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https://github.com/gaoht/house/blob/master/java/classes3/com/ziroom/ziroomcustomer/my/OwnerInvoiceListActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
house
|
gaoht
|
Java
|
Code
| 569 | 3,283 |
package com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.my;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.view.ViewStub;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.TextView;
import butterknife.BindView;
import butterknife.ButterKnife;
import butterknife.OnClick;
import butterknife.Unbinder;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.e;
import com.growingio.android.sdk.agent.VdsAgent;
import com.growingio.android.sdk.instrumentation.Instrumented;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.base.ApplicationEx;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.e.a.f;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.e.c.h;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.e.g;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.e.j;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.model.UserInfo;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.my.model.OIInvoiceListModel;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.my.model.OIInvoiceListModel.InvoiceListBean;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.util.ae;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.util.af;
import com.ziroom.ziroomcustomer.util.u;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class OwnerInvoiceListActivity
extends OwnerBaseActivity
{
Unbinder a;
OIInvoiceListModel b;
@BindView(2131690078)
ImageView btnBack;
private String d = OwnerInvoiceListActivity.class.getSimpleName();
private Context e;
private List<OIInvoiceListModel.InvoiceListBean> f = new ArrayList();
private a g;
@BindView(2131690608)
LinearLayout llContentContainer;
@BindView(2131690622)
ListView lvOwnerInvoices;
private String r;
private String s;
@BindView(2131690620)
ViewStub stubError;
private String t;
@BindView(2131692005)
TextView tvInvoiceDesc;
@BindView(2131689541)
TextView tvTitle;
private void b()
{
this.t = getIntent().getStringExtra("beautyContractCode");
this.s = getIntent().getStringExtra("hireContractCode");
}
private void e()
{
f();
this.g.notifyDataSetChanged();
}
private void f()
{
if (ae.isNull(this.b.topTip))
{
this.tvInvoiceDesc.setVisibility(8);
return;
}
this.tvInvoiceDesc.setVisibility(0);
this.tvInvoiceDesc.setText(this.b.topTip);
}
void a()
{
showError(this.llContentContainer, this.stubError, "网络故障，");
}
public void initData()
{
if (ApplicationEx.c.getUser() != null) {
this.r = ApplicationEx.c.getUser().getUid();
}
for (;;)
{
j.getInvoiceList(this, g.buildInvoiceList(this.r, this.t), new f(this, new h())
{
public void onFailure(Throwable paramAnonymousThrowable)
{
super.onFailure(paramAnonymousThrowable);
OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this.c.sendEmptyMessage(0);
}
public void onSuccess(int paramAnonymousInt, e paramAnonymouse)
{
super.onSuccess(paramAnonymousInt, paramAnonymouse);
if (paramAnonymouse != null)
{
u.logBigData(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.a(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this), "===ymq:" + paramAnonymouse.toString());
OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this.b = ((OIInvoiceListModel)com.alibaba.fastjson.a.parseObject(paramAnonymouse + "", OIInvoiceListModel.class));
if (OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this.stubError.getVisibility() == 0) {
OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this.closeError(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this.llContentContainer, OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this.stubError);
}
if (OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this.b != null)
{
OwnerInvoiceListActivity.a(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this, OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this.b.invoiceList);
OwnerInvoiceListActivity.b(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this);
}
return;
}
af.showToast(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this, "返回数据为空");
}
});
return;
com.ziroom.commonlibrary.login.a.startLoginActivity(this);
}
}
public void initView()
{
this.g = new a();
this.lvOwnerInvoices.setAdapter(this.g);
}
public void onBackPressed()
{
setResult(999);
super.onBackPressed();
}
protected void onCreate(Bundle paramBundle)
{
super.onCreate(paramBundle);
this.e = this;
setContentView(2130903409);
this.a = ButterKnife.bind(this);
b();
initView();
initData();
}
protected void onDestroy()
{
this.a.unbind();
super.onDestroy();
}
@Instrumented
protected void onNewIntent(Intent paramIntent)
{
VdsAgent.onNewIntent(this, paramIntent);
super.onNewIntent(paramIntent);
b();
initData();
}
@OnClick({2131690078})
public void onViewClicked() {}
@OnClick({2131690078, 2131689541})
public void onViewClicked(View paramView)
{
switch (paramView.getId())
{
default:
return;
}
finish();
}
static class ViewHolder
{
@BindView(2131695517)
TextView btnDownloadInvoice;
@BindView(2131695511)
TextView btnOpenInvoice;
@BindView(2131695516)
LinearLayout llContainerDownloadInvoice;
@BindView(2131695512)
LinearLayout llContainerNotOpen;
@BindView(2131695509)
LinearLayout llContainerOpen;
@BindView(2131695518)
LinearLayout llContainerReason;
@BindView(2131692012)
TextView ownerInvoiceName;
@BindView(2131695513)
TextView ownerInvoicePriceNotOpen;
@BindView(2131695510)
TextView ownerInvoicePriceOpen;
@BindView(2131695508)
TextView ownerInvoiceStatus;
@BindView(2131695515)
TextView ownerInvoiceTime;
@BindView(2131695514)
TextView ownerInvoiceType;
@BindView(2131695519)
TextView tvInvoiceReason;
ViewHolder(View paramView)
{
ButterKnife.bind(this, paramView);
}
}
class a
extends BaseAdapter
{
OwnerInvoiceListActivity.ViewHolder a;
a() {}
public int getCount()
{
if (OwnerInvoiceListActivity.c(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this) == null) {
return 0;
}
return OwnerInvoiceListActivity.c(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this).size();
}
public Object getItem(int paramInt)
{
return OwnerInvoiceListActivity.c(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this).get(paramInt);
}
public long getItemId(int paramInt)
{
return paramInt;
}
public View getView(int paramInt, View paramView, final ViewGroup paramViewGroup)
{
if (paramView == null)
{
paramView = View.inflate(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.d(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this), 2130904419, null);
this.a = new OwnerInvoiceListActivity.ViewHolder(paramView);
paramView.setTag(this.a);
paramViewGroup = (OIInvoiceListModel.InvoiceListBean)OwnerInvoiceListActivity.c(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this).get(paramInt);
this.a.ownerInvoiceName.setText(paramViewGroup.feeName);
if (!paramViewGroup.applyButton) {
break label231;
}
this.a.ownerInvoiceStatus.setVisibility(8);
this.a.llContainerOpen.setVisibility(0);
this.a.llContainerNotOpen.setVisibility(8);
this.a.ownerInvoicePriceOpen.setText("" + paramViewGroup.amount);
this.a.btnOpenInvoice.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Instrumented
public void onClick(View paramAnonymousView)
{
VdsAgent.onClick(this, paramAnonymousView);
paramAnonymousView = new Intent(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.d(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this), OwnerInvoiceOpenActivity.class);
paramAnonymousView.putExtra("hireContractCode", OwnerInvoiceListActivity.e(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this));
paramAnonymousView.putExtra("beautyContractCode", OwnerInvoiceListActivity.f(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this));
paramAnonymousView.putExtra("feeCode", paramViewGroup.feeCode);
paramAnonymousView.putExtra("applyCode", paramViewGroup.applyCode);
OwnerInvoiceListActivity.d(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this).startActivity(paramAnonymousView);
}
});
label162:
if (!paramViewGroup.downButton) {
break label356;
}
this.a.llContainerDownloadInvoice.setVisibility(0);
label180:
if (!ae.isNull(paramViewGroup.rejectReason)) {
break label371;
}
this.a.llContainerReason.setVisibility(8);
}
for (;;)
{
paramView.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Instrumented
public void onClick(View paramAnonymousView)
{
VdsAgent.onClick(this, paramAnonymousView);
if (!paramViewGroup.applyButton)
{
paramAnonymousView = new Intent(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.d(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this), OwnerInvoiceDetailActivity.class);
paramAnonymousView.putExtra("beautyContractCode", OwnerInvoiceListActivity.f(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this));
paramAnonymousView.putExtra("hireContractCode", OwnerInvoiceListActivity.e(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this));
paramAnonymousView.putExtra("applyCode", paramViewGroup.applyCode);
OwnerInvoiceListActivity.d(OwnerInvoiceListActivity.this).startActivity(paramAnonymousView);
}
}
});
return paramView;
this.a = ((OwnerInvoiceListActivity.ViewHolder)paramView.getTag());
break;
label231:
this.a.ownerInvoiceStatus.setVisibility(0);
this.a.ownerInvoiceStatus.setText(paramViewGroup.statusName);
this.a.llContainerOpen.setVisibility(8);
this.a.llContainerNotOpen.setVisibility(0);
this.a.ownerInvoicePriceNotOpen.setText("" + paramViewGroup.amount);
this.a.ownerInvoiceStatus.setText(paramViewGroup.statusName);
this.a.ownerInvoiceType.setText(paramViewGroup.type);
this.a.ownerInvoiceTime.setText(paramViewGroup.applyDate);
break label162;
label356:
this.a.llContainerDownloadInvoice.setVisibility(8);
break label180;
label371:
this.a.llContainerReason.setVisibility(0);
this.a.tvInvoiceReason.setText("驳回原因：" + paramViewGroup.rejectReason);
}
}
}
}
/* Location: /Users/gaoht/Downloads/zirom/classes3-dex2jar.jar!/com/ziroom/ziroomcustomer/my/OwnerInvoiceListActivity.class
* Java compiler version: 6 (50.0)
* JD-Core Version: 0.7.1
*/
| 31,516 |
3348959_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,997 | 2,649 |
[EDITOR'S NOTE: This case is unpublished as indicated by the issuing court.] MEMORANDUM OF DECISION STATEMENT OF THE CASE
This is an appeal from the assessment of damages levied by the plaintiff for the taking of the defendant's property at 475 Forbes Avenue in New Haven. The property contains a gas station, donut shop, and used car lot and was in full operation on the date of the taking, January 4, 2002. The taking is part of the mammoth project undertaken by the State to create a ten lane bridge over the Quinnipiac River, necessitating large scale land acquisitions for bridge approaches and ramps.
The plaintiff commissioner assessed damages for this total taking at $317,120.00. At trial, the plaintiff's appraiser, John LoMonte, gave his opinion that the market value at taking was $380,600, reduced by $62,880 for environmental remediation costs.
The defendant-appellant presented two appraisals and the two appraisers who prepared them. Patrick Wellspeak set the market value at $630,000 without consideration of any remediation expense. Peter Kilbride's opinion was that the market value was $557,120, including the remediation estimate.
The issue of the environmental remediation cost, its use by the appraisers and its consideration by the court will be addressed below.
DISCUSSION
With a gap of almost 100 percent between the plaintiff's and the defendant's proposals, a detailed review of the appraisals and court testimony is dictated. Fortunately, the court is familiar with the subject property and several of the comparable sales properties utilized by the experts. A viewing of the subject was conducted after the hearing.
The sale comparables and the subjective "adjustments" applied by the users present concerns for the court. CT Page 15555
Mr. Kilbride utilized two sets of comparables, three to illustrate the prices of land and three to portray comparable gas station sales.
Of the land sales, the first is of a parcel purchased by the adjoining property owner to enhance the operation of his long established successful business. The second sale, about a mile from the first, had housed a failed donut shop, was purchased for a fast food operation and occupies a very desirable corner, across the street from the first gas station comparable used by Mr. Kilbride. The third "land sale comparable" is of a parcel used for retail stores a stone's throw from the subject property.
The adjustments and comparisons in the "lands sales grid" of Exhibits 1 2 invite questions. Under "location," the appraiser describes the first and third parcels as "equivalent" to the subject. He makes only a 10% adjustment in favor of one of the busiest intersections in the area.
The subject property is not inviting to westbound traffic on Forbes Avenue, coming off of Frontage Road. At this point, Forbes Avenue is four lanes wide, two in each direction, causing users to take an awkward route across two lines of through traffic. Similarly, only northbound traffic on Townsend Avenue can comfortably reach the subject site during normal business hours.
Both of the plaintiffs and the defendant's appellant's appraisals include a site sketch of the subject property. These sketches are inaccurate and reflect the condition of Forbes Avenue in front of the subject property when it was a divided highway with a long traffic divider and a single traffic cut opposite the area of the pump island. This made access even more difficult for westbound traffic and has not existed for a substantial period of time.
The gas station site across from the subject property has been inoperative for years and is an eye sore. The adjoining used car operation is just that — an ugly used car lot. It is not a parcel with pleasing aesthetics and inferior in general location to all three comparable land sales, yet only modest adjustments are made by the appraiser to reflect its weaknesses.
When the three gas station comparables are examined we see what appear to be substantial adjustments in toto, but which are puzzling when broke down. Comparable #1 is again the Route 80 — Quinnipiac Avenue corner. It earns only a 10% adjustment for location! Similarly, a 10% adjustment for the structure sums ludicrous when one views the two sites. The same must be said for the two Whalley Avenue comparables. The court cannot accept the CT Page 15556 appraiser's final premise: That with adjusted sale prices ranging from $530,000 to $705,500, "the subject value is more reflective of the upper end of the range at $620,000." In brief, the adjustments in favor of the comparables do not square with reality. They may also be revealing fallacies to this method of appraising.
Mr. Kilbride also offered the opinion that the subject's market value was $665,000.00, using the income capitalization approach. The court had difficulty with his computation, in that he relied too heavily on "estimates" and the unsupported or unexplained data cannot be accepted at face value.
For example, many of the expense items are estimates. Looking at this operation, one seriously doubts the owner devotes almost $6,000 to "management." The gallonage figures would have to be supported for the court to accept them, particularly when compared to some of the comparables — 125 Foxon Boulevard is a good starting point.
Recognizing the impact on the result of the capitalization rate when this method of appraisal is used, the court is not prepared to accept the end result which would place this site in the galaxy of super stations.
The manner in which sales comparables are used by Mr. Wellspeak in his appraisal (Exhibit 3) also creates concerns for the court.
In two of five comparables used, he does not adhere to the usual practice of working from the reported sales price before applying adjustments. Instead, he adds to the actual price an amount to create an inflated sales price. In one case, he adds the amount a station owner told him he spent to improve his property. In the other, he adds the amount the owner told him he would spend to improve his property.
While the court expects any appraisals to contain material one could classify as hearsay, the use of these amounts in this fashion raises questions well beyond hearsay concerns.
In the first instance, his sale #3 (page 34), the addition is $400,000. The end result is a "garage — snack shop — gas" (station). We have no idea whether the work performed replaced an existing feature or amounts to an addition to what existed. We don't know how much of this could be described as an "over improvement" — an expenditure over and above the actual need but catering to the owner's particular likes or dislikes. And, of course, we don't know if it was actually spent. In his sale #1, 863 North High Street, East Haven, the appraiser raises the "sale price" by $200,000 to reflect the owner's announced intentions. CT Page 15557 Apparently, an even larger figure for the planned improvements was reported to Mr. LoMonte.
When this property was bought, it was a garage building containing two repair bays and lifts and an office area. It was solely a garage and gas station when it closed. It is now being converted to a convenience store which will pump gas as well. However, we have nothing, save for the owner's reported statements, to support the claim that the sums will be spent. We do not know what it will be spent on, or even if it will be spent.
In applying adjustments to these comparables, Mr. Wellspeak makes some questionable computations. His sale #5, 125 Foxon Boulevard, receives only a 10% plus adjustment over the subject property for location, for example. It should be noted that the "location" adjustment chart in the appraisal states it is not a corner location. It is on the corner of Route 80 and Quinnipiac Avenue. Then, sales #1 and #3, having had their "sale price" increased as noted above are further adjusted so that #1 is downgraded a net 30%, 35% for location, in favor of the subject. Then, #3 is upgraded over the subject a net 45%.
Were these adjustments applied to the actual purchase prices of #1 and #3, we would be looking at comparables in the area of $200,00 to $300,000. The appraiser, however, only uses sale prices to arrive at "sale price/unit," i.e., per square foot. Thus, with sales #1 and #3 inflated by two thirds and almost 100% respectively, these elevated "per unit" prices are utilized to justify the conclusion that the subject property has a market value of $630,000.00, based on a per square foot value of $360. As set out in the chart facing page 34, the five comparable sales reflect "final adjusted sale price/unit (square foot) of $396.00, 343.00, 404.00 ($412.00 is stated in the "conclusion" on page 38), $373.00 and $361.00. These average out to $375.00.
But the appraiser then makes some further adjustments without outlining their extent and comes up with the $360 per square foot figure he applies to reach $630,000. This "conclusion" (page 38) is seriously flawed in the court's view as it again treats with adjustments already laid out in the page 34 chart — location and overall physical characteristics (including building age and condition, size, quality/appeal, and functional utility).
Having already adjusted for up to 50% in these two areas, the "conclusion" again addresses them, makes comparisons and arrives at the $360 figure.
The court does not find the process employed here to be credible or reasonable and must reject the conclusion with its accompanying value. CT Page 15558
II
The plaintiff's appraiser was questioned extensively about his use of comparable sales in Cromwell and Southington. The court too had some doubts about their relevance. However, after hearing Mr. LoMonte's explanations and examining his appraisal, the court concludes that his evaluation is reasonable. His market value of this property is $380,000.00, subject to the court's treatment of the environmental problem.
Ignoring that item and examining all the evidence before it, one is struck by the fact that the subject facility is old, ugly, backs up against 1-95, and has an eyesore facing it. When it is compared to the properties used by the appraisers, its purchase at the suggested price could only be justified by its generating a lot of money, and that has not been demonstrated to be a factor in its evaluation.
One of the defendant's appraisers (Kilbride) described its acquisition in 1997 for $598,500 as an "arm's length transaction." Mr. Wellspeak indicted "this was a related party transaction. The fact that it was conveyed by Quit Claim deed supports the latter view. Thus, the court is not impressed by this purchase price, especially after the assessment by the City of New Haven is examined, that figure was $370,000.00.
III
The treatment of the environmental cleanup cost is the final item the court must consider. As noted above, appraisals are typically pregnant with hearsay implications. The information in dispute is detailed and bears the indicia of reliability. Such a condition as is described is one that is properly a charge against property which reduces is fair market value.
The only point of departure on this item is the added 20% over cost without explanation. Consequently, the court rejects the $62,880 claimed but feels the $52,400 is a proper item in diminution of market value.
CONCLUSION I
The court finds the market value of the subject property to be $380,000 and that the sum of $52,400 is a proper reduction of that value. Damages are therefore assessed at $327,600.00.
II CT Page 15559
Since the damages assessed above reflect an increment over the Commissioner's assessment, the defendant — owner is entitled to "such appraisal fees as such trial referee determines to be reasonable." (Sec.13a-76). The court heard no evidence on this subject except for the amounts requested. One of the appraisers testified under a subpoena. It would appear that a hearing must be scheduled unless the parties agree to a submission via affidavit. CT Page 15560.
| 476 |
https://github.com/vivek2007/sharetribe/blob/master/spec/controllers/admin/communities/footer_controller_spec.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
PostgreSQL, Ruby, ImageMagick
| 2,022 |
sharetribe
|
vivek2007
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 254 | 899 |
require 'spec_helper'
describe Admin::Communities::FooterController, type: :controller do
let(:community) { FactoryGirl.create(:community) }
let(:plan) do
{
expired: false,
features: {
whitelabel: true,
admin_email: true,
footer: true
}
}
end
before(:each) do
@request.host = "#{community.ident}.lvh.me"
@request.env[:current_marketplace] = community
@request.env[:current_plan] = plan
user = create_admin_for(community)
sign_in_for_spec(user)
end
describe "#update" do
it 'works' do
params = {"community" =>
{"footer_theme" => "light",
"footer_enabled" => 1,
"footer_menu_links_attributes" =>
{"0" =>
{"id" => "",
"entity_type" => "for_footer",
"sort_priority" => "0",
"_destroy" => "false",
"translation_attributes" =>
{"en"=>{"title"=>"ccc", "url"=>"http://example.com"}}}},
"footer_copyright" => "Sample",
"social_links_attributes" =>
{"0" =>
{"id" => "",
"sort_priority" => "0",
"provider" => "youtube",
"enabled" => "1",
"url" => "hoho"},
"1" =>
{"id" => "",
"sort_priority" => "1",
"provider" => "facebook",
"enabled" => "0",
"url" => ""},
"2" =>
{"id" => "",
"sort_priority" => "2",
"provider" => "twitter",
"enabled" => "0",
"url" => ""},
"3" =>
{"id" => "",
"sort_priority" => "3",
"provider" => "instagram",
"enabled" => "0",
"url" => ""},
"4" =>
{"id" => "",
"sort_priority" => "4",
"provider" => "googleplus",
"enabled" => "0",
"url" => ""},
"5" =>
{"id" => "",
"sort_priority" => "5",
"provider" => "linkedin",
"enabled" => "0",
"url" => ""},
"6" =>
{"id" => "",
"sort_priority" => "6",
"provider" => "pinterest",
"enabled" => "0",
"url" => ""},
"7" =>
{"id" => "",
"sort_priority" => "7",
"provider" => "soundcloud",
"enabled" => "0",
"url" => ""}
}
}
}
expect(community.footer_menu_links.count).to eq 0
expect(community.social_links.count).to eq 0
expect(community.footer_enabled).to eq false
put :update, params: params
expect(community.footer_enabled).to eq true
expect(community.reload.footer_menu_links.count).to eq 1
expect(community.social_links.count).to eq 8
expect(community.social_links.enabled.count).to eq 1
expect(community.social_links.first.provider).to eq 'youtube'
end
end
end
| 36,506 |
US-80368204-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,004 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,333 | 8,928 |
Delivering resin for forming fastener products
ABSTRACT
Methods and machines for making fastener products having molded projections or other molded features carried on a surface feature transferring resin in discrete doses through an orifice defined in an outer surface of a rotating die wheel.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to methods and machines for making fastener products.
BACKGROUND
Fastener products, such as hook components of hook-and-loop fasteners, or other projections for releasable engagement into a cooperating material, are often manufactured by a continuous molding method employing a cylindrical mold roll which has fastener-shaped mold cavities formed in its periphery. Often the mold roll is formed of an axially compressed stack of ring-form mold plates. In operation, molten polymer from an extruder is introduced into a pressure zone in which the molten polymer is forced under high pressure into the fastener cavities of the mold roll, to mold fastener elements, e.g., hooks, or stems from which fastener elements are later formed, integrally with a base layer. In some cases the pressure zone is a nip formed by a mold roll and an adjacent pressure roll. In other configurations the pressure zone is formed between a conforming stationary pressure head and a mold roll.
For some applications, it is desirable that the fastener elements of the product be arranged only in discrete areas, and that the pattern of such areas be of a specific configuration.
Further improvements in methods and machines for making fastener products are desirable. It is desirable that the improved methods be readily and efficiently adaptable with current manufacturing methods and equipment, thus eliminating or greatly reducing the need for large expenditures in new equipment.
SUMMARY
Several aspects of the invention feature new methods and machines for making fastener products having molded projections or other molded features carried on a surface. The new methods and machines feature transferring resin in discrete doses, or charges through an orifice defined in an outer surface of a rotating die wheel.
One aspect of the invention features an apparatus for making fastener products having an array of male fastener elements formed of resin. The apparatus includes a mold roll that defines an array of cavities extending inwardly from an outer surface thereof. A counter-rotating pressure roll is positioned adjacent the mold roll to define a pressure nip. A rotating die wheel defines an extrusion orifice in an outer surface thereof and the die wheel is positioned so as to transfer extruded resin into the pressure nip in discrete regions corresponding to doses of resin extruded through the orifice. The discrete regions of resin are laminated to a carrier sheet and pressed into multiple cavities of the mold roll in the pressure nip to form at least the stems of the fastener elements. The base of the resin is formed on the surface of the mold roll and interconnects the fastener element stems.
Another aspect of the invention features a method of making fastener products having an array of male fastener elements formed of resin. The method includes providing a mold roll that defines an array of cavities extending inwardly from an outer surface thereof. The mold roll is positioned adjacent to a counter-rotating pressure roll to define a pressure nip. Moldable resin is extruded in discrete doses through an orifice defined in an outer surface of a rotating die wheel. The extruded resin is transferred into the pressure nip in such a manner that the resin is transferred into the nip in discrete regions corresponding to the doses of extruded resin. The resin is laminated to a carrier sheet and the regions of resin are pressed into multiple cavities of the mold roll in the pressure nip to form at least the stems of the fastener elements. The base of the resin is formed on the surface of the mold roll and interconnects the fastener element stems. Stripping the resin from the mold roll surface on the carrier sheet frees the fastener product.
In several implementations, the resin is transferred as a series of discrete regions spaced apart according to revolutions of the die wheel, or the resin is transferred as a multiple number of regions per revolution of the die wheel. In some embodiments, the die wheel defines multiple extrusion orifices and the extrusion orifices are spaced apart along a rotational axis of the die wheel. In some implementations, the extrusion orifices are spaced apart about a circumference of the die wheel, such that multiple discrete regions of resin are transferred per revolution of the die wheel.
In certain implementations, the resin is extruded at such a rate that causes adjacent doses of resin to merge on the carrier sheet. In another implementation, adjacent doses merge under nip pressure to form the base as a contiguous layer of resin.
In specific embodiments, multiple extrusion orifices are arranged adjacent one another in a grouping, such that doses of resin from the orifices in the grouping are transferred into the pressure nip in a pattern of an overall shape determined by a shape of the grouping of orifices in the die wheel. In another specific embodiment, the adjacent doses of resin in the transferred pattern merge to fill the overall pattern shape with a contiguous layer of resin.
In some implementations, the orifice extends through the die wheel between two openings at the outer surface of the die wheel, the die wheel rotating adjacent a source of pressurized molten resin cyclically exposed to the orifice, and the source of pressurized molten resin comprises an extrusion shoe forming a seal against the die wheel. The two openings can be, for example, disposed on opposite sides of the die wheel, and the two openings can rotate within parallel planes spaced apart along a rotational axis of the die wheel, the orifice extending at an acute angle to the rotational axis. In another implementation, the orifice extends between an opening at an outer surface of the die wheel and an opening at an inner surface of the die wheel, the die wheel defining therein a reservoir containing pressurized, molten resin.
In some embodiments, the die wheel includes a rotating sleeve disposed about a rotationally stationary cylinder defining an outer opening in hydraulic communication with the die wheel reservoir, the die wheel rotating to cyclically align the orifice and outer opening, and the outer opening of the cylinder includes a longitudinal slot.
In preferred implementations, the method further includes adjusting a rotational orientation of the cylinder to position an extrusion orientation of the die wheel. The resin can be, for example, carried into the pressure nip on the carrier sheet. In a specific implementation, the carrier sheet is trained about the rotating die wheel, and the resin is wiped onto the carrier sheet from the outer surface of the rotating die wheel. In some implementations, the carrier sheet passes through a nip defined between the die wheel and a counter-rotating roller.
In several embodiments, the resin is transferred into the pressure nip by first being transferred from the outer surface of the die wheel to the outer surface of the mold roll, and then carried into the pressure nip by rotation of the mold roll, or the resin is transferred into the pressure nip by first being transferred from the outer surface of the die wheel to an outer surface of the pressure roll, and then carried into the pressure nip by rotation of the pressure roll.
In specific implementations, the resin is laminated to the carrier sheet in the pressure nip, the carrier sheet being carried into the nip between the resin and the mold roll, pressure in the nip forcing the resin through the carrier sheet to fill the mold roll cavities.
In some implementations, the method further includes forming engageable heads on distal ends of the fastener element stems. The mold roll can, for example, include cavities that are shaped to mold the engageable heads. In some implementations, the heads are formed by deforming distal ends of the mold stems, after stripping the resin from the mold roll surface.
Another aspect of the invention features a method of making fastener products having an array of male fastener elements formed of resin. The method includes providing a mold roll that defines an array of cavities extending inwardly from an outer surface thereof. The mold roll positioned adjacent a counter-rotating pressure roll to define a pressure nip. Moldable resin is extruded as discrete doses through an orifice defined in an outer surface of a rotating die wheel, the extruding occurs at such a rate that the discrete doses at least partially merge. The resin is transferred into the pressure nip and pressed so that the at least partially merged doses of resin enter the multiple cavities of the mold roll in the pressure nip to form at least the stems of the fastener elements. A contiguous base of resin is formed on the surface of the mold roll that interconnects the fastener element stems.
Another aspect of the invention features a method of making fastener products having an array of male fastener elements formed of resin. The method includes providing a mold roll that defines an array of cavities extending inwardly from an outer surface thereof. Molded resin is extruded through an orifice defined in an outer surface of a rotatable die wheel while the die wheel is stationary (i.e., not rotating). The extruded resin is transferred into the pressure nip, and pressed into multiple cavities of the mold roll in the pressure nip to form at least the stems of the fastener elements. A base of the resin on the surface of the mold roll, the base interconnecting the fastener element stems, and the resin is laminated to a carrier sheet.
In specific implementations, the outer surface defines a plurality of orifices, producing a fastener product with discrete strips of fastener elements along a first direction upon the carrier sheet, the discrete strips being contiguous in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction. In another embodiment, the resin falls through a distance, for example, 0.5 to 36 inch (1.27-91.44 cm), onto the mold roll under the influence of gravity.
Another aspect of the invention features a method of making fastener products having an array of male fastener elements formed of resin. The method includes providing a mold roll that defines an array of cavities extending inwardly from an outer surface thereof. Molten resin is deposited upon the outer surface of the mold roll under substantially atmospheric pressure conditions while the mold roll rotates so that the molten resin remains substantially on the outer surface of the mold roll. The resin is transferred into the pressure nip, and optionally laminated to a carrier sheet. The resin is pressed into multiple cavities of the mold roll in the pressure nip to form at least the stems of the fastener elements, while forming a base of the resin on the surface of the mold roll, the base interconnecting the fastener element stems.
In specific implementations, the resin is transferred into the nip in discrete regions corresponding to discrete doses of extruded resin.
The new methods and machines disclosed herein are useful in making fastener products, particularly products with fastener elements arranged in only discrete areas.
It has been discovered that, under controlled conditions, applying molten resin to a moving surface that carries the resin into the forming nip, can advantageously precondition the resin for molding. The surface cooling of the resin as it is traveling into the nip, if properly controlled, can provide certain benefits while still allowing proper cavity filling. For example, some surface cooling may reduce the longitudinal orienting of polymer chains as the resin is drawn into the nip, improving longitudinal tear resistance. With moderate pre-nip cooling, some resins may be less likely to strike through to the opposite face of a carrier web, for applications in which full penetration is not desirable. This can enable the use of lighter, more open materials in such processes. When resin is transferred from a rotating die wheel directly to a mold roll or pressure roll at such a rate that adjacent doses of resin at least partially merge, particularly thin fastener products with contiguous base layers can be prepared which do not need a sheet material and which may exhibit a lower tendency for tear propagation in the production direction. Furthermore, the apparatus disclosed herein can be configured for rapid reconfiguration of the resin transfer pattern, simply by replacement or modification of the rotating die wheel.
The systems and methods described herein can allow for operating at high speeds to achieve high production rates. It is noted that the faster the speed, the less the pre-delivered resin is subjected to cooling conditions of the chilled mold roll. With other conditions the same, a lower resin viscosity is achievable upon arrival at the forming nip, which can decrease the required calender pressure of the nip from that required at slower speeds.
The systems and methods described herein can also be employed to advantage in the transfer of resin in discrete regions onto a carrier web for purposes other than the formation of fastener products. For example, discrete regions with or without fastener elements can be used advantageously to alter the stretch properties of the carrier sheet.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a molding stack featuring a rotating die wheel die that includes an end fed rotating sleeve.
FIG. 1A is an enlarged view of area 1A shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of one of the cavities of the mold roll shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a mold cavity shaped to form a preform fastener element.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a rotating, multiple-orifice die wheel sleeve.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a castellated preform fastener element.
FIG. 5A is a top view of an array of the fastener elements formed from the preforms shown in FIG. 5, after formation of nodular heads from the castellations.
FIG. 6 is a side view of a machine for heating and modifying preform fastener elements to form functional fastener elements.
FIG. 7 is an exploded side view of an end fed rotating die wheel.
FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of the die wheel shown in FIG. 7, taken along line 7A-7A.
FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of the die wheel shown in FIG. 7, taken along line 7B-7B.
FIG. 7C is an enlarged view of area 7C shown in FIG. 7.
FIG. 7D is a cross-sectional view of a rotating sleeve showing flow channel geometry.
FIG. 7E is a cross-sectional view of an alternative rotating sleeve showing flow channel.
FIG. 8 is a back view of the rotating die wheel die shown in FIG. 1, looking into die housing.
FIG. 9 is a top view of an exemplary fastener product.
FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view of the fastener product shown in FIG. 9, taken along line 9A-9A.
FIG. 10 is a top view of another exemplary fastener product made from the die shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of resin being delivered to a mold roll under the influence of gravity.
FIG. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the multiple-orifice wheel sleeve shown in FIG. 4 delivering molten resin to a mold roll.
FIG. 11A is an enlarged view of area 11A shown in FIG. 11.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an alternative rotating, multiple-orifice die wheel sleeve.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a molding stack featuring a rotating die wheel die that includes an end fed rotating sleeve delivering molten resin to a sheet material trained about a pressure roll.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a molding stack featuring a rotating die wheel die that includes an end fed rotating sleeve delivering molten resin to a sheet material trained about the mold roll.
FIG. 14A is an enlarged view of area 14A shown in FIG. 14.
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a molding stack featuring a rotating die wheel die that includes an end fed rotating sleeve delivering molten resin to a mold roll, the resin being extruded at a rate that causes adjacent doses of resin to merge together.
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a calender stack featuring a throat fed rotating die wheel die delivering molten resin to a mold roll.
FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a throat fed rotating die wheel die shown in FIG. 16.
FIG. 17A is a perspective view of the rotating die wheel shown in FIG. 17 disassembled from the housing.
FIG. 18 is a top view of an exemplary fastener product made from the die shown in FIG. 17.
FIG. 18A is a side view of the fastener product shown in FIG. 18, taken along line 18A-18A.
FIG. 18B is an enlarged view of area 18B shown in FIG. 18A.
FIG. 19 is a side view of an alternative throat fed rotating die wheel.
FIG. 20 is a top view of an exemplary fastener product made from the die shown in FIG. 19.
FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the die shown in FIG. 17 delivering molten resin to a cylindrical transfer roll.
FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of the die shown in FIG. 17 delivering molten resin to a transfer belt.
FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of the die shown in FIG. 17 with a sheet material trained about it.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIGS. 1-4, an apparatus for forming a sheet material having molded features on its surface includes a die 100 that includes a rotating cylindrical sleeve 103 that delivers discrete doses of resin 111 to a mold roll 104 through apertures 105 defined in an outer surface of the rotating sleeve 103. Die 100 is connected to an extruder (not shown) that delivers molten resin to an end 109 of the cylindrical sleeve 103 through flexible tubing 107. A pressure nip N is formed between a rotating pressure roll 102, and a cooled, rotating mold roll 104. Sheet material 130 is introduced to the pressure nip N, as is molten resin 108 by rotation of mold roll 104. The pressure in the nip N fills multiple inwardly extending cavities 101 of mold roll 104 to form fastener elements, while base 112 is formed on the surface of the mold roll 104. The pressure and heat in the nip N laminates base 112 to sheet material 130. Stripping the fastener elements from the mold roll 104 by stripping roll 116 frees fastener product 117. Further forming action, for example, “flat-topping” of the distal ends of the fastener elements or preforms, can occur between rolls 118 and 120. Flat-topping is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,797, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Rotation direction of each roll is indicated by arrows.
Referring to FIGS. 1A and 2A, some fastener elements are formed in the shape of loop-engageable hooks 110 that extend outwardly from and are integral with base 112. Referring to FIG. 3, in some other embodiments, mold roll 104 includes cavities 101′ in the form preform fastener elements intended to be subjected to further forming action. Other mold cavity shapes are also envisioned. For example, FIG. 5 shows a castellated preform 144 that can be readily molded, and then deformed by heat and/or pressure at the distal ends of its upper projections to form useful fastener elements, the heads of the resulting fastener elements shown in the fastener product top view of FIG. 5A. Further details regarding mold tooling are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,775,310, 6,163,939 and 6,131,251, the entire disclosure of each is incorporated in full by reference herein.
Referring to FIGS. 5, 5A and 6, a machine 158 for forming fastener heads 161 of fastener product 163 from preformed elements 144 with projections 159 includes a heating device 160, that heats only a portion P of the projections 159, leaving the remainder of the projections relatively cool and thus relatively rigid. Portion P is heated to a softening temperature, at which time it can be formed into a desired head shape. To ensure that only portion P is heated to the softening temperature, contact or non-contact heating techniques can be employed. Heating device 160 includes a non-contact heat source 162 that is capable of quickly elevating the temperature of material that is very close to the heat source, without significantly raising the temperature of material that is relatively further away from the heat source. After portion P of the projections 159 has been heated, the base passes between conformation roll 166 and drive roll 168. Conformation roll 166 forms the portion P of the stems into a desired head shape, while drive roll 168 advances the base and flattens it against roll 166 to enhance head uniformity. Generally, to obtain the desired forming temperature it is advantageous to chill the conformation roll, e.g., by running cold water through a channel 170 in the center of the roll, to counteract heating of the conformation roll by the heat from portion P of the stems. Additional details regarding this process are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/455,240 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,276, the entire disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Referring to FIGS. 7-8, rotating die wheel die 100 includes a rotating die wheel 200 that includes a rotating sleeve 103 that rotates over a stationary manifold 202. Manifold 202 sits upon shaft 204 that is inserted through manifold 204 via a channel 205 defined therethrough. Shaft 204 is mounted into a pair of mounts 206,208 and the mounts connect the die wheel 200 to die housing 210 (FIG. 8). Molten resin 108 enters the manifold through a hose 107 connected to a high pressure fitting 212 and flows through a channel 214 that terminates into a slit 216. Molten resin flows under pressure from the slit 216 through an aligned aperture 105 in sleeve 103. To maintain the resin in a molten state, manifold 202 is heated with three thermocouples 220. Referring now particularly to FIG. 7C, the spacing T between an inner surface 223 of sleeve 103 and an outer surface 221 of manifold 202 is maintained at less than about 0.005 inch (0.127 mm) to prevent leakage of plastic from the slit region. The spacing T employed depends in part upon the melt flow rate (MFR) of the resin used, as determined by ASTM test method D1238, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Generally, lower melt flow resins, e.g., 0.5 to about 5 g/10 minutes have a lower tendency to flash spacing T, while higher melt flow plastics, e.g., 20 to about 30 g/10 minutes have a higher tendency to flash spacing T. Referring back to FIG. 7 for more detail on the rotational portion 226 of die wheel 200. Rotational portion 226 is assembled upon shaft 204 by fixing manifold locators 230,232 in recess 234 using bolt 240. Drive 242 is fixed to sleeve 103 using screw 246. Drive 242 is connected to sprocket 250 that rides upon bearing 260 held in place with screws 261,263 by bearing retainer 262. Worm gear drive connector 270 allows for minor adjustments in the location of sleeve 103 relative to slit 216. Referring now to FIGS. 1, 7 and 8, sleeve 103 is rotated about stationary manifold by a motor 282 connected to sprocket 250 by chain 280, such rotation of sleeve 103 by slit 216 delivering molten resin to a surface, for example, a mold roll, in discrete doses through apertures 105 defined in an outer surface of the rotating sleeve 103.
Referring particularly to FIG. 7B, in some embodiments, slit thickness, t, and channel width, w, is 0.25 inch (0.635 cm) and 0.50 inch (1.27 cm), respectively. Although apertures 105 shown in FIGS. 4 and 7 are constant in cross-sectional area through the thickness of the sleeve, in some embodiments they are not. Referring particularly to FIGS. 7D and 7E, the cross-sectional area from an inner surface 223 to an outer surface 225 of the sleeves can change gradually, as shown in FIG. 7E, or it can change rapidly as a step, as shown in FIG. 7D. This change in cross-sectional area causes a pressure drop, and this can be advantageous when it is desired to deliver molten resin to a surface at low pressures. In a particular implementation, rotating sleeve 103′ has a thickness, a, of 0.093 inch (0.236 cm), an entrance width, b, of 0.032 inch (0.0813 cm), and an exit width, c, of 0.093 inch (0.236 cm).
In some instances, the cylindrical sleeve 103, is metal. In some instances, when it is desired to inhibit adhesion of molten resin to the cylindrical sleeve, the rotating cylindrical sleeve is made entirely of an adhesion-resistant material or is coated with an adhesion-resistant material, for instance, a fluoropolymer. Cylindrical rotating sleeve 103 can be fabricated by machining apertures in circular cross-section stock. Among various embodiments, the number of apertures range from about 2 to about 20 or more, e.g., 5, 10, 15 or more, e.g., 100 depending upon the size of the desired size of the deposits and spacing between them. In some embodiments, the apertures are closely spaced such that adjacent doses of resin at least partially merge.
In certain implementations, the turn rate of sleeve 103 is associated with a speed control device which functions independently of the speed of rotation of the mold roll 104 so that the surface speed of the sleeve may be equal to, faster than, or slower than the surface speed of the mold roll. This allows for design flexibility in the final product. For example, a differential speed can be maintained to cause the material to smear the deposit of resin onto a surface to obtain a particular shaped deposit. It is presently preferred for the surface speed of cylindrical sleeve 103 to be about two percent less than the surface speed of the mold roll to affect adequate transfer.
Referring to FIG. 11, during the time of rotation from position I to position II, a resin mass is gradually delivered by pressure flow to the surface of roll 104, available to be transferred at position III to the surface of mold roll. The flow of resin through the various apertures is aided by the phenomenon of “die swell”, i.e., the expansion of molten resin as it transitions from the high delivery pressure to atmospheric pressure. The effects cause molten resin to bulge outwardly, e.g., beyond the periphery of the sleeve as illustrated in FIG. 11. In the region of the line of centers of sleeve 103 and mold roll, the bulged resin is engaged by the roughness of mold roll surface. The cavities provide a functional degree of effective roughness or “graspiness” to the surface of mold roll 104 and, aid in the separation of the resin from cylindrical sleeve 103. It is not necessary that the transferred resin fill any portion of the cavities at this point, only that it cling to the surface of the mold roll.
Referring to FIG. 11A, with respect to applying the resin in advance of application of molding pressure, it is realized that the low thermal conductivity of the molten resin, the limited duration of contact of the resin with the mold roll surface between point of resin delivery and point of application of nip pressure, and the insulating quality of the air-filled mold cavities themselves combine to enable the successful later filling of the mold cavities with the applied resin. Thus we find it unnecessary, given the techniques described herein, to deliver molten resin directly to the mold nip, or to the cavities under pressure, as has been practiced in the past. The transferred resin 180 in regions 182 is subjected to a higher rate of cooling than the resin in regions 181 because regions 182 are in direct contact with the surface of the mold roll between adjacent cavities, whereas regions 181 have reduced thermal transfer characteristics because cavities 101 are filled with insulating air. This causes surface resin in regions 182 to be more solidified when entering the nip and therefore more resistant to shear flow and longitudinal polymer orientation. This can result in a fastener product with a lower tendency for tear propagation in the machine or production direction. Even so, it is presently preferred to position the point of application of the resin such that the resin is exposed to cooling for a time less than about 0.5 seconds before entering the nip, preferably less than about 0.1 second. At preferred line speeds, the point of application of the resin is spaced from the nip a distance of less than about 10 inches (25.4 cm), preferably less than 5 inches (12.70 cm). The presently preferred surface speed of the mold roll is at least 150 feet per minute (45.7 m/min), preferably more than 250 feet per minute (76.2 m/min).
Referring back to FIG. 1, the transferred resin is introduced to a sheet material 130 in the nip. The sheet material can be a woven, non-woven, or a knit material. The sheet material can also be a foam, a film, a paper web, a polycoated paper web, a composite web, such as webs that include one or more elastomeric films. The parameters of the process can be selected to advantageously deliver partially solidified resin to the nip. This can be particularly useful with relatively open materials (e.g., fabrics) to lessen the tendency for excessive penetration of the resin into the material and to prevent strike-through of resin through the complete thickness of the material. Thus, a textile sheet material to which molded formations are laminated can more closely retain its original properties, while using less resin.
In particular examples, the above technique is advantageously employed to apply molded features upon thin, spun bonded fabrics that heretofore have not been considered suitable to process for many end products. This is important since, in many fields, such as personal care products, medical sheets used for wrappings, clothing, and drapes, thinner, less expensive and more pliant webs are desired. The integrity of the molded base layer can enable the application of substantial demold forces even where very thin materials serve as a backing. Retention of the integrity of the resin base layer under neighboring hooks helps ensure that the layer has sufficient strength to enable demolding of complex shapes. In this manner hooks having highly aggressive profiles and preform stems of complex shape that resist demolding can be formed onto thin and relatively weak substrate materials.
Allowing the resin to cool slightly as it travels on the mold roll surface before entering the nip reduces the overall exposure of the sheet material to hot molten resin. Heretofore, many sheet materials for in-situ lamination were restricted to relatively expensive polyesters or other temperature-resistant resins. The methods described herein can enable the use of lower cost materials or strands as supporting material, such as those formed of fibers of polypropylene, polyethylene or blends, in place of temperature resistant resins such as polyester.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 12, in one mode of rotational operation, the sleeve has circumferential arrays of apertures of desired form at desired circumferential spacings and the sleeve is turned continuously about the stationary slit 216 to bring individual apertures of each array in sequence into registry with slit 216, by which each aperture of sleeve 400 in turn receives a flow of resin and forms a deposit on the mold roll of shape determined by the contour of the aperture, e.g., circular in cross-section or triangular in cross-section. In some implementations, the apertures are shaped like an ellipse in cross-section so that the deposits of resin form circular deposits after passing through the nip. Here the sleeve is effectively a printing roll that forms deposits of molten resin of desired peripheral size and shape. Referring to FIGS. 9, 9A and 12, if the sleeve shown had only the two apertures of row A₅, the resulting product would look like that shown in FIGS. 9 and 9A. The spacing S₅ in this particular example is 2πr, where r is the radius of the sleeve and the spacing S₆ in the product is the distance along the rotational axis between the center of the apertures in sleeve 400 as shown in FIG. 12.
In another mode of operation, sleeve 400 is held stationary (i.e., motor 282 is de-energized) at a suitable position to deliver a continuous flow of resin to the mold roll surface through selected apertures in the sleeve 400. By adjustment of the position of sleeve 103, a desired row of apertures A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄ and A₅ can be brought into registry with slit 216. Then, with sleeve 400 held stationary, continual streams of resin of desired width and location can be produced and transferred to the mold roll. Referring to FIGS. 10 and 12, if sleeve 400 is held stationary with the slit in registry with R₅, the resulting product would look like that shown in FIG. 10. The spacing S₆ in the product is the distance along the rotational axis between the center of the apertures in sleeve 400 as shown in FIG. 12. Referring to FIG. 10A, in some implementations, continual streams of resin of desired width and location can fall under the influence of gravity upon the mold roll. While the molding stack of FIG. 10A is shown with all rolls in a line, in some embodiments, they are staggered to accommodate the resin supply devices, e.g., devices that apply discrete doses of resin upon the surface of the mold roll, and material entry paths of the various systems mentioned herein.
Referring now to FIG. 13, rather than resin being transferred from sleeve 103 to mold roll 104, it can be delivered directly to sheet material 130 that is trained about pressure roll 102. In some implementations, the insulating properties of the sheet material 130 can be advantageously used to deliver resin that is solidified at the sheet material/resin interface, but is molten above that so that the pressure of the nip can fill the cavities of the mold roll. This type of prenip delivery can be used to produce fastener products that show a lesser tendency for rip propagation in the machine direction due to less machine direction orientation that results from partially solidified resin at the material/resin interface.
Referring to FIG. 14, a molding stack with a vertical nip plane V_(N) is shown and illustrates that rather than resin being transferred by sleeve 103 to the mold roll 104, it can be delivered directly to the pressure roll 102, and then delivered to the nip N by rotation of pressure roll 102. In this embodiment, the sheet material is a relatively porous type of material (e.g., a scrim material) such that when the molten resin and the sheet material come together in the nip N, the pressure therein forces the resin completely through the sheet material to mold fastener elements on the other side. A cross-sectional view of the resulting fastener product is shown in FIG. 14A. Such porous sheet materials are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/688,301, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Referring to FIG. 15, resin can be transferred from sleeve 103 to mold roll 104 at such a rate that adjacent doses of resin at least partially merge on mold roll 104. After passing through pressure nip N, one contiguous sheet of fastener elements is formed. This method can be used to produce fastener products with particularly thin bases 112. In addition, this method can be used advantageously to produce fastener products with a lower tendency for tear propagation in the machine direction since the molten resin being in contact with mold roll 104 is cooled more relative to that not in contact with the mold roll as discussed above. As shown in FIG. 15, the base may be optionally laminated to a carrier sheet.
Referring to FIGS. 16-17A, die 500 includes two side plates 502,504 that mount and hold rotatable delivery cylinder 510. Rotatable cylinder 510 is rotated by an axle 512 connected to a drive, for example, a chain driven by a gear motor. The throat fed (back fed) die includes an inlet port 514 for receiving the molten resin 108. Cylinder 510 has two delivery channels 518,520. These channels extend through the body of the delivery cylinder, terminating at respectively opposite pairs of apertures 521,522 and 524,526 in the cylinder surface. Channels 518,520 form angle α with each other, angle α shown here as 90°. Depending upon the pattern desired, the channels may be parallel to one another or set at other selected angles. The diameters of d₁,d₂ of channels 518,520, are selected according to the size of the resin deposits to be delivered, and may range for instance between 1/16 inch and 0.50 inch (0.159-1.27 cm). As cylinder 510 turns, the apertures of the channels alternately serve inlet and delivery functions. With rotation of cylinder 510, the cross-sectional area of each aperture, in turn, is exposed to the resin supply first partially, then fully, and then it is progressively closed by the surrounding portions of the stationary die housing 501. As aperture 521 of channel 522 becomes closed, aperture 524 of channel 518 opens, in a manner that maintains the aggregate flow area so that a constant net flow can be maintained.
Referring to FIGS. 17 and 18, fastener product 540 is made using die 500 with cylinder 510. Referring particularly to FIG. 18, on preformed web 130 there are discrete regions A, B, C and D, each having a large multiplicity of fastener elements, in this particular case, in the form of loop-engageable hook-shaped projections, as seen from FIGS. 18A and 18B. Discrete regions A-D are arranged in rows R₁, R₂ in a first direction, for example, the machine direction (MD), with a spacing S₁ between the rows in the orthogonal direction, e.g., the cross-machine direction (CD). Discrete regions in adjacent rows R₁,R₂ are offset by spacing S₂. S₂ is the circumferential distance equal to αR, where R is the radius of cylinder 510 and S₁ is the distance between apertures as shown in FIG. 17.
Although the diameters of the apertures shown in FIG. 17 are the same, in other embodiments they are not. Referring to FIG. 20, fastener product 560 is shown that results from using the rotating cylinder 562 shown in FIG. 19. Die 570 delivers two deposits in row R₃ for each one deposit in row R₄. In this example, the cross-sectional area of aperture 572 and its flow channel is substantially equal to twice the cross-sectional area of that of aperture 574 or 576. In this example, regions E and F are arranged in respective rows R₃,R₄ with spacing S₃ between rows. The discrete regions are offset in the machine direction by a spacing S₄, where S₄ is equal to α₁R₁, R₁ being the radius of the cylinder and α₁ being the angle in side view from the center of aperture 572 to the center of the wall 580 that separates apertures 574 and 576. S₃ is the lateral distance between adjacent holes along rotational axis of the cylinder 562, similar to that described above in reference to FIG. 17.
Referring to FIG. 21, a cylindrical transfer roll 600 is combined with die 500 to apply molten resin 108 directly to a sheet material 130 trained about pressure roll 102. This arrangement facilitates different machine configurations and can introduce a further mode of control. Using transfer rolls to deliver molten resin is described in a povisional patent application filed concurrently herewith, entitled “Transferring Resin for Forming Fastener Products,” and assigned Ser. No. 60/554,234 the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Referring to FIG. 22, a transfer belt 602 is combined with die 500 to deliver molten resin directly to a sheet material 130 trained about pressure roll 102. The belt is formed of an insulating material, for example, a heat resistant synthetic material such as silicone rubber. Delivering molten resin by transfer belt 602 can be advantageous when the insulating properties of belt 602 are desired and/or when longer contact time with the sheet material is desired to obtain better transfer of the resin.
Referring to FIG. 23, die 500 is delivering molten resin to sheet material 130 trained about it. By varying the upstream delivery location, the amount of cooling the resin undergoes atop the sheet material may be adjusted.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, while the nip plane of the calender stack shown in FIG. 1 is horizontal, it can be vertical such that the molten resin falls out of the die under the influence of gravity. The point of delivery of the molten resin in any of the embodiments described above can be different than shown in the figures. For example, the molten resin being delivered to the tool roll shown in FIG. 1 can be delivered closer or further away from the nip N. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 21-23 can be used with either of the rotating die wheels described above. While FIG. 1 shows fastener elements in the shape of hooks, and FIG. 5A shows fastener elements derived from preformed stems, other fastener elements are possible. For example, the fastener shapes described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,374, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
1. A method of making fastener products having an array of male fastener elements formed of resin, the method comprising: providing a mold roll defining an array of cavities extending inwardly from an outer surface thereof, the mold roll positioned adjacent a counter-rotating pressure roll to define a pressure nip; extruding moldable resin in discrete doses through an orifice defined in an outer surface of a rotating die wheel; transferring the extruded resin into the pressure nip in such a manner that the resin is transferred into the nip in discrete regions corresponding to the doses of extruded resin; laminating the moldable resin to a carrier sheet; pressing the regions of resin into multiple cavities of the mold roll in the pressure nip to form at least the stems of the fastener elements, while forming a base of the resin on the surface of the mold roll, the base interconnecting the fastener element stems; and stripping the resin from the mold roll surface on the carrier sheet; wherein the resin is carried into the pressure nip on the carrier sheet; and wherein the carrier sheet passes through a nip defined between the die wheel and a counter-rotating roller.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the resin is transferred as a series of discrete regions spaced apart according to revolutions of the die wheel.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the resin is transferred as a multiple number of regions per revolution of the die wheel.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the die wheel defines multiple extrusion orifices.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the extrusion orifices are spaced apart along a rotational axis of the die wheel.
| 36,716 |
https://github.com/euphoriaer/Roguelike-fantasy/blob/master/Project/ARMRP-unity/Assets/ThirdParty/PlayMaker/Actions/Physics/GetVelocity.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Roguelike-fantasy
|
euphoriaer
|
C#
|
Code
| 218 | 663 |
// (c) Copyright HutongGames, LLC 2010-2013. All rights reserved.
using UnityEngine;
namespace HutongGames.PlayMaker.Actions
{
[ActionCategory(ActionCategory.Physics)]
[Tooltip("Gets the Velocity of a Game Object and stores it in a Vector3 Variable or each Axis in a Float Variable. NOTE: The Game Object must have a Rigid Body.")]
public class GetVelocity : ComponentAction<Rigidbody>
{
[RequiredField]
[CheckForComponent(typeof(Rigidbody))]
[Tooltip("The Game Object.")]
public FsmOwnerDefault gameObject;
[UIHint(UIHint.Variable)]
[Tooltip("Store the velocity in a Vector3 Variable.")]
public FsmVector3 vector;
[UIHint(UIHint.Variable)]
[Tooltip("Store the X component of the velocity in a Float Variable.")]
public FsmFloat x;
[UIHint(UIHint.Variable)]
[Tooltip("Store the Y component of the velocity in a Float Variable.")]
public FsmFloat y;
[UIHint(UIHint.Variable)]
[Tooltip("Store the Z component of the velocity in a Float Variable.")]
public FsmFloat z;
[Tooltip("The coordinate space to get the velocity in.")]
public Space space;
[Tooltip("Repeat every frame.")]
public bool everyFrame;
public override void Reset()
{
gameObject = null;
vector = null;
x = null;
y = null;
z = null;
space = Space.World;
everyFrame = false;
}
public override void OnEnter()
{
DoGetVelocity();
if (!everyFrame)
{
Finish();
}
}
public override void OnUpdate()
{
DoGetVelocity();
}
void DoGetVelocity()
{
var go = Fsm.GetOwnerDefaultTarget(gameObject);
if (!UpdateCache(go))
{
return;
}
var velocity = rigidbody.velocity;
if (space == Space.Self)
{
velocity = go.transform.InverseTransformDirection(velocity);
}
vector.Value = velocity;
x.Value = velocity.x;
y.Value = velocity.y;
z.Value = velocity.z;
}
}
}
| 6,768 |
https://github.com/Authfix/auth0-oidc-client-net/blob/master/src/Auth0.OidcClient.WinForms/ExtendedWebBrowser.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
auth0-oidc-client-net
|
Authfix
|
C#
|
Code
| 280 | 894 |
// Copyright (c) Brock Allen & Dominick Baier. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See LICENSE in the project root for license information.
using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Security.Permissions;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Auth0.OidcClient
{
internal class ExtendedWebBrowser : WebBrowser
{
private AxHost.ConnectionPointCookie _cookie;
private ExtendedWebBrowserEventHelper _helper;
[PermissionSet(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Name = "FullTrust")]
protected override void CreateSink()
{
base.CreateSink();
_helper = new ExtendedWebBrowserEventHelper(this);
_cookie = new AxHost.ConnectionPointCookie(ActiveXInstance, _helper, typeof(DWebBrowserEvents2));
}
[PermissionSet(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Name = "FullTrust")]
protected override void DetachSink()
{
if (_cookie != null)
{
_cookie.Disconnect();
_cookie = null;
}
base.DetachSink();
}
internal event EventHandler<NavigateErrorEventArgs> NavigateError;
private void OnNavigateError(object pDisp, ref object url, ref object frame, ref object statusCode, ref bool cancel)
{
var handler = NavigateError;
if (handler != null)
{
var args = new NavigateErrorEventArgs((string)url, (string)frame, (int)statusCode);
handler(this, args);
cancel = args.Cancel;
}
}
internal class NavigateErrorEventArgs : EventArgs
{
public NavigateErrorEventArgs(string url, string frame, int statusCode)
{
Url = url;
Frame = frame;
StatusCode = statusCode;
Cancel = false;
}
public string Url { get; }
public string Frame { get; }
public int StatusCode { get; }
public bool Cancel { get; set; }
}
[ComImport]
[Guid("34A715A0-6587-11D0-924A-0020AFC7AC4D")]
[InterfaceType(ComInterfaceType.InterfaceIsIDispatch)]
[TypeLibType(TypeLibTypeFlags.FHidden)]
private interface DWebBrowserEvents2
{
[PreserveSig]
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall, MethodCodeType = MethodCodeType.Runtime)]
[DispId(271)]
void NavigateError([In] [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.IDispatch)] object pDisp,
[In] [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Struct)] ref object URL,
[In] [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Struct)] ref object Frame,
[In] [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Struct)] ref object StatusCode,
[In] [Out] ref bool Cancel);
}
private class ExtendedWebBrowserEventHelper : StandardOleMarshalObject, DWebBrowserEvents2
{
readonly ExtendedWebBrowser parent;
public ExtendedWebBrowserEventHelper(ExtendedWebBrowser parent)
{
this.parent = parent;
}
public void NavigateError(object pDisp, ref object URL, ref object Frame, ref object StatusCode, ref bool Cancel)
{
parent.OnNavigateError(pDisp, ref URL, ref Frame, ref StatusCode, ref Cancel);
}
}
}
}
| 3,211 |
https://github.com/tgriesser/react/blob/master/src/browser/ui/dom/components/LocalEventTrapMixin.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
react
|
tgriesser
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 181 | 427 |
/**
* Copyright 2014 Facebook, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
* @providesModule LocalEventTrapMixin
*/
"use strict";
var ReactEventEmitter = require('ReactEventEmitter');
var accumulate = require('accumulate');
var forEachAccumulated = require('forEachAccumulated');
var invariant = require('invariant');
function remove(event) {
event.remove();
}
var LocalEventTrapMixin = {
trapBubbledEvent(topLevelType, handlerBaseName) {
invariant(this.isMounted(), 'Must be mounted to trap events');
var listener = ReactEventEmitter.trapBubbledEvent(
topLevelType,
handlerBaseName,
this.getDOMNode()
);
this._localEventListeners = accumulate(this._localEventListeners, listener);
},
// trapCapturedEvent would look nearly identical. We don't implement that
// method because it isn't currently needed.
componentWillUnmount() {
if (this._localEventListeners) {
forEachAccumulated(this._localEventListeners, remove);
}
}
};
module.exports = LocalEventTrapMixin;
| 34,298 |
https://github.com/Gallaghera/ng-azure-maps/blob/master/projects/ng-azure-maps/src/lib/contracts/layer-event.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
ng-azure-maps
|
Gallaghera
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 17 | 51 |
import * as atlas from 'azure-maps-control';
export interface ILayerEvent {
layer: atlas.layer.Layer | atlas.layer.Layer[];
event: any;
}
| 42,744 |
2013/92013E002388/92013E002388_PT.txt_14
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,013 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,903 | 13,044 |
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002429/13
to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative)
Izaskun Bilbao Barandica (ALDE)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: VP/HR — Israeli settlements
On 28 February 2013, various media sources published the story that the heads of EU diplomatic missions in Jerusalem had sent the annual internal report on the conflict in the city to Brussels, making their own recommendations.
In this regard, the report seems to recommend that Member States ensure that their governments and companies do not invest funds or participate in commercial or financial transactions with the Jewish settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, which, according to the report’s interpretation of international law, are illegal.
It did not refer to a ‘direct boycott’ but to the fact that these products must comply with ‘rules of origin and labelling’ and that they should ‘not benefit from preferential tariffs’ in order to respect European citizens’ right to make an informed decision about the products they buy.
In this regard,
1.
Could the High Representative indicate whether she has received this report and whether the above statements are correct?
2.
Have the Member States been notified of the content of the report?
3.
Does the High Representative intend to encourage the Member States to take any joint or individual measures in accordance with the content of the report?
4.
If the aforementioned documentation did not exist, and taking into account the problem of the settlements, would the EU consider taking any measures with regard to this matter?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(6 May 2013)
The 2012 EU Heads of Mission report on East Jerusalem is an annual report to the EU's Political and Security Committee of the situation on the ground. This internal report is intended to serve as a source of information for the EU and as an input to its policy-making process. As such, it should assist the EU in determining how best to achieve the objective of a two-state solution to the Middle East peace process. It is regrettable that the report has once again been leaked.
As a follow-up to the EU Foreign Affairs Council conclusions on the Middle East Peace Process of 14 May and 10 December 2012, a mapping of existing relevant EU legislation is ongoing. The EU has consistently maintained that the geographical scope of application of the EU/Israel Association Agreement is limited to the State of Israel within its 1967 borders. All products originating in settlements are thus subject to non-preferential duty rates upon release for free circulation in the EU.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-002430/13
an die Kommission
Michael Theurer (ALDE)
(1. März 2013)
Betrifft: Finanzierung des Bahnhofs Stuttgart 21
In einem Zeitungsartikel vom 26.02.2013, erschienen in der Stuttgarter Zeitung (345), wird die Rentabilität des Bauprojekts Stuttgart 21 infrage gestellt.
Nach Angaben der Deutschen Bahn steht das Projekt kurz vor der „Unwirtschaftlichkeit“. Des Weiteren hat laut einem Zeitungsbericht (346) die für das Europäische Transport-Netzwerk zuständige Exekutivagentur (Tentea) einen der zwei Vorteile des neuen Bahnhofs von der Internetseite der EU-Kommission gestrichen.
Die EU hat für das Projekt Stuttgart 21 für den Zeitraum 2007-2014 114,47 Mio. EUR zur Verfügung gestellt.
Hierzu richte ich an Sie folgende Fragen:
Wurden die 114 Mio. EUR EU-Mittel bereits ausgezahlt? Wenn ja, in welche konkreten Bereiche wurden die Mittel investiert?
Welche waren die ursprünglich entscheidungsrelevanten Bedingungen für die Bezuschussung des Projekts durch EU-Mittel?
Hing die Zusage der EU-Mittel für das Projekt von den ursprünglichen Zielzusagen ab (doppelte Kapazitätssteigerung gegenüber dem „alten“ Bahnhof, sowie Reduzierung der Fahrtzeit der Strecke Paris-Bratislava), und hat eine Reduzierung oder ein Wegfall einer der Zielzusagen Konsequenzen für die Unterstützung des Projekts durch EU-Mittel?
Was passiert mit den EU-Mitteln, bei einem möglichen Ausstieg aus dem Projekt Stuttgart 21?
Antwort von Herrn Kallas im Namen der Kommission
(18. April 2013)
1.
Von den gesamten TEN-V-Mitteln für die Maßnahme 2007-DE-17200-P wurden 69 451 419 EUR bereits ausgezahlt. Das Tempo der Zahlungen hängt von dem tatsächlichen technischen Fortschritt ab, der vom Finanzhilfeempfänger gemeldet und von der Kommission geprüft wird. Die laufenden Zahlungen umfassen auch Vorauszahlungen, deren Höhe anhand des geplanten technischen Fortschritts berechnet wird. Es liegt in der Verantwortung des Empfängers zu entscheiden, wie die Mittel innerhalb der geförderten Maßnahme aufgeteilt werden; dabei sind die Bedingungen und Rahmenvorgaben des Finanzierungsbeschlusses der Kommission zu beachten.
2.
Die Maßnahme wurde von unabhängigen Sachverständigen bewertet und gemäß den allgemeinen TEN-V-Bedingungen für die Finanzierung von Projekten, einschließlich des EU-Umweltrechts, als förderfähig befunden.
3.
Die zugewiesenen EU-Mittel werden entsprechend den Fortschritten des Projekts im Vergleich zu den im Finanzierungsbeschluss der Kommission vorgesehenen Fortschritten bereitgestellt. Würden einige der in diesem Beschluss festgelegten Ziele nicht erreicht, würden die entsprechenden Mittel nicht ausgezahlt und der Beschluss würde entsprechend angepasst.
4.
Je nach dem Status der jeweiligen Mittelbindungen bei Abbruch eines Projekts fließen die Mittel in den entsprechenden TEN-V-Haushalt oder in den Gesamthaushalt der Europäischen Union zurück.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002430/13
to the Commission
Michael Theurer (ALDE)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: Funding for the Stuttgart 21 railway project
The cost-effectiveness of the Stuttgart 21 railway project was called into question in a newspaper article which appeared in the Stuttgarter Zeitung
(347) on 26 February 2013.
According to the German railway company, Deutsche Bahn, the project is close to being ‘uneconomical’. Furthermore, according to a newspaper report (348), the Trans-European Transport Network Executive Agency (TEN-T EA) has deleted the reference to one of the two advantages of the new train station from the European Commission’s Internet site.
For the period 2007-2014, the EU has made EUR 114.47 million available for the Stuttgart 21 project.
I would like to ask the following questions in this regard:
Has the EUR 114 million of EU funds already been paid? If so, in which particular areas was this money invested?
What were the original conditions on which the decision to subsidise the project with EU funds was based?
Was the commitment of EU funds for the project subject to achieving the original targets (doubling capacity of the ‘old’ train station and a reduction in the travel time on the Paris-Bratislava route), and will reducing those targets or indeed removing one of them have consequences for the support the project receives from EU funds?
Should support for the Stuttgart 21 project be dropped, what will happen to the EU funds?
Answer given by Mr Kallas on behalf of the Commission
(18 April 2013)
1.
Out of the total TEN-T funding for Action 2007-DE-17200-P, EUR 69 451 419 have already been paid. The pace of payments depends on the actual technical progress declared by the beneficiary and is checked by the Commission. The amount of current payments also includes advance payments calculated on the basis of foreseen technical progress. It is up to the beneficiary to decide how to allocate the funding to the supported Action within the conditions and the framework set out in the funding Decision adopted by the Commission.
2.
The Action was evaluated by external experts and was found eligible according to the general TEN-T conditions for financing projects, including due respect of the EU environmental legislation.
3.
The allocated EU funds are committed according to the progress shown by the project in relation to the progress foreseen in the funding Decision adopted by the Commission. In case some of the objectives set out in this decision were not achieved, the corresponding funds would not be committed and the decision would be adapted accordingly.
4.
Depending on the status of the corresponding commitments, if a project is cancelled the funds come back to the specific TEN-T budget, or to the general budget of the European Union.
(Ελληνική έκδοση)
Ερώτηση με αίτημα γραπτής απάντησης E-002431/13
προς την Επιτροπή
Theodoros Skylakakis (ALDE)
(1 Μαρτίου 2013)
Θέμα: Προστασία των δικαιωμάτων των επιβατών στις πτήσεις μετεπιβίβασης
Στο πλαίσιο της ελεύθερης διακίνησης προσώπων στο εσωτερικό της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και του μεγάλου αριθμού πτήσεων που πραγματοποιούνται καθημερινά, η ΕΕ έχει θεσπίσει νομοθεσία σύμφωνα με την οποία προστατεύονται τα δικαιώματα των επιβατών. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το γεγονός ότι τα αεροπορικά ταξίδια συχνά περιλαμβάνουν μετεπιβιβάσεις, ερωτάται η Επιτροπή:
—
Προβλέπεται ελάχιστος χρόνος μεταξύ των πτήσεων, από τη στιγμή της άφιξης της πρώτης πτήσης έως ότου ο επιβάτης φθάσει στην πύλη από όπου θα αναχωρήσει η επόμενη πτήση του;
—
Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη ότι οι πύλες άφιξης και αναχώρησης μπορεί να βρίσκονται σε μεγάλη απόσταση μεταξύ τους, πώς διασφαλίζονται και προστατεύονται τα δικαιώματα του επιβάτη που δεν έχει αρκετό χρόνο να φτάσει στην πύλη αναχώρησης, πριν την προβλεπόμενη ώρα έναρξης της επιβίβασης στη νέα πτήση;
—
Θεωρεί η Επιτροπή ότι η παροχή βοήθειας από την αεροπορική εταιρεία και η αλλαγή πορείας (rerouting) συνιστούν επαρκή προστασία των δικαιωμάτων των επιβατών, όταν η σχέση χρόνου και απόστασης μεταξύ των δύο σημείων στο αεροδρόμιο είναι ανεπαρκής για την έγκαιρη επιβίβαση;
—
Έχει στη διάθεσή της η Επιτροπή στοιχεία σχετικά με τον αριθμό των πτήσεων μετεπιβίβασης που «χάνονται» κάθε χρόνο;
—
Έχει στη διάθεσή της η Επιτροπή το οικονομικό κόστος που αυτό συνεπάγεται από πλευράς απώλειας χρόνου των μετεπιβιβαζόμενων επιβατών, ανατροπής προγραμματισμένων συναντήσεων κ.λπ., ιδίως με δεδομένο ότι η χρήση της επιλογής της αερομεταφοράς γίνεται κυρίως για λόγους ταχύτερης μεταφοράς;
—
Θεωρεί η Επιτροπή ότι θα έπρεπε να υπάρχει επαρκής χρόνος για τους επιβάτες που μετεπιβιβάζονται ώστε να βρίσκονται στην πύλη επιβίβασης στη νέα πτήση πριν την ώρα έναρξης της νέας επιβίβασης, και να μην τίθεται εν αμφβόλω το δικαίωμά τους να επιβιβαστούν στην συγκεκριμένη πτήση;
Απάντηση του κ. Kallas εξ ονόματος της Επιτροπής
(16 Απριλίου 2013)
Η συμφωνία για την υπηρεσία μεταφοράς επιβατών της Διεθνούς Ένωσης Αεροπορικών Μεταφορών (ΙΑΤΑ) προβλέπει έναν ελάχιστο χρόνο μεταξύ πτήσεων μετεπιβίβασης προβλέποντας επαρκή χρόνο για μετεπιβίβαση για τους επιβάτες και τις αποσκευές τους στις πτήσεις με ανταπόκριση (349). Οι επιβάτες θα πρέπει να ενημερώνονται σχετικά με τον ελάχιστο αυτό χρόνο μετεπιβίβασης από τους αερομεταφορείς ή τους πράκτορές τους κατά την αγορά των εισιτηρίων. Ωστόσο, δεν υπάρχει ενωσιακή νομοθεσία σχετικά με το εν λόγω θέμα.
Το Ευρωπαϊκό Δικαστήριο έχει επιβεβαιώσει ότι ο κανονισμός (ΕΚ) αριθ. 261/2004 (350) για τα δικαιώματα των επιβατών αεροπορικών μεταφορών ισχύει για τους επιβάτες πτήσεων με ανταπόκριση (351). Σύμφωνα με τις απαιτήσεις που πρέπει να πληρούνται για την εφαρμογή του εν λόγω κανονισμού, ο επιβάτης που δεν γίνεται δεκτός για επιβίβαση ενώ έχει κάνει έγκυρη κράτηση, δικαιούται αποζημίωση λόγω άρνησης επιβίβασης. Ομοίως, ο επιβάτης που έχει κάνει έγκυρη κράτηση και χάνει την πτήση ανταπόκρισης λόγω καθυστέρησης της πρώτης πτήσης του δικαιούται αποζημίωση λόγω μεγάλης καθυστέρησης. Η αποζημίωση αυτή αποτελεί συμπληρωματικό δικαίωμα του επιβάτη μαζί με το δικαίωμα παροχής συνδρομής, όπως η περίθαλψη και η μεταφορά με αλλαγή πορείας και παρέχει συνεπώς στοιχειώδη προστασία στους επιβάτες.
Η Επιτροπή δεν διαθέτει στατιστικά στοιχεία σχετικά με τον αριθμό των πτήσεων μετεπιβίβασης που χάνονται κάθε έτος ή το οικονομικό κόστος με το οποίο επιβαρύνονται οι επιβάτες που χάνουν τις ανταποκρίσεις αυτές.
Η Επιτροπή θεωρεί ότι με τον υπολογισμό ελάχιστου χρόνου μετεπιβίβασης, οι αεροπορικές εταιρείες πρέπει να παρέχουν στους επιβάτες επαρκή χρόνο ώστε να φθάνουν στο σημείο αναχώρησης πριν από την επιβίβαση. Σε περίπτωση που αυτό δεν συμβαίνει, η προστασία των επιβατών εξασφαλίζεται μέσω του κανονισμού (ΕΚ) αριθ. 261/2004.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002431/13
to the Commission
Theodoros Skylakakis (ALDE)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: Protection of rights of transit passengers
Within the framework of freedom of movement within the European Union and given the large number of daily flights, the EU has enacted legislation to protect passengers’ rights. Bearing in mind that air travel often includes transfers, will the Commission say:
—
Is there any provision for a minimum time between flights, from the arrival of the inbound flight to the passenger’s arrival at the gate from which he is to board his outbound flight?
—
Bearing in mind that arrival and departure gates are often a long way apart, how are the rights of passengers with too little time to reach the departure gate before the scheduled boarding time for their outbound flight safeguarded and protected?
—
Does the Commission consider that help from the airline and rerouting provide adequate protection for passengers’ rights, when there is too little time to get to the next gate before it closes?
—
Does the Commission have any statistics on the number of transfer flights missed each year?
—
Does the Commission have any information on the financial cost to transfer passengers caused by wasted time, missed appointments etc., especially in light of the fact that air travel is usually chosen because it is the fastest means of travel?
—
Does the Commission consider that transfer passengers should be allowed sufficient time to reach the gate from which they will board their outbound flight before boarding commences and that their right to board that flight should not be challenged?
Answer given by Mr Kallas on behalf of the Commission
(16 April 2013)
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Passenger Service Conference Agreement provides for a minimum connecting time allowing passengers and their baggage sufficient time to transfer between connecting flights (352). Passengers should be advised of this minimum connecting time by air carriers or their agents during the course of purchasing their tickets. However, there is no EU legislation in this respect.
The European Court of Justice has confirmed that regulation (EC) No 261/2004 (353) on air passenger rights applies to passengers on connecting flights (354). Subject to the qualifying requirements of that regulation a passenger holding a valid reservation that is refused carriage is entitled to compensation for denial of boarding. Similarly a passenger holding a valid reservation who misses his connecting flight because his outbound flight was late is entitled to compensation for long delay. Such compensation is additional to the passenger's right to assistance, such as care and rerouting, and provides therefore some protection to passengers.
The Commission has no statistics on the number of transfer flights missed each year or of the financial cost borne by passengers who missed connections.
The Commission considers that in calculating the minimum connecting time airlines should allow sufficient time for passengers to reach the departure point before boarding. If this is not the case, the protection of passengers is provided through Regulation (EC) N° 261/2004.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-002432/13
an die Kommission
Franz Obermayr (NI)
(1. März 2013)
Betrifft: Informationen über die Haltungsformen bei der Fleischerzeugung
Nach dem Pferdefleischskandal ist klar, dass viele Verbraucher besser darüber informiert werden wollen, wie das von ihnen gekaufte Fleisch erzeugt wird. Informationen über die Haltung von Tieren, deren Fleisch gewonnen wird, sind insofern wichtig, als sie Aufschluss über den Nährwert und den Geschmack des Fleischs, dessen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt und das Wohlergehen der Tiere geben.
Obwohl die Kommission sich das Ziel gesetzt hat, die Transparenz zu erhöhen und Verbrauchern mehr Informationen über Lebensmittel tierischen Ursprungs zur Verfügung zu stellen, lehnt sie alle Vorschläge dafür, die Verbraucher darüber zu informieren, wie die Tiere, deren Fleisch in den Regalen der Supermärkte angeboten wird, gehalten werden, immer wieder ab. Um den Verbrauchern jedoch zu ermöglichen, eine sachkundigere Entscheidung zu treffen, könnte die Kennzeichnung von Fleisch je nach Haltungsform (Intensiv-, Freiland‐ oder Stallhaltung unter guten Bedingungen) langfristig mehr Transparenz und mehr Nachhaltigkeit bei der Fleischerzeugung schaffen.
1.
Aus welchem Grund ist die Kommission weiterhin nicht bereit, ein System zur Kennzeichnung der Haltungsform von Tieren einzuführen?
2.
Warum werden Verbraucher über die Haltungsformen bei der Fleischerzeugung imUngewissen gelassen?
Antwort von Herrn Cioloş im Namen der Kommission
(24. April 2013)
Der Rechtsrahmen für verlässliche Verbraucherinformationen im Bereich der Lebensmittelkennzeichnung — einschließlich Fleisch — ist in der Richtlinie 2000/13/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zur Angleichung der Rechtsvorschriften der Mitgliedstaaten über die Etikettierung und Aufmachung von Lebensmitteln sowie die Werbung hierfür festgelegt. Die genannte Richtlinie wurde vor kurzem überarbeitet und wird mit Wirkung vom 13. Dezember 2014 durch die Verordnung (EU) Nr. 1169/2011 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates betreffend die Information der Verbraucher über Lebensmittel aufgehoben und ersetzt. Weder die Richtlinie 2000/13/EG noch die Verordnung (EU) Nr. 1169/2011 sehen eine verbindliche Kennzeichnung von Lebensmitteln, die Fleisch enthalten, hinsichtlich der Haltungsform der Tiere vor.
Es wurden jedoch eine ganze Reihe freiwilliger Regelungen zur Fleischkennzeichnung eingeführt, mit denen über die Haltungsform der Tiere informiert wird.
Darüber hinaus sollen durch die kürzlich verabschiedete Verordnung (EU) Nr. 1151/2012 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates über Qualitätsregelungen für Agrarerzeugnisse und Lebensmittel die Erzeuger dabei unterstützt werden, die Verbraucher über die Eigenschaften von Erzeugnissen und über Bewirtschaftungsmerkmale zu informieren. Die Haltungsform von Tieren für die Fleischerzeugung fällt in den Anwendungsbereich dieser Verordnung.
Es gibt jedoch innerhalb der EU — in Abhängigkeit zahlreicher Faktoren wie Traditionen oder klimatische und geografische Gegebenheiten — eine Vielzahl landwirtschaftlicher Methoden. Ein EU-weit abgestimmter erschöpfender Katalog aller Bewirtschaftungsmethoden wäre weder technisch machbar noch gerechtfertigt.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002432/13
to the Commission
Franz Obermayr (NI)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: Information on meat production farming methods
Following the horsemeat scandal, it is clear that many consumers want to be better informed on how the meat they buy is produced. Information on how an animal which provides meat was reared is crucial as it gives an insight into the meat’s nutritional quality and taste, its impact on the environment and the animal’s welfare.
Despite its aim to increase transparency and to provide more information to consumers about animal-derived food, the Commission consistently opposes any suggestion that consumers should be informed as to how animals that provide the meat on the supermarket shelf were reared. However, in order to enable consumers to make a more informed choice, the labelling of meat according to farming method (intensive, free-range or a good indoor system) could create more transparency and more sustainability in the production of meat in the long term.
1.
Why is the Commission still not willing to introduce a labelling system on how animals have been farmed?
2.
Why keep consumers in the dark about meat production farming methods?
Answer given by Mr Cioloş on behalf of the Commission
(24 April 2013)
The legal framework to ensure reliable food labelling information to consumers‐ including meat — is laid down in Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs. (355) The latter Directive has been recently revised and will be repealed and replaced as of 13 December 2014 by Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and Council on the provision of food information to consumers (356). Neither Directive 2000/13/EC, nor Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 provide for a mandatory labelling system on foods containing meat relating to the applicable farming methods.
However, a whole range of voluntary meat label schemes have been put in place with the view to give information on the farming methods under which animals were reared.
Furthermore, the recently adopted Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs aims to help producers to communicate the product characteristics and farming attributes to consumers. Farming methods to produce meat fall within the scope of this regulation.
There is, nevertheless, a multitude of farming methods that exist within the EU depending on numerous characteristics such as tradition or climatic and geographic factors. An EU-harmonised and comprehensive catalogue of all farming methods would be neither technically feasible nor justified.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-002434/13
à la Commission
Karim Zéribi (Verts/ALE)
(1er mars 2013)
Objet: Résultats de l'enquête dans le domaine de l'eau en France
En vertu de l'article 101 du traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne, vos services ont ouvert, le 18 janvier 2012, à l'encontre de la France une procédure d'enquête sur une éventuelle entente entre trois entreprises dans le domaine de l'eau: les groupes Suez, Veolia et La Saur. Vous déclariez alors dans votre communiqué de presse de l'époque que la Commission examinerait dans les mois à venir le comportement des entreprises ainsi que celui de la fédération professionnelle des entreprises de l'eau. Cette ouverture fait suite à des inspections surprises menées en France en avril 2010. À cette époque, la Lyonnaise des Eaux (détenue par Suez) s'est vu infliger une amende de 8 millions d'euros pour avoir brisé un scellé posé par la Commission européenne.
Un an plus tard, nous n'avons toujours pas de retour de votre part concernant cette enquête. À l'heure où les collectivités locales s'engagent sur le renouvellement de leur contrat de gestion d'eau ou de la mise en régie publique, il leur serait dangereux de repartir dans des contrats de longue durée avec des entreprises internationales manquant aux règles d'éthique les plus élémentaires. Il est ainsi du devoir de l'Europe de permettre aux autorités publiques locales de prendre leur responsabilité et leurs décisions en toute intelligence.
Compte tenu de ces éléments, à quelle date la Commission pense-t-elle nous faire part, dans la plus grande transparence, des résultats de cette enquête?
Réponse donnée par M. Almunia au nom de la Commission
(11 avril 2013)
Le 18 janvier 2012, la Commission a ouvert une procédure à l'encontre de Saur, Suez Environnement/Lyonnaise des eaux et Veolia, ainsi que de leur fédération professionnelle FP2E. La Commission finalise actuellement son enquête approfondie et entend se prononcer au premier semestre 2013 sur la nécessité ou non d'envoyer aux entreprises soumises à l'enquête une communication des griefs sur la base des éléments de preuve récoltés.
La durée d'une enquête en matière d'ententes dépend de nombreux facteurs, notamment la complexité du dossier, le degré de coopération des entreprises soumises à l'enquête et la manière dont celles-ci exercent leur droit à la défense.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002434/13
to the Commission
Karim Zéribi (Verts/ALE)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: Findings of the investigation into the water sector in France
On 18 January 2012, under Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, your services opened an investigation procedure against France on a possible cartel between three companies in the water sector: the Suez, Veolia and La Saur groups. You then announced in your press release at the time that the Commission would examine the companies’ behaviour over the months to come, as well as the behaviour of the professional federation of water companies. This procedure was opened after surprise inspections took place in France in April 2010. At that time, the company Lyonnaise de Eaux (owned by Suez) was fined EUR 8 million by the Commission for the breach of a seal.
One year later, we have still not heard anything from you regarding this investigation. At a time when local authorities are in the process of renewing their water management contracts or considering making water management public, it would be dangerous for them to again enter into lengthy contracts with international companies which do not respect the most basic ethical rules. It is therefore Europe’s duty to allow local public authorities to take responsibility and make decisions in full knowledge of the facts.
Bearing this in mind, when does the Commission plan to make us aware of the findings of this investigation in the most transparent manner possible?
Answer given by Mr Almunia on behalf of the Commission
(11 April 2013)
The Commission opened proceedings on 18 January 2012 against SAUR, Suez Environnement/Lyonnaise des Eaux and Veolia, and their professional association FP2E. The Commission is currently finalising the in-depth investigation and aim to take a view during the first half of 2013 as to whether or not to send the companies under investigation a Statement of Objections on the basis of the evidence gathered.
The duration of an antitrust investigation depends on many factors, including the complexity of the case, the degree of cooperation received from the companies under investigation and the manner in which they exercise their rights of defense.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-002435/13
à la Commission
Gilles Pargneaux (S&D)
(1er mars 2013)
Objet: Réévaluation de l'aspartame
Le 9 janvier, l'Autorité pour la sécurité des aliments (EFSA) a lancé une consultation publique pour finaliser son avis attendu en mai 2013 sur l'aspartame.
La consultation porte sur les conclusions du pré-avis rendu par les experts de l'EFSA. Dans ce pré-avis, l'EFSA considère que l'aspartame «ne présente aucun risque pour la santé avec les niveaux aujourd'hui autorisés en Europe».
Selon l'Organisation non gouvernementale Réseau environnement santé (RES), l'avis de l'EFSÀ présente de graves manquements aux règles de la déontologie de l'expertise.
Les reproches sont nombreux: études académiques récentes ignorées, confiance inconditionnelle à des travaux non publiés dans des revues scientifiques et financés par les industriels, paragraphes directement inspirés par une publication de consultants de l'industrie, conflits d'intérêts, etc.
1.
Sur la base des informations apportées par le RES, l'avis de l'EFSA, annoncé pour mai 2013, ne deviendrait-il pas caduc?
2.
La Commission ne pourrait-elle pas envisager une contre-évaluation de l'avis de l'EFSA?
Réponse donnée par M. Borg au nom de la Commission
(9 avril 2013)
La Commission considère l'opinion exprimée par le Réseau environnement santé comme une contribution à la consultation publique lancée par l'Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments (EFSA) sur l'avis scientifique préliminaire de l'Autorité relatif à l'aspartame.
L'EFSA a programmé une réunion scientifique le 9 avril 2013, afin de discuter avec les parties prenantes et les autres intéressés des contributions recueillies dans le cadre de la consultation publique.
La Commission prendra une décision de gestion des risques lorsque l'avis scientifique aura été officiellement adopté; à ce stade, toute autre considération serait prématurée.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002435/13
to the Commission
Gilles Pargneaux (S&D)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: Re-evaluation of aspartame
On 9 January 2013, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) launched a public consultation to finalise its opinion on aspartame, expected to be published in May 2013.
The consultation deals with the conclusions of the draft opinion issued by EFSA experts. In this draft opinion, the EFSA found that aspartame ‘poses no health risks at the levels authorised in Europe today’.
According to the non-governmental organisation Environment Health Network (RES), the EFSA’s opinion presents serious shortcomings with regard to the experts’ ethical standards.
There are many criticisms: ignoring recent academic studies, unconditional trust in works which have not been published in scientific journals and which have been financed by industrialists, paragraphs taken directly from a publication written by industry consultants, conflicts of interest, etc.
1.
Does the information provided by the RES not render the EFSA’s opinion, to be presented in May 2013, null and void?
2.
Could the Commission not prepare a counter evaluation of the EFSA’s opinion?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(9 April 2013)
The Commission considers the views of the Environment Health Network as a contribution to the public consultation by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on its preliminary scientific opinion on aspartame.
EFSA scheduled a scientific meeting on 9 April 2013, to discuss with all contributing stakeholders and other relevant parties the comments received during the public consultation.
The Commission will make its risk management decision once the scientific opinion is formally adopted; any further considerations would be premature at this stage.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-002436/13
à la Commission
Gilles Pargneaux (S&D)
(1er mars 2013)
Objet: Absence d'une législation européenne sur les nanomatériaux
Le 3 octobre 2012, la Commission européenne a adopté hier une communication sur le deuxième examen réglementaire relatif aux nanomatériaux.
Le document — le premier sur le sujet depuis 2008 — écarte l'idée d'une règlementation spécifique aux nanomatériaux et à l'évaluation de leurs risques.
Les nanoparticules présentent des risques particuliers, encore mal connus, pour la santé et l'environnement. Leur taille infinitésimale, qui leur donne des propriétés remarquables (résistance, souplesse, conductivité, adhérence…), les rend aussi extrêmement réactives. Or elles sont susceptibles de pénétrer sous la peau ou dans les poumons, et de se disperser dans l'air, le sol ou l'eau.
La Commission estime que la réglementation générale appliquée aux produits chimiques au sein de l'Union — le système d'enregistrement, d'évaluation et d'autorisation REACH — est «le cadre le plus adapté à la gestion des nanomatériaux».
Dans la pratique, les nanoparticules passent à travers les mailles du filet sanitaire de REACH. Car ce règlement ne s'applique qu'aux productions chimiques de plus d'une tonne par an, seuil loin d'être atteint pour beaucoup de nanomatériaux.
1.
La Commission peut-elle préciser les raisons pour lesquelles elle n'envisage pas, à ce stade, une règlementation spécifique sur les nanomatériaux?
2.
Dans le cadre de la révision du règlement REACH, la Commission prévoit-elle un renforcement du traitement et du contrôle des nanoparticules?
Réponse donnée par M. Tajani au nom de la Commission
(30 avril 2013)
La Commission estime qu'il convient d'appliquer aux nanomatériaux les mêmes principes d'évaluation des risques que pour les produits chimiques. Le règlement REACH le permet, même si des exigences spécifiques pour les nanomatériaux se sont révélées nécessaires dans ce cadre. La Commission envisage de modifier certaines des annexes du règlement REACH et encourage l'ECHA à élaborer de nouvelles orientations pour les enregistrements postérieurs à 2013. L'objectif est de garantir une plus grande clarté quant à la manière dont les nanomatériaux doivent être pris en considération et dont leur sécurité doit être démontrée dans les dossiers d'enregistrement et, le cas échéant, de présenter un projet d'acte d'exécution d'ici à décembre 2013.
La Commission a l'intention de renforcer le traitement et le contrôle des nanomatériaux en exigeant des précisions sur plusieurs questions: les nanoformes d'une substance sont-elles couvertes par un enregistrement? Si oui, quelles sont-elles? Comment les nanomatériaux ou nanoformes ont-ils été évalués et comment les conditions d'essai ont-elles été documentées? Enfin, comment leur sécurité d'utilisation a-t-elle été garantie? Par ailleurs, la Commission lancera une évaluation d'impact afin de définir et d'élaborer les moyens les mieux appropriés pour accroître la transparence et assurer un contrôle réglementaire.
Les résultats du deuxième examen réglementaire par rapport aux questions de l'Honorable Parlementaire sont les suivants:
—
malgré quelques questions en suspens, les connaissances sur la toxicité des nanomatériaux s'améliorent. Les informations disponibles sur les substances enregistrées dans le cadre de REACH indiquent que de nombreux nanomatériaux ne sont pas dangereux à faible dose, alors que d'autres le sont;
—
dans son avis de 2009 (357), le CSRSEN (358) a conclu que «les données publiées ne permettent pas d'étayer l'hypothèse selon laquelle une particule plus petite serait plus réactive et donc plus toxique»;
—
la plupart des nanomatériaux qui font l'objet d'un débat scientifique sont fabriqués ou importés en volumes d'une tonne ou plus par an.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002436/13
to the Commission
Gilles Pargneaux (S&D)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: Lack of EU legislation on nanomaterials
On 3 October 2012, the Commission adopted a communication on the second regulatory review on nanomaterials.
The document — the first to be published on the subject since 2008 — dismisses the idea of a specific regulation on nanomaterials and the assessment of their risks.
Nanoparticles pose particular risks to health and the environment which are still largely unknown. Their small size, which gives them remarkable properties (resistance, flexibility, conductivity, adhesion, etc.), also makes them extremely reactive. Yet they are able to penetrate beneath the skin or in the lungs and be dispersed through the air, earth or water.
The Commission believes that the general regulation applied to chemical products within the EU — the REACH registration, evaluation and authorisation system — is ‘the best possible framework for the risk management of nanomaterials’.
In practice, nanoparticles slip between the cracks in the REACH health system. This is because this regulation only applies to chemical products of more than one tonne per year, a threshold which many nanomaterials are far from reaching.
1.
Can the Commission state the reasons why it does not intend to draw up a specific regulation on nanomaterials at this stage?
2.
Does the Commission intend to strengthen the handling and control of nanoparticles within the framework of the revision of the REACH regulation?
Answer given by Mr Tajani on behalf of the Commission
(30 April 2013)
The Commission considers that for nanomaterials the same risk assessment principles as for chemicals can and must be applied. This is possible pursuant to the REACH Regulation even if more specific requirements for nanomaterials within the framework have proven necessary. The Commission envisages modifications in some of the REACH Annexes and encourages ECHA to further develop guidance for registrations after 2013. The objective is to ensure further clarity on how nanomaterials are addressed and safety demonstrated in registration dossiers and, if appropriate, to come forward with a draft implementing act by December 2013.
The Commission intends to strengthen the handling and control of nanomaterials through requiring clarity on whether and which nanoforms of a substance are covered by registration dossiers, how the nanomaterials or nanoforms have been assessed and test conditions documented and how their safe use has been ensured. Moreover, the Commission will launch an impact assessment to identify and develop the most adequate means to increase transparency and ensure regulatory oversight.
The Second Regulatory Review findings in relation to the Honourable Member’s questions were:
—
Despite some open questions, toxicological knowledge about nanomaterials is improving. Available information for substances registered under REACH suggests that many nanomaterials are non-hazardous at moderate doses while others are hazardous.
—
In its 2009 opinion (359), SCENIHR (360) concluded that ‘the hypothesis that smaller means more reactive and thus more toxic cannot be substantiated by the published data.’
—
Most nanomaterials which are subject to a scientific debate are manufactured or imported in volumes of 1 tonne per year or more.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-002437/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) et Katarína Neveďalová (S&D)
(1er mars 2013)
Objet: Mongolie et reconnaissance européenne
Pays de 2,8 millions d'habitants enclavé entre la Chine et la Russie, ancien satellite de l'Union soviétique, la Mongolie a organisé ses premières élections pluralistes en 1992. C'est un pays qui a fait un trajet non négligeable vers une démocratie saine, appuyée en cela par des dirigeants intéressés par l'élévation du niveau de vie de leur peuple. Mais plus important encore, la Mongolie est devenue une démocratie vivante et stable dans une région où les conflits et les conquêtes ont été légion à travers les âges.
Les Mongols sont actifs dans la participation au processus démocratique qui contribue grandement à la stabilité politique d'un pays qui fait le nécessaire pour améliorer ses relations internationales et ainsi s'intégrer au reste du monde.
Autre preuve de leurs progrès et de leur ouverture, le dernier rapport du programme commun des Nations unies sur le VIH/sida (Onusida) qui salue les récentes réformes de la loi en Mongolie qui ont supprimé toutes les restrictions de voyage et autres dispositions discriminatoires pour les personnes vivant avec le VIH.
Les réformes de la Mongolie ont également supprimé les restrictions à l'emploi qui empêchaient les personnes vivant avec le VIH d'exercer certains métiers, notamment dans l'industrie alimentaire. La nouvelle loi a également encouragé la création d'un organe multisectoriel composé de représentants du gouvernement, de la société civile et du secteur privé pour aider à mettre en place ces réformes.
1.
A l'heure où la Commission propose de nouveaux accords commerciaux avec de nombreux pays asiatiques, de nouvelles transactions, accords bilatéraux ou échanges sont-ils prévus avec la Mongolie?
2.
Afin de confirmer la bienveillance de l'Europe vis-à-vis de la Mongolie, pour toutes les raisons évoquées plus haut, la Commission compte-t-elle établir une représentation permanente à Oulan Bator ou une quelconque présence officielle plus soutenue?
Réponse donnée par Mme Ashton, Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante au nom de la Commission
(27 mai 2013)
L'UE renforce ses relations dans toute l'Asie par l'intermédiaire d'une série de dialogues, mécanismes et accords régionaux, infrarégionaux et bilatéraux. La Mongolie ne fait pas exception. L'année 2013 sera caractérisée par un développement sensible de la coopération politique, économique et sectorielle entre les deux parties. L'accord de partenariat et de coopération UE-Mongolie a été signé le 30 avril 2013 lors de la visite officielle de la Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante en Mongolie (du 28 au 30 avril 2013). Il s'agit d'une étape importante car l'APC fournit un nouveau cadre pour le renforcement du dialogue et de la coopération bilatérale.
Les questions relatives à la Mongolie sont actuellement traitées par la délégation de l'UE à Pékin et un membre du personnel de l'UE est basé à Oulan-Bator pour assurer la liaison. Quatre États membres (la République tchèque, l'Allemagne, la France et le Royaume-Uni) sont présents sur le terrain. Le service européen pour l'action extérieure souhaiterait ouvrir ultérieurement une délégation de l'UE européenne à Oulan-Bator, lorsque le contexte budgétaire le permettra.
(Slovenské znenie)
Otázka na písomné zodpovedanie E-002437/13
Komisii
Marc Tarabella (S&D) a Katarína Neveďalová (S&D)
(1. marca 2013)
Vec: Mongolsko a uznávanie na európskej úrovni
Mongolsko, krajina s 2,8 milióna obyvateľmi obklopená Čínou a Ruskom, bývalý satelitný štát Sovietskeho zväzu, usporiadalo v roku 1992 svoje prvé pluralistické voľby. Je to krajina, ktorá prešla náročnou cestou k zdravej demokracii podporovanej vodcami, ktorých zaujímalo zvýšenie životnej úrovne ich ľudu. Dôležitejšie však je, že Mongolsko sa stalo živou a stabilnou demokraciou, a to v regióne, ktorý v priebehu vekov zažil množstvo konfliktov a výbojov. Mongoli sa aktívne podieľajú na demokratickom procese, ktorý výrazne prispieva k politickej stabilite krajiny, ktorá robí všetko, čo je potrebné, aby zlepšila svoje medzinárodné vzťahy a začlenila sa tak k zvyšku sveta.
Ďalším dôkazom ich pokroku a otvorenosti je posledná správa zo Spoločného programu OSN pre HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), ktorá víta nedávne reformy mongolského zákona, ktorými sa zrušili všetky obmedzenia cestovať a ďalšie ustanovenia diskriminujúce osoby postihnuté HIV.
Mongolskými reformami sa tiež zrušili pracovné obmedzenia, ktoré bránili osobám postihnutým HIV vykonávať určité povolania, a to najmä v potravinárskom priemysle. Nový zákon podporil aj vytvorenie multisektorového úradu, ktorý tvoria predstavitelia vlády, občianskej spoločnosti a súkromného sektora a ktorý má pomôcť tieto reformy uskutočňovať.
1.
V čase, keď Komisia navrhuje nové obchodné dohody s mnohými ázijskými krajinami, pripravujú sa nové transakcie, bilaterálne dohody alebo výmeny s Mongolskom?
2.
So zámerom potvrdiť Mongolsku priazeň Európy na základe všetkých vyššie uvedených dôvodov počíta Komisia so zriadením stáleho zastúpenia v Ulanbátare alebo s nejakou trvalejšou oficiálnou prítomnosťou?
Odpoveď podpredsedníčky Komisie/vysokej predstaviteľky Ashtonovej v mene Komisie
(27. mája 2013)
EÚ posilňuje svoje vzťahy s Áziou prostredníctvom kombinácie regionálnych, subregionálnych a bilaterálnych dialógov, mechanizmov a dohôd. V tomto ohľade nie je výnimkou ani Mongolsko. V roku 2013 dôjde k výraznému posilneniu spolupráce oboch strán na politickej a hospodárskej úrovni, ako aj na úrovni jednotlivých sektorov. Počas oficiálnej návštevy vysokej predstaviteľky/podpredsedníčky v Mongolsku (28. – 30. apríla 2013) došlo k podpísaniu dohody o partnerstve a spolupráci medzi EÚ a Mongolskom (30. apríla 2013). Ide o dôležitú dohodu, ktorá vytvára nový rámec pre prehĺbenie vzájomného dialógu a spolupráce.
V súčasnosti využíva Mongolsko služby delegácie EÚ v Pekingu, pričom v Ulanbátare pôsobí styčný dôstojník EÚ. Priamo na mieste majú zastúpenie štyri členské štáty – Česká republika, Nemecko, Francúzsko a Spojené kráľovstvo. Európska služba pre vonkajšiu činnosť by v budúcnosti chcela zriadiť delegáciu EÚ v Ulanbátare, pokiaľ to stav rozpočtu umožní.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002437/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) and Katarína Neveďalová (S&D)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: Mongolia and European recognition
A country with 2.8 million inhabitants landlocked between China and Russia, a former satellite of the Soviet Union, Mongolia held its first pluralist elections in 1992. It is a country which has made a significant journey towards healthy democracy, with the support of leaders interested in improving the quality of life of their people. However, even more importantly, Mongolia has become a vibrant and stable democracy in a region where conflicts and conquests have been widespread across the ages.
The Mongolian people are active participants in the democratic process, which contributes greatly to the political stability of a country that does what is needed to improve its international relations and thereby integrate with the rest of the world.
As further proof of their progress and openness, the last report by the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/Aids (UNAIDS) welcomes the recent law reforms in Mongolia that have removed all travel restrictions and other discriminatory provisions for people living with HIV.
Mongolia’s reforms also removed employment restrictions that prevented people living with HIV from undertaking certain jobs, particularly in the food industry. The new law has also encouraged the creation of a multi-sectorial body comprised of government, civil society and private sector representatives to help put in place the reforms.
1.
At a time when the Commission is proposing new trade agreements with various Asian countries, does it intend to enter into new transactions, bilateral agreements or exchanges with Mongolia?
2.
In order to consolidate Europe’s benevolence towards Mongolia, for all of the reasons mentioned above, is the Commission considering establishing a permanent representation to Ulan Bator or any greater official presence?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(27 May 2013)
The EU is strengthening its relations across Asia through a mix of regional, sub-regional and bilateral dialogues, mechanisms and agreements. Mongolia is no exception. 2013 will see a significant increase in political, economic and sectoral cooperation between the two sides. During the official visit of the HR/VP to Mongolia (28-30 April 2013), the EU-Mongolia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement was signed (30 April 2013). The PCA is an important agreement that provides new framework for strengthening the bilateral dialogue and cooperation.
Currently Mongolia is served by the EU Delegation in Beijing with an EU liaison-officer based in Ulan Bator. Four Member States — the Czech Republic, Germany, France and the United Kingdom — are present on the ground. The European External Action Service would like to establish an EU Delegation in Ulan Bator in the future when budgetary conditions permit.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-002438/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(1er mars 2013)
Objet: Émission de gaz à effet de serre par les vaches — Gembloux
Comme tous les ruminants, les vaches jouent un rôle qui est loin d'être négligeable dans la production de gaz à effet de serre, particulièrement de méthane. Pour réduire cet impact négatif, on peut certes jouer sur la sélection génétique ou sur l'alimentation. Encore faut-il disposer d'une méthode fiable, harmonisable à très vaste échelle et financièrement accessible aux éleveurs et à l'industrie laitière. Un pas décisif dans ce sens vient d'être accompli par les chercheurs de Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech en partenariat avec le CRA-W. Ceux-ci utilisent en effet l'ensemble des informations fournies par l'analyse infrarouge du lait des vaches pour estimer de manière précise et fiable les émissions de méthane.
La mise au point de cette méthode survient à un moment stratégique.
1.
Dans la mesure où les autorités européennes s'attèlent actuellement à définir une méthodologie harmonisée de quantification des émissions de méthane, la Commission compte-telle apporter sa contribution à cette initiative?
2.
Quelle est la position de la Commission sur cette démarche?
3.
Envisage-t-elle, dans le cadre de la législation européenne sur l'étiquetage
«carbone» des aliments, de faire intervenir cette nouvelle équation?
4.
Dans le cadre de cette labellisation, il pourrait être injuste, pour certains éleveurs, de voir leur production laitière échapper à un étiquetage favorable, faute d'avoir été identifiée comme peu émettrice par une méthode suffisamment fine et individuelle. La Commission entend-elle en tenir compte?
Réponse donnée par Mme Hedegaard au nom de la Commission
(25 avril 2013)
La Commission soutient activement la mise au point de méthodes et d'outils permettant aux agriculteurs d'évaluer leur empreinte carbonique, y compris celle de leur production laitière. Un projet pilote demandé par le Parlement européen et géré par le Centre commun de recherche permettra d'évaluer le cycle de vie des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l'exploitation (et du produit), et notamment la fermentation entérique. Ce projet est actuellement en phase d'expérimentation pilote et sera mené à terme d'ici la fin de 2013.
Une méthode de mesure directe telle qu'une analyse du rayonnement infrarouge moyen, pour autant qu'elle réponde aux normes internationales, pourrait contribuer à l'utilisation à grande échelle de ce type de calculateur. Elle pourrait également fournir des données d'observation supplémentaires permettant d'améliorer les facteurs d'émission nationaux dans les inventaires ou les études d'évaluation portant sur les gaz à effet de serre, tels que le projet intitulé «European Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Livestock Production Systems
» (Émissions de gaz à effet de serre générées par les systèmes d'élevage de l'UE).
Actuellement, la Commission ne prévoit pas de présenter une proposition législative relative à l'introduction de systèmes d'étiquetage ou de certification des émissions de carbone afin de remédier aux problèmes soulevés par l'Honorable Parlementaire. Ce type d'étiquetage peut être mis au point par le secteur privé. Le fait d'informer les consommateurs des effets de leur mode de consommation alimentaire sur le changement climatique pourrait contribuer à réorienter la consommation et la production vers des choix plus respectueux du climat. Cependant, il est également nécessaire de garantir la cohérence et la fiabilité des systèmes d'étiquetage, en tenant compte de la complexité de la chaîne alimentaire, des effets sur l'environnement au sens plus large et de la nécessité de communiquer un message clair aux consommateurs.
La Commission collabore actuellement avec la table ronde européenne sur la consommation et la production durables pour élaborer le «protocole Envifood», méthode permettant d'évaluer dans l'ensemble l'empreinte écologique des aliments et des boissons.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-002438/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(1 March 2013)
Subject: Greenhouse gas emissions from cows — Gembloux
Like all ruminants, cows play a significant part in the production of greenhouse gases, particularly methane. There are of course ways of reducing this negative impact, such as genetic selection or choice of feedingstuffs. Yet what is also needed is a reliable method that can be harmonised on a vast scale and that is affordable for farmers and the dairy industry. Researchers at Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, working in partnership with CRA-W, have now made a decisive step towards this goal. By using all of the information obtained from an infrared analysis of cow’s milk, they are able to obtain an accurate and reliable estimate of methane emissions.
This method has been developed at a strategically important time.
1.
Given that the European authorities are currently working to define a harmonised methodology for quantifying methane emissions, does the Commission plan to contribute in any way to this initiative?
2.
What is the Commission’s opinion on this initiative?
3.
Does it plan to incorporate this new equation into European legislation on the
‘carbon labelling’ of food?
4.
It would be unfair if certain farmers were to miss out on a low-carbon label for their dairy produce because it has not been identified as such by a sufficiently precise and individualised method. Does the Commission intend to take this into account?
Answer given by Ms Hedegaard on behalf of the Commission
(25 April 2013)
The Commission has been active in supporting the development of methods and tools which farmers can use for assessing their carbon-footprint, including that of dairy production. A pilot action (361) requested by the EP and being managed by the Joint Research Centre will allow life cycle assessment of farm (and product) level greenhouse gas emissions including enteric fermentation. It is currently in pilot-testing and will be finished by the end of 2013.
A direct measurement method such as mid-infrared analysis, if validated to international standards, could support the widespread implementation of such a calculator. It could also provide additional observational data to improve national emission factors in greenhouse gas inventories or assessment studies such as the ‘European Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Livestock Production Systems’ (GGELS) project.
| 31,555 |
https://github.com/yanglele/android_demo/blob/master/flutter_demo/lib/animation_motion_widgets/AnimatedWidgetsDemo.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
android_demo
|
yanglele
|
Dart
|
Code
| 610 | 2,142 |
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'dart:math' as math;
void main() {
runApp(new MyAnimatedWidgetsAppDemo());
}
class MyAnimatedWidgetsAppDemo extends StatelessWidget {
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return new MaterialApp(
title: "MyAnimatedWidgetsAppDemo",
theme: new ThemeData(primarySwatch: Colors.red),
home: new Scaffold(
appBar: new AppBar(
title: new Text("AnimatedWidgetsDemo"),
),
body: new RotationTransitionDemo(),
),
);
}
}
class AnimatedWidgetsDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
State<StatefulWidget> createState() {
return new _AnimatedWidgetsDemoState();
}
}
class _AnimatedWidgetsDemoState extends State<AnimatedWidgetsDemo> {
double height = 100;
double width = 100;
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return new AnimatedContainer(
height: height,
width: width,
duration: Duration(seconds: 2),
child: new InkWell(
child: new Container(
color: Colors.red,
),
onTap: () {
setState(() {
height = 200;
width = 200;
});
},
),
);
}
}
class AnimatedCrossFadeDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
State<StatefulWidget> createState() {
return new _AnimatedCrossFadeState();
}
}
class _AnimatedCrossFadeState extends State<AnimatedCrossFadeDemo> {
bool isLoading = false;
_onTap() {
setState(() {
isLoading = !isLoading;
});
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return new InkWell(
child: new AnimatedCrossFade(
firstChild: new Container(
height: 100,
width: 100,
color: Colors.red,
),
secondChild: new Container(
height: 100,
width: 100,
color: Colors.green,
),
crossFadeState:
isLoading ? CrossFadeState.showSecond : CrossFadeState.showFirst,
firstCurve: const Interval(0.0, 0.6, curve: Curves.fastOutSlowIn),
secondCurve: const Interval(0.4, 1.0, curve: Curves.fastOutSlowIn),
sizeCurve: Curves.fastOutSlowIn,
duration: Duration(seconds: 2)),
onTap: _onTap,
);
}
}
class DecoratedBoxTransitionDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
State<StatefulWidget> createState() {
return new _DecoratedBoxTransitionDemoState();
}
}
class _DecoratedBoxTransitionDemoState extends State<DecoratedBoxTransitionDemo>
with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
AnimationController _controller;
Animation<Decoration> _animation;
void _tap() async {
try {
await _controller.forward().orCancel;
await _controller.reverse().orCancel;
} on TickerCanceled catch (e) {
e.toString();
}
}
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
_controller =
new AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: Duration(seconds: 2));
Decoration begin = new BoxDecoration(
color: Colors.blue,
border: Border.all(
color: Colors.red,
),
borderRadius: BorderRadius.all(Radius.circular(5)));
Decoration end = new ShapeDecoration(
shape: new RoundedRectangleBorder(
borderRadius: BorderRadius.all(Radius.circular(10)),
side: new BorderSide(color: Colors.yellow)),
color: Colors.green);
_animation =
new DecorationTween(begin: begin, end: end).animate(_controller);
}
@override
void dispose() {
super.dispose();
_controller.dispose();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return new InkWell(
child: new DecoratedBoxTransition(
decoration: _animation,
child: new Container(
width: 100,
height: 100,
)),
onTap: _tap,
);
}
}
class FadeTransitionDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
State<StatefulWidget> createState() {
return new _FadeTransitionState();
}
}
class _FadeTransitionState extends State<FadeTransitionDemo>
with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
AnimationController _controller;
Animation<double> _animation;
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
_controller =
new AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: Duration(seconds: 2));
_animation = new Tween(begin: 0.1, end: 1.0).animate(
new CurvedAnimation(parent: _controller, curve: Curves.bounceIn));
}
@override
void dispose() {
super.dispose();
_controller.dispose();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return new InkWell(
child: new FadeTransition(
opacity: _animation,
child: new Container(
width: 100,
height: 100,
color: Colors.yellow,
),
),
onTap: () {
setState(() {
_controller.forward();
});
},
);
}
}
class PositionedTransitionDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
State<StatefulWidget> createState() {
return new _PositionedTransitionDemoState();
}
}
class _PositionedTransitionDemoState extends State<PositionedTransitionDemo>
with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
AnimationController _controller;
Animation<RelativeRect> _animation;
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
_controller =
new AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: Duration(seconds: 2));
RelativeRect begin = new RelativeRect.fromLTRB(100, 100, 100, 100);
RelativeRect end = new RelativeRect.fromLTRB(50, 50, 50, 50);
_animation = new RelativeRectTween(begin: begin, end: end).animate(
new CurvedAnimation(parent: _controller, curve: Curves.easeIn));
_controller.forward();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// PositionedTransition必须作为Stack这个widget的child Widget来使用
return new Stack(
children: <Widget>[
new PositionedTransition(
rect: _animation,
child: new Container(
width: 100,
height: 100,
color: Colors.red,
))
],
);
}
}
class RotationTransitionDemo extends StatefulWidget {
@override
State<StatefulWidget> createState() {
return new _RotationTransitionDemoState();
}
}
class _RotationTransitionDemoState extends State<RotationTransitionDemo>
with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
AnimationController _controller;
Animation<double> _animation;
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
_controller =
new AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: Duration(seconds: 2));
_animation = new Tween(begin: 0.0, end: math.pi / 2).animate(
new CurvedAnimation(parent: _controller, curve: Curves.easeIn));
_controller.forward();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return new RotationTransition(
turns: _animation,
child: new Container(
height: 100,
width: 100,
color: Colors.red,
),
);
}
}
| 13,349 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111600624
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Ripper's Bay
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 131 | 375 |
Коса (сериал)
российский сериал 2021 года
Коса (сериал) это частный случай понятия телесериал
Коса (сериал) код IMDb tt15505044
Коса (сериал) производящая компания Среда
Коса (сериал) первоначальный вещатель Kion
Коса (сериал) язык оригинала фильма или телешоу русский язык
Коса (сериал) страна происхождения Россия
Коса (сериал) режиссёр Волошин, Игорь Павлович
Коса (сериал) код фильма на Кинопоиске 1445244
Коса (сериал) код фильма Кино-театр.ру 142819
Коса (сериал) код Plex 614c9ced01368b9eb66df986
Ripper's Bay
Russian series 2021
Ripper's Bay instance of television series
Ripper's Bay IMDb ID tt15505044
Ripper's Bay production company Sreda
Ripper's Bay original broadcaster KION
Ripper's Bay original language of film or TV show Russian
Ripper's Bay country of origin Russia
Ripper's Bay director Igor Voloshin
Ripper's Bay Kinopoisk film ID 1445244
Ripper's Bay kino-teatr.ru film ID 142819
Ripper's Bay Plex media key 614c9ced01368b9eb66df986
| 10,313 |
2021/52021IP0257/52021IP0257_FR.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,275 | 2,135 |
C_2022015FR.01018401.xml
12.1.2022
FR
Journal officiel de l'Union européenne
C 15/184
P9_TA(2021)0257
Le droit du Parlement d'être informé au sujet de l'évaluation en cours des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience
Résolution du Parlement européen du 20 mai 2021 sur le droit du Parlement d'être informé au sujet de l'évaluation en cours des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience (2021/2703(RSP))
(2022/C 15/19)
Le Parlement européen,
—
vu le règlement (UE) 2021/241 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 12 février 2021 établissant la facilité pour la reprise et la résilience (1) (règlement FRR),
—
vu l’article 132, paragraphe 2, de son règlement intérieur,
A.
considérant que le règlement FRR a été adopté selon la procédure législative ordinaire;
B.
considérant que la facilité pour la reprise et la résilience (FRR) est un instrument inédit en termes de volume et de moyens de financement;
C.
considérant que le contrôle démocratique de la mise en œuvre de la FRR et le contrôle de celle-ci par le Parlement ne sont possibles que si le Parlement européen y est pleinement associé à toutes les étapes;
D.
considérant que l’article 26 du règlement FRR instaure un dialogue sur la reprise et la résilience afin d'accroître la transparence et la responsabilité et de permettre à la Commission de fournir au Parlement des informations portant notamment sur les plans pour la reprise et la résilience des États membres et sur l’évaluation de ces plans;
E.
considérant que le Parlement peut exprimer son point de vue sur les questions faisant l’objet du dialogue sur la reprise et la résilience, notamment par des résolutions et des échanges avec la Commission, et que la Commission doit tenir compte de ces avis;
F.
considérant que le Parlement peut inviter la Commission à fournir des informations sur l’état d’avancement de l’évaluation des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience dans le cadre du dialogue sur la reprise et la résilience;
G.
considérant qu’en principe, les États membres devaient présenter leurs plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience à la Commission pour le 30 avril 2021 au plus tard;
H.
considérant qu’à ce jour, 18 États membres ont présenté leurs plans pour la reprise et la résilience à la Commission;
I.
considérant que la Commission doit évaluer chaque plan national pour la reprise et la résilience dans un délai de deux mois à compter de sa présentation;
J.
considérant que la Commission a communiqué au Parlement et au Conseil les plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience qui lui ont été présentés;
K.
considérant que, le 11 mars 2021, le Parlement a organisé un débat en plénière intitulé «respect du principe de partenariat dans l'élaboration et l'exécution des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience et mise en œuvre d'une bonne gouvernance des dépenses»;
L.
considérant que, le 20 janvier 2021, le Comité des régions et le Conseil des communes et régions d'Europe ont publié les résultats de leur consultation ciblée intitulée «La participation des municipalités, des villes et des régions à l’élaboration des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience»;
1.
salue les efforts de la Commission visant à garantir l’adoption rapide, avant l’été, des décisions d’exécution pertinentes du Conseil liées aux plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience ainsi que sa collaboration permanente avec les États membres afin de les aider à élaborer des plans de qualité;
2.
rappelle à la Commission l’obligation qui lui est faite, en vertu du règlement FRR, de fournir au Parlement toutes les informations pertinentes sur l’état d’avancement de la mise en œuvre du règlement FRR et de tenir compte de tout élément provenant des avis exprimés dans le cadre du dialogue sur la reprise et la résilience, y compris les avis exprimés par les commissions pertinentes et les résolutions adoptées en plénière;
3.
estime que, pour assurer le contrôle démocratique approprié de la mise en œuvre de la FRR et le contrôle de celle-ci par le Parlement ainsi que pour accroître la transparence et la responsabilité démocratique, la Commission doit régulièrement informer le Parlement, oralement et par écrit, de l’état d’avancement de l’évaluation des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience; souligne que, conformément au règlement FRR, le Parlement a le droit de recevoir ces informations dans le cadre du dialogue sur la reprise et la résilience;
4.
invite la Commission à fournir toutes les informations contextuelles pertinentes ainsi qu’une synthèse des réformes et des investissements que les plans présentés se proposent de réaliser dans le cadre du champ d'application sur la base des six piliers (y compris les objectifs généraux et spécifiques et les principes transversaux) et des 11 critères d’évaluation définis dans le règlement FRR;
5.
rappelle que le Parlement attend que les informations soient présentées dans un format aisément compréhensible et comparable, accompagnées de toute traduction existante des documents présentés par les États membres;
6.
estime que la communication des évaluations préliminaires des plans ne préjuge pas du résultat de la procédure; estime que leur communication améliorerait le dialogue sur la reprise et la résilience étant donné qu’au moment où ils sont présentés, la majorité des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience sont très avancés et que leur approbation est très probable;
7.
se dit convaincu que la Commission doit faire preuve d’une transparence et d’une responsabilité totales si l’on veut garantir et améliorer la légitimité démocratique de la FRR et faire en sorte que les citoyens y soient partie prenante;
8.
rappelle que l’article 18, paragraphe 4, point q), du règlement FRR stipule que les plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience doivent comporter «une synthèse du processus de consultation, mené conformément au cadre juridique national, des autorités locales et régionales, des partenaires sociaux, des organisations de la société civile, des organisations de la jeunesse et d'autres parties prenantes concernées, ainsi que de la manière dont les contributions des parties prenantes sont prises en compte dans le plan pour la reprise et la résilience»; invite la Commission à inciter les États membres à consulter toutes les parties prenantes nationales et à veiller à associer la société civile et les autorités locales et régionales à la mise en œuvre des plans, et notamment à leur suivi, ainsi qu’à veiller à les consulter sur toute modification ou tout nouveau plan éventuel;
9.
invite la Commission à faire preuve de transparence complète en ce qui concerne le calendrier d’approbation des actes délégués découlant du règlement FRR, à savoir les actes délégués relatifs au tableau de bord de la reprise et de la résilience et à la méthode de déclaration des dépenses sociales, y compris en faveur des enfants et des jeunes, ainsi qu’à tenir compte des éléments pertinents du dialogue sur la reprise et la résilience; demande en outre l’approbation rapide de ces actes délégués avant la pause estivale;
10.
invite la Commission à veiller à ce que, avant l’évaluation du niveau atteint par rapport aux jalons et cibles définis dans la décision d’exécution du Conseil et des plans nationaux pour la reprise et la résilience, le Parlement reçoive les conclusions préliminaires quant aux niveaux atteints par rapport aux jalons et cibles, comme l’exige l’article 25, paragraphe 4, du règlement FRR;
11.
rappelle au Conseil que «les résultats pertinents des discussions tenues au sein des instances préparatoires du Conseil sont partagés avec la commission compétente du Parlement européen»;
12.
invite la Commission à continuer de suivre une approche ouverte, transparente et constructive lors du dialogue sur la reprise et la résilience;
13.
charge son Président de transmettre la présente résolution au Conseil, au Conseil européen et à la Commission.
(1) JO L 57 du 18.2.2021, p. 17.
| 30,116 |
9be418195971e7a9df6c656c516ee445
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_19940025_02604.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,122 | 2,103 |
2604
JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
bibliothèque de culture musicale, lieu de rencontres). Siège
social : chez M. Chapeau (Philippe), 24, rue du Val, 45460 Brayen-Val. Date de la déclaration : 30 mai 1994.
805 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. BASKET-CLUB DE
PATAY. Objet : pourvoir des activités sportives de basket-ball.
Siège social: mairie, 45310 Patay. Date de la déclaration:
3 juin 1994.
806 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. PARENTELE.
Objet: la sécurité dans les relations affectives précoces entre
parents et enfants, en œuvrant pour qu'elle soit accessible à
tous, et notamment aux plus démunis. Siège social : 134, rue du
Poirier-Rond, 45000 Orléans. Date de la déclaration : 6 juin 1994.
807 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. DELIDANCE.
Objet: animation plus variée et plus vaste sur la région Centre
et plus loin si possible par le biais de soirées dansantes, spec
tacles, etc., assurer aux jeunes des cours et des leçons d'anima
tion, de danse et de théâtre. Siège social: 1, place du Val,
45100 Orléans. Date de la déclaration : 6 juin 1994.
808 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. NEW RECORDS
MANAGEMENT. Objet: tenter de développer un réseau per
mettant l'échange entre de jeunes créateurs non confirmés et le
public ; cela par le biais d'actions concrètes telles que la création
d'un support de presse, de diverses exploitations d'art, ainsi que
des manifestations culturelles. Siège social : chez Mme Lala
(Cécile), appartement 101, 1 allée André-Gide, 45100 Orléans.
Date de la déclaration : 6 juin 1994.
22 juin 1994
Modifications
815 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. AMICALE DES
SAPEURS-POMPIERS DE SAINT-DENIS-EN-VAL. Siège
social : chez M. Bourgeois (Yves), 139, rue de Fagor, 45560 SaintDenis-en-Val. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse : cnez M. Villain
(Daniel), 430, rue de Beaulieu, 45560 Saint-Denis-en-Val. Daté de
la déclaration : 9 mai 1994.
816 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. LES GRO
GNARDS D'OLIVET. Siège social : chez M. Meret (Dominique),
53, rue Pounelle, 45160 Olivet. Transféré; nouvelle adresse:
chez Mme Premant (Nicole), 1416, rue Rodolphe-Richard,
45160 Olivet. Date de la déclaration : 10 mai 1994.
817 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. KARATE-CLUB
LA SOURCE. Siège social: gymnase Romain-Rolland,
45100 Orléans. Transféré; nouvelle adresse : C.A.S. de la Source,
1, place Sainte-Beuve, La Source, 45100 Orléans. Date de la
déclaration : 31 mai 1994.
818 - Déclaration à ia préfecture du Loiret. AFORPROBA.
Siège social : 16 bis, rue du Bœuf-Sainte-Poterne, 45000 Orléans.
Transféré ; nouvelle adresse : 2, quai Saint-Laurent,
45000 Orléans. Date de la déclaration : T' juin 1994.
819 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. ASSOCIATION
REGIONALE DES ANCIENS DES TROUPES DE MARINE
ET COMBATTANTS D'OUTRE-MER (ORLEANS). Siège
social : 15, avenue Dauphine, 45100 Orléans. Transféré; nouvelle
adresse : maison des associations d'Orléans, 46 ter, rue SainteCatherine, 45000 Orléans. Date de la déclaration : Tr juin 1994.
809 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. PERFORMANCE
GROUP FRANCE (ORLEANS). Objet: promouvoir et faciliter
le développement économique et l'emploi par des réseaux de j 820 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. SECTION DU
distribution en assurant la formation et l'intégration économique
LOIRET DES AMPUTÉS DE GUERRE. Siège social : 24, rue
de ses membres. Siège social : la maison des associations,
Henri-Pavard, 45140 Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelie. Transféré ; nouvelle
46 ter, rue Sainte-Catherine, 45000 Orléans. Date de la déclara
adresse: chez M. Fillet (Marcel), 1, rue du Grand-Puits,
tion : 6 juin 1994.
j 45140 Ingré. Date de la déclaration : 2 juin 1994.
810 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. FOOTBALL-CLUB
HONDA. Objet : faire des matchs officiels dans le championnat
corporatif. Siège social : Honda Europe Power Equipement, rue
des Châtaigniers, 45140 Ormes. Date de la déclaration :
6 juin 1994.
821 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. ASSOCIATION
CYNÉGÉTIQUE DE L'ORLÉANAIS. Siège social: chez M. Clin,
14, rue Xaintrailes, 45000 Orléans. Transféré; nouvelle adresse:
chez M. Clin, 27, rue Croix-de-Boix, 45000 Orléans. Date de la
déclaration : 2 juin 1994.
811 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. ASSOCIATION
NORD-SUD EQUILIBRE. Objet : stimuler les échanges entre les
pays du Nord et du Sud ; assister les personnes en difficulté
aussi bien françaises qu'étrangères, dans le domaine administratif, intellectuel, physique et culturel. Siège social : 138, faubourg
Bannier, 45000 Orléans. Date de la déclaration : 6 juin 1994.
j
j 822 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. Ancien titre : ASSO
j CIATION LOCALE DES TEMOINS DE JEHOVAH DE LA
j REGION ORLEANAISE Nouveau titre: ASSOCIATION
LOCALE POUR LE CULTE DES TEMOINS DE JEHOVAH
D'ORLEANS EST. Nouvel objet: subvenir aux frais, à l'entre
tien et à l'exercice public du culte des Témoins de Jéhovah.
Siège social : 20, rue de Beauvois, 45380 La Chapelle-Saint-Mes
min. Transféré; nouvelle adresse: 29, rue du Lièvre, Chécy,
812 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. ASSOCIATION 1 45340 Chambon-la-Forêt. Date de la déclaration : 6 juin 1994.
LOCALE POUR LE CULTE DES TEMOINS DE JEHOVAH
D'ORLEANS OUEST. Objet : subvenir aux frais, à l'entretien et
à l'exercice public du culte des Témoins de Jéhovah ; acquérir, \
louer ou construire les terrains et les immeubles, et d'une ; 823 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. JUMPING
manière générale réaliser toute transaction mobilière ou immobi- j CENTRE. Siège social : chez M. Guerthault, 2, rue des Bou
lière en vue de l'exercice public du culte des Témoins de Jého- j teilles, 45000 Orléans. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse: chez
vah. Siège social : salle du Royaume, 20, rue de Beauvois, | Mme Robin (Odile), 6, rue de la Gare, 45430 Chécy. Date de la
45380 La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin. Date de la déclaration : \ déclaration : 6 juin 1994.
7 juin 1994.
813 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. PROMOUVOIR.
Objet: développement, animation, promotion des associations
caritatives, culturelles, commerciales et sportives de la région
Centre. Siège social : maison des associations, 46 ter, rue SainteCatherine, 45000 Orléans. Date de la déclaration : 9 juin 1994.
814 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. ASSOCIATION
TAEKWONDO SAINT-PRYVÉ-SAINT-MESMIN. Objet: pra
tique du taekwondo. Siège social: chez M. et Mme Yannick
(Jean), 9, rue de la Salle-des-Fêtes, 45750 Saint-Pryvé-Saint-Mesmin. Date de la déclaration : 10 juin 1994.
824 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. ASSOCIATION
DES PARENTS D'ELEVES DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT PUBLIC
DU LYCEE POTHIER. Siège social: 8, rue Guillaume,
45000 Orléans. Transféré ; nouvelle adresse : 25, route de Paris,
45000 Orléans. Date de la déclaration : 7 juin 1994.
825 - Déclaration à la préfecture du Loiret. ASSOCIATION
DES TRAVAILLEURS RETRAITÉS DU DÉPARTEMENT DU
LOIRET (C.F.T.C.). Siège social: 4 bis, rue Jeanne-d'Arc,
45000 Orléans. Transféré; nouvelle adresse: 32, boulevard
Alexandre-Martin, 45000 Orléans. Date de la déclaration :
8 juin 1994.
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93 N.J. 533 (1983)
461 A.2d 1145
JENNIFER FOLDI, AN INFANT BY HER GUARDIAN AD LITEM, HERBERT M. KORN, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
DORSIE G. JEFFRIES AND FLORENCE JEFFRIES, DEFENDANTS, AND MICHAEL FOLDI AND BERNADINE FOLDI, DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS.
The Supreme Court of New Jersey.
Argued February 22, 1983.
Decided July 13, 1983.
*535 R. Jerome Jabbour argued the cause for appellant (Lucid, Jabbour, Pinto & Rodgers, attorneys).
Donald S. McCord, Jr., argued the cause for respondents (O'Donnell, McCord & Leslie, attorneys).
The opinion of the Court was delivered by GARIBALDI, J.
Today we return to the thorny problem of ascertaining the parameters of the doctrine of parent-child tort immunity. Specifically, we consider whether the doctrine of parental immunity bars recovery by an unemancipated minor for personal injuries arising from an accident attributable to her mother's negligent lack of supervision. Resolution of this question requires us to decide whether to continue to apply our holdings in France v. A.P.A. Transp. Corp., 56 N.J. 500 (1970), and Small v. Rockfeld, 66 N.J. 231 (1974), to all tort actions, except some special areas involving the "exercise of parental authority and adequacy of child care." Small, 66 N.J. at 244 (construing France, 56 N.J. at 507).
For purposes of this appeal, the essential facts are not disputed. On May 7, 1974 at approximately 6:30 p.m., plaintiff Jennifer Foldi, then 2 1/2 years old, accompanied her mother to the front yard of their family residence in Morris Plains. Mrs. Foldi knelt and began planting some greenery on the side of the house. Jennifer was at her side, with a sand bucket and a garden trowel. While Mrs. Foldi was gardening, Jennifer wandered out of the yard and over to a neighbor's residence two doors away. There she was bitten on the face by a dog.
Mrs. Foldi, busy in the garden, had been unaware that her daughter had wandered off. As soon as she noticed that Jennifer had disappeared, she ceased her gardening and began to search for her. In her deposition Mrs. Foldi stated that only 5 to 10 minutes elapsed from the time that she had last seen Jennifer to the time that she found her in the neighbor's driveway.
*536 Jennifer, by her guardian ad litem, filed a complaint in Superior Court against Dorsie and Florence Jeffries, the dog's owners. Mr. and Mrs. Jeffries filed an answer and a third party complaint against Jennifer's parents, alleging contributory negligence and seeking indemnification from the Foldis for resulting costs and damages. Thereafter, Jennifer filed an amended complaint adding her parents as defendants in the suit.
The trial court granted the Foldis' motion for summary judgment against Jennifer and the Jeffries, invoking the doctrine of parent-child immunity. Subsequently, the court entered an order that settled all claims between Jennifer and the Jeffries. The Appellate Division affirmed, 182 N.J. Super. 90 (1981), holding also that the parental immunity doctrine barred Jennifer's claim and the Jeffries' third-party claim for indemnity. Judge Furman dissented for the reasons set forth in his opinion in Convery v. Maczka, 163 N.J. Super. 411 (Law Div. 1978).
On the basis of the dissent below, Jennifer filed an appeal as of right to this Court, pursuant to R. 2:2-1(a)(2). We affirm the Appellate Division's judgment.
I
The English common law did not recognize the doctrine of parental immunity. The doctrine emerged later in this country in three state court decisions, sometimes referred to as "The Great Trilogy." In the first, Hewlett v. George, 68 Miss. 703, 9 So. 885 (1891), the Supreme Court of Mississippi refused to allow an unemancipated daughter to maintain a claim of false imprisonment against her mother for maliciously committing her to an insane asylum. The court cited no legal authority for its holding, but based its position on the grounds that "[t]he peace of society, and of the families composing society, and a sound public policy, designed to subserve the repose of families and the best interests of society ..." forbid a minor child from suing his or her parent for personal injuries. 68 Miss. at 711, 9 So. at 887.
*537 Hewlett was followed twelve years later by McKelvey v. McKelvey, 111 Tenn. 388, 77 S.W. 664 (1903). In McKelvey the Tennessee Supreme Court denied a child the right to sue her father and stepmother for alleged cruel and inhumane treatment that the stepmother had inflicted upon her with the father's consent. In reaching that conclusion, the court relied upon the parent's right to control and discipline the child. 111 Tenn. at 390, 77 S.W. at 664. It also analogized parental immunity to the pre-existing doctrine of spousal immunity, viewing both concepts as supportive of unity within the family. Id. at 392, 77 S.W. at 665. The final case in the Trilogy, Roller v. Roller, 37 Wash. 242, 79 P. 788 (1905), reached the absurd result of refusing to entertain a civil suit by a minor against her father who had been convicted of raping her. As support for its position, the Supreme Court of Washington relied on the spousal immunity analogy, the problem of shifting family assets away from the support of other children in the household, and the difficulty of distinguishing between serious parental misconduct warranting recovery and less extreme torts that should be immunized. 37 Wash. at 243, 79 P. at 788-89.
Numerous states thereafter adopted the doctrine of parent-child immunity and applied it to both negligent and intentional torts. Prosser, Torts, § 122 at 865 (4th ed. 1971). Yet, as various jurisdictions decided cases dealing with the issue, several exceptions and qualifications emerged. Id. at 866-67. As a result, it is difficult to generalize about the status of the doctrine today. Few states retain unqualified parental immunity for all tortious acts. E.g., Owens v. Auto Mut. Indem. Co., 235 Ala. 9, 177 So. 133 (1937) (complete immunity); Horton v. Unigard Ins. Co., 355 So.2d 154 (Fla.Dist.App. 1978), cert. dismissed, 379 So.2d 459 (Fla. 1979) (same); McNeal v. Administrator of Estate of McNeal, 254 So.2d 521 (Miss. 1971) (same). Some jurisdictions have totally abolished the immunity. E.g., Gibson v. Gibson, 3 Cal.3d 914, 479 P.2d 648, 92 Cal. Rptr. 288 (1971); Rupert v. Stienne, 90 Nev. 397, 528 P.2d 1013 (1974); Falco v. Pados, 444 Pa. 372, 282 A.2d 351 (1971); Elam v. Elam, 275 S.C. *538 132, 268 S.E.2d 109 (1980); Wood v. Wood, 135 Vt. 119, 370 A.2d 191 (1976). Most states, however, including New Jersey, have partially abrogated the doctrine. See generally Annot., "Liability of Parent for Injury to Unemancipated Child Caused by Parent's Negligence Modern Cases," 6 A.L.R. 4th 1066, § 13 at 1113-25 (1981), and cases cited therein. These varied authorities indicate that parental immunity, like interspousal immunity, "is no longer the doctrinal monolith it was in olden times." Merenoff v. Merenoff, 76 N.J. 535, 543 (1978).
