonne, et n’a de son véritable que par la voyelle qui le suit: ja (non pas i-a) ; je (non pas t-e; ju (non pas i-u). Dans les mots français, le j se prononce comme en fran çais : Journal, journal. f, €. Le f allemand ressemble au k français: entvülfert ; fein (nul.) Le double f est représenté par d et s’appelle {sé-ka ; il se trouve toujours après une voyelle brève: bas Glüd (le bonheur). {,m, nt. Mêmes noms, mêmes sons qu’en français. L’{ allemand n’est jamais mouillé, et le son de l’m et de ln est le même après ou avant les voyelles: ftillen (apaiser), man, im, einem (à un), @uïtan. a s'appelle kou. Le q est toujours suivi d’un u et d’une aulre voyelle. Les deux lettres qu se prononcent comme fw, sans faire eutendre l’u: Quelle (source), prononc. Rwelle. Le q allemand ne se rencontre jamais à la fin des syllabes ou des mots, comme en français dans le mot coq. r. Nom et prononciation comme en français. f $ $, ff, sont les manières différentes de figurer l’s allemand. f et 8 s'appellent comme en français ; ils représen tent l’s simple ; f se place au commencement et dans le corps des mots; 8 se place à la fin des mots: feine, sa; fo, ainsi; _biejes, cela; bag, le. | L’s allemand se prononce comme l’s français dans son, sa voir; placé entre deux voyelles, 1l est quelque peu adouci, et se rapproche du 2 français : fafen, lisaient ; bie Dufe, la muse (moins fort que bie Dufe, le loisir). Certaines parties de l'Allemagne lui donnent ce son adouci même au commence ment des mots: fo, ainsi; fagen, dire. $ et ff représentent l’s double et fortement sifflé. $ s'appelle ess-fsètte; il est le signe du double s long: grofer, grand ; tWéig, sait. 13 LEÇON II. — ALPHABET, CONSONNES. $ 5 ff s'appelle ess-esse; il est le signe du double s bref: wiffen, savoir ; bas Aiffen, le coussin. Remarque. Nig,nif, ni ff ne se trouvent jamais au commencement des mots. 1l n’y a par conséquent qu’une seule majuscule de l’{ allemand, qui est &. Sou vent l’ff est changé, dans les inflexions, en $, et & en ff : le premier, quand une voyelle brève devient longue ; p. ex. twiffen (savoir) fait à l'indicatif présent id Weig ; le second, quand une voyelle longue devant $ se change en voyelle brève ; p. ex. veigen (arracher) fait à l’imparfait i® riff ou vifs. 11 faut observer cependant que cette concordance rationnelle entre l’orthographe et la prononciation n’est pas uniformément observée, et que la plupart des auteurs écrivent tif, tout en laissant à ce mot le son bref qui lui appartient. ? , .,e >. f s'appelle, d’après sa composition, ess-isé-ha; il se pro nonce d’un son chuintant, comme le ch dans chat, achat; perfifche, Dermwijd. Avec les explications qui précèdent, les Français trouveront d'eux-mêmes la prononciation naturelle des consonnes réu nies ff, ff, fm, fn, îb, ft; ils diront Sflave et non Scflave; be ftänbigen, et non befgtändigen; Sprade et non Sdprade; verfteben et non verfdtehen; Enthufiaft et non Entbufiafdt. Toutefois, il faut leur faire remarquer que la prononciation chuintante de l’f suivi de f, 1, mt, n, p,t, est reçue dans la plus grande partie de l’Allemagne, mais seulement au commence ment des mots ou des syllabes, jamais à la fin: Maft, et non pas PMafdt(mât). Le meilleur conseil que nous puissions donner à ce sujet, c’est de prononcer l’ft, fp, etc., au commencement des mots et des syllabes, d’un son intermédiaire entre le véritable ft, f@p et le véritable ft, fp. Le bon exemple du maître est ici indispensable. &, nom et prononciation de l’x fort, c'est-à-dire comme ks: Art, hache, prononc. Afft. " & tsèlle. 1 se prononce comme le c devant une voyelle faible : ersüblt, Vesier, prononc. ertjäblt, Betfier, en faisant sonner l’f très-fort. #$, lé-isèlle, est le 3 double. Il a sa place après une voyelle brève et n’est jamais au commencement des mots: der Wit bold, le plaisant ; der Put, la parure. S 6 LEÇON II. — CONSONNES , EXERCICES. 14 EXERCICES. — Übungen. & 6. 4. LECTURE ET TRADUCTION LITTÉRALE. (Lelen und würtlihes Ueberieben.) Der Bezier des grofen Snltans (Pb ein Enthufiafit, Le visir du grand sultan (si un enthousiaste oder ein SBitbolb? wir twiffen eS nicht) fagte dent Raifer ou un plaisant ? nous savons le pas) disait au empereur %olagenbes : Sd babe von einem alten Derwifdh gelernt, ce qui suit : Je ai de à un vieux derviche appris die Sprache der Bôgel zu verfteben; Fein Bogel fann den la langue des oiseaux à comprendre; aucun oiseau peut le Eynael aufthun, obne ba id tweifs was er fpridt. ouvrir, sans que je sais cequ'il parle. 2. Traduction française. (Sliependbe Überjegung.) — Le visir du grand sultan, ou un enthousiaste ou un plaisant, nous ne le savons pas, dit à l’empereur ce qui suit: J’ai appris d’un vieux derviche à comprendre le langage des oiseaux, et nul oiseau ne peut ouvrir le bec sans que je sache ce qu’il dit. 8. Comparaison des deux langues. (Bergleibung der beiden Sprachen.) — Sir wiffen e8 nidt, nous savons le pas: le régime, même le pronom personnel, après le verbe. La particule néga tive ñne n'existe pas en allemand. — 9% Babe bon einem alten Dermifd gelernt, j'ai de à un vieux deruiche appris: le ré gime entre les deux parties d’un verbe composé, après l’auxi liaire, avant le verbe principal (qui est toujours ou un parti cipe passé ou bien un infinitif); von einem, de à un; von ‘touverne le datif. —bie Sprade zu verjteben, le langage à comprendre; den Snabel aufthun, Le bec ouvrir: le com plément, soit régime ou adjectif ou adverbe, précède l’infinitif et le participe, lesquels se mettent à la fin de la phrase. — 45 LEÇON II. — CONSONNES, EXERCICES. $ G obne baf id weig, sans que Je suis; l'indicatif et non pas le subjonctif wiffe, sache. (La conjonction bafÿ, bien qu'il y ait un $, doubles long, se prononce d’un son bref, pour le mieux distinguer de l’article neutre bas, le ou lu.)* 4. Conversation. (Gefprüd.) — 1. Qui était un enthousiaste ou un plaisant? — 2. Qui est-ce qui parlait au sultan? — 8. À qui le visir disait-il quelque chose ? — 4. Qu'est-ce que nous ne savons pas ? (La réponse est : s2 (ob) le visir un en thousiaste ou un plaisant élait.) — 5. De qui le visir avait-il appris quelque chose ? — 6. Qu’a-t-il appris à comprendre ? — 7. Qui ne peut ouvrir son bec sans être entendu? — 8. De ” qui l'oiseau était-il entendu ? (Réponse : de au visir.) — 9. Que sait le visir quand un oiseau ouvre le bec? — 10. Peut-on réellement comprendre les oiseaux ? 5. Construction. (Gabbiloung.) — 1. Le visir du sultan est à l’intérieur. — 2. I sait ce que dit le sulian (ce que le sultan parle). — 3. Sait-il ce que Mahmoud dit en allemand (ce que Mahmoud en allemand parle). — 4. Le visir du grand sultan Mahmoud était un enthousiaste. — 5. Nous le savons. — 6. Le savons-nous ? (savons-nous le). — 7. Nous ne savons pas si le sultan était un plaisant (...si le sultan un plaisant était). — 8. L'empereur raconte ses guerres au visir (4 empereur raconte au visir ses guerres). — 9. $ 6—7 LEÇON III. — ACCENT TONIQUE. 16 pour plus de clarté et de facilité, couper la phrase à la fran çaise (voy. aussi ci-après n° 13). — 138. Un plaisant ne raconte pas ses guerres (un plaisant raconte ses guerres pas). — 14. Aucun oiseau ne peut savoir (Wiffen) ce que disait le visir. — 15. Je peux comprendre ce que l’empereur dit (fpriÿt) en allemand. — 16. Nous savons ce que le visir raconte à l'empe reur. — 17. Le derviche ne peut pas savoir (wiffen) tout (Xiïes). — 18. Peut-il comprendre les (bie) oiseaux ? — 19. Je ne’le sais pas, ou, nous ne le savons pas. — Que (as) savons nous ? — 21. Qu’avait appris le visir d’un vieux derviche (que avait Le visir d’un vieux derviche appris)? — 22. Un plaisant ne sait pas ce que l’on raconte. — 23. Je ne puis pas com prendre ce qu’on dit (fpridt ou fagt.) TROISIÈME LECON. — ritte Lection. ts DE L'ACCENT TONIQUE. Bon bem Svplben=Accente. & ‘7. Dans les mots simples, non composés, l’accent tonique repose sur la syllabe radicale : grôf$-er, [@ün-er; ge-lernt, er-3àb1t, geb-et (donnez), Ge-bet (prière) *. Ensuitetouslessubstantifs, adjectifs et verbes d’une seulesyl labe sont accentués : Gott, Dieu ; gnt, bon; téun, faire ; fein, être. Exceprions. N’ont pas l’accent tonique sur le radical : 1. Les substantifs en ei: Tyrannei, tyrannie; Lederei, friandise; Paccent est sur la finale ei; — 2. Les verbes en iren ou ieren: ftubiren, étudier; regieren, régner, où l'accent est sur la syilabe ir ou ier; — 3. Les mols qui se terminent par la finale étrangère ift (iste): Plumift, fleuriste, de Blume, fleur, où l'accent est sur la finale ift; — 4. Quelques autres mots allemands, comme lebenbig, vivant, où l'accent est sur enb, au lieu d’être sur feb, racine de leben, vivre; Hut-wort, réponse, et Ant-lit, visage, où l’accent est sur la particule Ant. Us * Ces règles sur l'accent tonique seront plus claires au fur et à mesure que l'élève apprendra à distinguer les syllabes et les particules initiales et finales du radical des mots. Ainsi dans le mot geb-et, donnez, la syllabe radicale du verbe geben, donner, est geb, et et n’est que la terminaison de l'impératif. Dans le mot Ge-bet, prière, au contraire, bet est le radical du verbe beten, prier, et @c u’est qu’une particule initiale. 47 LEÇON III. — ACCENT TONIQUE. $ 8—10 $ 8. 1. Dans les mots composés, l’accent est sur le mot délerminant, c’est-à-dire le mot qui donne le sens particulier du composé, et qui se trouve en premier; et si ce déterminant a deux syllabes, l’accent est sur la syllabe radicale : Xu 8 lanb, pays étranger (littéralement : dehors-pays, c’est-à-dire le pays au dehors du nôtre), où l’accent est sur Aus, mot délermi nant; Sduttbaufen, monceau de décombres; au fthun, ouvrir (de auf, ouvert, et thun, faire); SerzenSireund, ami de cœur, où l’accentest sur Serz, syllabe radicale du déterminant Serzens. ExcEPTIONs. Grand nombre de prépositions et d’adverbes composés, comme ber vor, en avant; bier auf, là-dessus ; wo bur®, par quoi; ba neben, à côté de cela, ont l'accent tonique sur le dernier mot: vot, auf, bur®, neben, tandis que certains autres suivent la règle générale, comme auf wärts8, vers le haut: ab wärts, vers le bas; ba mais, dans ce temps, où l’accent est sur le premier. 2. Dans quelques mots composés de plus de deux parties, comme : das Srobn-leibnams-feft, la Fête-Dieu (de Grobn, sei gneur, Leibnam, corps, Seit, fête), l’accent est sur le mot double, c’est-à-dire que la DiÉmere syllabe (feid) de Leignamé est accentuée. | 8 9. À côté de cet accent tonique principal il y a une espèce de demu-accent. Il se trouve: a) sur le mot principal (celui qui dans les composés est en dernicr), et si ce mot principal a plusieurs syllabes, sur la syllabe radicale : Sdntt baufen, où l’accent principal est sur Sdutt, et le demi-accent sur fauf, radical de Sauf-en ; b) sur les syllabes finales qui ser vent à former des mots dérivés et dont la voyelle n’est pas e ou i: Raifer-thum, empire, formé de Raifer, empereur, et de thum, parlicule finale dérivative, où l’accent principal est sur Raif, et le demi-uccent sur tÿum. — Même l’e et i des finales ont le demi-accent lorsqu'ils sont suivis de deux ou plusieurs con sonnes : Gatt-in, épouse (voy. $ 10). 8 10. Sont véritablement sans accent : les particules initiales ou finales qui servent à la formation des mots, et dont la voyelle est e ou t (pourvu toutefois que cette voyelle ne soit pas suivie de plusieurs consonnes ; voy. ci-dessus $ 9): fab-en, 2 $ 40— 13 LEÇON III. — SYLLABES LONGUES ET BRÈVES. 18 fhôn-es, Süng-er, chanteur; müdt-ig, puissant; er-3àb1t. Il en est de même de certains mots d’une seule syllabe, comme l’article défini et indéfini : ber, masc. ; bas, neul.; die, fém. ; ein, un ; le pronom personnel neutre e8 et la préposition zu, de ou à devant l’infinitif : gu reben, de ou à parler. DE LA LONGUEUR ET DE LA BRIÈVETÉ DES SYLLABES. Bon der Lünge und Rürse der Evlben. $ 11. On appelle une syllabe longue ou brève, selon que la voyelle qu’elle contient est prononcée d’un son long ou d’un son bref. $ 12. Sont longues : 4. En général, les syllabes qui ne terminent pas par deux consonnes ou par une consonne redoublée : das Rad, la roue ; (ben, vivre ; nében, à côlé ; bir, à toi ; Vüter, père ; über, sur, ‘au-dessus ; vor, devant ; der claf, le sommeil ; bas Süd, le livre.
| 16,964 |
https://github.com/c7devteam/addressbook_engine/blob/master/README.rdoc
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,017 |
addressbook_engine
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c7devteam
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RDoc
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Code
| 127 | 453 |
= Addressbook
== Instructions:
<b>To test it, in root folder run:</b>
rake db:create
rake db:migrate
rake db:seed (seeds Users to dummy app)
cd spec/dummy/
rails s
<b>Root address:</b>
http://localhost:3000/addressbook
<b>In non-test app we should run</b>
rake addressbook:install:migrations
<b>mount routes</b>
Rails.application.routes.draw do
mount Addressbook::Engine => "/addressbook"
end
<b>create User\Account\Whatever, who will have contacts</b>
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
attr_accessible :email, :first_name, :last_name
#Contacts
has_many :account_contacts, :class_name => 'Addressbook::AccountContact', as: :owner
#Contacts
has_many :account_contact_groups, :class_name => 'Addressbook::AccountContactGroup', as: :owner
end
<b>and configure engine by making initialization file in app's config</b>
#config/initializers/addressbook.rb
require 'carrierwave'
CarrierWave.configure do |config|
config.root = ::Rails.root.to_s+"/public/"
end
Addressbook.configure do
def current_account
User.first if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists? 'users'
end
@current_account = current_account
def image_storing_path
return "uploads"
end
end
<i>This project rocks and uses MIT-LICENSE. Lol, it should really rock! :D</i>
| 13,991 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49017496
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Cabresto Mesa
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None
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Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 91 | 193 |
Cabresto Mesa
Cabresto Mesa
mountain in New Mexico, United States of America
Cabresto Mesa GeoNames ID 5459813
Cabresto Mesa coordinate location
Cabresto Mesa GNIS Feature ID 904288
Cabresto Mesa country United States of America
Cabresto Mesa instance of mountain
Cabresto Mesa located in the administrative territorial entity Rio Arriba County
Cabresto Mesa
berg in Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Cabresto Mesa GeoNames-identificatiecode 5459813
Cabresto Mesa geografische locatie
Cabresto Mesa GNIS-identificatiecode 904288
Cabresto Mesa land Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Cabresto Mesa is een berg
Cabresto Mesa gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Rio Arriba County
| 2,678 |
https://github.com/nickeldan/AoC2021/blob/master/Day4/board.h
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
AoC2021
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nickeldan
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C
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Code
| 44 | 162 |
#include <fstream>
#define BOARD_SIZE 5
class Board {
private:
unsigned char nums[BOARD_SIZE][BOARD_SIZE];
bool marked[BOARD_SIZE][BOARD_SIZE];
unsigned char num_marked;
bool has_won;
bool
rowFilled(int row) const;
bool
columnFilled(int column) const;
public:
Board(std::fstream &f);
Board(const Board &board);
bool
play(unsigned char number);
bool
winner(void);
unsigned int
score(void) const;
};
| 37,194 |
pictorialnewtest0000unse_f0p6_13
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English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,881 |
The pictorial New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ : translated out of the Greek ; being the version set forth in A. D. 1611, compared with the most ancient authorities, and revised A. D. 1881. With notes
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,654 | 10,303 |
And he came to Naza- reth, where he had been 1 Or, until S. LUKE, 231 brought up: and he en- tered, as his custom was, into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and stood up to read. And11 there was delivered unto him *the book of the pro- phet Isaiah. And he opened the ‘book, and found the place where it was written, The Spirit of the Lord 18 is upon me, 2 Or, a roll 3 Or, roll are very serious difficulties at- tending the settlement of this question ; but it is less important than might be supposed, as all the moral aspects and bearings of the case are the same on either supposition. In order to appre- ciate the nature and severity of this trial, we must remember that Jesus was strictly a man, and that he partook of all the natural feelings of the human heart; and now, as he was about to enter upon a very pub- lic career as a man, he found himself mysteriously partaking of the divine nature, and clothed with divine authority, and placed, moreover, in a position which opened before him pros- pects of the greatest magnifi- cence and splendor, if he would take advantage of the circum- stances in which he was placed, and wield the supernatural powers with which he was clothed, to protect himself from injury, to gratify his own de- sires, and to attain earthly dominion, instead of giving himself up to a life of sorrow and suffering, and to an agoniz- ing death, for the redemption of man. These seem to have been the suggestions which struggled for the mastery over him in the dark season of his trial. We have too indistinct ideas of the reality of his manhood fully to realize the greatness ani severity of the struggle. 15. Glorified of all; highly commended and approved as a preacher. How long this period of his ministry continued, dur- ing which he regularly officiated in the synagogues on the Sab- bath, enjoying a high degree of public approbation and favor, we are not informed. It was a very remarkable period of his life. 16. As his custom was ; an in- dication that Christ observed the Sabbath day as a day of public worship. 17. The book, The books in ancient times, as, in fact, they are now in Jewish synagogues, were rolls of parchment or vel- lum. 18. Anointing was the ancient form of induction to high and solemn offices. This passage is found in Isa. 61: 1, 2. The words, he hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, contained in the Old Version, are wanting in the best manuscripts, and were prob- ably inserted to make the pas- sage here correspond with the original prophecy in Isaiah, 232 S. *Because he anointed me to preach *good tidings to the poor: He hath sent me to proclaim release to the captives, And _ recovering sight to the blind, To set at liberty them that are bruised, To proclaim the ac- ceptable year of the Lord. 20 And he closed the ‘book, and gave it back to the attendant, and sat down: and the eyes of all in the synagogue were fastened gion him. And he began to say unto them, To-day hath this scripture been fulfilled in your ears. e2And all bare him wit- ness, and wondered at the words of grace which pro- ceeded out of his mouth : of 19 1 Or, Wherefore 2 Or, the gospel LUKE. 4, 18— and they said, Is not this Joseph’s son? And hes said unto them, Doubt- less ye will say unto me this parable, Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we have heard done at Capernaum, do also here in thine own country. And he said, Verily I say 24 unto you, No prophet is acceptable in his own country. But of a truth25 I say unto you, There were many widows in Israel in the days of Eli- jah, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when there came a great famine over all the land; and unto26 none of them was Elijah sent, but only to ‘Za- rephath, in the land of Sidon, unto a woman that was a widow. And there 27 3 Or, roll 4 Gr. Sarepta. 20. The attendant ; an officer of thesynagogue who had charge of the books and building. 21. To-day hath this scripture been fulfilled in your ears; 1. e., by his own preaching. This language points him out very clearly as the Messiah, foretold by the Old Testament prophets. 22. It is not meant that they interrupted the exercises to say this aloud. The phraseology is only a pointed mode of repre- senting that this was the prevail- ing impression upon their minds, —that is, surprise that the un-— taught son of their humble townsman Joseph, should preach with such power. 25. According to the account here referred to, (1 Kings 17: 8 to 18: 1.) it was three years. The addition of the six months to the duration of the drought in this verse, and in James, (5: 17.) is generally explained by including the ordinary dry sea- son of those climates, which preceded the drought. 26. The meaning is, that he was not sent to any of the widows in Israel, but to a Zido- nian widow, a Gentile. 27. Hlisha. None of the lepers in Israel were cleansed, but a Syrian leper was cleansed, (See 2 Kings, 5:) —4. 38. were many lepers in Israel in the time of Elisha the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, but only Naaman the Syrian. 28 And they were all filled with wrath in the syna- gogue, as they heard 29these things; and they rose up, and cast him forth out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill whereon their city was built, that they might throw him down 30headlong. Sut he pass- ing through the midst of them went his way. 31 And he came down to Capernaum, a_ city of Galilee. And he was teaching them on the sab- 82bath day: and they were astonished at his teacn- ing; for his word was 83with authority. And in the synagogue there was a man, which had a spirit of an unclean ‘devil; and 1 Gr. demon. 2 Or, Let alone S. LUKE. 233 he cried out with a loud voice, “Ah! what have we 34 to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God. And Jesus rebuked 35 him, saying, “Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And when the ‘devil had thrown him down in the midst, he came out of him, having done him no hurt. And amazement36 came upon all, and the spake together, one with another, saying, What is ‘this word? for with au- thority and power he commandeth the unclean spirits, and they come out. And there went87 forth a rumour concern- ing him into every place of the region round about. And he rose up froms38 the synagogue, and en- tered into the house of 3 Or, this word, that with authority.. come out ? 28. They were highly pleased with the commencement of the discourse, but exceedingly irri- tated and angry at its close. They could not endure this calm but plain assertion of the abso- lute sovereignty of God, in dis- pensing and in withholding his favors, both in regard to Jew and Gentile, according to his own good pleasure. 31. Down to Capernaum. Na- zareth was situated among the hills, back from the lake, while Capernaum was upon its shore. —He was teaching them ; i.e , he was accustomed to teach them on the Sabbath day. — Teaching ; not doctrine, as in the Old Ver- sion ; not what he taught, but the power and spirit of his teaching, awakened their as- tonishment, 38. Simon. This was Simon Peter, the apostle. Bethsaida was his original residence, and Capernaum the place where his wife’s mother resided. —Holden with a great fever ; a graphic ex- pression indicating the effect of the fever, in making her, as it were, a prisoner on her bed, 234 Simon. And Simon’s wife’s mother was holden with a great fever; and they besoug!it him for her. 39 And he stood over her, and rebuked the fever; and it left her: and imme- diately she rose up and ministered unto them. And when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with divers dis- eases brought them unto him; and he laid his hands on every one of 1 Gr. demons. 41. In speaking of the general phenomena of nature, the sacred writers, no doubot, often em- ployed the modes of expression commonly in~ : in their day, without intending any inspired sanction of the philosophical opinions on which such expres- sions were based. On this prin- ciple, it has been maintained that the cases of demoniacal possession which are referred to in the New Testament, were simply cases of insanity, or of other natural disease, in speak- ing of which the evangelists used the language indicating a supernatural agency, either in a figurative sense, or else in ac- commodation to the ideas of their day ; and one of the main grounds for this opinion is, that the symptoms detailed in the various cases which are recorded, correspond very precisely with the symptoms of certain natural diseases. Now, it is doubtless true that not only the symptoms detailed, but many expressions used in narrating the events con- nected with these cases, indicate clearly that the sacred writers regarded the demoniacs as dis- eased. In one instance, in fact, S. LUKE. 4. 38— them, and healed them. And ‘devils also came out41 from many, crying out, and saying, Thou art the Son of God. And rebuk- ing them, he suffered them not to speak, be- cause they knew that he was the Christ. And when it was day, 42 he came out and went into a desert place: and the multitudes sought after him, and came unto him, and would have a sufferer is described by one evangelist (Matt. 17: 15, 16) as an epileptic, brought to be cured ; and by another (Luke 9: 38-40) as possessed with a devil. The question, therefore, is not, as it has sometimes been consid- ered, whether the evangelists regarded the demoniacs as dis- eased, but whether they in- tended really to refer their evident mental and _ bodily maladies to the influence of in- fernal beings. And, in this view of the subject, it must be admitted that the sacred writers ascribe so distinct and positive a personality to the agencies producing these sufferings, and connect these agencies so direct- ly with that invisible world in regard to which it would seem the special object of inspiration to instruct them, that we cannot safely deviate from a strict con- struction of their language. 42. Would have stayed him ; the Old Version says stayed him. The change illustrates one of the advantages of that accuracy of translation which the New Ver- sion affords. The context shows that they did not stay him, although they attempted so te do. —5. 8. stayed him, that he should not go from them. 43 But he said unto them, I must preach the ‘good tidings of the kingdom of God to the other cities also: for therefore was I sent. 44 And he was preaching in the synagogues of *Galilee. 5 Now it came to pass, while the multitude ressed upon him and eard the word of God, that he was standing by the lake of Gennesaret ; 2and he saw two boats standing by the lake: but the fishermen had gone out of them, and were 3 washing their nets. And he entered into one of the boats, which was Simon’s, and asked him to put out 1 Or, gospel S. LUKE. 235 a little from the land. And he sat down and taught the multitudes out of the boat. And4 when he had left speak- ing, he said unto Simon, Put out into the deep, and let down your nets foradraught. And Simons answered and said, Mas- ter, we toiled all night, and took nothing: but at thy word I will let down the nets. And when they 6 had this done, they in- closed a great multitude of fishes; and their nets were breaking ; and they? beckoned unto their part- ners in the other boat, that they should come and help them. And they came, and filled both the boats, so that they began to sink. But Simon Pe-8 2 Very many ancient authorities read Judea. 44. He was preaching, i. e., the events here narrated by Luke occurred during the period of his ministry in Galilee. CHAPTER VY. 1. The Lake of Gennesaret, or Sea of Galilee, was about thir- teen miles long, and from four to six broad, and was surreunded by a beautifnl and romantic country, which was inhabited by a simple-minded people. The whole region has become sacred, as the scene of our Savior’s childhood and youth, and of his early public ministrations. His labors in this secluded but busy and populous province, some- times among the fishermen upon the shores of the lake, and sometimes in the villages, or in the solitudes of the neighboring mountains, contrast strongly with the more public and ex- citing scenes of the closing year of his life, among the crowds and imposing magnificence of Jerusalem. 3. Simon’s. This was Simon Peter. His residence was Beth- saida.—'o put out a little, &e. ; so that he might be relieved from the pressure of the crowd, and address them as they stood upon the shore. 6. Were breaking; began to break in some places. 7. Began to sink ; to sink near to the water’s edge, so as to be in danger of being overturned. 8. Depart from me, This was 236 ter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus’ knees, saying, Depart from me ; for lama sinful man, O 9 Lord. For he was amazed, and all that were with him, at the draught of the fishes which they had 1otaken ; and so were also James and John, sons of Zebedee, which were part- ners with Simon. And Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not; from hence- forth thou shalt ‘catch 1imen. And when they had brought their boats to land, they left all, and followed him. And it came to pass, while he was in one of 12 1 Gr. take alive. S. LUKE. 5. S— the cities, behold, a man full of leprosy : and when he saw Jesus, he fell on his face, and besought him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. And he stretched 13 forth his hand, and touch- ed him, saying, I will; be thou madeclean. And straightway the leprosy departed from him. And 14 he charged him to tell no man: but go thy way, and shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing, according as Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. But so much the more15 went abroad the report only an expression of humility and self-abasement. Peter, far from desiring to be separated from Christ, left all, and fol- lowed him. 10. We are not to suppose that these words are all that was said. They express the substance of what was, perhaps, a long conversation. 12. This city was Capernaum, according to Mark, (2:1,)—a city where Jesus was then resid ing, (Matt. 9:1,) having remov- ed from Nazareth, (Matt. 4: 13,) to he safe from Herod Antipas. —Leprosy. In order to prevent the spread of this dreadful dis- ease by contagion, those afflicted with it were subjected to great restrictions and privations,— being cut off, in a great measure, from direct intercourse with others, and thus rendered . wretched and almost hopeless outcasts from society. The di- rections in regard to their exam- ination by the priests, and the rules and restrictions which they were to observe, are given in Lev. ch. 13 and 14.—Fell on his Jace ; that is, prostrated himself before him. 14. Show thyself to the priest, &c. The directions in respect to the ceremonies to be perform- ed by such lepers as_ should recover from the disease, in or- der to relieve them from their disabilities and restrictions, and restore them to their standing in society, are given in Lev. 14: 1- 32. From among the great number of miracles which Jesus performed at this time, it seems to have been only those which had something marked to distin- euish them, that were particu- larly recorded. The distinguish- ing circumstance in this case, perhaps, was, that the disease was the leprosy. —5. 27. concerning him: and great multitudes came together to hear, and to be healed of their infirmi- ig6ties. But he withdrew himself in the deserts, and prayed. And it came to pass on one of those days, that he was teaching; and there were Pharisees and doctors of the law sitting by, which were come out of every village of Gali- lee and Judea and Jeru- salem: and the power of the Lord was with him 1s'to heal. And_ behold, men bring on a bed a man that was palsied: and they sought to bring him in, and to lay him 19before him. And _ not finding by what way they might bring him in because of the multitude, they went up to the housetop, and let him down through the tiles with his couch into the 20midst before Jesus. And seeing their faith, he said, Man, thy sins are 2iforgiven thee. And the 17 1 Gr. that he should heal. Many an- cient authorities read that he showld heal them. 8. LUKE. 237 scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, Who is this that speak- eth blasphemies? Who can forgive sins, but God alone? But Jesus per-22 ceiving their reasonings, answered and said unto them, “What reason ye in your hearts? Whether 23 is easier, to say, Thy sins are forgiven thee; or to say, Arise and walk? But that ye may know 24 that the Son of man hath “power on earth to forgive sins (he said unto him that was palsied), I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go unto thy house. And25 immediately he rose up before them, and took up that whereon he lay, and departed to his house, glorifying God. Andee amazement took hold on all, and they glorified God ; and they were fill- ed with fear, saying, We have seen strange things to-day. And after these things 27 he went forth, and beheld 2 Or, ry 3 Or, authority 17. Out of every village, &. ; that is, from all parts of the country. 19. The construction of the ancient houses was very different from that of ours. They were made with flat roofs, and some- times with a court in the middle, partly or wholly uncovered, 23. The meaning is this: Is not divine power required as truly to heal the sick by a mira- cle as to forgive sin ? 27. Levi is supposed to be an- other name for Matthew. (See Matt. 9:9.) He was a collector of the customs, or duties, at this port, on the jake. The practice 238 a publican, named Levi, sitting at the place of toll, and said unto him, Fol- 28low me. And he forsook all, and rose up and fol- 29lowed him. And Levi made hima great feast in his house: and there was a great multitude of pub- licans and of others that were sitting at meat with 30them. And ‘the Phari- sees and their scribes murmured against his disciples, saying, Why do ye eat and drink with the publicans and _ sin- 3iners? And Jesus an- swering said unto them, They that are whole have no need of a physician ; 1 Or, the Pharisees and the scribes S. LUKE. 5. 27— but th -y that are sick. Iam nt come to call thesa righteo is but sinners to repentance. And _ they 33 said unto him, The disci- ples of John fast often, and make supplications ; likewise also the disci- ples of the Pharisees; but thine eat and drink. And Jesus said unto84 them, Can ye make the sons of the bride-chamber fast, while the bride- groom is with them? But35 the days will come; and when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them, then will they fast in those days. And he36é spake also a parable un- among them was for men of property to pay a specific sum to the government for the right to collect a certain tax or custom. Then, in collect- ing the tax, they employed sub- ordinate officers of various grades. By this system the government realized the money at once, and were saved all at- tention to details; and the con- tractor made a profit, as the sum which he paid was less than the expected proceeds of the tax. But the people suffered, as the system exposed them to cruel extortions from unprincipled and interested collectors of the tax. From the nature, of the business, the most rough and unfeeling men wou'l be most efficient and successful in it; the publicans were consequently taken from the most degraded classes of society, and were ob- jects of general detestation, 29. Levi appears to have been a man of standing and consider- ation among his class. 30. Their scribes, &c.; the scribes and Pharisees of the place. —Hat and drink with, &e. ; associate with. 34. The sons of the bride-cham- ber ; the groomsmen. 35. That is, when Jesus, whom he had in the verse before rep- resented as a bridegroom, shall be taken away from his disciples. 36. The new cloth referred to was such as would shrink and draw the edges of the old mate- rial, so as very soon to produce a worse rent than it was intend- ed to repair. The meaning is, If one should put a piece of new cloth into an old garment, he would both rend the new, spoil- ing that, and would not help the old, since that also would be rent by the shrinking of the new. Zum THE PARABLE “<stga OF THE IN THE HOLY LAND. A GARDEN 37 with the old. 39fresh wine-skins. —6. 6. to them; No man rend- eth a piece from a new garment and putteth it upon an old garment ; else he will rend the new, and also the piece from the new will not agree And no man putteth new wine in- to old ‘wine-skins; else the new wine will burst the skins, and itself will be spilled, and the skins 38will perish. But new wine must be put into And no man having drunk old wine desireth new: for he saith, The old is *good. Now it came to pass on a ‘sabbath, that he was going through -the corn- fields ; and his disciples plucked the ears of corn, 1 That is, skins used as bottles. 2 Many ancient authorities read better. 8. LUKE. 241 and did eat, rubbing them in their hands. Buta certain of the Pharisees said, Why do ye that which it is not lawful todo on the sabbath day ? Ands3 Jesus answering them said, Have ye not read even this, what David did, when he wasan hun- gered, he, and they that were with him; how he4 entered into the house of God, and did take and eat the shewbread, and gave also to them that were with him; which it is not lawful to eat save for the priests alone? And he said unto them, 5 The Son of man is lord of the sabbath. And it came to pass on6 another sabbath, that he 3 Many ancient authorities insert sec- ond-first. 37. Bottles ; made of leather, which, when old, were rigid and unyielding, and easily burst by the fermenting of new wine. Both these examples are intend- ed as only striking cases of in- congruity and unfitness, to give point and emphasis to the decla- ration of the unsuitableness of fasting and mourning under the circumstances in which the Sa- viour and his disciples were placed. The general lesson of the parable is against all at- tempts to patch old and worn- out systems with partial and temporary reformations. 39. The meaning is, that the Jews, who had been accustomed to the old order of things, could not be expected at once toaccept a new; they would tbink the old was good enough | 10 CHAPTER VI. 1. Corn. The corn of Judea consisted of what are called the smaller grains, as wheat and bar- ley. 3. What David did, &c. When pressed with hunger, on an emergency described 1 Sam. 21: 1-6, the sacred prohibitions of the tabernacle service were waived in his favor, and he took the holy bread for food. 4, Shewbread. For a descrip- tion of shewbread, and the table on which it was kept during the wanderings of the Israelites, see Ex: 25: 238-30. Solomon after- wards made amore costly table, (1 Kings 7:48,) David having provided the gold. (1 Chron. 28:16.) This bread was _pre- pared once a week. (1 Chron. 9; 32.) 5. Is Lord of the Sabbath ; that 242 entered into the syna- gogue and taught: and there was a man there, and his right hand was 7 withered. And the scribes and the Pharisees watch- ed him, whether he would heal on the sabbath; that they might find how 8to accuse him. But he knew their thoughts ; and he said to the man that had his hand withered, Rise up, and stand forth in the midst. And he arose and stood forth. 1 Or, foolishness is, as David, the anointed king of Israel, was lord of the sacred preparations of the tabernacle. 7. Watched him. They were silenced before, but not con- vinced; and they watched an opportunity to renew the dis- cussion. 8. Observe the bold and de- cided manner in which he met the question. 11. They were filled with mad- ness. In all ages, men are prone to hate those who expose their errors, especially if these errors are of the nature of superstitious feelings and observances. It is not surprising that they were exasperated at so public and overwhelming a rebuke for their hypocrisy in placing punctili- ousness in the performance of an external rite, above obedience to the spiritual precepts of God’s law. 12. All night in prayer. This seems to have been in reference to the appointment and com- mission of the twelve apostles, which was to take place in the morning. It must be remem- bered that the climate was mild S. LUKE. 6. 6— And Jesus said unto them, 9 Task you, Is it lawful on the sabbath to do good, or to do harm? to savea life, or to destroy it? And 10 he looked round about on them all, and said unto him, Stretch forth thy hand. And he did so: and his hand was restored. But they were filled with 11 ‘madness; and communed one with another what they might do to Jesus. And it came to pass in 12 these days, that he went and salubrious, and that the mountainous country about the Sea of Galilee was a region of great beauty and interest, as well as of retirement and solitude. Prayer, too, includes all forms of communion with God—medi- tation and praise as well as sup- plication. We must, therefore, not conceive of this night of prayer as one spent in austere exposure, anxiety, and gloom. It was doubtless a season of peace and joy,—of thanksgiving and praise,~of happy contem- plation of the vast consequences which were to flow from the great work of salvation which had been so successfully begun, —of heartfelt compassion for man, and devout communion with God. These religious emo- tions were doubtless heightened by the impression which the sol- emn glories of the night must have made upon a mind so alive to all natural and moral beauty. At such a time, all the objects in nature,—the cliffs, the ra- : vines,—the chasms, the preci- pices,—the gray rocks, the dark forests, —all wrapped in shadow —6. 19. out into the mountain to pray; and he continued all night in prayer to God. 13 And when it was day, he called his disciples: and he chose from them twelve, whom also he 14named apostles; Simon, whom he also named Peter, and Andrew his brother, and James and John, and Philip and 15 Bartholomew, and Mat- thew and Thomas, and James the son of Alpheus, and Simon which was 16called the Zealot, and 1 Or, brother. See Jude 1. and obscurity, assume a peculiar expression of dread sublimity and awe; and the vast expanse of magnificence and _brilliancy above, subdued by distance, beams upon the observer, the very type and symbol of eter- nity. No one who has not ex- perienced the effect, can con- ceive of the solemn sublimity of midnight among forests and mountains. 13. The meaning of the word apostles is, persons sent,—-mes- sengers. 15. The Zealot; the Zealots were a fraction of the Jews who advocated with great fierceness the literal observance of the Mosaic ritual. Simon originally belonged to this faction. 17. A level place ; not, as in the Old Version, in the plain. This more literal translation re- lieves the Gospels of one incon- sistency, which has given rise to great perplexity to Bible scholars. Matthew 5:1 repre- sents the sermon as delivered in the mountain, i.e., the hill S. LUKE. 243 Judas the ‘son of James, and Judas Iscariot, which was the traitor; and he1? came down with them, and stood on a level place, and a great multitude of his disciples, and a great number of the people from all Judea and Jerusalem, and the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases; and they 3 that were troubled with unclean spirits were healed. And all the mul-19 titude sought to touch country. Luke, as_ formerly translated, represented it as de- livered in the plain, and some scholars even suppose that two sermons were delivered: one on the mountain to the apostles, and the other in the plain to the multitude. The fact, however, probably was that Christ, after spending the night in prayer on one of the peaks, came down to a level spot among the hills, which afforded a convenient place for the gathering of the congregation, to whom he was to speak. In this audience were both a great multitude of his disciples, i. e., those who were already inclined to be pupils, and were listening with a sin- cere desire for instruction, and a great number of others, who were drawn simply by curi. osity, or, perhaps, by desire foi healing.— Tyre and Sidon. These cities were north of Galilee, on the Mediterranean. They have not been mentioned before as reached by the fame of Jesus, 244 him: for power came forth from him, and healed them all. And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, and said, Blessed are ye poor: for yours is the kingdom 210f God. Blessed ave ye that hunger now: for ye shall be filled. Blessed are ye that weep now: for 22ye shall laugh. Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and re- proach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of man’s _ sake. 23 Rejoice in that day, and leap for joy: for behold, your reward is great in heaven: for in the same manner did their fathers 24unto the prophets. But woe unto you that are rich! for ye have received 25your consolation. Woe unto you, ye that are full 20 20. This discourse is given more fully in Matthew, begin- ning at the fifth chapter. 24. This is not spoken of rich men universally. Abraham, David, and Joseph of Arimathea, were rich men. The language is simply an energetic expression of the hopeless condition of those who have earthly riches only, for their portion, 26. This is to be understood in the same manner as the above. Jesus himself, while preaching in Galilee, enjoyed, for some time, a high degree of public popularity and honor. Both S. LUKE. 6. 19— now! for ye shall hunger. Woe wnto you, ye that laugh now! for ye shall mourn and weep. Woe26 wnto you, when all men shall speak well of you! for in the same manner did their fathers to the false prophets. But I say unto you27 which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them that hate you, bless them 28 that curse you, pray for them that despitefully use you. To him that29 smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other ; and from him that taketh away thy cloke withhold not thy coat also. Give to every one 30 that asketh thee; and of him that taketh away thy goods ask them not again. And as ye would 3t that men should do to , you, do ye also to them likewise. And if ye love32 wealth and a good name are, in themselves, highly desirable. 29. Be of a yielding and for- giving disposition, and not eager to contend for your rights. It is not meant to require, always and absolutely, passive submis- sion to insult and injury. The apostle Paul appealed to the military force of the country for protection when his life was in danger. ; 30. Another strong mode of expression. Itis simply intend- ed to urge, in a very emphatic manner, the duty of disinterest- _ edness and universal good will. —6. 42. them that love yon, what thank have ye? for even sinners love those that 33love them. And if ye do good to them that do good to you, what thank have ye? for even sinners 34dothe same. And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have ye? even sinners lend to sinners, to receive again as much. 35But love your enemies, and do them good, and lend, *never despairing ; and your reward shall be great, and ye -shall be sons of the Most High: for he is kind toward the 36unthankful and evil. Be ye merciful, even as your 37 Father is merciful. And judge not, and ye shall not be judged: and con- demn not, and ye shall not be condemned: re- lease, and ye shall be re- 1 Some ancient authorities read de- spairing of no man. 35. Never despairing; the meaning is interpreted by the marginal reading, despairing of no man, and by Paul’s exhorta- tion in Gal. 6:9, Let us not be weary in well-doing. 37, Release and ye shall be re- leased. This is a more accurate translation of the original than the Old Version, Forgive and ye shall be forgiven. A general spirit of charity and considera- tion for others, in all their short- comings, is implied. 88. Mete ; measure. 40. Every one when he is perfect- S. LUKE. 245 leased: give, and it shall3s be given unto you ; good measure, pressed down, shaken together, running over, shall they give into your bosom. For with what measure ye mete it shall be measured to you again. And he spake also a39 parable unto them, Can the blind guide the blind ? shall they not both fall into a pit? The disciple 40 is not above his * master: but every one when he is perfected shall be as his *master. And why be-41 holdest thou the mote that is in thy brother’s eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye? Or how canst42 thou say to thy brother, Brother, let me cast out the mote that is in thine eye, when thou thyself beholdest not the beam 2 Or, teacher ed shall be as his master. This is one of those changes of transla- tion which brings out much more clearly the spiritual mean- ing of the original. The Chris- tian, however imperfect he may be here, shall eventually be made partaker of the divine nature, an heir of God, and a joint heir with the Lord Jesus Christ. 41. The meaning is, Why do you watch for and. condemn your brother’s smaller faults, while you are insensible to far greater ones of your own, 246 that is in thine own eye? Thou hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of thine own eye, and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote that is in 43thy brother’s eye. For there is no good tree that bringeth forth corrupt fruit ; nor again a cor- rupt tree that bringeth 44forth good fruit. For each tree is known by its own fruit. For of thorns men do not gather figs, nor of a bramble bush 45oather they grapes. The good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is good; and the evil man out of the evil trea- sure bringeth forth that which is evil: for out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaketh. And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say ? 47 very one that cometh unto me, and heareth my 1 Many ancient authorities read for it had been founded upon the rock; as in Matt. vii. 25. S. LUKE. 6. 42— words, and doeth them, I will shew you to whom he is like: he is like a48 man building a_ house, who digged and went deep, and laid a founda- tion upon the rock: and when a flood arose, the stream brake against that house, and could not shake it: ‘because it had been well builded. But49 he that heareth, and doeth not, is like a man that built a house upon the earth without a foundation; against which the stream brake, and straightway it fell in ; and the ruin of that house was great. After he had ended all 7 his sayings in the ears of the people, he entered into Capernaum. And a certain cen-2 turion’s “servant, who was ‘dear unto him, was sick and at the point of death. And when hes heard concerning Jesus, 2 Gr. bondservant. 3 Or, precious to him Or, honourable with him 43. No good tree, i. e., it is a universal rule that nothing good can produce evil, and nothing evil can produce good. 46. Call ye me Lord, Lord ; that is, by professions acknowl- edge my authority, while you do not obey my commands. CHAPTER VII. 1. In the ears of the people. This discourse was :isvened to by a large concourse of people, as is stated more fully in the account given by Matthew. (Matt. 4:25. Speudigees Scala) 2. At the point of death; a better translation than ready to die, which might be thought to imply that he was prepared for death. 3. ‘The peculiar point and interest of this story consist in the fact that the centurion was a —7. 13. he sent unto him elders of the Jews, asking him that he would come and 4save his ‘servant. And they, when they came to Jesus, besought him earnestly, saying, He is worthy that thou shouldest do this for him: 5for he loveth our nation, and himself built us our 6synagogue. And Jesus went with them. And when he was now not far from the house, the cen- turion sent friends to him, saying unto him, Lord, trouble not thyself: for 1 am not ’worthy that thou shouldest come 7under my roof: where- fore neither thought I myself worthy to come unto thee: but ‘say the word, and my ‘servant 8shall be healed. For I also am a man set under authority, having under myself soldiers: and I say to this one, Go, and he goeth; and to an- 1 Gr. bondservant. 2 Gr. sufficient. 8 Gr. say with a word. foreigner, a Roman officer, un- der Herod Antipas, who, as such, occupied a peculiar posi- tion in regard to the Jews. These officers were often haugh- ty and oppressive; but this cen- turion seems to have been a de- vout man, and just and _ benefi- cent towards the people whom he assisted to govern. Under these circumstances, it was natural for him not to apply directly to Christ himself, but to ask the fmendly mediation of other officers. of 8. LUKE. 247 other, Come, and he cometh; and to my 'ser- vant, Do this, and he doeth it. And wheng Jesus heard these things, he marvelled at him, and turned and said unto the multitude that followed him, I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel. And they that were sent, 10 returning to the house, found the ‘servant whole. And it came to passii ‘soon afterwards, that he went to a city called Nain; and his disciples went with him, and a great multitude. Now12 when he drew near to the gate of the city, be- hold, there was carried out one that was dead, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow: and much people of the city was with her. And when the Lord saw 18 her, he had compassion on her, and said unto 4 Or, b OY 5 Many ancient authorities read on the next day. Christ’s own nation, with whom he must have been, from the nature of the case, on friendly and familiar terms. How true to nature, and to the circumstan, ces of the case, is the plea which they urged, in the 4th and 5th verses. 9. In Lsrael. was a Gentile. 11. A city called Nain. Villa- ges of very inconsiderable size were, in those days, walled in, and called cities, The centurion 248 i4her, Weep not. And he came nigh and touched the bier: and the bearers stood still. And he said, Young man, I say unto i5thee, Arise. And he that was dead sat up, and be- gan to speak. And he gave him to his mother. 16And fear took hold on all: and they glorified God, saying, A great pro- phet is arisen among Us: and, God hath visited his 17people. And this report went forth concerning him in the whole of Ju- dea, and all the region round about. And the disciples of John told him of all 19these things. And John calling unto him ‘two of his disciples sent them to the Lord, saying, Art thou he that cometh, or 20 look we for another ? And when the men were come unto him, they said, John the Baptist hath sent us unto thee, saying, Art thou he that cometh, or 21look we for another? In that hour he cured many of diseases and “plagues 18 1 Gr. certain two. 2 Gr. scowrges. 14. Touched the bier ; laid his hand upon it, signifying that they should put it down. 18. It seems that his disciples had access to him in the prison. 19. He that cometh ; the prom- ised Messinh.— Or look we; are we to expect ? 24-27. In these questions, Christ contrasts John the Baptist t S. LUKE. 7. 13— and evil spirits; and on many that were blind he bestowed sight. And he2a answered and said unto them, Go your way, and tell John what things ye have seen and heard ; the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, the poor have ‘vood tidings preached to them. And blessed is he, 23 whosoever shall find none occasion of stumbling in me. And when the messen- 24 gers of John were depart- ed, he began to say unto the multitudes concern- ing John, What went ye out into the wilderness to behold ? a reed shaken with the wind? But what 25 went ye out to see? a man clothed in soft rai- ment? Behold, — they which are gorgeously ap- parelled, and live deli- cately, are in kings’ courts. But what went26 ye out tosee? a prophet? Yea, I say unto you, and much more than a pro- 3 Or, the gospel with those persons and objects which ordinarily attract public attention and admiration. John drew men” to him not by his complacent yielding to every breath of public sentiment, nor by his display of gorgeous attire, but by the high, pure, and spir- itual quality of his teaching ag a prophet, + —7. 3%. 27phet. This is he of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, Who shall _ prepare thy way before thee. 28I say unto you, Among them that are born of women there is none greater than John: yet he that is ‘but little in the kingdom of God is 29greater than he. And all the people when they heard, and the publicans, justified God, *being bap- tized with the baptism of 30John. But the Phari- sees and the lawyers re- jected for themselves, the counsel of God, ‘being not baptized of him. 31 Whereunto then shall I liken the men of this generation, and to what 1 Gr. lesser.
| 33,095 |
https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helius%20%28Helius%29%20albitarsis
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Helius (Helius) albitarsis
|
https://min.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helius (Helius) albitarsis&action=history
|
Minangkabau
|
Spoken
| 42 | 111 |
Helius (Helius) albitarsis adolah langau dari famili Limoniidae. Langau ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Langau iko biasonyo tingga di tampek lambok. Larvanyo biasonyo dapek ditamukan habitatnyo di paraiaran ataupun semi parairan.
Rujuakan
Limoniidae
| 17,261 |
https://github.com/projectcalico/calico/blob/master/hack/postrelease/test_projectcalico_docs_updated.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, GPL-2.0-only
| 2,023 |
calico
|
projectcalico
|
Python
|
Code
| 38 | 167 |
import os
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
from versions import RELEASE_STREAM
def test_http_redirects_correctly():
req = requests.get("http://projectcalico.docs.tigera.io/latest")
assert req.status_code == 200
def test_latest_releases_redirects_correctly():
req = requests.get("https://projectcalico.docs.tigera.io/latest/release-notes")
assert req.status_code == 200
version = BeautifulSoup(req.content, features="html.parser").find("strong")
assert version.get_text() == RELEASE_STREAM
| 46,124 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87.%20%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
سيسيل جيه. پيكارد
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=سيسيل جيه. پيكارد&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 67 | 207 |
سيسيل جيه. پيكارد كان سياسى من امريكا.
