identifier
stringlengths 6
14.8k
| collection
stringclasses 50
values | open_type
stringclasses 7
values | license
stringlengths 0
1.18k
| date
float64 0
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
1.85k
⌀ | creator
stringlengths 0
7.27k
⌀ | language
stringclasses 471
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
1.98M
| token_count
int64 1
3.46M
| text
stringlengths 0
12.9M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
51.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/jefrisibarani/bulbul/blob/master/Tbs/Base/Language/en/RestClient.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
bulbul
|
jefrisibarani
|
PHP
|
Code
| 23 | 61 |
<?php
/**
* @author jefrisibarani@gmail.com
*/
return [
'resourceNotFound' => 'Resource not found on backend',
'invalidResponseReceived' => 'Invalid Response received from backend',
];
| 34,132 |
commentairesurle00maunuoft_6
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,880 |
Commentaire sur les ép^itres de Saint Paul : aux Galates, aux Éphésiens, aux Philippiens, aux Colossiens et aux Thessaloniciens
|
Maunoury, A.-F. (Auguste François), b. 1811
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,726 | 12,850 |
Cette explication de la liberté chrétienne sert de tran sition à la partie morale de l'Epître. « Faites-vous plutôt les serviteurs les uns des autres». Il met en tète de ses avis le précepte de la charité, qui est le plus important, et celui d'où tous les autres découlent. In libertatem, en grec, ht èXeuôepi'a. Vous avez été appe lés etadmis au baptême avec la condition que vous seriez libres. C'est un des sens dïirf ; cette préposition avec le datif marque l'idée de condition. — 111 — Galat. v. Ne libertatem in occasionem detis camis. En grec, il y a Seulement : Môvov xy ttjv ÈÀeuôspi'otv eïç àcpop[j.y)v ttj capxi. Le verbe manque donc ; le traducteur a suppléé detis. En outre, au lieu de camis, il faudrait lire carni. Le copiste qui écrivait sous la dictée a facilement ajouté une s, à cause de celle qui commence le mot suivant. Car rien n'est plus facile que de confondre dans la prononciation, carni sed avec camis sed. D'ailleurs on lit carni dans saint Jérôme et dans le commentaire ambrosien. Toute fois si la Vulgate n'est pas ici littérale, elle rend le vrai sens avec clarté et n'a pas besoin d'être corrigée. Servite. Remarquez cette antithèse : Vous êtes libres, mais faites-vous esclaves par la charité, servite, SouAsuste. Saint Paul ne conseille que ce qu'il pratiquait lui-même. Car il écrivait aux Corinthiens : Quum liber essem ex omnibus omnium me servum feci, ut plures lucrifacerem. (I Cor., îx, 19.) De peur que les Galates déliés du joug de la loi ne se précipitent dans la licence, saint Paul leur impose un autre joug pour les contenir dans la sagesse. C'est le joug de la charité, plus doux et plus fort que celui qu'il leur ôte, dit saint Chrysostome. 14. Omnis enim lex in uno sermone impletur : Dilicjes proximum tuum sicut te ipsum. Car toute la loi est ren fermée dans une seule parole, qui est celle-ci: «Tu aime ras ton prochain comme toi-même. » Lorsqu'on accomplit ce précepte, on accomplit toute la loi. Omnis lex. Ne vous croyez pas exempts de toute loi : celle des cérémonies judaïques est abolie, mais non celle des mœurs. Car c'est votre soumission à la loi des mœurs qui vous rend libres du péché. Omnis lex impletur. Comment toute la loi est-elle accomplie, si on aime le prochain? C'est qu'on ne peut pas aimer le prochain d'un amour véritable, sans aimer Dieu ; ni aimer Dieu sans aimer le prochain. Car si l'on aime Dieu de tout son cœur, on aime aussi le prochain que Dieu aime et nous ordonne d'aimer. D'un autre côté, peut-on aimer le prochain d'un amour surnaturel, — 112 — comme Dieu le veut, si l'on n'aime pas Dieu qui nous en donne la grâce ? Ainsi donc un de ces deux préceptes em porte l'autre. Or, quand on aime Dieu et le prochain, on accomplit toute la loi. Saint Paul exprime la même pensée dans l'Epître aux Romains : Qui enim diligit proximum, legemimplevit. (Rom., xm, 8.) Remarquez la justesse de ce mot lex impletur, et non continetur. L'Apôtre ne dit pas seulement : Toute la loi est renfermée dans ce mot; mais il dit encore: Ce précepte accompli, toute la loi est accomplie. 45. Quod si invicem mordetis et comeditis, videte ne ab invicem consumamini. « Mais si, violant le précepte de la charité, yous vous mordez, si vous vous dévorez mu tuellement, prenez garde que ,vous ne vous consumiez les uns les autres ». Cet avertissement nous fait entendre qu'il s'était élevé des disputes violentes parmi les Ga lates. En effet, quand on perd la foi, on ne conserve pas la charité et la concorde, et c'est le propre de l'hérésie d'engendrer les querelles et les haines. Mordetis. On fait une morsure dans un mouvement de colère. Comeditis. Mais dévorer est l'effet d'une haine et d'une méchanceté persévérantes. Videte ne ab invicem consumamini. C'est un grand mal que les divisions. Ce pendant la vérité vaut mieux que la paix ; et les saints docteurs ont. dans tous les siècles, combattu avec cou rage les hérésies qui s'élevaient au sein de l'Eglise. Saint Paul nous en donne ici l'exemple. Jésus-Christ n'a t-il pas dit lui-même : Non veni pacem mittere, sed gla dium. (S. Matth., x, 34t.) Cette épée vigilante, apportée du ciel et mise aux mains de l'Eglise, frappe incessamment les erreurs que l'esprit de mensonge suscite de siècle en siècle contre la doctrine de l'Evangile. La paix doit régner entre les orthodoxes ; mais, pour les hérétiques, on les combat, on les réfute, on les expulse de l'Eglise ; et si le prince entend le bien de l'Etat, il les réprime a leur naissance, autant qu'il lui est possible. 46. Dico autem: Spiritu ambulate, et desideria. carnîs non perficietis. Or, écoutez bien ce que je vous dis : Mar — 113 — Gala t. v. chez selon l'Esprit, et vous n'accomplirez point les désirs de la chair. Comme tous les préceptes de la loi se résu ment dans un seul, qui est la charité : de même tous les moyens d'acquérir, de conserver et de perfectionner la charité, se réduisent à suivre les mouvements du Saint Esprit. Spiritu. Par ce mot nous entendons le Saint-Esprit qui nous suggère les bonnes pensées, nous détourne du mal et nous porte au bien (1). Desideria carnîs non perficietis. 11 ne dit pas non patie mini ; car tous les justes, excepté la sainte Vierge, ont senti en eux la rébellion de la chair. Mais au lieu d'obéir à ces désirs, ils les réprimaient, ils les châtiaient, et Dieu les récompensait de leurs combats. Par desideria carnis, on n'entend pas seulement l'im pureté, mais encore toutes les passions qu'allument en nous les plaisirs et les besoins du corps, ou qui naissent de la concupiscence originelle, comme la suite le fait comprendre. 17. Caro enhn concupiscit adversns spiritum, spiritus autem adversns carnem : hœc enim sibi adversantur ; ut non, qusecumque vultis, illa faciatis. « En effet les désirs de la chair sont contraires à ceux de l'Esprit, et l'Esprit ne veut pas ce que veut la chair : car ils sont opposés l'un à l'autre ; afin que vous ne fassiez pas ce que vous voulez ». Saint Paul lui-même donne un beau com mentaire de cette pensée dans son Epître aux Romains, (ch. vu.) Caro. Par la chair on entend la concupiscence qui habite en nous, comme suite du péché originel. C'est un foyer inextinguible de désirs mauvais. Concupiscit adversns spiritum. Par l'esprit l'on entend, comme plus haut, non la raison ou la partie supérieure de notre âme, mais le Saint-Esprit lui-même, qui éclaire notre intelligence et nous excite à faire le bien. Cette signification donnée à la chair et à l'Esprit se (1) L'eu pourrait entendre l'esprit même du chrétien, mais en tant qu'il est illuminé par la foi et niù par la grâce de l'Esprit-Saint. El-, aux Galat. 8 — 114 — trouve clairement marquée dans iEpître aux Romains, où on lit : Si enim secundum carnem vixeritis, moriemini ; si autem Spiritu facta camis morti/îcaveritis, vivetis. Qui cumque enim Spiritu Dei aquntur, iisunt filii Dei. (Rom., vin, 13.) Heec enim sibi adversantur. « Car l'Esprit et la chair sont opposés, même dans les justes ». Cette guerre de l'Esprit et de la chair, autrement cette lutte intérieure de l'àme corrompue par le péché originel et de l'âme di rigée et mue par le Saint-Esprit, est amplement et élo quemment dépeinte dans TEpîtreauxRomains. (vu, 14-25.) Ut non, qusecumque vultis, Ma faciatis. On peut indif féremment rattacher cette phrase aux deux verbes adver santur et concupiscit. La chair et l'Esprit sont opposés l'un à l'autre et ils ont des désirs contraires : la chair lutte, afin que vous ne fassiez pas ce que vous voulez, en obéissant à l'impulsion de l'Esprit ; et l'Esprit lutte, afin que vous ne fassiez pas ce que vous voulez, quand vous êtes sollicités par la concupiscence de la chair (1). Le pieux Hervé exprime fort bien ces deux volontés : Concupiscent 133 non permittunt vos implere quod vultis; nolite et vos eis permittere quod ipsâs volunt: ita nec vos nec illae facietis quod vultis. La chair peut toujours être vaincue, mais elle ne sera jamais complètement domptée en cette vie ; pour être parfaitement épurée, il faut qu'elle meure et qu'elle res suscite, dit saint Augustin. Quod ex omni parte nonnisi in resurrectione camis atque commutatione sperandum est. (in Gai., 48.) 48. Quod si Spiritu ducimini non estis sub lege. « Que si, malgré la résistance de la chair, vous vous laissez conduire par l'Esprit, vous n'êtes plus sous la loi ; vous êtes au-dessus d'elle; car, étant dirigés par l'Esprit Saint, vous évitez le mal et vous faites le bien dans votre (1) On traduit pour l'ordinaire : La chair et l'esprit sont opposés, « de sorte que » vous ne faites pas ce que vous voulez. C'est au fond le même sens. Toutefois il semble plus exact de traduire ut par « afin que », parce qu'on lit en grec tva y.r„ et non ojstî pn. — 115 — Galat. v. pleine liberté, et par choix. La loi, dit ailleurs saint Paul, n'est pas établie pour le juste, mais pour les injustes: Lex justo non est posita, sed injùstis. (I Tim., i, 9.) C'est aux injustes que la loi dit : Non furtum faciès ; c'est aux impudiques qu'elle dit: Non mœchaberis. Le juste n'a pas besoin qu'une loi menaçante lui interdise ces crimes. L'Esprit de Dieu qui habite en son cœur suffit pour les lui faire détester. 19. Manifesta sunt antem opéra carnis, quae sunt forni catio, immunditia, impudicitia, luxuria. Or, il est facile de discerner si c'est la chair ou l'Esprit de Dieu qui vous fait agir. « Car les œuvres de la chair sont manifestes. Ce sont la fornication, l'impureté, limpudicité, la lu xure ». Ici, par les œuvres de la chair, saint Paul entend toutes celles où nous porte la concupiscence. Elles com prennent donc toutes les œuvres qui souillent non-seu lement la chair, mais encore l'esprit, comme il s'exprime en parlant aux Corinthiens : Mundemus nos ah omni inquinamento carnis et spiritus. (II Cor., vu, 1.) Fomicatio, iropveïa, n'est pas seulement, dans le style de l'Ecriture, soluti cum soluta concubitus, mais encore omnis illegitimus concubitus ; en sorte que ce mot com prend l'adultère, l'inceste, et les abominations qui cau sèrent la ruine de Sodome. Immunditia, Kka8ap<rfa, ce sont les impuretés solitaires, comme aspectus, tactus, mollities. Impudicitia et luxuria, deux mots qui rendent le mot grec xoéXyeta. Ce sont des actions lascives auxquelles un impudique se laisse emporter par sa passion, comme verba, oscula ; c'est tout ce qui trahit aux yeux des hommes des sentiments de luxure et viole les règles de la pudeur. Ces mêmes termes se lisent dans la seconde Epître aux Corinthiens, (xu, 21.) Les deux mots impudi citia et luxuria ne sont pas de trop pour rendre le seul mot grec kséXyaa, car l'adjectif kaelxhs devrait se traduire par impudice luxurians. ■20. Idolorum servitus, venefic/a, inimicitiœ, contentio nes, œmnlationes, irœ, rixœ, dissentiones , sectae. Aux — 116 — péchés qui consistent dans la délectation charnelle, ajoutez l'idolâtrie, les sortilèges, les inimitiés, les dis sensions, les querelles, les divisions, les hérésies et les sectes. ldolorum servitus, eîSwAoXaTpeta. Comment les chrétiens étaient-ils exposés à participer au culte des idoles, c'est une question amplement traitée dans la première Epître aux Corinthiens, (vin, 10.) Veneficia est synonyme de maleficœ artes, selon saint Jérôme. C'est le sens du grec cpapj/.boiefoi, breuvage ma gique, philtre, sortilège, maléfice. On voit pourquoi saint Paul joint veneficium à l'idolâtrie : c'en est une espèce, puisque le magicien rend un culte aux démons en les invoquant. lnimicitise, ïyfipd.. Les inimitiés sont la source des pé chés contraires à la charité. Ainsi elles engendrent les discordes {contentiones, epetç), et les jalousies {œmulatio nes, ÇtjAoi). De là naissent les colères, les animosités, les rancunes (irse, ôujaoî). Celles-ci éclatent par des querelles violentes {rixae, èptôstai), qui se transforment en dissen sions profondes, en cabales et en partis (dissoisiones, QiyjHïTafftai). Enfin l'on en vient à rompre l'unité de la foi, on brise le lien de la hiérarchie, et l'on forme des sectes et des hérésies séparées de l'Eglise {sectœ, aîp4ffeiç). Le mot grec èpiOeïou, que la Vulgate rend par rixae, dé signe la malice qui se plaît à contredire les autres et à les molester, pour jouir de leur chagrin. Les quatre mots ëpetç, KV"'-> Ojy.ol, Iptôeïac se lisent aussi dans la seconde Epître aux Corinthiens, (xn, 20.) Entre œmulationes et invidiae, il y a cette différence que la jalousie (Ç^Xoç) est une tristesse de ne pas avoir ce qu'un autre possède, un dépit de ce qu'un autre a obtenu ce qu'on désirait pour soi-même. L'envie, au contraire (çôôvoç), est un chagrin que l'on ressent du bonheur, des succès, des avantages d'autrui, lors même que l'on n'y saurait prétendre. (S. Aug., Gai., 52.) L'envie, péché dia bolique, tourmente les âmes basses, tandis que les carac tères même vertueux ont peine à se garantir de la jalon — 117 — ' Galat. v. sie. Quo quidem malo nescio quis nostrum careat, dit saint Jérôme. 21. Invidise, homicidia, ebrietates, comessationes, et fus similia. Les envies, les homicides, les ivrogneries, les excès de bonne chère, et les autres péchés semblables. Quel rapport y a-t-il entre invidiœ et homicidial II y en a deux, l'un dans les mots, et l'autre dans l'idée. En effet, le mot cpOovoç, invidia, fait penser au mot çôvoç, homici dium. De plus, on sait que l'envie du diable a causé la mort de tous les hommes : Invidia autem diaboli mors intravit in orbem terraruni (Sap., h, 24. ) Les péchés que l'Apôtre vient d'énumérer ont leur cause dans l'orgueil, l'avarice, l'envie, la colère, et la luxure. Il termine par deux péchés de gourmandise, ebrietates et comessationes, l'ivresse et les débauches de table, qui sont aussi marquées dans l'Epître aux Ro mains, (xiii, 13.) Six des péchés capitaux sont donc ici compris. Saint Paul ne laisse que la paresse, qui ne trou vait point de place sur une liste où il ne mentionnait que des actions : opéra caniis. Quœ prsedico vobis, sicut et prxdixi, quoniam qui talia aguntregnum Dei non consequentur. « Or, je vous déclare, comme je vous l'ai déjà dit quand j'étais au milieu de vous, que ceux qui commettent ces péchés ne seront point héritiers du royaume de Dieu ». Toutes ces fautes sont donc des péchés mortels, les unes de leur nature, comme la fornication ; les autres, lorsqu'elles sont com plètes et consommées, comme la colère, qui porte à souhaiter ou à faire un grave dommage au prochain. Cette phrase regnum Dei non consequentur se retrouve dans l'Epître aux Romains, (vi, 10.) 22, 23. Fructus autem Spiritus est charitas, gaudium, pax, patientia, benignitas, bonitas, longanimitas, man suetudo, ftdes, modestia, continentia} castitas. Au con traire, le fruit de l'Esprit est la charité, la joie, la paix, la patience, la générosité, la bonté, la longanimité, la douceur, la bonne foi, la modestie, la tempérance et la chasteté. — 118 — Fructus Spiritus. Saint Paul nomme « fruit du Saint Esprit » les effets qu'il opère dans les âmes justes, pour faire entendre que, comme l'arbre produit naturellement le fruit qui lui est propre, de même la présence du Saint Esprit dans une âme y produit par elle-même ces bien heureux effets qui la délectent, la nourrissent, la forti fient et la sanctifient, selon cette autre parole de saint Paul aux Romains (vi, 22) : Habetis fructum vestrum in sanctificationem (1). Fructus Spiritus est charitas. On remarque que saint Paul emploie le singulier ; il dit : « le fruit est », et non pas « les fruits sont ». C'est pour fixer l'attention sur le premier fruit, qui renferme tous les autres. Il place en tête la charité, comme le principal, et mentionne ensuite les autres, qui en naissent et s'y rattachent. Saint Augustin montre fort bien comment les neuf vertus marquées par saint Paul sont contenues dans la première, qui est la charité. Quis autem bene gaudet, qui bonum non diligit unde gaudet ? Quis pacem veram nisi cum illo potest habere quemveraciter diligit? Quis est lon ganimis in bono perseveranter ?nanetido, nisi ferveat dili gendo ? Quis est benignus, ?iisi diligat cui opitulatur ? Quis bonus, nisi diligendo efficiatur? Quis salubriter fide lis, nisi ea fide quœ per dilectionem operatur ? Qtiis utili ter mansuelus, cui non dilectio moderetur? Quis ab eo con tinetunde twpatur, nisi diligat unde honestatur? (S. Aug., in Joan. Tract. 87.) On peut remarquer que l'Apôtre, ayant mis la fornica tion en tète des œuvres de la chair, lui a justement op (1) La Vulgate énumère douze fruits du Saint-Esprit, le grec n'en présente que neuf, qui SOnt : 'yx~r,, y/J.[.i>., elpfyv), lta.xpo8up.ix, yyr.sroTr,;, ùyxQùViijvr,, Ittarts, -pxùTr,;, è-/xf,(/.z£i'x. Mais la différence n'est qu'apparente, car la Vulgate rend /txxpoOupia par patienUa et longanimitas, et èyxpdxeta par modestia, eontinentia, castitos. Saint Jérôme et saint Augustin ne comptent que neuf fruits comme les Giecs, ce sont : charitas, gaudium, pax, lojiyanimitas, benignitas, honitas, fides, mansuetudo, conti?ie?itia. (Hieron. ad Gai.; Aug. in Joann. Tract. 87.) Le grec n'est donc point mutilé, comme l'ont cru plusieurs interprètes; et d'un autre côté la Vulgate n'est point réphréhensible d'avoir ajouté trois mots pour être plus fidèle. Seulement patientia et longa?iimitas, qui sont séparés dans l'édition actuelle de la Vulgate, devraient être mis ensemble. — lit) — Galaf. v. posé la charité, qui seule est capable de conserver la chasteté. Recle fornicationi opponilur charitas, in quasola est custodia castitatis. (S. Aug., in Gai., 51 .) Considérons donc ces fruits divins qui germent de la charité. C'est la joie, avec la paix, que saint Paul unit sou vent : Pax et gaudium in Spiritu sancto. (Rom., xiv, 17.) D'abord gaudium, la joie du cœur produite dans l'âme par la vue et la possession du bien, exsultatio animi su per his-quae digna sunt exsultantis. (S. Jérôme.) La joie que l'on éprouve quand on a vaincu ses passions :Vohip tatem vicisse voluptas est maxima, dit saint Cyprien. (Discipl. et bon. pud.) Joie que le Saint-Esprit fait goûter à l'âme fidèle, au milieu môme des persécutions et des souffrances. Ensuite la paix du cœur que rien ne trouble, parce qu'on se sent entre les mains de Dieu, et que ni les hommes, ni les démons ne peuvent nuire à celui que Dieu protège. Pax Dei guss exsuperat omnem sensum, dit ailleurs saint Paul. (Philipp., îv, 7.) Patientia, longanimitas, ;xaxpoOu;j.ca. La patience con siste à souffrir les peines, les maux, les adversités avec courage ; la longanimité est une patience avec laquelle on .endure les fautes et les outrages que l'on pourrait punir. C'est un des plus beaux caractères de la charité : Chari tas patiens est, omnia saffert. (I Cor., xm.) Benignitas, bonitas. Entre ces deux qualités, qui ont beaucoup de rapport, on peut trouver la même différence qu'entre la bienveillance et la bonté. Benignitas, /py^totyj;, rend un homme aimable, affable, toujours prêta rendre service. Benignitas, selon la peinture qu'en fait saint Jérôme : Virtusest lenis, Manda, tranquiUa, invitans ad fa miliaritatem sui, dulcis alloquio, moribus temperata. Quant à bonitas, àyaOwduvT), elle montre que le fond du cœur est sincèrement bon. L'homme bonus, àyaOoç, est bon en soi, et le benignus xpjinàç (de -/pv^iaoç) veut épancher sa bonté sur les autres. (Voyez I Cor., xm, 4.) Mansuetudo. De la bienveillance, de la bonté et de la patience, naît la mansuétude ou la douceur, qui donne à ces vertus un charme inexprimable. Jésus-Christ nous — 120 — en a offert le modèle, et il veut que nous l'imitions : Dis cite a mequia mitis sum. Souvenons-nous que la douceur chrétienne n'est point la mollesse du cœur, ni l'effet du tempérament, mais un fruit du Saint-Esprit. Fides n'est pas ici la vertu théologale qui nous fait croire à la parole de Dieu : cette vertu qui est le fonde ment de toute la justice, ne saurait être rangée ici par saint Paul au milieu des fruits du Saint-Esprit. Fides dé signe plutôt la bonne foi et la sincérité qui rend un homme incapable de manquera sa parole. Fides est fide tttas et veracitas in promissis, dit Corneille Lapierre. Enfin, modestia, continentia et castitas, ces trois mots rendent èyxpaTeia, et sont nécessaires pour en exprimer toute la signification. En effet, èfxparfc est l'homme rno destus ou moderatus qui maîtrise et règle parfaitement son humeur; l'homme continens qui contient ses désirs, réprime les saillies de ses passions ; il est surtout l'homme castus, qui ne se laisse pas entraîner aux plai sirs de la chair. On pourrait même ajouter l'homme so brius, qui observe la tempérance. Adversus hujusmodi non est lex, il n'y a point de loi contre ceux en qui l'Esprit-Saint produit de tels fruits. Ils évitent par eux-mêmes tout le mal que la loi peut leur défendre, et ils font tout le bien qu'elle peut leur com mander. Adversus hujusmodi, xaxà rwv xotouriov, adversus eos qui taies sunt. C'est la répétition de ce qu'il avait dit plus haut. Vous n'êtes plus sous la loi, vous n'avez pas besoin de ses menaces pour éviter ce qu'elle défend. Quod si Spiritu ducimini, non estis sub lecje. Telles sont les œuvres de la chair et celles de l'Esprit; tel est le combat engagé entre ces deux adversaires. 0 Ga lates, choisissez donc et voyez le parti que vous voulez prendre. 24. Qui autem sunt Christi carnem suam crucifixerunt cum vitiis et concupiscentiis . « Mais ceux qui sont à Jésus Christ ont crucifié leur chair avec ses vices et ses concu piscences ». D'abord ils l'ont crucifiée dans le baptême, où ils sont morts avec Jésus-Christ, selon le vieil homme, — 121 — Galat. v. pour renaître à la vie spirituelle de la grâce ; et ils con tinuent de la crucifier, en mortifiant leurs passions tou jours prêtes à renaître." Qui sunt Christi, ceux qui appartiennent à Jésus-Christ par la foi, par le baptême, par la docilité à suivre son Evangile. Crucifixerunt. Au lieu d'employer le mot domuerunt, « ils ont dompté leur chair », saint Paul se sert d'un mot plus énergique, crucifixerunt. Les vrais chrétiens pren nent pour leur modèle Jésus-Christ sur la croix ; ils font mourir, comme sur une croix, leur chair coupable avec ses désirs mauvais et ses passions désordonnées. Comment s'opère ce crucifiement? « Les saints », dit Corneille Lapierre, « crucifient leur chair : 1° par la pen sée des jugements de Dieu et la crainte de l'enfer, comme faisait David lorsqu'il disait : Confige timoré tuo carnes meas ; a judiciis enim tuis timui(Ps. cxvm); 2° par la ferme résolution d'obéir à Dieu ; 3° par la garde de leurs sens, et principalement des yeux ; -4° par la prière ; 5° parle jeûne et les autres mortifications ». De ce que ceux qui appartiennent à Jésus-Christ cru cifient leur chair, on conclut avec justesse que ceux qui ne la crucifient pas ne lui appartiennent pas. C'est là un sujet sérieux de méditation pour un grand nombre de chrétiens. 25. Si Spiritu vivimus, Spiritu et ambulemus. Si dune nous vivons de l'Esprit-Saint, depuis qu'il a communi que la vie de la grâce à nos âmes dans la régénération du baptême, marchons d'un pas ferme sous la direction de cet Esprit divin, sans nous écarter à droite ou à gauche par complaisance pour nus passions. Ambulemus, crroyojaEv. via recta incedamus (1). 26. Non efficiamus inanis yloriœ cupidi, inuicem pro vocantes, invicem incidentes. Mais en soumettant notre (1) Si Spiritu civimus, debemus in vmnibus ab ipso agi. Sicut etiim in vita corporali corpus non movetur ?iisi per animant per quam vivit, ita et in vita spirituali omnis motus noster débet esse a Spiritu sancto. (S. Thorc., in. h. 1.) — 122 — chair, ne nous laissons point aller aux désirs de la vaine gloire. Ceux qui sont demeurés fermes ne doivent point mépriser ceux qui sont tombés par imprudence. Ne vous provoquez point les uns les autres, ne vous portez point envie les uns aux autres. Que cet avis est important ! Il est triste de voir des hommes qui ont vaincu la chair dans les combats hé roïques de la chasteté, succomber à la honteuse passion de l'envie, se déchirer mutuellement et donner au monde le spectacle de disputes scandaleuses. — 123 — CHAPITRE SIXIEME ANALYSE Après avoir énuméré dans le chapitre précédent les œuvres de la chair, et leur avoir opposé les fruits que produit l'Esprit-Saint dans les âmes où il habite, saint Paul exhorte les Galates à pra tiquer la charité à l'égard du prochain. 1 . Montrez-vous pleins de bonté envers ceux qui tombent en quelque faute, leur dit-il, considérant que vous pouvez être tentés vous-mêmes. Il les avertit ensuite qu'ils doivent pourvoir aux besoins de ceux qui les instruisent de la religion. Enfin ils tâcheront de faire du bien à tout le monde, selon leur pouvoir, mais surtout à ceux qui leur sont unis par le lien de la foi. (1-10.) 2. Saint Paul revient sur le point doctrinal de sa lettre et porte un dernier coup aux faux docteurs en découvrant le motif qui les fait agir, et après avoir ruiné leur autorité, il affirme de nou veau la nullité de la circoncision. Puis il termine son Epitre aux Galates en leur souhaitant la grâce de Jésus-Christ. (11-18.) 1. Fratres, et siprœoccupatus 1. Mes frères, si un homme tombe fuerit honio in aliquo delicto, par surprise dans quelque péché, vos, qui spirituelles estis, hujus vous qui êtes spirituels, relevez-le modi instruite in spiritu leni dans un esprit de douceur, chacun tatis, considérons te ipsum, ne faisant réflexion sur soi-même et et tu tenteris. craignant d'être tenté aussi bien que lui. 2. Alter alterius onera por 2. Portez les fardeaux les uns des tate, et sic adimplebitis legem autres, et vous accomplirez ainsi la Christi. loi de Jésus-Christ. 3. Nam si quis existimat se 3. Car si quelqu'un s'estime être aliquid esse, quum nïhil sit, quelque chose, lorsqu'il n'est rien, il ipse se seducit. se trompe lui-même. 4. Opus autem sv."/,t probet 4. Que chacun examine ses œuvres, — 124 — et il trouvera ainsi sa gloire seule ment en lui-même, et non dans un autre. 5. Car chacun portera son propre fardeau. 6. Que celui à qui l'on enseigne les vérités de la foi assiste de ses biens en toute manière celui qui l'instruit. 7. Ne vous trompez pas, on ne se moque point de Dieu. 8. L'homme recueillera ce qu'il aura semé. Car celui qui sème dans sa chair recueillera de la chair la corruption ; celui, au contraire, qui sème dans l'esprit recueillera de l'esprit la vie éternelle. 9. Ne nous lassons point de faire le bien ; car nous en recueillerons le fruit en son temps, sans nous lasser jamais. 10. Ainsi donc faisons du bien pendant que nous en avons le temps ; faisons-en à tous, mais surtout à nos frères dans la foi. 11. Voyez quelles lettres je vous ai écrites de ma propre main. 12. Car ceux qui veulent plaire se lon la chair vous obligent à vous faire circoncire ; et ils n'agissent ainsi qu'afïn de n'être point persécutés pour la croix de Jésus-Christ. 13. Car eux-mêmes qui sont cir concis ne gardent pas la loi, mais ils veulent que vous receviez la cir concision, afin de se glorifier dans votre chair. 14. Mais pour moi, à Dieu ne plaise que je me glorifie en autre chose qu'en la croix de Notre-Sei gneur Jésus-Christ, par qui le monde est crucifié pour moi, comme je suis crucifié pour le monde. 15. Car, dans le Christ Jésus, ni la circoncision ni l'incirconcisionne servent de rien ; mais ce qui est salutaire, c'est la nouvelle créature. 16. Et tous ceux qui suivront cette règle, que la paix et la miséricorde reposent sur eux et sur le véritable Israël qui appartient à Dieu. 17. Au reste, que personne ne me moleste ; car je porte imprimées unusquisque , et sic in semetipso tantum gloriam habebit, et non in altero. 5. Unusquisque enitn onus snum portabit. 6. Commitnicet autem is qui catechizatur verbo, ei qui se catéchisât, in omnibus bonis. 7. Nolite errare : Deus non irridetur. 8. Quœ enim seminaverit ho mo, hœc et metet. Quoniam qui seminat in carne sua, de carne et metet corruptionem ; qui au tem seminat in spiritu, de spi ritic metet vitam œternam. 9. Bonum autem facientes, non deficiamus : tempore enim suo metemus non déficientes. 10. Ergo dum tempus habe mus, operemur bonum ad om nes, maxime autem ad domes ticos fidei. 11. Videte qualibus litteris scripsi vobis mea manu. 12. Quicumque enim volunt placere in carne, hi cogunt vos circumcidi , tantum ut crucis Christi persecationem non pa tiantur. 13. Neque enim qui circumci duntur legem custodiunt : sed volunt vos circumcidi, ut in carne vestra glorientur. 14. Mihi autem absit gloriari, nisi in cruce Domini nostri Jesu Christi ; per quem mihi mundus crucifixus est, et ego mundo. 15. I)i Christo enim Jesu ne que circumcisio aliquid valet, neque prœputium, sed nova creatura. 16. Et quicumque liane régu lant secuti fuerint, pax super illos et misericordia, et super Israël Dei. 17. De ccetero nemo mihi mo~ lestus sit : ego enim stigmata — 123 — Galot. vr. Do-mini Jesu in corpore meo dans mon corps les marques duSei porto. gneur Jésus. 18. Gratia Domini nostri Jesu 18. Que la grâce de Notre-Seigneur Christi cum'spiritv vestro, fra Jésus-Christ, mes frères, demeure très. Amen. avec votre esprit. Amen. COMMENTAIRE 1. Fratres, et si prseoccupatits fuerit homo in aliquo delicto, vos, qui spirituelles estis, hujusmodi instruite in spiritu lenitatis. Au lieu donc de vous laisser aller à la vaine gloire, de tous élever les uns au-dessus des autres, et de vous abandonner à l'envie, « si vous voyez un de vos frères entraîné par la fragilité humaine tom ber dans quelque faute, vous qui êtes spirituels et plus fermes, relevez-le dans sa chute avec un esprit de douceur », et pansez ses blessures avec bonté. Quoique le précepte soit général, saint Paul a particu lièrement en vue ceux qui ont été séduits par les faux docteurs ; il recommande aux autres chrétiens de les traiter avec charité. La même maxime selitdansl'Epître aux Romains : Infirmum autem in fide assumite. (Rom., xiv, 1.) 11 ne dit pas : Réprimandez, condamnez, punissez; mais secourez avec une tendre compassion. Homo. Est-il étonnant qu'un homme tombe? Prseoccupalns. Ce mot désigne une faute commise par surprise, et non par malice ou de dessein prémédité. Car pour ceux qui s'endurcissent dans le mal et qui pèchent avec une volonté réfléchie, c'est la sévérité et non la dou ceur qu'il faut employer à leur égard. Mais celui qui reconnaît sa faute et en demande pardon, mérite qu'on l'accueille avec miséricorde. Ubi peccator, intellùjensvul nus suum, tradit medico se curandum, ibi non est virga necessaria, sed spiritus lenitatis. (S. Hieron.) Delictum, -y.çy.r.zMu.y., est une faute qui vient de la fai blesse, de l'imprudence ou de la simple inadvertance. On — 126 — marchait avec trop de sécurité, le pied glisse et on tombe. Voilà ce que les Grecs appellent TtapaTtTWfjia. La faute des Galales est d'avoir cru trop facilement des hommes dont ils devaient se méfier (1). Spirituelles sont ceux qui règlent leurs jugements et leur conduite sur les lumières du Saint-Esprit. Instruite, xaTapT^ere. Ce verbe signifie remettre en ordre ce qui était dérangé, réparer ce qui était froissé ou brisé. Or, pour réparer une àme brisée par le péché, il faut une grande douceur, que le Saint-Esprit peut seul donner : in spiritu lenitatis. C'est le fruit excellent que saint Paul nommait tout à l'heure mansuetudo (v. 23) ; car on lit en grec le même mot îrpatmjç dans les deux endroits. Si l'on n'a pas cet esprit de douceur, la correction fraternelle est souvent plus nuisible qu'utile ; et une réprimande acerbe n'est point un acte de charité : Quidquid lacerato animo dixeris punientis est impetus, non charitas corrigen tis. (S. Au g., in Gai., 57.) Consideràns teipsum, ne et tu tenteris. Saint Paul change subitement de nombre, pour mettre chacun en face de sa conscience. Toi qui censures avec amertume les fautes de ton frère, considère ta propre faiblesse et crains d'être tenté comme lui. Sais-tu si tu serais plus courageux dans le combat ? Qui se existimat stare, videat ne cadat. (I Cor., x, 12.) Rien n'est plus capable d'incliner à la mi séricorde envers un pauvre pécheur, que cette pensée : Je puis tomber dans la même faute, si la grâce de Dieu ne me soutient. 2. Aller alterius onera portate. « Portez les fardeaux les uns des autres ». Il fait allusion aux voyageurs qui, (1) Saint Thomas note dans le texte de l'Apôtre trois choses qui doivent por ter à la clémence envers le pécheur : 1° la surprise, prseoccupatus : ce n'est pas un péché commis avec malice et préméditation ; 2° le petit nombre de fautes, in aliquo : ce n'est pas une habitude ; 3° delicto, la qualité de la faute : c'est un manquement, uue omission, un oubli, une ignorance, et non pas la transgression réfléchie d'une défense. Soyons pleins de miséricorde en vers de tels pécheurs. Mais celui qui méprise une défense grave, celui qui viole sciemment un précepte et chez qui le péché devient une habitude, ap pelle sur lui une plus grande sévérité. — 127 — Galat. vi. cheminant ensemble, s'entr'aident à porter les fardeaux dont ils sont chargés. 0 fiera. Les fardeaux que désigne saint Paul sont les défauts et les vices qui appesantissent notre cœur, nous courbent vers la terre et nous rendent à charge aux autres. Il est injuste d'imposer nos fardeaux au pro chain, sans vouloir supporter les siens. C'est en se por tant les unes les autres, que les pierres forment un édifice. Point de société sans le support mutuel. Au lieu de rail ler et de censurer nos frères, tendons-leur une main charitable et aidons-les à marcher dans la voie du salut. Qui fratris non desperat salutem, sed manum porrigit de precanti, suaque judicat aliéna peccata, iste per charita tem adimplet legem Christi. (S. Hieron.) Et sic adimplebitis legem Christi. Et en agissant ainsi vous accomplirez la loi du Christ, qui consiste à nous aimer les uns les autres, comme Jésus-Christ nous a aimés lui-même : Mandatum novum do vobis, nous dit il, ut diligatis invicem, sicut dilexivos. In hoc cognoscent omnes quia discipuli mei estis, si dilectionem habueritisad invicem. (Joan., xm, 34.) Or, ce qu'il y a de plus difficile dans le précepte de la charité, c'est de supporter les dé fauts du prochain. Si donc ce point est accompli, tout le reste Test certainement (1). 3. Nam si guis existimal se aliquid esse, quum nihil sit, ipse se seducit. Saint Paul applique cette maxime géné rale aux orgueilleux qui , pleins d'estime pour eux mêmes et se croyant sans défauts, traitent les faibles avec dureté, arrogance, et ne pardonnent rien à leur pro chain. Si quelqu'un, dit-il, loin de compatir aux infir mités des autres, pense être quelque chose, lorsqu'il n'est rien, il se trompe lui-même. — Quum nihil sit. L'homme n'est rien par lui-même sous le rapport de la (1) Au lieu de adimplebitis, plusieurs éditions grecques donnent à-yj.-Kr,pù <s'xr-, adimplete. D'autres éditions estimées et de bons manuscrits donnent â'jcmlvipùsszs, adimplebitis, comme la Vulgate. La variante importe peu. Car cet impératif a le sens du futur, comme dans cette parole de la Genèse : Am buîa coram me, et esto perfectus. (xvn, 1.) — t28 — grâce, puisque Jésus-Christ nous dit : Sine me nihil po testis facere (Joan., xv, 5); et saint Paul nous atteste à son tour que nous sommes incapables de former une bonne pensée : Non snmus sufficientes cogitare aliquid a nobis tanquam ex nobis. (II Cor., m, 5.) De même sous le rapport de la nature nous ne sommes rien par notre fonds; car la cause de tout notre être étant la volonté de Dieu, s'il ne nous avait pas faits, nous ne serions pas; nous sommes par lui ce que nous sommes, et, s'il ces sait de nous conserver, nous retomberions à l'instant dans le néant. Se seducit, éaurov tppevainxTa, néologisme qu'on ne trouve que dans saint Paul. Littéralement : mentem snam deci pit, il' trompe lui-même son .âme, il pervertit sa con science, et il se fait ainsi un mal presque impossible à guérir. •4. Opus autem suum probet unusquisque : et sic in se niet ipso tantum gloriam habebit, et non in altero. Que chacun examine et discute ses œuvres, qu'il considère ce qu'il a fait et dans quelle intention il l'a fait. Si ses œuvres sont bonnes et ses intentions pures, alors il en aura de la gloire devant sa propre conscience ; et, pour se trouver du mérite, il n'aura pas besoin de se comparer aux autres et d'envisager leurs défauts. Ce sens, qui s'ac corde bien avec le latin, ressort encore mieux du grec ; car, au lieu de in semet ipso, et non in altero, on y lit : si? éauTov, xal oûx sic tov eTepov, respiciens ad semet ipsitm, et non ad alterum. Saint Paul semble dire : Il est peu rai sonnable de se glorifier soi-même. Toutefois je vous le pardonne ; mais du moins glorifiez-vous de votre propre mérite et non pas des vices d'autrui, comme faisait le pharisien, qui s'enorgueillissait de n'être pas un pécheur comme le publicain. 5. Unusquisque enim opus suum portabit. Considérez donc vos œuvres ; car au jour du jugement chacun por tera son propre fardeau ; l'on n'en pourra décharger aucune part sur les autres; alors chacun de nous sera examiné et jugé comme s'il était seul au monde. On voit — 129 — Galat. vi. la môme pensée dans l'Epître aux Romains: Unusquisque nostrum pro se rationem reddet Deo. (xiv, 12.) 6. Communicet autem is qui catechizatur verbo ei qui se catechizat, in omnibus bonis. Il ne suffit pas de suppor ter les défauts du prochain ; la charité ordonne encore de le soulager. Il faut donc faire des bonnes œuvres. Saint Paul met en tète l'obligation de subvenir aux be soins de ceux qui nous enseignent la doctrine évangé lique. « Que celui à qui Ton enseigne les vérités de la foi », dit-il, « assiste de ses biens, en toutes manières, celui qui l'instruit ». Celui qui annonce l'Evangile doit vivre de l'Evangile. Notre-Seigneur l'a ainsi réglé dans la nouvelle alliance, afin d'unir le prédicateur avec le disciple par un lien mutuel. Il veut que le prédicateur soit modeste, ayant besoin des disciples, et il veut que les disciples procu rent généreusement les biens temporels à celui qui leur dispense les biens du ciel. C'est d'ailleurs une gloire pour le prédicateur d'être si appliqué aux fonctions évangéliques, qu'il néglige totalement le soin de sa for tune. (S. Chrys.) Qui catechizatur, b xrrvi/oûasvoç. Ce n'est pas seulement le catéchumène qui est désigné par ce terme, mais le chrétien baptisé. Les fidèles ont continuellement besoin qu'on les instruise dans la science du salut ; et ils sont tenus de pourvoir à la subsistance des pasteurs qui leur expliquent la parole divine. In omnibus bonis. Cela ne veut pas dire que les fidèles soient obligés d'enrichir leurs évangélistes, mais ils doivent subvenir à toutes leurs nécessités ; il est juste que le pasteur et le prédica teur soient logés, vêtus, nourris par l'Eglise à laquelle ils se consacrent. Catechizatur, catechizat. '0 x*tt|/oûu.£voç, b xa-r-rf/oW. Les catéchistes enseignaient et expliquaient, de vive voix, les principales vérités de la religion à ceux qui voulaient l'embrasser, et qu'on appelait pour cette raison « caté chumènes ». L'exposition de la doctrine que l'on faisait à l'assemblée des fidèles se nommait aussi « catéchèse, Kr. aux Gal. y — 130 — .xan^Tjmç ». Saint Cyrille de Jérusalem nous en a laissé de fort belles. L'instruction du peuple chrétien se complé tait par les homélies des évêques ou des prêtres qui com mentaient avec simplicité l'Evangile et les autres livres de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament. Nous avons changé toutjcela pour le grand dommage des peuples. En vou lant perfectionner la prédication, nous l'avons gâtée. L'homélie, conversation familière sur un passage des livrés saints, est aujourd'hui presque inconnue. Le ser mon, qui n'était chez saint Augustin qu'un simple dis cours populaire, un entretien, sermo, est devenu une ma gnifique pièce d'éloquence ou un profond traité de théo logie. [Nous prêchons beaucoup en France, et cependant l'ignorance du peuple est déplorable. On nous écoute et l'on s'instruit peu. Ce n'est^point la science, ni l'esprit qui nous manquent ; le zèle est une vertu commune parmi le clergé français ; mais, pour instruire le peuple, il faut reprendre la méthode apostolique, qu'on n'aurait jamais dû aban donner. Réservons le sermon pour les solennités. Faisons des homélies et revenons aux catéchèses. Dans nos homélies, expliquons mot à mot les épîtres et les évangi les , comme faisait saint Jean Chrysostome ; dans nos catéchèses, exposons clairement la doctrine etlamorale. Le peuple alors comprendra, retiendra, possédera enfin la science de la religion, surtout si nous avons soin de rat tacher les vérités dogmatiques et morales aux beaux récits de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament. Ne serait-il pas regrettable que les fidèles en sortant du sermon n'eussent rien autre chose à dire, sinon que le prédicateur a une belle voix, une prononciation distin guée, un geste magnifique, et une élocution pleine de poé sie ? Pour l'amour de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ, ô pré dicateur, prêchez l'Evangile, et oubliez-vous vous-même. 7. Nolite errare : Deus non irridetur. Parmi les Galates plusieurs se dispensaient de contribuer à l'entretien de leurs catéchistes en prétextant leurs propres besoins. Saint Paul leur adresse un avertissement sévère, que les — 131 — Galat. iv. avares de tous les pays feront bien de méditer. Vos ex cuses peuvent en imposer aux hommes, dit-il ; mais ne vous y trompez pas : on ne se moque pas de Dieu. 11 sait discerner entre l'avarice et la pauvreté. 8. Quse enim seminaverit homo, fisse et metet. Vous qui ne donnez rien des biens que Dieu fait croître dans vos champs, ne savez-vous pas que l'homme recueillera ce qu'il a semé ? Ici-bas, celui qui sème ne moissonne pas toujours : un orage peut anéantir les travaux d'une année. Mais la moisson des œuvres ne manque jamais. Bonnes ou mauvaises, on est assuré d'en recueillir les fruits au dernier jour. Quoniam qui seminat in carne sua, de carne et metet corruptionem. Qui autem seminat in spiritu, de spiritu metet vitam seternam. « Car celui qui sème dans sa chair recueillera de cette chair des fruits de corruption ; et celui quisèmedansTespritrecueilleradeFespritlavieélernelle. In carne, in spiritu, en grec, ek ttjv sàpxa, eîç t2> 7rvsu[/.a, in carnem, in spiritum. Par cette métaphore l'écrivain compare les œuvres que l'on fait à une semence que Ton jette dans un champ : elle y germe et produit un fruit selon la nature de la se mence et en rapport avec la qualité du terrain. Ainsi, celui qui sème de l'ivraie ne récoltera pas du froment; et s'il jette son travail et son or dans le champ de ses con voitises charnelles et mondaines, il recueillera ce que peut produire ce sol malheureux : des fruits de corrup tion et de mort. Celui, au contraire, qui répand la se mence de ses travaux et de ses aumônes dans le champ du Saint-Esprit, moissonnera des fruits incorruptibles; le Saint-Esprit fécondera cette semence bénie et lui fera produire d'immenses richesses pour la vie éternelle. 9. Bonum autem facientes non deficiamus: tempore enim suo metemus non déficientes. On voit que saint Paul, après avoir marqué le devoir des fidèles envers les prédica teurs de l'Evangile, parle maintenant des bonnes œuvres en général. « Ne nous lassons donc pas de faire le bien », dit-il, « car nous en recueillerons le fruit en son temps ». — 132 — Tempore suo. Quand sera venue la consommation du siècle, qui est le temps de la moisson, alors nous mois sonnerons les gerbes de nos mérites. Et cette moisson abondante, qui remplira notre sein, n'est autre chose que la "vie éternelle, dont nous goûterons les fruits, sans nous lasser jamais : Non déficientes. Le laboureur moissonne dans la sueur et la poussière ; mais la moisson des biens spirituels se fait toute dans la joie : cum exsultatione por tantes manipulos snos. 10. Ergo dum tempus habetnus, operemur bonum ad omnes. Ainsi donc, puisque chaque bonne œuvre que nous semons en cette vie doit produire un fruit d'immor talité, faisons du bien pendant que nous en avons le temps, et faisons-en à tout le monde, n'exceptant per sonne de notre charité. La fontaine donne libéralement son eau à tous ceux qui viennent y puiser ; la lampe al lumée éclaire tous ceux qui sont dans la maison. Nous ferons de même, dit saint Jérôme (1). Dum tempus habemus. Ce"temps est une occasion ra pide ; il la faut saisir au passage, pour effacer nos fautes et pour faire un peu de bien qui nous mérite le ciel. Car le moment viendra bientôt où l'ange du Seigneur jurera qu'il n'y a plus de temps pour nous. Juravit per viventem in sœcula sœculorum quia tempus non erit amplius. (Apoc, x, 6.) Maxime autem ad domesticos fidei '. Mais faisons du bien surtout à ceux qui sont nos frères dans la foi. Toutes choses égales, préférons les fidèles aux infidèles, les ca tholiques aux hérétiques, les chrétiens vertueux à ceux qui sont décriés pour leurs vices. En agissant ainsi, nous réglerons notre charité sur celle de Dieu même. Ad domesticos fidei, Tzpbç xoùç olxefouç t-?jç 7u'<jte(dç. Le latin domesticus et le grec 'otxeïo; signifient «qui est de la mai son, de la famille ». (1) Imitemnr Patrem nostrum qui solem suum oriri facit super bonos et malos. (Matth., v.) Fons bonitatis omnibus palet. Servus et liber, plebeius et rex, dives et pauper, ex eo similiter bibunt. Lucerna quum accensa fuerit in domo, omnibus lucet eequaliter. (S. Hieron., in Gai.) — 133 — Galat. iv.
| 25,693 |
2216519_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,956 | 2,721 |
95 Mich. App. 299 (1980)
290 N.W.2d 128
APPLEGATE
v.
PALLADIUM PUBLISHING COMPANY
Docket No. 78-4144.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Decided February 5, 1980.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and E.J. Setlock, Assistant Attorney General, for Michigan Employment Security Commission.
Spelman, Tuglia, Meek, Lagoni, Burdick & Sauer, for defendant.
Amicus curiae: Kleiner & DeYoung (by Michael L. Fayette) and John A. Fillion, General Counsel, and Jordan Rossen and M. Jay Whitman, Associate General Counsel, for the International Union.
Before: D.F. WALSH, P.J., and M.J. KELLY and E.F. OPPLIGER,[*] JJ.
D.F. WALSH, P.J.
The Michigan Employment Security Commission (hereinafter called the MESC) appeals the order of the Berrien County Circuit Court reversing a decision of the Michigan *302 Employment Security Appeal Board. The appeal board's decision affirmed a determination that Paul F. Applegate (hereinafter called the plaintiff), former employee of defendant Palladium Publishing Company, was entitled to unemployment compensation benefits under the Michigan Employment Security Act, MCL 421.1 et seq.; MSA 17.501 et seq.
Palladium Publishing Company is a union shop. In the spring of 1975 the company and its employees' representative, Twin Cities Typographical Union, Local 762, negotiated a three-year contract commencing June 1, 1975, and ending May 31, 1978. The contract provided that the union was the exclusive bargaining representative of certain employees, including plaintiff. The contract raised the amount of pension benefits payable to covered employees. The pension plan is totally funded by the employer. In addition, the contract contained the following provision for mandatory retirement:
"The union agrees that an employee in the composing room or photoengraving department who reaches the age of 65 shall retire on the first of the month following the day he reached 65. Employees who are 65 or older as of May 31, 1975, must retire within 90 days after May 31, 1975."
Plaintiff was employed by Palladium as a compositor from August 20, 1944, until August 29, 1975. At the time of execution of the 1975 contract, plaintiff was over 65 years old. He was advised by the union representative that he would have to retire within 90 days of the effective date of the contract. Since his August 29, 1975, retirement, plaintiff has received monthly pension benefits from Palladium and monthly social security retirement benefits.
*303 Plaintiff did not protest his mandatory retirement. He registered with the local MESC office as being available for work. On September 10, 1975, he applied for unemployment compensation benefits. A determination was made by the commission on October 10, 1975, awarding benefits to him. On November 3, 1975, a redetermination was issued which held that plaintiff was not disqualified for benefits under MCL 421.29(1)(a); MSA 17.531(1)(a) hereinafter referred to as § 29(1)(a). That subsection provides: "An individual shall be disqualified for benefits in all cases in which he: (a) has left work voluntarily without good cause attributable to the employer or employing unit." It was ruled that plaintiff was entitled to benefits for 26 weeks at $97 per week. The weekly rate was reduced to $75 to reflect plaintiff's receipt of retirement benefits. MCL 421.27(f); MSA 17.529(f). The redetermination was affirmed by a referee on May 14, 1976. Palladium appealed to the Employment Security Appeal Board, which affirmed the referee's decision.
Palladium appealed the appeal board's decision. The circuit court reversed, finding that plaintiff was ineligible for benefits under § 29(1)(a). The court found that plaintiff had left work voluntarily in accordance with the contract negotiated on his behalf by the union. Under the circuit court's ruling, plaintiff must serve 13 requalifying weeks and 13 weeks of benefits will be deducted from his maximum benefit entitlement. MCL 421.29(3), (4); MSA 17.531(3), (4).
The issue presented is one of first impression in Michigan. Does a union member employee who is compelled to retire under the terms of a collective bargaining agreement reached between his union and his employer leave his job "voluntarily without *304 good cause attributable to the employer" so that he is disqualified for unemployment compensation benefits under § 29(1)(a) of the employment security act?
There is currently a split of authority concerning proper resolution of this issue. See Anno: Unemployment Compensation: Eligibility of Employee Laid Off According to Employer's Mandatory Retirement Plan, 50 ALR3d 880, § 3(a), p 886, § 4(a), p 895; 1 B CCH Unemployment Ins Rep, ¶¶ 1975.340, 1975.3404, p 4493-29; 76 Am Jur 2d, Unemployment Compensation, § 60, p 959.
The leading case following the view that persons retired pursuant to mandatory provisions in collective bargaining agreements are eligible for unemployment compensation benefits is Campbell Soup Co v Board of Review, 13 NJ 431; 100 A2d 287 (1953). The New Jersey Supreme Court held in that case that the claimants had left work involuntarily. The court found unimportant the fact that the claimants, through their agent, the union, had voluntarily subscribed to the collective bargaining agreement. The court noted that each of the claimants had resisted termination and had left against his will. Using a subjective approach the court found the test to be whether the individual employee wanted to continue working.
The contrary and, we think, better reasoned approach was taken by the Supreme Court of Minnesota in Bergseth v Zinsmaster Baking Co, 252 Minn 63; 89 NW2d 172 (1958). There the court found that, by being a member of the union, the employees had ratified or joined in the decisions of the union and were bound by those decisions. "Any other result would destroy the principles of collective bargaining and render union-management contracts meaningless." 252 Minn at 70; 89 NW2d at 177.
*305 We find unacceptable and unworkable the "subjective" approach of the Campbell court. See 50 ALR3d at 883. Instead, we adopt the analysis of the Bergseth case and affirm the circuit court's ruling that plaintiff is disqualified for unemployment benefits due to his "voluntary" termination of employment. Action taken by employees under a contract negotiated for them by their authorized agent must be considered their voluntary acts. In effect, plaintiff agreed to terminate his employment voluntarily pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement. As observed by the Ohio court in Marcum v Ohio Match Co, 4 Ohio App 2d 95, 98; 212 NE2d 425, 427 (1965), plaintiff, "through his agent, entered into this contract. He chose to accept its benefits including the pension. He must also abide by the duties called for by such agreement."[1]
The MESC argues that, if the collective bargaining agreement is considered a binding agreement by plaintiff to voluntarily terminate his employment with Palladium at retirement age, the agreement is void as contrary to MCL 421.31; MSA 17.533, which provides in pertinent part:
"No agreement by an individual to wave [sic], release, or commute his rights to benefits or any other rights under this act from an employer shall be valid."
*306 Several courts have rejected similar arguments. In Bergseth, supra, for example, the court found that the agreement did not waive benefits to which the employees would otherwise have been entitled. "Rather it is an agreement for the voluntary termination of employment and is, therefore, not prohibited." 252 Minn at 72; 89 NW2d at 178. See also Richardson v Maine Employment Security Comm, 229 A2d 326, 331 (Me, 1967): "For a right to be waived, released or commuted the right must first exist, though inchoately. There is no right in the mandatory retiree under the facts before us to unemployment benefits upon which this statute can operate."
Under MCL 421.27(f) unemployment compensation benefits must be reduced by certain retirement benefits. In light of this provision we must stress the limited scope of our holding. It is not our opinion that persons who retire are disqualified from receiving unemployment compensation benefits. On the contrary, our decision is limited to those persons whose contractual mandatory retirement is the cause of their unemployed status. Because we find that plaintiff voluntarily left his work without good cause attributable to his employer,[2] we affirm reversal of the decision of the *307 Employment Security Appeal Board.[3]
No costs, a public question.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] Our holding is not in conflict with those cases in which the Michigan Supreme Court has rejected, for unemployment benefits purposes, the doctrine of "constructive voluntary leaving". Those cases did not involve persons leaving employment pursuant to the provisions of union-employer contracts. Rather, they dealt with employees who took risks which they need not have assumed would result in job loss. Thomas v Employment Security Comm, 356 Mich 665; 97 NW2d 784 (1959) [employee arrested for driving without a license while en route to his job], Wickey v Employment Security Comm, 369 Mich 487; 120 NW2d 181 (1963) [employee seaman missed his ship], Jenkins v Employment Security Comm, 364 Mich 379; 110 NW2d 899 (1961) [disciplinary discharge].
[2] Our holding finds support in the Supreme Court's discussion in I M Dach Underwear Co v Employment Security Comm, 347 Mich 465; 80 NW2d 193 (1956). In that case the issue was unemployment benefit eligibility for employees unpaid during a plant shutdown for vacations. The collective bargaining agreement between the employees' union and the employer required that vacations be taken during an annual shutdown. In affirming denial of benefits, the Court found that the employees were not involuntarily unemployed.
The Dach result was expressly overruled in Employment Security Comm v Vulcan Forging Co, 375 Mich 374; 134 NW2d 749 (1965). In that case the Court relied on the statutory provision for payment of unemployment compensation benefits to certain employees during vacation periods. MCL 421.48; MSA 17.552. The Vulcan majority did not express disapproval of the Dach majority's conclusion that the employees had left work voluntarily because their bargaining representative had voluntarily entered into the contract requiring unpaid vacations. The Vulcan Court, however, stated that, even if the employees had left work voluntarily, their unemployment had resulted from a cause attributable to the employer i.e., the employer's voluntary execution of the contract requiring the vacations. 375 Mich 380-381.
We decline to follow the Vulcan dicta concerning the statutory requirement of "without good cause attributable to the employer". The Court's discussion was unnecessary to its disposition of the issue there involved. In addition, it is our view that an employee who retires pursuant to a mandatory provision in a collective bargaining agreement is not unemployed by virtue of cause attributable to the employer in the statutory sense. The voluntary termination of employment is "caused" by the collective bargaining agreement, which cannot fairly be considered "attributable to the employer". Once a contract has been executed its requirements must be viewed as acceptable to all parties to the contract. All parties must be held responsible for the contractual provisions. Those provisions are not "attributable" to either party. In our view, the "without good cause attributable to the employer" requirement is inapplicable to the instant fact situation.