II
The development of the doctrine of parental immunity in New Jersey typifies its evolution in many other states. The doctrine of parent-child immunity was first recognized in this State in Reingold v. Reingold, 115 N.J.L. 532 (E. & A. 1935). In that case, a nineteen year-old unemancipated child was precluded from recovering damages for injuries suffered as a passenger in an automobile owned by her stepmother and negligently driven by her father. The Court of Errors and Appeals articulated as the main reason for its opinion the preservation of family tranquility, citing Hewlett and its progeny as authority. Reingold, 115 N.J.L. at 535.
Reingold was followed by three decisions of this Court: Hastings v. Hastings, 33 N.J. 247 (1960); Heyman v. Gordon, 40 N.J. 52 (1963); and Franco v. Davis, 51 N.J. 237 (1968). All three cases involved ordinary negligence of a parent in operating a motor vehicle. In each case, the doctrine of parental immunity was upheld by a slim 4-to-3 majority. The dissenting opinions in Hastings, Heyman, and Franco, all authored by Justice Jacobs, noted the erosion of parental immunity in other states and urged that this state follow the trend. Hastings, 33 N.J. at 253-61; Heyman, 40 N.J. at 55-60; Franco, 51 N.J. at 242-43.
In France v. A.P.A. Transp. Corp., 56 N.J. 500 (1970), we, for the first time, partially repudiated the parental immunity doctrine. There we held that an unemancipated child could sue his *539 or her parent for injuries that resulted from the parent's negligent operation of a motor vehicle. Id. at 507. In considering whether such parental negligence should remain immunized, we observed that various exceptions and qualifications that had been judicially fashioned to limit the immunity doctrine had led to "anomalous results." Id. at 504. We specifically noted the incongruity of disallowing a minor child's negligence action against a parent, while permitting a child to sue his parent in property or contract, In re Flasch, 51 N.J. Super. 1 (App.Div.), certif. den., 28 N.J. 35 (1958), and to bring tort actions in cases where the parent had subsequently died, Palcsey v. Tepper, 71 N.J. Super. 294 (Law Div. 1962), where the child had become emancipated, Weinberg v. Underwood, 101 N.J. Super. 448 (Law Div. 1968), or where grandparents had acted in loco parentis, Wilkins v. Kane, 74 N.J. Super. 414 (Law Div. 1962). See France, 56 N.J. at 504.
We further recognized in France that the reasons typically given for retaining immunity for parental negligence the preservation of domestic harmony, the deterrence of fraud and collusion, and the protection of the family exchequer had little remaining validity. Id. at 504-05. Echoing our analysis in the companion case of Immer v. Risko, 56 N.J. 482 (1970) (abolishing interspousal tort immunity in automobile negligence actions), we noted that the widespread use of liability insurance had virtually nullified the threat that parent-child tort actions had posed to domestic peace and intra-family finances. France, 56 N.J. at 505. We also expressed our confidence that our judicial system would expose most, if not all, of the collusive suits brought against insurance carriers by injured children and their parents. Id.
Although our specific holding in France was limited to the abolition of parental immunity in claims arising out of a parent's negligent operation of a motor vehicle, we nevertheless stated the general view that the immunity "should be abrogated in this State." Id. at 506. We further recognized as dictum that "there may be areas involving the exercise of parental authority and care over a child which should not be justiciable in a court *540 of law." Id. at 507. However, since those areas were not implicated in France, we did not decide "what limits, if any, the rule enunciated ... would have." Id.
Four years after France, we decided Small v. Rockfeld, 66 N.J. 231 (1974), in which we further cut back on the parental immunity doctrine. There, we allowed an infant to sue his father for the drowning of his mother, allegedly caused intentionally or "by conduct which was grossly negligent and in ... wanton, reckless disregard of [the mother's] safety and life." Id. at 233. In rejecting the defendant father's claim of immunity, we observed that the policy considerations of family disharmony and collusion that might otherwise justify his insulation from suit were insubstantial, given the mother's death. Id. at 247.
Our decision in Small clearly reaffirmed our general disapproval of the parental immunity doctrine in France:
The reasoning and tenor of Justice Proctor's opinion in France ... leave no room for doubt that he and those who joined him considered the parental immunity to have been terminated in situations, such as the one at hand, where exercise of parental authority and adequacy of child care are admittedly not in issue. 56 N.J. at 504-07. [Id. at 244].
We concluded that "it is entirely evident that under the pertinent modern legal concepts the [child's action] ... should not have been barred at the threshold. And it is equally evident that the relevant policy considerations dictate the same conclusion." Id. at 246. However, we again recognized in dictum, as we did in France, that the immunity may remain operative in "special areas in the parent-child relationship, such as customary care and discipline." Small, 66 N.J. at 244. But since the issue of defining those "special areas" was likewise not before us in Small, we left that task to future case-by-case adjudication. Id.
As support for the retention of immunity in cases concerning the exercise of parental authority or customary child care, we cited in France and in Small the leading case of Goller v. White, 20 Wis.2d 402, 122 N.W.2d 193 (1963). In Goller, the Wisconsin *541 Supreme Court abolished the doctrine of parental immunity in all cases, except:
(1) where the alleged negligent act involves an exercise of parental authority over the child; and
(2) where the alleged negligent act involves an exercise of ordinary parental discretion with respect to the provision of food, clothing, housing, medical and dental services and other care. [Id. at 413, 122 N.W.2d at 198]
The Goller court did not define the limits of these exceptions. However, an analysis of subsequent Wisconsin court decisions reveals that the Goller exceptions in that state have been narrowly construed and do not apply to a parent's negligent failure to supervise or instruct a child on safety principles. See, e.g., Howes v. Hansen, 56 Wis.2d 247, 201 N.W.2d 825 (1972) (mother's negligent supervision not immunized where her child had been injured by another child operating a lawn mower); Thoreson v. Milwaukee and Suburban Transp. Co., 56 Wis.2d 231, 201 N.W.2d 745 (1972) (parent's failure to supervise three year-old son, who became injured when he ran into busy street, held not exempted by Goller); Cole v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 47 Wis.2d 629, 177 N.W.2d 866 (1970) (mother's negligent supervision of two year-old child injured while playing on a swing set held actionable). Some courts in other states, however, have held that suits for negligent supervision are immunized under the Goller exceptions. See, e.g., Paige v. Bing Constr. Co., 61 Mich. App. 480, 233 N.W.2d 46 (1975) (parents' failure to caution child about dangers of construction site ruled within the domain of parental authority and thereby non-actionable); Cherry v. Cherry, 295 Minn. 93, 203 N.W.2d 352 (1972) (mother's conduct in leaving infant unattended, enabling infant to bite extension cord, held within Goller exception for acts of "ordinary parental discretion").
III
Because this Court has never decided a case specifically on this issue, our lower courts have had to rely on what they perceive to be our philosophy concerning the doctrine of parental immunity in applying the Goller exceptions to cases involving *542 the exercise of parental authority and the provision of customary child care. The result has been confusion and several lower court opinions in direct conflict.
Since Small, there have been six reported decisions in our lower courts raising the issue of parental immunity. Two Appellate Division cases permitted a child's recovery where the parent's conduct was, at worst, merely negligent. Dower v. Goldstein, 143 N.J. Super. 418 (1976), rested mainly on legislative policy factors in permitting an unemancipated child bitten by the family dog to sue his parents under N.J.S.A. 4:19-16, a statute imposing strict liability. In Gross v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 158 N.J. Super. 442 (1978), the Appellate Division found the Goller exceptions for parental authority and child-care matters inapplicable to a father's negligent operation of a lawn mower that resulted in his minor child's injury. Neither Dower nor Gross, however, involved the application of the Goller standards to a situation of negligent supervision.
Without question, our lower courts have had the greatest difficulty in resolving the issue of whether suits against a parent for negligent supervision fall within or without the Goller exceptions. See generally Note, "Negligent Supervision and Instruction Protected by Parent-Child Immunity," 13 Seton Hall L.Rev. 398 (1983). The reported cases have split evenly in determining whether negligent supervision actions are barred by the parental immunity doctrine.
On one hand, Fritz v. Anderson, 148 N.J. Super. 68 (Law Div. 1977), and the Appellate Division's majority opinion below here, 182 N.J. Super. at 92-98, have held that matters of parental supervision are within the Goller exceptions and hence that no child may maintain an action against a parent on a theory of negligent supervision. In Fritz, parents of a minor child sued their neighbors on the child's behalf for injuries he sustained upon falling into an excavation in the neighbor's property. The defendants counterclaimed against the parents, alleging that they had negligently failed to supervise their child by permitting *543 him to wander unaccompanied in an area where construction had been in progress. In granting partial summary judgment to the parents, the trial court held that their inaction fell "within the realm of the exercise of parental authority and discretion" and therefore was protected by the doctrine of parental immunity. 148 N.J. Super. at 73. In the instant case involving the Foldis, the Appellate Division similarly held that mere negligent supervision of young Jennifer was not actionable and was barred by the doctrine of parental immunity. 182 N.J. Super. at 97-98.
On the other hand, Judge Furman, the dissenter in the Appellate Division in Foldi, reached a contrary result in a similar factual setting in Convery v. Maczka, 163 N.J. Super. 411 (Law Div. 1978). In Convery, plaintiff, a five year-old, and his mother were visiting neighbors. The neighbors' children and the plaintiff were allowed to play unsupervised in the basement while their mothers conversed in the kitchen. After 15 minutes of unsupervised frolic, the plaintiff fell from a chair and fractured his arm. The court held that the child's claim against his mother for her negligent lack of supervision was not barred by the doctrine of parental immunity. In reaching that conclusion, Judge Furman noted that the mother had a general duty to exercise reasonable care to ensure her child's physical safety, a duty that implicated "[n]either the exercise of parental authority nor the adequacy of parental provision of necessaries." Id. at 417.
The analysis of Convery was followed in Carey v. Davison, 181 N.J. Super. 283 (Law Div. 1981), a case decided a month before Foldi. There, an infant was holding her father's hand waiting to cross the street. After observing the traffic in the roadway, the father released his young daughter's hand and told her to cross. Upon doing so, she was struck by a car and seriously injured. The motorist filed a counterclaim against the father. The trial court in Carey recognized this Court's trend in abolishing the doctrine of parental immunity. Id. at 181 N.J. Super. at 285. Nevertheless, it felt compelled to hold that under present *544 law a claim of negligent supervision arising out of the parent-child relationship was inactionable. Id. at 290. However, it did not dismiss the counterclaim, but allowed it to be amended to make allegations comparable to those in Convery, alleging a breach of duty by one "with a special relationship to the child." Id. at 292.
The confusion in the state of our law on the applicability of parental immunity to negligent supervision cases is evident from our review of the preceding cases. In particular, the decisions in Convery and Carey are in direct conflict with Fritz and the majority opinion below. We now undertake the task of resolving that conflict, both for the disposition of the appeal before us and for the guidance of our lower courts.
IV
We start from the fundamental principle that liability ordinarily should be imposed upon those who wrongfully injure others. Our laws have been fashioned to ensure that "a person should be compensated fairly for injuries caused by the violation of his legal rights." Merenoff v. Merenoff, supra, 76 N.J. at 547 (quoting Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 257, 98 S.Ct. 1042, 1049, 55 L.Ed.2d 252, 261 (1968)). Minor children are entitled to the same redress for wrongs done them as are any other persons. To justify a prohibition of the enforcement of their rights, a very substantial showing must be made that such prohibition will help achieve an important countervailing policy.
Through the years, the courts, for policy reasons, have conferred immunity on certain classes of defendants. However, it is evident that "there has been a steady movement away from immunity" in this State. Willis v. Department of Conservation & Econ. Dev., 55 N.J. 534, 538 (1970). In the past three decades, we have judicially abrogated or restricted long-standing immunities in numerous areas of the law. E.g., Merenoff v. Merenoff, 76 N.J. 535 (1978) (interspousal tort immunity); P.T. & L. Constr. Co. v. Commissioner, Dep't. of Transp., 55 N.J. 341 (1970) *545 (state governmental immunity); Jackson v. Hankinson, 51 N.J. 230, 234-35 (1968) (local governmental immunity); Collopy v. Newark Eye & Ear Infirmary, 27 N.J. 29 (1958) (charitable immunity). Notwithstanding this trend, immunities conferred by statute, of course, are and will continue to be recognized by our courts. E.g., N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7, -8 (reinstating limited charitable immunity); N.J.S.A. 59:1-2 (sovereign immunity). Since we do not have such a legislative mandate on the issue of parental immunity, we are free here to weigh the competing policy interests implicated.
As we indicated supra at 536-38, the traditional arguments espoused in favor of intrafamily tort immunity were (1) the preservation of domestic harmony and (2) the deterrence of fraudulent or collusive suits against third-party insurers. We categorically rejected those arguments in Immer and Merenoff with respect to interspousal litigation and in France and Small with respect to children's claims against their parents. Given that history, we now reflect upon the following question: Do any valid reasons remain to justify the survival of even the present limited immunity for matters concerning the "exercise of parental authority and adequacy of child care?" Small, 66 N.J. at 244. We conclude that there are such reasons.
There are certain areas of activities within the family sphere involving parental discipline, care, and control that should and must remain free from judicial intrusion. Parents should be free to determine how the physical, moral, emotional, and intellectual growth of their children can best be promoted. That is both their duty and their privilege. Indeed, every parent has a unique philosophy of the rearing of children. That philosophy is an outgrowth of the parent's own economic, educational, cultural, ethical, and religious background, all of which affect the parent's judgment on how his or her children should be prepared for the responsibilities of adulthood. Such philosophical considerations come directly to the fore in matters of parental supervision.
*546 There is no recognized correct theory on how much freedom a parent should allow his or her children. Some parents believe that a child must be made self-reliant at an early age and accordingly give their children a great deal of independence. To outsiders, such independence may look like indifference or neglect. On the other hand, some parents believe that their children must be vigilantly monitored from infancy through adolescence. To outsiders, such vigilance and concern may appear to shelter the children from the world and to thwart their development.
As each parent is different, so is each child. There is no one ideal "formula" for how much supervision a child should receive at a given age. What may be perfectly safe to entrust to one five year-old may be utterly dangerous in the hands of another child of the same age. This disparity often proves true even among siblings in the same household. The parent is clearly in the best position to know the limitations and capabilities of his or her own children. These intangibles cannot be adequately conveyed within the formal atmosphere of a courtroom. Nor do we believe that a court or a jury can evaluate these highly subjective factors without somehow supplanting the parent's own individual philosophy.
V
These reasons justify the retention, to a certain extent, of the doctrine of parental immunity in the areas involving the exercise of parental authority or the provision of customary child care. Because there are so many varied situations involving these matters, we do not here determine what, if any, further refinements upon the doctrine may be required in each of these unique situations. We commend that undertaking to our lower courts to determine on a case-by-case basis.
We do, however, determine in the case before us the limits of parental immunity for one discrete area of parental authority the absence or inadequacy of a parent's supervision *547 over his or her children. While the reasons set forth above are sufficient to justify the application of the doctrine of parental immunity to a parent's simple negligence in supervision, we do not believe these policies justify immunity for a parent's willful or wanton misconduct in supervising his or her child. Thus, we hold that while the doctrine of parental immunity is a bar to a suit alleging negligent supervision, it does not protect a parent who has willfully or wantonly failed to watch over his or her child. We think that this holding represents a reasonable compromise between two legitimate aims a parent's right to raise, free of judicial interference, his or her child as he or she deems best, and a child's right to receive redress for wrongs done to him or her.
In reaching this new standard, we have considered and rejected the "reasonable parent" guideline adopted by the California Supreme Court in Gibson v. Gibson, supra. In Gibson, the doctrine of parental immunity was completely abolished. The California court directed the factfinders in each case to judge each defendant father or mother upon whether he or she acted as a reasonable parent under the circumstances. 3 Cal.3d at 921, 92 Cal. Rptr. at 293, 479 P.2d at 653. We fear that this instruction would result in jurors and judges substituting their own philosophy and standards of child-raising for those of the parent whose conduct is at issue. Further, we do not believe that parents should be routinely forced to defend the "reasonableness" of their child-rearing practices in a court of law, at least where their behavior does not rise to a level of wanton misconduct requiring public attention.
In addition, we can conceive of few accidental injuries a child might sustain that could not have been prevented by closer supervision by his or her parents. Hindsight invariably will expose some slight oversight, some failure to take yet another precaution that somehow contributed to the child's mishap. No parent can do everything. If such claims were allowed, it would be the rare parent who conceivably could not be called to account in the courts for his or her conduct. We also are not *548 unmindful of the current number of families severed by divorce. Suits for mere negligent lack of supervision could be used as a tool of harassment and retaliation by divorced parents. We hesitate to foster such litigation where no serious parental misconduct is at issue.
Alternatively, to permit the doctrine of parental immunity to bar completely an action against a parent by a child for substantial injuries resulting from his or her parent's willful or wanton lack of supervision is too unprotective of children and too unfair to third parties who may be less at fault. There is a point where parental neglect properly becomes a matter of public concern. Although New Jersey has criminal statutes that safeguard children from a parent's abuse, abandonment, cruelty, and neglect, N.J.S.A. 9:6-1 to -8.73, they apply and are enforced only in extreme cases and do not fully protect children from their parents' wanton carelessness. Liability for criminal neglect under N.J.S.A. 9:6-3 requires proof of intentional or purposeful conduct by the parent. See State v. Burden, 126 N.J. Super. 424 (App.Div. 1974); State v. Hofford, 152 N.J. Super. 283, 296 (Law Div. 1977). Were we to track the criminal statute and apply parental immunity to all but intentional torts, many serious cases of parental indifference would go undeterred and unredressed.
In addition, the comparative fault of parents guilty of willful or wanton misconduct should be factored into the allocation of liability in cases involving third-party joint tortfeasors. Although it would perhaps be fairest to those third parties to consider the parent's contributory fault in all cases, we draw a line for policy reasons as we do in offsetting damages in contributory negligence cases of less than 50% that takes into account at least some of their interests. See N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.1. See also Draney v. Bachman, 138 N.J. Super. 503 (Law Div. 1976). Hence, we go further than the line of purely intentional torts by also removing willful or wanton supervisory misconduct from the protective boundary of immunity. Thus, third-party claims *549 may properly be brought against parents in appropriately severe lack-of-supervision cases.
VI
Accordingly, we conclude that the doctrine of parental immunity will continue to preclude liability in cases of negligent supervision, but not for a parent's willful or wanton failure to supervise his or her children.
New Jersey has long recognized the distinction between willful or wanton conduct on the one hand and mere negligence on the other. See, e.g., McLaughlin v. Rova Farms, Inc., 56 N.J. 288, 305-10 (1970); Carney v. Gordon and Wilson Co., 153 N.J. Super. 109, 112-13 (App.Div. 1977); Iaconio v. D'Angelo, 104 N.J.L. 506, 508 (E. & A. 1928); Staub v. Public Serv. Ry. Co., 97 N.J.L. 297, 299-300 (E. & A. 1922). And unlike an intentional tort, "wanton or willful misconduct does not require the establishment of a positive intent to injure." Tabor v. O'Grady, 61 N.J. Super. 446, 451 (App.Div. 1960). The standard is thus an accepted intermediary position between simple negligence and the intentional infliction of harm. See Prosser, supra, § 34 at 184-86.
Although, as we stated in McLaughlin, supra, "[i]t is not easy to set down a readily usable definition of willful [or] wanton misconduct," 56 N.J. at 305, we have generally expressed the concept as follows:
it must appear that the defendant with knowledge of existing conditions, and conscious from such knowledge that injury will likely or probably result from his conduct, and with reckless indifference to the consequences, consciously and intentionally does some wrongful act or omits to discharge some duty which produces the injurious result.
* * * * * * * *
[W]illful [or] wanton misconduct signifies something less than an intention to hurt. To establish that condition it is not necessary that the defendant himself recognize his conduct as being extremely dangerous; it is enough that he know, or has reason to know, of circumstances which would bring home to the *550 realization of the ordinary reasonable man the highly dangerous character of his conduct. [McLaughlin, 56 N.J. at 305-06]
Accord Staub v. Public Serv. Ry. Co., supra, 97 N.J.L. at 300.
Several other jurisdictions have adopted a similar principle and abolished the doctrine of parental immunity in tort actions that involve a parent's willful or wanton misconduct. E.g., Dennis v. Walker, 284 F. Supp. 413 (D.D.C. 1968); Attwood v. Estate of Attwood, 276 Ark. 230, 633 S.W.2d 366 (1982); Horton v. Reaves, 186 Col. 149, 526 P.2d 304 (1974); Illinois Nat'l Bank and Trust Co. v. Turner, 83 Ill. App.3d 234, 38 Ill.Dec. 652, 403 N.E.2d 1256 (1980); Cowgill v. Boock, 189 Or. 282, 218 P.2d 445 (1950); Groves v. Groves, 152 W. Va. 1, 158 S.E.2d 710 (1967).
Further, our adoption of the willful or wanton standard as the liability threshold in parental supervision cases is consistent with our decision in Merenoff to retain interspousal immunity for acts of "simple domestic carelessness." 76 N.J. at 555. We believe that child supervision falls within the realm of "activities which partake of the everyday exigencies of regular household existence," that we exempted from simple negligence liability in Merenoff. Id. Only where the supervision, or lack thereof, rises to the level of willful or wanton misconduct should the judicial process be invoked.
VII
Turning to this case, we must determine whether Mrs. Foldi's lack of supervision, as stipulated in the facts, might constitute willful or wanton misconduct or merely negligence. Since "differences in gravity of fault cannot be stated with mathematical precision," the focus must be on the "seriousness of the actor's misconduct." McLaughlin, supra, 56 N.J. at 305-06. This case was determined on defendants' motion for summary judgment. R. 4:46. Here, the undisputed facts show that Mrs. Foldi was, at worst, merely negligent. The amount of her inattention to her daughter was slight. There is no evidence to show she was recklessly or consciously indifferent to Jennifer's welfare. Jennifer was out of her mother's sight only for a *551 total period of 10 minutes. She and her mother were together in their own yard. There is no evidence that Mrs. Foldi would have perceived a high probability of injury to Jennifer there. This case represents a typical instance of a negligent lack of supervision, where a parent briefly loses sight of his or her child. Our result might be different if they had been standing at a railroad track.
We do not believe that parents in cases such as this one should have to bear the burden of defending their conduct at a trial. Summary judgment was properly granted in Mrs. Foldi's favor, there being no genuine issue of fact as to her willful or wanton misconduct. R. 4:46-2.
VIII
Thus, we reaffirm today our decisions in France and Small and hold that the doctrine of parent-child immunity is abrogated, except in special situations that involve the exercise of parental authority and customary child care. We further modify that exception in the context of an alleged failure of parental supervision and permit recovery where the parent's inadequate supervision rises to the level of willful or wanton misconduct. However, we leave to future consideration whether parental immunity should be similarly limited in other areas of parental authority and child care not involving supervision.
Because the plaintiff's mother in the case before us did not willfully or wantonly fail in her duty to supervise her child, we accordingly affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division.
For affirmance Chief Justice WILENTZ and Justices SCHREIBER, HANDLER, POLLOCK, O'HERN and GARIBALDI 6.
For reversal None.
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La Universidá de Chicago ye una universidá privada allugada en Chicago, Illinois (Estaos Xuníos). Ye una de les universidaes más reconocíes y prestixoses del mundu, cuntando con un total de 91 premiu Nobel, 49 Rhodes Scholars, y 50 becaos pol programa de Beques MacArthur pa "xenios." Diverses personalidaes de sonadía mundial formen o formaron parte de la universidá, en diversos campos como la química, física (Enrico Fermi, Robert Millikan), economía (Milton Friedman, George Stigler, Myron Scholes, o Gary Becker, ente otros), medicina, lliteratura (Saul Bellow), psicoloxía (John Dewey) y política. L'ex presidente d'Estaos Xuníos, Barack Obama, foi profesor y catedráticu de la Universidá mientres 12 años, y caltién la so residencia nel campus de la universidá en Hyde Park.
En 2015, la universidá gastó 421 millones de dólares n'investigación científica. Amás, profesores y alumnos de la universidá xugaron un papel importante nel desenvolvimientu de la economía mundial, de la socioloxía, el movimientu derechu y economía nel analís llegal, y la física (por casu, investigaciones de la Universidá llevaron a la creación del primer reactor nuclear autosuficiente, dirixíos por Enrico Fermi).
La universidá ye tamién el llar de la editorial más grande de toles universidaes nos Estaos Xuníos y alministra la University of Chicago Press.
Fundación
Foi fundada por American Baptist Education Society gracies a una donación del magnate petroleru y filántropu John D. Rockefeller, y foi constituyida en 1890. William Rainey Harper convertir nel primer presidente de la universidá, en 1891, y les primeres clases tuvieron llugar en 1892.
Facultaes y escueles
Na Universidá de Chicago nacieron lo que se conocen como "escueles" d'Economía de Chicago y Socioloxía de Chicago, que nun son escueles nin facultaes puramente diches de la universidá, sinón corrientes d'opinión.
La Universidá de Chicago solamente tien una facultá de pregrado denomada Facultá de la Universidá de Chicago. Los estudios de posgráu impartir en siete escueles profesionales:
Escuela de Medicina Pritzker
Escuela de Negocios Booth
Escuela de Derechu *Seminariu de la Universidá de Chicago *Escuela de Polítiques
Públiques Harris
Escuela d'Alministración de Serviciu Social
Escuela d'Educación Continua Graham
Ránkings
La Universidá de Chicago clasificar de forma continua ente los diez meyores universidaes estauxunidenses y mundiales na mayoría de los ránkings.
La escuela de negocios de la universidá, la Booth School of Business, lleva clasificando como la meyor escuela de negocios del mundu pol ranking de Business Week dende 2006 hasta l'actualidá. La escuela tamién ye considerada la meyor del mundu pol ránking de la revista británica The Economist 2012.
Ente los profesores, investigadores y alumnos de la Universidá hubo cerca de 91 premiu Nobel y 50 becarios MacArthur.
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Doctores honorarios de la Universidá de Chicago
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Cette expression behourd, bihourd, bohourt, bouhouvdy behourdich Digitized by VjOOÇIC 157 mesme équipage, mab teiuuit une baguette blanche en main. Et sont obligés d'y assister tous les cordiers de ladite paroisse, à la réserve de ceux du village de la Feuillaie, qui sont tenus présenter, un genou en terre, un bouquet de houx à messieurs les juges de la juridiction. ^ (Aveu du duché de Rohan en 1682). Tous les tanneurs de la ville de Lamballe (Côtes-du Nord) devaient le mardi de Pâques, accompagner le sei gneur de la Villebilly dans le bois de ce nom. Ce seigneur y cueillait une fleur ou une feuille et la montrait par trois fois. On se rendait ensuite à la chapelle Saint Sauveur en Lamballe, et, là, le seigneur de la Villebilly, assis au pied d'une croix de pierre, appelait chaque tan neur et condamnait à une amende (en 1709, elle était de 2 sous 6 deniers) tous ceux qui ne comparaissaient pas ou ne pouvaient exhiber une fleur ou une feuille semblable à celle cueillie par lui. Le lundi de Pâques « tous les jeunes garçons de 1^ paroisse de Saint-Ideuc (Ille-et-Vilaine) non mariés et au-dessus de Tasge de treize ans » devaient « faire faire une rose' de bois peint, armoyée des armes du seigneur de Saint-Ideuc, fondateur deTéghse dudit lieu j) et cette rose ainsi confectionnée devait « estre donnée par lesdits jeunes garçons, en ce lieu assemblés, à une fille par le roy desdits jeunes garçons choisie et eslue ». A cette jeune fille, nommée reine par le roi des garçons, incom bait le devoir d'aller présenter elle-même la rose au sei gneur de Saint-Ideuc, ce qu'elle faisait (f accompagnée vient, croit-on, du thiois behoorden, père du mot français heurter. On peut lire une savante dissertation de du Gange : Des armes à ou trancCy des joutes, de la table ronde^ des behourds et de ta quin taine dans le tome xiii de la Collection Leber. Digitized by VjOOÇIC 15« par lesdits jeunes garçons et assistée de joueurs de tam bourins, haultbois, bombardes et autres instruments jd. [Archives d'Ille-etVilaine, B, 928). Une redevance musicale et chorégraphique appartenait au baron de Lohéac dans la petite ville de ce nom (Ille et Vilaine) : « Le mardy d'après Pasques, chaque année, la dernière mariée de la paroisse de Saint-André-de Lohéac et de Saint-Germain fillette d'icelle est obligée de comparoistre à la passée du cimetière de la dite église de Lohéac et là déclarer au juge, au procureur fiscal ou au greffier de la juridiction, qu'elle doit un baiser à la seigneurie ; après quoi elle doit chanter une chanson et danser hors dudit cimetière, ce qui se fait à l'issue des vespres; ledit devoir à peine de 60 sols 4 denier monnaie d'amende ». (Aveu de la haronnie de Lohéac , 4698). Au baron de Clisson (Loire-Inférieure) était dû par le propriétaire de la Triguaye, en Cugand, a: un chevreau à Pasques ». Certains tenanciers de Talensac (lUe-et-Vilaine) devaient au seigneur du Bois-de-Bintin, à la fête de Pâques, sur la passée du cimetière « un pot de vin de Grave, 2 sols de pain et 2 sols de viande, le tout recou vert d'une serviette blanche ». Quand arrivaient les fêtes de Pâques, le prieur de Varades (Loire-Inférieure) devait au baron d'Ancenis a six gasteaux appelés rouessoles » faits avec de la farine de froment et des œufs, plus six fouaceset six pintes de vin. [Déclaration de la seigneurie d'Ancenis en 4549). L'une des plus bizarres obligations féodales à la charge des Religieux était, sans contredit, la bassinée de bouillie due par l'abbesse de Saint-Georges de Rennes au Cha pitre de cette ville. Chaque mardi de Pâques, les cha Digitized by VjOOÇIC 159 noines de Rennes se rendaient en procession de la cathédi^e à l'église abbatiale de Saint-Georges : après la grand'messe chantée par l'un d'eux, tous entraient dans le cloître du monastère ; ils y trouvaient a: une grande bassinée de bouillie de lait et de fleur de froment, cuite mais un peu urcée ou brûlée ». Le Chapitre pre nait possession de cette redevance et « tous les gens du bas-chœur, s'approchant de la bassinée, en déversaient avec des cuillers de bois autant qu'ils voulaient dans de grandes écuelles qu'ils emportaient avec eux. ->-> [Archives du Chapitre de Rennes], Ce qui restait de bouillie était, par ordre des chanoines, distribué aux pauvres de la ville.» Il est vraisemblable que cette bouillie remplaçait un repas dû originairement par l'abbesse au Chapitre venant chanter la sainte messe à Saint-Georges. On trouve assez souvent des œufs de Pâques dûs aux seigneurs : celui de ïexue en Gevezé (lUe-etVilaine) exigeait qu'on lui en présentât c( une douzaine dans un couvre-chef blanc ». Certain tenancier en devait « quarante-trois » au seigneur de Betton (llle-etVilaine) « déposés, à l'issue de la grand'messe de Pâques, au pied de la croix du cimetière paroissial de Betton. » Il est permis, peut-être, de joindre à l'énuméra tion des redevances de Pâques, un usage assez curieux de la contrée guérandaise : (( A Saint-Ly phard (Loire-Inférieure), à l'époque de Pâques, les garçons meuniers s'en vont, avec un panier au bras, chez toutes leurs pratiques. C'est pour eux l'époque des étrennes. Ils reçoivent invariablement des œufs dans chaque maison, selon la générosité de chacun. Mais comme les familles tiennent à être bien servies et atta chent un grand prix aux bonnes grâces du meunier, chez lequel est ouvert souvent un compte-courant assez Digitized by VjOOÇIC 1(10 élevé, ces quêtes sont généralemeiit très fructueuses. Il n'est pas rare qu'un garçon meunier fasse dans sa journée une collecte d'œufs qui lui rapporte de quinze à vingt francs i) (^). Ces redevances et quêtes d'œufs nous amènent à rap peler, le plus brièvement possible, ce que l'on connaît touchant la théogonie de l'œuf et touchant aussi la très vénérable coutume de s'offrir des œufs. Une école historique, animée des meilleures intentions mais à la vue courte, se refuse à voir, en dépit de l'évi dence, que la plupart de nos coutumes sont d'origine païenne et ont été christianisées. Cette école prétend que l'habitude des œuts de Pâques viendrait de ce que l'Eglise ayant interdit de manger des œufs pendant le Carême on se trouvait en avoir une trop grande quantité à la lin de la Sainte Quarantaine, et pour s'en débarras ser on les donnait à tout venant. Le malheur est que, aux époques les plus reculées et chez les peuples les plus divers, on constate l'usage de s'offrir des œufs : il faut, l'histoire à la main, considérer l'œuf de Pâques comme une étrenne donnée pour souhaiter prospérité et abondance. L'œuf de Pâques naturel a longtemps régné en seul maitre. On commença à le colorier dans les couvents dès le Xle siècle. L'usage de les durcir vient de ce que, en beaucoup de contrées, les enfants s'amusent à les toquer les uns contre les autres : celui dont l'œuf est le plus résistant est le vainqueur et les œufs brisés lui appartiennent de droit. (1) Gustave Blanchard : De quelques usages ancie^ts conservés au pays guérandais. [Bull, de la Soc. archéolog. de Nantes, t. xvii, pp. 69-70). Digitized by VjOOÇIC IfVt Depuis longtemps déjà l'œuf naturel a été supplanté, dans les classes riches, par Fœuf artificiel en sucre, en chocolat, en porcelaine, en carton ; Fœuf â surprises mériterait un chapitre spécial qui n'est point de mise dans une étude consacrée spécialement à la Bretagne. Mais on ne me pardonnerait pas de passer sous silence une des fêtes les plus anciennes et les plus populaires de notre chère ville de Nantes: je veux parler de rassemblée du lundi de Pâques sur la route de Paris, connue sous le nom de la SaintAgapit. Donc, ce jour-là, une foule immense se promène en ce joli quartier ; près du parc magnifique du Plessis-Tison aux ombrages séculaires, des baraques foraines, des bou tiques de galettes et de gâteaux, des débits de vin en plein vent sont envahis par les familles endimanchées et bx'uyantes. Le caractère typique de cette assemblée consiste dans la multitude incroyable de modestes marchands qui s'échelonnent depuis la rue de Coulmiers jusqu'au boulevard de ceinture, offrant à la facile tenta tion des passants des paniers remplis d'œufs durs, colo riés surtout en rouge et en violet, mais aussi en rose, en brun, en jaune, et même en noir. Quant à l'ancienneté de l'assemblée du lundi de Pâques, je cède sur ce point la parole à M. l'abbé Dur ville, le savant historiographe nantais. « L'assemblée de saint Agapit, dit-il, doit son origine à un pèlerinage qui se faisait à la fontaine de saint Agapit, en Saint-Donatien. On y allait particulièrement pour le mal de ventre. Le centre de ce pèlerinage était autrefois à la chapelle Saint-Georges, « située à un i> quart de Heue du bourg de Saint-Donatien, sur le D grand chemin de Carquefou », « L'assemblée du lundi de Pâques, à Saint-Donatien, 11 Digitized by VjOOÇIC 162 est une de nos plus anciennes assemblées nantaises. Nous la trouvons mentionnée dès le commencement du Xlle siècle. Un acte de 1105 nous apprend que Benoit, évêque de Nantes, promulgua une indulgence en faveur de réglise de Doulon, à la station qui se faisait, le len demain de Pâques, aux saints martyrs Donatien et Rogatien. » Il est à croire que Ton commença de bonne heure à manger des œufs à cette assemblée. Cet usage est expressément rapporté dans une délibération capitulaire du 18 avril 1457. Le programme de la station à Saint Donatien comportait alors un sermon. Mais, quand il était trop long, il se trouvait des pèlerins qui avaient la dévotion trop courte pour en attendre la fin. De là, une débandade peu édifiante : et le Chapitre, gardien rigide des saines coutumes, crut devoir remédier au désordre qui s'étabhssait. Il ordonna donc que désormais les membres de la procession « attendraient la fin du ser )) mon, à Saint-Donatien, avant d'aller manger des » œufs chez le recteur dudit lieu, pour donner le bon » exemple aux laïques » (*). Nos concitoyens ne se doutent guère de Torigine religieuse de la fête nantaise du lundi de Pâques. Mais -si la fontaine sacrée a fait place aux litres de gros-plant, si Ton n'entend plus, en guise de sermon, que les boni ments des pitres et les cris des camelots, la coutume de manger des œufs n'a pas périclité, et je m'en réjouis comme amateur de traditions locales. (1) Le Chercheur des provinces de VOuest, mars i900, pp. 37-39. Digitized by VjOOÇIC Le Mois de Mai Bien que la consécration du mois de Mai à la Sainte Vierge soit relativement récente — elle date de la fin du XVIe siècle et ne devint populaire qu'au XIX^ siècle — nous avons cru ne pas sortir du cadre de cette étude en parlant des pratiques intéressantes qui se rattachent à ce mois, dont le retour fut signalé à toute époque par des cérémonies religieuses et des usages laïques qui sortent de Tordinaire. Nous avons vu, dans le chapitre précédent, que la bizarre coutume d'envahir les maisons dè& l'aube pour trouver les gens au lit et les condamner à l'amende se pratiquait le premier jour de Mai comme le lundi de Pâques. Par un contraste émouvant, on rencontre un usage lugubre qui se rattache également au lit : sur la limite de la Gornouaille, au pays de Vannes, on sème de fleurs la couche des jeunes filles qui meurent pendant le mois de Mai ; ces prémices du printemps sont regar dées comme un présage d'éternel bonheur. Ce rite gra cieux s'est conservé en Angleterre, chez les Bretons du pays de Galles. Au moyen âge, le I^t Mai était considéré comme un jour de réjouissances ; on se parait de vêtements neufs et d'innombrables textes nous révèlent que les Rois donnaient alors des étrennes. Cet usage s'est perpétué Digitized by VjOOÇIC 1«4 sous la forme d'une quête qui a lieu en beaucoup de contrées." Un ouvrage récent en offre un exemple dans le pays nantais : « La vieille fête des Coquaillers existe toujours à Guémené : dans la matinée du 1^ Mai, les jeunes gens réunis vont chanter devant les habitations une chanson aux paroles naïves, à Tair monotone ; de largent, des œufs, des victuailles obtenus des habitants, ils font ensuite un gai repas accompagné de liba tions » (*). « Les compagnies d'arquebuse remontent aux pre miers temps de la chevalerie. La plupart avaient d'abord agi dans l'intérêt de leur propre défense contre les vexations des hauts barons et des ennemis de TEtat. Elles furent par cela même utiles au Trône, et c'est ce qui porta nos Princes à exciter l'émulation des chevaliers de l'arquebuse, en leur accordant divers pri vilèges et exemptions. Par lettres patentes des rois Henri III, Henri IV et Louis XIII, il fut établi que les habitants qui se trouveraient habiles à l'exercice des armes pour la défense de leur ville auraient la permis sion de s'assembler le premier jour de Mai et de tirer au papegault élevé en l'air; que celui qui l'abattrait serait franc pendant le cours de l'année de toutes impo sitions, tutelle, curatelle et décharge de logement de guerre; ces privilèges furent confirmés par lettres patentes de Louis XIV. On comptait en Bretagne trente trois villes et bourgs dans lesquels le chevalier de l'arquebuse qui avait abattu l'oiseau jouissait pendant un an de l'exemption des droits d'aides jusqu'à concur rence d'une certaine quantité de vin. Mais les arrêts du (i) E. Orieux et J. Vincent : Hû taire et géographie de la Loire Inférieure , t. II, p, 259. Digitized by VjOOÇIC 165 Conseil voulaient que, pour être admis à tirer Toiseau, on s'exerçât un jour au moins par mois pendant tout le cours de Tannée. Ces privilèges subsistaient encore dans toutes ces villes avant la Révolution » (). Dans les Privilèges de la ville de Nantes, publiés par la € Société des Bibliophiles bretons » (*), se trouve un acte, en date du 1er Mai 1482, par lequel le duc Fran çois II déclare exempter le Roi du Papegault à Nantes, pendant l'année, « de toutes tailles, aides, dons, empruncts, guet, rireguet, garde de porte et de tous autres subsides et subvencions personnels quelxcon ques » et, en outre, il lui fait cadeau de « l'impost de vingt pippes de vin du cru de l'évesché de Nantes, que par chacun an, durant, ladite Roiaulté, celui Roy fera vendre par detaill en sa maison ou aultre meson en notre dite ville de Nantes, la part que bon luy semblera. » Avant d'énumérer les droits féodaux dont nos ancêtres étaient tenus de s'acquitter au mois de Mai, il est néces saire, pour la clarté du sujet, de dire quelques mots de deux coutumes fort poétiques et universellement pra tiquées. L'usage de planter le mai tirerait son origine, d après certains énidits, de la fête de la Terre, dont le 1er Mai donnait le signal chez les Anciens. Mais, suivant Leber, qui appuie sa copieuse dissertation (^) d'exemples tirés de la Bible et des annales de l'Egypte, de la Grèce et de Rome, on plantait le niai pour rendre honneur aux per (1) G. Leber : Notice sur les chevaliers de V arquebuse royale de France, {Collection des meilleures dissertations, etc., t. xii, pp. 374-372.) (2) Archives de Bretagne, t. i, pp. 72-73. (3) De Vorigine de Vusage de planter le mai (Collection, etc., t. vni, pp. 356-361.) Digitized by VjOOÇIC 166 sonnages de marque et attirer leur bienveillance. Cette coutume a traversé les siècles et l'on pourrait faire un long chapitre sur toutes les cérémonies locales qui accompagnaient le joyeux cortège. Qu'il me suffise ici de rappeler la plantation du mai des clercs de la Bazoche, minutieusement décrite par Victor Fournel Q) et le mai verdoyant porté avec pompe devant le maître autel de Notre-Dame par la corporation des orfèvres de Paris. Quant à la gracieuse coutume d'élire une jeune lille, appelée Reine de Mai, et de la promener, parée de ses plus beaux atours, quoique moins ancienne que la plan tation du mai, elle peut se targuer néanmoins de possé der des parchemins vénérables : • dès le XV« siècle, elle existe à Saint-Claude ; puis on la trouve en plusieurs provinces, surtout dans le Midi, et elle existe même en Angleterre. Le sire de Bougon, ayant accordé de nombreuses franchises aux paroissiens de Pont-Saint-Martin (Loire Inférieure), se borna à leur demander, en signe de reconnaissance, « chacun premier jour de may des gants et des esteufs (^) pour jouer à la paulme *. (Aveu de la seigneurie de Bougon en 1580.) A Châteaugiron (Ille-et-Vilaine), existait un droit de « ceinture de bergère ». Un Aveu de 1541 le décrit ainsi : « Le détenteur du lieu des Omieaux en la paroisse de Pacé » est tenu de se trouver le premier jour de (i) Les spectacles populaires et les artistes des i*ties, pp. 79-84. (2) Eteuf. Pila lusoria. Baie du jeu de longue paume, fort petite, fort dure, remplie de son, et couverte ordinairement de cuir. Ménage, après Lipse, dérive ce mot du latin tufa, qui signiOait une boule qui était au haut des enseignes. [Dicf. de Trévou^^ t. m, col. 1112.) Digitized by VjOOÇIC 167 Mai « au bout de la cohue de la ville de Chasteaugiron y> et d'y présenter au seigneur ou à ses officiers « entre midy et une heure, une ceinture de bergère avec une chanson, soubs peine d'amende ». Cette ceinture rappelle un fait qui pourrait expliquer l'origine de cette redevance bizarre. A l'entrée du Roi à Paris, en 1408, figurait le duc de Bretagne, accom pagné de plusieurs de ses barons, parmi lesquels se trouvait Armel, sire de Ghâteaugiron ; ce dernier était lui-même suivi de nombreux vaseaux « tous à cheval, la lance sur la cuisse, portant banderoles ou estoit le portraict d'une bergère, et au dessouls escript : Pensez y ce que vous vouldrez, qui estoit la devise du seigneur de Chasteaugiron » (*). Quoi qu'il en soit, La Chesnaye-Desbois décrit en détails cette cérémonie : « Un des droits singuliers de la terre de Châteaugiron est que le possesseur de certain héritage est tenu, à peine de perdre la jouissance de ses fruits pendant l'année, de venir chaque premier mai chanter sur le pont du château, après la grande messe, les officiers de la juridiction étant en robe, une chanson antique et gauloise dont voici le premier couplet : Belle bergère. Dieu vous gard, Tant vous êtes belle et jolie ; Le fils du Roi vous sauve et gard, Vous et la vôtre compagnie ; Entrez, je suis en fantaisie. Belle pour vous mon franc regard ; Pour vous suis venu cette part, Etc. (i) D'Argentré: Hist. de Bret., ^i, — D. Morice : Hist, de Bref., I, 442. Digitized by VjOOÇIC 168 » Et à la fin de la chanson donner une ceinture de laine de cinq couleurs, d'une aune de long, appelée la ceinture du berger » (*). « Les nouveaux mariés du bourg de Vallet (Loire Inférieure) doivent au seigneur du Pallet un mai d'un pied de chesne, de soixante pieds de hauteur et de gros seur compétente, lequel doit être par eux abattu, amené et planté audit bourg, au son de quatre parties de haut bois, auj lieu accoustumé ; et le doivent lever au pre mier essai, à peine d'amende. Doivent oultre lesdits mariés chacun deux pots de vin, mesure du Pallet, et pour deux sols de pain blanc ; — et leurs femmes doi vent venir, conduites desdits hautbois, proche le lieu où se plante ledit mai, apporter un bouquet de fleurs et baiser ledit seigneur du Pallet ou son officier le repré sentant, et dire chacune une chanson nouvelle autour dudit mai ; et doit le propriétaire de la maison au devant où se plante ledit mai, une table, un tapis, des sièges, pour deux sols de pain et un pot de vin, mesure du Pallet, par chacun an, lorsque se plante ledit mai. » (Aveux de la seigneurie du Pallet en 1534, 1631 et 1725.) A Bréal-sous-Montfoil (Ille-etVilaine), « doivent les deux derniers mariés demeurant en ladite ville de Bréal, sçavoir le mari et la femme, planter le premier jour de mai sous la halle un mai d'espines blanches fleuries ; après quoi, la messe dite et célébrée, lesdits mariés comparoissent en l'auditoire, où l'épouse présente au seigneur de Bréal, ou à son procureur fiscal, un bou quet de fleurs et un baiser dont il est dressé procès verbal ». Gela fait, le marié présente à son tour du pain (1) Dictionnaire de la Noblessvy v, 878. Digitized by VjOOQIC 469 et du vin au seigneur ou à son représentant, puis la mariée ouvre le bal champêtre « chantant la première chanson en dansant autour du mai ». (Aveu de la chà tellenie de Bréal en 1695.) Une rosière était élue à Saint-Jouan-des-Guérèts (Ille-et-Vilaine) par les soins du seigneur de la Mothe Rouxel, fondateur de cette paroisse. Le Terrier ms. de Ghâteauneuf nous apprend que le seigneur de Saint Jouan a « dans ladite paroisse droit de may et de rose » et même « droit d'élection d'une jeune fille reine de la jeunesse ». Un autre document nous dit que ce seigneur faisait élire à la fête de Saint-Marc (25 avril) un roi parmi les jeunes garçons de Saint-Jouan « lequel roy de la jeunesse, en présence des officiers de la seigneurie, choisit pour reine une jeune fille de ladite paroisse, excédant fâge de quinze ans » ; ensuite « le premier dimanche de may doibt estre planté un may, à vis l'au ditoire seigneurial de Saint-Jouan » et « doibt estre faite une rose » confiée à la reine de la jeunesse. Naturelle ment, la fête se terminait par une ronde champêtre dansée autour de l'arbre et conduite par la jeune reine. M. Louis Tiercelin, le disting-ué dramaturge, le vail lant fondateur et directeur de VHennine, a consacré naguère à la célébration du 1er Mai dans notre province quelques pages (*) qui trouvent naturellement leur place ici. K Ce n'est pas à la manière de Paris que se fête le 1er Mai dans nos petites villes et nos campagnes bre tonnes. La ville de ce jour, une bande de jeunes gens se répand dans les rues et s'arrête devant les maisons où l'on suppose qu'on sera bien accueilli. C'est avec une (1) Le premier Mai. (L'Hermine^ t. x, pp. 1387-844.) Digitized by VjOOÇIC 170 chanson que la troupe joyeuse annonce son arrivée et formule sa demande. Si Taccueil est aimable, en recon naissance du présent reçu: argent, œufs, beurre, etc., on suspend à la maison une branche de lilas en fleur. Si Taccueil a été maussade ou si l'habitant est renommé pour son mauvais caractère, c'est un bouquet de feuilles de chou qu'on accroche en partant. # Je dois à l'obligeance de M. Carlo, de Moncontour, la communication des deux chansons suivantes relatives à cette fête. La première se chante dans la ville de Moncontour, la seconde est spéciale à la campagne environnante : L'Arrivée du Mois de Mal Heveillez-vous, jeunes gens qui sommeillent, A ramasser une fleur la plus belle. Iléveillez-vous, bien vite et promptement, A ramasser la fleur du doux printemps. «f Celui des jeunes gens qui mène le jeu pose alors cette question : Chanterons-je V « Si la réponse est favorable on continue : Le mois d'avril m'a été bien contraire ; M'a-t-empêché d'aller voir ma maîtresse. J'irai la voir au plus tôt sans tarder A l'arrivée du joli mois de mai. Je lui ferai un bouquet de verdure, 'ront écrits en peinture. porterai li mois de mai. Digitized by VjOOÇIC 171 Rossignolet qui au gentil bois chante Toute la nuit sur une épine blanche Toute la nuit ne faisait que chanter A l'arrivée du joli mois de mai. Chantez, chantez ce joli chant d'amour : j' Il faut s'aimer la nuit comme le jour. L'Arrivée du Mois de Mal {Environs de MoncontourJ Accourez tous ici, et peuples et fidèles, Et venez écouter une chanson nouvelle. Nous la chant'rons si belle et si jolie A la sortie du mois d'avril Nous la chant'rons si vite et promptement A l'arrivée du doux printemps. Quel est cet ombrage que vous voyez dans vot' fenêtre ? C'est un beau bouquet que l'on vous a fait paraître. Que nous venons prompt'ment ici placer A l'arrivée du mois de mai. Que nous plaçons ici promptement A l'arrivée du doux printemps. Entre vous, jeunes fill', qui faites les dévotes, Vous cherchez vos galants, ils sont à votre porte ; Vous les cherchez à l'heure de minuit A la sortie du mois d'avril, Vous les cherchez à l'heure de mené. A vot' porte ils sont arrivés. Si v' n'avez rien à donner, donnez-nous la servante, Lo porteur de panier est tout prêt à la prendre. Digitized by VjOOÇIC 472 Il n'en a pas, il la voudrait tenir A la sortie du mois d'avril, II n'en a pas, il en voudrait pourtant A l'arrivée du doux printemps. En vous remerciant, le maître et la maîtresse, Le présent qu' vous nous fait's, nous l'trouvons fort honnête, Uetournez-y promptement dans vos lits Et nous irons toute la nuit, rompteraent vous coucher rons nous promener. )isièrne chanson qui est chantée à mps, il approche, nde à tout homme lanter ensemble ois de mai. is, jeunes filles, et promptement : calants qu'arrivent e doux printemps. id'nt à la porte ; lut-il chanter ? 'mèr' leur répond : is de danger. ; et quenaillons, lu d'vant ma porte? î's le bien du monde, is pas la force. is remerciant, md'mèr' l'andouille, Digitized by VjOOÇIC 173 Que tous les chiens du monde Vous ch dedans la goule. L'année prochain' qu'ils vous en fass'nt autant A l'arrivée du doux printemps, « Dans un de mes séjours à Scaër, j'ai recueilli une chanson de Mai qui se chante au bourg. La fête de Mai a lieu à Scaër le soir du premier samedi de ce mois. Premier sam'di de Mai L'amour me prend envie D'aller planter un mai A la port' de ma mie. Oh ! roulons-la, Mon cœur l'attira, Mon joli temps s'en va. D'aller planter un mai A la port' de ma mie. Quand le mai fut planté L'on demande un' chopine. Quand la chopin' fut bue On demande un' bouteille. Quand la bouteill' fut bue On demande les filles. « — Laquelle en voulez-vous, La grande ou la petite ? La petit', s'il vous plaît, Parc' qu'elle est plus gentille. » La grande monte en haut, Elle pleure et soupire. « — Taisez-vous donc, ma sœur, Vous aurez un plus riche. Un marchand d'escargots. Un négociant d'pomm' cuites. Digitized by VjOOÇIC 174 Qui s'en va à Bordeaux Sur son an' de bourrique. » « Au bourg de Scaër et dans les environs ce n'est pas du lilas qu'on suspend à la porte des maisons. C'est une branche de hêtre ornée de rubans. A Scaêr cette céré une vraie déclaration d'amour. L'amoureux cachette, vers minuit, devant la maison de lime et y suspend son mai ; puis, caché dans 1, il restera jusqu'au matin à guetter la sortie ). Celle-ci s'est levée de bonne heure et, à la décrocher le bouquet. Elle le casse en petits qu'elle jette çà et là, mais elle garde les elle sait de qui ils lui viennent. Le dimanche pardon de Plaç-Kaër, les jeunes filles rendent i leur politesse et leur payent le mai^ c'est-à ; les invitent sous la tente à boire un ou deux s de doux. » Breton — qui dort de l'éternel sommeil en mor dont il glorifia toutes les gloires — ne )as de se reposer de ses magistrales études par d'aimables contributions aux menus points lies. Dans son œuvre immense se rencontre *), dont j'extrais quelques passages pour ter îrfection le chapitre du mois de Mai : tin, à l'ombre de la belle forêt de Coëtrac'h rge), débris de la Brocéliande celtique, la fête encore. La célébration a lieu le 30 avril au troupe de jeunes gens se forme portant branches chargées de feuillage, d'ordinaire !S de hêtre. Un d'entre eux, au lieu de feuil BoRDERiE : Autres chansons populaires de Haute V. de Bret., de Vendée et d'Anjou, oct. i894, pp. Digitized by VjOOÇIC 175 lage tient une corbeille ou un panier drapé de blanc, rempli de frais bouquets. Il se rendent successivement devant les principales maisons de la ville. Dans chacune ils offrent un bouquet et attachent près de la porte une branche de hêtre. En retour, on leur donne la bienvenue, des œufs le plus souvent ou quelque piécette d'argent. » La musique de cette cérémonie, c'est la Chanson du mois de Mai (*) qui se divise en quatre parties : la salu tation — l'éloge du mois de Mai — la demande de la bienvenue — l'adieu. » Voici la salutation — d'une simplicité antique — qu'on a le tort de néghger quelquefois : En entrant dans cette cour Par amour, Nous saluons le seigneur Par honneur, Kt sa noble demoiselle Toute belle. » Ce mot de demoiselle ne s'adresse pas à la fille, mais à la , maîtresse du logis. Après la salutation on entonne l'hymne du mois de Mai : Ah ! levez-vous, levez-vous, demoiselle, Pour allumer le feu et la chandelle. Nous somm's venus ici d'ia part du Rpi (prononcez Rai) Vous annoncer le joli mois de Mai. L'hiver dernier m'a été bien contraire. M'a empêché d'aller voir ma maîtresse ; Mais j'y s'rai ou je lui enverrai A l'arrivée du joli mois de Mai. ' Je lui ferai un bouquet de verdure. Où nos amours se verront en peinture. (4) Plusieurs vers de cette chanson se retrouvent dans celle de Moncontour précitée. Digitized by VjOOÇIC 17(5 Oh ! oui, j'irai ou je lui enverrai A Tarrivée du joli mois de Mai. J'irai au champ où le rossignol chante, Toute la nuit, sur une épine blanche, Toute la nuit, son joli chant d'amour. Qu'il faut aimer la nuit comme le jour. iidant que cela se chante, on attache à la maison, ) la porte, la branche de hêtre ; alors, descendant e poésie à un ordre d'idées plus positives, les irs reprennent : >i vous n'nous donnez rien, donnez-nous la servante, .e porteur du panier est tout prêt à la prendre. Donnez-nous va des œufs ou de l'argent Kt nous en aller promptement [hisj. >i vous donnez d'I'argent, nous prierons pour la bourse (bis) Nous prierons Dieu, V bienheureux saint Miche, Que la bourse se remplirait {hisJ. )i vous donnez des œufs, nous prierons pour la poule fhisj Nous prierons Dieu, et l'grand saint Nicolas Que la poule mange le r'nâs (renard) fbisj^ f S chanteurs de Mai, ayant reçu et empoché la me, remercient et prennent congé en ces termes : En vous remerciant ! Le présent est honnête. Retournez vous coucher et dormez à votre aise ; Retournez-y, la bell' si vous voulez. Car nous allons nous en aller fbisj. Digitized by VjOOÇIC Les Ro$atioi^s Les Rogations furent, d'après les historiens les mieux informés, instituées par saint Mamert, archevêque de Vienne en Dauphiné, au Ve siècle. C'est une gloire pour notre France bien aimée et à ce titre nous ne saurions passer sous silence cette fête essentiellement poétique et toujours très populaire dans nos campagnes. Pourtant, en ce qui touche les usages spéciaux à la Bretagne, notre récolte est d'une maigreur désolante. « Le premier jour des Rogations, la statue de saint Gonery est portée en bateau dans l'île de Loaven pour visiter sa mère sainte Eliboulane, qui y est vénérée dans la chapelle portant son nom » (*). Le vicomte Walsh nous révèle une coutume touchante concernant les Rogations : « Dès la veille au soir, dit-il, les femmes des villages voisins étaient venues aux croix des chemins pour les parer de verdure et de fleurs, car les fidèles, dans leur marche, devaient y faire une station. Au pied de ces croix si vénérés, si aimées dans le pays très catholique (de la Bretagne et de la Vendée), les pay sans apportent les semences que dans le cours de l'année ils comptent confier à la terre, pour que le prêtre les bénisse » (^). (1)Bruk: Vieux usages [Le Chercheur des Provinces de l'Ouest, sept. 1900, p. 140.) (2) Tableau poétique des fêtes chrétiennes, pp. 249-250. 12 Digitized by VjOOÇIC 178 A défaut d'autres laits curieux à signaler, on me pai* donnera de reproduire ici une page admirable de Chateaubriand : « La Fête-Dieu convient aux splendeurs des cours, les Rogations aux naïvetés du village. L'homme rustique sent avec joie son àme s'ouvrir aux influences de la religion, et sa glèbe aux rosées du Ciel : heureux celui qui portera des moissons utiles et dont le cœur humble s'inclinera sous ses propres vertus, comme le chaume sous le grain dont il est chargé, » Les cloches du hameau se font entendre, les villa geois quittent leurs travaux, le vigneron descend de la colline, le laboureur accourt de la plaine, le bûcheron sort de la forêt ; les mères, fermant leurs cabanes, arri vent avec leurs enfants, et les jeunes filles laissent leurs fuseaux, leurs brebis et les fontaines, pour assister à la fête. D On s'assemble dans le cimetière de la paroisse, sur les tombes verdoyantes des aïeux. Bientôt on voit paraître tout le clergé destiné à la cérémonie : c'est un vieux pas teur qui n'est connu que sous le nom de curé, et ce nom vénérable, dans lequel est venu se perdre le sien, indique moins le ministre du temple que le père laborieux du troupeau. y> Cependant l'apôtre de l'Evangile, revêtu d'un simple surplis, assemble ses ouailles devant la grande porte de ; il leur fait un discours, fort beau sans doute, à r par les larmes de l'assistance. On lui entend répéter : Mes enfants, mes chers enfants ; et tout le secret de l'éloquence du Chrysostome tre. rès l'exhortation, l'assemblée commence à mar L chantant : « Vous sortirez avec plaisir et vous Digitized by VjOOÇIC 479 serez reçu avec joie ; les collines bondiront et vous enten dront avec joie. » L'étendard des Saints, antique ban nière des temps chev^aleresques, ouvre la carrière au troupeau, qui suit pêle-mêle avec son pasteur. On entre dans des chemins ombragés et coupés profondément par la roue des chars rustiques ; on franchit de hautes bar rières formées d'un seul tronc de chêne; on voyage le long d'une haie d'aubépine où bourdonne l'abeille et où sifflent les bouvreuils et les merles. Les arbres sont couverts de leurs fleurs ou parés d'un naissant feuillage. Les bois, les vallons, les rivières, les rochers entendent tour à tour les hymnes des laboureurs. Etonnés de ces cantiques, les hôtes des champs sortent des blés nouveaux et s'arrêtent à quelques distance pour voir passer la pompe villageoise. » La procession rentre eniin au hameau. Chacun retourne à son ouvrage : la religion n'a pas voulu que le jour où l'on demande à Dieu les biens de la terre fut un jour d'oisiveté. Avec quelle espérance on enfonce le soc dans le sillon, après avoir imploré Celui qui dirige le soleil et qui garde dans ses trésors les vents du midi et les tièdes ondées » (*). (1) Génie du Christianisme, ivo partie, livre i, chap. 7 et 8. Digitized by VjOOÇIC La Pei^tecote de la Pentecôte est symbolisée par la colombe, is certaines églises de Paris, lorsqu'on chantait Creator, une colombe blanche descendait des crées, et parfois aussi, ce jour-là, on donnait la plusieurs pigeons blancs. itique symbolisme se retrouve dans notre pro quelque distance de Quimperlé, on entre dans de Garnoët; dans un site fort pittoresque, oulfouen, se tient, chaque année, le lundi de la e, le célèbre pardon des oiseaux, où Ton vend de quantité d'oiseaux de toute espèce ; on vient oin, en particulier de Lorient, à ce pardon des (petits oiseaux). Sur la vaste clairière se les korolly et, le soir, les jeunes gens rentrent t, chantant leurs plus beaux gwerz et soniou. Lirhan, dans le canton d'Etables, près de Saint il y avait également, le lundi de la Pentecôte, e d'oiseaux apportés par les enfants, âge vraiment gracieux se rencontre aussi dans nantais : « Une vieille coutume, touchante une idylle, existe toujours dans la forêt du k l'assemblée du lundi de la Pentecôte : on y nombreuses communes, en habits de fête ; et Digitized by VjOOÇIC 184 les promis vont cueillir, deux à deux, de gros bouquets de muguet sous les taillis verts de la grande forêt » (*). La quintaine courue à cheval, à Moncontour (Côtes du-Nord), sur la place du Martray, le dimanche de la Pentecôte, se terminait d'une façon singulière : « Audit jour et feste est deub au seigneur par toutes les filles de joie qui se trouvent en ladite ville de Moncontour, de chacune d'elle, quand elle fait son entrée en ladite ville, soit à la Porte Neuve ou ailleurs, 5 sols, un pot de vin et un chapeau de fleurs ». (Archhfes des Côtes dU'Nord, E, 2.782). Le lendemain de la Pentecôte, chaque année, les nouveaux mariés de Barbechat (Loire-Inférieure) étaient obligés de se rendre « après midy aux communs du village de la Boissière et d'y porter chacun trois battoirs et trois ballons de cuir, et iceux donner à leur seigneur, lequel, ayant marqué un espace de vingt-quatre pieds en quarré, leur jette à chacun les trois ballons qu'ils sont tenus de recevoir avec l'un de leurs battoirs et faire passer les bornes dudit espace de vingt-quatre pieds ». (Aveu du marquisat de Goulaine en 1680.) A Moulins (Ille-et-Vilaine) existait le devoir de treiche (2), consistant en ceci : (c Les nouveaux mariés et mariées ayant épousé en l'égUse parochiale dudit Moulins et couché en cette paroisse la première nuict de leurs nopces, doibvent se présenter le jour de la (1) Orieux et Vincent : Hist. et géogr. de la Loire-Inférieure, t. II, p. 272. (2) Triche : C'était autrefois le nom d'une danse : d'où vient l'italien tresca (Borel). Oiseaux privez, bêtes domêches, Karoles, et danses, et trêches. (R. de la Rose.) [Dict. de Trévotix, tome vu). Digitized by VjOOÇIC 182 Pentecoste, à l'issue des vespres, au bourg dudit Mou lins ; et là est tenu chaque marié de frapper d'un baston ou quillard par trois fois trois ballotes que lui jette le seigneur de Montbouan ». Quant aux nouvelles mariées, € après avoir esté présentées audit seigneur par leurs dits maris, elles doibvent chacune dire une chanson et danser en danse ronde ». Faute de rendre ces devoirs féodeaux, mariés et mariées étaient condamnés à payer à la seigneurie « chacun deux pots de vin blanc et 60 sols d'amende ». (Aveux de la seigneurie çie Mont^ bouan en 1470 et 4751.) Sur le territoire de la Chapelle-Basse-Mer (Loire Inférieure), dépendant de la châtellenie de l'Epine Gaudin, membre du marquisat de Goulaine, « le lende main du jour de la Pentecoste de chaque année, les nouvelles mariées de ladite paroisse de la Chapelle sont obligées de se trouver à l'issue de la grande messe qui se dit en la chapelle de Barbechat, et dire chacune trois chansons nouvelles, et ensuite donner le baiser au seigneur ou à l'un de ses officiers le repré sentant. Et l'après-disner du mesmé jour, doibvent se retrouver aux communs du village de la Boissière, et rechanter les trois chansons et donner un pareil baiser que dessus, et par défaut desdites nouvelles mariées de se trouver auxdits jours et heures, et se trouvant de faire ce que dessus, elles sont amendables chacune de 64 sols ». (Aveux du marquisat de Goulaine en 1680 et 1696.) A Crossac (Loire-Inférieure), le seigneur du Boisjou bert devait au vicomte de Donges, rendu en la chapelle de son château de Lorieuc « un chapeau de roses sur la teste de l'imaige Monsieur sainct Georges, le jour de la feste de la Pentecoste ». (Aimi de la vicomte de Donges en 1682). Digitized by VjOOÇIC 183 Les derniers mariés de la paroisse de Romagné (lUe et-Vilaine) devaient au seigneur de Larchapt, le lundi de la Pentecôte, à l'issue des vêpres, « sauter par des sus ou dedans une cave pleine d'eau estant dans le pastis de la Hardouinaye, par trois fois, et ledit seigneur de Larchapt doib aux dits sauteurs dix sols monnaye pour estre convertis en vin ». Afm de prévenir les accidents, le seigneur devait préalablement faire nettoyer cette cave et la faire « paver de mottes ». Un singulier devoir d'animaux existait à Saint-Nazaire (Loire-Inférieure) : certain employé du port de cette ville devait « présenter, soubs peine d'amende, au sei gneur de Saint-Nazaire, ou à ses officiers, une fois l'an, le mardy de la Pentecoste, une oie et un chat attachés ensemble à deux pieds de distance l'un de l'autre, et doibvent estre mis dans la mer vis-à-vis l'église de Saint-Nazaire, les y laissant jusqu'à ce qu'y en ait un qui ait noyé l'autre ». (Aveu de la vicomte de Saint Nazaire en 1584.) Le sire de Rays, seigneur de Machecoul (Loire Inférieure) avait donné au prieur de Saint-Biaise, abbaye sise près de Machecoul, une prairie appelée le Pré aux-Bittes, à condition que le Religieux lui apportât chaque année deux joncées ou deux faix de joncs verts, l'un au jour de l'Ascension, l'autre à la Pentecôte. Voici de quelle singulière façon devait être accompli ce devoir féodal : « Lesdites joncées doivent estre ren dues au chasteau de Machecoul et portées sur un asne ferré des quatre pieds tout à neuf, mené et conduit par quatre hommes ayant chacun une paire de souliers neufs à simple et première semelle, et estant l'un à la teste, l'autre à la queue, et les deux autres aux deux costés pour tenir lesdites joncées. Et où ledit asne Digitized by VjOOÇIC 184 viendrait à tomber, fienter ou peter sur les ponts, en la cour et autres lieux dudit chasteau, ledit prieur doit Tamende de 60 sols et 1 denier monnoie. Laquelle amende est pareillement due par 'hacun clou qui défaudroit en la ferrure dudit asne. Et sont lesdites joncées dues à chacun desdits termes, avant le dernier son de la grande messe parrochiale de Téglise de Machecoul ». (Aveu du duché de Ray s en 1674.) « Le plaisant de Taffaire, dit M. le chanoine Guillotin de Corson, c'est que cette cérémonie devint si populaire à Machecoul et sembla si réjouissante, que le baron de Rays, ayant afléagé son four à ban de Machecoul, n'im posa aux tenanciers d'autre obligation qu'une rente annuelle de 12 livres et le devoir de la jonchée à l'As cension et à la Pentecôte, tout comme faisait déjà le prieur de Saint-Biaise ». « Ainsi, ajoute M. de la Bor derie (A^in, hist. et archéol. de Brest, 1861), il y eut depuis lors une sorte de concours entre l'àne du Pré aux-Bittes et celui du four à ban, et je laisse à penser la joie de la foule escortant à rangs pressés les deux quadrupèdes pour voir lequel s'acquitterait le plus pro prement de son rôle ». Une redevance pittoresque se pratiquait à Rochefort en-Terre (Morbihan) : « Ont chaque année les sire et dame de Rochefort un debvoir appelé Jeu au Duc, quel jeu se fait avec une beste feinte nommée Drague et son poulichot, commenczant le mardy après la Pen thecouste et dure iceluy jour et le lendemain. Auxquels jours Guillaume Pasquier, dict le Duc d'Amour, est tenu et doibt, sur ses héritages et maison où il est demeu îduire ou faire conduire trois fois par chacun ours une beste feinte nommée la Drague, cou tapisserie, ô (avec) son poulichot, et aller au Digitized by VjOOÇIC 185 chasteau et à ladite ville de Rochefort. Et il faut qu'il y ait tant à la conduite de ladite Drague que à faire danser les gens qui veulent danser à la halle et cohue quatre sonneurs tant gros bois (hautbois) que aultres, pour le moins. Et celuy Pasquier doibt, le mardy au malin, porter un brandon feuille de bouleau ou aultre bois au chasteau premier et (ensuite) à chacun tavernier dudit Rochefort ; et prend de eux ledit jour de chacun un pot de vin, mesure dudit lieu ». (Aveu de la baronnie de Rochefort en 1554.) Je terminerai le chapitre de la Pentecôte par le récit d'une des plus étranges cérémonies qui se puissent voir, et j'userai dans ce but de deux relations qui se complè tent Tune l'autre (*). Au bourg de Saint-Lumine-de-Coutais (Loire-Infé rieure), relevant de la vicomte de Loyaux, se tenait une assemblée annuelle le jour de la Pentecôte, et voici ce qui s'y passait à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.
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3724259_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 1,510 | 2,250 |
Defendant-appellant, Gary J. Neidert and plaintiff-appellee, Robert G. Smith, stipulated to the following facts:
"1. On September 29, 1987, in Summit County, Ohio, Common Pleas Court Case No. CV 84 8 2576, judgment was rendered against Gary J. Neidert (`Neidert') and in favor of Robert G. Smith (`Smith') in the sum of $9,274.71 plus interest from the date of judgment at the rate of ten percent (10%) per annum. Said judgment was docketed and entered in Journal No. 1205, Page 790 of this Court's records and shall hereafter he referred to as `Judgment A.' *Page 388
"2. The amount remaining unpaid on Judgment A as of April 13, 1988 was $9,536.02.
"3. On February 18, 1988 this Court entered an Order for Sale of Goods and Chattels directing the Summit County Sheriff to sell the goods and chattels of Neidert at public auction on execution of Judgment A. Said order was docketed and entered in Journal No. 1226, Page 489.
"4. Pursuant to said order, the Sheriff duly advertised a sale of Neidert's goods and chattels, said sale to be held on Neidert's premises on April 18, 1988. The advertisement stated that the goods and chattels had an aggregated appraised value of $18,435 and that they must be sold for not less than 2/3's of their appraised value.
"5. On February 17, 1988, in Summit County, Ohio, Common Pleas Court Case No. CV 81 5 1243, judgment was rendered against Neidert and Smith and in favor of Akron First Seventh Day Adventist Church, (the `Church'), in the amount of $24,072.03 plus interest at the rate of $5.94 per day from November 10, 1987 through the date of judgment, plus interest at the legal rate thereafter. Such judgment shall hereafter be referred to as Judgment B. As of April 13, 1988, no amounts had been paid on Judgment B.
"6. On April 5, 1988 this Court, in Case No. CV 81 5 1243, acting upon the affidavit of the Church's attorney, Michael A. Malyuk, that Neidert was holding money that belonged to Smith as a result of Judgment A, directed Neidert to deliver such money to the Court pending resolution of the issue of whether such money was subject to a garnishment order in favor of the Church against Smith.
"7. On April 13, 1988 Neidert filed an Answer of Garnishee in Case No. CV 81 5 1243, stating that he had $9,536.02 of Smith's money in his possession which he described as `funds due on judgment to Robert Smith, Case No. CV 84-8-2576.' On the same day, Neidert delivered a $9,536.02 cashier's check to the Summit County Clerk of Courts.
"8. On April 15, 1988, Neidert, through his attorney, J. Curtis Alberti, made an oral motion to this Court that Smith's judgment against Neidert (Judgment A) be deemed satisfied by virtue of Neidert's delivery of the $9,536.02 cashier's check, and that the April 18, 1988 Sheriff's sale be cancelled.
"9. The Court refused to grant Neidert's motion but did enter an Order on April 15, 1988 which stayed all execution proceedings presently pending against Neidert, including the Sheriff's sale, pending further order of the Court. Said Order further enjoined Neidert from disposing of any of his *Page 389
property which was subject to the Sheriff's sale pending further order of the Court.
"10. Prior to Neidert's delivering the $9,536.02 cashier's check to the Clerk of Courts, Neidert secured the agreement of the Church that it would fully release him, Neidert, from his individual liability upon Judgment B if and when said money, less any applicable court costs, was paid over to the Church along with certain other funds to be paid directly from Neidert to the Church, which total amount, including the $9,536.02, would be $10,000."
The trial court held that the Ohio garnishment statute, R.C.2716.01(B), does not permit garnishment of a separate debt owed by one judgment co-debtor to another and that the judgment in the instant case had therefore not been satisfied. Neidert appeals.
Assignment of Error I
"The court had no jurisdiction to determine the validity of the subject garnishment proceeding."
Neidert contends that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to rule on the validity of the garnishment because the church was not afforded an opportunity to be heard on the issue. Neidert used the garnishment by the church on Smith's judgment as a defense and attempted to satisfy both judgments against him with one payment.
Jurisdiction of the court continues until satisfaction of the judgment, the final action in a case. 47 American Jurisprudence 2d (1969) 80, Judgments, Section 979.
Accordingly, Neidert's first assignment of error is overruled.
Assignment of Error III
"The court erred in ruling that the Ohio Garnishment Statute, Ohio Revised Code Section 2716.01(B), precludes garnishment of a judgment co-debtor on a separate debt owed by one co-debtor to the other."
Neidert asserts that R.C. 2716.01(B) does not preclude garnishment from a judgment co-debtor. R.C. 2716.01(B) provides:
"A person who obtains a judgment against another person may garnish the property, other than personal earnings, of the person against whom judgment was obtained, if the property is inthe possession of a person other than the person against whomjudgment was obtained, only through a proceeding in garnishment and only in accordance with this chapter." (Emphasis added.)
The trial court concluded that the language of the statute meant that the garnishee "* * * would always be a non-party, an innocent stake holder, or a *Page 390
mere custodian of the sought-after property." Neidert is a co-judgment debtor and not a neutral stake holder.
Garnishment is a procedure whereby a creditor can obtain property of his debtor which is in the possession of a third party. Peoples Bank Savings Co. v. Katz (1946), 146 Ohio St. 297,301, 32 Ohio Op. 345, 347, 65 N.E.2d 708, 710; Bank One ofColumbus v. Lake States Cartage, Inc. (1985), 30 Ohio Misc.2d 22,23, 30 OBR 286, 506 N.E.2d 1234, 1235. A co-defendant jointly liable for a judgment cannot properly be named as a garnishee, as the co-defendant is not a third party. See Scogin v. Scogin'sInc. (Fla.App. 1974) 287 So. 2d 712. Therefore, garnishment is not a proper means of satisfying the judgment in this case since Neidert is not a third party.
Neidert's third assignment of error is overruled.
Assignments of Error
II. "By consenting to disbursement of the garnishment proceeds by the court, plaintiff is estopped from objecting to the validity of the garnishment."
IV. "The court erred in finding that the judgment owed by defendant to plaintiff was not satisfied."
Neidert asserts that the trial court erred in determining that the judgment Neidert owed Smith was not satisfied. Smith never received any money from Neidert. Therefore, the trial court was correct in determining that Smith's judgment against Neidert was not satisfied.
Additionally, Neidert contends that Smith is estopped from objecting to the validity of the garnishment because Smith failed to object to the garnishment and consented to the release of the garnishment funds to the church. Smith consented to the disbursement to the church if the funds were considered to be Neidert's and not Smith's.
Equitable estoppel exists when a representation of fact is made to a party, who has a right to rely, and does rely, on such representation. Under these circumstances, the party making the representation cannot deny it, if such denial would result in injury or damage to the relying party. McIntosh v. MicheliRestaurant, Inc. (1984), 22 Ohio Misc.2d 5, 6, 22 OBR 118, 119,488 N.E.2d 1261, 1263; see, also, First Federal S. L. Assn. v.Perry's Landing, Inc. (1983), 11 Ohio App. 3d 135, 144-146, 11 OBR 215, 224-228, 463 N.E.2d 636, 646-649.
The facts of this case show that Smith did not make any statement upon which Neidert relied. Accordingly, Neidert's second and fourth assignments of error are overruled. *Page 391
Assignment of Error V
"If the subject garnishment proceeding was invalid the court erred in not directing that the judgment creditor return the garnishment proceeds to the defendant garnishee."
Neidert contends that if the garnishment proceeding was improper, the court should return to Neidert the proceeds which the court paid to the church. The stipulated facts indicate that Neidert secured an agreement with the church that it would fully release Neidert from his individual liability if and when the money was paid over to the church.
In any appeal, error will not be presumed but must appear affirmatively on the record. The burden is on the appellant to show that error occurred. App.R. 9 and 10. This court, having no indication in this record of any error finds Neidert's fifth assignment of error not well-taken. This record does not contain any entry reflecting the court's payment of the money to the church.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court finding that R.C. 2716.01(B) does not permit garnishment of a separate debt owed by one co-debtor to another, and that the judgment in the instant case was not satisfied, is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
MAHONEY, J., concurs.
QUILLIN, J., dissents..
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https://github.com/mbezaire/simtracker/blob/master/outputtypes/plot_website.m
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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BSD-2-Clause, MIT
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simtracker
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mbezaire
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MATLAB
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Code
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function h=plot_website(handles)
global RunArray sl
h=[];
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sn86072160_1920-03-17_1_11_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Wednesday, march n, 1920 Bring your insurance problems to us. We are fully equipped to give you the best of service in handling them. Let us show you how. MARION P. WHEELER United States Commissioner Public Land Filings and Proof. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE Rooms 5 and 6, Townsend Bldg. Phone 678 Let me write your Surety Bond, Real Estate and Insurance JAMES H. CODY. Salesman and Solicitor. FOR SALE RABE UAKGAI.Y IN HIGH GRADE PIANO We have on hand at Casper a straight high grade piano which will be sold at a big discount for cash, or terms to responsible party. If interested, write quick for particulars to THE DENVER MUSIC COMPANY, Denver, Colo. 3-13-10t FOR SALE—One of the best built homes in Casper. For information, phone 87W.3-12-tf; FOR SALE —Close in lot; east Second. Bargain for few days. Inquire 836 E. Second. l 8-6-ts, FOR SALE—Elegant Rooming House, including building and all furniture, 24 bedrooms, office, kitchen and dining room; modern in every respect. A bargain, $21,000; $10,000 Ash. balance to suit purchaser. A. Kauson, head of native cattle. For full particulars write John Pexton. Box 585, Douglas, Wyo. 3-10-9, FOR SALE—Four-room house. North Casper, 24x28; basement 14x24; nicely finished. Price $4100. Terms $1500 down, $50 per month. John Keltner. Agt. Phone 633. 3-11-6 FOR SALE—Two story house, North Casper; three rooms first floor. Three rooms basement, three rooms second floor. Price $3000. Terms $2500 down. For Sale—Nash—Mode 36-T Haynes. 1 Passenger, touring car in Al condition. Will take $1,400. Half cash and balance on or before September 1, 1920, or will take small roadster as part payment. If you are looking for a snap, this is a real one. Will demonstrate. W. K. Still, Box 429, Douglas, Wyoming. 3-l?-2t For Sale —One Ford Sedan. Price $500; in first class condition. Phone 555 W. 3-13-4t One Reo and One Chandler Touring car for sale. 837 South Poplar Street. 3-18-4t New White Stucco House New white stucco house, only four blocks from center of town; 5 rooms and bath; 3-room apartment in basement. 424 South Kimball St. A. A. DANIELSON, Builder 3-17-4t For Sale —A steam laundry in Oll Fields doing good business; good reason for selling. Address Box 72, Salt Creek, Wyo. 3-16-6t For Sale—B 3 Overland 5-passenger car; In good condition; $500 cash. Hoyles Garage. 3-15-6t For Sale—1918 Dodge touring car in good repair, $600; $500 cash. Balance monthly payments. Call Se Ideal hotel. Room 11 after 5:30 p.m. 3-17-3t* FOR SALE — Interest in oil land in bales Hole. Phone 623 J. 3-16-2t* FOR SALE — Ford car, 1918 model; must be sold soon. In good condition. 359 N. Jefferson. 3-16-2 t FOR SALE—Attractive new bungalow rooming of four large rooms, sleeping porch; built-in features; bathroom; enclosed porch in rear; beautiful light fixtures; all walls painted; also coal shed and garage. USxIU: lot 60x140: located one block east and one block north of State hospital: good residential district; shades and new linoleum on the floor are included in the price, $4700. (MN* donn, balance terms. Phone 1237 for appointment. 3-17-St FOR SALE —Ford touring car, worth $100. Will, rent, rug, full leather sofa pillow and other articles. 1210 E. Second. Phone. FOR SALE—Three Cadillacs. Will, trade for real estate. Inquire 117 W. Second. 3-16-tf FOR SALE—White Leghorn eggs. Phone 36511. 3-16-tf FOR SALE—By owner. New, 1-room house; closet; water in kitchen; Lumbert, in North Capitol. lat Y ~~ Lryl | 9 \ o/t — _ Lcn. © mao »v jinx fcmtuwb sawvica. inc. J THE MARKET PLACE “SEE BEN” A LOOK MEANS A LOT OUB ® having full basement, built ou large lot; con >2loo. d ' bull f* 6-room house with bath, hardwood floors, beau- haMe , m?«i" h «.L , L« O H t ’ F < avlner f . ull bMement; three flashed rooms In 1 Inis »h2' hlS!? B y ßte,n ; Thia property conaiats of two Surge *®‘ 8 ’ , T*®. house being on one lot and the oilier lot which is a cor ner lot is vacant ; location co: ne rof Second and Pine streets. Use less to say more everyone knows the value of this location. tn. w,t ? batU: ln very * ood condition; connected ♦ Lf ht a " d water; 4‘d<’walks; property is fenced; good lawn, located on east-front Inside lot on S. Chestnut. Price >SOOO. n *«?L 4iro ® m house with bith. basement and garage; ail in good condition; connected to saw er, light and water; sidewalks and curbed in and P> !d for ; located on 8. Chestnut. Price >3500. Some We have a four-room house "on the Sandbar, located on Cobb ™ C-rK.ir e « ar ® offering at a very reasonable figure. >2300 on terms. This is very good jnco me proj>t>rty. Lot 10. block 181. Price >72lh. 2, and 3 block 9. North Burlington addition. Price >1350 Lot 293, Kenwood addition. Price >250. Lot 202, Kenwood addition. Price >250. • feMOUth 90 feet of lot 11, bloc* -67. on CY avenue. Price »00. r eo ißjf® V*. v «S*L 85-foot lots on Lambert avenue just off Center street. Price >I6OO. j Don’t say you never had a chance. WE RESPECTFULLY SOLICIT YOUR LISTINGS Fire, Life and Auto Insurance SEE BEN REALTY COMPANY Phone 7-W li. U BCHEBCK, WATCH THIS SPACK DAILY CECIL BON. BRANCH REALTY CO. 11l the east part, three-room house and three finished rooms in basement; water and light; on both floors; lot 50x140. Price $2650. Terms.? East part, on North Jefferson, three-room house with bath room without fixtures; water and lights; potch. Barn for four head of horses. Good out-buildings. Price $2400, $1000 down, balance at $400 per month. East part, 4-room house with summer kitchen; water and lights; let 60x110; east front. Price $2200; $1000 down, balance on easy monthly payments. Southeast part, Kenwood Addition, two-room plastered house, lot 40x130. Price $550; $1500 down, balance on easy monthly payments. East part, close in, four-room bungalow with bath, colonade, built in sideboard, sink in kitchen, cupboard. Newly painted and decorated inside and out; full basement, corner lot 50x140; kitchen range and heater go with sale. Price $3000. North part, three-room house 14x40; water; well furnished; 50-foot lot; one block from school. Price $1000. We have some very attractive buys in our Weekly letter this week. A copy is yours for the asking. A phone Call, giving us your address, will get you a copy by mail. Accounts—CALIFORNIA FIRE INSURANCE CO. Branch Realty Co. Office 1M1» THATCH Phone 130 Real Estate FOR SALE BY Insurance JOHN M. ENGLAND COMPANY Fine location for apartment house, close in and price right. Here’s a bargain. $2900 buys a new house in a very pretty location with three rooms on ground floor and three in the basement. Has city water and electric lights. Best of terms. Why pay rent? Good house, nice location, low price; east front; 5 rooms and bath with two rooms and toilet in basement; nice garage; sidewalks and curbs in. Ten-room house with two baths, fireplace and built-in features. This place has a rental value of $125 per month. If taken soon will sell at $3000 on good terms. Five-room modern house, hot water heat. Large front porch and enclosed back porch. Garage with heat. Lawn with shade trees. Walks and curb all in. Situated in best residence section. Price $7250, $3250 cash and balance to suit. Best buy in city. ONE OF THE BEST BUILT HOMES IN OASTER. Alluated in the South Side, restricted residential district. Corner lot 80x140 facing east and south. Sidewalk and curbing in; enough room on this lot to build a large house or apartment facing side street. House has front porch; east sun room; French doors leading into the large living room; latest built-in features such as bookcases, window seats, colonade and expensive hand-made buffet in sunny dining room with window seat, plate rail etc. Sun room, living and dining room have oak floors and beautiful electric fixtures. There is a constantly located hall connecting with two large bedrooms with closets and bath-room with extra state tub. Kitchen has three windows, very serviceable cupboards on two sides, built-in ironing board, large roll-edge white porcelain sink with draining board and back all in one piece. Full basement all plastered and eight feet high containing 3 bedrooms with closets and kitchen, coal bin, lavatory, toilet, etc. House is heated with furnace. Basement is all rented. No incumbrance. Price only $10,500 with $5500 down and mortgage for balance. Lots in all parts of the city. Prices right. BEFORE IN OUR AGENT OF ALL KINDS 202 O. S. Building JOHN M. ENGLAND COMPANY Office Phone 1129. Home Phone MU. Phone 1047-J. 204 O. S. Building IF. JONES & COMPANY REAL ESTATE Four-room house near State hospital. Dandy buy at $3,000. Modern, five rooms and bath; oak finish; full basement; hardwood floors; hot air heat; built-in features in kitchen; garage; on full lot, southeast part of town. For quick sale at $2000 on good terms. One of the best buys in town. Four-room modern house, southeast part town; east front; hardwood floors; air heat. Also house on rear which rents for $30 per month. Dandy buy at $750. Two dandy 3-room houses in east part of town. Let us show you these. Two good lots, Kenwood, on water, close in. For quick sale. Some good bargains in lots scattered throughout the city. Several two and three-room houses on easy terms. Don’t fail to see the list. F. JONES, B. H. HODGSON, Jr. FOR SALE FOR SALE—Dating table practically new. 475 S. Lincoln. 3-15-4t* MANURE $2 a pound. Price $6. 3-17-8t* FOR SALE—Space in this column; a Tribune Man and is sure to get your results. 3-17-8t* FOR SALE —One unit gas syndicate make offer. W. G. Perkins, 48r,0.; Scott street, Denver, Colo. 8-17-31 FOR SALE HOMESTEADS 640 Acres, good sod, plenty water. Apply Geo. S., I*. U. Box 382, Lander. Wyp- 3-1st I'HEKON UN HOMBRE QUE LACER me tros mil adobes. N. A. WaJk, cr -1 (City. 3-16-21), FOR SALE - Monarch range. Ice box. kitchen table, rug. odd dishes. bridle; all good condition. Phone 69; 13 S. Beech, mornings. 3-17 -It ADDITIONAL H-AKSIFJEU ON LACE !). TEN Cafe Daflp Crihune humaH HARRY FREE lteitmeat* The Lot Man HOME GOOD BARGAINS A HOUSE ON THE HILL A two-story house! On the first floor there are four rooms, living room, dining room, kitchen, bedroom, and bath on first floor. Two bedrooms on the second floor; half basement. Large lot with beautiful lawn. Large shade trees. Price $600. Good terms. New Bungalow Large living room with attractive fireplace. Dining room; oak floors on both floors. Two bedrooms with large closets. Massive porch which gives character to the whole exterior. Arrangement is ideal, fine location. It will take $800 cash to handle this deal. Large Lot With 3-Hoor House Located close to CY avenue. His enclosed porch on rear, half block from center and Lambert streets. Price $1800. Rent, $30 down; would consider trade for a five-room house. Three Room House Near Center and Lambert streets. Price $1800. Rent, $30 down, balance monthly. Buy this and save paying rent. Rental at That price Seated yet, close in. Price only $800. A bargain you have property to sell at once. ASK FOR JONES Real Estate HARRY FREE Rental 159 So. Center The Lot Man Phone 968-W J. H. BURY The Home Place NEW FIVE-ROOM HOUSE READY FOR OCCUPANCY MODERN IN EVERY RESPECT AND SITUATED ON CORNER IN EASTERN, PART OF CITY. PRICE $600. CAN BE BOUGHT ON EAST TERMS. NICE 6-ROOM F URNISHED HOUSE ON EAST SECOND STREET, LOT 75x150 FEET, CONCRETE RETAINING WALL-IN FRONT OF LOT, NICE LAWN FRUIT TIPS AND SHRUBBERY; HOUSE MODERN WITH FINISHED BASEMENT; HOT WATER HEATING, PLANT AND EVERY ROOM FURNISHED WITH BEST OF FURNITURE. PRICE $10,000; TERMS TO BE ARRANGED. WE HAVE BARGAINS IN 3 AND 6-ROOM FURNISHED HOUSES. SEE US FOR BUSINESS LOCATIONS. JAS. H. BURY REALTY CO. 128 W. Second. Phone 136 Casper's O Jest Realty A INSURANCE AGENCY SEIDEL REALTY COMPANY FOR SALE No. 110. Beautiful level lot in the south part of Casper in the best resident district. This is a real ideal place for a good home. Price right. Five-room house with bath and basement on Capitol Hill. Extra large lot upon which two other houses can be built facing streets and not conflict with the one that is there now. This proposition would make a great revenue producer and can be bought right. No. 98. Near, the end of the pavement on avenue, we have three-room house and garage that we can sell for $42. Terms. No. 113. On East Linden street, 6-room house with bath and garage. Garage and house heated with hot air. Full basement with two finished rooms and large laundry room. See this house if you wish a nice home. It has hardwood floors. LOTH—Kenwood Addition. Lots on CY Ave. Lots of lots. FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE. Agents for MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO., of NEW YORK. SEIDEL REALTY COMPANY H. L. SEIDEL, E. W. ELDER, BURT NYE. Phone 1305. Wyatt Hotel Building FOR SALE BY J. R. MURRAY COMPANY LUMBER AND LUMBER AND LUMBER INSURANCE SEE US FOR ROOMING H OUSES POOL HALL AND GROCERY STORE Osage lots $125, $125, $125 payment down, monthly. Lot owners receive 12% per cent of oil on townsite. This is absolutely the best lot and oil buy in Wyoming. Two-room house in Kenwood, $700; $200 cash, balance like rent. Lots in Kenwood on payments. South Casper lots on East Butler lots. South Butler lots. Nine-room house, new, near refinery. Several good buys near refinery. We have some good listings on big houses. Headquarters for rooming houses and places of business. All Kinds of Insurance. Bln anger Usage Townslte Co., Office. J. R. MURRAY CO. Kimball Block Over Kimball’s Drug Store Phone 1332. Read the Advertisements in The Daily Tribune and Save Money. KEMP’S SPECIALS. We have, subject to sale, a five-room house in the southwestern part of Casper, in first-class condition, on a corner lot, attractive interior finish, well built, especially suited for a restaurant, for $3500. This property takes $1750 cash, balance on terms. An exceptional buy, sure to be taken advantage of quickly. A bargain in a two-story, full basement, three rooms on each floor, modern house, new. Exceptional value at the price of $3,500; and only quick action can secure it at that figure. $2500 cash necessary to swing the property. R.T.KEMP. W. H. SULLEMIERGEH, Mgr., Real Estate Department. Close-in business property located on corner 50x120, within three blocks of business center, buildings which are now on it are bringing an income of better than $180 a month; this is one of the best. apartment house or hotel locations one can find and at the present price pays a good interest on the investment just as it stands. There is a one and a half story house on the front of the lot which would rent for better than $100 a month and house of three apartments on the real-rented, for $115; the property is offered for $18,500 and will be worth considerably more than that within a reasonable time. If you are interested in a down-town business location, let us show this to you. On South Side pavement, corner lot, full two-story house, hot water heat, oak floors, garage, living room 14x20 with fireplace, large dining room, kitchen with breakfast nook, bath and one bedroom on the first floor, two sleeping rooms on the second floor and space to finish three more. This place is offered at the right price, $10,000. South of refinery we have, a new property consisting of lot 50 by 130 with two good two-room houses; they are well located, the locality being rapidly built up. They bring an income of $60 a month at the present; the place can be bought for $600 down and the price is $2300. CASPER REALTY COMPANY HOTEL HENNING, GROUND FISHION. PHONE Ml C. O. Brown BROWN & PROFIT Insurance, Real Estate, Oil Lands, and Leases REALTY BARGAINS Practically new bungalow with large living room, dining room, bedroom, kitchen and bath. Nice porch, fireplace, closets and built-in features, it is on an east front lot and within a clock and a half of paving. The price is $3700; a moderate cash payment and the balance monthly. Eight room house, six rooms on first floor and four in basement; also two bathrooms without fixtures. On a corner lot south of the refineries. It is a new stucco house, has front porch and enclosed rear porch. The price is $5500; cash payment of $1500, and the balance on very convenient terms. ARE YOU WANTING A LOT TO LOOK THESE OVER Two 60x140-foot lots on corner facing east. $1000 cash takes both. A pair of lots in North Burlington addition for $800 and very easy terms if wanted. Other lots in all sections of the city as well as residence bargains. Stop in on your way by our convenient location, 157 South Center street. OIL LANDS A LEASES Acreage in any structure in the state. For sale or lease. Information gladly given on any oil proposition in the state. What we know and what we can find out freely given clients. Office Phone 1088-W. 157 South Center Res. Phone 928-R The Million Dollar Formula FOR Automobile Owners REDUCE COST OF YOUR GASOLINE AND REPAIR BILL WONDERFUL DISCOVERY—One Chemical can be purchased from any drug store, that will give twenty to fifty per cent more miles on gasoline. Positively prevents and removes all carbon. Makes easy starting. Contains no acid or ether. Absolutely harmless to motor. Cost of Chemical one half cent per gallon of gasoline. Send $2 for full directions. UNIVERSAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 2411 Main Street, Suite No. 6 HOUSTON, TEXAS 3-13-10 t Rental. A. P. NESBITT REALTY CO. Investment 307 O. S. Bldg. YOU READ OUR ADDITIONAL DAY The Valley of the real estate you purchase from us will be interested by the service we offer you. Read our advertisement in the paper, read it, and we will be glad to tell you about our numerous listings. West Side. If you realign rental values in Casper, figure this one out. Five-room modern home, Oregon fir finish, built-in features in kitchen, 3 finished rooms, 2 coal rooms, laundry room, toilet, and shower bath in tenement; 4-room finished house on rear of corner lot, east front. The prior includes furniture to be sold at $7500; cash, balance at $100 per month. East Side. One 4-room and one 3-room house on large lot; electric lights, city water, sidewalk to street. Property now rented at $80 per month. $3850. Henson able terms. East Side. Four-room house with 3 sheds on rear. House 21x26 feet; five blocks from courthouse; electric lights; city water; south front. $3200; $1400 cash, balance on terms. East Side. Close in. Here is another one to figure on: Six-room modern home, hot water heat, enclosed porch on tea, huge porch in front, large lot, east front, lawn, tree alley. Large barn, garage, chicken house and coal house on rear of this property is in good condition and the price includes furniture. $7851; $3000 cash, balance in monthly payments. In New 3-room house with built-in features, electric lights, a range in the rear of house, large corner lot, $40,000 for property with full lot; $3500 with half lot. Terms. Advance Information: You had better inquire about the houses that the FRANK CONSTITUTION COMPANY will have ready for occupancy within the next few days. All modern throughout, oak floors, everything for around $500. And we have two more houses under construction we will tell you about tomorrow. Better believe we can help you find it home. If your property is for sale and you have been having much success in disposing of it, perhaps you could not help you. and remember, you will be afforded a much better service than selling us in buying in the office of the Re-Establishment. Remember, you will be afforded much service in selling as in buying in this office. A. P. NESBITT REALTY CO.
| 20,866 |
2018/62017TB0715/62017TB0715_LV.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,018 |
None
|
None
|
Latvian
|
Spoken
| 150 | 487 |
C_2018427LV.01007401.xml
26.11.2018
LV
Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis
C 427/74
Vispārējās tiesas 2018. gada 11. septembra rīkojums – Hermann Biederlack/EUIPO (“Feeling home”)
(Lieta T-715/17) (1)
(Eiropas Savienības preču zīme - Eiropas Savienības vārdiskas preču zīmes “Feeling home” reģistrācijas pieteikums - Absolūts atteikuma pamats - Atšķirtspējas neesamība - Regulas (EK) Nr. 207/2009 7. panta 1. punkta b) apakšpunkts (tagad Regulas (ES) 2017/1001 7. panta 1. punkta b) apakšpunkts - Acīmredzami juridiski nepamatota prasība)
(2018/C 427/99)
Tiesvedības valoda – vācu
Lietas dalībnieki
Prasītāja: Hermann Biederlack GmbH & Co. KG (Greven, Vācija) (pārstāvis: T. Seifried, advokāts)
Atbildētājs: Eiropas Savienības Intelektuālā īpašuma birojs (pārstāvis: A. Söder)
Priekšmets
Prasība par EUIPO Apelācijas piektās padomes 2017. gada 14. jūnija lēmumu lietā R 252/2017–5 attiecībā uz pieteikumu par vārdiska apzīmējuma “Feeling home” kā Eiropas Savienības preču zīmes reģistrāciju.
Rezolutīvā daļa
1)
Prasību noraidīt.
2)
Hermann Biederlack GmbH & Co. KG atlīdzina tiesāšanās izdevumus.
(1) OV C 412, 4.12.2017.
| 39,408 |
https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Raspberry-Pi-Zero-Cookbook/blob/master/Chapter06/rgbled.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Raspberry-Pi-Zero-Cookbook
|
PacktPublishing
|
Python
|
Code
| 94 | 460 |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Raspberry Pi Zero Cookbook
# Chapter 6
# Manipulating an RGB LED
import time
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
#Set up GPIO 22,23,24 as our LED outputs
GPIO.setup(22, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(23, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(24, GPIO.OUT)
red = GPIO.PWM(24,50)
green = GPIO.PWM(23,50)
blue = GPIO.PWM(22,50)
#RGB Values
redbr=50
greenbr=50
bluebr=50
red.start(0)
green.start(0)
blue.start(0)
def main():
rgblight(0,0,0)
print "Blue"
rgblight(0,0,100)
time.sleep(2)
print "Red"
rgblight(100,0,0)
time.sleep(2)
print "Green"
rgblight(0,100,0)
time.sleep(2)
print "Cyan"
rgblight(0,100,100)
time.sleep(2)
print "Magenta"
rgblight(100,0,100)
time.sleep(2)
print "Yellow"
rgblight(100,100,0)
time.sleep(2)
print "White"
rgblight(100,100,100)
time.sleep(2)
rgblight(0,0,0)
def rgblight(rpwm,gpwm,bpwm):
red.ChangeDutyCycle(rpwm)
green.ChangeDutyCycle(gpwm)
blue.ChangeDutyCycle(bpwm)
if __name__== '__main__':
main()
| 20,838 |
ARes27519_9
|
Spanish-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,593 |
Ceremonial y processionario de los frayles de la orden de la sanctíssima Trinidad, y redempción de captinos : agora nuevamente corregido, y concertado con el Ceremonial Romano
|
Trinitarios | León, Juan de
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 6,780 | 10,896 |
Amen. La segunda que se dice en el primer ángulo del claustro, será escrita: URATIO. A Dios, el cual venía: largador, y amador de las saludables cosas, quiera sostenemos tu misericordia: para que no se pierda la congregación de hermanos, próximos, y bienhechores. Quien esto siguió durante este siglo, Santa María siempre Virgen, intercedea con él y con todos sus santos para obtener la perpetua beatitud de todos, por favor concedas. Por Cristo Nuestro Señor. Responde: Amen. Y en el siguiente ángulo, se dirá así: URATIO. A Dios, que nos hace honor a nuestros padres y a nuestras madres y los tiene preferidos: misericordia y clemencia al hombre, y a sus animales: de nuestras familias y de sus pecados, dime que los perdonas y que los consuela con la luz de tu claridad y con el gozo de ser visto por ti. Por Cristo, nuestro Señor. Y en el tercer ángulo, se dirá así: O RACIÓN. Señor, que vives y reinas en el cielo, ten piedad de los padres y de las madres, de nuestras hermanas, hermanos, y de todos los nuestros que aquí te han dejado y a quienes has llamado a ti. Permite que al instante sean resucitados y regocíen de verte cara a cara. Por Cristo, nuestro Señor. Y en el quinto ángulo, se dirá así: ORACIÓN. Señor, cuya misericordia anima a los fieles que aquí te piden por los animales y por los humanos, que duermen en el descanso de la muerte, haz que por tu propicia voluntad los dejes regresar a la luz de la vida. Por Cristo, nuestro Señor. Responde: Amen. Y la sexta en el cuerpo de la iglesia, se dirá así: ORACIÓN. Señor, Dios de todos, creador y Redentor, a las almas de tus siervos y sirvientes tejemmos, da la remisión de sus numerosos pecados: para que por tu indulgencia, que siempre han optado, se consiga por suplicaciones. Que viva y reine en el siglo venidero. Responde: Amen. Y lo demás se dirá según y como queda dicho en el tercero, antes de la. Todos los Lunes de año no ocupado, con la ceremonia de la Orden se hace en más cómodos procesos por lo bien hecho y seles dirá en los fundamentos, en la cual se guardará el orden que queda dicho, diciendo los mismos Responsos, y oraciones, que en el número de los Aniversarios queda señalado. Estas procesiones son comunes, y no se harán de hacer con la solenidad que las demás, ni a de tener incienso, ni a de entonar los tenientes coro junto los Responsos, sino que el primer quisiera entonar, y diga el versículo del, el teniente Coro más antiguo; y el Segundo al otro teniente Coro, y así alternativamente los comienzan. El Requiem tendrá entonces dirán juntos, y acabarse la procesión, como queda dicho. De las otras procesiones particulares, como son del Domingo de Ramos, y del Lunes, Martes, Viernes, y Sábado Santo, no se dijo cosa particular, porque ya se dijo de ellas en el capítulo de las Ceremonias de la Semana Santa. Se dirá de la del día de la Purificación se tratará en el número 1 del siguiente capítulo: todas las otras procesiones, de quien no se ha tratado en particular, quedan comprendidas debajo del nombre de Solemnidades; o comunes. CITACIÓN.VOZ Y Las Bendiciones. De la Santísima Trinidad, Diferencias hay de Bendiciones, unas fónimas y otras que no lo son. Sólo son aquellas, que se hacen en el Altar, asistido de la Comunidad a ellas, y son cuatro. Las de las Candelas el día de la Purificación, de las Cenizas el primer día de Cuaresma, de los Llanos el Domingo de Ramos, y la del Cristo en la Pasión, el Sabado Santo. Las tres primarias la hace el Sacerdote, y la última el diácono. Del día de Domingo de Ramos, y de la de Sábado de la Santa Semana, ninguna cosa se hará en ese lugar; porque ya se ha tratado de ellas en el capítulo de las Ceremonias de la Semana Santa. Las procesiones son las siguientes, las que se realizan alrededor del Altar, y entre ellas no asiste la Comunidad, como son las de la agitada, la de los ornamentos para celebrar, y otras semejantes. Si el día de la Purificación cae en el Domingo de la Septuagésima o Quincuagenas, se traslada el oficio, y se hace para el día siguiente; pero no se trasladará la Bendición de las Candelas, ni la misa que se hará de besar aquel día. Para ella se bendicirá de antemano el Sacrificio situado delante del Altar mayor, estribado en el medio, una vela encendida bien aderezada, y sobre ellas Candelas para ser bendecidas. Cerca de la mesa, donde están las Candelas, se ha de aparejar un pulpito. En el día de la Orden se ha de decir las oraciones para hacer la bendición. Se pondrá también cerca el acetre con el hisopo, y se ha de tener aparejado el incensario y naveta, porque todas las cosas son necesarias para la bendición; y en la capilla mayor se ha de poner un atril para poner el libro, por donde los Kantores cantarán, las cosas que se han de decir. En ese día se ha de tener a un músico presente, por que haya lugar de hacer el oficio con mucha piedad y solemnidad: a su tiempo se sacará el turibulo, los acólitos, los ministros, y el Sacerdote, como queda ya advertido. Acabada la hora que se dijo en el chorro, bajen los frailes a la sacristía, y en ordenando a todos juntos, salgan a la capilla mayor por el orden acostumbrado, salvo que no se ha de decir la Cruz, hasta que se haya de comentar la procesión. Los Religiosos se pondrán a dos lados del atril, y el Presbitero con los asperger subido al lugar donde tiene que hacer la bendición; y aunque el Misal no da forma, como es de destacar, mientras la bendición se hace, podrá citar el diachonón y subdiachonón detrás del Presbitero en sus lugares, y los acólitos y thurífiador en los suyos, y podrá subir el diachonón, cuando sea necesario, y el thurífica para alimentar encensario, y el hisopo. Llevando de la Sanción a la Trinidad. De esta manera, dice el Presbitero, Dominus in coetu Respeto. Ecclesiam Spiritum. Oretis. Domine, pita sperma meum, o Adjutórium tuum, siempre que en el Misal se pone una Cruz colorada, en las oraciones que va diciendo, moviendo la mano hacia las curvas de la Cruz para dar la bendición, haciendo sobre el santo de la Cruz. Esta bendición contiene cinco oraciones, como está en el Misal, y a ninguna de las cuales se tiene que inclinar los Religiosos, lo cual es Regla general para todas las oraciones, que en las bendiciones se dicen, excepto la bendición de la mesa (como en otro lugar se dirá). Acabada la quinta oración que comienza, Domine salutare, tomemos el Presbitero el hisopo de la mano del diachonón, y rociaremos las candelas con agua bendita, y después del rociado ponga incienso en el incensario y amínte a la nave y encienda las candelas tres veces (como es costumbre), y luego encienda las candelas el thurífica, y cuando se haya de distribuir, vaya dándolas de una en una al diachonón, para que ellas estén al Presbitero encendidas; y con tales encendidas déjalas encendidas a los Religiosos, para que no se echen a perder, ni detengan al tiempo del encenderse, el sacerdote estará de quema las encenderá, y preparará los pañales, antes que las pongan en la mesa. Hecho esto, bajo el Prelado, o en su ausencia, el más digno de los que se encontrarán presentes, al lugar donde ella el Presbitero, tome una candela encendida de la mano del diachonón, y deseóela en la mano; pero al tiempo de recibirla, no hincará el Presbitero la rodilla, ni le besará la mano. Pues, comenzaron los tenentes choro la Antiphona, que dice, "Exurge", con el Véreso y Gloria en el Pater y después del Gloría en el Pater, vuelvan a repetir la Antiphona por el mismo orden que se dicen los Introitos en los dobles menores. Al acabar de repetir la Antiphona, diga el Presbítero. Y si se hace esta ceremonia en la Septuagésima, dice el acántrico, si se hace, arrodillándose todos (excepto el Presbítero) y el subdiácono, Levantándose después de los dos, los hombres. Pero si se hace antes de la Septuagésima, en diciendo el Presbítero, Orajal, diga la oración que menciona, Exhortación al sofimento Divino, que está en el salmo. Y acabada la oración, tome el subdiácono la Cruz (la que tiene de la misma a cuya eficiencia se debe la victoria), y inmediatamente después de la oración, se proceda, por el orden que se dice en número de las cosas solennes. Pero antes de partir, vuelvan a hacerse los diáconos, hazía el pueblo, y diga, Procedamos en paz, y responde el Coro, In nomine Christi. Amén Todos los Religiosos en esta procesión... Ceremonial de la Orden de llevar las candelas, que les dan encendidas en las manos, y se de cantar aquellas dos Antiphonas, que se levantan. Ad Dominum sumum tuum Nuestro Padre, que mora en los cielos y en la tierra, da la gloria y el honor a todas las cosas, que quiere que sean hechas con propiedad. Así, pues, en el Subsistente Virgen que va aduciendo. 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Los domingos, y las cenizas que hizo, las ponga en una vasija a la parte de la Epistola en el Altar mayor, que allí se á de hacer la bendición, aunque el Misal lo expresa, según lo advierte un Prelado muy grande, que fue Maestro de Ceremonias en la Capilla del Papa, en un libro que hizo de las Ceremonias que ocurren en el difunto de año. Para la bendición se a de aparejar incienso, agua bendita, y anís de vino, dos acólitos. En medio de la capilla mayor se pone un pulpito con el libro, por donde los Religiosos cantan las Antífonas, que se an de catar en ella bendición, como adelante se dirá. La Capa que en ella bendición se a de vestir el Presbítero, de color morado, y an de vestir irse bien los ministros del mismo color, y aunque en la Rubrica de esta bendición no lo man- la expresación el Mitral, pero el aspecto de verse capaz de presintiar, colige que de la Rubrica, De común, juzga, experimenta, cerca del fin de donde de expresamente lo manda. Que el celebrante vaya despojado, en las bendiciones que se hacen en el altar, y que los ministros tengan de estar con el vestido, coligido de la misma Rubrica, que se pone en el mismo día de la Ceniza, y de la De común. En la de la ceniza dice, que a de poner la ceniza primero a los ministros estado de rodillas delante del Altar; luego se acercará, que a de aver ministros, y en la Rubrica De común, se ve, que el diácono y subdiácono van de almitates en las misas solennes, en las procesiones y bendiciones; y como está se ha de bendecir, y de las solennes, pues se ha de hacer en el Altar, no hay duda de que han de vestirse almitates los ministros; y que los ornamentos tienen de ser morados, coligido de la misma Rubrica De común, en donde manda, que desde la Septuagesima hasta el Sábado Santo se ha de usar de este color. De todo lo dicho y de los lugares citados, se colige, aver de hacer esta bendición citando el Presbiterio, vestido de capa de color morado, como en las otras bendiciones solennales, y los ministros de almitates. A de aver dos acólitos, uno que llena el acetre con agua bendita, y otro el incensario, y sibajo, el cual servirá la Misa, acabada la bendición. Vertidos pues ya el Presbítero y ministros (como queda dicho) Tal cual a la capilla mayor, por el orden acostumbrado, y el Presbítero con los ministros habían al lado de la Epístola, donde estaba aparejado el Missal para hacer la bendición: y mientras dice las oraciones, citen detrás del diácono y subdiácono, los dos acólitos a sus lados, más abajo. El Presbítero, llegado al Altar, diga el Choro la Año que comienza, Et in terra, et in coelo, etc. con la santa ceremonia que fue leída en ello, tres veces los niños limpios, acabada de repetir por el Choro la dicha Año, diga el Presbítero Dominus vobiscum. Et in spirtu meum, y dija, Pater noster, con las cuatro oraciones que pone el Misal, respondiendo el Choro, Amén, a la terminación de cada una de ellas; y a las de decir en el tono que se sigue decir las demás horas, teniendo en cuenta (así como en todas las bendiciones) que siempre que el Misal pone unas cruces en medio, o junto a algunas palabras, cuando se dice aquella palabra, se ha de hacer la señal de la Cruz, moviendo la mano a lo que se bendice. Acabada la cuarta oración, que comienza. Conimpotens fama vigilans, qui noluitis, cere rocinam con agua bendita las cenizas, y luego las incienso, así mi endoso puedo antes incendio en el incensario, ministriándole el diaconon la navedad, y después el incensario para incensar las dichas cenizas, y luego comienza a dar la ceniza el Predicador recibirá de él diaconon que a de ser Sacerdote, y el Misa manda, que ya el Sacerdote ponga la ceniza al Predicador. Luego el Predicador la pondrá al diaconon, y sustituida, y luego a los demás, advirtiendo que la ceniza bendita, el Sacerdote, después de haber ido al Crucifijo, y el Prelado. Ceremonial de la Orden de la Orden, la bendición de la mano del fraile más grande que en el Choro viera, y después irá dando a todos. Terminó el vaho de la ceniza, ministriando dura el darla, diaconon al lado derecho del Prelado: los que la reciben, tendrán de quedar de rodillas delante del Prelado, y cuando el la da, de hacer con ella la fórmula de la Cruz sobre la cabeza, o frente del que la recibe, diciendo: "Memento homini, fútla puliam", y adviertase, que no se de mojar la ceniza como era polvo en el suelo, sino ponerla en el punto, como lo signifiquen las mismas palabras. Mientras se da la ceniza, de buscar en el Choro las dos Antorales y el Repositorio, que para ello propocionan el Sitial; la primera comienza, imitando habla. Gundalujía, al altare: y el Responso, en meditatio melus. Las Antiphonas, compuestas en un folio, centro choro, procedían todo el Choro. El Responso se canta por el orden, que se Cantóla Antiphona del principio de bendición: II por muchos, no bailarán las dichas Antiphonas, vuelvan a repetir, hallan que acaban todos de recibir la ceniza. En acabando diga el Presbítero, Domine, vis fati. Respondo: Tecum spiritu tuo. Oremus. Concede, misericordia Domine, como ella en el Misal: y respondido por los fieles. Amen, hecha humillación profunda al Sacramento, y buena disposición facria por cargo de la Santísima Trinidad. 3:45 Todos los Domingos del año, excepto ninguno, aunque sea Pascua y aunque no se rezé de Dominica, le da de beber, y echar agua bendita. Para lo cual el sacristán tiene que tener dispuesto todos los Domingos por la mañana, de aparejarse en la sacristía, y van con flor, un acetre o cántaro con agua; y el mismo, siendo Sacerdote, o el que dijo la Misa primera, muy por la mañana la bendice, porque la gente que viniere halla agua bendita en la pila, y porque el ligionario que va derramando el agua bendita en las pilas, no vaya y viniendo por entre la gente seguramente. Para bendecir, se ha de ir después de alba, y citó la oración, o sobrepelliz y escuchó la oración de hacer de la manera siguiente. Teniendo el Misal abierto, en donde está aparejada el agua, y la sal, ponga las manos juntas delante del pecho, y diga: Auxilium nostrum in nomine Domini. Después de decir esto, y después de besar la cruz que está sobre el Misal, en aquellas palabras: Per Dominum vivum, per Deum sanctorum, a la oración que debe decir, después del exorcismo, la cual comienza, De profundis clamavi ad Deum, misericordiam suam visiturus sum, y después de decir estas palabras, pasa a la oración de la Sal en la cual, después de decir aquellas, dice: Oremus. Y cuando la paloma-. Ceremonia de la Orden. Palabras, "sine" de diario, Et fundir fiere, haga dos veces la fe o al bajo de la Cruz sobre la fal, bendice dola. Acabada la oración, y respondido por el ministro, Amen, comienza el exorcismo de el agua bendita, absolutamente sin decir Cremas; y en aquellas palabras, Dios, en el Cielo, ¿santificado, bendiga el agua tres veces, haciendo sobre ella con la mano la señal de la Cruz, una vez en cada una de aquellas palabras; después de el exorcismo de el agua dice la oración que comienza, De líbranos del futuro mal, precediendo, Oremos ahora: cuando dice aquellas palabras, Bénede la mano, haga sobre el agua la señal de la Cruz bendiciéndola; y acabada la oración vuelve la mano al lado de la fal, y dice: Comparto mis cruces, eche toda la sal bendita en el agua, haciendo primero cruzado de la sal sobre el agua tres veces la señal de la Cruz. Aprobarse aquella palabra patri, la siguiente, cuando dice, Sí la tercera, cuando dice y respondido Amen por el ministro, diga, Salió en voz alta. Usó. Y con tu espíritu. Oramos. Con la oración que comienza, De manana en tu día, y con ella se acababa la bendición del agua; a todas las oraciones, y salmos en el fin de ellas se responde Amén. Delta, agua, nuevamente bendita debe el Sacrificante prociener las palas de la Iglesia, y de la Capilla, utilizando el precintado en la Sanidad. Haciendo virtud en que las palas se vacíen del agua, y limpien a menudo, porque no se aga peste, que cause mal olor, y porque es razón que el agua bendita esté en buen estado, y lo mismo haga en los lugares donde sea costumbre tener agua bendita, teniendo cuenta con que en el acetre quede agua, para hacer el Aspergilio que al año a de hacer de esta manera. En comenzando el segundo Salmo de Tercia, el día hebdomadario con los Ministros de la Capilla, y basando en la Sacrificia, tome en ella la Capa de él de color correspondiente a la Dominica, o feminidad de quien se raíz, y precediendo un acólito vestido de Roboquin, o sobrepelíz con el acetre de agua bendita, y hisopo en la mano, y los ministros asistieron a la Tercia; al terminar a la Capilla mayor, y en llegando delante del Altar mayor hecha humillación profunda shin que de rodillas en la última gradas, citando el hebdomadario y medio, el diácono a su izquierda, y el subdiácono a su derecha, el acólito aparejo luego el hisopo, y de lo ante el diácono, igual lo de ante el Presbítero, besándole la mano. Y pronunciando toda vía de rodillas roció tres veces el Altar, primero al medio, después la esquina del Evangelio, y luego al adentro del Altar y despues de rociado el altar, levantando de rodillas rociado a si mismo, y despues a los ministros, comenzando del diácono, y luego comienza a cantar la Antífona competente al tiempo, y después, Viditas aquí, fue ver tiempo Pasqual: y Asperge mé a ti, Señor, fue ver otro tiempo: y después cantan las dos palabras, y luego la procedente con el Coro. Mientras ella, Antiphona, fe canta en el Choro, el Prelado mismo, por su mano, va echando agua bendita al pueblo, acompañándole los ministros, y el acólito con el acetre del agua, para que pueda bañar el hisopo las veces que necesite, y cuando va echando el agua, va diciendo el salmo, Misereor mei Dei, todo con Gloria, y no falte de la capilla mayor, sino que sea después de echada el agua a los que estén en ella; después de la rexa, eche agua al pueblo. Si vuelve el Choro abajo y en el estan en el egiqaclia, van primero al Choro, y comentando del Prelado, eche a todos agua bendita, por el sitio que se le ha de hacer, porque el Ordinario manda que se le eche primero agua bendita al Choro, y después al pueblo. Pero si los Religiosos están en el Choro alto (como es lo más ordinario en nuestros Conventos), puede el Sacerdote que dijo la oración de Tercia, dura esta agua bendita a los del Choro, en tanto. de Ja Sanluján "Trinidad. 3 4 9 que el Preñe echa agua a los de la Iglesia. Cuando cantan la Antiphona, Asperges me nomine, o cuando en el Choro, se rengan a mismo orden, que en cantan los Intróitos a Salmo: que si en Dorado se celebra alguna fiesta doble, dos tretientas Cantadas en el Choro comienzan a progresar la Antiphona, desde donde deja el hebdomadario, y luego todo el Choro la tiene que cantar, hasta el verso, y el Gloria Patri, halla la mediación donde debe decir Todos los centenares de coro, y ellos mismos de comenzar a repetir la Antiphona, después de dicho el Gloria Patri, y todo lo demás dicen todo el Choro junto. El Preñe, acabado de echar el agua, bien con los ministros, al lugar donde estaba colocado comienzo la Antiphona, y cuando allí llegan así el Preñe, como los ministros y acólitos hacen humillación profunda al Sacramento; y acabado de repetir la Antiphona en el Choro, dice el siguiente, en pie el verso, Oίδα nobis Dominus, y adicionando Algunia, si fue tiempo Pascal, los franciscanos en el Choro, standings en sus sillas huelen sus rosarios al Altar responden, Et datare mi nobis, y si se quiere de añadir A Misa, añádesse, dice el Preñe, nomine exaudí, Ce. Resp. Es clamor tuas, Ve. Verf. Dominus lavifem. Resp. Et clavum tuum Oremus. Exaudí nos Dominus. La calidad de la oración y el tono en que se dice, te horas. Ceremonia de la Orden. Las Horas, y los Religiosos no se inclinan a orar, sino que charlan estás personas derechos, vuelan los rodillos al Altar. Si alguna persona menester, como el Convento Padre General, los Padres y Profundales, o lo hán ido, los Vicarios Provinciales, y los actuales en el Ministerio, y los Muchachos admitidos en los Portales, podrán pronunciar la Misal, podrán otros Sacerdotes vestidos de alba, y conocer, o se celebran y dicen, como ministros y oficios de uno de nuestros colegios. Entonar la Misal, Año y echar el agua y esto por disposición del Papa Gregorio XIII. Oyendo la campana que se tañe a comer, todos los que estén en el Convención en el De Profundis, a las tres, bendicirán el pan y la oración, como se acostumbra por las dichas y bendiciones de los difuntos bienhechores; congregada la Cadena de la Divina Misericordia en el dicho lugar, comenzará el Prefacero del Salmo, Ve profundis, y dirá con los Religiosos, después de la comida, al Altar, nacional y por los averios: al final del Salmo, dirá, Misericordia de Dios, y después de la hora, dirá la oración. Alfonso quetzalmus Dijo, y Te, y en el fin, Pero en la oración, y repito por los frailes todos estaban teniendo a vista tiempo y con circunspección filélico, y orden entre en el Refitorio de la Santa y Trinidad. pues los demás por sus antigüedades; y así mismo uno van entrando se vayan quedando en sus lugares, teniendo cada uno dado a qué lugar queden dirigidos, de tal manera que no haya en la una parte grande número de frailes, y en la otra muy pocos, ni se arriman a las mismas, que es cosa indecente al decoro de la Religión; no se comienza la bendición hasta que todos estén en sus lugares: el Prelado haga señal, y el Letitorio lo dice en medio del Refitorio, comienza cantado. Bendición, responden todos. Bendijos dites, ocurre la oración, cuando se dice Dios nuestro, todos se inclinan, y al tiempo que comienza, Escucha esta oración, todos se enderezan. Dicho el vino, Comienza el heptadio, al cual se inclinan, así como los demás, y dice en este retiro hasta la siguiente oración: No nos induzcas, o"c. Las palabras que dice el heptadio en voz alta, en el primer tono que dijo los demás, responden todos. Sed libera nos, etc. Luego el heptadio da la bendición dicho, oración. Bendición a todos, y a estas palabras haga sobre fila señal de la Cruz con la mano derecha estendida sobre la Cruz, y dicen la oración se inclinan, todos salvan al heptadio, y en el fin de ella dice, Vete a Cristo Dios nuestro, y responden todos. Amete - Y luego el Leélotonal de medió del Residuo, y dice: "Jus Domino beatiudiucer, y condiciens meum". Ceremonial de la Orden, Jo citas palabras inclinó profundamente, y no se dirige, ni se aparta de aquel lugar, hasta que el Prelado acaba de darle la bendición que dice, Menfes et consecratus, participes, etc. La cual acabada, el Leéctor se va a leer, y los Religiosos responden, Amen, y se inclina en sus sesiones, (Corto). El Refector detiene el Refitorio muy limpio, y las sesiones puertas con mucho concierto, en un compás divertido que al menos de una sesión a otra tiene tres cuartas, así en la mesa de traición, como en las domas. No podrán en la traición, más sesiones de las que por ella ordenan cupieren, ni en ninguna; y si a café tiene más frailes de las que por cita ordenan caben, se sienten en las Lecanes laterales por su orden. Cr. Leer, siempre a comer y cenar toda la manera, por ninguna causa, o fieita, como lo disponen nuestras constituciones, para que juntamente sea el alma apacentada de su recreación, que es la palabra de Dios, y lectura de los libros espirituales, cuando el cuerpo es recreado de corporal mantenimiento. Y porque también los que no entienden la lengua Latina, como los que la entienden, puedan participar de lo que se lee, se leerá siempre una sección, dos de la escritura, que en aquel tiempo se lee en el Choro, en las letanías de Martes y Jueves del Santísimo Trinidad. En el Parrafó de nuestras Constituciones o del Ceremonial, y de allí a que acabe la mediana se lee en el Cartujano, o otro libro de ritual, dejado en las vidas de los santos, para las cenas, en que siempre se debe leer en Romance. En siendo los Religiosos respecto a Men como queda dicho, se sienten en sus lugares de las capillas, y las manos debajo de los capulázulos, y estará así con mucha mezcla, hallan que el Prelado después de haber leído el libro, y hecha la primera plegaria, haga señal. La cual hecha, quitando todas las capillas podrán comentar a comer: y advierte el Religioso que en entrando los frailes en el Refitorio, a de cerrar la puerta, y el Religioso que no desee entrar con el Convento, no tendrá ningún medio de entrar, halla media segunda, ni se le da de dar para ello licencia: y si tuviera por costumbre hacer esto, será castigado por el Prelado. Los servidores en entrada del Convento, se ponen al cabo del Refitorio las capillas podrán, y las manos debajo del escapulario, y cuando el Prelado hace señal de comer al Convento, quitadas las capillas vuelven a la humillación al Prelado, y cogiendo el escapulario sobre el lado izquierdo acuden, a tomar las tablas, para llenar el plato al Convento concite orden. Si fueran tres ladrillos. 554 Ceremonial de la Orden Dores, todos a una y departiendo del servicio, y yendo juntos hasta tres pasos antes de la mesa, donde parando un poco bajarán la cabeza al Prelado, y el que fuere en medio, irá con el servicio al Prelado, y los otros dos comenzarán a servir de los comensales del Prelado, y así por su orden se hallará el cabo; y si de una vez no pudieran traer para todos, tornarán al servicio, y por el orden que se les indica, parando donde acabaron de dar el primer plato, irán pro siguiendo el dar a los que falcen; entretanto que lo comen, volverán al servicio por el segundo plato, y así por el tercero orden, se darán, y a la vueltas robarán, mas. Acabado de dar el segundo plato, quitarán lo que dieron primero, que ya estará ya desocupado, o la escudilla, y luego todos, hallando que no queda plato ni escudilla en la mesa: cada vez que quitarán algo delante de algún Regio, particularmente del Prelado, bajarán la cabeza, y el delante de quien lo quita, no levantará el superior, hará lo mismo: la ceremonia se debe guardar, cuando se pone algo. Ahora de estar siempre advertidos los servidores, de no andar cruzando por el Retiro, sino sirviendo cada uno a su silla, y siendo tres, el más antiguo, o al que le ella encargada a la derecha. Habiendo acabado de servir a la Santísima Trinidad. $ 59 Reina pide algo, lo cual entenderán por Femenal. El que a mencionar alguna cosa ha puesto en la valla, la verdad es que al medio de la comida vaya, por la presentación darle buen sabor a la tabaco, algo para los que lo van a ver, y lo uso con el vino en el tiempo que hay necesidad, por poco en las vacas, a café de que no se calle. Hecho, traducido al castellano, y una vez acabado de comer todos los restos y que calientes, los platos y vino de los sirvientes tornado, y céltico, y vivir cómodamente, obtendrá beneficio. Dirán inicia, o verdura, en acaba de cogerá, pondrá los sirvientes en el lugar que pienso robar al principio, circo de canas, limpio y bonito. "Ra, coger el pan, córchete efecto y una jarra para el vino, y a otro un cántaro para el agua, como es costumbre, y aun que uno ya tiene lindas dos los festines, aun de coger tres, cuartado de uno poco antes que el Prelado, haga señal, uno el más nuevo de los dioses que citan tentaciones, aun que sea Sacerdote: pequeños pues todos tres detrás de los intrusos, que án de levantar en las manos, para este ministerio de coger, lo que sobra, citaran con mucha medida, y cuando oído policía aguardándola cerca del Prelado." Basta cosa muy acostumbrada en pueblos religiosos, y el Ceremonial de la Orden religiosa, mandar a los Religiosos, ir a cumplir algunas penitencias al Refitorio, que son la más usada, posturarse a la puerta del Refitorio para que pasen por encima de los que van a entrar a comer, y queda a dar gracias: posturarse también en cierto Refitorio a la larga, y después de rodillas. Va también a comer pan, y agua en tierra; quitar el vino, o la porción, y porque no se ignore, como se án de cumplir, ellas penitencias, nos pareció ponerlo aquí distinción. La primera, que es la posturación, se cumple tendiéndose el Religioso todo en elevación a la larga, para que los que van a entrar, y vayan en." El rector del huerto, con gran caridad, y la última, rogando a nuestro Señor perdone al que está en penitencia, y le dé paciencia para no caer en otra culpa semejante. Esta penitencia no se da por culpa notable, o gran negligencia notoria. Podrán también en el medio del ancho lado del Refitorio, y al final de la cabecera hazla la más detrás, y de allá al si el Religioso, halla que el Prelado hace señal de levantarse, y entonces queda de rodillas, y esta así halla el fin de la cuenta, un poco antes que el Prelado hace la segunda señal, y entonces se levanta, y se llega donde el Prelado está, dos o tres pasos apartado, a recibir corrección de su culpa, la cual dada llega a pedir la mano al Prelado, o va a la pieza, donde se dan gracias, a recibir corrección y disciplina, si se le ve derecho de dar. Esta penitencia de ordinario es para frailes legos y mancebos, en lugar del pan y agua que se da a los sacerdotes. cuando se da la pena de la paja y agua en tierra, va el penitenciado al Refitorio con capa y capilla, y dada la bendición, se inclina de rodillas en medio del Refitorio, para que no afecte el crucificio a los feligresias, y cita al final, después de haber hecho señal el Prelado, para que el Convento comience a comer; el Refectorio pone delante del penitenciado, una jarra con agua, cubierta con una tabla, encima de la tabla un panecito; el que, en penitencia puede tener los ojos en el suelo, y las manos debajo del escánero, se asisa que el Prelado le haga la señal para comenzar a comer. Cuando se ha hecho esto, comerá su pan, y beberá del agua estando allí toda la mesa con mucha humildad, y aquel día se dará su comida a los pobres, sin dispensarse de ninguna suerte, con el que mereció esta pena, en que consejo aquel día otra cosa, ni dejó de estar toda la mesa. Después de haber cogido las obras del convento, hará el Prelado señal para que le quite del hambre lo que le ha sobrado, no se une de ninguna suerte con lo que sobró a los demás; hecho esto, y habiendo hecho seña al Lejo para que acabe, irá con los demás a dar gracias, las cuales acabadas se hincará de rodillas de frente del Prelado a recibir su corrección. Cuando se quita el vino o la comida a los pobres, no se debe pedir, sino dárselo a los más necesitados, pero cuando se quita fin de decir, que se pone fin a la misión, se debe poner delante del penitente, pero no se debe comer ni beber, sino con humildad pedirle tres veces por el servidor, estando él en la capilla, y las manos debajo del escapulario: el lector debe estar de pie en el lugar del penitente, la capilla puede estar, y las manos debajo del escapulario, irá el Prelado y haciéndose inclinación, pedirá la comida, que vino y se le dará de beber con la mano derecha y torne al penitente, se le dará de beber, el cual puede estar de pie, se quite la capilla y haga vino indisoluble como o bebió lo que se le había quitado, pero si el Prelado la niega primera y segunda vez, entonces se la volverá a pedir, y el servidor cuando se niega no pide la mano sino hace humillación y vuelve a decir al penitente tenga paciencia. Una vez acabado los de la Santa y bendita Trinidad. Religioso de comer, hará señal el Prelado y los servidores con los instrumentos que dijimos, tomados de las manos y hecha humillado, irá a coger hecho una pequeña pauta y humillado, como eres los palios atados a la mesa, llegará luego a coger con mesura de la sesión del Prelado, y proseguirá por el lado derecho, esperándose a los unos a los otros que no vaya descolocado y acabado aquí el lado y hecha la última ceremonia que al principio, tornará por el lado izquierdo, comencando de nuevo en este lado esté cerca del ministros; en acabado de comer, hecha su humillación, levantará los instrumentos en que cogió al lugar señalado para pararse, y tornándose a poner encima del lugar, hará el Prelado señal para que el lector diga, "El desierto es muy bueno para nosotros, respuestas grandes son las leyes; ninguno de su lugar aquí después de acabado respoder, que así se manda expresamente el ordenario, en los cuales los religiosos estuvieron ya fuera de las metes, puestos con quietud en sus lugares, hará señal el Prelado, y el lector comienza, Consistorio a él, Diario proseguirá el Cuento, y el hebdomadario dirá luego, iniciando el consejo, se bolvió a un poco el rostro y se inclinó la cabeza a la imaginación, estando en medio del Refitorio, respondiendo por los frailes y hagiografías, y hará inclinación a la dicha imagen, y que sean de gusto. Ceremonia de la Orden, Caiga, del Refitorio a dos coros mirando el Plomo de Nieve, alternativamente, el cual comentará el Lector, y luego pondrá entre los otros frailes, en el lugar que le viene por su antigüedad; y tendrá cuenta, que nadie le mueva de su lugar, hallará que todos han respondido a él; cuándo sale la Comunidad, los Religiosos que estuvieron comiendo, le levantarán en pie, hasta que toda la Comunidad haya pasado, de donde ellos están. Cuando llegan a la iglesia, Coro o Capilla cantando el dicho Psalmo, todos harán profunda inclinación al Santísimo Sacramento, o Imagen, y cada uno se quedará de la parte del Coro donde viene. Los Lectores de primera y segunda, y los servidores de ambas Misas, el Padre de novicios, y el portero de noche, segunda, en un lugar comido el Ordinario, si después de comido, se hincará de rodillas, puesto que las capillas en medio de la iglesia, donde se dan gracias al Altar. QÀVDE Dei genitrices, virgo immaculata: gaude, quia gaudium ab Angelo suscipitur: gaude, quas genuit ter nos luminis claritatem: gaude mater, gaude sana Dei genitrix Virgo, tu sola mater tua, te laudari onerabit creatura genitricem lucis: intercede pro nobis ad Dominum. Converti, O Deus, pro nobis, y la oración. Protege, Domine, sub istis pis, y en tempore Pasquali se dirá, Regine caeli. Acabada ella la Antífona, y oración, dice el Prelado, y sacerdote, y sacerdote. Como mar alguna recreado, o van a sus celdas o coro, arquidiócesis copyleftura y religiosa semblante que tiene obligación de ser mirado a menudo por su trasero, no basta ser religioso, pero es menester parecerlo, da estimulo a todos, y así debe de ser de mirar mucho en política y semblante, porque sentencias del filósofo la efigie y delineamiento del cuerpo natural son indicios, y ciertas señales de las virtudes y disciplinas del alma, y las palabras exteriores son demostración de los interiores conceptos, bien así en el semblante habla y composición del hombre, en especial Religioso es muy gran señal y caso infalible de lo que hay en el corazón, y de la bondad y virtud del alma, y por el contrario del descuido y tibieza. Conviene pues el Religioso ser en esto vivo y advertido de modo que sus palabras sean humildes, suaves, amables, y honestas su rostro satisfecho, allegre y levantado, los ojos dirigidos al cielo, y el corazón al cielo, en su semblante y composición una gravedad moderada, la capilla estará preparada, si se necesita, de quitar las manos debajo del escriptorio, los pies juntos, los pasos medidos y honestos, de las apareadas exteriores se colija la bondad interior. A cenar haced de la Santísima Trinidad.
| 8,010 |
https://github.com/neo4j/neo4j-java-driver/blob/master/driver/src/main/java/org/neo4j/driver/internal/reactivestreams/InternalReactiveSession.java
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT-0, Apache-2.0, MIT
| 2,023 |
neo4j-java-driver
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neo4j
|
Java
|
Code
| 281 | 897 |
/*
* Copyright (c) "Neo4j"
* Neo4j Sweden AB [http://neo4j.com]
*
* This file is part of Neo4j.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.neo4j.driver.internal.reactivestreams;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import org.neo4j.driver.AccessMode;
import org.neo4j.driver.Bookmark;
import org.neo4j.driver.Query;
import org.neo4j.driver.TransactionConfig;
import org.neo4j.driver.internal.async.NetworkSession;
import org.neo4j.driver.internal.async.UnmanagedTransaction;
import org.neo4j.driver.internal.reactive.AbstractReactiveSession;
import org.neo4j.driver.reactivestreams.ReactiveResult;
import org.neo4j.driver.reactivestreams.ReactiveSession;
import org.neo4j.driver.reactivestreams.ReactiveTransaction;
import org.neo4j.driver.reactivestreams.ReactiveTransactionCallback;
import org.reactivestreams.Publisher;
public class InternalReactiveSession extends AbstractReactiveSession<ReactiveTransaction>
implements ReactiveSession, BaseReactiveQueryRunner {
public InternalReactiveSession(NetworkSession session) {
super(session);
}
@Override
public ReactiveTransaction createTransaction(UnmanagedTransaction unmanagedTransaction) {
return new InternalReactiveTransaction(unmanagedTransaction);
}
@Override
public Publisher<Void> closeTransaction(ReactiveTransaction transaction, boolean commit) {
return ((InternalReactiveTransaction) transaction).close(commit);
}
@Override
public Publisher<ReactiveTransaction> beginTransaction(TransactionConfig config) {
return beginTransaction(config, null);
}
public Publisher<ReactiveTransaction> beginTransaction(TransactionConfig config, String txType) {
return doBeginTransaction(config, txType);
}
@Override
public <T> Publisher<T> executeRead(
ReactiveTransactionCallback<? extends Publisher<T>> callback, TransactionConfig config) {
return runTransaction(
AccessMode.READ, tx -> callback.execute(new DelegatingReactiveTransactionContext(tx)), config);
}
@Override
public <T> Publisher<T> executeWrite(
ReactiveTransactionCallback<? extends Publisher<T>> callback, TransactionConfig config) {
return runTransaction(
AccessMode.WRITE, tx -> callback.execute(new DelegatingReactiveTransactionContext(tx)), config);
}
@Override
public Publisher<ReactiveResult> run(Query query) {
return run(query, TransactionConfig.empty());
}
@Override
public Publisher<ReactiveResult> run(Query query, TransactionConfig config) {
return run(query, config, InternalReactiveResult::new);
}
@Override
public Set<Bookmark> lastBookmarks() {
return new HashSet<>(session.lastBookmarks());
}
@Override
public <T> Publisher<T> close() {
return doClose();
}
}
| 38,312 |
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Οριενταλισμός
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https://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Οριενταλισμός&action=history
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Greek
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Spoken
| 3,734 | 10,687 |
Στην ιστορία της τέχνης, της λογοτεχνίας και των πολιτιστικών σπουδών, ο Οριενταλισμός ή Ανατολισμός είναι η απομίμηση ή απεικόνιση πτυχών του ανατολικού κόσμου. Αυτές οι απεικονίσεις γίνονται συνήθως από συγγραφείς, σχεδιαστές και καλλιτέχνες από τη Δύση. Συγκεκριμένα, η ανατολίτικη ζωγραφική, που απεικονίζει πιο συγκεκριμένα τη «Μέση Ανατολή», ήταν μια από τις πολλές ειδικότητες της ακαδημαϊκής τέχνης του 19ου αιώνα και η λογοτεχνία των δυτικών χωρών είχε παρόμοιο ενδιαφέρον για τα ανατολίτικα θέματα.