حياته
سيسيل جيه. پيكارد من مواليد يوم 1 يناير 1938 فى ماوريس, مات فى 15 فبراير 2007.
الدراسه
درس فى جامعة لويزيانا فى لافايت و جامعة سام هيوستن الحكوميه.
الحياه العمليه
سياسيا كان عضو فى الحزب الديمقراطى.
اشتغل فى مدينة باتون روچ فى ولاية لويزيانا.
المناصب
عضو مجلس نواب لويزيانا
عضو مجلس ولايه لويزيانا
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
سياسيين
سياسيين امريكان
| 37,334 |
2014/92014E002933/92014E002933_IT.txt_7
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,684 | 12,019 |
Will the Commission draw the unavoidable conclusion that Turkey is not European, does not wish to be European, is not capable of being European, and ought never to accede to the EU? Will the Commission once and for all halt the accession negotiations between the EU and Turkey?
Question for written answer E-003730/14
to the Commission
Mara Bizzotto (EFD)
(26 March 2014)
Subject: Censoring of Twitter in Turkey
The Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, decided to ban Twitter in Turkey after the social network failed to comply with specific ministerial orders to censor and remove various links that were circulating on the platform. This decision by the government in Ankara is only the tip of the iceberg of a strategy whose purpose is to use every means to squash freedom of expression in Turkey by placing it under constant attack. This is evidenced not just by the Twitter shutdown, but also by the censoring of YouTube and all the hundreds of court cases against activists, journalists, writers and lawyers who are ‘guilty’ of criticising the actions of government representatives or legitimately voicing their opinions on sensitive political issues.
The lack of freedom of expression in Turkey has also been denounced by Amnesty International in a detailed report in which the human rights organisation draws public attention to the ten worst articles of law passed by the government in Ankara, prejudicing the right to freedom of expression.
1.
What is the Commission’s opinion of Turkey’s behaviour in this matter, which is yet another violation of the principle of freedom of expression and of the press so staunchly defended by the EU?
2.
Given that accession negotiations are still ongoing and that Turkey has yet to adopt many chapters of EU legislation, and given this latest stance taken by the Turkish Government, does the Commission intend once and for all to block Turkey’s entry into Europe?
Question for written answer E-003854/14
to the Commission
Laurence J.A.J. Stassen (NI)
(27 March 2014)
Subject: Blocking of YouTube by Erdoğan
Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan has previously announced his intention of further restricting access to social media (see my Question E-002724/2014). He is proving as good as his word: after having blocked access to Twitter (201), he has now turned his attention to YouTube. Because of audio fragments suggesting that in 2010 Erdoğan deliberately leaked a sex video featuring opposition leader Baykal, YouTube has also been blocked. (202)
1.
What view does the Commission take of the blocking of YouTube, a further restriction of freedom of expression? Will it take action in response to it, rather than, as usual, merely expressing its ‘concern’? If so, what action? If not, why not?
2.
What view does the Commission take of the fact that Erdoğan clearly considers it more important to clean up his own image by bogus means than to guarantee freedom of expression? Does the Commission agree that Erdoğan’s action is completely contrary to the so-called ‘European standards and values’ which Turkey ought, on the contrary, to be respecting as a candidate for accession to the EU?
3.
Does the Commission agree that Turkey itself is once again demonstrating that it has absolutely no place in the EU? If not, how does the Commission, in this context, account for the fact that Turkey is constantly regressing and systematically restricting fundamental freedoms?
4.
What consequences will the blocking of YouTube have for the accession negotiations between the EU and Turkey? Will the Commission put this endless saga to rest by halting the negotiations once and for all?
Question for written answer E-003921/14
to the Commission
Andreas Mölzer (NI)
(28 March 2014)
Subject: Twitter block in Turkey
Last week, the Turkish telecommunications authorities blocked access to the short messaging service Twitter. The official reason cited for this was the company’s refusal to delete tweets to which the Turkish courts objected. This comes amid persistent allegations of corruption against Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his government, which were being circulated via Twitter. The spokesperson for the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rupert Colville, declared the Twitter block on 20 March 2014 as incompatible with Turkey's international human rights obligations. An administrative court in the Turkish capital Ankara ruled on 27 March 2014 that the decision by Mr Erdoğan’s government to block access to Twitter should be suspended.
1.
What is the Commission’s view on the (temporary) Twitter block in Turkey?
2.
Does it also regard this action as incompatible with Turkey's international human rightsobligations?
3.
What implications will this have for negotiations for the country’s accession?
Question for written answer E-003936/14
to the Commission
Mara Bizzotto (EFD) and Mario Borghezio (NI)
(28 March 2014)
Subject: Turkey: clampdown on Twitter followed by government ban on YouTube
Following the clampdown on Twitter announced last week, the Ankara Government has now prohibited access to YouTube after it made public a recorded conversation between Turkish leaders concerning possible intervention in Syria.
In view of this:
Does the Commission intend to take action to uphold freedom of expression, which is now being totally censored in Turkey, with only government propaganda being authorised?
What view does it take of Turkey’s actions in the light of negotiations for its accession to the EU?
Joint answer given by Mr Füle on behalf of the Commission
(8 May 2014)
The Commission refers the Honourable Members to its joint reply provided to the written questions E-001101/2014, E-001308/2014, E-001326/2014, E-001338/2014, E-001502/2014, P-001688/2014, E-001692/2014, E-001723/2014, E-001749/2014, E-001817/2014, E-002036/2014 and E-002174/2014 (203).
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-002845/14
alla Commissione
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 marzo 2014)
Oggetto: Frammentazione dell'opposizione siriana e infiltrazioni fondamentaliste
La crisi siriana, pur se passata in secondo piano nei media europei, dovrebbe restare un problema centrale della politica estera europea. L'iniziale sostegno ai ribelli siriani contro il governo di Bashar Assad ha visto un progressivo ridimensionamento a causa della frammentazione stessa del fronte di rivolta, ormai composto per il 50 % circa da gruppi islamici fondamentalisti. Lo stesso Consiglio nazionale siriano è oggi, in realtà, una coalizione notevolmente ridimensionata a causa della scissione dei gruppi islamisti. Tra tali gruppi si possono contare la cellula qaedista Fronte al-Nusra (ANF), parte del Fronte per uno Stato islamico in Siria e in Iraq, nonché l'Islamic Front (IF), fondato nel novembre 2013 grazie alla fusione del Syrian Islamic Front, una coalizione di gruppi ribelli accomunati dalla loro appartenenza al movimento salafita, del Syrian Islamic Liberation Front e di altri cinque gruppi islamici minori, tra cui il Kurdish Islamic Front.
D'altro canto sono presenti anche numerose forze moderate e laiche, come la Coalizione nazionale siriana delle forze di opposizione e di rivoluzione, che riunisce le forze laiche moderniste, tra cui gli aderenti alla Dichiarazione di Damasco, l'Organizzazione democratica assira, alcuni dissidenti curdi e alcuni comitati di coordinamento locale. A sostegno della coalizione si è poi affiancato anche il Syrian Free Army (FSA), una parte dell'esercito regolare siriano distaccatasi dalle forze di Assad.
In merito a questa situazione, la Commissione può chiarire:
quali siano i rapporti dell'UE con la Coalizione nazionale siriana delle forze di opposizione e di rivoluzione?
in che modo intende affrontare, in un contesto internazionale, il problema delle infiltrazioni del fondamentalismo islamico nel fronte di opposizione ad Assad?
Risposta dell'Alta Rappresentante/Vicepresidente Catherine Ashton a nome della Commissione
(14 maggio 2014)
Il Consiglio Affari esteri ha riconosciuto la coalizione nazionale delle forze siriane della rivoluzione e dell'opposizione quale legittimo rappresentante del popolo siriano. L'UE collabora con la coalizione per soccorrere la popolazione siriana attraverso diverse forme di assistenza umanitaria e non militare.
Il Consiglio Affari esteri ha espresso ripetutamente preoccupazione per la diffusione dell'estremismo e dei gruppi estremisti, compresi ISIL e Jabhat al-Nusra. Il loro coinvolgimento nel conflitto costituisce una minaccia per il processo di pace, l'integrità territoriale della Siria e la sicurezza regionale e internazionale. Il Consiglio ha esortato tutte le parti in causa a smettere di sostenere questi gruppi. L'UE ha accolto con favore il fatto che la coalizione nazionale delle forze siriane della rivoluzione e dell'opposizione abbia condannato tutte le forme di terrorismo ed estremismo e che l'opposizione moderata avversi i gruppi estremisti. L'UE continuerà a sollevare la questione della diffusione dell'influenza degli estremisti in Siria con tutte le parti interessate, anche nella regione.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002845/14
to the Commission
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 March 2014)
Subject: Fragmentation of the Syrian opposition and fundamentalist infiltration
Although it no longer occupies centre stage in the European media, the Syrian crisis should still be seen as a key issue for European foreign policy. The initial support provided to the Syrian rebels against the government of Bashar Assad has been gradually scaled down due to the fragmentation of the rebel front, around 50% of which is now made up of fundamentalist Islamic groups. The Syrian National Council itself is now, in reality, a substantially scaled‐down coalition due to the split-off of the Islamist groups. These groups include the Al Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front (ANF), which is part of the Front for an Islamic State in Syria and Iraq, along with the Islamic Front (IF), founded in November 2013 through the merger of the Syrian Islamic Front, a coalition of rebel groups brought together by their adherence to the Salafi movement, the Syrian Islamic Liberation Front and five other minor Islamic groups including the Kurdish Islamic Front.
On the other hand, there are also many moderate secular forces, such as the Syrian National Coalition of Opposition and Revolutionary Forces, which brings together modernist secular forces, including supporters of the Damascus Declaration, the Assyrian Democratic Organisation, some Kurdish dissidents and a few local coordinating committees. The Free Syrian Army (FSA), part of the regular Syrian army that has broken away from Assad's forces, has also come out in support of the Coalition.
With regard to this situation, can the Commission clarify:
the EU’s relationship with the Syrian National Coalition of Opposition and Revolutionary Forces?
in what way it plans to deal, within an international framework, with the issue of Islamic fundamentalist infiltration of the front opposing Assad?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2014)
The Foreign Affairs Council has recognised the Syrian National Coalition of Opposition and Revolutionary Forces as legitimate representatives of the Syrian people. The EU has been working with the SOC to assist the Syrian population through the provision of various forms of humanitarian and non-military assistance.
The Foreign Affairs Council has repeatedly voiced its concern about the spread of extremism and extremist groups, including ISIL and Jabhat al-Nusra. Their involvement in the conflict poses a threat to the peace process, the territorial integriaty of Syria and to regional and international security. The Council has called on all relevant parties to halt the support to these groups. The EU has welcomed the Syrian Opposition Coalition's condemnation of all forms of terrorism and extremism, and that the moderate opposition is opposing extremist groups. The EU will continue to reach out to all relevant stakeholders, including in the region, to address the issue of spreading extremist influence in Syria.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-002846/14
alla Commissione
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 marzo 2014)
Oggetto: Il caso di una bimba apparentemente guarita dall'Aids grazie a una terapia neonatale
Una recentissima scoperta medica apre nuovi e interessanti scenari sulla cura dell'Hiv: una bimba californiana, nata con l'Aids, a quattro ore dalla nascita è stata subito sottoposta a cure antiretrovirali e dopo 11 mesi di terapia non mostra più traccia dell'infezione.
In realtà i test erano negativi già sei giorni dopo la nascita della bambina, per poi rimanere invariati nei mesi successivi. Certo potrebbe trattarsi di semplice remissione dell'infezione e non di una vera e propria guarigione, ma dal momento che la cura non è stata interrotta, è ancora impossibile da chiarire.
In realtà non si tratta del primo caso: già nel marzo 2013 una bimba sieropositiva è stata sottoposta alla stessa cura 30 ore dopo la nascita, presentando gli stessi risultati.
Alla luce di questa sperimentazione, può la Commissione chiarire se in Europa sono state condotte terapie simili e, se del caso, quali sono stati i risultati? Può inoltre riferire se intende finanziare l'avvio o il proseguimento di sperimentazioni simili, che rappresentano forse i più grandi passi avanti nella lotta contro l'Aids?
Risposta di Tonio Borg a nome della Commissione
(28 aprile 2014)
La Commissione è a conoscenza del caso della California presentato nella recente conferenza sui retrovirus e sulle infezioni opportunistiche (CROI), nonché di un altro caso segnalato negli Stati Uniti nel 2013. La prevenzione e il trattamento dell'HIV è in primo luogo responsabilità delle autorità nazionali negli Stati membri. Pertanto la Commissione non monitora sistematicamente il trattamento e la sperimentazione terapeutica in questo settore. Tuttavia il Centro europeo per la prevenzione e il controllo delle malattie vigila sugli sviluppi principali in questo settore, ma per il momento non è a conoscenza di eventuali sperimentazioni in corso in Europa.
La Commissione sostiene la ricerca sull'HIV/AIDS mediante il programma quadro di ricerca e di sviluppo tecnologico (PQ). Nel 7o PQ (2007-2013) sono stati investiti oltre 155 milioni di euro per la ricerca sull'HIV/AIDS, compresi gli studi su trattamenti nuovi ed efficaci per uso pediatrico e per gli adulti. Nel nuovo programma quadro dell'UE per la ricerca e l'innovazione «Orizzonte 2020» (2014-2020), la Commissione continuerà a sostenere la ricerca in tale ambito. Tuttavia nell'UE, grazie all'esistenza di programmi di screening prenatale e alla messa a disposizione di trattamenti antiretrovirali alle madri sieropositive, si verifica un numero relativamente ridotto di casi di trasmissione verticale di HIV. Pertanto, dal punto di vista della salute pubblica e nella sua forma attuale, è improbabile che tale cura funzionale abbia un impatto significativo sulla trasmissione dell'HIV in Europa.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002846/14
to the Commission
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 March 2014)
Subject: Baby girl apparently cured of AIDS following a course of neonatal treatment
A quite recent medical discovery has opened up interesting new avenues in the search for a cure for HIV. In California, a baby girl born with AIDS was immediately started on a course of antiretroviral treatment, four hours after her birth, and after 11 months of treatment seems to be completely cured.
In fact, the tests were negative from just six days after the birth of the child, and remained so for the following months. It could, of course, just be a question of remission from the disease and not a complete cure, but since the treatment is ongoing it is not yet possible to say.
This is not the first such case. In March 2013, a baby girl who had tested seropositive was given the same treatment 30 hours after her birth, with the same results.
In the light of this experience, can the Commission state whether similar treatments have been administered in Europe and, if so, what the results were? Can it also indicate whether it intends to fund the launch (or continued application) of such treatments, which constitute perhaps the biggest advance ever in the field of combating AIDS?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(28 April 2014)
The Commission is aware of the California case presented at the recent Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), as well as another case reported in the US in 2013. Prevention and treatment of HIV is primarily a responsibility of the national authorities in the Member States. Therefore the Commission does not systematically monitor treatment and therapeutic trials in this field. Nevertheless the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control maintains a science watch of the main advances in this area, but has currently no knowledge of any ongoing trials on this topic in Europe.
The Commission supports research on HIV/AIDS through the framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP). In the 7th FP, (2007-2013), over EUR 155 million were invested in HIV/AIDS research, including studies on novel and effective treatment intervention for pediatric or adults use. In the new EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation ‘Horizon 2020’ (2014-2020), the Commission will continue to support research in this area. However, relatively few cases of vertically transmitted HIV occur in the EU due to the existence of relatively good antenatal screening programmes and the provision of antiretroviral treatment to mothers who are HIV-positive. Therefore, from a public health perspective and in its current form, such a functional cure is unlikely to have a major impact on HIV transmission in Europe.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-002847/14
alla Commissione
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 marzo 2014)
Oggetto: La corsa all'Artico: prospettive europee
La Marina militare statunitense sta redigendo un piano operativo nel Mar Glaciale Artico, in vista della sua accresciuta accessibilità legata allo scioglimento dei ghiacci. Questo specchio di mare ha tutte le potenzialità per divenire una nuova arena di scontri geopolitici, legati in particolare alle riserve energetiche presenti sotto le acque e sotto i ghiacci della regione artica: il governo statunitense valuta infatti che circa il 30 % delle riserve di gas naturale non ancora scoperte si trovi proprio in questa regione, così come il 13 % delle fonti petrolifere ancora sconosciute.
Anche il Canada e la Federazione russa hanno chiaramente espresso il loro interesse nella regione e la loro intenzione di estendere la propria sfera di influenza in tale direzione, mentre la Cina si sta adoperando per ottenere lo status di «paese vicino all'Artico».
In merito a questa «corsa all'Artico», può la Commissione rispondere ai seguenti quesiti:
L'Unione europea detiene interessi specifici nella regione artica?
Esistono avamposti di ricerca dell'Unione europea o di Stati membri dell'Unione europea nella regione artica?
È a conoscenza di programmi militari degli Stati membri o di azioni dell'Agenzia europea di difesa in materia di studi e produzione di nuovi equipaggiamenti, mezzi aerei, marittimi o terrestri, o di particolari programmi di addestramento ad operazioni in ambiente artico?
Risposta dell'Alta Rappresentante/Vicepresidente Catherine Ashton a nome della Commissione
(24 giugno 2014)
La comunicazione congiunta dell'Alta Rappresentante e della Commissione (rif.: JOIN (2012)19) adottata il 26 giugno 2012 esamina i progressi compiuti dal 2008 e fissa gli orientamenti per le azioni future. L'UE sta intensificando l'impegno con i partner per affrontare la sfida comune della tutela dell'ambiente e garantire al tempo stesso lo sviluppo sostenibile e pacifico della regione artica attraverso investimenti nelle conoscenze, la promozione di approcci responsabili alle emergenti opportunità commerciali e l'impegno costruttivo con i partner dell'Artico.
I paesi dell'UE dispongono di eccellenti infrastrutture nell'Artico, con stazioni permanenti a terra e nell'oceano, rompighiaccio, aerei e satelliti. La Commissione ha destinato notevoli risorse alla creazione e allo sviluppo di adeguate reti di osservazione e per facilitare l'accesso alle strutture di ricerca nell'Artico agli scienziati europei e di altri paesi, finanziando progetti quali INTERACT, una rete pluridisciplinare di 58 stazioni terrestri di ricerca nella regione artica e settentrionale, che sta creando in tutta la regione capacità di monitoraggio, ricerca, educazione e sensibilizzazione ambientali.
L'Artico sta diventando sempre più importante dal punto di vista strategico ed è emblematico di una cooperazione internazionale proficua, che contribuisce alla pace e alla sicurezza nella regione. Il Mar Glaciale Artico è oggetto di un vasto quadro giuridico, tra cui la Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul diritto del mare (UNCLOS). La maggior parte delle risorse attualmente conosciute ricadono all'interno dei confini delle zone di 200 miglia e/o delle piattaforme continentali degli Stati costieri dell'Artico, e non sono contestate.
L'Agenzia europea per la difesa ha commissionato a Wise Pens International uno studio sulle sfide navali nell'Artico, i cui risultati sono stati presentati nel settembre 2013 (disponibile su richiesta presso l'AED).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002847/14
to the Commission
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 March 2014)
Subject: The race for the Arctic: European prospects
The US Marines are putting together an operational plan for the Arctic Ocean, in view of the increased accessibility afforded by melting of the sea ice. This stretch of sea has the potential to become a new arena for geopolitical disputes, related in particular to the energy reserves under the water and ice of the Arctic region: the US Government has estimated that around 30% of the as yet undiscovered reserves of natural gas are to be found precisely in that region, together with 13% of the as yet unknown sources of oil.
Canada and the Russian Federation have also clearly expressed their interest in the region and their intention to extend their own sphere of influence in that direction, whilst China is taking steps to obtain the status of ‘country close to the Arctic’.
With regard to this ‘race for the Arctic’, can the Commission answer the following questions:
Does the European Union have specific interests in the Arctic region?
Are there any research outposts of the European Union or EU Member States in the Arctic region?
Is it aware of military programmes by the Member States or action by the European Defence Agency with regard to studies and production of new equipment, air, sea or overland transport facilities, or particular training programmes for operations in the Arctic environment?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(24 June 2014)
The joint HR/Commission Communication (ref. JOIN (2012)19) adopted on 26 June 2012 reviews progress since 2008 and sets out directions for future work. The EU is stepping up its engagement with its partners to jointly meet the challenge of safeguarding the environment while ensuring the sustainable and peaceful development of the Arctic region through investment in knowledge, promoting responsible approach to arising commercial opportunities and constructive engagement with Arctic partners.
EU countries sustain excellent infrastructure in the Arctic, with permanent stations on land and in the ocean, icebreakers, aircrafts and satellites. The Commission has devoted substantial resources to create or develop appropriate observatory networks, and to facilitate access to research facilities in the Arctic to scientists from Europe and beyond, by funding projects such as Interact, a multi-disciplinary network of 58 land-based Arctic and northern research stations, which is building capacity throughout the Arctic for environmental monitoring, research, education and outreach.
The Arctic is an area of growing strategic importance. It is an example of successful international cooperation contributing to peace and security in the region. An extensive legal framework applies to the Arctic Ocean, including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (Unclos). Majority of today’s known resources are within the boundaries of the 200-mile zones and/or continental shelves of the Arctic coastal states and are uncontested.
The European Defence Agency contracted a study on naval challenges in the Arctic to the Wise Pens International, the results of which were presented in September 2013 (available upon request at the EDA).
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-002848/14
alla Commissione
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 marzo 2014)
Oggetto: Libertà di espressione in Vietnam: il caso di Truong Duy Nhat
Questa settimana un popolare blogger e giornalista vietnamita, Truong Duy Nhat, è stato condannato a due anni di reclusione in seguito alla pubblicazione di alcuni articoli critici nei confronti del regime comunista al potere. La sentenza del tribunale di Danang lo ha giudicato colpevole di «abuso delle libertà democratiche contro gli interessi dello Stato», secondo l'art. 528 del codice penale vietnamita. Il giornalista cinquantenne, arrestato lo scorso maggio a circa un mese dalla pubblicazione degli articoli incriminanti, aveva deciso di aprire un proprio blog dopo una carriera spesa a lavorare per diversi media cartacei statali. Ma i media privati in Vietnam sono proibiti e le emittenti televisive sono gestite direttamente dallo Stato.
La condanna rappresenta un chiaro esempio di violazione della libertà di stampa e di espressione, diritti fondamentali e inalienabili, che l'Unione europea si impegna, tramite i trattati, a rispettare e promuovere a livello internazionale.
In che modo giudica la Commissione la condanna del giornalista vietnamita? Ha seguito la questione con attenzione? È entrata in contatto con le autorità vietnamite per garantire che queste libertà, così come il diritto a un equo processo, siano rispettate nel paese asiatico?
Risposta dell'Alta Rappresentante/Vicepresidente Catherine Ashton a nome della Commissione
(14 maggio 2014)
Attraverso la sua delegazione ad Hanoi, l'UE segue da vicino il caso del blogger e giornalista Trung Duy Nhat e ha chiesto di osservare il suo processo, richiesta che è stata respinta. La sua condanna per avere esercitato il suo diritto fondamentale ad avere ed esprimere liberamente la sua opinione in modo pacifico non è conforme all'impegno assunto dal Vietnam di rispettare i diritti umani universali. Il giorno dopo il processo, il capo della delegazione dell'UE, in un messaggio pubblicato sul sito web della delegazione, ha espresso preoccupazione riguardo alla sentenza, ha ricordato il diritto fondamentale di ciascuna persona ad avere ed esprimere liberamente la propria opinione in modo pacifico e ha sottolineato che l'Unione europea continuerà a collaborare con il Vietnam per migliorare la situazione dei diritti umani nel paese. Il caso del Sig. Trung Duy Nhat è stato altresì menzionato dal direttore operativo dell'EEAS David O'Sullivan nel corso del terzo ciclo di consultazioni politiche ad alto livello tra l'UE e il Vietnam il 25 marzo ad Hanoi. Nel frattempo il Sig. Trung Duy Nhat è stato inserito nell'elenco dell'UE dei casi da seguite, che comprende casi di attivisti condannati o detenuti per avere esercitato i loro diritti fondamentali e che le autorità sono invitare a rilasciare. Tale elenco viene condiviso periodicamente con il governo e l'UE chiede un aggiornamento della situazione delle persone che figurano nell'elenco.
L'UE continuerà a sollevare preoccupazioni circa i diritti umani, tra cui la libertà di espressione e il diritto ad un processo equo, con il governo negli incontri bilaterali e in particolare nel corso delle sessioni del dialogo avanzato sui diritti umani. La prossima sessione del dialogo si terrà nel corso di quest'anno a Bruxelles.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002848/14
to the Commission
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 March 2014)
Subject: Freedom of expression in Vietnam: the case of Truong Duy Nhat
On 4 March 2014 Truong Duy Nhat, a popular Vietnamese blogger and journalist, was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment for posting a number of articles criticising the ruling Communist regime. A Danang court found him guilty of ‘abusing democratic freedoms to infringe on the interests of the state’, an offence under Article 528 of the Vietnamese Penal Code. The 50-year-old journalist, who was arrested in May 2013 about a month after the incriminated postings appeared, decided to start his own blog, having worked up to that point for various state-controlled newspapers. Private media are prohibited in Vietnam, and television stations are run directly by the state.
Truong Duy Nhat’s conviction constitutes a clear violation of freedom of the press and freedom of expression, inalienable fundamental rights which the EU, by virtue of the Treaties, is committed to respecting and championing at international level.
How does the Commission view the sentence passed on the Vietnamese journalist? Has it been keeping a close watch on this matter? Has it approached the Vietnamese authorities and called on them to ensure that the above freedoms, and, moreover, the right to a fair trial, are not denied in Vietnam?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2014)
The EU through its Delegation in Hanoi has been closely following the case of blogger and journalist Mr Trung Duy Nhat and has requested to observe his trial (which was refused). His conviction for exercising his fundamental right to hold and freely express his opinion in a peaceful manner is not in compliance with Vietnam's commitment to upholding universal human rights. The day after the trial the EU Head of Delegation in a message published on the Delegation's website expressed concerns over the sentencing, recalled the fundamental right for all persons to hold and freely express their opinions in a peaceful manner and emphasised that the European Union will continue to work in partnership with Vietnam towards the improvement of the human rights situation in the country. Mr Trung Duy Nhat's case was also mentioned by EEAS Chief Operating Officer David O'Sullivan during the 3rd EU-Vietnam high-level political consultations on 25 March in Hanoi. In the meantime Mr Trung Duy Nhat has also been added to the EU's list of Persons of Concern, which includes cases of activists sentenced or in prison for exercising their fundamental rights and which the authorities are requested to release. The list is regularly shared with the Government and the EU asks for an update of the situation of the persons on the list.
The EU will continue to raise human rights concerns including freedom of expression and the right to a fair trial with the Government in bilateral meetings and in particular during the sessions of the enhanced Human Rights Dialogue. The next session of the dialogue will be held later this year in Brussels.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-002849/14
alla Commissione
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 marzo 2014)
Oggetto: Possibile attentato terroristico sul volo malese sparito
Nella notte tra il 7 e l'8 marzo 2014 un aereo della compagnia di bandiera malese, decollato da Kuala Lumpur e diretto a Pechino, è sparito misteriosamente dai radar senza lasciare alcun tipo di traccia. Nessuna pista è esclusa al momento: potrebbe trattarsi di un incidente, ma si considera anche l'ipotesi terroristica.
Si sa che alcune persone a bordo dell'aereo erano munite di documenti contraffatti, tra cui quello di due cittadini europei (un italiano e un austriaco), tra l'altro registrati nella banca dati dell'Interpol, mostrando la permeabilità dei controlli di sicurezza. I posti riservati tramite i due passaporti sono stati riservati nello stesso giorno, nella stessa città e con numerazione consecutiva, suggerendo che sono stati acquistati in un'unica transazione. Ad avvalorare la tesi terroristica è inoltre una probabile inversione di rotta poco prima di perdere i contatti con la torre di controllo. Le autorità malesi sono appoggiate nell'indagine anche dall'FBI.
La Cina non esclude tra l'altro la possibilità che l'incidente sia stato causato da terroristi jihadisti uiguri, che da anni lottano per l'indipendenza della propria regione, lo Xinjiang, nel nord ovest della Cina.
In merito a quest'incidente, può la Commissione chiarire:
quanti cittadini europei fossero a bordo del velivolo;
se l'UE sta collaborando con le autorità malesi alla ricerca dei resti del velivolo e alle indagini per chiarire la dinamica e le cause della sparizione;
se dispone di dati che avallino la pista terroristica?
Risposta di Siim Kallas a nome della Commissione
(23 aprile 2014)
La Commissione non ha accesso alle banche dati contenenti informazioni sui passeggeri, né per i voli in partenza o in arrivo negli aeroporti dell'UE, né per i voli esterni all'UE.
A livello internazionale gli aspetti relativi alla ricerca e al salvataggio, e alle indagini in caso di incidenti e inconvenienti di aeromobili, sono disciplinate rispettivamente dagli allegati 12 e 13 della Convenzione di Chicago del 1944. Poiché, conformemente alle norme internazionali, un aeromobile disperso rientra nella categoria degli «incidenti», è necessario avviare un'indagine indipendente per accertare le circostanze e le cause dell'incidente e, se necessario, formulare raccomandazioni per prevenire il verificarsi in futuro di incidenti analoghi. Alla Commissione non è stato assegnato alcun compito in questo ambito e, pertanto, la cooperazione con le autorità malesi per quanto riguarda la ricerca dell'aeromobile che operava il volo MH370 è di esclusiva competenza degli Stati membri.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002849/14
to the Commission
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 March 2014)
Subject: Possible terrorist attack on the missing Malaysia flight
On the night of 7 to 8 March 2014, a Malaysia Airlines flight which had taken off from Kuala Lumpur and was headed for Beijing mysteriously disappeared from radar screens. For the moment, no line of enquiry can be excluded: it could be an accident, but terrorism is also a possibility.
We know that some of the passengers on board were using false identity documents, including passports stolen from two EU citizens (one Italian and one Austrian). The documents had been registered in the Interpol database, which demonstrates the shortcomings of the security checks. The seats that were reserved using the two stolen passports were booked on the same day, in the same city and with consecutive numbering, which suggests that they were purchased in a single transaction. The theory that terrorism is to blame is given added weight by the fact that the flight is alleged to have changed course shortly before contact with the control tower was lost. The Malaysian authorities are receiving help in their investigations, including from the FBI.
China has not ruled out the possibility that jihadist Uighur terrorists, who have been fighting for years for independence for their region, Xinjiang, in north-west China, were involved.
Can the Commission say:
How many EU citizens were on board the plane?
If the EU is cooperating with the Malaysian authorities in the search for the plane and in investigations into how and why it disappeared?
If it has any information that supports the terrorism theory?
Answer given by Mr Kallas on behalf of the Commission
(23 April 2014)
The Commission has no access to any database collecting passenger data, neither for flights departing from or arriving to EU airports, nor for flights outside of the EU.
At the international level, issues relating to search and rescue and issues relating to the investigation of aircraft accidents and incidents are respectively governed by Annex 12 and Annex 13 to the 1944 Chicago Convention . According to international rules a missing aircraft is defined as an accident, therefore an independent accident investigation has to start to identify the circumstances and causes of the accident and where necessary, recommend measures to prevent similar occurrences in the future. The Commission has not been entrusted with any tasks in this area, and cooperation with the Malaysian authorities in respect of the search of the airplane of flight MH370 is a matter entirely incumbent on Member States.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-002850/14
alla Commissione
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 marzo 2014)
Oggetto: Procedura d'infrazione contro l'Italia riguardo all'orario di lavoro dei medici
La Commissione europea ha deciso di portare l'Italia davanti alla Corte di giustizia dell'UE, a causa dell'inottemperanza dello Stato membro nei confronti della normativa europea sull'orario di lavoro dei medici del Servizio sanitario nazionale.
Può la Commissione specificare quali atti legislativi e quali specifiche disposizioni siano stati violati e su quali basi ha stabilito la propria denuncia?
Risposta di László Andor a nome della Commissione
(5 maggio 2014)
In base ad alcune denunce, e dopo uno scambio di corrispondenza con le autorità competenti, la Commissione ha inviato una lettera di costituzione in mora, il 30/04/2012, avente ad oggetto le preoccupazioni sollevate dalle disposizioni del diritto nazionale e dalle relative prassi nell'ambito di applicazione della direttiva sull'orario di lavoro (204). Dopo aver ricevuto la risposta dell'Italia il 1°/08/2012, la Commissione ha inviato un parere motivato il 31/05/2013. Il 20/02/2014 la Commissione ha deciso (205) di deferire l'Italia alla Corte di giustizia per non corretta applicazione della direttiva al personale del Servizio sanitario nazionale.
Secondo il diritto italiano, alcuni dei diritti fondamentali garantiti dalla direttiva, come il limite dell'orario di lavoro (48 ore, a norma dell'articolo 6) e i periodi minimi di riposo (11 ore consecutive ogni 24 ore, a norma dell'articolo 3, e 24 ore per ogni 7 giorni, a norma dell'articolo 5), non si applicano ai «dirigenti» del Servizio sanitario nazionale. L'articolo 17, paragrafo 1, della direttiva consente agli Stati membri di stabilire deroghe a questi diritti quando si tratta di «dirigenti o di altre persone aventi potere di decisione autonomo». I medici che operano all'interno del Servizio sanitario nazionale, tuttavia, sono formalmente classificati come «dirigenti», ma non godono necessariamente di prerogative manageriali o di autonomia per quanto riguarda il loro orario di lavoro.
Il diritto italiano comprende inoltre altre disposizioni volte ad escludere il personale del Servizio sanitario nazionale dal diritto al riposo quotidiano e settimanale. A norma dell'articolo 17, paragrafi 2 e 3, gli Stati membri possono prevedere deroghe che riguardano attività quali i servizi ospedalieri caratterizzati dalla necessità di assicurare la continuità del servizio. Queste regole sono tuttavia soggette alla condizione che i lavoratori possano usufruire di equivalenti periodi di riposo compensativo, che nel caso del riposo giornaliero devono essere garantiti immediatamente dopo un turno prolungato (206).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002850/14
to the Commission
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 March 2014)
Subject: Infringement proceedings against Italy concerning doctors' working hours
The European Commission has decided to take Italy before the European Court of Justice because of the Member State’s failure to comply with European legislation on doctors’ working hours in the Italian national health service.
Can the Commission specify which legislative acts and which specific provisions have been infringed and on what grounds it is making its complaint?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(5 May 2014)
On the basis of several complaints, and following several exchanges with the authorities, the Commission sent a letter of formal notice on 30.4.2012, setting out the concerns raised by provisions of national law and practice with the Working Time Directive (207). After having received the response of Italy on 1.8.2012 the Commission sent a reasoned opinion on 31.5.2013. On 20.2.2014 the Commission decided (208) to refer Italy to the Court for failing to apply the directive correctly to staff in the public health service.
Under Italian law, several of the key rights provided for in the directive, such as the limit on working time (48 hours, based on Article 6) and the minimum rest periods (11 consecutive hours per 24-hours, based on Article 3, and 24 hours per 7 days, based on Article 5), do not apply to ‘managers’ in the national health service. Article 17(1) of the directive allows Member States to derogate from those rights as regards ‘managing executives or other persons with autonomous decision-taking powers’. However, doctors working in the Italian health service are formally classified as ‘managers’, but do not necessarily enjoy managerial prerogatives or autonomy on their own working time.
In addition, Italian law lays down other provisions that exclude health service staff from the right to daily and weekly rest. Under Article 17(2) and (3), Member States can provide derogations covering activities like hospital services involving a need for service-continuity. However, such derogations are subject to the condition that the workers are afforded equivalent compensatory rest, which in the case of daily rest has to be granted immediately after an extended shift (209).
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-002851/14
alla Commissione
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 marzo 2014)
Oggetto: Sicurezza degli impianti sciistici
Un ennesimo incidente mortale si è verificato sulle piste sciistiche di Gressoney-St-Jean, in provincia di Aosta. Una bimba di 3 anni, che prendeva lezione di sci insieme ad altri coetanei e un istruttore, è morta dopo essere stata travolta da uno sciatore. Secondo i rilevamenti, la bimba si trovava su una stradina dietro un dosso, segnalato da un cartello che invita gli sciatori a rallentare e è stata travolta e colpita al fianco, per poi perdere i sensi. Nonostante l'immediato soccorso degli addetti e di un rianimatore e un ortopedico che stavano sciando nella zona, come pure del personale del Soccorso alpino, i traumi da impatto hanno decretato il destino della bambina.
Si tratta di uno degli innumerevoli episodi che in questa stagione invernale sono stati la causa di diversi incidenti sulle piste da sci in Italia.
Può la Commissione chiarire se esistano e quali siano le disposizioni relative alla sicurezza degli impianti sciistici a livello europeo e se esistono dati relativi alla corretta applicazione della legislazione europea in materia da parte degli Stati membri, in particolare l'Italia?
Risposta di László Andor a nome della Commissione
(28 aprile 2014)
La regolamentazione e l'applicazione delle norme di sicurezza relative alle attività sciistiche restano di competenza degli Stati membri.
Non esiste alcuna normativa a livello dell'UE e la Commissione non dispone ancora di prove o feedback per quanto concerne l'applicazione delle norme nazionali in materia di sicurezza nelle stazioni sciistiche.
La Commissione desidera inoltre rinviare l'onorevole parlamentare alla sua risposta all'interrogazione scritta E-000100/2014 (210) sulle zone sciabili, come pure alla relazione «Ski resorts in Europe 2012/2013 (Comprensori sciistici in Europa 2012/2013)» (211) della rete dei Centri europei dei consumatori (212).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002851/14
to the Commission
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 March 2014)
Subject: Safety at ski resorts
Yet another fatal accident has occurred on the ski slopes of Gressoney-St-Jean, in the province of Aosta. A three-year-old girl, who was having a skiing lesson with other children of her age and an instructor, died after being knocked over by a skier. Inquiries indicate that the child was on a track below a knoll bearing a sign asking skiers to slow down, and that she was knocked over and struck in the side before losing consciousness. Although she received immediate attention from first-aiders and from a resuscitation specialist and orthopaedic surgeon who were skiing in the area, as well as from mountain rescue staff, impact injuries determined the little girl’s fate.
This is just one of many incidents this season that have led to various accidents on Italy’s ski slopes.
Can the Commission clarify whether there are any provisions governing the safety of ski resorts at European level and, if so, what these provisions are? Also, is there any data on the correct application of European legislation on the matter by the Member States, particularly Italy?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(28 April 2014)
The competence to regulate and enforce safety issues in relation to skiing activities remain the competence of Member States.
There is no legislation at the EU level and the Commission has at this point no evidence or feedback regarding the enforcement of national rules in relation to safety in ski resorts.
The Commission would furthermore like to refer the Honourable member to its answer to Written Question E-000100/2014 (213) on skiable areas, as well as the report ‘Ski resorts in Europe 2012/2013’ (214) of the European Consumer Centres Network (215).
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-002852/14
alla Commissione
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 marzo 2014)
Oggetto: Sistema di etichettatura semaforica dei prodotti alimentari nel Regno Unito
Il sistema volontario di bollini colorati da apporre sugli imballaggi dei cibi per indicarne la «pericolosità» per la salute continua a suscitare diverse critiche. I bollini (rossi, gialli o verdi) che indicano quanto un prodotto sia nocivo per la salute del consumatore di fatto tendono a deviare le scelte degli acquirenti. Ad esempio, l'olio d'oliva, prodotto simbolo del Made in Italy oltre che elemento centrale della dieta mediterranea, è indicato come un prodotto sconsigliato ai consumatori, quando in realtà sono ben note le sue proprietà positive sull'organismo.
Il risultato è che, ad oggi, ben 17 Stati membri si oppongono a questa scelta guidati dall'Italia, che ha già presentato due ricorsi. In questi giorni, inoltre, anche la Francia ha presentato due diversi ricorsi.
Le accuse contro il sistema di etichettatura britannico riguarda la sua parzialità e l'effetto discriminante, oltre che l'opera di pressione sulla piccola distribuzione, che potrebbe portare il sistema a divenire obbligatorio de facto.
A proposito di tale sistema di etichettatura, può la Commissione chiarire se:
tale etichettatura comporta una distorsione del mercato interno in violazione del diritto dell'Unione;
in base a quale metodo di valutazione i bollini vengono assegnati ai diversi prodotti;
quali sono le motivazioni che Londra ha addotto a giustificazione dell'introduzione di questo sistema?
Risposta di Tonio Borg a nome della Commissione
(28 aprile 2014)
1.
Il sistema di etichettatura nutrizionale raccomandato dal Regno Unito è di carattere volontario. La Commissione tuttavia vigila affinché tale sistema non crei ostacoli al commercio.
2.
Tali sistemi di etichettatura volontari possono essere utilizzati dagli operatori economici e raccomandati dalle autorità nazionali, purché siano in linea con i criteri cumulativi di cui all'articolo 35 del regolamento (UE) n. 1169/2011 relativo alla fornitura di informazioni sugli alimenti ai consumatori (216). Tra questi criteri vi è l'obbligo di non creare ostacoli alla libera circolazione delle merci (articolo 35, paragrafo 1, lettera g) mediante l'applicazione di un sistema di etichettatura volontaria.
3.
Secondo l'articolo 35 del regolamento (UE) n. 1169/2011 non è necessaria alcuna giustificazione per l'uso o la raccomandazione di tali sistemi di etichettatura. Tuttavia devono essere trasmesse alla Commissione le informazioni relative ai sistemi di etichettatura che sono raccomandati dalle autorità nazionali.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002852/14
to the Commission
Sergio Paolo Francesco Silvestris (PPE)
(11 March 2014)
Subject: Traffic-light labelling of food products in the UK
The introduction of a voluntary system of coloured labels on food packaging to indicate the level of ‘danger’ to health is continuing to attract criticism of various kinds. The labels (red, amber or green) indicating how dangerous a product is to consumers’ health actually tend to mislead buyers in their choices. For example, olive oil, an iconic ‘Made in Italy’ product that is also a key ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, is labelled as not being recommended to consumers, when its positive effects on health are in fact well known.
The result is that, to date, as many as 17 Member States are opposing this system, led by Italy, which has already submitted two appeals. France has also recently submitted two different appeals.
Complaints against the British labelling system concern its partiality and discriminatory effect, and the pressure being applied to retailers, which could lead to the system becoming effectively compulsory.
With respect to this labelling system, can the Commission clarify the following:
Does this labelling imply a distortion of the internal market, in breach of EC law?
What assessment method is being used to assign labels to products?
What reasons has London given to justify introducing this system?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(28 April 2014)
1.
The nutrition labelling system recommended by the United Kingdom has voluntary character. However, the Commission is vigilant that this system does not create barriers to trade.
2.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23504286
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Alan Stokes, https://stackoverflow.com/users/212870, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3159253, https://stackoverflow.com/users/458429, szli, user3159253
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Understanding virtual table in multiple inheritance
I have a class implementing two abstract classes, like the following. No virtual inheritance. No data member.
class IFace1 {
public:
virtual void fcn(int abc) = 0;
};
class IFace2 {
public:
virtual void fcn1(int abc) = 0;
};
class RealClass: public IFace1, public IFace2 {
public:
void fcn(int a) {
}
void fcn1(int a) {
}
};
And I find the vtable and object memory layout for RealClass is like the following.
Vtable for RealClass
RealClass::_ZTV9RealClass: 7u entries
0 (int (*)(...))0
8 (int (*)(...))(& _ZTI9RealClass)
16 (int (*)(...))RealClass::fcn
24 (int (*)(...))RealClass::fcn1
32 (int (*)(...))-8
40 (int (*)(...))(& _ZTI9RealClass)
48 (int (*)(...))RealClass::_ZThn8_N9RealClass4fcn1Ei
Class RealClass
size=16 align=8
base size=16 base align=8
RealClass (0x2af836d010e0) 0
vptr=((& RealClass::_ZTV9RealClass) + 16u)
IFace1 (0x2af836cfa5a0) 0 nearly-empty
primary-for RealClass (0x2af836d010e0)
IFace2 (0x2af836cfa600) 8 nearly-empty
vptr=((& RealClass::_ZTV9RealClass) + 48u)
I am confused about this. What is RealClass::_ZThn8_N9RealClass4fcn1Ei? Why the vptr of IFace2 points to that? What happens when I call fcn1 from IFace2 *? How does the program finds RealClass::fcn1 in the Vtable of RealClass? I guess it somehow need to use the IFace2 vptr, but not clear exactly how.
There are many ways of implementing this. A good, well-documented one is http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/cxxabi-1.83.html (but it may not match the one you're using).
Try looking at the code generated for such a call?
RealClass::_ZThn8_N9RealClass4fcn1Ei is a RealClass::non-virtual thunk to RealClass::fcn1(int) which is probably intended for inlining and other call optimizations. Hint: c++filt program is your friend.
I think the RealClass::_ZThn8_N9RealClass4fcn1Ei is the magic function gcc put to direct function call to RealClass::fcn1. When we make call to fcn1 using a IFace2*, it simply call the function that is pointed by its vptr
Warning: Most of the stuff below is of course implementation and platform dependent and simplified. I'll follow the way I see it is implemented in your examples -- probably GCC, 64-bits.
First, what is the contract for instances of virtual classes? E.g. if you have a variable IFace1* obj:
There is a pointer to virtual table at obj+0.
Any member data fields would continue at obj+8 (sizeof(void*)).
The virtual table contains one record which points to void fcn(int) at vtbl+0.
In the table, there is also a pointer to typeinfo of the class at vtbl-8 (used by dynamic_cast etc.) and "offset to base" at vtbl-16.
Any function which sees a variable of type IFace1* can depend on this being true. Similarly for IFace2*.
If they want to call the virtual function void fcn(int), they look at obj+0 to get the vtable, then at vtbl+0 and call the address found there. this is set to obj.
If they want to access a member field (by themselves, e.g. if the field has public access, or if there is an inline accessor), they just read/write the member at its address obj+xxx.
If they want to see what type they really have, they subtract the value at vtbl-16 from the address to their object, then look at the typeinfo pointer of the vtable referenced by the base object.
Now, how can you compiler satisfy these requirements for a class with multiple inheritance?
1) First it needs to generate the structure for itself. The virtual table pointer must be at obj+0, so there it is. How will the table look like? Well, the offset to base is 0, obviously, the typeinfo data and pointer to it is generated easily, then the first virtual function and the second, nothing special. Anyone who knows the definition of RealClass can do the same calculations, so they know where to find the functions in the vtable etc.
2) Then it goes to make it possible to let RealClass be passed around as IFace1. So it needs to have a pointer to virtual table in the IFace1 format somewhere in the object, then the virtual table must have that one record for void fcn(int).
The compiler is clever and sees that it can reuse the first virtual table it has generated, because it complies with these requirements. If there were any member fields, they would be stored after the first pointer to the virtual table, so even them could be accessed simply as if the derived class was the base one. So far so good.
3) Finally, what to do with the object so others will be able to use it as IFace2? The one vtable already created cannot be used anymore, because IFace2 needs its void fcn1(int) to be at vtbl+0.
So another virtual table is created, the one you see immediately following the first one in your dump, and a pointer to it is stored in RealClass at the next available place. This second table needs to have offset to base set to -8, because the real object starts at offset -8. And it contains just the pointer to that IFace2 virtual function, void fcn1(int).
The virtual pointer in the object (at offset obj+8) would be then followed by any member data fields of IFace2, so that any inherited or inline functions could again work when given the pointer to this interface.
OK, now how can someone call the fcn1() from IFace2? What is that non-virtual thunk to RealClass::fcn1(int)?
If you pass your RealClass* pointer to a stranger function which takes IFace2*, the compiler will emit code to increase your pointer by 8 (or however large sizeof(void*) + sizeof(IFace1) is), so that the function gets the pointer which starts with the virtual table pointer of IFace2, then its member fields -- just as agreed in the contract I outlined earlier.
When that function wants to call void IFace2::fcn1(int), it looks into the virtual table, goes to the record of this particular function (the first and only one) and calls it, with this set to the address being passed as pointer to IFace2.
And here arises a problem: If someone invokes this method implemented in RealClass on a RealClass pointer, this points to the base of RealClass. The same with IFace1. But if it is invoked by someone having a pointer to the IFace2 interface, this points 8 (or however many) bytes into the object instead!
So the compiler would need to generate the function multiple times to accomodate this, otherwise it could not access member fields and other methods correctly, as it differs depending on who is calling the method.