[3] Plaintiff cites Larson v Employment Security Comm, 2 Mich App 540; 140 NW2d 777 (1966), as authority for the proposition that one who, through his union bargaining representative, enters into a contract to retire at a certain time does not leave work "voluntarily" as that term is used in MCL 421.29(1)(a); MSA 17.531(1)(a). We believe the Larson decision should be limited to its own facts. In that case this Court found that Larson had executed the redemption agreement which required his resignation from employment because of the "coercive effects of economic pressure" and that "[t]he concept of voluntary termination of employment [was] not compatible with [the] particular facts and circumstances" of that case. See Larson, supra, 546-547. (Emphasis supplied.) To any extent, however, that the holding in Larson is incompatible with our disposition of this case, we decline to follow it.
| 34,430 |
https://github.com/stacic/cordova-plugman/blob/master/spec/platforms/blackberry10.spec.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
cordova-plugman
|
stacic
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 520 | 2,195 |
var blackberry10 = require('../../src/platforms/blackberry10'),
common = require('../../src/platforms/common'),
install = require('../../src/install'),
path = require('path'),
fs = require('fs'),
shell = require('shelljs'),
et = require('elementtree'),
os = require('osenv'),
temp = path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'plugman'),
plugins_dir = path.join(temp, 'cordova', 'plugins'),
xml_helpers = require('../../src/util/xml-helpers'),
plugins_module = require('../../src/util/plugins'),
blackberry10_project = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'projects', 'blackberry10', '*'),
plugins = {
dummy: parsePlugin(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'plugins', 'DummyPlugin')),
faulty: parsePlugin(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'plugins', 'FaultyPlugin')),
echo: parsePlugin(path.join(__dirname, '..', 'plugins', 'cordova.echo'))
};
function copyArray(arr) {
return Array.prototype.slice.call(arr, 0);
}
function parsePlugin (pluginPath) {
var pluginXML = fs.readFileSync(path.join(pluginPath, "plugin.xml"), "utf-8"),
pluginEt = new et.ElementTree(et.XML(pluginXML)),
platformTag = pluginEt.find('./platform[@name="blackberry10"]');
return {
path: pluginPath,
id: pluginEt._root.attrib.id,
assets: pluginEt.findall('./asset'),
srcFiles: platformTag.findall('./source-file'),
configChanges: platformTag.findall('./config-file'),
libFiles: platformTag.findall('./lib-file')
};
}
describe('blackberry10 project handler', function() {
describe('www_dir method', function() {
it('should return cordova-blackberry10 project www location using www_dir', function() {
expect(blackberry10.www_dir(path.sep)).toEqual(path.sep + 'www');
});
});
describe('package_name method', function() {
it('should return a blackberry10 project\'s proper package name', function() {
expect(blackberry10.package_name(path.join(blackberry10_project, '..'))).toEqual('cordovaExample');
});
});
describe('installation', function() {
beforeEach(function() {
shell.mkdir('-p', temp);
shell.cp('-rf', blackberry10_project, temp);
});
afterEach(function() {
shell.rm('-rf', temp);
});
describe('of <lib-file> elements', function() {
it("should copy so files to native/target/plugins", function () {
var plugin = plugins.echo,
libs = copyArray(plugin.libFiles),
s = spyOn(common, 'copyFile');
blackberry10['lib-file'].install(libs[0], plugin.path, temp);
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(plugin.path, 'src/blackberry10/native/device/echoJnext.so', temp, path.join('native', 'device', 'plugins', 'jnext', 'echoJnext.so'));
});
});
describe('of <source-file> elements', function() {
it('should copy stuff from one location to another by calling common.copyFile', function() {
var plugin = plugins.echo,
source = copyArray(plugin.srcFiles);
s = spyOn(common, 'copyFile');
blackberry10['source-file'].install(source[0], plugin.path, temp, plugin.id);
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(plugin.path, 'src/blackberry10/index.js', temp, path.join('native', 'device', 'chrome', 'plugin', 'cordova.echo', 'index.js'));
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(plugin.path, 'src/blackberry10/index.js', temp, path.join('native', 'simulator', 'chrome', 'plugin', 'cordova.echo', 'index.js'));
});
it('defaults to plugin id when dest is not present', function() {
var source = copyArray(plugins.dummy.srcFiles);
var s = spyOn(common, 'copyFile');
blackberry10['source-file'].install(source[0], plugins.dummy.path, temp, plugins.dummy.id);
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(plugins.dummy.path, 'src/blackberry10/index.js', temp, path.join('native', 'device', 'chrome', 'plugin', plugins.dummy.id, 'index.js'));
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(plugins.dummy.path, 'src/blackberry10/index.js', temp, path.join('native', 'simulator', 'chrome', 'plugin', plugins.dummy.id, 'index.js'));
});
it('should throw if source file cannot be found', function() {
var source = copyArray(plugins.faulty.srcFiles);
expect(function() {
blackberry10['source-file'].install(source[0], plugins.faulty.path, temp, plugins.faulty.id);
}).toThrow('"' + path.resolve(plugins.faulty.path, 'src/blackberry10/index.js') + '" not found!');
});
it('should throw if target file already exists', function() {
// write out a file
var target = path.resolve(temp, 'native/device/chrome/plugin/com.phonegap.plugins.dummyplugin');
shell.mkdir('-p', target);
target = path.join(target, 'index.js');
fs.writeFileSync(target, 'some bs', 'utf-8');
var source = copyArray(plugins.dummy.srcFiles);
expect(function() {
blackberry10['source-file'].install(source[0], plugins.dummy.path, temp, plugins.dummy.id);
}).toThrow('"' + target + '" already exists!');
});
});
});
describe('uninstallation', function() {
beforeEach(function() {
shell.mkdir('-p', temp);
shell.cp('-rf', blackberry10_project, temp);
});
afterEach(function() {
shell.rm('-rf', temp);
});
describe('of <source-file> elements', function() {
it('should remove stuff by calling common.removeFile', function() {
var s = spyOn(common, 'removeFile'),
plugin = plugins.echo;
var source = copyArray(plugin.srcFiles);
blackberry10['source-file'].install(source[0], plugin.path, temp, plugin.id);
blackberry10['source-file'].uninstall(source[0], temp, plugin.id);
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(temp, path.join('native', 'device', 'chrome', 'plugin', 'cordova.echo', 'index.js'));
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(temp, path.join('native', 'simulator', 'chrome', 'plugin', 'cordova.echo', 'index.js'));
});
it('should remove stuff by calling common.removeFile', function() {
var s = spyOn(common, 'removeFile'),
plugin = plugins.dummy;
var source = copyArray(plugin.srcFiles);
blackberry10['source-file'].install(source[0], plugin.path, temp, plugin.id);
blackberry10['source-file'].uninstall(source[0], temp, plugin.id);
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(temp, path.join('native', 'device', 'chrome', 'plugin', plugin.id, 'index.js'));
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(temp, path.join('native', 'simulator', 'chrome', 'plugin', plugin.id, 'index.js'));
});
});
describe('of <lib-file> elements', function(done) {
it("should remove so files from www/plugins", function () {
var s = spyOn(common, 'removeFile'),
plugin = plugins.echo;
var source = copyArray(plugin.libFiles);
blackberry10['lib-file'].install(source[0], plugin.path, temp, plugin.id);
blackberry10['lib-file'].uninstall(source[0], temp, plugin.id);
expect(s).toHaveBeenCalledWith(temp, path.join('native','device','plugins','jnext','echoJnext.so'));
});
});
});
});
| 6,810 |
https://github.com/cool-mist/McStatBot/blob/master/McStatBot/Core/Guild/Impl/GuildCollection.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
McStatBot
|
cool-mist
|
C#
|
Code
| 96 | 395 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace McStatBot.Core.Guild.Impl
{
internal class GuildCollection : IGuildCollection
{
private Dictionary<string, IGuildDetails> guildDetails;
public GuildCollection(IEnumerator<IGuildDetails> guildDetails)
{
this.guildDetails = new Dictionary<string, IGuildDetails>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
while (guildDetails.MoveNext())
{
var guild = guildDetails.Current;
this.guildDetails.Add(guild.Name, guild);
}
}
public IEnumerator<IGuildDetails> GetAllGuilds()
{
return guildDetails.Values.GetEnumerator();
}
public IGuildDetails GetGuild(string guildName)
{
if (guildDetails.TryGetValue(guildName, out var guild))
{
return guild;
}
return null;
}
public Task Trace(string guildName)
{
if (guildDetails.TryGetValue(guildName, out var guild))
{
guild.LastActive = DateTime.Now;
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
this.guildDetails.Add(guildName, new GuildDetails()
{
Name = guildName,
LastActive = DateTime.Now
});
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
}
}
| 42,428 |
US-201514935782-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,956 | 7,820 |
Systems and Methods for Ionization
ABSTRACT
A system for analyzing a sample includes a chromatographic device, an electrospray source, and a mass resolving device. The chromatographic device is configured to separate components of the sample as a function of retention time within a chromatographic column. The electrospray source is configured to direct a first portion of a flow from the chromatographic device via a waste outlet to a pressurized waste reservoir, direct a second portion of the flow to an electrospray ionization outlet to form a spray, and charge and desolvate the spray to form ions of the components of the sample. A flow rate of the second portion of the liquid flow is substantially determined by a pressure of the pressurized waste reservoir. The mass resolving device configured to receive the ions and characterize the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions.
FIELD
The present disclosure generally relates to the field of mass spectrometry including systems and methods for ionization.
INTRODUCTION
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) combines liquid chromatography (LC), such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC), for separation of analytes in a sample with Mass Spectrometry (MS) to detect, quantify, and identify the analytes. Generally, the effluent from the HPLC or UHPLC is directed into the source of the mass spectrometer where the analytes are ionized and the ions analyzed to determine the mass of the analytes and fragments thereof. However, at analytical LC flow rates (typically about 100 microliter per minute (μL/min) to about 1000 μL/min or more), there can be significant signal variability, especially at low concentrations of analytes. Ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization, can form charged droplets which are then desolvated in a gas flow. At analytical flow rates, the required gas flow to desolvate the droplets can be significant (typically about 5 L/min to about 10 L/min or more). Turbulence in the gas flow or disruptions in the droplet formation are some of the potential sources for the signal variability, particularly when monitoring specific ions for periods of time less than 20 milliseconds.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that a need exists for improved ion sources.
SUMMARY
In a first aspect, a system for analyzing a sample can include an electrospray source and a mass resolving device. The electrospray source can be configured to direct a first portion of a flow from a chromatographic device via a waste outlet to a pressurized waste reservoir, direct a second portion of the flow to an electrospray ionization outlet to form a spray, and charge and desolvate the spray to form ions of the components of the sample. A flow rate of the second portion of the liquid flow can be substantially determined by a pressure of the pressurized waste reservoir. The mass resolving device can be configured to receive the ions, and characterize the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions.
In various embodiments of the first aspect, the system can include a chromatographic device configured to separate components of the sample as a function of retention time within a chromatographic column.
In various embodiments of the first aspect, the electrospray ionization outlet can include at least one electrospray emitter. In particular embodiments, the electrospray emitter includes a platinum wire to provide a high voltage to the second portion of the flow at the electrospray emitter.
In particular embodiments, the at least one electrospray emitter can include an array of electrospray emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters can include at least about 5 electrospray emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters includes not greater than about 1000 emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters includes not greater than about 500 emitters.
In particular embodiments, an electric field strength at the at least one electrospray emitter is between about 2×10⁷ V/m and about 2×10¹⁰ V/m.
In various embodiments of the first aspect, the electrospray ionization outlet can include a counter electrode.
In various embodiments of the first aspect, the electrospray source can be configured to provide a nebulization gas at the electrospray ionization outlet. In particular embodiments, the nebulization gas can have a pressure of between about 1 psi and about 5 psi.
In various embodiments of the first aspect, a split ratio of the second flow to the first flow can be between about 1:1 to about 1:2000. In particular embodiments, the split ratio can be between about 1:50 to about 1:1000.
In various embodiments of the first aspect, the flow rate of the second portion can be between about 10 nanoliter per minute (nL/min) to about 25 μL/min per emitter nozzle.
In various embodiments of the first aspect, the pressure of the pressurized waste container can be between about 2 psi and about 50 psi.
In a second aspect, an electrospray source can include an inlet for receiving a liquid flow from a liquid chromatography column, a waste outlet for directing a first portion of the liquid flow to a pressurized waste reservoir, and an electrospray ionization outlet. The electrospray ionization outlet can be configured to generate ions from a second portion of the liquid flow. A flow rate of the second portion of the liquid flow can be substantially determined by a pressure of the pressurized waste reservoir.
In various embodiments of the second aspect, the electrospray ionization outlet can include at least one electrospray emitter. In particular embodiments, the electrospray emitter can include a platinum wire to provide a high voltage to the second portion of the flow at the electrospray emitter.
In particular embodiments, the at least one electrospray emitter can include an array of electrospray emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters can include at least about 5 electrospray emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters can include not greater than about 1000 emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters can include not greater than about 500 emitters.
In particular embodiments, an electric field strength at the at least one electrospray emitter can be between about 2×10⁷ V/m and about 2×10¹⁰ V/m.
In various embodiments of the second aspect, the electrospray ionization outlet can include a counter electrode.
In various embodiments of the second aspect, the electrospray source can be configured to provide a nebulization gas at the electrospray ionization outlet.
In particular embodiments, the nebulization gas can have a pressure of between about 1 psi and about 5 psi.
In various embodiments of the second aspect, a split ratio of the second flow to the first flow can be between about 1:1 to about 1:2000. In particular embodiments, the split ratio can be between about 1:50 to about 1:1000.
In various embodiments of the second aspect, the flow rate of the second portion can be between about 10 nL/min to about 25 μL/min per emitter nozzle.
In various embodiments of the second aspect, the pressure of the pressurized waste container can be between about 2 psi and about 50 psi.
In a third aspect, a method for analyzing a liquid sample can include supplying a flow of a liquid sample to an inlet of a electrospray source, splitting the flow into a first portion directed to a pressurized waste container and a second portion to a electrospray ionization outlet, adjusting a pressure within the pressurized waste container to control a flow rate of the second portion to the electrospray ionization outlet, generating ions of components of the liquid sample at the electrospray ionization outlet, and analyzing the ions using a mass spectrometer to identify the components of the sample.
In various embodiments of the third aspect, the method can further include providing a high voltage to the second portion of the flow at the electrospray emitter.
In various embodiments of the third aspect, the electrospray ionization outlet can include at least one electrospray emitter. In particular embodiments, the electrospray emitter can include a platinum wire.
In particular embodiments, the at least one electrospray emitter can include an array of electrospray emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters can include at least about 5 electrospray emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters can include not greater than about 1000 emitters. In particular embodiments, the array of electrospray emitters can include not greater than about 500 emitters.
In particular embodiments, the method can further include generating an electric field having an electric field strength at the at least one electrospray emitter of between about 2×10⁷ V/m and about 2×10¹⁰ V/m.
In various embodiments of the third aspect, the electrospray ionization outlet can include a counter electrode.
In various embodiments of the third aspect, the method can further include providing a nebulization gas at the electrospray ionization outlet. In particular embodiments, the nebulization gas can be provided at a pressure of between about 1 psi and about 5 psi.
In various embodiments of the third aspect, a split ratio of the second flow to the first flow can be between about 1:1 to about 1:2000. In particular embodiments, the split ratio can be between about 1:50 to about 1:1000.
In various embodiments of the third aspect, the flow rate of the second portion can be between about 10 nL/min to about 25 μL/min.
In various embodiments of the third aspect, the pressure within the pressurized waste container can be between about 2 psi and about 50 psi.
DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the principles disclosed herein, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary mass spectrometry system, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating an exemplary electrospray source, in accordance with various embodiments. FIG. 2A is a cross section view and FIG. 2B is a perspective view.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an exemplary method for generating ions for mass analysis, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the flow to the ionization outlet is substantially independent of inlet flow at a fixed back pressure, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the flow to the ionization outlet is dependent on back pressure, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the uniformity of the ion intensity compared to a traditional high flow source, in accordance with various embodiments.
FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrams illustrating an exemplary electrospray emitter array, in accordance with various embodiments. FIG. 7A is a cross section view and FIG. 7B is a perspective view.
It is to be understood that the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, nor are the objects in the figures necessarily drawn to scale in relationship to one another. The figures are depictions that are intended to bring clarity and understanding to various embodiments of apparatuses, systems, and methods disclosed herein. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of systems and methods for ionization are described herein.
The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the described subject matter in any way.
In this detailed description of the various embodiments, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments disclosed. One skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that these various embodiments may be practiced with or without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form. Furthermore, one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the specific sequences in which methods are presented and performed are illustrative and it is contemplated that the sequences can be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the various embodiments disclosed herein.
All literature and similar materials cited in this application, including but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, treatises, and internet web pages are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose. Unless described otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have a meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the various embodiments described herein belongs.
It will be appreciated that there is an implied “about” prior to the temperatures, concentrations, times, pressures, flow rates, cross-sectional areas, etc. discussed in the present teachings, such that slight and insubstantial deviations are within the scope of the present teachings. In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. Also, the use of “comprise”, “comprises”, “comprising”, “contain”, “contains”, “containing”, “include”, “includes”, and “including” are not intended to be limiting. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the present teachings.
As used herein, “a” or “an” also may refer to “at least one” or “one or more.” Also, the use of “or” is inclusive, such that the phrase “A or B” is true when “A” is true, “B” is true, or both “A” and “B” are true. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.
A “system” sets forth a set of components, real or abstract, comprising a whole where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component within the whole.
Mass Spectrometry Platforms
Various embodiments of mass spectrometry platform 100 can include components as displayed in the block diagram of FIG. 1. In various embodiments, elements of FIG. 1 can be incorporated into mass spectrometry platform 100. According to various embodiments, mass spectrometer 100 can include an ion source 102, a mass analyzer 104, an ion detector 106, and a controller 108.
In various embodiments, the ion source 102 generates a plurality of ions from a sample. The ion source can include, but is not limited to, a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source, electrospray ionization (ESI) source, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source, atmospheric pressure photoionization source (APPI), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source, electron ionization source, chemical ionization source, photoionization source, glow discharge ionization source, thermospray ionization source, and the like.
In various embodiments, the mass analyzer 104 can separate and characterize ions based on a mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. These ions can carry one or more charges. For example, the mass analyzer 104 can include a quadrupole mass filter analyzer, a quadrupole ion trap analyzer, a time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer, an electrostatic trap (e.g., Orbitrap) mass analyzer, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass analyzer, and the like. In various embodiments, the mass analyzer 104 can also be configured to fragment the ions using collision induced dissociation (CID) electron transfer dissociation (ETD), electron capture dissociation (ECD), photo induced dissociation (PID), surface induced dissociation (SID), and the like, and further separate the fragmented ions based on the mass-to-charge ratio.
In various embodiments, the ion detector 106 can detect ions. For example, the ion detector 106 can include an electron multiplier, a Faraday cup, and the like. Ions leaving the mass analyzer can be detected by the ion detector. In various embodiments, the ion detector can be quantitative, such that an accurate count of the ions can be determined.
In various embodiments, the controller 108 can communicate with the ion source 102, the mass analyzer 104, and the ion detector 106. For example, the controller 108 can configure the ion source or enable/disable the ion source. Additionally, the controller 108 can configure the mass analyzer 104 to select a particular mass range to detect. Further, the controller 108 can adjust the sensitivity of the ion detector 106, such as by adjusting the gain. Additionally, the controller 108 can adjust the polarity of the ion detector 106 based on the polarity of the ions being detected. For example, the ion detector 106 can be configured to detect positive ions or be configured to detected negative ions.
In various embodiments, the system can be coupled with a chromatography device 110. The chromatography device 110 can include a gas chromatograph (GC), a liquid chromatograph (LC), such as an HPLC or a UHPLC, or the like. The chromatography device can separate components of a sample according to the retention times of the individual components within the column. In various embodiments, the chromatography column can include a material that interacts with at least some of the components of the sample. The interactions between the components and the column material can retard the flow of the components through the column, resulting in a retention time that is a function of the extent of the interaction between the component and the column material. The interactions can be based on a size of the component, a hydrophobicity of the component, the charge of the component, an affinity of the column material for the component, or the like. As such, the column can at least partially separate components of the sample from one another.
Ion Source
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate of an exemplary electrospray source 200. FIG. 2A is a cross-section view and FIG. 2B is a perspective view. The electrospray source 200 can include a LC effluent inlet 202, a waste outlet 204, and an electrospray outlet 206 connected at a T-junction 208 housed within a body 210. In various embodiments, the T-junction 208 can be formed of or lined with fused silica.
In various embodiments, effluent from an LC column can be directed to the LC effluent inlet 202, where, from the T junction 208, a first portion can be directed to the waste outlet 204 and to a pressurized waste container and a second portion can be directed to the ionization outlet 206 where ions for MS analysis can be formed. The amount of effluent sent to the ionization outlet 206 can be a function of the pressure in the pressurized waste container. In various embodiments, the waste container can be pressurized to between about 2 psi and about 50 psi, although other pressures are possible. In various embodiments, the resulting second portion of the effluent flow that is sent to the ionization outlet can be between about 10 nL/min to about 25 μL/min per emitter. In various embodiments with multiple emitters, the total flow rate of the second portion can be, for example, up to about 12.5 mL/min for an array of 500 emitters.
In various embodiments, the resultant ratio between the second portion (to the ionization outlet) and the first portion (to the waste container) can be between about 1:50 to about 1:2000, such as between about 1:100 to about 1:1000. In certain embodiments with multiple electrospray emitters, a much higher fraction or even the entire effluent flow can be directed to the ionization outlets.
The LC effluent inlet 202 can include an inlet ferrule 212 having a LC effluent tubing channel 214 formed there through. Additionally, the LC effluent inlet 202 can include a ferrule nut 216. In various embodiments, LC effluent tubing 242 can be positioned within the LC effluent tubing channel 214 of the inlet ferrule 212 and the ferrule nut 216 can couple the inlet ferrule 212 to the body 210 to form a liquid tight union between effluent tubing and the T-junction 208.
The waste outlet 204 can include a waste ferrule 218 having a waste tubing channel 220 formed there through. Additionally, the waste inlet 204 can include a ferrule nut 222. In various embodiments, waste tubing 244, coupled to the pressurized waste container, can be positioned within the waste tubing channel 220 of the waste ferrule 218 and the ferrule nut 222 can couple the waste ferrule 218 to the body 210 to form a liquid tight union between the waste tubing and the T-junction 208.
The ionization outlet 206 can include an ionization ferrule 224 having a channel 226 formed there through. In various embodiments, a fused silica tubing 228 can be inserted through the channel 226. Alternatively, the channel 226 can be lined with fused silica or other inert material. In various embodiments, the ionization outlet 206 can include one or more electrospray emitters 230 and a counter electrode 232. In various embodiments, a portion of the effluent can be directed from the T-junction 208 down the channel 226 to the electrospray emitter 230. In various embodiments, a voltage can be applied the counter electrode 232 to drive droplets and ions away from the electrospray emitters 230 as or after they are formed.
In various embodiments, the electrospray emitter 230 can include a single emitter. Alternatively, the electrospray emitters 230 can include be arranged as an array of electrospray emitters 230, such as by an electrospray chip. In particular embodiments, the multi-channel array can include at least about 5 electrospray emitters and generally not more than about 1000 electrospray emitters, such as not more than about 500 electrospray emitters. In various embodiments, at the electrospray emitter 230, a Taylor cone can be formed by applying a high voltage. The Taylor cone can generate a fine spray of charged droplets of the effluent, which, after evaporation, can generate gas phase ions of the components of the sample for mass spectrometry analysis.
In various embodiments, the high voltage can be applied by a high voltage connection 234 and a metal wire 246, such as a platinum wire, inserted into the T-junction 208 where comes into contact with the liquid flowing along channel 226 to the electrospray emitter 230. In alternate embodiments, the high voltage can be applied to the electrospray emitter 230, such as when using an electrospray chip with multiple electrospray emitters 230, in other ways without passing through the T-junction 208. Alternatively, the body 210 could be constructed from metal, which would eliminate the need for a fourth port 234. In various embodiments, the electric field at the electrospray emitter 230 can preferentially be between about 2×10⁷ V/m and about 2×10¹⁰ V/m. The electric field can be produced by the voltages applied to the counter electrode and the emitter, and the strength can be a function of the difference between the voltage applied to the counter electrode and the voltage applied to the emitter.
In various embodiments, a sheath or nebulization gas can be supplied to the electrospray emitter 230 to enhance the electrospray at higher flow rates and improve desolvation of the droplets. The gas can be supplied through gas inlet 236 and directed around to the electrospray emitter 230 and within a tube 248 circumscribing the electrospray emitter 230 by the electrospray ionization ferrule 224. O-rings 238 and 240 can be utilized to create a gas tight seal within the ionization outlet 206. In various embodiments, the nebulization gas, when supplied, can have a pressure of between about 0.1 psi and about 15 psi, such as between about 1.0 psi and about 5.0 psi. As is understood in the art, drying and counter current gases can be supplied to enhance desolvation of the droplets.
FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate of an exemplary emitter array 700. FIG. 7A is a cross-section view and FIG. 7B is a perspective view. Emitter array 700 can include a plurality of emitters 702 having an emitter channel 704 formed therein. The emitter channel 704 can connect to effluent distribution channel 706 that can distribute the second portion of the effluent to the emitters 702 of the emitter array 700. In various embodiments, emitter channel 704 can be formed as a slit across the emitters 702 of the array, such that a single channel is formed. Alternatively, each emitter 702 can have a separated emitter channel 704 connected to the effluent distribution channel 706 and not in fluidic communication with the adjacent emitter channels 704 except through the effluent distribution channel 706.
Additionally, emitter array 700 can include a sheath gas channel 708 for the distribution of a sheath gas flow adjacent to the emitters 702. In various embodiments, the surface 710 on the emitter array 700 can act as a counter electrode by applying a different high voltage potential to the surface 710 and the emitters 702, provided the surface 710 and the emitters 702 are electrically isolated, such as with a dielectric material, other material, or a physical gap. In various embodiments, the emitter array 700 can be formed with a top layer 720 formed of a conductive material and a bottom layer 730 formed of a conductive material with a layer of dielectric material 740 between the top and bottom layers so as to provide electrical isolation of the surface 710 from the emitters 702. In other embodiments, the emitter array 700 can be formed of a non-conductive or dielectric material and the surface 710 and the emitters 702 can be coated with a conductive layer.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary method 300 of analyzing a sample using a LC-MS system with an electrospray source, such as electrospray source 200 of FIG. 2.
At 302, a sample flow, such as an effluent from an LC system can be supplied to an inlet of an electrospray source, such as LC inlet 202 of FIG. 2. In various embodiments, the sample flow can include a plurality of components of a sample that have been separated as a function of time by the LC system, such that a small number of components reach the inlet at a given time.
At 304, the electrospray source can split the flow between a first portion to a waste outlet and a second portion to an ionization outlet. In various embodiments, the ratio between the second portion and the first portion can be between about 1:1 to about 1:2000, such as about 1:50 to about 1:1000. In various embodiments, the resultant second portion can provide between about 1 μL/min to about 25 μL/min per emitter to the ionization outlet. In various embodiments with multiple emitters, the second portion can provide a total flow rate, for example, of between about 500 μL/min to about 12.5 mL/min for an emitter array with 500 emitters.
At 306, the backpressure in the waste outlet can be adjusted to regulate the flow to the ionization outlet. The waste outlet can be directed to a pressurized waste container and the pressure within the waste container can be adjusted to achieve the desired flow to the ionization outlet. In various embodiments, the pressure within the waste contained can be between about 10 psi and about 50 psi.
At 308, the liquid flowing to the ionization outlet can be ionized, such as by electrospray ionization. In various embodiments, one or more electrospray emitters can be arranged at the ionization outlet and a high voltage can be applied to generate an electric field having an electric field strength at the electrospray emitter of between about 2×10⁷ V/m and about 2×10¹⁰ V/m. The electrospray emitters can include a single electrospray emitter with a metal wire, such as a platinum wire, an array of electrospray emitters, or other arrangements of electrospray emitters. An array of electrospray emitters can include at least about 5 electrospray emitters, such as not greater than about 1000 electrospray emitters, even not greater than about 500 electrospray emitters.
At 310, a mass analyzer can analyze the ions to determine a mass-to-charge ratio. As is known in the art, additional methods can be performed on the ions, including MS/MS analysis where the ions are fragmented and the mass-to-charge ratios of the resulting ion fragments are determined.
While the present teachings are described in conjunction with various embodiments, it is not intended that the present teachings be limited to such embodiments. On the contrary, the present teachings encompass various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art.
Further, in describing various embodiments, the specification may have presented a method and/or process as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims. In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the various embodiments.
Results
The flow to an example emitter is measured at various LC flows ranging from 100 μL/min to 700 μL/min with a waste reservoir pressure held fixed at 30 psi. FIG. 4 is a graph showing that the flow to the emitter is substantially independent of the LC flow. As is shown, the flow to the emitter is maintained at about 1.6 μL/min over a range of LC flows of between 100 μL/min and 700 μL/min. In this non-limiting example, the split ratio between the flow to the emitter and that to the waste reservoir ranges between 1:60 and 1:440.
The flow to the emitter is measured at various LC flows (100 μL/min, 400 μL/min, and 600 μL/min) and various waste reservoir pressure ranging from 10 psi to 40 psi. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the linear dependence of the emitter flow on the reservoir pressure. Additionally, the relationship between the emitter flow and the reservoir pressure is substantially similar across the range of LC flows.
The stability of the source, as determined by variability in the intensity of ions measured by the ion detector, is compared between a high flow electrospray source and a split electrospray source as described herein. A continuous flow of analyte at a fixed concentration is supplied to the electrospray source and the mass spectrometer is configured to monitor a selected reaction (SRM mode). FIG. 6 shows that the high flow electrospray source exhibits significant variability over time, whereas the variability from the split electrospray source is significantly lower, showing the improved stability of the split electrospray source.
1. A system for analyzing a sample comprising: an electrospray source configured to direct a first portion of a flow from a chromatographic device via a waste outlet to a pressurized waste reservoir; direct a second portion of the flow to an electrospray ionization outlet to form a spray, a flow rate of the second portion of the liquid flow is substantially determined by a pressure of the pressurized waste reservoir; and charge and desolvate the spray to form ions of the components of the sample; and a mass resolving device configured to: receive the ions; and characterize the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions.
2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a chromatographic device configured to separate components of the sample as a function of retention time within a chromatographic column.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the electrospray ionization outlet includes at least one electrospray emitter.
4. The system of claim 2 wherein the electrospray emitter includes a platinum wire to provide a high voltage to the second portion of the flow at the electrospray emitter.
5. The system of claim 3 wherein the at least one electrospray emitter includes an array of electrospray emitters.
6. The system of claim 5 wherein the array of electrospray emitters includes at least about 5 electrospray emitters.
7. The system of claim 6 wherein the array of electrospray emitters includes not greater than about 1000 emitters.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein the array of electrospray emitters includes not greater than about 500 emitters.
9. The system of claim 3 wherein an electric field strength at the at least one electrospray emitter is between about 2×10⁷ V/m and about 2×10¹⁰ V/m.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein the electrospray ionization outlet includes a counter electrode.
11. The system of claim 1 wherein the electrospray source is configured to provide a nebulization gas at the electrospray ionization outlet.
12. (canceled)
13. The system of claim 1 wherein a split ratio of the second flow to the first flow is between about 1:1 to about 1:2000.
14. The system of claim 13 wherein the split ratio is between about 1:50 to about 1:1000.
15. The system of claim 1 wherein the flow rate of the second portion is between about 1 μL/min to about 25 μL/min per emitter nozzle.
16. The system of claim 1 wherein the pressure of the pressurized waste container is between about 2 psi and about 50 psi.
17. An electrospray source comprising: an inlet for receiving a liquid flow from a liquid chromatography column; a waste outlet for directing a first portion of the liquid flow to a pressurized waste reservoir; and an electrospray ionization outlet configured to generate ions from a second portion of the liquid flow, a flow rate of the second portion of the liquid flow is substantially determined by a pressure of the pressurized waste reservoir.
18. The electrospray source of claim 17 wherein the electrospray ionization outlet includes at least one electrospray emitter.
19. (canceled)
20. The electrospray source of claim 18 wherein the at least one electrospray emitter includes an array of electrospray emitters.
21. (canceled)
22. (canceled)
23. (canceled)
24. The electrospray source of claim 18 wherein an electric field strength at the at least one electrospray emitter is between about 2×10⁷ V/m and about 2×10¹⁰ V/m.
25. The electrospray source of claim 17 wherein the electrospray ionization outlet includes a counter electrode.
26. The electrospray source of claim 17 wherein the electrospray source is configured to provide a nebulization gas at the electrospray ionization outlet.
27. (canceled)
28. (canceled)
29. (canceled)
30. (canceled)
31. (canceled)
32. A method for analyzing a liquid sample, comprising: supplying a flow of a liquid sample to an inlet of a electrospray source; splitting the flow into a first portion directed to a pressurized waste container and a second portion to a electrospray ionization outlet; adjusting a pressure within the pressurized waste container to control a flow rate of the second portion to the electrospray ionization outlet; generating ions of components of the liquid sample at the electrospray ionization outlet; and analyzing the ions using a mass spectrometer to identify the components of the sample.
33. The method of claim 32 further comprising providing a high voltage to the second portion of the flow at the electrospray emitter.
34. The method of claim 32 wherein the electrospray ionization outlet includes at least one electrospray emitter.
35. (canceled)
36. The method of claim 34 wherein the at least one electrospray emitter includes an array of electrospray emitters.
37. (canceled)
38. (canceled)
39. (canceled)
40. The method of claim 34 further comprising generating an electric field having an electric field strength at the at least one electrospray emitter of between about 2×10⁷ V/m and about 2×10¹⁰ V/m.
41. The method of claim 32 wherein the electrospray ionization outlet includes a counter electrode.
42. The method of claim 32 further comprising providing a nebulization gas at the electrospray ionization outlet.
43. (canceled)
44. The method of claim 32 wherein a split ratio of the second flow to the first flow is between about 1:1 to about 1:2000.
45. (canceled)
46. The method of claim 32 wherein the flow rate of the second portion is between about 1 μL/min to about 25 μL/min per emitter.
47. (canceled).
| 17,552 |
https://github.com/nubank/mmlspark/blob/master/src/main/scala/com/microsoft/ml/spark/stages/Lambda.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
mmlspark
|
nubank
|
Scala
|
Code
| 189 | 677 |
// Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE in project root for information.
package com.microsoft.ml.spark.stages
import com.microsoft.ml.spark.core.contracts.Wrappable
import org.apache.spark.SparkContext
import org.apache.spark.ml.{ComplexParamsReadable, ComplexParamsWritable, Transformer}
import org.apache.spark.ml.param.{ParamMap, UDFParam}
import org.apache.spark.ml.util.Identifiable
import org.apache.spark.sql.expressions.UDFExtractor
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.udf
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.{StringType, StructType}
import org.apache.spark.sql.{DataFrame, Dataset, Row, SparkSession}
object Lambda extends ComplexParamsReadable[Lambda] {
def apply(f: Dataset[_] => DataFrame): Lambda = {
new Lambda().setTransform(f)
}
}
class Lambda(val uid: String) extends Transformer with Wrappable with ComplexParamsWritable {
def this() = this(Identifiable.randomUID("Lambda"))
val transformFunc = new UDFParam(this, "transformFunc", "holder for dataframe function")
def setTransform(f: Dataset[_] => DataFrame): this.type = {
set(transformFunc, udf(f, StringType))
}
def getTransform: Dataset[_] => DataFrame = {
UDFExtractor.getF($(transformFunc)).asInstanceOf[Dataset[_] => DataFrame]
}
val transformSchemaFunc = new UDFParam(this, "transformSchemaFunc", "the output schema after the transformation")
def setTransformSchema(f: StructType => StructType): this.type = {
set(transformSchemaFunc, udf(f, StringType))
}
def getTransformSchema: StructType => StructType = {
UDFExtractor.getF($(transformSchemaFunc)).asInstanceOf[StructType => StructType]
}
override def transform(dataset: Dataset[_]): DataFrame = {
getTransform(dataset)
}
def transformSchema(schema: StructType): StructType = {
if (get(transformSchemaFunc).isEmpty) {
val sc = SparkContext.getOrCreate()
val df = SparkSession.builder().getOrCreate().createDataFrame(sc.emptyRDD[Row], schema)
transform(df).schema
} else {
getTransformSchema(schema)
}
}
def copy(extra: ParamMap): Lambda = defaultCopy(extra)
}
| 13,104 |
bub_gb_SuIUAAAAQAAJ_79
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,855 |
JAHRBUCHER fur classische Philolgie
|
Alfred Fleckeisen
|
German
|
Spoken
| 8,043 | 14,057 |
dem Text von A unbedingt den Vorzug geben. — 1614 5 — 8 ist doch neben 1617 1 unpassend — warum kommt das Bedenken Rüdigers nicht hier erst, wo wirklich ein König um seine Tochter anhält, oder warum wiederholt es sich nicht? Von den Strophen (S. 23), welche einen anschaulichen Zug hinzubringen, möchte Ref. 583 ausnehmen: dasz die Leute weggehen und die Kammer zugethan wird, versteht sich doch zu sehr vou selbst und wird auch in der Strophe eben nur gesagt, nicht etwa lebendig geschildert. Auch passt vrowen unde man schlecht, da in Str. 581 nur von den KSmmerern die Rede war. Auch einzelnen von den S. 24 und 25 aufgezahlten Strophen laszt sich doch mehr böses nachsagen, als der Verf. gethan hat. So steht 359 5 — 8 zwischen den beiden zusammengehörenden Ausdrücken des sei- len si den frouwen danc und vil michel danken wart dö nihl verdeit, deren Tautologie nur durch ihre unmittelbare Aufeinanderfolge er- 7V. Jtthrf: f. Phil u. Paed. Bd. LXXII. Rft <i. 34 Digitized by Google 452 M. Kieger : zur Kritik der Nibelunge. ir «glich wird. — 421 5—8 ist eine rohe Ueberlreibung, indem sich Dankwarte Trotzrede auch gegen die Königin wendet, die er todtea will und wenn er ihr tausend Eide geschworen halle! Dasx von den Mannen der Brunhild etwas zu befürchten gewesen wäre, wenn die Burganden sie persönlich angegriffen hatten, soheint kein Grund, der diesen Zusatz vertheidigen könnte: ehe der König kämpft, 1 meist erst die Mannen: so ist es z B. in dem letzten Kampf und Hägens mit Dietrich. Jedenfalls kämpfen die Mannen mil und es ist deshalb ganz angemessen, wenn Dankwart als Gunthers Mann den Mannen der Brunhild droht und nicht mit seinen Trolzreden die Königin selbst angreift. — 429 5 — 8 wird von dem ersten Theii der Bede Sigfrids durch die vierte Zeile getränt. — 529 7 steht schon 528 4, wie dies der Verf. auf S. 30 selbst angibt. — 554 5— 8 scheint wieder zwei in dem Text von A auseinander gehaltene Ding« zu vermengen. Der Ausdruck knehte 557 1 Ifiszt darauf schlieszen, es sei das Abendturnier von jungem Kämpfern gehalten worden, als Nachspiel des eigentlichen Turniers — der Nachbesserer vermengte beides — 589 5 —8 stört das Gespräch zwischen Gunther und Brun- hild. — 886 5 — 8 macht das Wort Sigfrids nu röraen wir den tan, das in A sich unmittelbar anschlieszt, matt. S. 26 geht der Verf. zu den im gem. Text zugesetzten Strophen über, welche entschiedener durch Fadheit des Inhalts stören, und fa**t dann S. 30 das Besultat in kurzen Worten zusammen «dasz jeder andere Text schlechter ist als A und C der schlechteste von allen.'. Von S. 33 an handelt es sich um die Lesarten , in denen der ge- meine Text und C von A abweichen. Mit der Unparteilichkeit, welche das Büchlein auszeichnet, werden auch hier zuerst die Lesarten auf?e- zählt, welche in C sich finden und besser sind als die in A. Auch hier läszt sich doch noch manches gegen den angeblichen Vorzug der Les- arten von C sagen: so scheint in der Warnung 1068 das stärkere daii ez in leide mfteste ergin angemessener als die schwächere Lesart ia C Str. 155 (die Zahl fehlt) scheint die Antwort Sigfrids ich han in niht verseil auf die Bede Gunthers, die einen Vorwurf enthalten kann doch recht gut zu passen: wenn man stäten Freunden sein Herzeleid klagen soll und Gunther sein Herzeleid Sigfrid nicht klagt, so halt er ihn also nicht für einen stäten Freund, und diesen Vorwurf weisen Sig- frids Worte zurück; dasz er ihn empfunden hat, beweist 154 4. — Auch 117 3 und 4 zu verbinden, ist nicht gerade nötbig; Zeile 3 schlieszt sich besser an das vorausgehende an; es wäre deshalb nach man ein Punctum zu setzen und so hat die Lesart in A nichts anstösii- ges, ja sie ist mit ihrem kräftigen Trotz besser, als der allgemeine Ausdruck in C. — In 158 4 scheint die Lesart von C nicht nur nicht den bedeutenderen Gedanken, sondern einen geradezu verkehrten Star zu geben. Lät mich iu erwerben ere unde vrumen sagt Sigfrid — das war aber doch erst möglich, wenn die Feinde in das Land kameo. nicht vorher. Die Lesart von A an dieser Stelle hat niohts nuffnlle» Digitized by Google M. Rieger: zur Kritik der Nibelunge. 453 des, da hier Gunther bitten soll, dasz sie ihm zu Hülfe kommen sollen, 160 1 dagegen Sigfrid direct um Hülfe für sich bittet 162 ist die Lesart gezweiet doeh allzu dunkel und wird zu wenig durch die vierte Zeile erklärt, als dasz man sie der Lesart in A vorziebn sollte. — In 270 4 ist in der Lesart von C die Beziehung in der unklar: welches Lob? Doch wol nur der schönen Kleider, die eben nur beiläufig er« wähnt werden. — 43 3 ist die Correctur von C unnöthig, da die Wie- derholung des Wortes Herr gerade um so mehr hervorhebt, dasz sie den jungen Sigfrid zum Herren haben wollen. — 173 4 ist wol das einfachere behüeten der Lesart beherten, die eben, wie der Verf. rich- tig angibt, eine Correctur ist, vorzuziehn. Ebenso 692 4, wo die Wiederholung der Worte, die Gunther gesagt hat, hervorheben soll, wie genau er sein Versprechen hielt. — 673 ist es doch noch fraglich, ob nicht die Lesart von A, die gar nicht auf das vorausgehende Rück- sicht nimmt, im Gegentheil Gunlher davon ablenken Jaszt, der Situa- tion angemessener und kräftiger ist. — 1880 3 ist die Drohung, die C zusetzt, schon kräftiger in Zeile 2 enthalten. — 0ie Aenderung, welche C in 2113 2 hat, stört deu Zusammenhang mit der folgenden Zeile. Auch ist die Lesart in A nicht gar so ohne Inhalt : an allen andern Kämpfen hatten sie Freude, an diesem aber nicht. — 729 4 greift nach der Lesart von A der Erzählung nicht gerade vor, denn unmittelbar darauf folgen ja Ausführungen über den Empfang. — 167 1 acheint die Correctur man übel angebracht, da dies nur die Boten selbst sagen können. — 348 4 ist die Verbindung mit der vorher- gehenden Zeile auch bei der Lesart von C eine sehr lose uud es dürf- ten sich in dieser Hinsicht beide Lesarten gleich Stenn. — 2256 4 hat die Lesart von C einen fast komischen Anstrich, den A nicht hat. — 2087 ist eine einleitende Partikel zu der letzten Zeile überflüssig, ja sogar störend — un verbunden macht die einfache Angabe des Thnt- Lestandes weit gröszern Eindruck. — 79 3 4 läszt der Versschlusz die Verbindung der beiden Sätze leicht vermissen. — 92 4 ist herre besser, da es gleich wieder 93 1 kommt. — 2061 1 stört der Zwi- schensatz die geste waeren tot, der zwischen den beiden Subjecten steht. — 1665 4 scheint die Correctur von C doch ebensowenig un- mittelbar verstandlich als die Lesart in A: zn dem aller triuwen ge- mant musz doch der Umstand, dasz sie um der Treue, die sie als Mage der Schwester beweisen müssen, die Reise nicht ausschlagen konnten, ebenso gut hinzugedacht werden, als zu dem Ausdruck manic maere der Inhalt dieser maere, der überdies aus dem Zusammenhang deutlich hervorgeht. — 1966 steht die zweite Zeile zwar mit der ersten in kei- ner Verbindung, mit der folgenden dritten aber hängt sie um so enger zusammen; die Correctur vonC gibt einen ganz allgemeinen der Hand- lung: nicht so unmittelbar entsprechenden Satz. — 818 4 ist für unsere Zeit e wol allzu kühn' auf die Bekanatheit der Sage gebaut, für die Zeit der Entstehung des Nibelungenliedes nicht. — 1620 1 ist die Correctur min eilendes solt doch eben nicht besser , als das durch sie weggeschaffte, das klar genug ist: seine Hülfe will er ihnen als Ver- 34* Digitized by Google 454 M. Uiegcr: zur Kritik der Nibelunge. wandten leisten, das ist das eine und eine Mitgift geben das ist das andere, was er thun kann. — 1822 3 mag es wol etwas nüchtern aussehn, wenn Ref. darauf aufmerksam macht, dasz der Plural in den venstern zu dem Singular herzen trat nicht passt — aber auch ausser- dem ist in den ztten bezeichnend genug: gerade zu der Zeit, in der er so glänzend auftritt und seinen Tod findet. — 1302 (die Stropheo- zahl fehlt) ist zwar der Ausdruck gen dem schalle in A unklar, aber die Correctur leidet an einer etwas harten Verbindung des Singulars mit dem Plural. — 2165 2 passt das si sprächent alze lange nicht dazu, dasz inzwischen Kampf gewesen ist. — Wenn 1821 nicht als Befehl, sondern als übermüthige Trotzrede Volkers aufgefaszt wird, so passt sie ganz gut: wir wollen weggehn, weil sie nicht wagen uns za bestehn. — Ob die Fassung von 2040 und 2041 wie sie A hat, zum lachen reizt, kann doch bezweifelt werden; es scheint ganz nalürlica, dasz Kriemhild in unbändiger Rachsucht anfangs ausbricht: Ihr müst es alle entgelten , und dann sich plötzlich besinnend hinzusetzt : well ir mir Hagenen einen usw. Das fehlen einer jeden Verbindung zwi- schen den beiden Strophen bezeichnet diesen raschen Uebergaag ia der Stimmung der Kriemhield recht gut. Gleiches möchte gelten voa 2088, wo die kurze Antwort das befremdliche verliert, wenn wir sie (vgl. 2087 und 2137) denken ausgepreszt von dem im tiefen Seelen- kampf dastehenden Rüdiger. — Ueber die Lesarten von C, welche der Verf. als Verschlech- terungen bezeichnet, etwas zu sagen, scheint überflüssig: die Geg- ner Lachmanns mögen sehn, ob sie diese Phalanx durchbrechen können. — Was die Lesarten von a (der wallersteiner Handschrift) betrifft , so möchte Ref. doch 1462 3 die Lesart in A vorziehn: bei- denthalb der berge bezeichnet recht gut die Trauer des ganzen Lan- des, auch der entfernteren Gegenden. Und warum fallt es dem Verf. auf, dasz Hagen (1499) trauert, nachdem er von dem Meerweibe gehört hat, dasz seine Herren umkommen werden, denen er treu ist bis in den Tod? Der Schade war geschehen (1558) scheint im allge- meinen zu bezeichnen, dasz Blut geflossen ist und Leute todt geblieben sind; Hagen weisz ja auch noch nicht, ob von den ßtirgunden einige gefallen sind und sie haben auszerdem wirklich vier verloren, also einen Schaden gelitten. — Ebenso möchte Ref. einige Lesarten von A den in C I d sich findenden gegenüber vertheidigen : dasz 1288 2 Rä- diger sagt: ich will den König empfangen, passt ganz dazu, dasz er der Wirth ist und Kriemhilden als solcher Anweisungen über den Em- pfang gibt. — 1680 passt doch der Ausdruck waetliche, und wena man ihn auch ironisch nehmen wollte, schlecht, da von dem Schatte die Rede ist. — Auch gegen einige Lesarten des gemeinen Textes, welche der Verf. vorzieht, lassen sich Bedenken erheben; so scheiat 938 4 frouwen Glossem, da unmittelbar vorher von Sigfrid selbst, nicht von Kriemhild die Rede war. — 1165 1 ist nur eine halbe Cor- rectur, C corrigiert auch das erste Beiwort und stellt dadurch die Gleiclimäszigkeit her. — 86 wird die Rede Gunthers, die indirect schon Digitized by Google M Hieger: zur Kritik der Nibelunge. 455 angegeben ist, noch einmal wiederholt: da es dieselbe Rede ist, so ist die Wiederholung desselben Ausdrucks nicht auffallend. — 253 scheint die Correclur groezllchen so mislungen, dasz die Wiederho- lung dagegen erträglich ist, namentlich da in der dritten Zeile von einer beaonderu Fürsorge Etzels für die verwundeten die Rede ist. — 408 4 liesze sich die Wiederholung dadurch, dasz es eben derselbe Speer ist, rechtfertigen. — 591 ist oben besprochen worden — 843 passt leide nicht recht, ist wenigstens sehr allgemein, der plötzliche Ausruf mag hier die Wiederholung desselben Wortes entschuldigen and macht dasz sie weniger auffallt. — 837 3 ist die Zurückbezie- hung auf Brunhild (nach der Lesart des gem. Textes) doch etwas künstlich, da namentlich sie nicht in derselben Strophe genannt und dazwischen von Sigfrid die Rede ist. — 1620 ist den helden doch schwerlich misverständlich. — 51 3 wäre ohne ez wol zu ertragen, wenn kein Nebensatz folgte, der auszerdem wolde gleich nach wille bringt. — 423 3 ist der Conjuncliv nicht recht motiviert. Den Tod ungetreu zu nennen (929 4) ist doch für den einfachen Stil des Lie- des etwas zu künstlich. Zu dem nun folgenden nur die eine Bemerkung, dasz das S. 86 über Str. 1313 gesagte dem Ref. unklar geblieben ist. Verbindet der Verf. etwa von silber mit leitschrtn statt mit laere machen? Nachdem der Verf. S. 91 bis 100 noch über die Unterschiede in Grundsitzen der Verskunst, die zwischen den einzelnen Handschriften obwalten, gesprochen hat, bringt er S. 101 noch einen Anhang: zur Emendation von A. In 2 1 ist schoene nothwendig wegen des gleich folgenden Comparativs seboeners , von 253 ist oben gesprochen wor- den, auch von 938 4 und 837. Hier laszt sich die Lesart von A wol ebenso halten, wie sie der Verf. 337 2 gegen Lachmann halten will. Die Entscheidung ist aber schwer, wo nicht unmöglich, so lange nur die eine nachlässig geschriebene Handschrift A Quelle des ältesten Textes ist. Den wolthuenden Eindruck, den das Büchlein durch den ruhigen gemessenen Gang der Untersuchungen macht, unterstützt eine glan- zende äuszere Ausstattung. Nur fürchtet Ref. , dasz der durch die- selbe entstandene hohe Preis die Verbreitung, die das Werkchen ver- dient, hindern könnte. Hanau. Otto Vilmar. 29. Wie die Beschäftigung mit dem klassischen Alter thum der reli- giösen Jugendbildung förderlich sein könne. Ein Vortrag am Ende des Schuljahrs (27. Sept. 1853) zur Feier des Ge- burtstags des Königs von Württemberg im Gymn. zu Stutt- Digitized by Google 456 Rolh: wie die Beschäftigung mil dem kl. Alterth. usw • gart gehalten cm Dr. C. L. Roth. Aus dem <Corresp.-BlaU für die Gelehrten - und Realschulen Württembergs.9 Stuttg. b. Ferd. Steinkopf. 18 S. 8. Eine kleine, aber sehr wichtige Schrift, die darum eine beson- dere Anzeige gar sehr verdient hat. Es ist von Werth, wenn Männer von Roths Einsicht, Erfahrung und Gesinnung den in der UeberschrHt bezeichneten Gegenstand in besonderen Ausführungen praktisch anza- wendeu versuchen. Der Vf. weist dem lesen der Alten seinen vollei und unverkflmmerten Platz in den Gymnasien an und zeigt, wie gerade auch die unvollkommen religiöse Bildung des Alterthums die Jugend auf die tiefen Schätze der christichen OlFenbarung aufmerksam zt machen geeignet ist. Er verlangt mit Recht, dasz die Jugend mit den; Geiste des heidnischen Alterthums bis auf einen gewissen Grad ver- traut gemacht werde. Darum aber dürfe auch die darauf zu verwen- dende Zeit nicht noch mehr beschränkt werden als sie seit Anfanr unseres Jahrhunderts beschränkt worden sei, und es wäre daher für christliche Griechen uud Lateiner nicht wol Platz , wenn nicht etwa eine Homilie des Job. Chrysostomus oder eine Schrift des groszea Basilius, wie die schöne und anregende Anweisung fir die Jugend, aus dem lesen heidnischer Schriftsteller Nutzen zu ziehen, in weni- gen Lehrstanden oursorisch durchgenommen würde, um zu zeigen, wie sich der Geist der griechischen Nationalität unter dem Einflösse des Christentums gestaltet und aus seiner lange daoernden Verküm- merung wieder erhoben habe. Ref. mochte meinen, dasz es auch für diesen negativen Zweck weniger gehören dürfte; wol aber könnte t* in sachlicher Beziehung dazu dienen, innerhalb des Religionsunter- richts der obersten Gymnasialstufen ein lebendigeres Gemilde von den ersten Zeiten der christlichen Kirche entwerfen zn helfen und der Jugend darzuthun, wie auf den wilden Baum des antiken Leben» das edle Pfropfreis des Christenthums gebracht worden sei. Hierzu möchte eine behutsam und sorgfältig angelegte Chrestomathie immer- hin von wahrhaftem Nutzen sein. Im übrigen wollen wir mit Freuden von einem so vieierfahrenen Meister, wie der Vf. ist, lernen, wie man heidnisches und christliches vor der Jagend nicht zusammen mengen , sondern im Gegentheil die Verwandtschaft und die Verschie- denheit der altklassischen und der christlichen Vorstellungen dato anwenden müsse, um die einen durch die andern anschaulich zu ras- chen. Als Beispiele werden vom Vf. diesmal die Ansichten der Alten über das Schicksal und Qber den Zweck des Lebens gewählt Die Lehre von der Einheit Gottes und von Gottes Eigenschaften, ssrt der Vf. sehr richtig, spricht in der Regel das jugendliche Gemüth nicht in dem Grade au, wie sie als Fundamental- Lehre unseres Glauben« dasselbe ansprechen sollte , wenn dieser Lehre nicht die sittlicher Verirrungen des Polytheismus und zwar gerade die der alten Welt gegenübergestellt werden , und so gezeigt wird, wie die schon lang? vor Homer begonnene Tbeilung und Spaltung des göttlichen Wesen« Digitized by dooQle Both: wie die Beschönigung mit dem kl. Allerlh. usw. 457 durch die menschliche Phantasie in ihrem Fortgang bis zur Erschei- nung- Christi in der Welt allen wirklich religiösen Gehalt ans den alten Religionen ausgetrieben habe, so dasz die menschliche Gesetz- gebung das Geschäft der sittlichen Bildung in Griechenland und Rom übernehmen muste. Die Aussonderung des religiösen Gehalts aus den alten Religionen ist aber besonders dadurch erfolgt, dasz in der nach- homerischen Zeit, welche die Personifikationen übermenschlicher, unsichtbarer Nichte und Kräfte noch immer fortsetzte und mehrte, eine solche Macht aufkam, die allmählich alle anderen olympischen Gottheiten überwand. Das ist die zv%rj, die Nacht der in den mensch- lichen Dingen waltenden Zufälligkeit. Und von dieser gibt nun der Vf. auf den nächsten Blättern eine kurze Geschichte, wodurch der Entwicklungsverlauf dieses Begriffs und seine Unterscheidung von den verwandten, wie aUftx und potocr, klar gemacht wird. Allerdings vertragen und verdienen, ja verlangen zum Theil diese kurzen Zttgo eine weitere und genauere Ausfuhrung, als der Vf. sie für den Au- genblick und in den engen Grenzen eines Schulvortrags hat geben können. Es wäre zu wünschen, dasz der Vf. sich die Zeit nähme, diese und andere religiös-ethische Seiten des Alterthums in einer für die Jugend faszlichen Darstellung zu verfolgen, wozu niemand beru- fener ist als der Vf. des ' historischen Lesebuchs'. Hier wollen wir nur, um die treffliche Art seiner Behandlung kenntlich zu machen, auf die S. 10 gegebene Vergleichung des Ganges hinweisen, den die alt- testamentliche Offenbarung im Gegensatze zum heidnischen Polytheis- mus genommen hat: 'Hier der Grundirthum durch Theilung des gött- lichen Wesens, dort das strenge auhalten an der Einheit Gottes; im Polytheismus das vergessen der Heiligkeit Gottes und eben darum in der Religion kein Element sittlicher. Heiligung für die Menschen, in der Offenbarung des A. B. Dies zieht sich bis in die römische Welt hinüber; der Mensch wünscht nur im Nachruhme fortzuleben; die römische Staatsreligion erkennt ohnedies keine persönliche Unsterblichkeit an, wo sie nicht dem ein- zelnen durch Senatsbeschlusz zugetheilt wird. Hier bietet sich ein reicher Stoff zu unterscheidenden Zusammenstellungen; der Vf. hat Hecht, es gibt kein Capitel in der geoffenbarten Religion, dem nicht ein entsprechender Complex vou Meinungen des Alterthums in der Weise gegenübergestellt werden könnte, dasz in diesen das Verlan- gen der Menschennatur nach göttlicher Erleuchtung, und in den col- sprechenden Lehren der Offenbarung die Erfüllung dieses Verlangest für jedes die Wahrheit suchende Gemüth klar gemacht werden könnte. Zum Belege dafür entwickelt der Vf. noch die Vorstellung der Alten von der Tugend von jener Auffassung als natürlicher Kraft an bis m der eigentümlichen römischen virtus hin, wie sie uns z. B. in den gnomischen Gedichten des Horaz entgegentritt, — Genug, die kleine gehaltreiche Schrift des Hrn. Oberstudienraths Dr. Roth verdient in weiten Kreisen bekaunt zu werden. Parchim. Dr. Liibker. 