Από τη δημοσίευση του έργου Οριενταλισμός του Έντουαρντ Σαΐντ το 1978, πολλές ακαδημαϊκές συζητήσεις έχουν αρχίσει να χρησιμοποιούν τον όρο για να αναφερθούν σε μια γενική πατροναριστική δυτική στάση απέναντι στις κοινωνίες της Μέσης Ανατολής, της Ασίας και της Βόρειας Αφρικής. Η Δύση ουσιαστικοποιεί αυτές τις κοινωνίες ως στατικές και μη-ανεπτυγμένες κατασκευάζοντας έτσι μια άποψη του ανατολικού πολιτισμού, που μπορεί να μελετηθεί, να απεικονιστεί και να αναπαραχθεί στην υπηρεσία της αυτοκρατορικής εξουσίας. Ουσιώδης σε αυτήν την κατασκευή είναι η ιδέα ότι η δυτική κοινωνία είναι ανεπτυγμένη, λογική, ευέλικτη και ανώτερη.
Ιστορικό
Ετυμολογία
Ο οριενταλισμός αναφέρεται στην Ανατολή, σε αναφορά και αντίθεση με τον Δυτικό Κόσμο. Η λέξη εισήλθε στην αγγλική γλώσσα από τη μεσαιωνική γαλλική orient. Αυτή, με τη σειρά της, κατάγεται από το λατινικό Oriens: το ανατολικό μέρος του κόσμου, ο ουρανός εκεί που ανατέλλει ο ήλιος. Ωστόσο, άρχισε να χρησιμοποιείται ως γεωγραφικός όρος.
Το 1375, ο Τζόφρι Σώσερ έγραψε: "Κατέλαβαν πολλά regnes grete / Στην ανατολή [...]". Ο όρος αναφέρεται σε χώρες ανατολικά της Μεσογείου και της Νότιας Ευρώπης. Το 1952, ο Νάι Μπέβαν χρησιμοποίησε μια διευρυμένη ονομασία της Ανατολής, που περιλάμβανε την Ανατολική Ασία: "Το ξύπνημα της Ανατολής υπό την επίδραση των δυτικών ιδεών». Ο Έντουαρντ Σαΐντ είπε ότι ο οριενταλισμός "επιτρέπει την πολιτική, οικονομική, πολιτιστική και κοινωνική κυριαρχία της Δύσης, όχι μόνο κατά την αποικιακή εποχή, αλλά και στο παρόν".
Τέχνη
Στην ιστορία της τέχνης, ο όρος αναφέρεται στα έργα των Δυτικών καλλιτεχνών, που ειδικεύτηκαν σε ανατολίτικα θέματα, που παράγονται από τα ταξίδια τους στη Δυτική Ασία κατά τον 19ο αιώνα. Εκείνη την εποχή, καλλιτέχνες και μελετητές χαρακτηρίστηκαν ως Οριενταλιστές, ειδικά στη Γαλλία. Παρά την τόσο κοινωνική περιφρόνηση για ένα στυλ αναπαραστατικής τέχνης, η Γαλλική Εταιρεία Οριενταλιστών Ζωγράφων ιδρύθηκε το 1893, με τον Ζαν-Λεόν Ζερόμ ως επίτιμο πρόεδρο. Στη Βρετανία, ο όρος Οριενταλιστής σήμαινε "καλλιτέχνης".
Ο σχηματισμός της Γαλλικής Εταιρείας Οριενταλιστών Ζωγράφων άλλαξε τη συνείδηση των ασκούμενων στα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα, καθώς οι καλλιτέχνες μπορούσαν τώρα να δουν τον εαυτό τους ως μέρος ενός ξεχωριστού καλλιτεχνικού κινήματος. Ως καλλιτεχνικό κίνημα, η ανατολίτικη ζωγραφική αντιμετωπίζεται γενικά ως ένας από τους πολλούς κλάδους της ακαδημαϊκής τέχνης του 19ου αιώνα. Ωστόσο, υπήρχαν πολλά διαφορετικά είδη ανατολίτικης τέχνης. Οι ιστορικοί της τέχνης τείνουν να αναγνωρίζουν δύο μεγάλους τύπους ανατολίτικου καλλιτέχνη: τους ρεαλιστές, που ζωγράφιζαν προσεκτικά ό,τι παρατηρούσαν, και όσους φαντάστηκαν ανατολίτικες σκηνές χωρίς να φύγουν ποτέ από το στούντιό τους. Γάλλοι ζωγράφοι όπως ο Ευγένιος Ντελακρουά (1798–1863) και ο Ζαν-Λεόν Ζερόμ (1824–1904) θεωρούνται ευρέως ως οι κορυφαίοι του κινήματος του Ανατολισμού.
Ανατολικές σπουδές
Τον 18ο και 19ο αιώνα, ο όρος "Οριενταλιστής" χαρακτήριζε έναν μελετητή, που ειδικευόταν στις γλώσσες και τις λογοτεχνίες του Ανατολικού Κόσμου. Μεταξύ αυτών των μελετητών ήταν Βρετανοί αξιωματούχοι της Εταιρείας των Ανατολικών Ινδιών, οι οποίοι δήλωσαν ότι ο αραβικός πολιτισμός, ο πολιτισμός της Ινδίας και οι ισλαμικοί πολιτισμοί πρέπει να μελετηθούν ως ίσοι με τους πολιτισμούς της Ευρώπης. Μεταξύ αυτών των μελετητών είναι ο φιλόλογος Γουίλιαμ Τζόουνς, του οποίου οι μελέτες ινδοευρωπαϊκών γλωσσών καθιέρωσαν τη σύγχρονη φιλολογία. Η βρετανική αυτοκρατορική στρατηγική στην Ινδία τάχθηκε υπέρ του Ανατολισμού ως τεχνική για την ανάπτυξη καλών σχέσεων με τους ιθαγενείς - μέχρι το 1820, όταν η επιρροή "αγγλικιστών" οδήγησαν στην προώθηση της αγγλοκεντρικής εκπαίδευσης.
Επιπλέον, ο εβραϊσμός και οι εβραϊκές σπουδές κέρδισαν δημοτικότητα μεταξύ Βρετανών και Γερμανών μελετητών τον 19ο και τον 20ο αιώνα. Ο ακαδημαϊκός τομέας των ανατολικών σπουδών, ο οποίος απαρτιζόταν από τους πολιτισμούς της Εγγύς και Άπω Ανατολής, έγινε το πεδίο των ασιατικών σπουδών και των σπουδών της Μέσης Ανατολής.
Επικριτικές μελέτες
Ο Έντουαρντ Σαΐντ επαναπροσδιορίζει τον όρο για να περιγράψει μια διεισδυτική δυτική παράδοση - ακαδημαϊκή και καλλιτεχνική - των προκατειλημμένων εξωτερικών ερμηνειών του ανατολικού κόσμου, που διαμορφώθηκαν από τις πολιτιστικές στάσεις του ευρωπαϊκού ιμπεριαλισμού τον 18ο και του 19ου αιώνα. Η διατριβή του αναπτύσσει τη θεωρία της πολιτιστικής ηγεμονίας του Αντόνιο Γκράμσι και τη θεωρία του Μισέλ Φουκώ για να ασκήσει κριτική στην επιστημονική παράδοση των ανατολικών σπουδών. Ο Σαΐντ άσκησε κριτική στους σύγχρονους μελετητές, που διαιωνίζουν την παράδοση της εξωτερικής ερμηνείας των αραβο-ισλαμικών πολιτισμών.
Στον ακαδημαϊκό κόσμο, το βιβλίο Οριενταλισμός (1978) έγινε ένα θεμελιώδες κείμενο μεταποικιακών πολιτιστικών σπουδών. Επιπλέον, σε σχέση με τον πολιτιστικό θεσμό της ιθαγένειας, ο Οριενταλισμός έχει καταστήσει την έννοια της ιθαγένειας ως πρόβλημα της επιστημολογίας, επειδή η ιθαγένεια προήλθε από έναν κοινωνικό θεσμό του δυτικού κόσμου. Ως εκ τούτου, το πρόβλημα του ορισμού της ιθαγένειας αναδιαμορφώνει την ιδέα της Ευρώπης σε περιόδους κρίσεων.
Υπάρχει επίσης μια τάση κριτικής στον ισλαμικό κόσμο και το 2002 εκτιμάται ότι μόνο στη Σαουδική Αραβία, γράφτηκαν από ντόπιους ή ξένους μελετητές, περίπου 200 βιβλία επικριτικά για τον Ανατολισμό, καθώς και περίπου 2000 άρθρα.
Στην ευρωπαϊκή αρχιτεκτονική και διακόσμηση
Το μορέσκ στυλ της αναγεννησιακής διακόσμησης είναι μια ευρωπαϊκή προσαρμογή του ισλαμικού αραμπέσκ, που ξεκίνησε στα τέλη του 15ου αιώνα και επρόκειτο να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε ορισμένους τύπους έργων, όπως στη βιβλιοδεσία, μέχρι σχεδόν σήμερα.
Ένα από τα πρώτα παραδείγματα πρώιμης αρχιτεκτονικής χρήσης μοτίβων από την ινδική υποήπειρο είναι η πρόσοψη του Guildhall του Λονδίνου (1788–1789). Το στυλ έγινε δημοφιλές στη Δύση.
Τουρκερί (γαλλικά: turquerie) ήταν η ανατολίτικη μόδα στη Δυτική Ευρώπη από τον 16ο ως τον 18ο αιώνα για μίμηση στοιχείων της τουρκικής τέχνης και κουλτούρας στις διακοσμητικές τέχνες, την υιοθέτηση τουρκικής φορεσιάς κατά καιρούς, όσο και το ενδιαφέρον για την τέχνη που απεικόνιζε την ίδια την Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία. Η Βενετία, ο παραδοσιακός εμπορικός εταίρος των Οθωμανών, ήταν το παλαιότερο κέντρο, με τη Γαλλία να γίνεται πιο εμφανής τον 18ο αιώνα.
Σινουαζερί είναι ο γενικός όρος για τη μόδα για κινεζικά θέματα στη διακόσμηση στη Δυτική Ευρώπη, ξεκινώντας από τα τέλη του 17ου αιώνα και με κορύφωση ανά κύματα. Από την Αναγέννηση έως τον 18ο αιώνα, οι δυτικοί σχεδιαστές προσπάθησαν να μιμηθούν την τεχνική πολυπλοκότητα των κινεζικών κεραμικών με μερική μόνο επιτυχία. Οι πρώτες νότες εμφανίστηκαν τον 17ο αιώνα σε έθνη με ενεργές εταιρείες της Ανατολικής Ινδίας: Αγγλία, Δανία, Κάτω Χώρες και Γαλλία. Κεραμικά κατασκευασμένα στο Ντελφτ και άλλες ολλανδικές πόλεις υιοθέτησαν τη γνήσια μπλε και λευκή πορσελάνη εποχής Μινγκ από τις αρχές του 17ου αιώνα. Τα πρώιμα κεραμικά είδη, που κατασκευάστηκαν στο Μέισεν, και σε άλλα κέντρα μιμούνταν κινεζικά σχήματα για πιάτα, βάζα και τσαγιέρες.
Μετά το 1860, ο Ιαπωνισμός, που πυροδοτήθηκε από την εισαγωγή του Ουκίγιο-ε, έγινε σημαντική επιρροή στις δυτικές τέχνες. Συγκεκριμένα, πολλοί σύγχρονοι Γάλλοι καλλιτέχνες όπως ο Κλωντ Μονέ και ο Εντγκάρ Ντεγκά επηρεάστηκαν από το ιαπωνικό στυλ.
Η αιγυπτιακή αρχιτεκτονική έγινε δημοφιλής στις αρχές και τα μέσα του 19ου αιώνα και συνεχίστηκε ως ελάσσον στυλ στις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα.
Ανατολίτικη τέχνη
Πριν τον 19ο αιώνα
Απεικονίσεις "Μαυριτανών" και "Τούρκων" (ανακριβώς οριζόμενες μουσουλμανικές ομάδες σε νότια Ευρώπη, Βόρεια Αφρική και Δυτική Ασία) εντοπίζονται στη μεσαιωνική, αναγεννησιακή και μπαρόκ τέχνη.
Στις Βιβλικές σκηνές στην πρώιμη ολλανδική ζωγραφική, σε δευτερεύουσες μορφές, ειδικά στους Ρωμαίους, δόθηκαν εξωτικά κοστούμια, που αντανακλούσαν αχνά τα ρούχα της Εγγύς Ανατολής. Οι Τρεις μάγοι στη Γέννηση του Ιησού ήταν ένα ιδιαίτερο επίκεντρο. Η αναγεννησιακή Βενετία είχε μια φάση ιδιαίτερου ενδιαφέροντος για τις απεικονίσεις της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας στη ζωγραφική. Ο Μπελίνι, που ταξίδεψε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη και ζωγράφισε τον σουλτάνο, και ο Καρπάτσιο ήταν οι κορυφαίοι ζωγράφοι. Μέχρι τότε οι απεικονίσεις ήταν πιο ακριβείς, με άντρες τυπικά ντυμένους στα λευκά. Η απεικόνιση ανατολίτικων χαλιών σε πίνακες ζωγραφικής της Αναγέννησης μερικές φορές τροφοδείται από ανατολίτικο ενδιαφέρον, αλλά πιο συχνά απλώς αντανακλά το κύρος, που είχαν αυτά τα ακριβά αντικείμενα κατά την περίοδο.
Ο Ζαν-Ετιέν Λιοτάρ (1702–1789) επισκέφθηκε την Κωνσταντινούπολη και ζωγράφισε πολλά παστέλ τουρκικών σκηνών της καθημερινότητας. Συνέχισε επίσης να φοράει τουρκική ενδυμασία για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα, όταν επέστρεψε στην Ευρώπη. Ο φιλόδοξος Σκωτσέζος καλλιτέχνης του 18ου αιώνα Γκάβιν Χάμιλτον βρήκε μια λύση στο πρόβλημα της χρήσης σύγχρονου ρουχισμού, που θεωρούνταν αντιηρωικός και άκομψος, στην ιστορική ζωγραφική, χρησιμοποιώντας σκηνές της Μέσης Ανατολής με Ευρωπαίους να φορούν τοπική φορεσιά, όπως συμβουλευόταν να κάνουν οι ταξιδιώτες. Πολλοί ταξιδιώτες είχαν ζωγραφιστεί με εξωτική ανατολίτικη φορεσιά κατά την επιστροφή τους, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του Λόρδου Βύρωνα, όπως και πολλοί που δεν είχαν φύγει ποτέ από την Ευρώπη, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της Μαντάμ ντε Πομπαντούρ. Το αυξανόμενο γαλλικό ενδιαφέρον για την εξωτική ανατολίτικη πολυτέλεια και την έλλειψη ελευθερίας τον 18ο αιώνα αντικατοπτρίζει σε κάποιο βαθμό μια έντονη αναλογία με τη δική τους γαλλική απόλυτη μοναρχία. Η ποίηση του Λόρδου Βύρωνα είχε μεγάλη επιρροή στην εισαγωγή της Ευρώπης στον Ρομαντισμό σε εξωτικά ανατολίτικα σκηνικά, κάτι που επρόκειτο να κυριαρχήσει στην ανατολίτικη τέχνη του 19ου αιώνα.
Γαλλικός Οριενταλισμός
Η γαλλική οριενταλιστική ζωγραφική μεταμορφώθηκε από την ανεπιτυχή εισβολή του Ναπολέοντα σε Αίγυπτο και Συρία το 1798–1801, που πυροδότησε μεγάλο δημόσιο ενδιαφέρον για την Αιγυπτιολογία.
Η πρώτη μεγάλη επιτυχία του Ευγένιου Ντελακρουά, η Σφαγή της Χίου το 1824, δημιουργήθηκε, προτού επισκεφθεί ο ίδιος την Ελλάδα, η οποία μαχόταν για ανεξαρτησία από τους Οθωμανούς και θεωρούνταν το ίδιο "εξωτική" με τα πιο μεσανατολίτικα μέρη της αυτοκρατορίας. Ακολούθησε από τον ίδιο το έργο Η Ελλάδα στα ερείπια του Μεσολογγίου. Το 1832, ο Ντελακρουά τελικά κατάφερε να επισκεφθεί την περιοχή της σημερινής Αλγερίας και του Μαρόκου. Εντυπωσιάστηκε πολύ από όσα είδε, συγκρίνοντας τον βορειοαφρικανικό τρόπο ζωής με αυτόν των αρχαίων Ρωμαίων, και συνέχισε να ζωγραφίσει εντυπώσεις από το ταξίδι του κατά την επιστροφή του στη Γαλλία. Όπως πολλοί μεταγενέστεροι Οριενταλιστές ζωγράφοι, οργιζόταν από τη δυσκολία του να ζωγραφίσει γυναίκες και πολλά από τα έργα του παρουσιάζουν Εβραίους ή έφιππους πολεμιστές. Ωστόσο, προφανώς κατάφερε να εισέλθει στο χαρέμι ενός σπιτιού και να ζωγραφίσει τις Γυναίκες του Αλγερίου. Λίγοι μεταγενέστεροι πίνακες ζωγραφικής είχαν τέτοια αυθεντικότητα.
Όταν ο Ζαν Ωγκύστ Ντομινίκ Ενγκρ, διευθυντής της Γαλλικής Ακαδημίας Ζωγραφικής, ζωγράφισε τη δική του οπτική για ένα τουρκικό λουτρό, έκανε την αισθησιακή εκδοχή του για την Ανατολή ευρύτερα αποδεκτή γενικοποιώντας τα γυναικεία σώματα (που μπορεί να ήταν όλα το ίδιο μοντέλο). Στην εξωτική Ανατολή θεωρούνταν αποδεκτός ο πιο ανοιχτός αισθησιασμός. Αυτός ο τρόπος απεικόνισης παρέμεινε στην τέχνη μέχρι και τις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα, όπως φαίνεται από τα ανατολίτικα ημίγυμνα του Ανρί Ματίς και τη χρήση ανατολίτικων φορεσιών και σχεδίων.
Σε πολλά τέτοια έργα, η Ανατολή απεικονίζεται ως εξωτική, πολύχρωμη και αισθησιακή, σχεδόν στερεότυπο. Τέτοια έργα επικεντρώνονταν κυρίως σε αραβικές, εβραϊκές και άλλες σημιτικές κουλτούρες, καθώς με αυτές έρχονταν σε επαφή περισσότερο οι καλλιτέχνες, όσο η Γαλλία ενδιαφερόταν όλο και περισσότερο για την Βόρεια Αφρική. Πολλά έργα ασχολούνταν με τον ισλαμικό πολιτισμό, συχνά περιέχοντας οδαλίσκες.
Βρετανικός Οριενταλισμός
Αν και το βρετανικό πολιτικό ενδιαφέρον για τα εδάφη της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας ήταν τόσο έντονο όσο στη Γαλλία, ασκήθηκε κυρίως πιο διακριτικά. Η προέλευση της βρετανικής ανατολίτικης ζωγραφικής του 19ου αιώνα οφείλεται περισσότερο στη θρησκεία παρά στη στρατιωτική κατάκτηση ή στην αναζήτηση τοποθεσιών με γυμνές γυναίκες. Ο κορυφαίος Βρετανός ζωγράφος Σερ Ντέιβιντ Γουίλκι ήταν 55 ετών, όταν ταξίδεψε στην Κωνσταντινούπολη και την Ιερουσαλήμ το 1840. Αν και δεν έχει χαρακτηριστεί θρησκευτικός ζωγράφος, έκανε το ταξίδι με μια προτεσταντική ατζέντα για τη μεταρρύθμιση της θρησκευτικής ζωγραφικής, καθώς πίστευε ότι: "ένας Μαρτίνος Λούθηρος στη ζωγραφική είναι αναγκαίος τόσο πολύ, όσο και στη θεολογία, για να εξαλείψει τις καταχρήσεις, με τις οποίες επιβαρύνεται η θεϊκή μας επιδίωξη", με το οποίο εννοούσε την παραδοσιακή χριστιανική εικονογραφία. Ήλπιζε να βρει πιο αυθεντικές σκηνές και διακόσμηση για Βιβλικά θέματα στην τοποθεσία τους αυτή καθεαυτή, αν και ο θάνατός του στο Γιβραλτάρ τον εμπόδισε . Άλλοι καλλιτέχνες είχαν παρόμοια κίνητρα, δίνοντας έμφαση στον ρεαλισμό στη βρετανική ανατολίτικη τέχνη από την αρχή. Ο Γάλλος καλλιτέχνης Τζέιμς Τισό χρησιμοποίησε επίσης σύγχρονο τοπίο και διακόσμηση της Μέσης Ανατολής για βιβλικά θέματα, με μικρή προσοχή στις ιστορικές φορεσιές ή σε άλλα είδη.
Ο Γουίλιαμ Χόλμαν Χαντ δημιούργησε μια σειρά από σημαντικούς Βιβλικούς πίνακες με βάση τα ταξίδια του στη Μέση Ανατολή, αυτοσχεδιαστικές παραλλαγές σύγχρονων αραβικών ενδυμάτων και επίπλων για να αποφύγει συγκεκριμένα ισλαμικά στιλ, καθώς και ορισμένα τοπία και θέματα.
Άλλοι καλλιτέχνες επικεντρώθηκαν στη ζωγραφική τοπίου, συχνά σε σκηνές της ερήμου. Ο Ντέιβιντ Ρόμπερτς (1796–1864) παρήγαγε αρχιτεκτονικά τοπία, πολλά από αρχαιότητες, και δημοσίευσε πολύ επιτυχημένα βιβλία λιθογραφιών από αυτά.
Αλλού
Η ρωσική ανατολίτικη τέχνη ασχολήθηκε σε μεγάλο βαθμό με τις περιοχές της Κεντρικής Ασίας, που η Ρωσία είχε κατακτήσει κατά τη διάρκεια του αιώνα, καθώς και στην ιστορική ζωγραφική με τους Μογγόλους, που είχαν κυριαρχήσει στη Ρωσία για μεγάλο μέρος του Μεσαίωνα και σπάνια αποτυπώνονταν με "καλό μάτι". Οι εθνικιστικοί ιστορικοί πίνακες στην Κεντρική Ευρώπη και τα Βαλκάνια βασίστηκαν στην τουρκική καταπίεση, με σκηνές μάχης και κορίτσια που έπεφταν θύματα βιασμού.
Η ανάλυση του Σαΐντ δεν εμπόδισε την έντονη αναβίωση του ενδιαφέροντος και τη συλλογή έργων Ανατολισμού του 19ου αιώνα από τη δεκαετία του '70. Ξεκίνησε σε μεγάλο βαθμό από αγοραστές της Μέσης Ανατολής.
Ελληνικός Οριενταλισμός
Ο Οριενταλισμός και η ελληνική ηθογραφία δεν έχουν σαφή όρια, καθώς οι σκηνές της καθημερινότητας κατά τον 18ο-19ο αιώνα είχαν ακόμα έντονο ανατολίτικο χαρακτήρα. Χαρακτηριστικοί εκπρόσωποι του 19ου αιώνα είναι οι Νικηφόρος Λύτρας, Νικόλαος Γύζης, Θεόδωρος Ράλλης, Άγγελος Γιαλλινάς, Συμεών Σαββίδης.
Ποπ κουλτούρα
Συγγραφείς και συνθέτες δεν αναφέρονται συνήθως ως "Οριενταλιστές" με τον τρόπο που το κάνουν οι καλλιτέχνες και σχετικά λίγοι ειδικεύονται σε ανατολίτικα θέματα ή στυλ ή είναι πιο γνωστοί για τα έργα τους, συμπεριλαμβανομένων αυτών. Ωστόσο, πολλές σημαντικές προσωπικότητες, από τον Μότσαρτ έως τον Φλωμπέρ, έχουν παράγει σημαντικά έργα με ανατολίτικα θέματα. Ο Λόρδος Βύρων στην ποίηση είναι ένας από τους σημαντικότερους συγγραφείς, που κατέστησε τα εξωτικά φανταστικά σκηνικά της Ανατολής σημαντικό θέμα στη λογοτεχνία του Ρομαντισμού. Η όπερα Αΐντα του Τζουζέπε Βέρντι (1871) λαμβάνει χώρα στην Αίγυπτο, όπως απεικονίζεται μέσω του περιεχομένου και του οπτικού θεάματος. Η Αΐντα απεικονίζει μια στρατιωτική τυραννία της Αιγύπτου έναντι της Αιθιοπίας.
Ο ιρλανδικός Ανατολισμός είχε έναν ιδιαίτερο χαρακτήρα, αντλώντας από διάφορες πεποιθήσεις σχετικά με τους πρώιμους ιστορικούς δεσμούς μεταξύ Ιρλανδίας και Ανατολής, λίγους εκ των οποίων πλέον θεωρούνται ως ιστορικά σωστοί. Οι μυθικοί Μιλέσιοι είναι ένα παράδειγμα αυτού. Οι Ιρλανδοί συνειδητοποίησαν επίσης τις απόψεις άλλων εθνών, που τους θεωρούσαν συγκρίσιμους με την Ανατολή και τους χαρακτήριζαν η "Ανατολή της Ευρώπης".
Μουσική
Στη μουσική, ο Οριενταλισμός μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί σε στιλ που εμφανίζονται σε διαφορετικές περιόδους, όπως το "α λα τούρκα", που χρησιμοποιείται από πολλούς συνθέτες, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των Μότσαρτ και Λούντβιχ βαν Μπετόβεν. Ο Αμερικανός μουσικολόγος Ρίτσαρντ Ταρούσκιν έχει αναγνωρίσει στη ρωσική μουσική του 19ου αιώνα ένα στέλεχος Οριενταλισμού: "Η Ανατολή ως σημάδι ή μεταφορά, ως φανταστική γεωγραφία, ως ιστορική μυθοπλασία, ως ο "άλλος", εναντίον του οποίου κατασκευάζουμε την (όχι λιγότερο μειωτική και συνολική) αίσθηση του εαυτού μας". Παραδέχεται ότι Ρώσοι συνθέτες, σε αντίθεση με εκείνους της Γαλλίας και της Γερμανίας, ένιωσαν "αμφιθυμία" για το θέμα, δεδομένου ότι "η Ρωσία ήταν μια αυτοκρατορία, στην οποία οι Ευρωπαίοι, που ζούσαν δίπλα-δίπλα με "Ανατολίτες", ταυτίζονταν μαζί τους και έκαναν και μεικτούς γάμους πολύ περισσότερο από ό,τι στην περίπτωση άλλων αποικιακών δυνάμεων".
Παρ' όλα αυτά, ο Ταρούσκιν χαρακτηρίζει τον Ανατολισμό στη ρομαντική ρωσική μουσική ως μελωδίες "γεμάτες στολίδια και μελίσματα", χρωματικές συνοδευτικές γραμμές, μπάσα, χαρακτηριστικά που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν από τους Μιχαήλ Γκλίνκα, Μίλι Μπαλάκιρεφ, Αλεξάντρ Μποροντίν, Νικολάι Ρίμσκι-Κόρσακοφ, Σεργκέι Λιαπούνοφ και Σεργκέι Ραχμάνινοφ.
Ο Ανατολισμός ανιχνεύεται επίσης στη μουσική, που θεωρείται ότι έχει επιδράσεις εξωτισμού, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του ιαπωνισμού στη μουσική πιάνου του Κλωντ Ντεμπυσσύ μέχρι το σιτάρ, που χρησιμοποιείται στις ηχογραφήσεις των Beatles.
Λογοτεχνία
Το κίνημα του Ρομαντισμού στη λογοτεχνία ξεκίνησε το 1785 και έληξε γύρω στο 1830. Ο όρος Ρομαντικός αναφέρεται στις ιδέες και τον πολιτισμό, που οι συγγραφείς της εποχής αντανακλούσαν στο έργο τους. Κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της περιόδου, ο πολιτισμός και τα αντικείμενα της Ανατολής άρχισαν να έχουν βαθιά επίδραση στην Ευρώπη. Εκτεταμένα ταξίδια από καλλιτέχνες και μέλη της ευρωπαϊκής ελίτ έφεραν ταξιδιωτικές ιστορίες και συγκλονιστικές αφηγήσεις στη Δύση δημιουργώντας μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον για όλα τα "ξένα" πράγματα. Ο Ρομαντικός Οριενταλισμός ενσωματώνει γεωγραφικές τοποθεσίες Αφρικής και Ασίας, γνωστές αποικιακές και "ιθαγενείς" προσωπικότητες, λαογραφία και φιλοσοφίες για τη δημιουργία ενός λογοτεχνικού περιβάλλοντος αποικιακής εξερεύνησης από μια ευδιάκριτη ευρωπαϊκή κοσμοθεωρία. Η τρέχουσα τάση στην ανάλυση αυτού του κινήματος αναφέρει την πίστη σε αυτήν τη λογοτεχνία ως έναν τρόπο για να δικαιολογηθούν οι ευρωπαϊκές αποικιακές προσπάθειες επεκτατισμού.
Στο μυθιστόρημά του Σαλαμπό, ο Γκυστάβ Φλωμπέρ χρησιμοποίησε την αρχαία Καρχηδόνα στη Βόρεια Αφρική ως αντίποδα της αρχαίας Ρώμης. Απεικόνισε τον πολιτισμό της ως ηθικά αλλοιωμένο και με επικίνδυνα σαγηνευτικό ερωτισμό. Αυτό το μυθιστόρημα αποδείχθηκε εξαιρετικά ισχυρή επιρροή σε μεταγενέστερες απεικονίσεις αρχαίων σημιτικών πολιτισμών.
Κινηματογράφος
Ο Σαΐντ υποστηρίζει ότι η συνέχεια του Οριενταλισμού στο παρόν βρίσκεται σε εικόνες με επιρροή, ιδιαίτερα μέσω του αμερικανικού Κινηματογράφου, καθώς η Δύση έχει πλέον εξελιχθεί, ώστε να συμπεριλαμβάνει και τις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Πολλές ταινίες μεγάλου μήκους, όπως η σειρά Ιντιάνα Τζόουνς, οι ταινίες Η Μούμια και οι ταινίες της Ντίσνεϋ Αλαντίν δείχνουν τις φανταστικές γεωγραφίες της Ανατολής. Οι ταινίες απεικονίζουν συνήθως τους πρωταγωνιστές ήρωες από τον Δυτικό Κόσμο, ενώ οι κακοί συχνά προέρχονται από την Ανατολή. Η αναπαράσταση της Ανατολής συνεχίστηκε στον κινηματογράφο, αν και αυτή η αναπαράσταση δεν εμπεριέχει απαραίτητα κάποια αλήθεια.
Ο υπερβολικά αισθησιακός χαρακτήρας της πριγκίπισσας Γιασμίν στον Αλαντίν είναι απλώς συνέχεια των έργων του 19ου αιώνα, όπου οι γυναίκες αναπαριστούνταν ως ερωτικές, σεξουαλικές φαντασιώσεις.
Ακόμα, στην ταινία Αναμνήσεις μιας Γκέισας (2005), υποστηρίζεται ότι περιέχονται ανατολίτικα κλισέ και βαθιές "πολιτιστικές λανθασμένες απεικονίσεις". Η ταινία "ενισχύει την ιδέα για τον ιαπωνικό πολιτισμό και την Γκέισα ως κάτι εξωτικό, οπισθοδρομικό, παράλογο, βρώμικο, βέβηλο, ασύδοτο, περίεργο και αινιγματικό".
Χορός
Κατά τη ρομαντική περίοδο του 19ου αιώνα, το μπαλέτο επικεντρώθηκε πολύ στο "εξωτικό" στοιχείο. Αυτός ο εξωτισμός κυμαινόταν από μπαλέτα στη Σκωτία μέχρι και μπαλέτα για αιθέρια πλάσματα. Μέχρι το τέλος του αιώνα, τα μπαλέτα είχαν συλλάβει την υποτιθέμενη ουσία της μυστηριώδους Ανατολής. Αυτά τα μπαλέτα συχνά περιελάμβαναν σεξουαλικά θέματα και έτειναν να βασίζονται σε υποθέσεις ανθρώπων και όχι σε συγκεκριμένα γεγονότα. Ο Ανατολισμός είναι εμφανής σε πολλά έργα.
Η Ανατολή αποτέλεσε έμπνευση για πολλά μεγάλα μπαλέτα, τα οποία έχουν επιβιώσει από τα τέλη του 19ου και στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα. Ο Κουρσάρος έκανε πρεμιέρα το 1856 στην Όπερα του Παρισιού. Η περίπλοκη ιστορία του, βασισμένη στο ποίημα του Λόρδου Βύρωνα, λαμβάνει χώρα στην Τουρκία και επικεντρώνεται σε μια ιστορία αγάπης μεταξύ ενός πειρατή και μιας όμορφης σκλάβας. Οι σκηνές περιλαμβάνουν ένα παζάρι, όπου οι γυναίκες πωλούνται σε άνδρες ως σκλάβες, και το παλάτι του Πασά, το οποίο διαθέτει το χαρέμι του. Το 1877, παρουσιάστηκε η Μπαγιαντέρα, η ιστορία αγάπης μιας Ινδής χορεύτριας σε ναό και ενός Ινδού πολεμιστή. Το μπαλέτο χρησιμοποίησε αόριστα ινδική ενδυμασία και ενσωμάτωσε χειρονομίες εμπνευσμένες από την Ινδία στο κλασικό μπαλέτο. Επιπλέον, περιλάμβανε έναν «Ινδικό χορό», εμπνευσμένο από το καθάκ, μια ινδική μορφή χορού. Ένα άλλο μπαλέτο, η Σεχραζάντ, του 1910 σε μουσική του Ρίμσκι-Κόρσακοφ, είναι μια ιστορία για τη σύζυγο ενός σάχη και τις παράνομες σχέσεις της με έναν Χρυσό Σκλάβο. Η αμφιλεγόμενη προσήλωση του μπαλέτου στο σεξ περιλαμβάνει ένα όργιο σε ανατολίτικο χαρέμι. Όταν ο σάχης ανακαλύπτει τις πράξεις των πολυάριθμων συζύγων του και των εραστών τους, διατάζει τους θανάτους των εμπλεκομένων. Το μπαλέτο βασίστηκε σε παραμύθια αμφισβητήσιμης γνησιότητας.
Ως μία από τις πρωτοπόρες του σύγχρονου χορού στην Αμερική, η Ρουθ Σεντ Ντένις εξερεύνησε επίσης τον Οριενταλισμό στο χορό της. Οι χοροί της δεν ήταν αυθεντικοί. Εμπνεύστηκε από φωτογραφίες, βιβλία και αργότερα από μουσεία στην Ευρώπη. Ωστόσο, ο εξωτισμός των χορών της εξυπηρέτησε τα συμφέροντα των γυναικών της κοινωνίας στην Αμερική.
Ενώ ο οριενταλισμός στο χορό κορυφώθηκε στα τέλη του 19ου και στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα, εξακολουθεί να υπάρχει στη σύγχρονη εποχή. Με έμπνευση από μπαλέτα του παρελθόντος, έχουν αναπτυχθεί και παραμείνουν στερεοτυπικές "ανατολίτικες" κινήσεις και θέσεις βραχίονα.
Θρησκεία
Μια ανταλλαγή δυτικών και ανατολικών ιδεών περί πνευματικότητας αναπτύχθηκε, καθώς η Δύση εγκαθίδρυσε αποικίες στην Ασία και συνέχισε το εμπόριο με αυτές. Η πρώτη δυτική μετάφραση ενός σανσκριτικού κειμένου εμφανίστηκε το 1785, σηματοδοτώντας το αυξανόμενο ενδιαφέρον για τον ινδικό πολιτισμό και τις γλώσσες. Οι μεταφράσεις των Ουπανισάδων, έργο που ο Αρθούρος Σοπενάουερ αποκάλεσε "παρηγοριά της ζωής του", εμφανίστηκαν για πρώτη φορά το 1801 και το 1802. Οι πρώτες μεταφράσεις εμφανίστηκαν επίσης και σε άλλες ευρωπαϊκές γλώσσες. Ο υπερκειμενισμός του 19ου αιώνα επηρεάστηκε από την ασιατική πνευματικότητα.
Μια σημαντική δύναμη στην αμοιβαία επιρροή ανατολικής και δυτικής πνευματικότητας και θρησκευτικότητας ήταν η Θεοσοφική Εταιρεία, μια ομάδα που έψαχνε την αρχαία σοφία από την Ανατολή και διέδωσε τις ανατολικές θρησκευτικές ιδέες στη Δύση. Ένα από τα εμφανή χαρακτηριστικά της Θεοσοφίας ήταν η πίστη στους "Δάσκαλους της Σοφίας", "όντα, ανθρώπινα ή κάποτε ανθρώπινα, που έχουν ξεπεράσει τα φυσιολογικά σύνορα της γνώσης και που κάνουν τη σοφία τους διαθέσιμη σε άλλους". Η Θεοσοφική Εταιρεία διέδωσε επίσης δυτικές ιδέες στην Ανατολή, συμβάλλοντας στον εκσυγχρονισμό της και στον αυξανόμενο εθνικισμό στις ασιατικές αποικίες.
Η Θεοσοφική Εταιρεία είχε σημαντική επιρροή στον βουδιστικό μοντερνισμό και στα ινδουιστικά μεταρρυθμιστικά κινήματα. Η Ελένα Μπλαβάτσκυ, μαζί με τους Χένρι Στιλ Όλκοτ και Anagarika Dharmapala, έπαιξαν καθοριστικό ρόλο στη δυτική μετάδοση και αναβίωση του Βουδισμού Θεραβάντα.
Μια άλλη σημαντική επιρροή ήταν ο Βιβεκανάντα, ο οποίος διέδωσε την εκσυγχρονισμένη ερμηνεία του για την Αντβάιτα Βεντάντα κατά τα τέλη του 19ου και στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα τόσο στην Ινδία όσο και στη Δύση, δίνοντας έμφαση στην ανουμπάβα ("προσωπική εμπειρία") αντί για τα γραπτά.
Παραπομπές
Πηγές
Beard, David and Kenneth Gloag. 2005. Musicology: The Key Concepts. New York: Routledge.
Cristofi, Renato Brancaglione. Architectural Orientalism in São Paulo - 1895 - 1937. 2016. São Paulo: University of São Paulo online, accessed July 11, 2018
Harding, James, Artistes Pompiers: French Academic Art in the 19th Century, 1979, Academy Editions,
C F Ives, "The Great Wave: The Influence of Japanese Woodcuts on French Prints", 1974, The Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Gabriel, Karen & P.K. Vijayan (2012): Orientalism, terrorism and Bombay cinema, Journal of Postcolonial Writing, 48:3, 299–310
Holloway, Steven W., ed. (2006). Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible. Hebrew Bible Monographs, 10. Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2006.
King, Donald and Sylvester, David eds. The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century, Arts Council of Great Britain, London, 1983,
Mack, Rosamond E. Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300–1600, University of California Press, 2001
Meagher, Jennifer. Orientalism in Nineteenth-Century Art. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. online, accessed April 11, 2011
Nochlin, Linda, The Imaginary Orient, 1983, page numbers from reprint in The nineteenth-century visual culture reader,google books, a reaction to Rosenthal's exhibition and book.
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978 ).
Taruskin, Richard. Defining Russia Musically. Princeton University Press, 1997 .
Tromans, Nicholas, and others, The Lure of the East, British Orientalist Painting, 2008, Tate Publishing,
Πηγές - Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι
The Orientalist Painters
Arab world in art
Arab women in art
| 7,908 |
https://github.com/solidcloudio/DevOps-VSTS-Bot/blob/master/src/VSTS-Bot.Api/Resources/Exceptions.Designer.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
DevOps-VSTS-Bot
|
solidcloudio
|
C#
|
Code
| 508 | 1,309 |
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <auto-generated>
// This code was generated by a tool.
// Runtime Version:4.0.30319.42000
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if
// the code is regenerated.
// </auto-generated>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace Vsar.TSBot.Resources {
using System;
/// <summary>
/// A strongly-typed resource class, for looking up localized strings, etc.
/// </summary>
// This class was auto-generated by the StronglyTypedResourceBuilder
// class via a tool like ResGen or Visual Studio.
// To add or remove a member, edit your .ResX file then rerun ResGen
// with the /str option, or rebuild your VS project.
[global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCodeAttribute("System.Resources.Tools.StronglyTypedResourceBuilder", "15.0.0.0")]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGeneratedAttribute()]
internal class Exceptions {
private static global::System.Resources.ResourceManager resourceMan;
private static global::System.Globalization.CultureInfo resourceCulture;
[global::System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1811:AvoidUncalledPrivateCode")]
internal Exceptions() {
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns the cached ResourceManager instance used by this class.
/// </summary>
[global::System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableAttribute(global::System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableState.Advanced)]
internal static global::System.Resources.ResourceManager ResourceManager {
get {
if (object.ReferenceEquals(resourceMan, null)) {
global::System.Resources.ResourceManager temp = new global::System.Resources.ResourceManager("Vsar.TSBot.Resources.Exceptions", typeof(Exceptions).Assembly);
resourceMan = temp;
}
return resourceMan;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Overrides the current thread's CurrentUICulture property for all
/// resource lookups using this strongly typed resource class.
/// </summary>
[global::System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableAttribute(global::System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableState.Advanced)]
internal static global::System.Globalization.CultureInfo Culture {
get {
return resourceCulture;
}
set {
resourceCulture = value;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to The specified account couldn't be found..
/// </summary>
internal static string AccountNotFound {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("AccountNotFound", resourceCulture);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to You denied access to the bot. If you still want to use the bot, please 'connect' to a VSTS Profile again..
/// </summary>
internal static string Authorize_access_denied {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("Authorize_access_denied", resourceCulture);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to Sorry, I do not recognize the provided pin. Please try again..
/// </summary>
internal static string InvalidPin {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("InvalidPin", resourceCulture);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to State is invalid. Expecting a ChannelId and UserId separated by a semicolon..
/// </summary>
internal static string InvalidState {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("InvalidState", resourceCulture);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to The subscription token is invalid..
/// </summary>
internal static string InvalidSubscriptionToken {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("InvalidSubscriptionToken", resourceCulture);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to Missing subscription token from the request header..
/// </summary>
internal static string MissingSubscriptionToken {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("MissingSubscriptionToken", resourceCulture);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to The specified project couldn't be found.
/// </summary>
internal static string TeamProjectNotFound {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("TeamProjectNotFound", resourceCulture);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to The command '{0}' is unknown.
/// </summary>
internal static string UnknownCommandException {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("UnknownCommandException", resourceCulture);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Looks up a localized string similar to An unknown exception occurred. We registered the exception and will fix it as soon as possible..
/// </summary>
internal static string UnknownException {
get {
return ResourceManager.GetString("UnknownException", resourceCulture);
}
}
}
}
| 6,381 |
https://github.com/muniere/foordinate/blob/master/spec/rename_spec.cr
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
foordinate
|
muniere
|
Crystal
|
Code
| 184 | 715 |
require "spec"
require "./spec_helper"
private def fixture(filename : String) : Pathname
return Pathname.new(File.join(__DIR__, "../fixt/rename_spec", filename))
end
private def fixture(filenames : Array(String)) : Array(Pathname)
return filenames.map { |f| fixture(f) }
end
describe "Rename" do
describe "#numberization" do
it "constructs rules for numberization with default prefix" do
pathnames = fixture([
"bar.gif",
"foo.png",
"hoge.jpg",
])
options = Rename::NumberizeOptions.new(length: 5)
rules = Rename.new.numberization(pathnames, options: options)
rules.map { |r| r.dst }.should eq fixture([
"bar_00001.gif",
"foo_00002.png",
"hoge_00003.jpg",
])
end
it "constructs rules for numberization with no prefix" do
pathnames = fixture([
"bar.gif",
"foo.png",
"hoge.jpg",
])
options = Rename::NumberizeOptions.new(length: 5, prefix: "")
rules = Rename.new.numberization(pathnames, options: options)
rules.map { |r| r.dst }.should eq fixture([
"00001.gif",
"00002.png",
"00003.jpg",
])
end
end
describe "#randomization" do
it "constructs rules for randomization with default prefix" do
pathnames = fixture([
"bar.gif",
"foo.png",
"hoge.jpg",
])
options = Rename::RandomizeOptions.new(length: 5)
rules = Rename.new.randomization(pathnames, options: options)
rules[0].dst.path.should match(/bar_\d{5}\.gif/)
rules[1].dst.path.should match(/foo_\d{5}\.png/)
rules[2].dst.path.should match(/hoge_\d{5}\.jpg/)
end
it "constructs rules for randomization with no prefix" do
pathnames = fixture([
"bar.gif",
"foo.png",
"hoge.jpg",
])
options = Rename::RandomizeOptions.new(length: 5, prefix: "")
rules = Rename.new.randomization(pathnames, options: options)
rules[0].dst.path.should match(/\d{5}\.gif/)
rules[1].dst.path.should match(/\d{5}\.png/)
rules[2].dst.path.should match(/\d{5}\.jpg/)
end
end
end
| 28,413 |
US-201916438311-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,240 | 7,983 |
Power Management Integrated Circuit with Dual Power Feed
ABSTRACT
A power management integrated circuit (PMIC) receives power from a host and a backup power supply in parallel and uses power from at least one of the host and the backup power supply to operate voltage regulators for a memory system. An enable signal is generated based on whether or not the voltage regulators are powered. The enable signal can be used to keep the backup power supply on while the memory system is in operation. In response to absence of power from the host, the PMIC generates an interrupt signal causing the memory system to shut down safely without data loss.
RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/918,627, filed Mar. 12, 2018, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,325,631 on Jun. 18, 2019, and entitled “Power Management Integrated Circuit with Dual Power Feed,” the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY
At least some embodiments disclosed herein relate to power management integrated circuit (PMIC) in general and, more particularly but not limited to, a PMIC with dual power feed.
BACKGROUND
A memory system can be a storage system, such as a solid-state drive (SSD), and can include one or more memory components that store data. For example, a memory system can include memory devices such as non-volatile memory devices and volatile memory devices. In general, a host system can utilize a memory system to store data at the memory devices of the memory system and to retrieve data stored at the memory system.
A memory system may use a Power Management Integrated Circuit (PMIC) to manage the power requirements of the system or subsystem. The PMIC typically includes electronic power conversion circuitry and/or relevant power control functions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements.
FIG. 1 shows a computer system having a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) that is capable of operating using power from a host and/or using power from a backup power supply.
FIG. 2 shows a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) having dual power feed.
FIG. 3 shows a method to implement dual power feed in a power management integrated circuit (PMIC).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) in a memory system. An example of a memory system is a storage system, such as a solid-state drive (SSD). In some embodiments, the memory system is a hybrid memory/storage system. In general, a host system can utilize a memory system that includes one or more memory devices. The memory devices can include media. The media can be non-volatile memory devices, such as, for example, negative-and (NAND). The host system can provide write requests to store data at the memory devices of the memory system and can provide read requests to retrieve data stored at the memory system. A memory system can include a controller that manages the memory devices to perform operations such as reading data, writing data, or erasing data and other such operations. A storage system (also hereinafter referred to as storage device) is used as one example of the memory system hereinafter throughout this document.
A backup power supply can be used to prevent data loss during a power failure event. A PMIC according to at least some embodiments disclosed herein is configured with a dual power input capability to manage a backup power supply. Dual power inputs, such as one power input from a backup power supply and another power input from a host computer, are combined using diodes to power voltage regulators of the PMIC, such that power from either of the inputs can be used to support the normal operations of the PMIC in managing the power requirements of a computer storage device. Further, the PMIC can generate power management signals related to backup power, such as power enable signals for controlling the operation of the backup power supply and power failure interrupt signals to the controller of the computer storage device for proper shutdown, supported by the backup power supply, during a power failure in the host computer.
For example, the PMIC can be configured in a storage device to manage the power requirements of a storage device. The power from a host of the storage device and the power from a backup power supply are OR'ed using diodes of the PM IC to hold up internal power in the PMIC, allowing the PMIC to generate operating voltages for the storage device, during a sudden loss of power in the host, using the voltage regulators of the PMIC powered by the backup power supply.
In the case of a power failure event in the host, the power from the host may be insufficient or unavailable to support operations of the PMIC and the storage device. The power from the backup power supply goes through the OR'ed diodes to support the normal operations of the PMIC, allowing the PM IC to continue operating its voltage regulators and to continue supplying operating voltages to the components of the storage device, such as the storage media of the storage device and/or the controller of the storage device. The use of the backup power supply ensures that during such a power failure event, relevant state conditions of the components of the storage device can be held without glitches using the power from the backup power supply, while the storage device is provided with an opportunity to perform data backup/retention functions and to shut down properly.
Configuring the PM IC to have the dual power input capability allows the elimination of additional board level circuitry (comparators, diodes and filters) to implementing supports for the use of a backup power supply for the storage device. The use of such a PMIC reduces cost by fully integrating the control functionality within the PMIC, reduces the complexity of constructing a storage device that uses a backup power supply to prevent data loss, and reduces the area usage on the printed circuit board of the storage device.
FIG. 1 shows a computer system having a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) (111) that is capable of operating using power (109) from a host (101) and/or using power (108) from a backup power supply (118).
The computer system of FIG. 1 includes a host (101), a backup power supply (118), and a storage device (119) which has a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) (111), a controller (125), a non-volatile memory (123), and an optional Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) (121).
The PM IC (111) is configured to receive power from two separate sources, such as the host (101) and the backup power supply (118). The PM IC (111) has diodes (133 and 131) that combine the power from the two separate sources for voltage regulators (113) of the PM IC (111) such that the voltage regulators (113) can be operational using either the power (109) from the host (101) or the backup power (108) from the backup power supply (118). The diodes (133 and 131) provide a wired OR functionality to accept dual power inputs (109 and 108). During a time period in which the host (101) cannot supply sufficient power for the operations of the storage device (119), the power from the backup power supply (118) can be used to hold up relevant functions of the PM IC (111) and the storage device (119) appropriately while allowing the storage device (119) to shut down properly.
Incorporating in the PM IC (111) the wired OR functionality to accept dual power inputs (109 and 108), allows the elimination of additional circuit board level components for the utilization of a backup power supply (118) for a storage device (119), such as comparators, diodes, and filters. The cost of the storage device (119) can be reduced by fully integrating the control functionality related to the backup power supply (118) within the PMIC (111).
For example, based on the status of the power inputs (109 and 108) the PM IC (111) can generate relevant enable signal(s) and provide, e.g., using one or more general-purpose input/output pins, the enable signal(s) to one or more power supplies (e.g., 118) throughout the computer system to ensure glitch-less operations.
For example, based on the status of the main power input (109), the PMIC (111) can generate a priority power failure interrupt signal to the controller (125), which allows the storage device (119) to shut down elegantly when the main power input (109) is insufficient. For example, the storage device (119) may shut down using the power from the backup power supply (118) while the host (101) is not responsive in some situations when the power from the host (101) is not available to the storage device (119).
In some implementations, when the power (109) from the host (101) is available, the power from the host (101) may cause the reverse bias of the diode (131) even when the backup power (108) is available and thus prevent the use of the backup power supply (118) in the storage device (119) when the host (101) can provide sufficient power (109).
In other implementations, when the power (109) from the host (101) and the power (108) from the backup power (108) are both available, the voltage regulators (113) may draw power from both sources (109 and 108) simultaneously.
In general, the host (101) can be a computer having one or more Central Processing Units (CPUs) (105) and a memory (107). Computer peripheral devices, such as the storage device (119), may be attached to the host (101) via an interconnect, such as a computer bus (e.g., Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), PCI eXtended (PCI-X), PCI Express (PCIe), Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)), a communication port, and/or a computer network.
The host (101) has one or more connectors (e.g., 103) to provide the storage device (119) with power (109) and/or to communicate with the storage device (119) via a communication channel in accordance with a predetermined protocol; and the storage device (119) has one or more connectors (e.g., 104) to receive the power (109), data and commands from the host (101).
The PM IC (111) has one or more voltage regulators (113 and 133) that convert the power (109 and/or 108) to operating voltages used by various components of the storage device (119), such as the controller (125), the non-volatile memory (123), and the DRAM (121).
The storage device (119) may include a plurality of load switches (e.g., 127 and 129) for the isolation of power domains. During certain operational modes the load switches (127 and 129) are turned on to provide power (109) via the voltage regulators (113) to these corresponding components. During certain non-operational modes the load switches (127 and 129) can be turned off to isolate the power (109) from some of the components of the storage device (119), such as the controller (125), the non-volatile memory (123). To reduce the cost of the PM IC (111), the load switches (127 and 129) are implemented outside of the PM IC (111). The PM IC (115) includes a plurality of switch drivers (115) that provide the control signals for the load switches (127 and 129).
The PM IC (111) includes a sequencer (117 or 137) that schedules the power related events according to desirable sequences for the operations of the storage device (119), including the sequences of the operations of the voltage regulators (113) and the switch drivers (115). In some situations the sequencer (117 or 137) may communicate with the controller (125) to request the controller (125) to enter a sleep mode or a power off mode and then turn off certain voltages or power domains; and in other situations, the controller (125) may request the sequencer (117) to place the PMIC (111) in a sleep mode.
In general, some control signals, data and/or commands received from the host (101) are connected to the PM IC (111) for power managements. Other control signals, data and commands from the host (101) are routed to the controller (125) for processing.
The computer storage device (119) can be used to store data for the host (101). Examples of computer storage devices in general include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid state drives (SSDs), flash memory, dynamic random-access memory, magnetic tapes, network attached storage device, etc. The storage device (119) communications with the host (101) using the communication channel. For example, the communication channel between the host (101) and the storage device (119) is a PCIe bus in one embodiment; and the host (101) and the storage device (119) communicate with each other using NVMe protocol.
In some implementations, the communication channel between the host (101) and the storage device (119) includes a computer network, such as a local area network, a wireless local area network, a wireless personal area network, a cellular communications network, a broadband high-speed always-connected wireless communication connection (e.g., a current or future generation of mobile network link); and the host (101) and the storage device (119) can be configured to communicate with each other using data storage management and usage commands similar to those in NVMe protocol.
The controller (125) of the storage device (119) runs firmware to perform operations responsive to the communications from the host (101) and/or the PMIC (111). Firmware in general is a type of computer program that provides control, monitoring and data manipulation of engineered computing devices. The firmware of the storage device (119) controls the operations of the controller (125) in operating the storage device (119), such as storing and accessing data in non-volatile memory (123) of the storage device (119), performing power management tasks, etc.
Non-volatile storage media (123) in general may be implemented via various techniques, such as memory cells in an integrated circuit, magnetic material coated on rigid disks, etc. The storage media (123) is non-volatile in that no power is required to maintain the data/information stored in the non-volatile storage media (123), which data/information can be retrieved after the non-volatile storage media (123) is powered off and then powered on again. The memory cells may be implemented using various memory/storage technologies, such as NAND gate based flash memory, phase-change memory (PCM), magnetic memory (MRAM), resistive random-access memory, and 3D XPoint, such that the storage media (123) is non-volatile and can retain data stored therein without power for days, months, and/or years.
The storage device (119) may use volatile Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) (121) for the storage of run-time data and instructions used by the controller (125) to improve the computation performance of the controller (125) and/or provide buffers for data transferred between the host (101) and the non-volatile storage media (123). DRAM (121) is volatile in that it requires power to maintain the data/information stored therein, which data/information is lost immediately or rapidly when the power is interrupted.
Volatile DRAM (121) typically has less latency than non-volatile storage media (123), but loses its data quickly when power is removed. Thus, it is advantageous to use the volatile DRAM (121) to temporarily store instructions and data used for the controller (125) in its current computing task to improve performance. In some instances, the volatile DRAM (121) is replaced with volatile Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) that uses less power than DRAM in some applications. When the non-volatile storage media (123) has data access performance (e.g., in latency, read/write speed) comparable to volatile DRAM (121), the volatile DRAM (121) can be eliminated; and the controller (125) can perform computing by operating on the non-volatile storage media (123) for instructions and data instead of operating on the volatile DRAM (121).
For example, cross point storage and memory devices (e.g., 3D XPoint memory) have data access performance comparable to volatile DRAM (121). A cross point memory device uses transistor-less memory elements, each of which has a memory cell and a selector that are stacked together as a column. Memory element columns are connected via two perpendicular lays of wires, where one lay is above the memory element columns and the other lay below the memory element columns. Each memory element can be individually selected at a cross point of one wire on each of the two layers. Cross point memory devices are fast and non-volatile and can be used as a unified memory pool for processing and storage.
In some instances, the controller (125) has in-processor cache memory with data access performance that is better than the volatile DRAM (121) and/or the non-volatile storage media (123). Thus, it is preferred to cache parts of instructions and data used in the current computing task in the in-processor cache memory of the controller (125) during the computing operations of the controller (125). In some instances, the controller (125) has multiple processors, each having its own in-processor cache memory.
Optionally, the controller (125) performs data intensive, in-memory processing using data and/or instructions organized in the storage device (119). For example, in response to a request from the host (101), the controller (125) performs a real time analysis of a set of data stored in the storage device (119) and communicates a reduced data set to the host (101) as a response. For example, in some applications, the storage device (119) is connected to real time sensors to store sensor inputs; and the processors of the controller (125) are configured to perform machine learning and/or pattern recognition based on the sensor inputs to support an artificial intelligence (AI) system that is implemented at least in part via the storage device (119) and/or the host (101).
In some implementations, the processors of the controller (125) are integrated with memory (e.g., 121 or 123) in computer chip fabrication to enable processing in memory and thus overcome the von Neumann bottleneck that limits computing performance as a result of a limit in throughput caused by latency in data moves between a processor and memory configured separately according to the von Neumann architecture. The integration of processing and memory increases processing speed and memory transfer rate, and decreases latency and power usage.
The storage device (119) can be used in various computing systems, such as a cloud computing system, an edge computing system, a fog computing system, and/or a standalone computer. In a cloud computing system, remote computer servers are connected in a network to store, manage, and process data. An edge computing system optimizes cloud computing by performing data processing at the edge of the computer network that is close to the data source and thus reduces data communications with a centralize server and/or data storage. A fog computing system uses one or more end-user devices or near-user edge devices to store data and thus reduces or eliminates the need to store the data in a centralized data warehouse.
Some embodiments involving the operation of the controller (125) can be implemented using computer instructions executed by the controller (125), such as the firmware of the controller (125). In some instances, hardware circuits can be used to implement at least some of the functions of the firmware. The firmware can be initially stored in the non-volatile storage media (123), or another non-volatile device, and loaded into the volatile DRAM (121) and/or the in-processor cache memory for execution by the controller (125).
FIG. 2 shows a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) (111) having dual power feed. For example, the PM IC (111) of FIG. 2 can be used in the storage device (119) in the computer system of FIG. 1.
The PMIC (111) of FIG. 2 has multiple pins to receive power inputs from multiple sources, such as power (109) from the host (101) and backup power (108) from the backup power supply (118). The diodes (131 and 133) combine the power inputs (108 and 109) such that the voltage regulators (113) are operational when at least one of the power inputs (108 and 109) can provide sufficient power.
The PM IC (111) of FIG. 2 generates a power enable signal (135) from the power input to the voltage regulators (113). When at least one of the power inputs (108 and 109) is available, the power enable signal (135) is asserted; and when both of the power inputs (108 and 109) are not available, the power enable signal (135) is de-asserted.
The power enable signal (135) can be provided to a backup power supply (e.g., 118) via a general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pin or another pin. The power enable signal (135) can be used to inform the backup power supply (118) the need for power from the backup power supply (118), which keeps the backup power (108) providing power while the power enable signal (135) is asserted and the PMIC (111) is in operation. When the PMIC (111) is ready to shut down, the sequencer (117) may de-assert the power enable signal (135).
The PM IC (111) of FIG. 2 includes a power sensor (139) to detect the availability of the main power (109). When the voltage of the main power (109) is below a threshold (or when the diode (133) is reversely biased), the power sensor (139) causes the sequencer (117) to generate a priority power failure interrupt signal to the controller (125). The interrupt signal allows the controller (125) to prepare the storage device (119) for shutdown.
For example, in response to the priority power failure interrupt signal, the controller (125) may prioritize the completion of certain operations that are currently in progress, stop certain operations, and/or copy the content of the DRAM (121) and/or the cache memory of processors of the controller (125) to the non-volatile memory (123), etc.
In some instances, in response to the priority power failure interrupt signal, the PM IC (111) and/or the controller (125) may attempt to coordinate with the host (101) for a safe shutdown. For example, in response to the priority power failure interrupt signal, a request to shut down the storage device (119) is transmitted from the storage device (119) to the host (101); and if no response is received from the host (101) within a threshold period of time, the storage device (119) may shut down autonomously to avoid data loss and/or damage.
FIG. 3 shows a method to implement dual power feed in a power management integrated circuit (PMIC). For example, the method of FIG. 3 can be implemented in the PMIC (111) of FIG. 2 or the PMIC (111) in FIG. 1.
The method of FIG. 3 includes: receiving (171) power (108 and/or 109) from a host (101) and a backup power supply (118) in parallel; combining (173) the received power (108 and/or 109) as power input to voltage regulators (113); operating (175) the voltage regulators (113) to generate voltages for a storage device (119) using the power input; generating (177) an enable signal (135) based on whether or not the voltage regulators (113) are powered; providing (179) the enable signal (135) to the backup power supply (118) to control operation of the backup power supply (118); generating (181) an interrupt signal (139) in response to absence of power from the host (101); and providing (183) the interrupt signal (139) to a controller (125) of the storage device (119) that operates using the voltages generated by the voltage regulators (113).
For example, a power management integrated circuit (111) of one embodiment generally has: a first power input pin; a second power input pin; a plurality of voltage regulators (123) operable to generate a plurality of voltages for a data storage device (119); a sequencer to control one or more sequences of power events in the power management integrated circuit (111); and a dual feed circuit that powers the voltage regulators (113) using power from the first power input pin and/or the second power input pin.
The dual feed circuit may include a first diode (133) coupled to the first power input pin and a second diode (131) coupled to the second power input pin. The outputs of the first diode (133) and the second diode (131) are tied together to provide a combined power input to the voltage regulators (113).
When power is available from the first power input pin, the dual feed circuit powers the voltage regulators (113) using at least the power from the first power input pin. For example, the first power input pin may be connected to a host (101) of the storage device (119); and the second power input pin may be connected to a separate backup power supply (118).
Optionally, when power is available from the first power input pin, the second diode (131) is configured to be reversely biased to prevent drawing power from the second power input pin (e.g., to preserve available power in the backup power supply (118)). When power is available from the first power input pin but not available from the second power input pin, the second diode (131) is reversely biased to isolate the second power input pin from the power input of the voltage regulators (113).
When power is not available from the first power input pin, the dual feed circuit powers the voltage regulators (113) using power from the second power input pin (e.g., using power provided by a backup supply (118)). When power is available from the second power input pin but not available from the first power input pin, the first diode (133) reversely biased to isolate the first power input pin from the power input of the voltage regulators (113).
Optionally, when power is not available from the first power input pin, the dual feed circuit generates an interrupt signal to the controller (125) of the storage device (119). The interrupt signal informs the controller (125) of the power failure in the first power input pin. For example, the interrupt signal may be the inverse of the voltage status of the first power input pin, or a change of the voltage status of the first power input pin.
Preferably, the dual feed circuit also generates an enable signal (135). For example, the enable signal (135) may be the voltage at the input to the voltage regulators (113), a voltage status at the input to the voltage regulators (113), or the output voltage of one of the voltage regulators (113). When the voltage regulators (113) are powered by at least one of the first power input pin and the second power input pin, the enable signal (135) is asserted. When the voltage regulators (113) are not sufficiently powered by the first power input pin and the second power input pin (e.g., having a voltage below a threshold), the enable signal (135) is de-asserted.
The power management integrated circuit (111) may output the enable signal (135) using a general-purpose input/output pin to control, at least in part, the operation of a power supply (e.g., 118) that is connected to the second power input pin.
The power management integrated circuit (111) can be used in a storage device (119) has a non-volatile memory (123) and a controller (125).
A non-transitory computer storage medium can be used to store instructions of the firmware of the storage device (119). When the instructions are executed by the controller (125) of the computer storage device (119), the instructions cause the controller (125) to perform a method discussed above.
In this description, various functions and operations may be described as being performed by or caused by computer instructions to simplify description. However, those skilled in the art will recognize what is meant by such expressions is that the functions result from execution of the computer instructions by one or more controllers or processors, such as a microprocessor. Alternatively, or in combination, the functions and operations can be implemented using special purpose circuitry, with or without software instructions, such as using Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Embodiments can be implemented using hardwired circuitry without software instructions, or in combination with software instructions. Thus, the techniques are limited neither to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software, nor to any particular source for the instructions executed by the data processing system.
While some embodiments can be implemented in fully functioning computers and computer systems, various embodiments are capable of being distributed as a computing product in a variety of forms and are capable of being applied regardless of the particular type of machine or computer-readable media used to actually effect the distribution.
At least some aspects disclosed can be embodied, at least in part, in software. That is, the techniques may be carried out in a computer system or other data processing system in response to its processor, such as a microprocessor or microcontroller, executing sequences of instructions contained in a memory, such as ROM, volatile RAM, non-volatile memory, cache or a remote storage device.
Routines executed to implement the embodiments may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module or sequence of instructions referred to as “computer programs.” The computer programs typically comprise one or more instructions set at various times in various memory and storage devices in a computer, and that, when read and executed by one or more processors in a computer, cause the computer to perform operations necessary to execute elements involving the various aspects.
A tangible, non-transitory computer storage medium can be used to store software and data which, when executed by a data processing system, causes the system to perform various methods. The executable software and data may be stored in various places including for example ROM, volatile RAM, non-volatile memory and/or cache. Portions of this software and/or data may be stored in any one of these storage devices. Further, the data and instructions can be obtained from centralized servers or peer-to-peer networks. Different portions of the data and instructions can be obtained from different centralized servers and/or peer-to-peer networks at different times and in different communication sessions or in a same communication session. The data and instructions can be obtained in their entirety prior to the execution of the applications. Alternatively, portions of the data and instructions can be obtained dynamically, just in time, when needed for execution. Thus, it is not required that the data and instructions be on a machine-readable medium in their entirety at a particular instance of time.
Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, recordable and non-recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices, read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), flash memory devices, floppy and other removable disks, magnetic disk storage media, and optical storage media (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD ROM), Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs), etc.), among others. The instructions may be embodied in a transitory medium, such as electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals, such as carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc. A transitory medium is typically used to transmit instructions, but not viewed as capable of storing the instructions.
In various embodiments, hardwired circuitry may be used in combination with software instructions to implement the techniques. Thus, the techniques are neither limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software, nor to any particular source for the instructions executed by the data processing system.
Although some of the drawings illustrate a number of operations in a particular order, operations that are not order dependent may be reordered and other operations may be combined or broken out. While some reordering or other groupings are specifically mentioned, others will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and so do not present an exhaustive list of alternatives. Moreover, it should be recognized that the stages could be implemented in hardware, firmware, software or any combination thereof.
The above description and drawings are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting. Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding. However, in certain instances, well known or conventional details are not described in order to avoid obscuring the description. References to one or an embodiment in the present disclosure are not necessarily references to the same embodiment; and, such references mean at least one.
In the foregoing specification, the disclosure has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will be evident that various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope as set forth in the following claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.
1. A power management integrated circuit, comprising: a first power input; a second power input; and at least one voltage regulator operable to generate voltages for a memory system; a sequencer configured to control one or more sequences of power events in the power management integrated circuit; and a circuit configured to combine the first power input and the second power input to power the at least one voltage regulator.
2. The power management integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the circuit comprises a first diode coupled to the first power input and a second diode coupled to the second power input.
3. The power management integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein when power is available from the first power input, the circuit powers the at least one voltage regulator using at least the power from the first power input.
4. The power management integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein when power is available from the first power input, the circuit is configured to prevent drawing power from the second power input.
5. The power management integrated circuit of claim 4, wherein when power is not available from the first power input, the circuit powers the at least one voltage regulator using power from the second power input.
6. The power management integrated circuit of claim 5, wherein when power is not available from the first power input, the sequencer communicates an interrupt signal to a controller of the memory system.
7. The power management integrated circuit of claim 6, further comprising: an enable signal generator coupled to an output of the circuit configured to combine the first power input and the second power input.
8. The power management integrated circuit of claim 7, wherein: when the at least one voltage regulator is powered by at least one of the first power input and the second power input, the enable signal generator asserts an enable signal; and when the at least one voltage regulator is insufficiently powered by the first power input and the second power input, the enable signal generator de-asserts the enable signal.
9. The power management integrated circuit of claim 7, further comprising: a general-purpose input/output pin connected to provide the enable signal.
10. The power management integrated circuit of claim 8, wherein the enable signal controls operation enabling of a power supply connected to the second power input.
11. A system, comprising: a non-volatile memory device; and a power management integrated circuit comprising: at least one voltage regulator configured to generate operating voltages for the non-volatile memory device; a first pin to receive power from a first power source; a second pin to receive power from a second power source; and a circuit configured to combine the first pin and the second pin to power the at least one voltage regulator.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the circuit comprises: a first diode connected to receive power from the first pin; and a second diode connected to receive power from the second pin; wherein power outputs from the first diode and the second diode are combined and connected as power input to the at least one voltage regulator.
13. The system of claim 11, wherein the circuit is further configured to generate an enable signal based on a status of the power input to the at least one voltage regulator.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the enable signal controls at least in part operation of the second power source.
15. The system of claim 13, wherein the circuit is further configured to generate an interrupt signal to a controller coupled to the power management integrated circuit in response to absence of power from the first pin.
16. A method, comprising: receiving power, from a first power source, in a first pin of a power management integrated circuit; receiving power, from a second power source, in a second pin of the power management integrated circuit; combining, in the power management integrated circuit, power from the first pin and power from the second pin to generate a combined power input; and powering at least one voltage regulator of the power management integrated circuit using the combined power input to generate voltages for a memory device.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the combining includes combining power from the first pin and power from the second pin using a first diode and a second diode respectively to generate the combined power input to the at least one voltage regulator.
18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating an enable signal based on a status of the combined power input to the at least one voltage regulator.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: providing the enable signal using a general-purpose input/output pin of the power management integrated circuit to control the second power source.
20. The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating an interrupt signal in response to absence of power in the first pin..
| 26,190 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111020408
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 97 | 247 |
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach
Hollerbacher Abteilung der FFW Buchen
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach ist ein(e) Freiwillige Feuerwehr
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach Staat Deutschland
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Buchen
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach Ort Hollerbach
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach übergeordnete Organisation Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach Datum der Gründung, Erstellung, Entstehung, Erbauung 1940
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach geographische Koordinaten
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach Commons-Kategorie Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach
Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach Bild Freiwillige Feuerwehr Buchen Abteilung Hollerbach.jpg, Beschreibung des Mediums
| 47,095 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5895171
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,011 |
Stack Exchange
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Ahamed Sohel, Developer, Fanny, Luki Krew, Pedro Gonzalez, Priyanka, Sophie Pepin, Vale, gusa, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12719539, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12719540, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12719541, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12719953, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12719954, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12720682, https://stackoverflow.com/users/388388, https://stackoverflow.com/users/676389, https://stackoverflow.com/users/709397
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English
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Spoken
| 332 | 452 |
about ToolStripMenuItem
I'm having one ContextMenuStrip in that strip at runtime I'm adding one ToolStripMenuItem. And I added this ContextMenuStrip in the XtraGridView's MouseDown() event handler. And at the same time I've added the event handler for the newly inserted ToolStripMenuItem. And I have written one Event handler function for that ToolStripMenuItem. My problem of application is that when user right clicks on the XtraGridView it shows the required menu which I have added at runtime. And when I click on newly added ToolStripMenuItem it executes required event handler function but when I again do the same procedure the event handler function is executed for two times and so on...
Can anyone solve this problem?
Thanks.
At which point in code are you assigning event handler for ToolStripMenuItem? I think that you are assigning it multiple times, that's why the handler is executing multiple times.
@Val: I'm adding event handler at xtragridview's mouse down event. And while adding i've checked some condition. I don't think so. Because i checked code by placing breakpoint. I've solved my problem by removing handler of the same event which i've added at run time. But i don't think that is it because of adding the event handler more than one time. Isn't it?
That is because you added it in datagridview mouse down event and every time user presses mouse button new handler is added. That is why it fires multiple times. You should add it on load, or some other place.
Can you write down the events that you have applied to display the contextmenustrip
You probably are subscribing to the Click event, in XtraGridView's click event. Each time the GridView's click event is raised causes you to subscribe to the click event handler again, so when user actually clicks on the ToolStripMenuItem all the handlers are called.
I suggest moving the subscription code to somewhere else.
i've used GridView's MouseDown() event.
It is the same. MouseDown or Click, you are assigning handler multiple times.
| 48,366 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18194356
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Stora Hagetjärr
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 57 | 164 |
Stora Hagetjärr
Stora Hagetjärr instans av insjö
Stora Hagetjärr inom det administrativa området Dals-Eds kommun
Stora Hagetjärr land Sverige
Stora Hagetjärr geografiska koordinater
Stora Hagetjärr Sjöid (Sverige) 653735-127136
Stora Hagetjärr
lac suédois
Stora Hagetjärr nature de l’élément lac
Stora Hagetjärr localisation administrative Dals-Ed
Stora Hagetjärr pays Suède
Stora Hagetjärr coordonnées géographiques
Stora Hagetjärr identifiant Vatteninformationssystem Sverige 653735-127136
| 7,285 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogonius%20macilentus
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Pogonius macilentus
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pogonius macilentus&action=history
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Cebuano
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Spoken
| 52 | 91 |
Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Pogonius macilentus. Una ning gihulagway ni Henri Saussure ni adtong 1890. Ang Pogonius macilentus sakop sa kahenera nga Pogonius, ug kabanay nga Pompilidae.
Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
Madagascar
Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Insekto
Pogonius
Insekto sa Madagaskar
| 10,432 |
https://github.com/greenrobotllc/PirateGame/blob/master/clear_secondary.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,010 |
PirateGame
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greenrobotllc
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PHP
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Code
| 20 | 97 |
<?php
require_once 'includes.php';
global $DB;
$action = get_current_action($user);
$secondary = get_secondary_action($user);
if($secondary == 'monster_attack_result') {
update_secondary_action($user, 'NULL');
}
$facebook->redirect("$facebook_canvas_url/index.php");
?>
| 18,989 |
NZMAIL/1896/NZMAIL_18961231/MM_01/0023.xml_1
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NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,896 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,936 | 5,359 |
A kind-hearted lady who read the Times paragraph recording an accident in Cuba street on Saturday night by which a child's toy tea set was broken has called at our office and left 2s 6d as a little gift to the child. This thoughtful act was performed in a manner as kindly as the spirit which prompted it, for the lady declined to give her name. Our difficulty is that we do not know the name or address of the child, and we have no other course, therefore, than to ask the donor if she will consent that the money be devoted to some public charity. At St. Mark's Church on Tuesday afternoon, Miss Lizzie Page, second daughter of Mr. J. E. Page, was married to Mr. Frederick James, of Waipawa. The bride, who was given away by her father, was attired in cream Sicilian cloth. Her bridesmaids were Misses Madge and Effie Page, her sisters, and Misses Dorothy and Sylvia Eames, who were dressed in yellow cloth, trimmed with white. The wedding ceremony was performed by the Rev. de Castro, assisted by the Rev de Castro. Mr. Watkins presided at the organ, and the choir boys sang appropriate hymns and psalms, as the bridal party left the church the organist played the Wedding March. The honeymoon is to be spent in the Wairarapa district. The bride's traveling dress was of French grey, with flower toque to match. Charles Crawford was charged at the Lower Courton Tuesday with having assaulted Thos. W Geise. Mr Hindmarsh appeared for the defendant. The complaint stated that he came down from the country for Christmas and found his wife at home. She acted strangely and refused to sleep in the same room with him. Next morning she would not get him any breakfast. In the evening he returned home and knocked at the door, when suddenly he was knocked down and jumped on by the defendant. John McRide described the assault, and added that the complainant was badly knocked about, during witness indulged in a good deal of badinage with the defendant’s lawyer. He first wanted to know who was to pay him for his time in coming there to give evidence, and, discovering that no arrangement had been made, he added that when he saw an assault after that he would turn his back: it would pay him better. Mr Hindmarsh said as witness was a highly respectable man he had probably come there from a sense of duty and not for any monetary consideration. Witness: "You come here for pay, why not?" Mr Hindmarsh said: "Yes, but your high sense of duty - Witness: "You're a lawyer; they haven't much sense of duty as a rule. Do anything for money. (Constable Madden refused to arrest the defendant without a warrant.) Witness then detailed to the Court a considerable portion of his own private history, and made some very discouraging remarks concerning lawyers generally. Constable Madden deposed to having been called in on the day of the assault, and having found the furniture smashed. He gave Guise some advice and left, as he could not turn the man out of his own house. In the evening he was again called out To the first, but it was over when he got there, so he did not. Rest the matter in. Mr. George, wife of the complainant, said her husband had behaved heavily on that day. GENERAL NEWS. A number of Chinese were performing the annual funeral rites in the Tumut Cemetery. X.S.W., on a recent Sunday and caused a fire which burnt fences, and did much damage to other portions of the burial grounds. A sudden death occurred at the Grange (Adelaide) recently, the victim being Mr. Tom Ware, son of Mrs. Ware, of the Exchange Hotel. He was bathing near the beach, and was seized with a fit in the water. All means of resuscitation were tried without avail. Deceased was with the Australian Eleven in England in 1893. While journeying with them he assisted Coningham to rescue a drowning man in the Thames. At Lacine, near Tunmt (N.Y. Wales), a farmer named H.A. French was injured while cleaning out a 10ft well, he sent up a big bucket of stuff, and when it was near the surface, the rope snapped. The bucket fell upon French, striking him, and cutting his head and nose. His back was also badly hurt. Use the safe, pleasant and actual worm killer. Mother Graves’ Worm Exterminator; not a substitute equals it. Procure a bottle and take it home. A thrilling experience befel John Tracy and William Harris in Sydney last week. They were standing on the top of a brick kiln at Alexandra when they observed the bricks beneath them collapsing. They chose the latter course, with the result that Tracy smashed one arm, and Harris severely injured his side. The other day, a Liverpool gentleman in London claimed damages from one of the railway companies for the loss of a boot heel. He got a verdict. A great scholastic authority has said that 10 years was the longest period that anyone ought to hold in the position of headmaster in an English public school. The Rev. Dr. McLaren, minister of Union Chapel, Manchester, says he has preached 11313 sermons since he began his ministry. The original edition of that pathetic story, "The Old Missionary," by Sir William Hunter, has reached its twentieth thousand. Nansen is convinced that little more remains to be discovered in connection with the North Pole, and that all round the Pole there is open deep sea. One of the big South African companies has just announced a dividend of 1-5 percent. It paid a similar dividend last year. The Brazilian Chamber of Deputies has upon the President the expulsion of The Times correspondent at Rio. ECHOES OF THE WEEK. Satire’s my weapon, but I’m too discreet To run amuck and tilt at all I meet. BY SCRUTATOR. The New Zealand letter to the last issue to hand of the Australasian contains a glowing eulogy of Mr. Scobie McKenzie, who is described as “the most notable figure by far among new Opposition men.” There is also a nasty sneer at Mr. Fish, who was on the same “ticket” as “Scawbie.” Now, I wonder, I do wonder, whether “Scawbie” still wishes the New Zealand notes to the Australian. That he did so for some time and quite recently is well-known. If he wrote the “notes” appearing in the issue of December 19th, what a singularly modest creature he must be, and how Fish, his comrade on the Tory “ticket,” must love him when he reads those notes. The Australasia, by the way, is befits the champion of the landgrabbing and fat man's party on the other side of the Tasman Sea, is highly delighted over what it is pleased to imagine has been the Opposition “triumph” in this Colony. Its most amusingly stupid contention with regard to the results of the elections is that “the change which has come over New Zealand politics is satisfactory to all who desire to see the great industries of the Colony move ahead once more.” Does the Australian actually believe that when the Sed don Government came into power, the furnace fires in our foundries were at once extinguished? That the whirl and buzz of the loom was no longer heard at Kaiapoi, Mosgiel and Petone; that the cutting of timber ceased as if by magic; that the collieries were closed; that factories of all sorts and kinds closed down instantly, and that—such is the inevitable corollary of the Australasian's argument—that all industries ceased to flourish. Does the Australasian really believe that New Zealand industries have suffered by the fact that a live progressive Liberal Government have been and are still in office? If so, the self-gullibility of the champion of Australian Toryism surpasses the understandings of any average common-sense mortal. and mutton. The organs of the squat tocraey are ready able to perceive the value of any industry which hasn't a connection with wool and mutton. But, even then, its remarks would be equally foolish, for, allowing for the all-round drop in value, the pastoral industry in this colony has made very substantial progress, even under this wicked Democratic Government of ours which believes in men more than in sheep —a thing perfectly incomprehensible to the mutton mind. "Never tire" is the curious name of an Australian town which has just experienced the joys of a real live cyclone of the Western American description, a raving, roaring, roaring disturbance of the atmosphere as compared with which the very worst Wellington! "buster" is a mere trivial circumstance. I don’t think I should care to live at Xever -1 tire. The name is now singularly inappropriate, for if the inhabitants there are not now utterly "tired" and wearied of existence in such an abode of storms, they must be as philosophic and phlegmatic as the German farmer out in Kansas, who, when a cyclone struck his barn and lifted it over into a neighbor’s farm, calmly waited until the blow was over and then exclaimed -1 "Mein Gott, vis für ein blow, was that 'dink' over neighbor Brown's and brobose bardnership mit him until dor wheat vas all dreshed oud." The Conservative female "barbarous" at elections occasionally rivals her male prototype in vulgarity. Also, at times, she strikes a suag and comes to utter discomfiture and grief exceeding. Such was the sad case of a vivacious ancient maiden of some thirty-eight summers, a daughter of the local squattocracy, who was a prominent "barbarous" for one of the Conservative candidates in Hawke’s Bay at the recent election. She made a point of attending the Liberal candidate’s meetings and bombarding him with more or less inane questions. At the close of one of the meetings, being in a state of wrath and more than usual acidity, her ".barbarous" Backling, having been singularly ineffective, she remained behind, and rudely pushing her way up to the can didate, who was holding a little quiet conversation with some friends, she said “Oh, Mr, I want to know if you’re the same Mr. I knew at when you were a little boy.” If you are, you're the same self-opinionated ass you were then. This was pretty rough, but the candidate only smiled broadly and replied, “Oh, Miss —, you see it is so many, many long years ago since I was a little boy.” The ancient and vinegary one who, to use an old North Country expression, is “an old ewe who gets her self up lamb fashion,” hadn't another word to say, and incontinently swept out of the room, bearing a fine frenzied stare of hatred at the candidate, whose future meetings she did not attend. Her “friends” can now drive her into in cipient madness by simply remarking as they do at the local afternoon teas. “I hear you knew Mr. Car j when he was quite a little boy. It must be sure a long time ago, dear, isn’t it?” Oh, she A en! joying herself | Melbourne Punch has a column headed. | “People We Know.” Included in the celebrities referred to are some whom Punch evidently does not know. As for example: “Jimmy" Carroll is the no-st note worthy Maori legislator in Mam-Hand. He is as plain as the common or garden | Maori and just as expert at soliciting j pipes of “baccy.” | The paragraph is sadly incomplete. Mby I did not Punch proceed to say that Mr. Carroll (the “Jimmy" may be left out as an impertinence) walks up and down the streets of "Wellington attired in the “altogether” save for a dirty blanket, that he regularly performs a halm after prayers have been read. In the House, the toast he tomahawks a member of the Opposition on an average once a week, that he habitually chews chunks of ancient shark in his place on the Ministerial benches, etc. No really well-informed journal, such as Melbourne Punch poses as being, should omit these well-known details in its portrait of Mr. Carroll, And while I am casting my eagle eyes over my Melbourne contemporary, in quest of “something scissorable,” here is a paragraph in the same “Celebrity Column” about the Premier: A local newspaper reports that Premier Seddon always wears unbleached white socks. This is up to-date journalism. We presume the reporter will be provided this thrilling item is still hanging over Seddon’s back fence on washing days examining his under-shirts. Would Punch be “surprised to hear, as Hawkins used to say to the Tichborne (Claimant, that no local (that is Welling) paper ever published such an item: that if was a clever concoction, still more cleverly “dressed up” and commented upon (in the same style, and almost in the same words as in Punch) by the Unlclin over two years ago. The “up-to-date” journalism of Melbourne Punch has the dust of ages upon it. Really, the high-toned is a vastly amusing paper, especially amusing in its displays of contemptibly pettifogging. I mean, in its latest exhibition of paltry journalistic jealousy, has occurred in connection with what is known as the Plitn merton mystery. As those who have read the reports of the case are aware, a copy of the New Zealand Times was found near the skeletons, and it is quite possible, in a deed most probable, that through this fact a clue may be obtained to the identity of the persons who came to so tragic an end. Would it be believed that the Evening Piscina in its fear that another journal, should obtain a small advertisement through its name being mentioned, has studiously alluded to the copy of the Times? So different from the vigorous outpourings of Mr. Gillon's keen, shrewd brain, the paucity of its local reports and its general decline in interest and influence, have no doubt tended to sour and warp the minds of its conductors. Never, unless, on the contrary, jealousy, even when based upon failing influence, should never be allowed to run riot. Pecksniff is evidently in a bad way. Many of us have enjoyed the curious experience of “following the hounds” on a Wellington and Manawatu train. We have watched the spick and span young Wellington equestrians eagerly chasing the trace of the “d drag,” and have won dered —such of us as have seen the real thing in England —how much further the love of sport would go. But just fancy fox hunting on a bicycle. The very idea of such a thing would have driven “Jor! rock’s” mad, and given John Leech an idea for a completely new series of inimitable hunting sketches. The author of the innovation is a Mr Pat O’Brien, M.P. —a member of the Irish Party, needless to say. The London Daily Graphic, for a copy of which I have to thank a correspondent, supplies the following details: Mr Pat O’Brien, M.P., has broken the record. Some days ago the Meath hounds met at Foxbrook, when a fox was started. After an exciting run he crossed the Boyne and gained the shelter of Muchwood, where he was run to earth and killed. This part of the country is well intersected by roads, which are in admirable condition and well suited for cycling. Mr (O'Brien, member for Kilkenny city, was present at the meet on his machine, and, following the hounds by way of the roads, was first in at the death. Mr Watson, the master of the hounds, cordially congratulated Mr (O’Brien on his novel achievement, and referred in the most genial way to the sporting qualities of his constituents. He concluded by presenting the brush to Mr O’Brien, who waved it triumphantly and rode off amid the cheers of the lusties, who had assembled. In time, witness so unusual a spectacle. The bicycle has achieved many triumphs, but this is believed to be the first evolution in which it has beaten a field of ill will. The lines are before the eyes of many of my leaders this year will have commenced May it be of prosperity and happiness that all New Zealanders, whether in this journal or otherwise. 1H Kokkrt Allan T< u:n ’.inJ Countni Journal It was almost sunset, the iron roofs of the Banda Cattle Station caught the last rays of the heavy heat. The men lay about the broad verandah smoking. A few were trying conclusions with their whips and the traditional sixpence. Out of a baked nvi elumn of scrub a horseman rode slowly, his horse’s hoofs kicking up little clouds of dust from the dusty track. The men ceased playing, gazing' in idle curiosity at the stranger. lie was well mounter on an ambling ba\ mare, and he seat was ca-y. He rode in among- the men, and dis mounted in silem-c. They nodded to him; their eyes upon his mare. The brute was tired : b stood listlessly kicking at inter val' at the .-loud of Hies about its heels. The stranger spoke at last, quietly. Ms this Bun da Station f’ • Yes.' said Knox, the head stockman. ‘Are you Kay, the new stockman f' • Yes,’ answered the stranger, lie looked round him woariiy. ■ Let vour mare go ore.' said <me of the men. ‘ \ e-u can get a teed at the hut. Ray b-f Isis horse go. and picking up his Saddle went into the beat. ‘Qm or bloke.' said Knox ‘’e don’t look businessliko." ‘ (. i vi:* him a show,' said one of the men. 'L’hev gat beta*d round the tired mare again, ami the stranger was forgotten for the time being. For the first few days following the advent of Kav he was watched cynically by his comrades. They tried to pick holes in his riding, but their distrust of the frail-looking- stranger gave way in time to ungrudging admiration. His riding was perfect free and loose, with a dash of the jockey about him. He was fair, thin, and a trifle weak about the legs. ‘’E can ride.' said Knox : ‘ but I don't think there’s overmuch heart about ’im.’ They would try to draw him out ; but bis reserve was unbroken. He had evi dently travelled a great deal, and at times he amused, them by short sketches of his life in the States. By the sheer force of his uncommunicative nature he gradually gained the respect of these rough men. Their ‘chaff’ gave way to the indefinable influence that hovered about this quiet, liervous- Ic>oking stranger. It’s fair fight,” said Knox. Ray staggered to his feet, and lay against the rail gasping: his face a peculiar blue-green. Jones rushed at him madly. “Come on!” he veiled. Ray put his arms up feebly a moment, trying to speak, then fell down faintly, crying. Knox got between the two men. He leaned over Ray. “Guin' to fight it out?” he asked. Kay groaned, banging the hoards feebly with his fist. He’s hurt,” said one of the men. “Not,” answered Knox. “He ain't got no heart.” Kay got up presently and staggered away to his bunk. Tilings went more pleasantly for Kay after that night : but the respect of the men gave way in its turn to pity, and pity among- back-block men is akin to contempt. One morning as Kay rode a way with a small mob of 4 weaners/ he met Miss May, the boss’s daughter, in the home putlm-ck. She rode straight up to him. a whip on her arm. and he. poor uev.l, saw nothing iu t r a mass of flaxen hair and a pair of blue eves larger and softer than his own. He raised hi< hat to her tneeh.iiiieallv. Hmt are the new man -' she asked, abrupt iy. He nodd(*d. \\ hy didn t you tight it out with Jones f’ she asked. The blood rushed to his face. He did not answer. \mi have no heart, she said scornfully. Still he was siffmr. \\ i*ll -' she queried. He raised Ins face to her a moment, a Strang- * appeal ill his eyes. ban You m a auswei- .- she cried. His seft eyes angered her. Hod help me! lie said, wearily: * I m a e; ■ ward.’ He moved on with hi' -attie. and she gazing after him wistfulK a moment rode 1 iaek ti i t in* house. lor a month Ray was eampo l out back' "ith his cattle, and, perhaps., lie was happier living- alone. At length he re eeiveil his orders to return .to the head station. He arrived late in tin* afternoon, and joined a group* of men down at the stockyards. Knox was finishing girthing up a noble chestnut colt. Kay, who had an excellent' eye fora good horse, walked carelessly up to the brute. The colt struck out viciously at him ; he jump,.,! hack quickly. What do you think of Miss May's young Tin r' asked Knox. "He's a bad brute," said Kay. "My oath, yes! "Bested the whole crowd. Like to try 'un:" "No answered Kay. The men grinned. The group parted suddenly. Miss May stood among them. Who's going to rule him tonight she cried. "I'll tell, miss, said Jones, pointing to Kay. The boy drew back, and Miss May looked him up and down scornfully. The men burst out laughing. "I'll tell you!" she cried, looking at Kay. He stood trembling, his face with that peculiar bluey-grey tint upon it. "I'll tell you!" she cried. His eyes flashed at her a moment, and then a moment later bucking, he cut the ground up, each straggling 'land' more heavy than the other. Still Kay sat him in perfect balance. The men looked on silently, and Miss May, her eyes staring, her body trembling, stood out from among them. Suddenly the colt tore the reins out straight, and galloped away madly towards the big log fence. Miss May cried out wildly, and the men yelled to Kay to make for the gap: but he could do nothing. At racing pace the colt tore away down to the logs, Ray lying back almost flat in the saddle. He sat a moment gazing down into Miss May’s tearful eyes, and his own were terrible in the shadow of some coming calamity. Suddenly he swayed, a cry broke from him, horrible, heartrending— ‘Oh! oh! my God! Light! Oh! my heart! May! Oh! light! Give me light!’ The men ran to him, but too late. He fell to the ground, and the colt galloped away, neighing shrilly. Miss May threw herself upon him, crying pitifully, and a ghastly stillness fell upon the silent men. For a few moments they listened awe-struck to the sudden anguish of the girl, then gently they raised the dead man, and took him into the hut. At the inquest a verdict of heart disease was returned. THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN. From the fact that some human bones were found, a few years ago, in lacustrine deposits in Flori: a, it is thought by many scientists that man is 30,000 years old. In modern times we certainly have dotari orated. Even scripture derides the idea of putting “new wine into old bottles.” What would the ancients think of men who would for the sake of trifling gain, put vile poison into genuine Wolfe’s Schnapps bottles, and sell it for the original liquor? It is better to buy whole bottles for yourself, and who empty break them. December 31, 1896,
| 15,122 |
CETATEXT000007994249
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,999 |
Conseil d'Etat, 6 / 2 SSR, du 29 novembre 1999, 171793, inédit au recueil Lebon
|
JADE
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,272 | 1,944 |
<br/> Vu la requête enregistrée le 9 août 1995 au secrétariat du contentieux du Conseil d'Etat, présentée pour M. Guy X..., demeurant ... ; M. X... demande au Conseil d'Etat d'annuler l'ordonnance du 16 juin 1995 du président de la cour administrative d'appel de Paris rejetant comme irrecevable sa demande à l'annulation du jugement du 11 octobre 1994 par lequel le tribunal administratif de Versailles a rejeté sa demande tendant à l'annulation pour excès de pouvoir des arrêtés des 18 décembre 1989 et 24 juillet 1990 du maire de Provins accordant à la société civile immobilière Le Moulin, d'une part, un permis de démolir portant sur un immeuble industriel rue du Moulin de la Ruelle à Provins, d'autre part, un permis de construire y autorisant la création de logements ;<br/> Vu les autres pièces du dossier ;<br/> Vu le code de l'urbanisme et notamment son article L. 600-3 ;<br/> Vu la loi n° 91-647 du 10 juillet 1991 ;<br/> Vu le code des tribunaux administratifs et des cours administratives d'appel ;<br/> Vu l'ordonnance n° 45-1708 du 31 juillet 1945, le décret n° 53-934 du 30 septembre 1953 et la loi n° 87-1127 du 31 décembre 1987 ;<br/> Après avoir entendu en audience publique :<br/> - le rapport de Mme Mitjavile, Maître des Requêtes,<br/> - les observations de Me Foussard, avocat de M. X... et de la SCP Rouvière, Boutet, avocat de la ville de Provins,<br/> - les conclusions de M. Lamy, Commissaire du gouvernement ;<br/>
<br/> Sans qu'il soit besoin d'examiner les moyens de la requête ;<br/> Considérant que pour rejeter comme irrecevable, par l'ordonnance attaquée, la requête formée par M. X... dirigée contre le jugement du 11 octobre 1994 du tribunal administratif de Versailles rejetant sa demande tendant à l'annulation des arrêtés des 18 décembre 1989 et 24 juillet 1990 du maire de Provins accordant à la société civile immobilière Le Moulin respectivement un permis de démolir un immeuble industriel rue du Moulin, à Provins et un permis de construire y autorisant la création de logements, le président de la cour administrative d'appel de Paris s'est fondé sur ce que le requérant n'avait pas produit comme l'y avait invité le greffier de la cour, les pièces attestant de l'accomplissement des formalités prescrites à l'article L. 600-3 du code de l'urbanisme ;<br/> Considérant qu'aux termes de l'article L. 9 du code des tribunaux administratifs et des cours administratives d'appel : "Les présidents de cour administrative d'appel ( ...) peuvent, ( ...) par ordonnance, ( ...) rejeter les conclusions entachées d'une irrecevabilité manifeste non susceptible d'être couverte en cours d'instance ( ...)" ; que doivent seules être regardées comme insusceptibles d'être couvertes en cours d'instance au sens de ces dispositions les irrecevabilités qui ne peuvent en aucun cas être couvertes et celles qui, ne pouvant être couvertes que dans le délai du recours contentieux, ne l'ont pas été dans ce délai ; que tel n'est pas le cas de l'irrecevabilité résultant du défaut de production des pièces attestant de l'accomplissement des formalités prescrites par l'article L. 600-3 du code de l'urbanisme, qui peut être couverte par la production de ces pièces après l'expiration du délai de recours contentieux, le requérant pouvant à tout moment apporter la preuve qu'il a accompli, dans le délai prévu au dernier alinéa de l'article L. 600-3 du code de l'urbanisme, les formalités prescrites par cet article ; que, par suite, seule une formation collégiale d'une cour administrative d'appel peut rejeter une requête comme irrecevable au motif que son auteur n'a pas produit les pièces attestant de l'accomplissement des formalités prescrites par l'article L. 600-3 du code de l'urbanisme ; qu'ainsi l'ordonnance attaquée, par laquelle le président de la cour administrative d'appel a rejeté comme irrecevable pour ce motif la requête de M. X..., est entachée d'incompétence et doit être annulée ;<br/> Considérant qu'aux termes de l'article 11 de la loi susvisée du 31 décembre 1987, le Conseil d'Etat, s'il prononce l'annulation d'une décision d'une juridiction administrative statuant en dernier ressort, peut "régler l'affaire au fond si l'intérêt d'une bonne administration de la justice le justifie" ; que, dans les circonstances de l'espèce, il y a lieu de régler l'affaire au fond ;<br/>
<br/> Considérant qu'aux termes des deux premiers alinéas de l'article L. 600-3 du code de l'urbanisme : "En cas de déféré préfectoral ou de recours contentieux à l'encontre d'un document d'urbanisme ou d'une décision relative à l'occupation ou l'utilisation du sol régie par le présent code, le préfet ou l'auteur du recours est tenu, à peine d'irrecevabilité, de notifier son recours à l'auteur de la décision et, s'il y a lieu, au titulaire de l'autorisation. Cette notificationdoit également être effectuée dans les mêmes conditions en cas de demande tendant à l'annulation ou à la réformation d'une décision juridictionnelle concernant un document d'urbanisme ou une décision relative à l'occupation ou l'utilisation du sol. L'auteur d'un recours administratif est également tenu de le notifier à peine d'irrecevabilité du recours contentieux qu'il pourrait intenter ultérieurement en cas de rejet du recours administratif./ La notification prévue au précédent alinéa doit intervenir par lettre recommandée avec accusé de réception, dans un délai de quinze jours à compter du dépôt du déféré ou du recours" ;<br/> Considérant qu'il ressort de ces dispositions, éclairées par les travaux préparatoires, que le législateur, conformément à l'objectif de sécurité juridique poursuivi par la loi, a entendu prolonger l'obligation faite à l'auteur d'un recours contentieux dirigé contre un document d'urbanisme ou une décision valant autorisation d'occupation ou d'utilisation du sol régie par le code de l'urbanisme de notifier ce recours à l'auteur de la décision et, s'il y a lieu, au titulaire de l'autorisation, par une obligation similaire lorsque, le recours ayant été en tout ou en partie rejeté, son auteur ou, le cas échéant, un intervenant en demande ayant qualité de partie à l'instance, décide d'interjeter appel du jugement de première instance, et que l'appel doit être notifié de la même façon que le recours introduit devant les premiers juges, à l'auteur de la décision attaquée et, s'il y a lieu, au titulaire de l'autorisation ;<br/> Considérant qu'il ressort des pièces du dossier que M. X... n'a pas justifié avoir procédé à la notification au maire de Provins et à la société civile immobilière Le Moulin de son appel tendant à l'annulation du jugement du 11 octobre 1994 du tribunal administratif de Versailles rejetant sa demande tendant à l'annulation des arrêtés des 18 décembre 1989 et 24 juillet 1990 du maire de Provins ;<br/> Considérant qu'il résulte de ce qui précède que la demande présentée par M. X... devant la cour administrative d'appel de Paris est irrecevable et doit être rejetée ;<br/> Sur les conclusions de la commune de Provins tendant à l'application de l'article 75-I de la loi du 10 juillet 1991 :<br/> Considérant qu'il n'y a pas lieu, dans les circonstances de l'espèce, de faire application de l'article 75-I de la loi du 10 juillet 1991 et de condamner M. X... à payer à la commune de Provins la somme qu'elle demande au titre des frais exposés par elle et non compris dans les dépens ;<br/>Article 1er : L'ordonnance du 16 juin 1995 du président de la cour administrative d'appel de Paris est annulée.<br/>Article 2 : La demande formée par M. X... devant la cour administrative d'appel de Paris est rejetée.<br/>Article 3 : Les conclusions de la commune de Provins tendant à l'application de l'article 75-I de la loi du 10 juillet 1991 sont rejetées.<br/>Article 4 : La présente décision sera notifiée à M. Guy X..., à la commune de Provins, à la société civile immobilière Le Moulin et au ministre de l'équipement, des transports et dulogement.<br/>
| 18,483 |
https://github.com/dotgee/geocms-v0/blob/master/app/controllers/rss_controller.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CECILL-B
| 2,014 |
geocms-v0
|
dotgee
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 36 | 83 |
class RssController < ApplicationController
def layers
@layers = Layer.recent_published.limit(25)
respond_to do |format|
format.xml { render :layout => false }
format.rss { render :layout => false }
format.atom { render :layout => false }
end
end
end
| 20,667 |
hansardsparliam133hansgoog_43
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,395 | 10,630 |
758 that tliis Bupposition is unfounded, wluch to me appears to be the plain, simple, and obyioTu inference, I shaft continue to be- liere that, in this matter, a Question has been raised which is not wholly unworthy the attention of the House and the law officers of the Crown. The words of the statute imposing the declaration are these — and they are the words of the Bill of Rights, let it be remembered : — " And th&t ererj King and Queen of this Realm who, at any time hemfter, thaU oome to and •uooeed in the Imperial Crown of thia kingdom, ■hall, on the flrtt day of the meeting of the FinI Parliament next, after Hit or Her coming to the Crown, sitting on His or Her Throne in the House of Peers, in the presence of the Lords and Commons therein aaeemhled, or at His or Her Coronation, hefere sooh person or persons who •hall administer the Coronation Oath to Hia or Her, at the time of His or Her taking the said Oath (which shall first happen)"— and, at we know» the meeting of Parlia- ment aflter the aocession haring first hap- pened. and learned Gentleman, without meaning to conrev anything personally offensiTo, that his historical research was yery infe- rior to his legal acquirements; and it ap- pears that the hon. and learned Gentfe- man, even with the assistance of my hon. and learned Friend the Member for Win- chester (Mr. B. Escott), could only produce one solitary instance of a punishment under the Act, that instance haying occurred two hundred and sixty years ago. I haye already told the hon. and learned Gentle- man— and I now repeat the statement, as he has not thought proper to endeayour to remoye the objection — I haye told him» and now repeat, that his Bill, with all its — I do not mean to use the words offensiyely — ^with all its pretended liberality, cares for no parties except Roman Catholics, and leayes the case of other sects untouch- ed. Such terms as these — " So far as the same relates to Roman Catholics" — are constantly recurring in this Bill. I am not prepared to deny that there may not be proyisions in the Statute-book which ought to be in part, at least, repealed at the present time; but such statutes, if there DO any such, can be brought under the consideration of tho House in a separate Bill, unmixed with much that is positiycly detrimental, and much that is absolutely nugatory. I say this not on my own au- thority only, but on much higher authority. Profesflional friends of mine have examined this Bill, and think it possible that there may be certain provisions in existing sta- tutes which may admit, not disadvantage- ously, of some revision. I give that, how- ever, rather as the opinion of professional gentlemen than as my own, inasmuch as I cannot profess to speak confidently upon such a point. But I do speak confidently in respect to the point to which I have al- ready called the attention of Her Majesty's Attorney General and of the House; and I repeat that that point is one which n^- quires our special attention. I have stated that I consider tho present Bill as one of a series of aggressive measures upon the Protestant EsUblishment. If I shall feel 759 Boman CaAolic {COMMONS} Belief BiU. 760 myself obliged to use language towards the Church of Rome which may give pain to any individual Member, I can truly say that I regret the necessity which compels me to do so; for in the course of my life — and I am now no longer young — it has been my happiness to know, in the House of Commons and out of it, many members of that Church, to whom, irrespectiye of any other considerations, on priyate grounds alone, I should deeply regret to give pain. But I cannot, in the discharge of a public duty, which I regard as imperative upon me, refrain from making, even in their presence, statements which I believe to be not only true, but necessary. I regard the Church of Rome as having been, for three centuries, the inexorable and un- unchangeable enemy of Protestantism in Europe; and especially in this country the unchangeable foe of the Church of Eng- land. I say unchangeable, because I chal- lenge any individual who is either himself a member of that Church, or who, like the hon. Member for Kinsale in this House, ably represents its interests, to contest this point with me — that, as far as its hostility to Protestantism is concerned, the Church of Rome has not changed one jot nor one tittle for the last three centuries; and al- though I believe that there have been mo- ments in the history of Europe in which the pretensions of the Church of Rome have been allowed conveniently to sleep, there has never been a day in which those pretensions have been either publicly de- nied by that Church, or in any degree qualified. I say there have been times when its pretensions have been allowed conveniently to sleep; and I ask those who — good, easy men — in 1829 held that the danger to be apprehended from the Church of Rome existed only in the fanatical imagination of some wild Protestants, whe- ther there have not been witnessed, during the last fifty years, scenes in which the pretensions of the Church of Rome have been proved to be as vigorous as ever, and as practical as ever? I ask the hon. and learned Member whether, in 1783, it would have been conceived possible that any Pope would have dreamt of absolving the sub- jects of France from their allegiance to the reigning monarch, and transferring that allegiance to another. Could more have been done in the sixteenth century ? In the sixteenth century it was done; and Pope Pius the Fifth, who absolved the sub- jects of the English Sovereign from their allegiance, has been canonized by the Church of Rome; and though Roman Ca- tholic sovereigns have frequently caused those parts of the service relating to St. Pius to be withdrawn from the breviaries in their dominions, the saint's name has again re-appeared at a convenient season. I have referred to evidence on this subject, partly in my own pos- session and partly elsewhere, extend- ing from 1783 to 1810, and, again, from 1810 to last year, and I find that the ser- vices both of Pius the 5th and Gregory the 7th appear at this day, in the reviving strength and energy of the Church of Rome, in the breviaries; and until some evidence shall be given far more important than the declaration of hon. Members of this House that the Church of Rome is curbed, and is no longer a lion but a iamb — ^till that shall take place, I shall believe the evidence of my own eyes, and think that they have not renoimced the claims thundered for- merly from the Vatican by Pius the 5th, and Gregory the 7th; but that they have at this moment the same arms in their arsenal ready to be exerted on any occasion conve- nient to Rome. In 1801, the year after he had absolved the French subjects from their allegiance to their sovereign, the Pope dismissed from their sees no less than 100 bishops who would not join him in recog- nising that sovereign. The very Pope who has been considered by every English- man as a model, and whose courtesy to the English at Rome has made him the subject of their just gratitude, has never made any alteration in the rules adopted by his pre- decessors regarding the liberty and inde- pendence of any other Church. I cannot consider it unworthy of notice that this most liberal Pope has not yet withdrawn his prohibition which prevents Englishmen from having any place of worship within his eternal city. At this moment can it be denied by any member of the Church of Rome, or any of its advocates, that the order of Jesuits, which order it was the es- pecial object of the Legislature in 1829 to check and finally suppress in this country, is at this moment creating as much civil disturbance in other parts of Europe as two centuries ago. Can we forget their conduct in France, in Switzerland, and in Germany? [Lord J. 762 the public peace in France, in Switzer- land, and in Belgiam ? In Belgium does any one forget wbat the Jeisaiis have done and are doing- with respect to the Univer- sity of Louvain? Does any one forget how the Jesuits hare gained that kingdom almost to themselves against, be it remem- bered, the episcopacy of the Church of Rome ? And yet it is this order of men which the Bill of the hon. and learned Member proposes to legalize in this coun- try, whon it was the express object of the Lecrislature in 1829 here at least to suppress that order. There is another point which renders this subject at all times interesting to our Church, particu- larly so at the present moment, and makes this the most unfitting time to grant fur- ther concessions. At this moment in Ger- many, in France, and even in England, the Church of Rome is interposing new obsta- cles to the peace of civil society by its con- duct with respect to mixed marriages; and however conscientious the objections in- volved in their doctrine on the subject may be, this at least is clear, that the sympathy of the liberals is a thing which d vriori could not have been anticipated, f may observe that the very Pope who made the concordat with Bonaparte — as if the Church of Rome, in his person at least, should never lose its right in this respect — ^proceeded in 11^09 to excommunicate the very prince with whom he had made the concordat, then ruler of France. These facts have been recently brought forward in a work of Dr. Wordsworth, which is well worthy the attention of the House. I know there are those who regard the real danger to the Church of England — I cannot say the danger to Protestantism— >to arise, not from the Church of Rome, but from those of an opposite extreme in religion. To me, this opinion appears not only founded on error in judgment, but to be productive of extreme danger, in fact. It carries us off to defend a post not attacked ; while it leaves open the gates to a numerous, for- midable, and united foe. Such I believe the Church of Rome to be. I will not consent to any further con- cession. I look at foreign countries, and I see that there is no foreign country go- verned by a Roman Catholic sovereign, with the exception of Belgium, which will admit the order of Jesuits under such cir- cumstances as the hon. and learned Mem- ber proposes to admit them. I look at Rome, and its influence on civil society wherever it exists; and I see that nothing has hitherto satisfied that Church, and I believe nothing will satisfy it, which is consistent with the maintenance of the Church of England in its present position, and, I am compelled to add, with the ex- istence of Protestantism. Under these circumstances, I call on the noble Lord, the leader of this House, not to forget the dying words of his immortal ancestor — words which, uttered at such a time, and by such a man, may be regarded almost as prophetic, "to resist the progress of Popery." That resistance was one of the great objects of his life; and while I admit that many wise and good men have felt it not inconsistent with their duty, or even with their professed regard for the inter- ests of the Church of England and Pro- testantism, to remove certain of the disabi- lities which have hitherto pressed on the Roman Catholics, I call on my noble Friend the Prime Minister of England to act in the spirit of his illustrious ancestor, and re- sist anr further measures which have for their object and tendency that which I be- lieve to be eoually included in this Bill — namely, the degradation of the Church of EngUmd, the humiliation of Protestantism* and the final ascendancy of the Church of Rome. Under these circumstances I feel I should not be doing my duty if I did not move that this Bill be committed this day six months. 763 Maman Oatlolic {COMMONS} Belief BiU. 764 The Earl of ARUNDEL and SURREY: I trust I shall he allowed to trespass on the time of the House for a few minutes on a suhject which no douht has engaged the attention of every thinking man in this country, and which particularly interests me; as, though there is no more loyal suh- ject of Her Majesty, I am one of those who acknowledge the spiritual authority of the Church of Rome. I shall not venture on the question of the merits or demerits of any particular class of the clergy of the Church of Rome. I shall take my stand on the necessity of some such measure as this to the general religious freedom of the empire. I shall endeavour — and I hope I shall succeed — to state my views without hurting the feelings of any one who may differ in opinion from me. The Church of Rome has heen accused hy many hon. Memhers of persecution. I am not pre- pared to deny that many memhers of that Church have heen guilty of persecution. But I may he allowed to ohserve that each of those acts of persecution should he esti- mated according to the spirit and temper of the times in which they occurred ; and I may point to the Old Testament as con- taining much that may appear to authorize the persecution and extermination of those helonging to unhallowed creeds, The pas- sages I refer to are, of course, famiUar to hon. Memhers — those which relate to the conduct of the Israelites as to those who did not helong to the ''chosen people," and impeded their progress towards the land of promise. For some centuries pre- vious to the sixteenth century, I need not remind hon. Memhers, the whole of West- ern Europe was of one faith, with such trifling exceptions that they are hardly worth mentioning. The Arian heresy, and othei's, had formerly made considerable pro- gress, hut speaking generally, the fact was so at the period to which I refer ; but in the sixteenth century the whole relations of society were overturned and upset by the general rise of the Reformation. Many heresies then sprung up, and many have continued to this day. And here allow me to point out a sensible dis- tinction which the Church makes between a heretic and the members of a heresy. A heretic is one who, having once belonged to the Catholic religion, himself disputes its dogmas, and stands up for a different profes- sion of faith. But a heresy once founded, the members of it are not considered guilty in the same degree, if at all, nor are they looked upon as desenrmg the same punish- ments, or as exposed to the same penalties. There are belonging to all the heresies which have come down to the present day, men, I do not hesitate to say, of the utmost sincerity and of the greatest virtue ; and who, in my belief, if the Catholic faith had been properly submitted to them, would have embraced it. With such men it is impossible that any other means of conver- sion should be used than that mode of teaching which the apostles sanctioned ia promulgating the gospel. The evil of any other mode is pointed out by the occur* rences which took place in France in the tune of Louis XI V., when he sent forth his dragoons to f(»*ce the Protestants into submission. The bold refused to acc^ the proffered faith, and were slaughtered in the field ; the timid accepted the State form of worship, and were nominally Ca- tholics. But the repressed opinions con- tinued under the surface of society, until a wider ulcer was formed, and the disastrous events of the end of the last oentury were the consequence. France is now labouring under the effects of the illegitimate repres- sion of religious opinion. I therefore argue, that it is wrong and impossible to control men's minds by force, or to tlirow any restrictions in the way of the profesaion ^ any creed, other than by the legitimate means of persuasion and explanation. My hon. Friend who has just sat down says that the Church of Rome is antagonistie to ProtestantiBm. I quite agree with him; it is antagonistic, and will be while the world lasts, until Protestantism is extin- guished. I remember a somewhat striking incident which occurred to myself, and which may serve to illustrate my meaning. When^travelling in Greece, about ten years ago, I was guided to an ancient temple ten miles east of Marathon. I there found a stranger who had passed some days in studying the ruins : he was a Mexican of Spanish blood. Looking at this temple, thousands of years old, considering that in its inuDuediate neighbourhood the Persian force had been repelled by those whose descendants had been since conquered, and who had groaned under the Ottoman power, °^*^J suggestions forced themselves on the mind ; and when reflecting that there stood near me a Mexican descendant of the few brave Spaniards who had overturned the throne of Montezuma, and who ruled for a long period the continent which they sub- dued— ^looking back on the whole faoe of empires which had vanished away—- of reli- gions which were forgotten, or remembered 765 Soman Caikolie {Apbil 14} Belief Bm. 766 in poetry alone — obserybg that Catholics, Greeks, and Protestants were represented before that temple — I could not help asking myself which of the religions. Catholic or Protestant, was to stand to the last hour ; and faith has led my feeble and imtutored mind to the same conclusion as that to which the grasping intellect and great historic learning of the right hon. Gen« tleman the Member for Edinburgh has ar* rived ; and in the long vista of forthcoming ages, I see, with him, the " stranger from New Zealand in the midst of a vast soli- tude, sitting on a broken arch of London Bridge to sketch the ruins of St. Paul's;" and in that distant hour, following his pro- phecy, I see the successor of St. Peter, exercising in the full plenitude of his power those spiritual gifts which were bestowed upon the Prince of the Apostles by the Son of Jehovah, and of a lowly Hebrew virgin. I will never relinquish one iota as to the superiority of my Church, for I am persuaded that our descendants will see the Catholic faith triumphant after England itself has passed away and been forgotten. I shall, of course, give my support to the Bill of my hon. and learned Fnend. Ma. PLUMPTRE said, the noble Lord had told the House plainly — and he did not blame him for speaking what he felt to be the honest truth — ^that a contest was going on by Popery against Protestantism, and that it would go on until Protestantism itself became extinct. That was the noble Lord*s assertion. As far as the noble Lord was concerned, that was his inten- tion, and as far as the noble Lord was a representative of the Church of Rome, that was the intention of his Church; and this Bill was only part and parcel of that con- test. The noble Lord had spoken out very plainly, and he thanked him for it. What the Protestants lamented was, that they knew not where to find their enemies; they might be bold to-day, when it suited their purpose; but to-morrow, when it might not IN) so convenient to them — when they might be met by a superior power, they might hold their peace; but the noble Lord, as an honest man and an open an- tagonist, had told them plainly what was the purpose of his Church; his language was plain and intelligible, and the Pro- testants of this country were prepared to meet it by entirely opposite language. He agreed with the hon. Baronet the Member for the University of Oxford, that nothing was more painful to him individually than to be obliged, in taking part on this sub- ject, to say anything objectionable to any of those hon. Members of the Church of Rome who might be present. Nothing could be further firom his wish than to say anything that might inflict pain upon the feelings of others; but they must not re- frain from speaking the truth because they might hurt the feeUngs of others; and when the contest was plainly, and honestly, and fairly declared to be the contest of one Church against another, it would hardly become those who were interested on the side of Protestantism to be silent when they heard language such as that which was uttered by the noble Lord. They were prepared to oppose this measure, because they thought it was part of that system which the noble Lord told them was decidedly being carried forward by his Church against Protestantism. That was the language of the noble Lord, who, he supposed, might be looked upon as a fair representative of the Church of Rome. But they who differed in opinion from the noble Lord, entertaining for him as an es- timable man every feeling of respect, were determined to maintain that contest so £ar as they had strength and power. They believed that there was a steady and in- creasing feeling in this country upon the subject; and they would meet their oppo- nents face to face in that contest, and would do all in their power to stand forward for Protestantism, and for the cause of truth. He was not afraid that the Church of Rome might create, as in times past, great trou- ble, much unhappiness and misery ; sh« might become a persecuting Church, and 767 Boman Oathoiic {COMMONS} Relief Bill. 768 the noble Lord seemed to think that there was some justification for her being so. The noble Lord quoted Scripture to show it. The noble Lord certainly did allude to the Old Testament — ^he did not go with the noble Lord — he thought the noble Lord's argument was very weak and in- conclusive; but the noble Lord did refer to the Old Testament; and, if he understood him, the noble Lord looked upon the per- mission given to the Israelites to extermi- nate the nations that stood between them and the promised land as justifying the acts, the ancient acts, of the Church of Rome. He said, that the Church of Rome might be carrying on that contest, and might be disposed, when she thought it convenient, and found that she had the power to do so, to become a persecuting Church. She might be disposed to give this country and others, in proportion as she regained power, trouble, and such as might lead to great misery; but when the noble Lord spoke as the result of the con- test that Protestantism was to become ex- tinct under the foot of the Church of Rome, he was not afraid of such a result. He was satisfied that Protestantism was found- ed on a rock. He only shrank from and deprecated the struggle which the Church of Rome was promoting, and which hon. Members not of that Church were in their measures promoting, by advocating such a Bill as that now before the House; he took no part in such a measure — it was only par- cel of that contest which was to be carried on against Protestantism unto the end, And on that ground he should oppose it. Lord H. VANE said, the hon. Member who had last addressed the House, seemed, to have wandered widely from the subject. If any one were to read the Bill, with the Amendments now proposed by the hon. Member for Kinsale, he could not see how it was possible to take such a course in the debate. He considered the hon. Member who had just sat down had misrepresented, or at least misunderstood, the observations which had fallen from the noble Lord (Lord Arundel), though he must at the same time observe that the sentiments which that noble Lord had uttered were not his. He did not think that the Church of Rome would succeed over the Protestant Church, nor that they both would become one. This, he was persuaded, was also the opinion of the great body of the people of this country. Still he thought the hon. Member (Mr. Plumptre) had misunder- stood the argument employed by his noble Friend. The hon. Member had alleged that the noble Lord supported persecution, because he had referred to certain passages in the Old Testament, which authorized the Jewish people to sweep other nations out of their path, and that therefore the Roman Catholics might again feel them- selves justified in adopting a system of persecution for the propagation of their faith. Now what he understood his noble Friend to say was, to judge of persecution, you must look to the prevalent opinions of the period, and that in bygone days perse- cution generally prevailed and pervaded the conduct of all religious sects and opin- ions. Toleration, in fact, had not been understood or practised till within the last century and a half. But his noble Friend abjured persecution now^ and only expected that by the prevalence of opinion his Church would become triumphant. He, however, was of a totally different opinion. The Bill, said the hon. Member for Kent (Mr. Plumptre), would change the whole cha- racter of the population. The hon. Mem> her objected to it, because it would unpro- testantise the country. In support of that opinion, the hon. Member had given no reasons, had advanced no arguments; but he considered it would do so. The hon. Member for Oxford had also referred to the danger of permitting Jesuits to come into the country, calling the attention of the House to the proceedings of that body abroad during the last fifty years. He de- duced from that great danger to the Pro- testant faith. Now he would observe, that at present Jesuits did come into the coun- try, though the Catholic Emancipation Act expressly forbad them. Practically the law was of no effect : the spirit of the age was against penal enactments on account of religious belief. The Bill as amended, by its provisions for the registration of all those belonging to monastic orders, would be quite sufficient for all useful purposes. Things would remain just as they were at present, only that this Bill would abolish an odious distinction, and remove what the Catholics felt to be a stigma. Although the hon. Gentleman (Mr. Plumptre) might not think it desirable to conciliate the Ro- man Catholics, and though the hon. Baronet (Sir R. Inglis) might be of opinion that conciliation had already gone too far, still he was persuaded that great benefit would result from making our legislation more in harmony with our institutions. He could not see what object was gained by having on the Statute-book laws which could not 769 Baman Caikolic {Apwl 14} Belief SiU. 770 be enforced, and which those who tapported them shrunk from bringing into operation. The hon. Baronet had objected to the re- peal of the 30th Charles II., on the ground that it would affect the Bill of Rights. If that really were so, nothing could be more easy than to introduce a clause into the nresent Bill, declaring that the Bill of Rights should not be affected by it. This would obviate at once the difficulty. He had been induced to rise and take part in the debate, because of the unfortunate turn which it had assumed. That House was a place, least of all places, for theolo- gical discussions, and they should avoid all such allusions in their discussions. The whole — the real— question they had to consider, was the removal of certain civil disabilities which the Bill proposed. This Bill had been modified to meet the views of several hon. Members, and especially of the right hon. Baronet the Member for Tamworth. He was quite free to confess that the public exhibition of processions through the streets of a manufacturing town especially, might to many persons prove a stumbling-block* and that the clauses, therefore, which authorised these processions through the different parts of England were inconsistent with the general character of the Bill itsdf. Believing this, he was sincerely rejoiced to hear a decla- ration to that effect from the hon. Member for Kilkenny, and rejoiced that that hon. Member had so decidedly expressed his opinion on the subject. But, as his hon. Friend had consented to remove this objec- tion, he could not at all see that any danger whatever could arise to the Protestantism of this country from the passing of the Bill. The object of the Bill, as it appeared to him, was simply to obtain an equality of privato position for the professors of the two reli- gions; and by the expunging of the objec- tionable clauses, the only danger that could have been apprehended had been averted. Mr. SPOONER said, if the hon. Member for Kent had misapprehended the noble Lord opposite (Earl of Arundel and Surrey) he (Mr. Spooner) shared in that misapprehen- sion, as, he believed, did also many of the Members sitting around him. The noble Lord was understood to say, that he depre- cated persecution. No one, for a moment, would suppose that the noble Lord would do otherwise. But having deprecated per- secution, the noble Lord came in with a saving clause, and stated that he thought he could bring something from the Old Tfstament in favour of persecution. VOL.XCL {ESI} Mr. SHEIL: He said no such thing. The Earl of ARUNDEL and SURREY was sorry to obtrude again upon the House. What he had said was, that there were pas- sages in the Old Testament which might, in the times to which he had referred, have given rise to the impression that persecu- tion was allowed. He did not say that there was anything that could justify per- secution. He had never for a moment ad- vocated anything but the most unrestricted freedom of conscience, and he never dreamt of any contest between the two Churches, otherwise than by legitimate explanation and discussion ; and it was by that means he trusted the result that he anticipated would ultimately arrive. Mr. spooner rejoiced that he had given the noble Lord an opportunity of more fully explaining his views; but the expressions he had used, in his opinion, justified the remarks of the hon. Member for Kent, and did not convey to his mind the opinions the noble Lord had now stated. He begged to say that he did not think the expressions referred to in the Old Testament could in any times justify persecution. He did not mean to say any thing hurtful to the feelings of any indi- vidual, as he, with his hon. Friend the Member for the University of Oxford, sin- cerely respected manyindividuab who pro- fessed the Roman Catholic faith. He was on terms of intimacy and friendship with many Roman Catholics; he respected then* private characters, knowing their intrinsic worth, and being a daily spectator of their charity and benevolence; but no feelings of respect would hinder him from express- ing what he believed it to be the duty of every Protestant Member of that House to express. If any of his remarks should give offence, he could only say that offence was not intended by him. He referred to the peculiar commission given to the Jewish nation to exterminate idolaters and idola- try. [Mr. Escott: Oh. oh!] The hon. Member for Winchester might dissent; but these werq his opinions and principles, and they were those of every honest and true Protestant; and it was his conviction that a great deal of that which savoured of idola- try was mixed up with the forms and cere- monies of the Roman Catholic religion. [Cries of "Oh!"] He was aware thot these views might not be quite pleasant to many persons: but that man was not a true Protestant who shrunk from avowing them. The speech of the noble Lord had, in his opinion, given a peculiar character 2C 77i BofMtn Oatholic {COMMONS} MeUefBOl. 772 to tbe debate. He had said that he anti- cipated the final extinction of Protestant- ism in this kingdom. The hon. Member for Kinsale had made an appeal to the right hon. Gentleman the Attorney General, with regard to certain prorisions of the Bill, and he looked to the right hon. Gentleman's answer with some anxiety. He thought many clauses of the Bill were objection- able; but there was one of them still more so than any other — ^it was that which went to legalize the introduction of bulls into this country; he had, on a former occa- sion, stated that he had no objection to the repeal of the penalties which were attached to their introduction; but there was a great difference between removing the pen- alties against the introduction of these bulls, and making the introduction legal. The effect would be to acknowledge a power over the religious opinions of the people of this country which the constitu* tion denied. The Sovereign of this coun- try was the constituted authority at the head of the Church, and any measure ac- knowledging a competing authority was unconstitutional. If he understood the principle of the constitution at all, it was that it was essentially Protestant — ^that the country must have for ever a Protestant So- vereign— that the Sovereign alone consti- tuted the head of the Church — and that any authority admitted to come into collision with the authority of the Sovereign was un- constitutional, and to admit such authority was an act which the House of Commons had no right to sanction. The hon. Mem- ber then referred to a publication which had been lately put into his hands, and which had been found by a father among the books of his son. It was entitled The Consolation and Encouragement of SouUy and in which he found this pas- sage:— " He who obeys his director is free from responsibility to God for what he has done." If that was not an unprotestant principle, he did not know what was. By legalizing bulls, they legalized a doctrine which told the son that he owed no duty or obligation to his father or his sovereign; would they give authority to such doctrine? If so, what protection had they ? A man who held that doctrine felt himself absolved from all individual responsibility. The mandate of a priest would override con- siderations of parental authority, of what was due to his sovereign, and his country. Nor must it be alleged that this obligation to obey was confined to the " forms and ceremonies of religion." The power of the priest was unlimited; and what woidd stop the person who was imbued with the principle he had quoted from committing murder or treason ? To such a man the Bible was a mere dead letter. If the priest were to tell such a man that the consequences of any given act, however sinful, if done by the authority of the priest, would rest upon the priest and not upon him, and he believed him, he might sin in peace and comfort. Such priest- craft was subversive of the liberty of con- science and the Protestant right of private judgment. The noble Lord sud that the Roman Catholic Church would rely upon theological learning only, in her contests with other Churches; but how did his as- sertion square with the principle above inculcated? Was there free play for theological argument where such a princi- ple was recognised ? The man who held it was in fact prohibited from thinking for himself, by being told that, if he did, he incurred a responsibility; but that if he left the priest to think for him, he was safe. What became then of the argument of the noble Lord, that the extinction of Protestantism was to be the result of ar- gument, which his Church forbad, and of learning, when the contents of the wisest book were sealed ? — when they were told that the word of God was not sufficient in itself to make men wise unto salvation, but, as by the Jews of old, that word was made void by their traditions? It was his firm conviction that the Bill was looked to with intense anxiety on the part of the Roman Catholic Church, and that it would be hailed by them as another step in aban- donment of the line of protection drawn by the Bill of 1829. He was one of those who had been willing to make the conces- sion of 1829; but if that discussion were to come over again, nothing would induce him to give his consent to such a Bill. Tou make little difficulty in calling us idolaters, and in attrihutmg to us errors which invplye, in your opinion, eyerlasting perdition. But if we yenture to retort, or commit the sUghtest retaliatory aggression upon your faith, you giye way to resent- ment, and denounce what you please to designate as our intolerance in unmeasured condemnation. I pass from these general ohsenrations to the more immediate suh- ject of discussion. My hon. Friend the Mcmher for Kinsale inyites the House to repeal a series of enactments against Ro- man Catholics, which haye no practical ope- ration, hut which are most offensiye to a great and unoffending community. The laws with respect to religious orders are contumelious; hut, ezceptmg for the pur- pose of contumely, they are wholly witnout ayail. Those laws are outragea to common justice and to common sense. A regular who takes the yows, or assists in imposing the yows of his order, may he transport- ed. The celebrated Dr. Doyle was an Augustinian friar; Father Mathew is a Carmelite; Dr. Doyle was the first man who had the boldness to adyocate a poor law for Ireland — to insist that the peasant had as good a right to his life, as the land- lord to his estate; and to maintain the great axiom that on both sides of the Irish Channel the prerogatiyes of poyerty should be the same. He may be justly designated as the eyangelist of charity, as Father Mathew is so appropriately called the Apostle of Temperance; yet under the laws which my hon. Friend proposes to repeal. Dr. Doyle might haye sent to teach mercy in Van Diemen*s Land, and Father Mathew, if conyicted of being a Carmelite, might be commissioned to prescribe the in- junctions of temperance in New South Wales. But I may be told that whateyer indulgence might be extended to Carmel- ites and Augustinians, no forbearance should be shown to a Jesuit; and that the statutes which haye been enacted against the famous Society of Jesus ought neyer to be repealed. " Jesuit " is, I am aware, a word of fear — we mean the Ounpowder Plot — a yague indefinite apprehension has been entertained for a Jesuit. Mr. SHEIL : The hon. Gentleman the Member for Birmingham (Mr. Spooner) has stated that he was intimately acquaint- ed with many highly respectable Roman Catholics, for whom he entertained great esteem and regard. If he were to ayail himself of his familiarity with the indiyi- duals to whom he has alluded, and inquire from them whether they entertain the opin- ions which he has unhesitatingly attributed to the entire Roman Catholic community, he would, I make no doubt, receiye from them the most earnest assurances that such sentiments were most wrongfully imputed to them. There prevails a most unjust and unjustifiable habit in this country of ehardnff Roman Catholics with dogmas which they most sincerely and most stren- uously repudiate. My noble Friend (the Earl of Arundel and Surrey), in the course of this debate, gaye utterance to a senti- ment which has been strangely misrepre- sented. He belieyes in the truth of his religion, and that truth will in its great- ness ultimately preyail; but at the same time that he candidly expressed this honest conyiction upon his part, he also declared himself to be the advocate of unrestricted liberty of conscience, and deprecated the intolerance with which he nas been so eagerly charged. Protestants ought not to exhibit so much sensitiyeness with re- 775 JRoman Catholic {COMMONS} Belief Bill. 776 of frequent and strong accusation; but their greatest enemies have been the an% tagonists of Christianity itself. It should be borne in mind, too, by those who conceive that they are not wholly blameless, that their merits should be weighed against any faults which they may have committed; the achievements of Xavier ought to pre- ponderate over the imputed casuistry of Escobar. Enter the college of the Jesuits in Rome ; as you walk along the picture gallery in which the portraits of the most eminent men by whose talent. and whose virtues the Society of Jesus is advanced, you may observe on many a countenance the wile of statesmanship too deeply signi- fied; but you will also see many a noble forehead bound with a red fillet — the type of martyrdom, in which so many of those enthusiastic and indefatigable propagators of the Cliristian religion heroically died. But if I were to grant that many of the charges preferred against the Jesuits of a remote period were well founded, I should most strenuously insist that the modem Jesuits, as they are constituted in Ireland, are inno- cent of any of the habits of habitual in- trigue, so often adduced against their order. I never saw a Jesuit in the Catho- lic Association. I do not believe that a Jesuit has ever attended a repeal meeting. They totally abstain in Ireland from all political interference; they neither unite nor speak on political subjects. In the agitation which has prevailed in Ireland for so many years, they have taken no part; and yet if any Attorney General was sufficiently preposterous to prosecute the superior of Clongowes College, and were unfortunate enough to obtain a conviction, that respectable gentleman might be placed on board a hulk, and associated with the worst malefactors in the country, in their involuntary migration to the hemisphere opposite our own. But to no Attorney General would a project so absurd present itself: the laws, are utterly ineffective; in- tolerance shows its teeth, but they are too loose to bite. The Dominican and the Franciscan, and the Carmelite, and the Augustinian laugh — the Jesuit smiles at them. I may be asked, why it is that I am anxious for their repeal, if they are parti- cularly harmless? I seek their repeal, because they are offensive to the Catholic Church, of which the religious orders are the appurtenances. The Catholics of Ireland look upon these laws as memorials of insult, and call for their erasure from the Statute- book. You should yield to that strong sentiment of the Irish people, where no object of real usefulness can be obt&ined by the retention of these odious laws. They are not a safeguard of your Church or of your religion. After the Protestant close boroughs of Ireland, and the Protestant corporations of Ireland, have been trans- ferred to the people, it would be ridiculous to call the laws against Jesuits a protec- tion to the Protestant interests. I trust, therefore, that this Bill will be allowed to go into Committee, although I think that there are matters omitted in it, which my hon. Friend ought to have taken care to bsert : while he seeks to accomplish the repeal of laws which are not, it must he acknowledged, a practical grievance, he has left the law by which Catholics are excluded from the Chancellorship of Ire- land untouched and unnoticed. For that exclusion there is not only no reason, but there is no pretence. If the Irish Chancellor had any church patronage, it might be urged that a Catho- lic was unfit to administer the office to which that trust was attached; but the Irish and English Chancellorship differ es- sentially in this particular. Since Catholic emancipation was carried, four Catholics have reached the bench — Sir Michael O'Loghlin. the late Master of theRolls; Chief Baron Woulfe; Chief Baron Pigot; and Judge Ball. My Friend the present Solicitor General is at the head of his profession: he will naturally succeed to the office of Attorney General. Is it not, then, a practical injustice that Roman Catholics, no matter how great may be their legal acquirements, should be ren- dered incapable of the highest judicial honour ? A Roman Catholic can, by law, become Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, and preside at a State Trial; and he is deemed unfit to decide whether a mortgage should be foreclosed, or to issue an injunction to stay waste. The New Poor Law has accumulated the reasons which should determine the Legislature to put an end to this odious religious disquali- fication. Under the New Poor Law, the eX'Ojicio guardians must be selected from the magistmcy which the Lord Chancellor appoints. The great mass of the poor are Roman Catholics; and yet the public func- tionary in whom the nomination of magis- trates rests, must profess the Protestant 777 Bcnum Catholic {April 14} Belief Bill 778 religion. I repeat it — there is no pretence whatsoever for this penal lair. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland is the depositary of church patronage, and it mi^ht he legi- timately alleged that he ought to he a Protestant: it might also he suggested (although I hy no means concur in the opinion) that a Protestant Secretary for Ireland ought to he the adviser of the Lord Lieutenant, on questions where church pat- ronage were concerned — (on those ques- tions the advice of the Secretary need not he taken) — ^hut that Protestantism should he a condition to the Chancellorship of Ire- land is utterly ahsurd, and will not he supported except hy those who seek to maintain distinctions from which they de- rive no sort of advantage, while they wound the feelings and affect the honourahle pride of the great majority of the Irish people. Mr. finch thought it was quite he- eoming in the last speaker, who was a Ro- man Catholic, to speak as he had done, and also the nohle Lord (the Earl of Arun- del and Surrey); hut still he did not con- sider that either of them had adduced any adequate reason why the BiU should he passed. He, for one, very much douhted whether Parliament could give the same degree of toleration to the Roman Catholic Church that they were wiUing to give to other Churches. He looked upon toleration as the fundamental principle of his party, and he considered that nothing hut the strongest grounds could justify them in deviating from that principle. He was, however, not prepared to go the length of saying that the religious orders of the Church of Rome should come under that principle, and that they should he permit- ted to have full and unlimited action. The Roman Catholics in Ireland had held very different language hefore their emancipa- tion to that which they had indulged in suhsequently ; and if it had hecn shown that they would have heen so clamorous for a repeal of the Union as they had proved themselves to he, he thought that such a fact would have greatly endangered the carrying of emancipation. He wished he could discover in the acts or documents emanating from Rome, anything that sa- voured of religious freedom. He, how- ever, had not been ahle to discover, from the letters of the Pope of Rome, or from the Councils of the Roman Church, a single principle upon which toleration could he based. On the contrary, he saw every- thing that could characterize intolerance emanating from that country. He con- tended that the See of Rome was diamet- rically opposed to the spread of religious instruction. The principles of the Roman Catholic Church were totally hostile to the freedom enjoyed hy this country. He felt persuaded that they would he conscien* tiously discharging their duty to their So- vereign, to their religion, and to their country, if they opposed the Bill. Lord J. MANNERS, as one of those who had assisted in introducing this Bill, had listened with great attention to the speeches of those hon. Members who had opposed the measure; hut he had not heard any argument advanced which convinced him of its impolicy. The hon. Members for Birmingham (Mr. Spooner), and for the University of Oxford (Sir R. Inglis), had devoted a large portion of their speeches to discussing the comparative merits of the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Churches. He could hardly conceive how the Bill which they were now discussing involved the question, whether the Church of England or the Church of Rome was the true Church. The question, as it appeared to him, which they had now to decide was, whether the differences which existed be- tween those two Churches, justified them in putting down, by pains and penalties, the doctrines of the Church of Rome. And he could not bring himself to believe, in spite of all that had been said by his hon.
| 30,585 |
https://github.com/boid-com/boiddac-client/blob/master/src/plugins/config-loader.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
boiddac-client
|
boid-com
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 300 | 1,415 |
require('../assets/icon-fonts/eosdac-iconfont-v1-9/styles.css')
require('../assets/icon-fonts/extended_material_icons/css/materialdesignicons.css')
function styledConsoleLog () {
const argArray = []
if (arguments.length) {
const startTagRe = /<span\s+style=(['"])([^'"]*)\1\s*>/gi
const endTagRe = /<\/span>/gi
let reResultArray
argArray.push(
arguments[0].replace(startTagRe, '%c').replace(endTagRe, '%c')
)
while ((reResultArray = startTagRe.exec(arguments[0]))) {
argArray.push(reResultArray[2])
argArray.push('')
}
for (var j = 1; j < arguments.length; j++) {
argArray.push(arguments[j])
}
}
console.log.apply(console, argArray)
}
class ConfigLoader {
constructor (networkname) {
this.configFile = require(`../extensions/statics/config/config.${networkname}.json`)
this.icon = require('../extensions/statics/config/iconmap.json')
this.theme = require('../extensions/statics/config/theme.json')
styledConsoleLog(
`<span style="color:white;background-color:hsl(268, 87%, 53%); font-size:21px; padding:5px;">Welcome To the ${this.get(
'dacname'
)} Member Client </span><span style="color:black; font-size:12px;">Pasting code in the console can be dangerous </span>`
)
}
get (configquery) {
switch (configquery) {
case 'theme_images':
return this.theme.images
case 'dacname':
return this.configFile.dacName
case 'dacscope':
return this.configFile.dacScope.toLowerCase() || ''
case 'defaultnode':
return this.configFile.api.default_eos_node
case 'tokencontract':
return this.configFile.contracts.token.name
case 'tokendecimals':
return this.configFile.contracts.token.decimals
case 'tokensupply':
return this.configFile.contracts.token.totalSupply
case 'marketapi':
return this.configFile.contracts.token.market_api
case 'custodianmemo':
return this.configFile.contracts.custodian.memo
case 'custodiancontract':
return this.configFile.contracts.custodian.name
case 'escrowcontract':
return this.configFile.contracts.escrow.name
case 'dactokensymbol':
return this.configFile.contracts.token.symbol
case 'systemtokensymbol':
return this.configFile.contracts.system_token.symbol
case 'systemtokendecimals':
return this.configFile.contracts.system_token.decimals
case 'systemtokencontract':
return this.configFile.contracts.system_token.name
case 'systemmsigcontract':
return this.configFile.contracts.system_msig.name
case 'dacmsigcontract':
return this.configFile.contracts.dac_msig.name
case 'botcontract':
return this.configFile.contracts.bot.name
case 'explorer':
return this.configFile.external.explorer.replace(/\/+$/, '')
case 'external':
return this.configFile.external
case 'memberclientstateapi':
return this.configFile.api.memberclient_state_api.replace(/\/+$/, '')
case 'bpnodeapi':
return this.configFile.api.bpnodes
case 'firehoseapi':
return this.configFile.api.firehose
case 'authaccount':
return this.configFile.accounts.authAccount.name
case 'wpcontract':
return this.configFile.contracts.wpproposal.name
case 'treasuryaccount':
return this.configFile.accounts.treasuryAccount.name
case 'financialaccounts':
return this.configFile.financial_page_graphs
default:
return `***${configquery} not yet subscribed in config-loader***`
}
}
setConfig (conf) {
this.configFile = conf
}
disable_ConsoleLog () {
if (this.consoleLogBackup === undefined) {
// alert('cl disabled')
this.consoleLogBackup = window.console.log
window.console.log = function () {}
}
}
enable_ConsoleLog () {
if (this.consoleLogBackup) {
// alert('cl enable')
window.console.log = this.consoleLogBackup
this.consoleLogBackup = undefined
}
}
}
export default ({ Vue, store }) => {
const networkname = store.getters['global/getActiveNetworkName']
const config = new ConfigLoader(networkname)
if (
store.getters['user/getSettingByName']('debug_console_log') &&
!store.getters['user/getSettingByName']('debug_console_log').value
) {
config.disable_ConsoleLog()
}
store.commit('global/setNode', config.get('defaultnode'))
Vue.prototype.$configFile = config
}
| 48,618 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67398899
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 221 | 434 |
find the max value from a list of dictionaries
I have a list of dictionaries such as:
[{1: 0.4, 3: 0.5}, {1: 0.2, 3: 0.9}, {1: 0.3, 3: 0.1}]
I want to find the maximum of first key(1) and second key(3) from each list items
-> maximum of key(1) is 0.4
-> maximum of key(3) is 0.9
How should I do it?