Instead of having the code really twice, the compiler optimizes this by creating that hidden implicit small thunk function instead, which just
decreases the this pointer by the proper amount,
calls the real method, which can now work fine regardless of who invoked it.
| 20,724 |
versosdefilinto01nascgoog_331
|
Portuguese-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,806 |
Versos de Filinto Elysio..
|
Francisco Manuel do Nascimento
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 8,580 | 11,972 |
O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição.
| 29,608 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8239276
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 463 | 1,323 |
Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Wikimedia category
Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire category's main topic ambassador of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire category contains human
Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire Commons category Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire category combines topics ambassador of Germany
Categoria:Embaixadores da Alemanha no Império Otomano
categoria de um projeto da Wikimedia
Categoria:Embaixadores da Alemanha no Império Otomano instância de categoria da Wikimedia
Categoria:Embaixadores da Alemanha no Império Otomano categoria contém ser humano
Categoria:Embaixadores da Alemanha no Império Otomano categoria da Commons Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Categoria:Embaixadores da Alemanha no Império Otomano tópicos combinados na categoria embaixador da Alemanha
Kategorie:Deutscher Botschafter im Osmanischen Reich
Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Deutscher Botschafter im Osmanischen Reich ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Deutscher Botschafter im Osmanischen Reich Kategorie enthält Mensch
Kategorie:Deutscher Botschafter im Osmanischen Reich Commons-Kategorie Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Kategorie:Deutscher Botschafter im Osmanischen Reich Kategorie kombiniert die Themen Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Kategori:Almanya'nın Osmanlı İmparatorluğu büyükelçileri
Vikimedya kategorisi
Kategori:Almanya'nın Osmanlı İmparatorluğu büyükelçileri nedir Wikimedia kategorisi
Kategori:Almanya'nın Osmanlı İmparatorluğu büyükelçileri içeren kategori insan
Kategori:Almanya'nın Osmanlı İmparatorluğu büyükelçileri Commons kategorisi Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Catégorie:Ambassadeur d'Allemagne dans l'Empire ottoman
page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimedia
Catégorie:Ambassadeur d'Allemagne dans l'Empire ottoman nature de l’élément page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimédia
Catégorie:Ambassadeur d'Allemagne dans l'Empire ottoman sujet de la catégorie ambassadeur du Reich allemand dans l'Empire ottoman
Catégorie:Ambassadeur d'Allemagne dans l'Empire ottoman type d'élément contenu dans la catégorie être humain
Catégorie:Ambassadeur d'Allemagne dans l'Empire ottoman catégorie Commons Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Catégorie:Ambassadeur d'Allemagne dans l'Empire ottoman sujets associés à la catégorie ambassadeur d'Allemagne
Category:在オスマン帝国ドイツ大使
ウィキメディアのカテゴリ
Category:在オスマン帝国ドイツ大使 分類 ウィキメディアのカテゴリ
Category:在オスマン帝国ドイツ大使 このカテゴリは以下を含む ヒト
Category:在オスマン帝国ドイツ大使 コモンズのカテゴリ Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Category:在オスマン帝国ドイツ大使 以下の組み合わせカテゴリ ドイツの大使
تصنيف:سفراء ألمانيا لدى الدولة العثمانية
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:سفراء ألمانيا لدى الدولة العثمانية نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:سفراء ألمانيا لدى الدولة العثمانية يحتوي التصنيف على إنسان
تصنيف:سفراء ألمانيا لدى الدولة العثمانية تصنيف كومنز Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
تصنيف:سفراء ألمانيا لدى الدولة العثمانية التصنيف يجمع المواضيع سفير ألمانيا
بؤلمه:آلمانین عوثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوداکی سفیرلری
Категория:Посланици на Германия в Османската империя
Уикимедия категория
Категория:Посланици на Германия в Османската империя екземпляр на категория в уикимедиен проект
Категория:Посланици на Германия в Османската империя категорията съдържа човек
Категория:Посланици на Германия в Османската империя категория в Общомедия Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
Categoría:Embaixadores de Alemaña no Imperio Otomán
categoría de Wikimedia
Categoría:Embaixadores de Alemaña no Imperio Otomán instancia de categoría de Wikipedia
Categoría:Embaixadores de Alemaña no Imperio Otomán categoría contén ser humano
Categoría:Embaixadores de Alemaña no Imperio Otomán categoría en Commons Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
| 39,423 |
https://github.com/yzj97/vue-static/blob/master/src/merchant/views/merchantFlagList/index.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
vue-static
|
yzj97
|
Vue
|
Code
| 681 | 3,320 |
<template>
<div>
<section>
<ody-list-search-area>
<div slot="content">
<el-form ref="form" label-width="100px" class="form">
<ody-search-item :label="$t('标签名称') + ':'" prop="name">
<el-input
id="searchFlagName"
v-model="searchForm.name"
:placeholder="$t('请输入标签名称')"
name="searchForm_name"
/>
</ody-search-item>
<ody-search-item :label="$t('创建时间:')" :space="2" class="register" prop="createDateBegin">
<!-- <el-col :span="10">
<el-date-picker
v-model="searchForm.createDateBegin"
:placeholder="$t('选择日期')"
name="searchForm_createDateBegin"
type="date"
value-format="yyyy-MM-dd"
/>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="1">{{ $t('至') }}</el-col>
<el-col :span="10">
<el-date-picker
v-model="searchForm.createDateEnd"
:placeholder="$t('选择日期')"
name="searchForm_createDateEnd"
type="date"
value-format="yyyy-MM-dd"
/>
</el-col>-->
<ody-date-range-picker
v-model="createTime"
:start-placeholder="$t('startDate')"
:end-placeholder="$t('endDate')"
name="searchForm_createTime"
value-format="yyyy-MM-dd"
type="datetimer"
range-separator="-"
/>
</ody-search-item>
</el-form>
</div>
<div slot="btn">
<el-button name="initForm" size="small" @click="initForm">{{ $t('重置') }}</el-button>
<ody-button
id="searchFlag"
name="MerchantMerchantFlagListOperList_search"
code="MerchantMerchantFlagListOperList"
size="small"
type="primary"
@click="search"
>{{ $t('查询') }}</ody-button>
</div>
</ody-list-search-area>
<ody-list-table-area>
<div slot="btn-bottom">
<ody-button
id="merchantFlagAdd"
name="MerchantMerchantFlagListOperAdd_initEditDialog"
code="MerchantMerchantFlagListOperAdd"
size="mini"
type="primary"
@click="initEditDialog({})"
>{{ $t('新增店铺标签') }}</ody-button>
</div>
<div slot="table">
<ody-table
:loading="loading"
:data="listTable.list"
:columns="listTable.columns"
:operates="listTable.operates"
name="listTable_list967"
>
<template slot="url" slot-scope="scope">
<el-image v-if="scope.row.url" :src="scope.row.url" />
<div v-else>{{ $t('(无)') }}</div>
</template>
</ody-table>
</div>
<div slot="page">
<ody-pagination
:current-page.sync="searchForm.currentPage"
:list="listTable.list"
:page-sizes="[10, 20, 30, 50]"
:page-size.sync="searchForm.itemsPerPage"
:total.sync="listTable.total"
background
layout="total, sizes, prev, pager, next, jumper"
@size-change="search"
@current-change="query"
/>
</div>
</ody-list-table-area>
</section>
<ody-dialog
v-if="editObj.show"
:visible.sync="editObj.show"
:before-close="cancel"
:title="editObj.title"
width="600px"
>
<el-form
ref="form"
:label-position="left"
:rules="rules"
:model="editObj.obj"
:disabled="editObj.edit === false"
label-width="100px"
>
<el-form-item :label="$t('标签名称：')" prop="name">
<el-input
id="merchantFlagName"
v-model="editObj.obj.name"
:placeholder="$t('请输入标签名称')"
name="editObj_obj_name"
type="text"
show-word-limit
maxlength="20"
/>
</el-form-item>
<el-form-item :label="$t('图片：')">
<ody-upload-image
v-model="editObj.obj.url"
:pic-type="['jpg','png']"
:pic-size="4096"
:show-tip="true"
name="editObj_obj_url"
/>
</el-form-item>
<el-form-item :label="$t('描述：')" prop="description">
<el-input
id="merchantFlagDescription"
v-model="editObj.obj.description"
:placeholder="$t('请输入描述')"
name="editObj_obj_description"
type="textarea"
show-word-limit
maxlength="100"
/>
</el-form-item>
</el-form>
<div slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
<el-button name="cancel" @click="cancel">{{ $t('取消') }}</el-button>
<el-button id="merchantFlagSave" name="commit" type="primary" @click="commit">{{ $t('保存') }}</el-button>
</div>
</ody-dialog>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import util from '@/utils/util'
export default {
name: 'MerchantMerchantFlagList',
data() {
const self = this
return {
loading: false,
rules: {
name: [
{
required: true,
message: this.$t('请输入标签名称'),
trigger: 'change'
},
{
min: 1,
max: 20,
message: '长度在 1 到 20 个字符',
trigger: 'change'
}
],
description: [
{
min: 0,
max: 100,
message: '长度在 0 到 100 个字符',
trigger: 'change'
}
]
},
// 搜索框对象
searchForm: {
name: ''
},
createTime: [],
entryTermsType: [],
isAvailable: [],
editObj: {
show: false,
obj: {
name: ' ',
url: ' ',
description: ' '
}
},
// 列表框对象
listTable: {
checkedList: [],
list: [],
total: 0,
columns: [
{
show: true,
prop: 'name',
label: this.$t('标签名称'),
align: 'center'
},
{
show: true,
prop: 'description',
label: this.$t('描述'),
align: 'center'
},
{
show: true,
slot: 'url',
label: this.$t('图片'),
align: 'center'
},
{
show: true,
prop: 'createTimeStr',
label: this.$t('创建时间'),
align: 'center'
}
],
operates: {
width: 250,
fixed: 'right',
list: [
{
label: this.$t('编辑'),
code: 'MerchantMerchantFlagListOperEdit',
show: true,
disabled: false,
method(index, row) {
self.initEditDialog(row)
}
},
{
label: this.$t('删除'),
code: 'MerchantMerchantFlagListOperDelete',
show: true,
disabled: false,
method(index, row) {
self.delete(row)
}
}
]
}
}
}
},
mounted() {
this.init()
},
methods: {
async init() {
this.initForm()
this.initEditObj()
try {
await this.query()
} catch (e) {
console.log(e)
}
},
async search() {
this.searchForm.currentPage = 1
await this.query()
},
async query() {
const self = this
const merchantFlagService = this.$merchant.$api.merchantFlagService
if (this.createTime && this.createTime.length) {
this.searchForm.createDateBegin = this.createTime[0]
this.searchForm.createDateEnd = this.createTime[1]
this.searchForm.createDateBegin =
this.searchForm.createDateBegin + ' 00:00:00'
this.searchForm.createDateEnd =
this.searchForm.createDateEnd + ' 23:59:59'
} else {
this.searchForm.createDateBegin = null
this.searchForm.createDateEnd = null
}
try {
this.loading = true
const res = await merchantFlagService.findAllMerchantFlagList(
this.searchForm
)
self.listTable.list = res.data.listObj
self.listTable.total = res.data.total
util.formatDate(self.listTable.list, 'createTime')
} catch (e) {
console.log(e)
} finally {
this.loading = false
}
},
cancel() {
this.$refs['form'].resetFields()
this.initEditObj()
},
// 初始化搜索对象
initForm() {
this.createTime = []
this.searchForm = {
currentPage: 1,
itemsPerPage: 10
}
},
initEditObj() {
this.editObj = { show: false, obj: {}}
},
initEditDialog(obj) {
this.initEditObj()
console.info(obj)
this.editObj.obj = util.copy(obj)
this.editObj.show = true
if (this.editObj.obj.id) {
this.editObj.title = this.$t('编辑店铺标签')
} else {
this.editObj.title = this.$t('新增店铺标签')
}
},
commit() {
const self = this
const merchantFlagService = this.$merchant.$api.merchantFlagService
this.$refs['form'].validate(valid => {
if (valid) {
if (this.editObj.obj.id) {
this.editObj.obj.url = this.editObj.obj.url || ''
merchantFlagService
.updateMerchantFlag(this.editObj.obj)
.then(res => {
self.$message({
message: this.$t('修改成功'),
type: 'success'
})
this.$refs['form'].resetFields()
self.init()
})
} else {
merchantFlagService.addMerchantFlag(this.editObj.obj).then(res => {
self.$message({
message: this.$t('添加成功'),
type: 'success'
})
this.$refs['form'].resetFields()
self.init()
})
}
} else {
console.log('error submit!!')
return false
}
})
},
delete(row) {
const self = this
const merchantFlagService = this.$merchant.$api.merchantFlagService
util.confirm(
this,
this.$t('此操作将删除该标签') + '，' + this.$t('且不可恢复') + '，' + this.$t('要继续吗') + '？',
function() {
merchantFlagService.deleteMerchantFlag({ id: row.id }).then(res => {
self.$message({
type: 'success',
message: self.$t('操作成功!')
})
self.init()
})
}
)
}
}
}
</script>
| 45,573 |
https://github.com/illia-sernikov/ads-management-system/blob/master/backend/src/test/java/ua/sernikov/service/UserServiceTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
ads-management-system
|
illia-sernikov
|
Java
|
Code
| 414 | 2,310 |
package ua.sernikov.service;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import ua.sernikov.domain.UpdateUserRequest;
import ua.sernikov.domain.User;
import ua.sernikov.domain.UserRole;
import ua.sernikov.exception.UserAlreadyExistException;
import ua.sernikov.exception.UserNotFoundException;
import ua.sernikov.repository.UserRepository;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.mockito.AdditionalAnswers.returnsFirstArg;
import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
public class UserServiceTest {
private UserService userService;
private UserRepository userRepositoryMock;
private final String TEST_NAME = "test";
private final String TEST_EMAIL = "test@mail.com";
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
userRepositoryMock = Mockito.mock(UserRepository.class);
userService = new UserServiceImpl(userRepositoryMock);
}
@Test
public void createUser_ShouldCreateNewUser() throws Exception {
when(userRepositoryMock.findByEmail(anyString())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
doAnswer(returnsFirstArg()).when(userRepositoryMock).save(any(User.class));
User actualUser = userService.createUser(TEST_NAME, TEST_EMAIL, UserRole.OPERATOR);
assertThat(actualUser).isNotNull();
assertThat(actualUser.getKey()).isNotEmpty();
assertThat(actualUser.getName()).isEqualTo(TEST_NAME);
assertThat(actualUser.getEmail()).isEqualTo(TEST_EMAIL);
assertThat(actualUser.getRole()).isEqualTo(UserRole.OPERATOR);
}
@Test
public void createUser_ShouldCreateUsersWithUniqueKeys() throws Exception {
when(userRepositoryMock.findByEmail(anyString())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
doAnswer(returnsFirstArg()).when(userRepositoryMock).save(any(User.class));
String name1 = "test1";
String email1 = name1 + "@mail.com";
User user1 = userService.createUser(name1, email1, UserRole.OPERATOR);
String name2 = "test2";
String email2 = name2 + "@mail.com";
User user2 = userService.createUser(name2, email2, UserRole.OPERATOR);
assertThat(user1.getKey()).isNotEqualTo(user2.getKey());
}
@Test(expected = UserAlreadyExistException.class)
public void createUser_ShouldThrowUserAlreadyExistException_WhenUserExistsWithGivenEmail() throws Exception {
when(userRepositoryMock.findByEmail(TEST_EMAIL)).thenReturn(Optional.empty())
.thenReturn(Optional.of(mock(User.class)));
String name1 = "test1";
String name2 = "test2";
userService.createUser(name1, TEST_EMAIL, UserRole.OPERATOR);
userService.createUser(name2, TEST_EMAIL, UserRole.PUBLISHER);
}
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public void createUser_ShouldThrowIllegalArgumentException_WhenEmailIsNotPresentedOrEmpty() throws Exception {
userService.createUser(TEST_NAME, null, UserRole.OPERATOR);
userService.createUser(TEST_NAME, "", UserRole.PUBLISHER);
}
@Test
public void getUserByKey_ShouldGiveUserByKey() throws Exception {
doAnswer(returnsFirstArg()).when(userRepositoryMock).save(any(User.class));
when(userRepositoryMock.findByEmail(anyString())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
User operator1 = userService.createUser(TEST_NAME, "test1@mail.com", UserRole.OPERATOR);
User operator2 = userService.createUser(TEST_NAME, "test2@mail.com", UserRole.OPERATOR);
when(userRepositoryMock.findByKey(operator2.getKey())).thenReturn(Optional.of(operator2));
User actualOperator = userService.getUserByKey(operator2.getKey());
assertThat(actualOperator).isNotNull()
.isEqualTo(operator2)
.isNotEqualTo(operator1);
}
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public void getUserByKey_ShouldThrowIllegalArgumentException_WhenUserKeyNotPresentedOrEmpty() throws Exception {
userService.getUserByKey(null);
userService.getUserByKey("");
}
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public void getUserByKey_ShouldThrowIllegalArgumentException_WhenUserKeyIsNotUUID() throws Exception {
userService.getUserByKey("test string");
}
@Test
public void getUserByKey_ShouldGiveNull_WhenUserDoesNotExistWithGivenKey() throws Exception {
when(userRepositoryMock.findByKey(anyString())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
User operator = userService.getUserByKey(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
assertThat(operator).isNull();
}
@Test
public void deleteUserByKey_ShouldRemoveUserByKey() throws Exception {
doAnswer(returnsFirstArg()).when(userRepositoryMock).save(any(User.class));
when(userRepositoryMock.findByEmail(anyString())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
User operator = userService.createUser(TEST_NAME, TEST_EMAIL, UserRole.OPERATOR);
when(userRepositoryMock.deleteByKey(operator.getKey())).thenReturn(1L);
Long deletedCount = userService.deleteUserByKey(operator.getKey());
List<User> operators = userService.getAllUsersByRole(UserRole.OPERATOR);
assertThat(deletedCount).isNotNull()
.isEqualTo(1L);
assertThat(operators).isEmpty();
verify(userRepositoryMock).findAllByRole(UserRole.OPERATOR);
}
@Test
public void deleteUserByKey_ShouldGiveZero_WhenUserDoesNotExist() throws Exception {
when(userRepositoryMock.deleteByKey(anyString())).thenReturn(0L);
Long deletedCount = userService.deleteUserByKey(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
assertThat(deletedCount).isNotNull()
.isEqualTo(0L);
}
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public void deleteUserByKey_ShouldThrowIllegalArgumentException_WhenUserKeyIsNotUUID() throws Exception {
userService.deleteUserByKey("test string");
}
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public void deleteUserByKey_ShouldThrowIllegalArgumentException_WhenUserKeyIsNotPresentedOrEmpty() throws Exception {
userService.deleteUserByKey(null);
userService.deleteUserByKey("");
}
@Test
public void updateUser_ShouldUpdateOnlyNameAndEmail() throws Exception {
doAnswer(returnsFirstArg()).when(userRepositoryMock).save(any(User.class));
when(userRepositoryMock.findByEmail(anyString())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
String expectedName = "new_test";
String expectedEmail = expectedName + "@mail.com";
User operator = userService.createUser(TEST_NAME, TEST_EMAIL, UserRole.OPERATOR);
when(userRepositoryMock.findByKey(operator.getKey())).thenReturn(Optional.of(operator));
when(userRepositoryMock.findByEmail(operator.getKey())).thenReturn(Optional.of(operator));
UpdateUserRequest updateRequest = new UpdateUserRequest(operator.getKey(), expectedName, expectedEmail);
User actualOperator = userService.updateUser(updateRequest);
assertThat(actualOperator).isNotNull()
.isEqualTo(operator);
assertThat(actualOperator.getName()).isEqualTo(expectedName)
.isNotEqualTo(TEST_NAME);
assertThat(actualOperator.getEmail()).isEqualTo(expectedEmail)
.isNotEqualTo(TEST_EMAIL);
}
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public void updateUser_ShouldThrowIllegalArgumentException_WhenUserIsNull() throws Exception {
userService.updateUser(null);
}
@Test(expected = UserNotFoundException.class)
public void updateUser_ShouldThrowUserNotFoundException_WhenUserDoesNotExist() throws Exception {
String userKey = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
when(userRepositoryMock.findByKey(userKey)).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
UpdateUserRequest updateRequest = new UpdateUserRequest(userKey, TEST_NAME, TEST_EMAIL);
userService.updateUser(updateRequest);
}
}
| 8,731 |
https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/148809
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 149 | 370 |
shipping and handling information
I have successfully created a custom shipping method using this tutorial. I am unable to display this information in the admin panel correctly. This is my code just like the one in above tutorial
class Excellence_Pickup_Model_Sales_Order extends Mage_Sales_Model_Order{
public function getShippingDescription(){
$desc = parent::getShippingDescription();
// print_r($desc);
$pickupObject = $this->getPickupObject();
if($pickupObject){
$desc.= '\r\nShipping Carrier:'.$pickupObject->getShp_carrier();
$desc.= '\r\nShipping Carrier:'.$pickupObject->getAccountno();
$desc.= '\r\nShipping Carrier:'.$pickupObject->getShp_method();
}
return $desc;
}
}
As you can see i am using "\r\n", i also have tried using "br" tags but they also appear as it is in the admin panel as shown in the image below.
What is the way forward?
The HTML is being filtered in the template:
//From sales/order/view/tab/info.phtml
<?php if ($_order->getShippingDescription()): ?>
<strong><?php echo $this->escapeHtml($_order->getShippingDescription()) ?></strong>
//...
To fix this, override the template and remove the call to escapeHtml(). That should fix it.
Please let me know if you have any questions!
| 38,385 |
|
bub_gb_m9MlmLi9kBgC_23
|
Greek-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,847 |
Valavaráta ī sýntomī tīs Machavarátas poiītheísa ypó tou Amára ī Amarasándra...
|
Amaracandra Sūri
|
Greek
|
Spoken
| 8,442 | 26,500 |
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Ό ποιητής παίζει προς τήν λέξιν. 2. Οί’ διαιτώνται έν τφ λειμώνι τών Χωτών. 3. Πολεμικός, έπίΟετον τού Σατεκή. ΟίοίΐίζθΟ Ον Οοο^Ιε €34 ΒΑΛΑΒΑΡΑΤΑ, * λών άστράπτοντες, ίπτίεσαν θέοντες, ώς $ύω νε'φη, έρί- * ζοντα εις έκρόφησιν ύπατος τού ίίκεανοϋ *. 185. « Των πολεμικών τό εις τόν -ττρός άλλήλους πόλεμον » πρόθυμον, ψυχρόν έγενετο 2, έπειδ·/; αΐ θερμαί καρδίαι » αυτών, αΐ είσιν ώς άτομα 3, έξήλθον είς θεωρίαν, όπερ ■ ουμπεραίνεται έκ τών σπινθήρων 4 τών συναρασσομε'- β νων όπλων Ικατε'ρων. 1 86. ο Τά δέ βέλη αύτοΐν, καίπερ εύστοχα τής νύσσης είσε'- » δυον αί5οΐ πως είς γήν, ώςπερ λέγοντα* « ΟϋαΙ ήμΐν » τοΐς μή πληρώσασι σήμερον τό βούλημα τοϋ έαυτών ” Κυρίου 5 ! Ούαί τή ήμετίρα βολή, τή γνωστή παντί τω » στρατψ ! 6 γάρ έχθρός οϋκ έβλήθη 6 ! 187. κ Πεσόντων δέ τών ήνιόχων, τών ίππων, τών τόξων " καί τών σκμαιών τοΐς άλλήλων βέλεσι, κατε'βησαν άμ- » φότεροι άπό τών αρμάτων, χρυσάς ασπίδας καί ρομ- » φαίας εχοντες, ώςπερ εΐ εΐχον άνά χεΐρας την εαυτών * όζεΐαν θερμότητα7, καί τόν σπόρον τοϋ ίένδρου, τής » ήττης τοϋ αντικειμένου. 188. ο Τηνικαϋτα ε’ν βραχεί ήδΰ θέαμα έγένετο έκ τών πολε- 1. Τό νέφη ήγαγεν είς παράδειγμα, διότι μέλινες ήταν άμφότεροι. 2. ΟΙ πολεμικοί άφήκαν τό είς τόν πόλεμον πρόθυμον, καί έτράπη- σαν είς θεωρίαν. 3. Η καρδία,δηλ. ή διάνοια, λέγεται άτομον, διό τό λε7ττόν καί ό{ύ. 4. Δηλ. οι σπινθήρες, οί έςαγόμενοι έκ τών συναρασσομένων όπλων ησαν αΐ θερμαί καρδίαι τών πολεμικών (αΐ λέγονται άτομα), αΐ έξήλθον είς θεωρίαν. 5. Το βούλημα τοΰ τοξότου ήν τρώσαι τόν έχθρόν. 6. Έκ τούτου δηλοΐ, ότι τό βέλη ίπιπτον άπρακτα, άντέχοντος τοΰ θώρακος. 7. 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Γ. 635 » μικών φωνών, διά τών συγκρούσεων των μαχαιρών, » διά τών σπινθηροβολιών, διά τών σωματικών στροφών, » καί διά τοϋ ήχου τών κωδωνίσκων ι. 189. « 0 δέ Βουρισραβάς, άψάμενος τοϋ Σατεκή ε’κ της κό- » μης, πατάςας αυτόν τψ ποδί είς τό στήθος, έπε'πεσεν » έπ’ αύτόν, άποτεμεϊν βουλόμενος τήν κεφαλήν αύτοΰ « μεγάλη μαχαίρα. 190. «Τότε 6 Κρισνάς εφη τφ ’Αρζοόνα- '« ί) τής τύχης ! « ’ΐδέ ό μαθητής σου Σατεκής, 6 νικητής ών τοϋ κόσμου, « ύπά χεϊρά ίστι τού Βουρισραβά. » 191. » Ακούσας 6 ’Λρζούνας, βαλών, εκοψε διά βέλους τήν » ζιφηφόρον /εΐρα τοϋ Βουρισραβά, τήν ούταν Ιτοίμην βα- » λεΐν, καθώς 6 Γαρούδας τον άνιστάμενον δφιν. 192. «Η δέ χειρ αύτοϋ επεσε κατά γης, ποιούσα η/ον διά « τών ψελλίων καί γελούσα τήν διάκρισιν τοϋ 'Αρζούνα 2, «διά τών λάμψεοιν τών έν τώ δακτυλίιρ μαργαριτών, « οΐ ήσαν, ώς όδόντες 3. 193. « Πεσούσης δή τής χειρός, τής συνεργούστ-ς εν παντΐ » /ρησίμω εργω, ό Βουρισραβάς εφη τώ ’Αρςούνα, άφεΐς » τήν κόμην τοϋ Σατεκή, άποτυχών τοϋ σκοπού 4. 194. « 0 καρπό; τής φιλίας τοϋ Κρισνά, τοϋ πολεμοϋντος δο- « λίως, έδείχθη υπό σοϋ σήμερον, 8ς εκοψας τήν χεϊρά ο μου, ένασχολουμένου τή πρός άλλον μάχη 5.» 4 . Οί παλαιοί ήρωες τής Ινδίας έΐχον κωδωνίσκους δεδεμένους περί τα γόνατα. Ζ. Κατεγίλα δηλ. τοϋ Άρζοόνα, ώς άίιαχρίτου' ού γα'ρ έστι νόμος βοτ^εΐν τόΐς μονομαχοΰσιν. 3. Ή λευκή λάμψις τών μαργαριτών ήν, ώς γέλως' οί δε μαργα- ρίται, ώς όδόντες* ό γάρ γιλών προφαίνει τούς όδόντας. 4. “Ον είχεν ε(ς τύ καρατόμησα! αύτόν. 5. Ούκ έ'στι νόμιμον άναιρεΐσθαι ύπό τίνος άλλου τύν μονομάχο ΰντα. Οί^ίΙίζβσΙ 6γ (2οΟ§Ιθ 636 ΒΑΛΑΒΑΡΑΤΑ, 1 95. « Χοιαΰτα είπών, κατατκευάτα; κλίνην έκ βελών ίτ, άρι- " στερά χειρί, χατεκλίΟη επ’ αυτής έπί Οανάτω, νεκρώδας » πάτα; τά; αϋτοΰ αισθήσεις 1. 196. «θύσαντος δ; τήν πνοήν ίν τώ πυρώνει πνεύματι 2 , » έςήλΟεν έκ τής κορυφή; αύτοΰ φλόξ τις λαμπρά3 , πλη- » ρώσασα καπνού τόν αιθέρα. 197. “0 δ’ Αρζούνας εφη πρός τούς βασιλείς, ονειδίζοντας « αυτόν* «Τί όφελος ίκ τών όπλων, εάν μ ή ρΰσωνται φί- » λον ε’μπεπτωκότα δεινώ ίχΟρώ ·, 198 . « Τί ονειδίζετε με, ώ αγαθοί, διασώσάντα φίλον έγκάρ- « δ .ον, οί έτοςεύιτε κατά τοϋ ’Λοημανιοΰ, λειποΟυμή- « σαντος * ·, » 199. «Τοιαΰτα είπόντος τοΰ ’Αρζούνα, ό λατεκής, άναλαβύν χ εαυτόν άνέστη ίν τάχει, πλήρης ων θυμού, μή είδώς τά χ γεγεν/,μ,ενα 5. 200. « Καί περ δε κωλ.υόμενος Οπό τοΰ Κρισνά καί τοΰ Αρ- » ζούνα, άπέτεμε τήν κεφαλήν τοΰ προεκπνεύσαντος Βου- χ ρισραίά, ώςπερ γελώταν τ·?, λαμπρότητι τοΰ προ- χ οώπου. 201. «Οί δέ βασιλείς, οί έβούλοντο διαφυλάςαι τόν Ζαϊατρά- χ -αν μέχρι τή; ε’λεύσεως τής εσπέρας, αναιρούμενοι πρός 1. 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Γ'. 637 » τού ’Αρζούνα, θλίβοντε; έβιάζοντο τόν Ηλιον 1 ε£ς τα- » μεΐαν δύσιν 2. 202. « Ο δ’ Ηλιο; ί νε'νετο τότε έρυθρέ;, ερυθροί; πω; όμμασι » βλεπόμενό; πω; ίιπό των Καουραβών, ταύτα λεγόντων· η Διά τί ουτο; βραδύνει επί τού ουρανού ; διά τ£ οΰ δύει » ταχε'ω;; » 203. η 0 δέ δίσκο; τού Ηλιου, καί περ ων έν τώ πε'ρατι τού » ουρανού, έβράδυνεν όπωσούν, ώ;περ έπεμόμεν ο; τή; έδού » τοΐ; βαλλοριε'νοι; βε'λεσι τού ’Αρζούνα παντα μή τών ο μερών. 204. «Βαβαί ! δ; έστιν οφθαλμέ; καί κόσμο; τού κόσμου, » καί καιρέ; τών καλών έργων 3, τούτου τού θαυμαστόν » εχοντο; φώ;, δύσιν ηυμοντο οί ΚαουραβαΙ, έπιθυμούν- » τε; τού εαυτών σκοπού. 205. « Τέ δέ λώτιον δμμα τού ’Αρζούνα, τέ ευκίνητον, ώ; » ψε'λλιον, ένατενίζον συνεμώ; αδημονία προ; τον Ζαϊα- η τράταν, καί πρό; τόν Ηλιον, καί πρό; τού; βασιλεϊ;, » ποθητόν ήν κατοικηθήναι υπό τη; Λα;μή; 4. 2ϋ0. «Τηνικαύτα 6 Κρισνά; εφη τώ υίεο τού ϊνδρα· «0 δσιο; η Βριδαςάτρα;, πατήρ ε’στι τούτου τού Ζαΐατράτα· ήσΟεί; « δέ πο τε, έφη τούτω τώ υΐώ αυτού· «δ;τι; ρίψει την " κεφαλήν σου ε’πί γή;, καί ή κεφαλή τούτου ώσαύτω; ■> πεσεΐται. » 207. « Σκεψάμενο; ουν, ρίψον βε'λει τήν κεοαλήν τούτου τού 1 . 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Γ'. 639 ο καί τον ’Ασβατάμαν, έτίμητε την έσπεραν, ώς προσφο- » ραΐς λωτών, κεοαλαΐς βατιλε'ων, τμηθείσαις μακροΐς “ βε'λεοιν. 210. «0 δέ Σατεχ.ής, άναβάς έττί τοϋ αρματος τοΰ Κρισνά, « δττερ ήχΟη ύπά τοϋ ήνιόχου Δαρουκα, καί νικίας τόν « Καρνάν, (χάλ'λον ίρυθράν τήν ίσπε'ραν άπε'δειζε τοϊς ίκ- β νεομένοις αίμασι κολλών βατιλε'ίον, τρωθε'ντων βε'λεσιν. 217. « όργιζύμενος 5 ό αεί νικητής ’Αρζούνας Ιπί τη προς β τον Βήμαν καταφρονήσει ι, είπών πρό τοΰ Κόρνα, ώς » αναιρέσει ε’ν πολε'μω τόν υιόν αύτοϋ Βρισσασε'ναν, εττο- β ρεύΟη σύν άπασι τοϊς περί αυτόν, εις τό προσκυνήσαι β τόν 'ίουίιστίραν, καί συγχαρήναι αΰτώ. 218. ο 0 μέν ουν ’Αρζούνας καί ό Βήριας καί ό Σατεκής Ιπή- β νουν πρό τοΰ ϊουδιστίρα τά έν πολέαω άλλήλων κατορ- β 6ώματα, άγαλλόμενοΐ' ό ίουδιστίρας, άγκαλισάμε- ο νως σΰν /αρα τόν Κρισνάν καί τόν Αρζούναν, τους ήρωας, » έπαινον έποίει πρός τόν Κρισνάν, ώς αίτιον τής νίκης.» Τέλος τοΰ Τρίτου Κεφαλαίου τοϋ Έβοο'μου Βιβλίου τής Βαλαβαράτας, τοϋ μεγάλου ποιήματος, δ έποίηαεν ό ΑΜΑΡΑΣΑΝΔΡΑΣ. 1 . 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Άμαβασιά λέγεται ή ίνη,καί νέα. 2. Ό Κρισνάς έν βρεφική ήλικία, κείμενοί έπι κλίνης, λαχτίσας ί(5- βιψεν άμαξαν έπικρεμαμένην. 3. Καθώς έν θυσίφ ζώα σφαγιάζονται, ο3τω καί Ιν μάχη άνθρωποι. 4. Καθώς οί λύχνοι, άπτόμενοι κατά τήν εσπέραν, φέρονται άφ’ ένός οίκου είς άλλον. 5. Ώς τΐ> έν τή συντελεία τοΰ αίώνος νέφος. 6. Διατμηθείσης τής κεφαλής αύτοΰ, άλλη έςιφύη. Οίςίΐίζθίΐ Ιον (ύοο^Ιε Β1ΒΛΙ0Ν ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Δ'. 643 21. · Ειτα δ’ δ υίδς έχείνου Ανζαναπαρβά; άνγρέθη ΰπδ τοΰ • Ασβατάμα , άναβοών χαί έμών τήν καταποθεϊσαν λαμ- » πράν δύναμιν των ήρώων *, ή έστιν ή έχ τοΰ στόμα - β το; έςαγθιΐσα φλός. 22. « Ττ,ν δε δαιμονικήν καί μαγικήν φοβέραν ’Αςαουχινήν » τοΰ υίοΰ τοΰ Βήμα, διεσχέδασεν δ υίδς τοΰ Δρόνα, » χαθώς δ Ηλιος τήν ζοφεράν χαί φοβέραν νύχτα. 23. « ’Αποχτείνας δ’ δ υιός τοΰ Δρόνα, τοΰ μεν βασιλέως » Δρουπάδα, οχτώ υίοΰς, τοΰ δέ Κουντιβόζα δέκα, φή- » μτ,ν έλαβε λαμπράν έν ταΐς όχτωχαίδεχα μεγάλαις » νήσοις τής επιγείου σφαίρας. 24. · ΚεφαλαΙ πολλών ήρώων, κεκοσμτμέναι πολύτιμοι; » λίδοις, άναρριπτόμεναι τοϊς βέλεσιν έχείνου,;· έφοδον » έποίουν κατά τοΰ έν αΐθέρι σκότους, ώς θεράποντες » τοΰ ήλιου. 23. « Αΐ δέ πολύτιμοι λαμπραί λίθοι, αί πίπτουσι έχ τής β κεφαλής τοΰ βασιλέως τής Βαλχίκας, τοΰ συντριβέν- β τος τή κορύν/ι τοΰ Βήμα, έφαίνοντο, ώς σπυνθήρες τοΰ β πυρδς, τής δυνάμεως τοΰ Βήμα. 26. « Δέκα δέ υιοί σου ούτοι έκαρατομήθτσαν έν ταύτώ τοΐ; β βε'λεσι τοΰ Βήμα, δ Πραματής, ό Βτ,ραζαγής, δ Να- 27. " γαδάτας (όφιόδοτος), δ Δριταράτας, δ Βτ,ραβανοΰς, » ό ’Αϊοβαχοΰς (Σιδτ,ροβραχίων), δ Σουχέστας, ό Σου- β δρίδας, δ Ούρνανάβας, και δ Κουνδασσαγής. 28. « Εκ τών κεφαλών δέ τούτων, ώ βασιλεύ, των άνι- β πταμένων έν ταύτφ εις τδν αιθέρα, οί Θεοί άνεμνήσθτ- β σαν τής ανδραγαθίας τοΰ Ράμα 2. 29. β Ριφθεΐσαι δ’ εις τδν αιθέρα ύπδ τοΰ Βήμα έπτά κε- 4. 2. Τών ήρώων ίτ,λ. έχείνων, οδς άπέχτεινε. "Οε έχοψεν έν ταύτφ τάς δέχ* χεγαλας τβΰ 'Ραδάνα. 41* ΟίςίΐίζβΟ Οχ Οοο^Ιε 644 ΒΑΛΑΒΑΡΑΤΑ, » φαλαί τών αδελφών τού Σαχουνί), έφάίνοντο δτι έπι- » πτον αί ύδρίαι τών επτά όσιων, πτοηθέντων τώ βρη- » χύματι τοϋ Βήμα. 30. Η δέ δεινή μάχη τοϋ Δρόνα καί τοϋ ίουδιστίρα, ή δία- ν σκεδάσασα τό της νυκτός σκέτος ττ, λάμψει τών λαμ- » πρών δπλων, (Θεωρείτο μετά θαύματος υπό τών ηρώων. 31. Απάτης δέ της στρατιάς καταπίεζα με'νης τοΐς βέλεσι » τών Πανδοϊδών, 6 Καρνάς, τοξεύων, εΓρηχε τώ βασι- » λεΐ Δουριοδάνα, έλεεινολογοϋντι· 32. « Μή φοβοΰ, ω βασιλεύ* ε’π’ έμοί έστι τό φορτίον τής * απώλειας τών έχθρών· ή δέ βασιλεία τών Πανδοϊδών « είς έμέ άνήκει* τήν γάρ ανδρείαν τοϋ ’Αρζούνα σήμε- « ρον παραλύσω. » 33. « Τοιαϋτα εΐπόντος τοϋ Καρνά, ό Κριπα; έφη· * Ούχ ■ ώράθη σοι, ω υιέ τοϋ Σούτα ι, ό ’Αρζούνας έν τή τών « βοών άρπαγί) ·, πολέμει, δση δύναμις, χαΐ μή μεγα- * λαύχει. · 34. · 0 δέ Καρνάς είπε μετά θυμού πρός τόν Κριπάν, έχων » ρομφαίαν ένχειρί* «Εί εΓποις πάλιν τοιοϋτον λόγον, δια- » τμηθήσεται ή'γλώσσά σου ΰπ’ έμ.οϋ ταύτνι τή ρομφαία.» » 35. " ’Αγανακτήσας δ’ ό Α σβατάμας έπί τη πρός τόν μη- » τρός θειον ατιμία, ταυρηδόν ίδών, χαί είπών, « Τί » βαύζεις, ώς χύων ; » οπασάμενος μάχαιραν, ε’πέδρα- » μ,εν επί τόν Καρναν. 36. « Ιΐπέδραμε δέ χαί ό Καρνάς έπ’ έχεΐνον. Επιδραμάν- » τες δ’ ούτοι ξιφήρεις, χαί τόν ’ΐάμαν δοΰλον άποδεί- » ξάντες2, κατεπραυνθησαν ευθέως Οπό τοϋ Δουριοδάνα » χαί Κριπά, έλθόντων είς τό μέσον. \. Σούτας λέγεσαι ό Αρματηλάτης. 2. Μάλλον ιταμοί τοϋ Ίάμ* έφάνησαν δηλ. ΟίθίιΐζθΟ Ον (ύοο^Ιε ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Δ'. 645 37. » Επειδή 5έ ό Καρνάς καί ό Ασβατάμας καί ό Δουοιο- » δάνας έθανάτουν, ώς τρεις θάνατο1., τοιοϋτοι λόγοι » έλε'γοντο έν τοΐς έχθροΐς* « Αυτός άναίρεθήσεται 1 έχεΐ- ι> νος άνγοέΟη ! ούτος αναιρείται I » 38. « Η ικέν χορδή τοϋ τόζου τοϋ ’Αρζούνα, προσ/,ρμοσιείνη » τή χειρί, ήλθεν εις τό ούς *· ή 5ε στρατιά τοϋ Δου- ν ριοδάνα, ένώσασα τάς χεΐρας, $λθεν είς τόν ’Καρνάν, » ώς εις καταφύγιον. 39. « Καταβληθε'ντος δέ τοϋ τε άρματος καί τοϋ φροντίδα- ν τος τοϋ Καινά τοΐς βΑεσι τοϋ ’Αρζούνα, 6 Καρνάς, » ήσυχος γεν/σΟαι βουλόριενος, κατε'φυγεν είς τόν διδά- » σχαλον Κ ρίκαν 2. 40. · ό δε ζόφο ς, ώς δαίμων, όρεγόμενος κρεωφαγι'ας, έφαϊ- « νέτο, ώςπερ εΐ έςετάνυε την εαυτού γλώσσαν, ή έστιν » ή ροή αιμάτων τών υιών τοϋ Δρουπάδα, των άναιρε- » θε'ντων ϋπό τοϋ ’Λσβατάμα. 41. <■ 0 δέ ’ίουδιστίρας δραματουργός ήυ τοϋ δράματος, » τοϋ φόοου τής στρατιάς τοϋ Αουριοδάνα 3, εχων ές ε κα- ν τερών τών πλευρών τόν Βήμαν καί τόν ’Αρζούναν, κα- ν θώς ό δραματουργός δύω παραστάτας. 42. « ό δέ 2ατεκής κατε'βαλε τόν Σομαδάταν, τόν οντα στύ- ν λον Ουμοϋ καί πλήρη οΐήσεως, καθώς 6 μεμτ,νώς έλε'φας » τόν στύλον έλέφαντος4, άληλιμμε'νον μανικώ χυμώ 5. 4. Παίζει πρός τός λέξεις 6 ποιητής· Κόρνα γόρ λέγεται χαί τό ους. 2. Παίζει προς τας λέξεις ό ποιητής· ό οέ στίχος διφορεΐται. « Κα- ν ©ώς δταν τό φρόνημα της σαρχός χαταβληθή, ό άνθρωπος ήσυχος » γίνεται χαΐ Ιγχρατής, καί έρχεται πρός τόν πνευματιχόν πατέρα, μα- » θητής καί ακουστής γενησόμενος. » 3. Ήνόραγάβησεν ό Ίουδιστίρας. 4. Τόν στύλον έν <ρ δέοεται ό έλέφας. 5. Παίζει πρός τός λέξεις ό ποιητής. 0ί9ίΙίζ6<1 Ον Οοο^Ιε 646 ΒΑΛΑΒΛΡΑΤΑ, 43. « Εκείνη ή νύζ, ή άπολλύουσα λαούς καί λάμπουσα τοΐς » λαμπροί; οπλοις τού ’Αρζούνα καί τού Δρόνα ήν, ώς ή » Καλαρατρή, ή άπολλύουσα τούς λαούς, καί κατακαίουσ* ιι τώ πυρί τοΰ νηλεοΰς Σέβα. 44. ·>Το μεν αΐμα έν τφ στα5(ω τοΰ πολε'μαυ ήν, ώς χυ- » μός Ταμ.βούλας έν τώ στόματι τοΰ ’ΐάμα, τά 5ε βε”λη >' έζ έκατέρων των στρατών, ώς ό5όντες τοΰ ’ΐάμα, τά ιι 5’ έν τοΐς στρατοί; ζώα λογικά καί άλογα, ώς τά • φύλλα τής Ταμοούλας, καί ή Πούγα 1. 45. Εν έκείνφ τώ τής νυκτός σκότει οί ήρωες έλααπρύνοντο » έκ τών παρισταμε'νων πυρσών 2, αΧ ησαν, ώς φλόγες » τοΰ πυροει5οΰς θυμοΰ, έζερχόμεναι έκ τών ώτων 3. 46. * 0 ζόφος τής νυκτός, βαλλόμενος τοΐς βε'λεσι τών ήρώων, » πολλά τραύματα εΐ/εν αίματόρ^υτα, δπ·ρ συμπεραίνε- » ται έκ τών λάμψεων τών πυρσών. 47 . · 6ν τούτω τώ θαυμαστώ πολεμώ οί πυρσοί επιπτον • κατά γής τοΐς μέλασι σι5/ροΐς βέλεσιν 5 τών ήρώων, » ώς ραπίσμασι τοΰ σκότους. 48. · Παράίοζον 5ε τοΰτο, δτι ό ’ΐου5ιςίρας, θς ην απόρροια • Θεοΰ, έ νίκησε τόν ισχυρόν έν νυκτί Δουριο5άναν, 8ς ήν » απόρροια 5αίμονος 6! 49. « 0 5έ Καρνας, έςαπολλύων πάντα τόν έντυγχάνοντα, » έφείσατο τοΰ νεωτέρου ά5ελφοΰ Νακούλα, τυχόντος εις » τό πρόσω, ένθυμηθείς τόν λό- ον τής μητρός. 4, Παίζει προς τάς λέξεις ό ποιητής. 2. Έν έκατε'ρα πλευρά τών ήρώων δύω ήσαν πυρσογόροι. 3. Πυρσούς εχουσιν έν τή νυκτομαχίφ. 4. Ή μεν λάμψις, ώς αΤμα. 5. Μέλας ό σίδηρος, μέλαν καί τά σκότος ' το δε σκότος έχθρόν τφ •ωτί. 6. 01 γύρ Δαίμονες έν νυκτί ίσχιίουσιν, ώς νακτοποροϋντες. ΟίοίΐίζθΟ Ον (ύοο^Ιε Β1ΒΛ10Ν ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Δ'. 