30. Bemerkungen zu der lateinischen Schulgrammatik von Siberti und Meiring. Die lateinische Schulgrammatik von Siberti ist von dem Urs. Director Meiring zu Düren nach Zumpt neu bearbeitet und für die mittleren Gymnasialklassen erweitert worden, und hat in dieser neoea Gestalt in kurzer Frist viele Auflagen erlebt. Im J. 1841 erschien die zweite Auflage, a. 47 die sechste, a. 52 die neunte, a. 54 die sehnte. Bei der weiten Verbreitung dieses Schulbuches erscheinen einige Be- merkungen über dasselbe gerechtfertigt. Die folgenden Bemerkungen beziehen sich nur auf die Punkte, die mir bei dem Gebranch diese? Buches in Quarta und Sexta aufgestoszen sind. § 3 und § 6 bandeln von der Aussprache. Spcs, mos seien spehs, mohs, ce, ei und I* wie ze und zi zu sprechen. Heutzutage dehnt fast jedermann im Lateinischen alle langen Silben ohne Unter- schied. Es sei so. Jedenfalls erscheint es aber als eine Inconsequenx, das c wie z zu sprechen, ohne der Aussprache des u und m am Schlusz eines Wortes und anderer Fälle (m immer gedehnt in der Zusammensetzung vor s und f nach Cic. oral. c. 48) zu gedenken, und es ist nicht abzusehen, warum Hr. Meiring in § 3 gegen Zumpt (uod Schneiders Elementarlehre) die falsche Aussprache ausdrücklich lehrt. Digitized by Googl Bemerkungen zu der lat. Scbulgrammalik von Siberti und Neiring. 459 § 4 behandelt die Trennung der Silben. Hr. M. legt, wie viele Grammatiker, hiebei die griechische Sprache zu Grunde. Es ist un- erhört, bei der Silbenabtheilung der einen Sprache auf eine fremde Sprache prorociereu zu wollen, und halte ich für einzig richtig om-nes, fac-tus, scrip-tus. In einer besondern Beilage finden sich die gereimteu Genusrege In nach der Zumptschen Grammatik vollständig. Gereimte Genusregeln erwartet man also bei den Declinationen § 9 cet. nicht weiter. Gleich- wol finden wir § 9, 10 und 15, nachdem Uber das Geschlecht im all- gemeinen prosaische Kegeln aufgestellt sind, auch dieselben drei all- gemeinen Genusregeln in Versen, die in der Beilage stehen. Doch die allgemeine Genusrogel: * Commune heiszt, was einen Mann und eine Frau bezeichnen kann', fehlt in § 12. Befremdender ist es, dasz namentlich bei der dritten Declination § 109 usw. einzelne gereimte Genusregeln stehen, und zwar in andern Reimen, als in der Beilage. Wozu einzelne Regeln in verschiedenen Versen? Ganz unstatthaft erscheint es, für einen Sextaner (denn für diesen ist die Regel zu- nächst berechnet) die Wörter, die in der vierten Declination ubtts statt ibus haben, § 126 in Hexametern anzuführen, und wäre es prak- tischer, die beireffende Versregel aus der Grammatik von Otto Schulz zu entlehnen. Wünschenswerth wäre die Hinzufügung der Versregeln über die Wörter, die den acc. sing, auf im bilden, und derer, die im gen. plur. um statt tum haben, so wie die Aufstellung der Praeposi- tionen (§ 356 usw.) in Versen, da Versregeln sich dem Schüler am leichtesten einprägen. § 51 lehrt, welche Wörter der dritten Declination im acc. sing, sich auf im endigen. In § 89 ist dieselbe Regel fast wörtlich wieder- holt. In diesen §§ heiszt es unter N. 3: 'Folgende fünf lateinische Wörter: amussis, rarts, sitis, tussis^ vis.7 Wozu der Zusatz ' la- teinische'? Sind denn die unter N. 4 angeführten Wörter febrisy pelvts, puppis, restis, turris, securis keine lateinischen? Leidige, blosz Raum füllende Wiederholungen finden wir öfter. Was § 52 lehrt von den Substantiven, die im abl. sing, t haben, eben dasselbe lehrt fast wörtlich § 90 N. 1. Ebenso enthalten die §§ 53 und 94 das- selbe über den gen. plur. auf um und itun. Dasz in der 3n Declin. die einsilbigen Wörter auf t mit vorhergehendem Consonanten im gen. plur tum haben, lehren drei §§, neinlich § 64, 69 und 95. Aebnlicbe Wiederholungen bieten auch die §§ 64 und 96. Noch später werden wir Gelegenheit haben zu sehen, wie dieser Grammatik Kürze und Bündigkeit abgeht. In der Beilage S. 3 ist zu os der Genetiv ange- geben, doch fehlt die Angabe des Genetivs von ös. Die Quantitätzeicben finden wir in dieser Grammatik öfter, aber ohne allen Grundsalz. Will man sie hinzufügen (wie es in einer Grammatik nothwendig ist), so sind sie z. B. erforderlich in § 402 ft«*" und § 588 ferner $ 209 im Imperativ von $um (<**), wie ja im Praesens geschehen ist. Ebenso ist § 280 im Praesens es (von edtre, esse) die Quantität bezeichnet, aber nicht im Imperativ. Auch in der Digitized by Google 460 Bemerkungen zu der lat. Schulgrammatik von Siberti and Meiring Beilage S. 7 würde man bei den Nominativen iuventus, virtut, «er- vilus usw. das Quantitätleichen erwarten. In § 162* findet sieh zwar supremus, postremus, aber daneben exlremus ohne Zeichen d«r Quan- tität. tfie Endungen der fünf Declinalionen in § 18 entbehren jeder Qualitätsbezeichnung, obgleich diese bei den einzelnen Paradigmatis sich häufig findet. In $ 127, wo domus vollständig decliniert steht, ist die Länge der Silbe blosz im gen. sing, bezeichnet, nicht im Plu- ral. Was nun die Declination des Wortes domus belangt, so wird die bekannte Regel angeführt: c Tolle me, m«, mt, mis, si decUnart domus vis9, nach welcher sich der Schüler richten solle. Den auf- merksamen Schüler aber, wenn er diese Regel zn Grunde legt, rausz es befremden, dasz der dat. sing, nach dem Paradigma nur domvt heiszt, und hätte auch wol die seltnere Form domo daneben stehet können. In § 257 ist von lambo das eingeschaltete Supinum lambitom za streichen nach Ruddimanni institutt. Gramm. Lat. ed. Stallbaum p. I p. 227, und ebenso das Supinum von bibo. Auch von fruor % 277 möchte wol kein Perfectum nachzuweisen sein. § 181 extr. scheint die Erwähnung der Verdoppelungen meme, Ute selbst für einen Tertianer überflüssig, da diese Formen nur in der ältesten Latinität und auch da nur selten vorkommen. Für den An- fänger ist es aber nothwendig, nach der dritten Conjugation ein Pa- radigma auf io vollständig hinzusetzen. Die blosze Kegel § 234, nach welcher diese Yerba flectiert werden, macht dem lernenden die Sache zu wenig anschaulich. Ist doch domus § 127 vollständig decliniert, obschon die Regel Tolle nsw. angegeben ist. § 425 lautet: (Die Verba fordern: posco, r f posco. flagito, oder bitten: oro, Togo, haben einen doppelten Accusativus bei sieb, der Person und der Sache, oder blosz die Sache im Accus., die Per- son mit a im Abi. ' (Die Construclion der Verba fragen: rogo, ts- terrogo, perconlor findet sich § 427.) Nicht blosz im Zumpt, son- dern in vielen andern Grammatiken lautet diese Regel ebenso, doch wol mit Unrecht. Für die Construction orare, rogare (bitten) ali- quant rem ab aliquo kenne ich nur folgende Beispiele: Plaut. Atnpb. prol.i64: Hoc me orare ovo bis iussit Juppiter, ut etc. und aas dem Sempronius Asellio bei Gellius, der 13 21 extr. also schreibt: Sempronius Asellio in libro rerum gestamm quario deeimo: Crept- dar tum y inquil, cultellum rogavit a crepidario sutore. Hat man nicht bessere Auctoris t für diese Construction auzuführen. so musz diese Hegel in einer Schulgrammatik geändert werden, wie be- reits Madvig in der lateinischen Sprachlehre für Schulen § 228 An« 1 richtiger geurtbeilt hat. Betrachten wir nun die von Hrn. Meirin? angeführteu Beispiele, so finden wir deren vier von posco und re- posco, von denen in dreien der doppelte Accusativ steht; von fiagi- tare 2 Beispiele, von orare 3, von rogare keines. Statt der drei Beispiele von posco und reposco mit dem doppelten Accusativ genügte am Ende eines, doch hätte er wol auch von rogure ein Beispiel geben Digitized by Googl Bemerkungen zu der lat. SohulgrammaÜk von Siberti undMciring. 461 können und namentlich seine Regel von der Construction orare (ro- gare) rem ab aliquo dnreh eine ans einem guten Classiker entnom- mene Stelle begründen müssen. Indes damit nimmt es Hr. M. nicht so genau. So führt er zu dieser § 425 an die Worte: Jugurtha Me~ iellum per legatos pacem oravit, ein Beispiel, welches sich auch in andern Schulbüchern findet und bona Ilde aus dem nächsten Buche entlehnt wird. Ohne Zweifel liegt zu Grunde Sallust. Jug. c. 47: Inter haec negotia Jugurtha impensius modo legatos supplices mit- tere, pacem orare, praeter suam Hberorumque vitam, omtita Melello dedere. Wozu die Stellen der Classiker verstümmeln? Gibt es nicht zahlreiche und schöne Beispiele bei den Alten, die zu einer Regel gleichsam gemacht scheinen? Bei dieser Gelegenheit erwähne ich eines Beispiels zu § 386, wo als Musler voranstehen die Worte: Ro- tnulus et Remus Romam urbem condiderunt, vermuthlich eigene Arbeit des Hrn. Meiring. Dasz es urbs Roma heiszen müsse, ist allbekannt, und erinnert daran ja auch der Anfang der Annalen des Tacitus. Hei- nes Wissens gibt es nur «ine Stelle bei den Alten, in welcher Roma *rbs steht, Vellej. 18 4. In § 400 ist das Beispiel Erubescunt pudici eliam impudica loqui nichts als eine wunderliche Conjectur von Gö- renz. Cf. Cic. de legg. I 19 § 50: Erubescunt pudici eliam loqui de pudicitia, und dort die Interpreten. Man sieht, wie vorsichtig der Lehrer bei der Auswahl der dargebotenen Beispiele sein mnsz. § 652: * Memini pflegt, abweichend vom Deutschen, den Inf. Fraesentis bei sich zu haben: z. B. memini Catonem mecum disserere ich erinnere mich, dasz Cato sich mit mir unterhalten hat (eigentlich ich habe es damals in mein Gedächtnis aufgenommen).' Soll durch die Parenthese etwa der inf. praesentis erklärt werden? Schwerlich. Soll ober die Perfectform memini erleutert werden, so gehört die Paren- these nicht hierher, sondern zu § 289, wo die Perfectform noti er- leutert wird. Die Uebersetzung: «dasz Cato sich mit mir unter- halten hat', ist sicher ganz falsch. Das Beispiel ist entlehnt aus Cic. Lael. c. 3 § 11, und verweise ich auf Seyffert und Nauck zu Lael. c. 1 §2. Disserere aber steht hier nothwendig im inf. praes. oder vielmehr im inf. rei infectae, weil der Sinn ist: narrabat Cato, ut memini. Ebenso Lael. c. 1 §2: memini, in cum sermonem illum incidere, gleich incidebat in eum sermonem, ut memini. Tac. Ann. III 16: audire me memini ex senioribus gleich audiebam ex senio- ribus, ut memini. Cic. pro Rose. Amer. c. 42: meministis, me ita distribuisse caussam ist gleich dishibui caussam , ut memini- stis, und kann ich nicht Madvig beitreten, welcher § 408 Anm. 2 be- hauptet, es könne auch distribuere heiszen. § 443: 'Bei obigen und überhaupt bei allen Interjectioncn kann natürlich auch der Vocativus stehen, wenn der Gegenstand ange- rufen wird.' Diesen Worten fehlt Praecision ; sie können gar leicht den Schüler verleiten zu glauben , dasz , wenn der Gegenstand ange- rufen wird, bei den Interjeclionen sowol der Accns. als auch der Vocativ stehen könne, und der Lehrer ist genöthigt, den Sinn der Digitized by Google 462 Bemerkungen zu der lat. Schulgrammaük von Siberli und Meiring. Regel zu interpretieren. Man streiche das auch, und ändere das kann in musi, also: 9 musz natürlich der Vocat.' § 171 : 'mt/ia aber bezeichnet mehrere Mausende'. Wie viel Tausende sind also milia hominum ? $ 529: 'Auf die Frage wie lange vorher? oder nachher? steht die Zeitbestimmung im Ablativus, wobei ante und post gewöhn- lich nachgesellt werden, entweder als Adverbia, vorher, nachher, oder als Praepositionen mit dem Accusativus, vor, nach: z. B. tri- bus annis ante drei Jahre vorher, tribus diebus ante mortem drei Tage vor dem Tode.' Sind hier eut weder — oder scharfe Gegen- sätze? Steht der Ablativ, so sind ante und post Adverbia; folgt der Accusativ , so sind sie Praepositionen. § 530 Anm. 1 : c Ante und pott können, statt als Adverbia mit dem Ablativus verbunden zu werden, auch als Praepositionen den Accus, za sich nehmen' — ist leerer Wortschwall, da diese Regel schon in der vorhergehenden Paragraphe ausgesprochen ist. *§ 440. In Betreff der Apposition zu einem Slädtcnamea der er- sten und zweiten Declination folgt Hr. M. einer älteren Auflage der Zumptschen Grammatik. Es heiszt doch wahrlich aller grammati- schen ratio Hohn sprechen, wenn man lehrt zu den Genetiven Eo- mae, Corinthi, die Wörter urbs, oppidum, locus als Apposition in den Ablativ zu stellen. Billigerweise konnte man von Hrn. M. ver- langen wenigstens doch eine neuere Auflage der Zumptschen Gram- matik (da sie der seinigen zu Grunde liegt) zu vergleichen und danach die Regel zu ändern oder zu erlentern. Vgl. Zumpt (ich eitlere die 9e Aufl.) § 298 Anm. gegen Ende, Madvig $ 296 Anm. 3. § 498: Zu den Ausdrücken : ces ist die Sache, die Pflicht, das Geschäft, das Eigenthum jemandes' ist es wünschenswert noch hinzuzufügen : ces ist das Zeichen', denu diese Wendung kommt häufig genug vor, und man sngt auch lateinisch: est Signum oder in dictum alieuius. § 499: eDie Sache, worau einem etwas liegt, wird nie durch ein Substantivum ausgedrückt, sondern theils durch den Infinitivus (oder Accus, cum Infinitivo), theils durch einen Satz mit da si oder mit Fragewörtern.' Hier hätte sich Hr. N. genauer an seinen Yor- gäuger halten sollen, statt dasz gleich ut schreiben, und durch die Parenthese nicht den Schein verbreiten müssen, als sei der Accus, c. inf. das seltnere, während er doch häufiger ist als der Infinitiv. Die Darstellung der Regel von interest ist für diese Grammatik charakte- ristisch. Hätte der Verfasser ut statt dasz geschrieben, so gewönne die Regel an Praecision. Es folgt nun aber eine Explication, wio der Schüler verfahren musz, wenn er den Accus, c. inf. setzen will. Mit demselben Rechte hätte er auch ausführlich zeigen müssen , wie ein Fragewort nach interest folgen könne , und der abhängige Satz dann als indirecte Frage in den Conjuncliv trete. Die auf diese Regel fol- genden Beispiele sind bunt durcheinander gewürfelt. Zwei mit dem Infinitiv stehen an der Spitze, und prägen sich also dem Schüler un- Digitized by Google Bemerkungen zu der tat. Schulgrammalik vonSiberti und Meiring. 463 • willkürlich am meisten ein. Uebersichtlicher stünden die Beispiele mit gleicher Construclion beisammen. Leider ciliert Hr. M. in den Beispielen nie seinen Gewährsmann, und wisseu wir daher nicht im- mer, ob wir die Stelle eines alten Classikers lesen oder ein von Hrn. M. gearbeitetes Muster. Die Worte: Caesar die er e solebat, non tarn sua, quam rei public ae inter esse , uti sahus esset, finden sich fast ebenso im Sueton. Caes. c. 86. Die ebenfalls hier stehenden Worte: Rei publicae inter erat, ut sahus esset Caesar sind vcrmnthlich danach von Hrn. M. gebildet; was sie aber neben den nngleich bessern Wor- ten des Sueton bezwecken, ist nicht zu begreifen. In Betreif der Genetive, die zu interest und refert treten können § 500 (cf. § 492), müste der Schüler wol vor muiti und m+ris gewarnt werden, da er die Worte: 'es liegt viel daran', gar leicht muiti interest über- setzt. Nach § 387 b wird es uuriebtig sein, zu sagen leges moresque constituti sunt. Nach § 662 scheint es fast, als könne nach sperare kein infinit, praesentis. oder perf. folgen. In § 674 und 675 wird zweimal gelehrt, dasz nach nolo (natürlich im guten Latein) auch ut folgen könne, wahrend doch sein Vorginger Zumpt § 614 Anm. es leugnet. So hat Hr. M. es auch hier verschmäht, bei seinen verbes- serten Auflagen die neueren Auflagen seines Vorgängers zu Rathe zu ziehen. Die §§ 623, 631 und 629 (qui cum conj. — ut is oder quum is) bilden eigentlich nur 6 ine Regel, und namentlich die §§ 623 und 631, und es ist gar kein Grund abzusehen, warum § 626 (sunt, int>e- niuntur, qui) diesen Paragraphen eingeschaltet ist, während die Regel von dignus, qui dieses Kapitel schlieszt. Freilich beobachtet Zumpt dieselbe Reihenfolge. Während diese Regeln, wie viele andere, mit groszer Breite behandelt sind, vermiszt man ungern manches, was ein Quartaner oder Tertianer wissen musz, z. B. den Unterschied zwi- schen si und quum. § 533 müste gesagt sein, dasz bei abhinc die Zeitbestimmung gewöhnlich im Accusativ, seltener im Ablativ stehe. Auch hier hat Hr. M. verabsäumt, eine spätere Auflage der Zumplschcn Grammatik zu vergleichen. Bekannt ist, dasz Madvig hierüber ausführlich gehan- delt hat. § 657. Wenn es heiszt: — 'wenn est mit einem Adj. oder Subst. das Praedicat ist, als aper tum est9 usw., so hätte auch wol eine Phrase mit einem Substantiv angegeben werden können, und wäre es auch nur das aus dem letzten Beispiel entnommene facinus est gewesen. 8 497. Hr. M. lehrt, die Strafe, wozu jemand vernrtheilt werde, stehe ebenfalls im Genetivus z. B. mortis, capitis zum Tode, mnttae zu einer Geldbusze; jedoch auch im Ablativus morte, capite usw. Er folgt hierin (wie 8 425) der Zumptscben Grammatik, aber mit Un- recht. Madvig § 293 Anm. 3 führt den Genetiv mortis nicht an, nennt aber den Ablativ morte, von dem ich nur zwei Beispiele kenne: Sen. 464 Auszüge aus Zeitschriften Ep. 71: Omne humanuni genta, quodque est , quodque ertf, motu damnatumest und Seil. Herc. Oet. 888. In der lateinischen Grammatik von J. von Graber wird S. 55 der Genetiv mortis genannt, doch habe ich dafür keine Auetori tat, da mir nur spärliche Hulfssaittel zu Gebot stehen. In einer Schulgrammatik folge man Krebs , der in seiner An- leitung zum Lateinischsohreiben § 166 damnare mortis oder morte verwirft, wiewol man richtig sagt morte multare. Ein Uebelstand ist es, dasz dem Buche kein Inhaltsverzeichnis beigefügt ist. Oder soll der Schüler mit seiner Grammatik so vertrau! sein, dasz er dessen nicht bedarf? Eine schwierige Aufgabe, sumal wenn man erwägt, dasz alle andern Schulbücher dasselbe mit glei- chem Recht fordern können^. Für denjenigen Schüler, der zeither nach einem andern Lehrbuche unterrichtet worden ist, ist ein Index cid wesentliches Mittel, ihn in dieser Grammatik zu orientieren. Manche Kegel kann ebenso wol in diesem als in jenem Abschnitt behandelt sein; ein irres umhersuchen ist zeitraubend. Dazu kommt endlich, dasz in der vorliegenden Grammatik eine und dieselbe Sache au ver- schiedenen Stellen gelehrt wird, zum Theil da, wo sie niemand sucht Von oportet und necesse est handeln § 657 und § 695. Wie der Schä- ler zu verfahren hat, wenn er den aecns. c. inf. setzen will, wird nicht nur suo loco § 650 auseinander gesetzt, sondern auch Utnqu.m in transitu, wo es niemand sucht, bei der Regel von interest § 499. Neustettin. August Kraute. Auszüge aus Zeitschriften. Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissenschaß , herausg. r. J. Cae- sar. 13r Jhrg. 1855. ls Heft. Osann: zur Künstlergeschichte des Alterthnms (S. I — 18: grosztentheils Nachträge zu Brunns Werk, zum Theil noch Be- kämpfung aufgestellter Ansichten. Am ausführlichsten wird vom Zeu- xis gehandelt). — Walz: de nemesi Graecorum (S. 16: kurze Inhalts- angabe). — A. Nauck: Ion und lohannes Damascenus (8. 19— 22: nachdem der Vf. nachgewiesen, dasz Ion fragm. 56 dem Me n ander, fr. 65 dem lohannes Damascenus angehören, gibt er rer- anlaszt durch das von Bergk Anthol. lyr. dem Callunachns falsch lieb beigelegte fr. 159 (p. 108), nach der Ausg. von le Quien ein Verzeich- nis der aus des letztern Hymnen vorkommenden Cttate). — Der», r zu den Briefen des Alkiphron (S. 22 — 28: Emendationen zu einigen Stel- len und mehreren Namen in den Ueberschriften , beiläufig auch von Phrynich. Bekk. p. 4, 22. Dem Alkiphron werden muthmaszlich zw« 5 rosaische Fragmente aus dem Etym. M. beigelegt). — Wale: über ie Polychromie der antiken Sculptur (S. 24: kurze Inhaltsangabe). — Lentz: de comparatione periphrastica (S. 28 — 40: die Uraschrei- bungsformen werden aufgezählt und die Veranlassungen zu ihrem Ge- brauche nachgewiesen, unter den letztem besonders die Wortstellung Digitized by Googl Auszüge aus Zeilschriften. 465 • hervorgehoben). — Kavier: de veraibus aliquot Homeri Odysseae dissertatio critica (S. 40: kurze Anzeige). — Scholia in Sophoclis tragoedias. Ed. G. Dindorf, angez. von G. Wolff (S. 41 — 71: durch sehr zahlreiche Nachträge und Berichtigungen, sowie eigene Emenda- tionen wird bewiesen, dasz D. weder die Arbeiten neuerer Gelehrter, noch die handschriftlichen Quellen hinlänglich ausgebeutet habe). — Enger: Observv. in locos quosd. Aesch. Agam. und Heid: Obs*, in difficiliores quosd am Sophoclis Antigonae locos (S. 47 f. Anzeigen des Inhalts). — Ties ler: über die Reden des Thukydides und Fickert: Thucydidea consolto ambiguus, Rabe: comra. de vita Hyperidis (Ä. 48: Inhaltsangaben). — Brix: Emendd. Plautinae und Balsam: Ueber- setzung des Briefs an die Pisonen (S. 71 — 72: vom ersterea Inhalts- angabe, gegen das zweite tadelnde Bemerkungen). — Petersens die neueste Litteratur der Mythologie und Religion der Griechen, lr Ar- tikel (S. 73 — 90: an Stolls Handbuch vermiszt Ree in Bezug auf die Religion manches, erkennt aber an dasz es als Handbuch der Mytho- logie alle früheren Leistungen der Art bei weitem' übertrifft. Bei Ri ncks Religion der Hellenen I Tbl. u. II Tbl. le Abth. kann der Ree. sich mit der mythologischen Ansicht nicht befreunden und macht ge- gen die Anordnung nnd Ausführung des 2n Theils viele Bedenken gel- tend, erkennt aber doch des Vf. religiösen 8inn, Scharfsinn und Phan- tasie und manches für die Wissenschaft förderliche an. Lauere System wird zwar in vielen Behauptungen bekämpft, aber doch trotz seiner fragmentarischen Form zunächst Forschern und solchen, die ein spe- cielles Studium aus der Mythologie machen, empfohlen). — Osann: quaestionum Homericarum p. IV (S. 88: kurze Inhaltsangabe). — Aus- züge aus Zeitschriften und bibliographische Uebersicht (S. 90—96 d). 2s Heft. Schubart: über den Gebrauch von fiaUera bei Zah- len (S. 97 — 107: Unter Bezugnahme auf Vomels Programm [Frkf. a. M. 1862] wird durch Zusammenstellung aller bei Pausanias vorkom- menden Stellen nachgewiesen', dasz fidhaxa nur die Bedeutung rohn- gefähr' habe. Ausführlich wird die Stelle VIII 10 2 besprochen und Arn. Schäfers Conjectur zurückgewiesen. Ebenso findet IV 27 11 eine ausführliche Erörterung). — Bergk: Nachträge zu den Fragmenten des Sophokles (S. 107 — 110: es werden einige neue Fragmente nach- gewiesen, andre vervollständigt und emendiert). — A. Nauck: kri- tische Miscellen (S. 110 — 120: Emendationen zu Archiloch. bei Herod. n. ozw. p. 57, 3. Aesch. Choeph. 490, Prom. 203, Eur. Med. 913, Soph. Ai. 269, O. C. 309, bei Stob. 8 2 u. 45 11, Hesych. vol. 2 p. 751. Eur. Antiop. fr. 201 u. 193 werden vervollständigt, und auf die lateinische Uebersetzung des armenischen Philo vol. 7 p. 188 Rieht, aufmerksam gemacht. Emendiert werden ferner Eur. fr. 788, Ion. 6. Athen. XI p. 468 C, Sosiphan. bei Stob. 20 18, Diogen. Laert. VI 95, Hesych. 2 p. 281, Theophyl. Simoc. Ep. 33 p. 51 u. 29 p. 48, Pseudo- Callisth. 2 16 p. 736, 1 27 p. 29 n. n. andere Stellen, Philem. bei Stob. 108 39 und 38 24, Menand. ebend. 62, 27 und monost. 363, Callim. fr. CXI, Nie. Anth. Pal. 9 315 und Man. Phil. Phys. et Med. gr. min. ed. Ideler 1 p. 292, Dlod. Sic. exc. Vat. p. 12, mehrere Orakel bei Porphyr, »fol tjjs f*x ZoytW yiXoaoytus aus Augustins lateinischer Uebersetzung). — Eberz: Zug des Labienus von Agedicum nach Lutetia und zurück. Caes. b. g. VII 57 — 62, (S. 121 — 128: Agedicum Bei Sens, Labienus gehe zuerst auf dem linken Ufer der Seine, dann setze er auf das rechte bei Melodunum über, weshalb die Feinde deu oberhalb Lutetias gelegenen Sumpf verlaszen, Lutetia verbrennen und sich auf dem linken lagern. Eingehende Erörterung). — Petersen: die neueste Litteratur der Mythologie und Religion der Griechen. 2r Artikel (S. 129 — 147: Brauns griechische Götterlehre erfahrt zwar 466 Auszüge aus Zeitschrif(cn manchen Widerspruch rucksichtlich der Auffassung, erhalt aber anch hohes Lob. Ausführlicher wird Gerhards griechische Mythologie unter Darlegung der hohen wissenschaftlichen Bedeutsamkeit, aber auefc der abweichenden Ansichten des Ref. besprochen). — Jakowicki*. observationes in sex prima III libri Uoratii carmina, Platen: de fiöV et auetoritate Caesaris de hello Gallico commentariortim , Lucas: de ratione qua Livius in libris historiarum conscribendts usns est opere Polybiano, Matern: de ratione ea qua Cicero in oratiooe pro L. Murena habita cum Stoicos tum M. Catonem tractarit, Stinner: de eo quo Cicero in epistolis usus est sermone et de verborum consecu- tione, Troska: über den Ausdruck des Aflects in den metrisches Rhythmen der Griechen und Römer, u. Weclewski: de rebus Epi- dauriorum (8. 136 f. u. 143 f.: kurze Inhaltsanzeigen). — M. H. K. IWeieri commentatio epigraphica secunda. Anger, von Bergk (8. ]47 — 167: sehr eingehende und scharfsinnige Erörterungen zu vielen Inschriften). — # C. Fr. Hermann: vindiciae Invenalianae, de 8«- cratis accusatonbus und de Philone Larissaeo (8. 152: kurze Inhalts- angaben). — Bauini ein: zu Odyss. III 206 (8. 167: Rechtferttgusg der aufgenommenen Lesart »fpt^rsfsv). — Pinckh: zuLiv. V 40 3 und XXII 2 8 (8. 168: Wiederholung zweier schon früher gemachter Kmen- dationen, an ersterer Stelle st quid humani supercsset maff, an letz- terer cumulatU in aqua sarcinit). — Braun: Vorschule der Kus*t- mytholojgie, angez. von H. A. Müller in Bremen (8. 169 — 178: anter vielen eingehenden Bemerkungen wird ebenso das Überschwan gl lebe, hochtrabende und allzu phantasiereiche, wie das scharfsinnige und rer- dienstliche des Werkes hervorgehoben). — Ri eck her; über das Psr- tieipium des griechischen Aorists und Pinckh: de incerti auctoris artis rhetoricae post Seguierium a Leon. 8pengelio editae locis ali- quot emendandis (8. 176: kurze Anzeigen). — Beckers Charikles, 2e Aufl. von K. F. Hermann, angez. von — s — (8. 178 — 181: Be- zeichnung der in der neuen Ausgabe vorgenommenen Veränderungen. Bereicherungen und Verbesserungen). — Hartmann: Probe einer beabsichtigten neuen Ausgabe von Arrians Anabasis, angez. ren Theiss (8. 181 — 183: unter Mittheilung einiger Bemerkungen snd Winke im ganzen recht anerkennende Anzeige *). — Auszüge aus Zeit- schriften. — Thiel: de zoologicorum Aristotelis librorum ordine ** distributione, inprimis de librorum «fpl £cpa>v pooftov primo, and Sehn eck: commentarii «fot vtyovg argumentum (8. 191 f.: Inhalts- anzeigen). Rheinisches Museum. X Jhrg. (vgl. oben S. 147 f.) 2s Heft. Brunn: über die Grund Verschiedenheit im Bildung; prineip der griechischen und aegyptis;*hen Kunst (S. 153 — 166: es *ird dargethan, dasz eine Ableitung der griechischen Kunst von der aegyp- tischen unmöglich anzunehmen sei und da*z selbst Analogien in .Kia- zelheiten nichts beweisen würden als die Möglichkeit äuszerer Bezie- hungen und Weihseiwirkungen). — H. A. Koch: coniectanea Non- niana (8. 167 — 194: Verbesserungs vorschlage, aber auch Rechtferti- gungen handschriftlicher Lesarten an zahlreichen Stellen). — Frei *) Dieselbe war mir noch unbekannt, als ich die meinige schrieb. R. D, Digitized by Google Auszüge aus Zeitschriften 46? fiber das Pervigilium Veneria pristino nitori restitntttm. Lips. 1852 (8. J 95 — 213: durch eingehende Erdrtcrangen wird dargethan, dasz der Vf. des genannten Buchs den Text an vielen Stellen recht gründlich verdorben habe). — Teuf fei: über die sechste Hypothesis zu den Wolken des Aristophanes (8. 214 — 234: nachdem gegen Enger darge- legt ist, dasz Eratosthenes die ersfe Bearbeitung der Wolken gekannt habe, wird in ausfuhrlicher und eingehender Erörterung gezeigt, dasz unter dem, was die genannte Hypothesis enthält, nichts »ei, was ge- gründete Bedenken gegen sich habe, vielmehr vieles durch eine Reihe anderweitiger Zeugnisse unterstützt und fast zur Gewisheit erhoben werde, und dasz der Vf. die Neyücct itQottQai selbst in Händen ge- habt und gewissenhaft benutzt habe). — F. G. Welcker: Danae, ein Vasengemälde (8. 236- 241: der Kunstwerth der von Gerhard im Programme zum Wincke Im annsfeste bekannt gemachten, 1844 in Caere gefundenen Vasengemälde wird dargelegt und zu weit gehende Deutung des einzelnen abgewiesen, auch über die Gestaltung des My- thus bei den Dichtern und Schriftstellern Nachweisung gegeben). — Der s. Alcmanis fragmenta de Tantalo et de sacris in summis mon- tibus peractis (S. 242—264: das Fragment bei Schol. Pind Ol. J 97 sei nicht zu emendieren, sondern nur mit veränderter Interpunction xara, nitQag ogtcov php ovdiv , tfoxfW di, es gehe aber auf die von Agias in den Noetoig nach Athen. VII p. 281 b besungene Sage, das/, dem Tantalus, als er auf seinen Wunsch zum Gastmahl der Gotter erhoben war, vom Zeus das Schreckblid eines über dem Haupte han- genden Felsens vorgestellt worden. Wie sich die Verlegung dieser Strafe in die Unterwelt und überhaupt die Sage entwickelt, wird aus- führlich dargelegt. In Bezug auf das zweite Fragment Athen. XI p. 498 werden die Grunde angeführt, warum die von Fiorillo herrüh- rende, bis jetzt von allen gelehrten gebilligte Conjectur X$omeov yaln zu verwerfen scheine nnd nur an einen die Form eines Löwen haben- den Käse gedacht werden könne. Ftir das Partie, wird <ntu&a\$?istx vermuthet). — O. Ribbeck: Bemerkungen zu Ennius fS. 265—292: nicht nur werden zu vielen einzelnen Fragmenten der Annalen Emen- dationen vorgeschlagen , sondern auch über den Platz vieler nnd die Gestaltung des Gedichts von Vahlen , dem hohes Lob gespendet wird, abweichende Ansichten aufgestellt. Interessant sind die Zusammen- stellungen über das, was Vergil aus Ennius entlehnt habe. Ueber das Gedicht Scipio, dem trochaeisches Metrum vindiciert wird, und die innere Beschaffenheit der Satiren wird gehandelt und am Srhlusz ein Versuch mitgetheilt das ganze Capitel des Gellius II 29 in Verse zu- ruckzn übertragen). — Bernays: ein Schreiben über Trogusfrag- mente (8. 293--298: es wird nachgewiesen dasz das fragm. 30 p. 27 bei Bielowski, das Osann in diesen Jhrbb. LXX S. 1 für ein echtes er- klärt, wie auch 31, ans Aretinus de bello Italico adversus Gothos entlehnt seien). — K. Schwenck: lateinische Etymologien (8. 298 — 300. vitricus wird auf ein Substantiv viter-— 'Zttjs, vc$ci auf a<rxefi», viteera auf ctönog, luridus auf gluridu$ %\(oq6$ glofoo;, ponere (jpo$no) auf itoteiv zurückgeführt). — Enger: zur Kritik und Erklärung des Aeachylus (8. 300—303: Aesch. Agam. 201 wird Ivpporjrfac &' StutQ- rtov, 261 amfqog cpctoiq, 641 i^imlt^t nec^rjYfjcaro. 653 yijpsfc y* vovg conjiciert). — K. Schwenck: zu verschiedenen Schriftstellern (8. 303—310: Eurip. Dan. Stob. 64: iv trofe d* fyovoiv i)AAtog rci(pv% ofit. Theoer. Idyll. VIII werde n der 16e n. 20e Vers für eingeschoben erklärt, 8tob. Florileg. 64 1 emendiert: 17 voig dvay%a(oig yivtt irs- awxo'ot; sodann eine Reihe Verbesserungsvorschläge zu Hesychins mit- getheilt, endlich Horat. Sat. I 1 108 vorgeschiageu : ünde abü redeo.
| 43,888 |
https://github.com/ShadowRoland/BaseSwift/blob/master/BaseSwift/Base/Models/BaseModel.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
BaseSwift
|
ShadowRoland
|
Swift
|
Code
| 49 | 108 |
//
// BaseModel.swift
// BaseSwift
//
// Created by Shadow on 2016/11/14.
// Copyright © 2016年 shadowR. All rights reserved.
//
import SRKit
import ObjectMapper
open class BaseModel: NSObject, Mappable {
override public init() { }
required public init?(map: Map) { }
open func mapping(map: Map) { }
}
| 11,213 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%9D%91%20%28%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%8E%E7%9C%8C%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
小高村 (茨城県)
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=小高村 (茨城県)&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 36 | 407 |
小高村（おだかむら）は茨城県行方郡にかつて存在した村である。
地理
現在の行方市の南部、旧麻生町の西部に位置する。
村は霞ヶ浦の東岸に位置している。
村域は台地と平地が入り組む谷戸が多い地形になっている。
歴史
村域の変遷
1889年（明治22年）4月1日 - 町村制施行により、橋門村・旧来の小高村・井貝村・南村・島並村が合併し行方郡小高村が発足。
1955年（昭和30年）3月31日 - 麻生町・大和村・太田村・行方村と合併し、改めて麻生町が発足。同日小高村廃止。
変遷表
人口・世帯
人口
総数 [単位： 人]
世帯
総数 [単位： 世帯]
参考文献
角川日本地名大辞典編纂委員会『角川日本地名大辞典 8 茨城県』、角川書店、1983年 ISBN 4040010809
関連項目
茨城県の廃止市町村一覧
行方市域の廃止市町村
行方郡 (茨城県)
1889年設置の日本の市町村
1955年廃止の日本の市町村
| 36,044 |
W4298400790.txt_3
|
German-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,189 | 1,362 |
( „ P o litik a “ , 2 1.
m u ß n ic h t h e r v o r g e h o b e n w e r d e n , d a ß d ie N e u e
L in k e s ic h s te ts g e g e n d ie P a rte ilic h k e it d e r K u n s t
dem
der
e in g e s e tz t h a t. E s is t d a ru m e r k lä r lic h , d a ß d ie P o
s ta lte t w e r d e n.
B au
12.
e n ts te h t,
1 9 7 6 .)
s o ll
D as
G e lä n d e , a u f
g le ic h z e itig
zu
e in e r
G e d e n k s tä tte f ü r d ie O p fe r d e s F a s c h is m u s a u s g e
p u la r is ie ru n g d e r T h e s e n L a z ic s , d. h. d e r T h e s e n
N a c h d e n b is h e r b e k a n n te n B a u p lä n e n w ird d a s
d e r „ A lte n L in k e n “ , v e r tr e te n v o n K rle z a , S e g e d in ,
G e b ä u d e d ie F o r m e in e s „ d re ig e s c h o s s ig e n , a u s B e
R is tic , J a n k o K o s in e in e r J u g e n d z e itu n g m it e in e r
to n u n d G la s b e s te h e n d e n S c h if fe s “ m it e in e r L ä n g e
A u f la g e v o n 1 0 0 0 0 0 E x e m p la r e n e in e H e ra u s f o rd e
von 250 und
r u n g d e r „ a m tlic h e n “ , d. h. d e r p a r te iv e r b u n d e n e n
Z usam m en
K u ltu r s c h a ff e n d e n
d as K o n g reß a rea l 28 850 q m u m fa sse n. D ah er
d ie
B ehaup
e in e r B r e ite v o n
m it
den
80
z u s ä tz lic h e n
M e te r n
haben.
G ebäuden
w ir d
tu n g d e s „ K o m u n is t“ , h in te r B o s k o v ic „ s te h e n a lle
je n e , d ie h a rtn ä c k ig ih r e n a n a r c h o - lib e r a lis tis c h e n
d e w ird
S ta n d p u n k t v e r te id ig e n , d a ß in d e r ju g o s la w is c h e n
z e n tr u m
P a r te if ü h r u n g e in f ü r a lle M a l g e g e n ü b e r d e r K u l
5 0 0 , e in C a f e m it 3 0 0 u n d e in e S n a c k b a r m it 1 0 0
t u r d ie D o g m a tik h e rr s c h t “ . H ie r s e i d ie „ V e rs c h w ö
r u n g “ g e g e n d ie K u ltu rp o litik d e r P a r te i e r k e n n b a r.
P lä tz e n e n th a lte n. ( „ P o litik a “ , 1 0. 8. 1 9 7 6 .)
N e u e r lic h w ird z u m u n v e r s ö h n lic h e n K a m p f g e g e n
d ie „ N e u e L in k e “ a u f g e r u fe n , d ie a u c h a ls T rä g e r
e in e s K r e d its in H ö h e v o n 1 8 M illio n e n D o lla r, d e r
v o n e in e m a m e rik a n is c h e n B a n k e n k o n s o r tiu m , b e
e in e s „ n e u e n D o g m a tis m u s “ b e s c h u ld ig t w ird. „ I n
s te h e n d a u s d e r C h a s e M a n h a tta n B a n k , d e r C ity
W a h rh e it“ s e i s ie „ g a r k e in e N e u e L in k e “ , s c h re ib t
B a n k u n d d e m H a n o v e r T ru s t, z u r V e r f ü g u n g g e
„ N IN “. D ie s h a b e „ d ie E n th ü llu n g d e s n e u e n D o g m a
s te llt w o r d e n is t. ( „ P o litik a “ , 2 7. 1 0.
| 17,917 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87%20%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
بحيره سكيلارك
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=بحيره سكيلارك&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 22 | 81 |
سكيلارك بحيره فى كندا.
جغرافيا
سكيلارك موجوده فى منطقه اداريه اسمها اونتاريو,
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
مسطحات مائيه
بحيره
مسطحات مائيه فى كندا
| 5,412 |
US-201515528910-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,449 | 11,169 |
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 377 of SEQ IDNO: 131 and amino acids −20 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 131 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to377 of SEQ ID NO: 132. In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is aminoacids 1 to 385 of SEQ ID NO: 134 and amino acids −20 to −1 of SEQ ID NO:134 are a signal peptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide isamino acids 1 to 385 of SEQ ID NO: 135.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 309 of SEQ IDNO: 137 and amino acids −26 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 137 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to309 of SEQ ID NO: 138.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 304 of SEQ IDNO: 140 and amino acids −21 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 140 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to304 of SEQ ID NO: 141. In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is aminoacids 1 to 312 of SEQ ID NO: 143 and amino acids −21 to −1 of SEQ ID NO:143 are a signal peptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide isamino acids 1 to 312 of SEQ ID NO: 144.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 302 of SEQ IDNO: 146 and amino acids −26 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 146 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to302 of SEQ ID NO: 147.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 302 of SEQ IDNO: 149 and amino acids −23 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 149 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to302 of SEQ ID NO: 150. In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is aminoacids 1 to 310 of SEQ ID NO: 152 and amino acids −23 to −1 of SEQ ID NO:152 are a signal peptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide isamino acids 1 to 310 of SEQ ID NO: 153.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 316 of SEQ IDNO: 155 and amino acids −26 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 155 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to316 of SEQ ID NO: 156.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 316 of SEQ IDNO: 158 and amino acids −15 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 158 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to316 of SEQ ID NO: 159.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 303 of SEQ IDNO: 161 and amino acids −16 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 161 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to303 of SEQ ID NO: 162.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 361 of SEQ IDNO: 164 and amino acids −27 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 164 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to361 of SEQ ID NO: 165.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 373 of SEQ IDNO: 167 and amino acids −24 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 167 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to373 of SEQ ID NO: 168.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 302 of SEQ IDNO: 170 and amino acids −22 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 170 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to302 of SEQ ID NO: 171.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 364 of SEQ IDNO: 173 and amino acids −19 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 173 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to364 of SEQ ID NO: 174.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to 323 of SEQ IDNO: 176 and amino acids −21 to −1 of SEQ ID NO: 176 are a signalpeptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 1 to323 of SEQ ID NO: 177. In one aspect, the mature polypeptide is aminoacids 1 to 331 of SEQ ID NO: 179 and amino acids −21 to −1 of SEQ ID NO:179 are a signal peptide. In another aspect, the mature polypeptide isamino acids 1 to 331 of SEQ ID NO: 180.
It is known in the art that a host cell may produce a mixture of two ofmore different mature polypeptides (i.e., with a different C-terminaland/or N-terminal amino acid) expressed by the same polynucleotide. Itis also known in the art that different host cells process polypeptidesdifferently, and thus, one host cell expressing a polynucleotide mayproduce a different mature polypeptide (e.g., having a differentC-terminal and/or N-terminal amino acid) as compared to another hostcell expressing the same polynucleotide.
Mature polypeptide coding sequence: The term “mature polypeptide codingsequence” means a polynucleotide that encodes a mature polypeptidehaving arabinofuranosidase or xylanase activity. In one aspect, themature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 79 to 987 of SEQ IDNO: 10; nucleotides 1 to 78 of SEQ ID NO: 10 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 49 to 70 and nucleotides 123 to 1027 of SEQ IDNO: 25 or the cDNA sequence thereof; nucleotides 1 to 48 of SEQ ID NO:25 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 88to 993 of SEQ ID NO: 22; nucleotides 1 to 87 of SEQ ID NO: 22 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 109to 1422 of SEQ ID NO: 28; nucleotides 1 to 108 of SEQ ID NO: 28 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 82to 1419 of SEQ ID NO: 31; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 31 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 109to 1422 of SEQ ID NO: 34; nucleotides 1 to 108 of SEQ ID NO: 34 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 82to 1419 of SEQ ID NO: 37; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 37 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 76to 981 of SEQ ID NO: 46; nucleotides 1 to 75 of SEQ ID NO: 46 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 76to 1008 of SEQ ID NO: 49; nucleotides 1 to 75 of SEQ ID NO: 49 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 73 to 318, nucleotides 470 to 1298 andnucleotides 1392 to 1408 of SEQ ID NO: 52; nucleotides 1 to 72 of SEQ IDNO: 52 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 73 to 318, nucleotides 470 to 1298 andnucleotides 1392 to 1435 of SEQ ID NO: 55; nucleotides 1 to 72 of SEQ IDNO: 55 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 94to 1401 of SEQ ID NO: 58; nucleotides 1 to 93 of SEQ ID NO: 58 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 82to 1413 of SEQ ID NO: 61; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 61 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 58 to 330, nucleotides 403 to 655, nucleotides795 to 948 and nucleotides 1100 to 1325 of SEQ ID NO: 64; nucleotides 1to 57 of SEQ ID NO: 64 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 58 to 330, nucleotides 403 to 655, nucleotides795 to 948 and nucleotides 1100 to 1352 of SEQ ID NO: 67; nucleotides 1to 57 of SEQ ID NO: 67 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 82to 633 of SEQ ID NO: 76; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 76 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 82to 624 of SEQ ID NO: 79; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 79 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 127to 1023 of SEQ ID NO: 82; nucleotides 1 to 126 of SEQ ID NO: 82 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 82to 1002 of SEQ ID NO: 85; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 85 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 58 to 269 and nucleotides 328 to 724 of SEQ IDNO: 97; nucleotides 1 to 57 of SEQ ID NO: 97 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 55 to 71, nucleotides 121 to 524, nucleotides594 to 1054 and nucleotides 1142 to 1270 of SEQ ID NO: 100; nucleotides1 to 54 of SEQ ID NO: 100 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 73to 978 of SEQ ID NO: 103; nucleotides 1 to 72 of SEQ ID NO: 103 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 109to 1500 of SEQ ID NO: 106; nucleotides 1 to 108 of SEQ ID NO: 106 encodea signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 82to 1497 of SEQ ID NO: 109; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 109 encodea signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 55to 1146 of SEQ ID NO: 112; nucleotides 1 to 54 of SEQ ID NO: 112 encodea signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 55to 1170 of SEQ ID NO: 115; nucleotides 1 to 54 of SEQ ID NO: 115 encodea signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 82 to 1135 and nucleotides 1226 to 1242 of SEQID NO: 118; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 118 encode a signalpeptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 73to 978 of SEQ ID NO: 121; nucleotides 1 to 72 of SEQ ID NO: 121 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 118to 1476 of SEQ ID NO: 124; nucleotides 1 to 117 of SEQ ID NO: 124 encodea signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 82to 1464 of SEQ ID NO: 127; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 127 encodea signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 61 to 93, nucleotides 152 to 162, nucleotides216 to 262 and nucleotides 323 to 1362 of SEQ ID NO: 130; nucleotides 1to 60 of SEQ ID NO: 130 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 61 to 93, nucleotides 152 to 162, nucleotides216 to 262 and nucleotides 323 to 1386 of SEQ ID NO: 133; nucleotides 1to 60 of SEQ ID NO: 133 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 79to 1005 of SEQ ID NO: 136; nucleotides 1 to 78 of SEQ ID NO: 136 encodea signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 64 to 358 and nucleotides 512 to 1128 of SEQ IDNO: 139; nucleotides 1 to 63 of SEQ ID NO: 139 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 64 to 358 and nucleotides 512 to 1152 of SEQ IDNO: 142; nucleotides 1 to 63 of SEQ ID NO: 142 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 79to 984 of SEQ ID NO: 145; nucleotides 1 to 78 of SEQ ID NO: 145 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 70to 975 of SEQ ID NO: 148; nucleotides 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO: 148 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 70to 999 of SEQ ID NO: 151; nucleotides 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO: 151 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 79to 1026 of SEQ ID NO: 154; nucleotides 1 to 78 of SEQ ID NO: 154 encodea signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 46to 993 of SEQ ID NO: 157; nucleotides 1 to 45 of SEQ ID NO: 157 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 49to 957 of SEQ ID NO: 160; nucleotides 1 to 48 of SEQ ID NO: 160 encode asignal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 82 to 1147 and nucleotides 1208 to 1224 of SEQID NO: 163; nucleotides 1 to 81 of SEQ ID NO: 163 encode a signalpeptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 73 to 318, nucleotides 478 to 1333 andnucleotides 1396 to 1412 of SEQ ID NO: 166; nucleotides 1 to 72 of SEQID NO: 166 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 67 to 95, nucleotides 229 to 469, nucleotides435 to 940 and nucleotides 1052 to 1280 of SEQ ID NO: 169; nucleotides 1to 66 of SEQ ID NO: 169 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 58 to 1132 and nucleotides 1199 to 1215 of SEQID NO: 172; nucleotides 1 to 57 of SEQ ID NO: 172 encode a signalpeptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 64 to 492, nucleotides 571 to 988 andnucleotides 1080 to 1201 of SEQ ID NO: 175; nucleotides 1 to 63 of SEQID NO: 175 encode a signal peptide.
In one aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is the joinedsequence of nucleotides 64 to 492, nucleotides 571 to 988 andnucleotides 1080 to 1225 of SEQ ID NO: 178; nucleotides 1 to 63 of SEQID NO: 178 encode a signal peptide.
Nucleic acid construct: The term “nucleic acid construct” means anucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which isisolated from a naturally occurring gene or is modified to containsegments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist innature or which is synthetic, which comprises one or more controlsequences.
Nutrient Digestibility: The term “nutrient digestibility” means thefraction of a nutrient that disappears from the gastro-intestinal tractor a specified segment of the gastro-intestinal tract, e.g. the smallintestine. Nutrient digestibility may be measured as the differencebetween what is administered to the subject and what. comes out in thefaeces of the subject, or between what is administered to the subjectand what remains in the digesta on a specified segment of the gastrointestinal tract, e.g. the ileum.
Nutrient digestibility as used herein may be measured by the differencebetween the intake of a nutrient and the excreted nutrient by means ofthe total collection of excreta during a period of time; or with the useof an inert marker that is not absorbed by the animal, and allows theresearcher calculating the amount of nutrient that disappeared in theentire gastro-intestinal tract or a segment of the gastro-intestinaltract. Such an inert marker may be titanium dioxide, chromic oxide oracid insoluble ash. Digestibility may be expressed as a percentage ofthe nutrient in the feed, or as mass units of digestible nutrient permass units of nutrient in the feed. Nutrient digestibility as usedherein encompasses starch digestibility, fat digestibility, proteindigestibility, and amino acid digestibility.
Energy digestibility as used herein means the gross energy of the feedconsumed minus the gross energy of the faeces or the gross energy of thefeed consumed minus the gross energy of the remaining digesta on aspecified segment of the gastro-intestinal tract of the animal, e.g. theileum. Metabolizable energy as used herein refers to apparentmetabolizable energy and means the gross energy of the feed consumedminus the gross energy contained in the faeces, urine, and gaseousproducts of digestion. Energy digestibility and metabolizable energy maybe measured as the difference between the intake of gross energy and thegross energy excreted in the faeces or the digesta present in specifiedsegment of the gastro-intestinal tract using the same methods to measurethe digestibility of nutrients, with appropriate corrections fornitrogen excretion to calculate metabolizable energy of feed.
Operably linked: The term “operably linked” means a configuration inwhich a control sequence is placed at an appropriate position relativeto the coding sequence of a polynucleotide such that the controlsequence directs expression of the coding sequence.
Sequence Identity: The relatedness between two amino acid sequences orbetween two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter “sequenceidentity”.
For purposes of the present invention, the degree of sequence identitybetween two amino acid sequences is determined using theNeedleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol.48: 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package(EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice etal., 2000, Trends Genet. 16: 276-277), preferably version 3.0.0 orlater. Version 6.1.0 was used. The optional parameters used are gap openpenalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSSversion of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix. The output of Needle labelled“longest identity” (obtained using the—nobrief option) is used as thepercent identity and is calculated as follows:(Identical Residues×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Number of Gaps inAlignment)
For purposes of the present invention, the degree of sequence identitybetween two deoxyribonucleotide sequences is determined using theNeedleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, supra) asimplemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: TheEuropean Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000,supra), preferably version 3.0.0 or later. Version 6.1.0 was used. Theoptional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extensionpenalty of 0.5, and the EDNAFULL (EMBOSS version of NCBI NUC4.4)substitution matrix. The output of Needle labelled “longest identity”(obtained using the—nobrief option) is used as the percent identity andis calculated as follows:(Identical Deoxyribonucleotides×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Numberof Gaps in Alignment)
Solubilised xylose from defatted destarched maize (DFDSM): The term“solubilised xylose from defatted destarched maize (DFDSM)” means thetotal amount of xylose measured in the supernatant after incubation withan enzyme compared to the total amount of xylose present in thesubstrate before the incubation with the enzyme. As described herein,the enzyme solubilizes the xylan in the substrate to soluble fragments(polysaccharides). Since the xylose assay only measures xylose (themonosaccharide), the solubilised xylan needs to be hydrolysed by acid inorder to release all of the xylose as monosaccharides before the xyloseassay can be performed. The percentage solubilised xylose from defatteddestarched maize (DFDSM) may be calculated as described in example 23herein and is presented as ‘Percent solubilised xylose’ in the examples.
The term “solubilise at least x % xylose from defatted destarched maize(DFDSM)” means that the total amount of xylose measured in thesupernatant after incubation as described above is at least x % The term“solubilise at least x times more xylose from DFDSM than the GH10 orGH11 polypeptide can when the GH62 polypeptide is not present” meansthat the total amount of xylose measured in the supernatant afterincubation as described above is at least x times higher using thecombination of a GH10 or GH11 xylanase and a GH62 arabinofuranosidasecompared to when the GH10 or GH11 xylanase is used without the GH62arabinofuranosidase being present.
Stringency conditions: The different stringency conditions are definedas follows.
The term “very low stringency conditions” means for probes of at least100 nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C.in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmonsperm DNA, and 25% formamide, following standard Southern blottingprocedures for 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washedthree times each for 15 minutes using 2.0×SSC, 0.2% SDS at 60° C.
The term “low stringency conditions” means for probes of at least 100nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon spermDNA, and 25% formamide, following standard Southern blotting proceduresfor 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washed three timeseach for 15 minutes using 1.0×SSC, 0.2% SDS at 60° C.
The term “medium stringency conditions” means for probes of at least 100nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon spermDNA, and 35% formamide, following standard Southern blotting proceduresfor 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washed three timeseach for 15 minutes using 1.0×SSC, 0.2% SDS at 65° C.
The term “medium-high stringency conditions” means for probes of atleast 100 nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denaturedsalmon sperm DNA, and 35% formamide, following standard Southernblotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finallywashed three times each for 15 minutes using 1.0×SSC, 0.2% SDS at 70° C.
The term “high stringency conditions” means for probes of at least 100nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon spermDNA, and 50% formamide, following standard Southern blotting proceduresfor 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washed three timeseach for 15 minutes using 0.5×SSC, 0.2% SDS at 70° C.
The term “very high stringency conditions” means for probes of at least100 nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C.in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmonsperm DNA, and 50% formamide, following standard Southern blottingprocedures for 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washedthree times each for 15 minutes using 0.5×SSC, 0.2% SDS at 75° C.
Subsequence: The term “subsequence” means a polynucleotide having one ormore (e.g., several) nucleotides absent from the 5′ and/or 3′ end of amature polypeptide coding sequence; wherein the subsequence encodes afragment having arabinofuranosidase or xylanase activity.
Substantially pure polypeptide: The term “substantially purepolypeptide” means a preparation that contains at most 10%, at most 8%,at most 6%, at most 5%, at most 4%, at most 3%, at most 2%, at most 1%,and at most 0.5% by weight of other polypeptide material with which itis natively or recombinantly associated. Preferably, the polypeptide isat least 92% pure, e.g., at least 94% pure, at least 95% pure, at least96% pure, at least 97% pure, at least 98% pure, at least 99%, at least99.5% pure, and 100% pure by weight of the total polypeptide materialpresent in the preparation. The polypeptides of the present inventionare preferably in a substantially pure form. This can be accomplished,for example, by preparing the polypeptide by well-known recombinantmethods or by classical purification methods.
Variant: The term “variant” means a polypeptide having xylanase orarabinofuranosidase activity comprising an alteration, i.e., asubstitution, insertion, and/or deletion of one or more (several) aminoacid residues at one or more (several) positions. A substitution means areplacement of an amino acid occupying a position with a different aminoacid; a deletion means removal of an amino acid occupying a position;and an insertion means adding 1-3 amino acids adjacent to an amino acidoccupying a position.
Xylanase: The term “xylanase” means a 1,4-beta-D-xylan-xylohydrolase(E.C. 3.2.1.8) that catalyses the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidiclinkages in xylans. Xylanase activity can be determined with 0.2%AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 0.01% TRITON® X-100 and 200 mM sodiumphosphate pH 6 at 37° C. One unit of xylanase activity is defined as 1.0μmole of azurine produced per minute at 37° C., pH 6 from 0.2%AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 200 mM sodium phosphate pH 6.
Nomenclature
For purposes of the present invention, the nomenclature [Y/F] means thatthe amino acid at this position may be a tyrosine (Try, Y) or aphenylalanine (Phe, F). Likewise the nomenclature [V/G/A/I] means thatthe amino acid at this position may be a valine (Val, V), glycine (Gly,G), alanine (Ala, A) or isoleucine (Ile, I), and so forth for othercombinations as described herein. Unless otherwise limited further, theamino acid X is defined such that it may be any of the 20 natural aminoacids.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have found that certain arabinofuranosidases fromglycoside hydrolase family 62 (herein referred to as GH62) incombination with one or more GH10 or GH11 xylanase are surprisingly goodat solubilising the xylose backbone of sterically hindered arabinoxylanfound in plant based material from the sub-family Panicoideae. This issurprising since arabinofuranosidases which are known to be very good atsolubilising wheat arabinoxylan (e.g. the GH43 from Humicola insolenshaving SEQ ID NO: 1 of WO 2006/114095, the GH51 from Meripilus giganteushaving SEQ ID NO: 2 of WO 2006/114095 or the combination of both) areunable to solubilise the highly substituted arabinoxylan found in e.g.maize, corn, sorghum, switchgrass, millet, pearl millet and foxtailmillet.
The amount of starch present in untreated plant material makes itdifficult to detect significant solubilisation of arabinoxylan. Thusmodel substrates, wherein the starch and fat present in the plantmaterial is removed without effecting the degree of substitution, can beused to aid the determination of improved enzyme combinations over knownprior art combinations. One model substrate is defatted destarched maize(DFDSM) and can be prepared as described in the experimental sectionherein. It is important that the model substrate is not prepared usingstrongly acidic or basic conditions or high temperatures, since suchconditions can remove the side chain carbohydrate molecules and/or estergroups present on the xylan backbone. If these side chain groups areremoved, then the complexity and degree of substitution will be reducedresulting in an arabinoxylan material which is easy to degrade by knownsolutions. It is for this reason that heat, acid and/or basepre-treatment is used in biomass conversion.
The solubilisation of the arabinoxylan can be measured as the amount ofxylose released into the supernatant. Increased amounts ofsolubilisation will result in more xylose being released which can bedetected using e.g. the xylose assay method as described herein. Withoutwishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that increasing thesolubilisation of the arabinoxylan opens up the cell walls that canresult in the nutrients, such as starch, which are trapped inside beingreleased. The release of starch and other nutrients can result inimproved animal performance and/or improved conversion of biomass toe.g. ethanol.
The arabinofuranosidases which have this surprising property allcomprise the motif [H/Y][L/M]F[F/S][A/C/H/S/T/V][A/D/G/N/R]D[D/E/N]G(SEQ ID NO: 1). As far as the inventors are aware, this motif is onlyfound in arabinofuranosidases from family GH62 and are present in thepolypeptides of the invention.
Thus in a first aspect, the invention relates to a compositioncomprising one or more GH10 or GH11 polypeptides having xylanaseactivity and one or more GH62 polypeptides having arabinofuranosidaseactivity, wherein:
- - (a) the GH62 polypeptide comprises the motif [H/Y][L/M]F[F/S][A/C/H/S/T/V][A/D/G/N/R]D[D/E/N]G (SEQ ID NO: 1); - (b) the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide and the GH62 polypeptide together solubilise at least 2.0% xylose from defatted destarched maize (DFDSM); and - (c) the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide and the GH62 polypeptide together solubilise at least 2 times more xylose from DFDSM than the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide can when the GH62 polypeptide is not present; - wherein (b) and (c) are performed under the reaction conditions: - i) 25 mg GH10 or GH11 polypeptide per kg DFDSM, - ii) 12.5 mg GH62 polypeptide per kg DFDSM, and - iii) incubation at 40° C., pH 5 for 4 hours.
In an alternative first aspect, the invention relates to a compositioncomprising one or more GH10 or GH11 polypeptides having xylanaseactivity and one or more GH62 polypeptides having arabinofuranosidaseactivity, wherein:
- - (a) the GH62 polypeptide comprises the motif [H/Y][L/M]F[F/S][A/C/H/S/T/V][A/D/G/N/R]D[D/E/N]G (SEQ ID NO: 1); - (b) the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide and the GH62 polypeptide together solubilise at least 2.0% xylose from defatted destarched maize (DFDSM); and - (c) the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide and the GH62 polypeptide together solubilise at least 2 times more xylose from DFDSM than the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide can when the GH62 polypeptide is not present; - wherein (b) and (c) are performed under the reaction conditions: - i) 10 mg GH10 or GH11 polypeptide per kg DFDSM, - ii) 10 mg GH62 polypeptide per kg DFDSM, and - iii) incubation at 40° C., pH 5 for 4 hours.