You should extract the desired value into an iterable and then look for the max.
data = [{1: 0.4, 3: 0.5}, {1: 0.2, 3: 0.9}, {1: 0.3, 3: 0.1}]
key = 1
max([d[key] for d in data])
Note that in the above example I create a list, with a list comprehension [d[key] for d in data]. Usually, when dealing with large input, creating a list is memory expensive and should be avoided. A similar result can be achieved with a generator yielding each element:
max(d[key] for d in data)
Python max() function can accept a key argument which specifies a one-argument function for ordering. The return is an element in list, in this case, the dictionary.
dicts = [{1: 0.4, 3: 0.5}, {1: 0.2, 3: 0.9}, {1: 0.3, 3: 0.1}]
keys = [1, 3]
for key in keys:
max_d = max(dicts, key=lambda d: d[key])
print(f'maximum of key({key}) is {max_d[key]}')
maximum of key(1) is 0.4
maximum of key(3) is 0.9
| 37,124 |
|
https://github.com/welovekpop/wlk.yt-client/blob/master/lib/store/persistSettings.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
wlk.yt-client
|
welovekpop
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 145 | 447 |
"use strict";
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
value: true
});
exports.default = void 0;
var _isEqualShallow = _interopRequireDefault(require("is-equal-shallow"));
var _SettingsActionCreators = require("../actions/SettingsActionCreators");
function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { default: obj }; }
var SETTINGS_KEY = 'uwaveSettings';
var attempt = function attempt(fn) {
try {
return fn() || undefined;
} catch (e) {
return undefined;
}
}; // [Store enhancer][1] that saves and loads app settings to and from
// localStorage.
//
// [1]: http://redux.js.org/docs/Glossary.html#store-enhancer
var persistSettings = function persistSettings(next) {
return function (reducer, initialState) {
var settings = attempt(function () {
return JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(SETTINGS_KEY));
});
var store = next(reducer, initialState);
store.dispatch((0, _SettingsActionCreators.loadSettings)(settings));
var prevSettings = settings;
store.subscribe(function () {
var newSettings = store.getState().settings;
if (!(0, _isEqualShallow.default)(prevSettings, newSettings)) {
attempt(function () {
return localStorage.setItem(SETTINGS_KEY, JSON.stringify(newSettings));
});
}
prevSettings = newSettings;
});
return store;
};
};
var _default = persistSettings;
exports.default = _default;
//# sourceMappingURL=persistSettings.js.map
| 7,361 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E7%AB%8B%E5%B3%A0
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
矢立峠
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=矢立峠&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 82 | 4,654 |
矢立峠（やたてとうげ）は、秋田県大館市と青森県平川市の県境にある峠である。標高は258m。
羽後国（旧出羽国）と陸奥国（旧陸奥国（分国前））の国境の一部でもある。
概要
峠の東側にある奥羽山脈と西側にある白神山地との中間に位置する。秋田県側へと流れる下内川（米代川水系）と青森県側へと流れる平川（岩木川水系）との分水嶺ともなっている。
古くから林業が盛んで、特に秋田杉の名産地の1つとして知られ、高度経済成長期の頃までは樹齢200年以上・高さ40m以上の天然秋田杉が数多く自生していた。
歴史
伝説によると、878年（元慶2年）に、秋田と津軽との境界を決めるために、矢を放ち杉の巨木に突き当たった。その杉を「矢立杉」と名付け、矢立峠の名称の語源とした。矢立杉は津軽藩と秋田藩との境界の標として、柵を設けて保護された。
菅江真澄の『筆のまにまに』によると、「880年（元慶4年）に、大館城主が津軽に軍を出し碇ヶ関の橘吉明を討伐し兵を引き上げる時、大杉の根本に弓一張矢一双を立てて納め置いた。その頃より、この杉を矢立杉という」という話が、大館の郷の古記にあるとしている。
『国典類抄』によると「いにしえ津軽と比内（秋田）が弓矢（戦い）の時、双方攻め込むにあたり、いくさ神へ吉凶を占いとして大杉に矢を射立てたので矢立杉という」としている。
古矢立杉は元禄年間（1688年-1704年）に空洞になり、大風に倒れてしまう。その巨株跡も次第に朽ちて、1748年（享亭3年）に杉株跡に囲いをし、1756年（宝暦6年）には株跡に若杉を植えた。この2代目の矢立杉は樹齢200年に近い太平洋戦争の末期に、伐採されてしまい現在もその株跡が残っている。切り株の跡には、3代目となる若杉が植樹されている。矢立杉の近くの津軽藩領には、津軽藩主が参勤交代の際に休憩するため、御休所（120坪）が作られた。また、その他の茶亭等の建物もあったという。藩主の往還にあたっては、奉行や代官、各種の警護の人々が前日から御休所で待機したという。
1820年には、南部藩（現：岩手県）を脱藩した浪人である下斗米秀之進（後に「相馬大作」の変名を使用）らによる弘前藩藩主狙撃未遂事件（相馬大作事件）の舞台ともされた。この相馬大作事件によって、矢立峠は講談等を通し、全国に知られることになる。しかし、これは吉田松陰の記述を元にした話であって、吉田松陰は事件の場所を誤認していたとも言われる。
1852年閏2月29日、吉田松陰は矢立峠にたどり着き、地元の案内人から相馬大作の一件を確認している。山鹿素水から相馬大作の話を聞いた吉田松陰は、矢立峠まで来てこの件の真実を知りたかった。江戸では相馬大作の津軽藩主の暗殺は成功していたのではないかという噂が流れていたからである。しかし地元の案内人から、相馬大作の暗殺は失敗であったということを松陰は確認した。ただ、案内人は事件の発生地を誤認していた。
その後の矢立峠や矢立杉の様子は以下の紀行文から知ることができる。菅江真澄『外ヶ浜風』、古川古松軒『東遊雑記』、高山彦九郎『北行日記』、伊能忠敬『沿海日記』、船遊亭扇橋『奥のしおり』。伊能忠敬は、矢立峠を通ったとき「取り調べ厳しきこと箱根に及ばす」と記している。
1877年（明治10年）に藩政時代の古街道に代えて、青森と秋田を結ぶ交通の要路として5年がかりで総工費9502円をもって、矢立杉を通らない場所に、明治新道が建設された。
1878年（明治11年）7月31日にイザベラ・バードがこの矢立峠（明治新道）を通って秋田県から青森県に抜けた。イザベラ・バードは矢立峠を褒め称え「日本で今まで見たどの峠よりも、私はこの峠を褒め称えたい」と記述している。
1881年（明治14年）9月11日、明治天皇が東北巡幸した際には、矢立峠（明治新道）を通って青森県から秋田県に入った。峠の御野立所で休憩している。
1889年（明治22年）7月に、青森 - 碇ヶ関 - 大館の乗り合い馬車が開通した。
1892年（明治25年）に新ルート（旧国道）の道路が施工された。
周辺
峠の周辺は豊富な温泉に恵まれ、日景温泉や矢立温泉、相乗温泉をはじめとする1軒宿の温泉や、碇ヶ関温泉郷などの小さな温泉郷が点在する。また、秋田県側の大館市長走陣場地区には「道の駅やたて峠」、青森県側の平川市には「道の駅いかりがせき津軽関の庄」がある。いずれの道の駅も国道7号沿いにあり、「道の駅やたて峠」には、「矢立峠温泉」も湧出している。また、「道の駅いかりがせき」にも、「関の庄温泉」と呼ばれる温泉入浴施設があり、温泉の熱を利用した屋内温水プールや温泉資料館なども併設されている。
矢立峠付近は、古くは矢立保護林として伐採を禁じられた天然秋田杉の美林であった。しかし、戦後の復興用として伐採され、皆伐・人工林への転換により、天然秋田杉は国道筋の一部に残るだけとなった。昭和43年に貴重になった天然秋田杉林の保護と矢立峠通行者、周辺温泉湯治客の憩いの場として、国道7号線の両側10haを風致保護林に指定して禁伐とした。現在は矢立峠風景林（レクレーションの森）および保健保安林に指定され、面積は25haに拡大されている。平成9年度には厚生省と林野庁の共同で、健康保養の場としてふさわしいモデル的な森林を「健康保養の森」そして全国35カ所を指定したが、そのうちの1つとして選ばれている。そのため、峠周辺は旧道を含め整備されており、各種の掲示も充実している。
また、矢立峠を基点とした、甚吉森や大日影山、縫戸山への登山縦走路も整備されており、体力に合わせて登山を楽しむことができる。
その他、峠の周辺の観光地としては、秋田県側の大館市長走地区には長走風穴・長走風穴高山植物群落（国の天然記念物。資料館の「長走風穴館」も建っている）などがあり、青森県側の平川市には津軽湯の沢駅の近くに「碇ヶ関御関所」（藩政時代の碇ヶ関関所の建物を復元し、資料館としたもの）があったが、現在は「道の駅いかりがせき」に移設された。
交通
道路
峠を国道7号が通っている。古来には矢立峠付近は道が通っていなかったが、弘前藩が1586年に山を切り開いて羽州街道を弘前藩まで延伸して峠道が開通した。この峠道は街道の中でも有数の難所の1つであった。弘前藩は街道の延伸と同時に現在の国道7号と国道282号の交点付近にある碇ヶ関御関所の番所を設置したが東海道沿いに設置された関所以上に厳しかったとも言われている。なお、当時の矢立峠は現在の国道7号よりも西に約200 m入った山中を通っており、勾配がきつく険しい道だったため、明治時代に入ると200 mさらに西に明治新道と呼ばれる新道が作られ、それまでの街道を古羽州街道というようになった。
国道7号の秋田県側矢立峠付近は急カーブが連続する線形不良のため、事故率が秋田県内のほかの区間と比べ平均3倍もある。そこで、線形を改良するため改良工事に着手し、2006年12月下旬に峠越えの区間において視距改良工事（バイパス）が完成して供用を開始し、続いて陣場視距改良工事が行われて、緩やかなカーブが続く区間となっている。
鉄道
奥羽本線が峠を通る。現在は、矢立トンネルや松原トンネルなどで峠を越える。それまでの旧線は、25/1000（25‰）の急勾配と最小半径300mの急カーブに7つのトンネル（最も長かったのは県境区間の旧第四矢立トンネルで全長702m）などが連続していたため、奥羽本線や大阪 - 青森間の日本海縦貫線でも有数の難所の1つとして知られていた。
蒸気機関車の全盛期には、陣場駅 - 碇ケ関駅間などでD51三重連牽引の貨物列車や補機を連結した旅客列車（客車列車）などが運転された。補機は、主に大館機関区と弘前機関区に配置されたD51（1950年代中期頃までは、D50も補機や貨物列車の本務機として使用されていた）が使用され、陣場駅、碇ケ関駅、ならびに大鰐駅（現・大鰐温泉駅）には、補機の待機用の側線、給炭水設備や駐泊施設などが設置されていた。1960年代中期から1970年までは、補機を連結して峠を越えるD51やC61をはじめとする蒸気機関車などを撮影する鉄道ファンで賑わった。
なお、青森機関区配置のC60またはC61が牽引を担当した旅客列車（普通列車）のうち、朝一番の普通列車となる大館発・青森行きの623レのみは、（矢立峠越えの区間である陣場 - 碇ケ関間をはさんだ大館 - 弘前間では）客車5両前後の編成で運転されていたため、単機牽引（補機なし）であった。
1960年代初期からは、秋田機関区に配置されたDF50が、秋田 - 青森間の一部の旅客列車（急行列車などの優等列車）や貨物列車の牽引機、ならびに、矢立峠越えの区間での補機として使用された。
1960年代中期頃からは、秋田機関区や青森機関区に配置されたDD51も、秋田 - 青森間での一部の旅客列車（主に優等列車）の牽引機として使用された。
1970年9月21日、NHKテレビの紀行ドキュメンタリー番組『新日本紀行』において、「三重連の峠〜秋田・青森県境 矢立峠〜」のタイトルで、矢立峠越えのD51三重連がテーマとして取り上げられた。
1970年（昭和45年）11月5日、矢立トンネル（全長3,180m。複線断面トンネル。陣場駅 - 津軽湯の沢駅間）開通。矢立峠越えの区間が新線に切り替えられた。以後、C61牽引の旅客列車（普通列車）や荷物列車は、大部分の列車が、補機なしの単機牽引で運転された。一方、D51牽引の貨物列車などには、長い編成で荷重の重い列車を中心に、引き続き、D51の補機（主として後部補機）が大館駅 - 弘前駅間で連結された。
1971年（昭和46年）、松原トンネル（全長2,404m。下り線のみ。白沢駅 - 陣場駅間）開通。
1971年8月25日、秋田 - 青森間の交流電化完成。
1971年9月26日、矢立峠におけるC61やD51の定期運用終了。
日景温泉入り口付近、矢立温泉付近や道の駅やたて峠付近、相乗温泉付近などの国道7号沿いには、旧線跡の遺構（旧赤湯沢川鉄橋をはじめとする橋梁の橋脚や橋台、レンガ積み・石積みのトンネルなど）が、現在も点在する。また、陣場駅の近くにも、国道7号と並行する形で旧第二下内川鉄橋の遺構が現存する。旧陣場駅跡には、蒸気機関車に補給する石炭を貯蔵していたコンクリート製の貯炭槽などの遺構が残る。津軽湯の沢駅の近くには、国道7号を跨ぐ形で建設された旧線のコンクリート高架橋なども残る。
脚注
参考文献
関連文献
関連項目
日本の峠一覧
羽州街道
碇ヶ関御関所
秋田県の峠
青森県の峠
大館市の交通
大館市の地理
平川市の交通
平川市の地理
廃線
国道7号
県境
| 2,183 |
https://github.com/fuzi1996/vue-form-create/blob/master/src/core/element/ElFormConfig.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
vue-form-create
|
fuzi1996
|
Vue
|
Code
| 101 | 549 |
<template>
<div class="form-config-container">
<el-form label-position="top" size="small">
<el-form-item label="标签对齐方式">
<el-radio-group v-model="data.labelPosition">
<el-radio-button label="left">左对齐</el-radio-button>
<el-radio-button label="right">右对齐</el-radio-button>
<el-radio-button label="top">顶部对齐</el-radio-button>
</el-radio-group>
</el-form-item>
<el-form-item label="标签宽度">
<el-input-number v-model.number="data.labelWidth" :min="0" />
</el-form-item>
<el-form-item label="组件尺寸">
<el-radio-group v-model="data.size">
<el-radio-button label="medium">大</el-radio-button>
<el-radio-button label="small">默认</el-radio-button>
<el-radio-button label="mini">小</el-radio-button>
</el-radio-group>
</el-form-item>
<el-form-item label="隐藏必选标记">
<el-switch v-model="data.hideRequiredAsterisk" />
</el-form-item>
</el-form>
</div>
</template>
<script lang="ts">
import { WidgetForm } from '@/config/element'
import { defineComponent, PropType, ref, watch } from 'vue'
export default defineComponent({
name: 'ElFormConfig',
props: {
config: {
type: Object as PropType<WidgetForm['config']>,
required: true
}
},
emits: ['update:config'],
setup(props, context) {
const data = ref(props.config)
watch(data, () => context.emit('update:config', data))
return {
data
}
}
})
</script>
| 19,217 |
https://github.com/lsby/purescript-mason-prelude/blob/master/src/MasonPrelude/Parallel.purs
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
purescript-mason-prelude
|
lsby
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PureScript
|
Code
| 227 | 390 |
module MasonPrelude.Parallel where
import Prelude
import Control.Apply (lift2, lift3, lift4, lift5)
import Control.Parallel (class Parallel, parallel, sequential)
parLift2 :: ∀ a b c g m. Parallel g m => (a -> b -> c) -> m a -> m b -> m c
parLift2 f ma mb = lift2 f (parallel ma) (parallel mb) # sequential
parLift3 :: ∀ a b c d g m. Parallel g m => (a -> b -> c -> d) -> m a -> m b -> m c -> m d
parLift3 f ma mb mc = lift3 f (parallel ma) (parallel mb) (parallel mc) # sequential
parLift4 ::
∀ a b c d e g m.
Parallel g m =>
(a -> b -> c -> d -> e) ->
m a -> m b -> m c -> m d -> m e
parLift4 f ma mb mc md =
lift4 f
(parallel ma)
(parallel mb)
(parallel mc)
(parallel md)
# sequential
parLift5 ::
∀ a b c d e f g m.
Parallel g m =>
(a -> b -> c -> d -> e -> f) ->
m a -> m b -> m c -> m d -> m e -> m f
parLift5 f ma mb mc md me =
lift5 f
(parallel ma)
(parallel mb)
(parallel mc)
(parallel md)
(parallel me)
# sequential
| 39,958 |
ternariusternari00sala_0_2
|
Latin-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,630 |
Ternarius ternariorum hemeticorum bezoardicorum laudanorum
|
Sala, Angelus, 1576-1637 | Tentzel, Andreas, active 1625. Exegesi chymiatrica | Birckner, Johann, 1587-1658
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 7,242 | 16,273 |
Adeo luce meridiana duin fiudum efi, claruit -apparet , antiquos conjectura illa fui toto coela abenaffe : dum nimirum quod naturam ar- genti rivi concernit , btfice nefietis oculi* C i contrarium H HiiistoLoeiA: contrarium vid tarum. Qupd vero Argentum 'vi- vum fubltmatum venenatam labem prie fe fer ah id non proficifcitUr a naturali Argenti vivi pro- prietate, feci d permixtione & coadunatione fpi- rituum felinorum, tum quibus fublimatio f alia en, quibus etiam debetur fubfifientia illitu inflat Bacchari. Attamen fi fublimatum tum argento tivo aiiatici proportione mixtum, denuo idfe ad quartam vel fextam usq} vicem fublimatur» do- nec nimirum mfipidum prorfiu depr<thenditur;ad triginta vel quadraginta grana absfc omni peri- culo» ipfius exhibitio ejfe poterit, & tam fuavittr per inferiora purgabit, ut ne Aloe, nec cuivis alii lenienti medicamento hac in ‘parte cedat * Id quod conjpicttum quoqyeil , quando Vittiolum & Sal nitri invicem mifcentur & deftiilantur. ( quamvis neutrum horum pet fe nonfalubenimum prafiei Yemtdium ) quod ab hac mixtione coYrofiVum in - ienfifimum fuboriatur, Aqua fortis nimirum gU- fiui omnino intolerabilis, & adufum corporis in- ternum perniciofifima. Videte ergo quam faga - 'etm Oportet effe Medicum, in rerum naturalium fimpathiat dr antipathias perferat at tone : fiqui- dem & vegetabilia cum mineralibus hoc habeant commufte, ut ex duorum pluriumye valde Utilium permixtione pernkiofif imum quoddam refultare pofiit. Sed ut ulterius confiet: argentum Vivum cum debitis menfiruis etiamfi corrofivis pr separa- tum, HEMETOLOGIA. tum, poflea turum dulcificatum, & bene toni* itum, Medicinam effejntra corpus minime rtfor. wdabilew, eandem fententiam quofo Petrus An- dreasMatthiolui, eorum qui de fimplicibusfcri* f ferunt per totam Europam facile princeps , ArcbU ducum Auftri* tempore Maximilianifetundi, im- peratoris Medicus Ordinarim yinlmmtnt. lib. Ditfcoridis eap. de Argento vive ; uti etiam libro de lue v ener ea, ubi affirmat, quod morbo Gallico infe- i lis pratipitati ( qui pulvis e!t ex argento Vivo cum. aqua forti fultus ) cum Per lis, aliisve tor dialibus correcti ad dimidium w% ferupulm. uti & contra Mtlmcholiam, non minus, quam Lapidis Armenij ufus ejfe poffit , verifmam amplectitur. Fallopius tracl: de Bubone pefiilentiali cap. u,fequentia de ufu pratipitati docet : Sed notateunum > cujus in fuperioribus mentionem feci, quod aliqui Celiti cum lycceflCu exhibere folent pro phar* maco folutivo praecipitatum per, os, N«, non latet Iohannemde Yigo Medicum & Chirur- gum experientifiimum in variis , iuf, gravifimis luis venere* fymptomatibus hoc medicamento tam. intriufecus quam extrinfecus. fuijfe uftmu Leonhardus Fioravanta Medicus, Italus in- frequenti ufu habebarpalyerem quendam ex Mer* curio, Terra, Chalybe, Auro & aquaf orti, Lapidem Philofophorum di&um , in forma confectionis tabularum, in omnibus fert humani corporis affe- ci $ Stibiis 38 v hemeto logia: itibus ; Quemadmodum videre esi libro CorotM- Medicinalis intitulat o. Et novi annofum quen- dam Medkum in inferioribus hifce regionibus juxta Brabanti* fines, qui beneficio hujus Me- dicina , curationesstd miraculum prafiitit $ Cu- jus nomen publice hi( appellare non licuit, ne ita cuilibet ad tam nobile fetretum aditus aperire- ! tur- THomafus Boviua i* FlageSt pfiudo- medicorum Rationalium fcribit : pulverent ' quendam ex argcnusvivo., Auro & Aqua ferti,. [ cum [ale communi exafpemum, pofimodum. dulcoratum , & fragmentis lapidum pntiofo- vum correctum, quem Herculem propter ad u’ mirabilem, qua in domandis pluribus affectibus. pollet, potentiam, appellat, omnibus altis cathar- eticorum fpeciebus multis parafangis , uti, multa, etiam exempla recenfet , antecedere. ima non diffiderem centum autores mihi L prafto ejje pejfe , immotis rationibus confirmati iet, quod Argentum vivum in fui natura, multa minus bene pxcef aratum, venenum minime exi- jiat, imo quod maximarum virtutum particeps, merito in tanta cxijlimatiene apud omnes ver- fetur. Hftic non mj uria facium, e Hin celeberri- i mis totius- Europse Otficmu, pulverem illum fa- vum, Turbitb Miner .de 'appellatum , quo pcntif- fimi Chirurgi ad luem v ener eam, & multos alios . ! affisU us curandos utantur , proflare. Et hac fufr fictam i ME METO LOGI A/ ?f f-cUnt ad faciendam fidem .- Mercurio inju- riam fieri fi veneni aftringatur, dummodo experientise , veritatis animae , & Medicis quibuscunq; Chriftianis noa minus quam Paganis, omnia quae non capiunt , carpen- tibus fides habeatur. CAP. Vh Vomitorium tertiam, feuCre* cus Metallorum. Mtimonium variis modis p reparatur , tt& forma vitri fidva, rubra, nigra, aliis fe ocioribus ». Defiillantur inde liquores eum variis additioni* &us ; fublimantur fiores albigrifii , flavi , rubri , & purpurei , per fi filum , pracipitatur etiam variis liquoribus Mineralibus. In fitmma in varias redigitur formas , ad auxilium corpori humano utile inde conficiendum , non filum in excitandis vomitionibus, fed & Diaphorefi pro- movenda. Ctocum Metallorum vero quod attinet. R. Antimonii pellucidi & venis albicanfi- Defer* bus pleni itifiar argenti , Salis nitri puri ficati ana, quantum vis , pulverifa hVfi' Umm. ' mu!, & in olla ferrea fatis ampla vel e- tiamin mortario, vel olla terrea bene f fitrificat» fuperinjice catbonem exi- C 4 guuta M HEMETOLOGIA, guum aeceafum & in continenti igni* apprehendet materiam; Moveatur er- go bacillo ferreo, & inftar pulveris tor- mentarii conflagrabitur. Inde Anti- tnonium inftar relinx fufum , redige ia pulverem lubtilem, & lava cum aqua.» communi ad Salis nitri reliquias aufe- rendas. Nota tamen quod unica ablu- tio ad pra:diAum fcopum obtinendum omnino fufficiat, Poftea reiicca, inq; ci* ftuiavel vitro beneferva ad ufum. tVIRTUS ET FROPRIETA* Antimonii hunc in modum Vo- mitorii fafti. & Amimonium fubftantia esi veneno fe , ex~ \ tra tontroverfiam ver fatur, quod illa venenefttat, auferenda fit, antequam fu ure pro falubri cor- poris Medicina venditari popt. Hocfiujlomod » | tentatur r ede, certe eo, quo pr «diximus , vel maxime perficit ur . 'Rationes funt : quoniam videmus quod in t 'U aduftione fubftantia magit tolanlesipzopter vetienofitdtem maxime j isjpe w. , confumantur, & in aerem exhalent. Cujus rei obtinenda caufa olim calcinatio in - Jlituebatur , qua Antimonium primo in pulvt- rjm dbkamem redigebant, poftea per fuftonem HEMETOL OGI A. 4* in vitrum, quemadmodum adhuc tum plur es fa- tere confuevewnt. Ea tamen praparatio ni- mis longa, moleftafe , nec interim tum fecura , quam pradicla Croci noftri. lnfuper confidet andum e fi, Sal nitri inimi- cum fua natura exifiere Arfinico , Rea 'gari , a- fiisve mineralibus venenis , adeo ut cum iUif commixtum & Vulcano traditum non pojftt , cum proprio jpiritu non venena quo<fe illorum vel in aeremahtiporc , vel penitus mortificare* qua de caufit poftea quod relinquitur, tuto intra corpus pro Medicina ajfumatur;* Quminio eodem artificio Arfenhum c arrigi- tur, ut in ulceribus malignis interam ipfius ufiu liil quicquam reformidandus. Quidni ergbpra- dicium vomitorium ab omni malignitatis fiuffii* tione liber umienfeamus. Ergo felicem prafiat purgationem corporis &voi ngq rtctTU) , vix minori prcmptitudine , ac Mercurio vita Jitprd affer ipfimus . In genere u- lilis ipfius ufut in omnibus ajftttihts repertus e fi, in quibus & aliorum prafiqnmm vomitivo - tum. lnprimis tamen heltum indixit Icterici#, obflructiombm lienis, Epatis, febribus int ermit- tenttbus, tempore & horis natura convenienti - insuam (profunt, Temporibus Medicina ra!et,data tempore Et data no» apto tempore nulla juva nr. Maninrn 4* H EMETO L O G f A. Marttnus Rulandus Imperatorii Rudob. f hi Medicus ordinarius pro valentifiima & ve. re y/naiee babuitMedicina, & fub diverfs no- minibus modo hac, modo alia ffiecie, exhibitum Aqua-» occultare fiuduit, Jofephus Quercttanusittdem «aOue A%uam fmm benedictam inde conficiebat ut cec wEjam tum diximus antea. Modus ipfirn reci- piendi in Pbarmacopaapag. 126. ita reperitur. R, Croci Metallorum unc. j. aquae Car-t duibened. libr. 2. vel tres : Cmamo- mi une. femif. Macera onania per biduum aut triduum ; dein trancola, & ufui referva hanc aquam, quae optimo- jure meretur nuncupari Aqua Bene- didla: Infignesenim & mirandos edit effectus. De hac fume unicam f. & Ce- rnis, aut amplius horis matutinis : Non, cft ingrati faporis ; blande provocat vo* fnitumr& quatuor aut quinq; fedes* e- vacuando perfuperiora fimul, quod vix praeflabit aliud remedium^. N Sic pium alii, & prae lari Medicina Docfo- ,res, eodem hec remedio laudabiliter f ruuntur.. Attamen quo affetiu nihilominus fiat , quod ma- levoli Calumniatores, in me tneij, fimiles hoc no- mine oppfepria dicere non definant, cum tamen, longe major i jure, quantilli (in myftica e- $im Artis Jicreta penitius awfc&mgrefit, na- ■, turam HEMETOLOGIA. turum rerum accuratius indicimus ) prapdrati- onibtu hiiceutamtn,jjncerejtidicanubm nlin*. quo* D O S IS; Bafin, Croci noftri quod attinet , ordinarie' fer opinatur in infufione d granis fex, ad ollo, vel decem in vim, cerevifia,aliave liquore congruo , magis aut minus , fecundum quod agri opportu- ■ nitas . atds, aut vmum robur. Hujus hei in Gallico trattatu erat CenfurA» Petri Andre* Mattbioli, quam inCpmment.ju- per lik f. Biofcmd. cap. de Antimnio quatuor memorabilibus curationibus benefcip Antimonii vitrifiaati peiaft.fr de eodem Antimnio fubnexe- rati Quoniam vero integra Orationis feries ipfi* us me defecit , hami nimirum praflp habito ipfo- met Aut ime, fatius duxi , lectorem cum dtfide- no 4t quo, quippe qUodipfe facile expkrepeffeP». mihi relinquere , qudm me ipfi cum fujpkione. Videat ergo qui velit Matthiolum citato loco* Zvingerum in Examine principiorum Chymfr» eorum , cap. 3, | Gefjerum Pedemontamm, Bovitrn > Ba fi- lium , V dentinum , Alexandrum > Suchte- ■ nium , Platerum , Pensum , CroUium > & alltU , 44 hemetologia; & alios, qui non injuri* faberrimas Medicu nas& tZv jjsuv xespceq ex Ahttmonio parare futnnto Jludto contenderunt, t? feliciter qvoi, ( enfequutifunt , Modo appendicis loco Curationibus quibus,, dampr adiit is meditamentis in locis memorabis libtupera8.ii, recenfcndi vacabimus. OB S E R V A T T O N E S CURATIONUM. Pro confirmanda majori fidcft dc vomitoriorum noftrorum uCu & efficacia. CVR A flQ> l ANno i6op, Geneva Vilius anno -~ rutn ij. iMufirifimi Domini,D omini Jo- hann-Georgif principis Anhaltim Comi - tis,Afcani*,^mnhn&& gcrfcfi &c. mag. no aliquo morbo afficiebatur , d. Catarrho cum tu fi & febricula, qui tandem in Epilepjtamquo- tidianam cum maniacis agitationibus, oris, bra- chiorum dr crurum conyulfionibus conjunctam terminabatur. Curam ipfius gerebant pr ce- slar i Medicina DocloresDss. Marem Ojfredus, Cajlor Novus,Bomtus,dr fastius Ojfredus, ma- MEMETOLOGIA."1 45 tnkfo induftrid, uti omnint decet Di<ttm,pur - 'gdtienes , Cljfmata, Phlebotomiam, Sacrificati- enem, unit tones, fuffitm , & plura alta fuggere- lant medicamenta ; Verum tantum aberat, ut juraretur, Ut malum potius quoti Aii magis ma - gis% incrementum caperet; Tandem itur ad me, qui cum aliis collocutus vomitionem fuafi bene- ficiofalis Vitrioli faciendam. Quo etiam exhi- bito, ad tres vices, quatridui {patio prifiinam fa- tuitatem omnino recuperavit, qua in adhuc vivit Titi gratia fanus & jiiperftes. RATIO. 11 Menfe Septembri praterito filiolus Henrici Maj eri opificis cujusdamquin % circiter anno- rum, acerba vehementi fe tufii afficiebatur , tum febri continua anhelitus difficultate, qui- bus fuperveniens paroxifmus Epilepticus convul- fienem dextri Cruris, poftea dextri brachii, codi, oris , oculorumfe horribili cum ajpeclufattebat. Dumifcplusqudm trigefies paroxifmo correptus erat, in tantam ecfiafw incidit aliquoties , ut tuivis mortuus videretur. Aster fitus ego vejperi hora noni, dum magnam rejpirationis difficultatem in ipfo fentiebam , & mali ipfius principium d tatarrho & gravi tufii exuter at, aliter judicare non poteram quam quod materia phlegmatica & vifcoft d terebro 4^ HEMETOLOGIA. terebro in thov&cem (iotnachumj^ delupft, otttnit Calamitati* caufa fuerit. Mox ergo dedi [ttlu Titrioli fcrupulum unum in xerevifia calida, quo fdftum efl, utjiatim vomitus materia nigra in~ Jlarfmguint* coagulati & corrupti cientur, ad- eo^ parexifmus diminueretur. Tertio poft die pradiffim medicamentum reiterari, & alvum dmtaxat folikitavit •, Tactum tamen eji , ut $atio taAi-or dium d fav i ut bm fmptomatibm liberam fuerit . Caurum Julepis quibusdam femoralibus & (fetificis febrilibus in dtes ter quaterve ufurpatii i reliquis etiam penitus eva» flL CV^TIO ni fraterna affate filiolus Erafmi Percivva- InMufici Angi i fex mnarum, febri ardenti & continua, magno ^ capitis dolore & inquietu- dine, tumore vent r isrp ajpua tl 6n e cordis, aliis /pqkuloffs fymptomatibus agrotabat* Propino ego vomitorium Salis Vituoli ad purgandum Jhmdctum. Sequenti vejperi, po fi quam finit* $r at purgatio, dedi defui c-upudam Eczoardici tn formam Ele cluam ad fis dares proliciendos iompafii y Qr innavi hifuptr julepum vitriola- tnm ad mitigandum febrit ardorem , humores -■-corruptos- demulcendos , adeofe confortandum JlmMhum & mtefitte. HEMITOLOGIA. 47 |{ quarto die ab omnibus afflUlrnubut ita li- beratus fuit ,'ut nil quicquam ipfi ad basusjfc tempora ad fanitatem defit , CURATIO I V. Similes Alicujus morbi curam prafiiti in ju- niori filiolo praditti opificis mimici Maj eri, qui tres annos duntaxat natus beneficio vomitorii, Mercurialis , Rofa mineralis appellati, fimul cumjulepovitmlato fanitatem recuperavit, M hodie fiuperft es vivat» CURATIO V. Tilius Dn. de Beaumont Comitis Meinrici N ajfoviaci officiarii, Febri ardente exanimatus fere, affumpto Sale Vitrioli cum pradi&o, jule- po tridui (patio ledlum dereliquit absife mi - Sva. CURATIO VI, Menfe Julio Anno i6iufuf inediam noffem : defluxio fuffocativa filiolam meam adoriebatur adeo, ut intortis oculis impedita % reffiirdtiont morti valde vicina effet. Ore vi dtffraho aquam vitee reftifieatm abforbendam dedi, & friStionem fnper nares fiomachum ea tpfia, fieri curavi, & poft dirni- jj diam horam ad fit redire & loqui iterum ce- | fit. Tertio pofi die difficultate reffkationu 4* HEMETOLOGIA. laborare cepit, & Rofam Mineralem ai gri* tium unum exhibui, unde materia quadam vif* (ofd per os projecta , melius habuit. Hihilominus ottavo die in febrim ardentem fubtto incidit, magna cum inquietudine & re - jpirationit difficultate implicitam > adeo ut de vita ipfius jam penitus alium arbitrarer ; Mi- nutam piUulamex praditto pulvere cum Sac- chari rofati modie» adhibui, tenendo tpfam ca- pite, donec medicamen tum operaretur. Et ma<- ter ia biliosa, magna illuvie per os & per alvum rejell a , fanitatem recuperare ab iUoipfo puncto cepit jam tum ovv fuperjles. latitatio V II. JEfiate pr aurita, filiola Edovvardi Spillinc Sartorii Angli, trestirciter annes nata , febri lenta & continui diu afflicta , adeo ut corpore tabe ceuffimptoftUpibWji:ad miraculum diftent» nihil ffiei fere reliquum > potationibus continue indulgebat, nil qu/cquam Cofnmedendo. Vnica folum vice pulveris Mercurialis mei granum u- mm exhibui, Unde aveo sigj uaJm purgata , & partibus internis per habitum corporis aequi quam per urinas deoppilatis, paucos intra dies integre convaluit » Curati^. H EME 70 L 0 <3 1 A. <fr- C URAT IO VIII. A Uno 1606. Mtnfe Auguftt Koribergit vi Hcjpitio ad Anfirem aureum dicio Car sim itrlingerm tonpliarius Cafareus Sexagenarius valde corpulentus media nocte ‘mpetuofpmuni Catarrhum e terebro m Thorace fentiebat , cum difficillima rejpir atisne , interceptione loquela , paroxyfmo finiulfebriiirPtr otiifivnem huic negotio 'interveniens ego debito fymptmatum examine prdmiffioydum 'u/utn vomitorii cuim- dam Valde opportunum arbiira,?er,quatu?r gra- na praditti pulveris > cum vini Malvdtici coci-' Uari propinabam. Cujus operatione feliciter abfoluti jf nitriVi* \C6tiValefierc cepit , & psftmodum medicamen- tis quibusdam peitordlibm ionfortantibm af. jffim ptuquartopofidititcrVrdgadfalvus & in- columis fur cepit r Valde autem admirabatur pulveris hujus efficaciam , & inde plurcs ipfrut 4/ofes pro viatico ftbi comparavit. C ll R 4 T 10 'IX. "Anno >" i id.’ cAm ■ lUujlrapmi Comitis Jo» \ban de N affiiu Catzeneilehogen Viandtn O" Wiotz , Domini in Beil/hin &c, Medici ordin,- [rii officium fujlinebam,in (upenori pdatmatts, l (ubt generalis militia proteftantmm prtftftint (affira locaverat. Bobmum quendatn fthan;» & Aiam 5« HEMETOLOGIA. jdam Dominum de Zedtvvitz Afch & K rti* gesreut &c. Walt humi fex miliaria, ah exer- citu noftro, gravi Catarrho k cerebra ad centra, corpor is, omnes^ipflus partes delapf) laboran- tem inveni, cum magna refpirationis afflictione punituris laterum , acerbiflimo dolore dorfi, uri- na difficultate, febrili paroxyfmo,altu<fl fympto- matibus. Re diligenter pevjicnlata, & cum alio , qui prafib ibi erat, Medicina Dotiere com- municata, fdifVttrioU deflo, unam exhibui » Unde plurima pituitofk materia per os, athum , & urinam, refu(k,ftatim quietus factus $ft( per triduum enim ex Jujfoeationis metu nullum (e- tnnum viderat ) & ab inde nutritione ref etius> fecundo pofl die k praditiis fymptomatibus ma- gna animi alacritate meiq, nominis honore evn- jh. Retro tamen mifl ad corroborandum cere- brum, petitis, ftemuhumjg mundificandum & pulmones a putrefactione preefervandos : Bal- famum meum Cephalicum, cum liquore quodam ex Myrrha, Aloe, & Croco fi n gulo mane guttatim affumendum, & horum benefl- cioprijtinam recuperavit fwitatem. C U E A TIV X. fuflus Soenen Vir anncfus & imbecillis ton- flitmmifi civis Hagantcs, ajiate praeterita Ca- iarrho H€MET0LG<5IA. j* mrbo fuffvcdtm cum febri continua, magna, tufhgravitfo rejpiratione correptus, tueofo ufm tmfttio, Sal Vitrioli intra quadraginta hora* bhajfumpfit, net non dia quadam cohfortan - tia, & quinfo vel fex dierum Jpatio integre re- fiitutus ad hac usfo tempora bene habet. C UR ATIO XI, Cdtbmna Petri Sutor it Uagam prope car- cerem habitantis uxor multorum annorum 'm reflate ex Catarrho in pedtus preLtpfo, nec d na- luraplmjufto imbecilli Aigefto, periculofa plu- rima% incidit fpnptomata : Primo Salis Vitris oli dofin adminiflravi , pofiea potionem purgana tem, ad onfichmjhmaihi emplafttode me- litoto noftrae inventionis admoto ; Et quinfo velfix dierum Jpatio dentio incolumi» C Ut At IO XII. Ruperitis enarratum fuit, quomodo Ddmtnut Xedtvvttzf dici ter mea opera nflituttu fuerit,, tum temporis nimirum, quando ftipendio gent- roffiimi Comitis Naffoviaci Medicinam facie, h.mUud: Ipfum caufa poflea arat, quod pauli pojl ad Dominum Georgium Chrifl ephorum Dn. deVValthurn & VValdouvv &o, vocarer. Is ex defluxione quadam podagrkacdida[conu muniter bilhfa, Paracilfoycfo caldo refolur » & z Salti HEMETOLOGIA Salepdptico veli artare atuto ditia) ik omnes f e* re juritt uras extremarum partium pracipitata > , tanta inflammatione & intumefeentia 'labori 'haf,acfi Anthrax feu Carbuncul uspeflilentia* lisfuiffet, cura gravifltmodolote. Prima flaimvke ipfitm vomere feci beisi* fleio Salit Vitrieli > Vejperi fiquenti propinavi medicamentum Diqphereticum & confortati* vum adhibito quodam catapUfmate aperiente fpecifico ad locum affectum. Intra tridui Jpa- ■tramtam fe in melius recepit , sit equum afeen- den, adbibitum exjpduari , & venationibus in - ietejje commode prffet. Eodem malo idem a. liquando cohflWm iterum fimili medicina ab o- mnibus doloribus vindicatur. Sic vidi in aliis itidem podagricis Sal Vitrioli lilia fe vomitoria , inprimis ubi ftmachus humorum corruptorum Ube coinquinatus fuerit, Juturnam utilitatem praflitifle. inter im Medicum & in hoc virum oportet ejfe prudentem. Cuilibet enim pro nd- tura,viriumfe conditione ‘adaptanda funttrt» inedia. ‘C U RATIO Ti t i. Jlffe&M ungar ictis feu Febris Ungarica fjm» ptoma eft , qusd homines cum hemicrania, vcr~ iigine, cephalalgia extremo fe dolore capitio cum HEMETOLOGIA. 5* 0tm inquietudine , alias furore vel Jhtpiditate omnium fcnfuum , cordis item pafiionihus , dif- pultate dnhelitus,pleuritide ,fqyinantid, :prU~ nefla,dffent(rtadienteria, paroxj finis febrilibus immane quantum adoriri filet ; Contagkfum infupet ell adeo, ut ad pefm natur api vere ac- cedat, quamvis hoc inter Jit dijcr minis: quod hoc majoricumythementia cerebri, & Spiritus 4nimalibwinfultet,peftuminm:ldq usdpluri- ntorumhoc ipifimalb affliciorum hjpnis ccn- firmare pojfmius. Fabium enim ejl , quod a- v^e J!®^ gri capitibus muros mpetiermt, &fic cerebrum c fenitus conquaffando vitam mifere finierint $ deluat» Alit hjbc eodem morbo de f unci i ,, multos ., annos t pe fica judicii & memoria imbeciUitatem.&fe- re adjingulas Lummutationes, conqueflifunt. Eodemmrbo tum temporfi, cumin cajltit Me- dicumiagerem , bpevi j antequam exercitus di-, mtteretmm nofiri ordinis milites raaximpere: favire , & infuitus fuos de. uno .ad alium valde Accelerare capit , adeo ut-tnf e ciorum d fanis fe~ queftrauonem injlituere , infe Neficomio tjon pialtum iifiito curam ipfirnm gerere necejjnm. fuerit t Variis remediorum . generibus auxi - \ta ttntabamy nihil tamen felicius ficcedere cbfervabam, nec majori dexteritate morbo de- trahere, quamvomitionm beneficio Salis Vitri- sfii promotam ♦ Quando enim in prima ftatim • P j ac- 54» HEMETOLOGIA accifiione adminiflrabam, faucis diebus omn» f erh ulum eluctabantur. An vero ditia fjmpto- tnata ab efferve fcentia quadam corruptorum in fiomache humarunt ortum duxerint , quorum nimirum eradicatione beneficio Salii Vitnoli- f acldt remifiio fucc effer it; an hujusmodi Vo- mitoria occulta quadam proprietate huic malo bellum indixerint , litem nemini movebo $ Cer- tum inferiiti e fi, boc eodem medio me innumeros sp integrum rejlituiffe,quod hujus loci facere «- mnind operee precium videbatur. CURATIO XIV. Annet 6o z. Dum Btesda primo praxi Me-. dia? me manciparem, Camentarii cujusdam cu - ram habebam, is d taftt ab alto adificio ( unde abfiinendo d potione vulneraria, abjler gente tnundficante [anguis interius coagulabatur}, diuturni: au temporis tandem Afihma,& tabem cum febri incurrebat, quam affeci innem quili- bet puhtwniacam arbhrabatur. Cc-nfidsratie diligentius caufis hujus mali, admmfirabam quatmr vel quina, dies poti ovent digejfivam , fefimodunt-dofin mam pulveris Mercuriali* fu- praditti.& tria quatmrvt frufiula materia carnem elixam ( pr se ter quam quei duiiora )re- fertntb per es rejiciebat, fui cedebant popa fan- gmm gutta? Quamdum potionem ctnfolida • mam HEMEToioGTA # ■ i , . / fivampetteralempropinabam, & intra paucot dks priftinafahkdti reptum, relikum labo* rem magna omnium admiratione, denuofisbiit* CURATIO XV. Anm i 6 o 6,fmilifere curationi ab operam rio quodam cbpmco in quafioreDn. Baronis dp Fandorff circa fines Helvetia fufcepta interfui j Isipfe itidem diu agrotarat, acfifuijfet pulmo- niacas atf adeo phtificus, tdmprofecla at at it, ut ab omnibus fere Bafkenfibns & Sthaufbafi- an.it Medicis, ptognofim relisus vix meliora (f erant. Nihilominus per vomitoria integre fa- nitatemucepit, &bis terve interea per eandem regionem iter faciendo ipfum incolumen vidi. Cautius ergo mercari dtficantJmpojleriiwMedi.- fi Clafici rntc fententiam deproperent,, ante* quam rem planius # plenius perceperint, Ju- dicium enim fecundum Hjppocyatem dtfpiliK CURATIO XVI. Nen abfimile mihi ufu venit, cum Secvo- tnrio Ulufirif imi principis chrifttaui Anbalp- i ni &c. D«. Auguftimde llden. lik phlegma- I tit e cerebro m pulmones decidentis caufdt | ftngulo, menfe anhelitus fupprcfmem patie- j katur cum pemulo fuffocatymuj Salis Vttwjy p q micam hemeto LOGIA/ unicam folummtio deftn decipiendo , & mov multa per fomitum reiiciendo perfeUifimum- inde folatium per cepit ,aiei^ eodemdie ntgoti 4. pertrattan fita commode potuit. Et hoc aa< xtho ipfum ftpimpojlea.ftne uda virium dmi- nuttOM > vel (amtatis jaclurd , quod quit fa*. Ir repetito ipfius ufu fuffiicaretnr , fanat um vi - it. Hinc etiam projert» ftatuo ,htc ipfum me- dicamentum longe falubrm menflrud ttfurpa - tioneadfanitatem cenfervandam, ege, ( iniit nimirum qui ex liberaliori Geni» fiomaebum Catochjmicum habent ) quam Ebrietatem ab Mtiqu it Mfaddeb commendatam.' G lLR.AJ<lOi XVII. Ah fluta feliciter curatione in Cstmentarie. ifo Dresdenfi , quod fuprd narravi , fama mihi. ptuiniLreftere capit.: JUnt ad quendam at- cerfir-lue Gallica immane quantum infettumr ita ut^ad minimum magnit duedetim tumori- bus,^ ulceribus ak inguine ad pedet ttsfe in - nupnru refertus e ffet. Multorum Mediorum , confidit ujus, qui fuffuKiigaUonibits variis f pe- riculofis medicamentis , crmatihut. immani 0- tem id-m reddiderant , tandem pro deferat» ie?cliftusarrat.- * fg* tum tmditiant retinendi houorkmtm. jgfcetiamjts.futttdtm * privet ulcera Aqua ^ qu,damt V' HEMETOLOGf A.i y? quadam m ner di lavari, Bdfkmo Sulphur» deinde, illimi, Ewphjlro convenienti tegi (aravi; poflmodum. vomitiones . & purgationes intendi beneficio Vommni Menuridi* feti* Vi- Udi , ter qnin j, dierum jfinio t intercalando Jemporitfum tnfiujUms it rpfi mtke & laxati* 9&i Et brevi tuberculis & ulcmbmprofiligdtUs psrj'ei%^m/entuiemnc,ep!t> CVRd^lQ, XW1L Ar.no 1 6 io, Ambergs Dominus d Scbhtn- mmdorf.lRdftripmi ['riticipif Mhddini Cbri* jtuui ojfictarius aliquando fub amorum con- tumaci U rmd retentioni , tm\Cdkis truc fati- bus, ventru.inptfani ^pauxktutt pedoris detentus meum petat con filium,- Quanioqui- I dem rerd pluri ni*, remediis frttjiri. lacefiitum ipfum ag noverim pulvnhMcrcffrfaik mei qtta- tuor grsua pr,tfcrip0.; Quotpf:-. fdici ftsbfeCti- I' tu operatione & coifejltm urna pr fluente ,ab | tmnibmprxdiilu (ymptomitthui liberatus, ter- , tiopgftdiegrat:* dijciftt Sic ttfmn- voiiTitorfa j orum in plano a iliis .ludcmyei fhndikus mor- bis agrotantibu* valde Jdlttbrcm objervavic, Nf« olfiat quando principalis hujmrettn- I tfams caufit Jiatus in urinariis meatibus altis ve 1 torpent concavitatibus praclufus aliquando jj 5 tmtcriu r ■ '** r'r\:. f . ■ «fo hemetologia; extktrtt. Eodem enim mpdo.quo Vtnumvelde- revifia e dolio evacuari minime potefi , nifiderbt ‘fiaperne liberior commeatus aperiatur, quade ve- tro apertus tft evacuatio' fubtus facile fequitur. Ita quoj, dii per vcmkm, eructationes & fiat uti fiifcupones per os pceedunt, derepente urina, quoquo mode contumax objlructio folvttur. Et hac ratio efi quare vomitoria, Cljfmata, aliaye qarminativa hactenus iis, qui vel difficultate li- rina,vel purgationis laborat, d Practicis pterii ' fo commendata fuere. Attamen, quoniam lirina cjratentie a que i Calculo in veficafirmipme co- pa£to,carnofitate item, (p exulceratione fteulen- ia nimimnmaie.ua cqufa, procedere potefi,Mt* dkg hoc in loco circum ffect e agat omnino necef- fe efi.Ne% etiam agr otiis cumis Empyricp aureos montes pollicenti, ratione interim ad artes necef- ; . Jaria defiituto, manu.fi fe fervar e velit, injiciat, j CURATIO XIX. Circa menfm Apriljs ®n ‘. Johan Georgius a ) E&mrod lllufirijfmi & potetipmi Electoris Pa - 1 latini cofiliarius & Prafetliin KeumatckPata- iinattu oppido, Amberga alterius fisis cruris quo- fiammodoint umentis, attamen interea fatuita- te metivd &finfima de(Htuticaufa me accerfe- 4 at: Exhibui dofin unam pulveris met Mercu- rialis Rofa miner alit appellati, qui non fidum per Juperiora debitu exequebatur officiu, evacuando ' nimirum magnampituita, medicam (tiam bilit HEM ET O L O G t A.’ ff- qudntitatemfSed & attrahendo humore in dicio, (.rure principaliter peccante peralvu ahsfe omni •periculo taprofpere deiucebahut bidui fiat io jit* per illud ipfumcry incedere abs<fe auxilio pofftt» ' Paulo poji thermas fulphureas quaedam tn, Bohemia frequentatum difiept,ut eo ip fi partet affeci* magis corroborentur ; Quomcdo tamm cum ipjofattum fit, nandum tompeui. CURATIO IX. Ne longius, quam par efi, omnium curationit lene feto vomitoriorum feliciter ge fi arum enar- ratione di fc edam, unica hac infikr omniumfit obfinario s; {>u od nimirum fhptrmi hjeme an- nii6i i. Neleeen fatiferi in platea vinaria hie JJagt habitantis uxor jam triduum <fo$o mc la- borjbritifdtu mortuo exifienfe, & capite alte- rofobrdiim extra matricem exartis, ha ut ex- ipepma hac paritndi figura nil quicquam fiet- reliquum videretur tffe. Ida enim, multent Ooclomn remediis fru- firdtentatis, meum tandem expetit cenfiltum. | 5 Vddemum imbecillis er ah & calor totius corporis d capite ad calcem m<$3 e x finii m fers, \fr ater quam quod natura facultatis expultricis aliqualiter robulhe fieciempM fi ferebat. Con- fefiimegofomtnmwi.it ( ex vino & Htrbu qui* bwdam appnpruth ai vapores inde excipi- endos■) fiet latravit qud ipp itrCatkedra adTu* *o HEMETO LOGIA. dores proliciendos affabre d nobis compofitd, ca- lere exterius univer [aliter excitato, quam® grana pulveris prodicti cum vini malratic cochleare uno exhibui } Quofafto, dum in le- ctum iterum deferetur, pofi horam unam mira biliprorfus auxilio d mortuo Me fata liberata. & pofimetdumfenfim & [enfim naturali vigon | recuperato, reptata fuit. © US. AT IO XXI. Alter jam agitur annus quod Amberga uxot j «rariiprafecti, lllujlrifiimi Principis Anbaldm j eodem remedio d patiendi difficultate Uberare tur. Cum enim fatus jam. ottimeftris multos dies mortuus gerebatur , ab exhibitione pulveris ttoftri ad ejiciendum fatum fupr a commendati) capite aliisque partibus immane quantum dimi- nutus & corruptus, ejiciebatur,. Cll RATIO XXII.. Pluribus itidem notum e jf, quomodo in dffi: cultate partus valde anxia mulieri Baga, juxta, jphariflerutm habitantor seu* omnem (frtw opi* tuiatus fuerim, qumvii. viribus adeo ex- haufta erat, ut tsifi' mirabiliter confirv aretur, nemini non moritur avideretur. > Ilee mortuo filum fatui vomitorium Mercu- 1 rials nopum accomodatum hQockov efi,fed &- HEMETOLOGIA/ 61 pho adhuc infanti , dum natura in abfolvendo enixus efficio defes extiterit, facilem tranfmm prabet, absfo ulla vel matrit vel infamii offenft,- me. In hicipfd ergo difficultate , uti etiam fi- «undinarum retentione ^ uti exiflimo» remedium %oe omnia alia facile Jitperat. j Hactenus teftimnia qua in laudem virtutum pradtiiorum vomitoriorum mineralium produ- cere ab initio corijlitueram. Quibus ip fis omnem fcrupuUtm Motibus remotum ejfe arbitror, qua- propter tu legendis Medicorum fcriptisde vomi * ■tortis jmifire judicare potuiffetit. jDe v©mitionum in genere admini- ftrandorum necefiaria obfervan- d is circum liandis. Nemini ignotum arbitror ' piedicamento- rum vomithorum praeparationem minime Me- thodi medendi omnem latitudinem mbfolvere ; Sed m primis & hoe ad upgvem tenendum effe : quomodo fcUicet praeparatorum ufu, r eff iciendo aque ad materiam fuperfluam, vires fo natura- les, ne nimia medicamenti quantitate frangan- tur, quam ad medicamenti ipfim naturam , cito, tuto, jucunde ner trui liceat Qonfideranda et- iam fum teMpom sportumtas, quando fcilicet ad natura auxilium admmiilrari debeant, non nimis cun&anter,nec praecipitanter nimis, fei 4i HEMETOLOGIA fcd Trzivfct, nafa A o<ycv. Sape enim teta medi, xandi felicitas inde dependet. Ideoq, in Chr oni- cis affeftibus humtrts , ad Paractlfi omnium a Clupeorum Medicorum pnecepmm, non mfi faulatind motione prolickndt fient. In quibus humor es rebeBes fient & vix vomendi conatu (tonvintibiles, diligetis adhibenda efi preeparatio quemadmodum Perneliwhortatur : Quum e* ®iro>inquityvel ex corporis conformationi vel ex humoris fitu & craffitie, .vomendi conatus augeri folet, ac faciei oculor umq; robur, capitis tenfio, fudor multus, & in- terceptus 1’piritus obtingere, klque citra va* ullam, non nifi adhibita prae, paratione vomitio tentanda. Econtrd io plurimis affectibus utpote fubitancisfiuxionibui & Catarrhis fuffocativis, in pefie, & morbis vi. mnatis, m febribus, tam acutis quam intermit- teMibus -4n principio fi atim, materia adhuc it ventriculo , Vicinisfaf artibus cavit h arente & ■fluctuante, vomitus imperandus efi. Quandt enim hic res cum mora ageretur , humorum fer minutio & corruptio totam [anguinis majjam jpiritw-fr, vitales adeo invadent, ut vel morti vel morborum chronicorum incurabilium i * victi fima cau (it facile fubor itetur. Confideratione praeterea opus (fi, qui ovent faesg fint,qui enficti, ldf> propter penutlofa en dt memetqlogia; Me Jhpervenire folitaJjmptomata,fivifctra cre- ira valida nimis concufione debilitent ut» ideofo qui corpore nimii procero ventre^ grtfoy. flricio pellere cum cervice gracili & oblongae prxditifunt ,* vulmoniaci item ad febrim Helii- eam proclives flomacho imbecilli, gula inflam- mationibus, doloribus aurium & oculorum ab obftruclione & flatibus oriundis obnoxii ,• jQgi- bm vena rupta &f anguis per os & nans projlu • et, quibus ceftafra&a, vel gibbus dor fi ac pello- rrus qU6S notabilis intefihmum ruptura aliave fimiiia exer cent, bis omnibus vomitio difficilis y. violenta, pericukfaq, ex i (lit. in illis omnibus enim vomitionis motu (anguis nimium alte- raretur, robur vitale evidenter cader ei. Sic Ifiint, qui vel (polite, vel voniitarii viribus Ucef- Ijithfndejinentivomitionispreffurd gravia fape i incidunt flmf tornata. ideoifc medicum betunt i omnium gnarum oportet effe, ut telorum pravi* ij firum aciem convenienti remediorum Ima vel E avertere vel obtundere facilius pofl it, id quod i T ernelio confentaneum, quando dicit: Si v!©*- j lentior vomitio nimi Opere fatigat, fuper- veniatq; vertigo, aeftus, anguftia, fuffota- ; fio, cordis aut ventriculi compungito : aut ■1 fi immoderatius exuperat atq; vql fucccs utiles, vel Sanguinem elicit, vel ramenta I vel nigrum quidda fandum atra bili per- ! fimile, lenientia certe &e6mpefcer.da &c. &4 HEMETO LOGIA. Pariter fure oportet* qua ligni apparer e d&* leant dr&mnu riti expedito* cujus uujitat m. 4orpm retundet, Jlvrum qut Um FerneUm re fte annotavit inquietis: QtiuT<|ue fedati' j vomitione pduis p.enus 3c validus exiitit» placidus famnu* fponte obrepit, fallis & libera eft ird piracio, o prrcnt;a bona reU- C[Uumq;corpa$ levius, utilis ea ccnferf d*- bet & conferitiftea. 'Contra veru mutilis, 6c noxia ; rrcontnina appaVc*at* Et hit funt vomitionum ndxi mi generales wcumftantix in quae Medium Cbnjlunum efficis fui memorem in praJi Horum Medica* mentorum ufu t patiunt 'antra u nectdosfe feduU intentos habeat oportet. Singulas enim accu- rate ptr liqui volmffi %mo:n comj e <dimn, jti in* Ugrurn volumen juffieienter complevi flet : Qu$ ipfi tamen nec igndrtintir qrm and dmdmc *U$- tum. T heonmu ' dentibus ;m*U volu£ animis lm minimis /dtuhcijpm, ' Colophoni hm ergo huic libello impojitit* rus, quemlibet adhattor ut d ita vomendi $cU* foneyadpradrcldsl ges <jr circumflantia*, tru illa tmmmor.it* - Vomituri* tali officio de4i- gnari minime viht , AxmTus i%oo> hoc 5 flat • non Colum femtl - uf criptam d gniuHem ipfcrum non detretta- ts am iri ; Sed rei mij*rm majori cum • ApplaH m HEMETO LOGIA. tf applaufu, fiquuturam } vel eandem contra o- mmum ofirum veutofas velitationes conftanttr permanfuram. Abujum enim illorum quod attinet , tam pA+ nmt, verum ufum txofum ille reddere debet» quam parum comedendi bibendi g» defiderium » a liave utilia propter exctjfw prohi bemus idoneo praterea, commendationes hafei fneas nemini obtrudi, ac fi vomitoria in omnibus morborUm generibus unica, aqualia & forent remedia, fid, ut tHe alia quam plurima ipfts conjunxijfe videre e(l ita nemo felis Vo- mitoriis ubi fa con fidat, fid cuilibet morborum idea fuam Medicinam convenienter adhibeat velim. Denifc quia DEUS omnia operatur in o- mnibus, adeofoinMedicina quoq»ab ipjius be- ttediftione fmgula dependent, ut plurima facra- ! rum liter drum exempla docent > non filum Me- dicus pro fi preces ad Deum fundat, ut felicem curandi manum habeat, fed & agrum [eduli hortetur, Ut peccata commijfa agnofiere ,pani* t entium agere, & non min m quofo Deum pro recuperanda fanitate fillicitare velit. lUi ipfi D E Ojit honor & gloria Amen. JER- E TERNARIUS BEZOARDI- CORVM , , I €juo in Tria potenti fsima Be- r '/ zoardica- Centra pUra/fc <oenena , intoxicationes & corruptiones, tamCxttriiis, quam interius fangvini diu f, humoribus impref fas, innata/ve. ANGELI SALA: Vincemini VeneuMedici Spagyrici Ad Clarisfimum Virufri Dn* Angelum Salam Medicum# Xapt£<&,1$v Haghanum; amicum & fati taretnobferv ante r fu .1 m, \ERN4R1VS tuus SE - Izo ARDI COR f' M, 'JMt jS A L a , ut Latinitate dona- ftus in lucem prodiret, feci, "non tam meimet commodi t 4\;,m enim quod mihi ^fed quod multis pre- Jutu- *7 ' ' , VT : j futurum ad fanitatem ek officio qua,ro% quam nominis tui, & Medicina Studiofo * rum gratia* Qmdam enim^ quod filo, ignoranti* caligine occacati nimii auguBej alii angu- fle nimis de fingulis fiatuebant, Tfeu* trum equidem boni Nominis tui bono % f^ec tamen aliter poterant, inre ustfc adeo obfcurd; cum ut P. Syri verfus habet, ad trifkm partem flrenua femper fit fufptcio* Animum autem ad id eo impetuofius everberavi, quo tu memet fipius, cum Haga Comitis Chymicorum facrorums cau fa ver far er, sque ad hunc ipfumtra- Batum, quam ad A N gr-o:Ai i a M An. limonii , quam adhuc brevi prodituram (pero, in explicatiorem fiylum converten- da adhortabaris* Sponte quidem feci, ut aperto fyncerita- tu clangore, ficus quam tu jeci fi i, fingul* ebuccinarentur, & fcapha fiapha dicere- tur. V erum dum hoc , ut mihi videor, im- pense magis conciliet & famam ffiPi ine- rem, quibus doctrina Filiis commendatior hic tuus libellus exi fiat, ne dicam, \ n u n o- I. - 'E % quo* quoqj eluceflere debere dona Spirl> tus ad communem utilitatem, nt% committes (pero, ut ne tu ingenii fui, egt meet indumU & J ynceritatu , qua juri pojjumm, merita reportemus. Cum autem Typographi, cui , pr optet dltimum in Belgiam excurfum, totum ne- gotium commiferam, incuria . fer narita hic cum Hemetologia jam pridem impref fus, infinitis mendis fcateret, nec non de- nuo , eliamft omnia exemplaria divendita nonfuijfent, accuratiori lima opus habe rei, non folum fine mo Ya f errores enim f a* tileh arent) alter a editione illam adhibe * revoluti fed& de affociandu aliis , qui* bus cum Gratiis facrificarer, merito cogi Uvi. . . _ 'j\ Ideo f quamvis de fuHyquod nofUplu* timat n manibus mihi verfentur , Opiolo ■ gia 'tamen tua ad hoc pra exteris mihi pia ■ eu it. Primo, quod, quantum fcio , de Opio & veris Laudanu parum haBenp proditum fit. Secundo , quod Catharailicis & crBt‘ zoardicu in periculofijjimis affettibut Latu ^audana alias fubordinata> mirum qua* um efficiant. Ueofa ut &aliayillam in Latinum trantyofuiy&cum Ternario Be- z,oardicorum & 'vomitoriorum tria iU<L»^ Laudana conjunBayfub 'Titulo Ternarii Ternariorum in publicum prodire feci, 'demergo Tequotfc, quod alii boni rirt» de (ingulu judicaturum fpero \ donec in- tereafuper Exege(in Qhymiatricam me- ex proprio pcnu aliquid pr &clariw(dc QatharBicorum quorundam Thymico- rum tecmarliaffidue laboro) depromam. Valeyfa me pro more tuo amore projequer* qui «c cudvag ocr^y* acos andr. tentzeu d. <S5*V‘4? 9 is IN ternariym B££Q ardi eo- RUM. T^ecnon nreliquos libros Chytnicos jam- pridem antea in lucem editos. , — ; ' ait 4ngcl° Sala Vitjccn ti oo Medi» eb&Chymico infigni con- feriptos. CARMEN. Q Vales Cptfopia fer opertam fvavibm Hyblam Floribus, dt montes late fragrantis Hymetti, Cum prim um afiiva calum Sol luce reclujtt » Exercemur Apes ; tum eum liquentiajnell* Stipare, atfo noro dijlendere nectare cellas Incipiunt i Illa bine gravo , olentis germina . ( Thymbra* At% inde itrigivis lati violaria Campis 'Matafuptrvolttant, nunc & Jpirmia longi Serpilla fi Serpilla mifunt, cafw%crocos£rufonttf, 24oxf thymii fluperinfufum cum murmure rort Eaflcuntur ; net non taclam libanotida ltu~ quunt, ifee phsbea 'Ait Daphne, necadomne fakbrkd \ Salvia^uec Veneri Myrthiu faerata qwfsit* [Tantp amor florit efl,& habendi gloria mellis. Tandem ubi jam defle fla. & odoro plena liquor* Crurp, domum ref erunt, j flm fle intra altaria ton - dunt , j trivatufe fibi & proprium, nihil inde refirvantt j yeru in commune, & medium qmflita reponunt v ANGELE te talem, talem 'te Sala videmus *■ i: florida dum feller s, Hybla infla injlarHfl- Metti, {Ktmeturura.& Chymig flublmi t tuflm, i Tjrmajj ventura mundi per compita fama fundamenta locas jpoflqud te nunc quofo tanS (tnellf N une Theophrafluo incumbens tua pector# j In fu a Mercurius adita, atq, arcana recepit, i; Imbuis ; inde fupervolitas Myfterta L ll L. L h : Isunc luflrat magni flecreta oracula Crolh, ’ Qutrc^ ■! N une illum invifis, cui chymica flttra colenti, t mu j. Et famam nomenqj dedit Dodenia Quercus, Tvroei- 1 Mox te etiam involvit ftudio tua cura Br.gulms 01M,n d€' Maxima; B(gum\j$quipoftdmnalyr3).u»iLumen i i fundamenta, Novo coplevit l U AH N Eterras Beguiai^ M 4 tnflu- . , 7* lnfuperratfo fuos docet alta indagine Mfflas} Alta, nec ingeniis inveftigata Priorum. Quid te MU LIER E? & quid te venerande LIBAVI Commemcre S & quid te fublimis gloria Phoebi EU L A NUE i o, per quos toties non ■ cogni-. ta quondam tveoniat veterum dextras Spagirka tifit. Horum tu flores, horum tuinduftrtus artes ANGELE pervolitat, & digna volumina Cedro Illorum foders (uccofe&j anguine comples. Quin ettam nsfiro tua dona recentia feclo largiris, veteres qua nunquam ivere per aures: Qusdife tibi rarum ante omnes largitur Apollo, Nunquam vifadnn fibi circumducere cogis Vulcano domitore novas tua pharmata formas. Nec tamen interea cura tibi fordet inerti Tergameus} Cous fofencs ; qui indagine di* ingenii gratos, quondam docuere nepotes •frafentem Libitinam, inimica^ fata morari: Ex quibus ipfe flum, veluti de fonte perenni, Delius ut biberet My fles Phoebeius artem E errentur a oltm, retroacta^ facula jufsit. Sic etiam veflita nova dulcedine rerum Graja tuos oculos , & Arabs Medicina moratur: Sic noflrdHippocrates meriens cui credidit arte, lernetii decreta vides : & fi qua Nepotum Doctrina nova turba premem_ vefligia prifca. 7? \ ' ' natricis late radiis illuminat orbem. lies omnes variis tua mens exercita curte ferluftrat, quondam fin his Oenotria tellus Seu lucemGermana didit ; five inclyta [emper Gallia, fiu proprior venienti Uijpania Phcebo. Horum igitur tu mella legi*, te nectare picnu -proluis, atfo utrosfo beato fidere jungis. Sic fit, ut e Stygii quoties latratibus Orci Mortales, jam jam Leiei appelabibtntesy.. Tripis ambabus toties innixa columnis Ter felici perte Hymenao, at f aujpice Phoebi Numine,, Trifca Hygaia^ mens.AUbjmt*.. nubant f Quii tamen ? An trijli y eluti compefia fe- pulchro Trivatimfoaltd notie occultata filentum Hac arcana premis .tclaufiris <ferec6ditafervas% Mufieo captiva tuo ? Nihil improbus horum. Moliris : verum hac animo dimijja fer eno, Omnia Apollinea faciens c^mmuwa flirpi, , (Tantus amor virtutum & hahendx gloria fa- wseejl), Scire tuum terras late di f undis m omne, Quaf abiens folHejpem vultum aquore tingit. Qua redux clarum Eoo jubar aquor e tollit.. Dicite nuc Heliconiada, & tuNata Tonantis ^ Cemmemoramihi Memofyne ,qua furit ea tande Parnajfo qua digna & lethi vindice Lauro E f. m 7A ANGELUS ex imit 0jt mh fmtrahhtm haujitt I *n«t” Frim va$a fundes camposcerleflibus ignem j , juou- w i " V tum ter- Cura polo trakitt, ai j3 intra terre fria tondit: reltrium Sic, quos athereosfpatiari prifca per axes *‘e*eniio icerat, & ccelo foUs inclufirat atasj Terra, fuos etiam in medio liberata, Planetas Nue habet : humanos parem mi ferat 4 laboret Alihymiamonftrantt, extra /ita vifc era promit. Sic,quanquame calo terra* fcf undat in omnes, Ipfe tamen patrii velati defertor Olympi, Naturam, nomenfo dedit Sd aarttu Auro. Omnipotenti Auro, terra quod 'm ima repofum Evellit tamen ex atris humana cavernis Dexteritas, domitofo operofi afflatibus ignit , ~ a fa?es P herbo vires Spagyrua, donat. LuSe Succedimfiem Phtsbaa induta foreris «us cU_ P$rreftris Luna, Argentum: ftc fu file cuprum ^tura, Popdet-alma Via?: Lma^aquabilefannu ejt* Jupiter ,$ij[ PljMA&gattdtt. SATURNI nomine ?Wbu rlu^um: s,: t u r n 9 Crudelt* % gp~™ vetm MARS omnia Feno, , Fe-rum ; Virtutem Femauetherei fit Martis adumbrat. MapsAr- fu quoq,flare loco, fixefc ignare quietis,, j tntum salve Atlantiade, caedo qui Upfia ab alto 'nl~' M £ R C 11 R I O vires liquido, titulufe dedijli / M&xurr ... . *. «** - - B6. Hei mihi! vty acis jugi molimine flammee.. #£* (ibi divtrfaf donat O E A chy mica formas. Ex te Mx te etenim humanis ( tejlor caleftUjrehw Aurea, depofito Spagiraa per arma veneno , & Communis Uedidqa, illifo potifima nota «/?, Jgui fub te malefvada VE N 11$, malifvada CUPIDO, Vapulat, & tnifera pmtet ludibria ntortiu Anat»-* Importuna timet truncati damna veretri. mia Vt* > Proxima virtutes penitus penitus^ r.epofliu Chalcati excutere, & membratim fmgula noffe Cur a fuit ; qua Chjmiatrd non rara\palaflrdi Cloridfydr fub lime decus ; Brevitatis amatrix Pieris excutienda aliis, ut extera linquat ; j%uis nonfufpiciat, memor i in mente reponat Admirandas A List toties qtie vidimus omites Humana eircumfvavifiimap radia vitee Excutere invifo fabulantes agmine morbos 1 £>usm non commoveat cujus m» pellor ac tangat MtchustfeL l QJZ R / nono^ excuffus Alernbo. Spiritus / Minax cohibens incendia flamma ; Spiritus, occulto qua habitant cacoethea canot» Ulcera ; balfkmieofa cohibens contagia fkaHU? Mffettufefuo tales de corpore promens , Delphicus ipfe (uos quales fateatur Apollo > Pars ea, qua ex prima turbat regios faburratn Humorum, vomitu % abigit de corpore foedam. mitori.* dolluviemiilUetiam Tb/opbrafi^ digw SU-aram* ■■ gipaefic mi i 7f Multoties flemac6i rugit, & jflene repofim Et vena Mifaraa, atfe imo Pancreate Languor , 1 Expettata Rhti & Sentite folatia rtfit : Mox ubi fefe ad principium medicamine vertit Ventriculus, largofe ejecit flumine fuceos Lethiferos ,• nova mox facies & vivida fur git, Et renovata vigent parvi fundamina Cosmi , Ergo etia, hoc opore, ut tu re titulo fc triumphat ANG ELE,fie& honos & anus tua fama tri - umphet. leLAV- DIVA QUIES RERUM placidiflim 4 DANO, Diva. Dearum, Mune age, commemorem quarti fecreta laboris, Qua puto, S A L A, tibi rapto ad codeftia regna. Admiffof intra taciturna cubilia, Morphei lpfe Pater placido dictavit murmure SOMNUS Qualia, Dii magni, Chymicas & quanta per Pervigili prabere doces folatia menti. ( artes. Sancta Thebanis facunda papavera campis. Difctte Poeenii Juvenes,qua hic ordine mirUi Degener e ex Baccho tractos opium q, crocum fo VI N C E NT l NA manus fragranti combinet- Ambra, , Atfo Auro, ligno q. Aloes, rubrofe coralio., O (mihi fi qua fides) venturi audite Nepotes Tantum alias celfum Panacaas extulit inter HacPanacaa caput, quantum inter fyderavulttt Cymbia purpureo late veneranda refulget , Cum 77 Cum fejfes abduxit equos ad pabula frater* O quoties , fari prater fopita doloris tormina, & edomitos dtris in febribus afim Optatas % moras jufli remanere eruor is, /} O quoties vigili languentia lumina motu It dudumfruflrd expetit at i ignara foporis LAUDANUM hoc placitum in requietu compofla lotavit ! O quoties, wm regna ager cocytia cernit, Atraj, fnneflis prope Mors circumvolat alis , Inde tante noflrd haeperfufq membra N epentht Attollens medio rutilantia lumina letho, JEtherias redit exaltans redivivus in auras, Multiplicis j, videt felicia tempora Bruma! Ternari- Sapirn eventu hac mihi fic ivijfe beato us Bezo- 50MN£ voco te, & te Diva Experientia tefles. Hunc tandem BEZOAR TRIPLEX, ^)Um Extreme laboris hoc opj, A N '<& E L I C I, gradere in medium, te^ exere Mundo} Exere te late Populis, Pios optime florum , Quos many ex Chpnicis legit fINCfiNTM campis. Vos o qui manibus regalia fceptra tenentes, Subjectas celfo regitis moderamine terras.
| 17,296 |
https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/187593
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
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Tyson, https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/86317
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English
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Spoken
| 163 | 208 |
Turning off Find My iPhone
I just got a new iPhone 6. I synced it to my computer through the last backup I had saved from my old phone. Unfortunately, at the time I was using a different Apple ID, and this ID no longer exists. I want to sync it to my new Apple ID, but first I have to turn off Find My iPhone using the old ID. I can't do this because it no longer exists, but it still asks for the password.
I've tried entering in old passwords and sending an email to reset the password, but none of it works.
Http://Iforgot.apple.com is the place to start, otherwise the posted answer is correct
You'll need to take your iPhone along with the sales receipt to an Apple store.
Apple IDs are never deleted. So try to reset the AppleID password first. Then remove the old iPhone from that account. After that use the new Apple ID with iPhone 6.
| 41,508 |
https://github.com/arnabd88/apps/blob/master/Golden/PRESAGE/examples/src/polybench/stencils/seidel2_tile/Makefile
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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NCSA, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,017 |
apps
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arnabd88
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Makefile
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Code
| 10 | 102 |
EX_NAME=seidel2_tile
EX_FILE=seidel2_tile.c
FN_LIST="func"
BB_LIST="ignore"
PRF_DATA_FILE="gep_seidel2_tile_eqclass.csv"
PRF_FL="linv_seidel2_tile.txt"
BCNAME="seidel2_tile"
LEVEL=../..
include ../../common.mk
| 35,391 |
https://github.com/crm8/vtiger-i18n/blob/master/languages/pl_pl/Migration.php
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Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
vtiger-i18n
|
crm8
|
PHP
|
Code
| 193 | 680 |
<?php
/*+***********************************************************************************
* The contents of this file are subject to the vtiger CRM Public License Version 1.0
* ("License"); You may not use this file except in compliance with the License
* The Original Code is: vtiger CRM Open Source
* The Initial Developer of the Original Code is vtiger.
* Portions created by vtiger are Copyright (C) vtiger.
* All Rights Reserved.
*************************************************************************************/
$languageStrings = array(
'LBL_VTIGER_MIGRATION' => 'Zapraszamy do migracji Vtiger',
'LBL_MIGRATION_COMPLETED' => 'Migracja Zakończony',
'LBL_MIGRATION_WIZARD' => 'Kreator migracji',
'LBL_PRIDE_BEING_ASSOCIATED' => 'Jesteśmy dumni, są związane z tobą.',
'LBL_TALK_TO_US_AT_FORUMS' => 'Masz pytania? Znajdź pomoc na Vtiger <a href="http://forums.vtiger.com" target="_blank"> Dyskusje </a><br>',
'LBL_DISCUSS_WITH_US_AT_BLOGS' => 'Aby dowiedzieć się więcej na temat Śledź nas Nasza Vtiger <a href="http://blogs.vtiger.com" target="_blank">Blog</a>',
'LBL_CRM_DOCUMENTATION' => 'Vtiger6 Pomoc - <a href="http://wiki.vtiger.com/vtiger6" target="_blank">Documentaion</a> , <a href="http://www.youtube.com/vtiger" target="_blank">Filmy</a> <BR>',
'LBL_THANKS' => 'Dziękujemy za korzystanie z <b>vtiger CRM</b>',
'LBL_WE_AIM_TO_BE_BEST' => 'Chcemy być - po prostu najlepszy',
'LBL_SPACE_FOR_YOU' => 'Chodź, tam jest miejsce dla Ciebie!',
'LBL_MIGRATION_COMPLETED_SUCCESSFULLY' => 'Migracja vtiger6 zakończone powodzeniem.',
'LBL_RELEASE_NOTES' => 'Wiedzieć, co jest nowego w tej wersji, przeczytaj <a href="#" target="_blank">Informacje o wydaniu</a> <br>',
'LBL_WAIT' => 'Proszę czekać ...',
'LBL_INPROGRESS' => 'Trwa migracja',
'LBL_DATABASE_CHANGE_LOG' => 'Migracja: Baza Zmiany Zaloguj',
);
| 27,904 |
https://github.com/dev-senior-com-br/senior-sam-node/blob/master/lib/model/application/holiday.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
senior-sam-node
|
dev-senior-com-br
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 84 | 202 |
/**
* Aplicação
* Serviço do backend da aplicação do Ronda senior X
*
*
* Contact: seniorx-dev@senior.com.br
*
* NOTE: This class is auto generated by the swagger code generator program.
* https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen.git
* Do not edit the class manually.
*/
import { HolidayList } from './holidayList';
export interface Holiday {
/**
* Nome do feriado
*/
name: string;
/**
* ID
*/
id?: number;
holidayList?: HolidayList;
/**
* Feriado Recorrente
*/
recurrent: boolean;
/**
* Data do Feriado
*/
holidayDate: string;
}
| 46,678 |
https://github.com/mtakagi/CCCS/blob/master/Assets/Editor/Tokenizer/Function.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
CCCS
|
mtakagi
|
C#
|
Code
| 63 | 119 |
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
namespace CCCS
{
public class Function
{
public Function Next { get; internal set; }
public Node Node { get; internal set; }
public string Name { get; internal set; }
public VariableList Locals { get; internal set; }
public VariableList Params { get; internal set; }
public int StackSize { get; internal set; }
}
}
| 42,287 |
bpt6k6582834_6
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
L'Ouest-Éclair : journal quotidien d'informations, politique, littéraire, commercial
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 2,855 | 5,769 |
Parfait. Mats, si vous y consenLiez, je préférerais vous emmener chez moi a la campagne. Je n'aimerais pas retarder mon départ et J'ai, à 3urzon. une grande chambre bien éclairée que je peux facilement transformer en atelier Vous y travaillerez dans de bonnes conditions, l'en suis Jure Cela vous va-t-U ? Je crois bien t Un séjour a la campagne par cette chaleur C«étalt Inespéré pour moi, lady 3utanne. incret de tout cœur. Voilà donc qui est décidé. J'inviterai votre ami Hazel et quelques autres personnes afin que vous ne vous ennuyiez pas trop entre r PhiUpp et moi. Mag éclata de rire. On ne peut pas s'ennuyer avec vous. lady Suzanne, vous êtes tellement spirituelle, et si gentille Lady Suzanne releva d'un geste affectueux le visage de son peintre et l'examina avec une attention bienveillante. Le jeune visage était un peu trop maigre et un peu trop pâle, une sorte d'inquiétude atténuait la vivacité du regard et une expression un peu mélancolique se mêlait à celle d'une volonté forte et prête aux luttes de la vie. Ce rapide examen disait à la bienveillante vieille dame une jeunesse sans tendresse maternelle et inconsolée d'en avoir été privée. Voulez-vous me permettre de supprimer toute cérémonie et de vous appeler Mag ? demanda-t-elle gentiment Je me sens déjà votre amie. Vous êtes bonne. dit simplement la Jeune Hlle, et pour cela aussi je vous remercie III OU LES AFFAIRES SE COMPLIQUENT Mag venait d'achever son déjeuner servi, avec plus d'affection encore que I de respect, par sa vieille bonne tram Elle avait dû se séparer de celle-ci quand elle était venue s'installer a Londres presque sans ressources, mais elle l'avait appelée aussitôt que ses premiers gains lui avaient permis de le faire. La vieille femme l'entourait de soins et tachait de réparer de son mieux les méfaits des mauvais petits restaurants à trop bas prix auxquels Mag avait été condamnée pendant quelques mois. La jeune artiste alluma une cigarette et se dirigea vers son petit salon en compagnie du gros chat persan qui ne la quittait guère quand elle était chez elle. En caressant rêveusement l'épaisse fourrure grise, elle sourit en pensant que, par bonheur. Omar n'était pas là quand les deux lévriers de la duchesse avaient envahi son atelier. « Vous avez bien fait de sortir ce matin, mon beau sultan .car deux importuns sont venus. à qui vous n'auriez pas fait un accueil très aimable. » Omar eut un léger clignotement de ses yeux verts, mais garda son calme oriental. Après tout, le fait s'étant produit en son absence. il n'y avait plus a s'en préoccuper Pou int. quand il entendit s'ouvrir la porte. il se redressa, prêt à l'attaque. Mag éclata de rire Calmez-vous, il ne s'agit pas. cette fois ,des lévriers de ma nouvelle Et ce disant, elle courait vers la porte. Hazel 1 quelle bonne surprise 1 J'ai des tas de choses à vous dire. Mariette, apporte vite le café Omar daignait s'avancer, lu! aussi, vers la nouvelle venue, et une atmosphère de sympathie emplit la pièce. Eh bien flt Hazel, dès qu'elle se fut installée confortablement dans un fauteuil, de quoi s'agit-il? J'ai reçu ce matin la visite de votre chère lady Suzanne Burzon 1 Lady Suzanne Va -t-elle enfin se décider, malgré tout, à faire faire son portrait ? Oui, et j'aurai l'honneur d'être son peintre. Mais pourquoi dites-vous malgré tout I Hazel éclata de rire, et son rire clair et franc ajouta au charme de sa petite personne brune, gracieuse et potelée. Parce que lord Ihlllpp est un vieux tyran et qu'elle adore lui résister. Il se croit maître absolu chez lui. mais, en réalité, elle le mène par le bout du nez. Je ne croyais pas -u'elle céderait pour !e portrait. Grâce à Dieu, elle cédé'! Parce qu'elle a compris qu'elle lui ferait vraiment plaisir C'est un couple d'Hinourcù: romantiques Us sont charmants. Je ne connais pas sir Philtpp. mal* lady Suzanne est vraiment ..es gentille Son neveu. dont vous nous parUm hier, lui ressemble-t-il ? Vous voulez parler de Forester ? Non. il ne lui ressemble pas du tout. La voix d'Hazel avait tremblé légèrement, mais Mag ne le remarqua pas. Par quelle bonne fortune êtesvous libre aujourd'hui? demandait-elle, ne s'intéressant pas autrement aux faits et gestes du neveu de lady Suzanne. Je croyais que Quayne vous prenait tous vos après-midi ? Congé exceptionnel Mon grana romancier est en voyage. Votre mère doit être ravie, fit Mag avec une involontaire mélancolie, car elle enviait l'intimité de cette mère et de cette fille .également sùres de pouvoir s'appuyer l'une sur l'autre en toutes circonstances Un court silence se fit entre elles. Omar sembla comprendre qu'une peine troublait sa maîtresse il sauta sur ses genotix et rontum» tendrement. Mag lui donna une caresse. Jeta le bout de sa cigarette dans le feu, d'un geste vif, comme si elle éloignait d'elle toute idée déprimante et se retourna vers son amie. Je ne vous ai pas tout dit. Hazel, et voici le meilleur lady Suzanne m'invite à passer quelques jours chez elle. à Burzon et c'est là que je ferai son portrait. Quelle bonne chance pour vous, Mag. Burzon est une vieille maison surannée male charmante Lady Suzanne ne pouvBit avoir une meilleure idée. Vous verrez sûrement Quayne. j Votre Quayne ? Mon Quayne, le grand romancier. Quayne lui-méme Il achève, en ce moment, un nouveau roman et ira, se reposer dans les environs de Burzon pendant quelques semaines dèa qu'il l'aura achevé. Je crois vous avoir dit qu'il a une propriété par là ? Oui. Je me souviens de cela, en effet. J'aimerais beaucoup le connaître, j'aime les gens qui c produisent ». C'est, je crois, parce que Garry ne fait rien qu'il m'agace, je lui en veux. parce que. Pourquoi en voulez-vous à Garry, Miss Mag ? demanda la voix claire de Garry que Mariette Introduisait. Il s'était arrêté un instant 1 1 seuil de la porte, comme pour demander s'il devait entrer ou non Il est un peu tard pour .j demander, puisque vous êtes dana la place, flt Mag en riant et vous pouvez aussi bien vous avancer. Je vous ferai remarquer que je n'ai pas encore pénétré tout à fait-. et vous n'avez qu'à dire un mot. lA suivre.) Ce qai tous manque, g i C'EST LA FORCE; { LA TONITRINE | ̃ vont h rendra ̃ VILLÉGIATURES 10 (r. il Urne, Hôtel Castel Heurt, Pornlchet. Pension complète à partir de 60 francs. Immeubles à Vendre on à Louer 10 (r. fanent. Etude de M, AVRIL, not. a Basse-Indre. I ADJUDICATION Le SAMEDI M AOUÏ 1930, a 14 heures. ia Mairie de Chantenay, MAISON DE RAPPORT aise a Nantes, 34. boulevard de l'Egalité. Mise a prix 45.000 fr. Faculté de traiter avant l'adjudication. A VENDRE A L'AMIABLE MAISON à St-Nazalre, 10. rue Villemmoun eli. Martin. à usage de com merce et d'habitation. Pour renseignements et traiter B'adresser au notaire. l VEMJKt DOMAINE près Bourges, • 88 hect. 2.600 Ir. l'hect. disp. 23 avrll 1931, ou à louer 1 ql 1/2 l'hect. Uuudre, 11, rue d'Hauteville. Le Mans iSarthe). A VENDUE, bords de l'Erdre BELLE PROPRIÉTÉ hba°Slon 16 pièces, dépendances, très beau site, à 20 minutes Nantes. S'adres. ERBLAY, 13. r J.-J. Rousseau, Nantes. Tél. 135.90 Etudes de M' GUILMARD. avoue à Caen, rue Pemagnie. 9 et de M* DANGUY DES DESLKTS, notaire à Landerneau. LICITATION SAILLOUR Adjudication en l'étude de M* DANGUY DES DESERTS, notaire à Landerneau, le JEUDI 1 SEPTEMBRE 1930, 6. 14 h. 30. Dt.V Tl UliAIN propre à bâtir sis a Brebt. rue Descartes. ayant 10 m. de façade sur ladite rue, une profondeur de 16 m., et une super!. de 160 m. Mise à prix fixée à 7.500 Ir. S'adr. lo à M" DANGU* DES DÉSERTS, not. a Landerneau 2" M' GUILMARD. av. a Caen 3° M' NA'IVELLE avoué à Caen. A UPNllRP MelUeruye tL.-Inl.) 5 hect. terres prairies, verger. S'adr. ALLAIRE. Thunuré (Lolre-Inlérieure). A vendre Vallée Touques Jolie Propriété herbagère. 55 hect. premier fonde. LAPOSSE. l'ont-l'Evêque. Tél. 63. Cessions de Fonds de Commerce 10 fr. la ligne. BON COMMERCE DE GROS est recherché région Ule-et-Vllalne, Mayenne ou Loire-Inf. Ecr. NOTAIRE, Havas, RENNES. 684. qui transmettra. ututn FONDS DE tOM.VIKIH I DE MENlilSKKK-t HAKPENTE Affaires400.000 fr. Outillage mécanique à l'état de neui. Important stock de bol secs. Facilités de palment. S'adresser à M BAHEY ?.créé a Bayeux. A CEDER de suite HOTEL, confort moderne à Pontorson. S'adr. à M' TANQUERAY, notaire, Pontorson. à M* TAMINAU, notaire PlelneFougères ou M' SORRE. hulas Pontorson BAIL COMMERCIAL à rrTAlencon (Ornei. plein centre. rue commerçante. loyer avantageux. Propre à tous commerces et Particulièrement & marchand de CYCLES. S'adresser à >M» BESNARD. Agréé. Alencon. INDUSTRIES loi fr n iMne A tT.MÏR, bonnrt fnm'.li' CIÎANTIFRS le <<>N STRICTIONS ma-ouest Ecr. Havas. Nantes, n° 4355. OFFRES D'EMPLOIS Ir ih ittnr Uucuetk specialtu Oira^f «vnifclilNK, llrrueville-rorKUP.̃ “• jiMASOh DE SUITE un ™'£. blfonaye. < ̃ :i"n. 14 I creiw*. ll.oriiv » •̃̃ «a r i<>n>-m. «liofie I J Ai Jfti'fM ul> 1M" dit '»l'i* r.l i>> vn ur.m, sier. lallemand. Pfttlauer, 61. rue Traverse. BREST. ON DEMANDE bons monteurs électriclens. S'adr. HERMON. électricité, Juvigny-soiis-Anilalnes (Orne). Entreprrneur Rennes demande ('tIARKKTIËK. Sadr. Havas, Rennes, 4175. ON l/LIII. MEUK8. Carrosserie BERNIN. 112, rue Victor-Hugo. TOURS. On demande Charron conn. menuiserie. carrosserie Onfroy, Lisieux. LE MANS. demande de suite BONS MONTEURS-ELECTRICIENS ON uf.nl • pour rammassage du lait. S'adr. Agence Havas. Le Mans, n*_634L DE BONS CHÂUFFEURS sont demandés d'urgence aux Chemins de Fer du Calvados, 138, bd Leroy, Caen. ON DEM. bon tollerTôrnieur. ÔÛÏLLON carrossier autos. Le aux ETABLISSEMENTS DKFONTAINE. 113. rue de Rennes, NANTES. ÔUPEl'SE-ËSS Ây'ÊUSE' sach~ diriger atelier de couture est demandée MaItasln Notre-Dame. ogent-le-Rotrou. Electriciens intér. et branoh. demandés. bons salaires Ag. Havas Rennes 6.770 BONS OUVRIERS ™RSÏÏ&*TEURS sont demandés chez TAPHANEL. 73. avenue Besnardiére. ANGERS, Agent des EtMerlin' et (le. à VIERZON. !fila, La Châtaigneraie (Vendée). hepresentants vente cultivateurs Engrais Organiques et Surallments pour Bétail. Produits lrrép. offrant toutes garanties. Fortes remises. Ecrire suite Laboratoires Agricoles et Commerciaux du Saunmrots, LE COUDRAY-MACOUARD (M.-et-L.). FABR. DE CONFISÉRIE recherche VOYAGEUR en titre pour Finistère et Côtes-du-Nord. Fixe, commission, frais de route, prime trimestrielle situation stable et d'avenir personne sérieuse et possédant des aptitudes. Ecrire avec photo, no 687, PUBLICITÉ PLANTIN, LYON. qui transmettra. son demande REPRÉSENTANTS visitant clientèle bourgeoise et détaillants. Très bonnes conditions Ecr. CASE 12 Z., rue Faidherbe. LILLE. ON FAIIRIC. dentelles. Le Puy, dem. 4 représ. com. sér. Intr. merciers gr. fort d6t., Sud-Est. Centre. Bretagne. Normandie. Ecr. réf. no 1058, Publicité « J'Annonce », Toulouse, q. transmettra. JE DONNE à reprcsent. sér. hom. ou dames. J. DE CLARION, huiles, savons, cafés. SALON (B.-du-R.). Portefeuilles VOYAGEUR papiers, ayant clientèle (région Ouest excellentes références. s'adjoindrait bonnes cartes papiers emballage. cartons ondulés et articles similaires accepterait place en titre si conditions 'ntéressantes. S'adresser Agence Havas. Le Mans, no 6343. kmployes de bureau CLERC aux actes courants est dem. CLERC par M' LE BERRE. notaire il. Qtilmper. Pressé. MAISON DE COMMERCE DE SAINT-LO DEMANDE UN COMPTABLE et UN EMPLOYÉ DE MAGASIN connaissant épleerie. Pourraient être logés ec nourris. S'adresser VIDIEU. SAINT-LO. UN l/CIIli munie de bonnes référ. S'adresser: Maison DUVAL-LEMONNIER à CARENTAN. BON COMPTABLE Tm:dustrle. Place stable. Ecr. avec réfôr. Havas, LE MANS. 6330. qui transmettra. DURAND, notaire il. Angers. DEM. lo BON CLERC LIQUIDATEUR 2" CLI:RC aux actes courants et lnventaires. Inscription 1T libre. PI [DP aux actes courants. demanULCnU dé par M» BARDON, notaire à GRANVILLE. 6mployéa de commerce ON nru FACTRICE au courant de ON la boucherie. S'adresser DUPREZ, 11, rue Suffren, BREST. courant du détail. Etnblissements A. PELE, alimentation générale. place du Ralliement, ANGERS. | «bliUbUOt mercerie est demandée I Ecrire G. B., Ouclalr, DINARD. ON DEM. un BON EMPLOYÉ pour vente acoess. auto. S'adr. Bretagne-Auto, 6, rue du Champ-de-Marn, _RENNES._ MÉNAGES sérieux en gérant dépôts vins avec et sans allment. a Paris ou Banlleue. Logement 2 à 5 pièces. Mise au courant aide début, si références et travailleur. Il faut minimum 10.000. Ecrire ou voir ensemble SEBA, propriétaire des BONS CLOS. 102. boulevard Sébastopol, PARIS. Enseignement INBT. J. f. dem. lo adj. brev. pr cl. bébés. 2o Adj. br. ou bac. cl. C. Et. Mlle Sal. mon, directrice à Loudun (Vienne). Gêna ar manoi ON DEM. UNE BONNETS* Nouvelle Ecole Navale St-Pierre-Qullblgnon 300 fr. par mois. S'y adresser. Hotel demande un GARÇON DE CHAMBRE au courant du service de table. S'adr. Agence Havas, Rennes. no 4173. On dem. Fille (le salle et F. de ch. Sér. Hôtel Moderne, DONNE O t. faire, 16~£"2Ô ansTséfTréT. ° demandée pour Paris. Ecr. M. l'U-nrd, Moderne Hôtel, St-QUAY (C.-du-N.). ON nPM bonne a t. faire même aUn UL.III. culs. pro proche banl. Parts. Bons gages, voy. payé. Ecr. Mayer, La Basslére. La Garde. St-CAST CAISSIÈRE EST DEMANDÉE. HOTEL CROIX BOUGE, SAINT-BRIEUC Emplois agricole?, ON DEM. CONTREMAITRE AGRICOLE. Porcher. Ménage, Gardiens, pour traire 25 vaches. S'adresser Léon LEBOURGEOIS, à Bolssey, par SaintPierre-sur-Dives (Calvados). CONCOURS DU 4 OECEMBRI 1930 300 Places ̃tii'.n ni Ml m dr Coulrl but ion 3 lud lice tes. (l'a* le ilip'Oiiut-xiirf) Agimoins de ;tu nus au 1-Jainior Hc-nacij.-neiiH'iils Ki-.ituits par l'Ecole Spécial • d'Administration. 4. rue Ferou. Paris (6-). 30 FRANCS par Jour chez soi. Adresses a a coplpr et relever par région pour propagande agricole. Absolument sérieux Ecrire OFFINA 6. MARSEILLE. MENSUALITÉS 1.000 fr. et plus prou111 vés. Ecritures ch. soi pettd loisirs, loyal, sur, lucrat. Ecr. Secret de Mairie de St-Léger-lès-Melle (Deux-Sévresl. DEMANDES D'EMPLOIS 1 Ir. la Unie Maréchal des logis chef de spahis en lnstance retraite proport., 36 ans, marié, sans enf., médaillé milit., croix guerre, cherche emploi bureau Brest accepterait garde propriété ou direct. écurie (A monté en courses. S'adresser Havas. Brest. Jeune ménage valet de chambrë~culsPnlère cherche emploi septembre. sér. référ. Agence Havas, Rennes, 6750. CAPITAUX eu rr. lu Ilinr PRETS HYPOTHECAIRES tout Import à partir de 10.000 francs. ALLATRE if t' ity m;y. inioneuret GROS CAPITAUX "^i™ merce et l'industrie. Service spécial de prêts rapides. COMPTA MESLAY. 43, rue Meslay, PARIS. AUTOMOBILES III rr. la Un nr GRAND CHOIX CITROEN Occ. vend. avec garantie. Gond, Inter. C (i C. 4. B. 12. B. 2. Berlines B. 14 G. boulangères C. 4, B. 14. B. 2. rorpédo Commercial B. 14. B. 2. SUIS ACHETEUR SfVTTo tonnes. bennes basculantes. S'adresser Agence Havas. NANTES. GARANTIE 6 mois, essai vol. B. 2, C. I. fr. 4 r.. remorque tolée, conv. px Int. DENIS, villa Bon Air, St-QUAY. CAR FERMÉ 15 .ces Presque neuf, vendre. Caus^ .usufflsance de l/iua'S. 6.0U0 kms parcourus ALLIAUMi. et BH1ON à LA FERT»BERNARD iSarthei. Téléph. 37. I HAI O. l«t garantle. TAXI B. la. 4.&UU tr. Succursale CITROEN Quai de Juillet CAEN. AVIS DIVERS 1 .le rr. la lune AWCUnpc visible au Crolslc au navire en buts de 35 tonneaux. Monteur Uolinder, 35 chevaux. bon état marche, helicr reversibie bronze et tous access. Falre offres au Comité des Assureurs Maritimes. 9. rue Voltaire. NANTES. i UiiMlllOi ruD tisaua solde» au kg. .1Il Il' ,on.' l'nnsi.-iniinc LYON HAHItHS PttNlS VfcNUUS AU-Ub.bSOUB UtS COURS Aloum ftu irauco province u LA UblUKAllO.N At rUUU B Cl'I'S vides huile olive bon et. à vend! Usines Clu-mln Dmiiirneiiey., ETEL. AVIS D'ADJUDICATION VILLE DE I.Ol'DEAC Le publie est Informé qu'il sera procédé le mardi 10 septembre. à 14 heures, à la Mairie de Loudéac. à l'adjudication sur soumission cachetée, des travaux de grosses réparations à exécuter à l'Ecole Maternelle. Les plans, devis et cahier des charges sont déposés à la Mairie de Loudéac et dans les bureaux de MM. Dutartre, Caro, Romonatxo. 55 bis. rue Carnot. à Lorient. où tout Intéressé peut en prendre connaissance A UFWPl R~C 1 camion U. S. A. type chevaux, bon état de marche. 1 camion ISOTTA FRANCIIINI, type 16. A., 24 chevaux, bon état de marche. 1 cabriolet CITROEN, type C. 3. 5 chevaux, très bon état 'i xrancles charrettes furlnlères avec bâches. ï tonihi-muix. Plusieurs équipages «le charrettes et de voltures. S'adr. GRANDS MOULINS DE CANDE. Les Cycles STELLA sont luxurux, solides et lion marché garantis sur facture 50.000 cyclistes s'en déclarent très satisfaits. MADAME, Vous pouvez avec une Machine à Coudre Centrale ( STELLA' la mieux, la moins chère du marché broder et stopper tout ce que vous voudrez. En vente chez tous les véloclste». PLUS D'IVROGNES L'ivrognerie est une maladie Suérlton Ridioil» i* l'IVROSNÉRIE rt i l'insu du buv. ur par la merveilleuse POUDME MONTAVON i 3 fr. la boite e'" ̃» iil itr. t» Laborat. MONTAVON 66, r. de l'Unlvurille, PARIS. hun-ii uiuirunulfi. FABRIQUE DE BICYCLETTES ALFRED GÉRARD 131. Philippt-Aunt*. PARIS Juusliull des Bicyclette* de PRÉCISION. HIUOUREUSE*AIENT OARAUTinS 5 ANS Homme. 245. D,m», 270, Cour» 290. ̃̃̃a* catsioau» niustrA a^atutt t'ÏCLES Vi, uv. Jenn-.laur«> l'ARIS llD«) lluisse de l'rlx ciarruiue S an». S ACHETEZ ET FAITES REPARE$ to» Moteurs électriques aux oieuioui -s conditions à ̃iALMON et MICHAUX llur Ittllle. NANTES. Réparations lapides. Stoct d lapon. Pour tous vos imprimis quels qu'ils soient CONSULTEZ L'Imprimerie de l'« Ouest-Eclair» 38, rue du Pré-Botti, RENNES Imprimerie ae • L'UUUS'l Ul'LAtB 3B me du Pre-Bott* Kennes^ a L'Ol'fcSn-KCLAlK «est compoi* par une Aaulpe d ouvrtert syndiqué». Le Uerant b't HAUJEB.
| 19,690 |
sn89053729_1912-09-07_1_7_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,463 | 4,893 |
Balk, Hardest “Play” for Fans, Is Explained by Expert Monty By Monty. DESPITE the frequency of its appearance in the box score, the balk is one of the unsolved mysteries to the average. It is about as mystifying as mumbled confab between referees and boxers just before the starting gong in all well regulated bouts. Spectators are not the only tines in dreadful darkness as to what minutes a balk, and why, umpires players and rule makers themselves are more or less at sea regarding it, exact limitations and marcations, whatever they are. If a pitcher has no "motion" or wind-up, he can hardly hope to succeed in "big league time." The movements of his delivery are supposed to keep the base runner guessing, and at the same time must still be within the limits imposed on balking. Unless a pitcher can violate the spirit of the balk rules without transgressing the common interpretation of their wording, he has a lot to learn. Let any team figure out a pitcher's "motion" so that its players can guess with any degree of certainty when he is going to pitch and when he intends to throw to a base, and the men on that team will steal bases with comparative impunity. Baik Is a Mystery, Sidestepping all the delicate points and shades of points on which good authorities differ, there is a great deal of prevalent mystery regarding the balk which can be dispelled. To begin with, there are nine kinds. Of balks. Probably you thought a balk was simply a bluff to pitch or to throw to a base without going through with it. Sometimes a bluff to throw to a base is a balk and sometimes it is not: sometimes a bluff to pitch is a balk and sometimes it is not. Some times to throw to a base is a balk, and sometimes a ball pitched squarely over the plate without any pause in the motion is both a balk and a ball for the batsman. A balk is not a balk unless there Is a base runner, but some balks are called balks if the bases are empty. Here are the nine ways of making a balk: Nine Ways To Make Balk. 1. The pitcher starts to de liver the ball to the batsman or to throw to first base when there is a runner on first base, and does not complete the pitch or throw unhesitatingly. 2. If the pitcher throws the hall to any base occupied by a runner and does not step di rectly toward that base making the throw. 3. If the pitcher delivers the ball to the batsman while either foot is back of his slab. 4. If he pitches the ball with out facing the batsman. j the baseball card SOUTHERN LEAGUE. , , Games Today. Nashville in Atlanta at Ponce DeLeon Game called at 2:15 o’clock. Montgomery in Birmingham ■Mobile in New Orleans. ■Memphis in Chattanooga. Standing of the Clubs. p V Pc I w L- PC. .. ' ’ *2 ’• .626 x ville. 62 67 ISI y' >h f ' |p 12 55 577 ! C’nooga. 59 68 *65 "•■ h 8 M .531 j Mont. .60 72 .455 M mphis 54 58 .485 I Atlanta. 49 SO .380 Yesterday's Results. Nasht ille ’, AUanta 0 hartanooga .3, Memphis o. ■ ' i ng am 6. Montgomery n. •M "bile-New o r ] eanß . ~ff day AMERICAN LEAGUE. Games Today. ■ eland n < 'hicago. •'* Louis i n Detroit. ' ashington in Boston. Standing of the Clubs. t „ Ji r c W L. P.C. Ep‘ n ?2 »< 713 Detroit .59 72 451 , ", <» 52 .600 C land. .58 73 .434 y .8 54 .591 N. York 44 83 357 ago 64 64 .500 S Louis 45 83 .352 Yesterday’s Results. ■■ ' land o, Chicago 2. I-ouis I, Detroit 2. p /’ ? Washington 0. Philadelphia 4, New York 2. NATIONAL LEAGUE. . Games Today. *' "ii in Brooklyn. York in Philadelphia. ~ ago in Cincinnati. 1 "’■‘-burg in St. Louis. Standing of the Clubs. V . .W.L. PC i W. L. P.C "'I 89 38 ..til ' Phila 62 66 IX4 I, . 81 46 .638 S. Louis 55 75 .130 7. '6 75 53 .586 I Br’klyn. .48 78 381 ■ 1 63 67 .485 I Boston 38 70 .297 Yesterday's Results. !■ " "k!> n 2. Boston 1 • Dirk 3. Philadelphia 0 ifirst garnet (i iork 9. Philadelphia 8 (second 1 rii" ago 6. Cincinnati 5 1 "Dburg 8. St. Louis 0 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION. Games Today. ' iiiinbus "ii Louisville l io in Indianapolis. Milwaukee in Minneapolis Kansas City in St Paul. Standing of the Clubs, W. L. pc. I W L. P C. 1 a Polis 9< 54 .642 M u l.ee 72 77 484 'ms 1.3 58 .616 I S. Paul 67 86 .438 u-do 89 62 .58"' | L’ville. 58 93 385 K L’Lv 74 71 .500 I I spoils .53 99 .349 Yesterday's Results. '""sa.- cjtj 5 Minneapolis 4 I aul 6 Milwaukee 5 r.oii.svilie 6. Indianapolis 4. "Lumbar 3. Toledo 0 SCHOOL BOOKS. MILLER'S BOOK STORE, 39 MARIETTA STREET. If he pitches the ball without keeping one foot on the slab. If the pitcher holds the ball so long that, in the umpire's opinion, he is doing it to delay the game. If the pitcher gets into position to pitch without having the ball in his possession. If the pitcher makes any of the motions habitually used in pitching to the batsman and does not go through with the delivery to the plate. If the catcher steps outside the lines of his position preparatory to receiving a pitched ball. When a balk is decided for any of these causes, every base runner advances one base without liability to be put out, because the daring of a balk automatically puts the ball out of play. If there are runners on third and first bases, for instance, and a balk is made toward first, both runners advance one base. It is easy to remember that every base runner is entitled to one base on every balk, but the batsman does not go to first. The umpire is supposed to declare a balk without being appealed to, but he seldom has that chance, for 1,000,000 claims of balls are made by the coachers for every balk declared. The pitcher cannot make a balk unless he is on the slab. A bluff throw to first base is not a balk unless first base is occupied. A bluff throw to second or third base never is a balk, but if the pitcher stands in his position and makes a throw to any occupied base without stepping toward the base, it is a balk. Three are obsolete. The fourth, sixth, and eighth ways of making balls practically are dead letters. The pitcher is not required to face the batsman all the time he is going through his motions. No one recalls when a pitcher was penalized for delaying the game by holding the ball while on the slab, and every good pitcher makes some of the motions habitual to his delivery every time he makes a throw to a base. The third way of making a balk is for the pitcher to start with one foot behind the plate and take two steps in his delivery. In the detection of this kind of balk, Clark Griffith is a world's champion, but he seldom gets them called. The first, second, seventh, eighth, and ninth ways of balking do not affect the batsman. When the bases are empty and the pitcher makes a balk of the third, fourth, fifth, or sixth kinds, the umpire calls a ball. For instance, if the pitcher takes two steps or fails to keep one foot on the slab, it is a ball, no matter if it is otherwise a perfect strike. International League. Games Today. Toronto in Montreal. Rochester in Buffalo. Baltimore in Providence. Jersey City in Newark. Standing of the Clubs. W. L. P.C. W. L. P.C. Toronto .83 56 .597 Buffalo .62 71 .166 Roch. .80 56 .588 I M'treal. .63 74 ,46i> , B’nrore 69 67 .507 | J. City . 62 76 .149 N’wark. .68 66 .507 . P'dence. 58 79 .424 I ——- Yesterday’s Results. Providence 1.1. Baltimore 1 Toronto 10. Buffalo 7. Rochester 9, Montreal 4 other clubs not scheduled. DAZZLE PATCH. 2 YEARS OLD. BREAKS RECORD HAMLINE. MINN . Sept. 7.—Dazzle Patch, son of Dan Patch, lowered his own world’s record for a two-year-01d... half-mile pace, here yesterday, going the distance in :58 1-2. one second bet ter than the time he made last week. Dazzle Patch was paced by a runner. Correct Proverb Solutions Picture No. 63 Picture No. 64 //'// 4 O 4 that LA-re’ k i 7/14FtgSbx‘"" l ,4< - wR/7 jR X: ,r a 'j | .;*■ S ! ''H 1 • _-«<rV -//Z?/ !■■ ' *« ~ ua >’ -QAr*v ij ' -rut out»- 'W® ■_■■■— ■’ I ( I He that can read and meditate will not find He will see davlight through his evenings long, or life tedious a little hole THE ATLAXTA GEORGIAN AND NEWS. SATURDAY. SEPTEMBER 7. 1912 The Big Race Here is the up-to-the-minute dope on how the "Big Five" batters of the American league are hitting: PLAYER— a.B. H. Ave. COBB 482 198 .412 SPEAKER 502 200 .398 JACKSON 482 176 .365 COLLINS 451 152 .339 LAJOIE .350 112 .320 All of the “Big Five" practically stood still yesterday. All of ’em secured but one lone hit. Cobb was up three times. Speaker twice. Jackson four times. Co|. lins thrice, and Lajoie four times. TESREAU HURLS NO-HIT GAME AGAINST PHILLIES PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 7.—New York again won both games of a double-header here yesterday, giving them five victories out of six contests in three days in this city. Tesreau pitched in grand style and after the game was given credit by the official scorer for a no-hit victory, although previously one hit had been recorded against him. The disputed play came in the first inning. Paskert hit a fly near the plate for which Merkle and Wilson ran. Each fielder got under the ball. Then fearing a collision, they permitted the ball to drop to the ground. After the game the official scorer reversed his decision on the play and decided to cross out the hit for Paskert and give Merkle an error, as the latter said he had touched the ball when he saw that Wilson would not run into him. MAYER GETS OFF TO BAD START WITH QUAKERS PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 7. Erskine Mayer, the former Atlanta hurler, made his debut as a Quaker yesterday and did not prove a howling success. It was in the second game of the double-header with the Giants. The Phillies were ahead, 6 to 3, when Mayer went in. Before he was derricked the Giants had scored three more runs. Mayer having walked two men, hit another, while four hits had been garnered off his delivery. All this took place in two innings. TODAY'S PINK TEA AT PONCEY STARTS EARLY The game this afternoon will be Called at the unusual hour of 2:15 o'clock. This is made necessary because the Vols must play according to schedule in Memphis on Sunday. CROSS IS WINNER OVER MALONEY IN 10 ROUNDS PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 7.—Leach Cross, the New York lightweight, outpointed Teddy Maloney, of Philadelphia, in six rounds at the Olympic Athletic club last night. Neither scored a knockout. WORLD'S SERIES START OCT. 8. ST. LOUIS, Sept. 7.—The series for the world’s baseball championship will begin October 8, according to President B. B. Johnson, of the American league, in a letter to a local paper. The American league pennant winner will not engage in a post-season series with a picked team of the league, says President Johnson. The Oldest Blood Disease The most ancient history furnishes evidence that mankind suffered with Contagious Blood Poison. The disease has come down through all the ages and is today, as it has ever been, a scourge and blight upon humanity. The symptoms of Contagious Blood Poison are the same as in its earliest history, but its cure has now become an accomplished fact, where as it was once considered an incurable infection. S. S. S. is an antidote (s) fade away, and when the blood is thoroughly purified no sign of the disease is left. Home Treatment book and any medical advice free. THE SWIFT SPECIFIC CO., ATLANTA, GA. Hernsheim GAI( I RicKXM;. HOTWORKBEGINS FOR TECH TEAM NEXT WEEK Through the dark cloud of gloom which surrounded Tech's football field there have crept several rays of encouragement in this first week of practice. At the beginning of the week Only Leuhmann. Loeb and Cook were slated to return, with a few 140-pound second string men. The first practice opened with an unusually large number of men on hand, and the number has increased daily. The work has been fairly hard, but the warm weather workouts put the "cold weather bottom" to the whole squad, and Coach Heisman is making the whole bunch sit up and take notice. So far there has been just a bit of kicking, passing, falling on the ball and going down under punts, but next week tackling and signal practice will begin. Just a few minutes for review. Loeb, of last year's varsity, weighing 160 pounds, and a good fighter from start to finish, will play center. Leuhrmann, weighing 160 pounds, captain and four-year man, will play a guard. Means, 175 pounds, last year's varsity, will play the other guard. Means is a powerful man, and should break things up in great shape this year. Elmer Will Come Back. Elmer, weight 190 pounds, who played varsity ball for two years, has decided to return and will report next Tuesday. He is bringing a man with him who weighs 180 and knows the tackle job like a master. These men will look out for the tackles. Glover, 185 pounds, all-Wisconsin prep end, will report Monday. This leaves one end to be divided between five or six good second string men. So much for the line. The back field deserves a mention also. Cook, light, but a two-year man and very heady, will play one of the halves. "Piggy" Johnson, a quarter back of the "Doc" Wilson label, has finally decided to come back, and will report next week. This leaves the full back and other half open. Hutton, who has played good ball and In a back, will be heard from. Just where the full back will come from has not been decided, but McDonald could fill the position very well, despite his lack of weight. He is a good kicker, fast and heady. For the virus of Contagious Blood Poison, and cures it in all its forms and stages. S. S. S. possessing both purifying and tonic properties routs out all the poison, and at the same time builds up the general health. A person who has been cured of Contagious Blood Poison by the use of S. S. S. need not fear a return of its symptoms at any future time. This great medicine checks the progress of the poison and gradually but surely all sores and eruptions heal, ulcerated mouth and throat pass away, the hair stops falling out, copper-colored splotches disappear, and the hair stops falling out. Copper-colored splotches disappear, and the hair stops falling out. Jacksonville and Columbus clash in “RUBBER" GAME JACKSONVILLE, FLA., Sept 7. With the count one victory each, Jacksonville and Columbus will clash again this afternoon in the third game of the post-season series for the championship of the South Atlantic league. Manager Wilder will pitch for the home team, while Morrow is slated to work for the Foxes. Yesterday's game went to Jacksonville to the tune of 4 to 0. The game was called in the first of the eighth inning, on account of rain. Horton, pitching for Jacksonville, was in grand form, and during the seven innings only 21 men faced him. Jones hurled for the Foxes. In the seventh, the locals got to Jones for three hits, and these, with two errors sandwiched in and a base on balls, were the only two in the game. , gave Jacksonville two runs and the game. WOOD WINS FIFTEENTH BY BEATING JOHNSON BOSTON, Sept. 7—Joe Wood beat Walter Johnson's yesterday, winning his fifteenth straight victory in a spectacular pitchers' battle, which Johnson sought in the hope of protecting his American league record of sixteen consecutive wins. The score was: Boston, 1; Washington, 0. The lone tally came in the sixth inning, with two out. Speaker hit into the crowd in left field for two bases. Lewis, next up, knocked into right field for a double, a hard fly, which Moeller was barely able to touch. Speaker scoring. Washington had more opportunities to score than Boston, but Wood was at the top of his game in the pinches, striking out nine men. Johnson fanned five, three of these being consecutive outs in the fifth. The Nationals filled the bases, two men being passed, in the third, and Wood fanned Moeller for the third out. Washington had runners on second in the sixth, eighth, and ninth, but they could get no further. Wood fanning men for the last out on two of these occasions. CARE OF THE TEETH IMPORTANT TO HEALTH Without perfect teeth one can not enjoy perfect health. Decayed or imperfect teeth are not only painful and continuously annoying, but a positive menace to health and even life. Do not neglect your teeth. Upon the first sign of decay have them treated and save suffering. Or, if the teeth are already in bad condition, have them attended to at once. The modern scientific painless methods in use by the Atlanta Dental Parlors Dentistry of its former terrors, and the most difficult, operations are performed quickly and without pain. This handsome establishment is located at the corner of Peachtree and Decatur streets, entrance at 19 1-2 Peachtree. SCHOOL BOOKS MILLER'S BOOK STORE, 39 MARIETTA at 10 o'clock this morning. Both men were in good form in the semifinals and a close match was predicted today. The weather was more favorable than it has been for the past few days, and the grounds were in excellent condition. Travers has played his way through the tournament by defeating Sherrill Sherman, Walter J. Travis, Mason Phelps, and Hamilton Kerr. Kerr's showing has been one of MARTIN MAY 191/2 PEACHTREE STREET UPSTAIRS STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL UNREDEEMED PLEDGES FOR SALE WILTON JELLICO COAL $4.75 Per Ton SEPTEMBER DELIVERY The Jellico Coal Co. 182 Peachtree Street Both Phones 3668 The surprises of the national championship The young Vermont player was extended to his utmost Thursday, however, to beat Paul Hunter, of Midlothian, in 37 holes and was easy for Travers. Evans was forced yesterday to defeat Warren K. Wood, of Homestead, who carried the match to the thirty-third hole. Wood was runner-up to Evans at Denver in the Western championship. Evans went through the field, defeating in turn A. W. Tillinghast, H B. Lee, Heinrich Schmidt, and Warren K. Wood. OPTICAL WORK OF THE HIGHEST CLASS Is what Dr. Hines, the Optometrist, gives in every case. He examines the eyes and fits glasses in such a way that they relieve the trouble, remove all strain from the nerves and muscles, give perfect sight and make life worth living He does all this without paralyzing the eyes with poisonous drops and drugs. Have your eyes examined by scientific methods and get pleasure, comfort, and relief out of your glasses at once. Examination Free. The "Dixie" finger-top eye glasses, the invention of Dr. Hines. will stay on any nose; can not slip or fall off. HINES OPTICAL COMPANY 91 Peachtree St. Between Montgomery and Alcazar Theater Men and Women CURE YOU TO STAY CURED, of all chronic, nervous, private, blood and skin diseases I use the very latest methods, therefore getting desired results. I give 606, the celebrated German preparation, for blood; poison, without cutting or detention from business. I cure you or make no charge. Everything confidential. Come to me without delay, and let me demonstrate how I give you results where other physicians have failed. I cure Varicocele, Stricture, Piles, Nervous Debility, Kidney, Bladder and prostatic troubles. Acute discharges and inflammation and all contracted diseases. FRISE consultation and examination. Hours, 8 a. m. to 7 p. m. Sundays, 9 to 1. Dr. J. D. HUGHES, Specialist Opposite Third National Bank. 16' 2 North Broad St., Atlanta, Ga.