647 50. «Ο δέ αρματηλάτης Δρυσταδιούμνας, Ιφιίμενος δράζα- » τ9αι τής ανδρείας, τής οΰσης ε’ν τώ με'σω, ανώμαλον » έποίησε τήν γήν, έ* κεφαλών βασιλε'ων, τοϋτέ Δρουμα- » σε'να, καί άλλων. 51. « ϊπό δέ τοϋ Δρόνα καί Καρνα κατάστρωτος έγένετο ή » γή προσώποις βασιλε'ων 1, ώς λωτοΐς, ριφΟεΐσιν ΰπ’ ί- » κείνων, παρευομένων είς τον Ιτερον βίον. 52. « Ααμψάσης δέ τής φήμης τοϋ Καρνά, ώς Σελήνης, έκ » τής τροπής καί φυγής τοϋ Δρυσταδιοΰμνα καί άλλων » ήρώων, τό λο'ιτιον πρόσωπον των Πανδοϊδών έμαράνθη1. 53. «■ Διέτεμνε δ’ ό ήλιογενής Καρνάς καί τήν στρατιάν τών » Πανδοϊδών καί τάς έλπίδας τής νίκης αυτών βέλε- • σιν άναριθμήτοις, ώςπερ ποιηΟεΐσιν έκ τών όδόντων ο τοϋ ίάμα, χαριζομένου τώ άδελφώ 3. 54. «0 δ’ υιός τοϋ Βήμα Γατοτκάσας, προτραπείς ΰπό τοϋ » Κρισνά, μεγαλόσωμος ών καί πολύχροον εχων τόξον, » έπέδραμε κατά τοϋ Καρνά, ώς δρος, εχον τό τόξον τοϋ » ϊνδρα 4. 55. Φοβερός δ’ ών έκ τών φλογών τών έξερχομένων έκ στό- » ματος, έξ όμμάτων, έκ μυκτήρων καί ώτων, καί άνα- » διδόμενων έκ τοϋ δεινοϋ πυρός τής κοιλίας αύτοϋ, 56. « ίίχων σπινθήρας πυρός, ξανθός ών τήν τρίχα τοϋ γε- ν νείου, καί τών όφρύων, καί τής κεφαλής, ώςπερ δρος » υψηλόν, έχον πϋρ έπί τής άκρωρείας έξημμένον, \ . Δηλ. Ενιψαν τό αγλαά έαυτών κάρηνα, ώς άνθη, εις τιμήν τής γής, ώς θεάς, πορευδμενοι εις τον οόρανόν. 2. Καθώς ό λωτός συμμυει, δταν άνατέλλη ή Σελήνη, οΰτω καί ή ΐπαρσις τών Πανδοϊδών κ.πτωκεν, άναλαμψάσης τής ιρήμης τοΰ Καρνα. 3. Ό Ίάμας υίός τον Ήλιου, ώς καί ό Καρνας. 4. Τό τόξον τοΰ “ϊνδρα, ή Ίρις έστίν, ώς προείρηται. ΟίςίΙίζβΟ Ον Οοο^Ιΰ 64» ΒΛΛΛΒΛΡΛΤΑ, 57. ► · Καί τους μέν δειλούς όλλύων τη έμφανεία τοΰ σώμτ- » τος «ύτοϋ, τους δέ γενναίους καταβάλλων τω Οράσει, * τους δ’ ανδρείους εις φυγήν τρέπων τη βροντοειδεΐ φω- η νή, έτόξευε τόν Καρνάν. 58. « ίίν τούτω ό δαίμων ’Αλαμβάλα; ήλθεν είς τό μέσον » τοΰ Καρνα καί τοϋ Γατοτχάσα 1 , πλατΰ; ων καί ΰψη- » λός, καί στόμα με'γα εχων, ώς πύλην. 59 η Ο δέ Γατοτκάσας, ών έφ’ άρματος τετρακοοίων πή- » χεων τό μάκρος καί τό πλάτος, ίδών ένώπιον τόν υιόν ■ τοϋ Ζατασούρα ’Αλαμβάλαν, άντίστη αΰτώ. 60. « Ούτοι ουν οί δύω μάγο» Ιμάχοντο βέλεσι βροχηδόν, ■■ μεγαλοβραχίονες όντες, καί μεγαλόσωμο·., ώς δύω όρη » μεγάλα, ίχοντα κινουμε'νας πτέρυγας 2. 61. « 0 δε Γατοτκάσας, πηδήσας υπό τοϋ Ιαυτοϋ άρματος » είς τό τοϋ ’Αλαμβάλα, έπίεζεν αυτόν σφόδρα ταΐς χέρ- ι. οί, καί τω στήθει· ωσαύτως δ! κάκεΐνος τοϋτον. 62. « Καταπιεσθε'ντος δέ τοϋ σώματος τοϋ ’Αλαμβάλα, ιι Ιςΐ,λΟον ίκ τών οπών των αισθήσεων αΰτοΰ ήχος, καί » αίμα, καί φλόζ, καί αήρ 3. 63. « Κόψας δ’ 6 Γατοτκάσας τήν κεφαλήν τοϋ ’ΛλαμβάΧα, » ίλΟών, είρηκε τω ’ίουδιστίρα· χ’ίδε ταύτην! οϋτω διά χ τάχους δείξωσοι καί τήν κεφαλήν τοϋ Καρνα.» 64. « Τοιαϋτα είπών αυτός ό Γίγας, ελθών πρός τόν Κάρ- ο νάν όρμή μ.εγάλη καί φωνή, κατετίτρωσκεν αυτόν βέ- » λέσι μεγάλοις, ώς στύλοις. 4 . Ώς προτείχισμα τοϋ Καρνα έγένετο. 2. Τό μεν σώματα, ώς όρη· αΐ δε βραχίονες, ώς πτέρυγες- καί γαρ κατά τοός μύθους τα όρη πρότερον πτέρυγας είχον. 3. Ό ήχος ίδιον τοΰ αίθίρος, τοΰ κενού" τό δ’ αίμα αντί τοΰ δδατος-, τό δί σώμα αντί τοΰ χοδς* ίιελύΟη δηλ. είς τό πέντε στοιχεία, έ£ ων συνετέθη. ΟίρίΙίζβΟ Ον (ΐοο§Ιε 619 ΒΙΒΛΙΟ* ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, Κ.ΕΦ. ά'. 65. « Αλλά καί ό Καρνά;, αύτδς μέν μ λ τρέμων, τρεμειν » δέ ποιων τά χείλη 1 , ακίνητο; ών, κενών δέ τάς γεΐ- » ρας, καί μή ταραττόμενος, ταράττεσθαε δέ ποιων την » χορδήν, έτίτρωσκεν αύτόν βελεσι. 66. « Διέκοψε δε, ώς είκό;, ό υίδ; τοϋ χιλιοάκτινος βλίου"2 » τοΐς βέλεσι τόν φερόμεν ον δίσκον τοϋ Γατοτκάσα, τόν » χελία; άκωκά; εχοντα, καί όπερβαίνοντα τόν Ηλιον τνί » ακτινοβολία. 67. « Αναβα; δ’ εέ; τόν αιθέρα μετά τοϋ άρματος αυτό; δ » υίδ; τοϋ Βήμα, παντόμορφο; γενδμενο;, πολλά; πνοά; ■> των εχθρών κατέπινε. 68. « Τ-/5 δε γοητεία αύτοϋ ή μεν γγ εκαεε φλογερώ πυρί, δ * δ’ οΰρανδς εβρεχεν όρη, αί δέ διαστάσεις τοϋ τόπου » έςήγον στίφη δαιμόνων κατά τοϋ στρατού των πόλε· » μίων. 69. « 0 δ’ υιός τοϋ Ηλιου τήν μέν γοητείαν εκείνην καθελών » διά θείου βέλου;, δαίμονα; δ’ άναρίθμου; καταοαλών * διά δεινών βελών, ήγλαίζετο, ώ; άλλο; Ράμα; ®, » άνδραγαθών. 70. » Επτάκυκλος δέ κεραυνός, 8ν κατεσκευάσατο δ Σίβα;, » ριφθείς ΰπδ τοϋ Γατοτκάσα, κατέθραυσε τδ άρμα τού » Καρνά. 71. <·0 δέ δαίμων Γατοτκάσα;, ου τδ άρμα κατεάγη τοΐ; ■ βέλεσε τοϋ Καρνά, έπετάσθη εέ; τδν αίθε'ρα εύθέω;, κα- » θώ; δ ορνις, καταρραγείση; τής κίρτης. 72. ο Τόν δέ δαίμονα ’Αλαϊούδαν, φίλον τοϋ δαίμονο; Βά- Έκ θυμοΰ τρίμουαι το χείλη. 2. ”ί2ν υιός τοΰ Ήλιου, κατέβαλε τόν έρίζοντα τψ Ήλίφ* εικότως δ’ έποίησε. 3. Κα κείνος γαρ πλήθη δαιμόνων άνιϊλιν. οίςίΐίζβσ Ον Οοο§Ιε 650 ΒΑΛΑΒΑΡΑΤΑ, » κα 1 , τόν όντα μάγον καί έφ’ άρματος, καί πολεμοΰν- 73 » τα τώ Βήμα, όντι άνευ μαγίας καί άνευ ιάματος, προσ- » εκαλέσατο εις μάχην δ Γατοτκάσας φωναΐς βροντοει- » δέσι, διαρρηγνυούσαις πάσαν διάστασιν τοΰ τόπ ου. 74. « ’Αμφότεραι δέ ούτοι, οί ήταν, ώς δύω βραχίονες τοΰ » ίαμα, φριχτόν πόλεμον συ νεκρότηταν καί άπηλλάγη- » σαν τοΰ κνισμοϋ 2, δν είχον, διά το μή εϋρίσκειν τόν » ανταγωνιστήν. 75. « ΐίχ δέ τών γδούπων των πρός άλλήλους πληγών τού- » των, Ισταμένων εν τφ αίΟε'ρι, καί αί κορυφαί τών • όρε'ων συντριβεΐσαι επεσον εις γην, ώςπερ ψοβηθεΐσαι. 76. « Κοπεΐσα δ’ ή κεφαλή τοΰ ’Αλαϊούδα υπό τοΰ Γατοτ- » κάσα, έπεσεν ίκ τοΰ αϊθέρος, εχουσα λαμπρά ένιότια, χ ώςπερ όρος, έχον δύω λαμπράς πτέρυγας. 77. «ΐπανελθών δΐ 6 Γατοτκάσας, καί συντρίψας τό άρμα » τοΰ Καρνά, τοΰ άναιροΰντος τούς βασιλείς τοΰ στρατοΰ » τών Πανδοϊδών, άνήλΟε πάλιν εις τόν αιθέρα. 78. " Βρέχων 3 δ' ό δαίμων οΰτος καί δένδρα, καί λίθους, » καί πΰρ, άντηχεΐν έποίησε πάσαν διάστασιν τοΰ τό- » έκ τών έλεεινών φωνών. 79. ■ Οΰτωσί άπολλύμενον τό στράτευμα τών πολεμίων, » εφευγεν εις παν μέρος, διασκεδαζόμενον, καθώς τό » ύδωρ τής λίμνης, ής τό φράγμα διεκόπη. 80. ο Καί άλλοι μέν κατέφευγον εις τόν στρατόν τών Ιχθρών » άλλοι δ’ έκρύπτοντο υπό τους πεπτωκότας έλέφαντας » καί ίππους, ώς υπό σπήλαια μεγάλων όρέων. 81. “ 0 δ’ ήλιογενής Καρνάς έ πλήρωσε τόν αιθέρα πολλών 1 . Τοΰτον τόν Βάχαν άνάΧεν 6 Βήμα*, ώς είρηται πρότερον. 2. Τής ψώρας δηλ. 3. Τουτέατι βίκτων βροχηδόν. ϋκιίΐίζΘσ Ον Οοο^Ιε ΒΙΒΛ10Ν ΕΒΑΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Α'. 651 χ βελών, βροχηδόν φερομένων κάτωθεν είς τά άνω, καί χ έπεχόντων τήν φοράν τών δπλων τοΰ Γατοτκάσα. 82. « Τά μεν ουν βέλη τοΰ Καρνά καί τοϋ Γατοτκάσα, συμ- . χ μιγνύμενα, καί ίκ τής προστριβής άπτοντα πϋρ, ώς » δένδρα, καί φλογίζοντα, είς φόβον μέγαν έγένοντο. 83. χ Θυμωθείς δ’ ό αρχιστράτηγος τών δαιμόνων Γατοτ- » κάσας, παντοειδή δπλα έβρεχε, άνοίγοντα τήν κε- » κλεισμ-ένην δίοδον οπό τών βελών τοΰ Καρνά 1. 84. η Τηνικαύτα έκ τής συνεχούς τομής καί πληγής καί συν- » τριβής τών σωματικών μελών, άπας ό στρατός έξηρεύ- » γετο « Ιού ! ούαί ! » 85. « Πϋρ δ’ έξάγων ό Γατοτκάσας έκ παντός πόρου τοϋ » σώματος, φοβέρας φωνάς έζέπεμπεν έπί τοϋ αίΟέρος· » καί πηδών, περιεφέρετο άνά παν με'ρος. 86. « Κατεβίβρωσκε δέ άναβάτας, καί έλέφαντας,· καί ίπ- » πους συν αύτοΐς τοΐς κοσμήμασι, καί έπινεν αφειδώς » αίμα ταΐς παλάμαις, αί ήταν μεγάλαι, ώς λίμναι. 87. « Ούτως ό δαίμων, νυκτιπορών, άνήρει τον στρατόν* χ πάντα δέ τά δπλα, τά ρ ιπτάμενα κατ’ αύτοϋ, ώκλα- » ζον άνωφελώς, διά τήν φοβεράν αύτοϋ θέαν. 88. « Τών μένουν θεών καί τών θείων Βραχμάνων εύζαμένων » σωτηρίαν, καί άναχωρησάντων έκ τοΰ ούρανοΰ, τοϋ δέ χ στρατού τοϋ Δουριοδάνα άπολλυμένου, τοϋ δέ κόσμου χ ταραττομένου, 89. « Τών δ’ έλεφάντων βουλομένων κρόπτεσθαι υπό τους χ ίππους, τών δ’ ίππων ύπό τούς στρατιώτας, τών δέ » στρατιωτών ϋπό τούς πόδας εκείνων, 90. Οί Καουραβαί, φυλάττοντες μάνας τάς κεφαλάς ύπό 4. Διε^ρόγνυον τά βέλη τοΰ Καρνά. 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"Πεσόντος δέ τούτου τοϋ μεγάλου ηρώο;, οί Καουρα- » βαί έσκίρτων, χαίροντες* άλλα καί 6 Κρισνάς ε’σκίρτα, » ώςπερ σημαίνων διά τούτου, ότι τό παν αυτός ε’στιν2. 96. « έρωτηθείς δέ τότε ό Κρισνάς ΰπό τοΰ ’Αρζούνα, « ή " Θεέ, καί περ λυπηρού γεγονότος, διά τί άγαλλόμενος « χορεύεις ·, » χορεύων άπεκρίνατο· 97. » Τών μέν Καουραυών μόνη ζωή έστιν 6 μεγαλοσθενής ■ Καρνάς* τούτου δέ ζωή ήν ή λόγχη αύτη, ή δοθεΐσα « παρά τοϋ ϊνδρα. 4. Άνεΐλε καί τό σκύτος, ώς φλογερά. 2. Καθώς οί Καουραοαί έχαιρον, οΰτω καί ό Κρισάς' διότι οί Καου- ραόαί, οί όντες μέλος τοΰ κόσμου, ό Κρισνάς έστιν, ώς ύν τό δλον. ϋίξΐίΐίζβσ Ον Οοο^Ιε ΒΙΒΑΙΟΠ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Δ'. 643 98. * Αδτ/) δ’ ή λόγχ·/!, ή αναιρετική βνός μόνου άνδρός, ■ άνελοϋσα τόν υιόν τού Βήμα, έπορεύθη πρός τόν ίνδραν, « λε'δασχ αΰτω, ώςπερ γελώσα διά τής λάμψεως* « Ο ο υιός σου ούκ άνιρρε'θη ύπ' ΐμοΰ. » 99. « Εκείνης τής λόγχης πορευθείσης εις τόν ουρανόν, ούκ « οίδας τούτους πάντας τεθνεώτας ; ή γάρ πνοή είσίρ- ■ χεται εις τό οτόμα αυτών χαί έξε'ρχεται, καθώς 6 <■ άήρ εΐσε'ρχεται εις τήν φύσαν, χαΐ ίζε'ρχεται *. 100. « Καθ’ έχάστην ό Καρνάς προύτρεπετο υπό τών Καου- » ραίων ούτω* « Σήμερον άναιρετε'ος ό Αρζούνας τή λύγ- ο χη’ » άλλ’ αυτός Ιπελανθώνετο τούτου, ένασχολούμε- « νο< τώ πολεμώ, χαθώ; έπιλανθάνεται τών δωρημά- « των, ών δωρεΐται. 101. 4 ΓΙρότερον άνηρε'Οησαν ύπ’ έμοΰ, ώς προειδότος τούτον « τόν πόλεμον, οί δυσνίχητοι έχεϊνοι, ό Εχαλαβε'α;, 6 <ι Ζαρασάνδας, ό Σισσουπάλας, χαί άλλοι ήρωες. 102. ο Ταύτην τήν Ουσχ αταγώνιστον χορείαν τών εχθρών, « τήν εύχαταγώνιστον γεγενημενην ύπ’ ε’μοΰ 1 2, βύντρι- « ψον, ώς τόν τής Ναριχέλας καρπόν 3, τόν κεκαθαρμή- ο νον τού φλοιού.» 103. «Τοιαύτα είπόντος τού Κρισνά, άπαντες, δ,τε ’ίουδιστί- » ρας, ό Βήμα;, ό Αρζούνας, χαί οί λοιποί ήρωες εις μά* » χην εδραμον γενναίοι;, μετατρίψαντες τό πυροειδίς » άχθος εις πυροειδή θυμόν. 104. « έπιφανείς δ’ έζχ ίφνης τότε ό Βεάσας, εφη τώ ’ίουδι- 1 . Πνέουσι δηλ. άνευ ζωής. 2. Δηλονότι εύχατόρβωτον όποίησε τόν άγώνα ούτω ηράζ ας. 3. Τό Ινδικόν κάριιον, απαλόν £χον φλοιόν, ού υυντρίδετβο ριπτό- μενον πατ* γης. ΟίοίΐίζθΟ 6γ Οοο^Ιε 654 βαλαβαρατα, ” στίρχ· Πολέμει όρΟώς, καί μή άγανάκτει- μετά ίΐ * τέσσαρας ήμέρας εσται σοι νίκη. » 105. « Βαδε'ος £ε σκότους οντος, τά βέλη τών μαχητών, των ” τοξευόντων κατά την φωνήν, έπιπτον εί; τά στόματα ” άλλήλων έν τφ καιρώ τής φωνής. 106. * Τά μεν ίη βέλη τών πολεμίων εβαλον τά σώματα τής * στρατιάς, σκότους δντος βαθέος, λάμποντα τή λαμ- » πρότηττ τών λαμπρών κοσμημάτων, ώςπερ δέικνύμενα • τώ έν τώ δακτύλω δνυχι τοϋ θανάτου. 107. «0 £έ ζόφος, σφριγών τή έν τώ μέσω τής νυκτός άκμή, “ πως διά τών άναφερομένων βελών, καί έχόρευέ * "ωί τών *ραδαινομίνων ξιφών, καί έβόα πως διά » τής φωνής τών έλεφάντων. 108. « Έκ δέ τοιούτου χρονίου πολέμου καί αυτοί οί βασιλείς »άπέκαμαν, οί ς ούδ όλίγος κάματος γίνεται έν τώ βα- ” στάζειν τήν γήν άπασαν ·. 109. «0 δέ φρόνιμος καί άκαμ ατοχάρμης ’Αοζούνας, έλεεικι- • νουμενος, είπε προς τούς ήρωας· . ’ΑναπαύΟητε μι- • κρόν τι. » 110. «Οί δέ, έπαινέσαντες τόν λόγον τού ’Αρζούνα, έπϊ τών " νώτων τών ϊππων **1 τών έλεφάντων ύπνον έλαβον, * δς αναπαύει τάν πόνον, ώς Θεός. 111. «’Αμφότεροι ουν οί στρατοί, Θωρακοφορουντες, καί λαμ- • προί όντες τοΐς διαφόροις λαμπροΐς κοσμήμασι, καί κοι- ■■ μώμενοι ακίνητοι, έφαίνοντο ώςπερ αγάλματα έν τώ » οίκψ τοϋ ’ΐ άμα. 112. « ’Ανέτειλε δ’ ή Σελήνη, ώςπερ θίξουσα ταΐς άμβροσιο- » σταλάκτοις άκτίσιν, ώς χερσί, τών απογόνων έαυτής 1- Ό βασιλεύς λέγεται γεοϋχος, τουτί™ κύριος καί χυβ.ρ,ή™ τν γης. Γ 1 * ϋ'κιίΐίζβσ θγ Οοο^Ιε ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Δ'. 655 » ήρώων, τών χοιμωμε'νων καί θλιβομένων τοΐ; τραύμασι. 113. « ’Αντε'λαμπε 3’ έν τοϊ; ρείθροε; τών αιμάτων ή διχότο- « μο; Σελήνη, καί έφαίνετο, ώ;περ εί έδιχοτομήθη τό » σώμα ΐν τω φθαροποιώ πολεμώ τών έαυτή; απογόνων. 114. « Είσέίυ έπειτα ό ΐίλιος εί; τόν αιθέρα, ώ; εί; οίκον, « άγλαϊσθέντα πρότερον τη αγλαά Σελήνν), καί έποίησε » τήν γην πλήρη αχτίνων 1. 115. «Λόγοι; <Γ έπιπληκτικοΐ; έπιπληττόμενος ό Δρόνα; ύπό » τοΰ Δουριοδάνα, Ούμωθεί;, έπληττε θείοι; δπλοι; καί » τοΰ; όπλων απείρου; 5. 116. «ό ρκεν ουν Δρόνα;, ώ; ό όδοΰ; τοΰ Ίαμα, όλεθρον έ ποιεί » περί τήν 1ω τ·?5 στρατιά τών πολεμίων, των πολέμιρ » προσκειμένων, καί προθυμουμένων. 117. «Ίδόντε; ι5' οί θεοί τό φλογερόν τόζον ί κείνου, τό κατα- » ναλίσχον πολλοΰ; τοΐ; ίς αύτοΰ βέλεσιν, ώς δαυλοϊ; » ήμμένοι;, έλεγον φόβω οότωσί· 118. « Μών τό προμετώπιον ου. αχ τοΰ τριοφΟάλμου Σίβα $λ- « θε παρά καιρόν τή; παγκοσμίου φθορά; εί; τήν παλάμην « νοΰ Δρόνα, επί φθορά τή; ζωή; τών ζώντων $ » 119. «Τών μέν ουν βελών τοΰ Δρόνα έμπιπτόντων καί ίιαρ- « ρηγνύντων ασπίδα;, θώρακα;, καί Ελέφαντα;, οί ίμπει- » ροι άπέφευγον αύτά, Εμβαπτιζόμενοι εί; τό αίμα, ώ; » εί; τό πέλαγο;. 120. «'Εκ δέ τών τετμημένων κεφαλών τών υιών τοΰ Δρου- » πάία, αϊματο; ωκεανόν έποίησεν, ΰπερβαίνοντα καί τόν » πλημμυροΰντα ωκεανόν έν τή πανωλεθρία. 121. « Κπιόραμόντε; δέ ό Βιράτα;, καί ό Δρουπάδα;, οί δν- 1 . Πλουτοδότειραν (ίχφρασι; τοΰ πρωτοτύπου). Διφορεΐται δε ουτος ό στίχος. 2. Τό γαρ θειον οπλον ου ^ίπτεται κατά τοΰ Οπλων άπειρου. 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Καθώς ή μυΟευομϊνη χεφαλή τοΰ ' Ραγού ποιεί έ'χλειψιν, χαταπί- νουι* τον Ήλιον χαί τήν Σελήνην. ΟίρίΙίζβΟ Ον Οοο^Ιε 657 ΒΙΒΛΙΟ* ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Δ'. ϋ νυγέντος μεν τήν καρδ ίαν χαΐ σιωπιιίσαντος, κατανεύταν- •ι το; δε όπωοοϋν, 129. ο 0 Β/ίμα;, άνελών τόν ελέφαντα, ώ όνομα Αββατάμας, » τοϋ βασιλέω; ττ,ς Μαλάβα; χώρα;, Ιξεφώντ,τεν· ι’Ανν;- » ρέθτ, ό ’Αοβατάμας. » 130. « ’ Α /.ούοα; δε τοϋ το το άχαρι ό Δρόνα; παρά τού Βν'μα, » κλίναντος τήν κεφαλήν αίτχΰνν ι, πάλιν έπολέμει, μή » πιττεΰσα; τώ λόγω· γδει γάρ, ώ; ούκ 5ν νικηθείς υπό * τινο; ό υιό; αυτού. 131. » θυμωΟεΙ; δε, ίξηκοντακιτχιλίους τρώα; τοΰ βασιλέως η τίς ΓΙανοάλα; χώρας άπέκτεινε, βουλομένου; αύτόν άνε- » λεϊν, καθώς ό Καπίλας τούς Ιςυκοντακιοχιλίους υιού; » τού ζαοίλέως Σαγάρα. 132. «Κατέκαυσε δί τγ, Βραχμάστρα έκατόν μυριάδα; ίρώων, » καί ΫίΟλει και ήνδραγάθει, ώ; νέος, καίπιρ ών τετρά- * • κοσίων έτών. 133. «Ποιων δέ •Λοούτον φόνον, έκωλΰθη, υπό των θεών καί » ύπό των θείων Βραχμάνων· καί άμφιβάλλων εί άλν;- » θεϋει ό λόγο; τοϋ Βνίμα, ότι ό ’Αοβατάμας άννιρέθν;, » τ,οώττ,οε τόν φιλαλιίθη 'ίουδιττίραν. 134. « Παρακλτ,Οεί; δΐ λίαν ΰπό τοϋ Κρισνά 6 ’ίουδιττίρα;, η ένα παϋοι; γένοιτο τΐΐ; μεγάλν,ς φθοράς, έβεβαίωοε καί » αυτός τόν λόγον· προσέθηκεν όμω; τελευταΐον, Οπο- ί· φωντίοας, « Ελέφας.» 135. «0 δέ Δρόνα;, μή άκούτα; τϋ; λέξεως, έ.Ιέφας, έκ τού » κχου τί,; κόγχου τοϋ Κριτνα, διαταρα^θείς, ετττ, |κ » λύπης έν άχαρε7, ακλόνητος. λ 36- ο ΤΥ,νικαΰτα οί ποδ·/,νεμοι ίπποι 1 , οί φέροντες τόν βασιλέα » ίουδιστίραν, μή Οίγοντε; πλέον τής γής, έπάτουν τότε \ . Δτ,λ. ή ψιυίο) ογ’* τοΰ ’ΙουδίΓίρϊ έποίητε τοΰ; ίππου; αύτοΰ βρχοεί;. 42 ΟίςίΐίζθΟ Ον Οοο^Ιε 658 ΒΑΛΑΒΑΡΑΤ Λ, » τήν γην, καθώς σί όρνεις, οΐ δείεμε'ν., . τάς πτέρυγας. 137. «Νικ^α; ο ’ 6 Διάνας τόν Δρυστα«5ιούρ.ναν, τόν εχοντα » λαρπράν ρορφαίαν, ώς τόν θάνατον, τόν εχοντα γλ.ώσ- » σαν όκτεταρενην, άνεΐλεν ε’ν ά/.αρεΐ δε'κχ ρυριάίας ιι ήοώων. 138. ηΐΐροσελθιυν δ’ό Βήυ.α; τώ Δοόνα, τώ δι<5όντι οίνον τοΐς χ εχθροί;, ίνο' “ Ιού! τού υίοϋ σου θανόντος, σό πάλιν « Οχνατοΐς, ώς σαρκοβόρος Ο αίρων, καί περ ών Βρχχράν ! ο 139. « Ακούσας ί Δρόνας, ίρά'.'ύ: τά Οπλα, άφοβίαν &οΰς πασι, * καί κνθίσας, ώ; θεωρητικός, εςήγαγ: τό πνεύρα έ/. τού » βρε'γρατος. 140. «0 ελάχιστος Δρυσταδιούρνας όφώρρησεν Ιπί τό σώ- ο υ.α τού Δεόνα, παςαδόντος π;ότεοον τό πνεΰυ.α, καθώς » ό ζίοος εισδύει ε(ς τόν αιθέρα, ούσαντος τοΰ Ηλιου. 141 . Καί ττερ οέ κωλυόρενος υπό τού ’λρζούνα, καί άποτροπια- « ζόρενος υπό των βασιλέων, λαβόρενο; θυρώ τη; κε- ■ι φαλής τοΰ Δρίνα ε’κ τών τριβών, εκόψεν αυτήν ραχαίρ*. 112. «Τού δε στρατού τών Καουραβών φοβηθι'ντος, καί είς » φυγήν τραπε'ντος, ίρωτήσαντι τώ Αοβατάρα «Τί τούτος* » είρηκε τό παν ά Κριπάς εύθ/ως, προσταχθείς Οπό τοΰ » Αουριοδάνα. 143. «6 ί ’Ασβατάρας, ό φοβερόν 6 α αχ φόρων επί τού ρε- » τόπου, ίΐ>ς ών απόρροια τού ί’ούδρα, Ουρωθείς επί τω » Οανάτφ τού πατρός, φοβερόν είδος εσχεν, είς παγκό- ιι σριον φθοράν. 144. «Αναρθρους ί ε’ςηρεύγετο λόγου; θυρού, *’>; δαυλούς » πυρός, προστρίβων τά; χεΐρα; συνεχώς, καί καταπλν'τ- • τον τόν κόσμον τη όξάψει τής I αυτού θερμότατος· 145. « Αρα. ώς τεθνεώς ένομίσΟτ,ν έγώ ύπ’ εκείνων, οί άντ,γ- " γειλαν το όρο πατρί τόν Ιρόν θάνατον, καί ε’λάβσντο « αυτού ϊκ τής κόρης ς οίοίιίζβο Ον Οοο^Ιε ΒΙΒΛΙΩΝ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Λ'. 659 146. “ Εί ό ’ίουδι^τίρας, ό λίγων αλήθειαν άπό γενε'σεως, « φ:ΰδο; ειρο/.ι σήμερον υπέρ τοΰ θανάτου τοΰ διδαίτ/.ά- « λου, τίς πίστις εσται τοϊς ζώσι Ξατραΐς ; 1-17. ο Σήμερον διά τής ιΧαραϊανάστρας, τής δοΟείσ/,ς παρά " τοΰ πατρό; μου, ποιήσω τόν κόσμον άμοιρον των τοΰ « Δρουΐϊάδα, καί των τοΰ ΙΙανδοΰ, καί αΰτοΰ τοΰ Κρισνά.” 118. νΤο'.αΰτα είπών, καθαρός γινόμενος, άνε'λαβεν εΰθε'ως ν ττ.ν Λ αραϊαηίστρα>·, ί; ής Γτρ-μον θεοί τε καί δαίμο- ν νες, άναβοών καί άναχεχυμίνην εχων τήν κόμην. 119. «ίδών δ ό ’Αρζούνα; τήν στρατιάν ταραττομε’νην τή » βοη τοΰ ’Ασβατάμα, εοη δεινοπαΟώς τώ ’ίουδιστίρα, » άνατείνας δεινώς τάς όφρύας· 150. ■ Εϊ ό διδάσκαλος, βασιλεύ, άντρεθη άοπλος, πιστεόσας * σοί τώ λεγοντι αλήθειαν ε’κ γενε'σεως, ούτος ό υιός ε’κεί- ι> νου τίνι οΐστός εσεταις 151. ιφίΰ τής έ με σε ως δό'ης καί βασιλείας! μαθητής κακό- - τροπος άπεκτεινε γέροντα διδάσκαλον, ρίψαντα τά όπλα « αχάτη ! >· 152. η Τοιαΰτα είρηκότος μετά θυμού τοΰ υίοΰ τοΰ ΐνδρα, ό η Βήμας άπεκρίνατο, όργιζόμ,ενος, ποιήσας τήν γήν άν- » τιβοαν 153. « Σΰ, ώ Λρζούνα, ό ών Εατρής, τουτε'στι πολεμικός; σό <ι ποιείς όρθώς, λαλών ώς απαθή; καί θεωρητικός- τίς " γάο 3ν Οεωρήσειε τό δίκαιον, καί τό ορθόν (ν τρόπο» « θανάτου σκληρού Ιγ θεού; 154. «Τίδ’ αν ποιήσειεν ό υιός τού διδασκάλου, ούτε.» μί- α γάλα βοών, ό'τε Ινώ, καί σΰ, καί ό Κρισνχς, πολε- « μοΰμεν ς » 155. " Τοΰ δέ Βήμα τόν λόγον έπιβεβαιώσας ό ίχ. τής Ουσίας » γεννηθείς Δρυσταδιούμνας, ελε:εν, άγανακτών, πρός • τόν Λεζούναν, τόν υιόν τοΰ ί”δ;α· 42* Οιςίΐίζβσ Ον (όοο^Ιε 660 ΒΑΛΑΒΑΡΛΤΑ, 156. “ Ουτος ό ατάσθαλος χαΐ σκληρός Βραχμάν Αρένας, 6 ' <ι άναιρών διά τής Βραχμάστρας καί τους άπειρους οπλών, β καί αδίκως καί άχαλίνως πολέμων, καί Εχθρικός ών • τοΰ έμοΰ πατρός, άνηρέθη ύπ’ ίμοΰ. > 157. β0 δέ προπάτωρ Βήσμας, καί δ γέρων Βαγαδάττας, ό β φίλος τοΰ σοϋ πατρός, οί πολεμοΰντες νομίμως, τίνι β τρόπω άνη,ρε'Οησαν ύπό σοϋ; είπε.» 158. · 'Γοιαΰτα είπόντος τοΰ Αρυσταδιούμνα, δ μέν ’Αοζοόνας » «'νη τένισε ποός αυτόν άγριωπώς· ό δε Σατεκής άπεκρί- » νατό, έρυθρός ών τά όμμα θυμώ, ώς πυρί* 159. <·Ούαί ήμϊν τοΐς κακοτρόποις, οΐ βλε'πομεν ίνώπιον σε η τόν οονε'α σεβασμίου άνδρός ήσυχοι, καί περ όντα άςιον « θανάτου ! » 100. ΐιΠρός 8ν εφη ό Δρυσταδιουμνας· «0 Βουριδάτας 1 έκεϊ- > νος, οϋ ή χειρ ίκόπη υπό τοΰ ’Λρζούνα, υπό τίνος β άνηρέθη, ότε ήν έν θεωρία, ό πολλάς Ουσίας τελών, καί « σ ημαίαν εχων την εν τη, Θυσία στήλην;» 161. ΐι 0 μεν ουν Σατεκής, καί ό Δρυσταδιουμνας, έτοιμοι » όντες άλ,ληλοκτονήσαι, ίοασαν πρός άλλήλους· «12 μιαι- β φόνε καί κακοΰργε, εί πάλιν είποις τοιοΰτον λόγον, β άποκτενώ σε . » 162. «Επεσ/ε'Οησαν δε ξιφουλκοί όντες, υπό τοΰ Βήμα, τώ » λόγω τοΰ Κρισνά' ή δέ ΙΥη οη'ίανάστρα τοΰ ’Αοβατάμα » ε’φε'ρετο, καταλάμπουσα καί καταφλογίζουσα πάσαν » διάστασιν τοΰ τόπου. 163. · Βλε'πων δ’ δ ’ίουδιστίρας την στρατιάν πάσχουσαν υπό » των πολυειδών όπλων, τών έξερχομένων ίκ τής Να- 1. Ο και Βουρ-.τραβίς. — Ό Σατεκής έκοψε την κεφαλήν αύτοϋ, ^ντος I; Οεωρ'φ. ϋίςίΐίζβσ βν Οοο^Ιε ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΕΦ. Δ'. 661 • ραϊαγάστ ρας, άτενίσας πρός τόν ’Αρζούναν, £φη τοΐς » βασιλεύσιν 161. · Ουτος ό Δρόνας Ιστίν, 8ς εκτεινε 5όλω τόν έφηβον καί « αβρόν ’Αβημανιοϋν ι· παρίημι τόν Σατεζίτην, καί άλ- » λους τοιούτους νίρωας. 165. "Ουτος ό Δρόνας Ζστίν, 8; ί$ωχ.ί τω Δουριοίάνα ίυσ- « 5 ιάρρηκτον θειον θώρακα· τούτου τοϋ γε'ροντος έπί τφ α Οανάτω, όργισθείς, αδιάφορος έγε'νετο Ιν πολίμω 6 « Αρζούνας. 166. « Σωτηρία έστω τούτω τω ’Αρζούνα* φύγετε ύμεϊς- « £γώ ί’ αυτός έμπισούμαι τω τυρί τού ’Ασβατάμα· υπό « τίνος γάρ νικηθείη άν ούτος, ό όμοιος τώ Κάλα ·, » 167. « 0 δέ Κρισνάς, άνατείνας τήν χεΐρα, είπε) προς τους » χαταχαιομένους βασιλείς· ο Οΰ κατακαυθήσονται υπό « τοΰ όπλου τοϋ ’Ασβατάμα, οΐτινες άφήσουσι τά όπλα « καί τά άρματα. » 168. «’Ακούσας 6 Βήμας, εφη· « Μή φοβήθητε, βασιλείς· * ΐδετε· έγώ τούτον τόν άοπλαγχναν Α σβατάμαν άπο- « κτενώ ταύτη τνί κορύν/|. » 169. “ Τοιαϋτα εϊπών, ϊη εις τό πρόσω, θε'ων, καί άναβοών » ό δ’ Α σβατάμας, γελάσας, ?φη· « Ουτος μ.ωρός ε’στι- » > καί έπληρωσεν αυτόν βελών. 170. • Τό δέ πυοοοόλον όπλον τοΰ ’Ασβατάμα άφήκε τους ■> βασιλείς 1 , τούς άφε'ντας τά ό'πλα καί τά άρματα, καί 1. Ό Αρζούνας Ζξ αίτιας τοϋ θανάτου τοϋ διδασκάλου Δρδνα περί- 'λυττος ήν, καί αργός καί ψυχρός εις πόλεμον* διά τοϋτο ό’Ιουδιστίρας προτείνει ταϋτα, εις εςαψιν τοϋ θυμοϋ αϋτοϋ. 3. Τό πυροβόλον Ζκεϊνο όπλον ην πρότερον διηρημΖνον είς φλόγας πολλάς, «ΐς τό κατακαΰσαι πολλούς· ήδη δΐ εν Ζγένετο εις τό κατα- καϋσαι μόνον τόν Βήμαν. Οί9ίΙίζΘ<1 1}γ Οοο^Ιε 602 Β Λ ΛΑ ΠΑΡΑΤΑ, · χ *ν γογονός, ήλθε κατά του Βήμα, τοΰ φόβου των χ εχθρών. 171. « Τηνικαΰτα δ Βήμας, πεοιεστοιχισμενος φλοςί ηολλαϊς χ τον δπλ.ου, ε’οκίνετο, ώς φλογερό; Ηλιο; 1 , περιεστο·.- χγισμένο; τώ ε’πί τχ; ουντελεία; τοΰ 'αΐώνος πυρί. 172. β 0 δ’ ’Αρζούνας ϊρριψε τήν ϋαροω’άστρατ 2 εί; £ια- » φΰλαςιν τοΰ Βχ,μα· αλλά κάκείνχ αλυσιτελής 3 4 εγε- » νέτο υπό τχ; ίσ^υράς ίίαραϊανάστρας. 173. » Πολεριών ό Βχμα; σταθερώς, καίπερ καταφλεγόμε- χ νο; τΫ} Ναραϊανάστρα, εις απορίαν ηγαγε τον νουν καί » αύτών των ούρανοπόλων θεών. 174. *0 ίέ Κρισνάς καί ό ’Αρζούνας, άφε'ντες τό έαυ-ών άε- » μα, τό εγον ίππου; βραδείς έκ τής φλογός, εύραν. ον » πεζοί, καί έλκύσαντες τόν Βχμαν άπό τοΰ άρματος, » ερριψαν ί ία καί τά όπλα αΰτοΰ. 175. « Εσβεσθχ δ’ εκείνο τό πύρινον όπλον συν τώ πάθει τοΰ χ στρατού των Ηανίοϊίών, καί τώ άχθει τοΰ κόσμου, " καί τγ έφε'σει 1 τοΰ Ασβατάμα. 170. χ Παρακλχθείς <ϊ’ ύπό τοΰ Δουριοίάνα ό Ασβατάμας εις • τό ρίψαι πάλιν εκείνο τό δπλον, καί είπών, ώς οΰ » ριπτε'ον όίς τό θειον όπλον, ε’φώρμχσε τολμ,χρώς 5. 177. Νικάσας βε'λεσι πολλοί; , ώς κεραυνοί;, τόν Ξατεκχ,ν χ καί τόν Δρυσταδιούμναν, έγ κάτοικον έ ποίησε ν εν ττ. » πόλει τοΰ ’ΐάμα τόν βασιλε'α λουοαρσσάναν, τόν υιόν » τοΰ Πουροΰ. 1. Ό Βημας φλογερός χν πρότερον, φλογιρότερος δ’ ήδη έγίνετο. 2. Βαρουνάιτρα όπλον τοΰ Βαρούνα, δ έοτιν ύδροδόλ ον. 3. Άνενίργητος. ' - · 4. *Ην ιΓχεν ιΐζ τό κατακαΰσιι. 5. Υπερήφανος (εκφρ. τοΰ πρωτοτύπου). ΟίςίΙίζβΟ Ον ΟθΟ§Ιΰ ΒΙΒΑΙΟΝ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ, ΚΚΦ. Δ'. 063 178. ' Ο μΐν ουν ’Ασίατάμας, ,ίκΜραμε κατά τός ττρατιά; ν τού ίουδιττίρα, βευγοόσν,ς φόοω· ίΐϊκτχεθιΐς δ’ ΰπδ τού ·> Λρζούνα, ερριψε τδ θειον όπλον. 179. " Οί δε υτεατιώται, θιγμένοι ταίς φλοςίν ί κείνου τού » πυοίνου δπλου, ίφαίνοντο ίίςπερ εί Ιλείχοντο ταΐς » γλύσταις -των διακόνων τού θανάτου. 180. ■■ Κατακαϋοαν δ’ εύθεως ε’κείνο τδ δπλον μίαν Λςαου- » γ:\νν '/ί Ια τού οαΟεως καπνού δ μεν Ηλιο: έοκοτίτΟ,-, ΐ) τά δ’ άττ:χ άνεοάντ., ί,λΟε κατά τού Κριτνά καί Αρ- » ζούνα. 181. » Οί 5: δύω με'λα\ί{, οί όντες έν τνί κεφαλί) τ?,ς μά- ιι ν'/,ς 1 , έυ.περιειλνιμμίνοι ταΐς φλοςίν έκείνου τού πυρί- » νου όπλου, έοαίνοντο, ώς κυάνιο» λίθο», έντεθειμε'νοι « ε’ν μέτω χρυοών ενωτίων. 182. « Κατατοεοας δ’ ό ’Αρζούνας τδ πύρ εκείνο διά τ·?,ς ρι* • η φΟείαν,; Βραγιιόστρας, έφαίνετο λίαν έκλαμπρος, ώς- » περ /ρυοδς, 8; Ιξάγετα» ίκ πυρδς. 183. * Μά) ποιάτα; δέ τί-,ν γτ,ν άνευ των Πανδοϊδών 6 Α- ν οοατάιεας, άποοβεσθεντος τού πυρίνου δπλου, ψένων » τά θεία δπλα, εϊδεν έξαίφνης τδν Βεάταν. 184. ο Καταοάς δέ άπδ τού άρματος, καί προσκυντ,τας τδν • 6 ον, Ϋ,ρώττ,οε· « Τίνος ενεκα τδ δπλον μου άνενίρ- » γητον έγενετο κατά τού Κρισνα καί Αρζούνας 185. « Πρδς 8ν άπεκρίνατο ό δοιος· « Γίνωοκε, τίκνον, ώς * ουτοι, δ Κρισνάς καί ό Λρζουνας, Ικεΐνοί είσ-.ν οί ά- α σκούμενο» Κάρας καί Καραϊάνας, οί εν/ϊνθρωπτ,σαν. 186. » 0 μεν Καραϊάνας 2, άσκτ,οε» χρτ,οάμενος εβδομτ,κον- 1. Δτλ- πρόμαχοι. 2. 'Ο Ναραΐάνας ό Κρισνδς »®ιι. ΟίςίιίζθΟ Ον (1οο<$Ιε 664 ΒΑΛΑΒΑΡΛΤΑ, « τακισχίλια ετη, λατρεύων τώ φαλώ, **1 τιμών τα* ο Σίβαν, όμοιο; αύτώ έγε'νετο 1. 187. · Σΰ £έ, θεραπεύων καί τιμών τήν εικόνα τοΰ Σίβα, « ε τύχες μοίρας, έκείνου τοΰ Σίβα. Ο μεν γάρ φαλός, ή « φύσις έστί τοΰ παντός· ή ίέ είκών τοΰ Σίβα, μέρος « έστί τοΰ παντός.
| 22,994 |
https://github.com/The-Sanskar-Jain0901/dirknive/blob/master/dirknive-custtype.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
dirknive
|
The-Sanskar-Jain0901
|
Python
|
Code
| 731 | 2,349 |
import os
import json
import shutil
import colorama
import argparse
## Function to check path is link or not in windows
def is_nt_link(pth_dir):
return True if (os.path.abspath(pth_dir) != os.path.realpath(pth_dir)) else False
## Function to check JSON file
def is_json(s):
try:
s = s.replace('\\','/')
json.load(open(s))
return True
except FileNotFoundError or ValueError:
return False
## Function to turn extension to custom type
def turn_type(ext,json_pth):
reslt = 'Other'
json_file = open(json_pth)
ref_type = json.load(json_file)
for ctg in ref_type:
if ext.lower() in ref_type[ctg]:
reslt = ctg
return(reslt)
## Function to make the list of operation
def add_inner(src, dest):
return {'src_path' : src, 'dest_path' : dest}
## Function to be able print in the middle of process
def print_middle(str_test,upchar):
co = shutil.get_terminal_size().columns
print('\033[A'*(upchar+1))
print(' '*co+'\033[A',end='')
print(str_test)
print('\n'*(upchar-1))
## Function to copy file if the destination directory isn't exist
def copy_good(src_path, dst_path, upchar):
back_dst_path = dst_path.replace('/'+os.path.basename(dst_path),'')
if not os.path.isdir(back_dst_path):
os.makedirs(back_dst_path, exist_ok=True)
if os.path.isfile(src_path)and not os.path.isfile(dst_path):
shutil.copy(src_path,back_dst_path)
else:
print_middle('Sorry, the source file is doesnt exist or destination file already copied', upchar)
## Function to read the arguments
def get_args():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('Part of Dir Knive that have function to divide directory based on custom category of extension')
parser.add_argument('--input','-i',type=str,default='.',help='Source directory of the split folder')
parser.add_argument('--output','-o',type=str,default='.',help='Destination for the split folder')
parser.add_argument('--json',type=str,default='dirknive-custtype.json',help='Path for json file it can be changed if you want')
parser.add_argument('--dont_write_txt',default=False,action='store_true',help='Dont write txt file contained operation')
parser.add_argument('--dont_keep_structure',default=False,action='store_true',help='Argument to keep the folder structure when doing the operation')
args = parser.parse_args()
return args
## Function to classify file based on arrangemet
def cust_type(pth_dir, json_pth):
## initiation for loop function
np = 0
def cust_inner(path_dir, np):
## initiation inner function
np += 1
amt = 0
lst_file = {}
for inner in os.listdir(path_dir):
inr_chk = os.path.join(path_dir,inner)
if os.path.isfile(inr_chk) and not is_nt_link(inr_chk):
## Classify based on category
amt += 1
end_file = inner.split('.')[-1]
category = turn_type(end_file,json_pth)
## Append file to list
if category not in lst_file:
lst_file[category] = []
lst_file[category].append(inr_chk)
elif not is_nt_link(inr_chk):
list_file = cust_inner(inr_chk,np)
## Rewrite function for file in the folder
for ctgy in list_file:
if ctgy not in lst_file:
lst_file[ctgy]=[]
## Append file to the list
for in_file in list_file[ctgy]:
amt += 1
lst_file[ctgy].append(in_file)
## Useful without function to count total
if np != 1:
return lst_file
else:
return {'amt' : amt, 'split_list' : lst_file}
## Check if JSON file is valid or not
if is_json(json_pth):
return cust_inner(pth_dir,np)
else:
print('Error when parsing JSON file or doesnt exist')
## Function split dir that work on type and custom type version
def split_dir(listtype):
## initiation progress
prog_now = 0
prog_total = listtype['amt']
## Print progress
print('Progress : \n')
colorama.init()
for key in listtype['split_list']:
last_file = listtype['split_list'][key][-1].replace('\\','/')
if not opt.dont_write_txt:
temp_ext_dir = []
for ev_file in listtype['split_list'][key]:
ev_file = ev_file.replace('\\','/')
## Progress initiation
col = shutil.get_terminal_size().columns
sentence = 'Transferring '+ev_file
## Counting the upchar
up_char = int(-(-len(sentence)//col))
if (len(sentence)%col == 0):
up_char += 1
## Count the progress
prog = prog_now/prog_total*40
print(sentence)
print("[%-40s] %.2f%%" % ('='*int(prog), 2.5*prog),end='\t')
## if parser is set, it will remove the folder structure
if opt.dont_keep_structure:
back_path = '/'+os.path.basename(ev_file)
else :
back_path = ev_file.replace(opt.input, '').replace('\\','/')
target_path = opt.output+'/'+key+back_path
copy_good(ev_file, target_path, up_char)
prog_now += 1
if not opt.dont_write_txt:
temp_ext_dir.append(add_inner(ev_file, target_path))
if (ev_file == last_file):
## Printing progress for one custom type category
print_middle('All file in '+key+' category already transferred', up_char)
## Writing to text files
if not opt.dont_write_txt:
fp = open(opt.output+'/'+key+'/'+key+'.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
fp.write('Operation in category '+key+' is :')
for i in temp_ext_dir:
fp.write('\n\n'+i['src_path']+' is transferred to '+i['dest_path'])
fp.close()
## Clearing after print progress
print('\033[A')
for j in range(up_char+1):
print(' '*col+'\033[A'*3)
print()
print('Operation is done, Thanks for using Dirknive')
print("[%-40s] %d%%\033[A" % ('='*40, 100))
## Main Function
def split_est_dir(opt):
opt.input = opt.input.replace('\\','/')
opt.output = opt.output.replace('\\','/')
if not os.path.isdir(opt.output):
os.makedirs(opt.output)
## if src_dir isn't directory, folder split doesn't work
if os.path.isdir (opt.input):
listcusttype = cust_type(opt.input,opt.json)
if (listcusttype != None):
split_dir(listcusttype)
else:
print('I am sorry, dirknive custom type only work on directory')
## Execute main function
if __name__ == '__main__':
print ("==========================================================\n\
## ## ## ## \n\
## ## ## ### ## \n\
####### ###### ## ## ###### ## ## ###### \n\
####### ### ###### ### ####### ### ## ### ### \n\
## ## ### ### ### ## ### ### ## ### ###### \n\
## ## ### ### ## ## ## ### ### ## ### ###### \n\
####### ### ### ## ### ## ### ### ###### ### \n\
####### ## ### ## ### ## ## ## #### ###### \n\
========================================================== \n\
---------------- Custom Type Version --------------------- \n")
opt = get_args()
split_est_dir(opt)
| 560 |
https://github.com/eboatwright/pearl/blob/master/examples/1-topDown/main.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
pearl
|
eboatwright
|
Go
|
Code
| 604 | 1,561 |
// Hello! :D This is a simple top down player example for pearl!
// Also, I just wanted to mention. That if you import "github.com/eboatwright/pearl/builtInComponentsNSystems"
// You don't have to create components and systems like Transform, Image, ImageRenderer and things like that. :)
package main
// Import Ebiten v2, and pearl
import (
"github.com/hajimehoshi/ebiten/v2"
"github.com/eboatwright/pearl"
)
// Constants for window size, screen scale, and title
// Screen scale is how many screen pixels, are in game pixels (for pixel art)
const (
WINDOW_WIDTH = 960
WINDOW_HEIGHT = 600
SCREEN_SCALE = 3
WINDOW_TITLE = "Pearl Engine"
)
// This isn't a constant, because color.RGBA isn't a const initializer. But, I'll use it like a constant anyway. 😎
var (
BACKGROUND_COLOR = pearl.RGBA(127, 127, 127, 255)
)
// Transform component, has a pearl Vector2 as a position
type Transform struct {
position pearl.Vector2
scale pearl.Vector2
}
// return the name of the component
func (t *Transform) ID() string { return "transform" }
type Image struct {
image *ebiten.Image
size pearl.Vector2
}
func (t *Image) ID() string { return "image" }
type Player struct {
velocity pearl.Vector2
speed float64
friction float64
}
func (p *Player) ID() string { return "player" }
// This is a system
type ImageRenderer struct {}
// Use this for updating entities
func (ir *ImageRenderer) Update(entity *pearl.Entity, scene *pearl.Scene) {}
// Use this for drawing entities
func (ir *ImageRenderer) Draw(entity *pearl.Entity, scene *pearl.Scene, screen *ebiten.Image, options *ebiten.DrawImageOptions) {
// Get the components
t := entity.GetComponent("transform").(*Transform)
i := entity.GetComponent("image").(*Image)
// Reset options
options.GeoM.Reset()
// Scale to transform's scale
options.GeoM.Scale(t.scale.X, t.scale.Y)
// Move to center of image
options.GeoM.Translate(
-(i.size.X * t.scale.X) / 2,
-(i.size.Y * t.scale.Y) / 2,
)
// And finally move to transform's position
options.GeoM.Translate(
t.position.X,
t.position.Y,
)
// Draw sub image of the source position of image
screen.DrawImage(i.image, options)
}
// Return the components you need for this system
func (ir *ImageRenderer) GetRequirements() []string {
return []string { "transform", "image" }
}
type PlayerSystem struct {}
// This system utilizes the Update loop
func (ps *PlayerSystem) Update(entity *pearl.Entity, scene *pearl.Scene) {
p := entity.GetComponent("player").(*Player)
t := entity.GetComponent("transform").(*Transform)
// Creates a Vector2 with X and Y being input directions
input := pearl.Vector2 {
float64(pearl.GetInputAxis([]ebiten.Key { ebiten.KeyA }, []ebiten.Key { ebiten.KeyD })),
float64(pearl.GetInputAxis([]ebiten.Key { ebiten.KeyW }, []ebiten.Key { ebiten.KeyS })),
}
// Normalize input (this keeps the player for going alot faster if going diagonal)
input.Normalize()
// Scale transform's scale to face the direction the player's moving
if input.X < 0 {
t.scale.X = -1
} else if input.X > 0 {
t.scale.X = 1
}
// Add the velocity multiplied by players speed
p.velocity.Add(pearl.Vector2Multiply(input, p.speed))
// Multiply friction to velocity
p.velocity.Multiply(p.friction)
// And finally add velocity (floored) to position (flooring velocity helps fix jittering)
t.position.Add(pearl.Vector2Floor(p.velocity))
}
func (ps *PlayerSystem) Draw(entity *pearl.Entity, scene *pearl.Scene, screen *ebiten.Image, options *ebiten.DrawImageOptions) {}
func (ps *PlayerSystem) GetRequirements() []string {
return []string { "player", "transform" }
}
// Function called when pearl starts!
func onStart() {
// Create a scene and load it
gameScene := &pearl.Scene{ ID: "game" }
pearl.LoadScene(gameScene)
// Create an entity
player := &pearl.Entity{ ID: "player" }
// Add components
player.AddComponents([]pearl.IComponent {
&Transform {
position: pearl.Vector2 { 50, 50 },
scale: pearl.VONE,
},
&Player {
speed: 0.8,
friction: 0.8,
},
&Image {
image: pearl.LoadImage("data/img/wizard.png"),
size: pearl.Vector2 { 16, 16 },
},
})
// Add entities to game scene
gameScene.AddEntities([]*pearl.Entity {
player,
})
// Add systems to game scene
gameScene.AddSystems([]pearl.ISystem {
&PlayerSystem { },
&ImageRenderer { },
})
}
func main() {
// Start pearl!