In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 1 of the motif is ahistidine or tyrosine. In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 2 ofthe motif is a leucine. In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 4of the motif is a phenylalanine or serine. In an embodiment, the aminoacid in position 5 of the motif is an alanine, serine or valine. In anembodiment, the amino acid in position 6 of the motif is an alanine,aspartic acid or glycine. In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 8of the motif is an asparagine. In a preferred embodiment, the GH62polypeptide comprises the motif [H/Y]LF[F/S][A/S/V][A/D/G]DNG (SEQ IDNO: 2).
In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 1 of the motif is atyrosine. In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 2 of the motif isa leucine. In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 4 of the motifis a phenylalanine. In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 5 ofthe motif is an alanine, cysteine or valine, preferably an alanine orvaline, more preferably an alanine. In an embodiment, the amino acid inposition 6 of the motif is an alanine, aspartic acid or glycine,preferably an alanine or glycine, more preferably a glycine. In anembodiment, the amino acid in position 8 of the motif is an asparagine.In a preferred embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide comprises the motifYLFF[A/V][A/G]DNG (SEQ ID NO: 3), even more preferably the motifYLFFAGDNG (SEQ ID NO: 4).
In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 1 of the motif is ahistidine or tyrosine, preferably a tyrosine. In an embodiment, theamino acid in position 2 of the motif is a leucine. In an embodiment,the amino acid in position 4 of the motif is a serine. In an embodiment,the amino acid in position 5 of the motif is a serine or threonine,preferably a serine. In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 6 ofthe motif is an aspartic acid or glycine, preferably an aspartic acid.In an embodiment, the amino acid in position 8 of the motif is anasparagine. In a preferred embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide comprisesthe motif [H/Y]LFSSDDNG (SEQ ID NO: 5), even more preferably the motifYLFSSDDNG (SEQ ID NO: 6).
In an alternative first aspect, the invention relates to an animal feedor animal feed additive comprising one or more GH10 or GH11 polypeptideshaving xylanase activity and one or more GH62 polypeptides havingarabinofuranosidase activity, wherein:
- - (a) the GH62 polypeptide comprises the motif [H/Y][L/M]F[F/S][A/C/H/S/T/V][A/D/G/N/R]D[D/E/N]G (SEQ ID NO: 1); - (b) the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide and the GH62 polypeptide together solubilise at least 2.0% xylose from defatted destarched maize (DFDSM); - (c) the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide and the GH62 polypeptide together solubilise at least 2 times more xylose from DFDSM than the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide can when the GH62 polypeptide is not present; - wherein (b) and (c) are performed under the reaction conditions: - i) 10 mg GH10 or GH11 polypeptide per kg DFDSM, - ii) 10 mg GH62 polypeptide per kg DFDSM, and - iii) incubation at 40° C., pH 5 for 4 hours; - (d) the GH10 or GH11 polypeptide is dosed at 0.01-200 mg enzyme protein per kg animal feed; and - (e) the GH62 polypeptide is dosed at 0.01-200 mg enzyme protein per kg animal feed.
The following data points were obtained demonstrating the generality ofthe invention.
SEQ SEQ SEQ SEQ SEQ SEQ SEQ SEQ SEQ ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID SEQ IDSEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: NO: NO: NO: NO: NO: NO:NO: NO: NO: 70 NO: 71 NO: 72 NO: 73 NO: 74 NO: 75 NO: 78 81 87 88 89 9596 99 102 180 SEQ ID NO: 9 X X X X X X X X X SEQ ID NO: 12 X X X X X XSEQ ID NO: 15 X X SEQ ID NO: 18 X X SEQ ID NO: 21 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 24X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SEQ ID NO: 27 X X X X X X SEQ ID NO: 33 X XX SEQ ID NO: 39 X X SEQ ID NO: 45 X X X SEQ ID NO: 51 X X X X X X X X XX SEQ ID NO: 57 X X X SEQ ID NO: 63 X X SEQ ID NO: 69 X X SEQ ID NO: 111X X X X SEQ ID NO: 117 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 120 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 129 X XX X SEQ ID NO: 135 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 138 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 144 X X X XSEQ ID NO: 147 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 153 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 156 X X X X SEQID NO: 159 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 162 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 165 X X X X SEQ IDNO: 168 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 171 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 174 X X X X SEQ ID NO:105 X X X X SEQ ID NO: 123 X X X XGH62 Polypeptides of the Composition
Preferred embodiments of the first aspect of the invention relating tothe GH62 polypeptide having arabinofuranosidase activity are disclosedherein below.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a GH62 polypeptide havingarabinofuranosidase activity, wherein GH62 polypeptide havingarabinofuranosidase activity has a sequence identity to the maturepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 8 of at least 80%, e.g., at least 85%, atleast 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, atleast 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%.
In one embodiment, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions, and/or one or more amino acid deletions, and/or one ormore amino acid insertions or any combination thereof in between 1 and10 positions, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 positions of themature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 8. In one embodiment, the polypeptidepreferably comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 8 or an allelic variant thereof; comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 8 and a N-terminal and/or C-terminal His-tag and/orHQ-tag; or is a fragment thereof having arabinofuranosidase activity andhaving at least 90% of the length of the mature polypeptide. In anotherembodiment, the polypeptide comprises or consists of the maturepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 8. In another embodiment, the polypeptidecomprises or consists of amino acids 1 to 302 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In anembodiment, the polypeptide has been isolated.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a GH62 polypeptide havingarabinofuranosidase activity having a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9of at least 80%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 85%. In an embodiment, the GH62polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 86%. Inan embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ IDNO: 9 of at least 87%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has asequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 88%. In an embodiment, theGH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least89%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity toSEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 90%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide hasa sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 91%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least92%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity toSEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 93%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide hasa sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 94%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least95%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity toSEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 96%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide hasa sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 97%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 of at least98%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity toSEQ ID NO: 9 of at least 99%.
In one embodiment, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions, and/or one or more amino acid deletions, and/or one ormore amino acid insertions or any combination thereof in between 1 and10 positions, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 positions of SEQID NO: 9. In one embodiment, the polypeptide preferably comprises orconsists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or an allelicvariant thereof; comprises SEQ ID NO: 9 or an allelic variant thereofand a N-terminal and/or C-terminal His-tag and/or HQ-tag; or is afragment thereof having arabinofuranosidase activity and having at least90% of the length of SEQ ID NO: 9. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide comprises or consists of amino acids 1 to 302 of SEQ ID NO:9. In an embodiment, the polypeptide has been isolated.
In another embodiment, the composition comprises a GH62 polypeptidehaving arabinofuranosidase activity, wherein GH62 polypeptide havingarabinofuranosidase activity has a sequence identity to the maturepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 11 of at least 80%, e.g., at least 85%, atleast 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, atleast 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%.
In one embodiment, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions, and/or one or more amino acid deletions, and/or one ormore amino acid insertions or any combination thereof in between 1 and10 positions, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 positions of themature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 11. In one embodiment, the polypeptidepreferably comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 11 or an allelic variant thereof; comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 11 and a N-terminal and/or C-terminal His-tag and/orHQ-tag; or is a fragment thereof having arabinofuranosidase activity andhaving at least 90% of the length of the mature polypeptide. In anotherembodiment, the polypeptide comprises or consists of the maturepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 11. In another embodiment, the polypeptidecomprises or consists of amino acids 1 to 303 of SEQ ID NO: 11. In anembodiment, the polypeptide has been isolated.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a GH62 polypeptide havingarabinofuranosidase activity having a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12of at least 80%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 85%. In an embodiment, the GH62polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 86%. Inan embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ IDNO: 12 of at least 87%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has asequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 88%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of atleast 89%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 90%. In an embodiment, the GH62polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 91%. Inan embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ IDNO: 12 of at least 92%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has asequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 93%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of atleast 94%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 95%. In an embodiment, the GH62polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 96%. Inan embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ IDNO: 12 of at least 97%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has asequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of at least 98%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12 of atleast 99%.
In one embodiment, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions, and/or one or more amino acid deletions, and/or one ormore amino acid insertions or any combination thereof in between 1 and10 positions, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 positions of SEQID NO: 12. In one embodiment, the polypeptide preferably comprises orconsists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or an allelicvariant thereof; comprises SEQ ID NO: 12 or an allelic variant thereofand a N-terminal and/or C-terminal His-tag and/or HQ-tag; or is afragment thereof having arabinofuranosidase activity and having at least90% of the length of SEQ ID NO: 12. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide comprises or consists of amino acids 1 to 303 of SEQ ID NO:12. In an embodiment, the polypeptide has been isolated.
In another embodiment, the composition comprises a GH62 polypeptidehaving arabinofuranosidase activity, wherein GH62 polypeptide havingarabinofuranosidase activity has a sequence identity to the maturepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14 of at least 80%, e.g., at least 85%, atleast 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, atleast 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%.
In one embodiment, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions, and/or one or more amino acid deletions, and/or one ormore amino acid insertions or any combination thereof in between 1 and10 positions, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 positions of themature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14. In one embodiment, the polypeptidepreferably comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 14 or an allelic variant thereof; comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 14 and a N-terminal and/or C-terminal His-tag and/orHQ-tag; or is a fragment thereof having arabinofuranosidase activity andhaving at least 90% of the length of the mature polypeptide. In anotherembodiment, the polypeptide comprises or consists of the maturepolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14. In another embodiment, the polypeptidecomprises or consists of amino acids 1 to 382 of SEQ ID NO: 14. In anembodiment, the polypeptide has been isolated.
In an embodiment, the composition comprises a GH62 polypeptide havingarabinofuranosidase activity having a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15of at least 80%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 85%. In an embodiment, the GH62polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 86%. Inan embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ IDNO: 15 of at least 87%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has asequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 88%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of atleast 89%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 90%. In an embodiment, the GH62polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 91%. Inan embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ IDNO: 15 of at least 92%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has asequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 93%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of atleast 94%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 95%. In an embodiment, the GH62polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 96%. Inan embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ IDNO: 15 of at least 97%. In an embodiment, the GH62 polypeptide has asequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of at least 98%. In an embodiment,the GH62 polypeptide has a sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15 of atleast 99%.
| 4,239 |
https://github.com/musicallyapp/kickflip-ios-sdk/blob/master/Kickflip/Views/KFBroadcastViewController.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
kickflip-ios-sdk
|
musicallyapp
|
C
|
Code
| 145 | 391 |
//
// KFBroadcastViewController.h
// Kickflip
//
// Created by Christopher Ballinger on 1/16/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Christopher Ballinger. All rights reserved.
//
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#import "KFRecorder.h"
#import "Kickflip.h"
#import "KFRecordButton.h"
/**
* This is the main broadcast user interface that presents a start/stop button
* and provides the user with the ability to share a link to the stream
* when it has buffered enough segments.
*
* You can also use the Kickflip class to show this view from any UIViewController.
*/
@interface KFBroadcastViewController : UIViewController <KFRecorderDelegate>
@property (nonatomic, copy) KFBroadcastReadyBlock readyBlock;
@property (nonatomic, copy) KFBroadcastCompletionBlock completionBlock;
@property (strong, nonatomic) UIView *cameraView;
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIButton *shareButton;
@property (nonatomic, strong) KFRecordButton *recordButton;
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIImageView *liveBanner;
@property (nonatomic, strong) KFRecorder *recorder;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSURL *shareURL;
@property (nonatomic, strong) UILabel *rotationLabel;
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIImageView *rotationImageView;
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIButton *cancelButton;
@end
| 2,004 |
bpt6k5682374m_2
|
French-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Petit-Pierre, ou le Bon cultivateur, par Ch. Calemard de La Fayette
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,464 | 11,648 |
Pendant ce temps-là, la truie avait fait ses petits, et Petit-Pierre les conduisait tous les jours dans les herbes. Il avait lu dans son almanach que les jeunes chevillards s'accommodaient parfaitement des trèfles verts; il demanda, en conséquence, qu'on lui accordât pour son petit troupeau un coin de champ où le trèfle n'était pas assez épais ni assez vigoureux pour être fauché; il tenait là constamment ses bêtes qui restaient en un parfait repos, tandis que tous les autres porchers étaient à chaque instant à courir après les leurs et à les accabler de pierres pour les faire sortir des champs des voisins, d'où elles ne sortaient pas sans faire quelque dommage. Aussi, tandis que ceux des autres étaient maigres et chétifs et qu'il en périssait souvent quelqu'un, les douze cochons de Petit-Pierre et sa truie étaient gras et dodus comme des chapons. Du reste, nous verrons encore ailleurs quelles peines prenait Petit-Pierre pour qu'il en fût ainsi. On était donc enchanté du petit homme ; et au lieu de lui donner, toutes les semaines, une tourte de six kilos de pain seulement, comme c'était convenu, on choisissait toujours la plus grosse de la fournée, qui pesait de neuf à dix kilos, et Jeannette y ajoutait bien souvent un bon fromage frais. Petit-Pierre, très joyeux, faisait passer le tout à ses parents par le moyen ; et dans la chaumière du père Loubin, bien qu'il y eût encore trop de misère, on mangeait au moins du pain en suffisance, et on bénissait le brave garçon qui, au milieu de tant de misères, devenait la petite Providence aux bras courts de toute la famille. XVIII. — La récolte des lentilles. Les lentilles avaient grandi, fleuri, fructifié; elles étaient chargées de gousses bien garnies. Petit-Pierre y regardait souvent. Un jour enfin il annonça à Jeannette que la moisson était mûre. Jeannette parut embarrassée; elle dit que moissonneurs et moissonneuses étaient bien chers cette année-là, que les frais de moisson dévoreraient le plus net du profit. Petit-Pierre ne répondit rien, mais il fit dire par le piéton, à son père, que s'il commençait à pouvoir marcher sans trop de fatigue, il fallait qu'il se reposât bien dans la matinée du dimanche, et qu'il se mît dans l'après-midi en marche pour Fontanes, avec ceux des petits frères qui commençaient à travailler. Le père et les marmots arrivèrent sur le soir. Petit-Pierre les conduisit dans la grange, et, comme il avait reçu ce jour-là sa tourte et son fromage, il les fit manger suffisamment, et leur dit de se dépêcher de dormir dans le foin. Vers une heure du matin, il revint et les fit lever pour les conduire au champ. Un clair de lune superbe éclairait la campagne. La petite bande se mit à cueillir les lentilles, en commençant par les quartiers les plus mûrs. Tout le monde travailla avec ardeur; et néanmoins, lorsque au loin du jour Petit-Pierre dut retourner à la maison pour ses autres ouvrages, il fut un peu découragé de voir qu'un travail si acharné n'avait pas beaucoup avancé l'opération. Heureusement Jeannette, en se levant, avait vu par la fenêtre qu'il y avait du monde au milieu de sa lentillère : elle, descendit et rencontra Petit-Pierre. Petit-Pierre lui dit alors qu'il aurait bien voulu ameublir leur récolte sans lui rien faire dépenser, mais qu'il commençait à désespérer d'arriver au bout, tant c'était là une lente besogne. Jeannette repartit qu'il pouvait continuer à diriger sa bande, qu'elle garderait elle-même les cochons pour ce jour-là, et qu'en attendant, elle allait leur envoyer à déjeuner. La nouvelle fut bien accueillie, comme on pense, le déjeuner mieux encore : bonne soupe d'orge, fricassée de pommes de terre, et fromage frais ; depuis longtemps le père Loubin et ses petits n'avaient pas déjeuné d'une si bonne façon. On se remit d'autant plus gaiement et d'autant plus vigoureusement à l'ouvrage. Quelques bons paysans pour lesquels Petit-Pierre, qui savait déchiffrer l'écriture, était un voisin précieux, et qui lui faisaient même écrire quelquefois leurs lettres (avec ou sans orthographe), voulurent lui venir un peu en aide. L'un appelant l'autre au passage, il y eut bientôt beaucoup de bras très actifs dans la lentille; et le travail avança tellement que, le soir, Petit-Pierre et sa famille étaient au bout du champ. On se dit bonsoir, on s'embrassa. « Père, dit Petit-Pierre au moment des adieux, si j'ai quelque bénéfice sur les lentilles, permettez-moi de l'employer comme je voudrai. » Le père trouva cela juste et répondit qu'il y consentait de grand cœur : puis il se mit en chemin pour Varenne avec ses petits garçons tout en larmes. « Voulez-vous bien ne pas pleurer? » leur dit petit-Pierre; et, quand ils eurent fait vingt pas, notre petit homme, qui essuyait ses yeux du revers de sa manche en les regardant s'éloigner, courut encore après eux pour les embrasser de nouveau. « Adieu, père! adieu, tous! et toi, petit Claudet, dit-il au plus petit, embrasse trois fois la mère pour moi. Si tu fais bien la commission, je te promets quelque chose. » Et comme petit Claudet ne voulait pas le lâcher et que tous recommençaient à avoir les larmes aux veux : « Mais c'est bête, ajouta-t-il; n'est-ce pas, père, que ce n'est pas raisonnable de pleurer comme ça, quand on peut se revoir bientôt ? Regardez-moi donc ! au moins moi je suis un homme ; » et il s'efforça gentiment de rire. Puis, leur disant encore adieu de la main, il les quitta en courant, et en essuyant pour la quatrième fois ses yeux mouillés. Cependant la cueillette des lentilles était ainsi terminée, et elle n'avait pas coûté cher. Lorsqu'il fallut battre cette récolte, Petit-Pierre trouva tout autant de bonne volonté chez ses voisins; et, chacun lui donnant une heure ou deux de travail, dans deux matinées il eut battu et vanné trente doubles décalitres de lentilles. C'était trois fois le rendement ordinaire; ainsi Jeanette était-elle très-contente, et Petit-Pierre non seulement très-content, mais aussi très-fier. Cette année-là, les lentilles se vendaient bien, Petit-Pierre, le dimanche suivant, alla au Puy pour y porter l'échantillon noué dans un coin de son plus beau mouchoir. Les lentilles étaient des plus belles en sèches et bien bleues, il les vendit six francs. Le lendemain, sans plus tarder, le père Martin ayant prêté des sacs et un char, Petit-Pierre porta la récolte à un marchand, grainetier de la rue Pannessac, qui lui compta 180 francs en bons et beaux écus tout neufs. C'était 90 francs pour Jeannette, et 90 francs pour lui. 90 francs! un trésor, une fortune! Quelle joie, de l'orgueil de notre petit porcher. Il acheta d'abord un couteau neuf de six sous pour lui, ensuite une paire de sabots pour chacun de ses petits frères, une cravate de seize sous pour son père, et un fichu de dix-huit sous pour sa mère; enfin il acheta une belle bourse de vingt sous, où il mit la portion du trésor qui revenait à Jeannette : en tout, il avait fait pour quatre francs trente centimes d'acquisitions utiles; mais pour sa nourriture il ne dépensa rien à la ville, et se contenta d'y manger un morceau de pain qu'il avait apporté dans sa poche. XX. — Les brebis de Jeannette et de Petit-Pierre. Notre ami Petit-Pierre était donc riche, heureux et fier autant et plus qu'aucun roi qui fût au monde. De retour à la ferme, il avait rendu à Jeannette reconnaissante et très-charmée la part qui revenait à celle-ci dans la vente; et puis il avait passé la nuit à méditer sur l'emploi qu'il ferait de sa richesse. Après mûres réflexions, il pensa qu'en donnant d'abord vingt francs à sa famille, il l'aiderait à vivre quelque temps. Cela pouvait d'autant plus suffire que le père Loubin avait recouvré assez de forces pour travailler; il était donc permis de penser que, dans la pauvre maisonnette de Varenne, on avait enfin passé les plus mauvais jours. Si Petit-Pierre tenait à garder la plus grosse partie de son avoir, ce n'était pas par égoïsme : bien au contraire; mais il voulait augmenter et faire prospérer cette petite fortune, pour mettre plus tard le monde à peu près à l'abri d'une misère pareille à celle qu'il avait lui-même trop connue. Il avait lu dans un petit livre, et il avait parfaitement reconnu que le premier argent est toujours le plus difficile à gagner ; qu'il y a beaucoup plus de différence entre rien et cent francs, qu'entre cent francs et mille francs. Il aurait bien eu de la joie sans doute, et il eût été bien fier de donner tout, en une seule fois, à ses chers parents; mais il songeait à l'hiver, aux longues journées de travail et souvent sans pain; et alors il se disait qu'il ne fallait pas que son premier trésor fût dépensé, qu'il fallait au contraire lui trouver un emploi solide et fructueux et doubler ainsi quelque jour, s'il était possible. Il n'était vraiment pas sot, le petit homme! Il avait encore son idée, une idée qu'il croyait bonne ; et ce n'est pas moi qui dirais qu'elle ne le fût pas. Tout petit qu'il était, notre homme se croyait très connaisseur en moutons, et il avait raison de se croire assez habile en toute chose. En remettant à Jeannette la bourse bien rehondie, pleine de gros écus tout gaillards et tout neufs, il jugea à propos de lui exposer et de lui faire agréer ses nouveaux projets. « Demoiselle, lui dit-il, nos petites affaires ont fait bonne fin. Faut pas nous en tenir là, voyez-vous, nous avons de bon argent ; si nous le gardons dans l'oreiller (dans le coffre), ça ne fera pas des petits : mais de bonnes brebis bien saines, ça fait des agneaux. Si vous trouviez un moyen que j'aille à la foire de Saint-Jean-Lachalm, nous pourrions acheter des bêtes à laine et nous gagnerions encore un beau denier avant l'hiver. Qu'en dites-vous? » Jeannette goûta la proposition ; et quelques jours après, Petit-Pierre, qui avait accompagné son maître avec le grand bouvier à la foire, ramena de Saint-Jean quatorze belles brebis noires comme la nuit, des brebis à l'œil veiné, à l'oreille droite et à l'air mutin. XXI. — Comment la laine des brebis de Petit-Pierre fournit des habits à bien du monde. Les bêtes n'avaient pas été tondues. Elles eurent l'une dans l'autre près de quatre livres de laine, c'est-à-dire deux kilos. Quatorze fois deux kilos, cela fit vingt-huit kilos ; lesquels vingt-huit kilos, partagés en deux portions égales, firent quatorze kilos pour Jeannette et autant pour Petit-Pierre; ou, comme on disait autrefois, comme on dit encore trop souvent et à tort aujourd'hui, vingt-huit livres pour chacun. Cette laine était fort belle. Petit-Pierre eût pu la vendre deux francs le kilo; mais dans le vif désir qu'il avait depuis longtemps d'être enfin convenablement et surtout proprement vêtu, il préféra l'employer à son usage de la façon que voici : Notre homme donna d'abord sa laine à filer, il la fit ensuite tisser; si bien que, grâce à ses brebis et aussi à la fileuse, au tisserand et au tailleur du village, il eut un bon habillement bien neuf et bien chaud pour lui, autant pour son père. Il put alors donner à son cadet sa vieille veste et son vieux pantalon, qui, habilement rajustés à la taille du nouvel occupant, malgré quelques pièces et quelques morceaux d'une nuance plus ou moins assortie, n'en firent pas moins du frère un très-joyeux compère. La défroque du cadet passa de même au troisième frère; et la blouse et le pantalon de celui-ci remplacèrent le sarreau bien usé, et qui avait déjà servi à tous les autres, du gentil petit Claudet, le quatrième garçonnet, blondin rose et frisé que son aîné aimait plus que la prunelle de ses yeux. Voilà comme la laine des brebis noires de notre brave ami, transformée en un beau vêtement neuf à son usage, permit aussi, grâce aux remaniements et aux raccourcis tolérés par chaque taille, de remettre à neuf le vestiaire de toute la famille. Et, le dimanche d'après, quand tous les Loubins de toute grandeur, se rendant à la messe, s'arrêtèrent avec complaisance sur la grande place, les passants ébahis disaient que des gens si bien mis avaient fait, à coup sûr, quelque gros héritage. XXII. — Combien Petit-Pierre fit prospérer la porcherie En attendant, le temps marchait de son grand pas qui ne s'arrête jamais. Le mois d'août avait passé, le mois de septembre aussi; octobre venu, on avait commencé les semailles d'automne. On était toujours très-content de Petit-Pierre; seulement, les domestiques trouvaient bien qu'il faisait un peu ses embarras, et que, dans la maison, on coûtait trop un si petit homme qui parlait beaucoup, et donnait très-souvent son avis, n'étant qu'un porcher, et un porcher du plus petit salaire. Mais il rendait tant de services aux uns et aux autres, il était toujours si bien disposé à faire pour celui-ci et pour celui-là un peu de leur besogne, qu'il se faisait encore aimer des gens même malgré eux. Pour Jeannette, elle pensait que Petit-Pierre avait plus de savoir et de sagesse, dans son petit doigt que tous les autres dans leur épaisse cervelle; et le père Martin admettait assez volontiers ce que pensait demoiselle sa fille. Et puis tout ce dont Petit-Pierre s'occupait réussissait si bien ! Ses cochons surtout ! D'une portée de douze cochonnettes n'en avoir point perdu un seul, et les voir tous ayant le poil très-fin, tous plus gras et plus gais les uns que les autres, sans qu'il y eût mêmé un rebut à faire sur les douze, c'étaient là des choses qui n'arrivaient pas souvent et dont, bien à coup sûr, Petit-Pierre avait tout le mérite. Mais aussi quelles sollicitudes il avait pour ces utiles animaux ! Il savait que les porcs n'aiment pas la malpropreté par nature et par goût, comme on le suppose trop généralement ; qu'ils ne sont sales, le plus souvent, que malgré eux, parce qu'on les laisse dans l'ordure ; qu'ils ne se vautrent dans la boue que faute de pouvoir se baigner dans l'eau claire, et que les porcelets craignent pardessus tout de coucher dans le fumier humide. Aussi tenait-il sa porcherie parfaitement nettoyée ; de plus, il avait établi dans un coin, avec quatre planches clouées sur un encadrement, une sorte de lit garni de fraîche litière, où la mère et les pIGNES se trouvaient toujours parfaitement à sec. Et Petit-Pierre faisait remarquer parfois aux visiteurs étonnés que tout le petit peuple, fallût-il s'occuper souvent, avait grand soin de ne pas salir jamais la couche commune. Ces simples précautions n'avaient rien de très difficile. Et pourtant Petit-Pierre avait raison grandement de croire que, sans elles, dans une mauvaise année, il aurait perdu comme les autres la moitié de ses jeunes cochonnettes. « Tous les voisins, disait-il à Jeannette en ramenant lentement sa petite troupe à la ferme, se plaignent de ne pas réussir cette année. C'est pourtant bien leur faute. Qu'ils fassent à ma manière, vous verrez si leurs cochonnettes meurent l'un après l'autre comme ça se voit chez eux tous les jours. « Ça rapporte de bon argent, les cochons, et ça produirait de bon fumier, si on savait le préparer comme il faut, en le mélangant tout frais avec les autres fumiers et quelques couches de terre. Après ça, pour réussir, en tout il y a de la peiné à prendre. Si le matin, quand j'ai mangé ma soupe, je me sauve tout de suite avant que les autres aient fini de déjeuner, il ne faut pas croire que j'aime moins que les autres la fricassée de pommes de terre et le fromage blanc : mais je sais que les cochons pâtureront mal si je laisse venir la grosse chaleur. Sortir les cochons de bonne heure, quand l'air est encore fraîch, et les moutons tard, quand la rosée a disparu, voilà le moyen de faire prospérer les cochons et les moutons. PREMIÈRE PARTIE. « Pour le troupeau, recommandez bien ça à votre père, demoiselle Jeannette; moi, on ne m'écoute pas assez : mais vous, votre père vous croira, et tout le monde obéira à votre père. Plus tard, pourvu qu'on ait suivi mon idée, si le malheur passe autour de nous, vous verrez qu'il nous épargnera, et vous pourrez dire : « Petit-Pierre a eu raison. » — On fera là-dessus comme vous le dites, Petit-Pierre, dit Jeannette avec autorité. Mais, par exemple, je ne comprends pas pourquoi, depuis qu'il fait chaud, vous vous amusez, en faisant un si grand détour, à faire passer vos cochons de l'autre côté du ruisseau avant leur repas du midi. Aujourd'hui encore, vous allez, je parie, forcer ces pauvres bêtes à traverser le ruisseau à la nage pour retrouver sur l'autre bord leur auge et leur manger. Si ça vous amuse de les voir nager comme ça, peut-être que cela ne les réjouit pas autant que vous. Ce n'est ni pour m'amuser ni pour les contrarier, demoiselle, dit Petit-Pierre en riant... Mais tenez, voilà les cochons du voisin Jean-Mathieu qui reviennent du pacage; vous verrez ce qu'ils feront en passant devant la mare au fumier. Voyez d'abord comme ils se grattent contre les arbres et les murs. Ah ! les voilà maintenant qui se couchent dans la boue. Ce qu'ils en font, c'est tout simplement pour se baigner, et, vous ne le croirez peut-être pas, pour se nettoyer. Ils ont bien réussi, n'est-ce pas? Les voilà couverts de fange; la fange en séchant sur eux, en collant sur leur peau, leur cause des démangeaisons insupportables ; et les pauvres bêtes ont cru se rafraîchir !... Eh bien! les miennes vont prendre leur bain frais dans l'eau claire. Mes porcelets sortiront de là blancs comme vos deux oies blanches ; et vous verrez ensuite de quel appétit ils vont dévorer leur pitance préparée à ma mode. — Que leur mettez-vous donc dans leur manger plus que ne font les autres? — Ça dépend du temps, ça dépend de leur âge et de leur santé. Quand les jeunes étaient tout petits, je mettais une pincée de soufre dans leur soupe au lait. Ça les prévient de plusieurs maladies, comme les chiens. Quand ils digèrent mal leur lait, on le coupe avec un peu d'eau tiède et on y mélange un œuf bien battu. Si la maladie dure trop longtemps, on leur fait avaler l'œuf seul, et sans le faire cuire; ou encore, on frotte le fond de leur auge avec de la craie rouge, ou encore on y met un peu d'amidon. Tous ces remèdes sont également bons pour les veaux, pour les agneaux, pour les porcelets et même pour les poulains. « Aujourd'hui qu'ils sont forts et bien portants, j'ajouterai tout bonnement quelques pincées de sel et de farine lorsqu'ils auront mangé presque toute leur pâtée, et ils achèveront ainsi avec avidité les restes qu'ils auraient rebutés et qui se trouveraient perdus. Pour leur dessert, j'irai chercher tous les débris de jardinage de la cuisine, débris de choux, de carottes, de salades, etc. Là-dessus ils iront dormir comme de gros sans-soucis bien repus. Plus tard, nous retournerons au trèfle. J'aurai bien soin de les tenir loin des vesces qui commencent à grainer, car la vesce en grain ne leur vaut rien. Mais en passant près des champs de féveroles, pendant qu'ils seront dans le chemin d'en bas, je cueillerai pour eux une bonne brassée de points de féves. Les petits cochons dévorent ça, et ça leur est très bon. Et les féves ainsi dépointées, en vivant de pousser toujours et de fleurir sans fin, graineront beaucoup mieux et plus également. Puis mes cochons rentreront pour souper et dormir, et recommencer demain, après demain, jusqu'à la foire. Voilà, demoiselle, comment il faut faire pour avoir des cochons qui font envie à tous les connaisseurs, et qui, à la foire, se vendent le double des autres du même âge. » Et Petit-Pierre ne méritait pas : la truie du père Martin, avec toute sa nichée, valait déjà près de cent francs ; et ça n'avait pas coûté grand chose, et on comprend qu'un porcher si zélé et si savant fût estimé presque autant qu'un vacher. XXIII. — Petit-Pierre ne néglige pas non plus le troupeau. Toutefois, Petit-Pierre, pour son compte, n'était pas complètement satisfait; ça l'humiliait un peu d'être et de rester toujours porcher comme les deux ou trois estropiés du village, lui qui gâtait si bien qu'il eût été parfaitement propre à de plus difficiles travaux. Enfin, bon gré mal gré, il lui fallait se résigner toujours à n'être que porcher. Mais si les produits réussissaient, ses brebis à lui et celles de Jeannette prospéraient deux fois encore. Il faut tout dire : Jeannette, quand elle se promenait aux champs, avait toujours dans sa poche un beau morceau de pain bis. Or, ce n'était pas, loin de là, pour d'autres brebis que les siennes, celles de Petit-Pierre ou les autres insignes irritantes, mais pas d'autres. Les autres recevaient une bonne tape sur le nez, quand elles accouraient pour mendier au trésor de pain. De son côté, Petit-Pierre avait pour ses belles bêtes et pour celles de Jeannette des attentions plus savantes; et son exemple prouvait encore ici à tout le monde combien l'étude et l'enseignement peuvent servir en toute chose. La prospérité, durant l'été, où par tout aux environs régna sur les morts une mortalité affreuse. La putréfaction, une mauvaise maladie des bêtes laitières qui, dans certains pays, détruit la vitalité des troupeaux, quelquefois davantage, ruina pour deux mois deux villages entiers. C'était précisément alors que les bêtes de Petit-Pierre se faisaient le plus remarquer par leur gaieté et leur belle apparence. C'est que Petit-Pierre avait, grâce aux livres qu'il avait lus, découvert un bon secret, que d'autres feront très bien de retenir. Lorsque sortait ses cochons il passait au bord des bois de pins, il s'occupait à cueillir autant qu'il le pouvait des baies de genouvette: PREMIERE PARTIE. il en avait ainsi toujours par avance une bonne provision; et chaque fois qu'on donnait du sel au troupeau (cela arrivait, suivant l'usage du pays, une fois tous les quinze jours), avec la farine d'orge et l'avoine en grain qu'on mêlait au sel dans leur auge, Petit-Pierre ajoutait par tête de mouton une bonne poignée de baies de genièvre. Mais plus généreux que Jeannette, et sentant qu'il devait aux intérêts de son maître les mêmes soins qu'à ses propres intérêts, il faisait participer le troupeau tout entier à sa distribution. De plus, quand la maladie dont nous avons parlé fut au plus fort de ses ravages, il conseilla à Jeannette d'obtenir la permission de son père pour que cette provende salutaire de sel mélangé de farine, d'avoine et de baies, fût donnée au troupeau tous les huit jours au moins, et qu'on y ajoutât encore un peu de tourteau ou pain d'huile concassé. Le père Martin laissa faire Petit-Pierre à sa guise, et il s'en trouva bien, puisque lui non plus ne perdit pas une seule tête de son troupeau. Toutefois, il faut croire qu'avec les préférences bien marquées de Jeannette pour les quatorze noires, celles-là se distinguaient toujours entre toutes les autres par leur beauté et leur gaieté. On les venait voir comme une curiosité de tout le voisinage, et le père Martin disait quelquefois : « Décidément, les miennes ne valent pas celles de ces enfants. Si on avait un troupeau tout entier comme les leurs, il y aurait vraiment plaisir. Il y aurait plaisir, honneur et profit. » Et Jeannette de lui dire alors, non sans fierté : « Père, c'est que vous ne vous y entendez peut-être pas autant que nous. ENFANCE DE PETIT-PIERRE. 45 — Bon, reprenait le père Martin, va-t-on vouloir m'apprendre mon métier? Vous en saurez tous plus que moi maintenant? — Eh! risquait Jeannette avec un aplomb assez narquois, on pourra bien finir par croire qu'il y a quelque chose de curieux ça. » XXIV.— Etienne, le troisième laboureur du père Martin. Et comme ledit Etienne se fit congédier. Cependant Petit-Pierre, je l'ai déjà dit, aurait bien voulu trouver occasion de montrer quelques nouveaux talents. Tandis que les laboureurs, marchant d'un pas lent et majestueux dans le champ voisin, couvraient habilement la semence, lui, piteusement planté au milieu du chemin, et tout en prodiguant à ses cochons la surveillance la plus assidue, regardait d'un oeil d'envie le dernier bouvier, qui conduisait une paire de jolis petits boeufs, bien roulés, bien souples et bien dociles; et notre ami Petit-Pierre, n'ayant mieux à faire, critiquait à part lui, et, nous devons bien le dire, critiquait sévèrement le travail de celui dont il enviait les hautes attributions. Je ferais, se disait-il à lui-même, je ferais certes une raye plus droite, plus nette et plus profonde que celle-là. Le fainéant! ajouta-t-il, comme si c'était trop pénible, quand sa charrue rencontre une pierre perdue, d'arracher cette pierre du milieu du sillon, au lieu d'en faire le tour!... fameux laboureur qu'a là le père Martin ! Ça garderait tout au plus les vaches, et ça laboure ou fait semblant, tandis que moi... je garde les cochons !» Toutefois, Petit-Pierre, qui n'était pas un mauvais camarade, se serait bien gardé de dire chose pareille à personne. Malheureusement pour Etienne (c'était le nom du troisième valet), malheureusement le père Martin pensait à son sujet à peu près comme Petit Pierre. Le père Martin avait déjà remarqué bien des fois que la planche de labour attaquée par Etienne était à peine égratignée par l'araire. Martin arriva tout à coup dans le champ, et trouvant le travail par trop négligé il s'en plaignit assez vertement. Etienne était très paresseux, mais il n'avait pas pour cela bon caractère. Il répondit assez mal à son maître, quoique, en ce temps-là, c'est-à-dire aux approches de la Noël, époque où se renouvellent les engagements des domestiques (en d'autres pays c'est à la Saint-Jean), quoique en ce temps-là, d'ordinaire, les plus mutins, ceux même dont on ne peut jouir au mois d'août, soient les plus gentils du monde, dociles et soumis comme de petits agneaux. Mais Etienne était pire que les autres : il ne fit point de soumission. Le père Martin s'échauffa la bile et finit par lui donner, sans façon, son congé pour l'heure même. Etienne détela ses bœufs et s'éloigna en faisant la mauvaise tête et mettant son chapeau sur le coin de l'oreille, d'un air on ne saurait plus crâne. Nous sommes forcé de dire que Petit Pierre, qui voyait tout cela, ne pouvait en être très profondément affligé. Etienne n'avait pas bon cœur, et lui avait joué plus d'un méchant tour. Il avait surtout cherché à exciter constamment contre le petit porcher la jalousie des autres valets. Petit Pierre était donc tout consolé. Le soir, Étienne voulut bien après souper demander indirectement son pardon, mais il y mit encore mauvaise grâce, et le père Martin tint à ne pas céder, pour l'exemple. Étienne dut partir le lendemain. Cependant le père Martin était très contrarié. En ce temps-là, les bras manquaient et la semaille presse, « Tout ça, dit-il à Jeannette en s'allant coucher, ça ne fait pas mes affaires; s'il faut aujourd'hui laisser une paire de bœufs à l'étable, me voilà bien avancé. Nous ensemencerons encore en décembre : vilain moment pour semer. » Petit-Pierre, qui par hasard, en sortant de la cuisine, entendit ce discours au passage, tira Jeannette par la manche et lui dit : « Demoiselle, dites donc au père qu'il me fasse labourer; je ne ferai jamais plus mal qu'Étienne. » Jeannette rattrapa son père pour lui faire la proposition. « Tu crois donc qu'il sait tout, dit le père Martin à sa fille, ton porcher, ton bêcheur, ton marchand de lentilles et ton acheteur de moutons ? Si petit homme savoir bien labourer, ça se voit peu, Jeannette ! Enfin nous pouvons essayer. » Le lendemain on appela Petit-Pierre dès le matin ; et on lui dit d'atteler les petits bœufs, s'il pouvait y atteindre, s'entend. Petit-Pierre la veille au soir n'avait pu s'endormir. tant il avait eu de joie et d'émotion en entendant la réponse du père Martin à Jeannette ; Petit-Pierre avait passé la moitié de sa nuit à se remettre en mémoire tout ce qu'il avait remarqué dans le travail des meilleurs laboureurs ; Petit-Pierre avait passé l'autre partie de cette même nuit à rêver qu'il conduisait, à quatre boeufs, la plus grande charrue du pays. Petit-Pierre était ainsi tout plein de son sujet. S'étant donc mis à l'œuvre, il se tira parfaitement à son honneur de ce premier pas difficile ; il lia ses boeufs avec un art irréprochable ; et le premier laboureur, après avoir inspecté son joug et ses courroies, déclara sentencieusement qu'il n'y avait rien à redire. Il s'agissait maintenant d'exécuter avec le même succès la besogne importante entre toutes, le labour. Jeannette et le père Martin suivirent les attelages au champ pour voir continuer l'expérience. Le cœur de Jeannette battait d'anxiété pour son protégé ; et elle faisait pour lui des vœux d'autant plus sincères, qu'elle avait, pour ainsi dire, garanti la réussite de cette épreuve. Mais, de son côté, Etienne partit, son paquet au bout d'un bâton, précisément au moment où Petit-Pierre achevait de lier ses boeufs. Il n'était pas content de se voir sitôt et si facilement remplacé, et il se promit de se venger du porcher de plus d'une manière. XXVI. — Petit-Pierre au labour. — Sa mésaventure. Étienne, prenant les devants, courut en toute hâte vers le champ qu'on labourait la veille. Là, après s'être assuré qu'il n'était vu de personne, il força violemment le manche de son araire, de manière que rien ne pût plus s'opposer droit ; puis, s'equitant d'une pierre, il lacéra et faussa complètement les régulateurs qui servaient à régler l'effriture; enfin, arrachant du bout de la lèvre l'aiguille d'argent (ilotige caudal qui sert au laboureur à diriger les boeufs) l'offensif aiguillon qui s'en trouvait, il le replaça par une grosse aiguille longue de ces régulateurs. Cela fait, il plongea l'araire à terre et jetant à tout à côté l'aiguillard d'or, comme si rien n'eût été laissé à sa place. La manipulation terminée de la sorte, il se sauva d'un pas feutré et se arrêta quand il eut atteint, à l'obélisque. Quelques arbres, d'où il pouvait tout observer sans être aperçu. Les boeufs et les laboureurs arrivés au charriage, Petit-Pierre, qui l'accompagnait, court à l'araire abandonné. Après avoir lestement attelé ses boeufs, il empoigna crânement et d'une main vigoureuse l'araire ; et, tout en traînant l'araire de moins en moins loin, notre petit homme le releva et le remit lui-même; puis, s'adressant aux boeufs, il voulut les mettre en marche au seul commandement de la parole. Les boeufs firent un demi-pas ; mais l'araire n'étant pas convenablement réglé, et le Me s'engageant à un travaillage plus profond que celui de ses labours ordinaires, l'attelage s'arrêta aussitôt. Pétrit-Pierre, qui se sentait regardé par le père Martin, par Jeannette surtout, et effacé par les autres bouviers qui continuaient à sourire; Pétrit-Pierre oubliait alors chatouiller intrépidement la coupe de ses œufs avec l'aiguille. Le premier œuf, à sa touchée d'un coup moins mesuré, et sentant l'aiguille qui lui pénétrait au moins d'un centimètre dans les chairs, partit avec un si violent effort, que le manche de l'araire échappa aux mains de notre petit homme et le renversa rudement. Les bouviers éclatèrent alors de leur plus gros rire, en demandant à Petit-Pierre s'il faudrait l'aider à se relever. Le père Martin se tourna vers Jeannette et lui dit : « Le petit a peut-être bonne volonté, mais il lui faut manger encore quelques soupes avant que j'en fasse mon premier laboureur. » Jeannette, très confuse, ne disait mot. Quant à Petit-Pierre, il se ramassa piteusement et courba la tête pour cacher deux larmes qui roulaient dans ses yeux, deux larmes de douleur bien moins que d'humiliation et de colère. Malgré les rires et malgré son désappointement, il ne se tint pourtant pas pour battu et voulut se remettre à la tâche. Il fit reculer ses bœufs, remit l'araire dans la raie, et eut bien soin de ne prendre d'abord qu'une faible épaisseur de labour. Mais au premier coup d'aiguillon, l'araire n'étant plus, cette fois, fixé profondément en terre, les bœufs partirent à grande allure, entraînant après eux l'instrument et le laboureur : et celui-ci, après avoir lâché le mancheron de la charrue, eut bien de la peine à arrêter ses bêtes en passant devant elles. Allons, allons, Petit-Pierre, dit le père Martin, il faudra songer à aller mettre aux champs ces pauvres cochons qui languissent certainement sans toi. D'ailleurs, de ce train-là, le temps de la moisson viendrait que nous n'aurions pas encore achevé la semaille. Et il lui tourna le dos pour aller ensemencer le sillon des autres laboureurs. Petit-Pierre ne répondit rien ; c'est qu'il n'avait vraiment rien à répondre. Il se tut, baissa les yeux et pleura sans qu'on s'en aperçût. Quelques minutes se passèrent ainsi, pendant lesquelles, personne n'ayant plus l'air de prendre garde à lui, il n'en restait pas moins fort embarrassé de lui-même; d'autant plus qu'il était arrivé un accident auquel nul autre que lui n'avait pris garde, mais qu'il avait parfaitement vu: grâce à ses essais, la pointe du soc, en portant par bout contre une pierre, s'était brisée tout net. « En voilà pour trois francs, se disait-il tout bas; c'est bien pis que de m'être fait mal comme la première fois. » Après s'être occupée pendant quelques instants de tout autre chose, du moins en apparence, Jeannette s'approcha de son protégé, toujours immobile et désespéré. « Petit-Pierre, lui dit-elle, vous m'aviez dit que vous saviez bien labourer : il aurait fallu ne pas mentir ! — Ah! je veux bien ne plus manger de pain de ma vie, demoiselle, je veux bien mourir à la minute, dit Petit-Pierre avec des sanglots dans la voix, je veux mourir si j'ai menti, allez ! — Comment ! vous savez labourer ? — Ah! certainement, tout aussi bien que je sais bêcher, vendre les lentilles et choisir les moutons, répondit-il en faisant allusion à ses triomphes passés. — Franchement, mon pauvre Petit-Pierre, franchement, vous ne savez donc rien ? chement, il y paraît, fit Jeannette d'un ton assez pincé; peut-être savez-vous bien la bourre, niais il faudra tout de même l'apprendre encore un peu. » Et elle s'éloigna, en se dirigeant du côté de son père, sans laisser savoir au pauvre garçon s'il y avait plus de pitié que de dédain dans ses paroles. XXVIII. — Grand chagrin de Petit-Pierre. Etienne, du fond de sa cachette, avait vu et même compris ce qu'il ne pouvait ignorer. Sa méchanceté triomphait sur tout ce qu'il avait pu espérer. Il s'éloigna content, tandis que Petit-Pierre, hors de la vue des gens, se prenait à pleurer tout de bon, en reconduisant à la maison ses boeufs effarouchés. Petit-Pierre retourna donc à ses cochons ; mais tout désolé qu'il fût des caprices du sort, de la fatale impatience des boeufs, de l'échec enfin qu'il avait éprouvé devant tant de monde, il se disait à part lui : « C'est pourtant vrai, bien vrai, c'est tout ce qu'il y a de plus vrai que je sais labourer! » Parlant ainsi, il fit sortir son petit troupeau de la loge à porcs, et le conduisit lentement, non loin du champ des semis, dans un chemin couvert. Là le pauvre garçon, qui ne pouvait être aperçu, s'arrêta pour contempler douloureusement le théâtre de sa honteuse défaite. Les grands laboureurs, le manche de l'araire à la main, semblaient manier un facile jouet et chantaient leur chanson monotone. Les grands boeufs marchaient d'un pas régulier, pleins de force et de massive docilité; les bons et robustes animaux paraissaient obéir sans résistance et sans fatigue à la moindre parole. Le père Martin, qui avait achevé de répandre la semence, regardait avec une véritable satisfaction le travail accompli. Jeannette enfin, assise sur un quartier de rocher tout au fond du labour, s'amusait à nourrir quelques briques de pain à de joyeuses bergeronnettes qui venaient becqueter leur pâture jusqu'au bout de leur soulier rustique. La terre, humide par les façons précédentes, noire et suffisamment humide, se mélangait commodément avec l'excellent fumier bien onctueux et bien gras qu'on ne lui avait pas épargné. Le soleil s'était levé, un beau soleil d'une belle journée d'automne. Les oiseaux jetaient leur plus beau cri de fête; les vaches des pâturages environnants s'appelaient de temps en temps entre elles; et quelque poulain attardé, rejoignant au galop sa paisible mère, poussait par intervalles son hennissement juvénile et rempli de gaieté. Tout cela était charmant et doux; cependant, dans cette joyeuse matinée, Petit-Pierre était de plus en plus triste à mesure que le temps marchait. Il prévoyait et redoutait les moqueries dont on ne manquerait pas de l'accabler au prochain repas ; ce fut donc avec un découragement profond qu'il revint vers midi à la ferme. Heureusement pour lui, la servante lui dit qu'il fallait aller au moulin prévenir le meunier qu'il eût à venir chercher du grain pour la mouture ; elle ajouta que il fallait y aller tout de suite, et que lui, Petit-Pierre, dînerait au retour. Petit-Pierre répondit qu'il n'avait pas faim, qu'un morceau de pain lui suffirait de reste; et pour n'avoir pas à rentrer de sitôt à la maison, il prit le morceau de pain, auquel la servante voulut bien ajouter une tranche de lard. Notre petit homme put éviter ainsi le plus cuisant ennui qu'il s'attendait à subir après sa déconvenue. Au retour, il se hâta encore de faire sortir ses cochons, et il regagna le chemin où il les faisait paître un instant avant de les conduire à leur trèfle. Il se donna d'abord la petite consolation d'admirer l'un après l'autre ses superbes porcelets. « Je n'ai pas eu partout et en tout le même malheur, pensait-il; si je n'ai pas réussi comme laboureur, au moins comme porcher personne n'eût beaucoup mieux fait, et dans tout le village, personne, certainement, n'a fait aussi bien. Où voit-on des cochons comme ça?... Pour le labour malheureusement, c'est une autre affaire. Comment, comment ça s'est-il fait? » Et comme en toute chose il aimait à trouver le pourquoi, il s'épuisait à chercher dans sa petite cervelle l'explication de sa mésaventure. C'était en vain; ça ne s'expliquait pas, ça ne se comprenait pas, ça ne pouvait véritablement pas se comprendre. « Si je n'avais jamais essayé auparavant, pensait-il, si je n'avais pas toujours bien observé, avec toute l'attention possible, comment font les laboureurs, les meilleurs, les plus habiles laboureurs ; si je n'avais pas tout étudié d'un bout à l'autre, depuis la main qui tient le manche, jusqu'aux pieds qui marchent dans le sillon, je croirais qu'il y a quelque chose que je ne sais pas ou que je ne peux pas faire... Mais c'est là, c'est bien là dans ma tête, disait-il en portant la main à son front : c'est comme si je labourais à l'instant même; rien n'y manque, ça ne peut pas ne pas aller... et cependant ça n'a pas été du tout... C'est manqué, c'est raté. Je vais passer pour un vantard et un menteur, et j'ai perdu trois francs par-dessus le marché. » En voyant passer à quelques pas les attelages des grands valets, il suivait d'un œil de regret et d'envie ces bœufs si patients, si bien dressés, qui ne faisaient point un pas plus rapide que l'autre et il se disait encore en lui-même : « Ah ! si j'avais eu ceux-là, comme je m'en serais tiré ! » Le pauvre garçon ne se doutait pas que son infortune avait été habilement et très méchamment préparée; il ne se doutait pas que bien d'autres, à sa place, auraient échoué comme lui. XXX. — Où l'on voit que Petit-Pierre ne se décourageait pas facilement. Quand vint l'heure du goûter, les laboureurs, sans dételer, quittèrent un moment l'ouvrage et allèrent s'asseoir au-dessous du champ, sur le bord d'un chemin creux opposé à celui où se cachait Petit-Pierre. Un grand orme avait ombragé le talus gazonné, et une source jaillissante à côté; c'était là que les robustes travailleurs venaient boire un bon coup de bonne eau claire, en mangeant le pain bis de leur goûter. En ce moment, Petit-Pierre n'y put tenir, il sauta dans le champ, courut à l'attelage du premier valet, saisit l'araire d'une main, un épais araire de dix fois lourd comme celui d'Etienne, empoigna de l'autre main la longue gaffe à piquer les boeufs et fit timidement cet appel de la langue, ce bruit indescriptible gracieux écrit, à l'aide duquel les laboureurs mettent les animaux en marche. Les boeufs marchèrent à merveille, et Petit-Pierre eut la joie de voir s'ouvrir sous le soc, qu'il dirigeait le plus parfaitement du monde, une raie de labour plus nette, plus correcte et plus droite, que celle commencée un instant ayant par le grand valet, qui passait cependant pour le meilleur laboureur de Fontanes. Après avoir fait une raie presque entière, il s'esquiva sans bruit, content comme on peut le croire et tout à fait réconcilié, au moins avec lui-même. Mais cela ne lui pouvait suffire; il réfléchit de nouveau, tourna et retourna cent fois ses idées dans sa petite cervelle; se cassant la tête dans le but de découvrir pourquoi les boeufs d'Etienne, pourquoi l'araire d'Etienne avaient de si détestables caprices et ne voulaient pas marcher droit. Ne devinant pas encore complètement la vérité, il n'eut pas la pensée d'aller examiner l'instrument, mais il se dit à part lui : « Ces bœufs ont été malmenés, surmenés, effarouchés d'une manière quelconque, c'est sûr, tout à fait sûr. » Le soir à souper, quand on voulut le guillotiner un peu sur sa mésaventure, il avait déjà repris toute sa assurance. Et le premier valet lui ayant demandé s'il se chargeait à lui tout seul d'achever le labourage au champ dans une année : « Bon Dieu, répondit-il, vous pouvez rire, vous et les autres; il n'y a peut-être pas tant pas de quoi, autant que vous croyez bien. D'ailleurs, ce n'est vraiment pas malin de travailler avec vos bœufs, à vous. Des bœufs qui laboureraient tout seuls, des bœufs sans méchanceté, et si dociles, que le jour où la demoiselle voudra passer derrière et leur dire d'aller, même sans qu'elle ait besoin de toucher au manche de l'araire, ils feront leur guéret tout aussi bien qu'avec vous. — Tu as plus de langue ce soir que ce matin, fit le valet. — Bah ! vous n'auriez peut-être pas non plus beaucoup de gloire, s'il vous fallait lier les petits bœufs et aller finir vous-même le sillon d'Etienne. » Le père Martin, Jeannette elle-même avec tout le monde furent choqués de la présomption du petit homme; et comme tout le monde, alors, était aise qu'il en eût l'affront bien complet, il fut entendu que le lendemain Petit-Pierre recommencerait la tentative avec les grands bœufs. Là-dessus Petit-Pierre s'alla coucher, après avoir retrouvé sa confiance en lui-même, son courage et sa volonté; seulement, au moment de s'endormir, il repassa attentivement dans son esprit toutes les précautions qu'il croyait bon de prendre quand il se remettrait au labour, comme d'examiner avec soin, avant d'entrer dans le guéret, si les boeufs n'auraient rien qui pût les gêner sous le joug, si l'araire était convenablement réglé, si l'aiguillon de l'aiguillade serait assez long et assez pointu et ne serait ni trop pointu ni trop long. Après toutes ces réflexions, il ferma les yeux et fit, comme la maison tout entière, un bon sommeil. ENFANCE DE PETIT-PIERRE. XXXI. — On découvre la malice et les hauts faits d'Etienne. Triomphe de Petit-Pierre au labour. Le lendemain donc, Petit-Pierre conduisit les grands boeufs au champ; et pour ne pas rester oisif, le premier laboureur mena les petits boeufs. Le père Martin et Jeannette suivirent encore. Petit-Pierre, arrivé avant tous, attela ses bêtes, fit une rapide mais attentive inspection de tout l'attelage, souleva l'araire hors du guéret, l'examina de même, très-promptement, dans toutes ses parties, et fit enfin tout ce qu'il avait eu le tort de ne pas faire la veille, en prenant l'attirail laissé par Etienne. Satisfait de son double examen, il mit ses boeufs en marche et les dirigea avec un plein succès jusqu'au bout du sillon. En se retournant, il vit avec joie qu'il venait de faire une raie de labour complètement irréprochable, et que tout le monde applaudissait avec quelque surprise à ce succès de l'apprenti laboureur. Le premier valet, qui s'était arrêté à regarder un moment, n'attela qu'après les autres, et les autres se mirent aussi à le regarder faire.
| 31,068 |
https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1193
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Christian Rau, Gwilym Meyrick, Logan M, Madara's Ghost, Torisuda, hash, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/1908, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2176, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/24, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/27, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/3470, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/3471, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/3472, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/7579, https://anime.meta.stackexchange.com/users/8527, senshin, spiel, user541686
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,084 | 5,721 |
Do identification-request questions attract users that don't contribute to the site?
Krazer's post from July 2014 about identification requests asked the following question:
Do [identification-request questions] attract so-called "help vampires" that plague much of the Stack Exchange network of sites (especially Stack Overflow)?
That is, do identification-request questions attract users to the site that consume the time of answerers, while not contributing back to the site?
It sure looks like they do!
Here are some data about participation of users whose first post (meaning "question or answer", i.e. comments ignored) on the site was...
...an identification-request question: data for "category 1"
...in naruto, bleach, one-piece, or fullmetal-alchemist (these four tags together have about as many questions as identification-request, though significantly fewer users): data for "category 2"
...any question: data for "category 3"
All of these exclude users who created their accounts less than 4 weeks before the latest data dump was imported to SEDE, as well as users who created their accounts during the site's private beta.
Consider the following summary statistics:
╔══════╦════════════════════════╦═════════════════════╦═════════════════════════════╗
║ ║ Asked other questions? ║ Posted any answers? ║ Commented on non-own posts? ║
╠══════╬════════════════════════╬═════════════════════╬═════════════════════════════╣
║ cat1 ║ 42 -> 8% ║ 45 -> 8% ║ 161 -> 30% ║
║ cat2 ║ 53 -> 39% ║ 33 -> 24% ║ 69 -> 51% ║
║ cat3 ║ 184 -> 19% ║ 153 -> 16% ║ 367 -> 37% ║
╚══════╩════════════════════════╩═════════════════════╩═════════════════════════════╝
It comes as no surprise that category 1 users (people whose first post was an id-request question) contribute less to the site in aggregate than category 2 users (people whose first post was a big-3 or FMA question) or category 3 users (people whose first post was a question of any kind).
Data becomes very sparse as you look for more fine-grained statistics (since we're still a small site), but a glance at the histograms for the various columns in the SEDE queries universally has the right tail being meatier for categories 2 and 3 than for category 1, indicating, again, that category 1 users are (on average) more vampiric.
I will now take a moment to reiterate all the reasons I'm aware of that we should ban identification-request questions:
They do not make the site interesting and bore the site's users.
Voters don't like these questions, as evidence by the low score of identification-request questions relative to questions on other popular tags (sort by "# Ans" to see this more clearly). [On SF&F: same deal.]
Many of these questions go unanswered - they're zombies. [On SF&F: even worse.]
Fully 20% of the questions on this site are now identification-request questions - and this trend is accelerating! (Why is this bad? A superabundance of questions on any one topic makes a site unpalatable to users who don't like that topic. Would you enjoy Stack Overflow if it was brimming with COBOL questions?) [On SF&F: the fraction of identification requests increased for a while but then leveled off.]
32% of identification requests that received an answer within 24 hours have no response from the OP (in the form of a comment or accepted answer). The corresponding figure for the site as a whole is 17%. For the site minus ID requests, it's just 13%. [On SF&F: 27% for ID requests; 14% for the site as a whole]
Lots of identification requests have been showing up in the Hot Network Questions sidebar lately. This is bad, because this makes our site look dumb to users on other sites in the SE network. (Unfortunately, this is anecdotal, because I don't have data about what has being showing up in HNQs lately. I know Logan was keeping track of this stuff at some point in the past - maybe he still is?)
Many identification-request questions are tantamount to "can you read my mind?", or worse, "can you read the mind of my friend, on behalf of whom I'm asking this question for some bizarre and utterly incomprehensible reason?". Christ. Arqade has banned "game-identification" questions that lack an audiovisual artifact. They've been doing this longer than we have. I think they know what they're doing. (Comparisons to Movies.SE would be helpful, but running similar tag-based analyses there is unfortunately intractable because of the absurd amount of meta-tags they have.)