| 31,097 |
https://github.com/vladandreiy/Computer-Graphics-Fundamentals/blob/master/Projects/3. DiscoParty/shaders/FragmentShader.glsl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Computer-Graphics-Fundamentals
|
vladandreiy
|
GLSL
|
Code
| 403 | 1,159 |
#version 330
// Input
in vec2 texcoord;
in vec3 world_position;
in vec3 world_normal;
// Uniform properties
// Disco Ball texture
uniform sampler2D texture_1;
uniform bool has_texture;
// Objects that emit light
uniform bool is_disco_ball;
uniform bool is_floor;
uniform bool is_cone;
uniform bool spotlight;
// Switches for lights
uniform bool disco_ball_light;
uniform bool dance_floor_light;
uniform bool spotlight_light;
// Object inital color
uniform vec3 object_color;
// Floor lights
uniform vec3 pointLightPos[64];
uniform vec3 pointLightColor[64];
// Spotlights
uniform vec3 spotlightPos[4];
uniform vec3 spotlightColor[4];
uniform vec3 light_direction;
uniform float cutoffAngle;
// Disco ball
uniform vec3 disco_ball_position;
// Time
uniform float time;
uniform vec3 eye_position;
// Output
layout(location = 0) out vec4 out_color;
void main() {
vec3 N = normalize(world_normal);
vec3 L, V, H, R;
float attenuation_factor = 0;
vec3 light;
if (disco_ball_light) {
vec3 light_dir = world_position - disco_ball_position;
vec2 texcoord_disco;
texcoord_disco.x = (1.0 / (2 * 3.14159)) * atan (light_dir.x, light_dir.z);
texcoord_disco.x -= 0.1 * time;
texcoord_disco.y = (1.0 / 3.14159) * acos (light_dir.y / length (light_dir));
vec3 color = texture(texture_1, texcoord_disco).xyz;
if (dance_floor_light) {
light += 2 * color;
}
else {
light += 0.4 * color;
}
}
if (dance_floor_light) {
for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
L = normalize(pointLightPos[i] - world_position);
V = normalize(eye_position - world_position);
H = normalize(L + V);
R = reflect(-L, world_normal);
vec3 diffuse_light = pointLightColor[i] * max(dot(normalize(N), L), 0.f);
float d = distance(pointLightPos[i], world_position);
float light_radius = 1.7;
if (d < light_radius) {
attenuation_factor = pow(light_radius - d, 2);
}
else {
attenuation_factor = 0;
}
light += attenuation_factor * pointLightColor[i];
}
}
if (spotlight_light) {
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
L = normalize(spotlightPos[i] - world_position);
float cutoffAngle = 14.5;
float cut_off = radians(cutoffAngle);
float spot_light = dot(-L, light_direction);
float spot_light_limit = cos(cut_off);
if (spot_light > spot_light_limit) {
// Quadratic attenuation
float linear_att = (spot_light - spot_light_limit) / (1.0f - spot_light_limit);
attenuation_factor = pow(linear_att, 2);
}
else {
attenuation_factor = 0;
}
light += 1.5 * attenuation_factor * spotlightColor[i];
}
}
if (has_texture) {
if (is_disco_ball && !disco_ball_light) {
out_color = vec4(0, 0, 0, 1);
}
else {
out_color = texture2D(texture_1, texcoord);
}
}
else if (is_cone){
if (!spotlight_light) {
out_color = vec4(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
else {
out_color = vec4(mix(light, object_color, 0.8), 0.5);
}
}
else {
if (is_floor && !dance_floor_light) {
out_color = vec4(light, 1);
}
else {
out_color = vec4(mix(light, object_color, 0.8), 1);
}
}
}
| 9,003 |
bpt6k4537246_18
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Archives diplomatiques : recueil de diplomatie et d'histoire
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None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,395 | 9,758 |
3. There shall be a Native Assembly, composed of the Governors of the dilïerent districts ol" the islands. The members of tlie Native Assembly shall hold their office for llirce years, but Ibe .Adminislralor shall have power to dismiss any of them for misbehaviour. The Native Assembly shall mect annually at Mulinuu at such timc as may be designated by the Administrator, but such Session shall not continue for a longer time than Ibirty days in any one year, except fort reasons approved by the Administrator. The Native Assembly shall be presided over by the Chief Justice or some other white officiai designated by the Administrator, but the Président so designated shall not bave a vote, and his functions shall bemerely to control and direct the proceedings of tho Assembly with a view to the dispatch of business. The Native Assembly shall be empowered to deal wilh ail matters which affect natives only. Its Resolutions ad recommandations shall he referred to the Administrator and Legislative Council, who shall approve, disapprove, or return them with such modifications as they may deem proper Provided always that no Resolution or other action of the Native Assembly shall have any binding force or effect until the same shall bave been approved by the Administrator and Legislative Council. ARTICLE V A Declaration respecting the Establishment of a Supreme Court of Justice for Samoa, and defining ils Jurisdiction Section i, A Supreme Court shall be established in Samoa, toconsistof one Judge wo shall be styled Chief Justice of Samoa, and who shall appoint a clerk and all necessary officers of the Court and record shall be kept o all orders and decisions made by the Court, or by the Chief Justice in the discharge of any duties imposed on him under this Act. The clerk and other officers shall be allowed reasonable fees to be regulated by order of the Court. Sec. a. With a view to secure judicial independence and the equal consideration of the rights of all parties, irrespective of nationality, it is agreed that the Chief Justice shall be appointed by the three Signatory Powers in common accord, or, failing their agreement, he may be appointed by the King of Sweden and Norway. Ile shall be learned in law and equity, of mature years, and of good repute for bis sense of honour, impartiality, and justice. His decision upon questions within his jurisdiction shall be final. The three Powers, however, reserve to themselves the right to modify orannul decisions of the Supreme Court involving any question of a political or administrative character or principle of internationallaw. He shall receive an annual salary of 5,ooo dollars in gold, or its equivalent, to be paid ont of the revenues of the Samoan Government. Any deliciency therein shall be made good by the thrce Signatory Powers in equal shares. The powers of the Chief Justice, in case of a vacancy of that office from any cause and during any temporary absence of the Chief Justice from the islands of Samoa, shall be exercised by such person as may be designated by the Administrator. Sec. 3. In case any of the four Governments shall at any time have cause of complaint against the Chief Justice for any misconduct in office, such complaint shall be presented to the authority which nominated him, and, if in the judgment of such authority there is sufficient cause for his removal, he shall be removed. If the majority of the three Treaty Powers so request, he shall be removed. In case of removal, or in case the office shall become otherwise vacant, his successor shall be appointed as hereinbefore provided. Sec. 4. The Chief Justice is authorized at his own discretion, and upon the written request of either party litigant, to appoint Assessors or jurors not exceeding three in number nor of the nationality of either party to hear and determine any issue of fact arising in the case. Sec. 5. In case any différence shall arise between either or any of the Treaty Powers and Samoa which they shall fail to adjust by mutual accord, such difference shall not be held cause for war, but shall be referred for adjustment on the principles of justice and equity to the Chief Justice of Samoa, who shall make his decision thereon in writing, Sec. 6. The Chief Justice may recommend to the Government of Samoa the passage of any Law which he shall consider just and expedient for the prevention and punishment of crime, and for the promotion of good order in Samoa and the welfare of the same. Sec. 7. The Supreme Court shall have original and final jurisdiction of. 1. Ail questions arising under the provisions of this Amended General Act. 2. Ail civil suits concerning real property situated in Samoa, and all rights affecting the same. 3. AU civil suits of any kind between natives and foreigners or between foreigners, irrespcctive of thcir nationality. l. Ail crimes and ollences committed by natives against foreigners, by foreigners against natives, or by foreigners against each other, irrespective of nationality, except violations of Municipal Ordinances and Hegulations of which the Municipal Magistrate is given jurisdiction. 5. Of all felonies committed by natives against each other. Sec. 8. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction over ail Municipal Magistrates and Municipal Courts in civil cases where the amount of the judgment rendered exceeds 10 dollars, and in criminal cases where the fine exceeds 20 dollars or the imprisonment ten days. Sec. 9. The practice and procédure of common law, equity, and Admiralty, as administered in the Courts of England, may be, so far as applicable, the practice and procedure of this Court but the Court may modify such practice and procédure from time to time as shall be required by local circumstances. Until otherwise provided by law, the Court shall have authority to impose, according to the crime, the punishment established therefor by the laws of the United States, of England, or of Germany, as the Chief Justice shall decide most appropriate or, in the case of native Samoans and other natives of the South Sea Islands, according to the laws and customs of Samoa. Sec. 10. Nothing in this Article shall be so construed as to affect existing Consular jurisdiction over ail questions arising between masters and seamen of their respective national vessels nor shall the Court take any ex post facto or retroactive jurisdiction over crimes or offences committed prior to the organization of the Court. The Supreme Court shall have power to issue writs of injunction, attachment, mandamus, and other remedial writs known to the Common Law. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in time of actual war. Sec. 1 1 The Legislative Council shall have power to create and provide such other and inferior Courts and judicial Tribunals in Samoa, as from time to time may be found necessary and proper, provided that the jurisdiction of the Courts and judicial Tribunals so created shall not extend to civil cases involving an amount or property excccding in value 5o dollars, nor to criminal cases where the penalty exceeds a fine of 200 dollars or imprisonment for a longer term than 180 days. Sec. 12. The Chief Justice shall hold the terms of the Supreme Court in Apia, and at such other places in the islands of Samoa as in his discretion may be necessary and proper. ARTICLE VI 1 A Declaration respecting Titles to Land in Samoa, and reslraining the Disposition thereof by Natives and providing for the Hegistration of valid Titles. Section 1 In order that the native Samoans may keep their lands for cultivation by themselves and by their children after them, it is declared that all future aliénation of lands in the islands of Samoa to the citizens or subjects of any foreign country, whether by sale, mortgage, or otherwise, shall be prohibîted, subject to the following exceptions a) Town lots and lands within the limits of the Municipal District as defined in this Act, may be sold or leased by the owner for a just consideration when approved in writing by the Chief Justice of Samoa. b) Agricultural lands in thé islands may he leased for a just consideration and with carefully defined boundaries for a term not exceeding fifty years, when such lease is approved in writing by the Chief Executive authority of Samoa and by the Chief Justice. But care should be taken that the agricultural lands and natural fruit lands of Samoans shall not be unduly diminished. Sec. 2. The Court shall make provision for a complete registry of all valid titles to land in the islands of Samoa, which are or may be owned by foreigners or natives. Sec. S. Ail lands acquired before the a8th day of August, 1879 being the date of the Anglo-Samoan Treaty shall be held as validly acquired but without préjudice to rights of third parties if purchased from Samoans in good faith, for a valualle considération in a regular and customary manner. Any dispute as to the fact or regularity of such sale shall be examined and determined by the Court. ARTICLE VII A Declaration respecting the Municipal District of Apia, providing a Local Administration therefor, and defining the Jurisdiction of the Municipal Magistrate. Section 1 The Municipal District of Apia is defined as follows beginning at Vailoa, the boundary passes thence westward along the coast to the mouth of the River Fuluasa, thence following the course of the river upwards to a point at which the Alafuala road crosses said river, thence following the line of said road to thc point where it reaches the River Vai sinago, and thence in a straight line to Ihe point of beginning at Vailoa, embracing also the walers of Ihe harbour of Apia. Provided, iliat llie Administrator and Council shall have power to interpret, lirnit, and deline the bounadry of the municipal district of Apia. Sec. a. Within the aforesaid district shall be estahlished a Municipal Council consisting of six members and a Mayor, who shall preside at all meetings of the Council, and who shall. in case of unequal division, have a casting vote. The Mayor shall be appointed by the Municipal Council with the approval of the Administrator. In case the Municipal Council shall be unable to come to an agreement they shall submit to the Administrator the names of the candidates whom the recommend for the office of Mayor. and the Administrator shall chose the Mayor from among them. The Mayor and Councillors shall be residents of the said district, and owners of real estate, or conductors of a profession or business in said district which is subject to a rate of tax not less in amount than 5 dollars per annum. For the purpose of the election of members of the Council the said district shall be divided into three electoral districts, from each of which an equal number of Councillors shall be elected by the taxpayers thereof qualified as aforesaid, and the members elected from each electoral district shall have resided therein for at least six months prior to their clection. It shall be the duty of the Administrator to make the said division into electoral districts as soon as practicable. Subsequent changes in the number of Councillors or the number and location of electoral districts may be provided for by Municipal Ordinanco, subject to reference to the Administrator as hereinafter provided. The Major shall hold his office for one year, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. The Councillors shall hold their office for a term of two years, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified. In the absence of the Mayor the Council may elect a Chairman pro tempore. Consular officers shall not be eligible as Councillors or Mayor, nor shall Councillors or Mayor exercise any Consular functions during their term of office. Each member of the Municipal Council, including the Mayor, shall, before entering upon his functions, make and subscribe before the Chief Justice an oath or affirmation that he will well and faithfully perform the duties of his office. Sec. 3. The Municipal Council shall have juridiction oer the Municipal district of Apia, so far as necessary to enforce therein the provisions of this Act which are applicable to the said district, including the nomination of a Municipal Magistrate. who shall be appointed in the same manner as the Mayor. The Council shall also have power to appoint all necessary subordinate officers of justice and of administration in the said district, and to provide for the security of person and property therein and to assess such municipal rates and taxes as they may agree upon, and to provide proper fines and penalties for the violation of the Laws and Ordinances which shall be in force in said district, and not in conffict with this Act, including Sanitary and Police Regulations. They shall establish pilot charges, port dues, Quarantine and other Re gulations of the port of Apia. They shall also fix the salary of the Munipal Magistrate, and establish the fées and charges allowed to ollier municipal officers of the district. ALI Ordinances, Resolutions, and Regulations shall be referred by the Municipal Council to the Administrator, who shall express lus consent or dissapproval, or suggest amendments. Provided always tliat no Ordinances, Resolutions, and Regulations passed by this Council shall become law before receiving Mie approval of the Administrator. Sec. 4. The Municipal Magistrate shall have exclusive jurisdiction in the first instance over all persons, irrespective of nationality, in case of infraction of any Laws, Ordinance, or Regulation passed by the Municipal Council, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, and of all misdemeanors committed within the Municipal District of Apia, provided that the penalty does not exceed a fine of 200 dollars, or imprisonment for a longer term than r8o days with or without hard labour. The Municipal Magistrate shall also have jurisdiction within the Municipality of Apia in all civil suits not affecting the right of real property between natives and foreigners, or between foreigners irrespective of nationality where tbe value of the property or thc amount involved does not exceed the sum of 5o dollars. Sec. 5. The Mayor shall snperintend the Harbour and Quarantine Régulations, and shall be in charge of the administration of the Laws and Ordinances applicable to the Municipal District of Apia. Sec. 6. The Administrator and Council shall fix an annual sum to be paid out of the revenues of the island to the Municipal Council for the expenses of the Municipal Governement and the exécution of public works. ARTICLE VIII A Déclaration respecting Taxation and Revenue in Samoa Section ]. Until further provided by law, the port of Apia shall be the port of entry for all dutiable goods arriving in the Samoan Islands; and all foreign goods, wares, and merchandize landed in the islands shall be there entered for examination but coal and naval stores which either Government has by Treaty reserved the right to land at any harbour stipulated for that purpose are not dutiable when imported as authorized by such Treaty, and may be there landed as stipulated without such entry or examination. Sec. 2. To enable the Samoan Government to obtain the necessarv revenue for the maintenance of government and good order in the islands, the following duties, and charges may be levied and collected A. impart Diities. Dol. c. 1. On ale and porter and beer. Per doz. qts 0 50 2. On spirits. Per gallon.. 2 50 3. On wine, except sparkling. » 1 00 4. On sparkling wines. » 1 50 Dol. c. 5. On tobacco Pertb. 0 50 6. On cigars. » 1 00 7. On sporting arms Each. 4 00 8. On gunpowder Per lb. 0 2o 9. Statistical duty on all marchandize and goods imported, except as aforesaid. Ad valorem. 2 per cent. B. Export Duties. On copra Ad valorem. 2' per cent. On coffee. » 2 » On cotton. » V/t » C. Taxes to be annually levied. 1. Capitation tax on Samoans and other Pacific Islanders over the age oî 18 and under the age of 45 years, not included under No. 2. Per head 2 00 2. Capitation tax on coloured plantation labou rers, other than Samoans. » 2 00 3. On boats, trading and others (excluding na tive canoes and native boats carrying only the owner's property) Each 4 00 4. On fire-arms » 2 00 5. On dwelling-houses (not including the dwel ling-houses of Samoan natives) and on land and houses used for commercial purposes Ad valorem. 1 per cent. 6. Special taxes on traders as follows. Class I On stores of which the montly sales are 2.000 dollars or more. Each store.. 100 00 Class II Below 2.000 dollars and not less than 1.000 dollars. » 48 00 Class III Below 1.000 dollars and not less than 500 dollars » 36 00 Class IV Below 500 dollars and not less than 230 dollars. » 24 00 Class V Below 250 dollars. » 12 00 D. Occasional Taxes. 1. On trading vessels not exceeding 100 tons burden calling at Apia Each call 10 00 2. Upon deeds of real estate, to be paid before registration thereof can be made, and without payment of which title shall not be held valid, upon the value of the con siderations paid per cent. 3. Upon other written transfers of property, upon the sclling price 1 » Dol.c. Evidence of the payment 01 the last two taxes may be shown by lawful stamps affixed to the title paper, of otherwise by the written receipt of the proper tax collector. 4. Unlicensed butchers in Apia shall pay upon their sales. 1 » E. Licence Taxes. Nu person shall engage as proprietor or manager in any of the following professions or occupa tions except after having obtained a licence therefor, and for such licence the following tax shall be paid in advance: Tavern-keeper. Per month.. 10 00 Attorney, barrister, or solicitor. Per annum 60 00 Doctor of medicine or dentistry. » 30 00 Auctioneer or commission agent » 40 00 Baker » 12 00 Banks or companies for banking. » 60 00 Barber. » 6 00 Blacksmith. )) 5 00 Boat builder. 6 00 Buteher.) 1) 12 00 Cargo-boat or r 1 i ~t, t *e r'. ? 6 00 Carpenter. ? 6 00 Photographer or artist. » 12 00 Engineer. » 12 00 » assistants. » 6 00 » apprentices. M 300 Hawker. » 1 00 Pilot. » 24 00 Printing press. » 12 00 Saii-maker. 6 00 Ship-builder. » 6 00 Shoe maker. » 6 00 Land surveyor. » 6 00 Tailor » 6 00 Waterman Il 6 00 Salesmen, bookkeepers, clerks, paid not less than 75 dollars a-month. 3 00 Same, when paid over 75 dollars a-month » 6 00 White labourers and domestics, per-head » 5 00 Factory hands and independent workmen » 5 00 Sec. 3. It is understood that ,dollars" and ,,cents," terms of money used in this Act, describe the standard money of the United States of America, or its equivalent in other currencies. ARTICLE IX A Declaration respecting Arms and Ammunition and Intoxicating Liquors, restraining their Sale and Use Section t. The importation into the Islands of Samoa of arms and am munition by the natives of Samoa, or by the citizens and subjects of any foreign country, is prohibited, except in the following cases: a) Guns and ammunition for sporting purposes, for which written licence shall have been previously obtained from the Administrnlor. b) Small arms and ammunition carried by travcllers as pcrsonal appen ̃ dage. The supply of arms and ammunition by any foreigner to any native Samoan subject or other Pacific islander resident in Samoa is prohibited. The penalty for so supplying arms shall be a fine not exceeding a.5oo dollars, or aterm of imprisonnement not exceeding both, in the discretion of the Court, and arms shall be connscated. Half the fine shall go to the informer. Any native found in the possession of arms or ammunition other than such as are used for sporting purposes shall be liable toa fine not exceeding 200 dollars, and a term of imprisonment not exceeding six months, or both in the discretion of the Court, and the arms shall be confiscated. Half the fine shall go to the informer. The Samoan Government retains the right to import free of duty Y suitable arms and ammunition to protect itself and maintain order. AH arms without exception coming into Samoa shall be entered at the Customs and marked there with a stamp, and the possession by any Samoan or foreigner of any arms not so stamped shall be primâ facie evidence that such arms were irnported in violation of law. The three Governments reserve to themselves the future consideration of the further restrictions which it may be necessary to impose upon the importation and use of arms in Samoa. Sec. 2. No spirituous, vinous, or fermented liquors, or intoxicating drinks whatever, shall be sold, given, or offered to any Samoan or South Sea Islander resident in Samoa to be taken as a beverage. Adequate penalties, including imprisonment, for the violation of the provisions of tliis section shall be established by the Administrator and Council. General Customs Regulations Sec. 3. It is hereby provided that no person or persons in Samoa shall enjoy any immunity from a strict examination by the Customs of all articles imported. Ail goods shall be landed at the receiving sheds of the Customs. The Administrator and Council are authorized to enact Laws and Ordinances providing for Custom-house Uegulations, with suitable penalties for breach of the same. ARTICLE X The provisions of tliis Act shall continue in force until changed by consent of the three Powers. Upon the request of eithcr Power after three years from the signature hereof, the Powers shall consider by common accord what améliorations, if any, may be introduced into the provisions of this General Act. In the meantime, any special amendment may be adopted by the consent of the three Powers, with the adhérence of Sa moa Provided, however, that no amendment of any section or Article of this General Act shall in any way affect private rigts acquired under such section or Article prior to such amendment. Agreement signed by Chiefs, July 15, 1899 In evidence of our approval and ratification of the foregoing Amended General Act pertaining to the Government of Samoa, we, the High Chiefs and the Chiefs constituting the district Governments of the Islands of Samoa, have thereunto affixed ourhands and seals at Apia, on the Island of Upolu, this i5""day of July, 1899. (Signed): SUATELE (Safata). (Signed): Fata, his X mark (TuaLEMANA (Aana). masaga). Moefaauo (Lufilufi). Utumapu (Ituo-o-Tane). LAUFA (Safotu). NiA (Itu-o-Tane). TUFUC.A (Asau). PERE (Tutuila). TOELUPE (Malie). LEOSO (Tutuila). SALU (Palauli). TAGALOA (Atua). Asiata (Satupaika). TUIAI (Atua). FuE (Saleaula). Sait, his X mark (MaMolioo (Faleapuna). nono). LAUATI (Safotulafai). PAULI, ditto (FaasaleLEIATAUA (Manono). leaga). Talamatvao (Fagaloa). Leauanae (Faasaleleaga). LUPETULOA (Tuamasaga). Tolovaa (Itu-o-Fafine). Tuitama (Aana). (Signed): Allen Williams, Inter(Signed): Malietoa Tanumafili preter. Tupua Tamasese. July, 17, 1899. We hereby signify that we witnessed the signatures of Malietoa Tanumafili and Tupua Tamasese. The written document having becn explained read, and interpreted to them, and they appearing to understand the meaning of the same. (Signed): Hamilton Hu.nder, Acting British Consul. LESLIE C. STUART, Captain, R. N. W. JOHNSTON, British Consular Clerk. July 17, 1899. Mr. Eliot to the Marquess of Salisbury. Apia, Samoa, July 26, 1899. (Received September 7.) My Lord, 1 have the honour to submit to your Lordship the following brief continuons narrative of the proceedings of the Samoan High Commission We arrived at Apia on the United States' ship" Badger" on the i3 th May, and found the island of Upolu divided into two hostile camps. Apia and the central region were occupied by the troops of Malietoa, under the superintendance of British naval officers, while on either side to the west and east of this area were the troops of Mataafa. We were naturally anxious to restor the island to its normal condition, and to break up these camps, but the operation presented considerable difficulties. It would have been a doubtful advantage to simply disband the troops of both parties, and disperse large bodies of armed men among the villages where they were likely to continue their quarrels andbe subject to no European control. One of the greatest difficulties in Samoa is that, outside the narrow limits of the municipality, there is absolutely no power, police or other, which is capable of maintaining order, and though the Commission was nominally invested with supreme authority over the islands, it had no mcans of cnforcing that authority. The German Commissionner felt unable to consider the questions of who was the rightful King of Samoa, and whether the continuance of the Kingship was desirable as long as the forces Malietoa and Mataafa remained under arms in their camps, and we therefore decided to not only disband but disarm the two parties, while leaving open the legal questions arising out of Chief Justice Chambers' decision. In so doing we ran a considerable risk of issuing an order which might be disobeyed, but we were led to believe that the natives would propably be ready to give up their guns in return for a fair compensation. We received both Chiefs a few davs after our arrivai. Malietoa behaved with perfect propriety, and visited the Commission as instructed, accompanied by only a few Chiefs and in a boat flying the flags of the three Powers. Mataafa, however, declined to acquiesce in this arrangement, or to use the boat sent to meet him, and was very improperly allowed to come to Apia in his own war canoe, with a following of more than ioo men. The substance of both interviews was the same. The two high Chiefs were asked whether they would accept as King any person named by the Commission, whether they would assent to the abolition of the Kingship, if it were ordered. They returned an affirmative answer to all these questions. As the troops of Mataafa were encamped both to the east and west of the Malietoa lines, and communication between the two divisions could only take place by sea, we thought it fair to allow him some days to collect his arms, and finally arranged to receive them at Malua on the 3ist May. Malietoa was informed that if Mataafa gave up his arms in a satisfactory manner, the other side would also be expected to immediately disarm. On the 3ist May we procceded to Malua on the «Badger». Mataafa brought off about 1.800 guns in boats, but no ammunition to speak of. This number probably rcprescntcd about two-thirds of the arms in the possession of his followers, and was thougt to indicate a bonà fide desire to obey the Commission. He was directed to disband his troops, and retire himself to his own district of Aleipata and await our decision respecting the Kingship. The Commission then returned to Apia, which was not reached until late in the afternoon of the 31 May, and during that night and the next day received about 1 .3oo guns from Malietoa. Of the 700 guns distributed to native troops by the British officers, 600 were returned, but 100 men of « Gaunt's Brigade were retained under arms to act as a police force under the orders of the Commission. It was understood that the arms surrendered before the 2oth June would be returned on the restoration of peace, or else a fair compensation be given for them but the possession of arms by Samoans after the 2Oth June was declared to be a penal offence. The followers of Mataafa dispersed over the island in the first days of June, but Malietoa and some of his Chiefs were allowed to remain at Mulinuu, the traditional seat of government. Malietoa and Tamasese had both lived long in this place, and it might fairly be regarded as their home, 'and there was a better chance of avoiding collisions and quarrels if the leaders of the two parties did not return to their villages simultaneously. Those adherents of Malietoa, however, who came from the islands of Tutuila and Savaii were immediately taken back to their homes by ships of war. The Commission then proceeded to consider the question of the Kingship We were unanimous on two points, first, that the decision of the Chief Justice naming Tanu King was legally irreversible, and secondly that the Kingship should be abolished. It is admitted that the Chief Justice had jurisdiction in the case, and that there is no appeal from his decision. If so, the argument that the decision was wrong or contrary to the customs of Samoa is irrelevant, even if it were true. If the public had a right to disobey this decision, and the Judgments of the Supreme Court would have ncithcr authority nor finality. With regard to the Kingship, we were of opinion that the office had never been anything but a source of trouble and contention, seeing that for many years no Samoan Monarch had been able to command the allegiance of the whole population and exercise the most ordinary functions of Government, white the peculiar native customs which regulate the election of a King render an appeal to arms almost inevitable, despite ail Treaty stipulations to the contrary. 1 was myself of opinion that it would have been well to recognize Tanu provisionally as King, and refer the question of the abolition of the Kingship to the Powers together with the other recommendations of the Commission, This course would have had the advantage of teaching respect for law and of making the natives understand that judicial decisions must be obeyed even if distasteful to a part of the population. Further, it may be safely said that had Tanu been recognized by the Representatives of three Powers as King de facto, the strength of the Mataafa party would have been broken. The most important Chiefs were ready to give their adhesion to the winning side, and the others would have acquiesced. The German Commissioner, however, while admitting that the Chief Justice's decision was valid and binding, felt unable to allow Tanu to exercise even nominal authority for a limited period. Actuated in this, as in many other cases, by a desire to assent to any compromise which would be acceptable to Baron Sternburg without a sacrifice of principle, 1 agreed that the Commission should publicly acknowledge the validity of Mr. Chambers' decision and by implication the impropriety of resisting it, but that simultaneously with the publication of this Proclamation Tanu should abdicate. A Proclamation was issued on the loth June, signed by the three Commissioners, stating that Chief Justice Chambers' decision was valid and binding, that Tanu had resigned the office of King, and that the office was abolished. It further ordered that, during the period of the Commissioners' stay in the islands. thc Consuls of the three Powers should perform the duties of the King and his Councillors, and Dr. Soif act as Président of the Municipal Council. This latter provision was necessary, because the President is nominated by the Powers, but appointed by the Samoan Government, and Dr. Soif had refused to accept any appointment from the Government of Tanu. About the middle of June a lawyer, engaged by the Mataafa party, arrived in Apia, nominally for the object of assisting them to make out claims for domages sustained during the recent disturbances. A number of Mataafa Chiefs came to Apia to consult him, and several white men were present at the conférences. Though it is difQcult to dispute the right of natives to seek legal advice if they choose, these proceedings had a most unfortunate result, as they gave rise to an impression that the Mataafa faction was organizing and consolidating itself, whereas the Commission were anxious to do away with party distinctions. The Malietoa Chiefs became alarmed, and Tanu, who had wished to leave at once for Fiji on his way to Sydney, wrote to us renouncing his intention and saying that he intended to remain in Samoa till peace should be assured. We were of opinion that the presence of so many Chiefs of both parties in Apia was dangerous. Efforts were made to remove the Mataafa Chiefs from the town, and Tanu and the Malietoa Chiefs were ordered to leave Mulinuu and retire to their private residences. Before their departure a meeting was held on board the "Badger", at which the principal men of the two parties were reconciled to one another by various Samoan ceremonies. Tanu and Tamasese expressed their readiness to meet Mataafa and become reconciled with him, and we accordingly invited him to corne to Apia for this purpose. But he sent back an arrogant answer and refused. On the aand June we left for the Island of Tutuila, where we visited Leone Bay and Pango Pango, returning to Apia on the a6th June. From this time until the 5th July we were chiefly occupied in discussing and drafting the recommendations for the future government of the islands, which we have had the honour to submit to the three Treaty Powers. This occupation was somewhat disturbed by conflicts which occurred in villages of mixed population where the Malietoa men, returning from Mulinuu, were assaulted by the other party. One of these outbreaks (at Safata) threatened to assume a serious character, as several men were killed, and we thought it desirable to send both a German and a British man-of-war to nip the trouble in the bud. Order was restored, and the natives found in possession of armes were brought to Apia for trial. On the 5th July we started on the steamer Tutanekai", which thé New Zealand Government had courteously placed at our disposai, for a trip round the Islands of Upolu and Savaii. Our object was partly to familiarize ourselves with the local conditions of the various districts, and partly to disseminate among the natives accurate information as to our doings and intentions, which were often misrepresented. Our tour lasted until the iath July. On the î/ith July we held a large fono, or public assembly, at Mulinuu, at which over 4oo natives of both parties were present. We read to them a statement describing the system of native self-government which we proposed to introduce, if approved by the Powers. It was accepted by the whole meeting and the next day thirteen Chiefs from each side signed a formai declaration of acceptance. Tanu and Tamasese also affixed their signatures but Mataafa declined to appear on the pretext of ill-health. He may be held to be bound by the signatures of his Chiefs, but his repeated refusai to meet the othcr party and make peace inspires the gravest apprehensions for the future. We addressed a letter to him reminding him that his further stay in Samoa depended on the observance of the promises which he had made before returning. We had now finished the greater part of our task. We had put an end to the state of war and restored relative, if not absolute, tranquillity and order. We had also prepared the recommendations to be submitted to the three Powers. But there was some difference of opinion as to whethcr we ought to continue to administer the provisional government of the islands, at least until the receipt of instructions, or to leave at once. The American Commissioner decided the matter by stating that for hcalth and other private reasons he could remain no longer, and we had therefore to consider what form of government we should leave behind us. We were all of opinion that it would have been desirable to appoint some one head for this provisional Administration, but, as no qualified neutral candidate was forthcoming, we were unable to find any expedient which would safeguard the interests of the three Powers in Samoa except government by a Consular Board. This system is by no means satifactory, but we endeavoured to impart to it greater strength, activity and coherency, firstly, by authorizing a majority of the Consuls to decide in most cases, and, secondly, by providing for the establishment of regular Government offices and a clerical staff. Dr. Soif was continued in his appointment as President of the Municipal Council, and the United States' Consul-General was appointed Acting Chief Justice, in the absence of Mr. Chambers, who dcparted on leave on the i4th July. The Commission left Apia on the i8th July. 1 have, etc. (Signed) C.-N.-E.-Eliot. ALLEMAGNE. – GRANDE-BRETAGNE Convention et déclaration pour régler les différends survenus pendant les troubles dans les îles de Samoa. Signée à Londres le 14 novembre 1899 (1) Despatch to lier Majesty's Chargé d'Affaires at Berlin, inclosing copies of the Convention and Declaration between Great Britain and Germany of November îti, 1899, for the Seulement of the Samoan and other Questions. (1) Les ratifications ont été échangées à Berlin et à Londres le t6 février 1900. The Marquess of Salisbury to Viscount Gough. M Lord, 1 transmit to you herewith, for your information, copies of a Convention and Declaration which 1 have to-day signed with the German Ambassador for the seulement of questions pending between Great Britain and Germany in regard to Samoa and certain other matters. I am, etc. Convention between Great firitain and Germany.for the Seulement, oj the Samoan and other Questions. Signed at London, November lit, 1899. The Commissioners of the three Powers concerned having in their Report of the i8th July last expressed the opinion, based on a thorough examination of the situation that it would be impossible effectually to remedy the troubles and difïîculties under which Ihe Islands of Samoa are at présent suffering as long as they are placed under the joint administration of the three Governments, it appears desirable to seek for a solution which shall put an end to these difficulties while taking due account of the legitimate interests of the three Governments. Starting from this point of view the Undersigned, furnished with full powers to that effect by their respective Sovereigns, have agreed on the following points ARTICLE 1 Great Britain renounces in favour of Germany ail her rights ower Ihe Islands of t'polu and of Savaii, including the right of establishing a naval and coaling station there, and her right of extra-territoriality in thèse islands. Foreign Office, November 14, 1899. (Signed) SALISBURY. INCLOSURE I. Nachdem die Kommissare der drei beteiligten Regierungen in ihrem Bericht vom 18. Juli d. J. die auf eingehende Prùfiing der Saclilage begriindete Ansicht ausgesprochen haben, dass es unmoglich sein wùrde, den Unrulien und Missstanden, von welchen die Samoa-Inseln gegenwartig heimgesucht werden, wirksam abzuhelfen, solange die Inseln der gemeinschaftlichen Verwaltung der drei Regierungen unterstellt bleiben, erscheint es wilnschenswert eine Lôsung zu suchen, die diesen Schwierigkeiten ein Ende machen und gleichzeitig den legitimen Interessen der drei Regierungen Rechnung tragen würde. Von diesem Gesichtspunkt ausgehend, sind die mit gehôrigen Vollinachlen ihrer hohen Souveriine versehenen Unterzeichneten über die nachstehenden Punkte iibereingekommen. Aktikel 1 Grossbritannien verzichtet zu gunslcn Ueutschlands auf aile seine Redite auf die lnseln Upolu und Savaii, einschliesslich des Rechts daselbst eine Marine-und Kohlenstation zu errichten. und des Rechts auf Exterritorialitât auf jenen Insein. Great Britain similarly renounces, in favour of the United States of America, all her rights over the Island of Tutuila and the other islands of the Samoan group east of fji" longitude east of Greenwich. Great Britain recognizes as falling to Germany the territories in the eastern part of the neutral zone established by the Arrangement of 1888 in West-Africa. The limits of the portion of the neutral zone falling to Germany are defined in Article V of the present Convention. ARTICLE II Germany renounces in favour of Great Britain all her rights over the Tonga Islands, including Vavau, and over Savage Island, including, the right of establishing a naval station and coaling station, and the right of extra-territoriality in the said islands. Germany similary renounces, in favour of the United States of America, all her rights over the Islands of Tutuila and over the other islands of the Samoan group east of longitude 171° east of Greenwch. She recognizes as falling to Great Britain those of the Solomon Islands, at present belonging to Germany, which are situated to the east and south-east of the Island of Bougainville, which latter shall continue to belong to Germany, together with the Island of Buka, which forms part of it. The western portion of the neutral zone in West Alïica, as defined in Article V of the present Convention, shall also fall to the share of Great Britain. In gleicher Weise verzichtet Grossbritannien zugunsten der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika auf alle seine Rechte auf die Insel Tutuila und auf die anderen ostlich des 171* Lângengrads von Greenwich gelegenen Inseln der Samoagruppe. Grossbritannien erkennt an, dass die Gebiete im Osten der neutralen Zone, welche durch das Abkommen von 1 888 in Westafrika geschaffen worden ist, an Deutschland fallen. Die Grenzen des Deutschland zukommenden Teils der neutralen Zone werden durch Artikel V der vorliegende Konvention festgesetzt. Artikel II Deutschland verzichtet zugunsten Grossbritanniens auf alle seine Rechte auf die Tonga-Inseln mit Einschluss Vavau's und auf Savage Island. einschliesslich des Rechts daselbst einc Marine-und Kohlenstation zu errichten und des Rechts auf Exterritorialitat in den vorstehend bezeichneten Inseln. In gleicher Weise verzichtet Deutschland zugunsten der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika auf aile seine Rechte auf die Insel Tutuila und auf die anderen ôsllich des 171"° Lângengrads von Greenwich gelegenen Inseln der Samoagruppe. Es erkennt an, dass von der deutschen Salomonsgruppe die ôstlich beziehungsweise sûdosllich von Bougainville gelegenen Inseln, welches letztere nebst der zugehôriegn Insel Buka bei Deutschland vei-bleibt, an Grossbritannien fallen. Der westliche Teil der neutralen Zone in Westafrika, wie derselbe in Artikel V der vorliegenden Konvention festgesetzt ist, wird cbenfalls an Grossbritannien fallen. The Consuls of the two Powers at Apia and in the Tonga Islands shall be provisionally recalled. The two Governments will come to an agreement with regard to the arrangements to be made during the interval in the interest of their navigation and of their commerce in Samoa and Tonga. The arrangement at present existing between Germany and Great Britain and concerning the right of Germany to freely engage labourers in the Solomon Islands belonging to Great Britain shall be equally extended to those of the Solomon Islands mentioned in Article II, which fall to the share of Great Britain. In the neutral zone thé frontier between the German and English territories shall be for.med by the River Daka as far as the point of its intersection with the gth degree of north latitude, thence the frontier shall continue to the nortli, leaving Morozugu to Great Britain, and shall be fixed on the spot by a Mixed Commission of the two Powers, in such manner that Gambaga and all the territories of Mamprusi shall fall to Great Britain, and that Yendi and all the territories of Chakosi shall fall to Germany. ARTICLE VI Germany is prepared to take into consideration, as much and as far as possible, the wishes which the Government of Great Britain may ARTICLE 111 ARTICLE IV ARTICLE V Artikel III Die beiderseitigen Konsuln in Apia und in den Tonga-Inseln werden bis auf weiteres abberufen. Die beiden Regierungen werden sich über die in der Zwischenzeit im Interesse ihrer Schiffahrt und ihres Handels in Samoa und auf den Tonga-Inseln zu treffenden Einrichtungen verstandigen. Artikel IV Die zur Zeit zwischen Deutschland und Grossbritannien bestehende Ubereinkunft betreffend das Recht Deutschlands, auf den Grosshritannien gehôrigen Salomons-Inseln Arbeiter frei anzuwerben, wird auch auf die in Artikel II bezeichneten deutschen SalomonsInseln, die an Grossbritannien fallen sollen, ausgedehnt. Artikel V In der neutralen Zone wird die Grenze zwischen den deutschen und den grossbritannischen Gebieten durch den Daka-Fluss bis zum Schnittpunkt desselben mit dem 9"" Grad nôrdlichcr Brcite gebildet werden von dort soli die Grenze in nôrdlicher Richtung, indem sie den Ort Morozugu an Grossbritannien Llsst, laufen und an Ort und Stelle durch eine gemischte Kommission der beiden Màchte in der Weise festgesetzt werden, dass Gambaga und die sâmtlchen Gebiete von Mamprusi an Grossbritannien Yendi und die sâmtlichen Gebiete von Chakosi an Deutschland fallen.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63073172
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StackExchange
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CC-By-SA
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Algorys, Ardi, SRIDHARAN, Thomas Morris, andresdevr, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12954121, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13255216, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13892156, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4303902, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5349104
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npm ERR! code UNKNOWN npm ERR! syscall mkdir
I have run npm install && npm run dev
and I get this error.
npm ERR! code UNKNOWN
npm ERR! syscall mkdir
npm ERR! path C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\npm-cache\_cacache\content-v2\sha512\24\db
npm ERR! errno -4094
npm ERR! UNKNOWN: unknown error, mkdir 'C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\npm-cache\_cacache\content-v2\sha512\24\db'
npm WARN deprecated popper.js@1.16.1: You can find the new Popper v2 at @popperjs/core, this package is dedicated to the legacy v1
npm WARN deprecated urix@0.1.0: Please see https://github.com/lydell/urix#deprecated
npm WARN deprecated chokidar@2.1.8: Chokidar 2 will break on node v14+. Upgrade to chokidar 3 with 15x less dependencies.
npm ERR! code UNKNOWN
npm ERR! syscall mkdir
npm ERR! path C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\npm-cache\_cacache\content-v2\sha512\24\db
npm ERR! errno -4094
npm ERR! UNKNOWN: unknown error, mkdir 'C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\npm-cache\_cacache\content-v2\sha512\24\db'
I have tried
npm cache verify, npm cache clear --force.
but nothing change
I have uninstalled and installed the js node again. but nothing :(
What should I do ?
i use window 10 64-bit
try running npm init first to create a project run npm init then that creates the project, then you can install packages and make files. I recommend making a core file e.g. echo.>app.js then you can do npm install (package) --save
may be a permission issue. try with admin prompt.
This may be due to a permission issue. Do you have a way to reproduce this problem? Is this a new project or an existing project?
if you are using vagrant with the homestead box, maybe you are having the same issue https://github.com/laravel/homestead/issues/1239 try to install npm in your host machine, and there run that commands
I still can't handle it :(
I had the same problem as you, I tried the same steps as you to install mongoDB in my application, without success. So I opened the prompt in administrator mode and put the following path: C:\foo\target_folder> npm install mongodb and it worked! :)
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cassellsdictiona01wrigrich_22
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US-PD-Books
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CLEMATIS DUCHESS OF YORK, OXE OF THE BEAfTiFi'L COCCIXEA HYBRIDS (colour, blush ]iink). (Ste p. 220). Other Species and Varieties : — acumiuata, 10', Sep. .hdy., mexicana, 9', Aug., lury., wh. wh. (xyii. montaua). alnifolia MichauxiL — paniculate, 4', Sep., hdy., wh. — scabra, 4', Sep., hdy., wh. — tomentosa, 4', Sep., hdy., wh. eanescens, Aug.. hdy., wh. ferruginea, 4', Aug., grh., wh. incnna (see aluifolia to- mcutosa). montana (nee acuminata). paniculata (see aluifolia paniculata). pubescens (see alnifolia tomentosa). quercifolia, 9', Aug., hdy., wh. scabra (see aluifolia scabra). secundiflora, aut. , wh. tinifolia, 20', Sep. , St., wh. tomentosa (»IJH. alnifolia tomeutosu). CLEYERA. A small genus (ord. Ternstrremiacea;) of green- house evergreen shrubs, that thrive in fibrous peat and coarse sand, and may be propagated from cuttings in similar soil under a bell-glass. Principal Species : — japonic!!. 5'. A))., cream. CLIANTHUS. These brilliantly beautiful plants (ord. Legu- minosai) are popularly known as the Glory Peas of Perfect porosity and drainage are essential to success. Principal Species : — carueus, 4' to ;V, My. , flesh (now Streblorhiza speci- osa). Dampieri, 3', Ap., sc. There are one or two excellent vars. of this species, including ger- nianicus and margina- tus (seep. 2±>). puniceus, 4', My., or. The var, nmgnincus is very handsome. CLICK BEETLE. (SKIP-JACK.) The progenitor of the deadly wireworm, whose destructive work is all too familiar alike to the gardener and the agriculturist. There are several kinds known to agricultural science, the larvn- of all lieing classed as wireworms, and capable of doing great damage. (For remedies, see WIBEWOSM.) CLIDEMIA. A number of shrubby plants constitute this tropical American genus (ttnl. Melastom.'H'r.T). The stems are hairy, the loaves silky, and the flowers rose or white. Propagated by seed* and cuttings. Sandy loam and leaf soil for oompnst. and a position in a cool stove, will meet their requirements. Cliftonia ( 222 ) Climbers vittata, 3', Jy., ro., leaves striped. Principal Species :- elegans, 3'. Aug., wh. rubra, 'A', My., pur. CLIFTONIA. This genus (ord. Cyrillea-) comprises one species only. It is a half-hardy evergreen shrub, readily increased from cuttings. It thrives in peat and loam in equal proportions. Photo : Cassell (D Company, Ltd. CLIANTHUS DAMPIEHI AS A BASKET PLANT (si p. 221). Only Species : — nitida, 6', My., wh. (syns. ligustrina and Mylocaryum ligustrinum, the Buckwheat Tree). CLIMATE. The effects of climate upon vegetation are so great that horticulturists, if they would be successful, must regulate the plants and crops cultivated in accordance with it. Meteorological records are particularly valuable in the districts where they are taken, but a mere table of average rainfall anil temperature is quite inadequate. A knowledge of the extremes likely to occur during any month or part of a month is of vastly more importance than the tables of averages referred to. For instance, the average temperature in the Thames Valley for May is fairly high, yet those long resident in'that district are well aware that several degrees of frost are likely to occur, during the night, about May 20, 21, and 22, and such knowledge has been the means of saving many a Strawberry crop. Besides rainfall and temperature, there is the prevailing wind to be taken into account, while the nature of the soil dealt with has also a great deal to do with the effect climate has upon the plants. Climate and soil must be duly considered, and, given a good knowledge of these, it is not difficult nowadays to select the most suitable subjects for any particular garden. CLIMBERS. Valued as climbing plants have always been in the best gardens, their importance is becoming still more highly appreciated. One definition of a climber is a plant which attaches itself to a support by tendrils, roots, or otlier organs, without requiring to twist itself round, as in the case of what are technically known as " twining " plants. Useful as this distinction is, it is little observed in ordinary garden practice, and people often even include in the expression " climbers " plants which are neither climbing nor twining in their habit, but are adapted for covering walls or trellises, and have to be fastened to them. The uses of climbers are many, and they add much to the appearance of any garden, where they can have something to cling to. Whether used for covering walls, trellises, pillars, or arches, they give an element of picturesqiieness. Under glass, also, they are most valuable. For covering old and unsightly trees they are now being much more largely vised, and in this way a new and beautiful feature is being given to pleasure grounds, or old gardens in which trees were becoming unsightly but could not be spared. Cultural details of the several plants named will be found under their respective titles, but a few general hints may be useful, and will give growers an idea upon what lines to proceed. It is highly probable that the climbing habit has been induced in many plants by the overshadowing of taller and more vigorous- growing subjects. These shut out much of the light and air, and would have caused the death of the dwarfer plants had they not in a literal sense risen to the occasion. Soil. — Climbers generally require a specially prepared site, so that they may receive a good start and grow rapidly. A large hole, several feet across, ought to be dug and deeply trenched, adding, as the work proceeds, a good supply of well- rotted animal manure or artificial fertilisers. This preparation is especially necessary in the case of plants in the neighbourhood of trees or shrubs. In this prepared ground the plants should be placed in autumn or spring, treading them well in and fixing them firmly to the support to which they are to cling. Climbers grown in pots may be planted at any season. Other Cultural Points. — Climbers against walls and trees often suffer from want of water, and this ought to be liberally supplied when required in such quantity as to thoroughly soak the soil. Pruning. — In pruning or thinning out climbers regard must, of course, be paid to the flowering of the plants and whether they bloom on old or young wood. They must not, however, be allowed to become crowded and untidy ; and even for picturesque effects it is often advisable to give a considerable amount of time to thinning out and removing old wood. Plants under glass may either be planted out in a prepared border or grown in pots. In some cases it is necessary to adopt the latter course, and it is needful to remember that the plants require support if vigorous growth is expected, and that liquid manure or top-dressing with fertilisers is necessary. Clintonia ( 223 ) Clivia Selections of Climbers : — [For details, reference should be made to the various geuera under their titles.] Hardy I'erenniah : — (With protection in some cases in cold districts.) Actinidia. Hablitzia. Polygouum. Ampelopsis. Hedera. Hose. Apios. Jasininum. Rubufl. Aristolochia. Lardizabala. Smilax. Asparagus. Lathyrus. Stauntouia. Berberidopeu. Lonicera. Tamus. Berchemia. Lophospennum. Tecoma. Calystegia. Lyciuin. Tropaiolum. Celastrus. Meuispermum. Vitis. Clematis. Jluehleiibeckia. Wistaria. Eccremocarpus. Periploca. Tender Perennials : — Allamand i. Clematis. Littpnia. Antigouou. Clerodeudron. Louicera. Argyrfia. Clianthns. Maurandya. Aristolochia. t'litoria. Passinora. Asparagus. Coboea. Pliysianthus. Banisteria. ' Combretuin. Piper. Bauhiiiia. Convolvulus. Pleroma, Beaumontia. Eccremocarpus. Plumbago. Bignonia. Ficus. Smilax. Billardiera. Gloriosa. Sollya. Blumenbachia. Hardenbergia. Swaiiisonia. Bomarea. Hibljertia. Tacsonia. Bougainvillca. Hoya. Tecoma. Cestrum (Hab- Ipomcea. Tlmnbergia. viithamuus). Konnedya. Tropa-olum. Lapageria. Vitis. Hardy Annuals : — Amphicarpa?a. Iponwea. Maurandya. Convolvulus. Lathyrus. Tropteolum. Ilalf-liardij Annuals : — Grammatocarpus. Ipomcea. Thuubergia. Gourds, omamental. Mina. Trichosanthes. Tender Annuals ; — Citrullus. Porana. Trichosanthes. Ipomoea. Tliunbergia. CLINTONIA. A genus of about twenty species of herbaceous plants (ord. Liliacea;), valuable for damp, shady- places in peat and sand. Only a few are in cultivation. Propagated by division of the roots in spring. For Clintonia of Douglas, see DOWNIXGIA. Principal Species : — andrewsiaua, 2', Ap. , ro. bellata and borealis borealis, 1', My., yel., grn. yar.). umbellulata, 9" , My. , wh. uninora, 6" , Jy. . wh. (nyn. (*</»». Smilacina um- Smilacina uniflora). CLIPPING. Deciduous hedges of all sorts may be trimmed with advantage once or twice a year. For all small-leaved subjects, such as Box, Yew, and Privet, a pair of specially made shears is the best tool to use, as not only is it easier to get an even outline with them, but the work is expeditiously performed. Large-leaved subjects, such as Laurel, must be trimmed with a knife. Clipping grass edges forms a considerable item in the summer rout ine in the garden. The grass edges should bo gone over several times during the season, or the grass roots into the soil or gravel, and gives the garden a weedy and untidy appearance. Clingstone (.tee frlassary). (sue Lini/m). The clipping of dead blooms from the plants in the flower beds, and in the conservatory, also needs attention. CLIPPING SHEARS. The best make of clipping shears is double- handled ones built in the same way as an ordinary pair of scissors, with stout blades about 1' in length and 2i" broad. The shanks of the blades are bent sligntly out of the straight, and form, with the blades, an angle of about 175°. They are inserted in stout wooden handles. These shears can be used for clipping grass edges, or places where the mowing machine will not touch, and for trimming small-leaved shrubs. They are not to be confused with the shears used for cutting grass edges ; for these see EDGING SHEARS. An ordinary pair of sheep shears with a semicircular ribbon spring are very handy for light work. CLITORIA. Stove evergreen twiners (ord. Leguminosse), pro- ducing handsome, Pea-shaped flowers. They may be raised from cuttings in heat under a glass, and will thrive in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand. The annual and some of the shrubby species may be raised from seeds sown in boxes in moist heat. Principal Species : — ternatea, 4', Jy., bl. There are wh. and br. vars. Other Species : — arborescens, 8', Aug., pk. heterophylla, 1', Jy., bl. berteriana, 2', Je., yel. lasciva, 4', Jy., bl. (now Periandra berter- mariana, 3', Aug., bl. iaua). virginiana, 6', Jy., pur. coccinea, 4', Jy., sc. (now (now Ceutrosema vir- Periandra coccinea) . giuianum). CLIVEUCHARIS. A hybrid between a Clivia and a Eucharis, raised by M. van Houtte. Eucharis amazonica was the pollen parent. The plant needs similar treatment to a Clivia, with a little more heat, and is more a curiosity than of real horticultural value. It is interesting, however, as the forerunner of a possible race of hybrids between Olivias and Eucharises. CLIVIA. These splendid plants (ord. Amaryllidea;) with their handsome, strap-shaped leaves and heads of yellow and orange coloured flowers, are known in nearly every garden either under the name of Iinantophyllum or Clivia. Practically all the garden varieties are forms of Clivia miniata, and a selection is given below. Propagation is easily effected by seeds or division; the former germinate readily in a warm temperature, and the plants should be placed singly in small pots. Rich loam and sharp sand form the best compost, and tin: plants can be fed with liquid manure when in active growth. Though Olivias will thrive in the greenhouse, they appreciate a slightly wanner and moist cr heat when approaching the flowering stage. They make good window plants. After blooming, the plants should be kept drier both in I he air and at the roots, but must not be absolutely dried off. Principal Species and Hybrids : — cyrtanthiflora (miniata X yel., sc- (A selection of "nobilis). excellent vars. is given Gardeni, H', My., or. on p. 221.) yel. — ritrhm, 2'. Mch., yel. miniata, 2', Feb., My.. nobilis, 2'. Jy., red, yel. Clitanthus (see Clove ( 224) Coal Ashes A Selection of Garden Varieties : — Distinction, or. sc., wh. Martha Reimers. Excelsior, or. red. Mdme. Van Houtte, or. Lady Wolverton, or. yel. President, brilliant or. Liudeni, pale or. Prince of Orange, or. yel. Marie Van Houtte, or. Superbum, or. red. yel. CLUSIA. This genus of evergreen trees (ord. Guttiferse) requires stove treatment and a soil of rich loam, peat, and sand over perfect drainage. The trees may be increased from cuttings of ripe wood in very sandy soil under a bell-glass over bottom heat. Principal Species :— flava, 30', Jy., yel. rosea, 30', Jy., red. ; hlf-hdy tree. Other Species : — alba, 30', Je., wh. odorata, 25', Aug., ro. pk. brongniartiana, 25', Jy., tetrandra, 20', Jy., wh. wh. venosa, 25', Jy., wh. CLUYTIA (»yn. CLUTIA). Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Euphorbi- acese) with small white flowers, but of little value for garden purposes. They are grown in loam, sand, and fibrous peat, and are propagated by cut- tings of small side shoots or the tips of others struck in sandy soil under a glass. They require a minimum winter temperature of 40°, and one of from 55° to 75" in summer. The species named grow 2' to 3' high. Principal Species: — alateruoides, Jy. polygonoides, Ap. daphnoides, My. pulchella, Je. ericoides, Ap. CNEORUM. A genus (ord. Simarubese) of greenhouse or half-hardy evergreen shrubs, propagated by cut- tings of ripened wood in spring nnder a bell-glass, and thriving in two parts of loam, one part of leaf mould and sand. Only Species : — pulverulentum, 2' to 4', tricoccon, 2', sum., yel. ; sum., yel. ; powdery. htly. in the south. CNESTIS. A small genus {ord. ConnaraceEe) of stove ever- green shrubs, requiring a compost of fibrous loam, peat, and coarse sand. Propagated by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass in bottom heat. Principal Species : — corniculata, 10', sum., glabra, 10', sum., grn., pur. wh. polyphylla, 6', sum., pur. CNICUS. A large genus, mostly of hardy biennial or per- ennial plants, having a Thistle-like habit, and growing from 1' to 8' high. They form, according to the latest authorities, a somewhat heterogeneous group (ord. Composites), including many species formerly known as Cirsium, Chamaepeuce, etc. Several are useful in gardens where sub-tropical effects are aimed at, and one, C. Casabonte, known as the Fish Bone Thistle, is quite commonly used Climienofoma (see Dygodia). Cloudberry (see Rubus ckamcemorus). Clone (see Carnation). Clomesia (see Catasetum~). Clul> Moss {see Lycopodium). Club Root (see Cabbage Enemies). as a summer bedding plant, but it is not perfectly hardy in all gardens. Propagation is readily effected by seeds sown in cold frames or in the open ground in spring. They are best treated as biennials. Principal Species : — acaulis, 2', sum., pur. eriophorus, 4', Jy., grey altissimus, 8', Aug., pur. (*.'/«• Cirsium erio- Casabonse, 2', Je., pur. phorum). (syn. Chamaepeuce Casa- giganteus, Jy., crim. bonse). Grahamii, 5', Jy., crim. diacaiitha, 3', Je., pur. (5^/H.CirsiumGrahamii). (syn. Chamaepeuce dia- spiuosissimus, 3', sum. ,yel. cantha). uudulatus, 1', sum., pur. Other Species : — afer, Je. , pur. monspessulanus, Je., pur. arachuoideus, Jy., yel. muticus, Je., red. horridus, Jy., Aug., wh., ochroleucus, Jy., yel. pur. COAL. The sort known as anthracite is extensively used for heating purposes in some gardens, and is very useful for reinvigorating a dull fire, or raising heat quickly on cold mornings. Whether or not it is superior to coke is an open question ; but experi- ments carefully conducted by the writer tend to prove otherwise, as 112 Ib. of anthracite was found to keep a fire in an hour less than an equal weight of coke, each kind of fuel keeping up the tem- perature equally well. As the coal cost three- pence per cwt. more than the coke, the latter proved more economical. However, the case is too important to be settled by one experiment, and the balance of evidence is claimed to be in favour of the coal. COAL ASHES. Very useful in the garden, but it is quite possible to have too many of them. Mixed with tar, or used alone, they form useful working paths when well rolled, and provide good standing quarters for pot plants in summer, allowing the free egress of water from the pot, and checking the ingress of worms. If incorporated with heavy land they mechanically render it lighter and more workable. They are often used in excess, par- ticularly on Potato ground, for they lead to scab. COBCEA. Very beautiful greenhouse or conservatory per- ennial plants (ord. Polemoniacea;), with graceful habit and pretty flowers, and well suited for cover- ing walls, trellises, or pillars. They are of rapid growth, and have bell-shaped flowers. They may be used with advantage for summer decoration out- doors. For this purpose they may be sown early and treated as annuals. Propagated by seeds sown in a gentle heat in spring, or by cuttings of the young shoots struck at the same season in light soil in heat. They make more vigorous growth in a rich soil, but a poorer one is advisable to check the tendency to make growth at the expense of flowers. Plants intended for outdoor work must be properly hardened off before planting out. Principal Species : — penduliflora, Dec. , st. cl., grn. scandens, My., etc., cl., — aurea marginata, pur., pur. (seep. 225). Suit- Ivs. variegated. Other Species : — macrostemma, grh. cl., slipularis, Oct., grh. cl., grn., yel. (syn. lutea). yel. able for outside in sum. Cobcea ( 225 ) Cochlospermum COBURGIA. Pleasing half-hardy bulbs (onl. Amaryllidea;), now included under Stenomesson. They are prop- agated by offsets, and may be grown either in pots or in a warm border in summer, lifting the bulbs in autumn and keeping them dry, like Tigridias, in winter, beyond the reach of frost. The species generally grown under the name of Coburgia is incarnata (tyn. S. incarnatum), 1', red. Others are acuta (.«</«. S. incarnatum var. acutum) ; coc- cinea (syn. H. coccineum), 1-J', red ; fulva, 1', tawny yellow (a variety of incarnatum) ; humilis (syn. S. humile), 6", orange red; trichroma, 1', scarlet and yellow (a variety of incarnatum). Versicolor, red, white, and green, is also a variety of S. incarna- tum. Photo : Ctutsell it' Company, Ltd. CoBIKA SCAUDEN8. COCCOCYPSELUM (syn. COCCOCIP- SBLCK). This genus (ord Rubiacese) of soft -wooded stove trailers comprises several species, but is of no great horticultural value. COCCOLOBA. Fruit bearing stove evergreen trees (ord. Poly- gonacese), that carry large leaves, and grow best in loam and peat. Stock may be increased by cuttings of ripe wood in sandy peat under a bell- glass over bottom heat. Principal Species : — grandifolia, 20',Aug.,wh., gru. (syn. pubescens). plntyclada (we Muehlen- beckia platyclada). Other Species : — peltata, 30', Jy., sc. uvifera, 20', Aug., wh., gru. "Seaside Grape." tenuifolia, 30', Aug., gm., wh. COCCULUS (syn. WENDLANDIA). The economic value of these stove evergreen climbers (ord. Menispermacea;), lies in their medi- cinal properties. They grow well in fibrous peat and loam, with sharp sand, and may be propagated from cuttings of firm growths in sandy soil under a bell-glass in heat. Principal Species : laurifolius, 10', sum., wh., grn. Other Species : — crispus, 10', sum., wli., grn. (now T'iuospora crispa). Plukenetii, 10', sum., gr., villosus, 6', sum., grn., yel. yel. (now Pachygone ovata). suberosus, 20', sum., wh., grn. (now Anamirta paniculata). COCHLEARIA. (SCURVY GRASS.) A genus of hardy annual or perennial plants (ord. Cruciferse), of little ornamental value. The most useful is Armoracia, the Horse Radish (which see). The native Scurvy Grass is officinalis, G", May, white, there being also a variety alpina, which is dwarfer in growth. Acaulis, (i", April, lilac, is the only other worthy of mention. Com- mon soil. Seeds or division. COCHLIODA. Stove and greenhouse, evergreen, epiphytic Orchids (ord. Orchidaceaa), all natives of the Andes. Division of the pseudo-bulbs is the only practicable way of increasing stock, apart from the importation of fresh pieces. The compost may consist of fibrous peat two parts, live sphagnum moss, chopped, one part, a little sand, and a few small pieces of charcoal. All the species men- tioned ,here make good basket plants for the cool house. They do well in the Odontoglossum house, provided they are not heavily shaded. Principal Species : — Coccinella (sen Lailtjlird). miniata, red, said to be a natural hybrid between noe/liaua and vul- canica. noezliana, 8'', win., spr., cool house, or. sc., lip with a yel. disc (»i/«. uoet/.liaua). rosea,8",whi.,ro.car.,wh. saiiguinea, 8",aut.,ro. pk. vulcanica, 8", spr., dark ro., pale ro. lip. Other Species and Varieties : — stricta, 8", ro. vulcanica grandiflora, 8", spr. , dark ro. COCHLIOSTEMA. Handsome stove perennials (aril. Commelinacese) with long, deep green and purple leaves, and showy- flowers ; rare in cultivation. COCHLOSPERMUM. Azeredia, Maximiliana. and Wittelsbachia are all referred to this genus (aril. Bixinerc). Stove evergreen trees or shrubs, increased by cuttings of Coccus (see Scale). Cockchafer ( 226 ) Cocos the matured shoots taken in spring, and rooted in sand in bottom heat; and by seeds, sown when obtained. Seeds produce finer plants than cuttings. Soil, equal parts o£ loam and peat, with sand. Firm potting. Principal Species :— Gossypium, 5V, My., yel. (syn. Bombax Gossy- pium). A noble tree. Other Species : — COCOS WEDDELIAXA. COCKCHAFER. The cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris), known also as the May Bug, is a very destructive pest, though fortunately it confines its attentions more strictly to field crops than to those of the garden. In the larval or grub state it feeds underground upon the roots of young trees, lawn grass, and vegetables ; and in the fourth year after hatching from its egg — years which it has spent entirely underground — it emerges as a full-grown beetle, and at once commences to make its presence felt on the leaves of various trees. The fact that the larvae give no indication of their presence in the soil until such is furnished by the decay of the plant attacked, makes the application of any pre- ventive or remedy very difficult. Where it is possible to break up infested land, this should be done, and the visits of insectivorous birds, such as starlings and rooks, encouraged. These much maligned friends of the gardener will, too, fre- quently extract the grubs from his lawns, appear- ing to possess some peculiar instinct which apprises them of the appearance of this dainty food. Trees the foliage of which is badly attacked may be cleared by shaking them over a white cloth. Poultry may be allowed to pick the fallen chafers up. Bats are fond of them. COCKROACH. The cockroach (Stylophaga orientalis) is a verit- able nightmare to the grower of choice exotics, as it frequents the houses and nibbles off the roots, more especially the freely exposed ones of Orchids, and the species americana is if anything worse. Some of the stronger spiders capture and dispose of cockroaches in their own peculiar way. A small quantity of phosphor paste spread on bread and butter, or even on pieces of slate or flower pots, will lure cockroaches on to a speedy death. COCKSCOMB. The name given to the peculiar inflorescence of Celosia cristata, on account of its resemblance to the ornamental appendage adorning the head of the farmyard cock. (For culture, sue CELOSIA.) COCOANUT FIBRE REFUSE. A very useful auxiliary to the gardener. A mixture 'of the fibre and sand forms one of the beet mediums in which to strike cuttings of soft- wooded plants. As plunging material it is un- equalled, being light, sweet, and clean ; moreover, it has the merit of serving again and again for this purpose. It is also extensively employed as a mulching for flower beds in summer, where, besides conserving the moisture about the roots of plants, it adds greatly to the appearance of the bed. The coarser particles, obtained by passing the fibre through a sieve, are often used for laying- over the crocks in flower pots, but it is not safe practice. COCOS. (Including GLAZIOVA). Description. — Noble Palms (ord. Palmas), import- ant both from an economic and a decorative point of view. Xucifera, the Cocoanut, is an indispensable plant to the inhabitants of the tropics, and it is said that it alone is capable of furnishing all the necessities of human life. There is indeed no part of it but can be turned to account. It is only a moderate success under cultivation. (For the Double Cocoanut, see LODOICKA.) Cocos wed- deliana is one of the most graceful of Palms, and, although it likes a stove heat, will last a long time in beauty in an ordinary dwelling-room. Under such conditions its leaves should be frequently sponged to free them from dust. Small plants, only 4" or 5" high, are in great request for small ornamental receptacles. For sub-tropical bedding plumosa is the most amenable species. Propagation. — By seeds sown in stove heat, in sandy soil, or in a bed of Cocoanut fibre. Soil. — Equal parts of peat and loam, with sand in the early stages ; more loam for the older plants. Other Cultural Points.— While Cocoses like plenty of moisture, both in the air and at the root, they are impatient of stagnant water, and the drainage must be perfect. Generally speaking, rather small pots give the best results. Firm pot- ting is essential. The most troublesome insect is red spider, and it must be kept down by the con- sistent use of the syringe. Principal Species : — nucifera, 50', fronds C' to '20', bright gru. Cocoa- nut Palm. plumosa, 40' to 50', fronds 3' to 15', dark gru. above, glaucous be- neath ; nearly erect in growth. romanzoffiana, 30' to 50', ilurk gru ; not common. weddeliana (tee figure), fronds 1' to 4', gru. above, grey below ; drooping in habit. Py- naertii is a var. with broader pinna! (.«//«.«. LeojioldiiiKi pulclmi and Glaziovu elegant- isyima). Cocoanut Tree (see Cocos). Coddling (227 ) Ccelogyne Other Species : Bonnetii. butyraeea. capituta, 10' to l.V, fronds ti' to 8', pinna1 erect. Datil. fronds 12' to 16', stem stout ; a noble Palm, eriospatha. llexiiosa. gramiiiifolia, fronds 'V , almost stemless. iusignis. Iciospatha, fronds 3'. Marie Rose (KIT proco- piana). Normaubyi (correctly Ptychosperma Nor- numbyi). olerocea, 60' to 90'. The buds are cooked and eaten by the natives of Brazil. petra-a, frouds 11' to 3'. procopiana, l.V to 18', fronds 2' (.«//». Marie Rose of gardens). Yatay, 12' to 18', fronds 6' to 10'. Yuriimaguas. CODDLING. A gardener*! term, which is used contemptuously to denote the application of undue heat or care to a plant which would do better without it. Coddled plants are invariably leggy and spindly, and con- trast very unfavourably with the sturdy, robust specimens produced under a cooler course of treat- ment. Coddling must not be confounded with " nursing," which is often resorted to to restore a plant whose health is somewhat precarious. CODIjEUM. This is a genus (ord. Euphorbiaceie) of com- paratively l'c\v species, but numerous garden-raised forms. They are known in gardens as Cretans, anil in a popular dictionary such as the present they are dealt with under the familiar name. Some attempt is occasionally made in gardens to draw a distinctive line between the two genera bv classing the broad-leaved types as Codianims, anil the narrow, twisted-leaved ones as Crotons. But strictly speaking all are Codiasums. {S:'c CUOTON.) CODLIN MOTH {nee APPLE ENEMIES). CODONANTHE. Including Coccanthera, and part of Hypocyrta (in-//. Gesneracejo). Stove herbaceous plants of creeping habit. They answer to the same treatment as Gesnera, which see. Only Species Introduced : — gracilis, Je., creamy wh. (syn. Hypocyrta gra- cilis), thick, fleshy leaves. CODONOPSIS. Formerly Glosocornia. A genus of herbs (ord. Campanulaceic) embracing twelve species, hardy or half-hardy. Increased by root division for the perennials ; seeds for the annuals. Any good garden soil will do, but it should be well drained, and the position sheltered, though not shaded. Principal Species :— clematitlea, 2' to 3', sum., lidy. per., wh., bl. (.11/11. Glosocomia clemati- dea). Regarded by some botanists as a var. of ovata. Other Species : — conlata (we Campanu- HKea javaiiiea). tiracilis (see Leptocodon giaeilis). ovata, 6" to 12", sum., hlf-hily. per. , pale bl. rohmdifolia, sum., hlf- hdy.,yel., grn ; climb- ing aim. — grandiHora, larger flowers than type. lanceolata, 6" to 12", sum., hlf-hily. per., pale lil. ; tuberous rooted (*!/>!. Cam- panuma'a laiireolata). ec Alrluirnra). Caslestina {see Aijeratum~). CCELIA (syn. BOTHRIOCKILUS). Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchitlaceae) of some beauty. They answer to the same cultural treatment as Epidendrums. Principal Species': — baueriana, 1', Je., wh. , fragrant. bella, H" to 2", yel. wh., tipped ro. (XI/HS. Bifren- aria bella and Both- riochilus bellus). macrostachya, 1J', Ap.y red. mooreaua. CCELIOPSIS. Epiphytal Orchids (tiril. Orchidaceai). They flourish under the same treatment as Epidendrums, which see. Hyacinthosma, white, crimson, and orange, has Pear-shaped pseudo-bulbs and delicious Hyacinth-scented flowers. It thrives in either a cool house or stove. CCELOGYNE. Description.— .Many species of this somewhat- large genus (ord. Orchidacese) are very useful and it. x. Fisiit Mtatovyfti ClKLOClVNE rVLCHELLA (we J .'L'5). beautiful. Almost all are of low growth, with Mrms of distinctly creeping habit : mi thfsp stems the thii'k rounded or angular pseudo-bulbs develop from the new growths, each carrying a pair of green, strap - shaped leaves. Although a few species produce their flowers singly, the majnritv bear theirs in elegant pendulous or semi-pendulous racemes. In colour the flowers show considerable variation, but are mostly green, brown, or white. One of the most popular of Orchids i~ the charm- ing Ccelogyne cristata, and it is one of the e Ccelogyne ( 228 Coffea to grow, for it can be managed successfully in the same greenhouse as the equally popular Cypripe- diurn insigne ; for bouquets, buttonholes, wreaths, etc., cristata, its pure white variety alba, and its Lemon yellow marked form lemoniana, are very suitable, those of the type being quite common in florists' shops during February and March. Culture. — Being low-growing and shallow-root- ing Orchids, all the Ccelogynes are best grown in pans, rafts, or baskets, where ample drainage can be afforded, and a not too abundant supply of peat, loam, fibre, and sphagnum placed about their roots. Propagation is effected by division of the rhizomes, but whenever a specimen is divided or repotted sufficient room should be allowed for the Indian house, in sphagnum and a little peat. The Pleione group require very different treatment, and are referred to under PLEIONE. Watering and Syringing. —During warm, bright weather Ccelogynes not only need large supplies of water, but they love to be finely sprayed over by means of a syringe : syringing must, however, be discontinued early in the autumn. With the ex- ception of the pretty Indian Crocuses — known to most gardeners as Pleiones, but now referred to Coelogyne — the members of this genus are ever- green, and at no time of the year should they become dry .at the roots, though it follows that less water is needed when growth has finished for the season than when roots and leaves are in full growth. Principal Species : — asperata, 9", My., grn., yel.,red br. (XI/H. Lowii). ba'rhata, 1', Nov., Dec., wh. cristata, 10", Fell., Mch., wh,, yel. The var. lernoniana has a very pale yel. mark on the lip, but alba is purest wh. dayuua, My., Je., light yel., br. ; very long, drooping spikes (we figure), fuscesceus, 9", ant., br., red, grn. Other Species : cormguttt, 8", Aug., wh., yel. corymbosa. 1', Jy., wh., yel , br. Cumingii, 1', Jy.,wh.,yel. elata, 1', Ap., My., wh. , yel. flaccida, 1', spr., wh., yel, Foerstermannii, 2', Jy., wh., yel., br. fuliginosa, 1', Je., cream, br. gardueriana, 1', Nov., wh., yel. lactea, 9", spr., cream, yel., br. lentigiuosa, 9", My., grn., wh., vel. CCELOGYNE DAYANA. increase of at least a couple of years. Several species that will accommodate themselves to the conditions of the Odontoglossum bouse for the greater part of the year will be most successfully managed if placed in an intermediate -temperature during the growing season ; this applies to asperata and speciosa. Others, like massangeana and dayana — both of which have long, depending racemes (those of dayana being sometimes 5' long) 1 — should be placed in baskets and suspended from the roof in the Cattleya or intermediate house. Few Ccelogynes appreciate great heat, but .there is at least one exception, and that is pandurata, a most distinct and interesting species from Borneo ; it is a strong-growing plant that requires a great deal of raft room and produces handsome, large, pale green flowers, heavily marked on the lip with blauk. This Orchid should be grown in the East ]ii.'i?s;mgeana, 1', My.. Je., pale yel. , red br. ocellata, 8", Feb., Mch., wh. yel., br. ; the var. maxima has larger flowers, pauclurata, IV, My., Je., iutevmcdiatehouse,gru., veined hlk. pulchella, wh., blotched br. (are p. 227). sparsa, 6", Mch., wh., yel. speciosa, 9", sum., aut., st., yel., br. Veitchii, G", Aug , wh. media, 10", My., wh., yel. mayeriana, 1', Sep., grn., blk. MOSSIEE, G", Mch., wh. oclimcea, 9", Ap., wli., yel. odoratissima, 10", win wh. Sanderaa, 8", Mch., wh., or. sauderiana, 1', Jy. , wh., yel., br. swaniana, 1', Ap., wh., br. tomentosa. 8", Jy.,red bf. viscosa, 1', sum., wli., br. COFFEA. Upwards of thirty species are placed in this genus (vrd. Rubiacese). They are tropical, evergreen trees and shrubs, and though not showy are of the greatest value economically. Arabica was at one time the source of much of the coffee of commerce, but liberica has of late years been largely cultivated. The coffee it yields is little, if at all, inferior to the older Arabian coffee, and the plant grows in places where arabica will not ; moreover, it is not so subject to the dreaded fungoid disease. Propagation is by cuttings, which in this country have to be rooted in sand, beneath a bell-glass in heat ; also by seeds. Seedlings are less satisfactory than plants raised from cuttings. Soil, turfy loam and sand. Principal Species : — liberica, 10' to 16', wh., fragrant. stenophylla, 10' to 12' ; a valuable coffee yiclder. travaneorensis, 3 to C'f wh., fragrant. arabica, Sap., wh., frag- rant. This plant has points in common with both liberica and steno- phylla. bengalensis, 5' to 15', wh. Coix ( 220 ) Coleonema COIX (syn. LITHAGROSTIS). (JOB'S TEARS.) Rat iier curious Grasses (nrd. Graminea;), which in cultivation need heat. They are best treated as annuals — raised from seeds sown in heat in early spring, and planted out as soon as all danger from frost is past. The seeds are hard, pearly grey, and in request for ornaments. Any ordinary "garden soil will suit. Four species in all are referred to the genus. Principal Species : — Lachryma-Jobi, 2' to 4' (sijn. lachryma). COKE. The staple fuel for garden furnaces. It should be broken fairly small, and be stored in a dry place. It is generally purchased by the chaldron of 12 cwts., and should, where possible, be obtained and stored in summer for two reasons; firstly, because it is then much cheaper than in winte'r, and, secondly, because being purchased by weight it brings a greater bulk to the buyer by reason of its then being dry and light, whereas in winter it is wet and heavy. (Xee also HEATIXG.) COLA (syns. LUNANEA and SIPHONIOPSIS). Stove evergreen trees (ord. Sterculiaceas), whose hard, dark brown seeds — the Cola or Goora nut possess antitoxic qualities. The "nuts" when ground are employed by the natives to purit'v unwholesome water. There are half a dozen species. Increase is by cuttings of the ripened shoots, in sand, in brisk bottom heat, and by seeds. Soil, rich light loam, with a little rough grit. Principal Species : — acuminata, Jan., yel. Its value is wholly economic. COLCHICUM. (MEADOW SAFFRON.) Ornamental bulbous plants (nrd. Liliacea?), mostlv hardy, and resembling the Crocus in appearance, hence erroneously called " Autumn Crocuses." The greater number flower in autumn, and are valuable for beds, borders, and rock gardens. They make large conns, and the larger number produce broad, massive leaves in spring. The corms, or " bulbs." are very poisonous. Propagation is by offsets, removed when the plants are at rest, usually as soon as the leaves turn yellow ; also by seeds sown as soon as ripe, or in spring. A good, strong soil is favourable for the development of the large- floweret 1 forms, but they can be grown in almost any soil. Colchicums should be planted as early as possible, and ought to be in the ground before the other autumn bulbs can be delivered. They may, however, be planted later. Principal Species : — autuinnale, !)", Sep., pur. Boniiiiiilleri,r,Sep.,pur., There are a number of wh. ; very handsome, forms which are better and one of the best, than tlio type. The liest by/.antinum, 0", Sep.. m. of these are jillmiii pur. ; very pretty. Var. plenum, purpurcum eilieieum is fine, plenum, roseum Sihthorpii. !)", Sep., wh., plenum, and striatum chequered pur. Tin1 plenum. Others area 1- best of the tessellated bum, atropiirptireuui. ones (KI/H. latifolium). striatum, and foliis- speciosum, 1', Sop.. Ml., vnriegatis (*//«. croci- pur. A noble Meadow riorum). Safl'nm. Rubrum und Colax (see Lycaste and Sifrenaria). pur. A pretty chequered species (syn. chion- ense.) Var. Parkinsom is good. luteum, 6", spr., yel.,hlf- luly. montauuni, 4", Aug., pur. Vars. hololophum, Kit- chii, etc. neapolitauuni, (>", Sep., pur. procurrens, Oct., lil. (cor- rectly Mereiulera sobo- lifera). Trocnlii, Sep., wh. umbrosum, 3", Sep.,pk. maximum are choice vars. There is a rare wh. var. variegatum, 6",Sep.,wh., Other Species : • — agrippinum,3",Aug., pur. alpinum, 3", Aug., pur. areuarium, 3", Sep., pur. Bivonte, 6", Sep., pur., chequered, crociflorum (sec autum- uale). Decaisnei, 9", Nov., pur. fasciculare, 6", Oct., wh., pur. hydrophyllum, C", spr., lil. Irctum, 6", Sep., wh., lil. (»jn. candiduro). COLDENIA. This genus (nrd. Boraginea?) embraces about ten species of branching, procumbent herbs, dis- tributed in both hemispheres. The plants are not showy, and procumbens is probably the only one cultivated. Propagation is by seeds sown in heat in March. A light, rich soil, such as loam and leaf mould in equal parts, with sand, is necessary. Principal Species : — • procumbens, Jy., wh. COLEA. Nine or ten species of stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Bignoniaceae). Cuttings of the matured shoots root readily if inserted in sandy soil in spring and plunged in brisk bottom heat. Afterwards the soil may consist of fibrous peat and loam in equal proportions, with sand and a few nodules of charcoal. Principal Species : — rloribunda, 10', Aug., maiu-itiana, dark ro. yel., wh. undulatn, yel., lil. COLEBROOKIA. A genus (ord. Labiatic) of evergreen greenhouse shrubs, clothed with thick, felt-like wobl. The flowers are small and white, and the plants un- important. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots may be rooted in April under a bell-glass. Soil, two parts loam and one part leaf mould, with sand. Oppositifolia, 3' to 4', and ternifolia have been described as distinct species • now they are looked upon as being forms of one. COLEONEMA. liather pretty greenhouse shrubs (ord. Kutacea?), with small flowers, white for the most part. All the four species are natives of South-west Africa. They may be propagated by cuttings of tips of the side shoots put in sandy soil under a bell-glass, without heat. Soil, fibrous loam and peat in equal parts, with sand. A little pinching will be neces- sary to correct the rather straggling habit. Principal Species :— album, 1' to '2', ant., win., junipcrifoliiiin, 1' to 2', wh., small. aut., wh. (•*//". jnni- axpnlnthoidcs, 6" to 3', perinum). aut., \vh. piilehruin, 2' to 4', ant., red. ( 'nlhertia (see DUIrnia). Coleus ( 230 ) Collinsia COLEUS. The Coleuses usually cultivated in our plant houses are the result of careful cross-breeding; verv few of the species being considered suf- ficiently handsome to merit the attention of the gardener. No plant gives better results with so little trouble than the Coleus. Its magnificently coloured foliage imparts a charm to any glass structure during the warmer months ot the year. COLEUS 11ns. TOLWOKTHY. The interesting species thyrsoideus, introduced from Central Africa in 1897, assumes a branching habit with a little pinching, and produces long spikes of bright blue flowers at Christmas. The leaves are green. Propagation. — Cuttings may be inserted at any time after the turn of the year, providing a minimum temperature of 55° to 60° can be main- tained. Where conveniences do not exist for keeping Coleuses through the winter, very orna- mental plants, in some respects equal to named varieties, can be raised from seed. This should be sown at the end of February or beginning of March in deep pans, well drained, and filled with a light compost containing plenty of sharp sand. Sow thinly, and place the pans in a temperature of (>5° minimum, pricking off the seedlings when •quite small into other pans, thence into small pots, until by the end of April they are ready for a shift into 4J" pots. Useful plants may be grown in this size; or they may be shifted on as growth demands into 6" and 8" pots. The strongest-grow- ing plants are invariably those with a preponder- ance of green in their foliage, and these may be removed early from the seed pans and thrown away, retaining and potting up the weaker-grow- ing varieties. Other Cultural Points. — Growth is very rapid indeed under favourable conditions, and the plants should bo transferred to pots two sizes larger at every shift, until the maximum size is attained, using rich soil and potting firmly to ensure luxuri- ance of foliage \vith a short-jointed growth. Pinching is generally resorted to for keeping the plants bushy and shapely. Coleuses may, with care, be trained to cover a balloon- or umbrella-shaped trellis, and make very effective objects grown in this manner ; or they may be trained to cover a wall in the stove or conserv- atory. In whatever manner grown, whether from cuttings or seeds, the fact should never be lost sight "of that it is only when "rootbouud," that isf the pots well filled with roots, that Coleuses assume their most gorgeous colours A Selection of Varieties :— Baron Kothscliilcl. Pineapple Beauty. Countess of Dudley. Pride of the Market. Decorator (sff J>. '2ol). Tete d'Or. Mrs. Tolworthy (we Vesuvius. figure). Some of the Species : — b;irl>;ltus, 2' t Blumei, wh., pur. (iibsonii. pur. inflatus, 3', lil. Malioui, 14', Mch., pur. pietus, U', gm., yel.. hr. scutellarioides, bl. . wh. thyrsoideus, 3', Jan. to Mch., bl. Verschaffeltii, bronze foli- age, useful bedder. COLEWORT. A quick-growing, immature Cabbage, which use- fully fills the place of Cabbages proper at a time when these are not available. The Kosette Cole- wort is the sort generally grown, and three sowings are generally found sufficient to meet all demands. March, May, and July are the months for sowing, and the seedlings are grown in the .same way as ordinary Cabbages, with the exception that they are planted so "thickly as to allow of every other one being drawn for use, and still leave sufficient plants to yield a full crop. Eighteen inches be- tween the 'rows, and 4" to 6" between the plants, is a reasonable distance at which to plant. COLLABIUM. Two species of stove terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacen?) constitute this genus. The flowers are borne in long, many-flowered racemes. Prop- na-ation is by division ; and for soil, two parts of fibrous peat, one part of loam, and one part of chopped sphagnum, with sand, may be used. Only Species : — nebulosum. simplex, grn., yel. COLLETIA. Greenhouse or half-hardy shrubs (ord. Rham- neje), with spiny branches. The petals are wanting, and the coloured calyx is the showy part of the flower. Increase is by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in a close frame in spring. Soil, good sandy loam. Principal Species :— sis, horrida, and poly- acantha). cruciata. 4', stem prickly (KI/IIK, armata, bictonen- ulicina, 2' to 4'. COLLINSIA. A genus of about eighteen species of pretty, hardy annuals (ord. Scrophularinese), which are suitable for the decoration of the garden in summer or, if sown in autumn, in spring. Bicolor is a well- Collania of Herbert (see Jiomarea). Collamm uf Sclmltes (see Urceolina). Collcmbolti (see imprint/tails). THE BLUE WINTER-FLOWERING COLEUS THYRSOIDEUS Collinsonia (231 ) Colorado Beetle known annual. Propagated by seeds, sown in s-pring where tlie plants are to bloom, and thinned out lo 2" or 3" apart. For early flowering sow in a sheltered place in autumn, protect in severe weather with branches or mats, and transplant in spring. Ordinary garden soil, previously well dug and manured, will do. Those sown in autumn should be in poorer soil during winter. Principal Species : — tricolor, 1', Aug. , pur. , wh. — alba, wh. grandinora, 1', Jy., pur., bl. Other Species : — liartsia'folia, 1', Je., pur. bicolor heterophylla, 2', Jy., m. t'orymbnsa, 1', Jy.,wh.,bl. multicolor, 1J', My., In. verna, t', My., wh., bl. A pretty auu. in spr. parviflora, l',Je.,pur. bl.: trailer. spar.sitlora, 1'. My., vio. tiuctoria, 1', My., pk. violacea, 9", Je., vio. COLLINSONIA. 1'erennial herbaceous plants (urd. Labiata?), little grown in gardens on account of their rather coarse habit. They like a rather moist and peaty soil, but will grow in any border. They are propagated by division in spring. The species grown are anisata, 2J', October, yellow ; canadensis, 4', Sep- tember, yellow (xyns. cuneata, decussata, etc.) ; scabriuicula, 2', August, greenhouse, yellow (HI/US. ovalis. tuberosi, etc.) ; anil verticilhita. Anisata is barely hardy. COLLOMIA. I'rctty, hardy annuals (ord. Polemoniacere), re- lated to, and somewhat like, the Gilias. They may be sown in spring or. autumn; for autumn bloom where they are to flower ; for spring in the reserve garden. The best are coccinea, l.y, June, ml (*.'/«. lateritia), and grandifloni. IV. ml yellow (.»•//». Cavanillesii, not cavanillesiana of D. Don). Others are heterophylla, 1^', July, purple, and linearis, ].'/, June, yellow, brown. Common soil. COLOCASIA. Description. — Stove herbaceous plants {urd. Aroideae), with a tuberous rootstock. There are live species, all hailing from tropical America. The leaves are large and showy, and one species at least — Antiqiioruin — is cultivated for the sake of its edilili' rootstuek. Taro. Propagation. — By division of the rootstocks, in I lit- >ame manner as is practised for Caladiums, which sec. Soil. — Equal parts of rich loam and leaf soil, with coarse sand. Other Cultural Points. — Antiquorum esculentum is the form generally known in this country. Us huge leaves, nearly 2' in length by 18" broad, give it a noble presence, and the plant is much valued for sub-tropical bedding. The rootstocks are started in In at in earlv March, and crown on in a stove heat until all danger of frost is past. The plants may be grown in pots, but as they need a good deal of root room they are apt to be clumsy. Plenty of water is necessary throughout the grow- ing season, and weak liquid manure is beneficial. The heavv leaves require artificial support. Principal Species : — Antiquorum, 2' to 3'. — esculentum. '!' to -I', leaves round, heart shaped, of great size, grn.. and with prominent wh. ribs. Formerly regarded as a distinct species {»i/n. Caladium esculentum). — nymphajifolia, stemless. devansayana. indica, 5' (correctly Alocasia indica). odorata {see Alocasia oclora). COLOGANIA. Stove creeping or twining shrubs {ord. Legu- minosse). They may be increased by cuttings formed of the side shoots inserted in sandy soil, in heat ; and by seeds sown under similar conditions. Soil, a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Principal Species: — IJrou-sonetii, vio., flowers in pairs. biloba, 20', sum., aut., vio. Other Species :— angustifolia. pulchella. COLORADO BEETLE. This destructive beetle (Doryphora decemlineata) is well known in the United States. It was first discovered in the Rocky Mountains, in the Colorado district, whence the name. It was then observed to be feeding on a wild Solatium, but it has since transferred its attentions to 'the cultivated Potato. It reached the Atlantic coast in 187(i, and is now common all along the eastern American coast. Alarm was taken in 1877 that it would spread to this country, and in that year the Privy Council passed an Act enjoining any person finding it to be present in his Potatoes to give notice to the local police. Also in 1877 the beetle was discovered at COLEUS DECORATOR («ep. 230.) Miilheim, on the Rhine, and in several localities in S.ixony, and it was only by the vigilance and prompt action of the Government that it was got rid of. In 1901 the pest made its first appearance in Knirland, being found at Tilbury, but the ener- getic action of the Hoard of Agriculture soon exter- minated it. In America, spraying with Paris Cn-.'ii has been found effectual, and it is probable that Colocynthia (see Citrullvt). Colquhounia ( 232 ) Comfrey Bordeaux Mixture would be equally efficacious. Lygum Solani, a beetle which attacks Potatoes in tiiis country, is quite a different insect. COLQUHOUNIA. Elegant evergreen climbing shrubs (ord. Labi- atse), suitable for pillars or the roof of a cool conservatory. There are three or four species. They may be increased by tips of the .young, grow- ing shoots in a light, gritty soil, under a hand- glass, in summer. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand in equal proportions. Principal Species : — coccinea, Sep., sc. (nyii. — vestita, a very woolly tomeiitosa) . form. COLUBRINA.
| 21,619 |
https://github.com/jeremydouglass/panelcode_css/blob/master/styles/partials/_layout-media.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
panelcode_css
|
jeremydouglass
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 499 | 1,630 |
/** ==============================
Layout Aspect Ratios (MEDIA)
============================== **/
/* defaults */
$width: 200px;
@mixin crossed($r, $g, $b) {
background:
linear-gradient(to top left,
rgba($r,$g,$b,0) 0%,
rgba($r,$g,$b,0) calc(50% - 0.8px),
rgba($r,$g,$b,1) 50%,
rgba($r,$g,$b,0) calc(50% + 0.8px),
rgba($r,$g,$b,0) 100%),
linear-gradient(to top right,
rgba($r,$g,$b,0) 0%,
rgba($r,$g,$b,0) calc(50% - 0.8px),
rgba($r,$g,$b,1) 50%,
rgba($r,$g,$b,0) calc(50% + 0.8px),
rgba($r,$g,$b,0) 100%) !important;
}
@mixin layout($aspect, $width, $scale, $pad, $label:14px) {
width: $scale * $width;
height: $scale * $width / $aspect + $label;
padding: $pad;
// padding-bottom: $label;
// margin-bottom: $label;
grid-gap: $pad;
.panelgroup {
grid-gap: $pad;
}
}
@mixin sizelist($aspect, $width) {
&.layout,
& .layout {
@include layout($aspect, $width, 1, 4px);
/* * padding-bottom: 20px; * */
}
&.default,
& .default,
.default & {
&.layout,
& .layout {
@include layout($aspect, $width, 1, 4px);
/* * padding-bottom: 20px; * */
}
}
&.small,
& .small,
.small & {
&.layout,
& .layout {
@include layout($aspect, $width, 1/2, 3px);
/* * padding-bottom: 20px; * */
}
}
&.thumb,
& .thumb,
.thumb & {
&.layout,
& .layout {
@include layout($aspect, $width, 32/100, 2px);
/* * padding-bottom: 20px; * */
.label {
position: absolute;
}
}
}
&.mini,
& .mini,
.mini & {
&.layout,
& .layout {
@include layout($aspect, $width, 16/100, 1px, 2px);
.label {
position: absolute;
bottom: -14px !important;
}
&:hover .label {
bottom: 0px !important;
visibility: initial;
overflow: visible;
}
.panel {
color: transparent; /* hide panel text */
}
}
}
&.micro,
& .micro,
.micro & {
&.layout,
& .layout {
@include layout($aspect, $width, 12/100, 1px, 1px);
background: #fff;
border: 1px solid #999;
.label {
visibility: hidden;
position: absolute;
bottom: -14px !important;
}
&:hover .label {
visibility: initial;
overflow: visible;
}
.panel {
border: 0px solid #999;
background: #ccc;
padding: 0px;
color: transparent; /* hide panel text */
}
}
}
&.micro2,
& .micro2,
.micro3 & {
&.layout,
& .layout {
@include layout($aspect, $width, 12/100, 0px, 0px);
background: #fff;
border: 0px solid #999;
.label {
visibility: hidden;
position: absolute;
bottom: -14px !important;
}
&:hover .label {
visibility: initial;
overflow: visible;
}
.panel {
border: 1px solid #999;
background: #fff;
padding: 0px;
color: transparent; /* hide panel text */
}
}
}
&.micro3,
& .micro3,
.micro3 & {
&.layout,
& .layout {
@include layout($aspect, $width, 12/100, 1px, 1px);
border: 0px solid #f00;
}
}
}
/** mark empty panels with an x **/
//.panel {
// &.x {
// @include crossed(230,230,230);
// }
//}
/** default
============================== **/
div {
@include sizelist(1.0/1.0, $width);
}
/** comicbooks
============================== **/
.comicbook {
$width: 200px; // 280px
&-us { /* 11" x 17" */
@include sizelist(11.0/17.0, $width);
}
&-short { /* 11" x 15" aspect */
@include sizelist(11.0/15.0, $width);
&.layout,
& .layout {
padding: 20px 15px 20px 15px;
}
}
}
/** comicstrips
============================== **/
.comicstrip {
$width: 300px; // 280px
&-daily { /* 14" x 20" */
@include sizelist(14.0/4.0, $width);
}
&-sunday-full {
@include sizelist(14.0/20.0, $width);
}
&-sunday-half {
@include sizelist(14.0/10.0, $width);
}
&-sunday-third {
@include sizelist(14.0/6.7, $width);
}
&-sunday-quarter {
@include sizelist(14.0/5.0, $width);
}
&-linear {
@include sizelist(14.0/2.5, $width);
}
}
| 34,113 |
https://github.com/xoac/tokio-timer-patched/blob/master/target/debug/build/memoffset-bee14ec1b5513296/build_script_build-bee14ec1b5513296.d
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
tokio-timer-patched
|
xoac
|
D
|
Code
| 5 | 238 |
/home/sr/projects/git.igrid.tech/sr/tokio-timer-patched/target/debug/build/memoffset-bee14ec1b5513296/build_script_build-bee14ec1b5513296: /home/sr/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/memoffset-0.5.4/build.rs
/home/sr/projects/git.igrid.tech/sr/tokio-timer-patched/target/debug/build/memoffset-bee14ec1b5513296/build_script_build-bee14ec1b5513296.d: /home/sr/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/memoffset-0.5.4/build.rs
/home/sr/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/memoffset-0.5.4/build.rs:
| 13,017 |
https://github.com/MrPudin/Prevoir/blob/master/IOS/Prevoir/AppDelegate.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
Prevoir
|
MrPudin
|
Swift
|
Code
| 253 | 900 |
//
// AppDelegate.swift
// Prevoir
//
// Created by Zhu Zhan Yan on 17/9/16.
// Copyright © 2016 SSTInc. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
public enum SKMUserDefaultKey:String {
case suite = "pvr_ud_suite"
case use = "pvr_ud_use"
case setting = "pvr_ud_setting"
}
@UIApplicationMain
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {
//UI
var window: UIWindow?
//App Status
var use_cnt:Int!
//App Data
var DB:SKMDatabase!
var DBC:SKMDataController!
var CFG:SKMConfig!
//App Logic
var SCH:SKMScheduler!
//Storage
var ud:UserDefaults!
//MARK:App Delegate
func application(_ application: UIApplication, willFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey : Any]? = nil) -> Bool {
//Init Data
self.use_cnt = 0
self.DB = SKMDatabase()
self.DBC = SKMDataController(db: DB)
self.CFG = SKMConfig(cfg: Dictionary<String,NSCoding>())
self.SCH = SKMScheduler(dataCtrl: self.DBC,cfg: self.CFG)
self.loadUD()
return true
}
func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey: Any]?) -> Bool {
try? DB.load()
return true
}
func applicationWillResignActive(_ application: UIApplication) {
}
func applicationDidEnterBackground(_ application: UIApplication) {
DB.commit()
}
func applicationWillEnterForeground(_ application: UIApplication) {
try? DB.load()
}
func applicationDidBecomeActive(_ application: UIApplication) {
}
func applicationWillTerminate(_ application: UIApplication) {
DB.commit()
}
//MARK:Additional Methods
public func loadUD()
{
//Load user Defaults
if let ud = UserDefaults(suiteName: SKMUserDefaultKey.suite.rawValue)
{
self.ud = ud
self.use_cnt = ud.integer(forKey: SKMUserDefaultKey.use.rawValue)
}
else
{
//No Suite for User Defaults
UserDefaults().addSuite(named: SKMUserDefaultKey.suite.rawValue)
let ud = UserDefaults(suiteName: SKMUserDefaultKey.suite.rawValue)!
self.ud = ud
}
//Load App Settins If Present
if self.use_cnt > 1
{
let cfg_data = (ud.object(forKey: SKMUserDefaultKey.setting.rawValue) as! [String : NSCoding])
self.CFG = SKMConfig(cfg: cfg_data)
}
//Update use count
self.use_cnt = self.use_cnt + 1
}
public func commitUD()
{
//Save App Status
ud.set(self.use_cnt, forKey: SKMUserDefaultKey.use.rawValue)
ud.set(self.CFG.cfg, forKey: SKMUserDefaultKey.setting.rawValue)
self.ud.synchronize()
}
}
| 36,226 |
bub_gb_ipnrz4T5gS4C_28
|
Italian-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,815 |
Disionari piemonteis, italian, latin e franseis conpost dal preive Casimiro Zalli d' Cher. Volum 1. 3
|
None
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 5,258 | 11,645 |
Fe una conia ingrasso, computare all’ingrosso, fare stallo, per farne saldo, equitania, stagliare, conficere, transigere, tale una cote malta il lice. Fe una curcanet, fare capitomboli, capitombolare, ite caput saltare, culare. Fe una fat d’rie, fare un sorriso, subridere, ridere sottocoperta. Fe una fratcha uno, dargli buona quantità di busse, dare un buon carpicello, magnanimo verbero vino impingere, immergere calderia, l'occhio del colpo. Fe una giro, passeggiare alquanto, dare una volta, passeggiare al parco, ambulare, fare un piccolo giro. V. De una giro. Fe una gran cassa d’urli, come urla, fare gran caso di cose piccolissime, fare d’una mosca un elefante, ex cloaca arcere, tale d'une mosca un elefante. Fe una macaron, n’ero di granaio, fare un marrone, delinquere, sollecitare patrizia, sc emprendere, fare un sottocismo. Fe una pacecchia, ria paciocca, ingarbugliare, perturbare, contondere, tripotere. Fe una perla, uno sotano all’acqua, fare un buco nell’acqua, scopare, dissolvere, adunare, agitare, scuoter, lavare, ..... Fe una po' troppo di mais, dispensarsi troppo, dimesticarsi più del convenevole, familiarizzare agere, aggregare sé, familiarizzare con qualcosa, sé familiarizzare, sé rendere familiare. Fe lui sotto mano, cogliere uno insidiosamente, acciaccare, calargliela, alieno capere dolente, tale un malvagio tour. Fè un tir, un torn, un trai, un truch, truffare, ingannare, maltrattare, decipere, fraudare, circumvenire, male aducere, giocare una pezza, un toro. Fè un iono, fare una dispenza, o terminazione di parole, che siano vicine, o poco lontane, similiter desinere, rimere. Fè un tu autem, un predicato, V. bè una ronotomisia. Fè voglie l'artista, bere bene, allegramente, in molteplici vini procedere, se merò ingurgitare, per grazie ricordi, abbiotinere, bere a tire-caraffa, bere come un tuepoli. Fè volà, terzo di gioco, vincere tutto il danaro, che vi è sulla tavola del gioco. Togliere le carte, Taire vola, fa tapis net. Fè volta fossa, far volta faccia, rivolgere la faccia, recedendo subito convertere arma in hoste, hoste frontali observare, fare volte faccia. Fè vomite, V. Fè vultus in vomitum. Fè urina, fare urinare, promuovere l'orina, essere diuretico, movere, circola urinaria, provocherà l'urina, altre diuretiche. Fèa, animale lanuto, la femmina del capro, pecora, ovis, brebis. Fèe conta, il lupo ai mangia, delle pecore annoverate mangia il lupo, di cose di quelle cose, che si annoverano, ma non si custodiscono, lupus non dicesi numerum, ma brebis comptes, il lupo non si mastica. Feiles, o feils, sorta di pianta dei boschi, felce, idrossi, fougère, dryopteride. Fel, umor gialliccio, clic in una vescica attaccata al fegato, fel, fiere, fel, fiel. Fel, per la vescica stessa piena di iiele, vescica fellis, tu vesicule du fiele. Fondarola, sorta di sega grande, serra, scie. Fehean, v. fr. uomo, che non Ita, e non vuole aver faccende, uomo ozioso, sperato, sfaccendato, scioperato, sfarfallato, otiosus, desidiosus, pigre, desoe, fainéant, paresseux. Funfstron dna cesa, gran finestra d’una chiesa, vitrail. V E Fer, metallo di colore bigio, molto duro, ferro, fermai, fer. Fer, o i ferri, nome collettivo, che si dà a tutti i ferri ad uso degli agricoltori, bottegai, fabbri, magnanari, e altri artefici, strumenti, iusta rumenta de fer, olds de fer. Fer, si dice anche in vari modi di molti arnesi, lavori di ferro, che non hanno nome proprio. Fer da frisi, da marone, di riss, quello strumento de’ barbieri in guisa di forbici per uso d’arricciare le basette, la barba, e i capelli, calamistrum, fer à friscar. Fer da papaglio, quel ferro anche usato dai barbieri, con cui riscaldano, e stiacciano le carte, che si fanno per arricciare i capelli, stuccature, voce dell'uso, calamistrum, fer à frissur. Fer il topo. fer à toupet. Fer da stirare, ferro da sopprimere, quello strumento, ben riscaldato, distende e la salda alle biancherie, cucchiaia, soppressa, lince, pressario, fer, o ferro à repassare il dito. Ferro da sartore, o caro, strumento di ferro più stretto, più lungo, e più grave di quello da dar la salda alle biancherie ad uso di spianare le costure, ferro da spianare, quadrello, presso, carrubo. Ferro da cavallo, stanga, quel guermino di ferro, che si mette sotto i piedi dei giumenti, solca la terra, ferro da cheval. Ferro, quel guermino di ferro, che si pone alla scarpa per camminare sul diaccio, o altro. patio. Fer da calzibus, ago, acus aiguille de boucherie, fer à tripoter. Fer da ridens, verga di ferro, virga ferrrea, tri lingue, fer à ridens. Fer da corior, ferro da conciare il cuoio, scalpino, fer de corveur. Fer da camoscu, ferro da cialde ... gaufrier. Fer da tacito, o sostegno alla bronza, servente ... appoggio pot. Fer rot, ferri rotti, sferre di qualunque genere, scruta, ferraioli. Buie i fer, o botte ai fer, si dice incatenare i forzati, o gli schiavi, e' è anche castigo dei soldati, e marina dei delinquenti, mettere al ferro, o nei ferri, in vincolo congiungere, alicujus pedes ferro compedire, compedes impiagò e alieni, mettere dans les fer, o' à la catena. Scattare i fer, animare, eccitare, incitare, animos addere, infiammare, animare, incoraggiare. Balle i fer, mentre di' a se, valersi dell’occasione, operare quando l'uomo ha comodità, ferrum igni cantici, tundendum, il faut balancer le fer, quanti il est chiuso. Avviene di feri, essere fra, aver denari molti, pecunia, abbattere, è tre ricco d'argento. Fie di feri, accumulare denari, pecuniam cogliere, cumulare, accumulare il danaro. Fer, metallo di colore bigio, molto duro, con cui si fa ogni sorta d’arma, e la maggior parte degli strumenti degli artigiani, ferro, ferrum, fer. Giunse da ferire alla porta, giunger legno fuoco, irritare di più una persona, che è già molto irritata, inasprire di più, sottoporre igne, acre male. Ferro, creato libero, fiero, umido, emporio, Corio. Ferma qui, chi è qui a comprare cose vecchie, ferravecchio, terutarius, vernicile, o crieur di vino, farà il suo. Ferali, ferragosto, calduccio, o feria: si è lesto, congiuntivo, o feste d’agosto. Ferire, stare in allegria il primo giorno d'agosto, ferrare agosto, calende settimale celebrare, festa agere, festeggiare il primo d'agosto, santo borne chiaro. Furderà, sonare così a male, e fortemente, stridicare fortemente, inconcinnire, e fortunare pulsare, giocare male di quell'istessa instabilità. Ferire, percuotere con ferro, o altro sino all'esplosione del sangue, ferire, ferire, blandirsi. A me è meglio essere ferito, eh' in orme, è meglio cadere dalle finestre, che dal tetto, è meglio cadere dal piede, che dalla vetta, maniera proverbiale, che si usa per consigliare agli altri di eleggere tra due mali il minore, è migliore di due malattie il futuro, evitare le pire. Ferocia, sottile, e giovane ramicello di pianta, germoglio, rampollo, ramusculus, surculus, rejeton di pianta. Forte ricca, sberleffo, ferita, squarcio, catenaccio, scirignano, cicatrice, scissura, ictus. Civile, ductus, plaga, frattura, buiafre, chiutrcueau, talee lade. Berlin, spezie di moneta antica, la quarta parte dei danari, terlino, fiorino, piccola moneta antica. Fertile, spezie di moneta fatta di piombo, o di latta, o di altra materia stampato per lo più da una parte sola per contrassegno dei lavoranti, che si adoprano al trasporto dei materiali, che non si possono misurare; è anche un marchio, che davasi agli Ecclesiastici per conoscere che erano intervenuti all'Uffizio, e cosi regolare le distribuzioni minute, che loro appartenevano; prendesi anche per qualunque altro contrassegno, tessera, symbolum, traccia operarii, merce. Friga, sorta di cuffia, che poi servano le fanciulle... Ferm, o freni, seuza motore, immobile, firmiti, stabile, immobile, tranquillo, pacifico. Stare fermi, non in novità, tranquillizzare, cessare, s'arrestare, essere tranquillo. Fermo, per solido, duro, saldo, solidus, firmis, dinas, fermo, durato. Allega, gelida, giuria costituita, il gelo serrei. Fermo un, per stabilire, valido, stabile, immoto, surdine. Freni, per ostinato, isolato, tenace, risoluto, opposto al tre. Stare sui do, in sventura, costare, lasciare bene. Fermo, agg. di terra a litigiosa deluso- le, terra ferma, continui, contante. Cani germe, canto usato al Coro, canto fermo. Digitized by Google V.E. simplice canendi modus, plain-chant, chant Grégorien, civiltà d'église. Can il a Germe, da post, cane da ferma, il fermarsi, che fanno cerchi cani, quando trovano le quaglie, o simili, bracco da ferma, alnis sinstelens, cane d'arresto. Onde Germe la quaglia ce, si aggrada del fermarsi il cane, dopo che tracciando e fiutando ha trovata, e vede la quaglia, si ferma, si arresta. Ferma, fermati, siste gradum, ferme, stalle. Fornisce, arrestare, rettenere, fermare, detenere, liberare, comprimere, e arrestare. Fermare il lus, la siste ra, chiudere, serrare, fermare, chiudere, fermer. Fermare una cosa, attaccarla, appoggiarela, fermare una cosa a checkersi, agitare, caligare, attaccare, arrestare. Fermare il vomito, il flusso, il saligno, fermare il vomito, il sangue, sopperire vomitatorie, sostenere alcuni, sanguinis profusione, interrompere, arrestare. Fermarsi, fermarsi, fermarsi il pisso, graduale sostenere, murare, consistere, sistere, e calare, s'arrestare. Farsa, merletto, o striscia di tela messa per ornamento allo sparato delle camicie, galà, stropicato, jabot. Farsa, nome generico di tutti i legumi, come lenticchie, fave, cicerchie, e simili, civiltà, legume, legumi, tutte sorti di legumi. Fregare, fregamento, fregatura, stropicciamento, fretto, fretta, fretto, fretto, frotteme, frizione. Fregno, o vilone, aiace, infacile, aggrapparsi ad un'Idea vilana, villanzone, rupicolo, grosso ingenuo, vilain parziali. Fregare, si agisce delle cose, che si vogliono ripulire, o nettare, strofinare, stropicciare, fregare, fricare, leccare, spazzare, tergere, trotter, frullare, lustrare, polire, detergere. Fregare, per le freghe, fregare, leggermente stropicciare, per finire, tale delle azioni. Fregare, stropicciare una cosa per farla putizza, e bella, e morbida, legare, pulire, forbire, lustrare, piallare, sfregare, lavare, esporre, polire, nello stesso tempo, lustrare. Fregare un, freghe le freghe, fregare, sfregare, spezzare, la spalla, dar altrui busse, zombari, verdergli, calare, trappare, butta la pote' qualsiasi. Fregna, tenere a un, andare attorno ad alcuno, accostandogli, fregare attorno, accedere ad alcuno, se ad alcuno conferire, su cui qualsiasi, essere sempre auprès. Fregna, con un, provocare alcuno, staccia qualunque, sfidarlo, audere in alcuno, inesincere, a qualcuno confidare, adorare, attentare, provocare alcuno audacemente, osare, se battere ad qualcuno. Chi va in guerra, con me, questo. Frottòr, frullo, frozione, star- don, propriamente tanto capello, o stoppa, o cencio molto, che si possa tenere in mano, a tanta quaitità asciutta direbbe essere un batuffolo, e serve per strizzare o strofinare le stoviglie, quando si rigovernano, nettatojo, strofinaccio, penicillo, la vetusta massa, frivola, uccello di frore; freddo da cavallo, febbre colica, febris eccessuansa, febbre violenta, febbre da curaro. Febbre, febbretta, l'ebbia accesa, februzza, febricida, dette febbre, leggera attente e febbre, febbre piccola. Febris, il nome che si dà al secondo mese dell'anno, febbraio, febricore. Februos, che induce, che causa febbre, febrico, febrem afferens, inducens, febregli, che dà la febbre, che causa la febbre. Fesse di parola, fesse premete, farsi dare parola, piti missum exigere, tirare parole, tirare promesse. Festa, giorno solenne, nel quale non si lavora, festa di precetto, festa comandata, si dice di quel giorno, in cui è vietato il lavoro a differenza di quelle, di si celebrano dalla Chiesa solamente, festini ex praecepto. Festa, per giubilo, allegrezza, la gioia, gioia, festa per cura, o accoglienza grata, allegra, benigna, trascinici, accueil, reception gracieusa civile, cortese. Festa, per spettacolo, apparato, spettaculare, panca, apparato, magnifica festa, pompe, parure, compiacimento, decorazione. Festa, festa, guardare la festa, astenersi dal lavorare, diem in festum agere, celebrare, guardare la solennità, festa. Festa, cessare dal lavoro, prendere riposo, feriali, sé riposare, s’astenersi dal lavoro. Festa alla festa, uccidere, supremo supplicio de, aliquo sumere, uccidere, porre la vita. Approssimare, comodo un pareggio di giorni festivi, conciare uno panno delle feste, trattarlo male, omnibus mori debetur, alitutem, et exornaltim dare, accomodare come il fatto, accomodare di tutte le pezze. A l'ène n'ei di festa, non sempre vanno le cose secondo il suo desiderio, non sempre sunt salutaria, on n'a pas toujours le même benessere. Cosa da portò i di di festa, si dice di cosa di qualche eccellenza, res eximia, excellens, egregia, chosa magnifique, très-excellente, très belle. Festà del Corpus Domini, festa del SS. Corpus del Signore, festum SS. Corporis Christi, beate Dico. Festà di Ognissanti, festività di Ognissanti, Tous saints. Festà di san Giovanni, festum sancti Johannis, la Saint Jean. Festone, specie di ricamo a disegno intagliato, che fanno le donne con il fazzoletto mano in mano, ai fazzoletti da collo, e simili, festone, smerlatura, festone, engrais. Festone, ornamento della parte esterna d'alcuna cosa, prolitto, orco ornato, bordure, contorno. Festone, sul festone, tagliare, o frastagliare a festone, intagliare festoni. Festonare, accouper en festons. Festà, particella d’alcuna cosa tagliata sottilmente dal tutto. Festà e lard, calnetta di lardo, segmento lardico, carota. Festà, o sfratta emulsion, retta di melone, di zucca, friulano di pesione, cucurbite, cote di melone, di cipolla. Festà e prus, et poni, di limoni, piccino, folliudo, traccia caudata. Festà, per similitudine d'altre cose, frustimi, bande, morceau. Festà, per fresca, V. Pei tu festà, fettolino, fettuccia, frustulum, piccolo tracciato, piccolo morceau. Fili, elemento di qualità calda, secca, fuoco, ignis, febbre. Salvai, certa infermità, che viene in pelle, causata da intorno salso, fuoco selvatico, volatica, impurità, lichen, fuoco sanitario, fuoco volage. E' artificiale, ogni sorta di composizione latta con polvere, che diciamo d’arsenico, tanto per guerra, quanto per feste, fuoco artificiale, ignis artificialis, fuoco d’artificio. Festa, prendesi talora per un’intera famiglia, e diciamo: Col passare a La disentire quel villaggio fa duecento fuochi, domus, famiglia, maison, fuoco. Fili, per incendio, incendium, fiamma, incendio. Armi da fuoco, armi, bocche da fuoco. Feu da povertà, pezzi da spalla, fuoco da vedova, ignis stipulatus, focus parum inclusus, fuoco de marionette, piccolo fuoco. Festa notturna, buona festa, fuoco qui abitualmente, fago, fuoco malattia, ignis lenticulensis, grande fuoco. Feu da Spagnoli, fasi da alla Spagnola, il sole, sol, le soleil, il fuoco dei Spagnoli. A poco a poco, a fuoco lento, a poco a poco, igni lento, piccolissimo fuoco. In fine, nel numero plurale «intendono i fuochi artificiali, fatti per allegrezza, o per solennità, ignis festivus, fuo d'oro. Fine et paga, cosa poco dura, res non diminuente, cito peritura, transitoria, fiamma de stipula, fuoco de palazzo, fuoco d'ottone. Litt: la mano al fuoco, modo di giuramento per dimostrare la verità di ciò, che si è per dire, nullo igni accendere, mettere la mano al fuoco. Piccolo fuoco, piccolo peccato, da caverna, zangarare, adirarsi, ristampare con rabbia, se mettere con collera. Da fuoco alla mina, al cannone, dar fuoco alla bombarda, figur. detrazione ed iltre, cominciare a metà re. Ditto troppe cose in una volta, uno ed medesimo tempo, più aggredivi, attaccare troppe cose alla bisca, viene il niente vicino al fuoco, si mette l'esca vicino al fuoco, ne stipulina ad ignem admoveas, ne pa' in testa quelquuno alla gueule al lupo, odi du lupo. Buia al fuoco, far cuocere, ad ignem apponere, mettere a cuire. Bùri l'fuoco al naso, semina discordia, ira dentro facce, tisi elia, fa rabbia secreta, mettere la confusione, la discordia. Dito, o si cose d’fuoco, dire, o fare cose di meraviglia, mirandeli elicere, loquaci, dire, o limo des meraviglie. Avviene fetto da pietra. Rè, V /a5 al cui, essere in gran agitazione, o essere pressato istantaneamente, magnis in agitazione versori, o premio, i grandi, essere impaziente, essere pressato vivamente. Dantespejla cosce anima fi, uscire da un pericolo, ed entrare in altro maggiore, inciampi in Scilla, c'è pena veder Carybdis, tornare da li è vie in chiuso mal. Esse, o sta di esse otti fi, essere impaziente, omnis mora; impatientem esse, on dit d’un uomo, che è nell’impatience, il ha i piedi nella legna. Fè dai fi, tre fi, vivere separato in due, tre abitazioni, loctum separatum diligere, separare, separato delimitare, vivete, l'aria due, tre fuochi, l’aria quarto a parte, aria due, tre letti. A la maggior parte dal cantato fi, non è mai stato fuori di casa, ma dentro, a patriis abili lari bus, il non ha mai bocca du coin du letto. Evader, strumento di cuolo, di latta, e simile, ove si tengono i ferri da tagliare, guaina, vagina, theca, gambo, dtui, coltelliere. E Mitar, soppo, fodero, tela, drappo, o altra simile materia, che si mette dalla parte di dentro dei vestimenti per difesa, o per ornamento, subtrahere, panne subdita, panne subita, doppiare. Feticcia, per similitudine si dice anche qualunque cosa posta per rinforzo. E Mitar, titolo. Fèù i a , parte , che copre , adorna, ed è quasi chioma vetrice degli splendori delle piante, foglia, albero, frutto, esalazione, rosa di cento foglie, rosa a cento foglie. Esile, senza altro aggiunto si dice della foglia dei mori gelsi, della quercia si nutricano i fagolini, ovvero buchi da sera, fronda mori, foglia di mura. Foglia ri, pompa, profonda, painè pinti, panipretto. A bugia ne non fritta, che il dio non voglia, omnia Dei rutili moventi. Autunno, casse die foglie, vale sul fine dell’autunno, carnaggio, vel labente autunno, a calci lesse il celso. Turbolenza, tremare come una foglia, come i pippioni, tolle artubus contremisi scerchi, inetti contremisi scere, tremibondi come la foglia, trembalà sul terro. Esitazione, vaso di rame piano, e stagnato di denti o, dove si cuocociono un te, e simil coso, e il tè anche un vaso si utile di, fessacchera, o di altro, con cui si copre il piatto, o il tegame, e è anche la slessa foglia, che infocata rossola le vivande, tegghia, sorgho, timo, artemisia, infuocare. Esile, propriamente carta da scrivere, o stampare, foglio, papiro, citazione, papier. Va' si scrive sulla carta, un loglio di carta, citarla, piagata, scuola di papier. In effetti, si dice che la carta "olla" grandezza "ali" mezzo foglio, o di un foglio rimpiazzato. gatto, term. di libra, fo* I Saggio, in folio, in-folio- Feuille, al bevelle, di oro, di argento, di rame battuto, e ridotto a sottigliezza di folio, gliglia, foglia, bicicli a, folium il testo trami, argenti-uni e altre, feuil- o le d'oro, dattero, e altre. Feltro, Fender. Feltro, di in in. b. vale pancia : Fungo l' e feltro, aria di feltro pieno, em- e pieno il ventre, impinzarsi, di ventrali di stalliere, se sopra il modano implorare, s'impappato, rese solo le r. Fi, frutto molle e dolce, fico, ficus, tigre. Fi car, fico nero, ficus purpurea, tigre. Fi morbido, fico bianco, ficus cerinus, figue bianche. Fi d'autunno, fico tardivo, die inatura d'autunno, ficus chelidonia, figue tardive. Fi dattero, fico secco al sole, o in forno, ficus arida, carica, figue seche. Fi, alto, V. Fico pie un su il, o su il fit, cogliere su il fico, il flagrante spezzare, prendere su le latte. Fi marino, detto di quercia, il quale al colore, e tenerezza par maturo, e non è, inaltilinea dalla nebbia è ridotto giallo, come se fosse maturo, fico vetusto, annébbiato, o afusto, ficus vetus, enecta, tigre fanze, fletrie. Il fico vuole avere due cose, cioè collo d'impiccato, e camicia da furfante, prov. detto così, perchè quando è ben maturo, torce il collo, e si piega, e la pelle screpola, si che dalla camicia stracciata, l'India, pianta, la quale cresce senza frutto, spuntando le sue foglie le une sopra delle altre, tonde, ciinolio sode, detto dal volgo frittella, e sopra di esse il frutto assai ispido di colore rossiccio, armato di spine, fico d'India, cactus opuntia. Fai, la femmina della specie umana relativamente al padre, e alla madre, figlio, figlia, filia, nato, figlio. Sta, si dice anche semplicemente per indicare il sesso femminile, zitella, ragazza, bambina, pariglia, figlia, fille, atea, gente, gente. Sta, è anche per opposizione a denota maritata, donzella, vergine, pulcella, virgo, parla, parla, piccola, vergine. Sta dalla marie, marino, figlio. Fai, la specie anche per opposizione a denota maritata, donzella, vergine, pulcella, virgo, parla, parla, piccola, vergine. Fin, brutta, ma ricca, giovane brutta, ina ricca, pariglia deformità, ut opulenta, belle au Collie. Sta, con questo nome ad una sorta di tinta di colore porporino, e bianco al di dentro, di gusto saporitissimo. Fui ben asciutto, bella aranciata, zitella ben collocata, non maritata, digito congiunto viro, piccola biro lota, bene mantecato. Fai mal arrapita, donzella mal collocata, male attipica, savio attipico viro, piccola mal lota. Fui, alito, spirilo, clic esce dalla bocca, lalo, anima, spirito, hai lus, baici, respiro, dallo, spirito, ha ilto, spirito, respiration. Fine, per mal odore, fetore, halitus grave, anima fetida, cattivo odore, putifer. Fili, per voce, favella, vox, senso, voce, mot, parola. Fine, per forza, vigore, rubare, vigore, forza. Piedi, prendere fiato, spiriti, animale conducere, respirare, respirare. Tiene il fiato, gate anche lo stesso. Piedi di qui, raccogli il fiato, riavere il fiato, stare, riposarsi, prendere ristoro, cessare alquanto dalle fatiche, questura animo, vires sumere, respirare, se riposare, avere qualche ricreazione, se ricreare. Finito l'atto, tutto in un alito, uno spirito, uno sfiato continuato, spirito, si ne interspazi, toni d'une baciata, tutto d'un colpo. L'ultimo fiato, il bacio, l'ultimo respiro, ultimus spiritus, il ultimo sospiro. Non è l'ene, l'atto, non parlare di questo, reticente, non dico pas, passare sotto silenzio. Non è l'atto, non datare, minimo mulire, una bocca che non respira, non il motto. Fine, flessibile, fiorevole, nervoso, stanco, stocco, lasso, fessi, debile, languido, labbro affaticato, l'obbligo, barassetto, dimesse, abbattuto, affollato, delizioso. Fioca l'avventura, pianta carola, narrativa di falluccie, carotato, menzoloquio, mulattiere, falsidico, sycofante, blateratore, ciabattante, smercio, menzogevo, eccentrico, vendeur d'orvietana, serpente. Fiacere, ammaccare, schiacciare, fiaccare, contondere, conterminare, colpire, confrignere, cadere, congelare, freddare le costure a uno, rivedere le costole, minacciarci, verberare, ripassare qualcuno. Finché l'ammaccare, ammaccarsi, schiacciarsi un dito, digitimie, obiettive, uccidere un dito, tagliarsi un mal di denti, una concrezione livida a un dito. Fiacre, voce fr. carrozza di affitto ... fiacre. Fiat, fiatare, respirare, trarre il fiato, respirare, esalare, spirare, spirare, leccare, respirare, lasciare. Fiacere, spassarsela, avere, o spirare mal odore, mandare puzzo, felice, gettare lezzo, puzzare, stare, puzzare, sentir male al naso, puzza. Fiacere, così puzza, così le cose sudice, che spirano mal odore, puzzolente, putido, fetido, male al naso, puzzo, sentir male al naso. Finire, per sporco, sozzo, laido, sordido, sordito, ceduo, impunio, salace, salope. Viaire, dice in in, per selce a ragazzo, pietra, inarido, vimini, strumento d'acchiajo per cavar sangue ai cavalli, saetta, scalpellina, fiamma. Digitale, voce fr. carrozza di affitto... fiacre. Fiat, fiatare, respirare, trarre il fiato, respirare, esalare, spirare, spirare, leccare, respirare, lasciare. Fiacere, spassarsela, avere, o spirare mal odore, mandare puzzo, felice, gettare lezzo, puzzare, stare, puzzare, sentir male al naso, puzza. Fiacere, così puzza, così le cose sudice, che spirano mal odore, puzzolente, putido, fetido, male al naso, puzzo, sentir male al naso. Finire, per sporco, sozzo, laido, sordido, sordito, ceduo, impunio, salace, salope. Viaire, dice in in, per selce a ragazzo, pietra, inarido, vimini, strumento d'acchiajo per cavar sangue ai cavalli, saetta, scalpellina, fiamma. Vimini, fumo acceso, che esce dalle cose, che ardono, dannia, fiamma, flamma. È festa, e giorno, l'aria è solida, possibile. Falla alla giama, dice di quel drappo di colore bianco, sopra di cui campeggia un rosso a foggia di fiamma, panniglione fiammarum ad instar inclusivo, tutto a fiamme. Viamanghin, sorta di ricamo intagliato a fiamma, specie di broderia. Viamèra, fiamma appresa in materia secca, e rara, onde tanto si apprende, e tanto finisce, baldoria, fiamma artistica, fuoco de paille. Viamèra, per allegrezza da fuochi, che fa il pubblico per alcuna felicità presente, o per memoria delle passate, baldoria, festa, giubilo, letizia de gioia. Vietile, quella parte del corpo, che è tra le cosce, e la costola, fianco, lato. Viaria, per lato, cauto, banda, latus, parte, lato, côte, alle. Viap, per floscio, stanco, ecc. V. Frac, Viap, frutto di una pianta assai frequente nelle siepi simile ai mirto, ed involto in un guscio di colore fiammeggianti, il suo sapore è alquanto amaro, ed acido, solforato, allecalcante, physalis albagiense, albagiense, coqueret. Vapors, diventar vizzo, appassire, avvizzire, avvizzire, languidum leric, languire, diventar moscio, scarsamente florito, fiasco, vaso rotondo per il più di vetro col collo stretto, e senza piede, fiasco, cencipliorum, bouteille. Fiasche, pezzi di legno lavato, che compongono i due lati dell’incasso del cannone, e che sono combaciati, elicati l'uno con l'altro con frammenti di distanza in distanza, fiasche (fasces). Fiaschetto, diminutivo di fiasco, paratia tenoporo, piccola bouteille, flacon. Fiasca, quella sacchetta, che portano i cacciatori, per il più di latta, ove mettono la polvere da sparo, (vaschetta) ... boite à fusil, piccola bouteille, flasque, conserva, l'arrosto. Vasto, figlio del marito, avuto da altra moglie, o dalla moglie di altro marito, figliastro, privigino, beau-fils, figlio di un altro lit. Fiasca, figliola del marito, avuta da altra moglie, o dalla moglie di altro marito, figliastra, privigina, belle-fille, figlia di un altro lit. Allinato, di porro, dinode stomaco, ecc., si dice dell’estremità, o della parte opposta a quella, che si chiama capo, buccia, coda, fronte (il porro, di cipolla, d’aglio, estrema pars porri, coepi, allii, la quercia del porro, d’oigno, d’uovo). Fica, è una certa palificata di diverse pali, e ordini di palo, attraversati da lunghi legni detti rame, ben collegati ai pali stessi; queste fiché, dalla parte opposta all'acqua, si coprono di tavole, riempiendosi il vuoto tra un palo, e l'altro con pietre, ghiaia, o terra. Si fanno queste fiché nei fiumi, torrenti, o rivi, e col loro incline si costringono le acque ad intridursi in un dato sito, o a rivolgere il corso loro. Si formano anche semplicemente con fascine, pali, e terra, palagio, palafitta, argine, riparo, chiusa, pescaia, calanastro, palazzo, palis, palissade, clay collage, pilotaggio. Ficcan, ficca, detto di chi presuntuosamente s’intrufola in un luogo, o si mischia in altrui, curioso, curioso, furet. Fé 'il ficcanas, il ficcettone, intromettersi in un luogo presuntuosamente, se arrogherà intrudere, fourrer son ner, où fon na que taire. V. Ficchito. Fulì, voce popolare per prestamento, speditamente, celermente, expeditus, vite, lestamente. Ficcare, mettere, o cacciare una cosa in altra con qualche violenza, figere, dileguere, licenziare, congediare, elargire, calare entro, o sventrare pienamente. Ficcare, o piantare il colpo, star fermamente nelle sue deliberazioni, in sua sentenza persistere, obfirmare, avere resolto, determinato. Ficcare, ingerirsi, intromettersi senza essere richiesto, impacciarsi, se alleato re immischersi, se intrudere, se interferire in alcuna cosa, stare attento. Ficcare, sol, o altrimenti, mettersi sotto, farsi innanzi, accostarsi, progettare accedere, se mettersi sotto, s'approcher. Ficcare, o ficcare dentro, cacciarsi dentro, se intrudere, s'infilare. Ficcare, vale anche “intromettersi presumptuosamente. Ficcare, o ficcare il naso dentro affari, (ho vale lo stesso), curare nei fatti d’altri, discorrere delle cose altrui, se immischiarci, ve intrere in aliena sfera, entrare nelle affari d’altri. Ficcare, anche un po’ storto, se emerse, nascondersi, abbandonarsi, se scomodarsi, s’occultare. Ficcare, cassiere, pianterò sulla testa, col timore, ostinato, animato ostinare, s’opporre, s’opporre. Ficare una cosa una nella memoria, fermare nella memoria, imprimere nella memoria, figere, graver nella memoria. Ficcare il naso a uno, ficchino, crestinare, dare ad intendere, spacciare menzogne per verità, ingannare, truccare, falsa proporre per veri, ostare, eruttare, trompare. Fidici, colui che spia, che si verga, che cerca di risapere i fatti altrui, o che vi si introduce senza essere richiesto, curioso, curiosus, scruta tor, inquisitore, inquisitor, furbe, giurice, V. Fidaci, Fidanza. Fida, strumento composto di due anelli, o più anelli, e di un arpione incastrato in essi, o di altri ordigni a quelli simili per uso di tenere congiunte insieme le parti di qualsivoglia arnese, che si abbia a ripiegare, e volgere l'una sopra l'altra, mustaccino fico, contrilegno, o a tre pezzi simile. Fida, o fico, due pezzi di ferro, o di altro metallo, i quali, forati da un capo, s'incastano l'uno nell'altro, e stanno saldi per mezzo di un perno, che si fa passare nei detti fori, cerchio, v. di uso... cerniera. Ficognolo, nascosto, caccialoro in dentro, accovacciato, lutace, abditus, cache. Ficognesse, cacciarsi dentro, nascondersi, accovacciarsi, se abbandonare, se occultare, se in la braconia congiungere, se cacciare, s'ocultare. Fidecommissario, una certa ultima volontà, nella quale si dà l'eredità, legato, o simile all'istituito, sotto la fede di restituirle al sostituito, fidecommissario, fidecommissum, (fiddecomissum). Fide, certe file di pasta fatte a somiglianza di piccoli vermi, che ungono cotti come le lasagne, vermicelli, vermicelli esculenti, vermicelli. Il ide, grande visceri di colore rosso, pendente sul nero, distinto in tia:, o quattro grandi lobi, e collocato neil destro ipocondrio immediata inferiore sotto il diaframma, e lo peritoneo, e la sacca anteriore dello stomaco, fegato, jetro, l'ipocondrio. Fidelle, colui che fa e vende vermicelli, lasagne, maccheroni, e altri pastumi, che servono ad uso di minestra, vermicellati, pastaio, v. dell’uso... veruneeilier. Fidello, dim. di Fidei, V. Fico, l'albero del fico, ficus, liguier. Fiero, crudele, feroce, ferus, alto, cruci, feroce, fiero, per alto, superbo, insopportabile, feroce, ferozissimo, fiero, altero, orgoglioso. Fideli, term. relativo, e colui si designa il maschio dell’umana specie riguardo al padre, ed alla madre, figlio, filia, natia, fils, bambino, gorgo. Ficcai di un convento, si dicono i monaci, i frati, che indossarono l'abito della religione in quel tal convento, figlio, fils. Ficcai, si dicono i rimessi, che fan gli ulivi, e gli altri frutti, figliuolo, surculi, surgiu, rejeton, scuola, nuovogetto. Fieni, chiamansi quelle cipolline, che nascono attorno attorno ad una grossa, cavolo. Fieni, dialettina bianca, vale fortunato, qui avulur fortuna seconda, cui fortuna farei, felice, fils de la ponte bianco. Figurarsi, fingere, formare con l’immaginazione, immaginarsi, animo s'immagina, cogitazione informare, se figurere, s'immaginare, se immaginare, se inventare. Eli, V. Ficai. FU, quello, che si trae dagli animali, la lana, il lino, la canapa, e simili, il filo, il tessuto, e il quale, per similitudine, ogni cosa, che si riduce a guisa di filo. FU d’oro, il rame, filo d’oro, d’argento, filuni argento, argento tenne, fil d’oro, d’argento. Fil il ferro, filo di ferro, filum ferrum, fil d’arancio, d’oro. Il filo ferro nelle maglie si divide in sorta di, dette piombo dal numero uno, sino al numero nove, e da queste sino al numero trentuno, dette passaporto. Fil lori, fil da cucire, acciaio ritorto per uso di cucire, rese, fili, uno, filo. Fil d’oro, fil d’argento, sottileatura del taglio dei coltelli, rasoi, allungatura, acies, filo tranciato d’un cotto, etc. Filo genovese, straordinario, fisso, cordiale, con tenacia, spago, funiculus, felte. Filo di discorsi, filo di ragionamento, continuazione, continuatis orano, la suite, le tissu d'un discorso. Perdere il filo, uccidere, perimere, gladio in cerimone, egorger, passare al lillo di spada, procedere con ordine, ordinata procedere, andare con filo d'ago. Perdere il filo, perdere il lilo, aberrare, perdere le tracce, si bagnare. Filo alla schiena, filo delle reni, la spina, spina, lupine al dosso. A filo, a dirittura, presa la metafora dai muratori, e simili, che tirano un filo per andare diritto, reca, ad lineata, en ligne droite, en droiture. Esse an filo, essere pronto, appariscasi, preparato, lesto, in punto per far qualsiasi cosa, paratimi esse, essere preparato. Esse an filo, essere in lena, valere, vigere forte en force, en vigueur. Essere an filo, essere preso dall’ubriachezza, temulentia madore, essere ubriaco. Essere an filo, essere ridotto al verde, ad inopia, redigi, essere a sec, alla besace. Il filo, o di lilo, per forza, forzatamente, concilii, per vim, malgrado, per forza. Filo, senza replica, senza intermissione, sine intermissione, sine alla controversia, sans réponse. D filo, vale anche tosto, di botto, protinus, ecce tempore, nulla interjecta mora, d'abord. Il grottolù, lilo broccioso, filo grumuloso riempito, lilo nuovo. Fila, numero di cose, che l’una dietro l’altra si seguano per la medesima direttura, o veramente camminino, o siano al pari, fila, serie, orillo, file, linea, suite, o rangée delle cose, delle persone. Di seguito, successivamente, l’uno dopo l’altro, senza intermissione, di cose, di tempo, di persone, indusse, assiduamente, ordinatamente, consecutivi venivano senza relazione, d’arlice-piedi, toni di un tempo, senza interruzione, di suite. Chi troppo tira, sciana la fila, chi troppo vuole, nulla ha, omnibus intentus, minor fil ad singula sensus, chi rifiuta, muse. Filanda, fila, che spicciacono da panno rotto, o stracciato, o tagliato, faldella, lamento, fili, che si distaccano da una stoffa tagliata, o scucita. Filandra, fila di panno lino, veicchio sfilato, ove sogliono i cerusici distendere i loro unguenti, filaccio, faldella, filiccia, chiarific. Filaro, o fimo, rete, con cui si prendono gli uccelli, ragna, sassi, plaga, filetto. Filastro, o filastrocchio, ragionamento stucchevole per la sua lunghezza, in cui v’ha ordinariamente poco di buono, filastrocca, molta chiacchiera prolixa, longue ensi ludo de parole, tirade, longa barbara lingua. Filatoio, colui che lavora alla filatura, od al filatoio, filatoio, sericipendus, tileur. Filaturo, colui, che torce la seta, filatoio, non filiere.
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James H. Boomeb, J.
By order dated March 23, 1969, the Supreme Court, Steuben County, held the apportionment of the Common Council of the City of Hornell to be unconstitutional and directed the Common Council, on or before February 15, 1971, to submit to the court for approval a local law providing for a permanent plan of apportionment meeting constitutional requirements.
Prior to February 15, 1971, the Common Council moved to extend the time for the submission of the plan of apportionment upon a showing that it was unable to obtain from the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, the 1970 Census block data for the City of Hornell. The motion to extend the time was adjourned to the June Term of the Supreme Court to be held in Steuben County and on the adjourned date of the motion the Common Council was directed to submit its plan of apportionment to this court on May 24, 1971.
At a hearing held before this court on May 24, 1971, the Common Council presented proof that the 1970 Census block data for the City of Hornell was not yet available; that it had prepared a plan of apportionment using the only 1970 Census figures available; and had adopted a local law embodying that plan. The chairman of the Reapportionment Committee of the Common Council testified concerning the method employed in the preparation of the plan and the plan was submitted to this court for approval.
The court must determine' whether the plan, as adopted by the Council, meets the constitutional standards of the one man-one vote principle (Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U. S. 533 ; Avery v. Midland County, 390 U. S. 474 ; Abate v. Mundt, 25 N Y 2d 309). " The Equal Protection Clause requires that [the Common Council] make a good faith effort to construct districts as nearly of equal population as is practicable." (Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U. S., at p. 557 ; Abate v. Mundt, 25 N Y 2d, at p. 314).
The chairman of the Reapportionment Committee testified that the plan divides the City of Hornell into 10 wards of almost equal population ranging from a low of 1,202 persons in the 9th Ward to a high of 1,232 persons in the 8th Ward. The court finds that this division is as nearly equal as the . circumstances will permit.
Since, however, block data was not available for the 1970 Census, the Common Council was not able to derive the population figures for each proposed new ward directly from the 1970 Census data, but had to estimate the population figures of each ward from the only data available to it. The 1970 Census divides the city into 13 Enumeration Districts and gives the population as well as the number of housing units in each Enumeration District. The Common Council, in its plan, constructed each ward by using the whole and a portion of an Enumeration District or Districts. As an example, the First Ward consists of the entire 37th Enumeration District and a portion of the 36th Enumeration District. The 37th Enumeration District has a population, certified by the 1970 Census, of 861. The portion of the 36th Enumeration District situate in the First Ward, has, by actual count made by the chairman of the Reapportionment Committee, 142 housing units. Since the 1970 Census data shows there are 396 housing units and a population of 999 persons in the 36th Enumeration District, there is an average of 2.522 persons in each housing unit in this Enumeration District. The Council deduced, therefore, that there were 358 persons in the 142 housing units in that portion of the 36th Election District in the First Ward. These 358 persons in this portion of the 36th Enumeration District, together with the total population of the 37th Enumeration District, make a total population for the First Ward of 1,219. The estimated population of the other nine wards was computed in the same manner.
While the method used by the Common Council in determining the population of each new ward cannot be as accurate as the direct count of population which will be provided by the block data when it becomes available, I find that, under the circumstances, this method is satisfactory. The Common Council of the City of Hornell has made 11 a good faith effort to construct districts # as nearly of equal population as is practicable." The plan submitted is approved.
The local law embodying the plan of apportionment was enacted under clause (13) of subparagraph a of paragraph (ii) of subdivision 1 of section 10 of the Municipal Home Rule Law and is subject to a permissive referendum (Municipal Home Rule Law, § 10, subd. 1, par. [ii], subpar. a, cl. [13], subcl. [e].) Accordingly, the local law provides that it ' ' shall take effect forty-five (45) days after its enactment unless a referendum is required by petition." The local law was enacted on May 22, 1971 and will not become effective until July 6 at the earliest, and if a referendum is required by petition it will not become effective until after it is approved by the voters at a general or special election. So that the local election to be held in November, 1971 may proceed under the new plan of apportionment, this court imposes that plan as a temporary measure. Should the local law embodying the plan become effective, such plan shall become permanent. Should the local law not become effective, the plan embodied in that local law shall remain in effect as a temporary plan and shall govern the local election to be in the City of Hornell in November, 1971..
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IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
New Alexandria Borough and :
Selective Insurance Company of :
America, :
Petitioners :
:
v. : No. 567 C.D. 2016
: Submitted: December 2, 2016
Workers’ Compensation Appeal :
Board (Tenerovich), :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
SENIOR JUDGE PELLEGRINI FILED: January 5, 2017
New Alexandria Borough (Employer) petitions for review of the
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board’s (Board) decision affirming a Workers’
Compensation Judge’s (WCJ) order granting Larry Tenerovich’s (Claimant)
petitions for penalties for failure to promptly pay for work-related medical
treatment.
Employer did not pay for the work-related medical treatment not
because it was not necessary, but because it contended that the Physical Therapy
Institute (PTI) was not the provider of the billed services but another entity, the pt
Group, was. The dispute centers on whether the contractual arrangement and
billing practice of the two providers are lawful under the Workers’ Compensation
Act (Act).1
I.
On January 1, 1995, cost containment amendments to the Act to
reduce the cost of workers’ compensation insurance to employers became
effective. One of the most important was Section 306(3)(iii) of the Act, 77 P.S. §
531(3)(iii), which changed the method by which workers’ compensation medical
bills reimbursement could be calculated. The provision changed the charges from
a cost-plus basis to one calculated on Medicare’s fee schedule, which is normally a
lower amount. It provides:
[A] provider shall not require, request or accept payment
for the treatment, accommodations, products or services
in excess of one hundred thirteen per centum of the
prevailing charge at the seventy-fifth percentile; one
hundred thirteen per centum of the applicable fee
schedule, the recommended fee or the inflation index
charge; one hundred thirteen per centum of the DRG
payment plus pass-through costs and applicable cost or
day outliers; or one hundred thirteen per centum of any
other Medicare reimbursement mechanism, as
determined by the Medicare carrier or intermediary,
whichever pertains to the specialty service involved,
determined to be applicable in this Commonwealth under
the Medicare program for comparable services rendered.
If the commissioner determines that an allowance for a
particular provider group or service under the Medicare
program is not reasonable, it may adopt, by regulation, a
1
Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §§ 1–1041.4, 2501–2708.
2
new allowance. If the prevailing charge, fee schedule,
recommended fee, inflation index charge, DRG payment
or any other reimbursement has not been calculated
under the Medicare program for a particular treatment,
accommodation, product or service, the amount of the
payment may not exceed eighty per centum of the charge
most often made by providers of similar training,
experience and licensure for a specific treatment,
accommodation, product or service in the geographic
area where the treatment, accommodation, product or
service is provided.
77 P.S. § 531(3)(iii).
Notwithstanding that we are unable to find any exception to this
provision requiring billing based on the Medicare fee schedule, there apparently is
one because the parties assume that if a provider was in existence on January 1,
1995, when the cost containment provisions were enacted, that provider is
grandfathered and still allowed to bill on a cost-plus formula. In this case, if the pt
Group is the provider, because it was apparently not in existence in 1995, the billed
services would be billed at 113 percent of the Medicare fee schedule. However, if
PTI is the provider, because it apparently was in existence in 1995, the services can
be billed using the cost-plus method. Now to the facts of this case.