// The last parameter, is the function that will be called when pearl is ready
pearl.Start(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, SCREEN_SCALE, WINDOW_TITLE, BACKGROUND_COLOR, onStart)
}
| 42,645 |
bpt6k6211035g_12
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,887 |
Revue celtique
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,500 | 12,549 |
t. Il a déjà été question de ce manuscrit dans le savant article que M. Gaidoz a intitulé « Les manuscrits irlandais d'Edimbourg », Revue Celtique, t. VI, p. 113. 7° P. 9-11. Aided Celtchuir maic Uithechuir, c Mort de Celtchar fils de Uithechar ». 80 P. 12. En partie illisible. 90 P. 13-28. Homélie sur la vie de saint Colomba, publiée d'après un autre manuscrit par Whitley Stokes, Three mifadle-Irish homilies, p. 90-125. to" P. 29-37. Aided Guil maie Garbada ocus aided Gairb Glinde-Rige, « Mort de Goll fils de Garbad et de Garb Glinde-rige D. ! 1° P. 37-45. Tain Bô Frâich « Enlèvement des vaches de Fraech 3. 12° P. 45-48. Pennaid Adaim « Pénitence d'Adam ». 1)° P. 49-68. Mesce Ulad « Ivresse des guerriers d'Ulster ». 140 P. 69-72. Cennach an Ruanado a Acquisition de la suprématie guerrière » (dernière partie du Fled Bricrend ou festin de Bricriu). 150 P. 72-75. Traité sur robservation du dimanche. Cf. Leabhar Breac, p. 204 b et Harleian ms. 5280 f° 36 a. Les onze morceaux numérotés 1 à 7, 10, 11, 13 et 14 appartiennent au cycle épique de Conchobar et du Cuchulainn, et pour quatre de ces récits le manuscrit d'Edimbourg est le seul manuscrit ou le manuscrit le plus ancien qui ait été signalé jusqu'ici. Ce sont les numéros 2, « Mort d'Ailill » « Mort de Fergus » ; 5, « Mort de Cét » ; 6, « Mort de Loegaire P. Pour deux d'entre eux, le manuscrit d'Edimbourg complète les seuls manuscrits signalés jusqu'ici. Nous voulons parler des morceaux 1, a Mort de Conchobar »; 14, « Acquisition de la suprématie guerrière P. L'article de M. Kuno Meyer est donc un complément très important aux Irische Texte de M. Windisch et au Catalogue de la littérature épique de l'Irlande. Nous signalerons encore dans le Celtic Magazine le mémoire de M. John Mackintosh sur la question agraire dans lesHighlands, p. 108 (l'auteur y montre combien est récente dans les montagnes de l'Ecosse la suppression de la propriété collective); les notices de Mrs. Mary Mackéllar et de M. Alfred Nutt sur deux contes, p. 12, S7, 106, 201; un recueil de proverbes inédits, p. 179, 218; un recueil de chansons recueillies en Badenoch, p. 25, 117, 176, 232. VI. La Revue des traditions populaires qui date de l'année dernière et qui paraît le 25 de chaque mois donne presque dans chaque numéro la traduction de documents d'origine bretonne. Voici quelques indications puisées dans les numéros parus jusques et y compris Mars 1887. Trois contes bretons recueillis par M. Luzel. IoLe Géant Calabardin et la Princesse aux cheveux d'or, année 1886, p. 62; 2° Le Prince blanc, année 1886, p. 278; 3D Cadiou le tailleur, année 1887, p. 7. — Quatre articles de M. Sauvé: 10 Les Abeilles, légende de la Basse-Bretagne, année 1886, p. 151; 20 Gargantua à Plougastet, ibid., p. 198; 30 Notre Dame de Tregurun, ibid., p. 325 ; 40 Traditions merveilleuses de la Basse-Bretagne: Les soldats de saint Cornély, Les danseurs-maudits, année 1887, p. 133. — Le seigneur Karn, recueilli par Paul Sébillot, année 1886, p. 327. — Trente, conte breton, recueilli par Lionel Bonnemère, ibid., p. 329. — Quatre articles de M. Le Calvez: Les gâteaux d'étrennes en Basse-Bretagne, année 1886, p-. 18 ; L'hirondelle et la Souris, légende bretonne, p. 120; Les Lutins dans le pays de Tréguier, p. 142 ; Les œuvres de Dieu et celles du diable, p. 202 ; Les anciens paludiers du pays de Tréguier, p. 366. — Deux articles de M. Milin: Proverbes bretons sur les femmes, année 1886, p. 49; Formulâtes et prières populaires de l'île de Batz, ibid., p. 112. VII. La Zcitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, begründet von A. Kuhn, a publié, tome XXVIII, p. 289-294, une très intéressante notice de M. Whitley Stokes, sur les thèmes féminins irlandais en i et en Il et sur les thèmes neutres en s. C'est un complément de l'article de M. Thurneysen sur le même sujet dans le même volume, p. 145. Aux pages 313-381, M. Zimmer a donné la continuation de ses études celtiques, Keltische Studien. Sous le titre de: Recherches sur la grammaire du moyen irlandais, il a réuni sept mémoires dont voici les titres: IoLe soi-disant futur en 1, p. 313 ; 2° le soi-disant prétérit en -b, p. 328; 30 le soi-disant imparfait en-u, p. 335; 40 la désinence en -ra, au subjonctif déponent, p. 342; sola troisième personne du singulier prétérit passif en -as., p. 348 ; 6°* la troisième personne du pluriel du prétérit passif en -ait, p. 352; 70 la troisième personne du si.ngulier du prétérit en -ta ou tha, p. 363. Nous ne pouvons pas dans une chronique discuter toutes les questions soulevées par le savant professeur dans chacune des sept dissertations dont nous venons de donner le titre. Nous nous bornerons à une observation. Dès la première, M. Z. affirme que l'on n'a jusqu'à présent donné qu'un seul exemple du futur en -t, à une autre personne qu'à la troisième du, pluriel. Il passe sous silence la troisième personne du singulier donn-esmart glosé par do-nn-essairefe (Prière de Ninine, dans Goidelica, deuxième édition, p. 132, 133; cf. Beitrâge zur vergleichende Sprachforschung, t. VII, p. 28). Il y a donc là une erreur de fait. Quant à la question théorique, il est certain qu'au point de vue morphologique il n'y a pas de futur irlandais en -t. Mais il n'y a pas davantage, au même point de vue, un prétérit irlandais en t. L'un et l'autre sont bel et bien des présents qui doivent la valeur très rare de futur, très fréquente de passé, à des faits syntactiques. Le présent irlandais en -tu = -to doit son sens de passé à un ro préfixe que l'on put négliger quand l'esprit se fut habitué à attacher au suffixe -to, -t le sens de passé. M. Z. à la suite de ces dissertations grammaticales a placé une courte note sur le missel irlandais de Stowe, aujourd'hui conservé à Dublin dans la bibliothèque de l'académie royale d'Irlande. Il relève quelques fautes de lecture qu'auraient commises ceux qui ont étudié ce document avant lui. Il finit en témoignant sa surprise de ce que M. Wh. Stokes se soit donné tant de peine pour nous procurer enfin de bonnes lectures des textes réunis par M. Zimmer dans ses Glossac hibernicae. M. Stokes, suivant M. Zimmer, ferait un beaucoup meilleur emploi de son temps, s'il s'occupait à publier des textes inédits. Le savant pro fesseur de Greifswald se place à un point de vue qui ne peut être le nôtre. Depuis que nous le connaissons, il s'est voué avec une ardeur et un désintéressement au-dessus de tout éloge, à la tâche pénible de corriger les erreurs commises par ses devanciers. Toutes ses publications celtiques sont des réimpressions de textes déjà publiés et des collections d'errata composées avec plus ou moins de talent, mais avec une incontestable bonne volonté. « Les gens impolis « Sont nos vrais amis. » Les confrères de M. Zimmer ne sont pas des ingrats. Ils lui rendent avec une vive reconnaissance et aussi bien qu'ils peuvent les services qu'ils ont reçu de son zèle généreux. , VIII. Nous apprenons que M. J. Gilliéron, maître de conférences à l'École pratique des Hautes Etudes, et M. l'abbé Rousselot, chargé du cours d'histoire de la langue française à l'Ecole des Carmes, se proposent d'entreprendre une Revue des patois gallo-romans. Elle paraîtra tous les mois par fascicules de cinq feuilles au moins, au prix de 12 fr. par an pour la France et 14 fr. pour l'étranger. Elle a pour objet: 10 De recueillir tout ce qui reste encore des patois parlés dans les limites de l'ancienne Gaule et des colonies françaises ; 2° De fournir à ceux qui s'intéressent aux patois le moyen de faire profiter la science de leurs recherches et de leurs travaux; 3° De faire connaître les méthodes d'information réclamées par les exigences de la science ; 4" De propager un système graphique uniforme qui permette de représenter exactement les sons et de comparer sûrement entre elles les données fournies par les différents patois; Se Enfin de publier des articles de fond qui intéressent les études de patois et de philologie gallo-romane. IX. C'est le jour de la fête de saint David, It' mars 1887, qu'a paru le premier volume de la collection de textes gallois annoncée par MM. Rhys et J.-G. Evans. Ce volume contient le texte des Mabinogion et d'autres contes gallois d'après le Livre rouge de Hergest. Le but que se sont proposé les éditeurs est, non pas de donner une édition critique, mais de reproduire le texte aussi exactement qu'on le peut avec des caractères typographiques et sans recourir à la photographie. Ils semblent avoir atteint leur but. autant qu'on en peut juger sans avoir entrepris la collation de leur publication avec le manuscrit original. Leur livre est de plus un chef-d'œuvre typographique qui fait honneur à la Clarendon Press. Ce volume débute par le faux-titre suivant: Y Llyvyr Coch o Hergest, y gyvroll. Y Mabinogion, etc. (Le Livre rouge de Hergest, tome I. Les Mabinogion, etc.). Suit le titre: The text of the Mabinogion and other Welsh Tales from the Red Book of Hergest, edited by John Rhys M. A., professeur of Celtic in the University of Oxford and J. Gwenogvryn Evans. Voici la concordance de cette édition avec celle de Lady Guest : Pwyll, prince of Dyved, l, Lady Guest, t. III, p. 5. • Branwen, daughterof Llyr, 26 — III, p. 79. Manawyddan, son of lLyr, 44 — III, p. 141. Math, son of Mathonwy, 59 — III, p. 187. Maxen's dream, 82 — III, p. 261. Lludd and Llevelys, 93, — III, p. 295. Kulhwch and Olwen, 100 — II, p. 195. Rhonabwy's dream, 144 — II, p. 369. Owein and Lunet, 162 — I, p. 1. Peredur, 193 — I, p. 233. Gereint and Enid, 144 — II, p. 3. Triads, 277. X. Au moment où ce volume arrivait à Paris, on y a reçu aussi la première livraison du dictionnaire gallois de M. Silvan Evans, ouvrage depuis longtemps attendu et qui répondra, nous le pensons, aux espérances fondées sur lui. XI. Notre savant collaborateur, M. Gaidoz, vient de publier sous ce titre: La rage et saint Hubert, le premier volume d'une Bibliotheca mythica destinée à vulgariser les résultats du folklorisme, dont la littérature complète est trop considérable pour ne pas rester confinée dans un petit nombre de bibliothèques. La Biblioiheca mythica s'adresse à un public plus étendu. Son premier volume est écrit avec cette élégante et spirituelle clarté qui distingue l'auteur et dont les lecteurs de la Revue Celttque regrettent de ne pas jouir plus souvent. Malheureusement pour nous, le sujet traité ne se rattache que de fort loin aux études celtiques, bien que la forêt d'Ardenne où le culte de saint Hubert est localisé porte un nom gaulois (p. 36 et suivantes), et que les chasseurs gaulois aient eu l'usage d'offrir chaque année un sacrifice à Diane, comme nous l'apprend Arrien (p. 147). Nous signalerons cependant quelques pages intéressantes (179-180) sur les saints invoqués contre la rage en Bretagne. Ce sont: Sant Welias, qu'on traduit saint Gildas » et un autre saint dont M. Gaidoz écrit le nom Tujean, que Ogée, Dictionnaire historique et géographique de Bretagne, deuxième édition, t. II, p. 383, col. 2, à l'article Primelin, appelle saint Hugin. Le dictionnaire des postes de 1883 nous offre une troisième orthographe, saint Tugéan. C'est, sauf l'accent sur l'e, l'orthographe de Dom Lobineau qui, dans ses Vies des saints de Bretagne, donne un catalogue de quelques saints inconnus (p. 14) où il placeS. Tugean. Dans le même ouvrage, p. 531, col. i, Lobineau parle d'un missionnaire qui fit ses débuts à la chapelle de S. Tugean « où il se devoit rassembler un grand peuple le jour de la saint Jean-Baptiste, pour gagner les pardons.. La bonne orthographe est probablement celle du Cartulaire de Redon, Tutian, Tudian. M. Gaidoz (p. 178-179) publie, d'après M. Sauvé, la légende de ce saint que ne rapporte pas Lobineau. Un troisième saint invoqué contre la rage en Bretagne est saint Bieuzy. M. Gaidoz, qui lui consacre quelques lignes intéressantes, ne dit pas qu'il est considéré comme disciple de saint Gildas et que la chapelle où est sa fontaine est dédiée à saint Gildas, suivant Ogée, deuxième édition, t. I, p. 86, col. 1, dans l'article intitulé Bieuzy. Ainsi l'invocation de saint Bieuzy contre la rage n'est guère qu'un développement de l'invocation de saint Gildas. XII. La Société des antiquaires d'Ecosse a publié dans ses Proccedings pour l'année 1886, p. 298-313, un mémoire du Right Rev. Charles Graves, bishop of Limerick, sur une inscription ogamique d'Ecosse, celle de la pierre connue sous le nom de Newton Stone: Voici la lecture du savant irlandais: AIDDAI CUNNINC ORRKONN IPf.] ROSII On ne peut contester que cette lecture ne soit conforme au fac-similé de l'inscription ogamique. Il s'agit d'un roi des îles Orkney. On sait que l'évêque de de Limerick est un des savànts les plus compétents qui se soient occupés jusqu'ici des inscriptions ogamiques. XIII. Le Révérend Edm. Hogan, S. J. a donné dans le Irish ecclesiastical record, sous le titre de Patrician documents un recueil de six petites dissertations sur des mots irlandais qui se rencontrent dans les textes relatifs à saint Patrice. La plus intéressante est la troisième qui a pour objet les mots « a-eua » (Hymne de Fiacc, vers 24). Ces mots glosés par « a-mathe » ont été laissés sans traduction par M. Windisch, Irische Texte, t. I, p. 534. M. Zimmer, Keltische Studien, II, p. 171, propose de corriger a a-ainm » avec l'm final représenté par l'abréviation ordinaire, au-dessus de l'n. Mais il ne présente pas cette leçon comme parfaitement sûre et il a raison. Le P. Hogan préfère « a-[f]eba ». « Feba » est l'accusatif pluriel de « feb 2, « distinction, supériorité». On trouve deux exemples de ce cas à l'article « feb » dans le dictionnaire de M. Windisch, Irische Texte, I, 538. Le P. Hogan propose (§ 1) de traduire adfét (hymne de Fiacc, vers 1) par « dixit, narravit ». Il ne s'est pas aperçu que lorsque sur ce mot il s'est éloigné de l'ancienne traduction, il suivait la voie tracée par M. Thurneysen, dans la Revue celtique, t. VI, p. 310, 327, et, à notre avis, M. Thurneysen a raison contre le P. Hogan, en disant que adfét est un présent et non un passé. Dans l'opinion du P. Hogan (§ 2), les mots i scilaib du même vers renvoient à la Confession de saint Patrice. Le mot exagallias de la même Confession, coupé en trois dans les Councils and ecclesiastical documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland, de MM. Arthur West Haddan et William Stubbs, t. II, p. 300, 1. 11, doit être lu exangelias ; c'est le grec IÇayYcX''a; : et on ne doit pas y chercher autre chose qu'un titre de la Confession de saint Patrice. Je profite de cette circonstance pour ajouter une observation aux savantes recherches de M. Thurneysen sur les sources de l'hymne de Fiacc. C'est que le livre composé par saint Patrice de sua vita et conversatione, que cite la quatrième des vies publiées par Colgân, n'est pas autre chose que la Confession de saint Patrice. Il est facile de le constater en comparant cette vie, 16, chez Colgan, p. 37, avec l'édition de la Confession donnée dans les Councils and ecclesiastical documents, t. II, p. 300, I. 17 et suivantes. Suivant le P. Hogan (§ 4), ni bronna, vers 8 de l'hymne de Fiacc, devrait être corrigé ni bronnad et serait un prétérit passif. Mais la rime me paraît s'opposer à cette correction. Au paragraphe 5, il traduit par 7rpoaxuvsî le sléchtid du livre d'Armargh, fo 18 a b. C'est la traduction de M. Whitley Stokes ; elle ne sera, je crois, contestée par personne. Le paragraphe sixième et dernier traite une question géographique sur laquelle je suis incompétent. H. d'A. de J. XIV. Le Il décembre dernier, M. Windisch a fait à la classe de philologie et d'histoire de l'Académie des Sciences de Saxe, une communication fort intéressante, qui avait pour objet principal des étymologies celtiques. L'irlandais féil, en gallois gwyl, en breton gouel, c fête » thème vë/i -., veiliou vei/fparaît avoir la même racine que le sanscrit vêla, « limite de temps, moment.. Fled, en gallois gwledd, suppose un thème vkdâ qui a pour base la forme réduite de la racine VERDH et cette racine signifie non seulement croître b, mais « être ému joyeusement *. Toi « volonté a, a perdu un s initial et suppose un primitif * stola identique à la seconde partie du composé grec èreiatoX^. Trôg c malheureux », en gallois tru, = *strougos ou * slreugos; comparez le verbe grec a-rpsuysaoat c dépérir à. Le vieil irlandais mrath « trahison » = * mratam a la même racine que le grec i^apraveo à^ap-cia. Eblim en vieil irlandais « j'élève * a dû en celtique se dire originairement * ebelyo. comparez le grec o?&Xw =*obhel-yo, « j'augmente, j'agrandis.. Le vieil irlandais rét « chose m * rantus, nous offre à l'état d'infixé J'n du sanscrit ratnam « avoir, bien, bijou à. Le latin fundus est dans le même rapport avec le sanscrit budhnas. L'irlandais cluche « jeu » = * clocia. Sa racine est la même que celle du gothique hlahjan, en allemand lachen « rire ». Le vieil irlandais c/dr * table., thème clâroest bien difficile à séparer du grec -/.Xrjpo;, en dorien xXàpoç.Toute difficulté disparaît si l'on admet que l'expression irlandaise crannchur, c'est-à-dire « sort » littéralement * pose d'un morceau de bois » représente la forme la plus ancienne du tirage au sort (Ancient lùlVS of Ire/ùnd, 1. III, p. 140,3 36,438; IV, p. 284). C'est en effet le xX^pou; SaXXsrv d'Homère (Iliade, XXIII, 352, cf. VII, 175). Le vieil irlandais dam # troupe., thème dàmone peut se séparer du grec 8fj[jLo;en dorien 8 £ [j.o; • peuple o. Le vieil irlandais s/eg « lance -) = * slega nous offre la forme réduite de la racine sanscrite SERJ « lancer ». Le vieil irlandais rand. partie 0, en gallois rhan, en breton ran =*randha se rattache à une racine RANDH qu'on trouve dans le sanscrit védique avec le sens de a livrer », ou intransitivement « tomber au pouvoir de quelqu'un ». XV. M. Thurneysen a inséré dans le recueil intitulé: Archiv zur lateinische Lexicographie und Grammatik, t III, p. 546-548, une note intitulée Zu den Hisperica famina. Il signale à l'attention des savants qui s'occupent de ce document le manuscrit de Luxembourg, qui est si connu des celtistes et dont notre savant collaborateur, M. Rhys, a donné la meilleure édition, Revue celtique, t. I, p. 346 et suivantes. La conclusion à laquelle arrive M. Thurneysen est que les Hisperica famina ont eu vraisemblablement pour auteur un breton. XVI. Trois traductions en français de morceaux appartenant à la littérature épique de l'Irlande ont paru dans le courant de l'année dernière. Ces morceaux sont: 18 Echtra Condla, traduit par M. G. Dottin, dans un article dont le titre est: « La croyance à l'immortalité de l'âme chez les anciens Irlandais *, Revue de l'histoire des religions, septième année, t. XIV, p. 53-66; 20 Fotha catha Cnucha, traduit par M. L. Ponsinet. « Le droit celtique dans la pièce intitulée: Causes de la bataille de Cnucha s, Nouvelle revue historique de droit français et étranger, dixième année, p. 475-481; 30 Scél mucci Mac Datho, traduit par M. L. Duvau, sous ce titre : « L'épopée irlandaise: Histoire du cochon de Mac Datho », Revue archéologique, troisième série, t. VIII (1886), p. 336-345. XVII. L'Academy du 15 janvier 1887, p. 44, contient une importante liste de corrections au t. IV des Ancient laws of Ireland, par M. Whitley Stokes. XVIII. Le volume XXVII des Transactions of the royal irish Academy contient, p. 135-208, un savant et intéressant mémoire du Rev. B. Mac Carthy, sur le Missel irlandais dit de Stowe. M. Whitley Stokes, dans l'Academy du 2 auril, p. 237-239, a donné une critique détaillée de ce travail où il relève un certain nombre d'erreurs, XIX Une traduction anglaise de la plus grande partie de l'article de M. Gaidoz, Flora Cellica (dans notre Tome VII, p. 162 et suiv.), a paru dansune revue du Pays de Galles, le Red Dragon de Cardiff, numéro de mars 1887. Cela engagera-t-il quelque folk-loriste gallois à prendre en main ce sujet et à répondre à l'appel de M. Gaidoz? XX LES Loups EN IRLANDE. — Le curé Thicis dans son Traité des superstitonsi (4e éd. T. 11, p. 86), écrit ce qui suit : a Les Hibernois ou 1 rlandois au rapport de Cambden (De Rtbus Britan.) et de Delrio (Disquis. Magic. 1. 3, p. 2, q. 4, sect. 5) ont tant de vénération pour les loups sauvages, qu'ils les prennent pour parrains de leurs enfans, les appellent Carichrist, qu'ils prient pour eux, et qu'ils leur souhaitent toute sorte de prospérité, dans l'espérance qu'ils ne leur feront point de mal. » Nos collaborateurs pourraient-ils citer des faits qui viennent à l'appui de cette assertion, ou du moins — si elle est erronée en ce qui concerne le parrainage — expliquent comment Cambden et Delrio ont pu être amenés à parlej ainsi ? Il y a certainement au fond de cela quelque rite de propitiation pour éviter la morsure et les ravages des loups, de même qu'en France, au temps où les loups étaient plus nombreux, on se gardait avec la « patenôtre du loup. » H. G. XXI M. Hugo Schuchardt a fait paraître à Berlin en 1886 un volume intitulé Romanisches und Keltisches. Il y a réimprimé entre autres choses deux articles déjà publiés par lui dans l'Allgemeine Ztitung en 1876 et en 1878, où il raconte un voyage qu'il a fait dans le pays de Galles en 187 S. Le but que se proposait le savant professeur, le grand Schuchardt, comme l'appelait devant moi il y a quelques jours un de ses admirateurs et de ses amis, était d'acquérir une connaissance pratique approfondie d'une langue qui offre de curieuses ana!ogies avec les langues romanes, objet principal de ses études. Après avoir commencé à parler gallois à Oxford sous la direction et avec les conseils de M. Rhys, il a été se perfectionner dans le pays de Galles. Il y a deux manières d'étudier une langue. L'une est de pratiquer les textes, et l'autre est ce que nous pourrions appeler la méthode orale. La perfection serait d'associer les deux procédés. Chacun naturellement a sa prédilection. La méthode orale est celle que M. Schuchardt semble préférer. Il a ainsi fort scandalisé un critique anglais qui ne peut parler sans indignation de la façon romantique dont M. Schuchardt a employé son temps dans le pays de Galles : « Tantôt écoutant d'insupportables sermons, tantôt assistant aux écoles du dimanche où il constatait avec surprise que les Gallois connaissaient la Bible mieux que les professeurs allemands, tantôt se laissant conduire dans les rues de Bala par une paire de jolis yeux noirs qui le ramenaient à l'église où le sermon et les prières étaient plus ennuyeux que jamais, le professeur Schuchardt aurait beaucoup mieux fait de lire des livres et de copier des manuscrits, comme c'est le devoir de tout savant allemand. » Voilà ce qu'on lit dans l'Athenaeum du 6 juillet 1878. Le docte critique pense sans doute que s'ennuyer au sermon est le rôle du savant anglais et que suivre dans les rues les jolies filles est le fait des Parisiens. A son arrivée à Caernarfon en août 1875, M. Schuchardt avait, dit-il, prêté entre les mains de Llew Llwyfos, barde et rédacteur du Herald Cymraeg le serment de ne jamais parler que gallois, et dans sa première lettre, datée de Caernarfon le 21 août, il ajoute que jusqu'alors il n'a pas eu la tentation de violer ce serment. x Je passe 9, continue-t-il, « pour un Allemand qui comprend le gallois, mais qui ne sait pas l'anglais. On me conduit partout et on me montre comme une merveille à ce double titre, et ma seconde qualité, — pas Anglais — est considérée pour moi comme un plus grand mérite que la première — comprendre le gallois. — Même les gens qui ont l'habitude de parler anglais se servent avec moi du gallois, le plus grammaticalement qu'ils peuvent. Mon hôtesse, à qui on a recommandé de séparer les mots les uns des autres quand elle me parle, entreprend en conséquence ses communications avec une grande solennité; ette s'approche de moi lentement, me. met la main sur l'épaule, fixe sur moi pendant une demi-minute le vieux et loyal regard de ses yeux pleins de promesses : elle approche sa bouche de mon oreille, puis avec sa voix la plus sonore, elle hache ses phrases syllabe par syllabe. » Les Gallois étaient curieux de savoir pourquoile professeur allemand était venu les visiter. Voici, prétend-il, la raison qu'il leur donna. « Mon histoire, dit-il, ressemble à celle de l'homme à qui le hasard fit trouver un fer à cheval, et qui acheta un cheval pour en avoir l'emploi. Se promener régulièrement est une habitude très favorable à la santé. Mais il est très ennuyeux de se promener seul. J'eus l'heureuse chance d'obtenir un compagnon pour cette tâche journalière, et la fortune voulut que ce compagnon fût un Gallois. Avec le temps, j'appris de lui à dire en gallois: « Vous plaît-il », « il fait beau temps ', et quelques autres phrases analogues. C'était une monnaie dont l'acquisition m'avait donné beaucoup de peine. Comment en Allemagne aurais-je pu en tirer parti ? J'ai entrepris le voyage du pays de Galles n. M. Schuchardt prend plaisir à se poser en dilettante, et comme il est homme d'esprit, il le fait avec autant de succès pour lui-même que d'agrément pour son lecteur. XXII. La racine du second terme de l'irlandais cèt-baid est-il BHEU « être 0, BHâ « briller », ou GVEM aller 1 ? Grave, très grave question qui divise les linguistes, les Académies, les Université" : Grammatici certant et adhuc sub judice lis est. Qu'en pense-t-on à Trinity Collcge-Dublin ou dans la Royal Irish Academy? Dans son mémoire intitulé: Note irlandesi concernenti in ispecie il codice Ambrosiano, dont il a été rendu compte par M. Gaidoz, Revue Celtique, t. VI, p. 121, et dont il a été dit aussi quelques mots par l'auteur de cette chronique dans la Revue Critique du premier février 1886, p. 88-89, M. Ascoli a donné, p. 1 -14, une dissertation très intéressante sur l'étymologie de l'irlandais cêtbaith (sensus). Lit savant italien a repris avec beaucoup de science l'étude de cette étymologie en 1886, aux pages S 5 -7o de ses Due lettere glottologiche e una poscritta nuova, brochure extraite du tome X de YArchivio gloltologico italiano. Il n'a pas été seul à s'en occuper. On peut consulter là-dessus: io une note de M. Windisch dans Zcitschrijt fiir vcrgleichende Sprachforschung, t. XXVII, p. 223 : 20 une critique de cette note par M. Zimmer. dans la même revue, même volume, p. 470-474 ; naturellement, M. Zimmer est d'un avis différent de celui de M. Windisch, cela ne pouvait être autrement et, suivant son usage, le savant professeur de Greifswald considère comme insensé quiconque ne partage-pas sa manière de voir. Nous citerons en troisième lieu M. Osthoff, Zur Geschichte des Perfects im Indogermanischcn, Strasbourg, Trübner, 1884, p. [9-521. Ce savant a émis l'opinion que dans cêtbaith, dont le premier terme cét, de l'avis de tout le monde, est identique au grec xatà, le second terme a la même racine que le grec œa-'vw, « je brille b ; que l'irlandais cét-banim « je comprends ) dont cêtbaith serait l'infinitif, est une formation du présent de la neuvième classe des grammairiens hindous, qu'en d'autres termes -banim == bhani-mi. Suivant M. Ascoli, la racine dont il s'agit ici n'est pas la racine BHa, BHa < briller » ; c'est la racine GVEM « aller » dont le grec 6aovw et le latin venio nous offrent la forme réduite. M. Windisch considère -baith dans cét-baith au nominatif pluriel cètbuidi (ms. de Wurzbourg. fo 33 c: édition Zimmer, p. 197), comme une simple variante orthographique de buith, infinitif du verbe biu « je suis » racine BHEU, bhu. C'était l'opinion d'Ebel, Grammatica ccltica, deuxième édition, p. 308. La difficulté que la question présente provient de ce que les voyelles atones étant souvent en irlandais remplacées par des voyelles hystérogènes, on peut se demander si l'a de cét-baith est primitif ou non; s'il n'est pas primitif, quelle voyelle primitive remplace-t il? Sans nous prononcer d'une façon définitive sur ce grand débat, nous pencherions à préférer l'opinion d'Ebel et de M. Windisch, qui au point de vue exclusivement celtique nous semble, quant à présent et sauf plus ample informé, la plus rationnelle; mais, comme l'a dit avec une éloquente conviction notre savant confrère M. Zimmer, « l'ignorance "de M. d'Arbois de Jubainville est un abîme sans fond ». XXIII. Nous venons de recevoir le rapport lu à la Société pour la conservation de la langue irlandaise, dans sa séance du premier mars 1887 par son zélé secrétaire, M. J.-J. Mac-Sweeney. Il résulte de ce rapport que le nombre des enfants qui ont passé l'examen pour l'irlandais s'est élevé à 421 en 1886. Ce nombre n'avait été que de 161 en 1885, 93 en 1884, 25 en 1883, 17 en 1882, 12 en 1881. Cette progression croissante est un grand encouragement pour les efforts de la Société. Dix-huit maîtres ont, depuis un an, obtenu le certificat de capacité pour l'enseiguement de l'Irlandais. La Société vient de faire paraître une nouvelle édition du morceau intitulé Aoidhe chloinne Tuireann * Mort des enfants de Tuirenn », en anglais The fale of the Children of Tuireann, comme a traduit Eugène O'Curry. La première édition a paru en 1863 dans l'Atlantis, t. IV, p. 158-227. La nouvelle édition a déjà pris place dans le programme de l'Université royale d'Irlande. XXIIV. Nous ne terminerons pas cette revue sans adresser nos félicitations à M. Karl Brugmann, pour le premier volume du traité de grammaire comparée qu'il a intitulé: Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachcn. La partie celtique, pour laquelle il a eu le concours de notre savant collaborateur M. Thurneysen, est traitée avec un remarquable talent. M. Brugmann a en France de nombreux disciples; et les linguistes, qui ne sont pas unanimes pour partager sur tous points ses doctrines, s'accordent pour admirer sa science et son art ingénieux. Tous les celtistes verront avec fierté dans son livre quelle place les études celtiques ont conquise dans la grammaire comparée des langues indoeuropéennes depuis la publication de la grammaire de Bopp. Le propriétaire-gérant: F. VIEWEG. LA GAULE AU MOMENT DE LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE SOMMAIRE Pages g Ier. L'agriculture. 201 g 2. Les lieux habités 208 A. Vici 208 B. Oppida 209 C. Aedificia 216 g 3. Les hommes 220 A. Rois 220 B. Magistrats 222 C..Sénats 226 D. Equités, Clientes 227 I. L'AGRICULTURE Si nous nous en rapportons à Polybe, les Gaulois qui ont pris Rome au quatrième siècle et probablement ceux qui habitaient l'Italie du Nord au troisième siècle se nourrissaient principalement de viande, mais il ne se suit pas de là qu'ils ne connussent pas le froment : le contraire semble même établi, puisque, suivant l'auteur grec, ils cultivaient la terre. La guerre et l'agriculture, nous dit-il, étaient les seuls arts qu'ils connussent, et la simplicité de leur vie était si grande qu'ils couchaient sur de la litière 1. Ils mangeaient de la viande, donc ils élevaient du bétail ; des deux éléments dont chez eux alors se constituait ha fortune et qui étaient le Deuxième édition de Didot, p. 80. 1 .1 bétail et l'or, le bétail est celui que l'historien grec nomme le premier l, César nous parle aussi du bétail élevé par les Gaulois auxquels il fit la guerre2, mais nous ne pouvons savoir d'une façon rigoureuse si la nourriture animale avait chez les Gaulois du temps de César l'importance que Polybe lui attribue chez leurs ancêtres. Il est cependant vraisemblable que, dans la Gaule vaincue par César, l'agriculture et le froment tenaient plus de place que dans le monde celtique de l'Italie du Nord auquel se rapporte le texte de Polybe. Le degré de civilisation auquel étaient parvenus les Gaulois transalpins du premier siècle avant J.-C. comportait un certain développement de l'agriculture qui faisait contraste avec le genre de vie des Germains. Ceux-ci, nous dit César, ne mangent pas beaucoup de froment et vivent principalement du lait et de la chair de leurs bestiaux 3; les Germains, ajoute César, s'appliquent peu à l'agriculture4. De crainte de manquer de blé, le général romain n'ose pénétrer en Germanie 5: tandis qu'il nous représente la plupart des Gaulois comme occupés de travaux agricoles 6, et qu'en Gaule il fait habituellement sans difficulté les approvisionnements de blé nécessaires à la nourriture de son armée. 1. ûjrapÇcç YE u.T]v Ixaaxoiç ïjv 0pfyi|j.axa xKL y puoo';. Polybe, livre II, c. 17. § il. 2. Nous citerons les exemples suivants: Dans la campagne de l'année 56, César s'empare des troupeaux des Morini et des Menapii: « cum jam pecus atque extrema impedimenta ab nostris tenerenture. De bello gallico, III, 29. En l'année 5 j, il prend aux Nervii et donne à ses soldats une grande quantité de bestiaux et d'hommes : « magno pecoris atque hominum numéro capto atque ea praeda militibus concessa ». Ibid. VI, 3. Il entre dans le pays des Menapii: un grand nombre de bestiaux et d'hommes tombent en son pouvoir: « magno pecoris atque hominum numéro potitur, Ibid. VI, 6. Les Germains appelés par César s'emparent des nombreux troupeaux que possédaient les Eburonts : « magno pecoris numéro. potiuntur ». Ibid. VI, 35. Au siège d'Avaricum, en 52, les Romains-trouvent des bestiaux dans la campagne. Ibid. VII, 17 cf.c. 20. La même année, César s'empare d'une certaine quantité de bestiaux « pecoris copiam nactus » sur les bords de la Loire. Ibid. VII, J6. Les défenseurs d'Alésia ont du bétail, VII, 71. En 51, César prend aux Eburones leurs troupeaux. Ibid. VIII, 24; et il trouve des bestiaux à Uxellodunum, chez les Cadurci. Ibid. VIII, 41. Après la conquête les Gaulois fournissaient de manteaux de laine et de salaisons Rome et une grande partie de l'Italie au commencement de l'ère chrétienne. Oûxcoç 8'iaxi Satj/iXrj, xal xà rai'fma xat xà uofopë(a. diaxc TMV adtycov xoÙ xfjç xapiysta; «cpSoviav (J.7] tt) cP(ou.y) a-aooc, [xovov aXXa xal toîç îuXEiaxotç xîjç 'Ixalia^. Strabon, livre IV, c. 4, g 3, édition Didot, p. 164, 1. 2-5. 3. Neque multum frumento, sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt. De bella gallico, IV, 1. 4. Agnculturae non student, De bello gallico, VI, 22. — Minime omnes Germani agnculturae student, ibid., VI, 29. S. Constituit non progredi longius. De bello gallico, VI, 29. 6. Magnaque praeterea multitudo undique ex Gallia perditorum hominum latronumque convenerat, quos spes praedandi studiumque bellandi ab agricultura et cotidiano labore revocabat. De bello gallico, III, 17. De ce passage on ne doit pas séparer celui où Strabon un peu plus de soixante-dix ans plus tard, présente les progrès de l'agriculture en Gaule comme le résultat de la conquête romaine : avSpe; ^ay7]xal [xaXXov yewpYOi 'VUV 0 'avayzaÇovxat yscapyscv xaxaOéfxEVOt tiX 07tXa. Livre IV, c. 1, § 2, édition Didot, p. 147, 1.. ji-52. César naturellement parle beaucoup plus de ses approvisionnements que de ceux des Gaulois. Cependant son récit nous montre les Helvètes fàisant les semailles les plus considérables qu'ils peuvent pour se procurer le blé dont ils auront besoin dans la grande expédition qu'ils projettent'; au moment de partir, ils brûlent le froment qu'ils ne peuvent emporter2; quand, vaincus, ils retournent chez eux, il leur faut du froment pour vivre, et ce sont les Allobroges qui le leur fournissent par ordre du vainqueur ?. La suite du récit nous apprend que les approvisionnements des défenseurs d'Alésia et d'Uxellodunum consistaient en froment comme en bétail 4. Au siège d'Alésia surtout, la réserve de froment qui avait été réunie par les Gaulois présente une grande importance. Il y avait de quoi nourrir quatre-vingt mille hommes pendant un mois, un peu plus .longtemps même, avec de l'économie 5, et quand cette réserve fut épuisée 6, on eut beau se défaire des bouches inutiles, condamner à mourir de faim les vieillards, les enfants et les femmes, et joindre à cette cruauté des prodiges de valeur, il fallut se rendre. Antérieurement à ce siège célèbre, quand les Belges rassemblèrent contre César une armée de plus de trois cent mille hommes, c'est-à-dire un effectif environ décuple du sien qui était de huit légions, une circonstance imprévue les mit dans l'impossibilité de tirer parti de cette énorme supériorité numérique : le froment leur manqua, et après avoir tenu conseil, ils conclurent que le plus sage était de retourner chacun chez soi 7. Voilà comment les Gaulois apprirent l'utilité des approvisionnements. Aussi, lorsque l'année suivante les Esubii, les Curiosolites et les Veneti se préparèrent à la guerre, ils transportèrent des champs le froment dans les oppida8. Cet exemple fut suivi plus tard à Alésia et à Uxellodunum. I. Sementes quam maximas facere ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret. De bello gallico, I, 3. 2. Frumentum omne, praeterquam quod secum portaturi erant comburunt. De bello gallico, I, j. 3. Allobrogibus imperavit ut iis frumenti copiam facerent. De bello gallico, I, 28. 4. Au siège d'Alésia, Vercingétorix déclare: « se exigue dierum triginta habere frumentum. Pecus cujus magna erat copia ab Mandubiis compulsa, viritim distribuit, frumentum parce et paulatim metiri instituit ». De bello gallico, VII, 71. — Avant le siège d'Uxellodunum. Drapes et Lucterius: « magnum numerum frumenti comparant ». Ibid. VIII, 34. — Quand la source est coupée : a non tantum pecora atque jumenta, sed etiam magna hostium maltitudo siti consumebatur. » lbid. VIII, 41. — Quand César prit Avaricum, il y trouva du froment et d'autres approvisionnements : a summamque ibi copiam frumenti et reliqui commeatus nanctus ». lbid. VII, 32. Le bétail est probablement l'élément fondamental du reliquus commeatus. 5. De bello gallico, VII, 71. 6. Consumpto omni frumento. De bello gallico, VII, 77. 7. Ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constituerunt optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti. De bello gallico, II, 10. 8. Frumenta ex agns in oppida comportant. De bello gallico, III, 9. Pour nourrir son armée, César trouvait du froment dans toutes les parties de la Gaule celtique et de la Belgique. Dans la Gaule celtique, il s'en procure chez les Aedui, chez les Sequani et chez les Lingonesc'est-à-dire dans la région orientale de cette contrée. L'armée romaine en trouve aussi à l'ouest. P. Crassus, prenant avec la septième légion ses quartiers d'hiver chez les Andecavi que César appelle Andes; et ne pouvant réunir chez eux les approvisionnements nécessaires, il envoie chercher le reste, notamment du froment chez les Esubii, les Curiosolites et les Veneti2. La région centrale de la Celtique fournit aussi du froment aux Romains. César fait observer qu'Avaricum est situé au milieu d'une campagne très fertile3, et quand il a commencé le siège de cette place, Vercingétorix entame les hostilités en faisant attaquer les détachements romains qui vont chercher aux environs du fourrage et du froment 4. Pendant quelques jours, les soldats romains furent réduits à ne se nourrir que de viande. Pour leurs estomacs italiens, c'était la famine poussée à ses extrêmes limites ; mais, suivant leur général, ils ne montrèrent jamais plus de grandeur d'âme ; dans cette rude épreuve ils ne firent pas entendre une plainte, il ne sortit pas de leur bouche une parole indigne de la majesté du peuple romain et de leurs précédentes victoires 5. Cette disette momentanée fut le résultat des opérations militaires faites par Vercingétorix ; la région était abondamment pourvue de froment. La Gaule Belgique produisait aussi du froment. Les Leuci en fournirent à l'armée romaine pendant la guerre contre Arioviste 6. Dès le début de la première campagne en Belgique, 57, les Remi promettent du froment à César7. A la fin de la campagne de l'année 54, César sachant que le froment n'avait été généralement récolté qu'en petite quantité dans la Gaule, disperse ses légions afin qu'elles trouvent partout sur J, Arioviste veut couper les vivres à César : « uti frumento commeatuque qui ex Sequanis et Aeduis supportaretur, Caesarem intercluderet. De bello gallico, 1, 48. Dans la même campagne, César s'approvisionne ehez les Sequani et les Lingones : « frumentuni Sequanos. Lingones subministrare ». lbid. l, 40. Plus tard: « Q. Tullium Ciceronem et P. Sulpicium Cabilloni et Matiscone in Aeduis ad Ararim rei frumentariae causa collocat ». lbid. Vil, 90. 2. Praefectos tribunosque militum complures in finitimas civitates frumenti causa dimisit, quo in numero est T. Terrasidius missus in Esubios, M. Trebius Callus in Curiosolitas, Q. Velanius cum T. Silio in Veuetos. De bello gallico, III, 7. 3, Agri fertilissima regione. De bello gallico, VII, 13. · 4. Omnis nostras pabulationes frumentationesque observabat, dispersosque. adoriebatur. De bello gallico, VII, 16. 5. Usque eo ut complures dies frumento milites caruennt, et pecore ex longinquioribus vicis adacto extremam famem sustentarent. Nulla tamen vox est ab eis audita, populi romani majestate et superioribus victoriis indigna. De bello gallico, VII, 17. 6. Frumentum. Leucos. subministrare. De bello gallico, I, 40. 7. Paratos esse. frumento ceterisque rebus juvare. De bello gallico, II, ;. place les vivres nécessaires. Il met dans la Belgique sept légions et demie, dont une chez les Morini, une chez les Nervii, une chez les Remi, une et demie chez les Eburones1, trois chez les Bellovaci. Il avait alors à Samarobriva chez les Ambiani une réserve de froment recueilli sans doute dans les environs2. D'autres faits de guerre établissent l'importance de la culture du froment chez les Belges. Ainsi, dans la campagne de l'année 55, les Romains dévastent les champs des Menapii et coupent leur froment 3. Pendant l'année 54, des cavaliers germains vont chercher du froment chez les Ambïvariti sur la rive gauche de la Meuse 4. Quand en l'année 5 3, César fit saccager le pays des Eburones, les froments de ce malheureux peuple furent partie mangés, partie détruits s. Il y avait cependant en Belgique à côté des champs de blé de nombreuses forêts. L'une d'entre elles existe encore sous le nom que lui donne César ; c'est la forêt d'Ardenne, autrefois Arduinna. Elle commençait au Rhin à l'est, couvrait une partie du territoire des Treveri, atteignait à l'ouest celui des Remi, au nord celui des Nervii et l'Escaut ; c'était la plus grande de toute la Gaule 6. On l'honorait comme une divinité et après la conquête romaine elle fut assimilée à Diane?. La Gaule renfermait bien d'autres forêts, principalement en Belgique. Ainsi César lors de sa dernière campagne, en 51, trouve les Bellovaci et leurs alliés campés sur une colline, au milieu d'une forêt qu'un marais enveloppait8. Les forêts des Eburones9, celles des Menapiil0, des Morini11 et des Nervii12, tiennent une grande place dans le récit des opérations militaires qui eurent lieu chez ces quatre peuples. Les forêts de la Celtique paraissent avoir été moins considérables. Cependant le récit de César nous en montre chez les Arverni près de 1. De bello gallico, V, 24. 2. Samarobrivae. frumentum omne quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa devexerat relinquebat. De bello gallico, V, 47. 3. Omnibus eorum ágrís vastatis, frumentis succisis. De bello gallico, IV, 38. 4. Magnam partem equitatus. praedandi frumentandique causa ad Ambivaritos trans Mosam missam. De bello gallico, IV, 9. Qui frumentandi causa ierant trans Mosam. Ibid., IV, 12; cf. IV, 16. S. Frumenta non solum a tanta multitudine jumentorum atque hominum consumebantur sed etiam anni tempore atque imbribus procubuerant. De bello gallico, VI, 43. 6. De bello gallico, V, 3 ; VI, 29, 31, 33. 7. Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, t. VI, nO 46. Cf. Brambach, Inscriptions rhenanae. n' 589. 8. De bello gallico, VIII, 7. Cf. c. 12, 18, 10. 9. De bello gallico, V, 32, 37; VI, 30, 34, 37, 43. 10. De bello gallico, III, 28, 29; IV, 38; VI, 5. 11. De bello gallico, 111, 28, 29. 12, De bello gallico, II, 18, 19; V, 39, j2. Gergovie1 ; chez les Bituriges, près d'A varicum 2 ; chez les Cadurci, dans le voisinage d'Uxellodunum Î ; chez les Carnutes, qui fuyant devant César se réfugient dans les bois et en sont chassés par les rigueurs de l'hiver 4 ; chez les Senones dont les bois servent d'asile aux soldats vaincus de Camulogène 5 ; chez les Sequani dont les bois abritèrent ceux des Tigurini qui échappèrent aux légions de César 6: ces bois des Sequani devinrent par leur étendue une cause d'effroi pour les Romains au début de la campagne contre Arioviste 7.