Despite there now being a popup thing that tells you to try reverse image searching, some people just aren't doing that (one, two, three). Yes, some of these will end up only giving you Japanese or Chinese results, which the OP may not be able to read, but quite frankly, if you really care what an image is, I expect you to at least run it through Google Translate and see what that tells you (i.e. I basically subscribe to the Jeff Atwood school of thought: posting on Stack Exchange should be what you do after you've exhausted every other option available to you). What this tells me is that allowing identification requests is attracting lazy people to the site, and we don't want lazy people.
Identification requests generally don't get very many views (despite prurient identification requests yielding large positive outliers, as I point out further below): out of 61 tags with at least 10 questions, identification-request questions are the 7th-least-viewed in aggregate on a per-question basis. (This assumes that a question with V views tagged with A and B adds V to the total view count for both A and B. This is imperfect, but I'm not sure what works better.) Alone, this is no argument (we don't want to get rid of nanoha, after all), but seriously, these questions aren't (and by nature, cannot be) helpful to future viewers. If they were, they'd be viewing them!
Other things that peeve me about identification requests:
We have a steady stream of people posting things that are just vaguely anime-style that we end up having to trace back to some rando's original art on pixiv. Super-useful, right?
Most of our highly-viewed identification requests appeal to a rather prurient interest. 6 of the top 10 strike me as prurient:
https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/9587 - seems prurient
https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/13867 - prurient
https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/6045 - jesus christ guys
What is the name of the anime this pink-haired girl is from? - prurient
Manga/Anime of two female secret/military agents featuring countless upskirt moments - prurient
https://anime.stackexchange.com/questions/6191 - oh heavens above
I don't understand why you are comparing us to sites like SO with very different scope and needs. If you compare us to Scifi or Movies & TV you'll see that our rate of identification questions is pretty normal (actually much lower than Movies & TV's), and those sites seem like much more reasonable goals to aspire to than just blindly trying to follow SO logic. But your examples are examples of another issue which I intend to bring up in the next day or two with many questions and why the current guidelines are flawed.
@LoganM There are only two references to SO in there - (1) Krazer's question from the previous post; and (2) a throwaway remark about COBOL. I would think that regarding (1), help vampires are universally undesirable; and regarding (2), the point could just as well be made about any site - a lack of diverse content is boring. I didn't think to look at SF&F; I'll update this with some statistics from over there for comparison.
The entire concept of "help vampire" is SO-specific jargon that means nothing unless you view SE in that lens.
@LoganM Sure, it's a phenomenon that is obviously most prevalent on SO, but the notion predates Stack Overflow and can be a feature of any internet community that provides "help". If you'd prefer, this could just as well read "Do identification-request questions attract users who don't contribute to the site?".
I guess we're debating semantics at this point. I'm fine with saying that identification requests will attract users who don't contribute as much as other users on average, but I don't have any problem with such users coming and going as they choose. The term "help vampire" to me implies a negative connotation, as well as the idea that the person consistently produces low-quality questions which aren't useful to anyone else, and that such users are not desirable. That isn't what I see from these users, or even how I view our role here.
@LoganM Sure, that's a fair point of view (though I disagree with it). I've reworded the title to explicitly describe the kind of users we're talking about here rather than calling them "help vampires".
If prurient id requests get the most views, we should just ban non-prurient id requests.
I, coming from a site that is also flooded with this shit, have another reason in addition to the very good ones you already have: They are not improvable by the community. Whenever a new user, who might not be the best asker yet, posts a question, it can always be improved to a better state by anyone in the community, as long as the general idea of the question is clear. But with ID questions this is just not possible, except for grammar and spelling stuff. You can't ever improve the content of the question without the original asker, and let's face it, they'll usually not do it themselves.
I've noticed a trend among regular Stack Overflow users which, as someone who doesn't use SO, is frankly bizarre. SO users tend to think of SO (and by extension all SE sites) as a battleground between "good questions" and "help vampire questions". They think the people asking for help are lowering the quality of the site, and will ultimately lead to the site being unusable, by good questions not getting the spotlight they deserve.
That may be the case on SO, but there is no battleground here. Questions are not starved for attention. We only get around 10 questions per day, and many of these are seen by the regular users here. Even questions with low view counts still typically get to around 100, and nearly 1/6 of all our questions have passed 1000 views. I have no trouble reading all of them except a few series I don't follow. Of all the sites in the network we could become, SO is number 1 on my list of SE sites I hope we don't become like. This is a recreational site about several media of entertainment. If we take ourselves as seriously as SO, it would simply not be fun, and there's no point to this site if it isn't any fun. The problems they face there, with not enough users to answer all the questions (even the well-written ones) are problems which I would just give up on if they were here, and I'm someone who is rather dedicated to this site. I have a hard time believing we'll ever be much like SO, or that it would be a good thing for us to try to be. So to me, the idea that people who aren't "contributing" and "only" ask one question is very strange: that question is already a contribution!
More to the point though, that's really what we're here for: to help people with questions about anime. That's in fact the only reason we're here. There are no "help vampires". There are people who want answers to questions about anime. Some of them ask questions well, and some poorly, but we ideally want all of them to get their answers here, and in the exceptionally poor cases we'll send it back to the OP saying that the question needs work and hopefully offering constructive criticism. If the user sticks around, that's great, but they are definitely not under any obligation or anything of the sort, and we shouldn't count them as bad if they don't feel like sticking around.
Your analysis shows that users whose first questions are identification-request questions post fewer posts on average than the site. I don't see why that's a problem. We're a question and answer site. There can't be answers without questions. Each question is fundamentally keeping this site just a little bit more alive and active. If a user only feels like asking one question and gets their answer here, that's still a net positive for us. Sure, I'd love it if everyone stuck around, but not everyone particularly wants to. If the only way we can help them is by identifying an anime for them, that's still something.
And ID requests are helping people, whether or not you like it. For one, when we answer them correctly (which is not all that much less often than the site average), we help the OP. In addition, I (and several other regular users) have found them useful for purposes other than the OP's original one, e.g. to discover new series I was not aware of. This is extremely rare outside identification-request, but not uncommon while browsing it. You may say that "this isn't what the question was for", but you can't deny that it's still a helpful source.
It's not unheard of for identification requests to actually get a significant number of hits, presumably by people looking for the same series. Look at Anime with a little red haired character who pilots a racing pod or Where is "See you Space Cowboy" from? for two examples. Yes, this is rarer than for other tags, if by "other tags" we mean mostly things like anime-production and naruto. But if you look at questions on tags with only a few uses (e.g. obscure manga series from decades ago) I think you'd be hard-pressed to claim the situation a whole lot worse there.
The really big sin of identification-request is that they're grouped in a way that makes it easy to think there's something wrong and target specifically. It's a big tag without the following and compiled knowledge-base of a big-name series. If you look at the tag alone, it looks huge. It has more questions than naruto. And it has a lower answer rate than any of naruto, bleach, one-piece, and fullmetal-alchemist. Wow, it must be terrible, right? No, in fact, the identification-request's 87.1% answer rate is almost the same as the site-wide rate of 87.5%. The oddballs here are the mega-popular series which have a combined 98.7% answer rate.
But identification questions are generally about pretty obscure stuff, so it only makes sense that the answer rate would be similar to the more obscure stuff which is more representative of our site as a whole than those few extraordinary tags. We aren't going to get 20% of our incoming identification requests looking for Naruto, Bleach, One Piece, or FMA no matter what we do, so the less popular series are over-represented in the tag. Relative to our site-wide stats identification requests are pretty much average in terms of answer ratio, but it's hard to identify or target the other "problematic" questions because they're not yet statistically significant or worth the effort. Likewise, the views on most identification requests aren't stellar, but they're only particularly bad when you compare them to other big tags; if you look at the site in full they're not terrible, though admittedly below average (but still above what a question would get on SO). Much the same story holds for the scores in the tag. identification-request looks like a bundle of really bad questions when compared to the likes of naruto, but it's more of a bundle of fairly average questions compared to the site as a whole, and removing it doesn't really help our average stats appreciably.
Moreover, deciding whether or not a topic is a good fit based on this kind of statistical analysis seems profoundly backwards to me. Statistics like traffic are only useful for understanding trends in the absence of any major changes to the site. If we keep the policy and enforcement the same, an improvement in answer rate is a good thing. But it's a good thing because it means we're helping more people. Changing the policy simply because this stat will improve isn't helping more people, it's trying to game the stats. We should be thinking about in what way we can help the most people, and to me, none of the arguments I've heard presented here or anywhere else are convincing that the answer isn't to "allow good questions, both on identification and on other topics".
Now, with all that said, I do agree that there's a limited (but perhaps growing) problem, not with identification requests as a whole, but specifically with unanswerable identification requests, and a seeming inability to separate these from the acceptable ones via voting and/or closing. This is a real problem and in my mind requires some action. Some questions tagged identification-request are just a dump of a couple random disjoint plot points that aren't even memorable, and the OP expects us to read their mind. Even if users here know the series which is being asked about (which we probably do in many cases), we wouldn't be able to answer it. That is a problem, and frankly, our existing criteria don't cut it when it comes to doing this. Quite often a question will get by on a technicality when I actually check these. Other times, a perfectly answerable question (e.g. one containing a complete plot summary of a unique series) nonetheless doesn't technically fit.
I've thought a lot about this over the past month or so and have a fairly concrete proposal for a modification to the guidelines which I think will alleviate a lot of this. I'm intending to post this proposal in the very near future (to spoil it a bit, it's a modification of my earlier proposal at What kind of policy should we adopt for current and future "identification-request" questions with no audiovisual artefacts? from before we had any concrete guidelines, adapted and simplified to make it easy to decide). It also fixes much of the issue of repetitive/non-descriptive titles. I've been testing this for some time now and I found that in about 90% of cases I could immediately determine in seconds if a question was good or if it needed more detail. My intent is to post this suggestion in the next day or two if there are no major delays.
I really enjoy reading you walls of texts. You may have changed my mind, if even for a bit, regarding these types of questions. I'm looking forward to reading your proposed revision to the id request criteria.
So, the reason I pointed out those various statistics is not because I think they are, in and of themselves, reasons to do away with ID requests. Rather, they are proxies for factors like user opinions (votes - "do I like this content?") and external usefulness (views - "do other people have a use for this content?"). What I'm getting at is that it's those factors that suggest we may ought to change our treatment of ID requests. Like you, I don't see gaming site statistics as a useful goal.
Aside: in the particular case of the "See you space cowboy" question, the reason that has a lot of views is almost certainly that it was in HNQs for a while (i.e. the source probably isn't search engines, but rather users on other SE sites that have seen or are aware of Cowboy Bebop).
I agree that we'll never have SO-scale problems, and I agree it's inconceivable that bad questions (of any kind, ID request or not) could become so prevalent as to completely stonewall the answering of good questions (as has come close to happening on SO at times). Nonetheless, answerer time and energy are limited resources. This site is certainly not done growing, and there could come a point where bad questions do become an obstacle to the answering of good questions. This is a problem that I believe is best nipped in the bud. (But +1; I look forward to reading your proposal.)
I feel conflicted about ID requests. At the time Krazer made the referenced post, I was still new to the site and thought it was a little harsh to talk about getting rid of them altogether. But hours of chasing wild geese and trying to squeeze blood from stones for the benefit of hit-and-run questioners who won't even accept an answer afterwards has changed my mind a little.
If I have a definite idea of what series the OP is thinking of, I don't mind answering an ID request, but there are many, many times when the question is impossible to answer, because, as senshin says, it's "tantamount to 'can you read my mind?', or worse, 'can you read the mind of my friend, on behalf of whom I'm asking this question for some bizarre and utterly incomprehensible reason?'". If, like me, you're not very bright, you might go spend time doing the OP's research for them and come up with nothing, because you have no idea what you're actually looking for. When I did my own research to find the incredibly obscure series Chiisana Obake Acchi, Kocchi, Socchi that I'd seen when I was five and only remembered fragments of, I had a pretty good idea when I'd found it, because what I found triggered more memories and fit with my recollections. But I didn't have that when I was searching for a series on someone else's behalf; this essentially made it impossible for me to find the series. Questions whose answers can't be found don't contribute anything.
I'm also pretty fed up with what senshin calls "a steady stream of people posting things that are just vaguely anime-style that we end up having to trace back to some rando's original art on pixiv", or even worse, things like this question. That doll doesn't look even vaguely anime-related to me, and when I asked why the OP thought it did, no response. Answering these questions doesn't require anime knowledge; it requires Google gymnastics and lots of spare time. And the answer is not likely to be worth much to anyone later.
On the other hand, I think Logan M. makes a lot of good points about why ID requests aren't a problem. I'd add that questions looking for a series, when they're well answered and aren't left dangling (as they so often are), have a somewhat subversive side benefit—they can introduce readers to new series. I've tried a few new series because an ID request looking for it caught my eye. So in that way, I suppose these users are contributing the site, albeit very very indirectly. And certainly, as Logan M. says, "identification questions are generally about pretty obscure stuff, so it only makes sense that the answer rate would be similar to the more obscure stuff which is more representative of our site as a whole", and I'm the last person who would want to limit questions about obscure series on the site just because there's a good chance the questions won't be answered. After all, I am the one who asked questions about Hanayamata, Reset!, Bungaku Shoujo, and Zaregoto, even though I was pretty sure no one on the site would be able to answer them. And on SO, while I don't read COBOL questions, I do rely on the community of Clojure experts who post answers about that relatively obscure language. So in another sense, these users are contributing by broadening the focus of our community beyond just Naruto, Bleach, and One Piece. Still, I have to admit that these hit-and-run questioners who show up, ask one bad question, and disappear, bother me.
One final note, about the prurient ID requests: this is likely something our community will have to address in the future in a larger way. While not all anime appeals to prurient interests, it does seem that anime deals with sex and romance more often and more pruriently than is typical in the works that SFF.SE and Movies.SE cover. The anime fandom is the fandom that made up terms like "trap", "shimapan", and "lolicon", along with entire specialized vocabularies for describing fictional homosexual relationships designed for the titillation of heterosexual readers of the opposite sex from the characters (yaoi, yuri, uke, seme, etc.). We will likely have to deal with this in a more proactive way than SFF or Movies if we want to keep things fairly clean, and ID requests, since they're so popular with new users, could be ground zero for this issue.
| 41,469 |
2364340_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,013 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,663 | 2,309 |
409 F. Supp. 1240 (1976)
Walter J. MEYER, Plaintiff,
v.
Louis J. FRANK, Commissioner of Police, Nassau County Police Department, and Christopher Quinn, Trial Commissioner and Inspector, Nassau County Police Department, Defendants.
Robert J. CULLINAN, Plaintiff,
v.
Louis J. FRANK, Commissioner of Police, Nassau County Police Department, and Christopher Quinn, Trial Commissioner and Inspector, Nassau County Police Department, Defendants.
Nos. 75-C-898, 75-C-1446.
United States District Court, E. D. New York.
March 11, 1976.
David B. Ampel, for plaintiff Meyer; Ira Leitel, New York City, of counsel.
William F. Hanahan, Bellemore, for plaintiff Cullinan.
John F. O'Shaughnessy, County Atty. of Nassau County, for defendants; James Gallagher, New York City, of counsel.
*1241 MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
COSTANTINO, District Judge.
The motions to dismiss in the two above named cases involve identical legal issues. Since the underlying facts are likewise identical, both motions are considered in this opinion.
Before examining the legal issues involved, a brief recitation of the facts is necessary. Messrs. Cullinan and Meyer were long-standing members of the Nassau County Police Department when, in 1970, a Nassau Grand Jury indicted them both for attempted grand larceny in the first degree. Both men pled not guilty.
On the day of indictment both Cullinan and Meyer were suspended from the police department without pay; subsequently, on July 2, 1970, both men were charged by the department with violations of department regulations. They both entered not guilty pleas in this civil proceeding.
A departmental trial scheduled for November 30, 1970 was adjourned several times until April 22, 1971. On that date, plaintiffs' requests for a further adjournment were denied and the departmental trial commenced.
On advice of counsel, both men appeared without counsel and refused to testify on their own behalf. Defendant Quinn, who was the trial examiner, found them guilty of the charges. On June 4, 1971 defendant Frank ordered that they be dismissed from the force.
In January 1972, the criminal case went to trial. On January 14, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty as to both men.
Both of the plaintiffs herein brought Article 78 proceedings in the state court seeking to set aside their removal on the grounds that they were denied their right to counsel in the administrative hearing. The Article 78 proceedings were dismissed by the New York State Supreme Court, Nassau County, in August 1971. The Appellate Division, 2d Department affirmed in October 1973 and in May 1973 Cullinan was denied leave to appeal by the Court of Appeals.[1] Later, both plaintiffs petitioned defendant Frank to reconsider his order of dismissal. Reconsideration was denied. Both the New York State Supreme Court and the Appellate Division affirmed the denial of reconsideration.
Plaintiffs filed these actions alleging jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) and 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985. Meyer's suit was commenced by service of summons and complaint on June 10, 1975. Cullinan's summons and complaint were served on September 5, 1975. The gravamen of plaintiffs' complaints is that the departmental trial violated their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and their Fourteenth Amendment right to due process of law.
Defendants Frank and Quinn have moved to dismiss the complaints on various grounds. Since this court agrees that the action is barred by the statute of limitations, the other grounds need not be considered.
In determining the timeliness of an action brought under the Civil Rights Act, the federal court borrows the most analogous state statute of limitations. Swan v. Board of Higher Education, 319 F.2d 56 (2d Cir. 1963); see O'Sullivan v. Felix, 233 U.S. 318, 34 S. Ct. 596, 58 L. Ed. 980 (1914). The three-year statute of limitations prescribed by New York CPLR § 214(2) (McKinney's 1963) is the most appropriate state statute for the cases at bar. See Ortiz v. LaVallee, 442 F.2d 912, 914 (2d Cir. 1971).
Since plaintiffs were dismissed from the Police Department in June of 1971 there is no question that, absent a tolling of the statute, these actions would be barred by the statute of limitations. Plaintiffs rely on Kaiser v. Cahn, 510 F.2d 282 (2d Cir. 1974) and Mizell v. North Broward Hospital District, 427 F.2d 468 (5th Cir. 1970), reh. en banc den. (1970), in arguing that the statute was, or should have been, tolled by *1242 bringing the state court action, and that it did not begin to run again until mid 1973 when leave to appeal to the Court of Appeals was denied.
Nothing in Kaiser compels a decision that the statute should be tolled by the state court action. Mizell did not explicitly rule on the question of whether the statute of limitations therein should have been tolled, but merely remanded to the district court for reconsideration of that question in light of the federal policies involved.
The Mizell approach has been criticized and sharply limited by other courts, see e. g., both the District Court and Court of Appeals decisions in Ammlung v. City of Chester, 355 F. Supp. 1300 (E.D.Pa. 1973); aff'd 494 F.2d 811 (3d Cir. 1974). Moreover, in Blair v. Page Aircraft Maintenance, 467 F.2d 815 (5th Cir. 1972), Judge Tuttle, who wrote the majority opinion in Mizell, stated that the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals have overruled Mizell sub silentio by failure to consider its application to the facts in Blair, 467 F.2d at 821 (Tuttle, J., dissenting). It is not necessary, however, to determine to what extent Mizell has been overruled by Blair or limited by Ammlung because the Supreme Court has recently set forth guidelines to be considered in determining whether federal courts should fashion a tolling provision when dealing with a state statute of limitations. Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, 421 U.S. 454, 95 S. Ct. 1716, 44 L. Ed. 2d 295 (1975).
In Railway Express, plaintiff argued that the state statute of limitations, applicable to his § 1981 claim, should have been tolled by his timely filing of an employment discrimination charge based on the same facts with the Equal Opportunity Commission. The Court began its analysis with the proposition that although federal policy considerations may sometimes overrule inconsistent state statutes of limitation, federal courts generally should rely on the state's "wisdom" as to time limitations and tolling periods. 421 U.S. 464-65, 95 S.Ct. at 1722, 44 L. Ed. 2d at 304. The Court expressly noted, however, that the filing of a Title VII claim was not a prerequisite to bringing a § 1981 action, and that the two avenues of relief were independent, 421 U.S. at 460, 95 S.Ct. at 1720, 44 L. Ed. 2d at 301. Johnson (the plaintiff in that case) could have filed his § 1981 action at any time after his cause of action had accrued; had he done so he could then have asked that the § 1981 proceedings be stayed until the Title VII claim was determined. 421 U.S. at 465-66, 95 S.Ct. at 1722, 44 L. Ed. 2d at 304. Accordingly, the court found no persuasive federal policy requiring that the statute be tolled, and therefore held that the action was barred by the statute of limitations.
The analysis in Railway Express leads to a similar conclusion in the cases at bar. In interpreting the Civil Rights Act, the Supreme Court has pointed out that
[t]he federal remedy is supplementary to the state remedy, and the latter need not be first sought and refused before the federal one is invoked. Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167, 183, 81 S. Ct. 473, 482, 5 L. Ed. 2d 492, 503 (1961).
Furthermore, an adverse decision in state court is not necessarily a bar to the federal suit. Lombard v. Bd. of Education, 502 F.2d 631 (2d Cir. 1974). In Lombard, plaintiff raised issues of statutory construction in the state court and then sought to raise constitutional issues in the federal court. In holding that the federal suit was not barred by the doctrines of res judicata or collateral estoppel, the court of Appeals said:
Here, even if we would like to put all the issues in the same court, we are better off not to compel the plaintiff to seek constitutional redress in the state court or statutory construction in the federal court [citations omitted].
*1243 That is what we think choice of forum means in Civil Rights Act cases.
502 F.2d at 636.[2]
Under Lombard, plaintiffs' right to bring these claims at all, is directly dependent upon a finding that the claim advanced in state court was different from the claim advanced in federal court. If, however, the claims are different and alternative to each other, then the reasoning in Railway Express must control. As was true in Railway Express, plaintiffs could have filed their suits at any time after the cause of action accrued. By failing to do so, they, like the plaintiff in Railway Express have "slept" on their rights.
In Railway Express, the Supreme Court adopted a narrow view of the impact of that case on federal policies. 421 U.S. at 467, fn. 13, 95 S. Ct. at 1723, 44 L.Ed.2d at 305. Whether the impact of the cases at bar is viewed narrowly or broadly, no federal policy persuades this court that the statute of limitations should be tolled under these circumstances.
Accordingly, the motions to dismiss are granted.
NOTES
[1] The Court of Appeals denied Meyer leave to appeal in July 1973.
[2] The cases at bar are clearly distinguishable from Lombard in that here plaintiffs have raised one constitutional issue (right to be represented by counsel) in state court and now seek to raise two other constitutional issues (right against self incrimination and right not to be deprived of their calling without due process of law) in federal court. For purposes of determining whether the suit is time barred, it will be assumed that plaintiffs may validly raise these claims in federal court; nevertheless, it must be noted that plaintiffs are arguably seeking two bites at the "cherry." Lombard, supra at 637.
| 1,593 |
https://github.com/dvt32/cpp-journey/blob/master/SQL/HackerRank/Weather Observation Station 7.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
cpp-journey
|
dvt32
|
SQL
|
Code
| 15 | 53 |
# https://www.hackerrank.com/challenges/weather-observation-station-7
SELECT DISTINCT CITY
FROM STATION
WHERE CITY REGEXP '[a, e, i, o, u]$';
| 20,010 |
https://github.com/timmytimj/anet/blob/master/src/main/java/mil/dds/anet/beans/RelatableObject.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
anet
|
timmytimj
|
Java
|
Code
| 15 | 63 |
package mil.dds.anet.beans;
import io.leangen.graphql.annotations.types.GraphQLUnion;
@GraphQLUnion(name = "RelatableObject", possibleTypeAutoDiscovery = true)
public interface RelatableObject {
}
| 10,149 |
sn83045462_1893-11-20_1_5_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,470 | 9,125 |
REVOLUTION! Net to the end, erai. eau..uia. bet right here to Washington. It became armly two years ago and served as the most valuable part of the government time, thereby yet giving the old age. The new "newstag mover me bestwa. The no "st RNE BEADY-MADE CLOTHING At $3 per week and expenses the amount test of mine was a scheme to the people, and excellent, I believe, the gathering befitting berembent. I was to verify at the price a herd time. We were to the tollow e and together speak to the whole at revelation. C [Elinp @V@T That $13. $15 a"e $1.= . C....-t- ar,- better. hm.. e. sfe.... et... have a. bee W mse. Omege we have the half, 6X0"9=%8-.-th prig" et every Bwies t g ,ye s~m., mnna-b--he.. m. a 3.e.., etoa a he.... e me. e. UND CHOCOLATE:. e O7.U,. md I.W. t atms.. See a S. ree4fttad een'grt ty VICTORmu ftE. memaL zer", a POOL CMICD&:. e 927V Aea929 7D.tar. N. W., Op emstok mb been... om $7,196a Uweoveme.WKuammSam a eww ma tmee reebtimee the wiak ecaseesR.rers VITO 0LADLER' -===h" a mew UmUZ AE "Wtft" VTICTOR L5 AiLEcs ....t..... S&N.W. .........e...9. An Error Dispelled. mwe A. a me tuht we Awt ses' w-plied Samof. t hg Do ngeoma we u =eid Saes th me Mo C or ampeti ome-and beR W det bei -te at ebulte U1at uer b t oem to pAat h u tme t on "The Best Low= Priced Shoes on Earth"' 9. A SN ze. T0.m1 Asa, Tomonnow. Ladies' and At Misses' Soft Dongola Kid $0.95 and Real Pebble Goat At $3.00 QUALITY DOWN To $2.69. $2.00 QUALITY DOWN To $2.29. $2.00 QUALITY DOWN To $1.79. $1.50 QUALITY DOWN To $1.79. $1.50 QUALITY DOWN To $1.14. $1.00 QUALITY DOWN To $1.69. 75c QUALITY DOWN To $1.49. 35c QUALITY DOWN To $1.49. E7WW PRICE, AS BALT, TO CATCH TRADE, E7AW PRICE WILL BE PAID TO HELI BRUN & CO., 402 7th St. Look For: The "Old Woman" In Shoe. A Few Leaders. N. wunder we're doing the retail business of the city - selling at much prices - thus. In fact, we're proud of the quality. Coal'."'..""":.: 20C. Galvalns. Coal Eds. 16.-in. 27C =r..1 .-a$" a .N ..........................50c. Vn. .............65c. Your "Fuel" Bill Would amount to half what it doea atripm t --Ieye would weather sell Valentine'. only--the bent, We pua thb np-If you wIsh. EtI Something "New" In "Fuel." -heaper than ecal! -Cheaper than gn! -'Ives mare heat! Leaves no dirt? ---Creates no smoke! ---- -C Cn rsangea cnnk faster. --- "O*" and "of"'-Iastantly. You can nse hnwItwk-i' Barber & Ross, Co03. 11TH AND G II'.. N.W.n2 You Save Money ****- in two ways by having your lInen. Ac.. * anee H~tE FIR.l': Ouar charge. are ** * * reasonable Coiar. 2e.; ('ufs. 4c.. Ae. ** * * I4Ea'PND1: WITh nuar Improved facilities * * l * elng lats twice as long as It urdi ** * * E, Finest- work In the city. Only .ltered * * * water used. LACE CU'RTAI.Wt. 50Ie. up. ****BLANKETS, :ilc. up. Culled fur amd ** * delivered. ::::CArA S'TEAM LAAUNDRY. *.. *3** at4. MI. A. WEAVRt. PRltllOR. **** 512 8TH ST.. OPP. P. Ii. DEPT. n20 jiapRobes q wBelow Regular Price. Blanket. lrou that anuf lar he olfered nt a "*reular g- Weolen lAp Robes. We thought awhile ans decided t makd at about oee-fourth I. eas than what you would or dily pa: lp Robes. .73.5 La oe.ap itutae75. ie- $ Lap beas. 87.50. MKneessi, ..o425 7T Sr "A Straight Tip." nu ek of tody-od h ad and Indifereot the prvt adfreshet a vtf yo at* T E R . I am hendaulnarte-rs. 51. R~~ R ICH CREAMERY, 81 .65. E7Try a saa:.jale box. Geo. M. Oyster, Jr., gigg Rk' ARnwr. Telenhone 12S0. -n!o "E. & W." Collars , 20c. At The Palais Royal, G A"D ELEVE STREETS. Among the favorite shapes here are "Keno a.Lota"...Noteka"... "Sagamont"... "Keno"... "Sagamont"... "Jermanic" A few for 50c. The Men's Furnishing Department of the new Palace Royal is stocked with the very latest novelties in every branch of the business. Thus Smoking Jackets, Bath Robes, Cardigan Jackets are here in variety to suit the most critical. For choice of $1 quality Underwear is an illustration of the "special values" that dot the department. The samples of the Underwear in window near door of Eleventh st. entrance. Fleeting Bargains for Ladies. 29c instead of 50c for Ribbed and Fleeced Winter Bal. Vests and Pants... 40c for 85c quality Ribbed Wool Vests and Pants. Fleeced bargains because only 50 dozen of the garments are here and no more can be procured to retail at the prices quoted. HINDURCHIEFS - The last of those secured to sell at half prices: 13c or four for 50c... 18c or three for 50c... Hints of Christmas presents as well as for your own use. WARM SKIRTS.-The announcement, the Post is repeated, but by tomorrow morning, probably only a dozen or so will be here: "The manufacturer's sample Skirts may be seen on the third floor on Monday. They are the sample supplied by the makers' agents who visited the various cities of the country. Having served their purpose, they are almost given to the Palais Royal - and to you. Of course, there are comparatively few - only sixty-three-- and every one different. Some are gloria silk, others of flannel, satin de chine, in black and colors, with and without quilted linings." TABLE LINEN.-That it is not always wise to put off the purchase of Table Linens that may not be wanted immediately is shown by the following: A few line White Fringed Damask Cloths, with one dozen Doyles to match. $2.91 for the sets worth $8.50, only $3.19 for $4 sets, and $3.59 for $5 sets... And not more than a thousand yards of Fine Bleached Double Damask, 72 inches wide, at 87c Instead of $1.25 yard. 5-8 and 3-4 Napkins to match at $1.95 and $2.95 a dozen... Damask Bureau Scarfs, $1.75, for 20c Instead of 39c, and sixe 17x68 for 25c Instead of 49c. Towels-Those generally used for splashers and other ornamental ones are here at 25c for choice Towels worth up to 68c each... Of course, these are another of Those fleeting bargains that come and go unknown to many, like the snow of Sunday. BID COVEING.-Quatities only too small......$1.25 for $1.50 quality Sateen Comfortables......$1.49 for $2 Comfortables with Turkey red lining. ......80 pair for $5.75 quality 11-4 Wool Blankets......$2.98 for 12-4 Extra Heavy Genuine English Marseilles Bed Sreads. Look on adjoining bargain table for 32-inch-wide Heavy Canton Flannel, 14c quality for 10c yard. HOUSE UNLIMITED GOODS. - I am that are leaving because the demand constantly exceeds the supply: Glass Oil Cloth at 29c......Asbestos Stove Mats at 7......Good baking and Durable Bread Bole. at 30c...... Large Size Chopping Bowls at 15c......Double Bottles Coal Hods at 18c.... Japanned Dust Pans at 9c. For Souvenirs of the "Opening" in the Art Needle work and Japanese Departments inquire on second floor. Importers' Combination Lot OF 1893-'94 Wool Dress Fabrics. THE DRESS GOODS STOCK HERE IS LIKE THE PALAIS ROYAL BUILDING-NEW. WE HAVE NO OCCANION TO WORD O'R ADVERTISE. TISEMENT PAY AS TO IMPRESS YOU WITH THE FACT THAT NEW GOODS ARE OFFERED AT REDUCED PRICES AND THEN SHOW YOU THE REJECTED STYLES OF LAST YEAR. What we mean by importers' combination lot is this: That the one of a kind pieces and other small lots of the importers have been bought at a price for the combined lots, enabling the offering of 1894 Dress Fabrics at less than former wholesale prices. Lot 1, 69c. Yd. Lot 2, 48c. Yd. 2 pieces of $1 fabrics for 60c yard. All the latest of 89c fabrics for 48c yard. Include latest shades in prunella cloth, fancy duck and Irish combed, English and French novelty weaves. Sultings in silk and colors. Lot 3, 39c. Yd. Lot, 28c. Yd. 47 pieces of OR. 6 and 75c fabrics for 39c yard. Guaranteed all-wool plain and fancy novelties; 39 pieces of 50c fabrics for 28c yard. Include, also the regular English diagonals and whipcords, to the lot are the Warranted All-wool French plaids and stripes. In which are as good wearing as good looking. Lot 5, $2.75 up. Lot 6, $3.75 up. 0 piece of Black Astrakhan Fur Trimming. $2.75, 5 pieces Sea Plush for Cloaking. $3.75 and $4.75. $3.55, $3.90 and $4.75 per yard. Worth from $3.25 yard for perfect imitations of sealing worth $5 to $5.98 yard. $1.26 a yard. "P. R. Prices" of Priestley's "Blacks." If you will secure sample from here and make comparison with elsewhere you will learn if Palais Royal prices are lowest or not. But see that samples are cut from the fabrics rolled on varnished boards and that Priestley's name is stamped on the selvage, otherwise you may secure goods made for looks rather than wear-unreliable imitations of Priestley's. Special Prices for Black Silks, Warranted Silks. New material given if they split. SILKS OF DOUBTFUL CHARACTER, MADE TO SELL CHEAP, ARE TOO PLENTIFUL... THIS IS A THREE DAYS' SALE OF RELIABLE WEAVING GUARANTEED TO YOU. Business is a little dull with our manufacturer and he is willing to keep his looms busy without "making money". We are passing the Silks 'no to you at an advance that hardly pays our expense, so that the special prices are for three days only-until Wednesday, November 22, at 6 p.m. BLACK FAILIE SILKS. BLACK FABRICS 25 inches wide. 75c instead of 50c yard. hs id,5cntedoUcyad 24 Inches wide. $1.00 Instead of $1.25 yard. 2)i.hewdueIsedo 12 ad 24 Inches wide, $1.19 instead of $1.39 yard. 2)Ice ie 12 aenlo 14 ad BLACK PEAT DaE SallE.I 20iieswd.1.0itado$.5yr. 25 inches wide, Rh liste'ad of $1.00 yardt. 20ihewd.Z0 lt.,o$.5yad 22 inches wide, $1.25 instead of $1.48 yard. IL(KSTNBOAI1 22 inches wide, $1.50 instead of $1.98 yard. 24 nhswd.$.0Isedo 15 ad 24 ich..wide $1.9 inteadof $.50 ard. 24 inches wide. 5 instead of $0 yard, A ne drss ive Iftheoneselcte splits idroks95itinsiea months.2yn, E2nn0Slsa ittlswie 15 Piesf$.yn. PROFITABLE AT THE BROTHER. 2nd, $1.99 yard of $2.50 yard of Silk Warp, 22 inches wide, 22 inches wide, $1.00 yard. $1.50 yard of $2.50 quality, $1.50 yard of Crepe de Chine, all the adelusion, quality, and quality. $6.00 yard for $3.50 quality, $4.50 quality. $1.50 yard of $3.50 quality, $4.50 quality. 1893-94 Laces and Trimmings. As with Dress Goods so with the Trimmings, you see reduced prices advertised and find on inquiry that old styles are offered, you can begin to doubt the wisdom of reading advertisements. Please don't judge all by a few. Here are the very latest, the Laces with white edge on black netting, 42 inches wide, and a yard for those imported to retail from $1.85 to $1.75 a yard, 48c yard for Cream Silk Oriental Laces, 4 to 6 inches wide. Never before sold at less than $1 yard, 48c yard for Black Milk Chantilly Laces, 9 to 15 inches wide, none of which are worth less than 68c yard, 25c yard for Finest Valenciennes, Point de Paris and Hand-made Linen Torchon Laces worth up to 50c yard, 22c instead of 25c yard for the 9-inch-wide Colored Laces for lamp shades, etc. Instead of $1 for "Silk," the New material for evening dresses, ruffles, etc. DRESS TRIMMINGS at equally little prices: 4¢ yard for Se quality Silk Glace Edgings...25¢ for choice 50¢ Novelty Silk Gimps... 45¢ yard for 73¢ and $1 Silk Gimp and Cut Steel Bead Trimmings... 9¢ yard for $1.985 and $2.25 Jewel and Gold Novelties... 10¢ instead of 25¢ piece for Silk Stitch Bone Casing... 15¢ instead of 25¢ dozen for 2100 yards Basting Cotton... 10¢ instead of 25¢ for 12-yard pieces of Fancy Belting... 10¢ instead of 19¢ for Warranted Dress Shields. The Pallais Royal. G & EFmVETH STREETS. A. L. PROPRIETOR Special Dissolution 10 Per Cent Discount Sale of Fine Shoes. The well-known shoe firm of Wilson & Carr has been dissolved by mutual consent, and Mr. Wilson succeeds to the entire business at 90 F at 3.W. In order to reduce the stock, he will offer for a short time a special base discount of 10 PER CENT on every pair of Shoes in stock. You who appreciate comfort, durability, style, and artistic grace in shoe leather have in this classification sale a rare opportunity to gratify your most aesthetic shoe tastes for very little money. You per cent is itself not a very large reduction, but any deviation from our universally low regular prices, however slight, meets quite an appreciable difference in the prices. We sell on very close margin. This ten per cent reduction means that Shoes which have invariably, year in and year out, and for $3.50 WILL NOW SELL FOR $3.15 That Shoes which have sold for $5.10 WILL NOW SELL FOR $4.50. That Shoes which have sold for $8 WILL NOW SELL FOR $7.25. etc., etc., throughout the entire stock N.B. For a limited time only, commencing today (Monday, November 20). F. H. WILSON, (Successor to Wilson & Carr). 929 F St. N.W. Royal Dresden -just out of bond - our own direct importation from Germany. Equinox pieces at wholesale prices, for we have saved time and money. Ant's price. Royal Ires Tea Plates, $1.59 Royal Dresden Breakfast Plates, $12.59 Royal Dresden Cake and Nut Bowls, in a variety of exquisite decorations. $3 to $6. Make elegant wedding anniversary and In fine. Wilmarth and Edmonston, 1205 Pa. Ave. Crockery, &c. Exclusive FUR STORE. WE MAKE THEM AND RETURN THEM. ONE PRICE. So by buying your Furs of as you buy direct from the manufacturer, thereby saving at least 30 percent. We guarantee STYLE, QUALITY, FIT, AND FINISH of our garments, because of our personal knowledge of what and how they are made. Remember this: Goods are exchanged. Money refunded if not satisfactory. Goods bought of us are kept in twelve months free of charge. OLD FUR remodeled at small cost. HUDSON BAY FUR CO., 515 11th ST N.W., NEAR F ST. Retiring Sale Shoe Bargains. We are retiring--have reduced the "WHITE STOCK." Here are two bits from the feast to be spread for you tomorrow: Ladies' Fine Hand-sewn Shoes. Were $3.10 and $4.00 here and elsewhere. Now $2.75 Boys' and Youths' Patent Leather Oxfords. Worth $1.75 and $2.25. Now $1.25 & $1.75 W. N. Dalton & Co., 519 11th St. R. M. DOBBINS AND M. STICKLAND. Another Reduction. The "IXITLE JAPAN" has made another BILLION IN PRICE. is LOT OF LIVING at very LOW PRICES. JAPANESE TRADE AD PAPERS are induced to prices from 15 CENTS per pound. VASES from 25 CENTS up. JAPANESE worth 85 cents for 53 CENTS. "Little Japan," TO MOIN. AGENCY OF O. 608 13th St. No. 0. No Bargain hour Should Skip This. 318.0 st. continues Every ady hotenm StI ety nf umsa 14karat Soli l ht h unt 18.50 lng Case Watch in either Elgin or Waltham 18.5t movement, and fully warranted in every respect, for manly 318.50. $1%4.:m10 CEpea evenings till 8; Saturdays till $18.50 10 p1m. M. Hioffa, 7117 Market Space A Good Lamp For $33.00 is an offer that'll make as impossible on people who are getting their house ready for winter. The LAMPS are of brass with onyx bases. Good lighters and beautiful ornaments. See them. S. S. SHEDD & Co., 432 9th St Finest Corset Parlor In America The feature just now is the offering of an excellent line of "C.B." and other equally graceful shapes for wishing usually sell at 75c., $1 and $1.30 Choice, 68c. Pair. Whelan's, 1003 F St Cor. 9th & Pa. Ave. Buing direct from some 12 or 14 creameries enable us to save you fine grain of butter at a much higher price than elsewhere. Wholesale as well as retail. Jas. P. Oyster, HEATERS WINN AND PAST MAKER. SOAP ST. D A T A. D K ST. MARKET. THE SOCIAL WORLD. The One Kind Met arai mia 0AM yes M. Stevesen's Wedding Tea- meeting tea and Percival. Net. The Stuese Mint and Mrs. Yang Yu were making a new Es of sociable calls on a Saturday afternoon, accompanied by their eldest son, a young fellow of five years, and the interpreter of the legation. While a Mrs. Yang will not call generally even a Chinese lady. Among the families of the diplomatic corps, except those that have been made show that Chinese ladies of her exalted rank have privileges that were not possessed by other ladies that have been here in the families of the legation. It has happened very seldom that any Chinese minister has made in such a short time such a generally favorable impression as Mr. Yang. Everywhere he is regarded as an enticed and broad-minded official. Mrs. Yang Yu, like her husband, has commenced to acquire a few English words and both of them are much pleased with the more rapid progress that their little son is making in expressing himself in English. For these ceremonious visits, the minister and his wife dress more elegantly than perhaps any of their countrymen or women have ever before in America. The scarlet button or ornament at the top of the minister's cap signifies his degrees, the very highest in the service of his government. His favorite costume, when visiting, are of light yellow brocade. Madame Yang Yu wore the same color Saturday afternoon in the most elegant brocade silk and the softest, prettiest shade of yellow. On her pretty little hands, a ruby and diamond ring was a conspicuous ornament and the other jewels she wore were in her bracelet and in the numerous ornaments that decked her shining black hair. On her head, she wore a small black cap. She is quite able to walk and entirely without help, although it would not see a possible she could be supported on such little feet encased in stiff white kid shoes, richly embroidered. The carriage wraps worn by the minister and his wife are of very light colored skins lined with fur reaching down nearly to the ground. Vice President and Mrs. Stevenson will be present tomorrow night at Bloomington. Ill., at the marriage of their son, Lewis Green Stevenson, and Miss Helen Louise Davis of that city. It is the first marriage in their home circle, and therefor an event of the greatest amount of affectionate interest. The ceremony will take place at the Second Presbyterian Church, which the Stevensons have attended for years. Rev. J. H. Mueller of the Lutheran Church, of which the bride is a member, will perform the ceremony. Miss Jessie Fell Davis, a sister of the bride, is to be maid of honor and Miss Mary Elizabeth Stevenson, the groom's pretty young sister, will be bridesmaid. Mr. Harry Earle of Washington will act as best man, and the ushers chosen are Mr. Stewart M. Brice, son of Senator Brice, and Messrs. Charles R. Stevenson, Rowland Evans, Frank H. Funk, Owen T. Reeves, Jr., and Lewis N. Merwin of Bloomington. A reception will follow the wedding at the home of Mr. and Mrs. William O. Davis. Mr. Stevenson has selected the romantic resorts in southern France, to which he will take his bride for the honeymoon. They will be at home after February 1st on Wednesdays at L& No. andie hotel. Miss Davis, the bride elect, is tall and graceful, of the brunette type, to bright and vivacious and a special favorite of the Vice President. She was educated in Boston, and afterward studied and traveled extensively in the old world. She is the granddaughter of Mr. Jesse Fell, who was An intimate and lifelong friend of Abraham Lincoln, and one of the founders of the republican party in Illinois. Mr. Stevenson has been his father's private secretary since the latter's nomination. In 1919 and is well versed in political matters, having been actively engaged in the campaign. Last Tuesday evening a host of the friends of the Unity Circle of King's Daughters and Sons of Gunton Temple Memorial Church turned out on the occasion of their first reception, a most pleasing and delightful affair, held at the residence of Miss Sallie Wright, 125 T Street Northwest. Many of the ladies of the circle were attired in pink and white silks with here and there a corsage bouquet of La France rose buds. An excellent program occupied a portion of the evening as follows: Violin solos, Master Brook Amiss; vocal solos, Mr. Elphonso Youngs, Jr., and Mr. J. Arthur Rose, and a piano duet by Miss M. Louise Rose and Miss Emily H. Rose. The ocers of the circle were, President, Miss Anna Hamlin; vice president, Miss Elsie Marsh; secretary, Miss Louise Barnes, and treasurer, Mr. J. Arthur Rose. A party of young folks gathered at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. T. Jobansen, 612 B Street Southwest, on Friday evening to celebrate the fourteenth anniversary of their son Edward. Among those present were the Misses Virgie Thompson, Maggie Hollow, Nellie and Lucy McCarthy, Edith Johnson, May Elmore, Helen Smith, Clarinda Trueworthy, Anna Snow, May Ward, Ernie Eppley, May and Agge Campbell, Cora Walker, Mabel High, Laura Irvine, Marie Burnes, Mamie John Hansen, Eunice Ran and Rickle Johans, Masters John Franse, Nicholas Miles, Arthur Mitchell, Harmon Burne, Leonard Mitchell, George McCarthy, John and George Fogie, Willie Snow, Frank Johansen, Harry Birckhead and Morgan Isbam. Mrs. C. H. Dal has returned from the north and will receive her friends on Monday evening, and Friday afternoons. Mr. and Mrs. William Neir will be at home to their friends Wednesday, November 2nd and 20th, at 199 13th Street northwest. Secretary Herbert and Miss Herbert have gone to Bloomington, Ill., to attend the wedding of the son of Vice President Stevenson. They will be the guests of the Vice President and family and do not expect to return to Washington before Thursday next. Miss Phila Sherwood, daughter of Postmaster Sherwood, was given a pleasant surprise Friday night at their home, 1017 East Capitol Street. Miss Sherwood was led to believe she was invited to a little party, and that she herself was to have a party of her own next week. Just as she was all ready to go, a merry crowd of her young friends, and she and her brother Harry entertained right royally at after 11. Games, music, and more games, and a delightful repast made the evening enjoyable. The young people, as they sat at the bountiful table, guessed the number of seeds in a pumpkin shown them. The first prizes were awarded to Miss Phillips and Mr. Phillips. The booby prize to Miss Maxwell and Mr. Spencer. Among the young people present were: The Misses Sherwood, Flinn, Phillips, Maa, Wells, Phelps, and Shook, and Means. Sherwood, De Moll, Phillips, Phelps, Spencer. Among the others were (Capt. and Mrs. Sherwood, Mrs. De Moll, and the Misses Shook. Mr. and Mrs. G. Morgan Browne of Boston have taken for the winter the house in Jefferson place, which they are now occupying. A quiet wedding took place last week at Christ Church Personage, Georgetown. The bridal couple were Mr. S. Darts Linn and Miss Rose E. Richardson, both of Howard County, Maryland. Only the immediate friends were present, owing to the illness of the groom's sister, Miss Lilah Linn. The reception given Saturday evening in honor of the anniversary of Mr. and Mrs. Walter's marriage, was a very pleasant affair, their cosy partors being filled to overflowing by their friends. Their two daughters and two sons, assisted by Professor S. Johnsog and A. Die Vincenty of the Marine Band, and Mr. Tom J. Taylor, rendered some excellent music, and Mrs. Beall recited an appropriate poem. Dr. and Mrs. Compton have returned to the city and are at 173:2 K Street. Funeral of Mrs. Barbara Hubbard. Funeral services will be held this afternoon at the residence of ex-Attorney General Garland, 915 Rhode Island Avenue, over the remains of Mrs. Barbara Hubbard, the venerable mother of Mr. Garland. This death following so soon after the sad death of Miss Garland plunges the family connection again in mourning. Mrs. Hubbard had reached the advanced age of eighty-three, and the cause of death was pneumonia. While the shock of the death of Miss Garland was felt deeply by Mrs. Hubbard, as it was by the other members of her family, her death is not thought to be due to this cause. The services will be conducted by Rev. Mr. Cant. Or, the pastor of Mount Vernon Place Methodist Church, which the deceased attended during her residence in this city. The Interment will be at Rock Creek Cemetery. HAVE MAKES NEW CEMENT Antheus, Auguste, and other members of the family, at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. H. U. Lea, on August 8th. The Philadelphia Times in its repute of Saturday's proceedings of the Knights of Labor convention at Philadelphia: There was a great deal of talk during the meeting about charges made by Hayes but a prominent New Jersey delegation had, since the exposure of the "Lazy Annual swindle," which had, since the exposure of the "Lazy Annual swindle," worked to a prominent knight that Powderly and the executive board had endeavored to secure in the sum of money on this scheme. Mr. Hayes addressed the conventions and said: "I want to tell you that a greater knave and scoundrel than that man there - man you, Terry, and I know you - never met. I stand here alone, hacked away by these facts, and I am going to prove it." "Prove it; prove it; prove it; you can." Dwidery. "Yes, I'll prove it - the damnable act. I'll not be thrown in this day next week." was Hayes' Vety. "You are a liar," shouted Powderly. "Yes, I have been," said Hayes. "It is a liar." "I have been a liar in the service for that man, you. Powderly. I was a scoundrel's secretary and letter with you." "Before I am through, I will prove that this man Powderly is a wen, a knave, but a perjurer; yes, and a forger to accomplish." For his own ends, Terry, a forger. "This man Terry, here is the case - Ama his possession, SWtem worth or med sa swindling mine, and the egseidju board received $150 per week, which ever accounted for. For handling and advertisements in the Journal, and West he poor laboring men of this order, these advertisements write and seigB y them is this swindling. Amiag esmpaym. 'hounagds were taken fto the munahe f this order who were induced to buy t tack. 'Thoue who bought were assmid 1.50 this year. The letters are bere-hem aI the letters-tere they are-ven them* Mr. Hayes continued: 'In IM that was owderly, there be ofts, when the etter eaposed to eRect a menument OR Ildnalt hsa to t'rlah Stevens. the ton' r efOf rder. made an eteusat apsee and mU: [At us give his family a home.' The alor ,proved his suggestion and apprepu 10.OUU for that purpose. "Terry." he screamed. "here are the does ments that tshow that you bad purased hat home six mouths prior to that canomn I=r fr W-.410. and that you termed it ever o the order for St0oso. Trry. You umed a ed here to rob flying bhbsrr." Mr. Hayes then reached ftr ethr doan ments upon the table before h'm Uen rhich to base othe' charges. At a Gige roe the grand master workmen. the Pew erty faction "prang to their feet and mae - dash for the table. Chaeim were Ma'ewn. fee were struck right and left. Before the faish of the geht the was adjourned. How, me one knows, then so one known. COOSAMBEA WOe. Phe T. U. C. A. Tean Valt V"eOm 6e the Athbleet Club. The first championship game of the season in the District was played on the Metropolitan Club and the T. 3. C. A. As was a rally expected, the C. A. C. eleven was much stronger than the stronger. The score was 2 to 0, and the result would seem to indicate that the C. A. C.'s were a first mortgage on the District championship. At any rate, it would suggest the interest taken by the great team on Thanksgiving day between C. A. C. and Georgetown comes. In Saturday's game, the C. A. C. team strengthened by the presence of Campbell and Dowd. The team played better than usual as was the two teams lined up as follows: C. A. C. - Randolph and Jebb, left end; Jebb, left guard; Schwartz, center; A. C. - Johnson, right guard; Wen, right guard; Caton, right end; Seftn, quarterback; Seftn, quarterback; Spann, left half back; Dew, left half back; Dew, left half back; and Schwart, left tackle; Seftn, quarterback; Schwart, left guard; and Schwart, left tackle. Y. M. C. A.-E. Schwart, left end; Casey, left tackle; Davis, left guard; Gape, quarterback; Uaur, right guard; Uaur, right guard; Schwart, left end; Schwart, left end; Schwart, left guard; and Schwart, left tackle. Quarter back: Daught, 1st ha b ohsunm, right half back, and LO ack. Referee-J. R. Church, Umke-Mr. Mar Il. 'iuchdowns-Chp, 2; Deud, 1; W , and Sheaes. 1. Goals --L4 -ar ie-Shidf L 0O.D. On Monday. %evenaer. tI, at 9 Mm. JAXKA EAa. 03, ee e o. Bagi, IN the as -ths "... at he, Insral services aty lb"e WS ,icV as Wednesday. Nove0er e 2 Ot iernst srety Pdteaa. kAV'L on Noevember it. 1i1 a iiA WAM'ME DATM @dit td f aed Hattle Davi sad da pa -d assette. ~ sssg "%Mond flow edes, us arthWeat, y.t Mmo*. at ?4!p.m. 'emeral frem her late seatiemse 00 P e ==nthwst. em Tumse e 0:0 e'e sm .s OamBAiN. On a Nov8, oembr Sm, hmw 4:31 aLin. WUlAA L. 00rB&A. 'unsealtfee his ilte redesaes. 00 F mise athwest. es The at pe c'eteA am.* IAD. At hle home is Tunem, flestb. se Nevemhter 12. tin. at hinart biase THOMAS RAMARMD. rif n er, in the e..-ty-third yesar et Meag New York and Raltinmee papes. pimme eg. Se OHYDONi. Os eas nmiugMsember IuSR. at 4 o'eth, Mr. ESAA d5i JEH'.fIG. at thes red~ne. et her Mres. James Alesander Rbetes4e. hI atreet. "useral f rem her late sesterare at 2 e'ett e T1..mh. tstemaet at n.gma.. iery. EUTENUI. Os bey, Neiedr tin, 5:45 am.. MIlUJE E., eisse at the iste aise Ettamitter, 501 dagter at and thme lts Frdistre remer at "l:t t.- seeinse. . 9. Tanak, ans 1ath street este, Mit. -'ean Tneeday. Net-ember 21. at 2:1e c'eteA p.m. (Wsehlmstem Pln. LEsmr. Va. 0 csunty. W. 'Va., paprw piame e4~, e ~m'. (is hetwidy. Neisdier is, EMiIL J. KEltttTWN, aged duty yeam. 'unreal gervicer-ee Tuey. the tiet saMm. U I u'etierk pjim.. at his iate rese N.. hug 1eth street aerthees.* .AWTON. Ve'er emuldty, es Neege it. IM et arist m pis . .aB.. est em ato A. B. ad Reon E. Cam Es u aged thiee years, tee enMiaestwt days. l'NEIL. Is berin wesmshmase f er Am smether. StARAH O'hEIL, ubead m - e 3go teeny tNerember as. im. Ga, bet aMet sgettes. 10:45 am.i h. ha..... of Janta Uerdi. is the urawil take pem'ufrem his iato geame, wa %ag te. sauthusset, eam us. U. 21. as 2p.m., themre to e n m , and t' steeets asthwest. m are iavated te attsad.*i !OW~. s, )is Meem . vmb I. t1 R 2 o',eek a.m.. JAMik MADiU5D ag..d meresty -niane year- and ele'vmn mUnts, a native of Aiesaadria. Va. 'uneast sm..os w-it take sian as cem-te'ry us Teda). NovseUM 21. at = o'etet ptsa. I'AIJ' 1RD. tuddeely. em istirdiy. ' ver. 1teg,0et estm0etb the m. NARY B. WAIF' ittb. oum et lb. N. Walleed. at It-iS p.m.. aged cighteea y'eare es en.- mah. Paeal from redes.e iE seeaet emt Teday at 2:5e p.m. Fe en eitt. e FlO0.WAY R ST. ame hititwaymaen dtel weur ser. e6eety teal the resets et yer bedstd Maet fretta et peer hber'; thme latter is the Uss Gemet bithumsbrV. Marttbes made a aecessn .t CARTER'S LITTE .IVER PILLS. They bava bemes behemess ad the petSde will laves them. they base tw 'etmu. ths eemgaathsuhuaemn uth he EMIT AThn LED woRTBLE5S FRAUCR, end uith bern he .mse to te auo Mae amit ad sinm e 0101 - R'm LITTLE LuVER PILLS. BEWARE OF THESE RIG~wATMEW: demni ti inpesed opus with a atiet esared is pee es ''le saod"as "C-A-R-T-E-R-'-4. The s shiemage. luodas "C-A-R-T-E-R-'-U." LAk for "C-A-R-T-E-R-'-5''and beamse you &btS leasCARTER'S UATTLE LEE PILLS, a PosrTIVE CUIRE FOR SlCE UEAR*M MALL PILL. SMALL DOSE. MAId. erm- finwly IBILDREN CRY FORt PITCUR'S cASTOalA.