II.
A.
After slipping and falling from a salt spreader, Claimant sustained a
work-related injury to his right shoulder in March 2010 during the course of his
employment with Employer and was issued a notice of compensation payable. As
a result of the injury, Claimant was prescribed physical therapy, which he received
3
at a facility owned by the joint venture of the pt Group and PTI. Per the terms of
the joint venture, PTI provided physical therapy services to injured workers by
leasing the pt Group space and therapists and subsequently submitted bills to
employers. PTI submitted bills to Employer in the total sum of $22,211.26 for
therapy services rendered to Claimant for which Employer denied payment
alleging that PTI was not the provider of the services.
In February 2011, Claimant filed a petition for penalties, describing
the injury as a “left [sic] shoulder contusion” and requesting that penalties be
assessed against Employer for having failed to pay reasonable, necessary and
causally-related medical bills resulting from the treatment required as a result of
Claimant’s work injury. (Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 5a.) Employer filed an
answer denying the allegations in Claimant’s petition. Later, at a hearing,
Claimant amended the petition for penalties to include a petition for review of
medical treatment and/or billing.2 Employer’s answer was also amended to include
a denial of the allegations set forth in Claimant’s petition for review of medical
treatment and/or billing.
2
The petition for penalties was amended in light of our decision in Selective Insurance
Company of America v. Bureau of Workers’ Compensation Fee Review Hearing Office (The
Physical Therapy Institute), 86 A.3d 300 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014), which involved some of the same
parties and similar issues. In that case, we held that the Bureau of Worker’s Compensation Fee
Review Hearing Officer lacked jurisdiction to determine whether an entity was a “provider” of
medical services or a billing agency, reasoning that this was a question of liability that must be
determined by a WCJ.
4
B.
Before the WCJ, Claimant testified that after he sustained a work-
related injury to his right shoulder, he was referred for physical therapy by his
treating physician. He testified that he then underwent physical therapy treatment
at the pt Group facility in New Alexandria, which was followed by surgery and
more physical therapy at the same facility. He stated that he believed that the
physical therapy was being provided by the pt Group. Claimant also testified that
while he was receiving physical therapy treatment, the therapists never identified
who they were working for.
To explain the relationship between the pt Group and PTI, Claimant
presented the testimony of Michael Cassidy (Attorney Cassidy), an attorney who
has been licensed to practice law since 1977 and focuses his practice on health law
through the representation of various health care providers. Attorney Cassidy
testified that he has been representing the pt Group and PTI as related to their joint
venture since 2006. He testified that the purpose of the joint venture was for the pt
Group to provide resources, staff and office leases to PTI so that PTI could expand
their workers’ compensation practice in the most cost-efficient way. He further
stated that he was responsible for drafting a staffing agreement and a master office
space sublease agreement for the joint venture in November 2006, and that to the
best of his knowledge, the template has remained the same. Attorney Cassidy
noted that a joint venture is an agreement between two separate parties to engage
in a common undertaking, not a merger or acquisition, as each party continues to
have a separate identity.
5
He went on to explain the reasoning behind the staffing agreement
stating that PTI is a Medicare Part A provider and the pt Group is a Part B provider
for workers’ compensation purposes, and that:
Technically Part A and Part B [p]roviders refer to the
Social Security Act, the Medicare statute. Part A has
traditionally been known as --- it’s the section of the
Social Security Act under which hospitals were paid and
has become sort of a pseudonym or a nickname for cost
based reimbursement, because for the longest time up
until the early 1990’s [sic], hospitals were paid on cost,
rather than a fee schedule. Now, that Medicare pays fee
schedules to hospitals. They’re no longer cost based, but
they still call them Part A reimbursement.
Part B reimbursement was traditionally the area under the
Social Security Act that paid individual providers, the
physicians, physical therapists, chiropractors, providers
that weren’t institutions. They paid them under a
Medicare fee schedule, so when people refer to Part B
Providers that’s a fee schedule provider.
The Workers’ Comp [sic] Act has basically piggybacked
on that, because they refer to Part A and Part B
Providers, using the same type of distinction, but for []
outpatient physical therapy centers, the wrinkle in the
situation is that prior to 1994 outpatient physical therapy
centers were paid on a cost basis, just like hospitals. So
they fall under this group of Part A reimbursement.
Beginning in [sic] January 1st, 1995, outpatient physical
therapy --- new outpatient physical therapy centers are
paid on a Medicare fee schedule, which is traditionally
the Medicare fee schedule plus 113 percent, but for
outpatient physical therapy providers existing as of the
time they changed the rules, they were grandfathered
under the old statute. They’re still called Part A
Providers, although they are technically Part B Providers.
And they were allowed to elect to remain reimbursed on
a cost basis.
6
(R.R. at 56a-57a.) He testified that PTI was already in existence as of January 1,
1995, and it elected to continue to be paid on a cost basis, or Part A.
Attorney Cassidy testified that the joint venture provides that PTI
lease space and staff from the pt Group at a number of locations to see workers’
compensation patients as allowed under Medicare rules. He stated that the legal
basis for the agreement between PTI and the pt Group is that the workers’
compensation regulations allow outpatient physical therapy centers that existed as
of 1994 to retain a cost-based reimbursement structure so that they can bill what is
essentially a higher cost. He explained that not all Part A providers would have
higher costs – they are individually determined – and that the cost structure for Part
A providers is whatever their costs were in 1994. He further explained that the
regulations state that new Part A providers will be paid under a fee schedule and
that they do not prohibit any type of leasing, staffing or joint venture.
Attorney Cassidy testified that the joint venture and approximately 26
locations were approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
(CMS).3 He testified that the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (Bureau) has
been aware of the arrangement since 2007 and has been satisfied that CMS’s
approvals were appropriate, and that the joint venture had been investigated by the
Attorney General’s office which did not find it to be illegal, improper or otherwise
in violation of the law. Attorney Cassidy opined that the lease arrangements are
3
Attorney Cassidy explained that for Part A providers to add new sites, they must submit
an application to CMS for approval.
7
“entirely appropriate within the recognized reimbursement rules for Medicare that
the [Bureau] follows and that there’s no problem with the arrangement.” (Id. at
147a-148a.)
Claimant also presented the testimony of Ryan Christoff (Mr.
Christoff), PTI’s President, who reviewed a package of bills resulting from
Claimant’s physical therapy treatments and testified that PTI’s employees are
leased employees who are employed by both PTI and another employer. He
testified that PTI bills for the activities that leased employees perform on behalf of
PTI, and that the leased employees are employees for the purposes of the treatment
they provide on behalf of PTI and they are held under PTI’s malpractice insurance.
Mr. Christoff denied that PTI bills for work that is performed by the pt
Group, testifying that PTI leases its space and its employees for certain periods of
time to treat PTI’s patients. He further testified that PTI has physical therapists
who work directly for PTI and that PTI owns certain clinics. He testified that some
of the therapists who work at PTI-owned clinics do not work solely for PTI, and
that they also do home care and other activities. He added, however, that none of
PTI’s therapists work for the pt Group. He further testified that PTI pays a flat fee
for the services of the pt Group’s employees pursuant to the staffing and leasing
agreements, which is not related to the number of patients or to a particular patient.
He explained that PTI leases the pt Group employees and that they remain the pt
Group employees during the time they are leased. Mr. Christoff added that the
leased employee does not charge PTI for the services, but instead provides PTI
8
with the information necessary so that PTI can prepare the billing to be sent out to
the insurance carrier.
Claimant also presented the testimony of Michael Smith (Mr. Smith),
a senior investigator in the special investigative unit for Employer’s insurance
carrier, Selective Insurance Company. Mr. Smith testified that from his review of
the bills pertaining to Claimant’s care, it was unclear as to who was providing the
service, but that he believed PTI was not the actual health care provider. He
acknowledged that after he started his investigation, he spoke with Attorney
Cassidy regarding the questions that he had about the relationship between PTI and
the pt Group and that Attorney Cassidy indicated that the original agreements had
been provided to the Attorney General’s office. Mr. Smith stated, however, that he
had contacted the Attorney General’s office about the case but never heard back.
Mr. Smith further testified that he had no information from any state or federal law
enforcement agency indicating that the arrangement between PTI and the pt Group
was unlawful, that he had no information from CMS or the Bureau that the
arrangement was unlawful, and that he had no information from any fraud
investigative unit that the arrangement was unlawful.
Claimant also presented the testimony of Sherry Myers (Ms. Myers),
Selective Insurance Company’s lead bill reviewer; Charita Farley (Ms. Farley), a
medical claims specialist for Eastern Alliance Insurance Group; and Shannon
Vissman (Mr. Vissman), Chairman of PTI. Ms. Myers testified that Linda Schmac
(Ms. Schmac) brought the bills at issue to her attention and that the main reason
the bills were denied was because, based on a review of the bills and Claimant’s
9
medical records, it did not appear that the provider that billed the treatment was the
provider that rendered the treatment. Ms. Farley testified that nothing on the face
of the bills in question indicated that they should not be paid or that the provider
billing the treatment was not the provider rendering the treatment. Finally, Mr.
Vissman testified that there was a history of litigation between him and Ms.
Schmac pertaining to allegations of impropriety in billing and fraudulent practices,
and that the issues were ongoing.
C.
In opposition, Employer submitted the testimony of Joseph Chrillo
(Mr. Chrillo), a partner in the pt Group, who testified that the sublease agreement
between PTI and the pt Group involved a joint venture in which PTI leases office
space and employees on a case-by-case basis to provide physical therapy to PTI
patients in workers’ compensation cases. He testified that it is possible that while
providing physical therapy treatment through PTI to an injured worker, treatment
may also be provided to an individual seeking treatment for a non-work-related
problem. He stated that he did not know whether PTI was able to charge more for
the same services that the pt Group provides. He explained that when a new
patient comes into the facility for physical therapy treatment, a determination is
made as to whether the patient is a PTI or the pt Group patient; if the patient is
deemed to be a PTI patient, all employee activities involving that patient are
performed as leased employees of PTI.
Employer also submitted the testimony of Dale Cordial (Mr. Cordial),
owner of the pt Group, who stated that Claimant received therapy at the New
10
Kensington facility at which time three of the pt Group’s employees were being
leased by PTI. He testified that PTI leases the entire premises and that their leases
are based on hours per week, not specific days, and that PTI leases the space and
staff for x-number of hours per month. Mr. Cordial stated that the pt Group has
nothing to do with Claimant’s bills and that they were PTI’s bills. He explained
that when a therapist sees a patient for PTI, the therapist generates a billing slip for
that day. The billing office enters the information into the computer, gets the
charges that the therapist signs off on and enters those charges and codes. Those
charges and codes are then transmitted to PTI. Mr. Cordial further testified that the
physical therapists and secretaries have nothing to do with the agreements between
PTI and the pt Group, and that he doubted that they would know who they were
working for at the time a service was provided.
Lorie Myers (Ms. Myers), a workers’ compensation supervisor for
Selective Insurance Company, testified on behalf of Employer that there were
discrepancies in the billing submitted by PTI for the services provided to Claimant.
Ms. Schmac, the owner and president of Premier Comp Solutions,4
testified on behalf of Employer that she was aware of the leasing arrangement for
space and employees between PTI and the pt Group, but that she had never come
across this type of leasing arrangement in her 23 years of work, nor had she heard
of any leasing arrangement between a Part A provider and a Part B provider for
4
Premier Comp Solutions is a company engaged in medical management, medical cost,
workers’ compensation medical cost containment services, and medical bill review and
repricing.
11
physical therapy. She also testified that she reported PTI and the pt Group’s
relationship to the Attorney General’s office, CMS and the Bureau.
III.
Finding as credible Attorney Cassidy’s testimony that the joint
venture has been disclosed to CMS and the Bureau and investigated by the
Attorney General’s office with no finding of illegality, and concluding that
Employer has failed to produce any evidence that would refute the testimony of
Attorney Cassidy, the WCJ granted Claimant’s petitions for penalty and for review
of medical treatment and/or billing.5 The WCJ reasoned that Employer failed to
dispute that Claimant received the physical therapy treatment outlined on the bills
submitted by PTI or that the bills remain unpaid and outstanding. He noted that
Employer has never received any indication from any federal or state authority that
the billing arrangement between PTI and the pt Group is impermissible in any way.
Further determining that Employer did not have a reasonable basis to contest the
matter, the WCJ ordered Employer to pay Claimant’s counsel fees in the amount of
$8,217.50. The WCJ also ordered that Employer reimburse Claimant’s counsel for
all reasonable and necessary litigation costs incurred in the amount of $2,915.60.
Employer appealed to the Board, essentially arguing that the WCJ
failed to take into account the totality of the evidence and the actual operation of
5
The WCJ further accepted the testimonies of Claimant, Ryan Christoff, Dale Cordial,
Shannon Vissman, Joseph Chrillo and Charita Farley as credible in their entirety, and found the
testimonies of Michael Smith, Sherry Myers, Linda Schmac and Lorie Myers credible in part and
incredible in part.
12
the entities in question. Arguing that the evidence establishes that services were
provided by the pt Group employees and billed by PTI at Part A rates, Employer
alleged that the staffing and leasing agreements are an improper means to allow the
pt Group to charge Part A rates. Moreover, Employer argued that the WCJ’s
conclusion that Employer unreasonably contested the matter was factually
erroneous and not the product of a reasoned decision.
Noting that the WCJ found credible Attorney Cassidy’s testimony that
the joint venture was legal and found credible Mr. Farley’s testimony that there
was nothing on the face of the bills and supporting documentation to indicate that
the bills should not be paid or that the provider billing the treatment was not the
provider rendering the treatment, the Board found that the WCJ’s decision was
grounded in credibility determinations, which were his to make, and affirmed the
WCJ.
With regard to the issue of attorney’s fees, the Board reasoned that the
WCJ did not err in concluding that Employer’s contest was unreasonable because
the WCJ found that Employer failed to submit any evidence to refute PTI’s status
as the provider or any evidence to demonstrate any illegality about the joint
venture. The Board further noted that the WCJ found that Claimant’s witnesses’
testimonies supported the legitimacy of the joint venture, which Employer could
not contradict. Finally, the Board found that the WCJ properly found that
Employer had no factual or legal basis for its belief that the treatment was not
13
actually rendered by the provider that billed for the services. This appeal by
Employer followed.6
IV.
A.
The determinative issue in this appeal is whether the WCJ correctly
found that the joint venture between PTI and the pt Group was lawful, thereby
enabling PTI to bill for services rendered. Because the physical therapy services
were rendered to Claimant by the pt Group and billed by PTI, Employer argues
that the pt Group is the health care provider, not PTI and, thus, PTI is not entitled
to payment under the Act. Employer asserts that “[a]s a Part B provider, pt Group
portrayed themselves [sic] as the provider to [Claimant] and allowed PTI to
represent themselves to [Employer’s insurance] as the provider in order to charge
Part A rates.” (Employer’s Brief at 17.) Employer argues that because the pt
Group is the provider, services should be billed at the Part B rate and its insurance
company did not violate the Act by not paying PTI’s bills.
6
In a workers’ compensation proceeding, this Court’s scope of review is limited to
determining whether there has been a violation of constitutional rights, whether errors of law or a
violation of appeal board procedures have been committed, and whether necessary findings of
fact are supported by substantial evidence. Lehigh County Vo-Tech School v. Workmen’s
Compensation Appeal Board (Wolfe), 652 A.2d 797, 799 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995). “Substantial
evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion. . . . In performing a substantial evidence analysis, this [C]ourt must view the
evidence in a light most favorable to the party who prevailed before the factfinder.” Waldameer
Park, Inc. v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Morrison), 819 A.2d 164, 168 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2003) (citation omitted).
14
Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the Act requires that employers pay “for
reasonable surgical and medical services, services rendered by physicians or other
health care providers ... medicines and supplies, as and when needed.” 77 P.S. §
531(1)(i). Employers must pay a claimant’s medical bills within 30 days of
receiving them, “unless the employer or insurer disputes the reasonableness or
necessity of the treatment provided pursuant to [Section 306(f.1)(6) of the Act, 77
P.S. § 531(6) ].” 77 P.S. § 531(5).
Here, there is no dispute as to whether Claimant’s physical treatment
was necessary or whether Employer needs to pay for his treatment. Rather, the
conflict is over whether Employer needs to pay PTI’s bills given that it believes
that the pt Group was the health care provider. As noted by the WCJ, the
agreement between PTI and the pt Group, under which PTI leases space and staff
from the pt Group and bills insurance carriers for the services provided to patients,
is acceptable under the applicable law. The WCJ relied on and found as entirely
credible Attorney Cassidy’s testimony with which he established that CMS and the
Bureau are aware of the joint venture, and that the joint venture had been
investigated by the Attorney General’s office with no finding of illegality.
Moreover, the WCJ found that the evidence produced by Employer did not
contradict the finding that the joint venture was lawful. Employer provides no
analysis or reasons that we should find otherwise.
B.
Employer next argues that the WCJ erred in awarding Claimant
unreasonable contest attorney’s fees.
15
Pursuant to Section 440(a) of the Act,7 77 P.S. § 996, in any contested
case where an insurer contests liability in whole or in part, a WCJ shall award
counsel fees to an employee in whose favor the matter has been finally adjudicated
unless the employer provides a reasonable basis for the contest. “Section 440 ... is
intended to deter unreasonable contests of workers’ claims and to ensure that
successful claimants receive compensation undiminished by costs of litigation.”
Eidell v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Dana Corp.), 624 A.2d 824,
826 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993) (citation omitted). The issue of whether an employer’s
contest is reasonable is a legal conclusion based on the WCJ’s findings of fact.
Yespelkis v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Pulmonology Associates Inc.),
986 A.2d 194 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). The reasonableness of an employer’s contest
depends on whether the contest was prompted to resolve a genuinely disputed issue
or merely to harass the claimant. Id.
In the present case, the WCJ found that Employer had failed to sustain
its burden of proving a reasonable contest, explaining in pertinent part:
Employer denied the medical bills at issue alleging that
PTI was not the provider of the services. However, the
Employer has failed to submit any evidence during the
course of these proceedings to refute PTI’s status as the
provider of the treatment at issue. The Employer has
failed to submit any evidence contrary to PTI’s position
that the treatment was rendered by PTI in connection
with a joint venture that was entered into between PTI
and [pt Group], which was the basis for the Employer
denying the bills. The Employer has not offered any
evidence to demonstrate that there was anything illegal or
7
Section 440(a) of the Act was added by the Act of February 8, 1972, as amended.
16
improper about the joint venture between PTI and [pt
Group]. To the contrary, the [i]nsurer’s senior
investigator, Mr. Smith, admitted that he had developed
no evidence during the course of his investigation that the
joint venture was in [any] way illegal or improper.
(R.R. at 1401a, ¶16.) Given Employer’s failure to provide any evidence that
establishes the alleged illegality of the joint venture or PTI’s status as a health care
provider, we agree with the WCJ that Employer engaged in an unreasonable
contest and the award of attorney’s fees is proper.
Accordingly, the Board’s order is affirmed.
___________________________________
DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge
Judge Hearthway did not participate in the decision of this case.
17
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
New Alexandria Borough and :
Selective Insurance Company of :
America, :
Petitioners :
:
v. : No. 567 C.D. 2016
:
Workers’ Compensation Appeal :
Board (Tenerovich), :
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 5th day of January, 2017, the order of the Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board dated March 10, 2016, at No. A14-0938, is affirmed.
___________________________________
DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge.
| 43,832 |
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salg%C3%B3tarj%C3%A1ni%20zsinag%C3%B3ga
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Salgótarjáni zsinagóga
|
https://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salgótarjáni zsinagóga&action=history
|
Hungarian
|
Spoken
| 147 | 502 |
A Salgótarjáni zsinagóga egy mára már elpusztult zsidó vallási épület.
Története
Salgótarjánban Deutsch Mózes, Deutsch Áron Dávid fia, 1874-től 1831-ben bekövetkezett haláláig a salgótarjáni zsidóság főrabbija kezdeményezte a templom építését. A korábbi kaszinó helyén 1901-ben augusztusában tették le a mór stílusú épület alapkövét. A nagy méretű zsinagógát Szvoboda Gyula műépítész tervei szerint építették és 1902 szeptemberében szentelték fel.
A második világháború alatti német megszállás idején raktárnak használták. A második világháború után az erősen lecsökkent létszámú helyi zsidó közösség kijavította az épület sérüléseit és tovább használta eredeti funkciójában. Habár a magyar állam műemlékké nyilvánította, 1969-ban mégis megsemmisítették: először a tornyokat bontották el, majd az épületet felrobbantották.
Jegyzetek
Források
Salgótarjáni zsinagóga
Javaslat emléktábla felállítására (Salgótarján, 2014. május. Hozzáférés: 2020-09-29)
Salgótarjáni zsidótörténet általános és középiskolások számára (Salgótarján, 2004, 18-19. és 82. o. Hozzáférés: 2020-09-29)
Kapcsolódó szócikkek
Magyarországi zsinagógák listája
Magyarország zsinagógái
Magyarország 20. századi építményei
Salgótarján építményei
Magyarország elpusztult építményei
| 28,070 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21719122
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Hodžića Čair
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 80 | 221 |
Hodžića Čair
Hodžića Čair
Hodžića Čair Geonames-ID 3244193
Hodžića Čair instans av berg
Hodžića Čair land Bosnien och Hercegovina
Hodžića Čair geografiska koordinater
Hodžića Čair GNS-ID 260231
Hodžića Čair inom det administrativa området Federationen Bosnien och Hercegovina
Hodžića Čair
berg in Bosnië en Herzegovina
Hodžića Čair GeoNames-identificatiecode 3244193
Hodžića Čair is een berg
Hodžića Čair land Bosnië en Herzegovina
Hodžića Čair geografische locatie
Hodžića Čair GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode 260231
Hodžića Čair gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Federatie van Bosnië en Herzegovina
| 42,630 |
https://github.com/teleological/signalfx-java-tracing/blob/master/dd-java-agent/instrumentation/jdbc/src/main/java/datadog/trace/instrumentation/jdbc/normalizer/SqlNormalizerTokenManager.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
signalfx-java-tracing
|
teleological
|
Java
|
Code
| 2,184 | 7,183 |
/* Generated By:JavaCC: Do not edit this line. SqlNormalizerTokenManager.java */
package datadog.trace.instrumentation.jdbc.normalizer;
/** Token Manager. */
public class SqlNormalizerTokenManager implements SqlNormalizerConstants {
/** Debug output. */
public java.io.PrintStream debugStream = System.out;
/** Set debug output. */
public void setDebugStream(java.io.PrintStream ds) {
debugStream = ds;
}
private int jjMoveStringLiteralDfa0_0() {
return jjMoveNfa_0(0, 0);
}
static final long[] jjbitVec0 = {
0xfff0000040220002L, 0xffffffffffffdfffL, 0xfffff02f7fffffffL, 0x12000000007fffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec2 = {0x0L, 0x0L, 0x420040000000000L, 0xff7fffffff7fffffL};
static final long[] jjbitVec3 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x501f0003ffc3L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec4 = {
0x0L, 0x3cdf000000000000L, 0xfffffffbffffd740L, 0xffbfffffffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec5 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xfffffffffffffc03L, 0xffffffffffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec6 = {
0xfffe00ffffffffffL, 0xfffffffe027fffffL, 0xffL, 0x707ffffff0000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec7 = {
0xffffffff00000000L, 0xfffec000000007ffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x9c00c060002fffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec8 = {
0xfffffffd0000L, 0xffffffffffffe000L, 0x2003fffffffffL, 0x43007fffffffc00L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec9 = {0x110043fffffL, 0x1ffffffL, 0x1ffd00000000L, 0x0L};
static final long[] jjbitVec10 = {
0x23fffffffffffff0L, 0xfefe0003ff010000L, 0x23c5fdfffff99fe0L, 0x30003b0004000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec11 = {
0x36dfdfffff987e0L, 0x1c00005e000000L, 0x23edfdfffffbbfe0L, 0x300010000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec12 = {
0x23edfdfffff99fe0L, 0x20003b0000000L, 0x3ffc718d63dc7e8L, 0x10000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec13 = {
0x23effdfffffddfe0L, 0x303000000L, 0x23effdfffffddfe0L, 0x6000340000000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec14 = {
0x27fffffffffddfe0L, 0xfc00000300004000L, 0x2ffbfffffc7fffe0L, 0x7fL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec15 = {0xdfffffffffffeL, 0x7fL, 0x200decaefef02596L, 0xf000005fL};
static final long[] jjbitVec16 = {0x1L, 0x1ffffffffeffL, 0x1f00L, 0x0L};
static final long[] jjbitVec17 = {
0x800007ffffffffffL, 0xffe1c0623c3f0000L, 0xffffffff00004003L, 0xf7ffffffffff20bfL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec18 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffff3d7f3dffL, 0x7f3dffffffff3dffL, 0xffffffffff7fff3dL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec19 = {
0xffffffffff3dffffL, 0x7ffffffL, 0xffffffff0000ffffL, 0x1fffffffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec20 = {
0xfffffffffffffffeL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec21 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffff9fffffffffffL, 0xffffffff07fffffeL, 0x7ffffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec22 = {
0x3ffff0003dfffL, 0x1dfff0003ffffL, 0xfffffffffffffL, 0x10800000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec23 = {
0xffffffff00000000L, 0xffffffffffffffL, 0xffff05ffffffffffL, 0x3fffffffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec24 = {0x1fffffffL, 0x1f3fffffff0000L, 0xfffffffffffL, 0xfeL};
static final long[] jjbitVec25 = {0xffffffff007fffffL, 0x1fffffL, 0x8000000000L, 0x0L};
static final long[] jjbitVec26 = {0xfffffffffffe0L, 0xfe0L, 0xfc00c001fffffff8L, 0x3fffffffffL};
static final long[] jjbitVec27 = {0xfffffffffL, 0x3ffffffffc00e000L, 0x0L, 0x63de0000000000L};
static final long[] jjbitVec28 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x0L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec29 = {
0xffffffff3f3fffffL, 0x3fffffffaaff3f3fL, 0x5fdfffffffffffffL, 0x1fdc1fff0fcf1fdcL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec30 = {0x0L, 0x8002000000000000L, 0x1fff0000L, 0x0L};
static final long[] jjbitVec31 = {0xf3ffbd503e2ffc84L, 0x43e0L, 0x18L, 0x0L};
static final long[] jjbitVec32 = {
0xffff7fffffffffffL, 0xffffffff7fffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xc781fffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec33 = {
0xffff20bfffffffffL, 0x80ffffffffffL, 0x7f7f7f7f007fffffL, 0x7f7f7f7fL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec34 = {0x800000000000L, 0x0L, 0x0L, 0x0L};
static final long[] jjbitVec35 = {
0x183e000000000060L, 0xfffffffffffffffeL, 0xfffffffee07fffffL, 0xf7ffffffffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec36 = {
0xfffe3fffffffffe0L, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x7ffffff00007fffL, 0xffff000000000000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec37 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x3fffffffffffffL, 0x0L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec38 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x1fffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec39 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x1fffL, 0x3fffffffffff0000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec40 = {
0xc00ffff1fffL, 0x80007fffffffffffL, 0xffffffff00ffffffL, 0x3fffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec41 = {
0xfffffffcff800000L, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x7ff000f79ffL, 0xff00000000000000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec42 = {
0x7fffff7bbL, 0xfffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffcL, 0x8fc000000000000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec43 = {
0xffff003ffffffc00L, 0x1fffffff0000007fL, 0x7fffffffffff0L, 0x8000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec44 = {
0x1ffffffffffL, 0x47fffff00000ff7L, 0x3e62ffffffffffffL, 0x1c07ff38000005L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec45 = {0x7f7f007e7e7eL, 0x0L, 0x0L, 0x7ffffffffL};
static final long[] jjbitVec46 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffff000fffffffffL, 0xffffffffffff87fL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec47 = {
0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffff3fffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x3ffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec48 = {
0x5f7ffdffa0f8007fL, 0xffffffffffffffdbL, 0x3ffffffffffffL, 0xfffffffffff80000L
};
static final long[] jjbitVec49 = {
0x3fffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffff0000L, 0xfffffffffffcffffL, 0xfff0000000000ffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec50 = {
0x0L, 0xffdf000000000000L, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0x1fffffffffffffffL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec51 = {
0x7fffffe00000000L, 0xffffffc007fffffeL, 0x7fffffffffffffffL, 0x1cfcfcfcL
};
static final long[] jjbitVec52 = {0x0L, 0x0L, 0xffffffffffffffffL, 0xffffffffffffffffL};
private int jjMoveNfa_0(int startState, int curPos) {
// int[] nextStates; // not used
int startsAt = 0;
jjnewStateCnt = 19;
int i = 1;
jjstateSet[0] = startState;
// int j; // not used
int kind = 0x7fffffff;
for (; ; ) {
if (++jjround == 0x7fffffff) ReInitRounds();
if (curChar < 64) {
long l = 1L << curChar;
do {
switch (jjstateSet[--i]) {
case 0:
if ((0x3ff000000000000L & l) != 0L) {
if (kind > 2) kind = 2;
jjCheckNAdd(4);
} else if ((0x100002600L & l) != 0L) {
if (kind > 6) kind = 6;
jjCheckNAdd(18);
} else if ((0x680000000000L & l) != 0L) jjCheckNAddTwoStates(2, 3);
else if (curChar == 34) jjCheckNAddStates(0, 2);
else if (curChar == 39) jjCheckNAddStates(3, 5);
if (curChar == 48) jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = 5;
break;
case 1:
if ((0x3ff000000000000L & l) == 0L) break;
if (kind > 1) kind = 1;
jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = 1;
break;
case 2:
if ((0x680000000000L & l) != 0L) jjCheckNAddTwoStates(2, 3);
break;
case 3:
if ((0x3ff000000000000L & l) == 0L) break;
if (kind > 2) kind = 2;
jjCheckNAdd(4);
break;
case 4:
if ((0x3ff680000000000L & l) == 0L) break;
if (kind > 2) kind = 2;
jjCheckNAdd(4);
break;
case 6:
if ((0x3ff000000000000L & l) == 0L) break;
if (kind > 3) kind = 3;
jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = 6;
break;
case 7:
if (curChar == 48) jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = 5;
break;
case 8:
case 9:
if (curChar == 39) jjCheckNAddStates(3, 5);
break;
case 10:
if (curChar == 39) jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = 9;
break;
case 11:
if ((0xffffff7fffffffffL & l) != 0L) jjCheckNAddStates(3, 5);
break;
case 12:
if (curChar == 39 && kind > 4) kind = 4;
break;
case 13:
case 14:
if (curChar == 34) jjCheckNAddStates(0, 2);
break;
case 15:
if (curChar == 34) jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = 14;
break;
case 16:
if ((0xfffffffbffffffffL & l) != 0L) jjCheckNAddStates(0, 2);
break;
case 17:
if (curChar == 34 && kind > 5) kind = 5;
break;
case 18:
if ((0x100002600L & l) == 0L) break;
if (kind > 6) kind = 6;
jjCheckNAdd(18);
break;
default:
break;
}
} while (i != startsAt);
} else if (curChar < 128) {
long l = 1L << (curChar & 077);
do {
switch (jjstateSet[--i]) {
case 0:
case 1:
if ((0x7fffffe87fffffeL & l) == 0L) break;
if (kind > 1) kind = 1;
jjCheckNAdd(1);
break;
case 4:
if ((0x2000000020L & l) == 0L) break;
if (kind > 2) kind = 2;
jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = 4;
break;
case 5:
if ((0x100000001000000L & l) != 0L) jjCheckNAdd(6);
break;
case 6:
if ((0x7e0000007eL & l) == 0L) break;
if (kind > 3) kind = 3;
jjCheckNAdd(6);
break;
case 11:
jjAddStates(3, 5);
break;
case 16:
jjAddStates(0, 2);
break;
default:
break;
}
} while (i != startsAt);
} else {
int hiByte = (int) (curChar >> 8);
int i1 = hiByte >> 6;
long l1 = 1L << (hiByte & 077);
int i2 = (curChar & 0xff) >> 6;
long l2 = 1L << (curChar & 077);
do {
switch (jjstateSet[--i]) {
case 0:
case 1:
if (!jjCanMove_0(hiByte, i1, i2, l1, l2)) break;
if (kind > 1) kind = 1;
jjCheckNAdd(1);
break;
case 11:
if (jjCanMove_1(hiByte, i1, i2, l1, l2)) jjAddStates(3, 5);
break;
case 16:
if (jjCanMove_1(hiByte, i1, i2, l1, l2)) jjAddStates(0, 2);
break;
default:
break;
}
} while (i != startsAt);
}
if (kind != 0x7fffffff) {
jjmatchedKind = kind;
jjmatchedPos = curPos;
kind = 0x7fffffff;
}
++curPos;
if ((i = jjnewStateCnt) == (startsAt = 19 - (jjnewStateCnt = startsAt))) return curPos;
try {
curChar = input_stream.readChar();
} catch (java.io.IOException e) {
return curPos;
}
}
}
static final int[] jjnextStates = {
15, 16, 17, 10, 11, 12,
};
private static final boolean jjCanMove_0(int hiByte, int i1, int i2, long l1, long l2) {
switch (hiByte) {
case 0:
return ((jjbitVec2[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 2:
return ((jjbitVec3[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 3:
return ((jjbitVec4[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 4:
return ((jjbitVec5[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 5:
return ((jjbitVec6[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 6:
return ((jjbitVec7[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 7:
return ((jjbitVec8[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 8:
return ((jjbitVec9[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 9:
return ((jjbitVec10[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 10:
return ((jjbitVec11[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 11:
return ((jjbitVec12[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 12:
return ((jjbitVec13[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 13:
return ((jjbitVec14[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 14:
return ((jjbitVec15[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 15:
return ((jjbitVec16[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 16:
return ((jjbitVec17[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 18:
return ((jjbitVec18[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 19:
return ((jjbitVec19[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 20:
return ((jjbitVec20[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 22:
return ((jjbitVec21[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 23:
return ((jjbitVec22[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 24:
return ((jjbitVec23[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 25:
return ((jjbitVec24[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 26:
return ((jjbitVec25[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 27:
return ((jjbitVec26[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 28:
return ((jjbitVec27[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 29:
return ((jjbitVec28[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 31:
return ((jjbitVec29[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 32:
return ((jjbitVec30[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 33:
return ((jjbitVec31[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 44:
return ((jjbitVec32[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 45:
return ((jjbitVec33[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 46:
return ((jjbitVec34[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 48:
return ((jjbitVec35[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 49:
return ((jjbitVec36[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 77:
return ((jjbitVec37[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 159:
return ((jjbitVec38[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 164:
return ((jjbitVec39[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 166:
return ((jjbitVec40[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 167:
return ((jjbitVec41[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 168:
return ((jjbitVec42[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 169:
return ((jjbitVec43[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 170:
return ((jjbitVec44[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 171:
return ((jjbitVec45[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 215:
return ((jjbitVec46[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 250:
return ((jjbitVec47[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 251:
return ((jjbitVec48[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 253:
return ((jjbitVec49[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 254:
return ((jjbitVec50[i2] & l2) != 0L);
case 255:
return ((jjbitVec51[i2] & l2) != 0L);
default:
if ((jjbitVec0[i1] & l1) != 0L) return true;
return false;
}
}
private static final boolean jjCanMove_1(int hiByte, int i1, int i2, long l1, long l2) {
switch (hiByte) {
case 0:
return ((jjbitVec52[i2] & l2) != 0L);
default:
if ((jjbitVec20[i1] & l1) != 0L) return true;
return false;
}
}
/** Token literal values. */
public static final String[] jjstrLiteralImages = {
"", null, null, null, null, null, null, null,
};
/** Lexer state names. */
public static final String[] lexStateNames = {
"DEFAULT",
};
protected SimpleCharStream input_stream;
private final int[] jjrounds = new int[19];
private final int[] jjstateSet = new int[38];
protected char curChar;
/** Constructor. */
public SqlNormalizerTokenManager(SimpleCharStream stream) {
if (SimpleCharStream.staticFlag)
throw new Error(
"ERROR: Cannot use a static CharStream class with a non-static lexical analyzer.");
input_stream = stream;
}
/** Constructor. */
public SqlNormalizerTokenManager(SimpleCharStream stream, int lexState) {
this(stream);
SwitchTo(lexState);
}
/** Reinitialise parser. */
public void ReInit(SimpleCharStream stream) {
jjmatchedPos = jjnewStateCnt = 0;
curLexState = defaultLexState;
input_stream = stream;
ReInitRounds();
}
private void ReInitRounds() {
int i;
jjround = 0x80000001;
for (i = 19; i-- > 0; ) jjrounds[i] = 0x80000000;
}
/** Reinitialise parser. */
public void ReInit(SimpleCharStream stream, int lexState) {
ReInit(stream);
SwitchTo(lexState);
}
/** Switch to specified lex state. */
public void SwitchTo(int lexState) {
if (lexState >= 1 || lexState < 0)
throw new TokenMgrError(
"Error: Ignoring invalid lexical state : " + lexState + ". State unchanged.",
TokenMgrError.INVALID_LEXICAL_STATE);
else curLexState = lexState;
}
protected Token jjFillToken() {
final Token t;
final String tokenImage;
final int beginLine;
final int endLine;
final int beginColumn;
final int endColumn;
String im = jjstrLiteralImages[jjmatchedKind];
tokenImage = (im == null) ? input_stream.GetImage() : im;
beginLine = input_stream.getBeginLine();
beginColumn = input_stream.getBeginColumn();
endLine = input_stream.getEndLine();
endColumn = input_stream.getEndColumn();
t = Token.newToken(jjmatchedKind, tokenImage);
t.beginLine = beginLine;
t.endLine = endLine;
t.beginColumn = beginColumn;
t.endColumn = endColumn;
return t;
}
int curLexState = 0;
int defaultLexState = 0;
int jjnewStateCnt;
int jjround;
int jjmatchedPos;
int jjmatchedKind;
/** Get the next Token. */
public Token getNextToken() {
// int kind;
Token specialToken = null;
Token matchedToken;
int curPos = 0;
EOFLoop:
for (; ; ) {
try {
curChar = input_stream.BeginToken();
} catch (java.io.IOException e) {
jjmatchedKind = 0;
matchedToken = jjFillToken();
return matchedToken;
}
jjmatchedKind = 0x7fffffff;
jjmatchedPos = 0;
curPos = jjMoveStringLiteralDfa0_0();
if (jjmatchedPos == 0 && jjmatchedKind > 7) {
jjmatchedKind = 7;
}
if (jjmatchedKind != 0x7fffffff) {
if (jjmatchedPos + 1 < curPos) input_stream.backup(curPos - jjmatchedPos - 1);
matchedToken = jjFillToken();
return matchedToken;
}
int error_line = input_stream.getEndLine();
int error_column = input_stream.getEndColumn();
String error_after = null;
boolean EOFSeen = false;
try {
input_stream.readChar();
input_stream.backup(1);
} catch (java.io.IOException e1) {
EOFSeen = true;
error_after = curPos <= 1 ? "" : input_stream.GetImage();
if (curChar == '\n' || curChar == '\r') {
error_line++;
error_column = 0;
} else error_column++;
}
if (!EOFSeen) {
input_stream.backup(1);
error_after = curPos <= 1 ? "" : input_stream.GetImage();
}
throw new TokenMgrError(
EOFSeen,
curLexState,
error_line,
error_column,
error_after,
curChar,
TokenMgrError.LEXICAL_ERROR);
}
}
private void jjCheckNAdd(int state) {
if (jjrounds[state] != jjround) {
jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = state;
jjrounds[state] = jjround;
}
}
private void jjAddStates(int start, int end) {
do {
jjstateSet[jjnewStateCnt++] = jjnextStates[start];
} while (start++ != end);
}
private void jjCheckNAddTwoStates(int state1, int state2) {
jjCheckNAdd(state1);
jjCheckNAdd(state2);
}
private void jjCheckNAddStates(int start, int end) {
do {
jjCheckNAdd(jjnextStates[start]);
} while (start++ != end);
}
}
| 8,193 |
https://github.com/RMuskovets/FaceRecognition/blob/master/FaceRecognition/src/main/java/org/roman/face/App.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
FaceRecognition
|
RMuskovets
|
Java
|
Code
| 84 | 371 |
package org.roman.face;
import org.openimaj.image.MBFImage;
import org.openimaj.image.processing.face.detection.keypoints.FKEFaceDetector;
import org.openimaj.image.processing.face.detection.keypoints.KEDetectedFace;
import org.openimaj.video.*;
import org.openimaj.video.capture.VideoCapture;
import org.openimaj.video.capture.VideoCaptureException;
import javax.swing.*;
public class App extends JFrame {
@SuppressWarnings("all")
public App() {
// Creating settings of frame
{
setVisible(true);
setSize(620, 450);
setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setResizable(false);
}
HaarFaces<KEDetectedFace> faces = new HaarFaces<KEDetectedFace>();
int width = 600, height = 500;
try {
faces.setCapture(new VideoCapture(width, height));
faces.setDetector(new FKEFaceDetector());
} catch (VideoCaptureException e) {
}
Video<MBFImage> video = faces.getCapture();
VideoDisplay<MBFImage> display = VideoDisplay.createVideoDisplay(video, this);
faces.install(display);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new App();
}
}
| 30,252 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/71663765
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,022 |
Stack Exchange
|
Nate Eldredge, Peter Cordes, Useless, YoavKlein, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12176460, https://stackoverflow.com/users/212858, https://stackoverflow.com/users/224132, https://stackoverflow.com/users/634919, https://stackoverflow.com/users/643393, ixSci
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,741 | 2,675 |
What exactly is Synchronize-With relationship?
I've been reading this post of Jeff Preshing about The Synchronizes-With Relation, and also the "Release-Acquire Ordering" section in the std::memory_order page from cpp reference, and I don't really understand:
It seems that there is some kind of promise by the standard that I don't understand why it's necessary. Let's take the example from the CPP reference:
#include <thread>
#include <atomic>
#include <cassert>
#include <string>
std::atomic<std::string*> ptr;
int data;
void producer()
{
std::string* p = new std::string("Hello");
data = 42;
ptr.store(p, std::memory_order_release);
}
void consumer()
{
std::string* p2;
while (!(p2 = ptr.load(std::memory_order_acquire)))
;
assert(*p2 == "Hello"); // never fires
assert(data == 42); // never fires
}
int main()
{
std::thread t1(producer);
std::thread t2(consumer);
t1.join(); t2.join();
}
The reference explains that:
If an atomic store in thread A is tagged memory_order_release and an atomic load in thread B from the same variable is tagged memory_order_acquire, all memory writes (non-atomic and relaxed atomic) that happened-before the atomic store from the point of view of thread A, become visible side-effects in thread B. That is, once the atomic load is completed, thread B is guaranteed to see everything thread A wrote to memory. This promise only holds if B actually returns the value that A stored, or a value from later in the release sequence.
as far as I understand, when we
ptr.store(p, std::memory_order_release)
What we're actually doing is telling both the compiler and the CPU that when running, make it so there will be no way that data and the memory pointed to by std::string* p will be visible AFTER the new value of ptr will be visible to thread t2.
And same, when we
ptr.load(std::memory_order_acquire)
We are telling the compiler and CPU: make it so the loading of ptr will be no later than then loading of *p2 and data.
So I don't understand what further promise we have here?
You've described an approximate understanding of release/acquire, but I have no idea what other "some kind of promise" or "further promise" you're alluding to. The article you linked just says that Synchronizes-With is an ordering relationship that can be accomplished with release/acquire, or with a mutex, or with thread creation. It doesn't say it's a stronger guarantee, just a more general concept.
Yes, I don't understand the question either. But in case it helps - do you understand why, if you changed the loads and stores to memory_order_relaxed, the program would then have a data race and undefined behavior?
Yes I understand this, it just seems from the referenced sources that there is some special promise. Take a look at the Preshing article, don't you get this impression?
@YoavKlein: No, I don't know what you mean. There is the promise in the Standard that, if the load observes the new value, then the store happened before the load in the formal happens-before partial order. The only thing "special" about this promise is that it doesn't apply with relaxed ordering or non-atomic variables. I don't see anything that suggests a "special promise" other than that.
Part of the issue might be that you are thinking of the behavior in terms of "after" and "later", as if every operation occurs at a definite instant in time. That implicitly assumes that "time" gives a total ordering on all operations, even though not necessarily consistent with program order (i.e. "reordering" is possible). But the C++ memory model deliberately avoids assuming even that much; loads and stores do not have to be totally orderable at all, and only weaker partial orderings like "happens before" are relevant to defining a program's observable behavior.
So if you are thinking that the memory model description seems overcomplicated compared with your understanding, that may be part of the reason.
This ptr.store(p, std::memory_order_release) (L1) guarantees that anything done prior to this line in this particular thread (T1) will be visible to other threads as long as those other threads are reading ptr in a correct fashion (in this case, using std::memory_order_acquire). This guarantee works only with this pair, alone this line guarantees nothing.
Now you have ptr.load(std::memory_order_acquire) (L2) on the other thread (T2) which, working with its pair from another thread, guarantees that as long as it read the value written in T1 you can see other values written prior to that line (in your case it is data). So because L1 synchronizes with L2, data = 42; happens before assert(data == 42).
Also there is a guarantee that ptr is written and read atomically, because, well, it is atomic. No other guarantees or promises are in that code.
so basically those sources really contribute nothing - we already know that acquire barrier (i.e. LoadLoad+LoadStore) guarantees that all Loads before the barrier will happen BEFORE all operations (Loads + Stores) after the barrier. And we already know that release barrier (LoadStore+StoreStore) guarantees that all stores after the barrier will happen AFTER any operation before the barrier.
And so, if you place a release fence in one thread after which an atomic guard variable is written to, and an acquire fence in another thread before which that same variable is read, it will happen that all operations done by the writing thread will be visible to the reading thread.. is that it?
@YoavKlein, sorry I don't understand what "sources" you are talking about? You also should not think about C++ code it terms of hardware barriers, it doesn't help. Standard has a pretty clear synchronization model which might be hard to grasp at first but once mastered it is really pretty easy to reason about. Mixing that model with how hardware works won't help until you have a good understanding of both.
And to your second comment: Yes. But you store the flag first, and then put the release fence. And put the acquire fence after you read the flag. @YoavKlein
will be visible to other threads as long as - you left out the part where this is only guaranteed if the reading thread actually does load the value stored by that execution of the release-store. So in this case, mo_acquire is essential as you say, but also the spin-loop to wait until we see a non-NULL pointer. And that only works because the produce only writes it once. If the producer was also looping, it might have started another write of data while the reader was loading ptr. It seems a subtle point here, but it's key to generalizing to non-trivial programs.
@YoavKlein: The code in your question doesn't have any fences (2-way barriers), only release and acquire operations which are only ordered in 1 direction. https://preshing.com/20120913/acquire-and-release-semantics/ vs. https://preshing.com/20131125/acquire-and-release-fences-dont-work-the-way-youd-expect/. Of course, ISO C++ doesn't define its memory model in terms of allowed reorderings at all, only in terms of a load seeing a value from a store and creating a "happens before" relationship between threads.
A model involving reordering also involves a shared state that exists whether any threads are looking or not, and ISO C++ doesn't guarantee / require the existence of that. (But all real-world CPUs do in practice have that.)
@PeterCordes, what does it mean that "This promise only holds if B actually returns the value that A stored, or a value from later in the release sequence."?
@YoavKlein: If your load is some earlier or later value that didn't come from that store by that thread, you don't synchonize-with that thread. (Unless it's part of a release-sequence, e.g. if a 3rd thread did an atomic RMW on it instead of just a pure store.)
@PeterCordes - you mean that if thread A did ptr.store(p, std::memory_order_release); then "This promise only holds if" thread B did ptr.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) i.e. did the acquire load on the same variable?
@YoavKlein: Yes, of course the same variable, but also that it actually loaded p from ptr, not the initial NULL, or some later value stored by some other thread. That's why the reader thread has to keep re-reading until it sees a non-NULL value. Just loading once might or might not have run after the store. (But if it did, then it would sync-with it.)
@PeterCordes "you left out the part where this is only guaranteed <...>" no I didn't? I specifically mention the value written and given the code in the question has a loop I didn't feel a need to put more text there. The loop per se is not important, that's just a way to guarantee you won't go further if no proper value got loaded. If you can do it with some other means, that would be just fine.
@PeterCordes, ahh, you mean that if Thread A stored 0xabc then the promise of synchronize-with only holds when Thread B reads 0xabc? So that if Thread B read 0xdef written by some other thread, it won't hold...?
@YoavKlein it will hold if 0xdef was written later (in modification order) than 0xabc and the original (non-flag) value wasn't changed anywhere else.
@ixSci: Oh yes, you get to that in the 2nd paragraph. I think when I read it before, I was thinking that paragraph 1 was supposed to be a full definition, but clearly that wasn't the intent. On re-reading it today, your answer is fine, those paragraphs capture the essential parts, I think. (Omitting the idea of a "release sequence" is probably a good thing, since it's a bunch of extra complexity that's only understandable once you understand basic acq/rel sync in the first place.)
re: your last comment to @YoavKlein about some other thread having written 0xdef later in the modification order of ptr than 0xabc - actually no, in ISO C++ that won't sync with and create a happens-before relationship between the reader and thread A that wrote 0xabc. There's no release-sequence connecting A and B anymore, unless the 3rd thread used an RMW like ptr.exchange(0xdef), not ptr.store(0xdef).
On most real ISAs with their HW memory models, it would I think be guaranteed to work anyway, but machines that can do IRIW reordering (like POWER) may also be able to break this with store-forwarding between SMT threads. Perhaps by having the third thread see 0xabc early so its store can be after it in the modification order, before the non-atomic payload and the ptr value have become globally visible by committing to cache? Hmm, maybe not, maybe it's not plausible on a real machine with coherent shared cache, not point-to-point data movement.
@PeterCordes you are right, I misremembered what constitutes the release sequence.
| 34,744 |
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%20K530
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Сони Ериксон K530
|
https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Сони Ериксон K530&action=history
|
Serbian
|
Spoken
| 24 | 80 |
Сони Ериксон -{K}-530 је модел 3-{G}- телефона из серије -{K}- Сони Ериксона. На светском тржишту појавио се током јула 2007. године.
Карактеристике
Мобилна телефонија
| 7,955 |
https://github.com/jmirc/Hippo-CMS-Konakart/blob/master/konakart/hst-client/src/main/java/org/onehippo/forge/konakart/site/service/KKCookieService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
Hippo-CMS-Konakart
|
jmirc
|
Java
|
Code
| 461 | 1,112 |
package org.onehippo.forge.konakart.site.service;
import com.konakart.al.KKAppEng;
import org.hippoecm.hst.core.component.HstComponentException;
import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public interface KKCookieService {
public static final String GUEST_CUSTOMER_ID = "GUEST_CUSTOMER_ID";
public static final String CUSTOMER_LOCALE = "CUSTOMER_LOCALE";
public static final String CUSTOMER_NAME = "CUSTOMER_NAME";
public static final String CUSTOMER_UUID = "CUSTOMER_UUID";
public static final int COOKIE_MAX_AGE_IN_SECS = 365 * 24 * 60 * 60;
/**
* Method used to create a browser cookie when a customer first accesses the application. If the
* cookie already exists then we retrieve the guest customer id from the cookie which will be
* used to retrieve and cart items that the customer added to the cart on his last visit.
*
* @param request the http request
* @param response the http response
* @return Returns the Customer UUID
* @throws org.hippoecm.hst.core.component.HstComponentException
* .
*/
String manageCookies(@Nonnull HttpServletRequest request, @Nonnull HttpServletResponse response) throws HstComponentException;
/**
* Method used to create a browser cookie when a customer first accesses the application. If the
* cookie already exists then we retrieve the guest customer id from the cookie which will be
* used to retrieve and cart items that the customer added to the cart on his last visit.
*
* @param request the http request
* @param response the http response
* @return Returns the Customer UUID
* @throws org.hippoecm.hst.core.component.HstComponentException
* .
*/
@Nullable
String manageCookies(@Nonnull HttpServletRequest request, @Nonnull HttpServletResponse response,
@Nonnull KKAppEng kkAppEng) throws HstComponentException;
/**
* Save the customer name in a cookie so that we can greet him when he next accesses the
* application.
*
* @param request the http request
* @param response the http response
* @throws org.hippoecm.hst.core.component.HstComponentException
* .
*/
@Nullable
void manageCookiesLogin(@Nonnull HttpServletRequest request, @Nonnull HttpServletResponse response) throws HstComponentException;
/**
* Save the customer name in a cookie so that we can greet him when he next accesses the
* application.
*
* @param request the http request
* @param response the http response
* @param kkAppEng the Konakart client
* @throws org.hippoecm.hst.core.component.HstComponentException
* .
*/
void manageCookiesLogin(@Nonnull HttpServletRequest request, @Nonnull HttpServletResponse response,
@Nonnull KKAppEng kkAppEng) throws HstComponentException;
/**
* When we log out, ensure that the new guest customer that is created has the id saved in the
* browser cookie.
*
* @param request the http request
* @param response the http response
* @throws org.hippoecm.hst.core.component.HstComponentException
* .
*/
void manageCookieLogout(@Nonnull HttpServletRequest request, @Nonnull HttpServletResponse response) throws HstComponentException;
/**
* When we log out, ensure that the new guest customer that is created has the id saved in the
* browser cookie.
*
* @param request the http request
* @param response the http response
* @param kkAppEng the Konakart client
* @throws org.hippoecm.hst.core.component.HstComponentException
* .
*/
void manageCookieLogout(@Nonnull HttpServletRequest request, @Nonnull HttpServletResponse response,
@Nonnull KKAppEng kkAppEng) throws HstComponentException;
}
| 1,838 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21734219
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Blizansko Brdo
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 144 | 363 |
Blizansko Brdo
Blizansko Brdo
Blizansko Brdo Geonames-ID 3270918
Blizansko Brdo instans av berg
Blizansko Brdo geografiska koordinater
Blizansko Brdo land Bosnien och Hercegovina
Blizansko Brdo höjd över havet
Blizansko Brdo GNS-ID 305731
Blizansko Brdo inom det administrativa området Federationen Bosnien och Hercegovina
Blizansko Brdo
berg in Bosnië en Herzegovina
Blizansko Brdo GeoNames-identificatiecode 3270918
Blizansko Brdo is een berg
Blizansko Brdo geografische locatie
Blizansko Brdo land Bosnië en Herzegovina
Blizansko Brdo hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Blizansko Brdo GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode 305731
Blizansko Brdo gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Federatie van Bosnië en Herzegovina
Blizansko Brdo
mountain in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Blizansko Brdo GeoNames ID 3270918
Blizansko Brdo instance of mountain
Blizansko Brdo coordinate location
Blizansko Brdo country Bosnia and Herzegovina
Blizansko Brdo elevation above sea level
Blizansko Brdo GNS Unique Feature ID 305731
Blizansko Brdo located in the administrative territorial entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
| 24,191 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alebroides%20nigroscutellatus
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Alebroides nigroscutellatus
|
https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alebroides nigroscutellatus&action=history
|
Waray
|
Spoken
| 38 | 70 |
An Alebroides nigroscutellatus in uska species han Insecta nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Lucas Distant hadton 1918. An Alebroides nigroscutellatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alebroides, ngan familia nga Cicadellidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Alebroides
| 23,378 |
https://github.com/kyyberi/iltasmaja.fi/blob/master/.gitignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
iltasmaja.fi
|
kyyberi
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 198 | 3,585 |
# Created by https://www.gitignore.io/api/jekyll
### Jekyll ###
_site/
.sass-cache/
.jekyll-cache/
.jekyll-metadata
# End of https://www.gitignore.io/api/jekyll
.DS_Store
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assets/video/to-teh-beach.cmproj/media/1612518020.375552/20210205_103942.mp4
*.mp4
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assets/video/iltasmaja-light-sauna.cmproj/project.tscproj
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assets/video/data-as-a-service.cmproj/media/1618066793.682477/Product-vs-service-video.jpg
assets/video/data-weather.cmproj/media/1617975994.010219/map.jpeg
assets/video/product-service-person-clips.cmproj/media/1618039624.121517/map.jpeg
assets/video/product-service-person-clips.cmproj/media/1618039624.122410/mixkit-podcast-talk-intro-1149.wav
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assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.834562/ES_Big Plans (Sting) - Jan Chmelar.mp3
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assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.837808/share-image-front.png
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.838170/cxo2phd2.png
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.840803/two-groups.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.841230/change.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.841651/cust-end.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.842154/list-5-items.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.842594/first.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.843021/second_old.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.843430/second_old_old.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.843847/second.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.844257/third.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.844659/fourth.mp3
assets/video/product-service.cmproj/media/1617359105.845063/fifth.mp3
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| 25,858 |
https://github.com/ahmedlatef/FrImCla/blob/master/frimcla/shallowmodels/models.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
FrImCla
|
ahmedlatef
|
Python
|
Code
| 959 | 3,554 |
import cv2
import mahotas
# from skimage import exposure
from skimage import feature
# from imutils import auto_canny
import numpy as np
import math
import wget
from scipy.spatial import distance
from ..DenseNet import densenet
# from DenseNet import densenet
from keras.models import Model, Sequential, load_model
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Activation, Flatten, BatchNormalization
from keras.layers import Convolution2D, MaxPooling2D
from keras.optimizers import SGD
from keras.utils import np_utils
from keras.callbacks import ModelCheckpoint
from keras.applications import VGG16
from keras.callbacks import LearningRateScheduler
from keras import optimizers
import zipfile
import os
class MyModel(Model):
def __init__(self):
# /home/magarcd/Escritorio/frimcla/frimcla/shallowmodels
#./frimcla/shallowmodels/modeloRaices.h5
# https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BLl9B4dryCbAvNPFb9LsNmoO4bqiSCaR/view?usp=sharing
# https://www.dropbox.com/s/gnd9rbm0igogqrd/modeloRaices.h5?dl=0
url = "https://www.dropbox.com/s/gnd9rbm0igogqrd/modeloRaices.h5?dl=1"
file = wget.download(url, "./frimcla/shallowmodels/modeloRaices.h5")
my_model = load_model(file)
pruebaModel = Model(my_model.input, my_model.layers[-3].output)
self.model = pruebaModel
def describe(self,image):
image = np.reshape(image,(64,64,1))
image=np.expand_dims(image, axis=0)
return self.model.predict(image)
class Histonet(Model):
def __init__(self):
my_model = load_model("frimcla/shallowmodels/histonet.h5")
pruebaModel = Model(my_model.input, my_model.layers[-1].output)
self.model = pruebaModel
def describe(self,image):
return self.model.predict(image)
class DenseNet(Model):
def __init__(self):
modelI = densenet.DenseNet(depth=40, growth_rate=12, bottleneck=True, reduction=0.5)
modelI.layers.pop()
modelI.layers.pop()
modelI.outputs = [modelI.layers[-1].output]
modelI.layers[-1].outbound_nodes = []
new_input = modelI.input
hidden_layer = modelI.layers[-2].output
new_output = Flatten()(hidden_layer)
super(DenseNet,self).__init__()
self.model = Model(new_input, new_output)
def describe(self,image):
'''
Lo de que se tenga qeu poner solo la componente 0 de ese vector revisar porque se ha tenido que poner para que funcione la prediccion
no deberia ser asi. En el entrenamiento ha valido sin eso
'''
return self.model.predict(image)[0]
class LABModel(Model):
def __init__(self,bins=[8,8,8],channels=[0,1,2],histValues=[0,256,0,256,0,256]):
self.bins =bins
self.channels=channels
self.histValues = histValues
def describe(self,image):
checkLAB = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2LAB)
dst = np.zeros(shape=(5, 2))
histLAB = cv2.calcHist([checkLAB], self.channels, None, self.bins, self.histValues)
histLAB = cv2.normalize(histLAB, dst).flatten()
return histLAB
# def describe(self, image):
# checkLAB = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2LAB)
# histLAB = cv2.calcHist([checkLAB], self.channels, None, self.bins, self.histValues)
# histLAB = cv2.normalize(histLAB).flatten()
# return histLAB
class HSVModel(Model):
def __init__(self,bins=[8,8,8],channels=[0,1,2],histValues=[0,180,0,256,0,256]):
self.bins =bins
self.channels=channels
self.histValues = histValues
def describe(self,image):
checkHSV = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2HSV)
dst = np.zeros(shape=(5, 2))
histHSV = cv2.calcHist([checkHSV], self.channels, None, self.bins, self.histValues)
histHSV = cv2.normalize(histHSV, dst).flatten()
return histHSV
# def describe(self,image):
# checkHSV = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2HSV)
# histHSV = cv2.calcHist([checkHSV], self.channels, None, self.bins, self.histValues)
# histHSV = cv2.normalize(histHSV).flatten()
# return histHSV
class Haralick(Model):
def __init__(self):
pass
def describe(self,image):
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
features = mahotas.features.haralick(gray).mean(axis=0)
return features
class LBP(Model):
def __init__(self):
pass
def describe(self,image):
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
features = mahotas.features.lbp(gray, 3, 24)
return features
class HOG(Model):
def __init__(self):
pass
def describe(self,image):
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
features = feature.hog(gray, orientations=9, pixels_per_cell=(10, 10),
cells_per_block=(2, 2), transform_sqrt=True)
return features
class HaarHOG(Model):
def __init__(self):
pass
def describe(self,image):
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
featuresHOG = feature.hog(gray, orientations=9, pixels_per_cell=(10, 10),
cells_per_block=(2, 2), transform_sqrt=True)
featuresHaar = mahotas.features.haralick(gray).mean(axis=0)
return np.append(featuresHOG,featuresHaar)
class HistogramsSeveralMasksAnnulusLabSegments(Model):
def __init__(self,plainImagePath,bags=[8,8,8],channels=[0,1,2],histValues=[0,256,0,256,0,256],p_segments=2):
self.plainImagePath = plainImagePath
self.bags = bags
self.channels = channels
self.histValues=histValues
self.p_segments=p_segments
def describe(self,image):
(h,w) = image.shape[:2]
control = image[0:h,0:w/2]
control = cv2.resize(control, (100, 100))
plain = cv2.imread(self.plainImagePath)
plain = cv2.resize(plain, (100, 100))
check = image[0:h,w/2:w]
check = cv2.resize(check, (100, 100))
combinations = [(control * float(n) / 100 + plain * float(100 - n) / 100).astype("uint8") for n in
range(1, 101, 1)]
combinationPercentage = [((100 - n)) for n in range(1, 101, 1)]
segments = 2**self.p_segments
# Mask to only keep the centre
mask = np.zeros(control.shape[:2], dtype="uint8")
(h, w) = control.shape[:2]
(cX, cY) = (w / 2, h / 2)
masks = [mask.copy() for i in range(0, 8 * segments)]
# Generating the different annulus masks
for i in range(0, 8 * segments):
cv2.circle(masks[i], (cX, cY), min(90 - 10 * (i % 8), control.shape[1]) / 2, 255, -1)
cv2.circle(masks[i], (cX, cY), min(80 - 10 * (i % 8), control.shape[1]) / 2, 0, -1)
if (self.p_segments == 2):
points = np.array([[cX, cY], [cX, 0], [0, 0], [0, h], [w, h], [w, cY], [cX, cY]], np.int32)
points = points.reshape((-1, 1, 2))
for i in range(0, 8):
cv2.fillConvexPoly(masks[i], points, 0)
else:
for k in range(0, 2 ** (self.p_segments - 2)):
alpha = (math.pi / 2 ** (self.p_segments - 1)) * (k + 1)
beta = (math.pi / 2 ** (self.p_segments - 1)) * k
if alpha <= math.pi / 4:
points = np.array([[cX, cY], [w, h / 2 - w / 2 * math.tan(alpha)], [w, 0], [0, 0], [0, h], [w, h],
[w, h / 2 - w / 2 * math.tan(beta)], [cX, cY]], np.int32)
points = points.reshape((-1, 1, 2))
points2 = np.array([[cX, cY], [w, cY], [w, h / 2 - w / 2 * math.tan(beta)], [cX, cY]], np.int32)
points2 = points2.reshape((-1, 1, 2))
for i in range(0, 8):
cv2.fillConvexPoly(masks[8 * k + i], points, 0)
cv2.fillConvexPoly(masks[8 * k + i], points2, 0)
else:
points = np.array([[cX, cY], [cX + (h / 2) / math.tan(alpha), 0], [0, 0], [0, h], [w, h], [w, 0],
[cX + (h / 2) / math.tan(beta), 0], [cX, cY]], np.int32)
points = points.reshape((-1, 1, 2))
points2 = np.array([[cX, cY], [cX + (h / 2) / math.tan(beta), 0], [w, 0], [w, cY], [cX, cY]],
np.int32)
points2 = points2.reshape((-1, 1, 2))
for i in range(0, 8):
cv2.fillConvexPoly(masks[8 * k + i], points, 0)
cv2.fillConvexPoly(masks[8 * k + i], points2, 0)
M90 = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D((cX, cY), 90, 1.0)
M180 = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D((cX, cY), 180, 1.0)
M270 = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D((cX, cY), 180, 1.0)
for i in range(0, 8 * (2 ** (self.p_segments - 2))):
masks[8 * (2 ** (self.p_segments - 2)) + i] = cv2.warpAffine(masks[i], M90, (w, h))
masks[2 * 8 * (2 ** (self.p_segments - 2)) + i] = cv2.warpAffine(masks[i], M180, (w, h))
masks[3 * 8 * (2 ** (self.p_segments - 2)) + i] = cv2.warpAffine(masks[i], M270, (w, h))
results = []
for mask in masks:
checkLAB = cv2.cvtColor(check, cv2.COLOR_RGB2LAB)
histLAB = cv2.calcHist([checkLAB], self.channels, mask, self.bags, self.histValues)
histLAB = cv2.normalize(histLAB).flatten()
histsLAB = [cv2.normalize(
cv2.calcHist([cv2.cvtColor(im, cv2.COLOR_RGB2LAB)],
self.channels, mask, self.bags, self.histValues)).flatten() for im in combinations]
# Compare histograms
comparisonLABeuclidean = [distance.euclidean(histLAB, histLAB2) for histLAB2 in histsLAB]
mins = np.where(np.asarray(comparisonLABeuclidean) == np.asarray(comparisonLABeuclidean).min())
results.append([[combinationPercentage[n], comparisonLABeuclidean[n]] for n in mins[0].tolist()])
percentageNew = []
for p in results:
if p[0][0] > 60:
percentageNew.append(p[np.argmax(p, axis=0)[0]])
else:
percentageNew.append(p[np.argmin(p, axis=0)[0]])
percentage = [p[0] for p in percentageNew]
return (percentage)
| 38,592 |
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/10
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
10
|
https://bar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10&action=history
|
Bavarian
|
Spoken
| 69 | 156 |
Des is a Iwablick iwas Joar 10.
af d Wäid kema
um 10: Tiberius Iulius Alexander, jidisch-remischa Politika († noch 70 n. Kr.)
Gstoam
10/11: Marcus Antistius Labeo, remischa Jurist (* um 54 v. Kr.)
um 10: Didymos Chalkenteros, griachischa Grammatika (* um 65 v. Kr.)
um 10: Salome, Schwesta Herodes des Groußn (* um 65 v. Kr.)
um 10: Straton II., letzta Kini des Indo-Griachischn Reichs
Im Netz
| 13,259 |
https://github.com/afeborgeaud/dsmnet/blob/master/dsmnet/visualize.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
dsmnet
|
afeborgeaud
|
Python
|
Code
| 233 | 1,238 |
import sys
import os
from pycore.tikzeng import *
import subprocess
def LeNetD3(input_path):
name = "lenetd3"
arch = [
to_head(os.path.expanduser('~/git/PlotNeuralNet')),
to_cor(),
to_begin(),
to_input(input_path, to='(-5.8,0,0)', width=13, height=13*1.4,
name="input", caption="Input (84x60)",
caption_adjust=(0.3, -1.93)),
to_Conv("conv1", 6, 80, 56, offset="(0,0,0)", to="(0,0,0)", height=80,
depth=56, width=3, caption="Conv1 (5x5)"),
to_Pool("pool1", offset="(0,0,0)", to="(conv1-east)",
width=3, height=40, depth=28, opacity=0.5,
caption="Pool1"),
# to_connection("input", "conv1"),
to_Conv("conv2", 16, 36, 24, offset="(3.8,0,0)", to="(pool1-east)", height=36,
depth=24, width=8, caption='Conv2 (5x5)'),
to_Pool("pool2", offset="(0,0,0)", to="(conv2-east)",
width=8, height=18, depth=12, opacity=0.5,
caption="Pool2"),
to_connection("pool1", "conv2"),
to_Conv("conv3", 32, 14, 8, offset="(2.,0,0)", to="(pool2-east)", height=14,
depth=8, width=16, caption="Conv3 (5x5)"),
to_Pool("pool3", offset="(0,0,0)", to="(conv3-east)",
width=16, height=7, depth=4, opacity=0.5,
caption="Pool3"),
to_connection("pool2", "conv3"),
to_SoftMax("soft1", 120, "(2.5,0,0)", "(pool3-east)", caption="FC1",
width=1, height=1, depth=120),
to_connection("pool3", "soft1"),
to_SoftMax("soft2", 84,"(2.5,0,0)", "(soft1-east)", caption="FC2",
width=1, height=1, depth=84),
to_connection("soft1", "soft2"),
to_SoftMax("soft3", 2,"(2.5,0,0)", "(soft2-east)", caption="FC3",
width=1, height=1, depth=2),
to_connection("soft2", "soft3"),
to_end()
]
return arch, name
def LeNetD3Img(root_path):
name = "lenetd3img"
paths = ['input_1.pdf',
'output_conv1_1.pdf',
'output_conv2_1.pdf',
'output_conv3_1.pdf']
fignames = [os.path.join(root_path, path)
for path in paths]
titles = ['input', 'conv1', 'conv2', 'conv3']
arch = ([
to_head(os.path.expanduser('~/git/PlotNeuralNet')),
to_cor(),
to_begin(),
]
+ [
to_input(fignames[i], to='({:d},0,0)'.format(7 * i),
width=13, height=13 * 1.4,
name="input", caption=titles[i],
caption_adjust=(0.3, -1.93))
for i in range(len(fignames))
]
+ [to_end()]
)
return arch, name
def draw(root_path, filename, arch):
outpath = os.path.join(root_path, filename + '.tex')
to_generate(arch, outpath)
subprocess.run(['/usr/bin/pdflatex', outpath])
subprocess.run(['/usr/bin/rm',
filename + '.aux',
filename + '.log',
outpath])
subprocess.run(['/usr/bin/mv', filename + '.pdf', root_path])
if __name__ == '__main__':
arch, filename = LeNetD3('../tests/figures/input_1.pdf')
root_path = '../tests/figures/'
draw(root_path, filename, arch)
arch_img, filename_img = LeNetD3Img(
'/home/anselme/git/dsmnet/tests/figures')
draw(root_path, filename_img, arch_img)
| 40,302 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41319650
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Rathaus
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 140 | 342 |
Rathaus
zweigeschossiger giebelständiger Satteldachbau mit Fachwerkobergeschoss und Dachreiter, um 1600
Rathaus BLfD-ID D-6-78-150-84
Rathaus liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Kolitzheim
Rathaus Staat Deutschland
Rathaus Schutzkategorie Baudenkmal in Bayern
Rathaus ist ein(e) Haus
Rathaus Bild Stammheim, Am Weiher 5-003.jpg
Rathaus Commons-Kategorie Am Weiher 5, Stammheim
Rathaus geographische Koordinaten
Rathaus steht in der Denkmalliste Liste der Baudenkmäler in Kolitzheim
Rathaus Adresse
Rathaus BDA-Baudenkmal-ID 70454
Rathaus
cultural heritage monument D-6-78-150-84 (0) in Kolitzheim, Bavaria
Rathaus Bavarian monument authority ID D-6-78-150-84
Rathaus located in the administrative territorial entity Kolitzheim
Rathaus country Germany
Rathaus heritage designation architectural heritage monument in Bavaria
Rathaus instance of house
Rathaus image Stammheim, Am Weiher 5-003.jpg
Rathaus Commons category Am Weiher 5, Stammheim
Rathaus coordinate location
Rathaus appears in the heritage monument list list of architectural monuments in Kolitzheim
Rathaus street address
Rathaus Bavarian Monument Map object ID (architectural monument) 70454
| 47,927 |
https://github.com/Danielmusau/Weather-Forecast-API-in-Flask/blob/master/app.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| null |
Weather-Forecast-API-in-Flask
|
Danielmusau
|
Python
|
Code
| 309 | 2,353 |
import requests
import configparser
from flask import Flask, render_template, request
from datetime import datetime
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def weather_dashboard():
return render_template('home.html')
@app.route('/results', methods=["POST"])
def render_results():
city_name = request.form['cityName']
api_key = get_api_key()
data = get_weather_results(city_name, api_key)
city = data["city"]["name"]
country = data["city"]["country"]
sunup = data["city"]["sunrise"]
timezone = data["city"]["timezone"]
sunrise = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(sunup+timezone).strftime("%H:%M")
sundown = data["city"]["sunset"]
sunset = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(sundown+timezone).strftime("%H:%M")
#current Weather
current_temp = round(data["list"][0]["main"]["temp"])
current_temp_max = round(data["list"][0]["main"]["temp_max"])
current_temp_min = round(data["list"][0]["main"]["temp_min"])
current_description = data["list"][0]["weather"][0]["description"]
current_wind = data["list"][0]["wind"]["speed"]
current_humidity = data["list"][0]["main"]["humidity"]
date = data["list"][0]["dt"]
current_date = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date).strftime("%A %d %B")
current_icon_id = data["list"][0]["weather"][0]["icon"]
current_url = 'https://openweathermap.org/img/wn/{icon}.png'.format(icon=current_icon_id)
#next 5 days weather
day_one_weather_description = data["list"][8]["weather"][0]["description"]
day_one_temp = round(data["list"][8]["main"]["temp"])
day_one_humidity = data["list"][8]["main"]["humidity"]
day_one_wind = data["list"][8]["wind"]["speed"]
date1 = data["list"][8]["dt"]
day_one_day = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date1).strftime("%a")
day_one_date = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date1).strftime("%d %b")
day_one_icon_id = data["list"][8]["weather"][0]["icon"]
day_one_url = 'https://openweathermap.org/img/wn/{icon}.png'.format(icon=day_one_icon_id)
day_two_weather_description = data["list"][16]["weather"][0]["description"]
day_two_temp = round(data["list"][16]["main"]["temp"])
day_two_humidity = data["list"][16]["main"]["humidity"]
day_two_wind = data["list"][16]["wind"]["speed"]
date2 = data["list"][16]["dt"]
day_two_day = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date2).strftime("%a")
day_two_date = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date2).strftime("%d %b")
day_two_icon_id = data["list"][16]["weather"][0]["icon"]
day_two_url = 'https://openweathermap.org/img/wn/{icon}.png'.format(icon=day_two_icon_id)
day_three_weather_description = data["list"][24]["weather"][0]["description"]
day_three_temp = round(data["list"][24]["main"]["temp"])
day_three_humidity = data["list"][24]["main"]["humidity"]
day_three_wind = data["list"][24]["wind"]["speed"]
date3 = data["list"][24]["dt"]
day_three_day = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date3).strftime("%a")
day_three_date = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date3).strftime("%d %b")
day_three_icon_id = data["list"][24]["weather"][0]["icon"]
day_three_url = 'https://openweathermap.org/img/wn/{icon}.png'.format(icon=day_three_icon_id)
day_four_weather_description = data["list"][32]["weather"][0]["description"]
day_four_temp = round(data["list"][32]["main"]["temp"])
day_four_humidity = data["list"][32]["main"]["humidity"]
day_four_wind = data["list"][32]["wind"]["speed"]
date4 = data["list"][32]["dt"]
day_four_day = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date4).strftime("%a")
day_four_date = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date4).strftime("%d %b")
day_four_icon_id = data["list"][32]["weather"][0]["icon"]
day_four_url = 'https://openweathermap.org/img/wn/{icon}.png'.format(icon=day_four_icon_id)
day_five_weather_description = data["list"][39]["weather"][0]["description"]
day_five_temp = round(data["list"][39]["main"]["temp"])
day_five_humidity = data["list"][39]["main"]["humidity"]
day_five_wind = data["list"][39]["wind"]["speed"]
date5 = data["list"][39]["dt"]
day_five_day = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date5).strftime("%a")
day_five_date = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date5).strftime("%d %b")
day_five_icon_id = data["list"][39]["weather"][0]["icon"]
day_five_url = 'https://openweathermap.org/img/wn/{icon}.png'.format(icon=day_five_icon_id)
return render_template("weatherresults.html", city=city, country=country, current_temp=current_temp,
current_temp_max=current_temp_max, current_temp_min= current_temp_min,
current_description=current_description, current_wind=current_wind,
current_humidity=current_humidity, current_date=current_date, sunrise=sunrise, sunset=sunset,
current_url=current_url,
day_one_weather_description=day_one_weather_description, day_one_temp=day_one_temp,
day_one_humidity=day_one_humidity, day_one_wind=day_one_wind,
day_one_date=day_one_date, day_one_day=day_one_day, day_one_url=day_one_url,
day_two_weather_description=day_two_weather_description, day_two_temp=day_two_temp,
day_two_humidity=day_two_humidity, day_two_wind=day_two_wind,
day_two_day=day_two_day, day_two_date=day_two_date, day_two_url=day_two_url,
day_three_weather_description=day_three_weather_description, day_three_temp=day_three_temp,
day_three_humidity=day_three_humidity, day_three_wind=day_three_wind,
day_three_day=day_three_day, day_three_date=day_three_date, day_three_url=day_three_url,
day_four_weather_description=day_four_weather_description, day_four_temp=day_four_temp,
day_four_humidity=day_four_humidity,
day_four_wind=day_four_wind, day_four_day=day_four_day, day_four_date=day_four_date,
day_four_url=day_four_url,
day_five_weather_description=day_five_weather_description, day_five_temp=day_five_temp,
day_five_humidity=day_five_humidity, day_five_wind=day_five_wind,
day_five_day=day_five_day, day_five_date=day_five_date, day_five_url=day_five_url)
def get_api_key():
config= configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read("config.ini")
return config['Openweathermap']['api']
def get_weather_results(city_name, api_key):
api_url = "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/forecast?q={}&units=metric&appid={}".format(city_name, api_key)
request = requests.get(api_url)
return request.json()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
| 39,121 |
US-201916378824-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,651 | 4,607 |
FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a computer system 800, which may be utilized and/or incorporated into one or more components of a communication system (e.g., communication system 100 of FIG. 1), including various components a 5G network, including the 5G RAN and 5GC, and/or similar components of other network types. FIG. 8 provides a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a computer system 800 that can perform the methods provided by various other embodiments, such as the receiver system described in relation to FIG. 5 and the method described in relation to FIG. 6. It should be noted that FIG. 8 is meant only to provide a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate. FIG. 8, therefore, broadly illustrates how individual system elements may be implemented in a relatively separated or relatively more integrated manner. In addition, it can be noted that components illustrated by FIG. 8 can be localized to a single device and/or distributed among various networked devices, which may be disposed at different physical or geographical locations. In some embodiments, the computer system 800 may correspond to an LMF 120, a gNB 110 (e.g. gNB 110-1), an eNB, an E-SMLC, a SUPL SLP and/or some other type of location-capable device.
The computer system 800 is shown comprising hardware elements that can be electrically coupled via a bus 805 (or may otherwise be in communication, as appropriate). The hardware elements may include processing unit(s) 810, which can include, without limitation, one or more general-purpose processors, one or more special-purpose processors (such as digital signal processing chips, graphics acceleration processors, and/or the like), and/or other processing structure, which can be configured to perform one or more of the methods described herein, including the receiver system described in relation to FIG. 5 and the method described in relation to FIG. 6. The computer system 800 also can include one or more input devices 815, which can include, without limitation, a mouse, a keyboard, a camera, a microphone, and/or the like; and one or more output devices 820, which can include, without limitation, a display device, a printer, and/or the like.
The computer system 800 may further include (and/or be in communication with) one or more non-transitory storage devices 825, which can comprise, without limitation, local and/or network accessible storage, and/or can include, without limitation, a disk drive, a drive array, an optical storage device, a solid-state storage device, such as a random access memory (“RAM”), and/or a read-only memory (“ROM”), which can be programmable, flash-updateable, and/or the like. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any appropriate data stores, including, without limitation, various file systems, database structures, and/or the like.
The computer system 800 may also include a communications subsystem 830, which can include support of wireline communication technologies and/or wireless communication technologies (in some embodiments) managed and controlled by a wireless communication interface 833. The communications subsystem 830 may include a modem, a network card (wireless or wired), an infrared communication device, a wireless communication device, and/or a chipset, and/or the like. The communications subsystem 830 may include one or more input and/or output communication interfaces, such as the wireless communication interface 833, to permit data to be exchanged with a network, mobile devices, other computer systems, and/or any other electronic devices described herein. Note that the terms “mobile device” and “UE” are used interchangeably herein to refer to any mobile communications device such as, but not limited to, mobile phones, smartphones, wearable devices, mobile computing devices (e.g., laptops, PDAs, tablets), embedded modems, and automotive and other vehicular computing devices.
In many embodiments, the computer system 800 will further comprise a working memory 835, which can include a RAM and/or or ROM device. Software elements, shown as being located within the working memory 835, can include an operating system 840, device drivers, executable libraries, and/or other code, such as application(s) 845, which may comprise computer programs provided by various embodiments, and/or may be designed to implement methods, and/or configure systems, provided by other embodiments, as described herein. Merely by way of example, one or more blocks described with respect to FIG. 5 and one or more procedures described with respect to the method(s) discussed above, such as the method described in relation to FIG. 6, may be implemented as code and/or instructions executable by a computer (and/or a processing unit within a computer); in an aspect, then, such code and/or instructions can be used to configure and/or adapt a general purpose computer (or other device) to perform one or more operations in accordance with the described methods.
A set of these instructions and/or code might be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as the storage device(s) 825 described above. In some cases, the storage medium might be incorporated within a computer system, such as computer system 800. In other embodiments, the storage medium might be separate from a computer system (e.g., a removable medium, such as an optical disc), and/or provided in an installation package, such that the storage medium can be used to program, configure, and/or adapt a general purpose computer with the instructions/code stored thereon. These instructions might take the form of executable code, which is executable by the computer system 800 and/or might take the form of source and/or installable code, which, upon compilation and/or installation on the computer system 800 (e.g., using any of a variety of generally available compilers, installation programs, compression/decompression utilities, etc.), then takes the form of executable code.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substantial variations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used, and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets, etc.), or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed.
With reference to the appended figures, components that can include memory can include non-transitory machine-readable media. The term “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium” as used herein, refer to any storage medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate in a specific fashion. In embodiments provided hereinabove, various machine-readable media might be involved in providing instructions/code to processing units and/or other device(s) for execution. Additionally or alternatively, the machine-readable media might be used to store and/or carry such instructions/code. In many implementations, a computer-readable medium is a physical and/or tangible storage medium. Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, magnetic and/or optical media, punchcards, papertape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read instructions and/or code.
The methods, systems, and devices discussed herein are examples. Various embodiments may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, features described with respect to certain embodiments may be combined in various other embodiments. Different aspects and elements of the embodiments may be combined in a similar manner. The various components of the figures provided herein can be embodied in hardware and/or software. Also, technology evolves and, thus, many of the elements are examples that do not limit the scope of the disclosure to those specific examples.
It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as bits, information, values, elements, symbols, characters, variables, terms, numbers, numerals, or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these or similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise, as is apparent from the discussion above, it is appreciated that throughout this Specification, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “ascertaining,” “identifying,” “associating,” “measuring,” “performing,” or the like refer to actions or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a special purpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computing device. In the context of this Specification, therefore, a special purpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computing device is capable of manipulating or transforming signals, typically represented as physical electronic, electrical, or magnetic quantities within memories, registers, or other information storage devices, transmission devices, or display devices of the special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device.
Terms, “and” and “or” as used herein, may include a variety of meanings that also is expected to depend at least in part upon the context in which such terms are used. Typically, “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B, or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B, or C, here used in the exclusive sense. In addition, the term “one or more” as used herein may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in the singular or may be used to describe some combination of features, structures, or characteristics. However, it should be noted that this is merely an illustrative example and claimed subject matter is not limited to this example. Furthermore, the term “at least one of” if used to associate a list, such as A, B, or C, can be interpreted to mean any combination of A, B, and/or C, such as A, AB, AA, AAB, AABBCCC, etc.
Having described several embodiments, various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. For example, the above elements may merely be a component of a larger system, wherein other rules may take precedence over or otherwise modify the application of the various embodiments. Also, a number of steps may be undertaken before, during, or after the above elements are considered. Accordingly, the above description does not limit the scope of the disclosure.
1. A method for wireless communication, the method comprising: receiving, by a mobile device, a radio beam, the radio beam being a directional beam that propagates along an angle of departure with respect to an antenna that transmits the radio beam; identifying, by the mobile device, at least one of: the radio beam or a base station that operates the antenna; determining, by the mobile device, a position of the mobile device based on identifying at least one of the radio beam or the antenna of the base station; and outputting, by the mobile device, the position of the mobile device.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the mobile device, information related to an angle of departure of the radio beam based on identifying the radio beam; determining, by the mobile device and from the information, a location of the identified antenna; and determining, by the mobile device, the position of the mobile device based on the angle of departure of the identified radio beam and location of the identified base station.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the information related to the angle of departure of the radio beam includes first mapping information that associates the radio beam with the angle of departure and second mapping information that associates the radio beam with the location of the antenna.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein: the radio beam is a first radio beam; the angle of departure is a first angle of departure; the location of the antenna is a first location of a first antenna; and the information is first information; wherein the method further comprises: receiving, by the mobile device, a second radio beam; receiving, by the mobile device, second information related to a second angle of departure of the second radio beam; and determining, by the mobile device from the second information, a second location of a second antenna; and wherein the position of the mobile device is determined based on the first angle of departure, the first location, the second angle of departure, and the second location.
5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: determining, by the mobile device, a distance between the mobile device and the antenna, wherein the position of the mobile device is determined based on the angle of departure, the location of the antenna, and the distance.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving, by the mobile device and from a base station that operates the antenna, information about a timing offset to synchronize downlink and uplink subframes at the base station, wherein the determination of the distance between the mobile device and the antenna is based on the timing offset.
7. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving, by the mobile device from the antenna, a time of transmission of a radio frame of a synchronization signal from the antenna via the radio beam; determining, by the mobile device, a time of reception of the radio frame of the synchronization signal at the mobile device; and determining, by the mobile device, a time-of-flight based on the time of transmission and the time of reception, wherein the determination of the distance between the mobile device and the antenna is based on the time-of-flight.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the synchronization signal includes at least one of: a PSS (primary synchronization signal), a SSS (secondary synchronization signal), or a TRS (Tracking Reference Signal).
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending, by the mobile device to a location data base, a query for location information of one or more mobile devices that also receive the radio beam, wherein the position of the mobile device is determined based on the location information.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the radio beam includes information representing a beam identifier that identifies the radio beam; and wherein the radio beam is identified based on the beam identifier.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the radio beam includes information representing a cell identifier that identifies a base station that operates the antenna; and wherein the antenna is identified based on the cell identifier.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the mobile device, whether the radio beam is a line-of-sight beam targeted at an area in which the mobile device is located; and upon determining that the radio beam is a line-of-sight beam, determining the position of the mobile device based on identifying at least one of the radio beam or the antenna of the base station.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the radio beam is a line-of-sight beam comprises determining whether the mobile device is scheduled to receive the radio beam at a time of receiving the radio beam.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the radio beam is a line-of-sight beam comprises determining whether a received power level of the radio beam exceeds a pre-determined threshold.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the radio beam is a first radio beam; wherein the method further comprises: receiving, by the mobile device, a second radio beam; determining, by the mobile device, a first time-of-arrival of the first radio beam; and determining, by the mobile device, a second time-of-arrival of the second radio beam; and wherein determining whether the first radio beam is a line-of-sight beam comprises determining whether the first time-of-arrival is earlier than the second time-of-arrival.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein outputting the position of the mobile device comprises at least one of: outputting the position via an output interface of the mobile device, providing the position to an application operating on the mobile device, providing the position to a location database, or providing the position to the base station.
17. A mobile device comprising: a wireless receiver configured to receive a radio beam, the radio beam being a directional beam that propagates along an angle of departure with respect to an antenna that transmits the radio beam; a memory that stores a set of instructions; and a processor configured to execute the set of instructions to: identify at least one of: the radio beam or a base station that operates the antenna; determine a position of the mobile device based on identifying at least one of the radio beam or the antenna of the base station; and output the position of the mobile device.
18. The mobile device of claim 17, wherein the processor is configured to execute the set of instructions to: receive information related to an angle of departure of the radio beam based on identifying the radio beam; determine, from the information, a location of the identified antenna; and determine the position of the mobile device based on the angle of departure of the identified radio beam and location of the identified base station.
19. The mobile device of claim 18, wherein the information related to the angle of departure of the radio beam includes first mapping information that associates the radio beam with the angle of departure and second mapping information that associates the radio beam with the location of the antenna.
20. The mobile device of claim 18, wherein: the radio beam is a first radio beam; the angle of departure is a first angle of departure; the location of the antenna is a first location of a first antenna; and the information is first information; wherein the wireless receiver is configured to receive a second radio beam; wherein the processor is configured to execute the set of instructions to: receive second information related to a second angle of departure of the second radio beam; and determine from the second information, a second location of a second antenna; and wherein the position of the mobile device is determined based on the first angle of departure, the first location, the second angle of departure, and the second location.
21. The mobile device of claim 18, wherein the processor is configured to execute the set of instructions to determine a distance between the mobile device and the antenna; and wherein the position of the mobile device is determined based on the angle of departure, the location of the antenna, and the distance.
22. The mobile device of claim 21, wherein the processor is configured to execute the set of instructions to receive, from a base station that operates the antenna, information about a timing offset to synchronize downlink and uplink subframes at the base station; and wherein the determination of the distance between the mobile device and the antenna is based on the timing offset.
23. The mobile device of claim 18, wherein the processor is configured to execute the set of instructions to: receive, via the wireless receiver and from the antenna, a time of transmission of a radio frame of a synchronization signal from the antenna via the first radio beam; determine a time of reception of a radio frame of the synchronization signal at the mobile device; and determine a time-of-flight based on the time of transmission and the time of reception; and wherein the determination of the distance between the mobile device and the antenna is based on the time-of-flight.
24. The mobile device of claim 23, wherein the synchronization signal includes at least one of: a PSS (primary synchronization signal), a SSS (secondary synchronization signal), or a TRS (Tracking Reference Signal).
25. The mobile device of claim 17, further comprising a wireless transmitter; wherein the processor is configured to execute the set of instructions to send, via the wireless transmitter and to a location data base, a query for location information of one or more mobile devices that also receive the radio beam; and wherein the position of the mobile device is determined based on the location information.
26. The mobile device of claim 17, wherein the radio beam includes information representing a beam identifier that identifies the radio beam; and wherein the radio beam is identified based on the beam identifier.
27. The mobile device of claim 17, wherein the radio beam includes information representing a cell identifier that identifies a base station that operates the antenna; and wherein the antenna is identified based on the cell identifier.
28. The mobile device of claim 17, wherein the processor is configured to execute the set of instructions to: determine whether the radio beam is a line-of-sight beam targeted at an area in which the mobile device is located based on at least one of: whether the mobile device is scheduled to receive the radio beam at a time of receiving the radio beam, whether a received power level of the radio beam exceeds a pre-determined threshold, or whether a time-of-arrival of the radio beam is earlier than a second time-of-arrival of a second radio beam.
29. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of a mobile device, causes the mobile device to: receive, via a wireless receiver of the mobile device, a radio beam, the radio beam being a directional beam that propagates along an angle of departure with respect to an antenna that transmits the radio beam; identify at least one of: the radio beam or a base station that operates the antenna; determine a position of the mobile device based on identifying at least one of the radio beam or the antenna of the base station; and output the position of the mobile device.
30. An apparatus comprising: means for receiving a radio beam, the radio beam being a directional beam that propagates along an angle of departure with respect to an antenna that transmits the radio beam; means for identifying at least one of: the radio beam or a base station that operates the antenna; means for determining a position of the apparatus based on identifying at least one of the radio beam or the antenna of the base station; and means for outputting the position of the apparatus..
| 19,989 |
bpt6k6758226_1
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
Le Constitutionnel : journal du commerce, politique et littéraire
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 8,706 | 14,202 |
ANNÉE» *-N* «147. • ' V BUREAUX À PARIS : rue de Valôîs (Palais-ftôyal), a" lO; S* B TÊ&m 1MMAISCHE.4 SEPTEMBRE. I87tt«-„ ABONNEMENS DES DÉPÀRTSMBNS TROIS sais.. SIX MOIS. . mm.-.. fi® Fa* S© ER. KR. roua les pats ÉTHAHGEr,s, voir le tableau publié les 5 et 20 de chaque mois. E. GIBIAT, dix'jscteur politiqae.. ÂBONNEMENS DE PARIS TROIS M. : i 3 » six sois. . m m. iS^FBy ~ H JS© ï*. . : ï S S ?*" JOURNAL POLITIQUE, LITTÉRAIRE^ UNIVERSEL. ITKÏ1ÉK® »© CBTOBS,. JLes abonnements datent des î" et de chaque mois. ■ Les lettres ou envois d'argent son aïhunchîs sont refusés, Les. articles déposés ne sont pas rendus. i/is M'sMtàs sont reçues chez MM. i ? auc&ey, Lafflîe, Bulîièr. et fi-; Leâ Annonces ne sont reçues que sous la réserve d 'examen, et, s'il y a Hsw Jilàce de la Bourse, 8; àM.L)uport, 7,rue Ûoq -Ëëron, et au bureau du joumâl.' ~ de modification par l'admiiystration ; du journal. ^ PARIS , 5 SEPTEMBRE. CoDjseil de FRANÇAIS ! "Un grand malheur frappe la patrie. Après trois jours de luttes héroïques sou tenues par l'armée du maréchoâ MacMahon contre trois cent mille ennemis, quarante mille hommes ont été faits pri sonniers;. , ,. • , ■ Le général Wimpffen, qui avait pris le commandement de, l'armée en rempla cement du maréchal Mac-Mahon griève ment bless'éï$Xig n 6 une capitulation. < Ce cruel revers n'ébranle pas notre «courage. Paris,est aujourd'hui en état de défense, lejs forcesînilitairesdu pays s'or ganisent;* avant peu de jours une armée nouvelle sera sous' les murs de Paris, une autre armée se forme sur les rives de la Loire. Votre patriotisme,'votre unioîi, votre énergie sauveront la France. L'Empereur a été fait prisonnier dans la Lutte. Le gouvernement, d'accord avec les pouvoirs publics, prend toutes les .mesu res que Comporte la gravité des événe ments. ^ ; ' Le Conseil des Ministres. , * f ' * ' ;■ ■{% '■ 1 j' ' m mi. «ffl.HUIM»" fi • -1 ' r * ' ■ ■ > 1 ■ ' ^,Dè graves nouvelles sont arrivées;le gouvernement les fait connaître dans la proclamation qui précède, où il fait ap pel au patriotisme de,tous. La: France traverse une crise, mais une nation comme la nôtre sait regarder en face le péril, quelque grand qu'il soit. Nous avons encore d'immenses res sources, il faut en faire usage. Nous avons des hommes, il faut les mettre en ligne <et opposer des masses aux masses qui nous envahissent. f Nous, avons surtout besoin d'union.;' restons unis. Sauvons avant tout l'hon neur national. Il n'y a de défaites irrépa-, rables que celles qui jettent le désordre, dans le camp des vaincus. Ni faiblesse, ni. division. Nos soldatsont pu succomber, accablés par le nombre. Un peuple ne succombe pas quand il est prêt à tous les sacrifices qu'exige de lui le soin de son honneur-;. Chacun de nous ne doit plus avoir? qu'une seule pensée : le salut public. . Faisons notre devoir, chacun à notre place, et nous, soptirons .de cette lutte ter rible sans avoir laissé flétrir en nous la gloire séculaire de notre patrie. à Strasbourg, le patriotisme français les réparera d'une façon si complète et si éciatant^quç c^SKkalans-ies'--siècles : âH TSfiîftëchâtiment le,,plus terrible pour ceux qui s'en sont, rendus coupables-. M. Zeller^ le nouveau recteur de l'Aca démie d^ Strasbourg j & eu l'heureuse pensée d-e s'occuper, dès aujourd'hui, à reconstituer là bibliothèque de cette mal heureuse cité. M. le ministre de l'instruc tion publique, appréciant comme il con tenait cette généreuse inspiration, a donné l'ordre à tous les services qui dé pendent de son administration de secon der avec énergie l'œuvre si méritoire de M. Zeller. « Comptez sur moi, lui écrit-il, Mon sieur le recteur, la bibliothèque de Stras bourg renaîtra riche et glorieuse. Je'veux en faire un monument qui attestera de vant les âges futurs le patriotisme de no tre Alsace; je veux que,, sur le seuil de ce monument, une inscription , disons mieux, une sentence, ratifiée par la con science universelle, apprenne à la posté] rite la part et le rôle, de chacun dans le ' bombardement de la ville. » On y lira l'héroïsme de la population strasbourgeoisey l'indomptable ténacité de nos soldats, les lâches cruautés de l'armée assiégeante et l'éternelle infamie ■attachée au nom du général prussien, à ce nom qui rappellera désormais l'atten tat le plus odieux contre l'humanité et la civilisation. » Voilà comment la France sait se ven ger. Il est impossible que le Dieu des ba tailles, qui est aussi le Dieu de la justice, ne soit pas avec notre armée, puisqu'elle représente le droit, le progrès et la li berté. AU.MATAGKIN. de guerre du commandant eitclief de notre armée qui est d'user l'ennemi sans trop s'ex: pasexvJjji-même, SERVICE DE NUIT. I Angleterre. Londres, 3 septembre. Le Times publie une dépêche de source prussienne que son correspondant particu lier lui adresse en date de Malancourt, 2 seotembre. D'après cette dépêche, le maréchal Bazai-. ne aurait fait, depuis le 31 matin jusqu'au l or septembre midi, des efforts presque in cessants pour gagner le nord, mais sans pou voir y réussir; ses troupes auraient tenté-des surprises nocturnes à Servigny, Noisseville et Retonfoy, mais partout elles auraient ren contré des troupes prussiennes qui les au 4 raient obligées à revenir sur-Metz. Du côté des Prussiens étaient engagés les 1»' et4)° Corps d'armée, et la division au gé néral Kummer. ' Londres, 3 septembre. Les journaux anglais publient une dépê che de Bruxelles, en date d'hier, portant que 700 Prussiens et 2,000. Français se seraient réfugiés sur le territoire belge. Les uns et les autres auraient mis bas les armes, et au raient été dirigés sur Bruxelles pour aller de là à Bruges et à Louvain. France. Le HavrS, 3 septembre. Un incendie épouvantable s'est déclaré cette nuit à bord du sloep Emmanuel. 423 barils de pétrole ont été brûlés. ù On compte plusieurs matelots blessés ou disparus. Le capitaine du sloop a reçu de graves brûlures.. TÉ&Éa&ÂFmf: PRIVÉE. AGENCE UAVAS. Allemagne. Bruxelles, 2 septembre. On mande de Leipzig, 2septembre : Une adresse au chef de la confédération de l'Allemagne du Nord circule ici, deman dant d'écarter toute intervention étrangère et de continuer la lutte contre qui que ce soit jusqu'à ce qu'on ait obtenu une paix du rable. L'adresse est déjà revêtue des signatures du conseil communal, des députés de la vil le, des membres de la chambre de commer ce, des députés de la Diète,, du recteur et des professeurs. Une adresse semblable a été envoyée au roi de Saxe. Elle a'été Couverte immédiate ment de plusieurs centaines de signataires. Bruxelles, 2 septembre, soir. : On mande de Mundolsheim, en date du 2 septembre (source prussienne) : .L ennemi a ouvert ce matin, sur tous les R. FRAUY. La Chambre est convoquée ' pour mU nuit; elle se formera en conjité secret. : * ^e bombardement de Strasbourg et '^rihcenâie de cette noble et vaillante" cité ont causé dans toute la France et dans le monde entier un profond sentiment/ ( -d'horreur pour les bourreaux et de pitié ' pour les victimes. La guerre n'est plus, ! pour les Prussiens, qu'une immense enj treprise de destruction et de vandalisme. Au lieu d'attaquer les remparts défendus : par dèshom'mes de cœur, ils brûlent, pen-1 dant la nuit, la cathédrale, l'hospice,, la j bibliothèque, tout ce qui représente les ; meilleures conquêtes de la civilisation^ lés plus-beaux triomphes f de l'humanité. Ils arrêtent un député ' au milieu d'une ambulance à laquelle il donne ses soins; ils tuent, sur le ; champ de bataijle, un chirurgien qui ( pansè yn blessé; au mépris des lois de la guerre et de tout sentiment humain, il forcent de malheureux paysans des environs de Strasbourg à creuser les tranchées ,'et à tirer sur leurs compatrio tes; ils se.couvrent d§la croix rouge decette Société internationale dont il| méconnais sent sans cesse les conventions, pour pro téger leurs convois.de vivres, de muni tions et d'argent ; ils se servent de balles explosibles, contrairement' aux stipula tions faites avant la guerre ; ils fusillent les francs-tireurs, les gardes mobiles et les soldats des corps francs auxquels ils refusent la qualité de combattants régu liers; bref, ils violent ouvertement le droit des gens, le droit humain et le droit de la guerre, en toutes circons tances. ' Lorsque M. le ministre des affaires étrangères a communiqué au Sénat tous ces méfaits de l'armée prussienne, il s'est produit dans la haute assemblée un mou vement unanime d'indignation et de co lère. On a applaudi lorsque le.ministre a promis "qu'on userait au besoin de repré sailles, si ces odieujc procédés se renou velaient. Ces sentiments seront certaine ment partagés, par l'Europe entière. Que les Prussiens le sachent donc : s'il se com met des actes de barbarie envers quel ques-uns des leurs, ils devront s'en pren dre à eux-mêmes. Il n'est ni dans les tra ditions ni dans les mœurs de l'armée fraticn .ipo de faire la guerre en'sauvages,' Nous respectons les blessés et les faibles; nous déployons loyalement noire dra peau et nous n'avons pas coutume de nous abriter, pendant la bataille, sous la bannière destinée à protéger ceux qui ne peuvent plus combattre. Quant aux actes de vandalisme commis. —m «^> w M • WA V WW U U4 IVUU points un feu très vif, mais mal dirigé. Il y a, eu un combat d'artillerie. Nous ne con naissons pas encore nos pertes; en tout cas elles sont peu considérables. L'ennemi a dirigé en même temps une attaque sur l'île de Waaken et sur la gare. Le colonel Reuz, avec un bataillon du 2° régiment des grena diers badois, a refoulé l'ennemi de la' gare jusque dans la forteresse. Le capitaine Graff a été tué; nous avons, en outre, cinquante tués oji blessés. v * L'attaque sur l'île de Waaken a été re poussée par le 30« régiment. Nous avons lait un officier et quatre chasseurs prison niers. Les journauxbelg^ publient les dépêches suivantes de source prussienne : : Berlin, 1 er septembre. VarenneSj septembre, 9 h. 20 m. Nouvelles militaires officielles. — La ten tative du maréchal Mac-Mahon de déblo quer Metz a complètement échoué par nos , opérations des derniers jours et par la ba taille du 30. Dans cette bataille , nous avons pris plus de vingt canons ; les pertes de l'ennemi ont été excessivement grandes ; les nôtres ont été proportionnellement peu considérables. Ce matin , des uhlans et hussards prus siens, ces derniers démontés, ont pris deux villages près de Sedan, occupés par de for tes divisions d'infanterie ennemie. Berlin, vendredi 2 septembre, 10 heures du matin. Télégramme du roi à la reine. Champ de bataille de Sedan, 1 er septemtire, 3 heures 1/4 du soir. • Depuis 7 heures 1/2, la bataille continue victorieusement tout autour de Sedan. ■ 1 La garde, 4°, 5°, 11 e , 12° corps d'armée et les Bavarois ont pris part à la bataille. L'ennemi a été. presque entièrement re foulé dans la ville. : GUILLAUME. Berlin, vendredi, 2 septembre. Une dépêche de Yendresse, 31 août, an nonce qu'à cause de la vaste étendue du champ ae bataille? on n'apprend les suites de ia victoire d'hier sur Mac-Mahon que peu à peu. R. FRAUY., Ce soir, à huit heures et demie, une foule qu'on évalue à environ deux mille personnes s'est portée devant l'hôtel du général Trochu, gouverneur de Paris. Une personne s'est détachée pour aller de mander au général des nouvelles de la guerre. Aussitôt prévenu, le général Tro chu s'est présenté,sur le perron et il a ré pondu: J'arrive des fortifications, j'ai vi sité tous les forts de Paris; je suis presqu a jeun, et je n'ai pas de nouvelles. Mais soyôz calmes, maintenez l'ordre et reve nez demain. J'espère que aous arrive rons à une bonne entente. » ■ . La foule s'est alors dispersée dans l'or dre le plus parfait après avoir fait entendre le cri de : Vive la France. C. P1EL. LES FLIBUSTIERS. , Une assez vive émotion s'est produite ces jours passés à la nouvelle qu un cer tain nombre de navires étaient partis des Etats-Unis, montés par des flibustiers, qui se proposaient de débarquer dans les ports ouverts de France et de les mettre au pillage. Bien, que les bruits • répandus à cet égard aient étô formellement démentis, il n'est pas sans intérêt de voir quelle eût été, au point de vue du droit internatio nal, la situation des bâtiments armés dans de semblables conditions. — lin admet tant qu'ils eussent été commissionnés par la Prusse, leur position eût-elle été régulière, et, en cas de capture , auraient-ils été fondés à demander le traitement réservé aux belligérants?. " La négative ne saurait faire le moindre doute : en effet, ni par la nationalité des navires, ni par la composition des équi pages, ni par le but de leurs opérations, il n'eût été possible de les assimiler soit à des vaisseaux de guerre, soit même à des corsaires. D'ailleurs, en adhérant à la déclaration du Congrès de Paris du 16 avril 1856., le gouvernement de Berlin s'est formellement interdit le droit de pratiquer la course vis-à-vis des Etats cosignataires cettejadhésion à la décla ration de 1856 ne saurait être assimilée à une de ces clauses de traités dont il est permis de ne point tenir compte durant les hostilités; loin de là: elle a été faite précisément en prévision de la rupture des relations pacifiques, et elle constitue, de la part de la Prusse, la reconnaissance solennelle d'in principe international, ir révocablement placé sous la sauvegarde des nations civilisées et qui la lie à tout jamais. D'autre part, on l'a vu, l'expédition pro jetée en Amérique se serait proposé de mettre au pillage les ports ouverts ; or, il est inutile de rappeler que des actes de cette nature, répudiés par tous les gou vernements qui se respectent et bannis des pratiques de la guerre, ne sauraient, à aucun titre, être accomplis par des bâ timents qui n'appartiennent même pas. à "la marine militaire d'un belligérant. Ainsi posée, la solution de ■ la question est bien simple en droit international. A tous égards et sans le moindre doute, les navires dont il s'agit, par leur armement et le but qu'ils se proposaient, ne pou vaient être considérés et,traités que com me des pirates bu des éeùmeurs de mer. Le général de Palikao active la levée en masse des citoyens de 25 à 35 ans. Les anciens militaires sont déjà sous les drapeaux, et une circulaire qui vient d'être adressée à tous les préfets de France règle 'l'appel des hommes non mariés ou veufs sans enfants n'ayant point encore servi. Ces derniers seront divisés en cinq caté gories : La première comprendra toute la classe de 1864 ; La deuxième, celle de 1863 ; La troisième, celles de 1862 et de 1861 ; La quatrième, celles de 1860 et de 1859 ; Enfin, la cinquième, les classes 1858,1857, 1856 et 1855. D'après cette décision* les plus jeunes seront donc les premiers à marcher à l'en nemi. II est bien entendu que chacune de ces catégories ne sera appelée qu'au fur et à mesure des besoins de la guerre. Voilà encore là 200,000 soldats.au moins avec lesquels messieurs les Prussiens auront à compter. '. ■On n'a pu encore estimer toutes les pertes qu'ont faites les lettres dans l'incendie de la bibliothèque du séminaire protestant de Strasbourg: Parmi les manuscrits probablement anéan tis dans ce désastre, et qui formaient une partie de ce trésor que rien ne pourra re constituer, se trouvait l'exemplaire des Tac ticiens grecs, mentionné dans 1 Avant-Propos delà Poliorcètique des Grecs, publiée par l'Imprimerie impériale en 1867* Ce manus crit était considéré comme si rare et si pré cieux, que le directeur ds cette imprimerie, agissant au nom du gouvernement, ne put on tenir qu'il fût envoyé à Paris, comrne tant d'autres manuscrits de toutes les par ties du monde, et que M. Weschër, le sa vant éditeur de cet ouvrage, dut aller le consulter et l'étudier sur place. M. le ministre de l'instruction publique . vient d'instituer un comité de savants char gé de se concerter a'vec l'autorité militaire pour appliquer à la défense de Paris les derniers résultats des sciences physiques et chimiques. M. Berlhelot, professeur de chimie organique au Collège de France, est le président de ce comité; deux députés,; MM. Dorian et Gévelot, y représentent le Corps Législatif. La première réunion du comité scientifi que pour la défense de Paris aura lieu sa medi, 3 septembre, au mini stère de l'ins truction publique. Les personnes qui auraient des commu nications à faire, des projets à soumettre ait ,comité, sont priées de vouloir bien s'adres ser à M. Bertlielot, professeur au Collège de France. Un autre comité, spécialement chargé des questions médicales relatives à la dé fense de Paris, s'organise par les soins du même ministère sous la présidence de M. Sée, professeur à la' Faculté de méde cine. Nous ne .tarderons pas à faire con naître le jour où le comité commencera ses travaux. On lit dans la Patrie : « Il y a eu dans le département des Ardennes, les 30 et 31 août, une série de com bats meurtriers. La journée du 31 nous a été complètement favorable. La lutte a com• mencé à cinq heures du matin. L'armée française, ayant les corps Douay à l'avantgarde, Vinoy dans la direction de Mézières et le maréchal Mac-Mahon au centre, a fait des prodiges de valeur. Le maréchal estparvenu à faire entrer l'ennemi dans un demicercle formé par ses troupes, à l'attirer sous les murs de Sedan, où l'artillerie de la place lui a fait subir des pertes énormes. » La veiilé, l'ennemi a manœuvré pour, empêcher' le maréchal de passer la Meuse et pour arriver avant lui sous Sedan, afin de le séparer de cette place et de celle de Mézières, et de le rejeter en arrière sur Stenav et sur Rethel; ce plan; que le roi de^ Prusse croyait atteint le 30 au moment où' il adressait des dépêches à la reine, a été complètement manqué par suite des opéra tions du lendemain, et aujourd'hui 31, nous occupons toute la ligue des places fortes, Mézières, Sedan, Montmêdy, Thionville et Metz. » Malgré tous les efforts de l'ennemi, MacMahon est solidement établi sous • Sedan et en communicaSion avec Mézières, par où il reçoit des renforts continuels. Sedan est une jlâcs d^un caractère tout particulier, facile défendre et difficile à pre'ndre. » Au passage de la Meuse, il y a eu des, traits de courage magnifiques. Beaucoup de nos soldats se sont mis dans la rivière, ont passé à la nage les endroits profonds, te nant d'une main leur fusil en l'air et ont fait ensuite un feu très nourri, ayant de l'eau jusqu'à la ceinture, » Le maréchal Bazaine Rapprovisionné de viyres^e munitions, et ses'tr 'OUpes, qui liesoïît pôint inquiétées,"ont moilté'deS-ateliers dans lesquels nos soldats occupent leur temps à fabriquer des cartouches et" des pro jectiles. » Le maréchal n'est pas retenu dans ses cantonnements comme on le croit générale ment ; il est en position, lorsque le jnoment eera venu, de se dégager, pour manœuvrer conformément au plan adopté. » :— lima mm .. -iy». Le jouïnttldes Débafo a reçu une cor-: respondance dont ifoiGi un résumé^ Rethel, le 29 août, ân matin. Les uhlans, dont on nous annonçait la prochaine entrée, se réduisaient a unpeioion de vingt-cinq hommes dont on avàU signa lé l'apparitioù aux abords d'un tumlpi) a environ 3 kilomètres sud de la ville, et qui venaient probablement Couper le chemin de fer. Averti à temps, un détachement laissé la veille par les francs-tireurs de Paris s'é tait embusqué sur leur passage, et on aurait probablement eu bon compte d'eux si un soUs-officier n'avait lâché son coup de feu trop tôt. L'ennemi a.immédiatement tourné bria» et disparu avec rapidité. Près d'Attigny, sur le bord de l'Aisne, deux heures de l'après-midi. J'ai voulu avoir le cœur net de tous les brUits contradictoires qui me parvenaient à Rethel, et me voici à moins d'un kilométré d'un campement prussien de 1,000 à 1,200 hommes qui s'est installé depuis hier entre Attigny et Cliartogne. Bien que je sois .par faitement en vue et à portée de fusil, je sais que je ne cours point le moindre risque i ces Prussiens-là affectent, m'a-t-On dit, la plus grande mansuétude vis-à-vis de qui conque n'est pas militaire. Il est de fait qu'une voiture contenant une famille de cinq ou six personnes vient de passer au mi lieu d'eux sans même attirer leur attention. A une jieue d'ici, il est vrai, deux de leurs' éclaireurs ont arrêté une autre voiture ou se trouvaient deux dames; mais, tout en leur mettant, par un reste d'habitude, un pistolet à la gorge, ils se sont Contentés de demander à ces deyx dames leurs mou choirs. Est-ce de la galanterie, ou étaient-ils enrhumés ?. C'est la première fois que j'aperçois sur la terre française un campement prussien. Si profonde que soit mon émotion, elle ne s'exprime pas, et pour cause, d'une façon, aussi éloquente que celle d'un zouave qui, passant hier en bateau à portée de ces mê mes Prussiens, voulut en tuer et en tua trois ou quatre, malgré les supplications des ba teliers. Dans le lointain, vers l'est, un vaste in cendie, ou plutôt un chapelet d'incendies encadre la scène. L'un de ces incendies dé vore Voncq. Les autres ont été allumés par les Françaiseux-mêmes, qui veulent pru demment déloger l'ennemi de ses embusca des favorites. Nulle confirmation, ce qui équivaut à un démenti, des bruits qui circulaient il y a deux jours sur une grande bataille livrée, disait-on, vers Youziers. Gette bataille est, du reste, imminente, soit sur l'Aisne, soit entre la Meuse et la Moselle. Rethel, 5 heures du soir. _ La station d'Amagne, à 9 kilomètres d'ici, sur la'section de Rethel à Charte ville-Mézières, vient d'être envahie par un escadron de dragons prussiens qui sont en train de couper ia voie. Rethel, le 30 août, 10 h. du matiii. Voici du nouveau, et pour nous surtout de l'imprévu. Le prince Frédéric-Charles, que tout le monde ici croyait encore près de Metz, est depuis hier à Attigny-sur-Âisne, à quatre ou cinq lieues est-sud-est de de Rethel. Ce campemout prussien^ dont vous parlait ma lettre d'hier soir était son quartier général. Voici les renseignements que j'ai pu recueillir sur ce nouveau mou vement ae l'ennemi. Dès le milieu de la semaine dernière, tout le monde disait qu'une armée prussienne était cachée dans cette partie de l'Argonne qu'on nomme spécialement ici l'a forêt de l'Argonne.. (vers Boult et le mont-Dieu); mais personne ne pouvait préciser le gîte. Ce qu'on avait vu ae Prussiens se réduisait à deux bandes d'éclaireurs, l'une de quelques centaines d'hommes, l'autre de 1,500 à 2,000 hommes, qui s'étaient montrées, la premiè re dans "la partie sud les cantons de Junivillç et de Machault (arrondisseipents de Retnéi et de Vouziers), ■ la seconde dans la partie sud du caûten de Monthois (Vouziers) et du canton de Ville-suI'-Tourbe (SainteMenehould). Les habitants des villages envi.ronnants fuyaient par centaines vers Juniville et Ghâteau-Porcien. Le 27, à la suite d'une évolution de nos : troupes, les Prussiens firent, à l'abri des bois de Longwé' et de Lazane, un mouve ment vers Falaise, village à 4 kilomètres de Vouziers. Un menuisier ayant tué un offi cier qui venait en reconnaissance dans le village, l'escorte prit la fuite, mais revintimmédiatement après avec 150 hommes. Le maire fut forcé de les conduire chez ce me nuisier, auquel, séance tenante, on brûla la cervelle. Les Prussiens mirent ensuite le feu au village, dont une moitié fut du reste pré servée par un ravin qui le coupe en deux dans toute sa longueur. sinon qu'on rencontre un peu ps nord et à l'est de Rethel, des patri ' uhlans, et que du chiffre de 1,500' auquel on les évaluait hier soir, 1 prussiennes du campement d'At taient déjà élevées cette après-midi™ „ ron 6,000 hommes, infanterie, artille^'" ^ Rethel est un peu tranquillisé, m'est interdit de dire pourquoi. J'ai la désagréable surprise d'apprendre que ma lettre d'hier soir est encore à la boî te et que la présente risque aussi d'y faire long séjour. 1 Rethel, le 31 août, 2 h. de l'après-midi. , Le prince Frédéric-Charles et ses 5 ou £.000 hommes sont toujours à Attigny-surAib^e. Le prince est, dit-on, en proie à une irritation violente par suite de mauvaises nouvelles i7 u 'il aurait reçues. Vrai ou faux, ce bruit concorderait assez avec une lettre de Sedan, en dav? du 29, et d'après laquelle deux régiments toUv entiers de dragons prus siens auraient été l3 lts prisonniers vers Stenay. On ajoutait ici que prince, pour trou ver l'emploi immédiat de* sa mauvaise hu.meuf, venait d'incendier Ai^BW» mais, du sommet de la pittoresque but^/I 1 11 ,P r0 .^T geait là ville et le château de jy, azarin, j ai pu constater que le long nuage de. f 1 " fnalô dans la airecton a'Attigny pai X£Ut ' û © eaucoup plus loin. '-, La ligne d'après laquelle s'échelonnent avant-postes prussiens, et surtout la position* ('prise par le prince Frédéric-Charles sem[ blent dénoter l'intention d'un mouvementtournant , destiné à couper au maréchal Mac-Mahon toute communication directe avec Reims. Cette intention ressort plus clai rement encore des* continuelles tentatives des uhlans contre la voie ferrée et'le fi.l té légraphique, du reste aussitôt réparés qu'en dommagés. Depuis quarante -huit heures, c'est chez eux comme une mi>nomanie, qui oblige nos fantassins et nos sapeurs du gésnie à d'incessantes promenades sur la voie. Six heures du soir. ■ Les coupeurs de voie détalent avec une telle rapidité à la vue d'un pâ'.ntalon rouge, que jusqu'à présent ils n'avaient pas reçu là moindre leçon; mais je vois venir à la gare trois troupiers portant en guise de trophée au bout de leurs baïonnettes le~s différentes, pièces du harnachement d'un cheval de uhIan. Le cheval a été tué;.le cavalier, simple ment blessé, a été enlevé et emporté au ga lop par ses camarades. , V. Le préfet dp l'Aube vient d'adresser aux maires de stf.n département la circu laire suivante : ■ -V : ; Une partie du département a été envahie par l'ennemi; s'il revient, .nous saurons déjouer les surprises et dépendre notre hon neur. . Je compte sur le patriotisme des popu lations qui se rappelleront 1792 et 1814 ; je compte sur le concours énergique de^ aaministrati'ons municipales qui les représen tent. v . ■ ' Nous resterons tous à notre poste de com bat pour donner l'exemple du courage et de l'abnégation. Si la force matérielle venait à nous faire défaut, ayons l'énergie morale qui inspira le respect, même à 1 ennemi. Votre préfet veut rester digne de vous ; fidèle à son devoir, il se mettra, le cas échéant, à la tête des volontaires et il assu mera la responsabilité de ia résistance par tout où elle sera possible. Vive la patrie.' BOVEB-SAr.VTE-SCXlXXE. On écri t dë Bruxelles, 2 septembre : ; La ville de Bruxelles présentait hier um spectacle bien propre a remplir de joie le' cœur des Français qui habitent cette cité.;> Une série de "télégrammes, se. succédant d iastant en instant à partir de sept heures-' du soir, annonçait que le maréchal MacMahon était vainqueur des armées du prin' ce royal -et du prince héréditaire ;>■de Saxe. T Vous devez savoir que c'est contre ces deux armées que le duc ae Magenta; a à lutter. LU joie était générale dans tous les grou pes qui siiiortiiàieilt les rues et stationnaient, en masses compactes stir la jplàce de la Mon naie. J'ai pu juger par les bravos, le«i" Çr ls de i vive la France ! combien le peuple bOtée; a de sympathies pour la cause française. 4m accaBle d'exécration et d'imprécations vieux roi de Prusse qui a toujours le nom. de la divinité â la bouche et qui de gaieté de cœur fait incendier les édifices religieux d'une ville qu il regarde déjà comme sienne. Toutes les bonnes noûvelles parvenues à Bruxelles dans la journée et surtout la soi rée d'hier ne se sont pas confirmées, mais on régarde dans les cercles les mieux in formés et même au ministère des affaires étrangères les Français comme vainqueurs dans la bataille d'hier. Dans tous les cas>. Mac-Mahon est en état de renouveler à Se dan et à Mézières la défense héroïque de Ba zaine à Metz. Tous les militaires à Bruxelles sont de l'avis que je vous ai souvent expri mé, à savoir que les Prussiens ne peuvent plus continuer ia guerre" que li?rt peu de temps. Dès que les populations seront ar mées partout pour faire la chasse à ces en vahisseurs, des troupes de volontair.es bel ges iront les rejoindre. Le roi Guillaume recommence la série de ses télégrammes toujours aussi emphatif ques et aussi inexacts que par le passé. Les journaux allemands arrivés aujour d'hui à Bruxelles ne 'contiennent absolu-, ment rien si ce n'est la continuation des commentaires et des récits des grandes vic toires prussiennes qui, jusqu'au 19 août, ont coûté aux Allemands près de 200,000 * hommes. M. Zeller, nommé ïéceiMïônt ïectëur de l'Académie de Strasbourg, vient d'a dresser la lettre suivante à M. le ministre de l'instruction, publique : Pans, le 31 août 1870-. Monsieur le ministre', l'incendie de la bi bliothèque do Strasbourg. l'une . des pluâ précieuses et des plus utiles de l'Europe, par la rareté et -par le nombre c.e ses volu mes, paran eue u« fa— accompli. LaFràiCO acowti uiru li viiio de Stras bourg. J'ai l'honneur, Monsieur le ministre, de vous prier dé me mettre à même de ^.pourvoir le plus tôt possible à la recompo'sition de sa bibliothèque-,... Une ville qui possédé feiflq facultés, des savants illustre^ èâS étudiants nombre"" ne saurait rester sans bib' PRISONNIERS DE GUERRE FRANCAlg.. M. Bleisclirœder, ancien banquier de l'am bassade de France en Prusse, et correspon dant de la maison Rothschild de Paris, a consenti à se charger de faire passeraux prisonniers français tous les seeours d'ar gent qui leur seraient eUVoyOs; Les faniilies ou les amis de ces prison niers peuvent donc, dès à présent, s'adresser directement à MM. de Rothschild, rue Laflitte^ 19, à Paris, qui veulent bien, de leur côté, recevoir et transmettre à leur corres pondant à Berlin les sommes destinées à cet emploi. L'indemnité pour frais de guerre. solennel. jacques valseiires. SÉNAT Le correspondant du Times hai écrit de ligny à la date du 25 août ; ? '* /Je vous disais, dans une de mes dernières lettres, que l'évacuation de Ghâlons avait jeté quelque trouble parmi les chefs alle mands. Afin de pallier cette déception, on montre au soldat la route qui conduit à Pa-ris, l'Eldorado rêvé. Je crams que le soldat né soit point dupe de ce mirage. Les Prus siens out fait, depuis longtemps, leurs preu ves sur le champ de'bataiUe. Depuis la dé claration des hostilités, ils ont vu la fortune ' Mais où sont-ils 1 où — —wiwilotbefjuë dès qu elle sera rentrée daiisle calme.,Je^rén'ds donc la libéré, Monsieur îe iïiiaistre, de vous derjiajyor i e g ^àVoïrs et., les moyens u^essai^es £'ô't>r solliciter, sous" votre auto!riî<è, l'âme, le concours et les sacrifices pa triotiques: • ' t t 1° Des riches dépôts de l'Instruction pu blique, des lettres et des arts, de la guerre et de l'mtéWevi'r; 2» Des bibliothèques publiques de Paris et de là province' qui voudraient disposer de leurs exemplaires en double ; 3 u Des sommités de 1» scip. favoriser leurs armes veut-oîi les -conduire ? w w^uu4jlv ' ■" Les quelques points occupés n'ont ri^i> de stratègigue; les places fortes autourdes quelles, ils ont réuni un nombre tonsidèra£le dé.leurs hommes et de lçu.?s engins, pa raissent résolues à une résistance dont on ne peut prévoir le terme. Les forces .„ xjco luroes prus siennes resteront-elles disséminées, taudis que pour investir Paris lésurs trois corps d'ar mée suffiraient à p^ine ? Seule, la popula tion valide, guerrière de la 'capitale donne nr» " mi chiffresupp >f i euî. au eMffre âes forces alt S re ' l inies. 'Puis, tandis que les asfeiegeants ^ verrafeùt retenus à plusieurs Jg^es â :<i$ fortifications 1 -• chés, ' rier. r .<P par les forts déta xes populations attaqueraient par deries Prussiens arrêtés» Ces .considérations n'ont pu échapper aux généraux allemands. Ils comprennent qu'a yant de s'engager et de marcher sur Paris, il faudrait qu'une victoire éclatante, déci sive jetât autour d'eux et dans la France en tière la surprise et ^épouvante. La pluie, dit le même correspondant, à la ■date du 28, toujours à Ligny, donne au quartier général du prince un aspect attris tant. Le camp est levé, malgré 1e mauvais ■état delà route, lie soldat obéit au signal du •'départ : .c'est de l'obéissànce passive, rien de plus. .Nous savons tous qu'à chaque étape nous ne trouverons ni hospitalité cordiale, • ni nourriture suffisante. Chaque bourg > chaque, village traversé par les troupes alle mandes proteste d'une manière éloquente, çontïe l'invasion. Magasius, boutiques, mai sons particulières sont clos comme des temhe,aux. 1 Une. correspondance^ Berlin du 29 août, •donne de nouveaux détails sur la journée de Rezonville. Le champ de bataille, après l'ac tion, était jonché de cadavres.: Je cherchais, dit l'officier correspondant du Ximet, à re connaître les hommes de ma compagnie» Plusieurs respiraient encore et me aemandàie^it aide et secours. Affreux et déchirant Spectacle ! Tous, les officiers; étaient morts ti'j blessés. De 1,000 hommes engagés, 400 avaient survécu. Ce bataillon était le pre mier V par le choix et la distinction, dans l'armée prussienne. Tous les chefs apparte naient à l'aristocratie berlinoise. Si la guerre se.prolonge, la physionomie de Berlin sera méconnaissable. Déjà un voile lugubre est étendu sur cette belle capïtable. Le correspondant du Daily News, lui écri vant de Ligny, le 25 août, constate l'attitude des populations' soumises aujourd'hui à. la loi du vainqueuï. Le prince de Prusse se montre affame ; il adresse à l'un et à l'autre des curieux qui se trouvent sur son passage ime bonne, parole. Les populations se mon trent plus résignées que sympathiques. Il est facile de comprendre que l'espoir vit en core dans ces, âmes attristées ; il ne faudrait qu'ua èch% infligé à nos années pour ame nerune, prise d'armes générale:, L^, correspondant ù.ul)aily News s'inquiète dii feilence qui règne autour de lui. A la grande revue passée, le jour anniversaire de la naissance du roi de Bavière, les popula tions s'étaient rendues en foule à cette fête militaire. Les visages ne portaient que l'em preinte de l'indinérence, et cette indiffé rence affectée doit /çacher une pensée de lâ science et des let tres en ce qui concerné les exemplaires dé leurs propres ouvrages ou lés livres de leurs bibliothèques tloiit ils pourraient se défaire ; 4 u De la liWuiric française tout entière, et des souscriptions de tous ceux qui s'intéres sent aux manieurs et a l'héroïsme d'une Ville si haut placée dans restime et les sym pathies de l'Europe civilisée. {{lavas.) Loi sur la garde nationale du département de la Seine. '■ ' ■ ' NAPOLÉON, Par la grâce de Dieu et la volonté nationale, ■Empereur des Français. . A tous présents et à venir, salut; Nous avons proposé, les Chambres ont adopté, nous avons sanctionne et sanctionnons, promul gué et promulguons ce qui suit : ' Article unique. — IL sera procédé à l'élection des officiers, sous-officiers et caporaux dans les bataillons déjà organisés (le ia gardé nationale de la Seine. Ils devront être choisis parmi les anciens mi litaires. Toutefois, les officiets; sous-officiers et capo raux actuellement en fonctions sont éiigibles. timenfs les plus dévoués de votre humble serviteur, T. ZELLER. Recteur de l'Académie de Strasbourg. M. le ministre de l'instruction publiquea répondu : _ ' Paris, 2 septembre 1870. Monsieur le recteur, je vous remercie de votre communication ; je n'attendais pas moins de celui que j'ai appelé à représenter l'Université dans la noble Académie de Strasbourg, Dans 1 sa lutte Contre un ennemi sauvage, le général Uhrich parle comme il agit, avec la résolution d'uncaractère antique, et les soldats par leur élan, les habitants par leur constance, se montrent dignes a'un tel chef. Mais ces terribles épreuves auront enfin leur terme ; une fois l'honneur main tenu, la forteresse sauvée et l'armée bar bare anéantie, la France reconstruira Stras bourg. Alors, et Dieu fasse que ce jour soit pro che ! la bibliothèque se relèvera de ses rui nes; je m'occupe déjà des moyens d'y pour voir. Il y a là, saiis aoute, des pertes irrépa rables. Qui nous rendra tant d'éditions princeps, tant de manuscrite Uniques, admirés, étudiés, maniés avec respect par tous les savants de l'Europe? Nous pourrons du moins, 1 ' 1 le î oins, à l'aide des-ressources que possède département de l'instruction publique, et avec le concours du pays tout entier, re faire un dépôt de livres qui ne sera pas in digne de la docte et vaillante cité. Pour re constituer une partie de ôô trésor, vous in diquez des mesures excellentes, Monsieur le recteur, et vous m'offrez dès à présent d'y consacrer tout vo tre zèlei Les services qui dépendent de mon. administration reçoivent l'ordre de vous seconder avec énergie. Comptez sur moi, Monsieur le recteur; la bibliothèque de Strasbourg renaîtra riche et glorieuse. Je veux en faire un monu ment qui attestera devant les âges futurs le patriotisme de notre Alsace; je veux que, sur le seuil de 00 monument > une inscrip tion, disons mieux, une Sentence, ratifiée par la conscience Universelle, apprenne à la postérité la part et le rôle de chacun dans le bombardement de la ville. On,y lira l'héroïsme de ja population strasbourgeoise, l'indomptable "ténacité de nos soldats, les lâches Cruautés de l'armée assié geante et l'éternelle infamie attachée au nom du général prussien, à ce nom qui rap pellera désormais l'attentat le plus odieux contre l'humanité et la civilisation. Recevez, etc. Le ministre de l'instruction publique, J. IlUAUJi. Un décret'prescrit la formation de qua torze nouveaux régiments provisoires d'in fanterie dé la garde nationale mobile. Ils seront commandés par des lieuteaants-colouels. ' J ' Le 1 er de ces récriments, nui nronrfra i D /,n » "-^«VeaU ' Nous recevons d'un de nos abonnés la lettre suivante relative aux échéances -des effets de commerce. Hâtons-nous de dire que la Chambre est saisie de la ques tion qu'elle soulève et qu'il y a lieu d'es pérer qu'elle y fera droit. 1 Lyon, l« r septembre 18Î0, Monsieur le rédacteur, Me voici de nouveau criant : à la rescous se,-et au milieu des perplexités de tous gen res qui viennent nous assaillir, nous toiis Français, au milieu des calamités publi ques "de l'invasion barbare des Prussiens, je viens de nouveau vous entretenir de not''position commerciale. L'échéance 15 septembre approcha ; Œ,T; neme "î)ûur retarder les tte Miette époque 1 N ôuh Voî )a A ' nouveau dans une innyûss'é chiiiL n— % Une question de la plus haute imporijan-' ce pour l'agriculture a été soulevee l ia Chambre dans la séance,du$G a&LU. A^rès la leçtjure du pvoiîèt-^rlJàl, 'lâ. orcuualro a, 'déposé un pétition des habitantfe de Pontarlier demandant une loi qui déclaré ia nation responsable de tous les laits de guerre et en mette la réparation à sa charge. La même question, a été posee par M. de TiJlancourt et les honorables députés. dé Seine-et-Marne, MM-. de Jouvencel; de GlLOiseul et Jes^eail, pi-opos de la mise en état dé dèîénse de Paris, et de la décision du .g&> néral Trochu, qui ordonne aux cultivateurs de détruire leurs récoites à l'approche de l'ennemi. Conformément à la pétition de Pontarlier, ces député^ o#t msi&té pOilt qu'une loi consacrât i'ê principe, sauf ensuite à règle 1 * îê mode d'exécution. Mais après Quelques paroles de M. Clément Duvernois, ministre de l'agriculture, la Chambre a cru devoir réserver la question. Le problème n'est 'uic pas ie~olu, mais il est à l'étude.'Or, comme les vœux des ha bitants de Pontarlier et les doctrines désire1 présentants de Sëine-et-Marne sont confor mes à l'éternelle justice et a notre Constitution. politique, il eu iv ieut do les discuter, afin de les faire prévaloir. Les nations, comme les êtres organisés , forment des corps qui ont leur vie propre et dont toutes les parties doivent être ■ soli daires entre elles. La têtes le cœur, les oiem> bres ne constituent qu'uii mênie tdiit chez l'homme: Paris, l'es départements circonvoi sins, les départements frontières ne forment aussi qu'un tout qui s'appelle France. La di vision adninistiative. ne touche en rien à l'ê tre politique et n'ai dérange pas l'harmo nie. Quelle que soit cette division établie pour la commodité dès affaires, qu'elle Rap pelle .provinces, départements ou districts, la France resté toujours une grande unité. Toutes les parties de l'être collectif étant solidaires entt-e elles, il s'ensuit que les charges et les avantfages doivent être mesu rés en proportion des services que chacune des parties rend à l'ensemble. Par exemple les départements frontières quiforment cein ture autour de l'être collectif, et les préser vent contre les entreprises du dehors, ren dent plus de services que les départements du centre, beaucoup moins exposés aux in cursions en cas de guerre ; les départements limitrophes supportent les premières at teintes de l'ennemi, et lorsqu'ils ne sont pas suffisamment défendus, ils subissent l'invar sion qui est toujours une cause de ruine. Qui est-ce qui profite de tous ces désastres? les départements du centre. Donc ces der niers, qui n'ont que peti ou point souffert> doivent avec l'être collectif tout entier répa rer toutes, les pertes éprouvées par les dé partements qui forment l'avant-garde. ' En veut-on un exemple tiré de l'ordre na turel ' Le voici : Supposons un homme qui s'est fait une blessure au pied ; qui est-ce qui réparera le dommage éprouvé par. une des parties extrêmes_de l'individu? Ce sont toutes les parties du corps. La tête fournira les moyens thérapeutiques;la boucheetl'esr temac, les matériaux réparateurs ; les vaisseaiis, lymphatiques élaboreront le chyle; le cœur et les poumons feront le reste. La blessure §9 trouvera ainsi réparée par l'être toçit entier. -, ••• ,Eh bien! dans l'ordre moral et politique lès choses doivent se passer de la même ma nière, lorsque par suite de faits de guerre une province vient à, être ruinée. Lorsque, pour défendre line place fortè, il failt taire le vide àhtotir d'elle, détruire toutes les ré coltes, abattre le bétail, brûler les habita tions, les sacrifices imposés pour le salut commun, doivent être réparés par la nation, tout entière. ,Si les départements qiii en souHl'ént dévalent seuls, îes suppprtef, entre eux et les autres qui en profiteraient la so„ lidarité serait rompue, et l'unité morale qu'on appelle nation ou peuple n'aurait plus de raison d etre. Tels sont a nos veux les principes qui do a ûiin'eht ld ud l u lemu ité pour faits de guerre. Bien' 1 qu'on n aît point encore songé à Ja t anche ellv esp une des çonsé■ quences ue notre organisation politique, et i d'auleuis nos loi" iiuu « offieut déjà des boI lutions ouinblables pour des cas analogues. ! Prenons la loi-rècemmênt édictée suri leé j épizooties Av^nt 188oi iJ. existait de vieilles ordoiîiiâncea qui déterminaient la conduite à suivre par les eleveurs lorsque éclatait une épizootie. Ils étaient tenus d'en informer 1 autorité locale laquelle avait le droit de T'-i-mn «Vi-.ll t •» ♦ • * s. EXC. M. le PJilSCE de LA TOBR -d'a I/VERG-VE, ministre des affaires étrangères. — Messieurs les sénateurs, les faits sur lesquels l'honorable M. Le Verrier a appelé l'attention du Sénat et du gouvernement nous ont déjà, 1 comme vous pouvez le .pe.psçr; .très-yiyement .préoccupés. Je demande au Sénat la permissltiri dô lui don ner connaissance des communications que nous avons cru devoir faire à ce sujet aux gouverne ments étrangers. voici (l'abord une circulaire, en date du 30 août, jpi^ssêè à toutes les grandes puissances de l'Euî î. ■. < " s-..i Paris, le 30 août f 810. Monsieur, Legouverneiiieat prussien a preteMu daps des •doeûment.Bidont nous -avferis eu cptttiais?ancè; que nqs soldats sê'sèràient écartes des-fégiés dii ■'roit international en dirigeant volontairement ur fetf sur cles ambulances et des parlemen tes. Avant même de signaler ces allégations à M. le ministre de la guerre, j'ai protesté au noni des traditions çlB notre af'n|éc, et dès ejue mon jCDllègne en a été informé, il s'eët assô'cië éJlërgiquemeiit au langage que j'avais tenu. , Des.méprisés peuvent se produire dans l'ardpur di 11 rnint I iu f s jusi,eg que nos adversaires nous reconnaissons qu auc»rie des deux armées n'est sûre de ne pas commettre cie pareilles Er reurs : mais que nos soldats aient, de propos dé libéré. méconnu le priviieae sacre ues ambulan ces et les tranch^sçs des parlementaires; la-Prussbnele persuaaëra à lie"—line; et nous, »avonsças besoin de ûo-^s deiendre contre, de pareille^ accusations. (Bravo!Très bieni très bien:) Aussibien il semble^ que le gouvernement prussien n'ait montré tant d'empressement a se prévaloir de faits regrettables, mais non prouves jusqu'ici, et,dans tous lescas, isoles, (jue comme de prétextes pouï se justiiier lvu-meuie (l actés beaucoup nlus graves que Hous avons a relever contre lai, èt qui engagentbien plus directement la responsabilité des chefs de corps. Tout le monde connaît -l'incident de l ambu lance dite de la presse, saisie avec son personnel ' et son matériel, et qui a dû traverser une partie de l'Allemagne, le Luxembourg et la Belgique, pour rentrer «en France. ' Le môme fait se serait renouvelé récemment. dans les environs de Metz. ■ Auprès dë Strasbourg, M. le Baron de Bussiërë. a été fait prisonnier, au milieu de l'ambularicë qu'il avait organisée et à Iaquclle il donnait ses soins. Il est également de notoriété qu'un chirurgien français a été tué sur le champ de bataille par ■un soldat prussien, au mordent où il terminait le pansement d'un blessé. Il résulte, en Outre, de la constatation faite par un dë ces médecins, en-présence de témoins dont la déclaration a été reçue au vice-consulat de France à Bâle, que des b"ailes explosibles ont été employées contre nos troupes et retrouvées dans les plaies de <juelques-uns de nos blessés; (Mouvement d'indignation. — Oh! oh! c'est odieux !) Ge sont là autant d'atteintes non-seulement aux usages de toutes les armées dans les temps modernes, mais encore aux stipulations formel les de conventions diplomatiques auxquelles la Prusse a été partie contractante. Enfin les journaux ont annoncé que ides pay sans des environs de Strasbourg avaient été re quis pour creuser les tranchées ouvertes par les Prussiens devant la place. Nous avons d'abord refusé d'ajoutér foi à .ces bruits. Nous ne pou vions admettre comme possible un acte de vio lence non moins contraire au droit de la guerre qu'aux lois de l'humanité. Les témoignages cer tains qui nous sont parvenus depuis ne laissent plus,'aucun doute sur la complète : exactitude de ces informations. "Les autorités prussiennes, n'ont pas reculé devant une mesure qui obligé lès dé fenseurs de Strasbourg à tirer sur des .Français (Explosion de murmures.) "De toutes parts. — C'est horrible'! Nous protestons, au nom de la conscience uni verselle, contre de tels abus de très eom S. esc. st. la T0DU-n'A.UVER6NE.:. CORPS LEGISLATIF. COMPTE RENDU ANALYTIQUE. session extraordinaire de 187Ô. Eselrait de la séance du samedi 3 septembre 1870. présidëftdè Tft St bxo. m. schneider. La séance est ouverte à trois heures. Le procès-vfcrbal de 1 la séance du 2 septembre, ld par MPeyrusse, l'un des secrétaires,, est adopte. communication du g0ù7b1ïnement. s. exc. m. le général comte de i'al|hj*0, mi nistre de la guerre. — Messieurs les députés, j'ai ea 1 honneur de vous déclarer qu'en toute circons tance je vous dirais la vérité, quelque dure qu elle p'ût-êtrë': , , Des événements graves viennent de se passerNous les connaissons par des nouvelles qui ne sont pas officielles, à la vérité, rfl&ïs (lorit quel ques-unes, d'après mes appréciations, doivent être vraies. Je vais vous les donner. La première et la plus importante résulte de documents qui font connaître que le maréchal Bazaine, après une sortie très vigoureuse, a eu un,engagement de hûii à neuf heures, et qu'a " v£l " engagement, dans lequel — ' nom militaire qui prenne h défense de la nation. Ce nom est connu, il est cher au pays, 'il doit être substitué à tous autres. (Exclamations sur divers baoos.) Devant lui doivent s'ettiicer tous fantômes de gouvernement. Voilà le remède, je le dis à la face de pays : que le pays m'entende. (Très bien! à gauche.—Bruit.). m. lu s I auquis 1 de ptttév — J .c tiendrai ù }P n ar ment jusqu'à la mort. M. LE MINISTRE Dtl tA GUËRnÊ. — C« lï'fiSt pSi" pur des paroles semblables que l'union peut a'»tablir éntre nous pour défendre la France.(Non! non ! si !) il n'y a pas de nom qui puisse sauver Ja natiox/, Il n'y a nue le gouverne ment constitué. M. Jules lïavre, sans pro noncer aucun nom, en a désigné un d'une façon assé'tf claire pour que personne ne s'y soit mé pris... Dêpoîs que nous sommes au pouvoir, nous avons fait tous no$ efforts; mai» ce n'est pas en vingt jours çfa'on peut tout organiser pour vaincre. Pour résister d'une manière efficace, il faut un gouvernement constitue, comme -nous le sommes, avec la confiance de la Chambre... ■m. ÉiiBAULT.—Du pays ! (Bruit.) m. le m!»istre de la guerre. — Il faut un? vôjoiitô raisonnée, calculée. Or, le ministère ne fait ^5èW sans s'être concerté... ■m. jvltis #a V re. — Avec qui? m. le minïsï B e" j»e la guerre. — M. Jules Favre a posé une.qUfîstion qui tend à changer le récime constitutionnel t'Oîltrenn régime arbitraire. • (Interruptions à gauchç.) >i. lia marquis de i'iré. — Ce sont les défec tions de '18JS b (Bruit prolongé.) 'm. GAMnuTTA — 1815, oui! toujours l'invasiou açc les'Udnaparte !, f j% de'palikao. — J'ai répondu très nettement à la-,(question de M. J.ules Fa vre, tï savoir que 1» maréchal Mac-Mahon commandait effectivement et n'était sous les'ordres de qui que ce soit. ■simules faviie. — Estrce lui qui a maintenu le général de Failly dans sbn commandemsnt'f (Nouvelles interruptions.). .m. président. — Monsieur Jules Favre, vous avez posé librement une question grave : je vous demande de laisser au ministre la liberté de vous. répondre. (Très bien ! très bien !) m.le ministre de la guerre. — A l'heure tion qui nous donnait les plus grandes espéran ces pour la suite de la campagne. Voilà la première nouvelle, elle n'est pas bonne. Néanmoins, bien que le maréchal Bazaine ait été obligé de se replier sous Metz, il n'estpas dit qu'il ne pourra pas tenter une nouvelle sortie. Mais le mouvement projeté a échoué. D'autre part, nous avons reçu des renseigne^ ments sur les combats, ou plutôt sur-la bataille qui vient d'avoir lieu entre Mézié'rcs et Sedan. Cette bataille a donne lieu à de's succès et à des 1 revers. Nous avons d'abord culbuté une partie de ■l'armée prussienne, qui a été jetée dans ia Meu se limais ensuite, accablés sans doute par le nombre, tious avons dû nous retirer soit sous Mêziëres; soit sous Sedan, soit même, triais ett petit nombre, siir le territoire belge. Il en résul te que la situation actuelle ne permet pas d'es pérer, d'ici à quelque temps, urte jonction des forces du maréchal Mac-Mahon et du ÉBaréchal Bazaine. II y a peut-être encore d'autres nouvelles et d'une nature plus grave, comme celle d'une bles sure du maréchal Mac-Mahon, et d'autres cir constances. Mais je déclare que nous n'avons reçii aucune nouvelle officielle de ce genre. Le gouvernement ne peut donc vous les donner. Si elles n'étaient jias vraies, on accuserait, le gou la force, et, en vous priant de les signaler à l'attention particu lière du gouvernement 'auprès duquel vous êtes flAfrÔ/-! itû î'ii In '' ; 1 accrédité, j'ai la confiance que l'opinion publique les frappera d'une jiiste réprobation. (Bravof — Très bien! très bien!) ai.