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NGTS-14Ab
neptunian planet orbiting NGTS-14
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NGTS-14Ab instance of unconfirmed exoplanet
NGTS-14Ab instance of exoplanet
NGTS-14Ab epoch J2000.0
NGTS-14Ab constellation Grus
NGTS-14Ab catalog code TOI-6821.01, catalog TESS Object of Interest
NGTS-14Ab catalog code TOI-6821b, catalog TESS Object of Interest
NGTS-14Ab catalog code TIC 197643976b, catalog TESS Input Catalog
NGTS-14Ab distance from Earth
NGTS-14Ab time of discovery or invention 2021
NGTS-14Ab time of discovery or invention 2021
NGTS-14Ab orbital period
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NGTS-14Ab discoverer or inventor Next-Generation Transit Survey
NGTS-14Ab site of astronomical discovery Paranal Observatory
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NGTS-14Ab parent astronomical body NGTS-14A
NGTS-14Ab NASA Exoplanet Archive ID NGTS-14 A b
NGTS-14Ab right ascension
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NGTS-14Ab Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia exoplanet ID ngts_14a_b--7556
NGTS-14Ab Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia exoplanet ID ngts_14_ab--7556
NGTS-14Ab semi-major axis of an orbit
NGTS-14Ab orbital inclination
NGTS-14Ab mass
NGTS-14Ab
NGTS-14Ab SIMBAD ID NGTS-14Ab
NGTS-14Ab 分類 未確認の太陽系外惑星
NGTS-14Ab 分類 太陽系外惑星
NGTS-14Ab 元期 J2000.0
NGTS-14Ab 星座 つる座
NGTS-14Ab カタログ番号 TOI-6821.01
NGTS-14Ab カタログ番号 TOI-6821b
NGTS-14Ab カタログ番号 TIC 197643976b
NGTS-14Ab 地球からの距離
NGTS-14Ab 発見日または発明日 2021
NGTS-14Ab 発見日または発明日 2021
NGTS-14Ab 公転周期
NGTS-14Ab 公転周期
NGTS-14Ab 軌道離心率
NGTS-14Ab 発見者または発明者 次世代トランジットサーベイ
NGTS-14Ab 天文学的発見をした場所 パラナル天文台
NGTS-14Ab 半径
NGTS-14Ab 発見方法 トランジット法
NGTS-14Ab 視差
NGTS-14Ab 赤経方向の固有運動
NGTS-14Ab 赤緯方向の固有運動
NGTS-14Ab 赤経
NGTS-14Ab 赤緯
NGTS-14Ab 太陽系外惑星エンサイクロペディアID ngts_14a_b--7556
NGTS-14Ab 太陽系外惑星エンサイクロペディアID ngts_14_ab--7556
NGTS-14Ab 軌道長半径
NGTS-14Ab 軌道傾斜角
NGTS-14Ab 質量
| 39,641 |
pt1osportosmarit05lour_6
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Portuguese-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,904 |
Os portos maritimos de Portugal e ilhas adjacentes
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Loureiro, Adolpho, 1836-1911
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Portugueuse
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Spoken
| 6,965 | 12,680 |
É por isso que muitas das estradas madres, mesmo as denominadas reaes, teem inclinações e larguras que não consentem o transito de viaturas, e desenvolvem-se em zig-zags e lacetes, que sobem e descem as montañas por ladeiras, que a gente do paiz avalia pelo numero das suas voltas, dizendo, por exemplo, que esta ou aquella ladeira tem 20 ou 30 voltas: isto c, sobe por 20 ou 30 lacetes, concordados os seus alinhamentos sob ângulos muito agudos, e por meio de curvas, que não chegam ás vezes a ter 5 metros de raio, com traineis de mais de 18 por cento. Estas estradas abrem-se muitas vezes a meia encosta em terrenos vulcânicos e soltos, de um lado com altas trincheiras que ameaçam desabamentos, e do outro com elev. ados muros de supporte de pedra seca. Outras vezes seguem por tunneis, ou furados, estreitos e tortuosos, abertos em terrenos sem revestimento, de onde se destacam conglomerados e fragmentos de rocha, que ameaçam esmagar os viandantes; túneis escuros, sem ventilação c multas vezes só illuminados por pequenas frestas, que se abrem para o mar, onde a costa se levanta quasi verticalmente e a centenas de metros de altura sobre o oceano. Nas encostas subre o mar, a estrada consiste em um verdadeiro carreiro, limitado da parte superior por um corte quasi a prumo, de onde se destacam congomerados vulcânicos, ou ameaçam grandes desabamentos, e para baixo, por um talude, ou plano quasi vertical, com muitos metros de altura sobre o mar, que se vê em baix. O quebrar nos recifes ou nos cachopos da costa, levantando ondas de espuma. Em algimias d'essas estradas são os terrenos encharcados por aguas de liltração, que se vêem escorrer dos taludes das trincheiras, e que conservam o pavimento alagado e sem consistência. Em outras, de inclinações mais fortes, é o pavimento da estrada calçado com pedras meudas, mas formando o pavimento, para oíferecerem apoio aos pés dos Jwmens das redes, ou maqueiros, e ás patas dos cavallos. Nos torrentes, onde não ha pontes ou viaductos, os maqueiros, apoiando-se nos seus paus ferrados, saltam com grande destreza e segurança de bloco em bloco, por sobre uma corrente torva e espumante, que se despenha sobre um leito de calhaus rolados, e ás vezes em grandes extensões. E claro que nestes logares o transito interrompe-se Durante as cheias, que se formam em seguida a primeiras chuvas, e se alguém se aventura naquella occasião a transpor alguma d'aquellas ribeiras arrisca-se a pagar com a vida a sua ousadia e temeridade. E certo que com um louvável sempenho, ajunta geral do districto. a quem estão hoje entregues grande parte dos serviços que pertenecam antigamantemente ao Estado pelo Ministério das Obras Publicas, tem procurado melhorar mutu a viação, construindo importantes pontes, abrindo novas estradas, melhorando as antigas e tornando transitáveis muitos lanços, que eram perigosos e impraticáveis a viaturas. Honra Ihj seja, que, se em alguma coisa tem sido prejudicado o pittoresco e o hello horroroso d'aquellas estradas, muito tem lucrado a human. idade e melhorado os seus meios de communicação. Honra lhe seja pois. Para isso tem ella disposto da liberdade de que a direção de obras publicas não dispunha, e empregado meios que ella própria tem sabido criar. Não expéreo o que eram as estradds da Madeira quando as percibir ha cerca de 15 annos, e a pello para quem tem atravessado a formosa ilha, de N. a S. e de Nascente a Poente, transpondo as suas medonhas torrenes, passando os seus perigosos desfiladeiros, subindo as suas Íngremes laderas, costeando os seus horrorosos precipicios e olhándo com espanto e horror os seus insondáveis abysmos. Na rápida descrição que d'ellas fiz em 1898, em uma conferencia realizada na associação dos engenheiros ci-vis portuguezes, e entre muitos pontos que poderia citar, especifiquei o legendario Tresoe e a estrada de Boa Ventura, as estradas litoraes de S. Jorge, de Ponta Delgada e de k5. Vicente, as extensas subidas de S. Jorge, de Pibeiro Frio e do Paul de Mar para a Fajã da Ovelha, a travésia das torrentes de Porto Novo, do Fayal e de S. Vicente, e tantos outros logares difficies e perigosos, o, se não for pratico e familiarizado com aquelles excepcionaes terrenos, muito bem avisado andará, confiando-se cegamente, como eu fiz, á experiencia, á firmeza de passo e á rijeza de músculos dos maquiros, ou conductores das redes, quando tiver de expos aos perigos d'aquelis passagens. Como disse, todos estes inconvenientes tem a junta general, muito patriótica e intelligentemente, procurado remediar, e importantes são os melhoramentos por ella já realizados. Mas aquelle desíderatum, que importa em uma transformação completamente. ta do que conta muitos annos de existência, não se consegue sem tempo e sem grandes despeitas. Depois, não é só a boa vontade que conseguirá modificar as condiciones naturações da paiz, que tornam, como disse, muito diíficil a resolução do problema da viação terrestre da Madeira. Ainda na grande maioria das estradas da ilha não circulam viaturas, e as mercadorias são transportadas ás costas de homens, á cabeça de mulheres, ou em cavalgaduras. Os viajantes, ou vão a pé, ou a cavallo, ou em redes. As suas bagagens são levadas em uma segunda rede, ou transportadas por cavalgaduras. Na própria cidade do Funchal, só em algumas das suas ruas, na chamada estrada monumental, e na de S. Gonçalo, podiam ha pouco tempo transitar viaturas ordinárias de transporte. No restante das ruas e estradas que cortam a cidade usam-se carros c caleches de madeira tirados a bois, sem rodas, e escorregando por sobre calçadas de seixos metidos e ensebados, para melhor perraittirem o escorregimento d'aquellas viaturas. Out ros meios de conducção, chamados corças, consistem em uma simples tábua, ou estrado, puxado a bois, e em que se levam fortes pesos, como pipas, canna de açúcar e outras mercadorias, que utilizam aquellos traineanx especiaes. Vê-se, pelo que fica dito, que as communicaçÕes terrestres, sobre serem difficeis e dof-moradas, serão sempre de dispendiosa construção. Emquanto isto succede, o mar é uma estrada sempre aberta, que offerece fácil e prompta communicação dos diversos pontos da costa entre si e com a capital do distrito, quer para o externo. De que carece somente? E de que em cada porto haya os meios de embarque e desembarque, sem perigo e commodidade. As carreiras de pequenos vapores em torno da ilha e communicando. Entre si muitas povoações dão já gran-des vantagens aos povos, apesar de em alguns não haver quasi nunca meio de se operarem sem risco e com facilidade os embarques e desembarques das pessoas e das mercadorias. Xão repetirei o que é de sobra conhecido, sobre os incommodos e perigos a que em muitos d'elles, completamente abertos e expostos illustrado presidente da junta general de distrito, o Sr. conselheiro dr. José Leite Monteiro: El Ex. Sr. — Por portaría de la julio de 1001, publicada no Dário de (Toverno, fui encarregado de escrever as monográmica dos portos maritimos de Portugal, reuniendo quanto pudesse colligir sobre a sua historia, condiciones techuicas e económicas, descripção das obras nelles existentes e d'aquellas de que ainda careces- sem, estatísticas comerciales e de naveg-ação, e tudo que desse ideia do estado de cada um, para melhor concorrer para o desenvolvimento da riqueza publica. Por essa portaria fui autorizado a requisitar de todas as d'esta commissão. São já seis volumes e quatro atlas, comprehendendo todos os portos do continente do reino, que tenho publicado, faltando-me somente os dos archipelagos da Madeira e dos ácores para dar por terminada a minha incumbe. Para tratar dos primeiros tenho podido ir visitá-los e colher nas respectivas direções de obras publicas, camarás municipales e bibliothecas publicas e particulares os devidos esclarecimentos. O meu estado de saúde não me permite, porem, que proceda nas ilhas adjacentes a mesmas investigações e estudos que tenho feito no contiene do reino. Dos importantes portos de Funchal, de Ponta Delgada, de Angra e da Horta, tenho conhecimento adquirido no estudo effectuado em commissões de serviço, que nelle tenho ido desempenhar, e para o que me faltar apelarei com confiança para os meus colegas, que estão a testa dos trabalhos d'esses portos, na certeza de que nelle encontrarei tanta competência quanto o desejo de me auxiliarem em serviço de interesse publico. Xão des ejo, porem, limitar-me áquelles portos, que são frequentados pela grande navegação nacional e estrangeira. Ha em todas as ilhas outros, que não são procura dos pela grande navegação, mas que teem para cada uma d'ellas importância capital, porque, sendo por mar que as diversas povoações, geralmente situadas na costa, podem com mais facilidade, rapidez e economia communicar-se entre si e com as capitães dos districtos, élhes de summa conveniência e necessidade que oífereçam ás embarcações, que os procurem, a possibilidade de, sem incommodo para os passageiros, sem damno para as mercadorias, e com segurança para as mercadorias, se efectuarem as operações de embarque e desembarque. Esta necessidade sobe de ponto na Madeira, tão extra-ordinariamente accident ada, em que a viação terrestre é Jifficil e trabalhosa, e nas suas chamadas estradas o tranço de passíié-eiros só pode fazer-se a pé, a cavallo, ou de rede, e o transporte de mercadores ás costas de homens, de mulheres, ou de ea-al-aduras. O mar é, pois, a estrada mais praticável, que se devolve por todo o perímetro da ilha e põe em communição tod-is as povoações do litoral com a cidade do Funchal. Os porioá da Madeira, de que me parece conviria tratar, são: Ao N., Porto de San Juan, Seixal, S. Vicente, Ponta Delgado, S. Jorge e Porto de Cruz. Ao 8., Machico. Santa Cruz, Camará de Lobos, Ki beira Jirava, Ponta de Sol, Calheta e Paul de Mar. Em alguns d'estiços portos, quando estavam a cargo do Estado, se executaram, ou projectaram obras, algumas por proposta minha, para tornar mais fáceis e menos perigrosos os embarques e desembarques, que em muitos eram diíficilimos. Possuo varias d'essas plantas e alguns esclarecimentos, las, dep Os que passaram para cargo da junta general de distrito, a que V. Ex. muito dignamente preside, creo que trabalhos importantes teem sido executados em alguns, havendo este serviço merecido muita attenção e interesse á illustrada junta geral. Dar conhecimento dos melhoramentos realizados em una, e dos projectados em outros, julgo ser de utilidade para todos, e espero merecerá a approvacão e apoio de V. E. Nesta conformidade, tenho a honra de solicitar a V. Ex. se digne dispensarme quaesquer indicações, informações e documentos, que julgue me sejam útiles para o tim que tenho em vista, bem como projectos e orçamentos de obras executadas, ou por executar, para quanto possível, permanentes e commodas, carreiras de navegação em volta da ilha, llegando os diversos portos com o do Funchal. Comestes dados serme-hão também muito proveitosos os estatísticos, que. Ex.' possa fornecer-me, sobre o movimento marítimo e commereial de cada porto, o movimento e importância da pesca, o pessoal nella empregado, o valor de seu material e o producto ila industria, ou outros que vaquer que V. Ex.' haja por convenientes. Se por falta de pessoal V. Ex.' não puder satisfazer os pedidos que tenho a honra de apresentar-he, muito serviço e favor me prestaría, confiando-me o.s originaes para cVelles extrahir as precisas notas, ou permittindo me que d'elles tire copias por intermédio de Ex.' Sr. Director das Obras Publicas de Districto, em cuja elevada inteligencia, zelo pelo serviço e benévola amizade com que me honra, absolutamente conto. Confiado no espirito illustrado de V. Ex/*, no seu decidido empenho em promover tudo quanto possa ser de utilidade para essa formosa ilha, e no favor que se diga dispensarme, ouso esperar que tomará o meu pelda na devida consideração, e lhe dará o melhor anda mento que julgue possível e conveniente. Deus (jurarde a V. Ex/ — Lisboa... de junho do 1910 — 111.™° e Ex./ 8r. Presidente da Junta Geral do Districto de Funchal. = (assignado) Adolpho Loureiro. Tanto o illustre presidente da junta general, o sr. conselheiro Leite Monteiro, como o sr. director das obras publicas a cargo do districto, o sr, Joaquim Maria Fragoso, com quem já tinha tido occasião de servir e de apreciar os seus merecimentos e qual. idades, se dignaram acolher com a maior amabilidade o meu pedido, e me forneceram alguns esclarecimentos, com os quaes e com aquillo que eu já conhecia pude formular as noticias que se seguem. Pelo mappa que em seguida publico, vê se qual o número de portos que estão a cargo da junta geral e as obras que nelles existem actualmente. Rélase dos portos da lllia da Madeira e das construções existentes em luda iim L-Of^aros lia cosia de Lisboa, de fazer o respectivo projección. A junta general, tendo mandado fazer o projecto de un cualquiera de 40 contos, encarrego a Empresa de Cimento Armado Limitada, de Lisboa, de fazer outro projecto, para ver se pode obtener esta obra maíz barata. Porto Moniz. Cáñamo de Norte. Cáñamo os vapores actualmente lut'orn;r,ç"jes fazem porto iioíses porJos Seixal Péjéueno caes.. A junta gorai eítá construido um muro de resguardo á es- cada existente. S. Vicente..... —. — Ponta Del-la. — A junta geral construido uma rampa para facilitar 0 em- barque de piías. Ponta de S.Jorge Cães Construido peia iunta geral Ponta (iorda cm 1904-l',)l(t. Pedra da Pesca- Cães Construido pela janta geral ria (Faval) em 19()3-li)õ. Porto da Cru/... Pí^queno cães.. Construido pela jita em 1903. geral 122 São luimerosos os jjortos e dosembarcado 122 São luimerosos os jjortos e dosembarcado 122 Ilmos que a junta gevãol se empenhou era melhorar, e pode justamente orgulhar-se das obras que mandou executar, e que o seu director technico delineou e levou á execução, e dos assinalados serviços que prestaram. Tem attingido estas despeças da junta general, até o anno corrente, quantia importante. E portanto o exemplo d'esta junta general muito para ser seguido. Darei agora de alguns d'aquelles portos uma breve noticia. Porto de Machico. — Está situada a villa de Machico na costa sul da Madeira, a leste do Funchal e a 24 kilometros d' esta cidade. Foram estas duas povoações, Funchal e Machico, as primeiras da Ilha, depois que esta foi partilhada em duas capitanias pelos seus descobridores, Tristão da, Foi em Machico que, segundo a poética e phantastica lenda do inglezes, que, levados através dos mares pela força irresistive da tempestade, foram dar a um ponto que se chamou depois o Embarcadouro, e em seguida parar ao formoso e ameno valle onde Machin deu sepultura a desditosa Arfet, a quem dentro em pouca tempo foi juntar-se, deixando no logar da futura villa ma-deirense o singelo monumento, que a lenda diz foi encontrado, e que deu o nome á terra. Pas, á face da historia e da reflexão fria e desapasionada, não passa o facto do campo da lenda e da poesia, e quem d'isto queira convencer-se não tem mais do que ler as interessantes observações e notas criticas com (jue Álvaro Rodrigues de Álvaro de Porto Santo e da Madeira, no seu precioso livro sobre as Saudades da Terra, de Gaspar Fructuoso. Depois de haver resumido e apreciado muito fiel e brillantemente o (jue se tílha escrito em Portugal e no estranguroso sobre o caso da descoberta da Madeira, tanto em tempos antigos, como modernos, parece do seu livro dever concluir-se que não resta a menor duvida de que João Gonçalves e Tristão Vaz, com os seus companheiros, apor-taram á fadoira, quando (uizeram reconlie) cer o que era a sombra que viam sempre fixa em ponto distante no horizonte e em certa direção e rumo do Porto Santo. Encantados com a amenidade do loirar e a belleza do valle, que se lhes deparou então, e encontrando semlhanças com alguns da sua pátria, que tão saudosamente lhes lembravam, deram-lhe o nome de Monchique, ou fosse o Monchique que fica entre o Porto e Miragaia, ou fosse o Monchique algarvio, essa Cintra do Algarve, a formosísima serra que vae terminar no porto de Lagos, de onde haviam partido para as suas arriscadas e aventurosas viagens, que por influxo do Infante D. Henrique haviam emprehendido como seus dedicados vassallos e amigos. Assim se ticou chamando aquelle logar Monsico, Monchim ou Monchique, e d'aqui se derivou o de Machico, que tem hoje aquella villa, mas que na historia e em numeroosos documentos tem apparecido com os nomes de Machiquo, Machiquo, Machiquo, Machim e Machico. Por que transformações faz o tempo passar successivamente muitos nomes e vocábulos! Ultimamente, porem, o illustrado e intelligente investigador, o sr. general Brito Rebello, encontrou um documento na Torre do Tombo, que da noticia da existência em Portugal, em 1379, de um marítimo, de nome Machico, que poderia, elle ou algum dos seus descendentes, ter ido á Madeira, onde tivesse fallecido e pelos seus compañeros ali enterrado, com o humilde monumento que se diz fora encontrado depois. O que é certo é que os descobridores assentaram logo ali arraías, e parece que a primeira cousa que lá fizeram foi traçar uma igreja, com a invocação de Christo, por ser do mestrado de Christo. Aquella terra, que parece terse a primeira da Madeira, e que a crença popular disse depois que fora levantada no logar em que fora encontrado o monumento onde jaziam os restos mortaes do lendário Machin e de Anna d'Arfet. Passão depois aquelle logar a fazer parte de uma das capitanias, em que a Ilha da Madeira foi dividida. A carta de doção da capitania de Machico a Tristão Vaz reza nos seguintes termos: Em nome de Ho Ymfante Don Amrrique Regedor da hordem de noso sinior Yhn xpõ duq de biseu & sinior de cuavilham. Dada em Santarém aos outo días de mayo do anno do nacimento de noso sinior Ihn xpo de mill III j*^ e quarenta annos (1440). Nesta carta define-se claramente a doção, e descreve-se a terra a que se refere, a jurisdicção dada e suas condiciones, as posturas a pôr em execução, etc, etc. Porto de Machico, diz Gaspar Fructuoso, alem da grande majestade que tem, ó muito bom com Todos os ventos por ser a terra de uma e outra parte muito alta; e como começam os navios a entrar a barra para dentro, ficam como que em um manso rio, salvo quando aboca para ella o Les-sueste, e então, se muito rijo, não podem sair para fora e convém amarrarem-se bem, porque se se desamarram não teem remédio se não enfiarrarem-se com ella, como já aconteceu muitas vezes. A povoação começou logo a aumentar, sendo dos primeros legares onde se plantou a canna doce, que viera de Sicilia, e os bacelos vindos de Cándia, e que ali foi fabricado o primeiro assucar vendido na Madeira, e muito apreciados os seus vinhos. Não se encontra o registo da carta regia que á povoação deu os foros de villa. Somente nos Annaes do Municipio de Machico se lève que — a criação da villa de Machico data da época em que foi criada a villa do Funchal, quando se procedeu a divisão das duas capitanias. Havana, todavia, alfandega dada pela infanta D. Beatriz, tutora do duque, seu filho, depois Eei de Portugal, quando em 15 de março de 1477 deu principio ao estabeleci-mento das alfandegas no arehipelago da Madeira, mandando depois aos de Machico fizessem ali uma alfandega na forma da do Funchal, apesar dos do Funchal harem representado que todas as alfandegas para ali fossem transferidas, o que em 1502 foi indeferido. Em 1486 foi confirmada a existência d'aquelle estal)elocimento fiscal. Outros edificios públicos continha ainda a villa, bas-tando citar os dois fortes. que datam de 1700 e 1708, e que foram obra do general Juan de la Vega l'édireira, ficando um na boca da bahia, a que chamam do Desembarcadouro, e no logar que os inglezes dizem ter sido dos primeros a pisar. Hoje é cabeça de concelho, pertécute á comarca de Santa Cruz, e a povoação a mais importante da ilha depois da do Funchal, tendo por industria principal a pesca e a fabricação de aguardente. O seu porto, sfudo dotado e uma grande bahia, apresenta, comtudo, pouco fundo, tornaudo-se só accessivel a embarcações de pequena lotação. A sua população exerce largamente a industria da pesca, emprendo-se só accessivel a embarçações de pequena lotação. A sua população exerce largamente a industria da pesca, emprendo-se só accessivel a embarçações de pequena lotação. como em outro logar direi. O mercado de Funchal e em grande parte abastecido por esta região agricola, vindo nos seus hotéis e pensões haitar por algum tempo estrangeiros, a quem convém um clima temperado, e sendo a villa muito visitada por touristes. Por isso Machico mantém commuicaçÕes periódicas semanales com a capital da Madeira para transporte de passageiros e de mercadorias. Para esse fim, por projecto de 9 de julio de 1869 foi construido um lanço da estrada litoral para o porto do Machico, com a extensão de 4o6",10, a começar em uma escada construída na costa, em dois lanços, com dez de-graus cada um, separados os dois lanços por um patamar de 6 metros de cumprimento, e no rochedo contiguo ao cães construíu-se uma muralha de 20 metros de comprido e a alt. ura de 4 metros, para abrigo de mesmo cães, sendo o orçamento da oír de 'òiOM^SOl réis, quantia que foi devidamente rectificada e elevada a o:64°000 róis, sendo este orçamento approvado pelo Conselho kSuperior de Obras Publicas em lõ de agosto de 1870. Foi uma obra pouco importante, comtudo, em certas condições presta grandes serviços, e isso lhe dá importância. Em 26 de abril de 1870 fez-se o projecto da ligação do cães com a villa, sendo approvada a obra em 8 de feve-reiro de 1873, despendendo-se nella a totalidade do orçamento de 4:016°000 réis. Houve depois necessidade de elaborar-se um orçamento supplementar, de 5:788°100 réis, sobre o qual a Junta Consultiva de Obras Publicas deu parecer em 30 de outubro de 1874. Os desenhos constantes da fig. 32 a 36, E. X, dão idea da obra, O que estava feito era manifestamente incompleto, não dando sempre facilidade de embarque ou desembarque, por ficar o cães exposto ao W. e 8W., e não se prestar ao serviço nos grandes temporaes que se observam d'aquelle quadrante. A construção de um molhe-caes naquelle sentido da-ria abrigo para o serviço marítimo, com o que a villa muito lucraria nas suas relações com a capital. O actual director das obras publicas a cargo da junta general do districto, o sr. Joaquim Maria Fragoso, secundando os desejos da junta geral, procede a um estudo muito minucioso do local onde teria de fazer-se a construção, e, determinando bem a disposição da rocha onde o molhe dever. la assentar, ehíborou o projecto constante da planta, alçado e cortes das tig. 33 a 36, E. X, que submetteu a consideração da junta general, que lhe deu o devido destino, mandando-o ao Ministério das Obras Pílicas. Consistia a obra em um pequeño molhe de 17", 70 de comprimimento do lado do S. e de 14", õO do lado do N., o qual era traçado em alinhamento recto, concordando com o antigo cães por uma curva circular de 9", 60 de desenvolvimiento. Este molhe, com a altura de õ metros acima do zero hydrrographico, tinha 5",5 de largura no coroamento, onde se lhe inseriu uma escada de 1",5 de largura, continuada depois com 4 metros até entroncar com a estrada. A escada constava de 21 degraus de 0",20X 0'",23, não se aumentando muito a largura dos degraus, para a não tornar muito extensa. Do lado exterior tinha o molhe o jorramento de O'", 18 da altura, ficando a prumo para o lado interior, do lado do N. e sobre a escada. Esta construção era projectada sobre formigão hydraulico, emergido a fresco em sacos colocados por merguhadores, até se assentarem sobre elles blocos de 1 a 4 metros cúbicos de volume, manobrados a guindaste. Do nivel do prea-mar até o coroamento era o molhe de alve-naria hydraulica. O pavimento era de beton com O'", 10 de espessura. Todas as juntas eram refechadas a cimento, bem como as da guarda projectada na parte curva da obra. No resto era o molhe resguardado por varões de ferro. Este projecto, datado de 12 de janeiro de 1901, era orçado em ÁlúOS>000 réis. Por consulta de 4 de fevereiro do mesmo anno foi o projecto approvado com pequenas modificaciones, consistindo somente : 1. Em prolongar um pouco mais a escada 2'", 40, dando-lhe 26 ou 21 degraus. 2. Em cortar, até a cota de r",5 abaixo do zero hydrographico, a restinga junta ao topo do molhe, para permittir a acostagem dos barcos, mesmo em baixa-mar. 4. Em supprimir as fundações com sacos de beton de um parte do molhe, e empregando-os só cm outra, e h'-vando-as á altura de (-0",40). 5. Em sobre estes sacos collocar uma ou duas fia-das de blocos artificiaes de beton, do volume de 3 a 4 metros cúbicos, até a cota de (-}- l^jlO), a cujo nivel commeçaria a construir. Rucção de alvenaria. 6. A parte assente sobre a rocha far-se-hia por degraus cortados na mesma rocha. Em 26 de mayo de 1904, fui o projecto modificado, dando cumprimento a indicaciones de la Empresa de Comunicaciones, sendo o documento de obra fixado em última. Este cálculo, que teme función de muito satisfatoriamente, es o que se vêna vista junta a esta página. Ainda em 28 de junio de 1907 se fez um novo pro-propósito em additamento ao que fora approvado, e em conforridade de parecer de Conselho Superior, de setembro de 1904, o qual está já executado, e que tendo sido orçado em última sexta custou 2:391.993 réis, dando um pequeno saldo, o que mostra o cuidado e vigilância que se empregou na execução da obra. Este novo projecto foi consultado em 16 de agosto de 1907 e approvado com pequenas modificaciones. Corresponde a la que se tivera en vista, e consta de seguinte para evitar así difficuldades que a pratica mostrara habernos desembarquen. Especialmente embaixa-mar: 1. Evitar que, subindo a vaga de largo pelo espaço comprendido entre a face S. de molhe e o antigo cães, e que se encontra sob um angulo muito agudo, fosse resentar sobre o cães, que seria enxovalhado e prejudicado no seu trafico. 2. A mesmo tempo alarga-se com grande vantagem o terrapleno do cães. Constroe-se com beton um cano de esgoto, aproveitando-se para toda esta obra a pedra extrahida das restingas, que impedia os barcos de atracar a escada em baixa-mar e que pelo projecto é extrahida. O alçado e perfil d'este muro, que O autor do projecto chama muro de resguardo, constam das fig. 35 e 36. Prolonga se mais o molhe 4 metros para apresentar as vantagens de terminar no topo da restinga, que em maré baixa originava correntes e redemoinhos muito inconve- nientes. Como este aumento de comprimento de cães, pôde modificar-se a escada, a cujos de dar-se a largura de O", 35, em logar de O", 33 que tú, e que era efectivamente muito reduzida. E o que se vê a carmín na figura citada. No fim tú esta escada projot-tou-se um patamar de l", 4õ, que parece suficiente. Aíastaudo-se de terra o logar de desembarque em maré baixa, torua-se esta operação mais fácil comoda. Este projecto executado foi de grande utilidad, o que tem sido confirmado pela pratica. O concelbo de lácito, pelo último censo oírcial, tú ha 11:799 habitantes, dos quaes a freçuezia de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Machico pertenecam G. Porto de Imanta Cruz. — Os descobridores da Madera seguindo de Machico de assucar. Esta freguezia fór criada pouco de constituída a de Machico, que lhe fica a 5 kilometros de distancia, da qué se avantajou logo em população, tendo por alvará de 5 de dezembre de 1580 sido estabelecida nella a côn grua de um vigário, coligada, mestre de doutrina, beneficiados, capellas, etc, etc, e sendo por carta de El-Kei D. Manuel, no anno de noso kSenior Jhu Xpo de mil quinientos & xv (1515). Fazemos sabeer que exgoar-dando nos como lugar de santa (Vuz, citua do na nosa y ha da madreyra na parte e Jurdiçam de Machiquo se tê acrescentado em poloraçam que he dos mays principales & mays poborados que ha na dita ylha tirado ha cidade do funchall... no noso moto próprio cert. A sciencia & poder absoluto sem nolo elles requererê fazemos no dito lugar de Santa Cruz billa & queremos que iracjui e diente se chame billa de santa cruz. Muito próximo d'esta villa fica o Porto Novo, onde antigamente se emparevani os vinhos da localidade, que eram tidos como dos melhores da Ilha, todo igualmente se produzia muito boa fruta. Muito próximo, c um pouco a N., ficava o Caniço, ou Ponta da Oliveira, onde era situada a propriedade dominada do Caniço que pertéenceu a José Dornellas, antigo fidalgo que ahi tivera um moinho de assucar e cultivava muitas vinhas. Tendo esta villa continuado a crescer de importância, com um agradável aspecto e óptimo clima, muito industrial e em estreitas relações com o Funchal, a quem forncia muitos géneros de consumo, como manteiga e ocultos, tornava-se necessário melhorar os meios de embarque e desembarque para de preferencia, por mais breve e económica, se estabelecer com aquella cidade a communicação pelos vapores costeiros e barcos de cargo, do que o seria pelas estradas. A escada rudimentar de embarque e desembarque que alla existia, não sendo sufficiente, incumbu a Junta Geraldo districto do Funchal o seu director, o sr. Joaquim Maria Iragoso, de organizar um. projecto que pudesse satisfazer ás necessidades locaes, sem ofterecer os perigos que aquella escada oíferecia, achando-se sitada próximo de terra e una restinga que avançava para o mar unos 30 metros. A maior parte d'esta restinga era coberta pelo prea-mar, e, soprando ali a chamada brisa, vento que vem do KE. ao SE., que generalmente ali predomina nos mezes de junho a agosto, e que se observa frequentes vezes nos outros mezes, a vaga, redemoinhando pelo obstáculo que le levantavam as rochas, difficultava e chegava a interromper o serviço dos embarques e desembarques, tendo os barcos de afastar-se para o mar para não cairem sobre os rochedos da costa. Acrescia áquelle perigo que a área do cães era muito acanhada e que este cães ficava completamente desabrigado nos temporaes. Estudando, pois, com attenção as condições do local, a disposição e a dureza da rocha para a construção que se tornava precisa, obtendo se um cães amplo e abrigado, proporção aproveitar para esse fim a referida restinga em toda a sua extensão, adaptando-lhe quanto possivel o novo cães, muito embora se lhe não desse a largura uniforme. A escada, porem, ficaria do lado de E., onde se conservaria abrigada. Foi o respectivo projecto elaborado em G de junho de 1908 e segundo elle este tem a planta da fig. 37 E. O. XI, e fica na direção do S. com uns 30 metros de inclinação para W e com os cortes constantes das tig. 38 e 3'J. O rumo dado ao molhe oíterecia na bahia ãv Santa Cruz, em vista da coníiguração da costa, abrigo dos ventos de VV., que vêm nos mezes de dezembro, janeiro o fevereiro, ficando só exposta aos de E. e S, sendo este muito raro na costa do S. da ilha, e para o qual se tornam inúteis todos os cães d'esta costa nomeadamente os do Funchal. Abstrahiudo, comtudo, d'este vento íS., a bahia de Santa Cruz era ainda exposta á brisa, que ali predomina nos mezes de junho a agosto, e que vem de E. e de SE. Nestes ventos, porem, fica o desembarcadouro protegido com o projecto elaborado, tendo junto á escada uma profundidad superior a 4 metros, que permitte que a ella acostem os barcos carregados. Adoptando como zero o nivel da maior baixa-mar e calculando em 2°/96 o maior desnível da maré, entre a maior imixa-mar e o maior prea-mar, principiava o pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro-pro ura, seguras a postes ou columnas de ferro fundido de O", 90 de altura. As juntas da pedra são tomadas com argamassa de cimento, e na construção empregou-se beton em sacos com as dimensões de 2'^'X0",8x l'",00, até proximamente a cota de ( — O'", 40), assentes por mergulhador, sendo até a de (-i-0'",96) assentes blocos artificiaes com 4 metros iubicos, pouco mais ou menos, de volume, construídos no próprio logar em caixões sem fundo, e d'ahi para cima com alvenaria de grandes pedras, não inferiores a l'"",00 e com argamassa hydraulica de 60(*kilos de cimento Portland por 1 metro cubico de areia. Do prea-mar para cima a argamassa foi só de 350 kilogrammas de cimento por 1 metro cubico de areia. Muros não se deu joramento. As fig. 37, 38 e 39 da E. XI, dão ideia da obra, cujo orçamento porem, teem o seu fim a desempenhar, e beneficiam o concelho cuja população, pelo censo de 1900, é de 16:277 almas, da qual as duas freguezias a quem mais interessam aquelles portos teem, a do Santa Cruz 5:801 habitantes e a do Caniço 3:703. Porto de Camará de Lobos. — Quando em 1424 os descobridores e primeiros habitadores de Porto Santo se resolveram a ir saber que negrume era aquelle que viam sempre em um ponto, que ficava a curta distancia para SW. d'aquella ilha, e que partiram em duas barcas dirigidas por Tristão Vaz e João Gonçalves Zarco, foram dar a uma nova ilha e a uma ponta saliente, que denomaram Ponta do Tristão, em honra do commandante da expedicição. D'ahi seguiram, Tristão Vaz para um lado, e Zarco para o outro, navegando terra e reconhecendo a ilha. Gonçalves Zarco, torneando a Punta de Pargo, foi ter a uma pequena bahia, a que chamou Camará de Lobos, sendo algunos lobos marinhos, que al encontraram, que o levou a dar-lhe aquelle nome, e que mais tarde ella próprio tomou como appellido, para commerar a descoberta da Madeira. Perto d'esta bahia descobriram também uma ribeira, larga, muito rochosa, a que chamaram Ribeira dos Socorridos, onde diz uma velha tradição foram sah'0s, em grande temporal, os marinheiros que Gonçalves Zarco mandara a terra em um batel, entrando na bahia por entre días pontas, ou linguetas de rocha negra, formadas de lava. A um quarto de légua para W. da foz d'esta ribeira, e na tal angra em que os marinheiros se deram Ao passa-tempo de perseguir e matar os lobos marinhos que encontrábam, que se fundou a villa, que se construíram duas igrejas e muitas casas de muitas casas, no logar em que primeiro desembarcaram os descobridores da Madeira. A villa breve se desenvolveu e prosperou, sendo junto d'ella onde se tízeram plantações de canna de assucar, onde se montaram enenhos e onde se plantaram vinhas, que produziam os mais saborosos vinhos malvasias da Madeira. Conta hoje o concelho 17:241 habitantes, dos quaes a freguezia da villa tem 6:924. Esta froguezia de S. Sebastião da Camará de Lobos foi criada em 1430. E sede do concelho e centro de uma região agricola muito importante, distando do Funchal apenas 10 km-metros. Achando a villa no fundo de uma bahia, accessivel somente a pequenas embarcaciones, e sendo grande o seu trafico commercial, apesar de estar ligada com a capital do districto por uma estrada, que pode considerarse a melhorar-se-lhe o porto, de forma que o seu movimento marítimo, que era considerável, se não fizesse como antigamente, varando os barcos no calhau da praia, onde era difficil o embarque e o desembarque. Por isso em 1872 a camará municipal da villa pedirão do governo mandasse construir um cães para o serviço da navegação, e uma muralha para aplrigo do porto. Accedeu o Governo ao pedido camarário, mandando proceder aos competentes estudos, que deram origem ao projecto de 19 de maio de 1873. que consistia na construção da muralha que vae indicada na planta da E. XII, fig. 40. e que contornava a bahia, servindo de supporte a uma estrada aberta em parte na rocha, e em cuja extremidade se projectava um pequeno cães e escada. Esse caminho, com 3 metros de largura, de obras publicas de Funchal o projecto de um muro com õ metros de extensão e 5'", 50 de altura, com a espessura em cima de O'", 70 e de 2 metros na base, com um alicerce de 2™,33xl'",50, tudo com o orçamento de 2:144;$Í812 réis fortes. Por consulta do Conselho de Obras Publicas de 26 de abril de 1877, e com quanto esse projecto não viesse organizado nos devidos termos, fui, comtiido, aquelle (Conselho Superior de parecer favorável a obra, vindo assim a primeira verba para ella a ser elevada a 5:350i5i00 réis. Foram estes últimos orçamentos approvados em porta-ria de 15 de fevereiro de 1878 e a o)ra executada nos termos do competente projecto. A obra está hoje conservada pela junta geral de distrito e apesar de muito modesta tem prestado um certo serviço. A villa, porem, exige mais, apresentando já ura importante movimento marítimo, e uma população que pelo censo de 1900 chega a mais de 6:000 habitantes, como disse. Alem da industria agrícola, e nella muito importante a da pesca, que, embora servindo-se de apparelhos e processos muito simples, é comtudo ali exercida em larga escala, sendo a Camará de Lobos que abastece na sua máxima parte o mercado de Funchal e as numerosas embarcaciones que frequentam este porto. A vista junta a esta pagina representa o competente cães e escada de desembarque. Porto da Ribeira Brava. — Partindo Gonçalves Zarco com o seu collega Tristão Vaz, acompanhos da gente com que tinham vindo á Madeira, e tratando de reconhecer e dividir a ilha nas duas respectivas capitanias, seguindo uns por mar e outros por terra, desembarcaram os primeiros em uma praia, que lhes oíFerecia margem para o traçado de uma villa, e onde foram pouco depois encontrados pelos que tinham seguido por terra, e que haviam deparado com uma caudalosa e medonha ribeira, que desaguava na praia. Alii resolveram fundar a villa, a qual por isso chamaram liibeira Brava. Esta povoação mais tarde tornou-se uma bella povoação, fresca e agradável, sempre com abundância de agua, de frutas e de cereales. Fica, pois, a Villa da Ribeira Brava. A na costa S. da ilha da Madeira, distando aproximadamente 25 kilometros do Funchal. A povoação dsenvolveu-se bastant-se tornou-se dv grande importância commercial, em consequência da po-sição que a rodeiam, e que para communicarem melhor com a capital do districto não encontravam meio mais fácil do que aquelle que lhes oíferecia o mar, por ser muito difficil o transito t errestre, em consequência dos maus caminhos que tornaçam a jornada demorada e perigosa. O seu porto era, portanto, frequentado quasi diariamente pelas lanchas e vapores costeiros, que saíam de Funchal: mas este porto era um verdadeiro porto de levante, com um praia de calhuas, sobre a qual constantemente se formam e quebram com grande violência as vagas, e que muitas vezes tornam inteiramente impossível a communicação directa com a terra, tendo em occasião de mayor agitação de mar as pequenas embarcações, para fugir ao perigo que lhes vem de ficarem expostas directamente os ondas, de ir procurar uma pequena enseada no chamado Logar de Baixo, que íica á distancia de 4 kilometros, o que causa grandes transtornos e dispêndios. A praia, que se estende pelo mar dentro em um declive relativamente doce, formada de calhuas rolado, mais ou men os grosso, tornava muito perigosa a varagem dos pequenos barcos, em consequência do rolo de mar. Que por ella sobe em corrente espumante e veloz, e tornava portanto ditficil, e por vezes perigoso, o desembarque, muito especialmente para uma senhora o para uma peso idosa. De ha muito, pois, que se pensava na construção de um cães naquella villa, aproveitando-se para essa obra umas restingas, que se encontram junto de um grande massição de rocha que existe na costa. Quando visitei o porto, tomando conhecimento de estado do perímetro da ilha, experimentência os contratência as operaciones de embarque e desembarque, e entre as providencias (jue informa era urgente tumar rehinnovada-se a de um porto In the Rio Bravo. Conformidad de Gobernación como minha informação em 13Õ 1ÍX)0 mandou elaborar com urgência o plano das obras a executar para esse fim. Coube este serviço ao distincto engenheiro, o sr. Adriano Trigo, que como chefe de secção o appresentou em 6 de março do mesmo anno, caben do-lhe mais tarde a execução da obra, já como director das do districto. Como o logar mais apropriado para a edificção do cães era inacessivéel pelo lado da villa, em consequência do grande massição de rocha que se levantava quasi verticalmente do lado de E., que não podia ser torneado, e como umas restingas que avançavam pelo mar oíFereciam base conveniente para um molhe, facilmente acostavel do lado de E., projectou-se nesse sentido o molhe com 37 metros de comprimento, com a largura de 8 metros de pavimento, ficando nelle incluida uma escada de 2 metros de largura em dois lanços, cortadas as restantes que para a acostagem dos barcos fosse mister. Desta escada, com 8™, 20 de comprido, e com um patamar na base e outro a centro, seguirse para terra, e a partir do patim inferior continuua uma rampa de 24°, 5 de extensão, com a inclução de 0°, 20. D'este cães e rampa continua a estrada para a villa, passando em tunnel no contraforte da rocha que vinha a findar na praia, formando uma avenida até a villa em rampa de O°, 0025. O tunnel oflirece pois o comprimento de 37 metros, e até a villa mede a estrada marginal a extensão de 146°, 9G. Costeando o grande massiço de rocha da coste. a, seria -nelle aberta uma pequena passadeira para gente de pé, terminando em um posto de vigia, para d'elle se observar a aproximação de qualquer barco com destino ao porto.
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
ROBERT J. KRESSEL, Bankruptcy Judge.
The plaintiffs motion for summary judgment was heard on May 4, 2004. Patrick B. Hennessey appeared for the plaintiff and John R. Koch appeared for defendants Wayne H. Bidwell and Daniel J. Lee. This court has jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1) and 1334, and Local Rule 1070-1. This is a core proceeding within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On March 7, 1996 Florence E. Bidwell, the debtor's mother, signed a quitclaim deed to her home, naming her children Colleen A. McFarlane and Wayne E. Bid-well as cotenants, each with a one half remainder interest in the property. Prior to signing the deed, Florence Bidwell consulted with her lawyer, Fredrick R. Kopp-lin, about transferring a remainder interest to her children. In a letter dated November 17, 1995, Kopplin laid out the implications as well as the benefits and detriments to her of transferring a remainder interest and maintaining a life estate in her property. In the letter, Kopplin warned Florence Bidwell that transferring a remainder interest to her children would result in a loss of complete control over the property, and that financial problems by one of the co-owners, including a bankruptcy, would affect the property.
Florence Bidwell signed the deed, and on March 19,1996 Kopplin filed it with the Hennepin County Recorder. After filing the deed, Kopplin returned it to Florence Bidwell and she kept it in her possession. Neither McFarlane nor the debtor knew about the execution or filing of the deed. The debtor filed his petition for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on October 1, 1998. The debt- or did not list his one half remainder interest in the property in his schedules and as a result, the trustee did not administer the property prior to the closing of the case on December 28,1999.
In 2001 Florence Bidwell moved out of the home and leased it to her grandson, Daniel Lee. In the fall of 2002, Florence Bidwell decided to sell her home to Lee. In October 2002, as part of the sale process to Lee, the debtor became aware of his one half remainder interest in Florence Bid-well's property. The debtor consulted with Kopplin to determine the most advantageous way to handle the sale to Lee. Kopplin laid out the debtor's options in a letter dated October 21, 2002. The first option involved transferring the property back to his mother and then Florence Bid-well transferring the property to Lee. The second option involved the transfer of the debtor's interest directly to Lee. At no time after becoming aware of his interest in the property, did the debtor express an interest in disclaiming or make efforts to disclaim the gift.
On December 30, 2002, the debtor and his wife executed a quit claim deed for the property transferring their remainder interest in the property back to Florence Bidwell. On that same day, Florence Bid-well conveyed the property to Lee for $153,500.00. After expenses the sale netted $148,700.00. As part of the closing, Florence Bidwell and the debtor entered into an escrow agreement with Title and Closing, Inc. d/b/a/ National Real Estate Information Services. Under the terms of the agreement $35,000.00 of the proceeds of the sale of the property from Florence Bidwell to Lee was placed in an escrow account. This amount represented the amount Title thought may be subject to a claim by the trustee. Lee granted the Bank of America, N.A. a mortgage on the property. On Dec. 30, 2002 Florence Bid-well wrote two $10,000.00 checks from the proceeds of the sale of the home payable to the debtor and his wife, Meri Lynn Bidwell. She wrote two more checks payable to the debtor and Meri Lynn Bidwell for the same amounts dated January 2, 2003. On March 21, 2003 Florence Bid-well died. On October 17, 2003 the debtor filed an application to reopen his bankruptcy case. The case was reopened on October 20, 2003 and the plaintiff was appointed trustee.
The trustee filed this adversary proceeding on July 14, 2004 seeking to avoid the transfer of the real estate interest from the debtor to Florence Bidwell pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 549 and recover the property or its equivalent value from one or more of the defendants under 11 U.S.C. § 550.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The trustee entered into a settlement agreement with the defendants. In that agreement the parties agreed that the value of the debtor's life estate interest in the property was $72,920.00. The parties further agreed that the debtor and Meri Lynne Bidwell would deposit $38,000.00 and that Title would deposit $35,000.00 in the trustee's trust account for a total of $73,000.00. All parties agreed that those deposits, which they term the "recovery fund", will be the complete source of payment for any award or judgment in favor of the trustee and against Lee or the debtor.
Defendants Meri Lynn Bidwell, Bank of America, N.A., and Title & Closing, Inc. were dismissed as defendants upon establishment of the recovery fund and approval of the settlement agreement.
DISCUSSION
Summary Judgment
Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7056 provides that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 applies when a party moves for summary judgment in an adversary proceeding. Rule 56(c) states "The judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings... show there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-326, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); ("If, assuming all reasonable inferences favorable to the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, the moving party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law") Tudor Oaks Limited P'ship v. Cochrane, 124 F.3d 978, 981 (8th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1112, 118 S.Ct. 1044, 140 L.Ed.2d 109 (1998).
To defend against a motion for summary judgment, the non moving party must produce some evidence that there are specific facts showing there is a genuine issue of material fact. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e); Celotex, 477 at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548. The inquiry performed is a threshold one to determine whether "there are any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Inquiries into materiality and genuineness must be done to determine the sufficiency of the evidence.
As for materiality, the substantive law identifies which facts are material. Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit will properly defend against entry of summary judgment. Id. at 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505. In other words, factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary are not included. Id.
A fact is a genuine issue if it is such that a reasonable fact finder could find for the nonmoving party. First Nat'l Bank of Arizona v. Cities Services Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288-289, 88 S.Ct. 1575, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968) (emphasis added). The key inquiry is whether the evidence offered is probative to the fact to which it is intended to prove. Id. at 290, 88 S.Ct. 1575. Hearsay evidence cannot defeat a motion for summary judgment. Johnson v. Baptist Med. Center, 97 F.3d 1070, 1073 (8th Cir.1996).
The debtor presents an affidavit from himself and one from McFarlane as evidence to defeat the trustee's motion for summary judgment. Virtually all of the evidence submitted by the debtor is either hearsay, lacks foundation or runs afoul of the parol evidence rule.
Hearsay is an out of court statement, either oral or written, made by someone other than the declarant, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Fed.R.Evid. 801. Hearsay is not admissible as evidence unless it falls within one of the exceptions to the rule. Fed.R.Evid. 802. The Supreme Court has relied on the definition provided in McCormick on Evidence as "testimony in court, or written evidence, of a statement made out of court, the statement being offered as an assertion to show the truth of matters asserted therein, and thus resting for its value upon the credibility of the out-of-court asserter." Lee v. Illinois, 476 U.S. 530, 543 fn. 4, 106 S.Ct. 2056, 90 L.Ed.2d 514 (1986) (quoting E. Cleary, McCormick on Evidence § 246, P. 584 (2d ed.1972)).
To the extent that the debtor and McFarlane make statements in their affidavits reporting statements made by their mother or others, they are inadmissible as hearsay.
When a party intends to introduce testimony or a document into evidence, the offering party must lay a foundation to convince the judge that it satisfies applicable evidentiary requirements. A party may not testify about a subject unless sufficient evidence is introduced to show the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Fed.R.Evid. 602. The debtor's affidavit contains multiple attempts to introduce evidence that lacks foundation. In one instance he describes a meeting where his mother was offered different estate planning options. He gives no indication of his personal knowledge of this meeting, or the circumstances surrounding his knowledge. The debtor also attached a copy of his mother's will to his affidavit, with no foundation regarding his knowledge of its authenticity.
The parol evidence rule "prohibits the admission of extrinsic evidence of prior, contemporaneous oral agreements, or pri- or written agreements, to explain the meaning of a contract when the parties have reduced their agreement to an unambiguous integrated writing." Alpha Real Estate Co. of Rochester v. Delta Dental Plan of Minn., 664 N.W.2d 303, 312 (Minn. 2003) (quoting Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 33:1 (4th ed.1999)). As a result, "when parties reduce their agreement to writing, parol evidence is ordinarily inadmissible to vary, contradict or alter the written agreement." Hruska v. Chandler Assoc's., Inc., 372 N.W.2d 709, 713 (Minn.1985).
To the extent that the debtor and McFarlane are attempting to indicate in their affidavits that Florence Bidwell never intended to transfer the remainder interests to her children, this is in violation of the parol evidence rule. The deed filed in Hennepin County was a final written agreement, was not ambiguous and may not be contradicted by extrinsic evidence.
However, the debtor's evidence is, for the most part, immaterial and therefore its admissibility is not important.
The Debtor's Interest in the Property Delivery
The debtor claims he did not have an interest in the disputed property at the time of the pendency of his bankruptcy case. To have an interest in the property, Florence Bidwell must have transferred title to the debtor.
Under Minnesota law, to transfer title to real property, a deed must be delivered to the intended recipient. Slawik v. Loseth, 207 Minn. 137, 290 N.W. 228, 229 (1940); In re Estate of Savich, 671 N.W.2d 746, 750 (Minn.Ct.App.2003). A physical delivery of the deed is not necessary to convey title, all that is required is to show an unconditional intention by the grantor to part with ownership. Barnard v. Thurston, 86 Minn. 343, 90 N.W. 574, 576 (1902). In Barnard, the court stated "To constitute a complete delivery thereof, the grantor must deal with it in a way evincing an intention to part presently and unconditionally with all control over it, and that it shall take effect according to its terms." Id.
The two essential elements to delivery of a deed are, (1) surrender of control by the grantor, and (2) an intent to convey the title. Exsted v. Exsted, 202 Minn. 521, 279 N.W. 554, 557 (1938). The delivery depends on the intent of the grantor "as appears from the contents of the deed and all the surrounding circumstances." Vessey v. Dwyer, 116 Minn. 245, 133 N.W. 613, 614 (1911).
Minnesota appears to have two slightly different characterizations of the law where, as here, a deed is filed, but the grantee is not aware of the filing. According to one line of cases, an intent to transfer title may be inferred by the fact, among others, that the grantor filed the deed for record. Babbitt v. Bennett, 68 Minn. 260, 71 N.W. 22, 23 (1897). The court stated "Recording alone does not constitute delivery; and generally it may be said that the recording of a deed by the grantor, without the knowledge of the grantee, without other circumstances, does not constitute delivery." Id. In other words, filing is not conclusive evidence, there must be other circumstances surrounding the filing that indicate an intent by the grantor to transfer the title.
In a later line of cases, if the deed is recorded without the transferee's knowledge, and it is beneficial to him, it is presumed that delivery is completed in the absence of evidence to indicate that delivery was not intended. Vessey, 133 N.W. at 614. The court stated, ".. .it has generally been held that the recording of the deed by the grantor without the knowledge of the grantee raises a presumption of delivery, which will prevail in the absence of evidence that the grantor did not intend a delivery." Id; Ingersoll v. Odendahl, 136 Minn. 428, 162 N.W. 525, 526 (1928) Citing Vessey, 133 N.W. at 614. The law in Minnesota appears to be that which is stated in Vessey. It is the more recent case; it agrees with the Restatement of Law; and it is the better law.
According to the Restatement, to make a gift of property, the donor must transfer an ownership interest to the donee without consideration and with donative intent. Restatement (Third) of Property Donative Transfers § 6.1 (2003). The controlling consideration in determining the meaning of the donative document (deed) is the donor's intention. Restatement (Third) of Property Donative Transfers § 10.1 (2003). To determine the donor's intent, all relevant evidence may be considered including the text of the document and relevant extrinsic evidence. Restatement (Third) of Property Donative Transfers § 10.2 (2003).
Florence Bidwell consulted an attorney, got his advise, and acted on it. Florence Bidwell signed a quitclaim deed on her home naming her children, Colleen McFarlane and Wayne Bidwell as cotenants, while reserving for herself a life estate. The deed was properly recorded with the Hennepin County recorder. By recording the deed, Florence Bidwell indicated that she had an intention to surrender control of the remainder interest. The recording of the deed raises the presumption that she intended to transfer title according to its terms to her children. The debtor has presented no competent evidence to rebut the presumption that Florence Bidwell intended to transfer re mainder interests in cotenancy to the debt- or and McFarlane.
The evidence provided by the debtor to counter the presumption of intent to transfer is incompetent because much of it violates the hearsay rule, lacks foundation, or runs afoul of the parol evidence rule. Even if the evidence were competent, the debtor appears to argue that Florence Bidwell was engaged in welfare fraud by making a false transfer of the remainder interest in her property. I refuse to accept that Florence Bidwell was engaged in fraud when she executed the deed.
Even if the law is that which is articulated in Babbitt, circumstances exist outside of the filing to indicate Florence Bidwell intended to transfer the title. Kopplin's letter dated November 17, 1995 to Florence Bidwell described conversations she had with him regarding transferring remainder interests to her children. In addition, the letter summarizes for her the benefits and detriments of transferring a remainder interest. With that knowledge, she executed and recorded a deed transferring the remainder interests to her children on March 7, 1996. These additional circumstances support the inference that recording of the deed was intended to transfer the remainder interest.
Clearly Florence Bidwell delivered a deed transferring a remainder interest in the property to the debtor, and did do intentionally.