| 15,090 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20286482
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 239 | 656 |
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio GeoNames oznaka 8881643
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio koordinate lokacije
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio zemlja Meksiko
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio nadmorska visina
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio je(su) naselje
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio je u administrativnoj jedinici Opština San Antonio
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio
nederzetting in Mexico
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio GeoNames-identificatiecode 8881643
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio geografische locatie
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio land Mexico
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio is een woonplaats
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio Mexicaanse plaats of gemeente-identificatiecode 240260077
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio Who's on First-identificatiecode 1259551191
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote, San Antonio gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid San Antonio
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте Геонејмс 8881643
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте географске координате
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте држава Мексико
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте надморска висина
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте је насеље
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте INEGI ID места 240260077
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте WoF ID 1259551191
Танхахнек Сегундо Лоте управно-територијална јединица Општина Сан Антонио
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote identificador GeoNames 8881643
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote coordenadas
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote país México
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote elevación sobre el nivel del mar
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote instancia de asentamiento
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote código de localidades del INEGI 240260077
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote identificador Who's on First 1259551191
Tanjajnec Segundo Lote situado en la entidad territorial administrativa San Antonio
| 31,482 |
2010270509_1950-02-02_1_5_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,386 | 5,335 |
Margaret E. Hickey Weds Here Today St. Patrick's Catholic church in O'Neill will be the scene of the marriage of Miss Margaret E. Hickey, daughter of P. V. Hickey and the late Mrs. Hickey, of O’Neill, to Rex L. Horn, son of Mr. and Mrs. Earl G. Homer, of Beaver Crossing, today (Thursday), February 2. The double-ring ceremony will take place at 9:30 o’clock with Rev. Alex Onak officiating. Miss Kathleen Flood is to sing "Ave Maria." Charles Yarnall the "Panis Angelicus," both accompanied by Sr. M. Flores, of St. Mary’s academy. Mrs. Sam Fuhrer, sister of the bride, was chosen matron of honor. She will wear a white dotted gown of chiffon over satin made with a sweetheart neckline, a stole effect collar, a fitted bodice and full skirt. Her headdress will be a half-halo of olive rosebuds and she will carry a colonial bouquet of or chid-colored carnations. Mrs. Delbert Robertson, sister of the bride, is to be bridesmaid. Her gown will be of orchid taffeta made with a rounded neckline, fitted bodice and full skirt. Her headdress is a half halo of white rosebuds and she will carry a colonial bouquet of white carnations. The bride, to be given in marriage by her father, will appear in a gown of white ivory satin fashioned with a sweetheart neckline, a gathered bodice and long fitted sleeves, which come to points over the wrists. The full skirt falls into a chapel-length train. Her finger veil of net is edged in chantilly lace and is held in place by a beaded tiara. She will carry a colonial bouquet of pink carnations and snapdragons. The bridegroom will wear a grey business suit with a white carnation boutonniere. Sam Fuhrer will act as best man, wearing a blue business suit. Delbert Robertson, second attendant, will wear a brown business suit. Jack Gatz and Henry Mangan, ushers, will be in blue suits with pink carnation boutonnieres. Immediately following the ceremony, a breakfast is to be served to the wedding party and immediate members of the family at the M & M cafe. A reception will be held in the afternoon at the home of the bride. The bride’s table will be decorated in her colors of orchid and white and centered by the wedding cake, to be baked in the form of a cross and to be decorated in the bride’s colors by Mrs. C. V. Robertson, of Chambers. Mrs. Horner is a graduate of St. Mary’s academy with the class of 1946. For the past year and a half, she has been employed by The Frontier as a reporter. Mr. Horner is a graduate of Beaver Crossing high school with the class of 1946. 1944. At present, he is a recruiting sergeant with the army. Following a short wedding trip, Sergeant and Mrs. Horner will be at home at 606 So. Dewey, North Platte. O'Neill Has 20 Brownies— Brownie Troops I and II presented Brownie Seoul pins to 20 at meetings on Tuesday. Troop 1, which has Mrs. E. F. Sullivan as leader and Mrs. M. L. Jackson as assistant leader, met at the public school and presented pins to: Johnnie KuNancy, Brownie Crow, H. I. Hoehn, Jane Petersen, Sharon Hodman, Jo Ann Searels, Nan Simpson, Belly Jean Hodman, Sharon Hartron, Karen Hartron, C. Ann Abuthnot, Nyia Jaskowiak and Kathryn Ann McCarthy. This Brownie troop is working on coin purses and from old felt hats. They are designed in the shape of trefoils. Troop II, under the leadership of Mrs. Larry Johnson and assistant leader, Mrs. Jack A. Arbuthnot, held an investiture ceremony also on Tuesday. They met at the home of Mrs. Johnson. Pins were presented to Mary Jacqueline Arbuthnot, Beverly Dean, Sharon Heenman, Susan Hickey, Linda Kae Johnson, Marjorie Marcelius and Paula Heed. Troop II also is making felt coin purses. They also shellacked the plaster of pans models that they had painted last week. Troop III, the youngest age group of the three troops, under the leadership of Mrs. C. W. Apgar and assisted by Mrs. Albert D. Johnson, has not received their pins from headquarters. They, too, will hold a ceremony to present pins. Their members. This troop, which meets at the Apgar home, made Valentines during their meeting Monday. Girls who have attended four meetings and have paid their registration fee are eligible for pins. Meeting Friday— The Rebekah will hold a regular meeting Friday evening. Frontier for pruning. Mrs. Eby It Hosles To Her Extension Club— The Friendly Neighbors extension club met Wednesday, January 25, at the home of Mrs. Raymond Eby. Mrs. Melvin E. Lorenz was co-hostess. Mrs. Eby and Mrs. Lorenz presented the lesson, "The thing for the eight members present." Refreshments were served. Donna Jonas It 2-Years-Old— Little Donna Jonas, daughter of Mr and Mrs. Robert Jonas, was 2-years-old Saturday. Her parents held a party for her Sunday. The guests were Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Van Buren and family. Mr and Mrs Justin Butterfield and family. Celebrate Together— Karen Carr and Jean Sullivan celebrated their seventh birthday anniversaries together Sunday. Their little guests attended the theatre and then were served refreshments at the Sullivan home. Karen is the daughter of the Emmett Carr’s and Jean’s parents are the Harry Sullivan. Mesdames Weir and Verzal Entertain Their Club— Mrs. Edward T. Verzal was hostess Wednesday to the 9FF club. At their last meeting held Wednesday, January 25, at the home of Mrs. Harold Weir, Mrs. Harrison Bridge and Mrs. R. E. Evans were high. Mrs. Fred Saunto won the all-cut. Mrs. Arlus and Mrs. Miller Are High Scorers— The Duo Dex club met Monday at the home of Mrs. Dale French. Mrs. Marvin Miller and Mrs. William C. Artus were winners. Mrs. McElhaney Is Hostess to Hex Club — Merri Mix met Monday at the home of Mrs. Ted McElhaney. Winners were Mrs. C. W. Porter and Mrs. Fred O. Robertson, a guest. Club Plans Party— The Wednesday Afternoon bridge club will hold a party Saturday. Mrs. L. A. Burgess and Mrs. J. L. Sherbahn will be the hostesses at the home of Mrs. Burgess. Pinochle Winners— Winners at the pinochle party held Tuesday evening at the home of Mrs. Don Enright were: Mrs. Stanley Holly, Mrs. F. A. O’Connell and Mrs. Ralph Beckwith. To Meet with Mrs. Moses— The O’Neill Woman's club will hold its next meeting Wednesday, February 15, at the home of Mrs. H. S. Moses. Luncheon Held— Hostesses at the Country club were Mrs. L. A. Burgess and luncheon bridge Wednesday. Mrs. Edward Wilson. Eastern Star Meeting Is Announced— Eastern Star members will hold a meeting next Thursday, February 9. O'NEILL HOSPITAL NOTES Admissions: January 25 — Mrs. Dick Tomlinson, of O’Neill, condition "good"; James Butts, of Chambers, medical, condition "improved." 26— Mrs. Glen Gettert, of O’Neill, medical, condition "good." 27— Mrs. Ed Butval, of O’Neill, 26—Allred Durking, of Chambers, medical, condition "improved"; Wh. Wayne Harmon, of O’Neill. Mrs. Raymond Richards, of Emmett; Mrs. Anton Kaup, of Muart; Mrs. Clyde Widman, of Amelia, is in condition improved; Mrs. Eric Dankert, of Chambers, medical, condition "good", Mrs. Harold Williamson, of O’Neill. 31—Mrs. Herman Osborn, of O’Neill; Darvin Johnson, of Walnut, medical, condition "improved." February 1—James Butts, of Chambers, underwent surgery Wednesday, February 1; Mrs. Alma Farrier, of Chambers, accident, condition "good"; Mrs. Leo Cleveland of Orchard, medical, condition "fairly good". Still in hospital: Charles Vequist, of O’Neill, medical, condition "good"; Mrs. Bridget Cari, of O’Neill, medical, condition "same." Dismissals: January 25—Bany Gail Krueger, of Inman, 26—James Butts, of Chambers. Mrs. Robert Eppenbach, of Ewing. 27—Baby Billy Sitz, of Atkinson. 29—Mrs. Fred Karo, of Atkinson; Mrs. Glen Gettert, of O’Neill. 30—Mrs. Dick Tomlinson, of O’Neill; James Whidders, of Chambers; Alfred Durking, of Chambers. 31—Mrs. Clyde Widman, of Chambers. February 1—Mrs. Eric Dankert, of Chambers; Mrs. Wayne Harmon, of O’Neill. MARR AGE licenses Kex La Verne Horner, of North Platte, Miss Margaret Elizabeth Hickey, of O'Neill. January 30 O’NEILL NEWS The Misses Nancy Froelich and Barbara Birmingham, students at Bar at college, Bake Forest, Ill., spent the weekend in Omaha. Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Gallagher left Sunday for a sojourn in Florida. Enroute, they expect to visit relatives in Washington, D.C. Mrs. Arthur Dexter and Harold, Darrell and Jerry went to Atkinson to visit Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Rothchild. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Rouse visited Mrs. Carrie Borg Friday. Mr. and Mrs. Paul Zakrzewski, and family, of Opportunity and Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Fox, of Orchard, visited their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester Zakrzewski, and “Grandpa” Wytaske Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Walling, of Albion, visited Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Walling for the weekend. Little Miss Rita Walling and her brother, Gary, were weekend guests in Page at the home of their grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Ray Snell. Their parents, the W W. Walling drove down to get them Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. Ario A. Hill were weekend guests in Lincoln at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Anderson. Saturday dinner guests at the Edward Sutter home were: Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Hill, Mr. and Mrs. Archie L. McMaster and Mr. and Mrs. Harold Young. Patrolman Ned Porter, who is stationed in Wahoo, left Tuesday after having visited his parents, the C. W. Porter for four days. Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Benson and son were Sunday dinner guests at the home of Mr. and Mrs. William Curran. Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Harding spent a few days in Sioux City last week. Mr. and Mrs. Leo Tomjack and son and Miss Forence Ponton visited their mother, Mrs. A. E. Ponton and her son in Elgin Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Tomkinson and Mr. and Mrs. H. Tomlinson attended the funeral of Mrs. George Coventry in Inman Tuesday. Mrs. Arlen Kirk, of Spencer, visited her father, Thomas Donlin Saturday. She also visited Mr. and Mrs. Mac Simonson. Miss Jane Ford, of near Pace, is spending this week with her aunt and uncle, Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Strong. Mrs. Hazel Adamson and Miss Marian Pint left Sunday to spend a week's vacation with Mrs. Adamson's sister and her husband, the James Halks, of Funstown, Kans. Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Jones attended a meeting in Norfolk Wednesday of the Central Finance corporation. Mr. and Mrs. Carl McGlason and family visited her parents, Mr. and Mrs. W. E. McQuistan Sunday. Mr. and Mrs. Milton Krause and daughter visited in Albion last Thursday at the M. B Krause home. Saturday supper guests at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Fred Kurtz were Mr. and Mrs. George Fick, of Imr. Gordon Hiatt, son of Mr., and Mrs. Arlo Haitt, has resumed his studies this semester at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. Gordon had been employed getting practical experience. Mr. and Mrs. George Head attended the funeral of Clarence Shaw in Ewing Monday. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Havranek and Dottie Lou visited his parents, Mr. and Mrs. James Havranek and her mother, Mrs. Dorothy Barrett, all in Atkin son. Sunday. In the evening, they visited Mr. and Mrs. Al Havranek, North of Emmett. Miss Mabel Jeannette Derickson, of Star, was a Sunday guest at the home of Mrs. Van Nes, North of Emmett. Miss Mabel Jeannette Derickson, of Star, was a Sunday guest at the home of the William J. Be has. ugh MacLeod and Miss Mary Jeffers, of Denver, Colo., left Saturday after having been guests of Mr. MacLeod's mother, Mrs. Mary MacLeod, and his sister and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Lohaus. Loren Loren, returned Saturday after having visited his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Loenz, in Inman, for a few days. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lams, of Amelia, visited Mr. and Mrs. M. B. Marcellus Saturday. James Merriman, a student at Creighton university in Omaha, returned Sunday to the university from a visit with his roommate in Kansas City, Mo. While there, he met accidentally his next-door neighbor, Jack Harty, son of Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Harty. Jack is attending college. Sunday dinner guests at Mrs. Carrie Borg's home were Mr. and Mrs. Roy Cole and Rev. and Mrs. Melvin E. Grosenbach and family. Miss Betty Gallagher, a student at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, spent the weekend with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Gallagher. Sunday dinner guests at the Archie L. MeMaster home were Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Hill and family. 170 Holt 4 H Leaders Honored— ATKINSON — Approximately 170 county 4-H club leaders were honored at a banquet here Wednesday sponsored by the Atkinson Service club. Featured speaker for the annual event was W. H. Brokaw, former director of state agricultural extension service at the University of Nebraska. Brokaw explained the philosophy of creative leadership and youth movements in the United States and in Germany. Colored slides were shown of post-war Germany and its youth. Brokaw helped in setting up agricultural extension work in Germany. Toastmaster was E. C. Weller, well-known livestockman, and the welcome. was given by D. H. Wilson. Also at the speakers' table were: Mayor Dr. W. J. Douglas, James W Rooney, secretary of the O’Neill Production Credit association, Leo Seger and A. Neil Dawes, Holt county agent. Featured on the menu was chicken donated for the banquet by Mr. and Mrs. Fred Boetcher, who live south of Atkinson. Mrs. Alta Lockman, Mrs. Gardner Gill and sons and Mrs. Lillie Hahn, of Stuart, visited at the Hollie Snell home Saturday afternoon, January 23. Mr. and Mrs. Allen Haynes were dinner guests Monday, January 23, of Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Haynes at O Neill. They also visited Mr. and Mrs. John Wells during the afternoon. Rev. and Mrs. T. O. Brownfield, Mrs. Allen Haynes and Mrs. Merwyn French drove to Lincoln Tuesday morning, January 24, where they were to visit for two days. The Brownfields visited Mr. Brownfield’s mother and sisters, Mrs. Haynes visited her son, Roy Haynes, and family, at Denton. Mrs. French visited her son, Merwyn, Jr., who attends college. The King’s Daughters sponsored a kitchen shower in the Methodist church basement Thursday afternoon, January 19, for the church kitchen. There were about 30 present. Many useful and needed articles were received. A purse of money was also given to buy more silverware. Mrs. Robert Van Horn, president of the King’s Daughters, and Mrs. Edgar Stauffer, president of the WSCS, unwrapped the gifts. The program during the afternoon consisted of several contests. Lunch. was served by the members of the King's Daughters. Melvin and Lavonne Albright and Bertha Ann Parks, of Wayne State college, spent the January 20-22 weekend at their homes. Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Stewart spent Monday, January 23, with Mr. and Mrs. Ed Sterner and with Mrs. Sterner's father, James Carmen, 87, who has been unable to be out for a few days. Mr. and Mrs. Harold Heiss and family entertained at dinner Sunday honoring the 55th birthday anniversary of Harvey Cullen. Those present were: Mr. and Mrs. Flagler Cullen and Norma; Mr. and Mrs. Dale Stukey, Carol and Sharon, of Norfolk; Mr. and Mrs. Charles Sorensen, Karan and Georgia, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Asher. Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Prill and family and Mr. and Mrs. Robert Van Horn attended open house Sunday at the Chris Nelson home near Creighton in observance of the Nelsens' 25th wedding anniversary. Mrs. Prill and Mrs. Nelson are sisters. Misses Barbara and Judith Trowbridge and Genevieve Park, Dale Stauffer, Ernest Graves, Sterling Albright and Carroll French attended a Methodist rally at Clearwater Sunday evening. Frank Beelaert returned on Sunday from Lm on. when he had spent several days attending the 4-H leaders training conference. He was awarded this trip by Ak-Sar Ben in recognition of his work as a 4-H club leader. The HOA club met with Mrs. Calvin Harvey Tuesday afternoon with 15 members. Guests were Mrs. Hester Edmisten, Mrs. Kate Beam, Mrs. James. Finley, Mrs. Robert Harvey and Mrs. Kenneth Asher. The afternoon was spent sewing carpet rags for the hostess. The next meeting will be with Mrs. Edgar Wood. Mrs. Agnes Engle, a teacher in the Atkinson high school, came Friday to the home of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Russell, where she is ill with a "strep" throat. Mr. and Mrs. A. L. Dorr and Vernon and Mr. and Mrs. Alton Braddock and Joan Ann were Monday evening dinner guests of Rev. and Mrs. T. O. Brownfield. Mrs. Don Berg and daughter, of Rapid City, S. D., arrived Sunday to visit her parents. Mr. and Mrs. William J. Biglin. WAG... 780 on your dial. R- H. SHRINER Wind it Tornado. Truck it Vraeior, Personal Property Liability GENERAL INSURANCE REAL ESTATE. LOANS. FARM SERVICE. RENTALS. Automobile O'Neill Phone 106 Farm Property Complete Preparation For REA Current SANDCREEK — The Charles Do bias family has had their place wired for electricity, and all is in readiness for the first surge of REA power. Sioux City wiremen completed the job on Friday, January 27. The Herbert Sweets are wiring their farm for electricity this week. A wireman from Bassett is doing the work. Other Sandcreek News Mrs. Linford Sweet attended the leader training meeting for project clubs in Stuart Monday, January 30. Members of the Cleveland Indians Aid met at the home of Mrs. Lawrence Lofquest Wednesday afternoon, January 25. to work on White Cross material. Calvin Allyn spent a few days at the home of his cousin, Dick Sweet last week. Sunday evening, January 22. visitors at the James Doming home were Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence L. Of quest, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Lofquest and Vernon McClurg. James and Robert Deming, Charles Dobias and Merrill Smith, who, on Monday, January 23. Mr. and Mrs. D. F. Scott and Dorothy and Mr. and Mrs. Gone Livingston were Sunday, January 22. Dinner guests of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Dobias and boys. Mrs. Berlin Mitchell spent Friday, January 27, visiting Mrs. Kussell Hipke and boys. Mrs. Samuel Lofquest was1 an afternoon caller at the llip ke home. NOTICE The RANCH I N WHITE Training and Riding School, Inc., takes this opportunity of announcing: Cal and Ruth Thompson have discontinued their shows for the season ol 1950 and will remain at the ranch to develop and train out students who will be exhibit ing the American Albino horse in the future, catering to guests and develop the Outdoor Pro gressive Educational Youth Program which is now in full charge. Therefore the follow ing equipment is for sale: 1— 1949 Dodge Tractor, 3 ton, like new with a 30 ft stock trailer, good condition. 1—1946 Chev rolet, ton m> tractor, good condition; 28 ft Fruehuf Trail er (closed van), good condition. 1—1946 Chevrolet, long wheel base- 14 ft. stock rack. Tractor with 1948 motor. This equipment is priced to sell and will be sold before Mar. 1, 1950 Call or writrc Ruth Thompson, Bus. Mgr, White Horse Ranch, Naper, ciebi. Phone 23L9. 2.00p,-t. UAHD Ut IHAHK* WE WISH to express our heartfelt thanks to all \v£w expressed sympathy with letters or messages and those who assisted in any wmy during the illness and dead* of our beloved mother, Mi*. Bertha Pritchett- Your k'twA deeds will never be forgpt *cn. Especially do we wanR to thank the choir and Re*. O'Sullivan, the altar boyi*. Biglin Bros.—From the Children. 38c More fit Me H/hrfif can /ou Get** 1 Prices Effective Thursday, Fri. and Sat., February 2, 3 and 4 VAN CAMP NO. 2 Pork & Beans LUSHUS SYRUP, Gallon. 69c IN SAUCE Spaghetti, 2 tall cans 25c APPLE BUTTER, 2-lb. jar 19c FANCY CORN, 3 cans 31c BAB-O. 2 cans 23c ARMOUR MILK Can. He 2 lbs. 23c SALMON, 2-lb. cans 79c with poqt CRACKERS, Lb. pkg. 23c IN SYRUP APRICOTS, No. 21 can 19c TOMATO JUICE, No. 2 can 10c IN SYRUP PRUNES, No. 1 lb can 19c TOILET TISSUE, 4 rolls 19c IN SYRUP PEARS, No. 1 can 29c KITCHEN CLEANSER, 2 cans 9c DEL MONTE No 2 Fruit fed GREEN TOP CARROTS 7 bunches 15c RED LION FLETT, 2 lb 35c SOLID - CRISP RADISHES, 3 for 25c MEDIUM JUICE ORANGES, Doz... 15c HARDING’S BUTTER lb. 25c NECK'RIVAL SLICED RIFLETS 3-lbs. 25c ALL MEAT RING BOLOGNA u».39c Headless, Dressed, Scaled Cello Wrapped WHITING iS-ib.pki.79c CUDAHY PURITAN SUMMER SAUSAGE lb..47c LEAN BOILING ih Plenty of Parking.
| 32,787 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C4%81ra%20Metta
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Medāra Metta
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medāra Metta&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 217 | 356 |
Bungtod ang Medāra Metta sa Indiya. Nahimutang ni sa distrito sa Vizianagaram District ug estado sa State of Andhra Pradesh, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa New Delhi ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Medāra Metta, o ka metros sa ibabaw sa naglibot nga tereyn. Mga ka kilometro ang gilapdon sa tiilan niini.
Ang yuta palibot sa Medāra Metta patag sa amihanan, apan sa habagatan nga kini mao ang kabungtoran. Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang Guni Konda, ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Medāra Metta. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Medāra Metta nga hilabihan populasyon. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang Bobbili, km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Medāra Metta. Hapit nalukop sa kaumahan ang palibot sa Medāra Metta. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Medāra Metta, kabukiran talagsaon komon.
Ang klima nga savanna. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Mayo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Disyembre, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hulyo, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Disyembre, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga bungtod sa State of Andhra Pradesh
Kabukiran sa Indiya nga mas taas kay sa 200 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel
| 3,160 |
ahistorybritish00cotegoog_10
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,816 |
A History of British Birds
|
Thomas Bewick, Ralph Beilby, Henry Cotes
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,614 | 4,929 |
use of it in defending itself against the attacks of birds of ptey ; on such occasions it throws out the water with such violence as not unfrequently to baffle the pursuit of its enemy. Bustards were formerly more common in this island than at present ; they are now found only in the open countries of the South and East, in the plains of Wilt« shircy Dorsetshire, and in some parts of Yorkshire; they were formerly met with in Scotland, but are now sup- posed to be extinct there. They are slow in takiog wing, but run with great rapidity, and when young are some- times taken with greyhounds, which pursue them with great avidity : the chace is said to afford excellent diver- sion. The Great Bustard is granivorous, but feeds chief- ly on herbs of various kinds ; it is also fond of those worms which are seen to come out of the ground in great numbers before sun-rise in the summer ; in winter it frequently feeds on the bark of trees : like the Ostrich, it swallows small stones,* bits of metal, and the like. The female builds no nest, but making a hole on the ground, drops two eggs, about the size of those of a Goose, of a pale olive brown, with dark spots. She sometimes leaves her eggs in quest of food ; and if, during her absence, any one should handle, or even breathe upon them, she immediately abandons them. Bustards are found in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, bvit have not hitherto been discovered on the new continent. * In the stomach of one which was opened by the academicians^ there were found, besides small stones, to the number of ninety doubloons, aU worn and polished by the attrition of the stomadi,— ^jf. I THE LITTLE BUSTARD. fOlii Tetrax, Lin. — La petite Oulartie, Buff.) Lf.notii only ftcvenlceii inche*. Tlie bill is pais brawn ; iridcti red ; the top of tlie head U black, kpolted with pale ruit colour ; the tides of the head, ihc chin, and throat, arc of a reddish white, marked with a few dark spots ; the wtiolc neck is black, encircled witb an irregular bond of wliitc near the lop and botlom ; (he back and wings arc ruKt colour, niouinl with brown, and crossed with fine irregular black lines j the under paru of the body, and outer edges of the wings, arc white : the tail consists of eighteen feathers ( the middle ones lire tawny, barred with block, the others are while, mark* cd with a few irreguhir bands of black: the legs arc grey. The female is smaller, and has not the black collar on the neck } in other respects she nearly rc«omblcs the male. 2 R S16 This bird t BRITISH BIRDS, n this I and t; f uncommoa in this country Imve seen only two of them, both females. The 6gure was drawn from one sent by W. Trevelyan, Esq. which was taken on the edge of Newmarket Heath, and kept alive about three weeks in a kitchen, where it was fed with bread and other things, such as poultry eat. It is very common in France, where it is taken in nets like the Partridge. It is a very shy and cunning bird ; if disturbed, it flics two or three hundred paces, not fat from the ground, and then runs away much faster than, any one can follow on foot. The female lays her £^^ in June, to thenumberof three or four, of a glossy green colour : at soon as the young are hatched, she leads them about as the Hen does her chickens : they begin to fly about the middle of August. Both this and the Great Bustard are excellent eating, and, we should imagine, would well repay the trouble of domestication : indeed it seems surprising that we should suffer these fine birds to run wild, and be in danger of total extinction, which, if properly cultivated, might af- ford as excellent a repast as our own domestic poultry^ or even as the Turkey, for which we are indebted to dis- tant countries. BRITISH BIHDS. OF THE PLOVER. Ttiis genus is distinguithcd by a large full eye ; the bill is EtroJght, short, and rather swollen towards the tip ; the head is large; the legs are naked above the knee; and most of the species are without the hind toe. Although the Plover has generally been classed with those birds whose business is wholly among waters, we cannot help considering the gieater part of them as par- taking entirely of the nature of land birds. Many of them breed upon our loftiest mountains, and though they are frequently seen upon the sea-coasts, feeding with birds of the water kind, yet it must be observed that they are no more water birds than many of our small birds which repair thitlier for the same purpose. The Long- legged Plover and the SanderlJng are waders, and belong more immediately to the water birds, to which we refer them : the Great Plover and the Lapwing wc consider as entirely connected with birds of the Plover kind ; the former has usually been classed wilii the Bustard, the latter with the Sandpiper j but they differ very material- ly from both, and seem to agree in more essential potnts with this kind : we have therefore given them a place in this part of our work, where, with the rest of the Plovers, they may be considered as connecting the two great di- visions of land and water birds, to both of whicli Uiey arc in some degree allied. I BIUTISn BIRDS, THE GREAT PLOVER. fCkaradrius Oedicnemus, Lin. — Le grand Pluvier, Bu£' The length of this bird is about Eixtcen inches. It hili is long, yellowish at the base, and black at the tip its irides and eye-lids are pale yellow ; above each eye there is a pale streak, and beneath one of the same cx^ lour extends to the bill ; the throat is white ; the head, neck, and all the upper parts of the body are of a paJe tawny brown ; down the middle of each feather there is a dark streak j the fore part of the neck and the breast are nearly of the same colour, but much paler j the belly, thighs, and vent are of apale yellowish white; the quills are black j the tall is short and rounded, and a dark bi I I I BIRDS. 319 crosses the middle of each feather j the tips are black, the rest white : the legs are yellow, and naked above the knees, which are very thick, as if swollen, hence its name ; the claws are black. This bird is found in great plenty in Norfolk and se- veral of the southern counties, but is no where to be met with in the northern parts of our island ; it prefers dry and stony places, on the sides of sloping banks. It makes no nest: tlic female lays two or three eggs on the bare ground, sheltered by a stone, or in a small hole formed in the sand ; they are of a dirty white, marked with spots of a deep reddish colour, mixed with slight streaks. Al- though this bird has great power of wing, and flies with great strength, it is seldom seen during the day, except surprised, when it springs to some distance, and generally escapes before the sportsman comes within gun-shot ; it likewise runs on the ground almost as swiftly as a dogj after running some time it stops short, holding its bead and body still, and on the least noise, squats close on the ground. In the evening it comes out in quest of food, and may then be heard at a great distance: its cry is sin- gular, resembling a hoarse kind of whistle three or four times repeated, and has been compared to the turning of a rusty handle. Bufibn endeavours to express it by the words lurrlul, turrlui, and says it resembles the sound of a third flute, dwelling on three or four tones from a flat to a sharp. Its food consists chiefly of worms. It is said to be good eating when young; the flesh of the old ones ' is hard, black and dry. Mr Wliite mentions them as frequenting the district of Selborne, in Hampshire. He says, that the young run immediately from the nest, al- most as soon as they are excluded, like Purlridgcs i that 320 BRITISH BIRDS. tlie dam leads them to some stony tield, where tliey hask^ skulking among the stones, which they resemble so neai ly in colour, as not easily to be discovered. Birds of this kind are migratory ; they arrive in April, 1 live with us all the spring and summer, and at the I ginning of autumn prepare to take leave by getting t gelher in flocks : it is supposed that they retire to Spai and frequent the ehecp-walks with which that countr nlxwnds. THE PEE-WIT. LAPWING, BASTARD PLOVER, OR TE-WH (Tringa vanelius, Lin. — Le Vanneau, Buff.) This bird is about the size of a Pigeon. It£ bill ) black ; eyes large and hazel ; the top of the head j black, glossed uith green ; a tutl of long narrow featbei issues from the back part of the head, .ind turns upwni BRfTISH BIRDS. 32I at the end j some of tlicm are four inches in length : the sides of the head and neck are white; which is interrupt- ed by a blackish streak above and below the eye; the back part of the neck is of a very pale brown ; the fore part, as far as the breast, is black ; the back and the wing coverts are of a dark green, glossed with purple and blue reflections ; the qiiiils are black, the first four tipped with white; the breast and belly are of a pure white ; the upper tail coverts and vent pale chesnut ; the tail is white at the base, the rest of it is black, with pale tips, the outer feathers almost wholly white: the legs are red; claws black; hind claw very short. This bird is a constant inhabitant of this country; but as it subsists chiefly on worms, it is forced to change its place in quest of food, and is frequently seen in great numbers by the sea-shores, where it finds an abundant supply. It is every where well known by its loud and incessant cries, which it repeats without iutermission I whilst on the wing, and from which, in most languages a name has been given to It, imitative of the sound. The Pec-wit is a lively, active bird, almost continually in motion ; it sports and frolics in the air in all directions, and assumes a variety of attitudes j it remains long upon the wing, and sometimes rises to a considerable height ; it runs along the ground very nimbly, and springs and bounds from spot to spot with great agility. The female J lays four eggs, of a dirty olive, spotted with black : she makes no nest, but deposits them upon a little dry grass hastily scraped together : the young birds run very soon after they are hatched : during this period the old ones are very assiduous in their attenton to their charge ; on the approach of any person to the place of their deposit^ I 322 BRITISH BIRDS. they flutter round his head with cries of the greatest inquietude, which increase as he draws nearer the spot where the brood are squatted ; in case of extremity, and as a last resource, they run along the ground as if lame, in order to draw off the attention of the fowler from any further pursuit* The young Lapwings are first covered with a blackish down interspersed with long white hairs, which they gradually lose, and about the latter end of July they acquire their beautiful plumage. At ihis time they assemble in flocks, which hover in the air, saunter in the meadows, and after rain, disperse among the ploughed fields. In October the Lapwings are very fet, and are then said to be excellent eating. Their eggs are considered as a great delicacy, and are sold in London at three shillings a dozen. The following anecdote communicated by the late Rev. J. Carlyle, is worthy of notice, as it shews the domestic nature of this bird, as well as the art with which it conciliates the regard of animals differing from itself in nature,, and generally considered as hostile to every species of the feathered tribe. Two of these birds, given to Mr Carlyle, were put into a garden, where one of them soon died ; the other continued to pick up such food as the place afforded, till winter deprived it of its usual supply : necessity soon compelled it to draw nearer the house, by which it gradually becamefamiliarised to occasional interruptions from the family. At I^igth one of the servants, when she had occasion to go into the back-kitchen with a light, observed that the Lap- wing always uttered his cry *pee-mf to obtain admit- tance. He soon grew more familiar; as the winter advanced, he approached as far as the kitchen, but with BRITISH BIRDS. 323 much caution, as that part of the house was generally occupied by a dog and a cat, whose friendship the Lap- wing at length conciliated so entirely, that it was his re- gular custom to resort to the fire-side as soon as it grew dark, and spend the evening and night vihh his two as- sociates, sitting close by them, and partaking of the com- forts of a warm fire-side. As soon^as spring appeared, be left o£F coming to the house, and betook himself to the garden ; but on the approach of winter, he had recourse to his old shelter and his old friends, who received him very cordially. Security was productive of insolence; what was at first obtained with caution, was afterwards taken without reserve: he frequently amused himself with washing in the bowl which was set for the dog to drink out of, and while he was thus employed, he shewed marks of the greatest indignation if cither of liis com- panions presumed to interrupt him. He died in the asylum he had chosen, being choaked with something he had picked up from the floor. During his confinement, crumbs of wheaten bread were his principal food, which he preferred to any thing else. THE GOLOES ruOVCS. tWlfooriWTaftSe. BXA^it^v^tki^ ^'clowapoUifpoaBiIatbnmipoaiKli Uiefbrepartof (IwiMdmil the bvcMt «e tlw Miw, but mscfapder; iW baBj' l» almpM «1iiu t ^ V^Sk an dtoky } tfae uil U NiMlud witij diuky and ydlow ban ; ibe 1^ an httuk. iHriU tjf tliia qiccici rary macb fron eadi ollwr ; I'l Miffifl w\Mt WG Ijkvo bad, t)i« bmst wn rosrlced Kith bbch anit w>iJr<*} in otlin-i, it wu almost black j but wlintlKT lliin iliflcrencc nroie from age or lex, vc are at N hiH (a^letermino. Tli« Ooldon Ilovcr Ji common in this country and all tltfl iinrtlitirn pnrUt of Europe ; it is very numerous in vuriitii* [Tiirti of America, from Ilutlfion's Bay ns for as BRITISH BIRDS. 325 Carolina, migrating Trom one place to anoliier, nccorcling to the seasons. It breeds on high and Iicathy mountains : the female Inys four eggs, of a pnleolivo colour, vai'iegat- ed with blackish spots. Tliey By in small flocks, and make a stirilt whistling noise, by an imitation of which they are sometimes enticed within gun-shot. The male and female do not differ from each other. In young birds the yellow spots are not very distinguishable, a* the plumage iacltnct more to grey. THE GREY PLOVER. (Tringa Squalarola, 'Laa.:—Le Vanncau Plttvier, BulT,) The length of this bird is about twelve inches. Its bill is black j the head, back, and wing coverts are of a dusky brown, edged with greenish ash colour, and some with white ; the checks and thront are white, marked with oblong dusky spots i the belly, thighs, and rump are while J the sides are marked with a few dusky spots; the outer webs of the quillB are black, the lower parts of the inner webs of the first four are white; the tail is marked with alternate bars of black and white : the legs are of a dull green ; the hind toe is small. In the Planches Enluminees this bird is represented with eyes of on orange colour j there is likewise a dusky line extend- ing from the bill underneath each pyc, and a white one above it. We have placed thiahird with the Plovere, ns agreeing with them in every other rcs]icct but that of having a very amnll hind toe ; but this is so slight a difference as not to render it necessary to exclude it from a place in the Plover family, to which it evidently belongs. Tlia 28S 326 BRITISH BIRDS. Grey Plover is not very common in Britain ; it appears i sometimes in small flocks on the sea-coasu: it is some- ' what larger than the Golden Plover, Its flesh is said to , be very delicate. ^.iiii^^v- THE DOTTEREL. (Charadrius Morinellus, Lin. — Le Guignard, hxiS.) The length of this bird is about nine inches. ltd bS^ is black ; eyes dark, large, and full ; its forehead i mottled with brown and while; top of the head black; over each eye an arched line of white passes to the hinder part of the neck ; the cheeks and throat are white j the back and wings are of a light brown, inclining to olive, each feather margined with pale rust colour j the quills are brown ; the fore part of the neck is surrounded by a broad band of a light olive colour, bordered on the under side with white ; the breast is of a pale dull orange ; middle of the belly black j the rest of the belly, thighs, and vent, are of a reddish white ; the tail is of an olive BRITISH BIRDS. 527 brown, black near the end, and tipped with white, the outer feathers are margined with white: the legs are of a dark olive colour. The Dotterel is common in various parts of Great Bri- tain, though in some places it is scarcely known. They are supposed to breed in the mountains of Cumberland and Westmoreland, where they are sometimes seen in the month of May, during the breeding season ; they like- wbe breed on several of the Highland hills ; they are very common in Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and Der- byshire, appearing in small flocks on the heaths and moors of those counties during the months of May and June, and are then very fat, and much esteemed for the table. It is said that the Dotterel is eo very stupid a bird, as to be taken with tlic most simple artifice, and that it was formerly the custom to decoy them into the net by stretching out a leg or an arm, which caught the atten- tion of the birds, so that they returned it by a similar mo- tion of a leg or a wing, and were not aware till the net dropped and covered the whole flock. At present the more sure method of the gun has superseded this artifice. THE RING DOTTEBEL. Bf so PLOVZB, OK SEA LABE. fOianJmu HialiaUa, Low— £« petit Pbttur i cofiwr, HA) Thz lengtli is ratjter mmv Ibsn aerm ukIms. Hie bin >* ofao orange cotonr, tipped with bladtj the Kjt% are dsrk hazel ; a black iice passes from the btH, noAa- neath each eye, and spreads over the cheeks; aboretbis a line of white extends across the forehead to the ejes; thii is bounded above by a biack fillet across the head ; a gorget of black encircles the neck, rer\' broad on the (ore part, but growing narrow behind, above which, to the chin, \s white j the top of the head is of a light brown ash colour, as are also the back, scapulars, and coverts ; ■he greater coverts are lipped with white ; the breast and all the tinder parts are white ; the quills are dusky, with an oval white spot about the middle of each feather, which forms, when the wings are closed, a stroke of white down cachj the tail is of a dark brown, tipped with white, the two outer feathers almost white: tb« I liRITISH BIRDS. 329 legs are of an orange colour ; claws black. In the fe- male, the white on the forehead is less ; there is more white on the wings, and the plumage inclines more to ash colour. These birds are common in all the northern countries ; they migrate into Britain in the spring, and depart in autumn : they frequent the sea-shores during summer, and run nimbly along the sands, sometimes taking short flights, accompanied with loud twitterings, then alight and run again : if disturbed they fly quite off. They are said to make no nest : the female lays four eggs, of a pale ash colour, spotted with black, which she deposits on the ground. ) I 1 / N V « •. i. li.
| 8,979 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8368299
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Defunct WikiProject Ships templates
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 54 | 261 |
Category:Defunct WikiProject Ships templates
Wikimedia category
Category:Defunct WikiProject Ships templates instance of Wikimedia templates category
Category:Defunct WikiProject Ships templates category combines topics Wikimedia template
Category:Defunct WikiProject Ships templates category combines topics defunct organization
Category:Defunct WikiProject Ships templates category contains Wikimedia template
വർഗ്ഗം:പ്രവർത്തനരഹിതമായ വിക്കിപ്രോജക്റ്റ് ഷിപ്പ് ടെംപ്ലേറ്റുകൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:പ്രവർത്തനരഹിതമായ വിക്കിപ്രോജക്റ്റ് ഷിപ്പ് ടെംപ്ലേറ്റുകൾ വർഗ്ഗത്തിൽ ക്രോഡീകരിക്കുന്ന വിഷയങ്ങൾ വിക്കിമീഡിയ ഫലകം
| 21,312 |
https://github.com/nimeshvaghasiya/MyHeritage/blob/master/src/MyHeritage.App/src/app/pages/forms/components/inputs/components/ratinginputs/ratinginputs.component.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
MyHeritage
|
nimeshvaghasiya
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 49 | 158 |
"use strict";
var core_1 = require('@angular/core');
var Rating = (function () {
function Rating() {
this._rate1 = 3;
this._rate2 = 4;
this._max1 = 5;
this._max2 = 10;
}
Rating = __decorate([
core_1.Component({
selector: 'rating-inputs',
template: require('./ratinginputs.html')
}),
__metadata('design:paramtypes', [])
], Rating);
return Rating;
}());
exports.Rating = Rating;
//# sourceMappingURL=ratinginputs.component.js.map
| 4,968 |
https://github.com/steve1rm/BusbyBaking/blob/master/app/src/test/java/me/androidbox/busbybaking/recipieslist/RecipeListPresenterImpTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
BusbyBaking
|
steve1rm
|
Java
|
Code
| 128 | 601 |
package me.androidbox.busbybaking.recipieslist;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import me.androidbox.busbybaking.model.Recipe;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
/**
* Created by smason on 6/14/2017 AD.
*/
public class RecipeListPresenterImpTest {
private RecipeListModelContract recipeListModelContract;
private RecipeListViewContract recipeListViewContract;
private RecipeListPresenterImp recipeListPresenterContract;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
recipeListModelContract = Mockito.mock(RecipeListModelContract.class);
recipeListViewContract = Mockito.mock(RecipeListViewContract.class);
recipeListPresenterContract = new RecipeListPresenterImp(recipeListModelContract);
recipeListPresenterContract.attachView(recipeListViewContract);
}
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void testConstructorIsNotNULL() throws Exception {
new RecipeListPresenterImp(null);
}
@Test
public void testPresenterShouldNotBeNull() {
assertNotNull(recipeListPresenterContract);
}
@Test
public void testShouldRetrieveAllRecipes() throws Exception {
recipeListPresenterContract.retrieveAllRecipes();
verify(recipeListModelContract, times(1))
.getRecipesFromAPI(recipeListPresenterContract);
}
@Test
public void testOnRecipeGetAllSuccess() throws Exception {
List<Recipe> recipeList = new ArrayList<>();
recipeListPresenterContract.onRecipeGetAllSuccess(recipeList);
verify(recipeListViewContract, times(1))
.displayRecipeData(recipeList);
}
@Test
public void testOnRecipeGetAllFailure() throws Exception {
recipeListPresenterContract.onRecipeGetAllFailure(anyString());
verify(recipeListViewContract, times(1))
.displayRecipeError(anyString());
}
}
| 34,989 |
https://github.com/pmeisen/gen-misc/blob/master/test/net/meisen/general/genmisc/raster/function/impl/TestGroup.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
gen-misc
|
pmeisen
|
Java
|
Code
| 582 | 1,883 |
package net.meisen.general.genmisc.raster.function.impl;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import net.meisen.general.genmisc.raster.configuration.IRasterConfiguration;
import net.meisen.general.genmisc.raster.data.impl.BaseModelData;
import net.meisen.general.genmisc.raster.definition.IRasterModel;
import net.meisen.general.genmisc.raster.definition.IRasterModelEntry;
import net.meisen.general.genmisc.raster.definition.RasterModelEntryType;
import net.meisen.general.genmisc.raster.definition.impl.BaseRasterModelEntry;
import net.meisen.general.genmisc.raster.utilities.GeneralUtilities;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
import org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito;
import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
/**
* Tests the implementation of the <code>Group</code>-
* <code>RasterFunction</code>
*
* @author pmeisen
*
*/
public class TestGroup {
// define a RasterConfiguration mock for those tests
IRasterConfiguration<?> configMock = PowerMockito
.mock(IRasterConfiguration.class);
/**
* Initialize the RasterConfiguration mock
*/
@Before
public void init() {
// create a mock for the RasterModel
final IRasterModel model = PowerMockito.mock(IRasterModel.class);
// combine the mocks
when(configMock.getModel(any(String.class))).thenReturn(model);
when(configMock.getLocale()).thenReturn(new Locale("de"));
when(model.getEntries(any(RasterModelEntryType[].class))).thenAnswer(
new Answer<Collection<IRasterModelEntry>>() {
@Override
public Collection<IRasterModelEntry> answer(
final InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
final List<IRasterModelEntry> entries = new ArrayList<IRasterModelEntry>();
final Object[] args = invocation.getArguments();
// check the type
boolean group = false;
if (args.length > 0
&& args[0] instanceof RasterModelEntryType) {
for (final Object type : args) {
if (type.equals(RasterModelEntryType.GROUP)) {
group = true;
break;
}
}
}
// check if we have the right one and return it
if (group) {
entries.add(new BaseRasterModelEntry("ENTRYGROUP1",
RasterModelEntryType.GROUP, new Value(),
"GROUP1"));
entries.add(new BaseRasterModelEntry("ENTRYGROUP2",
RasterModelEntryType.GROUP, new Value(),
"GROUP2"));
entries.add(new BaseRasterModelEntry("ENTRYGROUP3",
RasterModelEntryType.GROUP, new Value(),
"GROUP3"));
}
return entries;
}
});
}
/**
* Tests the initial value of the Count-<code>RasterFunction</code>
*/
@Test
public void testInitialValue() {
// create the function
final Group group = new Group();
// value must be null
assertEquals(group.getInitialValue(), null);
}
/**
* Tests the definition of a fixed grouping value (i.e. always the same
* value will be returned)
*/
@Test
public void testFixedGroup() {
// create the function
final Group group = new Group();
// create the entry of the RasterFunction
final IRasterModelEntry entry = new BaseRasterModelEntry("GROUP",
RasterModelEntryType.VALUE, group, "My Group");
// execute the function and check the result
final BaseModelData modelData = new BaseModelData();
// see the result of the function
final String value = (String) entry.execute("MODEL", configMock,
modelData);
assertEquals(value, "My Group");
}
/**
* Tests the usage of a format for Grouping
*/
@Test
public void testSimpleFormattedGroupUsingStrings() {
// create the function
final Group group = new Group();
// create the entry of the RasterFunction
final IRasterModelEntry entry = new BaseRasterModelEntry("GROUP",
RasterModelEntryType.VALUE, group,
"The value of the ModelData-field GROUP1 is '[ENTRYGROUP1]'");
// execute the function and check the result
final BaseModelData modelData = new BaseModelData();
modelData.setValue("GROUP1", "My Group");
// see the result of the function
final String value = (String) entry.execute("MODEL", configMock,
modelData);
assertEquals(value,
"The value of the ModelData-field GROUP1 is 'My Group'");
}
/**
* Tests the usage of a format for Grouping
*/
@Test
public void testSimpleFormattedGroupUsingInteger() {
// create the function
final Group group = new Group();
// create the entry of the RasterFunction
final IRasterModelEntry entry = new BaseRasterModelEntry("GROUP",
RasterModelEntryType.VALUE, group,
"The value of the ModelData-field GROUP1 is '[ENTRYGROUP1]'");
// execute the function and check the result
final BaseModelData modelData = new BaseModelData();
modelData.setValue("GROUP1", 5);
// see the result of the function
final String value = (String) entry.execute("MODEL", configMock,
modelData);
assertEquals(value, "The value of the ModelData-field GROUP1 is '5'");
}
/**
* Tests the usage of a format for Grouping
*/
@Test
public void testAdvancedFormattedGroup() {
// create the function
final Group group = new Group();
// create the entry of the RasterFunction
final IRasterModelEntry entry = new BaseRasterModelEntry("GROUP",
RasterModelEntryType.VALUE, group,
"[ENTRYGROUP1$td]-[ENTRYGROUP1$tB]-[ENTRYGROUP1$tY]");
// execute the function and check the result
final BaseModelData modelData = new BaseModelData();
modelData.setValue("GROUP1",
GeneralUtilities.getDate("20.01.1981 00:00:00"));
// see the result of the function
final String value = (String) entry.execute("MODEL", configMock,
modelData);
assertEquals(value, "20-Januar-1981");
}
}
| 45,842 |
https://github.com/webkom/lego-webapp/blob/master/app/components/Feed/renders/announcement.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
lego-webapp
|
webkom
|
TSX
|
Code
| 112 | 334 |
import Icon from 'app/components/Icon';
import { lookupContext, contextRender } from '../context';
import styles from '../context.css';
import type { AggregatedActivity, TagInfo } from '../types';
import type { Element } from 'react';
/**
* Group by object
*/
export function activityHeader(
aggregatedActivity: AggregatedActivity,
htmlTag: (arg0: TagInfo) => Element<any>
) {
const latestActivity = aggregatedActivity.lastActivity;
const actor = lookupContext(aggregatedActivity, latestActivity.actor);
const object = lookupContext(aggregatedActivity, latestActivity.object);
return (
<span>
<b>
{object.fromGroup ? (
<span className={styles.highlight}>{object.fromGroup.name}</span>
) : (
htmlTag(contextRender[actor.contentType](actor))
)}
{' sendte ut en kunngjøring:'}
</b>
<br />
{htmlTag(contextRender[object.contentType](object))}
</span>
);
}
export function activityContent() {
return null;
}
export function icon() {
return <Icon name="chatbubbles" />;
}
export function getURL(aggregatedActivity: AggregatedActivity) {
return '/timeline';
}
| 16,747 |
https://github.com/adambarclay/mundane/blob/master/src/Mundane/MundaneEndpointNoParametersSync.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
mundane
|
adambarclay
|
C#
|
Code
| 18 | 44 |
namespace Mundane;
/// <summary>A synchronous endpoint delegate receiving no parameters.</summary>
/// <returns>The endpoint response.</returns>
public delegate Response MundaneEndpointNoParametersSync();
| 24,472 |
https://github.com/JetBrains/intellij-community/blob/master/python/testData/refactoring/move/staleFromImportRemovedWhenNewImportCombinedWithExistingImport/before/src/b.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
intellij-community
|
JetBrains
|
Python
|
Code
| 3 | 8 |
class B:
pass
| 15,214 |
https://openalex.org/W2113177186
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,013 |
Protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors of foot ulceration in people with diabetes: the international research collaboration for the prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS)
|
Fay Crawford
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,311 | 10,050 |
* Correspondence: Fay.crawford@ed.ac.uk
1Department of vascular Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, High Heaton, Newcastle NE7 7DN, UK
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article STUDY PROTOCOL
Open Access
Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 STUDY PROTOCOL
Open Access
Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 © 2013 Crawford et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Protocol for a systematic review and individual
patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors
of foot ulceration in people with diabetes: the
international research collaboration for the
prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS) Protocol for a systematic review and individual
patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors
of foot ulceration in people with diabetes: the
international research collaboration for the
prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS) Fay Crawford1*, Chantelle Anandan2, Francesca M Chappell2, Gordon D Murray2, Jacqueline F Price2, Aziz Sheikh2,
Colin R Simpson2, Martin Maxwell2, Gerard P Stansby3, Matthew J Young4, Caroline A Abbott5,
Andrew JM Boulton6, Edward J Boyko7, Thomas Kastenbauer8, Graham P Leese9, Matteo Monami10,
Matilde Monteiro-Soares11, Stephen J Rith-Najarian12, Aristidis Veves13, Nikki Coates14, William J Jeffcoate15,
Nicola Leech16, Tom Fahey17 and Jayne Tierney18 STUDY PROTOCOL Open Access * Correspondence: Fay.crawford@ed.ac.uk
1Department of vascular Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, High Heaton, Newcastle NE7 7DN, UK
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© 2013 Crawford et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background Both
reviews
[6,8] found wide
variations in the
estimates of the incidence of foot ulceration across
different study populations (2% to 17%) and as prediction
tools derived from high risk populations may be of less
value in the general diabetic population, this deserves
further consideration. Diabetes–related lower limb amputations are associated
with considerable morbidity and mortality and are
usually preceded by foot ulceration. A recent analysis of
diabetes-related amputation rates in England found
there is a wide variation in incidence and researchers
suggest that this may be explained by a variation in the
delivery of care [1]. Annual assessment procedures are
recommended to identify those people with diabetes
who are at risk of foot ulceration [2-5] and there is some
evidence to support the use of certain diagnostic tests,
symptoms and signs but the role of other contributory
factors is less clear [6]. Currently there is insufficient
evidence that interventions to reduce foot amputations
or ulcerations are clinically or cost effective [7]. These systematic reviews represent the best attempts
to integrate evidence of prognostic factors to date, [6,8]
but the findings are compromised because authors of
some primary studies report adjusted estimates whilst
others report unadjusted estimates and it is unclear
whether the same confounders or effect modifiers have
been used. Conventional meta-analytic techniques using
data that have been estimated or averaged across all
individuals in a study - aggregate data - do not permit
adjustments for confounding to be performed and the
best way to reliably analyse data from several cohort
studies using a standard approach is to use individual
patient data (IPD) [9,10]. Meta-analyses based on aggregate data of independent
prognostic factors found the duration of diabetes, HbA1c,
Peak Plantar Pressure (PPP), and vibration perception
threshold (VPT) all distinguish between those people who
will develop a foot ulcer and those who will not. However,
there was significant heterogeneity between studies which
may be due to differences in lengths of follow-up, methods
of ascertaining the presence of ulcers and the use of differ-
ent cut-off points (thresholds) for some of the tests [6]. There are several advantages of IPD meta-analyses,
but the ability to conduct a more complete time-to
-event analysis, where outcomes can be adjusted for
prespecified covariates is key. We propose to conduct a
systematic review and meta-analysis of IPD to create a
statistical model of independent predicative factors of
diabetic foot ulceration [9-11]. Abstract BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from their inception until early 2012 were searched and the
corresponding authors of all eligible primary studies invited to contribute their raw data. We developed relevant
quality assurance items likely to identify occasions when study validity may have been compromised from several
sources. A confidentiality agreement, arrangements for communication and reporting as well as ethical and
governance considerations are explained. We have agreement from the corresponding authors of all studies which meet the eligibility criteria and they
collectively possess data from more than 17000 patients. We propose, as a provisional analysis plan, to use a multi-
level mixed model, using “study” as one of the levels. Such a model can also allow for the within-patient clustering
that occurs if a patient contributes data from both feet, although to aid interpretation, we prefer to use patients
rather than feet as the unit of analysis. We intend to only attempt this analysis if the results of the investigation of
heterogeneity do not rule it out and the model diagnostics are acceptable. Discussion: This review is central to the development of a global evidence-based strategy for the risk assessment
of the foot in patients with diabetes, ensuring future recommendations are valid and can reliably inform
international clinical guidelines. Abstract Background: Diabetes–related lower limb amputations are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality
and are usually preceded by foot ulceration. The available systematic reviews of aggregate data are compromised
because the primary studies report both adjusted and unadjusted estimates. As adjusted meta-analyses of
aggregate data can be challenging, the best way to standardise the analytical approach is to conduct a meta-
analysis based on individual patient data (IPD). There are however many challenges and fundamental methodological omissions are common; protocols are rare
and the assessment of the risk of bias arising from the conduct of individual studies is frequently not performed,
largely because of the absence of widely agreed criteria for assessing the risk of bias in this type of review. In this
protocol we propose key methodological approaches to underpin our IPD systematic review of prognostic factors
of foot ulceration in diabetes. Review questions;
1.What are the most highly prognostic factors for foot ulceration (i.e. symptoms, signs, diagnostic tests) in people
with diabetes? 2.Can the data from each study be adjusted for a consistent set of adjustment factors? 3.Does the model accuracy change when patient populations are stratified according to demographic and/or
clinical characteristics? (Continued on next page) Background: Diabetes–related lower limb amputations are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality
and are usually preceded by foot ulceration. The available systematic reviews of aggregate data are compromised
because the primary studies report both adjusted and unadjusted estimates. As adjusted meta-analyses of
aggregate data can be challenging, the best way to standardise the analytical approach is to conduct a meta-
analysis based on individual patient data (IPD). There are however many challenges and fundamental methodological omissions are common; protocols are rare
and the assessment of the risk of bias arising from the conduct of individual studies is frequently not performed,
largely because of the absence of widely agreed criteria for assessing the risk of bias in this type of review. In this
protocol we propose key methodological approaches to underpin our IPD systematic review of prognostic factors
of foot ulceration in diabetes. q
;
1.What are the most highly prognostic factors for foot ulceration (i.e. symptoms, signs, diagnostic tests) in people
with diabetes? C
h d
f
h
d b
d
d f
f d
f
? 2.Can the data from each study be adjusted for a consistent set of adjustment factors? f Page 2 of 7 Crawford et al. Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Type of outcome variable Does the model accuracy change when patient
populations are stratified according to demographic
or clinical characteristics? The outcome variables will be incident foot ulceration
(present/absent) and time to ulceration from initial diag-
nosis of diabetes as well as from the time of screening. Data extraction and quality assessment The electronic search strategies used for in a previous
systematic review by members of our group will be
conducted according to the published methods [13]. Copies of the EMBASE and MEDLINE search strategies
can be found in Additional file 2: Appendix 2. Data extraction will be undertaken by 2 reviewers
working
independently
and
disagreement
will
be
resolved by discussion. For quality assessment, a 2-stage
process will be used; 2 reviewers working independently
will complete those items available from the published
report together with information provided by authors of
the primary studies. Types of exposure variables What are the most highly prognostic factors for
foot ulceration in people with diabetes (symptoms
signs, diagnostic tests and elements from the
patient history) based on IPD analysis? Types of exposure variables
All elements from the patient history, symptoms, signs
and diagnostic test results will be considered for inclu-
sion in the prognostic model. These are collected vari-
ously as continuous, binary and multi-categorical data. Can the data from each study be adjusted for a
consistent set of adjustment factors? Eligibility criteria This review is central to the development of a global
evidence-based strategy for the risk assessment of the
foot in patients with diabetes, ensuring future valid
recommendations that can reliably inform international
clinical guidelines. A flow diagram of the stages involved
in a systematic review of IPD can be found in Additional
file 1: Appendix 1 [10]. Planned investigation
Research objectives We will seek data from all cohort studies which included
participants who were free of foot ulceration at the time
of study recruitment. Our previous work indicates that
data collected in older studies could be difficult to ob-
tain and we are aware that some investigators are no
longer in possession of their study data (Personal com-
munication, D. Armstrong 2012). Where data are un-
available, details of the study will be presented in
aggregate form in the final report. We will systematically review cohort studies and include
individual patient data in a meta-analysis to estimate the
prognostic value of clinical characteristics and diagnostic
test results. This will allow us to develop a prognostic
model of the risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration
(DFU) based on data collected worldwide. We will test
the robustness of the model in different demographic
profiles – for example, age, duration of diabetes, control
of diabetes (insulin, diet or oral medication) and type of
diabetes (Type I, Type II). Cohort studies which recruited patients with prevalent
and incident foot ulceration will be considered for inclu-
sion where it is possible to separate the data for these
patients. Background A systematic review of clinical prediction rules (CPRs)
for assessing the risk of developing diabetic foot ulceration
in people with diabetes identified five different risk stratifi-
cation tools derived from consensus amongst clinical
experts, literature reviews and prospective studies using
logistic regression methods [8]. The prognostic factors
were foot deformity, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral
vascular disease (pulses and/or ABI), and previous ampu-
tation, the presence of callus, the HbA1c, Tinea pedis, and
onymychosis. The review concludes that the CPR which
possesses the greatest accuracy continues to be the subject
of debate. A detailed assessment of 20 IPD articles conducted as
part of a synthesis of IPD reviews identified many
challenges associated with this research method and the
time-consuming and costly nature requires proper consid-
eration. Fundamental methodological omissions are com-
mon: the assessment of the risk of bias arising from the
conduct of individual studies is not usually performed and
a priori study protocols and ethics are rare [12]. Our protocol has been informed by this work and we
have identified 15 cohort studies through searches of Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Page 3 of 7 Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Page 3 of 7 electronic databases. These cohorts include data from
approximately
17,000
patients
worldwide
and
the
authors of the original reports have agreed to collaborate
in this research by sharing data. criteria to a 10% random sample of the abstract search
yield to check that no relevant material will be missed
by having only one reviewer assess all the abstracts. Types of Participants The IPD review will only include data from individuals
who are free of foot ulceration at the time of study entry
and who have a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (either
type 1 or type 2). Corresponding authors of all identified
cohort studies will be contacted and invited to share
their data. When we identify studies with patients who
had prevalent foot ulcers at the time of recruitment, we
will ascertain whether IPD are available for patients who
were free of ulceration at the time of recruitment. Selection criteria One reviewer will apply the IPD review eligibility criteria
to the full-text articles of the studies identified in our lit-
erature search and also all studies excluded from our ag-
gregate systematic review to ensure we do not miss
eligible IPD. A second reviewer will apply the eligibility The
assessment
of
methodological
quality
is
an
important component of an IPD systematic review but
there is complexity in assessing potential threats to the
validity of primary studies for this research genre. No Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Page 4 of 7 Heterogeneity
A
ith As
with
any
meta-analysis,
heterogeneity
must
be
considered, both from a clinical and statistical viewpoint. First, clinical expertise will be used to decide if it would
be meaningful to combine the studies based on the pa-
tient demographics, risk factors (symptoms, signs and
diagnostic test results), outcome measures and timing of
outcome measures (length of follow-up). We will exam-
ine histograms of relevant variables from each dataset to
check the spread, mean, median, and skewedness, and
the consistency of these properties across datasets, be-
fore reaching a decision about whether it makes clinical
or statistical sense to combine the data. We will also
consider relationships between variables using tables and
scatter plots. As we plan to use the patient, rather than the foot, as
the unit-of-analysis, we can use a simpler model that will
be easier to interpret. It is also important from the view
of patient outcomes – an amputation affects the patient
as a whole and not just the foot. One approach to con-
struct the model is to use the most badly affected foot
from each patient. However, if the model performance
merits an analysis using the foot as the unit-of-analysis,
and of course allowing for the correlation between feet
belonging to the same patient, we shall conduct such
an analysis. Sources of heterogeneity that particularly concern us
are differences between the patient groups with regard
to basic demographics and disease spectrum as these
may have a strong influence on prognosis and the
performance of the tests. Also important are the various
methods used to conduct the tests, which again may
lead to marked differences in test performance. Another
potentially important source of heterogeneity is length
of follow-up as this may impact on the proportion of
patients who develop ulceration. These aspects will be
carefully detailed during the review process. To avoid a loss of information, wherever possible we
shall keep continuous variables as continuous and not
dichotomise or otherwise categorised variables, e.g. we
shall use BMI, rather than subdivide patients into
“underweight”, “normal weight”, “overweight”, and “obese”. Sometimes the relationship between a continuous covariate
and the outcome is not linear, and in such cases we will
investigate the use of fractional polynomials and similar. Statistical analysis widely agreed criteria exist for assessing the risk of bias
in aggregate systematic reviews of prognostic studies
[14] and there is a complete absence of established
guidelines for prognostic IPD reviews (personal commu-
nication, D. Altman, R.Riley 2012). Although flaws in the
recruitment of patients or the manner of data collection
can influence review findings, some domains usually
assessed by systematic reviewers of published reports are
irrelevant, e.g. those pertinent to the analysis performed
by the primary authors. We have compiled a list of items
relevant to our IPD review question which are likely to
identify studies with data which are compromised by
threats of validity. This checklist of items can be found
in Additional file 3: Appendix 3 [15-26], it has been
refined during a pilot phase by 2 researchers working
independently. We propose to use a multi-level mixed model, using
“study” as one of the levels. Such a model can also allow
for the within-patient clustering that occurs if a patient
contributes data from both feet, although to aid inter-
pretation, we prefer to use patients rather than feet as
the unit of analysis. We will only attempt this analysis if
the results of the investigation of heterogeneity do not
rule it out and the model diagnostics are acceptable. As the datasets should contain the date of initial diagno-
sis of diabetes and the date, if any, of foot ulceration, we
propose to use survival analysis. Covariates will be added
to the model based on clinical relevance, if there are many
possible covariates that could be added given the number
of events and patients and there is a danger of model over-
fitting, the clinicians will be asked to choose a subset of
covariates based on their expertise and experience. We
shall not use data-derived methods as these lead to overly
optimistic estimates of model performance. Model per-
formance will be assessed graphically and with chi-square
and other goodness-of-fit statistics. Supplying the data The authors of the cohort studies will be able to supply
data in any way that is most convenient to them. A
single individual will be identified for each study to
whom all queries about the data collection processes
and
transformation
of
individual
variables
will
be
addressed. The research committee structures can be
found in Additional file 4: Appendix 4. Ethics and governance The ethics of obtaining data collected from a number of
sources which cross international boundaries and different
legal systems have been carefully considered and informed
by ethics advice issued by the Medical Research Council
(UK). This study does not require separate ethical commit-
tee approval for the following reasons; Our method for handling missing data will depend on
the extent of the missingness and if the mechanism
causing the missingness is known, specifically if they are
missing completely at random, or not. If the datasets
contain missing data for which there is no explanation,
they will be assumed to be ‘missing at random [29]. We will use ICE multiple imputation (ICE programs,
Stata
11.0)
[30],
and
include
all
available
patient
variables (including the patient outcome: foot ulceration)
in the imputation model to help predict missing data for
the variables of interest. Twenty imputed datasets will
be used and included in the imputation procedure. To
test the validity of the imputation, a sensitivity analyses
will be performed restricting our cohort to patients
without missing data (complete case analysis) [31]. Investigators of each of the original studies obtained
local ethical committee approval and written,
informed patient consent prior for each of the
cohorts included in the IPD review. The project seeks anonymised data from which the
individuals recruited to the original study cannot be
identified [32]. The value of the IPD analysis will be the production of
a global dataset of prognostic factors for diabetic foot
disease and the opportunities for new uses will be
maximised. Anonymised
data
from
each
of
the
collaborators of the primary cohort studies will be
transported in a manner deemed most convenient to
original study investigators including encrypted USB
sticks if required. Validation of the dataset
d
d
k b We intend to undertake both internal and external valid-
ation of the prognostic model. For internal validation,
we will not divide the datasets into development and
validation subsets, as this is a relatively inefficient
method of validating prediction models. Instead we shall
use bootstrapping as it is less susceptible to bias and
leads to more stable model development [28]. For
external validation, we shall reserve one or two of the
datasets to test the final model obtained in the main
analyses. The reserved datasets will be chosen on the
basis of completeness of variables collected so that, we
hope, all the variables present in the final model will also We are aware that a consensus has not yet been
reached about the investigation of heterogeneity in IPD
systematic reviews. Therefore we will use conventional
methods of investigating heterogeneity on aggregate data
generated from the datasets. We shall therefore generate
summary measures and use these to create forest plots
and compute I [2] statistics [27]. I [2] values of 50% and
75% have been used to denote moderate and high levels
of variation between studies that are not explainable by
chance. We shall use these figures as a guide only,
together with the results from the IPD [28]. Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Page 5 of 7 Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 3. Vibration Perception Thresholds (VPT (tuning forks
and neuro or biothesiometers))
4. Absent pedal pulses
5. Diabetes-related medication use 3. Vibration Perception Thresholds (VPT (tuning forks
and neuro or biothesiometers)) 3. Vibration Perception Thresholds (VPT (tuning forks
and neuro or biothesiometers)) be in the reserved datasets, thus requiring no or minimal
modification of the final model for external validation
purposes. We also shall look at various characteristics of
each dataset such as patient demographics when choosing
the reserve datasets to ensure that these datasets are not
atypical of the set of datasets. be in the reserved datasets, thus requiring no or minimal
modification of the final model for external validation
purposes. We also shall look at various characteristics of
each dataset such as patient demographics when choosing
the reserve datasets to ensure that these datasets are not
atypical of the set of datasets. Outcome variable; Incident foot ulceration (present/
absent) and time to ulceration (date measured). Unfortunately we are currently lacking the data required
for a full power calculation. However, as an illustration, as-
suming that it is possible to split the sample of 17000 evenly
in half into patients with and without some prognostic fac-
tor, it would be possible to detect a 2% difference in the
proportions of patients with foot ulcers in each group with
over 90% power. This calculation assumes that the ulcer-
ation rate in one group is 0.10 and 0.08 in the other. With a
Type I error rate of 0.05, these figures give a power of
99.53%. Public Partners Involvement (PPI) The research is supported by a public partner from
Diabetes UK who ensures the research incorporates
aspects of risk assessment that matter to patients. His
views, opinions and perspective have ensured the study
documentation and data collection processes are acceptable
to the general diabetic population. Specifying variables for analysis A full list of the most common variables reported in cohort
studies is presented in Additional file 4: Appendix 4. Examples of variables of interest are below. Importantly the
dates relating to patient recruitment, the timing of the
measurement of variables and the date of follow-up are also
required. Continuous variables (and date measured) Data will then be formatted in a consistent way to
permit a re-analysis. Data will be stored in password
protected files on a secure University of Edinburgh
computer [University of Edinburgh Data protection
registration number: [Z6426984]] and will only be
accessible by a member of the Data Management
Committee, membership of which can be found in
the appendices. 1. Age
2. BMI
3. HbA1c
4. ABI
5. Peak plantar pressure (PPP)
6. Duration of diabetes
Binary and other categorical variables (and date measured) 1. Age
2. BMI
3. HbA1c
4. ABI
5. Peak plantar pressure (PPP)
6. Duration of diabetes
Binary and other categorical variables (and date measured) 1. Age
2. BMI
3. HbA1c
4. ABI
5. Peak plantar pressure (PPP)
6. Duration of diabetes This protocol incorporates a data confidentiality agree-
ment which makes clear the need for the data provided to
de-identify individual patients. It also includes an assurance
that the original investigators are in possession of local
ethical approval for their study. Binary and other categorical variables (and date measured) 1. Gender 2. Cutaneous sensation (monofilaments) Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 Page 6 of 7 Collaborators face to face meeting Once the initial analysis has been performed, a face-to-face
meeting of all collaborators will be convened. The purpose
of the meeting is to allow the collaborators know the
results of the review and meta-analysis first and to have
the opportunity to interpret the data and question the
findings Additional file 5: Appendix 5 and Additional file 6:
Appendix 6. Author details
1 1Department of vascular Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, High Heaton, Newcastle NE7 7DN, UK. 2Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, The University of
Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK. 3School of Surgical &
Reproductive Sciences, 3rd Floor, William Leech Building, Faculty of Medical
Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. 4Department of Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France
Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK. 5Centre for
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Core
Technology Facility, room 3.30, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street,
Manchester M13 9NT, UK. 6Manchester Royal Infirmary, Division of Medicine,
Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. 7Epidemiologic Research and
Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of
Washington, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. 8Science
Consulting & Clinical Monitoring SCCM, Hessegasse 30/15, Wien A-1220,
Australia. 9Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Ninewells Hospital
and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK. 10Medico dirigente I livello,
Sezione diabetologia, Cardiologia Geriatrica, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy. 11Serviço de Endocrinologia–Pé Diabético, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de
Gaia/Espinho EPE, Unidade 1, Rua Conceição Fernandes, Vila Nova de Gaia
4434-502, Portugal. 12Cass Lake Indian Health Services Hospital, 425 7th St
NW, Cass Lake MN 56633, USA. 13Harvard Medical School, 1563 Mass. Ave #
324, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. 14Newcastle hospitals community health,
Podiatry Department, Geoffrey Rhodes clinic, Algernon Road, Byker,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE6 2UZ, UK. 15Department of Diabetes and
Endocrinology, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5
1PB, UK. 16Ward 31, Royal Victoria Hospital, Newcastle NE1 4LP, UK. 17Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. 18MRC Clinical Trials Unit Aviation House 125 Kingsway London WC2B 6NH This protocol is registered with PROSPERO (Inter-
national Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) at
the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD)
at the University of York [34]. [Registration number:
CRD42011001841]. Research funding
h
f This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health
Technology Assessment (NIHR HTA) Programme (project number 10/57/08)
and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do
not necessarily reflect those of the HTA programme, NIHR, NHS or the
Department of Health. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health
Technology Assessment (NIHR HTA) Programme (project number 10/57/08)
and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment. p
gy
The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do
not necessarily reflect those of the HTA programme, NIHR, NHS or the
Department of Health. Reporting
h f In the final report we will clearly present the methods of
the review such as tabulated characteristics of included
studies and details of study designs. The report will
conform to recommendations in the PRISMA checklist. Formal synthesis of the results and formal assessments
of study quality will also be presented [33]. Additional files 18MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH,
UK. Additional file 1: Appendix 1. Flow diagram of the stages in an IPD
review adapted from Stewart and Clark 199510. Additional file 2: Appendix 2. Embase and MEDLINE searches. Additional file 3: Appendix 3. Questionnaire to determine the
methodological standards adopted in cohort studies evaluating the
prognostic factors for foot ulceration in diabetes. Additional file 4: Appendix 4. List of the most common variables
reported in cohort studies. Additional file 5: Appendix 5. Committees and members. Additional file 6: Appendix 6. Data agreement for the collaborators. Received: 30 December 2012 Accepted: 17 January 2013
Published: 15 February 2013 Authors’ contributions FC is the Chief Investigator, and GDM the Principal Investigator with overall
responsibility for the statistical analysis, together with CA and FMC they form
the Data Management Committee and have day to day responsibility for the
research. Together with JFP, AS,CRS, GPS,MJY and MM they form the
research steering committee each of whom are co-investigators and have
contributed to the design and writing of the research protocol. CAA,AJMB,
EJB,TK,GPL,MM,MM-S,SJR-N,AV are the principal investigators/corresponding
authors on all cohort studies identified by the review search strategy. They
have contributed individual patient data to the meta analysis. Together with
the Research Steering Committee and the independent advisors they form
the international steering committee work closely with members of the data
management committee in the preparation of the data. NC,WJJ,NL,TF,JT are
the project independent advisors who make clinical and methodological
contributions. They have collaborators status and are members of the
International Steering committee. All authors read approved the final
manuscript. Regular e-mail updates will be used to inform the inter-
national group of our activities. Electronic media such as
Drop Box and e-mail may be used to store and exchange
data and paperwork between the original investigators
and the researchers. When researchers are cleaning a
specific data set they may communicate with the original
investigators via telephone discussions or by email. 1.