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EfLAtunfilm – 2006-cı ildə qurulan, kliplər, filmlər, televiziya verilişləri və teleseriallar hazırlayan Türkiyə studiyası. Eflatun Film bu günə qədər 5 film, 2 televiziya verilişi, 20-yə qədər klip və qısa film, 4 teleserial hazırlamışdır. Onur Ünlü, Orkun Ünlü və Funda Alp, Eflatun Film-in qurucularıdır.
Filmlər
2006: Polis
2008: Güneşin Oğlu
2009: Beş Şehir
2011: Celal Tan ve Ailesinin Aşırı Acıklı Hikayesi
2012: Sen Aydınlatırsın Geceyi
Verilişlər
2011-2012: Futbol Günlüğü (TRT1)
2011-2012: Ters Yüz (TRT1)
Seriallar
2009: Acemi Müezzin (TRT 1)
2011-2013: Leyla ile Mecnun (TRT 1)
2012: Şubat (TRT 1)
2013-2014: Ben de Özledim (Star TV)
Mükafatlar
Celal Tan ve Ailesinin Aşırı Acıklı Hikayesi
Adana Altın Koza Film Festivali “En İyi Film” “En İyi Senaryo”, Onur Ünlü , Jüri “Oyunculuk Özel Toplu Performans” Ödülü, Bütün Oyuncular
Beş Şehir (film)
Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali “En İyi Senaryo” Ödülü, Onur Ünlü , Jüri “Özel Performans” Ödülü, Tansu Biçer Adana Altın Koza Film Festivali “En İyi Senaryo” Ödülü, Onur Ünlü “En İyi Erkek Oyuncu” Ödülü, Tansu Biçer “En İyi Yardımcı Kadın Oyuncu” Ödülü, Beste Bereket “En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu” Ödülü, Bülent Emin Yarar” İstanbul Film Festivali “En İyi Erkek Oyuncu” Ödülü, Tansu Biçer
Polis (film)
Ankara Film Festivali “En İyi Erkek Oyuncu” Ödülü, Haluk Bilginer
Leyla ile Mecnun (serial)
Radikal Gazetesi - 2011-ci ilin Ən Yaxşı Serialı
Milliyet Gazetesi - 2011-ci ilin Ən Yaxşı Serialı
Gazi Üniversitesi – 2011-ci ilin Ən Yaxşı Komediya Serialı
İTÜ – 2011-ci ilin Ən Uğurlu Serialı
ODTÜ – 2011-ci ilin Ən Yaxşı Serialı
19 Mayıs Üniversitesi – 2011-ci ilin Ən Yaxşı Komediya Serialı
Esenler Belediyesi – 2011-ci ilin Ən Yaxşı Komediya Serialı
Kocaeli Üniversitesi – 2011-ci ilin Ən Yaxşı Serialı
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi – 2011-ci ilin Ən Çox İzlənilən Serialı
Türkiyə şirkətləri
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59558_2003_1
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SEC
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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Item 1. Business
A. Business Overview
1. Description
Lincoln National Corporation (“LNC”) is a holding company, which operates multiple insurance and investment management businesses through subsidiary companies. The collective group of companies uses “Lincoln Financial Group” as its marketing identity. Based on assets, LNC is the 44th largest U.S. Corporation1 and based on revenues, is the 8th largest U.S. stockholder-owned company within the Fortune 500 Life/Health Insurance Industry Ranking2.
LNC’s operations are divided into four business segments: 1) Lincoln Retirement, 2) Life Insurance, 3) Investment Management and 4) Lincoln UK. Over the past five years, segments have been redefined as follows. During the first quarter of 2000, an internal reorganization resulted in the creation of a separate Lincoln Retirement segment and a separate Life Insurance segment. At the end of 2000, LNC established a new wholesaling distribution organization, Lincoln Financial Distributors (“LFD”), to focus on the changing business needs of financial intermediaries. Beginning with the first quarter of 2001, LFD’s results were reported within Other Operations. Previously, LNC’s wholesaling efforts were conducted separately within the Lincoln Retirement, Life Insurance and Investment Management segments. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2001, LNC had a Reinsurance segment, however these operations were sold to Swiss Re on December 7, 2001 and the related segment information prior to the close of this transaction was moved to Other Operations.
Revenues, pre-tax income and assets for LNC’s major business segments and other operations are shown in this Form 10-K report as part of the consolidated financial statements (see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements). The LNC “Other Operations” category includes the financial data for the operations of Lincoln Financial Advisors (“LFA”) and LFD, and for operations that are not directly related to the business segments, unallocated corporate items (such as, corporate investment income and interest expense on short-term and long-term borrowings), and the historical results of the former Reinsurance segment along with the ongoing amortization of deferred gain on the indemnity reinsurance portion of the transaction with Swiss Re (for further discussion of the transaction with Swiss Re, refer to Acquisitions, Divestitures and Discontinued Lines of Business below).
The primary operating subsidiaries that comprise LNC are The Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (“LNL”); First Penn-Pacific Life Insurance Company (“First Penn”); Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York (“Lincoln Life New York”), Delaware Management Holdings, Inc. (“Delaware”), Lincoln National (UK) plc (“Lincoln UK”), LFA and LFD.
LNL is an Indiana corporation with its principal annuity operations in Fort Wayne, Indiana and its principal life insurance operations in Hartford, Connecticut. The primary operations of LNL are reported in the Lincoln Retirement and Life Insurance segments. LNL also has operations that are reported in the Investment Management segment and the results of LNL’s reinsurance operations acquired by Swiss Re via an indemnity reinsurance transaction are reported in Other Operations.
First Penn, an Indiana corporation with principal operations in Schaumburg, Illinois, offers universal life, term life and deferred fixed annuity products for distribution in most states of the United States. The primary operations of First Penn are reported in the Lincoln Retirement and Life Insurance segments.
Lincoln Life New York is a New York company with principal operations in Syracuse, New York. Lincoln Life New York offers fixed annuities, variable annuities, universal life, variable universal life, term life and other
2003 Fortune 500, Largest U.S. Corporations, April 2003
2003 Fortune 500 by Industry Rankings, April 2003
individual life insurance products within the state of New York utilizing the distribution networks described below under Distribution. The operations of Lincoln Life New York are primarily reported in the Lincoln Retirement and Life Insurance segments.
Although one of the subsidiaries held by LNC was formed in 1905, LNC itself was formed in 1968. LNC is an Indiana corporation that maintains its principal offices at 1500 Market Street, Suite 3900, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-2112. As of December 31, 2003, there were 74 persons engaged in the governance of the LNC holding company. Total employment of LNC at December 31, 2003 on a consolidated basis was 5,644. Of this total, approximately 1,988 employees are included in “Other Operations” related primarily to the operations of LFA and LFD.
2. Acquisitions, Divestitures and Discontinued Lines of Business
Over the last several years, LNC has undertaken a variety of acquisitions and divestitures, and has exited certain businesses. These actions were designed to provide more consistent sources of earnings and sharpen LNC’s focus on financial products that have the potential for significantly growing earnings, all with the ultimate goal of strengthening shareholder value. To this end, the following transactions have occurred during the three years covered by this Form 10-K:
On August 30, 2002, LNC acquired The Administrative Management Group, Inc. (“AMG”), an employee benefits record keeping firm for $21.6 million in cash. Contingent payments up to an additional $14 million may be paid over a period of 4 years (2003-2006) if certain criteria are met. Lincoln Retirement recorded an expense of $1.2 million after-tax ($1.8 million pre-tax) for 2003 relating to such contingent payments. AMG, a strategic partner of LNC’s Retirement segment for several years, provides record keeping services for the Lincoln Alliance Program along with approximately 200 other clients nationwide. The application of purchase accounting to this acquisition resulted in goodwill of $20.2 million.
On December 7, 2001, Swiss Re acquired LNC’s reinsurance operation for $2.0 billion. As part of the transaction, LNC retained the capital supporting the reinsurance operation. After adjusting for the increased levels of capital needed within the Life Insurance and Lincoln Retirement segments that result from the change in the ongoing mix of business under LNC’s internal capital allocation models, the disposition of LNC’s reinsurance operation freed-up approximately $100 million of retained capital.
The transaction structure involved a series of indemnity reinsurance transactions combined with the sale of certain stock companies that comprised LNC’s reinsurance operation. At the time of closing, an immediate gain of $15.0 million after-tax was recognized on the sale of the stock companies. A gain of $723.1 million after-tax ($1.1 billion pre-tax) relating to the indemnity reinsurance agreements was reported at the time of closing. This gain was recorded as a deferred gain on LNC’s consolidated balance sheet, in accordance with the requirements of Financial Accounting Standard No.113 (“FAS 113”), and is being amortized into earnings over a period of 15 years at the rate that earnings on the reinsured business are expected to emerge.
On October 29, 2002 LNC and Swiss Re settled disputed matters totaling about $770 million that had arisen in connection with the final closing balance sheets associated with Swiss Re’s acquisition of LNC’s reinsurance operations. The settlement provided for a payment by LNC of $195 million to Swiss Re, which was recorded by LNC as a reduction in deferred gain. As a result of additional information made available to LNC following the settlement with Swiss Re in the fourth quarter of 2002, LNC recorded a further reduction in the deferred gain of $51.6 million after-tax ($79.4 million pre-tax), as well as a $9.4 million after-tax ($8.3 million pre-tax) reduction in the gain on the sale of subsidiaries.
As part of the dispute settlement, LNC also paid $100 million to Swiss Re in satisfaction of LNC’s $100 million indemnification obligation with respect to personal accident business. As a result of this payment, LNC has no further underwriting risk with respect to the reinsurance business sold. However, because LNC has not been relieved of its legal liabilities to the underlying ceding companies with respect to the portion of the business indemnity reinsured by Swiss Re, under FAS 113 the reserves for the underlying reinsurance contracts as well as a corresponding reinsurance recoverable from Swiss Re will continue to be carried on LNC’s balance sheet
during the run-off period of the underlying reinsurance business. This is particularly relevant in the case of the exited personal accident and disability income reinsurance lines of business where the underlying reserves are based upon various estimates that are subject to considerable uncertainty.
Also during 2002, LNC exercised a contractual right to “put” its interest in a subsidiary company containing LNC’s disability income reinsurance business to Swiss Re for $10 million. The $10 million sale price was approximately equal to LNC’s book basis in the subsidiary.
3. Products
Through its business segments, LNC sells a wide range of wealth protection and accumulation products. These products include fixed annuities, variable annuities, universal life insurance, variable universal life insurance, term life insurance, other individual insurance coverages, retail mutual funds, “529” college savings plans, 401(k) savings products and managed account products.
4. Distribution
LNC sells its products through an extensive distribution network that is designed to meet the needs of a marketplace where consumers increasingly want to do business on their own terms. LNC’s network consists of internally owned wholesaling and retailing business units, LFD and LFA, respectively.
LFD, with principal operations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, consists of approximately 300 internal and external wholesalers that distribute life insurance, annuities and investment products to a large number of financial intermediaries. LFD is organized to penetrate multiple channels including the Wirehouse/Regional channel, the Independent Financial Planner channel, the Marketing General Agent channel and the Financial Institutions channel.
LFA is a retail broker/dealer and financial planning firm that offers a full range of financial and estate planning services. LFA and its consolidated affiliate, Sagemark, offer access to annuities, 401(k) plans, pensions, universal and variable universal life insurance and other wealth accumulation and protection products and services, and is a preferred distributor of LNC retail products. LFA and Sagemark, with principal operations in Fort Wayne, Indiana, consist of nearly 2,100 planners in 38 offices across the United States.
Institutional investment products managed in the Investment Management segment are marketed by a separate sales force in conjunction with pension consultants. These products are offered primarily to defined benefit and defined contribution plan sponsors, endowments and foundations.
5. National Branding Campaign
Branding is a key element of LNC’s strategy, and in 2003, LNC continued to build its brand on a national basis through an integrated package of trade advertising, consumer print to support the trade effort, television to support major sponsorships, internet advertising, public relations and promotional events. LNC’s branding efforts were focused on two primary target audiences -financial intermediaries and very affluent consumers (top 11% of the population). During 2003, LNC launched two focused advertising campaigns - which included network ads, national and local print, radio and the Internet - aimed at these audiences.
In 2002, Lincoln Financial Group announced a significant new partnership with the Philadelphia Eagles football team to name its new state-of-the-art stadium Lincoln Financial Field. The official opening of the field was September 8, 2003 with the first Monday Night Football game of the 2003 NFL season.
On the consumer side, LNC’s total company awareness increased from 22% in 1998 to 39% in 20033. This gain of 16 percentage points is particularly positive given that the company has focused more on trade activity than on consumer paid media over the last two years. On the trade side, company awareness is very strong at 96%.
Wirthlin Worldwide Awareness and Usage Study, Nov. 2003
B. Description of Business Segments
1. Lincoln Retirement
The Lincoln Retirement segment, with principal operations in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Hartford, Connecticut, and additional operations in Portland, Maine, and Arlington Heights, Illinois, provides tax-deferred investment growth and lifetime income opportunities for its clients through the manufacture of fixed and variable annuities. There are two lines of business within this segment, individual annuities and employer-sponsored markets.
The individual annuities line of business markets non-qualified and qualified fixed and variable annuities to individuals. Annuities are attractive because they provide tax-deferred growth in the underlying principal, thereby deferring the tax consequences of the growth in value until withdrawals are made from the accumulation values, often at lower tax rates occurring during retirement. In addition to favorable tax treatment, annuities are unique in that retirees can select a variety of payout alternatives to help provide an income flow during life. The individual annuities market has seen an increase in competition along with new product types and promotion. The guarantee features (living and death benefits) offered within an annuity are not found in any other investment vehicle and make annuities attractive even in times of economic uncertainty.
The employer-sponsored retirement line of business markets fixed and variable annuities along with a turnkey retirement program (investments, record-keeping, employee education and compliance) to targeted markets. The key segments of the employer-sponsored retirement markets are: healthcare, public/governmental, education, corporate and not-for-profit. Within these segments, LNC targets those markets that offer the most favorable demographics, distribution synergies and current and potential market share.
Products
In general, an annuity is a contract between an insurance company and an individual or group in which the insurance company, after receipt of one or more contributions, agrees to pay an amount of money either in one lump sum or on a periodic basis (i.e., annually, semi-annually, quarterly or monthly), beginning on a certain date and continuing for a period of time as specified in the contract. Such payments can begin the month after the deposit is received (referred to as an immediate annuity) or at a future date in time (referred to as a deferred annuity). This retirement vehicle helps protect an individual from outliving his money and can be either a fixed annuity or a variable annuity.
Fixed Annuity: A fixed deferred annuity preserves the principal value of the contract while guaranteeing a minimum interest rate to be credited to the accumulation value. LNC offers both single and flexible premium fixed deferred annuities to the individual annuities market. Single premium fixed deferred annuities are contracts that allow only a single contribution to be made. Flexible premium fixed deferred annuities are contracts that allow multiple contributions on either a scheduled or non-scheduled basis. With fixed deferred annuities, the contractholder has the right to surrender the contract and receive the current accumulation value less any applicable surrender charge and, if applicable, market value adjustment. Also, certain fixed annuity products, such as the popular StepFive® Fixed Annuity, allow for a window period between the end of the fixed guarantee period and the start of the subsequent guarantee period during which the account holder can withdraw their funds without incurring a surrender charge. Fixed annuity contributions are invested in LNC’s general account. LNC bears the investment risk for fixed annuity contracts. To protect itself from premature withdrawals, LNC imposes surrender charges. Surrender charges are typically applicable during the early years of the annuity contract, with a declining level of surrender charges over time. LNC expects to earn a spread between what it earns on the underlying general account investments supporting the fixed annuity product line and what it credits to its fixed annuity contractholders’ accounts.
LNC’s fixed annuity product offerings include the Lincoln Select and ChoicePlus Fixed Annuities and the StepFive®, AccelaRate and ChoiceGuarantee® Fixed Annuities. LNC primarily distributes fixed annuities
through the Financial Institutions channel and to a lesser extent in the Independent Financial Planner and Wirehouse/Regional channels. The guarantees of the StepFive fixed annuity have been especially well-received in the Financial Institutions channel. The modified guaranteed annuity products, Lincoln Select and ChoicePlus Fixed Annuities, have been attractive in the Wirehouse/Regional channel. These products allow an individual to select a specific guaranteed period typically ranging from six to ten years.
If the contract stays in force for the entire guarantee period, then the contract will earn the specified rate of interest for the full period. If the contract is surrendered during the guarantee period, both a surrender charge and a Market Value Adjustment (MVA) may be applied. The MVA feature increases or decreases the cash surrender value of the annuity based on a decrease or increase in interest rates. Contract-holders participate in gains when the contract is surrendered in a falling interest rate market, and LNC is protected from losses up to a cap when the contract is surrendered in a rising interest rate market. In 2003, LNC introduced a new version of Lincoln Select that provides the individual with a higher interest rate but a larger potential penalty for early withdrawal or surrender.
Variable Annuity: A variable annuity provides the contractholder the ability to direct the investment of deposits into one or more sub-accounts offered by the product. The value of the contractholder’s account varies with the performance of the underlying sub-accounts chosen by the contractholder. The underlying assets of the sub-accounts are managed within a special insurance series of mutual funds. Because the contractholder’s return is tied to the performance of the segregated assets underlying the variable annuity, the contractholder bears the investment risk associated with these investments. LNC charges the contractholder insurance and administrative fees based upon the value of the variable contract.
The separate account choices for LNC’s variable annuities cover diverse asset classes with varying levels of risk and include both equity funds and fixed income funds. LNC’s Individual and Group Multi-Fund® Variable Annuity product line offers up to 36 fund choices from 11 well known advisors: AIM®, AllianceBernsteinsm, American Fund Insurance Seriessm, Delaware Investmentssm, Fidelity Investments®, Janus, MFS Investment Management®, Neuberger Berman Management Inc., Putnam Investments, Inc., Scudder Investments and Wells Fargo. LNC’s Lincoln Choice Plussm Variable Annuity, an individual multi-manager product line, has fund offerings from AIM®, AllianceBernsteinsm, American Funds Insurance Seriessm , Delaware Investmentssm, Fidelity Investments® , Franklin®, Janus, MFS Investment Management® Neuberger Berman Management, Inc., Putnam Investments, Inc., and Scudder Investments.
LNC’s American Legacy Variable Annuity, a premier single manager individual and group variable annuity product line, offers 13 mutual fund choices from American Funds Insurance Series sm. American Funds is the 3rd largest mutual fund company for 2002 based on assets under management. LNC’s Alliance Program, which is for the employer-sponsored market, has over 3000 mutual fund choices plus a fixed account. This product is customized for each employer.
Most of LNC’s variable annuity products also offer the choice of a fixed option that provides for guaranteed interest credited to the account value. In addition, many of LNC’s individual variable annuities feature guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”). These guaranteed minimum death benefits can be either guaranteed return of premium or the highest account value attained on any policy anniversary through attained age 80 (i.e., high water mark).
In June 2003, LNC introduced the Principal SecuritySM benefit. This guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”) feature offers the contractholder a guarantee equal to the initial purchase payment (or contract value, if elected after issue), adjusted for any subsequent purchase payments or withdrawals. To receive the full amount of the guarantee, annual withdrawals are limited to 7% of the guaranteed amount. Withdrawals in excess of the 7% maximum in any contract year are assessed any applicable surrender charges, and the guaranteed amount is recalculated. The annual charge for this benefit is 0.45% of the guaranteed amount (less withdrawals), assessed on a quarterly basis. The charge is waived five years after the start or resetting of the
guarantee amount, as long as the cumulative payments since election or reset are less than 10% of the current guarantee amount. The benefit may also be cancelled at any time five years after election or reset. If cancelled, the benefit may be reelected after one year, if available. Principal Security is available on new and existing variable annuity contracts in nearly all states for most LNC individual variable annuity products. The Principal Security benefit has been very well received in the variable annuity marketplace.
To offset the increased risks associated with GMDBs and GMWBs, LNC has developed a dynamic delta hedging strategy with help from a leading actuarial consulting firm. The customized dynamic delta hedging program utilizes futures positions whose change in value is designed to mirror the change in reserves for the guarantees. The goal of LNC’s hedge program is to turn the volatile benefit and reserve costs associated with GMDBs and GMWBs into a stable recurring charge to earnings. See the Lincoln Retirement section of Part II, Item 7 on page 31 for a further discussion of this hedging program.
LNC offers other innovative product features including the Income4Life® Solution, Income4Life Advantage and when sold in conjunction with Income4Life, the Accumulated Benefit Enhancement (“ABE”) rider. The Income4Life Solution and Income4Life Advantage features allow variable annuity contractholders access and control during the income distribution phase of their contract. This added flexibility allows the contractholder to access the account value for transfers, additional withdrawals and other service features like portfolio rebalancing. The ABE rider, which was first introduced in 2002, lets clients transfer their balances to LNC variable annuity products and retain the death benefit of their prior variable annuity. Unlike bonus products, which require longer surrender penalties and increased mortality and expense assessments, this rider is available only in conjunction with Income4Life on all share classes of most LNC variable annuity product lines with no additional charge.
LNC earns mortality assessments and expense assessments on variable annuity accounts to cover insurance and administrative charges. These expenses are built into accumulation unit values, which when multiplied by the number of units owned for any sub-account equals the contractholder’s account value for that sub-account. Some products feature decreasing fee schedules based on account value break points. The fees that LNC earns from these policies are classified as insurance fees on the income statement. In addition, for some contracts, LNC collects surrender charges when contractholders surrender their contracts during the early years of a contract. For other contracts, LNC collects surrender charges when contractholders surrender their contracts during a number of years subsequent to each deposit. LNC’s individual variable annuity products have a maximum surrender period of ten years. The assets that support variable annuities are included in the assets held in separate accounts balance and the related liabilities for the current account values are included in the liabilities related to separate accounts balance.
Through most of its variable annuity product lines, LNC offers A-share, B-share, C-share, L-share and bonus variable annuities. The differences in A, B, C and L-shares relate to the sales charge and fee structure associated with the contract. An A-share has a front-end sales charge. A B-share has a contingent deferred sales charge that is only paid if the account is surrendered or withdrawals are in excess of contractual free withdrawals within the contract’s specified surrender charge period. A C-share has no front-end sales charge or back-end surrender charge. Like a B-share, an L-share has a contingent deferred sales charge that is only paid if the account is surrendered or withdrawals are in excess of contractual free withdrawals within the contract’s specified surrender charge period. The differences between the L-share and B-share are the length of the surrender charge period and the fee structure. L-shares have a shorter surrender charge period, so for the added liquidity, mortality and expense assessments are higher.
A bonus annuity is a variable annuity contract that offers a bonus credit to a contract based on a specified percentage (typically ranging from 2% to 5%) of each deposit. Bonus products in general have come under increased scrutiny due to concerns with whether they have been properly designed and sold with the contractholders’ interests in mind. The concern is that the higher expenses and extended surrender charge periods that are often associated with bonus annuities may not be adequately understood by contractholders. In
developing bonus annuity products for its Lincoln ChoicePlus and American Legacy variable annuities, LNC has attempted to address these concerns, while at the same time designing products that are competitive in the marketplace. A key competitive feature of LNC’s bonus annuity that is attractive to long-term contractholders is the persistency credit. This feature rewards a contractholder with a bonus credit of 20 basis points per annum after maintaining an account for 14 years. A 30 basis point per annum persistency credit is also offered on LNC’s L-share products after a contractholder maintains an account for eight years.
According to Variable Annuity Research and Data Services (“VARDS”), LNC’s American Legacy I Variable Annuity ranked number two out of 110 variable annuities for asset-weighted performance for the five-year period ended December 31, 2003. The American Legacy III Variable Annuity ranked number three on this basis. Challenging equity markets like those experienced over the last several years may prompt contactholders of competitors’ variable annuities to consider better-performing LNC variable annuities.
Distribution
Fixed annuity products as well as most individual variable annuity product lines are distributed by LFD. LFA, as a client of LFD, sells the American Legacy Variable Annuity and the ChoicePlus Variable Annuity. LFA also sells LNC’s MultiFund Variable Annuity product line in both the individual and employer-sponsored retirement markets and the Alliance Program in the employer-sponsored retirement market. Group fixed and variable annuity products are also distributed through the Lincoln Retirement Fringe Benefit Division’s dedicated sales force to the employer-sponsored retirement market.
Market Position
Capitalizing on a broad product portfolio and a strong and diverse distribution network, LNC is a leader in both the individual and employer-sponsored annuity markets. According to VARDS, LNC ranks 5th in assets as of December 31, 2003 and 11th in variable annuity sales for the year ended December 31, 2003 in the United States. LNC ranked 10th in fixed annuity sales through financial institutions for 20034.
LNC was an early entrant into the fixed and variable annuity business and as such has a mature book of business with many contracts that are out of the surrender charge period. As a result, LNC, as well as other seasoned industry participants, have been vulnerable to what are referred to as Section 1035 exchanges, named after the Internal Revenue Code Section that governs these exchanges (in 1035 exchanges, contractholders surrender their annuity and make a non-taxable transfer to another insurance company’s non-qualified annuity). LNC has developed specific asset retention plans to address its vulnerability to Section 1035 exchanges.
Approximately 1,373 employees are involved in this business segment.
2. Life Insurance
The Life Insurance segment, with principal operations in Hartford, Connecticut, and Fort Wayne, Indiana, and additional operations in Schaumburg, Illinois, focuses on the creation and protection of wealth for its clients through the manufacture of life insurance products. The Life Insurance segment offers both single and survivorship versions of universal life (“UL”), variable universal life (“VUL”), and interest-sensitive whole life (“ISWL”), as well as corporate owned life insurance (“COLI”) and term insurance. The segment also offers a linked-benefit product which is a universal life insurance policy linked with an accelerated benefits rider that provides a benefit for long-term care needs. The life insurance operation targets the affluent market, defined as households with at least $500,000 of investable net worth. Two key measures of the effectiveness of meeting the needs of this market include average face amount of policies sold, which for LNC was $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2003, and average premiums paid per policy sold, which were approximately $28,000 for the same period (products included in this calculation are UL, VUL, ISWL and COLI cases covering less than 200 lives).
Kenneth Kehrer Associates Fixed Annuity Sales Through Financial Institutions Rankings for 2003
Products
The Life Insurance segment’s book of business includes interest/market-sensitive products (UL, VUL, ISWL, COLI) and traditional life products (term and guaranteed cost whole life). Profitability is driven by mortality margins (defined below), investment margins (spreads/fees), expenses and surrender fees.
Mortality margins represent the difference between amounts charged the customer to cover the mortality risk and the cost of reinsurance and death benefits paid. Mortality charges are either specifically deducted from the contractholder’s fund (i.e., cost of insurance assessments or “COI’s”) or embedded in the premiums charged to the customer. In either case, these amounts are a function of the rates priced into the product and level of insurance in-force (less reserves previously set aside to fund benefits). Insurance in-force, in turn, is driven by sales, persistency and mortality experience.
Similar to the annuity product classifications described above, life products can be classified as “fixed” and “variable” contracts. This classification describes whether the policyholder or LNC bears the investment risk of the assets supporting the policy. This also determines the manner in which LNC earns investment margin profits from these products, either as investment spreads for fixed products or as fees charged for variable products.
Fixed Life Insurance (primarily UL and ISWL): Premiums net of expense loads and charges received on fixed products are invested in LNC’s general account investment portfolio, so LNC bears the risk on investment performance. LNC manages investment margins (i.e. the difference between the rate the portfolio earns compared to the rate that is credited to the customer) by seeking to maximize current yields, in line with asset/liability and risk management targets, while crediting a competitive rate to the customer. Crediting rates are typically subject to guaranteed minimums specified in the underlying life insurance contract.
Variable Universal Life Insurance (VUL): Premiums net of expense loads and charges received on VUL products are invested in separate accounts that offer several investment options for the customer’s selection. The investment choices are the same, in most cases, as the investment choices offered in LNC’s variable annuity contracts. In addition, VUL products offer a fixed account option that is managed by LNC. Investment risk is borne by the customer on all but the fixed account option. LNC charges fees for mortality costs and administrative expenses, as well as investment management fees.
Corporate Owned Life Insurance (COLI): COLI is typically purchased by corporations funding non-qualified benefit plans. These include 401(k) excess - voluntary deferrals of executive salary and/or bonus in excess of 401(k) limits and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERP’s) in a variety of forms, paid for with corporate funds. LNC offers a portfolio of both fixed UL and variable UL COLI products sold primarily through specialty brokers.
Term Life Insurance: Term life insurance provides a death benefit without a cash accumulation balance. Policy premiums are generally paid annually.
Distribution
Distribution of the Life Insurance segment’s products occurs primarily through LFD and LFA. Both channels have an industry-wide reputation of being highly skilled in the development of financial and estate planning solutions for the affluent market.
Market Position
LNC is a leading provider of life insurance products designed specifically for the high net-worth and affluent markets. In addition to the growth opportunity offered by its target market, LNC’s product breadth, design innovation, competitiveness, speed to market, exceptional customer service and an extensive distribution network all contribute to the strength of LNC’s life insurance operations. Averaging close to nine major product
upgrades and/or new features per year since 1998, including nine significant VUL, UL, Term and COLI product enhancements and new riders in 2003, the Life Insurance segment is successful at meeting changing needs when market trends shift.
Approximately 724 employees are involved in this business segment.
3. Investment Management
The Investment Management segment, with principal operations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and offices in Fort Wayne, Indiana, London, United Kingdom, and Denver, Colorado, provides investment products and services to both individual and institutional investors. The primary companies within this business segment include Lincoln National Investments, Inc. (“LNI”), Lincoln National Investment Companies, Inc. (“LNIC”), and Delaware Management Holdings, Inc. (“Delaware”). LNI and LNIC are intermediate level holding companies that own the operating companies within this segment. The Investment Management segment also includes the 401(k) operations of LNL.
The operating subsidiaries within Delaware offer a broad line of mutual funds, retirement plan services and other investment products including managed accounts and “529” college savings plans to retail investors. They also offer investment advisory services and products to institutional clients, which primarily include pension funds, foundations, endowment funds and trusts. Delaware currently serves as investment advisor to approximately 300 institutional accounts, acts as investment manager and/or shareholder services agent for approximately 92 open-end funds, and serves as investment manager for 10 closed-end funds. The Investment Management segment also provides investment advisory services for LNC’s corporate and general insurance portfolios and manages portfolios backing Collateralized Debt Obligations.
Products
Investment Management products include domestic and international equity and fixed-income retail mutual funds, separate accounts, institutional mutual funds, managed accounts, “529” college savings plans, and retirement plans and services as well as administration services for these products.
For the individual investor, Delaware offers various products including mutual funds and managed accounts. Delaware offers alternative pricing schemes for mutual funds including traditional front-end load funds, back-end load funds, and level-load funds. Delaware also provides investment management and account administration services for variable annuity products. Variable annuity products provide the contractholder the ability to direct the investment of deposits into one or more funds offered by the product. The Institutional Class shares of the mutual funds are also available to institutional clients and retirement plan participants (such as defined contribution plans). Delaware also provides investment services to high net worth and small institutional investor markets through managed accounts. A managed account is provided to individual investors through relationships with broker-dealer sponsored programs.
Delaware offers various retirement plans and services, including 401(k) plans. A 401(k) plan allows employees to divert a portion of their salary to a company-sponsored tax-sheltered account, thus deferring taxes until retirement. These plans generally offer several investment options such as equity and fixed income products. In addition, Delaware has offered products in the “529” college savings plan market since 2002, when it launched programs for the state of Hawaii and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. These products employ asset allocation models that diversify client assets across all major investment styles.
Delaware provides a broad range of institutional investment advisory services to corporate and public retirement plans, endowments and foundations, nuclear decommissioning trusts, socially responsible investors, sub-advisory clients and Taft-Hartley plans, among others. Most clients utilize individually managed separate accounts, which means clients have the opportunity to customize the management of their portfolio by including
or excluding certain types of securities, sectors or segments within a given asset class. Because of their individually managed nature, these separate accounts are best suited for larger investment mandates. Currently, Delaware’s minimum account size is typically $10 million for U.S. investments and $100 million for non-U.S. investments.
The Delaware Pooled Trust is a series of Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) registered mutual funds managed in styles that are similar to institutional separate account offerings and best suited for smaller to medium-sized institutional investment mandates. Delaware’s minimum account size for these vehicles is typically $1 million. The funds included in the Delaware Pooled Trust product offering are no-load mutual funds designed for the institutional investor and high net worth individual.
Distribution
The businesses in the Investment Management segment deliver their broad range of products through multiple distribution channels, enabling them to reach an expanding community of retail and institutional investors. Delaware distributes retail mutual funds, managed accounts, “529” college savings plans and retirement products through the LFD distribution network, LFA, and Delaware’s direct retirement sales force. Institutional products are marketed primarily by Delaware’s institutional marketing group working closely with manager selection consultants. These products are also offered to defined benefit and defined contribution plan sponsors, endowments and foundations.
Market Position
Offering diverse investment styles to a diverse group of of clients provides a prudent way to diversify risk in varying market environments. Delaware is an investment manager with strong and diversified offerings across multiple asset classes including value and growth equity investment styles; high-grade, high-yield and municipal fixed-income investment styles; balanced and quantitive investment styles; and international and global equity and fixed income investment styles. Delaware’s investment performance, which began to improve in 2000 with the implementation of various targeted initiatives, has been strong over the last two years. Delaware was the 48th largest U.S. investment management group at the end of 2002 out of 300 companies, compared to being the 51st largest at the end of 20015.
Approximately 1,194 employees are involved in this business segment.
4. Lincoln UK
Lincoln UK is headquartered in Barnwood, Gloucester, England, and is licensed to do business throughout the United Kingdom (“UK”). Lincoln UK is primarily focused on retaining its existing customers and managing expenses for a closed-block of business in the UK. The segment accepts new deposits on the existing block of business and offers new products to existing policyholders. Lincoln UK’s product portfolio principally consists of unit-linked life and pension products, which are similar to U.S. produced variable life and annuity products.
In 2002, Lincoln UK outsourced its customer service and policy administration function to the Capita Group, plc (“Capita”). The agreement involved the transfer of approximately 500 employees to Capita. The number of employees noted below reflects the actual level of staffing for the current business structure.
Approximately 122 employees are involved in this business segment, excluding those employed by Capita in the customer service and policy administration functions.
2002 Institutional Investor 300 Money Managers, July 2003
C. Other Matters
1. Regulatory
LNC’s Retirement, Life Insurance and Lincoln UK business segments, like other insurance companies, are subject to regulation and supervision by the states, territories and countries in which they are licensed to do business. The laws of these jurisdictions generally establish supervisory agencies with broad administrative powers relative to granting and revoking licenses to transact business, regulating trade practices, licensing agents, prescribing and approving policy forms, regulating premium rates for some lines of business, establishing reserve requirements, regulating competitive matters, prescribing the form and content of financial statements and reports, regulating the type and amount of investments permitted and prescribing minimum levels of capital. The ability to continue an insurance business is dependent upon the maintenance of the licenses in the various jurisdictions. In addition, variable annuities and variable life insurance businesses and products are subject to regulation and supervision by the SEC and the National Association of Securities Dealers (“NASD”).
LNC’s Investment Management segment, like other investment management groups, is subject to regulation and supervision by the SEC, NASD, Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (“MSRB”), Financial Services Authority (“FSA”) in London, the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and jurisdictions of the states, territories and foreign countries in which they are licensed to do business.
LFA and LFD are subject to regulation and supervision by the SEC and NASD on broker dealer and registered investment advisor issues.
2. Reinsurance
LNC’s insurance subsidiaries protect themselves against losses greater than the amount they are willing to retain on any one risk or event by purchasing reinsurance from unaffiliated insurance companies (see Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements).
3. Competition
All businesses LNC is involved in are highly competitive due to the market structure and the large number of competitors. At the end of 2002, the latest year for which data is available, there were approximately 1,171 life insurance companies in the United States. Also, many of the products offered by LNC’s operating companies are similar to products offered by non-insurance financial services companies, such as banks. The Financial Services Modernization Act was passed in November 1999 and repealed the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 and expands the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. This act allows, among other things, cross-ownership by banks, securities firms and insurance companies. In 2003 there were some cross-ownership activities in the financial services industry; however, there was minimal impact on LNC’s operations.
4. Concentrations
Because of the nature of the insurance and investment management businesses, there is no single customer or group of customers upon whom the business is dependent. Although LNC does not have any significant concentration of customers, LNC’s Retirement segment had a long-standing distribution relationship with American Funds Distributors (“AFD”) that is significant to this segment. AFD used wholesalers who focused on both American Funds mutual funds as well as the American Legacy Variable Annuity products. In 2002, LNC and AFD agreed to transition the wholesaling of American Legacy to LFD, which was completed in 2003. American Legacy Variable Annuity product line sold through LFD accounted for about 17% of LNC’s total gross annuity deposits in 2003, compared with about 15% sold through AFD in 2002. In addition, the American Legacy Variable Annuity product line represents approximately 35% and 31% of LNC’s total gross annuity account values at December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively.
5. Market Research
LNC does not have a separate unit that conducts market research. Research activities related to new products or services, or the improvement of existing products or services, are conducted within the business segments. Expenses related to such activities are not material. Also, sales are not dependent upon select geographic areas.
6. Available Information
LNC files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other documents with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). The public may read and copy any materials that LNC files with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 450 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Also, the SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including LNC, that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that LNC files with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.
LNC also makes available free of charge on or through its Internet website (http://www.lfg.com) LNC’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after LNC electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC.
Item 2.
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https://github.com/edwardt/Pegasus-2.5/blob/master/src/Providers/ManagedSystem/ComputerSystem/ComputerSystemProvider.h
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, LicenseRef-scancode-other-permissive
| 2,013 |
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edwardt
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C++
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Code
| 565 | 1,780 |
//%2005////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Copyright (c) 2000, 2001, 2002 BMC Software; Hewlett-Packard Development
// Company, L.P.; IBM Corp.; The Open Group; Tivoli Systems.
// Copyright (c) 2003 BMC Software; Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.;
// IBM Corp.; EMC Corporation, The Open Group.
// Copyright (c) 2004 BMC Software; Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.;
// IBM Corp.; EMC Corporation; VERITAS Software Corporation; The Open Group.
// Copyright (c) 2005 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.; IBM Corp.;
// EMC Corporation; VERITAS Software Corporation; The Open Group.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
// deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
// rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
// sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AND THIS PERMISSION NOTICE SHALL BE INCLUDED IN
// ALL COPIES OR SUBSTANTIAL PORTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED
// "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
// PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
// HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
// ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
//==============================================================================
//
// Author: Christopher Neufeld <neufeld@linuxcare.com>
// Al Stone <ahs3@fc.hp.com>
//
// Modified By: Al Stone <ahs3@fc.hp.com>
// Mike Glantz <michael_glantz@hp.com>
// Carol Ann Krug Graves, Hewlett-Packard Company
// (carolann_graves@hp.com)
//
//%/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef _COMPUTERSYSTEMPROVIDER_H
#define _COMPUTERSYSTEMPROVIDER_H
#define PROVIDER_NAME "ComputerSystemProvider"
#include "ComputerSystem.h"
#include <Pegasus/Provider/CIMInstanceProvider.h>
// Class Names
#define CLASS_CIM_COMPUTER_SYSTEM "CIM_ComputerSystem"
#define CLASS_CIM_UNITARY_COMPUTER_SYSTEM "CIM_UnitaryComputerSystem"
#define CLASS_EXTENDED_COMPUTER_SYSTEM "PG_ComputerSystem"
// Property Names
// CIM_ManagedElement
#define PROPERTY_CAPTION "Caption"
#define PROPERTY_DESCRIPTION "Description"
// CIM_ManagedSystemElement
#define PROPERTY_INSTALL_DATE "InstallDate"
// Name is overridden in CIM_ComputerSystem
// #define PROPERTY_NAME "Name"
#define PROPERTY_STATUS "Status"
// CIM_LogicalElement
// -- none --
// CIM_System
#define PROPERTY_CREATION_CLASS_NAME "CreationClassName"
#define PROPERTY_NAME "Name"
// NameFormat is overridden in CIM_ComputerSystem
// #define PROPERTY_NAME_FORMAT "NameFormat"
#define PROPERTY_PRIMARY_OWNER_NAME "PrimaryOwnerName"
#define PROPERTY_PRIMARY_OWNER_CONTACT "PrimaryOwnerContact"
#define PROPERTY_ROLES "Roles"
// CIM_ComputerSystem
#define PROPERTY_NAME_FORMAT "NameFormat"
#define PROPERTY_OTHER_IDENTIFYING_INFO "OtherIdentifyingInfo"
#define PROPERTY_IDENTIFYING_DESCRIPTIONS "IdentifyingDescriptions"
#define PROPERTY_DEDICATED "Dedicated"
#define PROPERTY_RESET_CAPABILITY "ResetCapability"
#define PROPERTY_POWER_MANAGEMENT_CAPABILITIES "PowerManagementCapabilities"
#define METHOD_SET_POWER_STATE "SetPowerState"
#define METHOD_SET_POWER_STATE_WITH_OPTIONS "SetPowerStateWithOptions"
// CIM_UnitaryComputerSystem
#define PROPERTY_INITIAL_LOAD_INFO "InitialLoadInfo"
#define PROPERTY_LAST_LOAD_INFO "LastLoadInfo"
#define PROPERTY_POWER_MANAGEMENT_SUPPORTED "PowerManagementSupported"
#define PROPERTY_POWER_STATE "PowerState"
#define PROPERTY_WAKE_UP_TYPE "WakeUpType"
// PG_ComputerSystem
#define PROPERTY_IDENTIFICATION_NUMBER "IdentificationNumber"
#define PROPERTY_PRIMARY_OWNER_PAGER "PrimaryOwnerPager"
#define PROPERTY_SECONDARY_OWNER_CONTACT "SecondaryOwnerContact"
#define PROPERTY_SECONDARY_OWNER_NAME "SecondaryOwnerName"
#define PROPERTY_SECONDARY_OWNER_PAGER "SecondaryOwnerPager"
#define PROPERTY_SERIAL_NUMBER "SerialNumber"
PEGASUS_USING_STD;
PEGASUS_USING_PEGASUS;
class ComputerSystemProvider: public CIMInstanceProvider
{
public:
ComputerSystemProvider(void);
~ComputerSystemProvider(void);
//-- CIMInstanceProvider methods
void getInstance(const OperationContext& context,
const CIMObjectPath& ref,
const Boolean includeQualifiers,
const Boolean includeClassOrigin,
const CIMPropertyList& propertyList,
InstanceResponseHandler& handler);
void enumerateInstances(const OperationContext& context,
const CIMObjectPath& ref,
const Boolean includeQualifiers,
const Boolean includeClassOrigin,
const CIMPropertyList& propertyList,
InstanceResponseHandler& handler);
void enumerateInstanceNames(const OperationContext& context,
const CIMObjectPath& ref,
ObjectPathResponseHandler& handler);
void modifyInstance(const OperationContext& context,
const CIMObjectPath& ref,
const CIMInstance& instanceObject,
const Boolean includeQualifiers,
const CIMPropertyList& propertyList,
ResponseHandler& handler );
void createInstance(const OperationContext& context,
const CIMObjectPath& ref,
const CIMInstance& instanceObject,
ObjectPathResponseHandler& handler );
void deleteInstance(const OperationContext& context,
const CIMObjectPath& ref,
ResponseHandler& handler );
void initialize(CIMOMHandle& handle);
void terminate(void);
protected:
CIMOMHandle _ch;
ComputerSystem _cs;
/** Builds a filled-in instance. */
CIMInstance _buildInstance(const CIMName& className);
void _checkClass(CIMName& className);
};
#endif
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UW53ZYNH2IZAJTCTFNS6XR6TMXRI7YDF_1
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German-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,841 |
None
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None
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German
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Spoken
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Intelligenz - Blatt zum Fürstlich Wiedischen , Regierungs Blatt. Nro. 25. Neuwied , den 23. Juni 1841. Perliger : Die Forst. Wiedische Hoft , Buchs und Kunsthanstung. Verautpertlicher Redakrzur : G. A. van de Breck. Amtliche Bekanntmachungen. ( 154 ) Bekanntmachung. Der Peter Dreidoppel von Breitscheid beabsichtigt die Erbauung einer Oelmühle auf seinem Privat = Eigenthume in der Gemeinde Döttesfeld. , District Remmelsan , an der sogenannten Grenz bach , und hat bei der unterzeichneten Stelle um die Erlaubniß zur Anlage dieser Mühle nachgesucht. Es werden daher alle diejenigen , welche hier durch eine Gefährdung ihrer Rechte zu befürchten glauben , hiermit aufgefordert , ihre Einsprüche dage gen innerhalb 8 Wochen präclusivischer Frist bei der unterzeichneten Stelle sowohl , als auch dem Bau herrn selbst , anzubringen. Urbach , den 24. Mai 1841. Fürstl. Wied , Bürgermeister = Amt , Schmidt. ( 179 ). Das zu dem Küfermeister Fried rich Wilhelm Schmidt ' schen Nachlasse " < space > g e h ö r i g e , < space > i n < space > d e r < space > M i t t e l s t r a ß e < space > d a h i e r < space > s u b < space > Nro. 120 gelegene Wohnhaus sammt Zubehörungen soll Montag den 12. Juli d. 13 , Nachmittags 3 Uhr , im Gasthaufe zum wil den Maune dabier , unter den alsdann bekannt zu machenden Bedingungen , ver steigert werden , Neuwied , den 15. Juni 1841. Fürstl. Wied. Justizamt. K. Weidenbach , ( 182 ) sollen dahier Freitag den 25. dieses , Nachmittags 1 Uhr , 600 Scheffel Korn und 900 di # o Hafer ( 163 ) Die Fürstl , Wied. Renten und der Stadt vorstand hierselbst beabsichtigen , vor der hiesigen Stadt , im Holzbache eine gemeinschaftliche Schleuße Behufs Wiesen = Wässerung anzulegen , Alle Diejenigen , welche durch diese Anlage eine Gefährdung ihrer Rechte zu befürchten glauben , werden hiermit aufgefordert ihre Einsprüche dagegen inner halbacht Wochen präclusivischer Frist , sowohl bei den Interessenten als der unterzeichneten Stelle , vor zubringen. Situations = Plan uebst Nivellemenes : Jeichnung liegen zur Einsicht hier offen. Dierdorf am 4. Juni 4841. Fürstl. Wied , Burgermeister Ant , Mäuner. versteigert werden. Dierdorf , den 17. Juni 1841. Fürsel. Rentei , Hümmerich. ( 184 ) , Donnerstag den 4. Juli d. ( 180 ) Mittwoch den 30. dieses sollen im Altwieder Gemeindewalde ca. 15 Eichen auf dem Stamm , zu Baue Nutz = und Geschirrhelz sich eignend , und 3¾. Kftr. Eichenholz , öffentlich meist bietend versteigert werden. Die Zusammenkunft ist Vermittags halb 10 Uhr bei dem Ortsschöffen Ste phan zu Altwied. Oberhieber , am 17 Juni 1841. F. W. Burgermeister = Amt , Ernst , ( 485 ). Bekannt,machung. Am Mittwoch den 30. d. Mts. , Morgens 9 Uhr , sollen im Forstrevier Montrepos 1 ) District Bringeroth 20 Klafter Buchen Stockholz , 2000 Wellen de. Reiser , 2 ) District Schiffmannswieschen 15 Klafter Buchen Stockholz , 3 ) in verschiedenen andern Orten 2¾. Klafter Eichen Astholz , in einzelnen Loosen meistbietend verkauft werden. Das Verkohlen des Klafterholzes wird auf An suchen gestattet. Die Kaufliebhaber versammeln sich im Schlage Nro. 1. Montrepos , den 19. Juni 1841. Der Fürstliche Oberförster ennen ( 178 ) , van Bekanntmachung. In Verfolg der Bekanntmachung vom 16. März 1840. in Betreff des Verfahrens bei der Bestellung von Briefen 2c. , zu deren leichteren Besorgung nech eine besondere Adresse angegeben werden ist wird das coxrespondi rende Pubicum darauf aufmerksam gemacht , daß bei Geldern , Paketen , recommandirten Briefen und über haupt bei allen Gegenständen , wofür die Post Garau : tie zu leisten hat , die Adresse desjenigen , an welchen sdie Bestellung Statt finden soll , ganz bestimmt angegeben ein muß. Die für simple Briefe nachgegebenen Adressirungen : „ an N. N. per Adresse ( aux soins — zu Häus den ) des N. N. “ oder „ an N. N. für R. N. “ sind daher bei Sendungen vor gedachter Categorie nich zulässig. Ist zur leichteren Besorgung der Sendung oder zur Auffindung des wirklichen Empfängers eine nähere Bezeichnung nothwendig , so kann dieselbe bei Sendun gen der gedachten Categorie nur in folgender Art Statt finden. „ ani R. N. zu erfragen bei B. N. „ „ „ abzugeben bei R. N. „ „ im Hause des N. N. tz , wohnhaft bei N. N. „ „ logirt bei R. N. # 4 In allen diesen Fällen bezeichnet der zuerst ange gebene Name den wirklichen Empfänger , an welchen die Bestellung resp. Aushändigung der Sendung zu be wirken ist. Berlin den 3. Juni 1841. General : Post ; Amf. 97 Fremdenliste. Im wilden Mann. Juni 45. Fehrenkampf a. Neuß , shersel. a , Lipzis , Kotz a. Solingen , Schnabel a. Elberfeld u. Oppen beim a. Bonn ; Kfl — 16. Hardt , Kaplan aus Dattenberg. Walraff u. Jansen , Kfl. a. Köln. Knöthgen , Bäckermeister a. Königswinfer , 18 , Elven , Kfm , a. Köln. — Im goldenen Anker. Juni 16. Smith u , Gelbert a. London u. Fryer m Tochter a. Liverpool , Parts. Stoll a. Neuchatel , Baum a. Elberfeld u. Fickenscher a Amsterdam , Kfl. — 19. Nickoll , Part. a. London. Frolken , Peters u. Sasse a. Köln , Bracht a. Barmen , Elkes a. Bonn u. Flers heim a. Frankfurt , Kfl. — Im Gasthaus der Brüdergemeinde. Juni 17. Maccarty u. Hyder , Parts. a. Irland. Schlauderaf Oekonom u. Weizel , Schlosser , a. Leun bei Wetzlar. — 20 van Oudtshoorn m. Fam. u. van den Prins m. Fam. Parts a. Rotterdam. Kan ne. Ober = Steuer = Controlleur a. Altenkirchen. Ekingh von Wildenberg , Mezger , Girtanner , Maudach u. Stier lin , Stud a. Bonn. Fräul. Barcley a. Schottland. — ( 187 ) Rei F. Faust sind vorräthig # z # haben : Bürgermeisterei : Journale , Rechnungen ; Fracht briefe , Wechsel , Anweisungen , Decrete , Fremdenbücher für Gastwirthe , Jebenso Fremdenzettel ; Flaschen = Erie kets , Weins und Speise = Preislisten u. # f : w. was in das Fach der Buch und Steindruckerei schlägt. Ferner Schweizer Brustthee , Schuhglanzwichse # # # c. ( 165 ) Preußisch = Rheinische Dampf : Kölnische Gesellschaft. Schiffahrt. Mit Samstag den 5. Juni wird außer den bekann ten Fahrten noch eine vierte tägliche Fahrt zwischen Köln und Koblenz eingerichtet. Die Aieschrestaunden it Reuwied sins ietzt , heilgenbe ; Rheinaufwärts : Morgens 2 50 Uhr nach Koblenz. # mo½ nund en Mainz. Nachmitt. 3e 241ge m Koblenz. Abends ug # # i an Privatc Anzeigen. ( 183 ) Herbstrübsaamen beste und schwerste Sorte ist pr. 6 zu 8 Sgr. zu haben beim Handels guriner , L. H. Petsch , in Neuwied. ( 183 ) In der Fürstl. Wied. Hof Buch k. Kunst handlung in Neuwied ist zu haben ; Pariser Meubel = Journal. ites Heft 15 sgr. Dasselbe enthält 5 völlig ausgeführte und sauber colo rirte Abbildungen moderner Meubels in groß Folio. Gallerie zu E. L. 98 an den Hals des Glases gehen ; daher schüttet man etwas davon ab , wenn sie weiter reicht , und verschließt alsdann die Mündung des Glases mit einem Pfropfen und Siegellack. Ist dies gesche ben , so hänge man das Glas vor ein Feuster , das jedoch nicht nach Mittag liegt , und kreffe eine solche Vorrichtung, , daß das Glas völlig unbeweglich hängt Sobald sich nun das Glas in Ruhe befindet , wird sich ein fingerhober Bo densatz bilden. Aus diesem steigt bei Windes anzeigen ein Gewölk in die Höhe. Bei verän derlichem Wetter gehr der Bodensatz hin her , während der Spiritus ruhig bleibe. Bei schönem Werter legen sich starke Flocken fest auf den Boden ; der Spirieus aber ist hell u. rein. Gewittern erhöhr sich der Bodensatz , wie Schnee flocken , der Spiricus wird trübe und Alles ge räth in Bewegung. Bei Regenwetter erscheint auf der Oberfläche des Spiricus eine dem Eis ähnliche Scheibe und der Bodensatz erhöhr sich. Im Winter zeige dies Schnee an. Sehr starke Wolken im Glase bedeuten Sturm. Erhöhe sich die obere Scheibe ; so wird es kalt. Bei Erdbeben steige der Bodensatz ganz in die Höhe , und der Spiriens ist unten hell und rein. Wenn sich der Bodensatz theile ; halb oben , halb unten , und der Spirieus in der Mitte hell ist , so folge den anderen Tag beständig Regen. Baumanpflanzung. Im Regierungs Bezirk Erfurt sind im Laufe des Jahres 1839 gegen 124,000 Obstbaumstämme angepflanze worden. Das wird Segen bringen. Die Stadt Listtich versieht mie ihrem Gemüse zehn Meilen in der Runde ; bis nach Nachen senden sie ihre gelben und rothen Rüben , und ihre Gurken werden auf deutschem Boden , in der Stadt , wo Karl der Große begraben liegt , ver ehrt und verzehri , Frucht = Preis. Waizen per Scheffel # 2 Thlr. 10 Sgr. 7 Pf. Roggen * „ „ 1 47 „ 9 * Gerste e gng „ z Hafer chüi Bra 25. 06 Andernach , den 22 , Juni 1841. Bürgermeister = Amt. Brode und Weck = Taxe. Ein gut ausgebackenes Roggenbrod von 7 Pfund soll kosten JS 4 Sgr. 2 Ein solches Weisbrod von 5¼. Pf. 4 onuck n8 is Ein Schößchen oder Weck für 3 Pfenn. soll wiegen 5 Lothe — Fleisch. : Tare. Ochsenfleisch. : 4. # das Pfund 3 Sgr. ( 3 Pf.
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%20Mead
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Syd Mead
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syd Mead&action=history
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Welsh
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Spoken
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Dylunydd diwydiannol ac artist cysyniadol neoddyfodolaidd oedd Sydney Jay Mead (18 Gorffennaf 1933 – 30 Rhagfyr 2019), yn adnabyddus am ei ddyluniadau ar gyfer ffilmiau ffuglen wyddonol fel Blade Runner, Alien a Tron. Dywedodd Mead unwaith, "Rydw i wedi galw ffuglen wyddonol yn 'realiti yn gynt na'r disgwyl.'" Disgrifiwyd Mead fel "yr artist sy'n darlunio'r dyfodol" ac "un o artistiaid cysyniadol a dylunwyr diwydiannol mwyaf dylanwadol ein hoes".
Ganed ar 18 Orffennaf 1933 yn Saint Paul, Minnesota. Roedd ei dad yn Weinidog gyda'r Bedyddwyr, a ddarllenodd gylchgronau 'pulp' iddo, fel Buck Rogers a Flash Gordon, gan danio ei ddiddordeb mewn ffuglen wyddonol. Roedd Mead yn fedrus mewn darlunio yn ifanc. Yn ôl Mead, "erbyn i mi fod yn yr ysgol uwchradd roeddwn i'n gallu llunio'r ffigwr dynol, roeddwn i'n gallu darlunio anifeiliaid, ac roedd gen i ymdeimlad o gysgodi i ddangos siâp. Roeddwn yn eithaf medrus ar y pwynt hwnnw gyda thechneg brwsh ac ati." Disgrifiodd ei hun fel "plentyn ynysig." Graddiodd Mead o'r ysgol uwchradd yn Colorado Springs, Colorado, ym 1951. Ar ôl gwasanaeth ymrestriad am dair blynedd ym myddin yr UD, mynychodd Mead Art Center School yn Los Angeles (bellach Art Center College of Design, Pasadena ), lle graddiodd ym mis Mehefin 1959.
Gyrfa
Ym 1959, recriwtiwyd Mead gan Elwood Engel o'r Advanced Styling Studio yng Nghwmni Moduron Ford. Rhwng 1960 a 1961, bu Mead yn gweithio yn Ford Motor Company Styling yn Detroit, Michigan. Gadawodd Mead Ford ar ôl dwy flynedd i ddarlunio llyfrau a chatalogau ar gyfer cwmnïau gan gynnwys United States Steel, Celanese, Allis-Chalmers ac Atlas Cement. Ym 1970, lansiodd Syd Mead, Inc. yn Detroit gyda chleientiaid gan gynnwys Philips Electronics.
Gyda'i gwmni ei hun yn y 1970au, treuliodd Mead oddeutu traean o'i amser yn Ewrop, yn bennaf i ddarparu dyluniadau a darluniau i Philips, a pharhaodd i weithio i gleientiaid rhyngwladol. Trwy'r 1970au a'r 1980au, darparodd Mead a'i gwmni bensaernïaeth, yn dylunio tu mewn a'r tu allan, ar gyfer cleientiaid gan gynnwys Intercontinental Hotels, 3D International, Harwood Taylor & Associates, Don Ghia, Gresham & Smith a Philip Koether Architects.
[ angen dyfynnu ]
Gan ddechrau ym 1983, datblygodd Mead berthynas gweithiol gyda Sony, Minolta, Dentsu, Dyflex, Tiger Corporation, Seibu, Mitsukoshi, Bandai, NHK a Honda .
Dechreuodd sioeau un dyn Mead ym 1973 gydag arddangosfa yn documenta 6 yn Kassel, Gorllewin yr Almaen. Ers hynny mae ei waith wedi'i arddangos yn Japan, yr Eidal, Califfornia a Sbaen. Yn 1983, mewn ymateb i wahoddiad gan Chrysler Corporation i fod yn siaradwr gwadd i'w staff dylunio, casglodd Mead ddetholiad o sleidiau i wella ei ddarlith yn weledol. Roedd y cyflwyniad a ddeilliodd o hyn yn llwyddiant ac ers hynny mae wedi cael ei ehangu a'i wella gyda delweddaeth a gynhyrchwyd gan gyfrifiadur wedi'i ymgynnull yn benodol ar geisiadau cleientiaid academaidd a chorfforaethol ledled y byd, gan gynnwys Disney, Prifysgol Carnegie Mellon, Prifysgol Purdue, Sefydliad Pratt a Chymdeithas y Darlunwyr . Ym mis Mawrth 2010 cwblhaodd Mead daith pedair dinas yn Awstralia.
[ angen dyfynnu ]
Yn 1993, daeth oriel ddigidol yn cynnwys 50 enghraifft o'i gelf gyda sgriniau rhyngwyneb a ddyluniwyd ganddo yn un o'r CD-ROMau cyntaf a ryddhawyd yn Japan. Yn 2004, cydweithiodd Mead ag Gnomon School of Visual Effects i gynhyrchu cyfres DVD "sut-i" pedair cyfrol o'r enw Techniques of Syd Mead .
O ran ei waith, dywedodd Mead, "Mae'r syniad yn disodli techneg."
Yn 2018, cyhoeddodd Mead ei hunangofiant, A Future Remembered. "
Mewn ffilm
Gweithiodd Mead gyda stiwdios mawr ar y ffilmiau nodwedd Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Blade Runner, Tron, 2010, Short Circuit, Alien, Aliens, Timecop, Johnny Mnemonic, Mission: Impossible III, a Blade Runner 2049.
Cyfrannodd Mead at y ffilm Siapaneaidd Solar Crisis. Yn y 1990au, darparodd Mead ddyluniadau ar gyfer dau eicon anime Japaneaidd, Yamato 2520 a Turn A Gundam.
Creodd George Lucas yr AT-AT ar gyfer ei saga Star Wars yn seiliedig ar gelf gan Mead.
Ym mis Mai 2007, cwblhaodd waith ar raglen ddogfen o'i yrfa gyda'r cyfarwyddwr Joaquin Montalvan o'r enw Visual Futurist: The Art & Life of Syd Mead. Yn 2008, archwiliodd ei weithiau yn y ffilm ddogfen fer 2019: A Future Imagined. Ymddangosodd Mead hefyd mewn rhaglenni dogfen ffilm fel Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner ac On the Edge of Blade Runner gan Mark Kermode, a deunyddiau hyrwyddo fel y DVD ychwanegol ar gyfer Aliens a ffilm fer hyrwyddol am wneud 2010.
Bywyd personol
Roedd Mead mewn perthynas bersonol gyda'i bartner Roger Servick, a ddaeth hefyd yn rheolwr busnes ym 1991. Gwnaeth y ddau sefydlu cwmni cyhoeddi, OBLAGON, Inc., yn Hollywood ac adleoli ym 1998 i Pasadena, California, lle parhaodd Mead i weithio.
Marwolaeth
Ar 30 Rhagfyr 2019, bu farw Syd yn ei gartref Pasadena yn 86 oed, ar ôl tair blynedd o lymffoma. Yn fuan ar ôl ei farwolaeth, talodd llawer deyrnged i fywyd Mead.
Oriel ddelweddau
Gweler hefyd
Dyfodoliaeth
Cyfeiriadau
Dolenni allanol
Syd Mead entry at Anime.com
Blogs in JPN
Detailed information for the "Syd Mead's Terraforming" video-game at the PC Engine Software Bible
Entry for Syd Mead's Terraforming at PC-Engine Catalog Project
Event Recap: "An Audience with Syd Mead", Brisbane, March 2010
The Gnomon Workshop video tutorials with Syd Mead
Cyfweliadau
Ed Naha, "Blade Runner's Syd Mead: An Artist With Designs on the Future", Starlog (USA) May 1982, Iss. 58, pg. 36-39,+61
Randy & Jean-Marc Lofficier, "Detective Future Past", Starlog (USA) November 1992, Iss. 184
The future came true – An Interview with Syd Mead
Syd Mead's interview at Jabučnjak, July 2009
Wayne Gerard Trotman, Interview, Red Moon Chronicle, August 2011
Pobl fu farw o lymffoma
Marwolaethau 2019
Genedigaethau 1933
Dylunwyr Americanaidd
Americanwyr LHDT
Dyfodolwyr
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6922355_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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SCHWAB, C. J.
Defendant was cited for failing to leave his name and address at the scene of an accident, ORS 483.602, and for driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, former ORS 483.992 (repealed Oregon Laws 1975, ch 451, § 291, p 904).
Following two continuances, one requested by the state to change a January 14, 1975, trial date, and one requested by the defendant to change an April 1,1975, trial date, trial was set for April 11, 1975. On that date, the state moved for another continuance which the district court denied. On motion of the defendant, the district court then ordered the citations dismissed.
There is disagreement as to what the state contends on appeal to this court. In its brief, the state says: "Upon the State’s appeal to the circuit court, the main focus was upon the dismissal of the citations. This appeal focuses upon the same issue.” The state argues at length that the circuit court improperly concluded that the state acted in bad faith in making its first motion for a continuance. The state says that this conclusion is the only basis for dismissing the citations. We interpret all of this as a contention that dismissal was an unwarranted remedy, and not as a contention that the state established good cause for a second continuance.1 The sole issue, then, is whether dismissal properly followed the denial of a second continuance.
This is controlled by statute. ORS 136.120 provides for dismissing an accusatory instrument in a situation where the district attorney is not prepared for trial and does not show sufficient cause for postponing the trial:
"If, when the case is called for trial, the defendant appears for trial and the district attorney is not ready and does not show any sufficient cause for postponing *520the trial, the court shall order the accusatory instrument to be dismissed, unless, being of the opinion that the public interests require the accusatory instrument to be retained for trial, the court directs it to be retained.” ORS 136.120. (Emphasis supplied.)
The deputy district attorney who requested the continuance in the district court was called as a witness in the circuit court. On direct examination she testified:
"Q Now, at the time that the case was set to go * * * was the State ready to proceed?
"A No, the State was not ready to proceed.”
Faced with this situation, the district court’s options under ORS 136.120 were to dismiss or, if required by the public interest, order the citations retained for a later trial. See, State v. Pena, 15 Or App 582, 516 P2d 761 (1973). The state does not contend that the district court’s failure to find that the public interests required the citations to be retained was an abuse of its discretion. Therefore, dismissal was the only possible remedy.
Affirmed.
Postponement requires a showing of "sufficient cause,” ORS 136.070, and a showing of good faith in requesting a continuance is not the same as a showing of good cause.
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US-201514706809-A_7
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USPTO
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For example, tiny cameras may be built with a layer approach, usingwafer level technology. For instance, a plurality of VGA pads may beformed on a flexible substrate for communicatively coupling thesecameras. The flexible substrate with cameras may be stretched over ananvil, and fixed for instance via an adhesive. This provides aninexpensive set of VGA cameras that have optically nice field of view ofapproximately 60 degree or 70 degrees. This approach advantageouslyemploys a flat process, and then because of the way imaging algorithmswork, just stretches the flexible substrate over an anvil. The resultantstructure provides the equivalent of a wide field of view camera from apixel count image quality perspective, but with overlapping ornon-overlapping fields of view. A plurality of two or three elementwafer level of cameras can replace a specific wide field of view lensthat has five or six elements, while still achieving the same field ofview as the wide field of view camera.
Avatars
The AR system may render virtual representations of users or otherentities, referred to as avatars, as described in some detail above. TheAR system may render an avatar of a user in the user's own virtualspaces, and/or in the virtual spaces of other user's.
In some implementations, the AR system may allow an avatar to operate avirtual machine, for example a virtual robot, to operate in anenvironment. For example, the AR system may render an avatar to appearto “jump” into a robot, to allow the avatar to physically change anenvironment, then allow the avatar to jump back out of the robot. Thisapproach allows time multiplexing of a physical asset.
For instance, the AR system may render an avatar of a first user toappear in virtual space of a second user in which there is a virtualrobot. The “visiting” avatar of the first user enters into a body of therobot in the second user's virtual space. The first user can manipulatethe second user's virtual environment via the virtual robot. If anotheravatar was previously residing in robot, that other avatar is removed toallow the avatar of the first user to enter or inhabit the robot. Theother avatar originally inhabiting the robot and being removed from therobot may become a remote avatar, visiting some other virtual space. Theavatar originally inhabiting the robot may reenter the robot once theavatar of the first user is done using the robot.
The AR system may render an avatar presence in a virtual space with noinstrumentation, and allow virtual interaction. The passable world modelallows a first user to pass a second user a copy of the first user'ssection of the world (e.g., a level that runs locally). If the seconduser's individual AR system is performing local rendering, all the firstuser's individual AR system needs to send is the skeletal animation.
It should be appreciated that the AR system may allow for a continuityor spectrum of avatar rendering.
At its simplest, the AR system can drive inferential avatar rendering ina manner similar to driving a character in multi-player online games.The resulting avatar may be rendered with the appearance of a gamecharacter (e.g., animation), walking around in a virtual world. In thatimplementation, the only data coming from the user associated with theavatar is velocity and direction of travel, and possibly simplemovements for instance hand motions, etc.
Next in complexity, an avatar may resemble a physical appearance of theassociated user, and may include updating of the avatar based oninformation collected from the associated user in real-time. Forexample, an image of a first user's face may have been captured orpre-scanned for use in generating the avatar. The avatar may have a facethat appears either as realistic representation (e.g., photographic) oras a recognizable representation (e.g., drawn, cartoonish or caricature)The body of the avatar may, for example, be drawn, cartoonish orcaricature, and may even be out of portion with the head of the avatar.
The AR system may employ information collected from the first user toanimate the avatar in real-time. For example, a head worn component ofthe individual AR system may include one or more inward facing camerasand/or microphones or other sensors (e.g., temperature, perspiration,heat rate, blood pressure, breathing rate) to collect real-timeinformation or data from the first user. The information may includeimages and sound, including vocals with the inflections, etc.
Voice may be passed through to appear to be emanating from the avatar.In some implementations in which the avatar has a realistic face, thefacial images may also be passed through. Where the avatar does not havea realistic face, the AR system may discern facial expressions from theimages and/or inflections in voice from the sound. The AR system mayupdate facial expressions of the avatar based on the discerned facialexpressions and/or inflections in voice. For example, the AR system maydetermine an emotion state (e.g., happy, sad, angry, content,frustrated, satisfied) of the first user based on the facial expressionsand/or inflections. The AR system may select a facial expression torender on the avatar based on the determined emotion state of the firstuser. For example, the AR system may select from a number of animationor graphical representations of emotion. Thus, the AR system may employreal time texture mapping to render emotional state of a user on anavatar that represents the user.
Next in complexity, the AR system may collect information about portionsof a user's body in addition to, or other than, the user's face orvoice. For example, the AR system may collect information representativeof movement of one or more limbs of the user and/or of the user's entirebody. The AR system may collect such information via user worn sensors(e.g., accelerometers, gyros) and/or via a room sensor system whichmonitors at least a portion of a physical space in which the user islocated.
The AR system uses the collected information to render the entire bodyof the avatar in a way that reflects that actual movement of the userwhich the avatar represents. The AR system may perform functions suchalong with real-time texture mapping, applying images (e.g., video) tothe avatar.
In an even more complex implementation, the AR system may include one ormore light field cameras which capture a light field of the user inphysical space. The second user may view a live real three-dimensionalimage of the first user with sound, which is more realistic then thepreviously described implementations.
In a most complex implementation, the AR system may include one or morelight field cameras which capture a light field of the user in physicalspace. The AR system may code the captured light field into a model, andsend the model to an individual AR system of a second user for renderinginto the second user's virtual space.
Inferential Avatar Rendering
As discussed above, an AR system may use head, hand, environment pose,voice inflection, and/or eye gaze to animate or modify a user's virtualself or avatar in a space. The AR system may infer a location of auser's avatar simply based on a position of the user's head and/or handswith respect to the environment. The AR system may statistically processvoice inflection (e.g., not content of utterances), and animate ormodify an emotional expression of the corresponding avatar to reflect anemotion of the respective user which the avatar represents. For example,if a user has selected an avatar that resembles a pumpkin, in responseto detecting patterns in the user's voice that indicate anger, the ARsystem may render teeth in a mouth cutout of the pumpkin avatar. As afurther example, a user may have an avatar that resembles the Pikachu®character. In response to detection of vocal inflections that indicateinquisitiveness, the AR system may render the Pikachu® resemblingavatar, for instance with mouth moving and eyes are looking around issame manner as the user's mouth and eyes, etc.
A rendering of a user's respective virtual space or environment isasynchronous. An exchange of a relatively small amount of informationallows a first user to experience being in another's user's space, orexperience having another user in the first user's space. If the firstuser has a copy of the second user's space, the first user can appear inthe second user's space, with control over their own viewpoint of thesecond user's space, as well as control over their own interactionswithin the second user's space. Animating an avatar using a subset ofinformation, without instrumentation, provides for scalability.
Avatar Navigation Objects
The AR system can provide for autonomous navigation of virtual objectsthrough an environment. Where the virtual objects constitute avatars,various emotional states of the avatar may be taken into accountautonomously navigating through a space the avatar is inhabiting.
As illustrated in FIG. 39, the AR system may include a collection orlibrary of autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 a-2300 d(collectively 2300), which sense and are responsive in predefined waysto certain defined conditions which may occur or be sensed in thevirtual space or environment. The autonomous navigation definitions orobjects are each associated with a condition or stimulus which may occuror be sensed in a virtual space or environment.
An autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 a may be responsiveto, for example, a presence of structure (e.g., a wall). An autonomousnavigation definition or object 2300 b may be responsive to, forexample, light or a source of light (e.g., luminaire, window). Anautonomous navigation definition or object 2300 c may be responsive to,for example, sound or a source of sound (e.g., bell, siren, whistle,voice). An autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 d may beresponsive to, for example, food or water or a source of food or water.Other autonomous navigation definitions or objects (not shown in FIG.39) may be responsive to other conditions or stimuli, for instance asource of fear (e.g., monster, weapon, fire, cliff), source of food,source of water, treasure, money, gems, precious metals, etc.
The autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 are eachassociated with a defined response. Autonomous navigation definitions orobjects respond, for example by causing or tending to cause movement.For example, some autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300cause or tend to cause movement away from a source of a condition orstimulus. Also for example, some autonomous navigation objects 2300cause or tend to cause movement toward a source of a condition orstimulus.
At least some of the autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300have one or more adjustable parameters. The adjustable parameters do notchange the fundamental conditions or stimulus to which the autonomousnavigation definitions or objects 2300 react, but may set a sensitivitylevel and/or level or strength of response to the conditions or stimuli.The AR system may provide one or more user interface tools for adjustingproperties. For example, a user interface tool (e.g., slider bar icons,knob icons) may allow for scaling the properties, inverting theproperties (e.g., move towards, move away), etc.
The adjustable parameters may, for example, set a level of sensitivityof the autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 to the conditionsor stimulus to which the autonomous navigation definition or object isresponsive. For example, a sensitivity parameter may be set to a lowlevel, at which the autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 isnot very responsive to an occurrence of a condition or presence of astimulus, for instance not responding until a source of a condition orstimulus is very close.
Also for example, a sensitivity parameter may be set to a high level, atwhich the autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 is veryresponsive to an occurrence of a condition or presence of a stimulus,for instance responding even when a source of a condition or stimulus isnot very close. Levels in between the low and high levels may also beemployed. In some implementations, the level of sensitivity may beconsidered as a range of sensitivity. Such may set an outer boundary atwhich the autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 is sensitive,or may set a gradient in sensitivity, which may be linear, exponential,or even a step function with one or more distinct steps in sensitivity.
The adjustable parameters may, for example, set a level of response ofthe autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 to the conditions orstimulus to which the autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 isresponsive. For example, a parameter may adjust a strength at which theautonomous navigation definition or object 2300 responds to anoccurrence of a condition or stimulus. For instance, a parameter may seta strength of a tendency or likelihood to move. For example, a tendencyparameter may be set to a low level, at which the autonomous navigationdefinition or object 2300 is not very responsive an occurrence of acondition or presence of a stimulus.
Also for example, the tendency parameter may be set to a high level, atwhich the autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 is veryresponsive an occurrence of a condition or presence of a stimulus, andwill strongly cause movement either toward or away from the source of acondition or stimulus. A speed parameter may set a speed at which theautonomous navigation definition or object 2300 moves in response todetection of the condition or stimulus. The speed may be a fixed speedor a variable speed which changes with time (e.g., slowing down 5seconds after response starts) or distance (e.g., slowing down aftermoving a fixed distance). A direction parameter may set a direction ofmovement (e.g., toward, away).
While autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 may beresponsive to conditions and stimuli in a two-dimensional area, in someimplementations the autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300are responsive to conditions and stimuli in a three-dimensional volume.Some autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 may be isotropic,that is detecting and responding to conditions occurring in alldirections relative to the autonomous navigation object 2300. Someautonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 may be anisotropic,that is detecting and responding to conditions occurring in only limiteddirections relative to the autonomous navigation definition or object.Isotropic or anisotropic operation may be an adjustable parameter forsome autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300.
The autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 may be predefined,and selectable by a user or others. In some implementations, a user maydefine new autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300, andoptionally incorporate the new autonomous navigation definitions orobjects into a collection or library for reuse by the user or for use byothers.
As illustrated in FIG. 40, one or more autonomous navigation definitionsor objects 2300 a, 2300 c are logically associable to a virtual object2400, for example to an avatar. When logically associated with a virtualobject 2400, the autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 a,2300 c may be plotted as a body centered coordinate frame about thevirtual object 2400. That is the center of the autonomous navigationdefinition or object 2300 a, 2300 c is the center of the body of thevirtual object 2400 itself. The autonomous navigation definitions orobjects 2300 may be scaled, for example with a logarithmic function orsome other function that for instance scales infinity to 1 and proximityto 0.
The autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 are eachindependent from one another. Any number of autonomous navigationdefinitions or objects 2300 can be associated or applied to a virtualobject 2400. For example, thousands of autonomous navigation definitionsor objects 2300 may be applied to a single virtual object 2400.
FIG. 41 shows a set or “stack” 2500 of autonomous navigation definitionsor objects 2300 which are logically associated with a given virtualobject 2400, and which can be arranged as rings about the virtual object2400, for example as illustrated in FIG. 40. Once a set or stack 2500 ofautonomous navigation objects 2300 a-2300 d has been defined, andcomposited, as indicated by summing line 2540 (FIG. 41), values of theautonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 are normalized to bebetween zero and one.
As noted, some properties of at least some of the autonomous navigationobjects 2300 may be adjustable. Those properties may include a level ofsensitivity as wells as a strength of response. While the types (e.g.,condition or stimulus) of autonomous navigation definitions or objects2300 available may be fixed, a user can composite 2540 the autonomousnavigation definitions or objects 2300 to provide a composite orcombined output 2442 (FIG. 41). The composite mechanism may, forexample, look for a lowest value, in one or more embodiments. In othercases, the trigger may be a high value, depending on the application.
The composite mechanism could, for example, treat the autonomousnavigation definition or object 2300 a that is responsive to a presenceof a structure (e.g., sonar or collision detection) as a filter (e.g.,binary outcome, pass/do not pass, ON/OFF), and treat all of otherautonomous navigation definition or object 2300 b-2300 d as scalingfactors. For example, the composite 2442 of one or more autonomousnavigation definitions or objects 2300 may perform a peak detection on avalue or shape (e.g., what is the maximal distance away from center),and provide an indication of a direction and magnitude of velocity(indicated by vector 2544) that the virtual object 2400 should travel inresponse to the detected condition(s) or stimuli.
The strength of response or action of an autonomous navigationdefinition or object may be represented as a potential field. Forexample, a potential field may define a tendency to attract or repel anavatar. For instance, the AR system may establish a convention in whicha positive potential field attracts an avatar, while a negativepotential repels an avatar. Alternatively, the convention may be that apositive potential field repels an avatar, while a negative potentialattracts an avatar.
As a further alternative, one type of potential field may be availableunder an established convention, which either repels or alternativelyattracts the avatar. Further, the AR system may employ a conventionwhere a potential field may be assigned a magnitude or gradient, themagnitude or gradient corresponding to a strength or attraction orrepulsion. The gradient may be a linear or nonlinear function, and mayeven include singularities. The potential field may be establishedcoincidentally with the virtual object or avatar. The potential fieldmay tend to cause an avatar to avoid a source of the condition orstimulus (e.g., sound, light) for example to steer around the source ofthe condition or stimulus.
As illustrated in FIG. 40, in one example there may be a first virtualobject 2400 which is moving in a virtual space or environment 2402. Thevirtual space or environment 2402 may include a wall 2404, which may beeither a virtual or a physical object. The virtual space or environment2402 may include a source 2406 of a sound 2408. In one or moreembodiments, the AR system may use artificial intelligence to steer thefirst virtual object 2400 toward a target, for example the source 2406of the sound 2408 in the virtual space or environment 2402 whichincludes the wall 2404, while avoiding collisions with the wall 2404.
For instance, an autonomous navigation object 2300 a that is responsiveto a presence of structures may be logically associated with the virtualobject 2400. Also for instance, an autonomous navigation object 2300 cthat is responsive to sound 2408 may be logically associated with thevirtual object 2400. The autonomous navigation objects 2300 a, 2300 cmay be defined to constitute one or more rings located about a body ofthe virtual object 2400. For example, the autonomous navigation object2300 may have a property that defines allowable movement.
For example, the autonomous navigation object 2300 a may, in thepresence of structure, limit movement that would result in a collisionwith the structure. For instance, in the presence of a flat wall 2404,the autonomous navigation object 2300 a may limit the first virtualobject 2400 to movement in a lateral direction (e.g., cannot move intothe wall), while allowing the first virtual object 2400 to move in anyother directions without limitation. Also for example, the autonomousnavigation object 2300 c may, in the presence of sound 2408, cause theassociated first virtual object 2400 to move generally towards a source2406 of the sound 2408.
The above example may be modified with the addition of a source of lightto the virtual space or environment 2402. An autonomous navigationdefinition or object 2300 b (FIG. 39) that is responsive to light may beassociated with the first virtual object 2400. Detection of light by thelight responsive autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 b maycause the first virtual object 2400 to tend to move toward the source oflight, or conversely tend to move away from the source of light. In thiscase, the first virtual object 2400 will be responsive to the compositeof three conditions, structure, sound, and light.
As described above, a set of autonomous navigation definitions orobjects may be represented arranged as rings about a virtual object(e.g., avatar) and composited together. These can be represented as astate in a state machine, and provide the virtual object to which theautonomous navigation definitions or objects are associated with travelor movement information (e.g., direction, orientation, speed, and/ordistance of travel or movement). This provides a time-based method ofinstructing a virtual object on where to travel, completelybehaviorally. In some implementations, an artificial intelligencealgorithm may be applied to tune a state to perfection, based just onempirical input data.
The AR system may provide for persistent emotion vectors (PEVs) todefine state transitions. PEVs are capable of representing variousemotions, and may have particular values at a particular state in time.In one or more embodiments, PEVs may be globally used.
A transition from state to state may be controlled by a set or stack upof the PEVs. Notably, the state machine may not need to be a completestate machine, but rather may cover only a portion of all possiblestates. A user may set up the states for the particular statetransitions that the user is interested in.
As illustrated in FIG. 42A, a set 2600 a of autonomous navigationdefinitions or objects 2300 a-2300 d associated with a given virtualobject (e.g., an avatar) 2602 a are composited to sum to a single ring2604 a. The set 2600 a may be assigned or logically associated with oneor more emotional states, for example anger 2606 a, sad 2606 b, happy,frightened, satisfied, hungry, tired, cold, hot, pleased, disappointed,etc. (collectively, 2606, only two emotional states called out in FIG.42A).
The AR system provides for user configurable summing blocks 2608 a, 2608b (only two shown collectively 2608), into which the autonomousnavigation definitions or objects 2300 a-2300 b feed. The summing block2608 drives respective emotion vectors. A user may configure the summingblocks 2608 to cause particular actions to occur. These are inherentlytime-based, and may apply global weightings based on a current state ofa virtual object 2602 a, such as an avatar.
As illustrated in FIG. 42B, a user or some other may, for example,establish a frightened or flee emotion vector. For example, a frightenedor flee autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 n may belogically associated with a virtual object (e.g., avatar) 2602 b. Thefrightened or flee autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 n maybe the only autonomous navigation definition or object 2300 in a set2600 n, and may composite 2604 n to an identity function via summingblock 2608 n.
A frightened or flee emotion vector tends to cause the virtual object(e.g., avatar) 2602 b to flee when presented with some defined conditionor stimulus, such as fright 2606 n. The frightened or flee emotionvector may typically have a relatively short time constant, and very lowthreshold. The state transition to a flee state is controlled by a stateof the global. Consequently, state transitions to a flee state when thefrightened or flee emotion vector goes low, either alone or incombination with other emotion vectors.
The AR system may employ feedback, for instance using a correlation or astatistical mechanism. For example, a correlation threshold graph 4700may be defined for any particular autonomous navigation definition orobject as illustrated in FIG. 43. The correlation threshold graph 4700may, for example, have been time plotted along a horizontal axis 4700 aand a scale (e.g., zero to one) plotted along a vertical axis 4700 b. Tocontrol a relation of an autonomous navigation definition or object onthe vertical axis, a user can specify a threshold in time t0 and athreshold sensed condition or stimulus level CT. A function fn definesthe respective response once the threshold has been meet.
Thus, the AR system allows two or more autonomous navigation definitionsor objects 2300 to be summed together. The AR system may also allow auser to adjust a trigger threshold. For example, in response to aparticular combination of autonomous navigation definitions or objects2300 exceeding a certain time threshold, the value(s) of thoseautonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 may be applied to aramping mechanism to a particular emotion vector.
The approach described herein provides a very complex artificialintelligence (AI) property by performing deterministic acts withcompletely deterministic globally visible mechanisms for transitioningfrom one state to another. These actions are implicitly map-able to abehavior that a user cares about. Constant insight through monitoring ofthese global values of an overall state of the system is required, whichallows the insertion of other states or changes to the current state. Asa further example, an autonomous navigation definition or object may beresponsive to a distance to a neighbor. The autonomous navigationdefinition or object may define a gradient around a neighbor, forexample with a steep gradient on a front portion and a shallow gradienton a back portion. This creates an automatic behavior for the associatedvirtual object. For example, as the virtual object moves, it may forinstance tend to move toward the shallow gradient rather than the steepgradient, if defined as such.
Alternatively, the virtual object may, for instance, tend to move towardthe steep gradient rather than the shallow gradient, if defined as such.The gradients may be defined to cause the virtual object to tend to movearound behind the neighbor. This might, for example, be used in a gamingenvironment where the neighbor is an enemy and the autonomous navigationobject functions as an enemy sensor. This may even take into account thedirection that the enemy is facing. For example, the value may be highif the avatar is in front. As the avatar moves, it senses a smallergradient which attracts the avatar to come up behind enemy (e.g.,flanking run behind and punch behavior).
Thus, the autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300 areconfigured to sense states in the artificial environment, e.g., presenceof water, presence of food, slope of ground, proximity of enemy, light,sound, texture. The autonomous navigation definitions or objects 2300and PEVs allow users to compose definitions that cause virtual objectsto tend toward a behavior the user desires. This may allow users toincrementally and atomically or modularly specify an infinite level ofcomplexity by adding states, optimizing an individual state, anddefining transitions to new states.
In one or more embodiments, the AR system may associate a navigationobject with a virtual object. The navigation object may be responsive toone or more predetermined conditions (e.g., a movement, a command, astructure, an emotion, a distance, etc.). Based on the change in thenavigation object, at least one parameter of the virtual object may bechanged as well. For example, the virtual object may move faster, ormove toward another object, or exhibit a facial expression, etc.
The AR system may, in at least some implementations, advantageouslyperform optical flow analysis in hardware by finding features via animage processing unit (IPU), then finding the features frame-by-framewith a general purpose set theoretic processor (GPSTP). These componentsenable the AR system to perform some of complex computations describedthroughout this application. Further details on these components will beprovided below, but it should be appreciated that any other similarprocessing components may be similarly used, or used additionally.
A GPSTP is a search engine that efficiently finds defined objects.GPSTPs perform a set theoretic search. By way of explanation, a Venndiagram search the combinatorics can be searched in order n, rather thanfactorial order. The GPSTPs efficiently performs comparisons using settheory to find defined objects. For example, a GPSTP is an efficientstructure to find a person who meets a very specific criteria, asillustrated in the example following criteria: male who had a 1987Cadillac, purchased a Starbucks® coffee on July 31st, and who climbedMount Everest in 1983, and who has a blue shirt.
An IPU is a piece of imaging processing hardware that can take an imagein pixels and convert it into features. A feature may be thought of as apixel coordinate with meta information.
In executing optical flow algorithms and imaging, the AR systemidentifies an object in a frame and then determines where that objectappears in at least one subsequent frame. The IPU efficiently generatesfeatures, and reduces the data from pixels to a set of features. Forexample, the IPU may take a frame with mega pixels of a million pointssize, and produce a much smaller set of features (e.g., 200 features).These set of features may be provided to GPSTP for processing. The GPSTPmay store the features to be found. As discussed above, a feature is a2D point in an image with associated meta information or data. Featurescan have names or labels. The GPSTP has the n−1 features that were foundin the most previous ring.
If a match is found, the correspondence may be saved in 2D. Thisrequires only a small amount of computing for a general purposeprocessor to calculate a bundle adjust to figure out what the relativeabsolute pose was from the last frame to the current frame. It providesa hardware closed loop that is very fast and very efficient.
In a mobile computation scenario, the two pieces of hardware (IPU andGPSTP) may efficiently perform what would normally require a largeamount of conventional imaging processing.
In some implementations, the AR system may employ a meta process thatprovides timing and quality targets for every atomic module inlocalization, pose, and mapping processes. By providing each atomicmodule a timing and quality target, those modules can internally orautonomously self-regulate their algorithm to optimality. Thisadvantageously avoids the need for hard-real time operation. Themeta-controller may then pull in statistics from the atomic modules,statistically identifying the class of place in which the system isoperating. Overall system tuning configurations for various places(e.g., planes, roads, hospitals, living rooms, etc.) may be saved.
The AR system may employ a tracking module. Any piece of computerprocessing can take different amounts of time. If every module is atomicand can receive and use timing and quality data, the modules candetermine or at least estimate how long they take to run a process. Themodule may have some metric on the quality of the respective process.The modules may take the determined or estimated timing of variousmodules into account, automatically implementing tradeoffs wherepossible. For example, the module may decide to determine that takingmore time to achieve higher quality is advisable. The Meta-Controllercould seed a quality time target to every module in a very modularsystem. This may allow each module to self-tune itself to hit timingtargets. This allows operation of a very complicated processing systemthat needs to run in real time, without a schedule. It forms a feedbackloop.
This approach avoids the need for a hard real-time operating system. TheMeta-Controller sends the time target messages to the modules. Forexample, if a user is playing a game, the Meta-Controller may decide totell the modules to use low quality localization targets because theMeta-Controller would like to free up computing power for some othertask (e.g., on character innovation). The Meta-Controller may bestatistically defined and can provide targets that balance in differentconfigurations.
This approach may also save on system tuning. For example, a global setof modifiable algorithmic parameters may allow for tuning. For instance,operations may be tuned based on location (e.g., on a plane, driving acar, in a hospital, in a living room). The approach allows for bundlingof all these parameters. For example, feature tracking can have lowquality targets, so only requires a relatively short time, and remainderof the time budget can be used for other processing.
Classical “features from accelerated segment test” (FAST) featureextractors (as discussed in some detail above) may be configured into amassively parallel byte-matching system General Purpose Set TheoreticProcessor (GPSTP). As noted above the GPSTP is a processor that doescomparisons only. The resulting feature extractor has outputs andcapabilities similar to FAST, but is implemented completely throughbrute-force search and comparison rather than mathematics. The featureextractor would be located near the camera, to immediately processframes into Feature Data (x, y, z, basic descriptor information), in oneor more embodiments. Massively parallel comparisons would be performedon serially streamed data via the GPSTPs.
The approach would essentially make an image sequential, and have GPSTPfind every type of FAST feature possible. The types of features areenumerated and GPSTP finds the features because there is only a limitedsize, for example 8 bits per pixel. The GPSTP rolls through and findevery combination via a brute force search. Any image can be serialized,and any feature of interest may be transformed. A transform may beperformed on the image beforehand, which makes the bit patternsinvariant to rotation or scaling, etc. GPSTP takes some group of pixelsand applies one or more convolution operations.
Various example embodiments of the invention are described herein.Reference is made to these examples in a non-limiting sense. They areprovided to illustrate more broadly applicable aspects of the invention.Various changes may be made to the invention described and equivalentsmay be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope ofthe invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt aparticular situation, material, composition of matter, process, processact(s) or step(s) to the objective(s), spirit or scope of the presentinvention. Further, as will be appreciated by those with skill in theart that each of the individual variations described and illustratedherein has discrete components and features which may be readilyseparated from or combined with the features of any of the other severalembodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the presentinventions. All such modifications are intended to be within the scopeof claims associated with this disclosure.
The invention includes methods that may be performed using the subjectdevices. The methods may comprise the act of providing such a suitabledevice. Such provision may be performed by the end user. In other words,the “providing” act merely requires the end user obtain, access,approach, position, set-up, activate, power-up or otherwise act toprovide the requisite device in the subject method. Methods recitedherein may be carried out in any order of the recited events which islogically possible, as well as in the recited order of events.
Example aspects of the invention, together with details regardingmaterial selection and manufacture have been set forth above. As forother details of the present invention, these may be appreciated inconnection with the above-referenced patents and publications as well asgenerally known or appreciated by those with skill in the art. The samemay hold true with respect to method-based aspects of the invention interms of additional acts as commonly or logically employed.
In addition, though the invention has been described in reference toseveral examples optionally incorporating various features, theinvention is not to be limited to that which is described or indicatedas contemplated with respect to each variation of the invention. Variouschanges may be made to the invention described and equivalents (whetherrecited herein or not included for the sake of some brevity) may besubstituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of theinvention. In addition, where a range of values is provided, it isunderstood that every intervening value, between the upper and lowerlimit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in thatstated range, is encompassed within the invention.
Also, it is contemplated that any optional feature of the inventivevariations described may be set forth and claimed independently, or incombination with any one or more of the features described herein.Reference to a singular item, includes the possibility that there areplural of the same items present. More specifically, as used herein andin claims associated hereto, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “said,” and“the” include plural referents unless the specifically stated otherwise.In other words, use of the articles allow for “at least one” of thesubject item in the description above as well as claims associated withthis disclosure. It is further noted that such claims may be drafted toexclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended toserve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as“solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claimelements, or use of a “negative” limitation.
Without the use of such exclusive terminology, the term “comprising” inclaims associated with this disclosure shall allow for the inclusion ofany additional element—irrespective of whether a given number ofelements are enumerated in such claims, or the addition of a featurecould be regarded as transforming the nature of an element set forth insuch claims. Except as specifically defined herein, all technical andscientific terms used herein are to be given as broad a commonlyunderstood meaning as possible while maintaining claim validity.
The breadth of the present invention is not to be limited to theexamples provided and/or the subject specification, but rather only bythe scope of claim language associated with this disclosure.
The above description of illustrated embodiments is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed.Although specific embodiments of and examples are described herein forillustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, as willbe recognized by those skilled in the relevant art. The teachingsprovided herein of the various embodiments can be applied to otherdevices that implement virtual or AR or hybrid systems and/or whichemploy user interfaces, not necessarily the example AR systems generallydescribed above.
For instance, the foregoing detailed description has set forth variousembodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of blockdiagrams, schematics, and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams,schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/oroperations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that eachfunction and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, orexamples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a widerange of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combinationthereof.
In one embodiment, the present subject matter may be implemented viaApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilledin the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, inwhole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integratedcircuits, as one or more computer programs executed by one or morecomputers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computersystems), as one or more programs executed by on one or more controllers(e.g., microcontrollers) as one or more programs executed by one or moreprocessors (e.g., microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually anycombination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing thecode for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill ofone of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of thisdisclosure.
When logic is implemented as software and stored in memory, logic orinformation can be stored on any computer-readable medium for use by orin connection with any processor-related system or method. In thecontext of this disclosure, a memory is a computer-readable medium thatis an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other physical device or meansthat contains or stores a computer and/or processor program. Logicand/or the information can be embodied in any computer-readable mediumfor use by or in connection with an instruction execution system,apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system,processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch theinstructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or deviceand execute the instructions associated with logic and/or information.
In the context of this specification, a “computer-readable medium” canbe any element that can store the program associated with logic and/orinformation for use by or in connection with the instruction executionsystem, apparatus, and/or device. The computer-readable medium can be,for example, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical,electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device.More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readablemedium would include the following: a portable computer diskette(magnetic, compact flash card, secure digital, or the like), a randomaccess memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmableread-only memory (EPROM, EEPROM, or Flash memory), a portable compactdisc read-only memory (CDROM), digital tape, and other nontransitorymedia.
Many of the methods described herein can be performed with variations.For example, many of the methods may include additional acts, omit someacts, and/or perform acts in a different order than as illustrated ordescribed.
The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. To the extent that they are not inconsistent withthe specific teachings and definitions herein, all of the U.S. patents,U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreignpatents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publicationsreferred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application DataSheet. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary, toemploy systems, circuits and concepts of the various patents,applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.
Moreover, the various embodiments described above can be combined toprovide further embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified,if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications andpublications to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for displaying augmented reality,comprising: capturing at least one parameter associated with an ambientlight; selecting a light map based at least in part on the capturedparameter; modifying a virtual content to be presented to a user basedat least in part on the selected light map; and projecting lightassociated with the modified virtual content.
2. The method of claim 1,further comprising selecting the light map based at least in part oninput received from the user.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein a lightassociated with the modified one or more virtual objects resembles thatof real objects in an ambient environment of the user.
4. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising storing a library of light maps, whereineach light map of the library of light maps corresponds to a pluralityof light parameters.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selection ofthe light map is based at least in part on a closest approximation lightmap that comprises one or more characteristics that are closest to theat least one captured parameter.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein theat least one captured parameter corresponds to a frequency data of thelight.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one capturedparameter corresponds to a color palette of the light.
8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one captured parameter corresponds to adynamic range of the light.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein theselection of the light map is based at least in part on a comparison ofthe captured parameters against parameters associated with a pluralityof light maps.
10. The method of claim 1, consulting with a neuralnetwork to select the light map.
11. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising modifying the light map based at least in part on the atleast one captured parameters pertaining to the ambient environment. 12.The method of claim 1, further comprising combining data from aplurality of light maps based at least in part on the at least onecaptured parameters pertaining to the ambient environment.
13. Themethod of claim 12, further comprising creating a new light map based atleast in part on the combined data.
14. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: capturing images of a 360 degree view of the ambientenvironment; and creating a light map based at least in part on thecaptured images of the 360 degree view of the ambient environment. 15.The method of claim 14, wherein the created light map is user-centric.16. The method of claim 15, further comprising applying applies atransformation to the created user-centric light map, wherein thetransformation reduces an error corresponding to a distance between theuser and a virtual object to be presented to the user.
17. The method ofclaim 15, further comprising: modeling the user-centric light map as asphere centered on the user; modeling an object-centric sphere aroundthe virtual object to be lit; and projecting the data from theuser-centric sphere onto the object-centric sphere from a point of viewof the object, thereby creating a new light map.
18. The method of claim14, further comprising attenuating a color intensity of the light mapbased at least in part on the distance between the user and the virtualobject to be presented to the user.
19. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising determining a depth value of a plurality of taxes of thecreated light map.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprisingdetermining respective coordinates of the plurality of taxes, andwherein a color intensity of the light map is attenuated based at leastin part on the determined respective coordinators of the plurality oftaxes, thereby creating a new light map.
21. The method of claim 1,further comprising: storing a map of the real world, wherein the mapcomprises coordinates of real objects of the real world; and storing theplurality of light maps in a grid based at least in part on the map ofthe real world.
22. The method of claim 21, further comprising selectingthe light map based at least in part on a detected location of the userof the augmented reality device and the stored grid of light maps. 23.The method of claim 1, further comprising updating a light map based atleast in part on the captured parameters.
24. The method of claim 23,wherein the update is performed such that it is not perceived by theuser of the augmented reality device.
25. The method of claim 23,wherein the update is performed based at least in part on a detectedcircumstance.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the detectedcircumstance is an eye movement of the user.
27. The method of claim 23,further comprising updating the light map when the virtual object is outof the user's field of view.
28. The method of claim 23, furthercomprising updating the light map when the virtual object is at aperiphery of the user's field of view.
29. The method of claim 25, whenthe detected circumstance is a presence of a shadow over the virtualobject.
30. The method of claim 25, wherein the detected circumstance isa dimming of a light of the ambient environment.
31. The method of claim25, wherein the detected circumstance is another virtual object that islikely to keep a focus of the user..
| 47,879 |
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi%20%28provins%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Markazi (provins)
|
https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markazi (provins)&action=history
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 91 | 190 |
Markazi (استان مرکزی på persisk) er en af de 30 provinser i Iran. Ordet markazi betyder central på persisk.
Markazi ligger i den vestlige del af Iran, og provinsens hovedby er Arak. Provinsens indbyggertal er estimeret til 1,35 millioner. De nuværende grænser er fra 1980'erne, hvor provinsen blev delt i den nuværende Markazi og provinsen Teheran, og mindre dele blev en del af provinserne Esfahan, Semnan og Zanjan.
De store byer i provinsen er: Saveh, Arak, Mahallat, Khomein, Delijan, Tafresh, Ashtian og Shazand (før kendt som Sarband) .
Provinser i Iran
| 20,883 |
https://github.com/basicAngular/cnp_express_css_updated/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/Users/BrokerController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
cnp_express_css_updated
|
basicAngular
|
PHP
|
Code
| 663 | 2,901 |
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\Users;
use App\Helpers\Thumbnail;
use App\Http\Controllers\UserController;
use App\Http\Requests\InviteRequest;
use App\Http\Requests\BrokerRequest;
use App\Mail\InviteBroker;
use App\Repositories\InviteUserRepository;
use App\Repositories\UserRepository;
use Cartalyst\Sentinel\Laravel\Facades\Sentinel;
use Efriandika\LaravelSettings\Facades\Settings;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Mail;
use Yajra\Datatables\Datatables;
class BrokerController extends UserController
{
private $date_format = 'd-m-Y';
private $emailSettings;
private $siteNameSettings;
/**
* @var UserRepository
*/
private $userRepository;
/**
* @var InviteUserRepository
*/
private $inviteUserRepository;
/**
* BrokerController constructor.
* @param UserRepository $userRepository
* @param InviteUserRepository $inviteUserRepository
*/
public function __construct(UserRepository $userRepository,
InviteUserRepository $inviteUserRepository)
{
$this->middleware('authorized:broker.read', ['only' => ['index', 'data']]);
$this->middleware('authorized:broker.write', ['only' => ['create', 'store', 'update', 'edit']]);
$this->middleware('authorized:broker.delete', ['only' => ['delete']]);
parent::__construct();
$this->userRepository = $userRepository;
$this->inviteUserRepository = $inviteUserRepository;
$this->date_format = config('settings.date_format');
$this->emailSettings = Settings::get('site_email');
$this->siteNameSettings = Settings::get('site_name');
view()->share('type', 'broker');
}
/**
* Display a listing of the resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function index()
{
$title = trans('broker.brokers');
return view('user.broker.index', compact('title'));
}
/**
* Show the form for creating a new resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function create()
{
$title = trans('broker.new');
return view('user.broker.create', compact('title'));
}
/**
* Store a newly created resource in storage.
*
* @param BrokerRequest|Request $request
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function store(BrokerRequest $request)
{
if ($request->hasFile('user_avatar_file')) {
$file = $request->file('user_avatar_file');
$file = $this->userRepository->uploadAvatar($file);
$request->merge([
'user_avatar' => $file->getFileInfo()->getFilename(),
]);
$this->generateThumbnail($file);
}
$user = Sentinel::registerAndActivate($request->only('first_name', 'last_name', 'email', 'password'));
$role = Sentinel::findRoleBySlug('broker');
$role->users()->attach($user);
$user = $this->userRepository->find($user->id);
foreach ($request->get('permissions', []) as $permission) {
$user->addPermission($permission);
}
$user->user_id = $this->user->id;
$user->phone_number = $request->phone_number;
$user->user_avatar = $request->user_avatar;
$user->user_type = $request->user_type;
$user->save();
return redirect("broker");
}
public function edit($broker)
{
$broker = $this->userRepository->find($broker);
if ($broker->id == '1') {
return redirect('broker');
} else {
$title = trans('broker.edit');
return view('user.broker.edit', compact('title', 'broker'));
}
}
public function update(BrokerRequest $request, $broker)
{
$broker = $this->userRepository->find($broker);
if ($request->password != "") {
$broker->password = bcrypt($request->password);
}
if ($request->hasFile('user_avatar_file')) {
$file = $request->file('user_avatar_file');
$file = $this->userRepository->uploadAvatar($file);
$request->merge([
'user_avatar' => $file->getFileInfo()->getFilename(),
]);
$this->generateThumbnail($file);
} else {
$request->merge([
'user_avatar' => $broker->user_avatar,
]);
}
foreach ($broker->getPermissions() as $key => $item) {
$broker->removePermission($key);
}
foreach ($request->get('permissions', []) as $permission) {
$broker->addPermission($permission);
}
$broker->first_name = $request->first_name;
$broker->last_name = $request->last_name;
$broker->phone_number = $request->phone_number;
$broker->email = $request->email;
$broker->user_avatar = $request->user_avatar;
$broker->save();
return redirect("broker");
}
public function show($broker)
{
$broker = $this->userRepository->find($broker);
$title = trans('broker.show_broker');
$action = "show";
return view('user.broker.show', compact('title', 'broker','action'));
}
public function delete($broker)
{
$broker = $this->userRepository->find($broker);
$title = trans('broker.delete_broker');
return view('user.broker.delete', compact('title', 'broker'));
}
public function destroy($broker)
{
$broker = $this->userRepository->find($broker);
if ($broker->id != '1') {
$broker->delete();
}
return redirect('broker');
}
public function data(Datatables $datatables)
{
$dateFormat = config('settings.date_format');
$brokers = $this->userRepository->getAllNew()->with('brokerSalesTeam')
->get()
->filter(function ($user) {
return ($user->inRole('broker') && $user->id!=$this->user->id);
})->map(function ($user) use ($dateFormat){
return [
'id' => $user->id,
'full_name' => $user->full_name,
'email' => $user->email,
'created_at' => date($dateFormat,strtotime($user->created_at)),
'count_uses' => $user->brokerSalesTeam->count()
];
});
return $datatables->collection($brokers)
->addColumn('actions', '@if(Sentinel::getUser()->hasAccess([\'broker.write\']) || Sentinel::inRole(\'admin\'))
<a href="{{ url(\'broker/\' . $id . \'/edit\' ) }}" title="{{ trans(\'table.edit\') }}">
<i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil text-warning"></i> </a>
@endif
<a href="{{ url(\'broker/\' . $id . \'/show\' ) }}" title="{{ trans(\'table.details\') }}" >
<i class="fa fa-fw fa-eye text-primary"></i> </a>
@if(Sentinel::getUser()->hasAccess([\'broker.delete\']) || Sentinel::inRole(\'admin\') && $count_uses==0)
<a href="{{ url(\'broker/\' . $id . \'/delete\' ) }}" title="{{ trans(\'table.delete\') }}">
<i class="fa fa-fw fa-trash text-danger"></i> </a>
@endif')
->removeColumn('id')
->removeColumn('count_uses')
->rawColumns(['actions'])->make();
}
/**
* @param $file
*/
private function generateThumbnail($file)
{
Thumbnail::generate_image_thumbnail(public_path() . '/uploads/avatar/' . $file->getFileInfo()->getFilename(),
public_path() . '/uploads/avatar/' . 'thumb_' . $file->getFileInfo()->getFilename());
}
public function invite()
{
$title = trans('broker.invite_brokers');
$date_format = config('settings.date_format');
return view('user.broker.invite', compact('title','date_format'));
}
public function inviteSave(InviteRequest $request)
{
if (filter_var($this->emailSettings, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
$emails = array_filter(array_unique(explode(';', $request->emails)));
foreach ($emails as $key => $email) {
$this->inviteUserRepository->deleteWhere([
'claimed_at' => null,
'email' => $email,
]);
$user_email = $this->userRepository->usersWithTrashed($email)->count();
if (0 == $user_email) {
if (filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
$invite = $this->inviteUserRepository->createInvite(['email' => trim($email)]);
$inviteUrl = url('invite/'.$invite->code);
Mail::to($email)->send(new InviteBroker([
'from' => $this->emailSettings,
'subject' => 'Invite to '.$this->siteNameSettings,
'inviteUrl' => $inviteUrl,
]));
} else {
flash(trans('Email '.$email.' is not valid.'))->error();
}
} else {
flash(trans('Email '.$email.' is already taken.'))->error();
}
}
} else {
flash(trans('broker.invalid-email'))->error();
}
return redirect('broker/invite');
}
public function inviteCancel($id)
{
$title = trans('broker.invite_cancel');
$invite = $this->inviteUserRepository->findWhere([
'id' => $id,
])->first();
return view('user.broker.invite-cancel', compact('title', 'invite'));
}
public function inviteCancelConfirm($id)
{
$this->inviteUserRepository->deleteWhere([
'id' => $id,
'claimed_at' => null,
]);
return redirect('broker/invite');
}
}
| 41,935 |
https://github.com/patil215/v8/blob/master/fuzzer_output/interesting/sample_1554120878007.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
v8
|
patil215
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 35 | 103 |
function main() {
function v0(v1,v2,v3,v4) {
const v6 = "undefined" === "undefined";
}
const v11 = [v0];
for (let v15 = 0; v15 < 100; v15++) {
const v16 = v0(10,Function,1337,v11,Function);
}
}
%NeverOptimizeFunction(main);
main();
| 32,661 |
US-202016943295-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,020 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 143 | 198 |
17. The independent accessory system ofclaim 16, wherein the modular unit is a tailgate of the refuse vehicle.18. A refuse vehicle comprising: a plurality of tractive elements; aprimary mover configured to drive the plurality of tractive elements fortransportation; and an independent compressed natural gas (CNG) systemcomprising: a plurality of CNG storage tanks configured to store CNGfuel; and an independent CNG engine configured to receive the CNG fuelfrom the plurality of CNG storage tanks and generate mechanical energyusing the CNG fuel, wherein the independent CNG engine operatesindependently of operation of the primary mover of the refuse vehicle.19. The refuse vehicle of claim 18, wherein the independent CNG engineis configured to drive operation of one or more accessories of therefuse vehicle.