Acceptance
Delivery is based upon the acts of the grantor that indicate an intent to transfer the real property to the grantee. Nash v. Kirschoff, 157 Minn. 418,196 N.W. 488, 489 (1923). Although Minnesota law is a little unclear about how the act of acceptance fits within the proper transfer of title for real property, the majority of cases states that if the grantor's actions meet the elements for delivery, then acceptance of the deed is presumed when the grant does not impose a burden upon the grantee.
The Restatement indicates that "Acceptance by the donee is required for a gift to become complete. Acceptance is presumed, subject to the donee's right to refuse or disclaim." Restatement (Third) of Property Donative Transfers § 6.1(b) (2003). The comment to this section explains that a gift is ordinarily beneficial to the donee and therefore it is presumed to be accepted unless it is disclaimed. Id. cmt. 1 (2003).
The debtor claims that acceptance should not be presumed because receiving it did not benefit him. His first argument is that the deed represented a future interest and not a present interest. His argument continues that since he would have inherited a half interest in the property after his mother's death, it was of no benefit to him to receive a remainder interest in the property since it gave him no present benefit. However, it is axiomatic that a remainder interest in' property is an asset that has value. The remainder interest can be valued and sold for monetary gain. In Minnesota, a party gains a present interest in property when he receives a remainder interest. Nelson v. Illinois Farmers Ins. Co., 567 N.W.2d 588, 541 (Minn.Ct.App.1997). The argument is also presumptuous because Florence Bidwell was under no obligation to leave anything to the debtor in her will. A present interest is, by its nature, better than an expectation, even a reasonable one.
The debtor's related argument is that the conveyance of the remainder interest was actually a detriment to him because existing judgments and tax liens would have attached to the property interest. He claims that because those interests would have taken away from the debtor any possible monetary gain, the transfer resulted in a detriment. However, the March 1996 transfer of a remainder interest in property created a present benefit for the debtor whether he knew about it or not. The transfer improved the debtor's net worth by increasing the asset side of his balance sheet. This is so even if his net worth is negative both before and after the transfer. Only in the Through-The-Looking-Glass world of bankruptcy could one argue with a straight face that providing a source of satisfaction for creditors is a detriment to the debtor. To claim later, after a bankruptcy filing, that if he had not had that interest, his creditors would not have been able to take it away, is too speculative. The debtor clearly was not harmed by the gift, and just as clearly benefitted from it.
The debtor never disclaimed his interest in the property after he became aware that his mother had transferred it to him. As indicated by the October 21, 2002 letter, the debtor was in contact with Kopplin to discuss tax implications for the sale, of the property to Lee but there is no evidence of a discussion regarding a disclaimer of the gift.
The debtor accepted the gift because it represented a benefit to him. The debtor did not make any attempt to disclaim his remainder interest after he became aware of it. Filing the deed created in the debt- or an interest in property.
Property of the Bankruptcy Estate
The debtor held a one half remainder interest in the property from March 19; 1996 until December 30, 2002. He filed bankruptcy on October 1, 1998. 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1) states that the estate is comprised of "... all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case." "The scope of section 541(a)(1) of the bankruptcy code is very broad and includes property of all descriptions, tangible and intangible... " Whetzal v. Alderson, 32 F.3d 1302, 1303 (8th Cir.1994). Even after the debt- or's bankruptcy case was closed on December 28, 1998 the property remained property of the estate. 11 U.S.C. § 554(d) states that property that is not abandoned and not administered in the case remains property of the estate. Only property that is properly scheduled under 11 U.S.C. § 521(1) is deemed abandoned by the closing of the case. 11 U.S.C. § 554(c); Vreugdenhill v. Navistar Int'l Transp. Corp., 950 F.2d 524, 526 (8th Cir.1991). Since the debtor never included the property on his schedules, and the trustee was unaware of it, the property remained property of the estate even after the bankruptcy case closed.
Avoidance
The transfer of the property from the debtor back to Florence Bidwell on Dec. 30, 2002 represented a post petition transfer of property of the estate. It was not authorized by any provision of the bankruptcy code or by the court. It is therefore avoidable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 549(a)(1).
Recovery for the Bankruptcy Estate
11 U.S.C. § 550 determines from whom the trustee may recover property whose transfer is avoided pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 549. Section 550(a) allows the trustee to recover from any initial transferee or any immediate transferee of the initial transferee. 11 U.S.C. § 550(a); Sherman v. Third National Bank, 67 F.3d 1348, 1356 (8th Cir.1995). Arguably Florence Bidwell is the initial transferor and Lee and Bank of America are the immediate transferees. As recipients of cash proceeds of the sale, the debtor and his wife as well as McFarlane and her husband may also be transferees.
The issue of recovery, however, has been resolved by the parties' agreement. The parties have stipulated that if the court determines that the debtor had an interest in the property, its value was $72,920.00. As part of the trustee's stipulation with various parties, $73,000.00 was deposited in the trustee's trust account. All parties have agreed that the two deposits in the trustee's account will pay for any judgment in favor of the trustee.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Trustee's motion for summary judgment is granted. The debtor did have an in interest in the property when he commenced his bankruptcy ease. The plaintiff may collect from her trust account $72,920.00, the stipulated value of the debtor's one half remainder interest in the property and any accumulated interest thereon.
ORDER
THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that:
1. Wayne H. Bidwell's transfer of his one half remainder interest in the property to Florence Bidwell on December 30, 2002 is void.
2. The plaintiff is entitled to the money deposited in the trustee's trust account and any interest accrued thereon.
3. The plaintiff shall recover her costs of $150.00.
LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
. The property is legally described as Lot 2, Block 4, Farr Addition, Hennepin County, Minnesota.
. The concept of control has little application when the interest transferred is a remainder interest. By its nature, the holder of the life estate retains control over the property. Control over a remainder interest is limited only to the ability to deal with the limited interest. It obviously does not include control over the property itself.
. The argument seems to be that Florence Bidwell never really intended to transfer a remainder interest to her children. She created only an appearance of a transfer so she could mislead welfare officials if she ever wanted to obtain benefits.
. Some cases in Minnesota indicate that acceptance is required to complete delivery. See Kessler v. Kruidenier, 174 Minn. 434, 219 N.W. 552, 553 (1928) ("It is the rule in this state, and generally that acceptance of the deed by the grantee is necessary to complete delivery, or as otherwise stated, 'it is essential to the validity of the deed that there be an acceptance of the instrument by the grantee' "). Other cases indicate that delivery and acceptance are two separate actions. See Comer v. Baldwin, 16 Minn. 172 (1870). Finally, others indicate that acceptance is a part of delivery, but it is presumed if no burdens are placed on the grantee as a result of the delivery. See Ingersoll v. Odendahl, 136 Minn. 428, 162 N.W. 525, 526 (1917); Caskey v. Lewandowski, 233 Minn. 334, 46 N.W.2d 865, 868 (1951); Nybladh v. Peoples State Bank of Warren, 247 Minn. 88, 76 N.W.2d 492, 497 (1956)..
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Amerie, właśc. Amerie Mi Marie Rogers (ur. 12 stycznia 1980) w Fitchburgu) – amerykańska piosenkarka R&B, autorka tekstów muzycznych, producentka muzyczna, tancerka, aktorka oraz modelka.
Życiorys
Dzieciństwo
Urodziła się w Fitchburgu, w Massachusetts. Jej ojciec to Afrykańczyk a matka Koreanka. Z racji tego, że ojciec artystki należał do Sił Zbrojnych Stanów Zjednoczonych, Amerie często podróżowała i mieszkała w różnych miejscach na świecie, takich jak Alaska, Teksas, Niemcy, czy Korea Południowa. Obecnie mieszka w Waszyngtonie, gdzie spędziła większość dzieciństwa. W roku 1996 rozpoczęła naukę na Uniwersytecie Georgetown na kierunkach język angielski oraz sztuka. W roku 2000 opuściła szkołę.
Głównym językiem, którym posługuje się jest koreański, jednak po tym jak rodzina artystki wyprowadziła się z Korei Południowej, matka wokalistki nakazała swoim dzieciom naukę języka angielskiego. W wywiadzie dla czasopisma KoreAm Journal, Amerie wyznała, że w swoim rodzinnym domu używa języka koreańskiego.
Kariera muzyczna
All I Have
Amerie zaistniała w roku 2002, kiedy to wydała swój debiutancki album "All I Have" (2002). Artystka rok wcześniej pojawiła się gościnnie na longplayu Nasa Stillmatic w utworze "Rule".
Na początku 2002 roku wokalistka wydała swój pierwszy singel z albumu, "Why Don't We Fall in Love" jedynie dla stacji radiowych w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Utwór cieszył się umiarkowanym sukcesem zajmując pozycje #23 w USA oraz #40 w UK. Drugim singlem z albumu był utwór "Talkin' to Me", który nie odniósł sukcesu w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Mimo iż kawałki promujące krążek nie zajmowały pożądanych miejsc na Billboard Hot 100, sam album odniósł sukces sprzedając się w postaci 623 000 egzemplarzy, plasując się na pozycji #9 na Billboard 200 oraz otrzymując certyfikat złotej płyty.
Pod koniec roku 2002 artystka kontynuowała karierę solową wydając singel "I'm Coming Out", cover Diany Ross, który znalazł się na ścieżce dźwiękowej do filmu Pokojówka na Manhattanie. W roku 2003 Amerie powróciła do udzielania się w utworach znanych raperów; pierwszy singel nagrany z LL Cool J to "Paradise" (pozycja w Top 20 na notowaniu UK Singles Chart oraz w Top 40 Billboard Hot 100), drugi – "Too Much for Me" nagrany z DJ Kayslay. Do obydwóch utworów nagrane zostały teledyski, popularne i rozpowszechnione w internecie.
Touch
Dnia 26 kwietnia 2002 roku Amerie wydała swój drugi, studyjny album zatytułowany "Touch". Krążek po raz kolejny wyprodukowany został przez Richa Harrisona, który w całości stworzył oraz wyprodukował siedem utworów. W porównaniu z pierwszym albumem, na krążku Amerie również udzielała się jako songwriter, współtworząc większość utworów. Touch zadebiutował na pozycji #5 notowania Billboard 200 oraz #3 na Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, były to najwyższe miejsca jakie osiągnął album. W sierpniu tego samego roku, RIAA odznaczyła krążek Touch certyfikatem złotej płyty. Album zdobył również dwie nominacje do nagrody Grammy w roku 2006.
Pierwszym singlem z krążka okazał się utwór "1 Thing", który znalazł się również na soundtracku do komedii romantycznej Hitch, gdzie główne role odgrywali Will Smith oraz Eva Mendes. Piosenka zawiera również sample z kawałka "Oh! Calcutta!", który nagrała funkowa grupa The Meters w latach 70. "1 Thing" sprzedał się w ilości ponad 200.000 egzemplarzy (jedynie Download) i został odznaczony platyną. Utwór stał się pierwszym, wydanym przez Amerie, który znalazł się w pierwszej dziesiątce notowania Billboard Hot 100, zajmując pozycję #8 natomiast #1 na liście Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Piosenka uzyskała również kilka nagród oraz nominacji m.in. MTV Video Music Award, czy Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards.
Pod koniec 2005 roku Amerie wydała drugi singel z albumu – "Touch" oraz "I Don't Care", główny singel z albumu Ricky'iego Martina Life, nagrany wspólnie z raperem Fat Joe. Ostatni z dwóch wcześniej wspomnaianych utworów znalazł się na pozycjach Top 20 w kilku krajach europejskich i Australii. Trzecim singlem z albumu okazał się utwór "Talkin' About", który został wydany promocyjnie.
Because I Love It
Trzeci, studyjny album Amerie "Because I Love It" jest pierwszym, który nie został w całości wyprodukowany przez długiego współpracownika, przyjaciela oraz producenta Richa Harissona. Producentami krążka zostali m.in. Bryan Michael Cox, The Buchanans, Tim & Bob i DJ Premier.
Pierwszym singlem z krążka okazał się utwór "Take Control" wyprodukowany przez Mike’a Carena oraz wydany w Stanach Zjednoczonych w grudniu 2006 roku nie odnosząc sukcesu. Piosenka zadebiutowała jedynie na liście Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Mimo iż "Take Control" nie był popularny w rodzimym kraju Amerie, na europejskich notowaniach utwór utrzymywał się na dość wysokich pozycjach, dlatego też album "Because I Love It" ukazał się w Europie w maju 2007 roku.
Do tej pory nieznana jest data premiery krążka w Stanach Zjednoczonych.
Dyskografia
Albumy
2002: All I Have
2005: Touch
2007: Because I Love It
2009: In Love & War
Single
Filmografia
Nagrody i nominacje
2003
BET Awards: Najlepsza artystka R&B (nominacja)
Soul Train Music Awards: Najlepszy żeński singel R&B/Soul "Why Don't We Fall in Love" (nominacja)
Soul Train Music Awards: Najlepszy nowy artysta R&B bądź Hip-Hop ("Why Don't We Fall in Love") (wygrana)
Soul Train Awards: Najlepszy żeński album R&B/Soul, All I Have (nominacja)
2005
Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards: "Piosenkarka roku" (wygrana)
VIBE Awards: "Najczęściej grany utwór w klubach" ("1 Thing") (wygrana)
BET Awards: Videoclip roku "1 Thing" (nominacja)
BET Awards: Najlepsza artystka R&B (nominacja)
Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards: Najlepsza piosenka R&B/Hip-Hop roku "1 Thing" (nominacja)
Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards: Najlepszy singel R&B/Soul "1 Thing" (nominacja)
Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards: Najlepszy videoclip R&B/Hip-Hop "1 Thing" (nominacja)
MOBO Awards: Najlepsza piosenka "1 Thing" (nominacja)
MTV Video Music Awards: Najlepszy żeński videoclip "1 Thing" (nominacja)
2006
ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards: "Najlepsza piosenka filmowa" ("1 Thing") (wygrana)
Grammy Awards: Najlepszy żeński występ R&B "1 Thing" (nominacja)
Grammy Awards: Najlepszy album R&B, Touch (nominacja)
2007
MOBO Awards: Najlepsza piosenka ("Take Control") (nominacja)
MTV Europe Music Awards: Najlepszy artysta Urban (nominacja)
Przypisy
Linki zewnętrzne
Oficjalna brytyjska strona internetowa
Urodzeni w 1980
Amerykańskie modelki
Amerykańskie tancerki
Zdobywcy złotych płyt
Amerykańskie wokalistki rhythmandbluesowe
Amerykańskie wokalistki popowe
Amerykańskie wokalistki hip-hopowe
Amerykańskie soprany
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THE VALLEY NEWS, SEQUATCHIE, TENNESSEE WOMEN FROM 45 TO 55 TESTIFY To the Merit of Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound during Change of Life. Westbrook, Me. "I was passing through the Change of Life and had pains in my back and side and was so weak I could hardly do my housework. I have taken Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound and it has done me a lot of good. I will recommend your medicine to my friends and give you permission to publish my testimonial. Mrs. Lawrence Martin, 12 King St, Westbrook, Maine. Manston, Wis. "At the Change of Life I suffered with pains in my back and loins until I could not stand. I also had night sweats so that the sheets would be wet I tried other medicine but got no relief. After taking one bottle of Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound I began to improve and I continued its use for six months. The pains left me, the night sweats and hot flashes grew less, and in one year I was different woman. I know I have to thank you for my continued good health ever since. Mrs. M. J. Brown, Manston, Wis. The success of Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, made from roots and herbs, is unparalleled in such cases. If you want special advice write to Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Co. (confidential) Lynn, Mass. Your letter will be opened, read and answered by Woman, and held in strict confidence. SPRING SUGGESTION. Take two or three Wright Indian Vegetable Pills upon retiring a few times and you will say that they're the best Spring Medicine you've ever tried. Send for trial box to 372 Pearl street. New York. Adv. Shy of Signs. The proprietor of the gents' furnishing emporium always ate in the quick lunch establishment next door, but the owner of the latter had a grievance. "I put out many signs," complained he. "I advertise lamb stew, beef hash, roast giblets. I watch you many times, Always you take something else." "I guess that's so." "Why is this?" "Well, I figure it this way, explained the haberdasher. "Whenever I hang out a sign, it's for something I want to get rid of." RASH ITCHED AND BURNED 400 South Hermitage Ave., Chicago, Ill. "I was attacked with a breaking out on the inside of my arms. It was a small rash or pimples and it itched and burned, especially at night, so that before I knew it I had made myself sore. I had to wear the finest kind of cotton underwear, no woolen at all, because the least thing irritated it and made it much worse. The rash itched and smarted until at times I got no sleep at all. "I had this trouble and took treatments for about one year, but they only gave me relief while taking them. Then I began using Cuticura Soap and Ointment and I got relief right away. In three months I was a well man again." (Signed) H. W. Foley, Nov. 5, 1912. Cuticura Soap and Ointment Sold throughout the world. Sample of each free, with 32-p. Skin Book. Address postcard "Cuticura, Dept. L, Boston." Adv. Some women believe that husband-less marriages would be far more satisfactory. ALCOHOL-3 PER CENT A Vegetable Preparation for Assimilating the Food and Regulating the Stomachs and Bowels of Promotes Digestion, Cheerfulness and Rest Contains neither Opium, Morphine nor Mineral. Not Narcotic. Anit ittd For Infants and Children. The Kind You Have Always Bought Bears the Signature of In Use For Over Thirty Years Exact Copy of Wrapper. SPECIAL TO WOMEN The most economical, cleansing and germicidal of all antiseptics is A soluble Antiseptic Powder to be dissolved in water as needed. As a medicinal antiseptic for douches in treating catarrh, inflammation or ulceration of nose, throat, and that caused by feminine ills it has no equal. For ten years the Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Co. has recommended Taxtina in their private correspondence with women, which proves its superiority. Women who have been cured say it is "worth its weight in gold." At druggists. 60c. large box, or by mail. The Paxton Toilet Co. Stoa, Mass. Bell Never Stops Tolling. A bell in a temple in North China has been kept ringing for a century. A tax is levied in the district for paying relays of ringers to work incessantly day and night. Putnam Fadeless Dyes are the brightest and fastest. Adv. A Change. "Did Caesar's disposition change much during his life?" asked the professor. "Well," answered the bluffing student, "he had a lot more Gaul when he died." Be happy. Use Red Cross Ball Blue; much better than liquid blue. Delight the laundress. All grocers. Adv. The sentimental youth who is dead in love comes to life again. LOADING LOGS ON STEAMER Tourists Find Method of Putting Mahogany on Board Vessels Very Interesting. New York. The interior of Nicaragua contains forests of mahogany, some of the finest grades of that splendid wood being shipped from that country, says Popular Mechanics. Felled in the dense tropical forests, roughly hewn and hauled to the seaboard, these huge logs are thrown in the water and chained in large booms to await the passage of an up-bound steamer. To the last, if sealed in a bottle it couldn't be more dust proof, dirt proof, impurity proof! Logs of Mahogany Being Hoisted on Shipboard at a Nicaragua Port. See them hauled up, glistening in the sunlight, their grain showing up in a brilliant red, is one of the interesting sights of the tourist. Some of the logs weigh as much as two tons, and are valued at a hundred dollars each. White mahogany is also shipped from Nicaragua, and is increasing in popular favor. COSTLY FREIGHT IN ALASKA Cheapest Service to Northern Country Involves Trip Around the Aleutian Islands. New York. If a miner at Fairbanks orders a boiler shipped to him by the southeastern route, it comes by steamer 1,000 miles from Puget Sound up the inland passage to Skagway. There it is transshipped to the narrow gauge White Pass & Yukon railroad, which climbs nearly three thousand feet up White Pass, crosses the divide and winds down on the other side 110 miles to White Horse on the upper Yukon. There the boiler is handled again, this time being loaches on a little Canadian river steamer which carries it 460 miles to Dawson. Once more there is unloading and loading; and the boiler is stored away on an American river steamer that makes the last 1,000 miles of the trip to Fairbanks. But this route is so very expensive that most of the freight goes by the Northwestern route 2,700 miles by steamer around the Aleutian islands to St. Michael, the World's Work states. Such is the cheapest freight service to the metropolis of central Alaska, and the merchant who uses this service has to buy a year's supply at a time and pay interest and storage on it. The freight rate on the necessities of life, which amounts to about one hundred and thirty-five dollars a year for every man, woman, and child in the interior, is what keeps down the population. HRILLING STORY OF WRECK VITAL FORCE Disease germs are on every hand. They are in the very air we breathe. A system "run down" is a prey for them. One must have vital force to withstand them. Vital force depends on digestion on whether. Or not food nourishes on the quality of blood coursing through the body. ML PIERCE'S Goods Surgical Discovery Strengthens the weak stomach. Gives good digestion. Enlivens the sluggish liver. Feeds the starved nerves. Again full health and strength return. A general upbuilding enables the heart to pump like an engine running in oil. The vital force is once more established to full power. Year in and year out for over forty years this great health-restoring remedy has been spreading throughout the entire world because of its ability to make the sick well and the weak strong. Don't despair of "being yourself again." Give this vegetable remedy a trial. Today. Now. You will soon feel "like new again." Sold in liquid or tablet form by Druggists or trial box for 50c by mail. Write Dr. R. V. Pierce, Buffalo, N.Y. Dr. Pierce's neat 1008 name "Medical Adviser." Civat-board, cent for 81 ounce stamps. Two Americans Cast Ashore on Island Live Seventeen Days on Oyster and Clams. Calcutta, Two Americans, J. P. Collins and A. J. Dann, sole survivors of the Glasgow schooner Marie Ellen, tell a thrilling story of their adventures when the ill-fated vessel was wrecked a year ago on Dutch Borneo. They only recently reached Rangoon from Singapore. When in the neighborhood of La Ha Dau, British Borneo, the cry of "breakers ahead" brought all hands on deck. In the afternoon the vessel struck the reef with such force that she carried away her masts. It soon became a case of every man for himself, and we Watched our opportunity to drop over the side and swim for a small island we could see in the distance on the port quarter," said Collins. "The land we gained we learned afterwards was Paul Ronio island. "For 17 days we lived on raw oysters and clams and then it was we discovered Malay woodcutters cooking a meal. Their chief, Haj AH, treated us well and two days later we were taken to Tarakan." Keeps out dampness, water even the air. Everything undesirable is kept completely away from the fresh, pure, beneficial dainty inside. So give constant and delicious aid to your teeth, digestion, breath, and appetite with the gum with the "Seal of Purity." BUY IT BY THE BOX for 85 cents at most dealers. Each box contains twenty 5 cent packages. They stay fresh until used. Chew it after every meal Be SURE it's clean, pure, healthful WRIGLEY'S. Look for the spear. Alert Perception Needed. "You say that a man who occupies a position of serious public responsibilities needs a sense of humor?" "Certainly. The more grave and dignified he assumes to be, the more he needs a sense of humor. He must be able to recognize numerous things instantly, so as to avoid saying them." Ten gmiles for a nickel. Always buy Red Cross Ball Blue; have beautiful clear white clothes. Adv. He Understood. "And observe that we never let him play except in the minor." "I understand; he is so young!" Le Rire. At the Auction. Stranger May I bid? Auctioneer- Certainly, sir. Stranger Then I bid you good day. Practical Application. Pearls mean tears." "Then buy 'em for her, and she'll stop crying for 'em." Gossip. Lou! I saw Ethel yesterday, and we had the loveliest confidential chat together. Lucy I thought so; she wouldn't talk to me today. Judge. Make the Liver Do its Duty Nine times in ten when the liver is right, the stomach and bowels are right. CARTER'S LITTLE LIVER PILLS gently but firmly compel a lazy liver to do its duty. Cures Constipation, Indigestion, Sick Headache, and Dutiful After Eating, SMALL PILL, SMALL DOSE, SMALL PRICE. Genuine must bear Signature. WHITTLE KILLS. SIGHTED 200-MILE ICE FLOOR Monstrous Mass Was Drifting Off the Western Coast of Newfoundland. Halifax, N.S. Au island of field ice more than two hundred miles long was sighted to the eastward of Newfoundland by the British steamer Lord Antrim, which put into Halifax for bunker coal in order to complete its voyage from Narvik, Norway, to Philadelphia. The Gulf Stream Land of Mild Winters Black Sandy Loam Soil 10,000 Acres A New District Ready for Settlement "Wenona Near the Sea" Reclaimed Lands Good Elevation Perfect Drainage. Black Soil State Experiment Farm located in center of district. First Year Corn Yield at "Wenona Farm" 174 bu. per acre. Lands located between Albermarie and Pamlico Sounds. Railroad Station Post Office Telephone Stores School. Nearby markets. Low priced lands. Ample monthly rainfall. Sunshine every day in the year. Excursion rates. Send for maps and printed matter descriptive of "Wenona Farm" and adjoining Development District. Address C.I. MILLARD, Dept. 14 CAROLINA FARM ASSOCIATION NORFOL K. VIRGINIA I RICHMOND OFFICE UJIILLJ I LIIHUU m a at a uaiam m Ptlzr trie yield of wheat in on many farms in Western Canada in 1913, some yield being reported as blib u SO biwhala per acre. As biff aa 100 bushels were f U 3 recorded in some districts for oats, ind BO biubala for bark and from 10 to 20 bus. for (las. J. Key arrived in the country 6 years ago from Denmark with very little means. He nomesteaded, worked hard, is now the owner of 320 acres of land. In 1813 had a crop of 209 acres, which will realize him about 14,000. This wheat had 88 lbs. to the bushel and averaged over 5 bushels to the acre. Thousands of similar instances might be related of the homesteaders in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The crop of 1913 was an abundant on everywhere in Western Canada. Ask for descriptive literature and reduced railway rate. Apply to Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa, Canada, or W. S. NETHERV, Interurban Building, Columbia, Ohio. Canadian Government Agent sent $3.00 A DAY and Over Paid Men and Women (for $1.00) for distributing advertising. Write Immediately for territory. Address matter in their districts. If you have had any kind of selling experience, we can make it. Great Northern Building, Chicago, IL. FREE TO ALL SUFFERERS If you feel "OUT of bout." It's Down" so the existing BLOCK from KIDNEY, MALARIA, EXCESSES, and other ailments. Write for FREE cloth book. Boose oil The people of the area and women are affected by The remedy for Toil by our own invention. Absolutely FREE. No following up or a failure. No obligation. In. L. K. W. Co., Hatfield & Co., Hampton, Lowell. PARKER'S HAIR BALSAM A toilet preparation of merit Imparts to true delight. For Restoring Youth and A Beauty to Gray or Faded Hair. FOR 8 A LB 4fe A. IX ASHTABULA CO, Ohio; 2S a. cult., 7 r. housn, barn, outbldas., orch.. msrh. 8. M. Wlnnftt. R.4, Ashtabula, X I GOOD I FOB Bjl SOKE FTE5 mm READERS ? JM deslrlna ttsea In lu oolnmns snoald tnfiiab apon baTlna trhul Uwr nan tor, rstuslaa aU sobaUutaa or ualtaUoaaT j W. N. U., CINCINNATI, NO. 16-1 91-C.
| 42,973 |
https://github.com/luke-titley/cppmm/blob/master/test/openexr/bind/c-half.cpp
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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OLDAP-2.5, OLDAP-2.3
| 2,022 |
cppmm
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luke-titley
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C++
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Code
| 121 | 432 |
#include <OpenEXR/half.h>
#include <cppmm_bind.hpp>
namespace cppmm_bind {
class half {
public:
using BoundType = ::half;
half();
half(float f) CPPMM_RENAME(from_float);
~half();
half(const ::half& rhs) CPPMM_RENAME(copy);
half(::half&&) CPPMM_IGNORE;
operator float() const;
::half operator-() const;
::half& operator=(const ::half& h);
::half& operator=(::half&& h) CPPMM_IGNORE;
::half& operator=(float f);
::half& operator+=(::half h);
::half& operator+=(float f);
::half& operator-=(::half h);
::half& operator-=(float f);
::half& operator*=(::half h);
::half& operator*=(float f);
::half& operator/=(::half h);
::half& operator/=(float f);
::half round(unsigned int n) const;
bool isFinite() const;
bool isNormalized() const;
bool isDenormalized() const;
bool isZero() const;
bool isNan() const;
bool isInfinity() const;
bool isNegative() const;
static ::half posInf();
static ::half negInf();
static ::half qNan();
static ::half sNan();
HALF_EXPORT unsigned short bits() const;
HALF_EXPORT void setBits(unsigned short bits);
} CPPMM_OPAQUEBYTES;
} // namespace cppmm_bind
| 9,628 |
commemorativebio03jhbe_64
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,893 |
Commemorative biographical record of Washington county
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,300 | 10,132 |
DAVID M. McCARRELL, M. D., a prom- inent physician and surgeon of Hickory, 1 was born November 6, 1833, in Mt. Pleas- ant township, Washington Co., Penn., a son of Thomas McCarrell, who was a son of Lodo- wyck. The latter was born in Ireland, and left his native land in early youth, coming to America and settling in Mt. Pleasant township, Washing- ton Co., Penn., where he was married to Mar- tha Leman, a native of this county. At Hickory^ in that township, Mr. McCarrell was engaged in mercantile work. Some years later he moved to Ten-Mile, where he carried on a milling business^ but afterward returning to Mt. Pleasant township he settled on the farm yet owned by the McCar- rell family, and here engaged in agriculture and distilling. The following children were born to Lodowyck and Martha McCarrell: John (deceased, who had settled in Venango county, Penn.), Isa- bella (deceased wife of Isaac Hodgens, of Taylors- town, this county), Thomas, James (a minister of the U. P. Church, of Beaver county, Penn.), Eliza- beth (Mrs. John Cockins, who died in 1890, at Canonsburg), Andrew (who resided on the old homestead in Mt. Pleasant township), and Leman (deceased in Taylorstown), all born in Mt. Pleas- ant township, and all now deceased. Thomas McCarrell was born in Washington county, and was married to Esther McNary, a na- tive of the same place. They settled on a farm in this county, and children were born to them as follows: John (formerly a physician and surgeon of Wellsville, Ohio, who died in 1891), Martha (died January 12, 1893, in this county), Margaret 720 WASHINGTON COUNTY. (wife of Joseph Cowden, of Cecil township), and James (a physician of Allegheny, Penn.). The mother of this family dying, Thomas McCarrell was married in June, 1832, to Elizabeth McCon- aughey, who bore him the following children: David M. (our subject), Leman (a farmer of Mt. Pleasant township), Thomas Jefferson (deceased in 1854), Lodowyck (an attorney of Washington. Penn.), Alexander Donnan (a U. P. minister at Stewart's Station, Westmoreland Co., Penn.). This wife died in 1858, and Thomas McCarrell was again married, his third choice being Margaret Martin, a native of Canousbnrg, this county. Mr. McCarrell was an active member of the Democratic party, and served his county as associate judge and county commissioner, also as justice of the peace for several years. He died October 21, 1872, in Mt. Pleasant township; his widow died in 1891 at Canonsburg, this county. Dr. David M. McCarrell was reared on the home farm iu Mt. Pleasant township, and educated in the schools of Hickory. After his elementary studies were completed he entered Jefferson Med- ical College, Philadelphia, attending during the year 185(3-57. After graduating, Dr. McCarrell came immediately to Cross Creek village, this county, and began practice. In 1861 he settled in Hickory, where he has since been established, being the oldest physician in that part of Wash- ington county. On December 25, 1862, he was united in marriage with Adeline, a daughter of John and Elizabeth (Campbell) Cassidy, all natives of Cross Creek township. Mr. Cassidy and his wife were members of the Presbyterian Church; he died iu Jefferson township, his wife having long before passed over the river. After his marriage to Adeline Cassidy, Dr. McCarrell settled per- manently in Hickory, this county. During his professional life twelve students have been in- ducted into the mysteries of medical science under his instruction. Mrs. McCarrell died October 6, 1888, leaving her husband and the following chil- dren to mourn her loss: Lizzie Ora Lulu Blanche {deceased at the age of eight months), Mattie Leila, David Leander and James Patterson (twins). Dr. McCarrell has erected a handsome brick resi- dence upon his place, and improved his property in many ways. He is a member of the Presbyte rian Church at Mt. Prospect, as was his wife; po- litically he affiliates with the Democratic party. llOHN C. MORGAN, the leading dry goods w I merchant of Canonsburg, Penn., was born r_l October 28, 1846, in Allegheny county, Penn. His father, James Morgan, was born on the same farm where his son John C. first saw the light of day. John C. Morgan remained on the home farm until about twenty years of age, when he went to Marshalltown, Iowa, and worked for a rail road company. He then returned to Pennsylvania, and in the spring of 1881 came to Washington county, settling in Canonsburg, where he opened a dry-goods store, and has since remained in that business. In April, 1886, he was united in mar- riage with Miss Clara Wilson, and three children have blessed their union, namely: Edith and Edna (twins) and Clara. Mr. Morgan is not an old resident of Washing- ton county, but since his first identification with the interests of Canonsburg has been a prominent leader in every movement for the general advance- ment and upbuilding of his adopted city. The beautiful store, which is now the pride of every citizen of Canonsburg, was at the time of Mr. Morgan's arrival a dilapidated and broken-down old structure. With characteristic energy and perseverance he remodeled and added to the origi- nal building until a complete transformation was effected. In 1891 he completed one of the finest four-story blocks within the limits of Washington county. It is built of pressed brick, and has two fronts, nine store rooms, seven offices and two lodge rooms. When this building was in process of erection, this enterprising citizen saw the press ing need of a public hall in Canonsburg, suitable for lectures and other entertainments, tending to educate and entertain the people, and to keep them abreast of the times. To think, with him, was to act, and in an incredibly short time after- ward his beautiful and commodious opera house was erected. This provides a seating capacity of 500, and is fully equipped with all necessary articles, being undoubtedly the superior of any similar hall in this county. Mr. Morgan keeps a full stock of goods which meet the wants of the surrounding community. His store is both beau- tiful and expensive, fitted to be an ornament to any city. In the very prime of life, surrounded by friends and family, John C. Morgan is indeed a prosperous man, possessing wonderful business capacity, combined with untiring energy. He be- lieves iu patronizing home industries, and to this end endeavors to supply his customers with a full line of modern goods at reasonable prices. It is almost needless to add that these endeavors have met with hearty approval and earnest co-operation from the citizens of Cauonsburg, who appreciate the debt they owe toenterprising and public spirited men like these. John C. Morgan is a member of the First Presbyterian Church, in the western part of Canonsburg, and in politics is a Republican. THOMAS B. HIXON is a prominent farmer of North Strabane township. His paternal grandfather was a native of Germany, and came to the United States prior to the year 1790. He fought under Gen. Harrison in the war of 1812, and then made a permanent WASHINGTON COUNTY. 721 home in Washington county, Penn. , where he re- mained until his death, which occurred in 1847, his wife passing away in the same year. He was a man of quiet tastes and habits, never entering public or political life. He reared a family of six children, of whom James was the youngest son. James Hixon, father of our subject, was born in 1790, on the farm adjoining the present home of his son Thomas B. He grew to manhood on the home place, and was then married to Jane Batey, who was born in 1809, and she bore him three chil- dren, namely: Thomas B., Mary and Lucy (wife of H. H. Raney, of Washington county). Mr. Hixon was a representative citizen of the county, and in religion he and his wife were members of the United Presbyterian Church. He died in L881, on the farm where he was born, and his widow was laid beside him in 1889. Thomas B. Hixon was born October 11, IS 10, on the old home farm in North Strabane township, where he is now living. He passed his boyhood in attending to the school and farm duties. In the year 1861 he was married to Priscilla J. Horner, who was born in 1843, in North Strabane town- ship, daughter of Robert and Matilda Horner, early pioneers of this county. Mr.- and Mrs. Hixon have had the following children: James H, Mary A. (wife of George Beebout, of Ohio), Nettie P. (married to Thomas Berry, a farmer of Missouri), Louis, Scott, Anna, Thomas, George, Howard, Charles and Ella. Mr. Hixon has owned and oper- ated a public gristmill, and also two portable saw- mills, for many years. He has a fine farm of 114 acres, which he manages with marked success. He is a Democrat, and has served the township in the capacity of assessor four years, and as school director for three terms. He and his wife are devoted members of the U. P. Church. OBERT S. COOLEY was born September IJ 16, 1843, in Hanover township, Beaver county, Penn. He was a son of Joseph, it - whose father, Robert, was born near Pitts- burgh, Penn. Robert Cooley was married to Jane Smith, who was born near Saw Mill run, in Allegheny county. He was a blacksmith by trade, and worked near Pittsburgh for some time, then moved to Hanover township, Beaver county, locat- ing about two and a half miles east of Frankfort. He worked at his trade there, and afterward turned his attention to farming, following that pursuit the remainder of his active life. His death occurred about 1868, having been preceded by his wife in 1863, and both are now buried in Hopewell ceme- tery, Allegheny county. They were the parents of the following children: Joseph, Jane, Mary Ann, Robert, Francis, Nancy, Elizabeth, Mary, Marga- ret, Ellen and William (who died in infancy). The children of this family now living are: Francis, residing near Abilene, Kans. ; Elizabeth, a maiden lady of Beaver county; and Margaret (Mrs. Mc- Callister Dunlap), of Beaver count}-. Joseph Cooley, son of Robert and Jane Cooley, was born in 1816, in Allegheny county, where he attended the rate schools. He then served a four years' apprenticeship as a carpenter, and worked at his trade in various places. In 1838 he was mar- ried to Matilda Anderson, who was born in 1818, and their children were born as follows: Mary Ann (Mrs. Samuel Kiefer, of Beaver county, Penn.), Elizabeth J. (wife of John Cool, of Allegheny county), Robert S. (whose sketch follows), Letitia E. (Mrs. Thomas), Joseph (a farmer of Beaver county), Matilda (wife of John Donnell, of Alle- gheny county) and Nancy (who died in infancy). After his marriage Joseph Cooley located on the farm of his father, in Beaver county, and resided there the remainder of his life. In politics he was a Republican, taking an active interest in the suc- cess of his party, and in religion was formerly a member of> the Presbyterian Church at Hopewell, in Allegheny county, afterward uniting with the Frankfort Presbyterian Church. He died in 1881. Robert S. Cooley was born September 16, 1843, in Beaver county, passing his youth on the farm, and being educated in the common schools. On October '28, 1874, he was married to Jennie L. Gilleland, who was born in 1849, daughter of Will- iam Gilleland, of Beaver county. Robert S. and Jennie L. (Gilleland) Cooley have had six children, viz.: Mary E. , William R. , Harry A., Estella, a son deceased in infancy, and Robert C. Mr. and Mrs. Cooley began wedded life on the farm in Hanover township, Washington county, where they yet reside. He has been engaged in general farm- ing and stock raising, and is numbered among the well-to-do and successful farmers of the commu- nity. He is ever ready to assist in any beneficial enterprise, and was among the first to aid in the establishment of a creamery, which was opened near his home some time since. In politics he is a Re- publican, and in religion he and his wife are mem- bers of the Frankfort Presbyterian Church, in which he is a member of the Session. RS. NARCISSA V. YANT is the widow of James H. Yant, and daughter of New- ton and Nancy (Cooper) Vanvoorhis. Isaac Vanvoorhis, a well-known farmer of Som- erset township, this county, is an uncle of Mrs. Yant. James H. Yant was a son of Daniel, who was born in Chester county, Penn., his parents having emigrated from Germany to Pittsburgh. In 1825 Daniel Yant came to Washington county, Penn., and bought a good farm, to which he brought his 722 WASHINGTON COUNTY. wife, Sarah Applegate, a native of Allegheny ■county, Penn. They were the parents of two chil- dren: Martha, widow of John Stoud, living in Allen township, and James H. The father died on the farm in September, 1867. James H. Yant was born April 30, 1S27, in Car- roll township, Washington Co., Penn., and received a subscription-school education. His youth was passed in assisting his parents, and he early evinced a strong inclination for mechanical pursuits. In November, 1852, he selected a life companion, in the person of Miss Narcissa Vanvoorhis, who bore him the following children: Clarence Linden, James Taylor, Lena May (all of whom are deceased); Daniel Newton, born December 13, 1857, is super inteudent of the iron mills at Allegheny City; Sam- uel Linton, living on a farm in Allegheny county, born August 28, 1863; Theodore Clinton, a carpen- ter, of Washington, Penn., born May 22, 1867; Nora Ethel, living at home, born August 24, 1874, and Harvey A. , also at home, born January 20, 1879. Mr. Yant was a hard-working man and an excellent manager, having owned 13.r> acres of good land. When his health failed, the- sons took charge of the place, which they have since con- ducted very successfully. Mr. Yant voted with the Republican party, and in religion associated with the Presbyterian Church. In business circles he possessed the thorough confidence of all, and " his word was ever considered as good as his bond. " He died July 10, 1888, and was buried in the Van- voorhis cemetery at Pigeon Creek. Since the death of her' husband, Mrs. Yant has rented a por- tion of the farm, and resides in the handsome brick residence, which is located about two and a half miles from Monongahela City. She is a very pop- ular, agreeable lad}-, and a valued member of a large social circle. EORGE H. MILLER, M. D., one of the leading physicians of McDonald, in this county, was born near Claysville,' Penn., April 23, 1846. He is a son of Christopher and Sarah J. Miller, who were married in 1840. To them were born nine children — six sons and three daughters. The sons are Leatnon, Cal- vin, George H., Charles W., William and John; the girls are Mary Jane, Margaret (wife of John Holmes) and Frances E. (widow of Bruce Ramage). Of the boys, three are dead — Leamou, William and John. Dr. Miller was born in Donegal township, this county. He received his elementary education at the common schools, at the Southwestern State Normal School, California, and the normal school at Millsboro, and after teaching four or five years in the different schools of the county commenced (he study of medicine, in 1867, with Dr. John Kelly, now of Washington, Penn. In the fall of 1870 he attended medical lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. He then con- ducted a drug store at Burgettstown until the fall of 1872; again attended medical lectures at the Miami Medical College, Cincinnati (Ohio), from which he graduated in March, 1873, and commenced the practice of his profession at Clays- ville. After remaining there for eighteen months he moved to Midway, Penn., and after staving there some four years moved to Imperial, Alle- gheny Co., Penn., where he remained for eight years. He then moved to McDonald, his present location, where he is engaged in the practice of his profession, also conducting a drug store. On May 30, 1872, the Doctor was united in marriage with Frances E. Woodburn, daughter of John and Margaret Woodburn, of Burgettstown, both of whom are still living — he at the age of eighty-two and his wife at the age of eighty-one. The following named children were born to this union: Lawrence E. (deceased), Anna M. , Will- iam M. , George F. and John Stanley. Dr. Mil- ler is an attendant of the United Presbyterian Church, and in political opinion is a prominent member of the Republican party; was one of the first members of McDonald council, and also one of the first members of its school board. He now enjoys a very lucrative practice, and is a popular physician. he died married to of eastern ILSON S. CAMPBELL. The great-great- grandfather of the subject of this sketch came from Scotland in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and settled in east- ern Pennsylvania or New Jersey, where The great-grandfather of Wilson S. was Hammond about 1775 (a native Pennsylvania), and shortly afterward they came further west, settling in the northern part of Washington county, Penn., near what is now Cross Creek village, at a time when the forests were abounding in wolves and other wild beasts. They had nine children: Graeie, John, James, William, David, Charles, George H., Betsey and Polly, all of whom lived to be married, and scat- tered. Graeie. John, James, William and David moved to Belmont county, Ohio; the other four married and remained in Pennsylvania. Graeie married Benjamin Bay; John married Betsey Lyle; James married Peggy Smith; William married Smith; David married Ann Ray; Charles married Easter Mason; George H. married Eliza- beth Ray; Betsey married William Ray; Polly mar- ried William Fulton. George H. and Charles re- mained on the old homestead, aud died there at advanced ages. George H. Campbell, grandfather of subject, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 723 had eleven children: Jane, married to John Wil- son, of Noble county, Ohio; John, married to Eliza Moore, of Hickory, Penu. ; Mary, married to John Graham, of Knox county, Ohio; William, married to Elizabeth Nichols, of Greene county, Penn. ; Elizabeth, who died at the age of fifty-eight, un- married; Samuel S. (named for Dr. Scott, deceased, Mrs. President Harrison's father; was married three times: first time to a daughter of Dr. Wright, of Ashtabula, Ohio; second time, to Ann E. Wallace, of Washington, Penn. ; third time, to Mary Law, of Harrison county, Ohio); George W. (the father of our subject); Esther I. (unmarried), living in Cadiz, Ohio. The others died when young. Mason Campbell, son of Charles, now lives on the old home place. George W. Campbell was born in 1826, in Cross Creek township, and was reared to agricultural pursuits on the old home farm, attending in his boyhood the subscription schools of the vicinity. In 1855 he married Miss Charlotte, daughter of James and Margaret Wilson, of West Pike Run township. After marriage they located on the old farm in Cross Creek township, and there remaiued till October, 1867, when they moved to Midway, Robinson township, and two and one-half years later built the hotel in Midway, which they occu- pied and carried on till September, 3, 1885, at which date the father died very suddenly, aged fif- ty-nine years. The family remained at Midway, continuing the hotel business, until March, 1890. Mr. and Mrs. George W. Campbell were the par- ents of five children, as follows: Johnetta Jessie, who died at the age of ten months; Wilson S. (our subject); Graham S., living at McDonald, this coun- ty; Esther Elida, married to W. H. Baldwin, of Cadiz, Ohio, and Mary Velma, deceased at the age of nine months. Wilson S. Campbell was born April 20, 1858, in Cross Creek township, Washington Co., Penn.. mi the homestead where he was reared to farm life, his education being received in the public schools of the neighborhood. He removed with his par- ents to Midway, and at the age of fifteen com-, menced clerking in a general store in that town, in which he continued nine years. Then for six years he conducted a furniture establishment in the same town. On January 5, 1891, he was ap- pointed clerk of the commissioners of Washington county, and removed into the city of Washington, where he is now residing. Under President Ar- thur's administration he had been appointed post- master at Midway, and served in that office until the appointment of a Democratic successor under President Cleveland. On September 20, 1882, Mr. Campbell was united in marriage with Miss Kate E. , daughter of J. J. and Margaret Cleland, of Buffalo township, this county, and two children were born to them, James St. Clair and Flora Elida. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell are members of the Second Presbyterian Church at Washington, and while at Midway he was a member of the Ses- sion, of Raccoon Presbyterian Church. In politics he has always been a straight Republican. E DWARD P. CHERRY. This well-known and successful gentleman can boast a prouder lineage than lord or lady of royal birth, for his ancestors were among the first rulers of the New World, and martyrs for the future generation, freely giving their lives that "the children" might have happier homes and the God giving liberties which were denied our fathers. Shall the memory of these ancestors, our royal peerage, sink into oblivion while we enjoy the priceless liberties for which our fathers toiled, suffered and died? Small wonder that we are eager to obtain and record every incident of those noble lives, hoping to thus rear a monument for our loved and honored ones, which will live in the hearts of our children when we, too, "are gathered to our fathers." Among the earliest of early pioneers the name of Cherry takes a prominent position. Thomas and Mary Cherry were born near Bristol, England, and emigrated to America in 1770, first settling in Frederick county, Md. In 1774 they moved to Mt. Pleasant township, Washington Co., Penn., where he erected a log cabin. He was a spy in the Revolutionary war, and one morning was found lying dead by the spring near the cabin, scalped by the Indians; his son John was also killed by the Indians the following year. In 1774 Fort Cherry was built on the home farm, contain- ing three log buildings, one twenty-five feet square, and the smaller ones arranged in a triangular manner. This was used some years as the resi- dence of the Cherry, McCarty and Rankin families. Edward Cherry was born in July, 1776, on the home farm in Mt. Pleasant township, this county, where his boyhood was passed amid the dangers of pioneer life, trebled by the horrors of the Revolution. On March 4, 1802, he was united in marriage with Rebecca Perrin, who was born in 1781, in New Jersey, and bore him children, of whom the following is recorded: William P., born in December, 1803, was reared on the farm, receiving a meager subscription-school education, but by close application became an expert mathematician (he was several times offered the chair as professor of mathematics, but would not accept it, preferring to remain on the old farm; he was actively interested in politics; he died April 10, 1890); Eleanor, born March 10, 1805, on January 20, 1825, was married to Thomas Stewart, a farmer, and resided in Allegheny county, Penn. (she passed away February 5, 1872); Nancy, born 724 WASHINGTON COUNTY. in November, 1806, on March 12, 1835, gave her hand in marriage to Matthew Rankin (they settled in Mt. Pleasant township, where she died Decem- ber 5, 1855; her husband married again and died at Burgettstowu June 13, 1880); Aaron, born August 29, 1808, on May 19, 1834, was united in marriage with Margaret Ben ward, first settling in Mt. Pleasant township, thence moving to Woos- ter, Ohio, and afterward returning to Mt. Pleasant township where th'ey lived twenty years on the farm, then went to Uhrichsville, Ohio, where he died September 17, 1875; Maria L., born in November, 1810, was never married, aud died August 12, 1886; Rebecca, born in Decem- ber, 1812, passed her life on the home farm and died October S, 1881; Rachel, born iu December, 1814, was married on October 8, 1840, to James Stewart (they settled in Allegheny county, Penn., where she died); Sarah, born in 1817, lived with her brother, Edward P., until her death, which occurred iu December, 1891; Edward P., born May 19, 1819, whose sketch is given below; Eliza Jane, born in 1821, was married October 8, 1850, to William Cherry, Guernsey county, Ohio (they first settled on the home farm, and in 1S75 moved to near Waco, McLennan Co., Tex., where they now reside). The father of this large family was a soldier in the war of 1812, and in politics was a stanch ad- herent of the Whig party. He was a man of sterling moral worth and true piety, but a member of no church. Mrs. Cherry was a member of the Presbyterian Church of Candor, this county. He died July 1, 1S54, iu his seventy-eighth year, on the farm where his whole life had been passed. Edward P. Cherry was boru on the old farm in Mt. Pleasant township, on Cherry's run, in Cherry valley, which is yet his home. He was educated in the subscription schools of the neighborhood, and on September 26, 1854, was married to Mary Jane Lawton, a native of Cross Creek township, this county. She is a granddaughter of Joseph and Mary (Alway) Lawton, natives of Rhode Is- land, who came to this county in 1824, and settled iu Cross Creek township, where he died in 1839, his wife passing away in 1841. She is a daughter of Pardon Lawton, who was born, in 1798, in Rhode Island, and in 1824 he and his parents came with a six-ox team over the mountains to Washington county, Peun., settling in Cross Creek township. In 1826 he was married to Tabitha Vincent, daughter of Alexander and Jane Vincent, natives of Maryland, who moved to Washington county, Penn., settling in Hopewell township, and the young people settled permanently in Cross Creek township. He was an active politician of the Whig party. Mrs. Lawton was a member of the Buffalo Presbyterian Church, and both she and her husband were conscientious Christians. He died January 27, 1876, aud was followed by his wife October 25, 1884. Their children were born as follows: Joseph (living in West Middle- town, Penn., married to Mary Louisa Quest); Rosanna (married to Samuel Davidson, Hopewell township): Mary Jane, born April 18, 183(1 (mar- ried to Edward P. Cherry); Sarah (living in Hope- well township, wife of George Leggett); Peter (liv- ing iu Cressna Park, Penn., married to Mary McCoy); Alexander (living in West Middle town); Charles (residing in Washington, Penn. , married to Sarah Guiuey); John (enlisted in 1861, at W est Middletown, in the Forty-second P. V. I., serving till the end of the war, when he went to Monmouth; he was married to Matilda Brownlee, and died in September, 1S78); James (living in West Middle- town, this county); Thomas Vincent (a resident of West Middletown) and Margaret Elizabeth (also living in West Middletown). Mr. Cherry owns a good farm containing 103 acres, part of which he rents and uses as a pasture. It has been in the possession of the Cherry family since 1774. and many improvements have been made, a good house being erected in 1884. Mr. Cherry is fond of hunting and is a skillful marks- man. Politically he has long been an active Re- publican, having voted for General Harrison, and served his party iu various township offices. He and his wife are members of the U. P. Church at Hickory, this county. [Since the above was writ- ten, Mr. Edward P. Cherry died at his home in Mt. Pleasant township, December 23, 1892, in his seventy-fourth year. THE FARLEY FAMILY. The oldest mem- ber of the family of this name, of whom there is any record, was Joseph Farley, a farmer by occupation, a native of County Armagh. Ireland, who there married Sarah Carr, a resident of the same county, aud reared the following children: Joseph, William, Robert, James, Samuel, John and Rebecca (Mrs. John Kennedy). Mr. Farley was a member of the Pres- byterian Church, of which Rev. James Harvey was the pastor. Joseph Farley was born in 1779, in County Ar- magh. Ireland, and received his education iu the schools of that country. In early manhood he was married to Nancy Lindsey, a resident of the same neighborhood, and the children born to them in Ireland were: John, Mary (Mrs. Samuel Palmer), James, William, Rebecca and Samuel. In 1824 Mr. Farley and his family embarked at Warrens- point, Ireland, for America, and after a voyage of five weeks and three days landed at Quebec, Can ada, in which city they remained eight weeks, and thence traveling slowly by boats and carriages, ar- rived at Pittsburgh with but $15 with which to WASHINGTON COUNTY. 727 begin a new life. They pushed bravely on, how- ever, and finally reached Washington county, Penn., where Mr. Farley rented a farm in Char- tiers township. Here he remained four years, and then moved to South Strabane township, where he lived five years, at the end of which *time he re- turned to Chartiers township, where he resided nineteen years, afterward purchasing a farm in South Strabane township, to which he soou added the place now occupied by the family, and hither he moved. After settling in Washington county, two daughters were born to them: Sarah and Nancy J. Mr. Farley was another example of what suc- cess might be achieved by patient industry, for from small beginnings he became a prosperous farmer and stock raiser. In politics he was a lead- ing Democrat, and in religious faith he was a member of and liberal contributor toward the United Presbyterian Church at Cross Roads, in Chartiers township. In June, 1857, he was laid to rest by the side of his wife, who had preceded him to the grave in November, 1856. James Farley was born in Ireland, March 2, 1814, and when a small boy came with his father to Washington county, Penn., where he imbibed the fundamental principles of education in the common schools, becoming a good reader, well-in- formed on current topics. On August 28, 1851, ,he was united in marriage with Jane Ross, who was born January 12, 1814, daughter of Thomas Ross, a native of eastern Pennsylvania; they after- ward adopted Rebecca Ann McLaughlin, who re- mained with her foster parents till 1877, when she was united in marriage with Rev. Lycurgus Mechlen, of New Athens, Ohio, and their children were James F. , George, Robert D. and Jane Re- becca. Mr. Farley was a successful farmer, and engaged extensively in the live stock business. He was a leading member of the Democratic party. On April 14, 1891, he died, and was buried in the cemetery at Washington. His widow still lives on the farm. William Farley (a brother of James) was born in May, 1816, in Ireland, and coming with the family to America in 1824, received the greater part of his education in the common schools of this country. He is an eager reader, and an enterpris- ing member of the community. In political life he is a Democrat, and though never caring to assume a prominence in the arena of politics, still he is ever ready to advance the cause of his party. JfOHN FEE, a successful farmer of Chartiers . I township, was born March 10, 1817, in North \\\ Strabane township, Washington Co., Penn. His ancestors were natives of the Emerald Isle, the grandparents, William and Elizabeth Fee, having emigrated from Ireland to Maryland, where they were married. They afterward came to Can- onsburg, Washington county, where William Fee died about 1815, being followed by his wife a few years later. William Fee (father of subject) was born in Maryland, coming to Washington county, Penn., when about sixteen years of age, and was afterward married to Elizabeth Hamilton, a native of North Strabane township, this county, and daughter of David Hamilton, whose father came to Chartiers township when but five years of age. He served six months in the Revolutionary war. The father of Miss Hamilton was born March 10, L750, near Carlisle, Penn., where he was united in marriage with Margaret Gardner, and afterward came to Washington county, settling in South Strabane township, where he followed farming. He died in IS 10, his widow in 1848; both were members of the Presbyterian Church. After his marriage to Elizabeth Hamilton, Will- iam Fee lived for some time in North Strabane township, this county, moving to a farm in Char- tiers township about 1S22, where the following children were reared: Harriet (widow of William Harsha, of Canonsburg, this county), Elizabeth (deceased in 1851), John (subject), David (married to Maria McLaughlin, and died in 1852), Samuel (deceased October 8, 1849) and William G. (of whom mention is made further on). Mr. Fee was an active member of the Whig party, serving as justice of the peace for many years, and in religion a member of the Cross Roads United Presbyterian Church. He died November 25, 1861, being fol- lowed by his wife on October 28, 1877. John Fee was educated in the schools of Char- tiers township, and then learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed about thirteen years, spend- ing six months in Cincinnati in 1843. On Sep tember 29, 1847, he was married to Hannah Quinn, a native of Washington borough, but reared in Chartiers township. She is a daughter of James Quinn, who was born in Ireland, and settled in Washington county, Penn.,' at an early day. Mrs. Fee has one living brother, James Quinn, of Tyner, Ohio. The following children have been born to John and Hannah Fee: Lida A., John, David (married to Eva Pattison, and living at Canons- burg, this county), Rebecca (wife of Matthew A. Cain, of Chartiers township), Samuel (married to Anna McCoy, and living at McCounell's Mill), Ellis, Harry (married to Jennie McCarty, and living at McCounell's Mill), and William H. (married to Julia M. Humphrey, and living in Canonsburg). After his marriage John Fee settled on the farm of 113 acres, where he is now living. This farm is of excellent soil, has upon it a considerable amount of timber and is underlaid with a vein of No. 1 coal. Mr. Fee has served the public several terms as school director, and both he and Mrs. Fee are held 728 WASHINGTON COUNTY. in high esteem by all who know them. Both are faithful and consistent members of Cross Roads United Presbyterian Church. Politically Mr. Fee is a Republican. Mr. Fee's only living brother is Prof. William O. Fee, of Cherokee county, Iowa, married to Elizabeth Welch. He is a noted educator, and has twice held the office of county superintendent of schools for Washington county, Penn. He re- moved from Canousburg to Iowa in 1878, where ne owns a quarter section of land. He is an elder in the United Presbyterian Church, of Quimby, Iowa. T' M. BERRYHILL. Among the progress- ive business men of Mt. Pleasant town- ship, this gentleman is recognized as one of the leading citizens and most successful dairy farmers. He is a representative of one of the prominent pioneer families of Washing- ton county. William Berry hill was of Scotch descent, and served as captain under Washington throughout the Revolution. After that struggle he settled near Greencastle, Penn., and followed the black- smith's trade some years, afterward purchasing the farm where his life was passed. In early manhood he was united in marriage with Ruth Steele, who was born in Ireland, coming with her parents to America when but one year of age. The children born to William and Ruth (Steele) Berryhill were as follows: Alexander S. , Ruth (Mrs. Noble), Will- iam. Samuel, Elias and Isabella (wife of Rev. Blackburn). 'Mr. Berryhill was a Federalist in politics, taking an active interest in the affairs of the county. He and his family were members of the Presbyterian Church. Alexander Berryhill was born in Lancaster county, Penn., and was educated in the schools of the neighborhood. In early life he came to Union- town, Penn., where he wa,s married to Mary, daugh- ter of Moses Linn. After his marriage he moved to West Virginia, and conducted a tan yard for some time, and then opened a general store at West Liberty. He finally sold out, and became one of the pioneer boatmen of that vicinity, mak- ing trips from West Liberty, to Nashville, Tenn. He exchanged the northern produce for cotton, sugar, and other articles raised in the Southern States. While returning from one trip, he met the first steamboat that was ever on the Ohio river, and challenged the crew for a race to Short Creek. They accepted, and he won the race. In 1830 he came to Cross Creek township, this county, where he made a permanent home. In politics he was formally a Whig, afterward uniting with the Dem- ocratic party. He and his wife were members of the Presbyterian Church. They were the parents of the following children: William, Moses L., Alex- ander S., Maria I. (wife of William McKenly), James, John, Samuel and Marbha. William G. Berryhill (son of Alexander) was born in 1IS02, in West Liberty, W. Va., and came with his parents to Cross Creek township in an early day. On December 8, 1S31, he was united in marriage with Maria Marshall, who was born in 18(>3, in Venango county, Penn., and coming with her parents to North Strabane township, there grew to womanhood. Mr. Berryhill was a teacher of Cross Creek township, and after his marriage resided in different parts of the county until 1841, when he and his wife moved to Knox county, 111., thence to Richland county, Ohio, where they re- mained one winter; then located in Knox county, Ohio, where he followed his profession in connec- tion with farming; in 1848 he returned to Cross Creek village, Washington Co., Penn. In politics he was an ardent Democrat, and in religion he and his wife were members of the Union Church in Mount Vernon, Ohio. He died in June, ]N4s, and within a fortnight his wife was laid beside him. They were the parents of six children, viz.: Alex ander (deceased in 1850, a cabinet maker of Mount Vernon, Ohio), T. M. (whose name opens this sketch), Abner (deceased in 1858, Armstrong county, Penn.), Moses Linn (deceased when two years of age), Arabella (deceased in Allegheny county, Penn.) and James (accidentally killed near Burgettstown, Penn.). T. M. Berryhill was born September 19, 1834. in Cross Creek township, this county, where his boyhood was passed, excepting an interval of seven years which he spent in Ohio. His early educa- tion was obtained in Knox county, Ohio, and in 1848 returned to Cross Creek village, Penn. On March 21, 1801, he married Miss Jane Griffith, a native of Mt. Pleasant township, the marriage taking place at Hickory, this county. Miss Grif- fith was born on the farm which she and her bus band have occupied. She is a daughter of Isaac, and granddaughter of John and Jane (Martin) Grif- fith, natives of Maryland, who settled on the home farm in Mt. Pleasant township many years ago, he dying April 1, 1825, his widow April 2, 1834 Isaac Griffith was born, in 1800, on the old home farm, and in 1836 was married to Elizabeth Esler, who came with her parents to Cecil township when a child, locating on Miller's run. Isaac Griffith was a farmer, in politics a Whig, afterward be- coming a Republican; he and his wife were mem- bers of the Mt. Prospect Presbyterian Church. She died in 1857, and in 1867 he was laid by her side. The children born to this union were as follows: Jane (Mrs. T. M. Berryhill), Robert (liv- ing in Missouri), John (living in Mt. Pleasant township), James (assassinated in August, 1890, in Arizona, near Flagstaff), Elizabeth (residing WASHINGTON COUNTY. 729 in Hickory, this county), Isaac M. (accidentally shot himself in 1884 at Coffeyville, Kans.), Letitia (wife of M. J. Liggett, living in Independence township, this county), and Harriet Ann (wife of J. S. Lig- gett, a resident of Independence township). T. M. and Jane (Griffith) Berryhill first settled in Hickory, this county, where he followed the blacksmith's trade until 1863. He then moved to Jefferson county, Ohio, where he bought a farm an' I remained until 1S67, when he sold out, and returning to Washington county, settled on the farm of 16'2 acres which he now owns. He has followed dairy farming exclusively for six years, milking from twenty to twenty four cows daily, and raising enough stock to supply the dairy. He has a good house and barn, and is a prosperous citizen, in politics voting with the Republican party. Mr. and Mrs. Berryhill are members of the U. P. Church at Hickory, of which he is a ruling elder. Their union has been blessed with the following children: Nettie A. (wife of Robert A. Russell. Mount Pleasant township), William G. (a medical student, married to Delia McCarrell), Blanche B. (wife of Harry A. Smith, Mt. Pleasant township), Charley M. aud Lulu A. (the latter two yet living at home). *J ing the highest respect and esteem of his neigh- bors. In politics he was a stanch Republican; in religion he belonged to the Presbyterian Church at Claysville, toward which he was a liberal con- tributor. • To Mr. and Mrs. John Sawhill were born chil dren as follows: Anna M. , born February 8, 1S45, wife of James McConahey, of Donegal township; Mary A., born August 1, 1849, died July 10, 1870; Thomas A., born February 3, 1851, now living in Concordia, Cloud Co., Kans.; Elizabeth Jane, born July 5, 1853, wife of John Post, of East Finley township; William F., born October 16, 1855, now in Concordia, Kans. ; John E., born October 7, 1858, residing in Iowa; Eldeu C, born May 30, 1861, now a Presbyterian minister in Enon, Law rence Co., Penn., and three that died in infancy. ll JJ RS JANE SAWHILL, widow of John \i\ Sawhill, was born in 1824, in Ohio county, ■( I W. Va. . a daughter of Thomas Pollock. * In 1813 she was united in marriage with John Sawhill. who was born December 6, 1812, in East Finley township, Washington Co., Penn., where he received a common school educa- tion, which he afterward considerably improved by reading. Alexander Sawhill, his father, was a na- tive of Ireland, whence he came to this country with his parents who settled in eastern Pennsyl- vania where they died. He was there married to Mary Neely, a daughter of native-born Irish par- ents, and after the death of his parents the young couple came, about the year 1803, to Washington county, locating in Buffalo township. Here they remained several years, and then moved to take up their final residence in East Finley township, near the Buffalo township line. Twelve children were born to them, of whom John was sixth in order of birth.