Holman N, Young RJ, Jeffcoate WJ: Variation in the recorded incidence of
amputation of the lower limb in England. Diabetologia 2012, 55(7):1919–25.
2.
General Medical Services Contract. http://www.nice.org.uk/aboutnice/qof/
indicators_detail.jsp?summary=13080 Checked 24/04/2011.
3.
McIntosh A, Peters J, Young R: Prevention and management of foot problems
in type 2 diabetes: clinical guidelines and evidence. Sheffield: Sheffield
University; 2003. NICE guideline.
4.
The International consensus on the diabetic foot. In International concensus on
the diabetic foot. 2012. http://iwgdf.org/ [accessed 28/09/2012. References 1. Holman N, Young RJ, Jeffcoate WJ: Variation in the recorded incidence of
amputation of the lower limb in England. Diabetologia 2012, 55(7):1919–25. g
g
2. General Medical Services Contract. http://www.nice.org.uk/aboutnice/qof/
indicators_detail.jsp?summary=13080 Checked 24/04/2011. 3. McIntosh A, Peters J, Young R: Prevention and management of foot problems
in type 2 diabetes: clinical guidelines and evidence. Sheffield: Sheffield
University; 2003. NICE guideline. Additional file 1: Appendix 1. Flow diagram of the stages in an IPD
review adapted from Stewart and Clark 199510.
Additional file 2: Appendix 2. Embase and MEDLINE searches.
Additional file 3: Appendix 3. Questionnaire to determine the
methodological standards adopted in cohort studies evaluating the
prognostic factors for foot ulceration in diabetes.
Additional file 4: Appendix 4. List of the most common variables
reported in cohort studies.
Additional file 5: Appendix 5. Committees and members.
Additional file 6: Appendix 6. Data agreement for the collaborators. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-22 10. Stewart LA, Clarke MJ: Practical methodology of meta-analyses
(overviews) using updated individual patient data. Cochrane Working
Group. Stat Med 1995, 14(19):2057–2079. Cite this article as: Crawford et al.: Protocol for a systematic review and
individual patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors of foot
ulceration in people with diabetes: the international research
collaboration for the prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS). BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013 13:22. 11. Clark MJ, Stewart LA: Obtaining individual patient data from randomised
controlled trials. In Systematic Reviews In Health Care, Meta analysis in
context. Edited by Egger M, Davey-Smith GD, Altman DG. London: BMJ
Books; 2001. 12. Abo-Zaid G, Sauerbrei W, Riley RD: Individual participant data meta-
analysis of prognostic factor studies: state of the art? BMC Med Res
Methodol 2012, 12(1):56. 13. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J: Chapter 6 Searching for studies. In
Edited by Higgins JPT, Green S. http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/
accessed 22/01/13. 14. Hayden JA, Pierre Cote DC, Bombardier C: Evaluation of the quality of
prognostic studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med 2006, 144:427–437. 15. Crombie IK: The Pocket Guide to Critical Appraisal. London: BMJ publishing
group; 1996. 16. McShane LM, Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M: Clark GM for the
statistics subcommittee of the NCI-EORTC working group on cancer
diagnostics. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97(16):1180–1184. 17. Altman DG, Lyman GH: Methodological challenges in the evaluation of
prognostic factors in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Tr 1998, 52:289–303. 18. Rector T, Taylor BC, Wilt TJ: Chapter 12: systematic review of prognostic
tests. J Gen Int Med 2012, 27(suppl):S94–S101. 19. Altman DG: Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables. BMJ 2001, 323(7306):224–228. 20. Laupacis A, Sekar N, Stiell IG: Clinical prediction rules. A review and
suggested modifications of methodological standards. J Am Med Assoc
1997, 277(6):488–494. 21. Wasson JH, Sox HC, Neff RK, Goldman L: Clinical prediction rules. Applications and methodological standards. New Engl J Med 1985,
313(13):793–799. 22. Fowkes FRG, Fulton PM: Critical Appraisal of published research,
introductory guidelines. BMJ 1991, 302:1136–1140. 23. Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock
SJ, et al: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in
Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2007,
4(10):e297. 24. Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke
JP: The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in
Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting
observational studies. Competing interests 4. The International consensus on the diabetic foot. In International concensus on
the diabetic foot. 2012. http://iwgdf.org/ [accessed 28/09/2012. The authors have no financial competing interests. Page 7 of 7 Crawford et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2013, 13:22
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/13/22 5. Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network: The Management of Diabetes. A
National Clinical Guideline (No 116) ISBN 978 1 905813 58 2. March 2010. http://
www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/116/index.html (accessed 22/01/2013). 30. Sterne JA, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG, et al:
Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical
research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ 2009, 338:b2393. 31. Steyerberg EW: Validation of prediction models. In Clinical Prediction Models. A practical approach to development, validation and updating. US: Springer;
2009. 6. Crawford F, Inkster M, Kleijnen J, Fahey T: Predicting foot ulcers in patients
with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Q J Med 2007,
100(2):65–86. 32. Medical Research Council (MRC) Ethics Series: Personal Information in
Medical Research. www.mrc.ac.uk (accessed 14th May 2012). 32. Medical Research Council (MRC) Ethics Series: Personal Information in
Medical Research. www.mrc.ac.uk (accessed 14th May 2012). 7. Dorresteijn JAN, Kriegsman DMW, Valk GD: Complex interventions for
preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, (1):
CD007610. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007610.pub2. 33. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG: Preferred reporting items for
systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Int
Med 2009, 151(4):264–9. W64. 33. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG: Preferred reporting items for
systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Int
Med 2009, 151(4):264–9. W64. 8. Monteiro-Soares M, Boyko EJ, Ribeiro J, Ribeiro I, Dinis-Ribeiro M: Risk
stratification systems for diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review. Diabetologia 2011, 54(5):1190–1199. 34. PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. NHS
National Institute of Health; 2012. 9. Riley RD, Lambert PC, Abo-Zaid G: Meta-analysis of individual participant
data: rationale, conduct, and reporting. BMJ 2010, 340:c221. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-22 J Clin Epidemiol 2008, 61(4):344–349. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of:
• Convenient online submission
• Thorough peer review
• No space constraints or color figure charges
• Immediate publication on acceptance
• Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar
• Research which is freely available for redistribution
Submit your manuscript at
www.biomedcentral.com/submit Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of:
• Convenient online submission
• Thorough peer review
• No space constraints or color figure charges
• Immediate publication on acceptance
• Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar
• Research which is freely available for redistribution
Submit your manuscript at
www.biomedcentral.com/submit 25. Whiting PF, Rutjes AWS, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB,
Leeflang MMG, Sterne AV, Bossuyt PMM: QUADAS-2: A revised tool for the
quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 2011,
155-529-536. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of:
• Convenient online submission
• Thorough peer review
• No space constraints or color figure charges
• Immediate publication on acceptance
• Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar
• Research which is freely available for redistribution
Submit your manuscript at
www.biomedcentral.com/submit Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of: Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of: 26. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Ingram O, Williamson CD, Rennie D, Moher
D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thaker SB: For the meta analysis of observaltional
studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. Meta analysis of observational
studies in epidemiology. JAMA 2000, 283(15):2008–12. • Convenient online submission 27. Systematic reviews: CRDs Guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. The University of York; 2008. http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/index_guidance. htm Accessed. 28. Higgins JP, Thompson SG: Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002, 21(11):1539–155827. 28. Higgins JP, Thompson SG: Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002, 21(11):1539–155827. 29. Royston P: Multiple imputation of missing values: update. Stata J 2005,
5:188–201. 29. Royston P: Multiple imputation of missing values: update. Stata J 2005,
5:188–201.
| 7,525 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16685713
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Перекопский
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 16 | 47 |
Перекопский
страница значений в проекте Викимедиа
Перекопский это частный случай понятия страница значений в проекте Викимедиа
| 4,854 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28624399
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Martijn Pieters, https://stackoverflow.com/users/100297, https://stackoverflow.com/users/793908, rfmoz
|
English
|
Spoken
| 226 | 336 |
Convert a list comprehension loop into a regular for loop without creating an infinite loop
I am trying to convert this list comprehension:
cfg = []
...
cfg = [conf + function1(s) for s in cfg]
To a regular multiline for, because it is necessary to include more things into it:
cfg = []
...
for s in cfg:
cfg.append(conf + function1(s))
But in the second case, an infinite loop is created.
What is the equivalence for the list comprehension to a normal for loop?
You can do two things:
create a copy of cfg beforehand:
for s in cfg[:]:
or append to a new list and replace the old:
new_cfg = []
for s in cfg:
new_cfg.append(...)
cfg = new_cfg
The second option is the closest equivalent to the list comprehension, as it also creates a new list first before rebinding. The second option replaces the old cfg list values.
Your full for loop, however, is equivalent to the first option, since that option preserves the old values of cfg, appending new values. Your list comprehension never did this.
It works as expected, but only one notation. If you don't want duplicate entries in the first case, add a .remove(..) before .append(..). Thanks
@Rikr: or just not use the first case. Calling .remove() each time is not efficient when you just can clear the list.
| 8,462 |
https://github.com/DenisZheng/sketch/blob/master/sketch/src/main/java/com/github/panpf/sketch/http/HttpHeaders.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT
| 2,023 |
sketch
|
DenisZheng
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 490 | 1,228 |
/*
* Copyright (C) 2022 panpf <panpfpanpf@outlook.com>
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.github.panpf.sketch.http
import java.util.LinkedList
/**
* Set headers for http requests
*/
class HttpHeaders(
val addList: List<Pair<String, String>>,
val setList: List<Pair<String, String>>,
) {
constructor() : this(emptyList(), emptyList())
val size: Int = addList.size + setList.size
val addSize: Int = addList.size
val setSize: Int = setList.size
fun getAdd(key: String): List<String>? {
return addList.filter { it.first == key }.map { it.second }.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
}
fun getSet(key: String): String? {
return setList.find { it.first == key }?.second
}
fun isEmpty(): Boolean = addList.isEmpty() && setList.isEmpty()
/**
* Create a new [HttpHeaders.Builder] based on the current [HttpHeaders].
*
* You can extend it with a trailing lambda function [configBlock]
*/
fun newBuilder(
configBlock: (Builder.() -> Unit)? = null
): Builder = Builder(this).apply {
configBlock?.invoke(this)
}
/**
* Create a new [HttpHeaders] based on the current [HttpHeaders].
*
* You can extend it with a trailing lambda function [configBlock]
*/
fun newHttpHeaders(
configBlock: (Builder.() -> Unit)? = null
): HttpHeaders = Builder(this).apply {
configBlock?.invoke(this)
}.build()
override fun toString(): String {
val setListString = setList.joinToString(prefix = "[", postfix = "]", separator = ",") {
"${it.first}:${it.second}"
}
val addListString = addList.joinToString(prefix = "[", postfix = "]", separator = ",") {
"${it.first}:${it.second}"
}
return "HttpHeaders(sets=$setListString,adds=$addListString)"
}
override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
if (this === other) return true
if (javaClass != other?.javaClass) return false
other as HttpHeaders
if (addList != other.addList) return false
if (setList != other.setList) return false
return true
}
override fun hashCode(): Int {
var result = addList.hashCode()
result = 31 * result + setList.hashCode()
return result
}
class Builder {
private val addList = LinkedList<Pair<String, String>>()
private val setList = LinkedList<Pair<String, String>>()
constructor()
constructor(headers: HttpHeaders) {
this.addList.addAll(headers.addList)
this.setList.addAll(headers.setList)
}
fun add(name: String, value: String): Builder = apply {
setList.removeAll {
it.first == name
}
addList.add(name to value)
}
fun set(name: String, value: String): Builder = apply {
removeAll(name)
setList.add(name to value)
}
fun removeAll(name: String): Builder = apply {
addList.removeAll {
it.first == name
}
setList.removeAll {
it.first == name
}
}
fun build(): HttpHeaders = HttpHeaders(addList.toList(), setList.toList())
}
}
/** Return true when the set contains elements. */
fun HttpHeaders.isNotEmpty(): Boolean = !isEmpty()
fun HttpHeaders?.merged(other: HttpHeaders?): HttpHeaders? {
if (this == null || other == null) {
return this ?: other
}
return this.newBuilder().apply {
other.setList.forEach {
if (this@merged.getSet(it.first) == null) {
set(it.first, it.second)
}
}
other.addList.forEach {
add(it.first, it.second)
}
}.build()
}
| 30,978 |
6174176_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,000 | 2,514 |
Maxwell Shapiro, J.
This is a holdover proceeding brought by Soft-Lite Lens Company, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as “landlord”) against E. R. Squibb & Sons, Division of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “ tenant ”) to recover possession of rooms 2103-2111 in premises 745 Fifth Avenue, Borough of Manhattan, City of New York (hereinafter referred to as “ subject premises ”).
The facts, so far as they are relative and material to determine all the issues herein presented are as follows:
The landlord is a domestic corporation having its principal place of business at 745 Fifth Avenue in the Borough of Manhattan, City of New York (hereinafter referred to as “ The Squibb Building”). It has occupied office space in the Squibb Building for about 20 years under 5 or 6 leases. It has occupied the subject premises since prior to March 28, 1945 the effective date of the State Business Rent Law (L. 1945, ch. 314, as amd.).
Landlord’s most recent lease was executed on July 29, 1953 with Jones Estate Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “Jones”), then the owner of the Squibb Building. The premises covered by that lease were room 2003 on the 20th floor, and room numbers 2103-2111 on the 21st floor. The lease was for a term of five years commencing May 1, 1954 and ending on April 30, 1959. At the time of the execution of the lease on July 29, 1953 there was in existence another lease between the landlord and Jones which was to expire on April 30, 1954. Jones was a subsidiary of the tenant and the tenant in or about 1952 became a division of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “ Olin”).
*779Prior to the execution of the lease dated July 29, 1953 the. landlord had been negotiating with Bausch & Lomb for the sale by it to the latter of the major portion of its business. If the proposed sale were consummated, it was uncertain that Bausch & Lomb would utilize the landlord’s space in the Squibb Building or its own existing facilities at 735 Fifth Avenue. When the sale to Bausch & Lomb was consummated, it was decided not to use the landlord’s space in the Squibb Building. Thereupon the landlord’s president informed the agent or the owner that it required only a portion of the space it had leased on July 29, 1953 and asked him if he might find a subtenant for the balance of the space. The agent advised the landlord’s president that the tenant herein might require the said space.
As a result of the foregoing discussion and on September 30, 1953 the landlord and tenant herein executed a sublease of all of the space included in the former’s lease dated July 29, 1953, for a term of 5 years, 4 months and 29 days, commencing December 1, 1953 and ending on April 29, 1959. This sublease was consented to by Jones. The expiration date of the sublease between the landlord and the tenant herein was just one day prior to the expiration date fixed in the lease dated July 29, 1953, between the landlord herein and Jones. Moreover, pursuant to paragraph 37 of the foregoing lease it was expressly made subject to and subordinate to all of the terms and conditions of the latter lease. By the terms of the sublease dated September 30, 1953 the landlord permitted the tenant to use for the duration thereof the fixtures, partitions, doors, etc. located in the subject premises.
On September 30, 1953 and simultaneously with the execution of the said lease hereinabove described, the tenant executed a sublease to the landlord of room 2003 for a term commencing December 1,1953. Thereafter the tenant entered into possession of the subject premises and the landlord continued to occupy room 2003. On February 2, 1959 the landlord wrote to the tenant and informed it that it was to vacate the subject premises on April 20, 1959. Upon the expiration of the sublease the tenant refused to vacate the subject premises and continued and still continues in possession thereof. The landlord still continues to occupy room 2003. Thereafter and on May 1, 1959 this summary proceeding was instituted.
On May 6, 1954 the then owners of the Squibb Building leased to Mathieson Chemical Corporation, a predecessor in interest of Olin, space on several floors of the Squibb Building, for a term to end on December 1, 1968. Paragraph 41 of that lease granted to the tenant therein an option to lease, inter *780alia, rooms 2103-2111, the subject premises at an annual rental of $4.75 a square foot. Squibb Building Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “Squibb”) the present landlord of the entire Squibb Building became landlord thereof under a long-term lease dated February 2, 1955, from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, the. present owner of the fee. Thereafter, and on May 1, 1959, Squibb and Olin executed an amendment of the lease of May 6,1954, purporting to amend said lease to include within its terms the subject premises.
In its petition the landlord alleges, as one of the reasons why a precept be issued and made returnable forthwith, that it requires the subject premises for its own use, and at the trial the landlord offered proof to support this allegation.
Section 8 (subd. [d], par. [1]) of the State Business Rent Law (L. 1945, ch. 314, as amd. by L. 1953, ch. 452) provides that a landlord may under certain conditions recover business space if he seeks in good faith to recover it for his immediate and personal use. As will appear from the discussion soon to follow, the tenant herein was not a statutory tenant and therefore unable to claim the benefits and protections of the Emergency Rent Laws. Where, as in the case at bar, a tenant is not controlled, it is not necessary for a landlord to establish that he comes within the purview of section 8 (subd. [d], par. [1]) and that he seeks in good faith to recover possession of the space for Ms immediate and personal use. (Honey Shops v. Rothfeld, 12 Misc 2d 877.) The foregoing allegation, however, unnecessary and superfluous it may be, is not a fatal defect and does not render the petition jurisdictionally defective, as the tenant contends. (Honey Shops v. Rothfeld, supra.) Nor, as the tenant further contends, can the landlord be deemed to have ‘ ‘ elected ’ ’ tMs remedy and be precluded from obtaining relief on a proper ground. As Judge Learned Hand said in Doyle v. Hamilton Fish Corp. (234 Fed. 47, 51 [C. C. A. 2d 1916]): “ it is enough to say that a party has an election only between existing, not supposed rights. * * * The plaintiff could not destroy Ms rights under the lease by mistakenly following other supposed rights which turned out not to exist. That would be to put Mm, not to an election, but to a correct estimate of his right under pain of forfeiture.” Moreover, the landlord herein did not elect to pursue its supposed rights under section 8 (subd. [d], par. [1]); it asserted this right as an additional ground for granting the relief sought.
In its first defense the tenant alleges that it is a statutory tenant of the subject premises, including room 2003, presently occupied by the landlord pursuant to the Emergency Rent *781Laws, and is entitled to remain in possession of said premises after the expiration of the term provided for in the lease of September 30, 1953; that is, after April 29, 1959. This defense can be readily disposed of. Section 12 of the State Business Bent Law (L. 1945, ch. 314, as amd. by L. 1953, ch. 45,2) provides that it shall be inapplicable to business space demised under a lease or sublease executed subsequent to March 31, 1950, to a person not in possession at the time of the execution thereof. The lease of the subject premises was executed on September 30, 1953 at a time when the tenant was not in possession of the subject premises and, therefore, the tenant herein cannot claim the benefit of the State Business Bent Law. (See, also, Honey Shops v. Rothfeld, supra; Teieher v. Chatsworth Stations, 285 App. Div. 1044.) The landlord herein had a right to invoke strict performance by the tenant of its covenant to vacate and surrender the subject premises upon the expiration of its lease, and upon the tenant’s failure to do so the landlord had a right, to treat it as a trespasser and institute this summary proceeding. (Globerman v. Grand Central Parkway Gardens, 115 N. Y. S. 2d 757, affd. 281 A. D. 820.)
In its second defense the tenant alleges that Squibb, the landlord of the entire building in which the subject premises are located, has made and entered into a lease with the tenant with respect to the subject premises for a term commencing May 1,1959 and ending December 31, 1968, and that Squibb has re-entered the subject premises, as a result of which any relationship of landlord and tenant which may have existed between the landlord and tenant in this proceeding has terminated. Implicit in the allegation that Squibb has “ reentered ” the subject premises, is the further allegation that the landlord herein has vacated and surrendered the premises. That the landlord herein has not vacated and surrendered the subject premises is a fact that cannot seriously be disputed. *782The landlord herein never vacated or surrendered the subject premises, nor did it even intend to, when it entered into the lease with the tenant herein. That lease was entered into with the consent of the major landlord, and expressly provided in paragraph 37 thereof that it was subject to and subordinate to all the terms and conditions of the lease dated July 29, 1953 entered.into between the landlord and the then owner of the Squibb Building. Moreover, the expiration date of the lease between the landlord and the tenant herein for the subject premises was fixed at one day prior to the expiration date of the lease dated July 29, 1953 between the landlord herein and the then owner of the Squibb Building. The object and purpose of this is quite clear — it was intended that the landlord herein re-enter and resume actual possession of the subject premises on the last day of its term and thereby enjoy the rights and benefits of a statutory tenant under the State Business Rent Laws.
Tenant’s second defense is invalid for yet another reason. The tenant herein being a subtenant cannot question the rights and liabilities existing between the landlord herein and its major landlord. Such a defense if it did have any merit would be available only to the major landlord by way of affirmative relief. (Honey Shops v. Rothfeld, 12 Misc 2d 877, supra.) It is also well settled that where as in the case at bar a tenant has once acknowledged his landlord’s title and taken and held possession under him and has not surrendered his lease, he may not assert a paramount title to the prejudice of his landlord. (Warnick v. Mehl Realty Co., 190 Misc. 400.)
The rights of Squibb, the major landlord, to the subject premises can in no way be superior to those of the tenant herein, and the said rights are subject and subordinate to those of the landlord herein. Squibb is in the same shoes as its predecessor with respect to tenancies protected by the State Business Rent Laws. Squibb could have no right to re-enter and relet the subject premises until the landlord herein vacated or surrendered them, and that the landlord herein has not done.
What already has been said likewise disposes of the tenant’s third defense and counterclaim. The tenant having failed to prove any facts or circumstances to substantiate its counterclaim, the counterclaim is dismissed.
Accordingly, final order for the landlord. Warrant stayed to April 30,1960.
| 1,422 |
https://github.com/EwyBoy/Bibliotheca/blob/master/src/main/java/com/ewyboy/bibliotheca/common/helpers/ParticleHelper.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
Bibliotheca
|
EwyBoy
|
Java
|
Code
| 64 | 259 |
package com.ewyboy.bibliotheca.common.helpers;
import net.minecraft.client.Minecraft;
import net.minecraft.client.particle.Particle;
import net.minecraft.core.particles.ParticleOptions;
import net.minecraft.core.particles.ParticleTypes;
import net.minecraft.world.level.Level;
import net.minecraftforge.api.distmarker.Dist;
import net.minecraftforge.api.distmarker.OnlyIn;
public class ParticleHelper {
@OnlyIn(Dist.CLIENT)
public static void spawnParticle(Particle particle) {
Minecraft.getInstance().particleEngine.add(particle);
}
@OnlyIn(Dist.CLIENT)
public static void spawnParticle(Level world, double x, double y, double z, ParticleTypes particle, double velocityX, double velocityY, double velocityZ) {
world.addParticle((ParticleOptions) particle, x + 0.5, y, z + 0.5, velocityX, velocityY, velocityZ);
}
}
| 49,658 |
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabur
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Zabur
|
https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zabur&action=history
|
Norwegian
|
Spoken
| 139 | 307 |
Zabur (arabisk: زبور) er, i henhold til islam, den hellige boken til Dawud (kong David av Israel), en av de hellige bøker avslørt av Gud før Koranen, sammen med andre slik som Tawrat (Tora) av Musa (Moses) og Injil (evangeliene) om Isa (Jesus Kristus).
En del forskere likestiller Zabur med bibelske Salmenes bok. Begrepet zabur er det arabiske tilsvarende begrepet til det hebraiske zimra i betydningen «sang», «musikk». Det er, sammen med zamir («sang») og mizmor («salme»), avledet fra zamar i betydningen «sang, synge lovprisning, gjøre musikk».
I henhold til tolverne eller imamittene var den opprinnelige og ikke korrupte Zabur bevart i den mystiske al-Jafr, som er i dag bevart av Imāmah Muhammad al-Mahdi.
Referanser
Eksterne lenker
En diskusjon på engelsk av Zabur og andre skrifter, fra et uavhengig, ikke-muslimsk synspunkt; se andre artikler fra dette nettstedets hovedside.
Islam
| 49,472 |
https://github.com/musama96/unmudl-lines/blob/master/dist/enquiries/dto/newEnquiry.dto.d.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
unmudl-lines
|
musama96
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 42 | 102 |
export declare enum MessageFrom {
USER = "user",
ADMIN = "admin"
}
export declare enum MessageStatus {
READ = "read",
UNREAD = "unread"
}
export declare class NewEnquiryDto {
learner: string;
course: string;
from?: MessageFrom;
message: string;
collegeRep?: string;
status?: MessageStatus;
}
| 4,919 |
sn82015313_1924-01-19_1_6_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,481 | 3,853 |
6 RAY, MIX AND NORMA TALMADGE FILMSSCHEDULED All Movie Theaters Slate Favorite Stars for All Next Week, rprj AVORITE Star Week would Il* tie a good title for Indianapolis A— ■ ‘ filmland next week. Charles Ray will be seen as John Alden in a movie version of Long fellow's “The Courtship of Myles Standish,” at the Ohio next week. The Circle will present Norma Talmadge in “The Song of Love.” Tom Mix in “North of 'Hudson Bay,” will be the favorite at the Apollo. Mister Smith's will offer Marie IVevost in “The Wanters.” The Lin coln Square will present a combina tion movie and variety bill for the first half of the week. The Isis for the first half will offer Leo Maloney in "Kng’s Creek Law.” CHARLES RAY TO BE SEEN AS JOHN ALDEN IN OHIO MOVIE “Why don't you speak for yourself. John?” the famous question asked by Priscilla Mullins of John Alden in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s ro mance, “The Courtship of Myles Standish,” has been transferred to the cinema and will be seen at the Ohio Theater the coming week with Charles Ray in the role of John Alden and Enid Bennet as Priscilla Mullins. The picture is a massive historical spectacle which required more than nine months to complete and required the expenditure of SBOO,OOO and the services of actors in eighty-seven name parts. Chief in the supporting company are Joseph J. Dowling, E. Alyn War ren, Sam De Grasse, Tom Wilson, Stanton Heck, Raymond Hallor, Max Asher. Sidney Braey and Thomas Holding. “The Courtship of Myles Standish” closely follows the Longfellow poem and tells of the hardships encountered by the Pilgrims on shipboard and dur ing the winter of 1620. It concerns Capt. Myles Standish and his friend. John Alden. Alden is commissioned to tell Priscilla Mullins of the cap tain’s love. Instead, Alden falls in love with Priscilla. “Darkest Hour.” a Spat Family com edy, a news weekly and music by the orchestra and Lester Huff at the or gan are other features. -I- -I- 4- NORMA TALMADGE AS ARAB DANCER AT CIRCLE Norma Talmadge comes to the Cir cle on Sunday in a role unlike that of LINCOLN SQUARE Formerly the Rialto ■" ' “THE DOWNTOWN FAMILY THEATRE” SUN. MON. TUES. WED. VAUDEVILLE PHOTOPLAYS ARLISS TRIO “MASTFRS VERSATILE HARMONY EXPONENTS 1 OxJ SINGER AND INSTRUMENTALISTS _ _ ______ ... OF MEN” A vivid, realistic drama of life, adven- COMEDY JVGGLER tore and love, among the earnest youth in all the world—the blue Jackets In Charlie McCann Zt T’ LM . „ tramp funster Remember the Maine 9 ’ ALWAYS 10c and 20c Entire Change of Program Thursday and Sunday ENGLISH’S mm. JAN.2I POPULAR PRICE MATINEE WEDNESDAY THE DRAMATIC SENSATION OF THE AGE The Last Word in Stage Thrills—Phila. Public Ledger COTJOS Ld By THOMAS P. FALLO* /j r ßased on Wadsworth Campt fig % “HOUSE OF FEAR * # The most perfect dramatic cast now appearing In the spoken L fV ’" c,u ' lin 9 the Indianapolis favorite, BYRON #. Mj ? E yv Jeßß,e Buseley, Richard Gordon, Ruth U M ® a * MI * John Beinhard, Wm. Pike, Frank Harvey, HP mM J. 5. Murray, King Colder, Louise White F. S. fft Pel| y Ar o n Antel and many others. jjM One Solid Year at the Klaw Theater, N. Y. NEW YORK CAST AND PRODUCTION INTACT ROBERT C. BENCHLEY IN LIFE—“You can’t miss ‘THE LAST WARNING’ and still lay claim to having lived.” ALAN DALE—NEW YORK AMERICAN—“BETTER THAN THE BAT AND THE CAT AND CANARY COMBINED.” PPIfrC- NIGHTS —soc to $2.50 WED. MAT. riilULOa Popular Prices, 50c to£t.so Plus ,10% y. S. Tax NEW METRO RELEASES Metro will release the follow ing big pictures through the month of January: First, “Half-a-Dollar Rill,” a Max Graf production, that was taken from the well-known story by Curtis Benton. The cast con sists of Anna Q. Nilsson, William Carleton, Raymond Hatton, Mitchell Lewis, Alec Francis, George McQuarrie and Frankie Darro, 6 years old. Second, “The Heart Bandit,” Viola Dana's latest Metro star ring picture, with the following cast: Milton Sills, Wallace Mac- Donald, Bertram Grassby, Ger trude Claire, De Witt Jennings, Nelson McDowell, Matthew Betts and Edward Wade. Third, “The Fool’s Awaken ing,” the screen version of Wil liam J. Locke’s famous story, “The Tale of Triona.” The cast includes Harrison Ford, Enid Ben nett, Mary Alden, Alec Francis, Leionel Belmore, Harry North rup, Evelyn Sherman, John Sainpolis, Pauline French, Ed ward Connelly, D. R. O. Hats well, Mark Fenton, Arline Pretty and Lorimer Johnston. It waff directed by Harold Shaw. any the star has ever before attempt ed, that of a young Arabian dancer in “The Song of Love,” adapted from the novel, “Dust of Desire,” by Mar j garet Peterson. The story concerns Noorma-Hal, the dancer, whose uncle maintains a gam bling house in a little Arabian town in the French colony, to which the Arabs come to do their plotting against the French Christians. In an effort to find out their plans the French commissioner details a young secret service agent, Ramon Valverde, to visit the place in disguise. Here he meets Noorma-Hal, and by his indifference wins her admiration and then her love. Through her he learns of the plot against Ills peo ple, hut he does not know when the attack Is to take place. When the girl learns that the Arabs are on their way to capture the French soldier, she rushes to his house and by offering to marry Ram lika, obtains the chieftain’s promise to release Ramon. She then attempts to take her own life, but recovers when Ramon declares his love for her. Richard Schildkraut, who will be remembered for his success on the le gitimate stage in “Liliem,” plays the chief male role, that of Ramon Val verde, and Arthur Edmund Carewe is the Arab chieftain. Others In the cast are Earl Schenck, Maude Wayne, Hec tor V. Sarno and James Cooley. -I- -I- -I TOM MIX HAS NEW KIND OF ROLE AT APOLLO “North of Hudson Bay,” a Fox special production starring Tom Mix to be shown at the Apollo next week, takes the intrepid Mix away from his familiar Western plains and cattle AMUSEMENT 3 INTERESTING STAGE EVENTS NEXT WEEK No. I—Emily Taft who plays one of the leads In “The Cat and Canary” at the Murat next week. No. 2—Richard Gordon and Ruth Seville In a scene from "The Last ranches and provides him with anew setting for his romantic acting and thrill stunts—a settng made from the snow covered mountains and vast forests of the Canadian arctic regions. Among the sensational incidents are Mix’s dive from an old fashioned paddle wheeled steamboat into the river in performing an act of gallantry for a pretty girl; a heroic fight against a pack of hunger-maddened wolves: a terrifying ride down a roar ing cataract in a frail hark canoe, and a sentence to a "Journey of d<ath” into the wilderness, four LADIBS DAY 3.K -f hone TWICEDAHY EVERY DAV CIR - CLE 3939 2:10-8=15 ! WffuN. MAT. JAN. 20 fißji' l ' 1 C olumbia JEAN ■kLlo? SOMETHING DIFFERENtT raß /o££*iSThe Filin’ Scene is a Howl!!!! W ? The Tune up Trio IsaWowH! t. rH The Manicure Scene isa Riot!! }(( FWPf! The Apple Sauce Trio isa Runic!! gvh? r The Jazz sand is Zowie! M JL BO Tl*"£ J LaoIES R-IC E-S f EVERY DAV 500 BEST SEATS 2S< 1 11—| Cj this coupon and cs? entitles 2 MATINEES Q.S - 30-55-&75 LADY TO ONE RESERVED SEAT l EVENINGS 30 'SO -75 ANY MATINEE STARTING SUNDAY i inclupino u.s. tax good for. LADIES only l SNAPPY—PEPPY BURLESQUE Jl ALL NEXT WEEK /■Kir| . WITH Billy HAGAN and anna toebE A CHORUS THAT WILL SURPRISE YOU V||l|t V '/ EVERY NIGHT A FEATURE NIGHT ( (iMIjP * - MS H B M ° N ° A I. N ' TE WEDNESDAY Nite FRIDAY NITE ,la AUCT _ dance contest amateurs U pERFECT irE THURSDAY NITE SATURDAY NITE iHa FORM CONTEST SURPRISE PAY NITE 71/ j \ > Burlesque Is Burlesque the World Over \f \ JOIN THE MERRY THRONG—SEE IT AT THE pROADWAY-POPULAR PRICES THE INDIANAPOLIS TIMES Warning,” opening at English’s Monday night for four days. No. 3—Julia Sanderson, musicaji comedy star, who will headline next weeks hill at B, F. Keith’s. hundred miles from human habitation, without food or arms. The program will Include a Snub Pollard comedy “The Mystery Man,” L'ie Fox news weekly, Charles B. Lines singing new songs, organ selections by Ruth Noller and music by Virgil Moore's Apollo orchestra. -I- -I- -I LKO MALONEY PLAYS LEAD IN “KING’S CREEK LAW.” Potraying a member of the Texas Rangers, lavi Maloney comes to the Isis the first half of next week in AMUSEMENTS No. 4—El Cota on view at the Lyric next week. No. 6 —Anna Toebe with “Broad way Belles” at the Broadway next week. “King's Creek Law',” a drama de picting the love affair of Tom Hardy, one of the rangers, and the daughter of the head of the Jameson clan, a gang of law breakers who live in the village of King’s Creek, where they did very much as they pleased, brook ing no outside interference. On Thursday the mid-week change of program will bring "False Fronts,” a drama of social hypocrisy written by B.* Barrett McCormick, former In dianapolis man. The hero Is a college football star who is forced by his father’s tntimely death to abandon No. 6—Patricia Kennedy with Stanley and Kennedy at the Palace the first half of next week. * No. 7 Dot Rawson with “Chuckles’’ at the Capitol all next week. W his college work and seek his fortune In New York. -I- -I- -I' STAHL TO PRESENT “THE WANTERS” AT SMITH S The attraction at Mister Smith’s be ginning Sunday is the John M. Stahl production, “The Wanters,” with Ma rie Prevost and Robert Ellis the fea tured players. “The Wanters” is a story of the discontent among the rich and among the poor, and concerns a little stenog rapher, who, dissatisfied with her lot. $ . HAY^ The Courtship of Myles Standish” —the Mayflower in peril of the sea —daring rescue of man overboard —most sensational storm ever screened —one of the many thrills in THE GREAT AMERICAN FPIC 87 Name Parts Cost More Than SSOO,OOO 9 Months in the Making True historical narrative of the Founding of America ana America’s first and most famous ro mance—the immortal love story of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins. COMEDY—“DARKEST HOUR” PATHE NEWS ESSAY RULES The Indiana Indorsers of Photoplays, who have started a contest for best essays concern ing the film “Columbus,” now on view r at the Circle, today an nounce certain rules. School children who submit essays are asked to observe the following rules: 1. Each contestant, must send an essay of not more than 500 words and not less than 300. 2. Each essay must contain a short history of the life of Co lumbus. 3. Write on one side of the paper. 4. State what was gained after seeing the picture. 5. Accompanying each essay must be the name, age, address and school which he Is attending. Mail the essay to Mrs. Bloom field Moore, 289 Burgess Ave., or leave at the Circle Theater. becomes a lady’s maid in the wealthy Van Pelt home, in order to be near and surrounded by the beautiful things she loves. She falls in love with the brother of her wealthy mistress and Is overjoyed when he proposes to her. -I- -I’ -I- L'OMBINATION PROGRAM OFFERED AT LINCOLN SQUARE Starting Sunday and for four days a combination program of vaudeville and pictures will be the attractions at the Lincoln Square. The feature photoplay is Morgan Robertson’s story of life at sea, “Masters of Men.” The cast includes Earle Williams, Alice Calhoun and Cullen Landis. Three acts of family vaudeville headed by the Arllss Trio, a song and Instru mental combination; Zardo, a comedy Juggler; Charles McCann, a tramp comedian who sings and tajks and dances his way Into your fancy, com plete the bill. Rest-Known Author The most widely known unknown author In the world has her first screen play showing nationally this week. It’s “Judgment of the Storm,” by Ethel Styles Middleton, a Pitts burgh housewife. She is widely known because the Palmer Photoplay Corpor ation, w'hich trained Mrs. Middleton In screen play writing and produced “Judgment of the Storm,” has feature! her In national advertising for nearly a year, and Doubleday, Page & Cos., have just brought out a novel written directly from her screen play. “Judg ment of the Storm,” however, is this noted unknown's first Introduction to the public through her own work. MOTION PICTURES SATURDAY, JAN. 19, 1924 ray plays BOOKED AT HAT ANDJGLISH’S 'Cat and Canary' and 'Last Warning’ Among Thrill ers Due, A r RE you familiar with life back of the scenes? b—J If you are not It wllj be In teresting for you to attend one of the performances of “The Last Wani ing,” which comes to English’s for a four-days’ engagement, commencing Monday. As the main story progresses the audience sees an entire troupe of play ers engaged to take part in another play. Then the players actually go through a stage rehearsal and finally produce the play wdth the appropri ate scenery and background. And best of all, these incidents from backstage life are merely secondary to the main story, which concerns a murder systery and a romantic haunt ed theater. Years before this theater was the scene of a most peculiar crime, and a crime W'hich has never been solved. .But Robert McHugh, a famous actor manager, decides that he will under take to solve the crime because it has so long baffled the public, and In or der to do so he works out a unique plan of procedure. He decides to pre sent in this very same haunted the ater the same play, entitled “The Snare,” that was produced at the time of the original murder. Next, he gets word to all the mem bers of the origlnaj cast and, despite their determined protests, he contrives to get them to re-engage for their former roles. Once their contracts are signed, however, things begin to happen in rapid succession. Prominent in the large cast are Byron Beasley, Jessie Busley, Ruth Saville, Richard Gordon, John Rein hard, Louise White, Irene Homer, Frank Harvey, F. S. Pelly, J. S. Mur ray, Fillis Reed, John T. Hall, John T. Carey, William Pike and others. -I- -I- -I “CAT AND CANARY” OPENS MONDAY AT MURAT If you were alone In the musty bed chamber of a haunted house— And preparing to spend the night in (Continued c<n Page 7).
| 35,772 |
US-90385797-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,997 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,971 | 8,791 |
Microprocessor-based battery tester system
ABSTRACT
A system for determining the operating characteristics of an energy source. The system comprises controller means for generating and shaping a time-varying voltage signal for application to the energy source; conversion means for receiving from the energy source a time-varying return voltage signal and for converting the time-varying return voltage signal into a digital signal. The amplitude of the time-varying return signal contains information representative of the operating characteristics of the energy source. The time-varying return voltage signal is produced in response to the time-varying voltage signal. The controller means is responsive to the digital signal and determines the operating characteristics of the energy source. The controller means generates display signals, and the display signals are representative of the operating characteristics of the energy source. The system also comprises display means for displaying the display signals.
FIELD OF INVENTION
The invention relates generally to systems for testing the conditions of batteries. In particular, the invention relates to battery testers that use a microprocessor to initiate and shape a waveform which is sent to a battery. Subsequently, a returning waveform from the battery is sampled by the microprocessor which determines operating characteristics of the battery from the amplitude of the returning waveform.
BACKGROUND
The following symbols will have the following meanings in the description of the preferred battery testing system embodying this invention:
I(full) Maximum current applied to battery.
M(t) Multiplier to adjust current down for a lower battery temperature.
M(c) Multiplier to adjust current down for a lower battery charge.
I(adj) Equal to I(full) times M(t) times M(c).
R(adj) Battery resistance adjusted to full charge and 70° F.
R(bat) The actual resistance of the battery.
CCA Cold Cranking Amps of a fully charged battery.
V(d) Voltage drop across the battery due to an internal resistance and an applied current.
CA Cranking Amps, the current that the battery can supply for 30 seconds at full charge and at 70° F. and not drop the battery voltage below 1.2 volts per cell.
AA Available Amps, the current the battery can supply for 30 seconds at the actual charge and temperature and not drop the battery voltage below 1.2 volts per cell.
AH Amp Hours, the current in amperes times the number of hours to discharge.
V(bat) The terminal voltage of the battery.
Cold Cranking Amps (CCA) are defined by the Battery Council International (BCI) as "the number of amperes a battery at 0° F. (-17.8° C.) can deliver for 30 seconds and maintain, at least, a voltage of 1.2 volts per cell (lead-acid)". For example, a 12-volt lead-acid battery having 6 cells with 1.2 volts/cell must not drop below 7.2 volts. A fully charged battery has an open circuit voltage of 12.6 volts. The voltage drop from 12.6 volts to 7.2 volts is 5.4 volts. Therefore, at 0° F., the CCA of the battery is the current that the battery can supply and drop the voltage not more that 5.4 volts at the end of 30 seconds. For a 6-volt lead-acid battery, the maximum drop is 2.7 volts and for a 24-volt lead-acid battery, the maximum drop is 10.8 volts.
Using Ohm's law, the CCA is 5.4/R for a 12-volt battery 2.7/R for a 6-volt battery, and 10.8/R for a 24-volt battery, where R is the internal resistance of the battery.
The BCI CCA test is performed with a high amount of current for a long period of time (30 seconds) and at 0° F. The battery's resistance changes over time throughout the 30-second test as the battery's charge is reduced. Therefore, if a small signal measurement of the battery's resistance is made and at a higher temperature, adjustments to the above formulas would have to be made. Experimental data shows that this adjustment is made by multiplying the constants in the above formulas by approximately two-thirds to give a CCA of 3.6/R for a 12-volt battery, 1.8/R for a 6-volt battery, 7.2/R for a 24-volt battery, were R is the internal resistance of the battery adjusted to approximately 70° F. and full charge.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide a battery testing system that uses a microprocessor to perform battery test measurements.
A further object of the invention is to provide a testing system which corrects the test waveform before the waveform is sent to the battery.
Still another object of the invention is to use a microprocessor to determine the battery's resistance, operating parameters, and condition from an evaluation of the returning waveform from the battery.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a system which is easy to maintain and use.
In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objectives are realized by a system for determining the operating characteristics of a battery, said system comprising: a battery; controller means for generating and shaping a time-varying voltage signal for application to said battery; conversion means for receiving from said battery a time-varying return voltage signal and for converting said time-varying return voltage signal into a digital signal, the amplitude of said time-varying return signal containing information representative of the operating characteristics of said battery, said time-varying return voltage signal being produced in response to said time-varying voltage signal; said controller means being responsive to said digital signal for determining the operating characteristics of said battery, said controller means generating display signals, said display signals representative of the operating characteristics of said battery; and display means for displaying said display signals.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the battery testing system according to principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a passive filter according to principles of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a driver circuit according to principles of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of an instrumentation amplifier according to principles of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a power supply according to principles of the present invention;
FIGS. 6a-c comprise a flow chart describing the operation of the battery tester system according to principles of the present invention;
FIGS. 7a-b is a flowchart of the test step according to principles of the present invention;
FIG. 8a is a diagram of a printout according to principles of the present invention;
FIGS. 8b-8m illustrate screens of the display according to principles of the present invention;
FIG. 8n illustrates the warranty printout slip according to principles of the present invention;
FIG. 9 illustrates a DSP algorithm for removing noise from signals according to principles of the present invention;
FIGS. 10a-10e are waveform diagrams which illustrate the operation of the algorithm of FIG. 9 according to principles of the present invention;
FIG. 11 illustrates a DSP algorithm for removing noise from signals according to principles of the present invention;
FIGS. 12a-12e are waveform diagrams which illustrate the operation of the algorithm of FIG. 11 according to principles of the present invention;
FIGS. 13a-13d illustrate voltage and current waveforms and adjustments made upon these waveforms according to principles of the present invention;
TABLE 1 is a table of voltage ranges and results of the cell test according to principles of the present invention;
TABLE 2 is a table of the multiplier M(t) according to principles of the present invention;
TABLE 3 is a table of dates collected from a 1000 CCA battery with multiplier data according to principles of the present invention; and
TABLE 4 is a table relating state of charge to terminal voltage for a 12-volt battery according to principles of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Several illustrative embodiments of a battery tester are described below as they might be implemented to provide for improved methods of determining the operating conditions of a battery.
The battery tester uses small signal analysis to measure the internal resistance of single and multiple cell 6, 12 and 24-volt lead-acid batteries and to determine the condition of the batteries based on the internal resistance, level of charge, and the temperature of the batteries.
To determine the condition of a battery, the tester measures the battery's unloaded voltage and then adjusts the sinusoidal current signal for state of charge and temperature. The tester applies the adjusted sinusoidal signal to the battery and measures the adjusted internal resistance of battery. This adjusted internal resistance is divided into a predetermined constant to determine the battery's CCA at full charge.
A low current sinusoidal signal is used for two reasons. First, the low current sinusoidal signal minimizes the destabilizing effect of performing the test on the battery. Second, the sinusoidal signal allows the voltage drop on the battery to be AC coupled which isolates it from the DC components and facilitates measuring and amplifying such a small signal. The battery's unadjusted internal resistance is computed and entered into a formula to compute the battery's actual available current at its actual state of charge and temperature.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a microprocessor 10 outputs a series of digital interrupts at a frequency of 60 Hz over an output line 11. The output line 11 is connected to the input of a filter 12. As shown in detail in FIG. 2, the filter 12 comprises resistor R1 and C1, resistor R2 and C2, and resistor R3 and C3. A capacitor C5 AC couples stages of the filter 12 together. The filter 12 converts the square-wave output of the microprocessor 10 into a sinusoidal waveform. A first programmable resistor 17 is coupled to the input of R3 which controls the DC offset at the output of the filter 12. The value of the programmable resistor 17 is controlled by microprocessor 10 through a control line 16.
Referring once again to FIG. 1, the sinusoidal waveform produced by the filter 12 is transmitted to an amplifier 13. The amplifier 13 is connected to the output of filter 12 and provides an adjustable amplification factor to the sinusoidal waveform produced by the filter 12. The amplifier 13 is also coupled to a second programmable resistor 19 which adjusts the gain of the amplifier. The value of the programmable resistor 19 is controlled by a control line 18 from the microprocessor 10, which alters the value of the second programmable resistor 19 to change the amplitude of the sinusoidal waveform. The amplitude of the sinusoidal waveform is adjusted, as will be explained in greater detail below, to take into account the battery's temperature and state of charge.
The amplifier output is coupled to a filter 14, which is a passive filter of a type well-known in the art. The purpose of the filter 14 is to further smooth out the waveform present at the output of the amplifier 13, producing a sinusoidal waveform.
The filter 14 is connected to a driver 15 which amplifies the signal to supply a current signal of sufficient strength to a battery 21. Preferably, this current signal will have a magnitude of around 1 amp. The output of the driver 15 is also fed back to the microprocessor 10 through an isolation amplifier 20 via an analog-to-digital converter 22 in order that the signal sent to the battery 21 can be properly calibrated. That is, the microprocessor 10 monitors the signal level at the output of driver 15 to ensure that the signal level sent to the battery 21 matches the value of the signal the microprocessor has required be sent to the battery (which takes into account the battery's temperature and state of charge).
One embodiment of the driver amplifier 15 is illustrated in FIG. 3. The sinusoidal signal is input through a passive filter which is comprised of a resistor R5 and capacitor C4 which further smooth the waveform. The resulting signal is the input to an operational amplifier 60, configured as an emitter follower through resistor R6. The operational amplifier 60 has a resistor R7 connected between the input to R10 and the inverting input terminal to provide regulation of the input of R10 equal to the input of R6. The output of the operational amplifier 60 is coupled to the base of a transistor Q1, which is used to draw the necessary current from the battery 21 through the power leads. A resistor R10 is connected between the emitter of Q1 and ground. As described above, the microprocessor 10 monitors the current waveform present across resistor R10 and makes appropriate adjustments to the amplitude of the waveform through the second programmable resistor 19 to ensure that the expected value of the output of the amplifier 15 matches the actual, required value.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the output of the driver 15 is connected to an isolation amplifier 20 which provides isolation between the analog-to-digital converter 22 and the output of the driver 15. The isolation amplifier 20 also amplifies the sinusoidal waveform and is comprised of op-amp circuits providing fixed amplifications which are well-known to those skilled in the art.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the output of the isolation amplifier 20 is transmitted to the analog-to-digital converter 22. Thereafter, a sinusoidal signal with an amplitude proportional to the battery's internal resistance returns to an input amplifier 23 from the battery 21 via the sense leads. This result is based on the well-known principle that an unknown resistance can be determined by injecting a known current across the unknown resistance and observing the resulting voltage across the unknown resistance. Additionally, since the input signal to the battery has already been calibrated, as described above, the returning signal will already have any needed corrections for battery temperature and for the battery's state of charge.
The returning signal is an AC sinusoidal waveform, and this returning signal is amplified by an instrumentation amplifier 23. Referring now to FIG. 4, the instrumentation amplifier comprises an operational amplifier 70, resistors R11, R12 (for referencing), and capacitors C6 and C7. R7 establishes the correct gain. The DC element of the sinusoidal waveform present at the input of instrumentation amplifier 23 is blocked by capacitors C6 and C7. After removal of the DC component of the sinusoidal waveform, the remaining AC portion, present at the output of the operational amplifier 70, represents the resistance of the battery.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the AC portion of the sinusoidal waveform at the output of the instrumentation amplifier 23 is focused through a filter 27 and converted by the analog-to-digital converter 22 into a digital signal. This digital signal is subsequently transmitted from the analog-to-digital converter 22 to the microprocessor 10 for evaluation. The microprocessor 10 uses DSP processes to filter out noise and determine the battery's resistance. The resistance is then used to determine the cold cranked ampere (CCA) rating of the battery as well as the battery's condition. The analog-to-digital converter 22 also receives bad lead data which the microprocessor 10 uses to determine whether the battery 21 has been properly connected. The microprocessor 10 monitors the voltage across the sense leads in the battery 21. A value of more than 4 volts or less than 2.5 volts indicates that either lead of the connector to the battery is unconnected.