20. The refuse vehicle of claim 18, wherein theindependent CNG engine is configured to drive a generator to charge abattery of the refuse vehicle..
| 45,688 |
https://github.com/handsomegyr/laravel_models/blob/master/lib/App/Backend/Submodules/Bargain/Models/BlackUser.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
laravel_models
|
handsomegyr
|
PHP
|
Code
| 11 | 57 |
<?php
namespace App\Backend\Submodules\Bargain\Models;
class BlackUser extends \App\Common\Models\Bargain\BlackUser
{
use \App\Backend\Models\Base;
}
| 45,444 |
https://openalex.org/W2171137153
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,014 |
GPU-BSM: A GPU-Based Tool to Map Bisulfite-Treated Reads
|
Andrea Manconi
|
English
|
Spoken
| 11,960 | 21,500 |
Abstract Cytosine DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark implicated in several biological processes. Bisulfite treatment of DNA is
acknowledged as the gold standard technique to study methylation. This technique introduces changes in the genomic
DNA by converting cytosines to uracils while 5-methylcytosines remain nonreactive. During PCR amplification 5-
methylcytosines are amplified as cytosine, whereas uracils and thymines as thymine. To detect the methylation levels, reads
treated with the bisulfite must be aligned against a reference genome. Mapping these reads to a reference genome
represents a significant computational challenge mainly due to the increased search space and the loss of information
introduced by the treatment. To deal with this computational challenge we devised GPU-BSM, a tool based on modern
Graphics Processing Units. Graphics Processing Units are hardware accelerators that are increasingly being used successfully
to accelerate general-purpose scientific applications. GPU-BSM is a tool able to map bisulfite-treated reads from whole
genome bisulfite sequencing and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, and to estimate methylation levels, with the
goal of detecting methylation. Due to the massive parallelization obtained by exploiting graphics cards, GPU-BSM aligns
bisulfite-treated reads faster than other cutting-edge solutions, while outperforming most of them in terms of unique
mapped reads. Citation: Manconi A, Orro A, Manca E, Armano G, Milanesi L (2014) GPU-BSM: A GPU-Based Tool to Map Bisulfite-Treated Reads. PLoS ONE 9(5): e97277. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0097277 o A, Manca E, Armano G, Milanesi L (2014) GPU-BSM: A GPU-Based Tool to Map Bisulfite-Treated Reads. PLoS ONE 9(5): e97277. doi:10
77 Editor: Matteo Pellegrini, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, United States of America Editor: Matteo Pellegrini, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, United States of America Received July 22, 2013; Accepted April 17, 2014; Published May 19, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Manconi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ng: This work was supported by the MIUR (PB05) ‘‘InterOmics’’; MIUR HIRMA (RBAP11YS7K); EU FP7 ‘‘MIMOMICS’’ and the Sardinia Regio
ders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: andrea.manconi@itb.cnr.it by converting cytosines to uracils, while 5-methylcytosines remain
nonreactive. GPU-BSM: A GPU-Based Tool to Map Bisulfite-Treated
Reads Andrea Manconi1*, Alessandro Orro1, Emanuele Manca2, Giuliano Armano2, Luciano Milanesi1
1 Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate (Mi), Italy, 2 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliar
(Ca), Italy Abstract In particular, during PCR amplification, only 5-
methylcytosines are amplified as cytosine, whereas uracils and
thymines are amplified as thymine. Two main protocols have been
developed to construct bisulfite-treated libraries for high-through-
put sequencing. These protocols, methylC-seq [6] and BS-seq [7],
mainly differ in the PCR amplification procedure. In methylC-seq
libraries
are
generated
in
a
directional
manner:
a
single
amplification step is performed, so that reads are related to the
forward (+FW) or to the reverse (-FW) direction of the bisulfite-
treated sequence. Libraries generated using the methylC-seq
protocol are termed directional. In BS-seq, two amplification steps
are performed, so that bisulfite reads may be related to four
different directions of the bisulfite-treated sequence: forward
Watson strand (+FW) and its reverse complement (+RC), forward
Crick strand (-FW) and its reverse complement (-RC) (see Figure 2). Libraries generated using the BS-seq protocol are termed non-
directional. GPU-BSM: A GPU-Based Tool to Map Bisulfite-Treated
Reads Introduction Alignments
obtained exploiting this strategy must be post-processed to avoid
those ambiguous and false positives. Tools in the first class
provides the highest mapping efficiency. However, it should be
observed that with the mapping strategy adopted by these tools,
methylated read sequences will be aligned with greater efficiency
than unmethylated ones. This means that tools in this class can
overestimate methylation levels. By contrast, tools in the second
class provide a slightly reduced mapping efficiency whereas
alignment of reads is unaffected by their methylation state [10]. Figure 1. Cytosine DNA Methylation. Cytosine DNA methylation is
a epigenetic mechanisms that affects gene expression. It involves the
addition of a methyl group to the cytosine DNA nucleotides. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g001 With no claim of being exhaustive, let us cite BSMAP/
RRBSMAP [11][12] (we point out that the latest release of
RRBSMAP has been merged into BSMAP) and segemehl [13] as
tools of the first class, and BS-Seeker/BS-Seeker2 [14][15],
Bismark [16], and BRAT-BW [17] are of the second class. BSMAP, applies to the reads a reverse bisulfite conversion,
converting thymines to cytosines only at cytosine positions in the
reference genome; then, it maps the masked reads to the genome. RRBSMAP, was the first tool specifically tailored for RRBS
libraries. Based on suffix arrays, segemehl was the first tool able to
take into account indels (insertions/deletions) in alignments of
bisulfite-treated reads. Its high speed and accuracy are obtained by
means of multi-threading, and with a very high memory
consumption compared to those of others state-of-the-art tools. BS-Seeker performs a 3-letter alphabet reduction by converting
cytosines to thymines on the FW reads and on both strands of the
reference genome. Then, it uses the Bowtie [18] short-read
alignment tool to map the converted FW reads against the
converted Watson and Crick strands. In the event that reads are
generated from the BS-seq protocol, a guanine to adenine
conversion is performed on the RC of both reads and reference
genome. Bowtie is then used to map the converted RC reads to the
converted RC of the Watson and Crick strands. BS-Seeker runs in
parallel the different instances of Bowtie. A final post-processing
phase is performed to detect false positive alignments and
methylation. BS-Seeker2 is an updated version of BS-Seeker that
can also map reads from RRBS. Furthermore, BS-Seeker2 To calculate the methylation levels, bisulfite-treated reads are
aligned against a reference genome. Introduction Regulation of gene expression is a very complex process
controlled by multiple factors, including epigenetic ones. Epige-
netics studies changes in gene expression that do not involve
changes in the underlying DNA sequence [1]. Specifically, it refers
to functionally relevant modifications that permit the genes of an
organism
to
express
themselves
differently. Cytosine
DNA
methylation is a stable epigenetic mark that plays a very important
role in several biological processes, including genomic imprinting,
and is often responsible of phenotypic expressions (e.g., cancer)
[2]. It involves the addition of a methyl group to the cytosine DNA
nucleotides (see Figure 1). Mechanisms of epigenetic regulation
include methylation at CpG islands in the promoter region of the
gene. In many disease-causing processes gene promoter CpG
islands acquire abnormal hypermethylation [3], which results in
transcriptional silencing that can be inherited by daughter cells
upon cell division. Three main approaches (i.e., endonuclease
digestion, affinity enrichment and bisulfite conversion) [4] have
been developed to analyze DNA methylation and various
molecular
biology
techniques,
as
probe
hybridization
and
sequencing, can be used to identify methylated cytosines in
genomic DNAs treated with one of these approaches. The main limitation of whole-genome bisulfite sequencing
(WGBS) is related to its cost, which is very high. Reduced
representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) [8] is an alternative
and cost-effective technique used to study methylation. In RRBS,
DNA genome is first digested using specific restriction enzyme to
enrich for CpGs. Then, the DNA fragments are size-selected and
subsequently, as for WGBS, treated with bisulfite to be sequenced. Hence, in RRBS, only specific CpG-rich regions are considered. Bisulfite treatment of DNA [5] is considered the gold standard
technique to study methylation. This technique introduces specific
changes in the DNA sequence, depending on the methylation
status of individual cytosine residues. Genomic DNA is modified May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 1 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org GPU-BSM GPU-BSM Figure 1. Cytosine DNA Methylation. Cytosine DNA methylation is
a epigenetic mechanisms that affects gene expression. It involves the
addition of a methyl group to the cytosine DNA nucleotides. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g001 complexity of involved sequences converting cytosines to thy-
mines. In so doing, sequences are represented with a simplified 3-
letter nucleotide alphabet and alignments can be carried out with
common and available short-read mapping tools. Introduction Mapping these reads to a
reference genome represents a computational challenge mainly
due to i) the increased search space and ii) the loss of information
introduced by the bisulfite treatment. As for the former issue,
considering that bisulfite affects only cytosines, non complemen-
tary Watson and Crick strands are generated. As previously
highlighted, this implies that PCR amplification of both strands
will produce up to four different strands and the bisulfite treated
read can be derived from any of these strands. Moreover, the
alignment process is further complicated by the asymmetric
mapping between cytosines and thymines. In fact, a thymine in a
read can be mapped to a cytosine in the reference genome, but the
inverse is not allowed (see Figure 3). As for the latter issue, it
should be pointed out that only a very small portion of cytosines is
methylated
in
mammalian
[9],
making
more
difficult
the
alignment process along the reference genome. Some tools have been proposed in the literature to address this
mapping challenge. These tools can be divided in two classes,
according to the strategy adopted to deal with the asymmetric
mapping between cytosines and thymines. Tools belonging to the
first class are specifically designed to perform alignments by
allowing cytosines and thymines in the reads to match with
cytosines in the reference sequence. By contrast, tools in the
second class adopt an unbiased strategy that reduces the Figure 2. Bisulfite treatment. Two main type of libraries can be generated, directional and non-directional. As for directional libraries, a single
amplification step is performed so that reads are related either to the forward (+FW) or to the reverse (-FW) direction of the bisulfite-treated
sequence. Conversely, as for non-directional libraries, two amplification steps are performed, so that bisulfite reads may be related to four different
directions of the bisulfite-treated sequence: forward Watson strand (+FW) and its reverse complement (+RC), forward Crick strand (-FW) and its
reverse complement (-RC). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g002 Figure 2. Bisulfite treatment. Two main type of libraries can be generated, directional and non-directional. As for directional libraries, a single
amplification step is performed so that reads are related either to the forward (+FW) or to the reverse (-FW) direction of the bisulfite-treated
sequence. Introduction Conversely, as for non-directional libraries, two amplification steps are performed, so that bisulfite reads may be related to four different
directions of the bisulfite-treated sequence: forward Watson strand (+FW) and its reverse complement (+RC), forward Crick strand (-FW) and its
reverse complement (-RC). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g002 Figure 2. Bisulfite treatment. Two main type of libraries can be generated, directional and non-directional. As for directional libraries, a single
amplification step is performed so that reads are related either to the forward (+FW) or to the reverse (-FW) direction of the bisulfite-treated
sequence. Conversely, as for non-directional libraries, two amplification steps are performed, so that bisulfite reads may be related to four different
directions of the bisulfite-treated sequence: forward Watson strand (+FW) and its reverse complement (+RC), forward Crick strand (-FW) and its
reverse complement (-RC). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g002 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 2 GPU-BSM Figure 3. Asymmetric mapping. Due to the bisulfite treatment, unmethylated cytosines are converted to thymines during the PCR amplification. This conversion must be take into account during alignment by allowing an asymmetric mapping. A thymine in a read mapped to a cytosine in the
reference genome sequence is considered as a match, whereas a thymine in the genome sequence mapped to a cytosine in a read is considered as a
mismatch. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g003
GPU-BSM Figure 3. Asymmetric mapping. Due to the bisulfite treatment, unmethylated cytosines are converted to thymines during the PCR amplification. This conversion must be take into account during alignment by allowing an asymmetric mapping. A thymine in a read mapped to a cytosine in the
reference genome sequence is considered as a match, whereas a thymine in the genome sequence mapped to a cytosine in a read is considered as a
mismatch. doi:10 1371/journal pone 0097277 g003 and RRBS. Currently, GPU-BSM can be run parallelized on up
to 4 different GPU cards. The massive parallelization obtained by
means of GPUs enables GPU-BSM to map bisulfite-treated reads
without imposing stringent limitations on the alignment process. and RRBS. Currently, GPU-BSM can be run parallelized on up
to 4 different GPU cards. The massive parallelization obtained by
means of GPUs enables GPU-BSM to map bisulfite-treated reads
without imposing stringent limitations on the alignment process. supports gapped global and local alignments with the newest
multi-threading Bowtie2 [19] release. Introduction Bismark is an alternative
tool able to map bisulfite-treated reads generated with both
WGBS and RRBS. Similarly to BS-Seeker2, Bismark uses Bowtie2
and Bowtie to map preprocessed reads with and without indels
supports respectively. Unlike from BS-Seeker2, Bismark does not
support local alignments when used with Bowtie2. BRAT-BW uses
the same strategy adopted by BS-Seeker and Bismark, while
efficiently implementing the FM-index [20] in terms of memory
occupancy. In general, due to the computational effort that may
be required to cope with this mapping task, these tools present one
or more implicitly or explicitly imposed constraints on the
alignment process (e.g., number of mismatches, number of hits
for reads, indels support). Table 1 reports a summarization of
some features of the cited tools. Methods Based on the 3-letter nucleotide alphabet reduction strategy,
GPU-BSM implements an approach similar to the one adopted by
similar tools as BS-Seeker, Bismark, and BRAT-BW. In particular,
similarly to other tools, GPU-BSM uses a third-part short-read
mapper (i.e., SOAP3-dp) to align 3-letter converted reads. In the
following of this section, we first give a short introduction to GPUs
and to existing state-of-the-art short-read mapping tools. Then, we
present our strategy, devised to deal with the bisulfite-treated reads
mapping problem. Subsequently, we discuss about the adopted
alignment constraints. Finally, we briefly resume the hardware and
software equipment required to use GPU-BSM. In this work, we present GPU-BSM (standing for GPU-BiSulfite
reads Mapping), an accurate and very fast tool devised to map
bisulfite-treated reads and to estimate methylation levels. Written
in Python, GPU-BSM exploits the 3-letter nucleotide alphabet
reduction strategy and it is mainly based on SOAP3-dp [21], a
short-read mapping tool able to take advantage of the computa-
tional power of modern Graphics Processing Units (GPU). GPU-
BSM has been designed to support ungapped and gapped (global
and local) alignment with libraries generated with both WGBS GPU GPUs are hardware accelerators that are increasingly used to
deal with computationally intensive algorithms. From an archi-
tectural perspective, GPUs are very different from traditional
CPUs. Indeed, the latter are devices composed of few cores with
lots of cache memory able to handle a few software threads at a Table 1. Bisulfite-treated reads mapping tools. Table 1. Bisulfite-treated reads mapping tools. Table 1. Bisulfite-treated reads mapping tools. tool
3-letter
mismatches
indels support
hits/reads
WGBS-RRBS
Bismark
Yes
Unlimited
Yes
Unlimited
Yes
BSMAP
No
15
Yes
1000
Yes
BS-Seeker
Yes
3
No
2
only WGBS
BS-Seeker2
Yes
Unlimited
Yes
2
Yes
BRAT-BW
Yes
Unlimited
No
Unlimited
only WGBS
segemehl
No
Unlimited
Yes
Unlimited
only WGBS
Some bisulfite-treated reads mapping tools listed according to some relevant features. The second columns indicates whether the corresponding tool adopts a 3-letter
conversion strategy. The third column reports the maximum number of mismatches allowed for the read. The fourth column reports whether the corresponding tool
supports gapped alignments. The fifth column reports the maximum number of hits allowed for a read. The sixth column reports whether the corresponding tool
supports WGBS and RRBS protocols. Using Bowtie2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t001 Some bisulfite-treated reads mapping tools listed according to some relevant features. The second columns indicates whether the corresponding tool adopts a 3-letter
conversion strategy. The third column reports the maximum number of mismatches allowed for the read. The fourth column reports whether the corresponding tool
supports gapped alignments. The fifth column reports the maximum number of hits allowed for a read. The sixth column reports whether the corresponding tool
supports WGBS and RRBS protocols. U i
B
ti 2 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 3 GPU-BSM Figure 5. CUDA execution model. Threads are grouped in blocks in
a grid. Each thread has a private memory and runs in parallel with the
others in the same block. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g005 time. Conversely, the former are devices equipped with hundreds
of cores able to handle thousands of threads simultaneously, so
that a very high level of parallelism (see Figure 4) can be reached. GPGPU (General Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing
Units) is a methodology for high-performance computing that
combines CPUs with GPUs to deal with data parallel and
throughput intensive algorithms. GPU As CPUs are more effective than
GPUs for serial processing, they are used to perform serial parts of
the algorithm, whereas GPUs are used to perform parts of the
algorithm where processing of large blocks of data is done in
parallel. The main disadvantage of using GPUs is related with the
effort required to code algorithms. To take advantage of the GPU
technology, algorithms must be coded to reflect the architecture of
these hardware accelerators. Incorporating GPU support into
existing codes is very difficult and typically requires significant
changes of the code and of the algorithm. In the NVIDIA GPU-based architecture, parallelization is
obtained through the execution of tasks in a number of stream
processors or CUDA cores. Cores are grouped in multiprocessors
that execute in parallel. A CUDA core executes a floating point or
integer instruction per clock cycle for a thread and all cores in a
streaming multiprocessor execute the same instruction at the same
time. The code is executed in groups of threads called warps. Device memory access takes a very long time due to the very long
memory latency. Figure 5. CUDA execution model. Threads are grouped in blocks in
a grid. Each thread has a private memory and runs in parallel with the
others in the same block. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g005 program with different data that are read/written from a global
shared memory. Each block in the grid is assigned to a streaming
multiprocessor in a cyclical manner. The parallel programming model of the CUDA architecture
provides a set of API that allows programmers to access the
underlying hardware infrastructure and to exploit the fine-grained
and coarse-grained parallelism of data and tasks. Summarizing,
the CUDA execution model (see Figure 5) can be described as
follow: the GPU creates an instance of the kernel program that is
made of a set of threads grouped in blocks in a grid. Each thread
has a unique ID within its block and a private memory and
registers, and runs in parallel with others threads of the same
block. All threads in a block execute concurrently and coopera-
tively by sharing memory and exchanging data. A block, identified
by a unique ID within the block grid, can execute the same kernel Short-read mapping tools Several
tools
have
been
devised
to
perform
short-read
mappings. Without claiming to be exhaustive, let us cite some of
the most popular solutions, i.e. MAQ [22], RMAP [23,24],
Bowtie, BWA [25], CloudBurst [26], and SHRiMP2 [27,28]. MAQ maps short sequence reads to a reference genome by
calculating the probability of a read alignment to be correct, and
consensus genotype calling with a model that incorporates
correlated errors and diploid sampling. It supports gapped
alignment and can align reads up to 128 bp. RMAP uses quality
scores to provide accurate ungapped alignments. It exploits a first Figure 4. Multi-core and many-core processors. Multi-core processors as CPUs are devices composed of few cores with lots of cache memory
able to handle a few software threads at a time. Conversely, many-core processors as GPUs are devices equipped with hundreds of cores able to
handle thousands of threads simultaneously. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g004 Figure 4. Multi-core and many-core processors. Multi-core processors as CPUs are devices composed of few cores with lots of cache memory
able to handle a few software threads at a time. Conversely, many-core processors as GPUs are devices equipped with hundreds of cores able to
handle thousands of threads simultaneously. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g004 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 4 GPU-BSM Figure 6. Mapping directional reads. To map directional reads, GPU-BSM performs two different alignments. As for the former alignment, GPU-
BSM maps the reads of the library against the forward strand of the reference genome, after that cytosines have been converted to thymines in all
sequences. As for the latter alignment, GPU-BSM maps the reverse complement of the reads against the forward strand of the reference genome,
after that guanines have been converted to adenines in all sequences. Finally, all 3-letter alignments obtained for a read (i.e., outputs (1) and (2) in the
figure) will be post-processed with the aim to detect and remove those ambiguous and false positives. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g006 Figure 6. Mapping directional reads. To map directional reads, GPU-BSM performs two different alignments. As for the former alignment, GPU-
BSM maps the reads of the library against the forward strand of the reference genome, after that cytosines have been converted to thymines in all
sequences. Short-read mapping tools As for the latter alignment, GPU-BSM maps the reverse complement of the reads against the forward strand of the reference genome,
after that guanines have been converted to adenines in all sequences. Finally, all 3-letter alignments obtained for a read (i.e., outputs (1) and (2) in the
figure) will be post-processed with the aim to detect and remove those ambiguous and false positives. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g006 tool that enables the alignment of reads with extensive polymor-
phism and sequencing errors. A comparative study aimed at
assessing the accuracy and the runtime performance of different
cutting-edge next-generation sequencing read alignment tools
highlighted that among all SOAP2 [32] was the one that showed
the higher accuracy [33]. Exhaustive review of the tools cited
above can be found in [34]. criterion based on a simple count of mismatches and a second
criterion making use of the base-call quality scores. Bowtie is a
memory-efficient short-read aligner that exploits the Burrows-
Wheeler Transform (BWT) to index the genome allowing only
ungapped alignments. BWA is another tool that exploits the BWT
to index the reference sequences. Unlike from Bowtie, it can also
provide gapped alignments. CloudBurst is a parallel seed-and-
extend read-mapping tool able to align reads with a specified
number of differences, including both mismatches and indels. It
exploits the open-source Hadoop [29] implementation of Ma-
pReduce [30] to parallelize the execution using multiple comput-
ing nodes. SHRiMP2 exploits specialized vector computing
hardware
to
speed-up
the
Smith-Waterman
[31]
dynamic
programming algorithm. It is a multi-core short-read mapping In general, the mentioned solutions exploit some heuristics to
find a good compromise between accuracy and running time. Recently, GPU-based solutions have been proposed to cope with
different bioinformatics problems [35–38]. GPUs have also been
exploited to cope with the exponentially increasing throughput of
next-generation sequencing. In particular, the computational
power of these hardware accelerators is helping researchers to May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 5 GPU-BSM Figure 7. Mapping non-directional reads. To map non-directional reads, GPU-BSM performs four different alignments. The figure shows that
two additional alignments are performed with respect to ones reported in Fig. 6 for directional reads. Short-read mapping tools GPU-BSM aligns reads exploiting a reduced 3-letter nucleotide alphabet. Alignments obtained using this
encoding must be processed to look for false positives; i.e., those alignments that in the actual 4-letter nucleotide alphabet do not meet the
alignment constraints imposed by the user. A typical case is represented in this figure. A two mismatches alignment obtained with the 3-letter
encoding is reported on the left side. The same alignment, reported on the right of the figure with 4-letter nucleotide alphabet, shows three
mismatches. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g008 Figure 8. False positive alignments. GPU-BSM aligns reads exploiting a reduced 3-letter nucleotide alphabet. Alignments obtained using this
encoding must be processed to look for false positives; i.e., those alignments that in the actual 4-letter nucleotide alphabet do not meet the
alignment constraints imposed by the user. A typical case is represented in this figure. A two mismatches alignment obtained with the 3-letter
encoding is reported on the left side. The same alignment, reported on the right of the figure with 4-letter nucleotide alphabet, shows three
mismatches. doi:10 1371/journal pone 0097277 g008 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g008 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g008 programming to support gapped global and local alignments. Compared with BWA, Bowtie2 [19], SeqAlto [42], GEM [43],
and the previously mentioned GPU-based aligners, SOAP3-dp is
two to tens of times faster, while maintaining the highest sensitivity
and lowest false discovery rate on Illumina reads with different
lengths. aligning them to the first sequence. The second is obtained by
converting guanines to adenines in the reverse complement of the
reads and then aligning them to the second sequence (see Figure 6). To map reads from a non-directional library, GPU-BSM performs
four different alignments. In addition to the alignments performed
for a directional library, GPU-BSM uses SOAP3-dp to map the
reverse complement of the reads with cytosines converted to
thymines to the first sequence, and the reverse complement of the
reads with guanines converted to adenines to the second sequence. Then, GPU-BSM analyzes the mapped reads, detecting and
removing ambiguous reads and those that are in fact false positives
(see Figure 7). We consider ambiguous those reads for which i) a
best match exists for at least two of two/four alignments
performed according to the exploited library or ii) at least two
best hits exist for a single alignment. However, users interested in
these mappings can disable this filtering option. Short-read mapping tools As for the first additional alignment, GPU-BSM
maps the reads of the library against the forward strand of the reference genome after that guanines have been converted to adenines in all
sequences. As for the second alignment, GPU-BSM maps the reverse complement of the reads of the library against the forward strand of the
reference genome after that cytosines have been converted to adenines in all sequences. Finally, all 3-letter alignments obtained for a read (i.e.,
outputs (1), (2), (3) and (4) in the figure) will be post-processed with the aim to detect and remove those ambiguous and false positives. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g007 Figure 7. Mapping non-directional reads. To map non-directional reads, GPU-BSM performs four different alignments. The figure shows that
two additional alignments are performed with respect to ones reported in Fig. 6 for directional reads. As for the first additional alignment, GPU-BSM
maps the reads of the library against the forward strand of the reference genome after that guanines have been converted to adenines in all
sequences. As for the second alignment, GPU-BSM maps the reverse complement of the reads of the library against the forward strand of the
reference genome after that cytosines have been converted to adenines in all sequences. Finally, all 3-letter alignments obtained for a read (i.e.,
outputs (1), (2), (3) and (4) in the figure) will be post-processed with the aim to detect and remove those ambiguous and false positives. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g007 resulted at least 7.5 times faster than BWA, and 20 times faster
than Bowtie. Moreover, SOAP3 does not exploit heuristics and it
is able to align correctly slightly more reads than BWA and
Bowtie. SOAP3 is able to align a read to a reference sequence with
up to four mismatches while it does not support gapped
alignments. Lately, the SOAP3 research team released SOAP3-
dp,
a
new
version
of
the
aligner
that
exploits
dynamic speed the short-read mapping process without compromising
accuracy. Lately, the GPU-based short-read mapping tools
Barracuda [39], CUSHAW [40], SOAP3 [41] and SOAP3-dp
have been proposed to the scientific community. Experimental
results show that SOAP3, which is the GPU evolution of SOAP2,
outperforms the popular tools BWA and Bowtie. When tested to
align millions of 100-bp read pairs against the human genome, it May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 6 GPU-BSM GPU-BSM Figure 8. False positive alignments. Short-read mapping tools To detect false
positives, GPU-BSM calculates the number of mismatches of the
mapped reads using the 4-letter nucleotide alphabet. Let us recall
that, due to the bisulfite treatment, a thymine in a read can be
aligned to a cytosine in the reference sequence. Similarly, a
guanine in the reverse complement of a read can be aligned to an
adenine in the reference sequence (see Figure 8). The implemented strategy Reads alignment may be very expensive in terms of both
computing time and exploited hardware resources. Modern short-
read mapping tools try to speed the alignment i) by parallelizing
the overall process, and ii) by using ad-hoc heuristics. Paralleliza-
tion could considerably accelerate the alignment, but it is often
limited by the available hardware resources (i.e., CPU cores and
memory). On the other hand, the adoption of heuristics may
degrade sensitivity and affect the quality of the final results. As
already pointed out, the computational challenge is heightened in
the process to map bisulfite-treated reads, in which to map a read
two or four different alignments must be performed according to
the used protocol. Massive parallelization that may be obtained
exploiting GPUs has been successfully used to address the short-
read mapping problem and we deem that it may be exploited to
address also the mapping of bisulfite-treated reads. In fact, GPU-
BSM uses the GPU-based SOAP3-dp mapping tool to align
bisulfite-treated reads. To take advantage of multiple GPUs, GPU-BSM automatically
runs in parallel the two (four) different alignments for directional
(non-directional) libraries. In the current release, GPU-BSM
performs alignments on up to four GPUs. In particular, it uses
up to two GPU cards to perform two different alignments required
for reads of directional libraries, whereas it uses up to four cards to
perform four different alignments required for reads of non-
directional libraries. For machine equipped with a single GPU
card, GPU-BSM sequentially performs the different alignments. Initially, GPU-BSM creates two sequences from the forward
genomic strand. The first sequence is obtained by converting
cytosines to thymines, whereas the second sequence is obtained by
converting guanines to adenines. These sequences are created
differently, depending on the sequencing technique used to
generate the analyzed library. As for WGBS libraries, sequences
are created from the original forward genomic strand, whereas for
RRBS libraries they are created from a modified version to take
into account the sequencing parameters. In particular, GPU-BSM
modifies the genomic strand masking those DNA fragments that
do not meet the sequencing parameters. In so doing, GPU-BSM
notably improves the computing time required to align RRBS
libraries. Tool settings Depending on whether dynamic programming is enabled or
not, SOAP3-dp will generate gapped or ungapped alignments. When dynamic programming is enabled, SOAP3-dp performs the
alignment in two steps. In the first step, it uses SOAP3 to look for
ungapped alignments that meet a given constraint on the allowed
number of mismatches. Up to 4 mismatches are allowed for this
step and no heuristic is used. In the second step, it exploits
dynamic programming to look for gapped alignments. A score
threshold defines when to use dynamic programming. It is also Directional and non-directional libraries are treated differently. To map reads from a directional library, GPU-BSM performs two
different alignments using SOAP3-dp. The first alignment is
obtained by converting cytosines to thymines in the reads and then May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 7 GPU-BSM Table 2. Tool settings used to map synthetic reads. Table 2. Tool settings used to map synthetic reads. tool
GPU-BSMu
WGBS
-m 5 –ungapped -l 1
RRBS
-m 5 –ungapped -l 1 -R -d C-CGG
GPU-BSMg
WGBS
-m 5 –e2e -l 1
RRBS
-m 5 –e2e -l 1 -R -d C-CGG
GPU-BSMgl
WGBS
-m 5 -l 1
RRBS
-m 5 -l 1 -R -d C-CGG
Bismarku
WGBS
-q –directional
RRBS
-q –directional
Bismarkg
WGBS
-q –directional –bowtie2
RRBS
-q –directional –bowtie2
BS-Seeker2u
WGBS
-m 5 –aligner = bowtie -f sam
RRBS
-m 5 –aligner = bowtie -f sam -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 500
BS-Seeker2g
WGBS
-m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 –bt2–end-to-end -f sam
RRBS
-m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 –bt2–end-to-end -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 500
BS-Seeker2gl
WGBS
-m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 -f sam
RRBS
-m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 500
segemehl
WGBS
-D 0 -F 1 -H 1
RRBS
not supported
BSMAP
WGBS
-v 5 -w 2 -r 0
RRBS
-v 5 -w 2 -r 0 -D C-CGG
Tool settings used to map reads of synthetic libraries. Default settings have been used for not specified parameters. uUngapped alignments. In these experiments Bismark and BS-Seeker2 are used with Bowtie. gGapped alignments. In these experiments Bismark and BS-Seeker2 are used with Bowtie2. glGapped local alignments. In these experiments BS-Seeker2 is used with Bowtie2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t002 Figure 9. Unique best mapped reads for WGBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. Tool settings The graph represents the percentage of unique best
mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for WGBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 75 bp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g009 Figure 9. Unique best mapped reads for WGBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. The graph represents the percentage of unique best
mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for WGBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 75 bp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g009 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 8 GPU-BSM Figure 10. Unique best mapped reads for WGBS libraries with reads length of 120 bp. The graph represents the percentage of unique
best mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for WGBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 120 bp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g010 Figure 10. Unique best mapped reads for WGBS libraries with reads length of 120 bp. The graph represents the percentage of unique
best mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for WGBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 120 bp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g010 to 2 alignments for a read. Users can easily modify this value to
decrease, increase, or avoid the upper limit to the alignments that
may be found for each sequence. By default, GPU-BSM analyzes
only the unique best alignments found by SOAP3-dp. However,
GPU-BSM also permits to analyze all valid alignments or all best
alignments obtained by SOAP3-dp. possible to skip the first step with the aim to align all reads
exploiting the dynamic programming reducing the computing
time. By default, in the first step SOAP3-dp allows up to two
mismatches to speed-up the overall alignment process. However,
GPU-BSM uses SOAP3-dp to aligns reads with up to four
mismatches when it looks for ungapped alignments, whereas it
does not allow mismatches in the first step when used to look for
gapped alignments. It should be pointed out that this constraint
refers to the number of mismatches allowed in the alignment when
both read and genome are converted using the 3-letter nucleotide
alphabet. Users can change this value in GPU-BSM as well as
disable ungapped alignments. By default, GPU-BSM generates up Hardware and Software Requirements In particular tests have been carried out on the NVIDIA
FERMI architecture based GTX 480 card, and on the NVIDIA
Kepler architecture based k10 and k20c cards. Currently, SOAP3-
dp can be run on the CUDA-4.2 and CUDA-5.5 releases. As
SOAP3-dp has been successfully deployed on some cloud
computing services (e.g., Amazon EC2, NIH BioWulf and
Tianhe-1A) it is also possible to use our tool on them. cards. In particular tests have been carried out on the NVIDIA
FERMI architecture based GTX 480 card, and on the NVIDIA
Kepler architecture based k10 and k20c cards. Currently, SOAP3-
dp can be run on the CUDA-4.2 and CUDA-5.5 releases. As
SOAP3-dp has been successfully deployed on some cloud
computing services (e.g., Amazon EC2, NIH BioWulf and
Tianhe-1A) it is also possible to use our tool on them. Hardware and Software Requirements GPU-BSM works on linux based systems, equipped with a
custom installation of Python (releasew~2.7.3) and with a CUDA
enabled GPU-card. We tested it on two families of NVIDIA GPU Table 3. Precision for WGBS libraries with reads length of
75 bp. simulated sequencing error
tool
0%
2%
4%
6%
GPU-BSMu
93.75%
92.91%
84.48%
58.74%
GPU-BSMg
93.84%
92.68%
87.89%
72.75%
GPU-BSMgl
92.57%
89.92%
88.64%
89.09%
Bismarku
92.69%
92.30%
88.99%
70.86%
Bismarkg
90.01%
77.75%
43.50%
17.85%
BSMAP
93.59%
92.96%
89.21%
71.08%
BS-Seeker2u
92.69%
92.16%
89.36%
88.73%
BS-Seeker2g
92.52%
78.60%
63.41%
49.28%
BS-Seeker2gl
92.69%
90.08%
89.36%
88.73%
segemehl
93.57%
93.30%
91.96%
84.41%
Table reports precision varying the sequencing error from 0% to 6% for 250
thousands of 75 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t003 Table 4. Precision for WGBS libraries with reads length of
120 bp. simulated sequencing error
tool
0%
2%
4%
6%
GPU-BSMu
99.39%
99.16%
98.79%
98.56%
GPU-BSMg
99.35%
99.09%
99.08%
99.25%
GPU-BSMgl
99.32%
98.62%
98.29%
98.49%
Bismarku
100%
99.78%
99.57%
98.32%
Bismarkg
100%
99.87%
99.67%
97.76%
BSMAP
100%
99.45%
98.75%
98.07%
BS-Seeker2u
100%
99.67%
99.65%
98.36%
BS-Seeker2g
100%
98.61%
98.65%
94.76%
BS-Seeker2gl
100%
95.41%
96.12%
86.55%
segemehl
100%
99.72%
99.50%
99.30%
Table reports precision varying the sequencing error from 0% to 6% for 250
thousands of 120 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t004 Table 4. Precision for WGBS libraries with reads length of
120 bp. Table 3. Precision for WGBS libraries with reads length of
75 bp. Table reports precision varying the sequencing error from 0% to 6% for 250
thousands of 120 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t004 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 9 GPU-BSM Figure 11. F1 measure analyzing WGBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. This figure reports F1 measure varying sequencing error from
0% to 6% for 250 thousands of 75 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g011 Figure 11. F1 measure analyzing WGBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. This figure reports F1 measure varying sequencing error from
0% to 6% for 250 thousands of 75 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g011 cards. Results Experiments have been designed to assess the performances of
GPU-BSM to map WGBS and RRBS libraries with both synthetic
and real data. In this section, we first introduce experiments on
synthetic data mainly aimed at assessing the reliability of GPU-
BSM. Then, we present evaluation results on real data. Finally, we Figure 12. F1 measure analyzing WGBS libraries with reads length of 120 bp. This figure reports F1 measure varying sequencing error from
0% to 6% for 250 thousands of 120 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g012 Figure 12. F1 measure analyzing WGBS libraries with reads length of 120 bp. This figure reports F1 measure varying sequencing error from
0% to 6% for 250 thousands of 120 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g012 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 10 10 GPU-BSM Figure 13. Unique best mapped reads for RRBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. The graph represents the percentage of unique best
mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for RRBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 75 bp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g013 Figure 13. Unique best mapped reads for RRBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. The graph represents the percentage of unique best
mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for RRBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 75 bp. doi:10 1371/journal pone 0097277 g013 Figure 13. Unique best mapped reads for RRBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. The graph represents the percentage of unique best
mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for RRBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 75 bp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g013 briefly resume the hardware and software configuration used for
experiments. consisted of 250 thousands of reads generated from the build 37.3
of the human genome with a uniform bisulfite conversion rate of
50% on both strands. Libraries have been generated simulating
the sequencing error rate from 0% to 6% in increments of 2%. So,
we generated sixteen libraries: eight synthetic WGBS libraries and
eight synthetic RRBS libraries. Specifically, for both WGBS and
RRBS, we generated four libraries for reads of length of 75 bp and
four libraries for reads of length 120 bp with simulated sequencing
errors of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. Results As for RRBS libraries, Performance evaluation on synthetic data Synthetic WGBS and RRBS libraries have been generated with
the Sherman bisulfite-read simulator (http://www.bioinformatics. babraham.ac.uk/projects/sherman/). For our experiments, we
used libraries of different reads length. In particular, libraries with
reads length of 75 and 120 bp have been generated. Each library Figure 14. Unique best mapped reads for RRBS libraries with reads length of 120 bp. The graph represents the percentage of unique best
mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for RRBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 120 bp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g014 Figure 14. Unique best mapped reads for RRBS libraries with reads length of 120 bp. The graph represents the percentage of unique best
mapped reads obtained for each tool as function of the sequencing error for RRBS synthetic libraries with reads length of 120 bp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g014 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 11 11 GPU-BSM Table 5. Precision for RRBS libraries with reads length of
75 bp. simulated sequencing error
tool
0%
2%
4%
6%
GPU-BSMu
100%
99.26%
98.72%
98.04%
GPU-BSMg
99.98%
99.02%
98.64%
98.64%
GPU-BSMgl
99.95%
98.02%
97.01%
96.27%
Bismarku
100%
98.96%
98.60%
98.49%
Bismarkg
100%
99.43%
98.51%
97.38%
BSMAP
99.92%
99.44%
99.10%
98.48%
BS-Seeker2u
100%
98.72%
97.96%
97.51%
BS-Seeker2g
100%
97.41%
96.15%
96.36%
BS-Seeker2gl
100%
91.42%
87.37%
85.67%
Table reports precision varying the sequencing error from 0% to 6% for 250
thousands of 75 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t005 Table 6. Precision for RRBS libraries with reads length of
120 bp. simulated sequencing error
tool
0%
2%
4%
6%
GPU-BSMu
99.27%
98.88%
98.71%
98.32%
GPU-BSMg
99.26%
99.08%
99.45%
99.45%
GPU-BSMgl
99.24%
98.74%
98.83%
98.68%
Bismarku
100%
99.72%
99.67%
99.58%
Bismarkg
100%
99.79%
99.62%
99.26%
BSMAP
99.91%
99.69%
99.44%
99.06%
BS-Seeker2u
100%
99.66%
99.63%
99.62%
BS-Seeker2g
100%
99.04%
99.13%
99.26%
BS-Seeker2gl
100%
97.14%
96.30%
95.89%
Table reports precision varying the sequencing error from 0% to 6% for 250
thousands of 120 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t006 Table 5. Precision for RRBS libraries with reads length of
75 bp. Table reports precision varying the sequencing error from 0% to 6% for 250
thousands of 120 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. Performance evaluation on synthetic data doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t006 Table reports precision varying the sequencing error from 0% to 6% for 250
thousands of 75 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t005 we performed an in-silico MspI digestion on the build 37.3, and
selected 40–500 bp fragments. separately assessed the performance of GPU-BSM when used to
look for global and local alignments. Bismark and BS-Seeker2
have been used with Bowtie to look for ungapped alignments, and
with Bowtie2 to look for gapped alignments. BS-Seeker2 with
Bowtie2 has been run to look for gapped global and local
alignments. BSMAP and segemehl look for gapped global
alignments and do not permit to enable or disable this feature. Sherman simulates sequencing errors using an error rate curve
that follows an exponential decay model with the aim to mimic
real data. In this way, it will be most likely that the simulated
errors are in bases towards the 39 end rather than in bases towards
the 59 end. Tools compared in this work implement different algorithms
that do not allow to perform experiments using the same
constraints. Then, experiments have been performed setting
parameters with the aim to obtain more accurate alignments
according to the analyzed library (see Table 2). In particular, tools
have been run to look for alignments with up to five mismatches. It
should be pointed out that Bismark and segemehl do not permit to As for WGBS libraries, GPU-BSM has been compared with
Bismark, BSMAP, BS-Seeker2 and segemehl, whereas for RRBS
libraries only with Bismark, BSMAP and BS-Seeker2 as segemehl
does not support this type of data. To provide an accurate
comparison with the other tools, experiments were performed to
assess the reliability of GPU-BSM to look for ungapped and
gapped alignments. In particular, as for gapped alignments, we Figure 15. F1 measure analyzing RRBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. This figure reports F1 measure varying sequencing error from
0% to 6% for 250 thousands of 75 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g015 Figure 15. F1 measure analyzing RRBS libraries with reads length of 75 bp. This figure reports F1 measure varying sequencing error from
0% to 6% for 250 thousands of 75 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. Performance evaluation on synthetic data doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g015 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 12 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 12 GPU-BSM GPU-BSM Figure 16. F1 measure analyzing RRBS libraries with reads length of 120 bp. This figure reports F1 measure varying sequencing error from
0% to 6% for 250 thousands of 120 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g016 Figure 16. F1 measure analyzing RRBS libraries with reads length of 120 bp. This figure reports F1 measure varying sequencing error from
0% to 6% for 250 thousands of 120 bp reads mapped against the build 37.3 of the human genome. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.g016 set the number of mismatches to be allowed; they permit to set the
number of mismatches in the seed. Then, in order not to
overestimate the performance of these tools, we analyzed their
alignments without taking into account those obtained with more
than five mismatches. same unbiased strategy, whereas for ungapped alignments its
performance is comparable with those of Bismark and BS-Seeker2
only for simulated sequencing error of 0% and 2%. Performance evaluation on RRBS libraries. Figures 13
and 14 show the percentage of unique best mapped reads as
function of sequencing error for RRBS libraries. Also in
this case, GPU-BSM and BS-Seeker2, both run to support local
alignments, have been able to map more reads than the other
tools. As for gapped global alignments, in almost all cases BSMAP
has been able to map more reads than the other tools, whereas
GPU-BSM and BS-Seeker2 mapped more reads than Bismark. As
for ungapped alignments, the performance of GPU-BSM is
comparable with those of Bismark and BS-Seeker2 for simulated
error sequencing up to 2%. For higher simulated sequencing error
BS-Seeker2 mapped more reads than the other tools. Very accurate tools will exhibit high precision and high recall
(sensitivity). Then,
with
the
goal
of
providing
a
rigorous
comparison among the tools, we compared the performances of
the analyzed tools in terms of unique best mapped reads, precision,
and F1. Defined as the harmonic mean between precision (p) and
recall (r), F1 is a measure that weights equally both metrics. It
penalizes systems with a mediocre performance of precision or
sensitivity with respect to those that exhibit good performance on
both metrics. Performance evaluation on WGBS libraries. Performance evaluation on synthetic data Figures 9
and 10 show the percentage of unique best mapped
reads as function of sequencing error for WGBS libraries. In
almost all cases GPU-BSM and BS-Seeker2, both run to support
local alignments, have been able to map more reads than the other
tools. GPU-BSM, when run supporting gapped global alignments
was the second tool able to map more reads than the other ones
for almost all simulated sequencing errors. In particular, GPU-
BSM outperforms the other tools that adopt the same unbiased
strategy. As for ungapped alignments, the number of reads
mapped by GPU-BSM is comparable with those of Bismark and
BS-Seeker2 for simulated sequencing error up to 2%. The analysis of precision (see Table 5 and Table 6) shows that
GPU-BSM outperforms BS-Seeker2 when run to look for local
alignments. As for gapped alignments, BSMAP and Bismark are
more accurate than the other tools for reads of length 75 bp and
120 bp respectively. Bismark shows better precision for ungapped
alignments. F1 measures concerning all experiments on RRBS libraries are
reported in Figures 15 and 16. These graphs show that GPU-
BSM, when run to support local alignments, outperforms BS-
Seeker2 for all sequencing errors. As for gapped global alignments
BSMAP outperforms the other tools for simulated sequencing
error up to 4%. GPU-BSM outperforms the other tools based on
the same mapping strategy for all simulated sequencing errors, and
BSMAP for simulated errors of 6%. As for ungapped alignments,
BS-Seeker2 outperforms all the other tools. The analysis of precision (see Table 3 and Table 4) shows that
for local alignments GPU-BSM is more accurate than BS-Seeker2. As for gapped alignments, BSMAP and segemehl outperform the
other tools, whereas for ungapped alignments Bismark and BS-
Seeker2 are slightly more accurate than GPU-BSM. F1 measures concerning all experiments on WGBS libraries are
reported in Figures 11 and 12. These graphs show that GPU-
BSM, when run to support local alignments, outperforms BS-
Seeker2 for all sequencing errors. As for gapped global alignments,
GPU-BSM outperforms Bismark and BS-Seeker2 that exploit the Performance evaluation on real data As for WGBS, to assess the performances of GPU-BSM on real
data, we used it to map the reads of two directional libraries
obtained by sequencing the human H1 cell line on the Human May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 13 GPU-BSM Table 7. Performance evaluation on WGBS data. library
tool
time
percentage of unique best mapped reads
differences
~0
ƒ1
ƒ2
ƒ3
ƒ4
ƒ5
GPU-BSMu
15/11m
40.2%
53.0%
58.8%
62.7%
65.8%
66.6%
GPU-BSMg
9/7m
40.3%
53.7%
60.1%
64.3%
67.8%
70.9%
GPU-BSMgl
9/7m
61.6%
77.7%
83.5%
86.3%
87.8%
88.7%
Bismarku
50 m
40.3%
52.8%
58.4%
61.9%
64.1%
65.3%
Bismarkg
1 h
39.1%
51.5%
56.9%
57.6%
57.8%
57.9%
SRR019597
BSMAP
13 m
40.0%
52.6%
58.3%
62.0%
64.7%
66.8%
BS-Seeker2u
45 m
39.9%
52.3%
58.0%
61.8%
64.7%
67.1%
BS-Seeker2g
1 h22 m
38.8%
52.5%
56.7%
59.5.0%
61.9%
64.0%
BS-Seeker2gl
1 h21 m
61.1%
77.8%
83.8%
86.8%
88.6%
89.9%
Segemehl
32 m
39.9%
53.3%
59.7%
64.2%
67.9%
71.2%
GPU-BSMu
44/32m
24.7%
33.6%
38.0%
41.4%
44.4%
45.1%
GPU-BSMg
23/19m
24.7%
34.3%
39.1%
42.9%
46.5%
50.0%
GPU-BSMgl
22/19m
55.2%
69.1%
74.0%
76.6%
78.2%
79.3%
Bismarku
55 m
24.5%
33.3%
37.4%
39.8%
41.2%
42.0%
SRR019048
Bismarkg
1 h40 m
24.0%
32.7%
36.8%
37.4%
37.7%
37.8%
BSMAP
1 h30 m
24.6%
33.4%
37.7%
41.0%
43.8%
46.4%
BS-Seeker2u
1 h51 m
24.5%
33.2%
37.4%
40.7%
43.6%
46.2%
BS-Seeker2g
4 h18 m
24.4%
33.2%
37.0%
40.0%
42.9%
45.6%
BS-Seeker2gl
3 h55 m
56.2%
71.5%
77.6%
81.2%
83.7%
85.7%
Segemehl
57 m
22.8%
33.4%
38.8%
43.2%
47.2%
51.1%
Performances comparison on real-life libraries among GPU-BSM, Bismark, BSMAP, BS-Seeker2, and segemehl. Two directional libraries are analyzed: SRR019597, which consists of 5.943.586 reads of length 76 bp, and SRR019048,
which consists of 15.331.851 reads of length 87 bp. The first and second column of the table report the library and the name of the tools, respectively. The third column reports the time required to analyze the libraries. Columns 4
to 9 report the percentage of uniquely mapped reads according to the number of mapping differences. Differences are mismatches when the tools are used to look for ungapped alignments, whereas they may be mismatches
and/or indels when the tools are used to look for gapped alignments. Computing time for GPU-BSM has been reported running it on a single and on two GPUs. As for multi-threading based tools, computing time has been
reported for 12 cores. Performance evaluation on real data Tools settings: i) GPU-BSMu -m 5 –ungapped -l 1 -R -d C-
Mg -m 5 –e2e -l 1 -R -d C-CGG, GPU-BSMgl -m 5 -l 1 -R -d C-CGG; moreover for all experiments with GPU-BSM the following setting has been used: -L 100 -g 0 to run the experiment on a single GPU (-L 100 -g 0 -g 1 to
riment on two GPUs); ii) Bismarku -q –directional, Bismarkg -q –directional –bowtie2 -p 6; iii) BSMAP -v 5 -w 2 -r 0 -D -C-CGG -p 12; iv) BS-Seeker2u -m 5 –aligner = bowtie -f sam -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 220, BS-Seeker2g -
= bowtie2 -f sam -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 220 –bt2–end-to-end –bt2-p 6, BS-Seeker2gl -m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 -f sam -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 220 –bt2-p 6. n on a single GPU. un on two GPUs. nd BS-Seeker2 run in parallel two instances of Bowtie2. To ensure that both tools use 12 core we used the option -p 6/–bt2-p 6 so that each Bowtie2 instance runs with 6 threads. ournal pone 0097277 t008 Table 8. Performance evaluation on RRBS data. library
tool
time
percentage of unique best mapped reads
differences
~0
ƒ1
ƒ2
ƒ3
ƒ4
ƒ5
GPU-BSMu
18/15m
24.7%
32.1%
34.6%
35.9%
37.0%
37.1%
GPU-BSMg
20/12m
24.7%
32.5%
35.1%
35.6%
37.6%
38.3%
GPU-BSMgl
27/18m
41.8%
50.1%
52.4%
53.4%
54.0%
54.3%
Bismarku
34 m
24.2%
31.1%
33.2%
33.9%
34.3%
34.6%
SRR748751
Bismarkg
56 m
22.3%
28.9%
31.0%
32.2%
32.5%
32.6%
BSMAP
6 m
24.6%
31.6%
33.7%
34.9%
35.7%
36.3%
BS-Seeker2u
52 m
24.6%
31.7%
33.7%
34.8%
35.5%
35.9%
BS-Seeker2g
4 h6 m
24.5%
31.8%
34.2%
35.6%
36.7%
37.7%
BS-Seeker2gl
3 h29 m
48.9%
59.5%
63.4%
65.7%
67.0%
67.9%
Performances comparison on real-life libraries among GPU-BSM, Bismark, BSMAP, and BS-Seeker2. A directional library SRR748751, which consists of 11.961.710 reads of length 100 bp has been analyzed. The first and second
column of the table report the library and the name of the tools, respectively. The third column reports the time required to analyze the library. Columns 4 to 9 report the percentage of uniquely mapped reads according to the
number of mapping differences. Differences are mismatches when the tools are used to look for ungapped alignments, whereas they may be mismatches and/or indels when the tools are used to look for gapped alignments. May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 Performance evaluation on real data Tools settings: i) GPU-BSMu -m 5 –ungapped -l 1, GPU-BSMg -m 5 –e2e -l 1, GPU-BSMgl -m 5 -l 1; moreover for all experiments with GPU-BSM the following settings have been used: -L 76 for SRR019597 and -L
87 for SRR019048, -g 0 to run the experiment on a single GPU (-g 0 -g 1 to run the experiment on two GPUs); ii) Bismarku -q ––directional, Bismarkg -q –directional –bowtie2 -p 6; iii) BSMAP -v 5 -w 2 -r 0 -p 12; iv) BS-Seeker2u -m 5
–aligner = bowtie -f sam, BS-Seeker2g -m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 -f sam –bt2–end-to-end –bt2-p 6, BS-Seeker2gl -m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 -f sam –bt2-p 6 v) segemehl -F 1 -H 1 -D 0 -A 70 –threads 12. GPU-BSM run on a single GPU. GPU-BSM run on two GPUs. Bismark and BS-Seeker2 run in parallel two instances of Bowtie2. To ensure that both tools use 12 core we used the option -p 6/–bt2-p 6 so that each Bowtie2 instance runs with 6 threads. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t007 38.8% 33.4% 22.8% May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 14 GPU-BSM s comparison on real-life libraries among GPU-BSM, Bismark, BSMAP, and BS-Seeker2. A directional library SRR748751, which consists of 11.961.710 reads of length 100 bp has been analyzed. The first and second
e table report the library and the name of the tools, respectively. The third column reports the time required to analyze the library. Columns 4 to 9 report the percentage of uniquely mapped reads according to the
apping differences. Differences are mismatches when the tools are used to look for ungapped alignments, whereas they may be mismatches and/or indels when the tools are used to look for gapped alignments. me for GPU-BSM has been reported running it on a single and on two GPUs. As for multi-threading based tools, computing time has been reported for 12 cores. Discussion GPU-BSM is a mapping tool able to align single-end and
paired-end reads generated from WGBS and RRBS. GPU-BSM
supports
both
gapped
and
ungapped
alignments. Massive
parallelization on GPUs enables GPU-BSM to map reads without
stringent limitations on the alignment process. Experimental
results shown that GPU-BSM is very accurate and outperforms
most of the cutting-edge solutions in terms of unique best mapped
reads, while keeping computational time reasonably low. Peaks of memory required to run experiments on real-life libraries. Data
reported in the table shows that GPU-BSM is not very efficient in terms of
memory consumption. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t009 We deem there are further margins of improvement of the
overall computing time. The mapping process implemented in
GPU-BSM can be represented by a three-stage pipeline. In the
first stage, GPU-BSM performs a 3-letter nucleotide alphabet
reduction. Successively, the bisulfite-treated reads are mapped
against the reference genome. Finally, GPU-BSM analyzes the
mapped reads to detect and remove those ambiguous and false
positives. Currently, only the second stage of the pipeline has been
parallelized on GPU cards. In particular, the mapping process can
be run on up to four GPU cards. At the second stage, the gain in
terms of computing time resulted nearly linear with increasing the
number of GPU cards. Nevertheless, the overall gain is not linear
due to the fact that the first and third stages of the pipeline have
not yet been parallelized. We are working to improve GPU-BSM i)
porting to GPU the third stage of the pipeline and ii) extending the
parallelization of the second stage to a cluster of GPUs. Porting to
GPUs the analysis performed at the third stage is essential to
obtain a linear gain of the computing time with increasing the used
GPUs. Without this improvement, there will be no benefit from
the parallelization of the second stage on a cluster of GPUs. We
estimated that the planned updates of GPU-BSM can notably
improve the computing time. We implemented this part of the
algorithm with the aim to easily migrate it on GPU. In doing this,
we defined data structures mainly devised for massive paralleliza-
tion on GPU that are not optimized for CPU. This implied a huge
amount of memory required to run it. We reported the peaks of
memory required from the different tools in Table 9 which shows
that only segemehl requires more memory than GPU-BSM. NCBI genome build 37.3/hg19. Hardware and Software Configuration Experiments described hereinafter have been carried out on a
12 cores Intel Xeon CPU E5-2667 2.90 GHz with 128 GB of
RAM. Two NVIDIA Kepler architecture based Tesla k20c cards
with 0.71 GHz clock rate and equipped with 4.8 GB of global
memory have been exploited to execute SOAP3-dp rel. 2.3.177. Discussion We mapped the reads of the same
real-life libraries analyzed in [14] and [13] to assess the
performance of BS-Seeker and segemehl, respectively: library
SRR019597, consisting of 5.9 millions of 76 bp reads, and library
SRR019048, consisting of 15.3 millions of 87 bp reads. Results
have been compared with those of Bismark, BSMAP, BS-Seeker2,
and segemehl. g
As for RRBS, we used GPU-BSM to map against the mus
musculus genome (mm9) the reads of the library SRR748751 [44]. The library consists of 11.9 millions of 100 bp reads generated
with MspI digestion and selecting fragments of 40–220 bp. Tables 7 and 8 summarize experimental results in terms of
fraction of unique best mapped reads and computing time for all
tools. In the tables have only been reported the percentage of
unique best mapped reads for alignments with up to five
differences. Experimental results show that GPU-BSM is a very effective
tool for mapping bisulfite-treated reads, as it outperforms almost
all analyzed tools. When run to look for ungapped and gapped
global alignments, it has been able to map more reads than the
other tools in almost all cases. As for unique best mapped reads, its
performances are only comparable with those of segemehl for
WGBS libraries. GPU-BSM appears to be slightly more effective
than segemehl to map reads with few differences. On the other
hand segemehl appears to be slightly more effective to map reads
with more differences. When run to look for local alignment BS-
Seeker2 mapped more reads than GPU-BSM. GPU-BSM is freely available for non-commercial use under the
terms of the Affero GNU General Public License. The current
release can be downloaded at the following addresses http://pypi. python.org/pypi/GPU-BSM/ and
http://www.itb.cnr.it/web/
bioinformatics/gpu-bsm. As for the computing time, GPU-BSM is definitely the faster
tool to map WGBS libraries, and the second to map RRBS
libraries. In particular, as for SRR0195957/SRR019048 WGBS
libraries, GPU-BSM ran on a single GPU resulted: i) 3.3x/1.25x
faster than Bismark and 3x/2.5x faster than BS-Seeker2 when run
to look for ungapped alignments; ii) 6.6x/4.3x faster than Bismark,
9x/11.2x faster than BS-Seeker2, 3.5x/2.4x faster than segemehl,
and 1.4x/3.9x faster than BSMAP when run to look for gapped
global alignments; iii) 9x/10.6x faster than BS-Seeker2 to map
reads with gapped local alignments. As for the SRR748751 RRBS Performance evaluation on real data Computing time for GPU-BSM has been reported running it on a single and on two GPUs. As for multi-threading based tools, computing time has been reported for 12 cores. Tools settings: i) GPU-BSMu -m 5 –ungapped -l 1 -R -d C-
CGG, GPU-BSMg -m 5 –e2e -l 1 -R -d C-CGG, GPU-BSMgl -m 5 -l 1 -R -d C-CGG; moreover for all experiments with GPU-BSM the following setting has been used: -L 100 -g 0 to run the experiment on a single GPU (-L 100 -g 0 -g 1 to
run the experiment on two GPUs); ii) Bismarku -q –directional, Bismarkg -q –directional –bowtie2 -p 6; iii) BSMAP -v 5 -w 2 -r 0 -D -C-CGG -p 12; iv) BS-Seeker2u -m 5 –aligner = bowtie -f sam -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 220, BS-Seeker2g -
m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 -f sam -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 220 –bt2–end-to-end –bt2-p 6, BS-Seeker2gl -m 5 –aligner = bowtie2 -f sam -r -c C-CGG -L 40 -U 220 –bt2-p 6. GPU-BSM run on a single GPU. GPU-BSM run on two GPUs. Bismark and BS-Seeker2 run in parallel two instances of Bowtie2. To ensure that both tools use 12 core we used the option -p 6/–bt2-p 6 so that each Bowtie2 instance runs with 6 threads. LOS ONE | www plosone org
15 May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 15 GPU-BSM library, GPU-BSM ran on a single GPU resulted: i) 1.9x faster
than Bismark and 2.8x faster than BS-Seeker2 when run to look
for ungapped alignments; ii) 2.8x faster than Bismark and 12.3x
faster than BS-Seeker2 when run to look for gapped global
alignments; iii) 7.7x faster than BS-Seeker2 to map reads with
gapped local alignments. As for RRBS and gapped global
alignments, BSMAP resulted 3.3x faster than GPU-BSM. Table 9. Memory consumption. library
tool
memory
GPU-BSMu=g=gl
20.3/20.3/20.3 GB
Bismarku=g
7.7/10.1 GB
SRR019597
BSMAP
8.3 GB
BS-Seeker2u=g=gl
4.6/7.3/7.3 GB
segemehl
53 GB
GPU-BSMu=g=gl
22.4/40.6/41.6 GB
Bismarku=g
7.7/10.1 GB
SRR019048
BSMAP
8.3 GB
BS-Seeker2u=g=gl
4.6/7.3/7.3 GB
segemehl
53 GB
GPU-BSMu=g=gl
17.3/27.7/29.5 GB
Bismarku=g
7.7/10.1 GB
SRR748751
BSMAP
2.1 GB
BS-Seeker2u=g=gl
3.0/3.0/3.0 GB
Peaks of memory required to run experiments on real-life libraries. Data
reported in the table shows that GPU-BSM is not very efficient in terms of
memory consumption. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097277.t009 References 23. Smith A, Xuan Z, Zhang M (2008) Using quality scores and longer reads
improves accuracy of solexa read mapping. BMC Bioinformatics 9: 128. 1. Jaenisch R, Bird A (2003) Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the
genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nat Genet 33: 245–254. 1. Jaenisch R, Bird A (2003) Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the
genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nat Genet 33: 245–254. p
y
pp g
24. Smith A, Chung WY, Hodges E, Kendall J, Hannon G, et al. (2009) Updates to
the rmap short-read mapping software. Bioinformatics 25: 2841–2842. 2. Esteller M, Herman JG (2002) Cancer as an epigenetic disease: Dna methylation
and chromatin alterations in human tumours. The Journal of Pathology 196:
1–7. the rmap short-read mapping software. Bioinformatics 25: 2841–2842 25. Li H, Durbin R (2009) Fast and accurate short read alignment with burrows–
wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25: 1754–1760. 3. Jelinek J, Gharibyan V, Estecio M, Kondo K, He R, et al. (2011) Aberrant dna
methylation is associated with disease progression, resistance to imatinib and
shortened survival in chronic myelogenous leukemia. PLoS ONE 6. 26. Schatz M (2009) Cloudburst: highly sensitive read mapping with mapreduce. Bioinformatics 25: 1363–1369. 4. Laird P (2010) Principles and challenges of genome-wide dna methylation
analysis. Nat Rev Genet 11: 191–203. 27. Rumble S, Lacroute P, Dalca A, Fiume M, Sidow A, et al. (2009) Shrimp:
accurate mapping of short color-space reads. PLoS Comput Biol 5: e1000386. 5. Frommer M, McDonald LE, Millar DS, Collis CM, Watt F, et al. (1992) A
genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine
residues in individual dna strands. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 89: 1827–1831. 28. David M, Dzamba M, Lister D, Ilie L, Brudno M (2011) Shrimp2: sensitive yet
practical short read mapping. Bioinformatics 27: 1011–1012. practical short read mapping. Bioinformatics 27: 1011–1012. 29. White T (2012) Hadoop: The definitive guide. Sebastopol: O’Reilly Media. 686
p. 6. Lister R, Pelizzola M, Dowen R, Hawkins R, Hon G, et al. (2009) Human dna
methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature
462: 315–322. 30. Dean J, Ghemawat S (2008) Mapreduce: simplified data processing on large
clusters. Communications of the ACM 51: 107–113. 31. Smith TF, Waterman MS (1981) Identification of common molecular
subsequences. J Mol Biol 147: 195–197. 7. Cokus S, Feng S, Zhang X, Chen Z, Merriman B, et al. References (2008) Shotgun
bisulphite sequencing of the arabidopsis genome reveals dna methylation
patterning. Nature 452: 215–219. 32. Li R, Yu C, Li Y, Lam TW, Yiu SM, et al. (2009) Soap2: an improved ultrafast
tool for short read alignment. Bioinformatics 25: 1966–1967. 8. Meissner A, Gnirke A, Bell GW, Ramsahoye B, Lander ES, et al. (2005)
Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing for comparative high-resolution dna
methylation analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 33: 5868–5877. 33. Ruffalo M, LaFramboise T, Koyutu¨rk M (2011) Comparative analysis of
algorithms for nextgeneration sequencing read alignment. Bioinformatics 27:
2790–2796. methylation analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 33: 5868–5877. 9. Robertson KD, Jones AP (2000) Dna methylation: past, present and future
directions. Carcinogenesis 21: 461–467. 34. Bao S, Jiang R, Kwan WK,Wang BB, Ma X, et al. (2011) Evaluation of next-
generation sequencing software in mapping and assembly. J Hum Genet 56:
406–414. 10. Krueger F, Kreck B, Franke A, Andrews SR (2012) Dna methylome analysis
using short bisulfite sequencing data. Nat Methods 9: 145–151. 35. Manavski S, Valle G (2008) Cuda compatible gpu cards as efficient hardware
accelerators for smithwaterman sequence alignment. BMC Bioinformatics 9:
S10. g
q
g
11. Xi Y, Li W (2009) Bsmap: Whole genome bisulfite sequence mapping program. BMC Bioinformatics 10: 232. 12. Xi Y, Bock C, Mu¨ller F, Sun D, Meissner A, et al. (2012) Rrbsmap: a fast,
accurate and userfriendly alignment tool for reduced representation bisulfite
sequencing. Bioinformatics 28: 430–432. 36. Yung L, Yang C, Wan X, Yu W (2011) Gboost: a gpu-based tool for detecting
gene–gene interactions in genome–wide case control studies. Bioinformatics 27:
1309–1310. q
g
13. Otto C, Stadler P, Hoffmann S (2012) Fast and sensitive mapping of bisulfite-
treated sequencing data. Bioinformatics 28: 1698–1704. 37. Liu Y, Schmidt B, Maskell D (2010) Cudasw++2.0: enhanced smith-waterman
protein database search on cuda-enabled gpus based on simt and virtualized
simd abstractions. BMC Res Notes 3: 93. 14. Chen PY, Cokus SJ, Pellegrini M (2010) Bs seeker: Precise mapping for bisulfite
sequencing. BMC Bioinformatics 11: 203. 38. Shi H, Schmidt B, Liu W, Mu¨ller-Wittig W (2010) Quality-score guided error
correction for shortread sequencing data using cuda. Procedia Computer
Science 1: 1129–1138. 15. Guo W, Fiziev P, Yan W, Cokus S, Sun X, et al. (2013) Bs-seeker2: a versatile
aligning pipeline for bisulfite sequencing data. BMC Genomics 14: 774. 16. Krueger F, Andrews SR (2011) Bismark: A flexible aligner and methylation
caller for bisulfite-seq applications. Acknowledgments We thank the reviewers for their very useful and constructive comments
and suggestions. May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 16 GPU-BSM GPU-BSM LM. Wrote the paper: AM. Revised the manuscript: AM GA LM. Wrote
the program: AM. Coordinated the project: LM. Generated the synthetic
data: AM. Conceived the tool: AM. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: AM LM. Performed the
experiments: AM AO EM GA. Analyzed the data: AM AO EM GA Conceived and designed the experiments: AM LM. Performed the
experiments: AM AO EM GA. Analyzed the data: AM AO EM GA References Bioinformatics 27: 1571–1572. 39. Klus P, Lam S, Lyberg D, Cheung M, Pullan G, et al. (2012) Barracuda-a fast
short read sequence aligner using graphics processing units. BMC Res Notes 5:
27. 17. Harris E, Ponts N, Le Roch K, Lonardi S (2012) Brat-bw: efficient and accurate
mapping of bisulfite-treated reads. Bioinformatics 28: 1795–1796. mapping of bisulfite-treated reads. Bioinformatics 28: 1795–17 40. Liu Y, Schmidt B, Maskell D (2012) Cushaw: a cuda compatible short read
aligner to large genomes based on the burrows-wheeler transform. Bioinfor-
matics 28: 1830–1837. 18. Langmead B, Trapnell C, Pop M, Salzberg SL (2009) Ultrafast and memory-
efficient alignment of short dna sequences to the human genome. Genome Biol
10: R25. 41. Liu CM, Wong T, Wu E, Luo R, Yiu SM, et al. (2012) Soap3: ultra-fast gpu-
based parallel alignment tool for short reads. Bioinformatics 28: 878–879. 19. Langmead B, Salzberg S (2012) Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2. Nat
Methods 9: 357–359. 42. Mu J, Jiang H, Kiani A, Mohiyuddin M, Asadi N, et al. (2012) Fast and accurate
read alignment for resequencing. Bioinformatics 28: 2366–2373. 20. Ferragina P, Manzini G (2000) Opportunistic data structures with applications. Foundations of Computer Science: Proceedings 41st Annual Symposium on. IEEE: 390–398p. 43. Marco-Sola S, Sammeth M, Guigo´ R, Ribeca P (2012) The gem mapper: fast,
accurate and versatile alignment by filtration. Nat Methods 9: 1185–1188. p
21. Luo R, Wong T, Zhu J, Liu CM, Zhu X, et al. (2013) Soap3-dp: Fast, accurate
and sensitive gpu-based short read aligner. PLoS ONE 8: e65632. 44. Sharma MD, Huang L, Choi JH, Lee EJ,Wilson JM, et al. (2013) An inherently
bifunctional subset of foxp3+ t helper cells is controlled by the transcription factor
eos. Immunity 38: 998–1012. 22. Li H, Ruan J, Durbin R (2008) Mapping short dna sequencing reads and calling
variants using mapping quality scores. Genome Res 18: 1851–1858. May 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 5 | e97277 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 17
| 40,433 |
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Эмблема Пакістана
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https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Эмблема Пакістана&action=history
|
Belarusian
|
Spoken
| 89 | 338 |
Дзяржаўная эмблема Пакістана была прынята ў 1954 годзе. Мае зялёны колер, што разам з паўмесяцам і зоркай наверсе сімвалізуе Іслам, які з'яўляецца рэлігіяй большасці насельніцтва Пакістана.
У цэнтры эмблемы — шчыт, які сімвалізуе сельскую гаспадарку, на ім намаляваны чатыры галоўныя збожжавыя культуры Пакістана: бавоўна, джут, чай і пшаніца.
Кветкавы вянок вакол шчыта сімвалізуе гісторыю Пакістана.
Нарэшце, скрутак унізе ўтрымлівае нацыянальны дэвіз Пакістана на арабскай: ایمان ، اتحاد ، نظم, што перакладаецца як «Вера, Адзінства, Дысцыпліна».
Спасылкі
The State Emblem of Pakistan на сайце ўрада Пакістана
Пакістан
Дзяржаўныя сімвалы Пакістана
| 16,011 |
2015/02014D0237-20150214/02014D0237-20150214_SL.txt_1
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Eurlex
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Open Government
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CC-By
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None
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None
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Slovenian
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Spoken
| 563 | 1,402 |
Konsolidirano BESEDILO: 32014D0237 — SL — 14.02.2015
2014D0237 — SL — 14.02.2015 — 001.001
Ta dokument je mišljen zgolj kot dokumentacijsko orodje in institucije za njegovo vsebino ne prevzemajo nobene odgovornosti
►B
IZVEDBENI SKLEP KOMISIJE
z dne 24. aprila 2014
o ukrepih za preprečevanje vnosa škodljivih organizmov v Unijo in njihovega širjenja v Uniji, kar zadeva nekatero sadje in zelenjavo s poreklom iz Indije
(notificirano pod dokumentarno številko C(2014) 2601)
(2014/237/EU)
(UL L 125, 26.4.2014, p.93)
spremenjena z:
Uradni list
No
page
date
►M1
IZVEDBENI SKLEP KOMISIJE (EU) 2015/237 z dne 12. februarja 2015
L 39
21
14.2.2015
▼B
IZVEDBENI SKLEP KOMISIJE
z dne 24. aprila 2014
o ukrepih za preprečevanje vnosa škodljivih organizmov v Unijo in njihovega širjenja v Uniji, kar zadeva nekatero sadje in zelenjavo s poreklom iz Indije
(notificirano pod dokumentarno številko C(2014) 2601)
(2014/237/EU)
EVROPSKA KOMISIJA JE –
ob upoštevanju Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije,
ob upoštevanju Direktive Sveta 2000/29/ES z dne 8. maja 2000 o varstvenih ukrepih proti vnosu organizmov, škodljivih za rastline ali rastlinske proizvode, v Skupnost in proti njihovemu širjenju v Skupnosti (
1
), in zlasti tretjega stavka člena 16(3) Direktive,ob upoštevanju naslednjega:
(1)
Zdravstveni pregledi pošiljk nekaterih rastlin in rastlinskih proizvodov s poreklom iz Indije, ki so jih izvedle države članice, so povzročili številna zadržanja zaradi prisotnosti škodljivih organizmov, zlasti Tephritidae (neevropske vrste), Thrips palmi Karny ali Bemisia tabaci Genn. Število pošiljk iz Indije, zadržanih v Uniji zaradi škodljivih organizmov, se povečuje od leta 2010. Večinoma so zadržane rastline, razen semena in korenin, iz vrst Colocasia Schott, in rastline, razen semena, iz vrst Mangifera L., Momordica L., Solanum melongena L. in Trichosanthes L. (v nadaljnjem besedilu: določeno blago).
(2)
Revizije, ki jih je Komisija opravila v Indiji, zlasti leta 2010 in leta 2013, so razkrile pomanjkljivosti pri sistemu izdajanja fitosanitarnih izvoznih spričeval. Kljub zagotovilom in ukrepom, ki jih je sprejela Indija, se je število zadržanj v letu 2013 dodatno povečalo.
(3)
Na podlagi rezultatov navedenih revizij in števila zadržanj je bilo sklenjeno, da trenutni indijski fitosanitarni nadzorni ukrepi ne zadoščajo za zagotovitev, da pošiljke niso napadene s škodljivimi organizmi, ali za odpravo tveganja vnosa škodljivih organizmov v Unijo prek uvoza določenega blaga.
(4)
Sprejeti bi bilo treba ukrepe za odpravo tveganja, ki ga predstavlja uvoz določenega blaga s poreklom iz Indije v Unijo. Zato bi bilo treba prepovedati vnos določenega blaga s poreklom iz Indije v Unijo.
(5)
Ukrepi bi morali biti veljavni do 31. decembra 2015, da se odpravi trenutno tveganje zaradi vnosa, hkrati pa Indiji omogoči, da posodobi svoj sistem izdajanja spričeval.
(6)
Ukrepi iz tega sklepa so v skladu z mnenjem Stalnega odbora za zdravstveno varstvo rastlin –
SPREJELA NASLEDNJI SKLEP:
▼M1
Člen 1
Rastline iz vrst Colocasia Schott, razen semena in korenin, in rastline iz vrst Momordica L., Solanum melongena L. in Trichosanthes L., razen semena, s poreklom iz Indije, je prepovedano vnašati na ozemlje Unije.
▼M1
Člen 1a
Vnos rastlin iz vrst Mangifera L., razen semena, s poreklom iz Indije na ozemlje Unije je dovoljen le, če ga spremlja fitosanitarno spričevalo, kakor je določeno v prvem pododstavku točke (ii) člena 13(1) Direktive 2000/29/ES, z opisom ustreznih ukrepov, sprejetih za zagotovitev, da rastline niso okužene s škodljivimi organizmi, v rubriki „Dopolnilna izjava“.
▼B
Člen 2
Ta sklep preneha veljati 31. decembra 2015.
Člen 3
Ta sklep je naslovljen na države članice.
(
1
) UL L 169, 10.7.2000, str. 1.
| 23,387 |
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Wikipedia
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Чемоданы Тульса Люпера
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Чемоданы Тульса Люпера&action=history
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Russian
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Spoken
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«Чемоданы Тульса Люпера» () — мультимедийный проект Питера Гринуэя, который, как первоначально задумывалось, должен был состоять из трех полнометражных фильмов, 16-серийного телесериала и 92 DVD-дисков, а также веб-сайтов, компакт-дисков и книг.
Три полнометражные ленты были сняты в 2003—2004 годах. Две книги, «Тульс Люпер в Турине» и «Тульс Люпер в Венеции», были опубликованы в 2002 и 2004 году соответственно.
Структура
Фильмы
«Чемоданы Тульса Люпера: Моавитская история» (2003)
«Чемоданы Тульса Люпера: Антверпен» (2003)
«Чемоданы Тульса Люпера: Из Во к морю» (2004)
«Чемоданы Тульса Люпера: От Сарка до конца» (2004)
«Жизнь в чемоданах» (2005)
Книги
«Золото» (2002)
«Тульс Люпер в Турине» (2002)
«Тульс Люпер в Венеции» (2004)
«Тульс Люпер в Риме» (не опубликована)
В ролях
и другие.
Сюжет
Гринуэй описывал данный проект как «персональная история урана» и «автобиография профессионального узника». Основой структуры проекта являются 92 чемодана, по непроверенным данным принадлежащие Люперу; 92 является как атомным номером урана, так и числом, использованным Гринуэем в организационной структуре его ранней работы «Падения». Каждый чемодан содержит объект, «представляющий мир», который продвигает или комментирует происходящую историю в некотором ключе, хотя во многих случаях содержимое представляет собой больше метафору, чем реальное указание.
Ссылки
Официальный сайт проекта .
Путешествие Тульса Люпера (большая многопользовательская онлайн игра по мотивам проекта).
Фильмы Великобритании
Фильмы 2003 года
Фильмы 2004 года
Фильмы Питера Гринуэя
| 23,746 |
https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/121760
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Waqas Sarwar MVP, https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/21563
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English
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Spoken
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Please wait message while page with visual webpart is loading
I have a page which consists of a Visual webpart. The user goes to the page by clicking on the Sharepoint default side nav. The page I mentioned earlier takes a while to load and I would like to have a "page is loading" message to be displayed while this happens. Is there a way to do it on the page load function of my visual webpart?
Please advice.
check this one http://www.ilikesharepoint.de/2013/04/sharepoint-create-a-wait-message-for-long-running-tasks/
I am not accessing the page through button, I am doing it through a link in side nav.
| 36,642 |
ACCOTEXT000043262511
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
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ALDI MARCHE
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ACCO
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Spoken
| 915 | 1,536 |
PROTOCOLE D’ACCORD DANS LE CADRE DE LA NÉGOCIATION ANNUELLE
SUR LA REMUNERATION, LE TEMPS DE TRAVAIL
ET LA REPARTITION DE LA VALEUR AJOUTEE
Entre
La société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL dont le siège est situé
ZAC du Pot au Pin
Chemin de Crique-Pignon
33610 CESTAS
représentée par , en sa qualité de gérant
d’une part,
Et
Les organisations syndicales représentatives au sein de l’entreprise, à savoir :
CFDT, représentée par en sa qualité de déléguée syndicale
FO, représentée par en sa qualité de déléguée syndicale
CFE-CGC, pour laquelle aucun(e) délégué(e) syndical(e) n'a été désigné(e)
d’autre part,
À la suite de l’ouverture des négociations le 5 janvier 2021, et aux différentes réunions tenues le :
- Vendredi 15 janvier 2021,
- Jeudi 28 janvier 2021,
- Vendredi 5 février 2021,
- Vendredi 12 février 2021,
Il a été convenu et arrêté ce qui suit :
Article 1 - Champ d’application :
La présente négociation s’applique à l’ensemble des salariés de la société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL.
Article 2 - Négociation sur la rémunération, le temps de travail et le partage de la valeur ajoutée dans l'entreprise :
2.1. Les salaires effectifs – Conditions applicables à partir du 1er février 2021
Une augmentation de salaire de 1,10 % sera appliquée pour l'ensemble du personnel de la Société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL, hors membres du STAFF, Responsables de Secteur, Responsables de Service Entrepôt, Chef Comptable, Manager de Projets RH, Responsable Technique et immobilier, Facility Manager et salariés sous contrat en alternance et d'apprentissage (salaire indexé sur le SMIC pour ces derniers). Cette augmentation s'applique au salaire mensuel de base.
Des bons de réduction pour une valeur totale de 150,00 euros seront remis à chaque salarié de la société pouvant justifier d'une ancienneté de 3 mois minimum au 1er avril 2021, ce montant étant indépendant de la forme du contrat (à durée déterminée, indéterminée, d'alternance ou d'apprentissage) et de la base horaire contractuelle (temps partiel ou temps complet).
Ces bons de réduction auront une valeur unitaire de 2,00 euros. Ils seront à faire valoir pour des achats effectués au plus tard le 31 janvier 2022 et exclusivement au sein d'un magasin géré par la société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL, à raison d'un bon de réduction par tranche de 10,00 euros d'achats.
2.2. La durée effective et l’organisation du temps de travail, notamment la mise en place du travail à temps partiel
La durée et l’organisation du temps de travail telles que prévues par l’accord du 02/10/2012, et les avenants signés ultérieurement, continueront à s’appliquer.
Cet accord est repris en annexe du présent protocole.
2.3. L’intéressement, la participation et l’épargne salariale (Lorsque les salariés ne sont pas couverts par un accord d’entreprise)
L’intéressement tel que prévu par l’accord cadre du 12/02/2021
Cet accord est repris en annexe du présent protocole.
La société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL n’ayant à ce jour pas de bénéfice, aucun accord de participation n’est signé.
L’épargne salariale est couverte au sein de la société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL par un contrat qui continuera à s’appliquer.
2.4. Le suivi de la mise en œuvre des mesures visant à supprimer les écarts de rémunération et les différences de déroulement de carrière entre les femmes et les hommes
Les écarts de rémunération, et les éventuelles différences de déroulement de carrière entre les femmes et les hommes au sein de la société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL sont abordés et expliqués lors de la remise au Comité Social et Economique du rapport sur l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes.
Un accord portant sur l'égalité professionnelle et la qualité de vie au travail, signé le 19 juin 2018 pour une période 3 ans, est appliqué au sein de la société.
2.5. Affectation d’une partie des sommes collectées dans le cadre du Perco et acquisition de parts des fonds solidaires.
À la suite de la négociation, cette possibilité n’est pas mise en œuvre au sein de la société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL.
Article 3 - Durée de l’accord :
Le présent accord est conclu pour une durée d’un an, soit du 01/02/2021 au 31/01/2022.
A l’issue de cette période l’ensemble des mesures ci-dessus arrêtées, cesseront de produire effet.
Article 4 - Notification :
La société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL notifiera le texte à l’ensemble des organisations représentatives.
La validité de l’accord est subordonnée à la signature d’organisations syndicales représentatives (dans le champ d’application de l’accord) ayant recueilli au moins 50% des suffrages exprimés en faveur d'organisations représentatives au premier tour des dernières élections des titulaires au Comité d'Entreprise.
Article 5 – Publicité :
Le texte du présent accord, une fois signé, sera notifié à l'ensemble des organisations syndicales représentatives dans l'entreprise.
Il figurera en outre sur les panneaux d’affichage prévus à cet effet.
Le présent accord donnera lieu à dépôt, dans les conditions prévues aux articles L. 2231-6 et D. 2231-2 du Code du travail. Il sera déposé :
sur la plateforme de téléprocédure dénommée «TéléAccords » accompagné des pièces prévues à l’article D. 2231-7 du code du travail ;
et en un exemplaire auprès du greffe du conseil de prud'hommes de LISIEUX.
Le présent accord fera l’objet d’une publication dans la base de données nationale visée à l’article L. 2231-5-1 du code du travail dans une version ne comportant pas les noms et prénoms des négociateurs et des signataires.
Fait à Cestas, le 12 février 2021
En 05 exemplaires originaux
Signatures :
Pour la Société ALDI Marché Cestas SARL,
Pour le syndicat CFDT,
Pour le syndicat FO,
Pour le syndicat CFE-CGC,
| 45,305 |
https://github.com/mgharbi/Halide/blob/master/test/auto_schedule/small_pure_update.cpp
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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BSD-3-Clause, MIT, Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
Halide
|
mgharbi
|
C++
|
Code
| 99 | 359 |
#include "Halide.h"
using namespace Halide;
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
if (get_jit_target_from_environment().arch == Target::WebAssembly) {
printf("[SKIP] Autoschedulers do not support WebAssembly.\n");
return 0;
}
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <autoscheduler-lib>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
load_plugin(argv[1]);
Buffer<float> in(13, 17);
ImageParam in_param(Float(32), 2);
Func g, h;
Var x, y;
RDom r(0, 17);
g(x) += in_param(x, r);
h(x, y) = in_param(x, y) + g(x);
h.set_estimates({{0, 13}, {0, 17}});
in_param.set_estimates({{0, 13}, {0, 17}});
Pipeline p(h);
p.auto_schedule(Target("host"));
in_param.set(in);
// Ensure the autoscheduler doesn't try to RoundUp the pure loop
// in g's update definition.
p.realize({13, 17});
printf("Success!\n");
return 0;
}
| 41,539 |
historygirondis10lamagoog_14
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,856 |
History of the Girondists, or, Personal memoirs of the patriots of the French Revolution, from unpublished sources
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 6,968 | 9,202 |
DECREE AGAINST THE PBIESTS. 233 This oration, which pushed patriotism even to impiety, and made of the public safety an implacable deity, to which even the innocent were to be sacrificed, excited a frantic enthusiasm in the ranks of the Girondist party, a bitter indignation amongst the moderate party. " To propose the printing of such a speech,** said Lecos, a constitutional bishop, '^ is to propose the printing of a code of atheism. It is impossible that a society can exist, if it have not an im- mutable morality derived from the idea of a Gk>d." Derisive sneers and murmurings hailed this religious protest. The decree against the priests, presented by Francois de Neuf- chateau, and adopted by the legislative committee, was couched in these terms: — " Every ecclesiastic not taking the oaths is required to present himself before the expiration of the week at his municipality, and there take the civil oath. ** Those who shall refuse are not entitled in future tp receive any allowance or pension from the public treasury. *' Every year there shall be an aggregate made of those pen- sions which the priests have forfeited, and this sum shall be divided amongst the eighty-three departments, to be em- ployed in charitable works, and in giving succour to the indigent. *' These priests shall be, moreover, from their simple refusal of the oath, reputed as suspected of rebellion and specially surveiUes. " They may in consequence thereof be sent from their domicile, and another be assigned to them. "If they refuse to change their domicile when called upon to do so, they shall be imprisoned. **The churches employed for the paid worship of the state, cannot be devoted to any other service. Citizens may hire other churches or chapels, and exercise their worship therein. But this permission is forbidden to nonjuring priests suspected of revolt." XL This decree, which created more fanaticism than it re- pressed, and which accorded freedom of worship not as a .234 THE NEW FOLICT right but as a favour, saddened the heart of the faithAil ; and the revolt in La Vendee, and persecution every where, followed. Suspended as a fearful weapon over the conscience of the king, it was sent for his assenL The Girondists were delighted at thus keeping the wretdied monarch between their law and his own faith— -schismatic if he recognised the decree, and a traitor to the nation if he refused it. Conquerors in this victory, they advanced towards another. After having forced the king to strike at the religion of his conscience, they wished to force him to deal a blow at the nobility and his own brothers. They renewed the ques- tion of the emigrants. The king and his ministers had an- ticipated them. Immediately after the acceptance of the constitution, Louis XYL had formally renounced all con- spiracy, interior or exterior, in order to recover his power. The omnipotence of opinion had convinced him of the vanity of all the plans submitted to him for crashing it The momentary tranquillity of spirits after so many shocksi the reception he had met with in the Assembly, the Champ- de-Mars, in the theatre, — the freedom and honours restored to him in his palace, had persuaded him that, if the consti- tution bad some fanatics, royalty had no implacable enemies in his kingdom. He believed the constitution easy of exe- cution in many of its provisions, and impracticable in others. The government which they imposed on him seemed to him as a philosophical experiment which they desired to make with their king. He only forgot one thing, and that is, the experiments of a people are catastrophes. A king wha accepts the .terms of a government which are impossiUe, accepts his own overthrow by anticipation. A weU-oon- sidered and voluntary abdication is more r^al than that daily abdication which is undei^one in the degradation of power. A king saves, if not his life, at least his dignity. It is more suitable to majesty royal to descend by its own will, than to be cast down headlong. From the moment when the Mng is king no longer, the throne becomes the last place in the kingdom. Be this as it may, the king frankly declared to his minis- ters his intention of legally executing the oonadtotioD, and of asftpciating himself unreservedly and without guila to tfaa OP LOUIS XVI. 235 will and destinj of the nation. The queen hersdf, hj one of those sudden and inexplicable changes in the heart of woman, threw herself, with the trust of despair, into the party of the constitution, " Courage," she said to M. Ber- trand de MoUeville, minister and confidant of the king : ^^ Courage! I hope, with patience, firmness, and perseverance, that ftU is not lost.*' The minister of marine, Bertrand de MoUeville, wrote, by the king's orders, to the commandants of the ports a letter, signed by the king :-^"I am informed," he said, in this cir- cular, ^^ that emigrations in the navy are fast increasing. How is it that the officers of a service always so dear to me, and which has invariably given me proofs of its attachment, •are so mistaken at what is due to their country, to me, and to themselves I This extreme step would have seemed to me less surprising some time since, when anarchy was at its -height, and when its termination was unseen ; but now, when :the nation desires to return to order and submission to the .laws, is it possible that generous and faityul sailors can think of separating from their king ? Tell them to remain where their country calls them. The precise execution of rthe constitution is to-day the surest means of appreciating its advantages, and of ascertaining what is wanting to make it perfect. It is your king who desires you to remain at your posts as he remains at his. You would have considered it a crime to resist his orders, you will not refuse his prayers.*': He wrote to general officers, and to commandants of the land forces: — "In accepting the constitution, I have pro- 'mised to maintain it within, and defend it against enemies without ; this solemn act should banish all uncertainty.. The law and the king are henceforth identified. The enemy of 4he law becomes that of the king. I cannot consider those sincerely devoted to my person who abandon their country .a;t the moment when it has the greatest need of their ser- vices. Those only are attached to. me who follow my ex- ample and unite with me for the public weal, and remain inseparable from the destiny of the empire !" ' Finally, he ordered M. de Lessart, the minister for foreign affairs, to publish the following proclamation, < addressed to :^e French emigrants :~^" The king," thus it ran, "informed 4$iat a great number of French emigrant$ are withdrawing t0 236 QUESTION OF EMIGRATION. foreign lands, cannot see without mnch grief such an emigra- tion. Although the law permits to all citizens a free power to quit the kingdom, the king is anxious to enlighten them as to their duties, and the distress thej are preparing for themselves. If they think, by such means, to give me a proof of their affection, let them be undeceived ; my real friends are those who unite with me in order to put the laws in execution, and re-establish order and peace in the kingdom. When I accepted the constitution, I was desirous of putting an end to civil discord — ^I believed that all Frenchmen would •second my intentions. However, it is at this moment that emigration is increasing: some depart because of the dis- turbances which have threatened their lives and property. Ought we not to pardon the circumstances ? Have not I too my sorrows? And when I forget mine, can any one •remember his perils ? How can order be again established if those interested in it abandon it by abandoning them- selves? Return, then, to the bosom of your country i come and give to the laws the support of good citizens. Think of the grief your obstinacy will give to the king*B heart ; they would be the most painful he could experience.'' The Assembly was not blinded by these manifestations; it saw beneath a secret design of escaping from the severest measures ; it was desirous of compelling the king to carry them out, and, let us add, the nation and the public safety also required it. :siL Mirabeau had treated the question of the emigration of the Constituent Assembly rather as a philosopher than ft statesman. He had disputed with the legislator the right of making laws against emigration : he was mistaken. When- ever a theory is in contradiction to the welfare of society it is because that theory is false, for society is the supreme truth. Unquestionably in ordinary times, man is not imprisoned by nature, and ought not to be by the law, within the frontiers of his native land ; and, with this view, the laws against emigration should only be exceptional laws. But, b^nse exceptional, are these laws therefore unjust ? Evidently not. The public danger has its peculiar laws, as necessary and as just as laws made in a time of security. A state of war is BBISSOT ADVOCATES WAR 237 not a state of peace. You shut your frontiers to strangers' in war time ; you may close them to your citizens. A city is legally put in a state of siege during a sedition. We can put the nation in a state of siege in case of external danger co-existent with internal conspiracy. By what ahsurd abuse of liberty can a state be constrained to tolerate on a foreign soil gatherings of citizens armed against itself, which it would not tolerate in its own land ? And if these gatherings should be culpable without, why should the state be inter- dicted from shutting up those roads which lead emigrants to these gatherings ? A nation defends itself from its foreign enemies by arms, from its internal foes by its laws. To act otherwise would be to consecrate without the country the inviolability of conspiracies which were punished within : it would be to proclaim the legality of civil war, provided it was mixed up with foreign war, and that sedition was covered by treason. Such maxims ruin a whole people's nationality, in order to protect abuse of liberty by certain citizens. The Constituent Assembly was so wrong as to sanction such. Had it proclaimed from the beginning the laws repressive of emigration in troubled times, during revolutions, or on the eve of war^ it would have proclaimed a national truth, and prevented one of the great dangers and principal causes of the excesses of the Revolution. The question now was no longer to be treated with reason, but by vindictive feelings. The imprudence of the Constituent Assembly had left this dangerous weapon in the hands of parties who were about to turn it against the king. xm. Brissot, the inspirer of the Gironde, the dogmatic states- man of a party which needed ideas and a leader, ascended the tribune in the midst of anticipated plaudits, which be- tokened his importance in the new Assembly. His voice was for war, as the most efficacious of laws. " If," said he, " it be really desired to check the tide of emigration, we must more particularly punish the more elevated otfenders, who establish in foreign lands a centre of counter-revolution. We should distinguish three classes of emigrants ; the brothers of the king, unworthy of belong- 238 BmssoT's abgumehts ing to him, — the public functiiMiaries, deserting th^ posts and deluding citizens, — and finally, the simple citizens, who IcAow example firom imitation, weakness^ or fear. Ton owe hate and banishment to the first, pity and indolgence to the others. How can the citizens fear yon, when the impnnily of their chiefs insures their own? Have yoa then two scales of weights and measnres? What can the emigrants think, when they see a prince, after having squandered 40,000,000 (of finmcs) in ten years, still receive from the National Assembly more millions, in order to provide for his extravagance and ps^ his debts ? ^' Divide the interests of the rebellioos by alarming the prime criminals. Patriots are still amused by paltry pallia- tives against emigration; the partisans of the court have thus tnfied with the credulity of the people, and yoa have seen even Mirabeau deriding those laws, and telling you they would never be put into execution, because a king would not himself become the accuser of his own family. Three years without success, a wandering and unhappy Hfie, their intrigues frustrated, thw conspiracies overthrown, all these defeats have not cured the emigrants; their hearts were corrupted from the cradle. Would you check this revolt ? then strike the blow on the other side of the Rhine : it is not in France. It was by such decided steps that the Eng- lish prevented James IL from impeding the establishment of their liberty. They did npt amuse themselves with framing petty laws against emigration, but demanded that foreign princes should drive the English princes from their dominions. (Applause.) The necessity of this measure was seen here from the first. Ministers will talk to you of considerations of state, family reasons ; these considerations, these weaknesses cover a crime against liberty. Have no fears — the image of liberty, like thehead of Medusa, will affiight the armies of our enemies; they fear to be abandoned by their soldiers, and that is why they prefer the line of expectation, and an armed mediation. The English ccmstitution and an aristocratic liberty will be the basis of the reforms they will propose to you, but you will be unworthy of all liberty if you accept yours at the hands of your enemies. The English people love your Revolution; the emperor fears the force of your arms : as to this empress of Russia, whose aversion to the French constitution is well known, and who in some degree resembles Elizabeth, she cannot hope for success more brilliant than had Elizabeth against Holland. It is with difficulty that slaves are subju- gated fifteen hundred leagues off; they cannot enslave free men at this distance. I will not condescend to speak of other princes ; they are not worthy of being included in the number of your serious enemies. I believe then that France ought to elevate its hopes and its attitude. Unquestionably you have declared to Europe that you will not attempt any more conquests, but you have a right to say to it, * Choose between certain rebels and a nation.'" XIV. This discourse, although in several parts very contra- dictory, proved that Brissot had the intention of playing three parts in one, and of captivating at once the three par- ties in the Assembly. In his philosophical principles he affected the tone of a moderator, and repeated the axioms of Mirabeau agidnst the laws relative to expatriation ; in his attack on the princes he included the king, and held him up to the people as an object of suspicion ; and lastly, in his denunciation of the diplomacy of the ministers, he urged them to a war a Voutrancey and displayed in this measure the energy of a patriot and the foresight of a statesman ; for in case war should be the result, he did not conceal from 240 CONDOBCET. — VEBGNIAUD. liimself the jealousy of the nation against the court, and he> knew that the first act of open war would be to declare the king a traitor to his country. This speech phiced Brissot at the head of the conspirator? of the Assembly ; he brought to the young and untri(»l party of the Gironde his reputation as a public writer, and a man who had had ten years' experience of the factions ; the au^ dacity of his policy f attered their impatience, and the aus- terity of his language made them betieve in the depth of his designs. Condorcet, the friend of Brissot, and, like him, devoured by insatiable and unscrupulous ambition, mounting the tribune, merely commented on the preceding discourse, and concluded, like Brissot, by summoning the powers to pronounce for or against the constitution, and demanded the renewal of the corps diplomatique. This discourse was visibly concerted, and it was evident that a party, abeady formed, took possession of the tribune, and was about to arrogate to itself the dominion of the Assembly. Brissot was its conspirator, Condorcet its phi- losopher, Yergniaud its orator. Yergniaud mounted the tribune, with all the prestige of his marvellous eloquence, the fame of which had long preceded him. The eager looks of the Assembly, the silence that prevailed, announced in him one of the great actors of the revolutionary drama, who only appear on the stage to win themselves x>opularity, to intoxicate themselves with applause, and — to die. XY. Yergniaud, bom at Limoges, and an advocate at the bar of Bordeaux, was now in his tWrty-lhird year, for the revolu- tionary movement had seized on and borne him along with its currents when very young. His dignified, calm, and unaffected features announced the conviction of his power. Facility, that agreeable concomitant of genius, had rendered alike pliable his talents, his character, and even the position he assumed. A certain nonchalance announced that he easily laid aside these faculties from the conviction of his ability to recover all his, forces at the moment when he should require them. His brow was contemplative, his look composed, his mouth serious and somewhat sad; the deep VERaNIilUD'S CHiiBACXER. 241 inspiration of antiquity was mingled in his physiognomy ^ith the smiles and the carelessness of youth. At the foot of the tribune he was loved with familiarity; as he ascended it each man was surprised to find that he inspired him with admiration ancf 'respect; but at the first words that fell from the speaker's lips they felt the inmiense distance between the man and the orator. He was an instrument of enthusiasm^ whose value and whose place was in his inspiration. This inspiration, heightened by the. deep musical tones of his voice, and an extraordinary power of language, had drunk in deep draughts at - the . purest sources of antiquity; his sentences had all the images and harmony of poesy, and if he had not been the orator of a democracy he would have been its philosopher and its poet. His genius, devoted to the people, yet forbade him to descend to the language of the people, even to flatter them. All his passions were noble as his words, and he adored the Eevolution as a sublime philosophy destined to ennoble the nation without immolating on its altars other victims than prejudices and tyranny. He had doctrines, and no. hatreds; the thirst of glory, and not of ambition, — nay, power itself, was in his eyes, too real, too vulgar a thing for him to aim at, and he disdained it for himself, and alone sought it for his ideas. Glory and post- humous fame were his objects alone ; he mounted the tri- bune to behold them, and he beheld them later from the scaffold ; and he plunged into the future, young, handsome, immortal in the annals of France, with all his withusiasm, and some few stains, already effaced in his generous blood. Such was the man whom nature had given to the Girondists as their chief. He disdained the office, although he possessed all the qualities and the views, of a statesman ; too careless to be the leader of t^ party, too great to be second to any one. Such was Vergniaud, — more illustrious than useful to his friends ; he would not lead, but immortalised, them. We will describe this great man more in detail at the period when his talent places him in a more conspicuous situation. " Are there circumstances,** said he " in which the natural rights of man can permit a nation to adopt any measure against emigrations?'* Vergniaud spoke against those pretended natural rights, and recognised, above all in* dividual rights, the right of society, which comprises and VOL. I. R 242 TEBaiIIA.UD'8 SPEECH domiiiates over all, just as the whole predominates over a portion: he compared political liberty to the right of a citizen to do what he pleases, provided he do nothing inju- rious to his country; but there he stops. Man can, no doubt, materially use this right to abdicate the country in which he was bom and to which he belongs, as the Hmb beloi^ to the body, but this abdication is treason ; for it severs the union between the nation and himself, and the nation no longer owes him or his properly any protection. After having on this principle destroyed the puerile distinction between the functionary and the mere emigrant, he |>n>ved that society falls into decay if she refuse herself the right of retaining those who forsake her in her hour of danger and difficulty. When she gave him all the imiverse for his country, she refused him that which gave him birth. But what will be the consequence if this emigrant, ceasing to play merely the part of» a cowardly fugitive, becomes a foe, and, assembling with his fellow-traitors, surrounds the nation with a band of conspirators ? What,, shall attack be permitted to the Emigres, and good citizens forbidden to defend themselves ? XVL ^' But," continued he, ^^ is France in this situation that she ought to fear from these men, who are about to excite all the ancient hatreds of the foreign courts against us? No ; we shall soon see these proud mendicants, who are now receiving the roubles of Catherine and the millions of Hol- land, expiate in shame and misery the crimes their pride has entuled on them. AGAINST THE EUIGBAKTS. 243 " We are told * the emigres have no evil designs against their country ; it is only a temporary absence : where are the legal proofs of what you assert ? when you produce them it will be time enough to punish the guilty.* Oh you who tise such language, why were you not in the Roman senate when Cicero denounced Catiline ? You would have asked him for the legal proof. I can picture his astonishment to myself : whilst he sought for proofs Rome would have been sacked^ and you and Catiline have reigned over a heap of ruins. Legal proofs ! And have you calculated the blood they will cost you to obtain? Now let us forestall our enemies, by adopting rigorous measures; let us rid the nation of this swarm of insects, greedy of its blood, — by whom it is pursued and tormented. But what should these measures be ? In the first place seize on the property of the absentees. This is but a petty measure you will say. What matter its importance or its insignificancy, so that it be just. As for the officers who have deserted, the Code penal prescribes their fate — death and infamy. The French princes are even more culpable ; and the summons to return to their country, which it is proposed to address to them, is neither sufficient for your honour nor your safety. Their attempts are openly made ; either they must tremble before you, or you must tremble before them ; you must choose. Men talk of the profound grief 'this will cause the king: Brutus immolated his guilty offiipring at the shrine of his country, but the heart of Louis XYL shall not be put to so severe a triaL If these princes, alike bad brothers and citizens, refuse to obey, let him turn to the hearts of the French nation, and they will amply repay his losses." (Loud applause.) Fastoret, who spoke after Vergniaud, quoted the saying of Montesquieu, " There is a time when it is necessary to cast a veil over the statue of Liberty, as we conceal the statues of the Godsl* To be ever on the watch, and to fear nothing, should be the maxim of every free people. He concluded by proposing repressive, but moderate and gradual measures, against the absentees. xvn. Isnard declared that the measures proposed until then were satisfactory to prudence, but not to justice, and the vengeance R 2 S44 isnasd's violent harangue. which an outraged nation owed to itself; and he thus con- tinued : — *' If I am allowed to speak the truth, I shall say, that if we do not punish all these heads of the rehellion^ it is not that we do not know, at the bottom of our hearts, that thej are guilty, but because they are princes ; and, although we have destroyed the nobility imd distinctions of blood, these vain phantoms still affect our minds. Ah ! it is time that this great level of equality, which has passed over France, should at length take its'full effect. Then only will they believe ia our equality. You should fear by this evidence of impunity that you may urge the people to excesses. The anger of the people is but too often the sequel to the silence of the laws. The law should enter the palaces of the great, as well as ia the hovel of the poor, and as inexorable as death, when it falls upon the guilty, should make no distinction between ranks and titles. They try to lull you to sleep. I tell you that the nation should watch incessantly. Despotism and aristocracy do not sleep; and if nations doze but for a moment, they awake in fetters. If the fire of heaven was in the power of men, it should be darted at those who attempt the liberties of the people : thus, the people never pardon conspirators against their liberties. When the Gauls scaled the walls of the capital, Manlius awoke, hastened to the breach, and saved the republic. That same Manlius, subse- quently acoused of conspiring against public liberty, was cited before the tribunes. He presented bracelets, javelins^ twelve civic crowns, thirty spoils torn from conquered enemies, and his breast scarred with cicatrices ; he reminded them that he had saved Rome, and yet the sole reply was to cast him headlong from the same rock whence he had pre- cipitated the Gaids. These, sirs, were a free people. "And we, since the day we acquired our liberty, have not ceased to pardon our patricians their consipiracies, have not ceased to recompense their crimes by sending them chariots . of gold : as for me, if I voted such gifts, I. should die. of remorse. The people contemplate and judge us, and on their sentence depends the destiny of our labours. Cowards, we lose the public confidence ; firm, our enemies would be dis- 'concerted. Do not then sully the sanctity of the oath^ by .making it pause in defei-ence before mouths thirsting for our DECISION OF THR A8S&MBLT. 245 blood. Our enemies will swear with one hand, whilst with the other they will sharpen their swords against us." Each violent sentence in this harangue eixited in the Assembly and the tribunes those displays of public feeling whieh found expression in loud applause. It was felt that, for the future, ^e only line of poUcy would be in the anger of the nation ; that the time for philosophy in the tribune was passed, and that the Assembly would not be slow iQ throwing aside principles in order to take up arms.. . The Girondists, who did not wish that Isnard should have gone so far, felt that it was necessary to follow him whither*- soever popularity should lead him. In yain did Condorcet defend his proposition for a delay of the decree. Th^ Assembly, in a report brought up by Ducastel, adopted the decree of its legislative committee. The principal clauses were, that the French, assembled on the other side of the frontiers, should be, from that moment, declared actuated by conspiracy towards France ; that they should be declared actual conspirators, if they did not return before the Ist of January, 1792, and as such punished with death; that thQ French princes, brothers of the king, should be punishable with death, like other emigrants, if they did not obey the summons thus sent to them; that, for the present, their revenues should be sequestrated; and, finally, that those military and naval officers who abandoned their posts without leave, or their resignation being accepted, should be con- sidered as deserters, and punished with death. xvm. . These two decrees struck terror to the heart of the king,. and consternation to his council. The constitution gavQ him the right of suspending them by the royal veto ; but to suspend the effects of the national indignation against the armed enemies of the Bevolution, was to invoke it on his own head. The Girondists artfully fomented these elements of discord between the Assembly and the king. They im- patiently awaited until the refusal to sanction the decrees should urge irritation to its height, and force the king to fly or place himself in their hands. R 3 246 ASIDB]^ CB£NI£B. The most monarchical spirit of the Constitaent Assemhkf still reigned in the Directory of the department of Paris. Desmeuniers, Baumetz, TaUeyrand-Perigord, Larochefon* cauld, were the principal members. They drew np an address to the king, entreating him to refuse his sanction to the de* cree against the nonjuring priests. This address, in which the Legislatiye Assembly was treated with much disdain, breathe^ the true spirit of government as regards religioas matters. It is comprised in the axiom which is or ought to be the code of all consciences, *^ Since no religion is a law, ^ let no religion be a crime !" A young writer whose name, already celebrated, was to be hereidfter consecrated by martyrdom, Andr6 Ch^nier, oon* sidering the question in the highest strain of philosophy^ published on the same subject a letter worthy of ]poetmtj. It is the property of genius not to allow its views to be obscured by the prejudices of the moment. Its gaae is too lofty for vnlgar errors to deprive it of the ever-dnring light of truth. It has by anticipation in its decisions the impar- tiality of the future. ^ All those," says Andr^ Ch^nier, " who have preserved the liberty of their reason, and in whom patriotism is not a violent desire for rule, see with much pain that the dissent- sions of the priests have of necessity occupied the first sittings of the Assembly. It is true that the public mind is ^ilightened on this point, on which even the Constituent Assembly itself is deceived. It has pretended to form a civil code of religion, that is to say, it had the idea of creat- ing one priesthood after having destroyed another. Of what consequence is it that one religion differs from another ? Is it for the National Assembly to re-nnite the divided sects^ and weigh all their differences ? Are politicians theologians? We shall only be delivered from the influence of these men when the National Assembly shall have maintained for each the perfect liberty of following or inventing whatsoever religion may please it ; when every one shidl pay for the worship he prefers to adopt, and pays for no other ; and when the impartiality of tribunals, in such cases, shall punish alike the persecutors or the seditions of all fonns of worship : and the members of the National Assembly say also^ that all the French people are not yet sufficiently ripe for GAMILLE DESUOULmS. 247 tiiis doctrine. We must reply to them, — this may be, but it is for you to ripen us by your words, your acts, your laws ! Priests do not trouble states when states do not dis- turb them. Let us remember that eighteen centuries have seen all the Christian sects, torn and bleeding from theolo- gical absurdities and sacerdotal hatreds, always terminate by arming themselves with popular power." This letter passed over the hesAs of the parties who disputed the conscience of the people ; but the petition of the Direc- tory of Paris, which demanded the veto of the king against the decrees of the Assembly, produced violent opposition petitions. For the first time, Legendre, a butcher of Paris, appeared at the bar of the Assembly, where he vociferated in oratorical strain the imprecations of the people against the enemies of the nation and crowned traitors. Legendre decked his trivial ideas in high-sounding language. The populace was proud at robbing the aristocracy 'of its language, even to turn it against them ; but whilst it filched, it soiled it. ''Representatives," said Legendre, ''bid the eagle of victory and fame to soar over your heads and ours ; say to the ministers, We love the people, — let your punish- ment begin: the tyrants must die I" XIX, CamiUe Desmoulins, the Aristophanes of the Revolution, then borrowed the sonorous voice of the Abb6 Fauchet, in order to make himself heard. Camille Desmoulins was the Voltaire of the streets ; he struck on the chord of passion by his sarcasms. " Representatives," said he, " the applauses of the people are its civil list : the inviolability of the king is a thing most infinitely just, for he ought, by nature, to be always in opposition to the general will and our interest. One does not voluntarily fall from so great a height. Let us take example from God, whose commandments are never impossible; let U8 not require from the ci-devant sovereign R 4 946 CAUnXB DB8H0ULIN& an impomble iove of the national sovereignly ; is it notverj natural that he should give his veta to the best decrees? But let the magistrates of the people — let the Directoiy of Paris — let the same men, who, four months since, in the Champ-de-Mars, fired upon the citizens vrho were signing a petition against one decree, inundate the empire with a psti* tion, which is evidently but the first page of a vast register of counter-revolution, a subscription to civil war, sent by them for signature to all the fanatics, all the idiots, all the slaves, all the robbers of the eighty-tluree departments, at the head of which are the exemplary nam^ of the members of the Directory of Paris — fathers of their country ! There is in this such a complication of ingratitude and £rtiud, prevari* cation and perverseness, philosophical hypocrisy and per* fidious moderation, that on the instant we rally round the decrees and around yourselves* Continue faithful, manda-» tories, and if they obstinately persist in not permitting you to save the nation, well, then, we will save it ourselves! For at last the power of the royal veto will have a term, and the taking of the Bastille is not prevented by a veto. " For a long while we have been in possession of the civism of our Directory, when we saw it in an ino^sdiary proclama- tion, not only again open the evangelical pulpits to the priests, but tiie seditious tribunes to conspirators in sur* plices! Their address is a manifesto tending to degrade the constitutional powers : it is a collective petition •— it is an incentive to civil war, and the overthrow of the constitution. Assuredly we are no admirers of the representative govern- ment, of which we think with J. J. Rousseau ; and if we like certain articles but little, still less do we like civil war. So many grounds of accusation ! The crime of these men is settled. Strike, then! If the head sleeps, shall the arm act ? Raise not that arm again ; do not rouse the national club only to crush insects. A Varnier or De Latre ! Did Cato and Cicero accuse Cethegus or Catiline? It is the leaders we should assail. Strike at the head." This strain of irony and boldness, less applauded by the clapping of hands than by shouts of laughter, delighted the tribunes. They voted the sending of the proces verbal of the meeting into every department. It was legislatively elevating a pamphlet to the dignity of a public act, and to> ^ STATE OF PASTIES. 24^ £fltril>ute ready-made insult to the citizens, that they mighl^ have a supply to vent against public authority. The kmg trembled before the pamphleteer; he felt from this firsts treatment of his baffled prerogative that the constitution would crumble in his hands each time that he dared to make use of it. The next day the constitutional party in greater force at the meeting recalled the Sending of this pamphlet to the departments. Brissot was ajigry in his journaly the Patriote Franfaie, It was there and at the. Jacobins more than in the tribune, tlmt he gave instructions to his party, and allowed the idea of a republic to escape him. Brissot had not the properties of an orator : his dogged spirit, sectariaA and arbitrary, was fitter for conspiracy than action : the ardour of his mind was excessive, but concentrated. He shed neither those lights nor those flames whidi kindle en- thusiasm — that explosion of ideas. It was the lamp of the Grironde party ; it was neither its beacon nor its torch. XX. The Jacobins, weakened for a time by the great number of their members elected to the Legislative Assembly, re- mained for a brief space without a fixed course to pursue, like an army disbanded after victory. The club of the Fenillants, composed of the remains of the constitutional party in the Constituted Assembly, strove to resume the ascendency over the mind of the people. Barnave, Lameth, and Duport were the leaders of this party. Fearful of the people, and convinced that an Assembly without any thing to counterbalance it would inevitably absorb the poor remnant of the monarchy, this party wished to have two chambers and an equally pois^ constitution. Barnave, whose repentance had led him to join this party, remained at Paris, and had secret interviews with Louis XVI. ; but his counsels, like those of Mirabeau in his latter days, were but vain regrets, for the Revolution was beyond their power to control, and no longer obeyed them. They yet, however, maintained some influence over the constituted bodies of Paris, and the resolutions of the king, who could not bring himself to believe that these men, who yesterday were so 250 HOPES OF THE ABISTOCRiLCT. powerful against it, were to-daj destitute of influence ; and they formed his last hope against the new enemies he saw in the Girondists. The national guard, the directory of the department of Paris ! the mayor of Paris himself, Bailly, and all that party in the nation who wished to maintain order, still support^ them — theirs was the party of repentance and terror. M. de La Fayette, Madame de Stael, and M. de Narbonne, had a secret understanding with the Feuillants, and a part of the press was on their side. These papers sought to render M. de Narbonne popular, and to obtain for him Uie post of minis- ter of war. The Girondist papers already excited the anger of the people against this party. Brissot sowed the seeds of calumny and suspicion : he denounced them to the hatred of the nation. *' Number them — name them," said he ; ^ their names denounce them ; they are the relics of the dethroned aristocracy, who would fain resuscitate a constitutional nobi- lity, establish a second legislatiTC chamber and a senate of nobles, and who implore, in order to gain their ends, the armed intervention of the powers. They have sold them- sulves to the Chateau de Tuileries, and sell there a great portion of the members of the Assembly ; they have amongst them neither men of genius nor men of resolution ; their talent is but treason, their genius but intrigue." It was thus that the Girondists and the Jacobins, though at this moment beaten, prepared those enmities against the Feuillants that, at no remote period, were destined to dis- perse the club. Whilst the Girondists followed this course, the royalists continually urged the people to excesses through the medium of their papers, in order, as they said, to find a remedy for the evil in the evil itself. Thus they encouraged the Jacobins against the Feuillants, and heaped ridicule and insult on those leaders of the constitutional party who sought to save a remnant of the monarchy ; for that which they de« tested most was the success of the Revolution. Their doc- trine of absolute power was less humiHatingly contradicted in their eyes by the overthrow of the empire and throne, than in the constitutional monarchy that preserved at once the king and liberty. Since the aristocracy lost the possession of the supreme power, its sole ambition — its only aim — was to see it fall into the hands of those most unworthy to hold. LA fatette's letteb. 251 it. Incapable of again rising hj its own force, it sought to find in disorder the means of so doing ; and firom the first day of the Revolution to the last, this partj had no other instinct, and it was thus that it ruined itself whilst it ruined the monarchy.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3185615
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Jignesh PH Pujara, Miriam Amaya, Yesbir Singh, dfgdfgsg, https://stackoverflow.com/users/250917, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6601981, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6601982, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6601983, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6602014, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6602031, sathish, slugmandrew
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Spoken
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Should I delete the record of my site with WWW in it?
I currently have both urls of my site listed in google and yahoo siteexplorer etc, there is some difference in the pages that are indexed.
Do I need both, or can I delete the one with the www at the start and then let it find all pages using the new url? I have already set my preferred domain in google but can not see a way to do it in yahoo.
Does this even make a diff to how they will index my site, or is it just so I can access stats etc?
My .htaccess is all set up to remove the www anyways.
Any advice greatly appreciated.
If you use URL rewrite to rewrite your www-URL to your non-www-URL you shouldn't need to delete it. Then, the search engines should only list the non-www-URLs.
http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2007/02/url-rewriting-to-prevent-duplicate-urls.html
If it were me, I'd configure Apache to send 301 messages back telling clients to move to one or the other hostname.
Either hostname is fine, just pick one, and make it stick. That way, Google's page-rank will know to coalesce its databases to just the one entry, and you'll strengthen external links into your site by making it very easy for everyone to standardize when they cut-n-paste your URLs to their friends.
yeah I have picked the one without the www, they are needless in my opinion. And I'm 301 redirecting all my old pages using as well.
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casesargueddecid0000unit_99
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Cases argued and decided in the Supreme Court of the United States
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United States. Supreme Court
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N. S. 55, 9 L. T. N. S. 561, 12 Week. Rep. 322; Mouson v. Boehm, L. R. 26 Ch. Div. 405, 53 L. J. Ch. N, S. 932, 50 L. T. N. S. 784, 32 Week. Rep. 612. There is no such thing as a trademark in gross. It must be appendant to some particular business. Weston v. Ketcham, 51 How. Pr. 455; Kidd v. Johnson, 100 U. S. 617, 25 L. ed. 769. The complainant has failed to prove that this defendant falsely represents that the liqueur sold by it is made in accordance with any recipe of complainant, or that it is guilty of any misrepresentation in stat ing that its liqueur is identical with that formerly made by the monks. Hostetter Co. v. Comerford, 97 Fed. 585. Trademarks or tradenanjes may be as signed with the business to which the} appertain, and will go with an assignment 866 of the good will of that business, either voluntarily or by operation of law. Kidd v. Johnson, 100 U. S. 617, 25 L. ed. 769; Menendez V. Holt, 128 U. S. 514, 32" L. ed. 526, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 143; Brown Chemical Co. v. Meyer, 139 U. S. 547, 35 L ed. 250, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 625; Warren* v. Warren Thread Co. 134 Mass. 247 ; Dr. S. A. Richmond Nervine Co. v. Richmond, 159 U. S. 293, 302, 40 L. ed. 155, 160, 16- Sup. Ct. Rep. 30; Fish Bros. Wagon Co. v. La Belle Wagon Works (Fish Bros. Wagon Co. v. Fish) 82 Wis. 546, 16 L.R.A. 453, 33 U. S. App. 72, 52 N. W. 595; Sarrazin v. W. R. Irby Cigar & Tobacco Co. 46- L.R.A. 541, 35 C. C. A. 496, 93 Fed. 624; Peck Bros. & Co. v. Peck Bros. Co. 62 L.R.A. 81, 51 C. C. A. 251, 113 Fed. 291; LePage Co. v. Russia Cement Co. 17 L.R.A. 354, 2 C. C. A. 555, 5 U. S. App. 112, 51 Fed. 941. The French judgments concerned are of the nature of a judgment in rem. Black, Judgm. 2d ed. § 79; Windsor v. McVeigh, 93 U. S. 274, 23 L. ed. 914; Kreiss v. Faron, 118 Cal. 142, 50 Pac. 388; Whitney v. Walsh, 1 Cush. 29, 48 Am. Dec. 590. When a court of competent jurisdiction and by proceedings directed specifically against things within its jurisdiction acts on such things, its judgment, if the proce¬ dure be regular, is everywhere binding. Wharton, Confl. L. 3d ed. 665, 666; Cas- trique v. Imrie, L. R. 4 H. L. 423, 39 L. J. C. P. N. S. 350, 23 L. T. N. S. 4S, 19 Week. Rep. 1, 5 Eng. Rul. Cas. 899; Ma- goun v. New England M. Ins. Co. 1 Story, 157, Fed. Cas. No. 8,961; Peters v. Warren Ins. Co. 14 Pet. 99, 10 L. ed. 371; Hudson v. Guestier, 4 Cranch, 293, 2 L. ed. 625; Williams v. Armroyd, 7 Cranch, 423, 3 L. ed. 392; Whitney v. Walsh, 1 Cush. 29, 48 Am. Dec. 590; Black, Judgm. § 813; Monroe v. Douglas, 4 Sandf. Ch. 183; Hil¬ ton v. Guyot, 159 U. S. 167, 40 L. ed. 109, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 139. This court cannot enter into an inquiry as to whether the French courts proceeded correctly as to their own law. Black, Judgm. 5819; Castrique v. Imrie, L. R. 4 H. L. 428, 39 L. J. C. P. N. S. 350,. 23 L. T. N. S. 48, 19 Week. Rep. 1, 5 Eng. Rul. Cas. 899; Williams v. Arm¬ royd, 7 Cranch, 423, 3 L. ed. 392. The burden upon complainant was ex¬ traordinarily heavy to show, if it could, some case or cases in which defendant’s- use of the old marks had actually misled someone, or a state of facts from which such deceit would be the only possible in¬ ference. If the proofs leave any doubt upon this question, defendant must pre¬ vail. 221 TJ. S. 1910. BAGLIN v. CUSEXIER CO. 586-588 Hildreth v. D. S. McDonald Co. 164 Masa. 16, 49 Am. St. Rep. 440, 41 N. E. 56; Singer Mfg. Co. v. Wilson, L. R. 2 Cli. Div. 447; Van Camp Packing Co. v. Cruikshanks Bros. Co. 33 C. C. A. 280, 61 U. S. App. 454, 90 Fed. 814; Von Mumm v. Wittemann, 85 Fed. 966, 33 C. C. A. 404, 62 U. S. App. 284, 91 Fed. 126. Even mere laches has been held sufficient to defeat a claim to exclusive ownership, where, owing to such laches, the name or label had ceased to designate to the public the manufacture of the complainant. Saxlehner v. Eisner & M. Co. 179 U. S. 19, 45 L. ed. 60, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 7; French Republic v. Saratoga Vichy Spring Co. 191 U. S. 427, 48 L. ed. 247, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 145. But here we have much more than laches. The complainant intentionally and delib¬ erately set out to obtain that very result, and succeeded. Even if any doubt could be said to have originally existed as to the real meaning and extent of the authority given by the French judgments, such doubt has been solved, both by the practical construction given to such judgments, and by the latest decision of the court of appeals of Grenoble of the 5th October, 1908, on the subject. The unquestioned German doctrine is that an action cannot be maintained where the trademark either has not been admitted to protection in the state of origin, or for some reason has lost such right to protec¬ tion. Vol. 46, Entscheidungen der Reichsger- ichte, p. 120 (Liebig’s Extract Case) ; Vol. 51, Entscheidungen der Reiehsgerichte, p. 267, German Imperial Court. Mr. Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court: P&re Baglip, Superior General of the Or¬ der of Carthusian Monks, for himself and the other members of the order, brought this bill in equity against the Cusenier Company, a New York corporation, to re¬ strain the infringement of trademarks and unfair competition. The complainant had a decree in the cir¬ cuit court, and this was modified in certain particulars, to which we shall presently refer, by the circuit court of appeals. The complainant then appealed to this court, and motion was made to dismiss the appeal, it being urged that the decree below was not final. Complainant then petitioned for a writ of certiorari, and this writ and a cross-writ asked for by the respondent were granted. The facts, so far as we deem it necessary to state them, are as follows: For several hundred years prior to 1903, — save for a 5 o Pi. ed. comparatively brief period following the French Revolution, — the Order of Carthu¬ sian Monks occupied the Monastery of the Grande Chartreuse, near Voiron, in the De¬ partment of Isere, in France. This was their 'Mother House. There, by a secret[587 process, they made the liqueur or cordial which, at first sold locally, became upwards of fifty years ago the subject of an exten¬ sive trade and is known throughout the- world as “Chartreuse.” The monks origin¬ ally manufactured the liqueur at the mon¬ astery itself, and later at Fourvoirie, close by. It was marketed, here and abroad, in bottles of distinctive shape, to which were attached labels bearing the inscription, “Liqueur Fabriquee & la Gde. Chartreuse,” with a facsimile of the signature of L. Gamier, a former procureur of the order, and its insignia, a globe, cross, and seven stars; and these symbols with “Gde. Char¬ treuse” underneath were also ground into the glass. In 1876, the then procureur registered two trademarks in the Patent Office, and these were re-registered in 1884, under the act of 1881 [21 Stat. at L. 502, chap. 138, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 3401], In the accompanying statement the one was said to consist “of the word ‘Char¬ treuse,’ accompanied by a facsimile of the signature of L. Gamier,” and the other “of the word-symbol ‘Chartreuse;’” and the combinations in which these were used were described. In the year 1903, having been refused au¬ thorization under the French law of July 1, 1901, known as the associations act, the congregation of the Chartreux was held to be dissolved by operation of law, and pos¬ session was taken of their properties in France by a “sequestrating administrator and liquidator” appointed by the French court. Forcibly removed from their former establishment, and taking their secret with them, the monks set up a factory at Tar¬ ragona, in Spain, and there according to their ancient process they have continued the manufacture of the liqueur, importing from France such herbs as were needed for the purpose. The French liquidator, Henri Lecou- turier, employing a skilled distiller and chemical assistants, undertook by experi¬ mentation to make at Fourvoirie a liqueur either identical with or resembling as close¬ ly as possible the “famous “Char-[588 treuse;” and, having succeeded in this ef¬ fort to his satisfaction, he placed his pro¬ duct upon the market under the old name. His agent in this country, under date of October 25, 1904, issued a circular con¬ taining the following announcement: “I take pleasure in informing you that I have been appointed sole agent for the 807 688-590 Oct. Teem, SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. United States and Canada for the, Grande Chartreuse Liqueur. Within a few days I shall receive a shipment and therefore will be able to execute orders. As there is a very extensive demand for this cordial, 1 shall not be able to fill large orders in f.ull. but I trust that, within a few weeks, T will have sufficient stock on hand to enable me to satisfy the demand through the Cusenier Company, whom I have appointed my distributing agents. “Nothing has been changed in the putting up of the products of the Grande Char treuse, which bear the same labels as here¬ tofore, the only guaranty of authenticity and of origin of the Chartreuse made at the Monastery .” The liquidator’s cordial was shipped to this country, and sold here in bottles of precisely the same description, and with the same marks and symbols which had been used by the monks; if there was any difference it is frankly stated to have been unintentional. Meanwhile the monks, debarred by the proceedings in France from the use of their old marks and symbols in that country, devised a new designation for their liqueur, in which prominence was given to the words “P&res Chartreux.” The new label bore the inscription “Liqueur Fabriqu$e & Tarragone par les P6res Chartreux;” and this was ac¬ companied by the statement that “this, liqueur is the only one identically the same as that made at the Monastery of th** Grande Chartreuse in France, previous to the expulsion of the monks, who have kept intact the secret of its manufacture.” To negative the claim of abandonment they made a 5 8 9] small shipment to this country ‘un¬ der the old labels. And both here and in other countries, the monks have sought by legal proceedings to prevent the use of the word “Chartreuse” as a designation of the liqueur made at Fourvourie since their ex¬ pulsion, and the use or imitation by the liquidator or by those claiming under him of the marks which the monks had asso ciated with their product, and the simu¬ lating in any way of the dress or packages in which it had been sold. For this purpose, this suit was broughl against the defendant, who was then rep resenting the liquidator in this country. Pending it, the liquidator sold the property he had acquired and the business he had (been conducting in that capacity to a com ipany known as the “Compagnie Fermi&re <le la Grande Chartreuse,” which has con rtinued the manufacture of liqueur at Four <voirie and also its sale in this country through the defendant as its representative On final hearing the circuit court ad¬ judged “that the word-symbol ‘Chartreuse,' 868 as applied to liqueur or cordial,” and that “the said word-symbol ‘Chartreuse’ accom¬ panied by the facsimile signature of L. Gamier,” as set forth in the certificates of registry in the Patent Office, “constitute good and valid tradefnarks, and in this country have been and now are the sole and exclusive property of said complainants, the Carthusian monks or fathers (Pferes Chartreux) ; and that in this country the said complainants still have the right, and the exclusive right, to use the said marks, or any of them, upon liqueurs or cordials manufactured by the complainants.” It was further adjudged that the defendant had been guilty of infringement of these trade¬ marks and of unfair competition, and the decree also contained a perpetual injunc¬ tion. The circuit court of appeals affirmed the decree with modifications which affect only the paragraph containing the injunction. This paragraph, as amended, reads as ‘follows (the words inserted by the[5 9 0 court of appeals being italicized) : “It is further adjudged, ordered, and de¬ creed that defendant, its associates, suc¬ cessors, assigns, officers, servants, clerks, agents, and workmen, and each of them, be, and they hereby are, perpetually en¬ joined from using in this country or in any' possession thereof, in connection with any liqueur or cordial not manufactured by com¬ plainants, the trademark ‘Chartreuse,’ or of any colorable imitation thereof, unless so used as clearly to distinguish such liqueur or cordial from the liqueur or cordial manu¬ factured by the complainants ; or the fac¬ simile signature of L. Gamier, or any color¬ able imitation thereof; or any of the trade¬ marks above referred to, or any colorable imitation thereof; and they and each of them are likewise perpetually enjoined from importing or putting out, or selling or of¬ fering for sale, directly or indirectly, within this country, any liqueur or cordial not manufactured by complainants, in any dress or package like or simulating in any mate¬ rial respects the dress or package heretofore used by complainants, and in particular from making use of any [bottle or] label or [package] symbol like or substantially simi¬ lar to those appearing on ‘complainants’ exhibit, defendant’s liqueur,’ being the bot¬ tle now on file as an exhibit in this court, and from in anywise attempting to make use of the good will and reputation of com¬ plainants in putting out in this country any liqueur or cordial not made by com¬ plainants.” The defendant contends that the circuit court was without jurisdiction. This objec¬ tion must fail, as it sufficiently appears from the record that the controversy was 221 U. S. 1910. BAGLIN v. CUSENIER CO. 690-593 between foreign subjects and a New York corporation. And there was also an asser¬ tion by the bill of a right under the Federal statute, by virtue of the registration of the trademarks. Warner v. Searle & H. Co. 191 U. S. 195, 48 L. ed. 145, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 79; Standard Paint Co. v. Trinidad 591] Asphalt Mfg. *Co. decided April 10, 1911 [220 U. S. 446, ante, 536, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 456]; Jacobs v, Beecham, decided May 15,1911 [221 U. S. 263, ante, 729,31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 555]. On the merits, the questions presented are (1) what rights, with respect to the designations and marks involved, were en¬ joyed by the Carthusian monks prior to their expulsion from the French monastery? (2) what effect upon their rights had (a) the liquidation proceedings in France, and (b) the conduct of the monks in relation to the trade in the liqueur which they sub¬ sequently made in Spain? and, in the light of the conclusions upon these points, (3) to what remedy, if any, are the monks en¬ titled? It is insisted that the judgment is erro¬ neous in determining that “the word-symbol Chartreuse” constituted a valid trademark. It is argued that “Chartreuse” is a regional name; that the characteristic qualities of the liqueur were due to certain local ad¬ vantages by reason of the herbs found and cultivated within the district described; that even as used in connection with the monks’ liqueur, it was still a description of place; and hence, that at most, so far as this word is concerned, the question could be one only of unfair competition. The validity of this argument cannot be admitted upon the facts which we deem to be established and controlling. It is un¬ doubtedly true that names which are mere¬ ly geographical cannot be the subject of exclusive appropriation as trademarks. “Their nature is such that they cannot point to the origin (personal origin) or ownership of the articles of trade to which they may be applied. They point only at the place of production, not to the producer, and could they be appropriated exclusively, the appropriation would result in mis¬ chievous monopolies.” Delaware & H Canal Co. v. Clark, 13 Wall. p. 324, 20 L. ed. 583. See also Columbia Mill Co. v. Alcorn, 150 U. S. 460, 37 L. ed. 1144, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 151; Elgin Nat. Watch Co v. Illinois Watch Case Co. 179 U. S. 665. 45 L. ed. 365, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 270. This familiar principle, however, is not applicable here. It is not necessary for us to 592] determine the origin of the 'name of the order and its chief monastery. If it be as¬ sumed that the monks took their name from the region in France in which they 55 Ii. ed. settled in the eleventh century, it still re¬ mains true that it became peculiarly their designation. And the word “Chartreuse,” as applied to the liqueur which for genera¬ tions they made and sold, cannot be re¬ garded in a proper sense as a geographical name. It had exclusive reference to the fact that it was the liqueur made by the Carthusian monks at their monastery. So far as it embraced the notion of place, the description was not of a district, but of the monastery of the order, — the abode of the monks, — and the term in its entirety pointed to production by the monks. It cannot be suppoaed that if, during the occupation by the monks of the Monastery of La Grande Chartreuse, another had es¬ tablished a factory at Fourvoirie and there manufactured a liqueur, he could have af¬ fixed to it the name “Chartreuse” or “Grande Chartreuse” or “Gde. Chartreuse,” on the ground that these were place names, or de¬ scriptive of advantages pertaining to the locality. It could not fail to be recognized at once that these were the distinctive designations of the liqueur made by the monks, and not geographical descriptions available to anyone who might make cordial in a given section of country. The same would have been true if the monks had voluntarily removed, and continued their manufacture elsewhere. As was forcibly said by the lord chief justice in the court of appeal in Rey v. Lecouturier [1908] 2 Ch. p. 726: “To test this question, let us suppose that the monks had moved their manufacture to another monastery or an¬ other building in France, and had sold the fabric of the distillery, and left the district of La Grande Chartreuse, but had continued to make the liqueur in the same way; could it be contended that anyone who bought, a3 old bricks and mortar, the distillery at Fourvoirie, could immediately call any liqueur made there by the name of •Chartreuse, and put it on the Eng-[593 lisli market under that name? It is to me quite unarguable.” The claim of the monks to an exclusive right in this designation as applied to the liqueur has been frequently the subject of litigation, and has repeatedly been sus¬ tained. In 1872, La Cour de Cassation in Le P6re Louis Gamier v. Paul Gamier, 17 Annales, p. 259, held that “the word ‘Char¬ treuse,’ applied as a denomination to the liqueur manufactured by the religious com¬ munity of which Pfere Gamier is the repre¬ sentative, is but an abbreviation and the equivalent of a designation more complete; for it at once indicates the name of the fabricants (the Chartreux) ; the name or commercial firm of manufacture , which is no other than the community of these same 869 593-596 SUPREME COURT OP THE UNITED STATES. Oct. Term, Chartreux, and, finally, the place of manu¬ facture; that is to say, the monastery of La Grande Chartreuse.” It was concluded thal the designation was the exclusive property of the monks. Mr. Browne, after quoting the above passage, adds: “That single word” (Chartreuse) “contains a long his¬ tory of strife. It has repeatedly been held to be a perfect trademark, for the reasons just cited.” Browne, Trade-Marks, §§ 582, 407-410. See also 17 Annales, 241, 249: Rey v. Lecouturier, supra, Grezier v. Girard, and others, United States circuit court, southern district of New York, 1876, not reported; A. Bauer & Co. v. Carthusian Monks, 56 C. C. A. 484, 120 Fed. 78. We find no error, therefore, in this de¬ termination of the judgment. The regis¬ tered trademarks were valid. In the state¬ ments for registration, the symbols actually used in combination were set forth. Take, for example, the mark in the glass of the bottle, consisting of “Gde. Chartreuse” un¬ der the globe, cross, and seven stars. This undoubtedly is a valid mark. And the same is true of the other marks, shown on the labels attached to the bottles, which in¬ cluded the ecclesiastical symbols and the facsimile of the signature of L. Gamier. 594]It follows that up to the time *of their expulsion from the monastery, the monks were entitled to protection against the in¬ fringement of these marks, which were their exclusive property', as well as against unfair competition. The next inquiry is with respect to the effect of the liquidation proceedings in France. Upon the application of the pro- cureur of the Republic, the French court proceeded to the judicial liquidation of the pfoperties in France held by the nonauthor- ized congregation of the Chartreux, and it was of these properties that a liquidator was appointed. It does not appear that the court assumed jurisdiction of the trade¬ marks registered on behalf of the monks in other countries. On the contrary, it ap¬ pears to have been held that the question of the ownership of such trademarks was not involved in its determination. After a successful contest of the liquidator with the Abbe Rey, in which a judgment was pro¬ nounced to the effect that the latter was an interposed person or passive trustee under a deed of transfer found to be simulated, and that the properties claimed by him per¬ sonally were in fact those of the congrega¬ tion, and subject to the liquidation, the liquidator sought, by way of interpretation of this judgment, to obtain a declaration that the assets of the liquidation comprised the trademark registered in other countries. On refusing the application (March 27, 1906), the court of appeals of Grenoble used S70 the following language, showing that the question had not been determined in the previous decision, and also directing atten¬ tion to the character of the law under which the liquidation was had as “a law of exception and police:” “The claim of the receiver to the prop¬ erty of the trademarks registered in the foreign countries raises the question wheth¬ er the law of July 1st, 1901, which is a law of exception and police, controls or not, beyond the territory of the Republic, the properties of the dissolved congregations, and whether the trademarks *regis-[595 tered in foreign lands are an accessory of the commercial holding of Fourvoirie, thus coming under this title into the liquidation, or whether they constitute a distinct and in¬ dependent property from this commercial holding. “The question has not been debated be¬ tween the parties, and the court would not have failed, if it had been submitted to it, to treat upon it in the counts of its deci¬ sion, in order to solve it in its disposition. “The silence in this respect, exclusive of any debate on this point, does not allow of admitting, as being implicitly contained in the decree, in an ambiguous or equivocal form, the decision of which Lecouturier claims the benefit, and as the interpreta¬ tion which he solicits from the court would have as effect to extend beyond what was its sole object, the matter judged by the decree of July I9th last. “Such an application must be rejected as not receivable, and it is left to Lecouturier to have recourse to such means as may be deemed proper.” Hence defendant’s contention is not that the French judgments, under which its prin¬ cipal claims, “expressly and directly settled the status of the marks abroad, but that the said judgments were effective to vest in the defendant [liquidator] the business and good will inseparably connected both in France and in this country with the place and mode of fabrication, and therefore gave him the right, in virtue of the principles of our law, to use the trademark connected therewith.” Now what was the case with respect to the business to which the trademarks in this county related? That business con¬ sisted of the manufacture by the monks, according to their secret process, of a liqueur of which the marks and symbols were the trade designation. They took their secret with them to Spain and continued the manufacture of the liqueur. The monks’ secret was not the subject of seizure by the liquidator, and did not pass to him. It is not ^pretended that he or his vendee[59G have manufactured the liqueur at Fourvoirie 221 U. S. 1910. BAGLIN v. CUSENIER CO. 590-598 under a formula or recipe derived from the monks, but it is maintained that a formula believed to be essentially similar has been arrived at by experimentation, in accord ance with which the liquidator and tin French Company have been making tliei liqueur. We are not concerned with then authority under the French law to conduci this business, but it is not the business to which the trademarks in this country re¬ late. That business is being conducted ac¬ cording to the ancient process by the monks, themselves. The French law cannot be con¬ ceived to have any extraterritorial effect to detach the trademarks in this country from the product of the monks, which they art still manufacturing. The matter was put thus by Lord Mac- naghten in the House of Lords, in Lecou- turier v. Rey [1910] A. C. p. 265: “To me it seems perfectly plain that it must be beyond the power of any foreign court or any foreign legislature to prevent the monks from availing themselves in Eng¬ land of the benefit of the reputation which the liqueurs of their manufacture have ac¬ quired here, or to extend or communicate the benefit of that reputation to any rival or competitor in the English market. But it is certainly satisfactory to learn from the evidence of experts in French law, that the law of Associations is a penal law, — a law of police and order, — and is not consid¬ ered to have any extraterritorial effect. It is also satisfactory to find that these legal experts confirm the conclusion which any lawyer would draw from a perusal of the French judgments in evidence in this case, that the sale by the liquidator of the prop¬ erty bought by the appellant company has not carried writh it the English trademarks, or established the claim of the appellant com¬ pany to represent their manufacture as the manufacture of the monks of La Grande Chartreuse, which most certainly it is not.’' 597] * And Lord Justice Buckley said in the court of appeal, Rey v. ^JLecouturier [1908] 2 Oh. p. 733: “Of course, in this country a trademark can only be enjoyed in connection with a business; but I think that the monks are carrying on a business in connection with which they can enjoy any trademarks to which they may be entitled, and the labels which were put upon the register, and in respect of which the defendant Lecouturier has had his own name placed upon the register. Are those trademarks the prop¬ erty of the plaintiffs? In my opinion they clearly are.” If through his experiments the liquidator had not succeeded in making a liqueur which resembled that of the monks, he would have had no business to transact so 5 5 L. ed. far as the liqueur was concerned, and the transfer by operation of law would not nave availed to give him one. But the prop¬ erty in the trademarks in this country did hoc depend upon the success of the en¬ deavors of the liquidator’s experts. The monks were enabled to continue their busi¬ ness because they still had the process, and continuing it they enjoyed all the rights pertaining to it, save to the extent to which, by force of the local law, they were deprived of that enjoyment 'in France. Failing to establish that the monks were devested of their exclusive rights in this country by the legal proceedings in France, it is insisted that these have been lost by abandonment. This defense is based both upon nonuser of the old marks and labels, and upon the efforts made by the monks, since their expulsion from France, to asso¬ ciate their liqueur with a new designation, as the “Liqueur des Pferes Chartreux” or “Liqueur Febriqu4e h Tarragone par les Pferes Chartreux.” But the loss of the right of property in trademarks upon the ground of abandon¬ ment is not to be viewed as a penally either for nonuser or for the creation and use of new devices. There must be found an intent to abandon, or the *property is not[5 9 8 lost; and while, of course, as in other cases, intent may be inferred when the fact3 are shown, yet the facts must be ade¬ quate to support the finding. “To establish the defense of abandonment, it is necessary to show not only acts indicating a practical abandonment, but an actual intent to aban¬ don. Acts which, unexplained, would be sufficient to establish an abandonment, may be answered by showing that there never was an intention to give up and relinquish the right claimed.” Saxlehner v. Eisner & M. Co. 179 U. S. p. 31, 45 L. ed. 73, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 7. And this court, in referring in Singer Mfg. Co. v. June Mfg. Co. 163 U. S. p. 186, 41 L. ed. 125, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1002, to the loss of the right of property in a name, “like the right to an arbitrary mark,” by dedication or abandonment, quoted with approval the definition of De Maragy, in his International Dictionary of Industrial Property, as follows: “Abandonment in industrial property is an act by which the public domain origin¬ ally enters or re-enters into the possession of the thing (commercial name, mark, or sign) by the will of the legitimate owner. The essential condition to constitute aban¬ donment is, that the one having a right should consent to the dispossession. Out¬ side of this there can be no dedication of the right, because there cannot be abandon¬ ment in the juridical sense of the word.” What basis is there in this case for a 871 598-601 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. finding of intent to abandon the old marks It is to be remembered that they were of personal character, involving the adaptatio of the name and the use of the ecclesiasti cal symbols of the order. It is pointed out that, to show that there was no intention to abandon, a shipment was made to this country from Tarragona, of the monks liqueur, under the old marks. But it is not necessary to rest on that. The attitude ol the monks in their efforts here and in othei countries to prevent the use of the oh marks shows clearly that there has been no 5 9 9] intention to abandon. *It was natural enough that the monks, unable to use theii former marks in France, should desire ti bring into use a designation which could bt available there as well as in other countries. But this is far from indicating the slightest disposition to surrender to the world the right to denominate liqueurs by the ancient name and symbols taken from their own order. As soon as the liquidator, as the re¬ sult of his experiments, announced that he was prepared to put upon the market “the Grande Chartreuse Liqueur” under the same labels as theretofore,— “the only guaranty of authenticity and of origin of the Char¬ treuse made at the monastery,” — the monks promptly asserted their rights. The liquidator was not moved to the use of the marks in question by any considera¬ tion of abandonment on the part of the monks, but by virtue of their exclusion from their former abode and of the rights of succession which he claimed under the French law. The main issue between the parties has been one of title, “each claim¬ ing a right to the disputed marks to the ex¬ clusion of the other.” The respective par¬ ties, and those representing them, have been in constant litigation in France and else¬ where since the liquidator was appointed, and reviewing the facts in this case we find no possible ground upon which it can be said that the monks have abandoned the rights they possessed. We come, then, to the question of remedy. In view of the acts of the defendant, with respect to the marks, labels, and bottles shown to have been used in connection with the liqueur made at Fourvoirie after the removal of the monks, the decree adjudging it guilty of infringement and unfair com¬ petition was plainly right. We are also of the opinion that the provisions of the in¬ junction against infringement and simula¬ tion, set forth in the decree of the circuit court, were proper. In dealing, however, with the question of unfair trade, it is to be remembered that the 600] liquidator, and the French ‘company to whom he sold, lawfully conducted the manufacturing business at Fourvoirie, and, (872 Ocx. Teem, of course, were entitled respectively to sell their product here. They were entitled to state tnat they made it, and the place and circumstances of its manufacture. In short,, they were not debarred from making a statement of the facts, including the ap¬ pointment of the liquidator and the French company's succession by virtue of his sale, provided it were made fairly, and were not couched in language, or arranged in a man¬ ner, which would be misleading, and would show an endeavor to trade upon the repute of the monks’ cordial. It is also to be noted that the words “Grande Chartreuse” form a part of the name of the French company which it, and the defendants, as its repre¬ sentative, had a right to use in lawful trade. But neither it nor the defendant was entitled to use the, "word “Chartreuse” as the name or designation of the liqueur it manufactured, and in any other use of that word, or in any reference to the monks, in its statement of the facts, it was bound by suitable and definite specification to make clear the distinction between its product and the liqueur made by the monks. These considerations, undoubtedly, led. the court below to modify the decree by in¬ serting the words, “unless so used as clear¬ ly to distinguish such liqueur or cordial from the liqueur or cordial manufactured by the complainants.” But this insertion, was made in connection with that portion of the injunction which related to the trade¬ mark, and this, we think, was error. It amounted, by reason of the juxtaposition with what preceded, to a permission to the defendant to use the trademark “Char¬ treuse,” or that word as the name Or de¬ scription of its liqueur, provided it were distinguished from the liqueur of the monks. This was inconsistent with the de¬ cree as to the ownership of the trademark. The modification, in this form, should therefore be ‘struck out; but, more[601 completely to adapt the remedy to the con¬ ditions disclosed, there should be inserted in the fourth paragraph of the decree— in that portion which contains the injunction against unfair trade — a provision restrain¬ ing the use of the word “Chartreuse” in connection with the sales of liqueur not made by the monks, as the name of or as descriptive of the liqueur, or without clear¬ ly distinguishing it from the monks’ pro¬ duct. The decree will be amended accordingly, as shown in the margin.f fd. It ia further adjudged, ordered, and decreed that defendant, its associates, suc¬ cessors, assigns, officers, servants clerks, agents, and workmen, and each of them, be, and they hereby are, perpetually enjoined from using in this country or in any pos- 221 TJ. S. 1910. 601-603. AMERICAN LITHOGRAPHIC CO. v. WERCKMEISTER. After the decision by the court below, application was made by the complainants for an injunction against the use by the defendant, in connection with its liqueur, of the words “Pferes Cliartreux.” The in¬ junction was not granted, but, the parties having been heard, the court adjudged 602]*the defendant in contempt and im¬ posed a fine. The order was reversed by the circuit court of appeals, and the complain¬ ants have applied for a writ of certiorari, which is granted. In the opinion of the circuit court of ap¬ peals upon the appeal from the decree on the main issue, there were set forth two forms of labels which, it was suggested, might properly be used by the defendant, printed in any language. In the contempt proceeding it was shown that the defendant followed closely one of these forms, but used in place of the words “Carthusian Monks,” as these there appeared, the de¬ scription “P6res Cliartreux.” In view of the language of its opinion, and the permission it implied, it is clear that the court rightly held that the de¬ fendant should not be fined for contempt. But, in saying this, we do not wish to be understood as approving the suggested forms of labels, for they seem to us objec¬ tionable in view of the arrangement of the inscription and the special prominence giv¬ en to the words “Grande Chartreuse.” Nor does the making of a fair and adequate session thereof, in connection with any li¬ queur or cordial not manufactured by com¬ plainants, the trademark “Chartreuse” or any colorable imitation thereof, or the fac¬ simile signature of L. Gamier, or any color¬ able imitation thereof, or any of the trade¬ marks above referred to, or any colorable imitation thereof; and they and each of them are likewise perpetually enjoined from importing or putting out, or selling or of¬ fering for sale, directly or indirectly, within this country or in any possession thereof, any liqueur or cordial not manufactured by complainants in any dress or package like or simulating in any material respects the dress or package heretofore used by com¬ plainants, and in particular from making use of any label or symbol like or sub¬ stantially similar to those appearing on “complainants’ exhibit defendant’s liqueur,” being the bottle now on file as an exhibit in this court; and from using the word “ Char¬ treuse ” in connection with the importing, putting out, or sale of such liqueur or cor¬ dial, as the name of or as descriptive of such liqueur or cordial, or without clearly distinguishing such liqueur or cordial from the liqueur or cordial manufactured by the complainants, and from in any wise at¬ tempting to make use of the good will and reputation of complainants in putting out in this country any liqueur or cordial not made by complainants. 65 Ii. ed. statement as to the liqueus of the defend¬ ant, its origin and manufacture, require the use of the words “Pgres Chartreux,” and we are unable to escape the conclusion that such use, in the manner shown, was to serve the purpose of simulation, and to draw to the defendant’s liqueur the reputation of that of the monks, contrary to the provi¬ sions of the decree. For the reasons we have stated, the or¬ der of the court below in the contempt pro¬ ceeding is affirmed, but without prejudice- to any future application. The decree is reversed and the cause is remanded with directions to enter a decree in favor of the complainants, amending the decree entered in the Circuit Court in accordance with this opinion; and the or¬ der in the contempt proceeding is affirmed without prejudice to any future application. •AMERICAN LITHOGRAPHIC COM- [6 03 PANY, Plff. in Err., v. EMIL WERCKMEISTER. (See S. C. Reporter’s ed. 603-611.) Copyright — infringement of painting — penalties. 1. The infringing copies of a copyrighted painting need not be found in the infringer’s possession in order to render him liable for the penalty of $10 imposed by U. S. Rev. Stat. § 4965, U. S. Comp. Stat 1901, p. 3414, “for any copy of the same in his pos¬ session, or by him sold or exposed for sale.” [For other cases, see Copyright, 57-61, in Di¬ gest Sup. Ct. 1908.] Witnesses — subpoena duces tecum. 2. The authority to issue subpoenas duces- tecum was comprehended in the power con¬ ferred upon the Federal courts by the act of September 24, 1789 (1 Stat. at L. 81,. chap. 20, § 14, U. S. Rev. Stat. § 716, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 580), to issue all writs not specially provided for by statute which may be necessary for the exercise of Note. — On the refusal to produce books or papers in response to subpoena on the ground that they contain private matter — see note to Re Bolster, 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 716. On compulsory production of books and papers as unreasonable search or seizure — see note to Consolidated Rendering Co. v. Vermont, 52 L. ed. U. S. 327. On constitutional protection against be¬ ing forced to furnish evidence to be used against one’s self in a civil case — see note- to Levy v. Superior Ct. 29 L.R.A. 811. For the persons against whom production and inspection of books or writings may be obtained — see note to Cassatt v. Mitchell Coal & Coke Co. 81 C. C. A. 96. 873- Oct. Term, SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. their respective jurisdictions, and agreeable to the practice and usages of law. [For other cases, see Witnesses, II., in Di¬ gest Sup. Ct. 1908.] Witnesses — subpoena duces tecum — books of party. 3. Compulsory production of the books of a corporate defendant under a subpoena duces tecum served upon an officer of the corporation in an action to recover the penalties prescribed by U. S. Rev. Stat. § 4965, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 3414, for printing and selling copies of a copy¬ righted painting, did not, after the change of the rule as to the incompetency of par¬ ties as witnesses, made by § 858, violate any of the rights of the corporation under § 724, providing for the production on no¬ tice and motion of a party’s books and papers, since this section cannot be re¬ garded as providing an exclusive procedure. [For other cases, see Witnesses, II., in Digest Sup. Ct. 1908.] Witnesses self-crimination — statu¬ tory immunity. 4. Entries in the books of a party, pro¬ duced in obedience to a subpoena duces tecum, were not rendered inadmissible on the trial by U. S. Rev. Stat. § 860, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 661, providing that no discovery or evidence obtained from a party or witness by means of a judicial proceed¬ ing shall be given in evidence or used against him in a criminal case, or in a pro¬ ceeding to enforce a penalty or forfeiture, since these provisions manifestly refer to a case where, in some prior judicial proceed¬ ing, a discovery had been made or testimony had been given, and the evidence so ob¬ tained was sought to be used. [For other cases, see Witnesses, V. C. in Di¬ gest Sup. Ct. 1908.] Searches anti seizures — production of books and papers. 5. The protection against unreasonable searches and seizures afforded by U. S. Const. 4th Amend, cannot ordinarily be in¬ voked to justify the refusal of an officer of a corporation to produce its books and pa¬ pers in obedience to a subpoena duces tecum issued in an action against the corporation to recover a statutory penalty.
| 44,840 |
https://github.com/caueferreira/OpenMovieDB/blob/master/buildsystem/application.gradle
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
OpenMovieDB
|
caueferreira
|
Gradle
|
Code
| 18 | 73 |
ext {
app = [
applicationId : "com.caueferreira.openmoviedb",
testInstrumentationRunner: "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner",
versionCode : 1,
versionName : "1.0"
]
}
| 37,811 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.