| 18,057 |
https://github.com/tomrichard/laravuemin/blob/master/resources/js/components/SidebarComponent.vue
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
laravuemin
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tomrichard
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Vue
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Code
| 188 | 929 |
<template>
<div>
<v-list-item style="height: 64px;">
<v-list-item-content>
<v-list-item-title class="title">
Application
</v-list-item-title>
<v-list-item-subtitle>
Admin User
</v-list-item-subtitle>
</v-list-item-content>
</v-list-item>
<v-divider style="margin-top: 0px;"></v-divider>
<v-list dense >
<div v-for="item in items" >
<v-list-group v-if="(item.children && item.children.length)"
:key="item.title"
v-model="item.active"
:prepend-icon="item.icon"
no-action>
<template v-slot:activator>
<v-list-item-content>
<v-list-item-title v-text="item.title"></v-list-item-title>
</v-list-item-content>
</template>
<v-list-item
:link="true" :ripple="{ center: true, class: 'blue--text' }"
v-for="child in item.children"
:key="child.title">
<v-list-item-content>
<v-list-item-title v-text="child.title"></v-list-item-title>
</v-list-item-content>
</v-list-item>
</v-list-group>
<v-list-item :link="true" :ripple="{ center: true, class: 'blue--text' }" :key="item.title" v-if="!(item.children && item.children.length)">
<v-list-item-icon>
<v-icon v-text="item.icon"></v-icon>
</v-list-item-icon>
<v-list-item-content>
<v-list-item-title v-text="item.title"></v-list-item-title>
</v-list-item-content>
</v-list-item>
</div>
</v-list>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data () {
return {
items: [
{
title: 'Dashboard', icon: 'mdi-view-dashboard',
active: false
},
// { title: 'Photos', icon: 'mdi-image' },
{
title: 'Blog', icon: 'mdi-newspaper',
active: false,
children:[
{ title: 'Calendar : app' },
{ title: 'Chrome : app' },
{ title: 'Webstorm : app' },
]
},
{
title: 'Human Resource', icon: 'mdi-account-multiple',
active: false,
children: [
{ title: 'Calendar : app' },
{ title: 'Chrome : app' },
{ title: 'Webstorm : app' },
]
},
{
title: 'About', icon: 'mdi-help-box',
active: false
},
],
right: null,
}
},
methods : {
}
}
</script>
| 32,604 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierissos
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Ierissos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ierissos&action=history
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English
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Spoken
| 589 | 1,021 |
Ierissos () is a small town on the east coast of the Akti peninsula in Chalkidiki, Greece. It is located 115 km from Thessaloniki, and 10 km from the border of the Autonomous Monastic State of the Holy Mountain, or Mount Athos. It is the site of Ancient city and former bishopric Hierissus, and as such remains a Latin Catholic titular see. Ferries run from Ierissos to the east coast of Mount Athos.
Since the 2011 local government reform Ierissos has been the seat of the municipality of Aristotelis, and of the municipal unit of Stagira-Akanthos.
Names
The name of Ierissos is derived from the Latin Ericius, a translation of Akanthos, the name of the ancient city (also Latinized as Acanthus) located on a ridge bordering the southeast side of the town, from it.
History
Akanthos, near mount Athos, was an Ancient Greek city in the Roman province of Macedonia Prima (civil diocese of Macedonia))
During the Byzantine era Erissos was the seat of a bishopric, evidenced from 883 (see below). From the 10th century onwards, the town's history is indissolubly linked with that of Mount Athos. In 942 there were disputes between Ierissos and the monks of Mount Athos over the borders between Ierissos and the monastic community's lands and, the following year, the differences were settled in person by a large commission of major politicians and church officials.
In the summer of 1425, Ierissos came into the hands of the Turks. During that time the Venetians, starting from Cassandreia, landed on the coastline of Ierissos, burnt down the settlement (by then only a large village) and its surroundings and (on departure) set alight the castle and five towers. Under Ottoman rule, Ierissos was one of the privileged Mademochoria. In 1821 Ierissos took part in the Greek War of Independence and during the repression the village was burnt down by the Turks and a large number of residents killed.
In 1932 the village was destroyed by a powerful earthquake, with 121 people killed and approximately 500 injured. After the earthquake the new Ierissos was built in its current position, a little north west of the ancient city.
Ecclesiastical history
The bishopric was a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Thessalonica, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Its only historically documented bishop was Elia, flourishing in 1054, known from a seal.
Titular see
The diocese was nominally restored in 1927 as Latin Catholic Titular bishopric of Hierisus (Latin) / Geriso (Curiate Italian; ). It was renamed in 1929 Hierissus (Latin) / Geriso (dropped in 1933) or Gerisso (Italian) / Hierissen(sis) (Latin adjective).
It is vacant, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank:
Giuseppe Antonio Caruso (1928.07.06 – death 1930.01.03) as emeritate; previously Bishop of Cariati (Italy) (1919.03.10 – 1927.08.26), Bishop of Oppido Mamertina (Italy) (1927.08.26 – 1928.07.06)
Teodoro Eugenín Barrientos, Picpus Fathers (SS.CC.) (1931.04.10 – death 1974.12.24), first as Apostolic Administrator of the then 'permanent' Apostolic Administration of Valdivia (Chile, now a diocese) (1931.04.10 – 1942.06.20), then as Military Vicar of Chile (Chile) (1942.06.20 – retired 1959.12.21) and on emeritate.
See also
List of Catholic dioceses in Greece
References
Bibliography
Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol; II, coll. 99-102
Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 5, p. 66; vol. 6, p. 62; vol. 7, p. 56; vol. 8, p. 71
External links
Local government website (English)
Official web site of Ierissos city (Greek)
GCatholic - (former &) titular see
Populated places in Chalkidiki
Aristotelis (municipality)
| 20,672 |
https://github.com/terrypaton1/Cinder/blob/master/Cinder/Assets/Scripts/GameVariables.cs
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,022 |
Cinder
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terrypaton1
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C#
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Code
| 294 | 719 |
using System;
using UnityEngine;
[Serializable]
public class GameVariables : BaseObject
{
public const float BallStartHeight = 2.5f;
//The ball max speed phase1. The lowest speed of the ball, used for early levels
public const float BallMaxSpeedPhase1 = 6f;
// The ball max speed phase1. The lowest speed of the ball, used for early levels
public const float BallMaxSpeedPhase2 = 6.3f;
//The ball max speed phase1. The lowest speed of the ball, used for early levels
public const float BallMaxSpeedPhase3 = 6.6f;
// The ball max speed phase1. The lowest speed of the ball, used for early levels
public const float BallMaxSpeedPhase4 = 6.9f;
public const float BrickShakeAmount = .1f;
public const int PlayerStartingLives = 3;
public const float PlayersBatYPosition = 2;
public const float BumperPushForce = 3;
public const float PowerUpShieldTotalTime = 10;
public const float TntExplosionRange = 1.0f;
public const float LaserBatLengthOfTime = 4;
public const float LaserBatFiringFrequency = .25f;
public const float LaserBulletSpeed = 3f;
public const int BonusLife1PointsThreshold = 7500;
public const int BonusLife2PointsThreshold = 15000;
public const int BonusLife3PointsThreshold = 25000;
public const int BonusLife4PointsThreshold = 40000;
public const float FlameBallLengthOfTime = 6;
public const float CrazyBallLengthOfTime = 10;
public const float WanderingObstacleSpeed = 1f;
/// The percent chance to drop BONUS letter. NOTE: This is an int, so 5% = 5 or 55% = 55
public const int PercentChanceToDropBonusLetter = 2;
public const int PercentChanceToDropPoints = 45;
public const int TotalAmountOfLevels = 66;
public const int BossDropFreezeTriggerCount = 5;
public const float FreezePlayerLengthOfTime = .5f;
public const int BossesStartDroppingFreezesFromLevel = 20;
/// The SFX enabled. 0=false,1=true
[NonSerialized]
public int sfxEnabled;
[NonSerialized]
public int totalBricksBroken;
protected void Awake()
{
totalBricksBroken = PlayerPrefs.GetInt(Constants.TotalBricksDestroyed);
sfxEnabled = PlayerPrefs.GetInt(Constants.SfxEnabled);
}
public void IncreaseBricksBroken()
{
totalBricksBroken++;
}
public void StoreTotalBricksBroken()
{
PlayerPrefs.SetInt(Constants.TotalBricksDestroyed, totalBricksBroken);
}
}
| 19,294 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1293928
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
Mehedi Hasan Shifat, https://askubuntu.com/users/1130128, https://askubuntu.com/users/19626, https://askubuntu.com/users/844087, https://askubuntu.com/users/94914, karel, max, user535733
|
English
|
Spoken
| 401 | 496 |
Files copy or paste becomes corrupted
I'm using Ubuntu 20.04.When I am using the default file manager to copy or cut files in it takes a lots of time and most of the time it becomes hanged at a point of copying.Sometimes it shows completed but files becomes corrupted.I have installed windows in dual boot and its totally fine in windows and its not a problem of my pendrive or hdd or ssd.What can i do ? I know we can copy using terminal but why not in the gui ?
i was copying a movie (mkv) file in a pendrive when it was showing completed (that select sign at the righ corner and then it was gone) i removed the pendrive and connect to my phone the video was not playing saying that the file is currupted!
When i again connect the pendrive with my pc and try to oepn the mkv file it was corrupted there too.
Slow copy speed seems like a bug report. Nautilus spuriously reporting that a USB stick is unmounted and can be safely removed while data is still being transferred seems like a separate bug report. Please report reproducible bugs to the bug tracker (AskUbuntu is not the bug tracker) with enough detail for a Triager or Developer to reproduce the behavior in their test environment. They cannot fix bugs that don't get reported.
@Nmath i have waited enough and used safely remove !
When i am using a different drives like i am copying files to a external hdd or pendrive , this problem occurs . But if i am copying in the same drive like from a folder to another folder then it's okey though it takes a lot of time then windows.and I have already mentioned that copy paste or cut is working fine in windows so the concern of "flash drive is dying" can be ignored!
I think this is a problem of Ubuntu as i have also faced it.
@max I don't believe that this problem is caused by a software bug because it occurs mostly when copying to external drives. That means the copied data is being buffered in RAM memory during the copying, but due to a flaw in the RAM it comes out of the RAM corrupted. The same flaw in RAM also causes glitches when playing videos from sites that use buffering such as YouTube.
| 25,342 |
US-83713910-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,010 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,325 | 6,033 |
Video window with integrated content
ABSTRACT
Methods and systems for displaying content are provided. More specifically, an integrated content application is provided in which related content is displayed in a single window user interface. The content displayed can be determined by instructions received by the integrated content application. Different items of content can be displayed in sequence, but are not displayed simultaneously. Moreover, one item of content can provide context for another item of content. In addition, one item of content can be presented in non-real time, while the other related item of content can be presented in real time.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/235,838, filed Aug. 21, 2009, the entire of disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD
The present invention is generally directed to communications systems, and to the provision of an application for presenting video content information to introduce content in a common display segment.
BACKGROUND
Communications devices and systems are commonly used to support communications between two or more parties at different locations from one another. For example, conference calls between users at multiple locations are common. In order to facilitate the exchange of information during conference calls, video conferencing capabilities have been developed. Video conferencing capabilities can include electronic whiteboards or other applications and systems to display or otherwise exchange information between conference participants. Such systems have typically been implemented using specialized video conferencing equipment.
In connection with a real time, non-real time, or combined communications sessions, a user may need to access media and/or communication streams of different types. Doing so has typically required that the user of a communication device manually select between different applications to access the different media and/or communication streams. In addition to being inconvenient, the use of different applications commonly results in the generation of multiple windows within the display of the user's communication device, creating a cluttered user interface.
Mobile communication devices are increasingly relied on by users as a primary means of communication. Most mobile devices have a relatively compact format. In particular, the display capabilities of mobile devices may be relatively limited. As a result, it can be difficult or impossible for a user of a mobile device to fully participate in video or other conferences, or to access recorded information, when information is exchanged using visual displays. For example, as noted, where multiple applications are used to exchange information in association with a conference session, those applications have each occupied a different window. The resulting multiplicity of windows can be difficult to manage on many communication endpoints, and in particular on communication endpoints having limited display capabilities. The limitations of communication device displays are especially apparent where the communication device relies on a touch screen interface for receiving input from the user of the device. In particular, in connection with such devices, the display area available for presenting content that is the subject of a communications session or conference is limited.
SUMMARY
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to solving these and other problems and disadvantages of the prior art. According to embodiments of the present invention, information is provided to a user serially in a single window or dialog box. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention provide a single window user interface for presenting content, including different items of content associated with different applications, to the participants of a communications session.
In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, an integrated content application presents content, such as sending party information, context information, header information, text, presentations, video, audio or other content serially using a single window. Moreover, the integrated content application provides an application that allows media or other content formatted according to different applications to be presented in a single window. For example, content comprising a recorded video formatted according to a first application can be displayed by the integrated content application in the single window, and that first content can be replaced in the single window by additional content comprising a text document.
A communications system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can include one or more communication devices capable of supporting real time communications and/or non-real time communications over a communication network. In addition, the communication devices include a display capable of presenting content to a user. Moreover, one or more of the communication devices executes or has access to an integrated content application through which different items of content are presented to the user of the communication device in the single window. The integrated content application can display content in a single window in accordance with instructions or scripts. Alternatively or in addition, the integrated content application can receive input from an associated user that can be used to control the content presented by the single window user interface. More particularly, the integrated content application is capable of presenting content of different types to users in sequence through a single window displayed by a communication device in response to user input or pre-arranged scripts.
Additional features and advantages of embodiments of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following description, particularly when taken together with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts a communications system in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting components of a communications device in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary communications device display in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating aspects of the operation of a communications system incorporating an integrated content application in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
With reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary communications system 100 will be described in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. In general, the communications system comprises a plurality of communication devices 104, each associated with one or more users 108. In the example of FIG. 1, a first communication device 104 a associated with a first user 108 a comprises a smart phone type device. A second communication device 104 b associated with a second user 108 b comprises a laptop computer. A third communication device 104 c associated with a third user 108 c comprises a cellular telephone. Although particular examples of communication devices 104 have been presented, it should be appreciated that a communication device 104 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention is not limited to such examples. In particular, a communication device 104 can be any device capable of supporting real time and/or non-real time communications established in connection with a communication network 112. Moreover, at least one of the communication devices 104 included in a communications system 100 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention includes the capability of displaying a single window or dialog box operated in accordance with a single window session application, as described herein.
The communication network 112 interconnecting the communication devices 104 may comprise any type and any number of communication mediums capable of supporting communications sessions or exchanges of content, such as voice calls, video calls, chats, emails, TTY calls, multimedia sessions, or the like. The communication network 112 may include a LAN, a WAN, a SIP network, and any other type of packet switch or circuit switched network known in the art. In addition, it can be appreciated that the communication network 112 need not be limited to any one network type, and instead may be comprised of a number of different networks and/or network types. The communication network 112 may include an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) network, an architectural SIP standard well known in the art, or any other type of network that provides access to one or more of the Internet, a standard plain old telephone system (POTS), an integrated services digital network (ISDN), the public switched telephony network (PSTN), and/or any type of known cellular or other wireless communication network. Moreover, the communication network 112 may comprise the Internet. Accordingly, the communication network 112 is equipped to facilitate and support communications between communication devices 104 via one or more communication media and/or modalities.
Also included in the communications system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 is a server computer 116. Although not required, the inclusion of a server computer 116 can allow some or all functions performed in support of a communications session between communication devices 104 to be performed by or in connection with the server computer 116. For example, execution of an integrated content application as described herein can be performed by one or more server computers 116, in support of one or more communication devices 104. Alternatively or in addition, a server computer 116 can function as a repository or store of data comprising content displayed through an integrated content application as described herein, even where the display of such content is not part of a real time communications session.
With reference now to FIG. 2, aspects of a communication device 104 included in a communications system 100 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, are illustrated. In general, each communication device 104 includes a processor 204 capable of executing program instructions or software. Accordingly, the processor 204 may include any general purpose programmable processor or controller for executing application programming or instructions. As a further example, the processor 204 may comprise a specially configured application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The processor 204 generally functions to run programming code or instructions implementing various of the functions performed by the communication device 104. As will be described in greater detail elsewhere herein, such functions may include support of communications sessions and sharing of content in a single window of a display through or in connection with the execution of an integrated content application as described herein.
A communication device 104 may additionally include memory 208 for use in connection with the execution of programming by the processor 204, and for temporary or long term storage of program instructions and/or data. As examples, the memory 208 may comprise RAM, SDRAM, or other solid state memory. Alternatively or in addition, data storage 212 may be provided. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, data storage 212 can contain program instructions or code implementing various of the applications executed by the communication device 104, and data that is used and/or generated in connection with the execution of applications. Like the memory 208, the data storage 212 may comprise a solid state memory device. Alternatively or in addition, the data storage 212 may comprise a hard disk drive or other random access memory. In accordance with still other embodiments, the memory 208 may provide random access storage, while some or all of the data storage 212 may comprise read only storage.
Examples of application programming or instructions that can be stored in data storage 212 include a telephony application 216. In addition, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a communication device 104 can include an integrated content application 220. A communication device 104 may also include an email application 224, or other communication application 228. In accordance with still other embodiments, the data storage 212 of a communication device 104 may store a number of other applications 232 a-n. Examples of such other applications 232 include word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, drawing, multimedia presentation, calendar, or other applications. At least some of the applications 232 are operable to display content 234. Moreover, the data storage 212 may provide a data store 236 for example for storing content 234, and storage for operating system software 240.
A communication endpoint 104 also generally includes one or more user input devices 244. Examples of user input devices include a touch screen display, a keyboard, a pointing device combined with a display screen or other position encoder, a microphone or other audible input device, and a keypad. In addition, a communication device 104 generally includes one or more user output devices 248. Examples of user output devices 248 include a display, an audio output device, and indicator lamps. A communication device 104 also generally includes one or more communication network interfaces 252. Examples of communication network interfaces 252 that may be provided as part of a communication device 104 include a packet data network interface, such as a wired or wireless Ethernet interface or cellular packet data interface, a telephony network interface, and/or other wireless or wire line interfaces.
FIG. 3 depicts a graphical user interface 304 displayed to a user 108 of a communication device 104. More particularly, the example graphical user interface 304 is displayed by a user output 248 comprising a visual display of the communication device 104. In addition, the graphical user interface 304 presents one or more elements to the user 108 that are generated through or in cooperation with the execution of an integrated content application 220. More particularly, the graphical user interface 304 includes a session window 308 comprising a single window user interface generated by or in association with execution of the integrated content application 220 running on or accessed by the communication endpoint 104. More particularly, the integrated content applications 220 can present content or portions of content 234 that is related to other content or portions of content 234 in the session window 308 in series. Alternatively or in addition, integrated content applications 220 can present content or portions of content 234 in the session window 308 that is the subject of or related to a communications session between two or more communication devices 104. Moreover, integrated content applications 220 can present the same information in the single window user interface 308 on the displays of each communication device 104 participating in the communications session.
The content presented by the single window user interface 308 can be determined by instructions or simply included in or associated with the content 234, or it can be determined by input provided by one or more of the users 108. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, different application content 234 can be selected and displayed in the single window user interface 308 in series. For example, instructions to display second content 234 formatted for execution and/or display in connection with a second application 232 after first content 234 formatted for display in association with a first application 232 result in the display of the first content 234 in the single window user interface 308 being replaced by a display of the second content 234 in the single window user interface 308. Accordingly, the sequential display of new or additional content 234 does not result in the display and/or creation of additional windows. Instead, multiple pieces of content 234 are displayed in series in the single window user interface 308. In addition, a user 208 can enter input that is applied to content 234 displayed in the single window user interface 308 by the integrated content application 220 even though the content 234 is stored on another communication device 104 or on a server 116.
In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, different items of content 234 can be displayed in the single window user interface 308 by the integrated content application 220 even though the different items of content 234 require the invocation of different applications 232 for such display and/or execution. In accordance with further embodiments, the particular application 232 invoked for display of content 234 by the single window user interface 308 determines the behavior of the single window user interface 308 in response to the receipt of input or other commands from a user 108. For instance, while a first key combination provided as input while a first application 232 is active in the single window user interface 308 may invoke a first action, that same key combination may be effective to invoke a second action when a second application 232 is active in connection with the content 234 displayed by the single window user interface 308.
Examples of other information that may be presented by a graphical user interface 304 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention includes communications session status and/or identification information 320, time and date information 324, and user 108 presence information 328. Still other examples include application and/or content menus 332, email messages, documents on local storage, related new and links from the web, and contact information and/or calendar information 336.
With reference now to FIG. 4, aspects of the operation of a communications system 100 and in particular of an integrated content application 220 included in the communications system 100 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention are illustrated. Initially, the integrated content application 220 is invoked (step 404). Invoking the integrated content application 220 can include executing a script or set of instructions. Moreover, the script or set of instructions can include an identification of content 234 for presentation to a user 108 by the integrated content application 220 through a single user interface 308 of the user's communication device 104. In accordance with still other embodiments, invoking an integrated content application 220 can include selecting content 234 by a user 108 of a communication device 104, in connection with or through the integrated content application 220. In accordance with still other embodiments, a script for invoking the integrated content application 220 can be included in or associated with content 234, and can be executed in response to the selection of such content 234. Regardless of how the integrated content application 220 is invoked, associated content 234 is accessed (step 408) and that content or portions of that content 234 are displayed by the integrated content application 220 in the single window user interface 308 (step 412).
At step 416, a determination may be made as to whether an instruction to display other content 234 has been received. As with the initial display of content 234, an instruction to display other content 234 can be included as part of a script executed by the integrated content application 220, whether that script is a stand alone set of instructions or included in a collection of content 234, or in response to user input. If an instruction to display other content 234 is not received, the previously accessed content 234 may continue to be displayed in the single window user interface 308. If instructions to display other content 234 have been received, that other content 234 is accessed (step 420). Accessing the other content 234 can include accessing a file comprising that content 234, accessing a media or communication data stream comprising that content 234, or proceeding to access content 234 stored as part of the previously accessed content 234. The other content 234 is then displayed in the single window user interface (step 424). In accordance with still other embodiments, an item of content 234 can be displayed overlayed other content 234. In accordance with still other embodiments, an item of content 234 can be displayed as a picture within a picture comprising another item of content 234.
At step 428, a determination may be made as to whether use of the integrated content application 220 is to be continued. If use of the integrated content application 220 is to be continued, the process may return to step 416. If use of the integrated content application 220 is to be discontinued, the process may end.
In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, an integrated content application 220 can be stored and executed locally on a communication device 104. Alternatively or in addition, an integrated content application 220 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can be provided by and executed on, in whole or in part, a server 116 interconnected to a communication device 104 by the communication network 112. In accordance with still other embodiments, an integrated content application 220 may be executed by a communication device 104 on behalf of a peer communication device. Accordingly, an integrated content application 220 can be provided from the “cloud”, as software as a service, or any other software application made available to users on either a subscription basis, paid for according to use, available for purchase, or provided by one user to another to facilitate communications.
The following example is provided for purposes of illustrating the operation of an integrated content application 220 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The integrated content application 220 may be executed by a communication device 104 presenting content 234 to the user 108 of that communication device 104. Execution of the integrated content application 220 can be initiated in response to the selection of an item of content 234 by the user 108, through interaction with the graphical user interface 304 of the communication device 104. For instance, the user 108 may select an icon representing a file comprising the content 234. For example, the content 234 may comprise an email message. In response to accessing the content 234 representing the email message, a script directing the integrated content application 220 to open another item of content 234 may be encountered. As a result, the integrated content application 220 may access that other content 234. In this example, that other content 234 may comprise a video clip introducing the subject matter of the email message. As further examples, the video clip could introduce the sender of the email message, the sender's organization, or other information. The content 234 comprising the video clip is presented to the user 108 in the single window user interface 308, in combination with audio output provided by a user output 248 also associated with the communication device 104 comprising a speaker. Upon the conclusion of the video clip, the text of the email message may be displayed in the single window user interface 308. The display of the message text may be in response to the script that was loaded when the content 234 comprising the email message was originally accessed by the user 108. Alternatively, the text of the message can be displayed in response to a script or instruction encountered at the conclusion of the content 234 comprising the video clip.
In accordance with other examples, an integrated content application 220 can be used in connection with a combination of real time and non-real time communications. For instance, an integrated content application 220 can be invoked by a calendar application in advance of a calendared conference call. In connection with the invocation of the integrated content application 220, content 234 associated with the scheduled conference call can be accessed and presented by the single window user interface 308 of the user's communication device 104. At the conclusion of the video clip, the integrated content application 220 can initiate a call to the other party or parties to the communications session, can initiate a message to such other parties indicating that the video clip comprising the first item of content 234 has been presented to the user 108 of the communication device 104, or can pause an incoming call or other information or content. In response to the establishment of the scheduled communications session, content 234 comprising information related to that communications session can be presented in the single window user interface 308. Such information can include video information, for example where the communications session comprises a video telephony call. As a further example, the content 234 presented by the single window user interface 308 can include information identifying the participants of the call, call duration, or other information, for example where the communications session comprises a voice call.
In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, as different content 234 is displayed, the appropriate application 232 is invoked to appropriately present the content 234. Accordingly, as illustrated in this non-limiting example, embodiments of an integrated content application 220 can facilitate communications between users 108 of communication devices 104 by providing a convenient means through which content 234 is introduced and displayed in a single window user interface 308, and that allows different content 234 to be displayed in sequence, while avoiding the creation of multiple windows presenting such content 234. Instead, the content is displayed sequentially in the single window user interface 308.
As can be appreciated by one of skill in the art from the disclosure presented herein, embodiments of the present invention provide an integrated content application 220 to sequentially display content 234 to participants in a communications session through a single window user interface 308. The content 234 presented to a user 108 can include content providing information that provides a context for other content 234. Moreover, all of the content 234 can be presented in association with or by a single window user interface 308. The use of a single window user interface 308 avoids the problem of displays containing multiple windows. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention have particular application, but are not limited to, use in connection with communication devices 104 with limited visual displays.
The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Further, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and modifications commensurate with the above teachings, within the skill or knowledge of the relevant art, are within the scope of the present invention. The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain the best mode presently known of practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such or in other embodiments and with various modifications required by the particular application or use of the invention. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted by the prior art.
1. A method for presenting content, comprising: providing first and second content to a first communication device; displaying first content in a first window on a display of the first communication device; in response to instructions to display second content, displaying the second content in the first window on the display of the first communication endpoint.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second content replaces the display of the first content in the first window.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the instructions to display second content are included in the first content.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first content is formatted according to a first application and the second content is formatted according to a second application.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first content is rendered by the first application, wherein the second content is rendered by the second application.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein results in the performance of a first function with respect to the first content when the first content is displayed in the first window, wherein the first selection performs a second function with respect to the second content when the second content is displayed in the first window.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first content includes recorded content, and wherein the second content includes a real time communication.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising, wherein the first and second content is displayed in a single window user interface of a second communication device.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving second input at the first communication device from the first user, wherein the second input includes an instruction to allow a second user to provide input at the second communication device to modify the first content displayed within the first window on the displays of the first and second communication devices; receiving third input at the second communication device from the second user, wherein the third input includes a second modification of the first content displayed within the first window on the display of the first and second communication devices.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication session includes the exchange of voice information between a first user of the first communication device and a second user associated with a second communication endpoint.
11. A communication system, comprising: a first communication device, including: a user output, including a display; a user input; a communication network interface; memory, wherein instructions for executing an integrated content application are stored; a processor, wherein the processor is operable to execute the integrated content application, wherein first content is displayed in a first window on the display of the first communication device, wherein in response to input received by the integrated content application, second content is displayed in the first window on the display of the first communication device.
12. The communication system of claim 11, further comprising: a second communication device, including: a user output, including a display; a user input; a communication network interface; memory; a processor, wherein the second communication device is associated with a first communication session established with the first communication device, wherein the first content is displayed in a first window on the display of the second communication device, wherein in response to the input received by the integrated content application of the first communication device second content is displayed in the first window on the display of the first communication device, wherein the second content replaces the first content in the first window on the display of the second communication device.
13. The communication system of claim 12, wherein instructions for executing a first instance of the integrated content application are stored in the memory on the first communication device, wherein instructions for executing a second instance of the integrated content application are stored in the memory of the second communication device, wherein the processor of the second communication device is operable to execute the second instance of the integrated content application.
14. The communication system of claim 13, further comprising: a communication network, wherein the communication network interface of the first communication device is interconnected to the communication network, wherein the communication network interface of the second communication device is interconnected to the communication network, and wherein the first communication session is established over the communication network.
15. The communication system of claim 14, wherein second input received at the user input of one of the first and second communication devices modifies the second content, and wherein modified second content is displayed in the first window on the display of the first communication device and in the first window on the display of the second communication device.
16. The communication system of claim 15, further comprising a third communication device, including: a user output, wherein the user output does not include a display operable to display the first or second content in a first window; a user input; a communication network interface, wherein the communication network interface of the third communication device is interconnected to the communication network, wherein the third communication device is associated with the first communication session, wherein the first and second content are not displayed by the third communication device.
17. The communication system of claim 11, wherein the first window is a single window user interface.
18. A system for presenting content, including: a first communication device; an integrated content application; first content associated with a first application, wherein the first content is displayed on a display of the first communication device by the integrated content application in a single window user interface, wherein in response to instructions received by the integrated content application second content is displayed on the display of the first communication device in the single window user interface, and wherein the second content replaces the first content in the display of the first communication device.
19. The system of claim 18, further comprising: a communication network, wherein the single window session application is running on a server interconnected to the communication network.
20. The system of claim 18, wherein the second content is associated with a second application..
| 23,601 |
https://github.com/juan1305/0.11-incremento_descremento/blob/master/object_file.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
0.11-incremento_descremento
|
juan1305
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 267 | 877 |
var libro = {
titulo: "Desarrollo web Agil con AngularJS",
autor: {
nombre: "Juan sebastian giraldo adames",
nacionalidad: "Colombiana",
edad: "16",
contacto: {
instagram: "Trex_Codes",
email: "Juan.13JSG@gmail.com",
}
},
editorial: {
nombre: "E.books",
email: "E.books@outlook.es",
}
};
// Acceder datos desde array
console.log(libro.titulo);
// igualdad entre 2 objects
var coche1 = { marca: "ford", color: "rojo"};
var coche2 = { marca: "ford", color: "rojo"};
var coche3 = coche1;
if(coche1.marca === coche2.marca){
console.log("True");
}else{
console.log("False");
}
if(coche3.marca === coche2.marca){
console.log("True");
}else{
console.log("False");
}
var data1 = [{ nombre: "Juan", edad:12, curso: "7A"}, { nombre: "Ana", edad:13, curso:"7A"}];
var data2 = [{ nombre: "Pedro", edad:14, curso: "8B"}, { nombre: "Camilo", edad:15, curso:"8A"}];
var data3 = [{ nombre: "Laura", edad:13, curso: "9A"}, { nombre: "Rosa", edad:16, curso:"9B"}];
console.group();
console.table(data1);
console.table(data2);
console.table(data3);
console.groupEnd();
var objeto= {nombre:"pedro",edad:20};
var objeto2= {nombre:"pedro",edad:30};
console.group();
console.log(objeto);
console.log(objeto2);
console.groupEnd();
// typeof
typeof "juan";
//true y false
console.log(!true); // false
console.log(!false); // true
console.log(!!true); // true
console.log(!!false); // false
var port = "proccess.env.port" || 5000;
console.log(port);
var libroAngular = {
titulo: ' Desarollo Web Agil con AngularJS',
autor: 'Carlos Azaustre',
paginas: 64,
formatos: ["PDF", "ePub", "Mobi"],
precio: 2.79,
publicado: false
};
// llamar a los object sobre la nombre de la variable + clase
libroAngular.titulo;
libroAngular.paginas;
// cambiar valor o modificar clases
libroAngular.precio = 2.20;
libroAngular['publicado'] = true;
// Acceder con Array
var propiedad = "autor";
libroAngular[propiedad];
//crear dentro de un objecto funciones e invocarlas
var libroAngular2 = {
Paginas: 265,
leer : function() {
console.log("He leido el libro de AngularJS");
}
};
libroAngular2.leer();
// crear objecto
var miObjectz = {medida: "1.2"};
var miObject = new Object({medida: "1.2"});
| 16,220 |
https://github.com/payara/patched-src-xmlsec/blob/master/src/main/java/org/apache/xml/security/encryption/XMLCipherInput.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
patched-src-xmlsec
|
payara
|
Java
|
Code
| 696 | 1,808 |
/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.apache.xml.security.encryption;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import org.apache.xml.security.c14n.CanonicalizationException;
import org.apache.xml.security.utils.resolver.ResourceResolver;
import org.apache.xml.security.utils.resolver.ResourceResolverException;
import org.apache.xml.security.exceptions.Base64DecodingException;
import org.apache.xml.security.signature.XMLSignatureInput;
import org.apache.xml.security.transforms.TransformationException;
import org.w3c.dom.Attr;
import org.apache.xml.security.utils.Base64;
/**
* <code>XMLCipherInput</code> is used to wrap input passed into the
* XMLCipher encryption operations.
*
* In decryption mode, it takes a <code>CipherData</code> object and allows
* callers to dereference the CipherData into the encrypted bytes that it
* actually represents. This takes care of all base64 encoding etc.
*
* While primarily an internal class, this can be used by applications to
* quickly and easily retrieve the encrypted bytes from an EncryptedType
* object
*
* @author Berin Lautenbach
*/
public class XMLCipherInput {
private static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(XMLCipherInput.class.getName());
/** The data we are working with */
private CipherData cipherData;
/** MODES */
private int mode;
private boolean secureValidation;
/**
* Constructor for processing encrypted octets
*
* @param data The <code>CipherData</code> object to read the bytes from
* @throws XMLEncryptionException {@link XMLEncryptionException}
*/
public XMLCipherInput(CipherData data) throws XMLEncryptionException {
cipherData = data;
mode = XMLCipher.DECRYPT_MODE;
if (cipherData == null) {
throw new XMLEncryptionException("CipherData is null");
}
}
/**
* Constructor for processing encrypted octets
*
* @param input The <code>EncryptedType</code> object to read
* the bytes from.
* @throws XMLEncryptionException {@link XMLEncryptionException}
*/
public XMLCipherInput(EncryptedType input) throws XMLEncryptionException {
cipherData = ((input == null) ? null : input.getCipherData());
mode = XMLCipher.DECRYPT_MODE;
if (cipherData == null) {
throw new XMLEncryptionException("CipherData is null");
}
}
/**
* Set whether secure validation is enabled or not. The default is false.
*/
public void setSecureValidation(boolean secureValidation) {
this.secureValidation = secureValidation;
}
/**
* Dereferences the input and returns it as a single byte array.
*
* @throws XMLEncryptionException
* @return The decripted bytes.
*/
public byte[] getBytes() throws XMLEncryptionException {
if (mode == XMLCipher.DECRYPT_MODE) {
return getDecryptBytes();
}
return null;
}
/**
* Internal method to get bytes in decryption mode
* @return the decrypted bytes
* @throws XMLEncryptionException
*/
private byte[] getDecryptBytes() throws XMLEncryptionException {
String base64EncodedEncryptedOctets = null;
if (cipherData.getDataType() == CipherData.REFERENCE_TYPE) {
// Fun time!
if (log.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
log.log(Level.FINE, "Found a reference type CipherData");
}
CipherReference cr = cipherData.getCipherReference();
// Need to wrap the uri in an Attribute node so that we can
// Pass to the resource resolvers
Attr uriAttr = cr.getURIAsAttr();
XMLSignatureInput input = null;
try {
ResourceResolver resolver =
ResourceResolver.getInstance(uriAttr, null, secureValidation);
input = resolver.resolve(uriAttr, null, secureValidation);
} catch (ResourceResolverException ex) {
throw new XMLEncryptionException("empty", ex);
}
if (input != null) {
if (log.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
log.log(Level.FINE, "Managed to resolve URI \"" + cr.getURI() + "\"");
}
} else {
if (log.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
log.log(Level.FINE, "Failed to resolve URI \"" + cr.getURI() + "\"");
}
}
// Lets see if there are any transforms
Transforms transforms = cr.getTransforms();
if (transforms != null) {
if (log.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
log.log(Level.FINE, "Have transforms in cipher reference");
}
try {
org.apache.xml.security.transforms.Transforms dsTransforms =
transforms.getDSTransforms();
dsTransforms.setSecureValidation(secureValidation);
input = dsTransforms.performTransforms(input);
} catch (TransformationException ex) {
throw new XMLEncryptionException("empty", ex);
}
}
try {
return input.getBytes();
} catch (IOException ex) {
throw new XMLEncryptionException("empty", ex);
} catch (CanonicalizationException ex) {
throw new XMLEncryptionException("empty", ex);
}
// retrieve the cipher text
} else if (cipherData.getDataType() == CipherData.VALUE_TYPE) {
base64EncodedEncryptedOctets = cipherData.getCipherValue().getValue();
} else {
throw new XMLEncryptionException("CipherData.getDataType() returned unexpected value");
}
if (log.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
log.log(Level.FINE, "Encrypted octets:\n" + base64EncodedEncryptedOctets);
}
try {
return Base64.decode(base64EncodedEncryptedOctets);
} catch (Base64DecodingException bde) {
throw new XMLEncryptionException("empty", bde);
}
}
}
| 108 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.