The microprocessor 10 is connected to nonvolatile data storage 24. The nonvolatile data storage 24 is used to retain data in the system when the power is removed from the tester and stores information such as the current CCA and battery temperature settings. A control line or lines 25 are used by the microprocessor to load date into, and retrieve data from, the nonvolatile data storage. Although only one nonvolatile storage unit is shown, it will be understood that any number of such units can be included.
The microprocessor 10 receives data entered on a keypad 26. As will be explained in greater detail below, this data indicates the battery's temperature, the battery's CCA, CA or AH or stock number rating, and whether the user desires a test. The data from the keypad 26 proceeds to the microprocessor 10 via the analog-to-digital counter 22. Alternatively, three-position switches could be used instead of a keypad to adjust the temperature and CCA settings. Also, a momentary switch could be used in place of the keypad to indicate whether the user desires a test. If a momentary switch is used, when pushed by a user, the switch indicates to the microprocessor 10 that the user desires a test be made. The output of the momentary switch is connected to the analog-to-digital converter 22. The microprocessor 10 reads the value present at the input of the analog-to-digital converter 22 when determining whether a test is to be conducted.
The printer 32 prints data "pro-rated" for the battery's warranty and length of service. The warranty information includes the length of the warranty in months, the number of months the battery has been in service and the purchase price of the battery. A warranty proration curve is custom programmed into the system as requested by the purchaser of the tester. For example, if a battery store uses a linear proration curve and a customer brings in a battery after 24 months that costs $70.00 and has a 60-month warranty, then the tester computes the credit for the battery to be $70.00 minus $70.00 times 24/60 or $42.00. The microprocessor 10 then takes the purchase price and subtracts the credit and computes and adds the sales tax to give the cost due from the customer for the new battery.
Two types of printers may be used in conjunction with the tester, a cash register receipt-type and a full-size (9 or 24) dot hammer invoice-type printer. The cash register receipt-type printer prints the test results as illustrated in FIG. 8a. A receipt 300 includes the rating of the battery, the voltage of the battery, temperature, CCA, CA, amp hours CAA, available current state of charge, and recommendations.
The full-size printer prints the same information plus the warranty information on a custom form with decals that can be removed and attached to the battery for tracking purposes.
A display 29 is connected to the microprocessor 10. The display 29 is preferably a 128 by 128 dot matrix graphic display as is known in the art. The microprocessor 10 communicates battery information to the user of the tester such as the battery's CCA, the battery's voltage, the battery's condition, instructional prompts, and the current settings of the battery temperature and the battery CCA rating. The microprocessor 10 may be connected to the printer 32 via a parallel port. A parallel printer cable may also be connected to the microprocessor that allows the tester to send data to the printer 32 or to a computer.
The display 29 cycles through a series of screens during operation of the tester. A screen 350 that displays the company name as illustrated in FIG. 8b. Inquiry screens 351, 352, and 353 (illustrated in FIGS. 8c, 8d, and 8e) request the user to enter various types of information. A battery image 362 increases or decreases with the CCA rating. The battery testing screen 354 is illustrated in FIG. 8f with the sinusoidal waveform 364 in the battery 363 moving during testing. FIG. 8g illustrates a results screen 355 indicating that the battery is good. FIG. 8h illustrates a screen 356 having a printer image 365 indicating that the printer is printing. FIG. 8i and 8j illustrate two screens 357 and 358 showing the battery state of charge. FIG. 8k is a screen 359 showing a battery image 366 that the battery is operational while FIGS. 8l and 8m illustrate screens 360 and 361 having images 367 and 368, respectively, showing the battery is defective and needs to be replaced.
The microprocessor 10 may be configured in the field at any time by the bi-directional serial port 30. The serial port 30 is also used to reprogram the memory units. A power supply 31 powers all components in the system.
Referring now to FIG. 5, a voltage signal from the battery and voltage from a DC wall transformer pass through a switch 70. The switch 70 selects which power source (battery or DC wall transformer) to use. The supply current passes through a fuse F1 which is a resettable fuse trips under high currents, then resets after allowing for a period to reset. A diode D1 prevents damage to the tester if the leads connected to the battery are reverse-connected. A varistor V1 protects the power circuit from unexpected current surges. The current waveform then enters a voltage regulator 72 which provides a voltage of +5 volts and a voltage of V_(cc). The voltage V_(cc) can be switched on and off, as needed.
If, after a shutdown of the system, the system may be forced up by touching any key on the keypad. A signal, Keypad 1, indicates if any of one-half the keys on the keypad has been pressed and is connected to a comparator 73. A keypad signal Keypad 0 indicates whether any of the other half of the keys on the keypad have been pressed and is connected to a comparator 74. The outputs of the comparators 73 and 74 are connected to inverters 80 and 75 which are used to polarize the signal correctly. A signal from the microprocessor 10 is also needed to re-power the system and is input through an inverter 76. The outputs of the inverters 75, 76, and 80 are coupled together and are input through a filter 77 which provides a delay until the microprocessor signal arrives.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the tester is powered by the battery under test. An external power jack is provided to allow the user to power the tester from a wall transformer when uploading or downloading information to and from the tester. The voltage across the battery is sampled by using a test clip whose twin positive and twin negative leads (and contacts) are insulated from each other. That is, the positive electrical lead (and contact) attaching the output of the driver 15 to the battery 21 is insulated from the positive electrical lead (and contact) connecting the output of the battery 21 to the instrumentation amplifier 23. The voltage value is stored in the nonvolatile storage 24.
Referring now to FIG. 6, when the tester is connected to a battery at step 100, a "soft start power up" occurs which reduces or eliminates the possibility of causing a spark. After powering up, the tester reads and stores the battery's voltage at step 102. Storing the battery's voltage at the beginning of the test, before the test load is applied to the battery, is important because the battery's unloaded voltage is the best indication of the battery's state of charge.
The tester uses dual contact test jaws. One contact on the jaw is used to power the tester and apply the load to the battery, while the other contact is used to measure the voltage signal from the battery. At several points throughout the test procedure, the signal from the battery is analyzed to verify that the leads are connected properly. If at any time the signal from the battery is lost, the tester will display a message telling the user to check the lead connections to the battery.
At step 104, the microprocessor determines whether a bad lead connection exists. If the answer to step 104 is affirmative, then at step 116 the tester displays "Check Connection" on the display. If the answer at step 104 is negative, then, execution continues with step 106.
At step 106 the tester will display the logo of the tester manufacturer for a few seconds at step 108. At step 110, the lead connection is again checked. If the answer at step 110 is affirmative, then execution continues at step 116. If the answer at step 110 is negative, execution continues at step 112.
At step 112, it is determined whether the user wishes to go into system setup. If the answer at step 112 is affirmative, then setup operations are performed at step 114. Setup operations include, for example, uploading and downloading data through the serial port into memory.
At step 118, the system performs a cell test on the battery. The cell test determines the actual voltage of battery being tested as well as whether or not the battery has a bad cell. No further tests will be performed on a battery that has a bad cell or is sulfated or surface charged. The voltage ranges and results of the cell test are shown in Table 1. The values in Table 1 may be adjusted as further data is collected or as battery manufacturers request or advise. In other words, if the answer to step 118 is negative, execution continues at step 146.
If the battery passes the cell test at step 118, the user has the option at step 120 of performing a quick test or the standard test. The quick test determines and reports the battery's state of charge, CCA, CA and AA. The quick test does not diagnose the battery as good or bad. If the user chooses to perform the standard test, the tester prompts the user for the battery's rating and temperature. If the battery is under warranty, the user may also enter the warranty information. The system then tests the battery and report the results to the user. The user may then have the recommendations displayed and/or the results and recommendations printed. A printout 370 of the warranty information is illustrated in FIG. 8n. As shown, the warranty information includes replacement cost, months in service, and the warranty.
If the answer to step 120 is affirmative, indicating the user wants a quick test, the program continues at step 138 where "Testing battery" is displayed. Next, at step 140, it is determined whether a bad lead connection exits. If the answer is affirmative, control continues at step 116. If the answer is negative, execution continues with step 142 where the battery is tested. Then, at step 146, the results are displayed. Execution then continues at step 148.
At step 148, it is determined whether any recommendations need be displayed. If the answer is affirmative, then at step 150 recommendations advising the user of an appropriate action to take are given. For example, these may include advising the user to check other systems in the automobile in which the battery is installed. Execution then continues at step 152. If the answer at step 148 is negative, then control passes to step 152.
At step 152, it is determined whether the results of the test need be printed. If the answer at step 152 is negative, execution continues with step 158. If the answer is positive, execution continues with step 154 where the results are printed as described above. Execution then continues at step 158.
At step 158 it is determined whether the test is to be repeated. If the answer is affirmative, then control returns to step 104 and proceeds as described above. If the answer is negative, then the microprocessor determines whether time-out occurs at step 160. If the answer at step 160 is negative, then control returns to step 158. If the answer is positive, execution continues at step 162 where the system is powered down.
If the result at step 120 is negative, indicating that the user desires a full test, at step 122 the user is prompted to selects the CCA, CA or stock number of the battery. Next, at step 124, it is determined whether a bad lead connection exists. If the answer at step 124 is affirmative, control continues at step 116. If the answer is negative, then at step 126, the user is prompted to enters the CCA or CA rating or the stock number of the battery. Then, at step 128, it is again determined whether a bad lead connection exists. If the answer is affirmative, control continues at step 116. If the answer is negative, control resumes at step 130.
At step 130, the user is prompted to enter the battery temperature. At step 134, it is again determined whether a bad lead connection exists. If the answer is affirmative, then control continues at step 116. If the answer is negative, the user is prompted to enter warranty information on the battery at step 136. Control continues at step 138 as described above.
Referring now to FIG. 7, a routine for testing the battery at step 142 is illustrated. At step 200, the microprocessor determines whether any adjustments need be made based on battery temperature. Then, at step 202, the microprocessor determines whether any adjustments to the calculations need be made based on state of charge of the battery. Next, at step 204, the microprocessor drives its output and sets the first and second programmable resistors 17 and 19 to set the amplitude and offset of the current waveform, as described above. The microprocessor then measures the amplitude and offset at 206 via the analog-to-digital converter as described above. Next at step 208, the microprocessor determines whether any amplitude or offset corrections are needed via the feedback path. If the answer is affirmative, then at step 210, the microprocessor makes the corrections by adjusting the values of the first and second variable resistors. Control proceeds at step 206. If the answer to step 208 is negative, then control resumes at step 212.
At step 212 the microprocessor samples and stores the voltage drop at the output of the battery. At step 214, it is determined whether a bad lead connection exists. If the answer at step 214 is positive, then execution of this step ends. If the answer is negative, then control continues at step 216 where the microprocessor uses DSP and FFT processes to compute the correct voltage drop.
At step 218, the internal resistance R of the battery is measured by applying approximately a 1 amp peak-to-peak sinusoidal signal to the battery and measuring the voltage drop across the battery's terminals. R is then computed by Ohm's Law.
Because R is affected by the battery's level of charge and the battery's temperature, adjustments are made to the current before it is applied to the battery in order to normalize R to a battery with full charge and a temperature of 70° F. For a battery with a reduced level of charge, a reduced current is applied to the battery and for a battery with a reduced temperature (below 70° F.) a further reduced current is applied to the battery. These adjustments are made prior to applying the load to the battery to keep the signal from the loaded battery within a selected smaller range, thereby providing better resolution.
Next, at step 220, other parameters are calculated such as the CCA, CA, current available amperes of the battery, and battery condition.
The formulas for computing the CCA, CA and AA of a 12-volt lead-acid battery with temperature adjustment and charge adjustment are as follows:
CCA=3.6/R(adj)
R(adj)=V(d)/I(full) Where V(d) is the measured voltage drop with I(adj) load on or applied to the battery.
I(adj)=I(full) * M (t) * M (c)
R(bat)=V(d)/I(adj)
CA=(1/0.831) * CCA CA is equal to CCA with an adjustment for temperature.
AA=(3.6-(12.6-V(bat)))/R(bat)
AH=CCA/6 Generally, the CCA of a battery is approximately 6 times the amp-hour rating.
The effect of temperature on a battery's resistance is estimated from the data given by the BCI, the voltage drop is increased by approximately 0.1 to 0.2 volts times approximately 2/3per 10° F. decrease in temperature. The multiplier M(t) is the adjustment made to the current due to temperature. Table 2 illustrates values of the multiplier M(t) for a 12-volt battery.
The effect of the battery's level of charge is countered by applying a smaller current to batteries without full charge. To make this adjustment, the relationship of level of charge to the battery's resistance, normalized to full charge, is found. This relationship is found by collecting data from several different makes and sizes of batteries and then inputting the data into a table, or by fitting the data to an exponential function or a polynomial. The result is a second multiplier, M(c), such that I(adj) equals I(full) times M(t) times M(c). I(adj) is the actual current applied to the battery and it is adjusted for battery temperature and charge.
For example, the data collected from a 1000 CCA battery would lead to a multiplier M(c) as illustrated in TABLE 3, where M(c) equals the resistance at full charge divided by the resistance of the battery at the given voltage.
From the terminal voltage of the battery, the state of charge of the battery is reported. The state of charge may be displayed in a percent format or on a scale of full to empty. This relationship of state of charge to terminal voltage is set forth in the BCI manual for a 12-volt battery, as illustrated in TABLE 4.
In one illustrative test of the battery test system of the present invention, the user connected the tester to the battery. After a short delay the tester was powered up, read and stored the battery's terminal voltage, checked for good lead connections and displayed the company's logo. After a short delay, if the user did not choose to go into setup or perform a quick test, the tester prompted the user to select the battery's rating as CCA, CA, or stock number. The tester then prompted the user to enter the CCA or CA rated value or the stock number of the battery. Next, the tester prompted the user to enter the approximate temperature of the battery, and then the warranty information. Next, the tester tested the battery by determining the adjustments needed for state of charge and temperature and by applying an adjusted load to the battery. The tester measured a feedback signal to verify the amplitude and offset and made adjustments as needed. It then sampled the voltage drop signal caused by the load and used digital signal processing (DSP) to compute the correct voltage drop. From these values, the CCA, CA, AA, and AH of the battery were calculated, and the condition of the battery was determined by comparing the entered rating to the calculated ratings of the battery. The tester then displayed the results of the test, and the user had the opportunity to display recommendations and/or to print the results and recommendations to a printer interface. At the end of the test, the user could repeat the test. If the tester was left connected to the battery for several minutes without interaction from the user, the tester would automatically power down. If a key on the keypad was activated, the tester would power up and start a test sequence from the beginning.
In the above test, a battery with a terminal voltage of 12.45 volts and a temperature of 60° F. was connected to the tester. From the lookup tables, M(t) was 0.981 and M(c) was 0.89. I(full) was 1.0 amps and I(adj) was found by multiplying 1.0 amps by 0.981 by 0.89 which equaled 0.873 amps. The battery's sinusoidal amplitude of current had an amplitude of 0.873 amps and an offset of 0.873 divided by 2 which equaled 0.437 amps. With this applied load, the voltage drop measured was 5.54 mV, and R(adj) was 5.54 mV divided by 1.0 A which was 5.54 miliohms. R(bat) was 5.54 mV divided by 0.873 volts which was 6.34 miliohms. Using the formulas listed above, the CCA was computed to be 650 A, the CA 782 A, the AA 544 A, and the AH 108 A. The state of charge was 75% of full charge.
Referring now to FIG. 9 and FIGS. 10a-10e, one algorithm used by the microprocessor to remove noise of the return signal from the battery is described. At step 400, the microprocessor samples the voltage drop across the battery as described above. FIG. 10a illustrates the actual voltage signal of the battery. FIG. 10b illustrates the signal sampled by the microprocessor. At step 402, the microprocessor takes the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the voltage drop. FIG. 10c illustrates the FFT of the sampled signal where the bulk of the signal is around the signal peaks and the noise is near the horizontal axis. At step 404, the microprocessor multiples the FFT taken at step 402 to an FFT taken of a 60 Hz filtered signal. The result represents the 60 Hz signal with the noise removed. Finally, the magnitude of the signal is computed at step 406 and execution of the noise-removal algorithm ends. FIG. 10d represents the FFT of the filter while FIG. 10e represents the magnitude of the calculated 60 Hz. component.
An alternative algorithm for noise removal is illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12a-12e. At step 500, the microprocessor samples noise in the system alone without a signal applied to the battery. The noise sampled is illustrated by the waveform of FIG. 12a. Next, at step 502, the load signal is applied to the battery as described above. Next, at step 504, the system samples the signal from the battery with the load signal applied. The waveform sampled is illustrated in FIG. 12b. Next, at step 506, the microprocessor takes the FFT of the sampled signal. This FFT of the noise signal is illustrated in FIG. 12c while the FFT from the battery is illustrated in FIG. 12d Then, at step 508, the noise FFT is subtracted from the signal FFT leaving the signal without noise which is illustrated at FIG. 12e. Finally, at step 510, the system computes the magnitude of the 60 Hz signal.
Signal waveforms present in one embodiment of the invention are illustrated in FIGS. 13a-13d. As shown in FIG. 13a, I(full) was a 1 ampere peak-to-peak sine wave with a frequency of 60 Hz and an offset of 0.5 amps. I(adj) is illustrated in FIG. 13b but is riding on an excessive DC level. I(adj) comprises a 0.873 amp peak-to-peak sinusoidal waveform. FIG. 13c illustrates the I(adj) has been adjusted to take into account the excessive DC level and is centered at 0.437 amps. Finally, FIG. 13d illustrates the voltage drop across the battery due to the applied load. This voltage drop represents the AC voltage measured at the instrumentation amplifier.
Thus, a battery tester is provided where the test signals are initiated, shaped, and controlled by a microprocessor. A tester is also provided where the value of the battery's resistance does not affect subsequent measurements of that resistance. That is, the battery tester performs all corrections and adjustments to the signal sent to the battery under test before the actual test signal is sent to the battery. The signal that returns to the battery and is directly proportional to the battery's resistance at full charge and 70° F. and need not be corrected. The testing system described above is also easy to use and maintain requiring a minimum number of inputs from the user.
While the present invention has been described with reference to one or more particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
I claim:
1. A system for determining the operating characteristics of a battery, said system comprising:active controller means for generating and shaping a time-varying current signal which is adjustable over time for application to said battery wherein said controller means adjusts the shape of said time varying signal based on the operating characteristics of said battery; conversion means for receiving from said battery a time-varying return voltage signal and for converting said time-varying return voltage signal into a digital signal, the amplitude of said time-varying return voltage signal being representative of the operating characteristics of said battery, said time-varying return voltage signal being produced in response to said time-varying voltage signal; said controller means being responsive to said digital signal for determining the operating characteristics of said battery, said controller means generating display signals representative of the operating characteristics of said battery; and display means coupled to said controller means for displaying a result represented by said display signals.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein said operating characteristics include the temperature of said battery and the state of charge of said battery.
3. The system of claim 1 further including noise removal means for removing noise from said return signal.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein said time-varying voltage signal is a sinusoidal waveform.
5. The system of claim 1 further comprising a printer for printing warranty data concerning said battery.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein said display means includes a dot matrix graphics display for displaying information concerning the condition of said battery.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein said controller means comprises:a microprocessor for generating a series of digital pulses; a passive filter serially connected to said microprocessor for creating said time-varying voltage signal from said series of digital pulses; an amplifier serially connected to said passive filter for providing a DC offset and fixed amplification factor to said time-varying voltage signal; calibration means actuated by said microprocessor and connected to said amplifier, said calibration means being responsive to said microprocessor for adjusting the amplitude of said time-varying voltage signal; and driver means serially connected to said amplitude control means for supplying said time-varying voltage signal to said battery.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein said calibration means comprises a programmable resistor, said programmable resistor having an adjustable value controlled by said microprocessor.
9. The system of claim 8 further comprising a keypad coupled to said microprocessor for supplying battery operational information, said microprocessor adjusting said adjustable resistor in response to said operational information.
| 25,933 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/449032
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Acebunny, AlexVPerl, Anna, Avinash Raj, Dimagog, Eliah Kagan, Evert Hofland, Kenneth Armstrong, Manohar Reddy Poreddy, Nathan majicvr.com, Paul Chism, Reinier Post, ThisClark, Yousef Nasr El Dein, einnocent, ellezonio, https://askubuntu.com/users/1036490, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578484, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578485, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578486, https://askubuntu.com/users/1578501, https://askubuntu.com/users/1586557, https://askubuntu.com/users/1586559, https://askubuntu.com/users/1586560, https://askubuntu.com/users/1591648, https://askubuntu.com/users/1591649, https://askubuntu.com/users/1591650, https://askubuntu.com/users/202806, https://askubuntu.com/users/203699, https://askubuntu.com/users/20557, https://askubuntu.com/users/208696, https://askubuntu.com/users/22949, https://askubuntu.com/users/330608, https://askubuntu.com/users/541721, https://askubuntu.com/users/567605, https://askubuntu.com/users/619557, https://askubuntu.com/users/62463, matanox, milkpirate, qba47, tcaceres, yann ziselman
|
English
|
Spoken
| 346 | 582 |
29 packages can be updated - How?
I see the following message when I login:
29 packages can be updated.
6 updates are security updates.
How can I perform the updates?
I tried apt-get upgrade and some stuff was installed but the message still remains.
post the output of sudo apt-get -s upgrade
This has good explanation - https://askubuntu.com/a/1104324/330608
Try these commands (although the third one may not be necessary for you):
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
A reboot may or may not be necessary (sudo shutdown -r 0)
Why dist-upgrade before update?
Try another order: update, upgrade, dist-upgrade and it makes no difference.
This is really wrong. You only need to run upgrade or dist-upgrade, not both, and update always comes first.
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade did it for me
I'm running all these commands in every order and I think my computer is not on fire so we are good.
@einnocent I think the point is you might only have to type 2 or 3 of the commands. Obviously you can type 18 lines because there are 6 ways to order the commands and 3 commands each time, but you'd rather just type 2 or 3
I'm guessing @EliahKagan is right because his reputation is the highest
Also, reboot was necessary for me on gcloud compute.
apt-get upgrade will not change what is installed (only versions), apt-get dist-upgrade will install or remove packages as necessary to complete the upgrade, apt upgrade will automatically install but not remove packages. apt full-upgrade performs the same function as apt-get dist-upgrade (https://askubuntu.com/questions/194651/why-use-apt-get-upgrade-instead-of-apt-get-dist-upgrade)
I'm sorry but this type of answer and comments list are a compelte voodoo and not a disciplined way of exploring and fixing up a system.
When you ran apt-get upgrade, where there any "not upgraded"? Eg:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Looking at 0 not upgraded. If there were ones that were not upgraded, run apt-get dist-upgrade
Its not working. Still 11 not upgraded.
| 37,687 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%20%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
جون تشيستر ميلر
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=جون تشيستر ميلر&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 58 | 187 |
جون تشيستر ميلر كان مؤرخ من امريكا.
حياته
جون تشيستر ميلر من مواليد سنة 1907 فى سانتا باربارا (كاليفورنيا).
الدراسه
درس فى جامعة بيوجت ساوند و جامعة هارفارد.
وفاته
جون تشيستر ميلر مات يوم 1 ديسمبر سنة 1991.
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
مؤرخين
مؤرخين من امريكا
دارسين فى جامعة هارفارد
متعلمين فى جامعة ستانفورد
متعلمين فى برين ماور كوليدچ
| 47,521 |
https://github.com/awzhome/pp-backup/blob/master/Taskington.Base/Plans/ExecutablePlan.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
pp-backup
|
awzhome
|
C#
|
Code
| 34 | 83 |
namespace Taskington.Base.Plans
{
public class ExecutablePlan
{
public ExecutablePlan(Plan plan, IPlanExecution execution)
{
Plan = plan;
Execution = execution;
}
public Plan Plan { get; }
public IPlanExecution Execution { get; }
}
}
| 23,436 |
https://github.com/vincenzodabronzo/beer_assistant/blob/master/Beer_Assistant/lib/load_telegram_users.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
beer_assistant
|
vincenzodabronzo
|
PHP
|
Code
| 61 | 348 |
<?php
$dbconn = new mysqli('localhost', 'pi', 'raspberry', 'dbeer');
if($dbconn->connect_error) {
die('Connection error: ' . $dbconn->connect_error);
}
$result = $dbconn->query("SELECT tg.token, tg.user_id FROM system_config_telegram_gatekeeper AS tg;");
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()){
$token = $row["token"];
$userid = $row["user_id"];
echo '<div id="'.$token.$userid.'"><div> Token</div><div> '.$token.'</div><div> User Id</div><div> '.$userid.'</div><div> <img id="img'.$token.$userid.'" class="remove_user" src="img/remove.png"></div></div>
<script>
document.getElementById("img'.$token.$userid.'").addEventListener("click", function(){
$.ajax( "lib/telegrambot_control.php?command=remove&token='.$token.'&userid='.$userid.'");
$(\'#'.$token.$userid.'\').hide();
});
</script>';
}
} else echo "(none)";
?>
| 22,634 |
1700504_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,993 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 42 | 82 |
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for Snohomish County, No. 90-2-06968-9, John F. Wilson, J., entered April 3, 1991. Affirmed in part and reversed in part by unpublished opinion per Scholfield, J., concurred in by Pekelis, A.C.J., Kennedy, J., dissenting..
| 25,232 |
HBH/1865/HBH_18650902/MM_01/0002.xml_1
|
NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,865 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,744 | 6,419 |
SHIPPING RECORD. PORT OF NAPIER. ARRIVED. August 29— Sea Serpent, brigantine, 58 tons, Blair, from Wellington, via Castle Point, with 8,500 bricks, 2 casks cement, order. — Watt, Kennedy, and Watt, agents. SAILED. August 29— H.M. Colonial s.s. St. Kilda, Capt. Deck, for Waiapu, with 12 rank and file of military settlers under Sergeant Savage, Dr. Ormond, Dr. Baker, Mr. J. E. Green, and 12 tons military stores. August 31 — Janet, schooner, 25 tons, Anaru Ra tapa, from Poverty Bay, with 100 bushels oats, 100 bushels maize, Watt, Kennedy, & Watt ; 400 kits kumera, 1 ton pork, 2 casks beef, 2 calabashes pigeons, Tareha. Passengers — 13 natives.— Routledge & Co., agents. September 1.— Prov. Government p.s. Huntress, Captain Stalker, for Hick's Bay and Opotiki. September 1— Betsy, cutter, 35 tons, Busbell, for Auokland, in ballast.— Master, agent. The St. Kilda left port for Waiapu on Tuesday forenoon, having on board several passengers and military settlers, as well as a considerable quantity of stores, chiefly on account of Mr. F. Sutton, the contractor for supplying the colonial forces with rations. The p.s. Huntress left at daylight yesterday morning, bound for Hicks' Bay, whence, upon the arrival of the colonial forces, she will accompany H.M.S. Brisk and the transport steamers to Opotiki. ENGLISH SHIPPING. The barque Ballarat, Capt. Allan, which sailed from Wellington 28th February, arrived at Pal mouth on the 6th June, after a pleasant and quick passage of 98 days. Among the passengers by this ship were Capt. Newman and family, whose names appear to a testimonial addressed to Capt. Allan at the termination of the voyage, The Asterope sailed for Wellington on the 1st of June, with 95 passengers on board. The Strathallan accomplished the voyage home to London in one week less time than the Ballarat from Wellington. The Sunbeam for Auckland and Napier, sailed on the 24th June. POST OFFICE, NAPIER. MAILS CLOSE,— Por Auckland, per N.Z. Co.'s steamer, on Wednesday, 6th inst., at 11 a.m. For Europe, India, Southern Provinces, and Australian Colonies, per s.s. Lord Ashley, on Thursday, the 7th inst., at 11 a.m. The money order list will close on Wednesday the 6th, at 5 p.m. _mri__ff?-_^ amw '.prt DEATH. LYNDON.— At Napier, on the 1st September, Percy Edward, infant son of Mr. Edward Lyndon To ADVERTISERS. Advertisements shut out of this issue will appear on Tuesday. The notice from the chief Paul must be paid for, or payment guaranteed, before it can be inserted. The Hawke's Bay Herald SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1865. We advert to some of the more important subjects brought up in late Parliamentary proceedings, compiled from papers to hand — EXPORT DUTY ON WOOL. On Wednesday, the 16th, as we learn from the correspondent of the Lyttelton Times, "the principal subject of discussion was a proposal by Mr. Brodie, member for the Goldfield, to provide revenue from an export duty upon wool. In this proposal he was backed by most of the Auckland members, and, it is said, by twenty votes at least in the House of Representatives. But most members declined to commit themselves on so delicate a subject, and what is known as the previous question was put, so that the taxation of wool was shelved for a time." The Dunedin Punch (the receipt of a copy of which we have to acknowledge) thus pokes fun at this effort of the hon. member: — Proposed New Tariff for 1866. I (By a Goldfields Member.) I Wool 6d. per lb. Sheepwash Tobacco 6d. per lb. All other Tobacco Free. Shears 1s. per pair. Gold and Dogs Free. Income Tax. On Income above £400... 6d. per &, 600... Bd. „ 1000... ls. „ And Gold for every £200 additional. Note,— On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per £ to be paid by Government. Poll Tax. On all Incomes below £200 per annum a bonus of ss, per No attention to the arguments, and negatived the motion without discussion. Hawke's Bay lands Regulations. On Friday, the 18th, on the motion of Mr. Ormond, two Bills previously introduced by him — the Bill to authorize free grants of land to Military Settlers and members of the Colonial Defence Force in the Province of Hawke's Bay, and the Bill to amend the Land Regulations at present in force in the Province of Hawke's Bay — were ordered to be referred to the Waste Lands Bills committee. DEFENCE OF COLONY. On the evening of the same day (Friday) a ministerial speech was made by the Defeuce Minister (Major Atkinson) in bringing in the new Militia Bill. He reviewed the operations in the field during the past nine months, and sketched the program of the future. The speech is plain and straightforward, without any undue coloring. It appears, says our southern contemporary whom we have already quoted, "that the ministry means to allow the Imperial troops to remain in the country as long as their Majesty's Government might choose that they should stay; but not to pay for or to use them. And they propose to raise a permanent armed force to assist the colonists in taking care of themselves." It is clear, says the same journal, that the first proposal differs from the earlier announcement of the Government that they would send away the troops. And the second proposal involves an unknown expenditure, which could not be agreed to until the financial condition of the colony shall have been made perfectly plain. The debate turned at once upon these points, and the Government consented to postpone the further consideration of the measure until after that of finance, which was to be introduced by Mr. Fitzherbert. NATIVE policy of the government. Notwithstanding the general forebodings of disaster which followed the announcement that Mr. J. E. Fitzgerald had been appointed Native Minister, and which were certainly justified by the antecedents of that gentleman, the policy enunciated in his speech on Friday, August 18, would appear to be receiving the support of the House. Probably, arises partly from the impressive eloquence of the speaker, but, in a greater degree, from the modesty of his personal explanations, and the vigour of the policy which he announced. The House was evidently surprised to find him an advocate of anything but unconditional peace... On August 22, the Native Rights Bill was read a second time without opposition, passed through committee without amendment, read a third time and passed On Wednesday, the 23rd, the Forty-third Districts Police Bill was read a second time with little opposition, and that chiefly by the Superintendent of Auckland; on Thursday the 24th, it was considered in committee; and on Friday, the 25th, it was read a third time and passed On Thursday, the 24th, an able exposition of the native policy of the Government was given in the Legislative Council, by the Honorable the Colonial Secretary, on the occasion of moving the second reading of the Native Commission Bill. A reprint of the speech will be found in another column. NEW PROVINCES. The New Provinces Limitation Bill having been rejected on the second reading, Mr. MacAndrew, on Wednesday, August 23, moved the second reading of a Bill called the New Provinces Regulation Bill, the object of which was to place the formation of new provinces entirely in the hands of the House. He cited the case of Southland as a striking illustration of the bad working of the New Provinces Act. Mr. Jollie, member for Timaru, moved a series of resolutions by way of amendment, providing for 25 percent of the land revenue of each province being set aside for the benefit of outlying districts. The amendment was negatived, and the debate on the original motion adjourned. PORT OF CALL — PANAMA STEAMERS. With reference to the port of call for the Panama steamers, Mr. Robert Graham gave notice of his intention to move that the port of call for the Panama steamers shall not be Wellington, but Auckland on the outward and Port Chalmers or the Bluff on the homeward pass sage. Meanwhile — on Thursday the 24th — the Panama Bill, confirming all negotiations made by the Government on the subject, reached its third reading, and was sent up to the Legislative Council, where it was known to be safe. The debate on Mr. Graham's motion came on on Friday the 25th. Mr. Graham spoke strongly in favor of his motion 5 and Mr. Macandrew moved that the question be referred to a select committee. Mr. Weld opposed both motion and amendment; an Act had already been passed fixing Wellington as the port of call, and this was an attempt to bring in a resolution to override an Act. The debate, which threatened to be a warm one, was cut short by the necessity of proceeding to the orders of the day. MASTER AND SERVANTS' ACT. This measure had been referred to a select committee, by which it was considered in committee on Friday the 25th, and its further consideration made an order of the day for Tuesday the 29th. One of the main points of this Bill, as pointed out by the member who had charge of it, was this — that if a servant had left any wages in his master's hands, that master would not be absolved from his obligation to the servant, of refunding that money, even by receiving his certificate in the Insolvency Court. ACTS PASSED. A large number of new Acts have passed one or both Houses. Amongst these we perceive the Marine Boards Amendment, Panama Service Amendment, Sale of Poisons Regulation, Commencement of Acts, Parliamentary Privileges, Intestate Estates, District Courts Act Amendment, Native Rights, Diseased Cattle Amendment, Injuries by Dogs, Outlying Districts Police, Audit Act Amendment, &c, &c. In the debate on one of those bills — the Injuries by Dogs | — we observe that the member for Napier was somewhat snubbed by the Postmaster General. The Independent's report is as follows : — The Postmaster-General (the Hon. Major Richardson) moved the second reading of this Bill. He said that this Bill was to deter people in the outlying districts from keeping dogs of a dangerous character to the injury of their neighbours. Mr. Colenso hoped that the Postmaster-General would show cause why an old clause of the English law was Enrolled on the Bill. In the English Bill, it was enacted, that there should be proved a previous bad disposition in the dog. This was not inserted in the present Bill. The Postmaster-General (the Hon. Major Richardson) said, if it were necessary to prove a previous vicious propensity in the character of a dog, before proceeding against the owner of the dog, the hon. Important from East Coast. Fighting at Tokomarua—Hail Haus defeated with great loss. The arrival of the Janet, from Poverty Bay, on Thursday morning, has put us in possession of news of further fighting on the East Coast—this time at Tokomarua, a settlement about midway between and Waiapu. The intelligence to hand is from native sources, but it is believed to be perfectly reliable. The Queen natives, headed by a loyal chief of the district, Henare Potae, are said to have attacked and taken two Hau Hau pas — killing 18 and wounding two of the enemy. They also took a chief as prisoner and intend forwarding him to Napier by the first opportunity. For some time, the Hau Haus of this district have assumed a very defiant and threatening attitude. Lately, they walked off with some of Henare's sheep; and this, we believe, was the means of precipitating a collision. Numbers are said to have gone from Poverty Bay to recruit the Hau Haus forces, and more fighting may be anticipated. The present strength of the friendly natives is estimated at 120; that of the Hau Haus at 200. The Musical Soiree, for the benefit of the Athenaeum Library, took place on Thursday evening. The weather, which had been decidedly gloomy all the previous day, cleared up on Wednesday night, and Thursday proved a beautiful day. The moon, too, with her accustomed punctuality, made her appearance exactly as had been arranged in the pro gramme. The company gathered slowly, and, for the first hour after the doors were opened, there was but a thin attendance. Towards eight o'clock, however, the rooms began to fill, and from this time until the close of the entertainment, it presented a lively appearance. We believe that from 110 to 120 persons were present in the course of the evening, of whom upwards of 100 were members, either of the Athenaeum or of the fair sex — the latter being entitled to the privileges of membership if they could claim relationship as wives, sisters, daughters, or — sweethearts — no not sweethearts, we believe the privilege was not extended to them, as of course no member would begrudge five shillings in such a case. The rooms were tastefully decorated, especially the Council Chamber, which was a perfect picture gallery. The large tables from the Athenaeum were covered with a miscellaneous variety, which seemed to have been gathered from all parts of Napier, and which certainly afforded abundant means of amusement; to the assembled company. We have not time to particularize many of the articles, but we recognized several as having been returned from the Otago Exhibition. The large Hau Hau flag, recently taken by MQkena, was displayed at one end of the chamber. The small rooms adjoining were also brought into use. In one of them we saw a bagatelle board; in another a microscope; a revolving stereoscope made to exhibit 100 slides, and to be used by Two persons simultaneously; and, in the room used by the Savings bank, in addition to other objects, was a galvanic machine belonging to Dr. Hitchings, which seemed to afford great delight to ladies especially. We did not venture to try its power, but, judging from appearances, it must be capable of giving pretty smart shocks. Mr. Worgan, who had fortunately arrived from the Wairoa, opened the music by a performance on the harmonium, a small instrument, which, however, in his hands proved a more effective one than we should have given it credit for. We cannot venture to criticize in detail the various performances on the piano, for where so many ladies joined in the entertainment it would be inviduous to particularize. Mr. Wilkinson's performance on the flute helped to vary the entertainment, and the same gentleman introduced his violincello as an accompaniment on one or two occasions. Duets and solos, both vocal and instrumental, followed in quick succession, and appeared to give general satisfaction, although perhaps the position of the instrument in one of the further corners beyond the fireplace, scarcely did justice to the performance — the music being imperfectly heard at the opposite side of the chamber. In the course of the evening Mr. Scaly introduced the magnesium light, a piece of the wire of that metal having been presented by Mr. Tylee. The extreme brilliancy of the light from its combustion quite obscured the lamps and candles for the time. The extreme brilliancy of the light from its combustion quite obscured the lamps and candles for the time. The extreme brilliancy of the light from its combustion quite obscured the lamps and candles for the time. The extreme brilliancy of the light from its combustion quite obscured the lamps and candles for the time. This novel entertainment to repeat the experiment for the benefit of those classes for whom such an Institution is supposed to be more especially designed. The Requisition to Mr. M'Lean, requesting him to allow himself to be nominated for the district of Napier at the ensuing general election for the House of Representatives, has been very generally signed. On Monday last, a deputation, consisting of Messrs. A. Alexander, G. E. THE HAWKES'S BAY HEEALD, SEPTEMBER 2, 1865. Licensing Ordinance Amendment. — The Licensing Ordinance Amendment Act, passed last session of the Provincial Council, has been disallowed by the Governor. Capt. Fraser's official report of the taking of Kairomiromi appears in a New Zealand Gazette, dated the 24th inst. It contains little that has not already appeared in our account of this affair. For Sale, at The Wairoa. HOTEL AND STORES, AT THE ST. JAMES (Lately occupied by Riddell & Worgan). THE undersigned has received instructions to Sell by Auction, On FRIDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, at his Stores, Napier, ALL THE RIGHT and INTEREST of the Mortgagees in the above Property, assigned to them by Bill of Sale executed on the 26th day of May last, and duly registered in the Supreme Court. The Buildings consist of A substantially-built TWELVE-ROOMED HOUSE, 39 by 42 feet, lined throughout, with double brick chimney, and two Verandahs. Also, A SIX-ROOMED COTTAGE, in a fair state of repair. There is a good well of water on the premises. The GARDEN and ORCHARD extend to about 2½ acres, and are in good order and well stocked with Emit Trees, &c.; about one half of the ground is planted with Potatoes. The purchaser must take all risk of title and possession. The Native title having been extinguished, the purchaser will have an opportunity of making the Land Freehold at the Government Land Sale in November next. TERMS— One-third Cash at the fall of the hammer; the remainder at 3 and 6 months, by approved endorsed Bills bearing interest at 10 percent. VAUTIER JANISCH, Auctioneer. Napier, Sept. 2, 1865. MEANEE SALE YARDS. Wednesday, 6th September, at No (mi- grant v. SHERSON. By order of the Sheriff, under writ of execution, Without Reserve. MR. VAUTIER JANISCH Will sell as above, £ A HEAD MIXED OATTLE OXJ in good condition. Terms Cash. VAUTIER JANISCH, Auctioneer. Napier, Sept. 2, 1865. Ist September, 1865. TIMBER! TIMBER! TIMBER! For Sale, on FINE FEET, KAURI TIMBER, all lengths and sizes, to be sold cheap. Apply to J. LeQUESNE, Shakespeare Road. POSTS! POSTS! LARGE QUANTITY OF SUPERIOR Totara Posts, In LOTS to suit Purchasers. ROUTLEDGE & Co. Napier, August 31, 1865. In the Supreme Court of New Zealand. MIDDLE DISTRICT. In the Matter of JAMES DOHERTY, a debtor, and of the Debtors' and Creditors' Act, 1862. AN ADJOURNED MEETING of the Creditors of this Debtor will be held on MONDAY next, the 4th day of September inst, at my office, at 3 o'clock p.m. Dated this 30th day of August, 1865. EDWARD LYNDON, Trustee. In the Supreme Court of New Zealand, MIDDLE DISTRICT. In the Matter of the "Debtors and Creditors' Act, 1862" And In the Matter of the Petition of ALFRED THORNTON DANVERS, of Havelock, in the Province of Hawke's Bay. On the twenty-second day of August, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, ON reading the Petitions and Schedules of, Alfred Thornton Danvers filed herein and on reading the affidavit of the said Alfred Thornton Danvers also filed herein and on hearing Mr. Izard of counsel for the said Alfred Thornton Danvers It is ordered that this Petition be heard before His Honor Mr. Justice Johnston at Napier on the thirty-first day of January next at the hour of 10 o'clock in the forenoon and that the said Petitioner do attend for examination at the time and place aforesaid and that in the meantime or until the further order of the Court the Person and Estate of the said Petitioner be pro- tected from arrest execution or other legal process except as to the person of the Petitioner in such cases as would render him liable to arrest on mesne process by the order of a Judge of this Court or of a Registrar of this Court in the absence of a Judge thereof And it is further ordered that until the further order of this Court the Estate and Effects of the said Petitioner do vest in James Grindell Esquire the Registrar of this Court to be held by him subject to such further order And that a meeting of the Creditors of the said Petitioner be held at the Office of G. E. Lee Solicitors at Napier on the twenty-first day of September next for the purpose of recommending to this Court Trustees of the Estate and Effects of the said Petitioner and the mode of winding up the said Estate And it is also further ordered that the Creditors of the said Petitioner do have liberty to apply to this Honorable Court to rescind this order as they may be advised. BY THE COURT. In the Supreme Court of New Zealand. MIDDLE DISTRICT. In the Matter of the "Debtors and Creditors' Act, 1862;" And In the Matter of ALFRED THORNTON DAN VERS, a Debtor. IN pursuance of the above Order, a Meeting of the Creditors of Alfred Thornton Danvers will be held at the office of Mr. G. E. Lee, Solicitors, Napier, on the twenty-first day of September next, at 4 o'clock p.m. Dated the 28th day of August, 1865. BUSINESS: — To recommend Trustees of the Estate and Effects of the Said Debtor. To recommend the mode of winding up the Estate. JAMES GRINDELL, Deputy Registrar. In the Supreme Court of New Zealand. MIDDLE DISTRICT. In the Matter of the "Debtors and J Creditors' Act, 1862 And In the Matter of BOSWELL DANBY DANVERS, of Havelock, in the Province of Hawke's Bay, Farmer. On the twenty-second day of August, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five. ON reading the Petition and Sohedules of Boswell Danby Danvers and on reading the affidavit of the said Boswell Danby Danvers, it is ordered that this Petition be heard before His Honor Mr. Justice Johnston at Napier on the thirty-first day of January next at the hour of 10 o'clock in the forenoon and that the said Petitioner do attend for examination at the time and place aforesaid and that in the meantime and until the further order of the Court, the person and Estate of the Petitioner be protected from arrest execution or other legal process except as to the person of the Petitioner in such cases as would render him liable to arrest on mesne process by the order of a Judge of this Court or of a Registrar of this Court in the absence of a Judge. Therefore, it is further ordered that until the further order of this Court, the Estate and Effects of the said Petitioner do vest in James Grindell Esquire the Registrar of this Court to be held by him subject to such further order And that a Meeting of the Creditors of the said Petitioner be held at the office of G. E. To His Honor Donald M'Lean, Superintendent of Hawke's Bay. SIR,— We, the undersigned respectfully request that you will allow yourself to be put in nomination for a Seat in the General Assembly after the forthcoming dissolution of that Body. We and others fully believe that you are the most fit and proper person to represent us in that Assembly. You are our First Magistrate, and our belief is that while you have held that office you have, more than anyone else, conducted to the prosperity and safety of this Province. Knowing your local influence, and the great results which have followed your official career, we can, without flattery, say that it is greatly owing to your occupying the position of Superintendent that this Province has been spared those scenes of blood-shed that unhappily have been too common in other districts of the country. You took office at a critical time, and who amongst the thinking men of this Province will say that you have failed in any duty that belonged to you as chief of the Province? We refrain at present from expressing any opinion which might be construed into a political bias; but we cannot refrain from stating our belief that you have, both personally and officially, done much to raise this Province to that position which we believe it is destined to occupy as one of the most important in the Northern Island. If you will allow yourself to be put in nomination, we engage to do all that lies in our power to secure your return. Alexander Alexander W. P. Smith Alexander Irvine James Stewart. James Anderson Robert Wiggins J. G. Kinross Wm. Marshall A. A. Watt Henry Groom Wm. Waite Michael Griffin James Watt George H. Stuart A. Kennedy Robert Breingan V. Janisch C. J. Anderson Thomas Murray B.N.Smith G. E. G. Richardson Thomas Lowry Alexander Blair James Hamshar W. Routledge Thomas Atkinson P. Flanagan Wm. Baldwin John Marshall John Wilkinson Jos. Hamon J. T. Tylee J. A. Smith H. Troutbeck Thomas Lound Joseph Torr Wm. Thomas W. A. Richardson Wm. Smith Thomas Richardson Thomas Henderson Rev. E. Regnier Andrew H. Blake P. W. O. Sturm = _?. Tuxford W. H. Frame Kenrick Hill H. J. Bell James Wood Edward Davis Wm. Denholm H. A. Duff I. H. Trask James Wishart J. Dinwiddie A. P. Henrici James Catherall John Hayden Benjamin Warnes James Hawkens J. H. Vautier Thomas Sherley John Campbell Joseph Richards Wm. Miller Wm. Oliver T.D.Smith T.K.Newton Thomas Shepherd John Heslop David E. Lindsay John Heslop, junior John Garry Henry Parker M. Boylan J. H. Sebley F. Sutton Samuel Hameling Hugh Knox John Steven Henry Sherley L. A. Tiffen Gavin Peacock John Slater James Peacock John Steven, junior H. S. Peacock William Rich Wm. Elbourne J. B. McKah James Hallett Henry Brooke Taylor Peter Kent E. Rabone H. Beukers H. R. Holder Wm. Burton A. C. Haymes L. Butcher J. A. Turner George Charlton James Topping Joseph Doherty W. R. D. Ferguson Isaao McCain Joseph Rhodes George Bowman Charles Allen George Worgan, senior John Hartley S. H. Single Wm. Campbell W. Hawker Charles M'Intyre To Alexander Alexander, Esq., J.P.; the Gentlemen of the Deputation; and the Electors signing the Requisition. Napier, 30th August, 1865. GENTLEMEN, thank you sincerely for the kind expression of your wishes conveyed in the requisition presented to me on Monday last. The flattering terms in which you desire that I should allow myself to be put in nomination to represent the Napier District in the next General Assembly, induce me to accede with pleasure to your request. It affords me much gratification to find that my efforts for the preservation of peace, and the general advancement of the Province during a critical period in the history of the Colony, have so fully met with your approval. Your recognition In the action of those efforts, which have, under Providence, been so far attended with success, affords me additional encouragement to persevere in the course I have hitherto pursued. Intimately known as I am to nearly all of you, it is unnecessary on this occasion to enter into explanations on political subjects. I shall take a future opportunity of stating my views upon the various questions that are likely to be brought before the Legislature. I shall take my utmost endeavors to promote the welfare and prosperity of this Province. I remain, Gentlemen, Yours, faithfully, DONALD M'LEAN. — Notice. THIS IS TO CERTIFY that I, ALFRED ARGLES, have made application in December.
| 35,735 |
https://openalex.org/W4232507549
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,020 |
Serum CA125 Measurement
| null |
English
|
Spoken
| 64 | 149 |
Qeios · Definition, February 2, 2020 Open Peer Review on Qeios Serum CA125 Measurement National Cancer Institute Qeios ID: W02A5Y · https://doi.org/10.32388/W02A5Y Source National Cancer Institute. Serum CA125 Measurement. NCI Thesaurus. Code C141277. National Cancer Institute. Serum CA125 Measurement. NCI Thesaurus. Code C141277. The determination of the amount of cancer antigen 125 present in a blood serum
sample. Qeios ID: W02A5Y · https://doi.org/10.32388/W02A5Y 1/1
| 10,863 |
https://github.com/kmin-283/javascript-lotto/blob/master/src/ts/components/lottoInput.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
javascript-lotto
|
kmin-283
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 131 | 436 |
import { LottoComponent, LottoInputProps } from '../types/types.js';
import { isValidRange } from '../utils/utils.js';
import { ERROR_COST_RANGE, MAX_TICKET_COST, TICKET_COST } from '../constant/constant.js';
class LottoInput implements LottoComponent {
private readonly $element: HTMLInputElement;
constructor({ $element, buy }: LottoInputProps) {
this.$element = $element;
this.addEvent(buy);
}
addEvent(buy: (cost: string) => void) {
const inputNode: HTMLInputElement = this.$element.querySelector('input')!;
this.$element.addEventListener('click', ({ target } : { target: EventTarget | null}) => {
if (target && target instanceof HTMLButtonElement) {
if (!isValidRange(Number(inputNode.value), TICKET_COST, MAX_TICKET_COST)) {
alert(ERROR_COST_RANGE);
return;
}
const cost: string = inputNode.value;
inputNode.value = '';
buy(cost);
}
});
this.$element.addEventListener('keydown', (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
const { key } = event;
if (key === 'Enter') {
if (!isValidRange(Number(inputNode.value), TICKET_COST, MAX_TICKET_COST)) {
alert(ERROR_COST_RANGE);
return;
}
event.preventDefault();
const cost: string = inputNode.value;
inputNode.value = '';
buy(cost);
}
});
}
}
export default LottoInput;
| 5,491 |
https://github.com/SciLifeLab/ratatosk/blob/master/ratatosk/sample.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
ratatosk
|
SciLifeLab
|
Python
|
Code
| 131 | 237 |
# Copyright (c) 2013 Per Unneberg
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
# use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
# the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
# the License.
"""
ratatosk.sample
Organize tasks by sample. Setup global parameters for use
"""
import os
import luigi
import logging
import ratatosk.external
from ratatosk.job import JobTask, DefaultShellJobRunner
from cement.utils import shell
logger = logging.getLogger('luigi-interface')
class SampleJobRunner(DefaultShellJobRunner):
pass
| 3,734 |
https://github.com/triplequote/intellij-scala/blob/master/scala/scala-impl/testdata/parameterInfo/functionParameterInfo/constructors/ThisScalaConstructor.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
intellij-scala
|
triplequote
|
Scala
|
Code
| 26 | 71 |
class ThisScalaConstructor {
def this(x: Int) {
this()
}
def this(x: Boolean) {
this()
}
}
new ThisScalaConstructor(<caret>)
/*
<no parameters>
x: Boolean
x: Int
*/
| 17,026 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29424470
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Eagllus, Marcus Ruddick, Mateusz Wyka, WiredPrairie, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2323027, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3832577, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3901400, https://stackoverflow.com/users/95190
|
English
|
Spoken
| 754 | 1,828 |
TypeError: undefined is not an object (evaluating 'this.__reactAutoBindMap')
I am working with the latest version of react.js installed by NPM. I've written this code which works when I put it through jsfiddle, but not when I try it in my own setup. Here is the code I'm working with:
/** @jsx React.DOM */
var React = require('react');
var MyButton = React.createClass({
render: function(){
return ( <button onClick={this.props.onClick} >more!</button> );
}
});
var Count = React.createClass({
getInitialState: function(){
return { counter: 0 };
},
increment: function(){
this.setState({
counter: this.state.counter + 1
});
},
render: function(){
return ( <div>
<li>{this.state.counter}</li>
<MyButton onClick={this.increment} />
</div> );
}
});
React.render( <Count />, document.getElementById('container'));
and then my HTML file looks like this:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>what the f</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="container">
<!-- This element's contents will be replaced with your component. -->
</div>
<script src="js/main.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
In my browser I get an error saying:
"TypeError: undefined is not an object (evaluating 'this.__reactAutoBindMap')
(anonymous function)"
and a warning that says:
"Warning: Something is calling a React component directly. Use a factory or JSX instead. See: http://fb.me/react-legacyfactory"
----> update:
There are two specific issues I am experiencing after searching for exact problem areas.
A. The React.render() function is not accepting JSX.
In order for anything to display without error I have to use: React.render(React.createElement(Count), document.getElementById('container'));
instead of:
React.render( <Count />, document.getElementById('container'));
B. Then I get an error anytime I try to access the objects properties, for example, if in the above code I comment out anything that has this.something in it then the code executes just fine, otherwise it gives the error:
TypeError: undefined is not an object (evaluating 'this.__reactAutoBindMap')
both of these problems seem like they could be related to a problem with jsx, but I'm not sure why jsx would work in some ways but not others. I am able to return <h1>hello!</h1> without incident, but other aspects of jsx, in render for example, do not work at all... getting desperate here... is this a bug or am I doing something wrong?
---> update
here is my gulp file:
var connect = require('gulp-connect');
var gulp = require('gulp');
var source = require('vinyl-source-stream'); // Used to stream bundle for further handling
var browserify = require('browserify');
var watchify = require('watchify');
var reactify = require('reactify');
var concat = require('gulp-concat');
gulp.task('browserify', function() {
var bundler = browserify({
entries: ['app_root/js/main.js'],
transform: [reactify], // convert JSX to javascript
debug: true,
cache: {}, packageCache: {}, fullPaths: true
});
var watcher = watchify(bundler);
return watcher
.on('update', function () {
var updateStart = Date.now();
console.log('Updating!');
watcher.bundle() // Create new bundle that uses the cache for high performance
.pipe(source('app_root/js/main.js'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('dist/js'));
console.log('Updated!', (Date.now() - updateStart) + 'ms');
})
.bundle()
.pipe(source('app_root/js/main.js'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('dist/js'));
});
// concat app to directory being served
gulp.task('conkat', function(){
gulp.src('/src/dist/app_root/js/main.js')
.pipe(concat('main.js'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('dist/js'));
});
// copy index.html to served directory
gulp.task('copy', function(){
gulp.src('app_root/index.html')
.pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
gulp.src('/src/dist/app_root/js/main.js')
});
// watch app directory
gulp.task('watch', function(){
gulp.watch('app_root/**/*.*', ['reload']);
});
// serve the dist directory
gulp.task('serveDist', function(){
connect.server({
root: 'dist'
});
});
// run on change
gulp.task('reload', [ 'browserify','conkat', 'copy' ]);
// run all
gulp.task('default', [ 'browserify', 'conkat','copy', 'serveDist', 'watch' ]);
and heres my package.son:
{
"private": true,
"devDependencies":
{
"gulp":"^3.8.8",
"browserify":"^9.0.6",
"gulp-concat":"^2.4.1",
"react":"^0.13.1",
"reactify":"^0.14.0",
"watchify":"^3.1.0",
"vinyl-source-stream":"^1.1.0",
"react-router":"^0.13.2",
"gulp-connect":"^2.2.0"
}
}
Is everything in one file and declarations declared in the right order?
Everything is as you see it, the html and javascript/react files are separate files.
What version of React are you using? Are you precompiling the JSX syntax or relying on the browser transforming it? Because the line you've manually switched from <Count /> should be the exact same result.
I'm using react 0.13.1 and I'm using browserify and reactify to precompile the jsx. ill add my gulp file and package.json too if that ill help
Can you display the rendered version of your jsx? Seems to me thats where the problem is, your jsx file looks fine.
I'm not sure I understand.. how do i post the rendered version? what shows up in the browser is a blank screen. so there is nothing on the rendered version if that is what you mean. unless I comment out and reference to object properties, and use javascript in render rather then jsx, in that case everything renders normally. i.e. hello world! prints "hello world!" when rendered.
I have nearly the same problem. Try use this:
React.render(React.createElement(Count), document.getElementById('container'));
maybe try:
React.render(React.createFactory(Count)(),document.getElementById('container'));
nope.. I dont understand why theres all this weird work around, why doesn't it just work as noted in the documentation?
You should install Reactify 1.1.x:
"reactify": "~1.1.x"
| 451 |
https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/82403
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Leaky Nun, Neil, gcampbell, https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/users/17602, https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/users/48934, https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/users/53470
|
English
|
Spoken
| 556 | 1,392 |
Shortest simple regex matching a binary word
Task
Define a simple regex as a non-empty regular expression consisting only of
characters 0 and 1,
grouping parentheses ( and ),
one-or-more repetition quantifier +.
Given a non-empty string of 0s and 1s, your program should find the shortest simple regex matching the full input string. (That is, when matching a simple regex, pretend it’s bookended by ^ and $.) If there are multiple shortest regexes, print any or all of them.)
code-golf, so the shortest submission (in bytes) wins.
Test cases
1 -> 1
00 -> 00 or 0+
010 -> 010
1110 -> 1+0
01010 -> 01010
0101010 -> 0(10)+ or (01)+0
011111 -> 01+
10110110 -> (1+0)+
01100110 -> (0110)+ or (01+0)+
010010010 -> (010)+
111100111 -> 1+001+ or 1+0+1+
00000101010 -> 0+(10)+ or (0+1)+0
1010110001 -> 1(0+1+)+ or (1+0+)+1
You should clarify that you want us to write a program that writes the regex, not write the regex ourself. But this looks interesting.
In my testing, 01100110 is an interesting case... a naïve algorithm would write 01+0+1+0 or (0+1+)+0 which aren't optimal.
Related.
Pyth, 20 bytes
hf.x}z:zT1Zy*4"()01+
This takes approximately 30 seconds to run, so it needs to be run offline.
Explanation:
hf.x}z:zT1Zy*4"()01+
Implicit: z is the input string.
"()01+ "()01+"
*4 Repeated 4 times
y All subsequences in length order
hf Output the first one such that
:zT1 Form all regex matches of z with the candidate string
}z Check if the input is one of the strings
.x Z Discard errors
I'm not completely sure that every shortest string is a subsequence of "()01+" * 4, but 4 can be increased to 9 at no byte cost if needed.
JavaScript (ES6), 488 341 bytes
s=>[s.replace(/(.)\1+/g,'$1+'),...[...Array(60)].map((_,i)=>`(${(i+4).toString(2).slice(1)})+`),...[...Array(1536)].map((_,i)=>`${i>>10?(i>>8&1)+(i&2?'+':''):''}(${i&1}${i&4?i>>4&1:i&16?'+':''}${i&8?''+(i>>7&1)+(i&64?i>>5&1:i&32?'+':''):''})+${i&512?(i>>8&1)+(i&2?'+':''):''}`)].filter(r=>s.match(`^${r}$`)).sort((a,b)=>a.length-b.length)[0]
Explanation: Since six regexes can express all possible binary words, and the longest two are nine characters long, it suffices to check those and all shorter regexes. One candidate is obviously the string with "run length encoding" (i.e. all digit runs replaced with appropriate +s), but also strings with one set of ()s need to be checked. I generate 1596 such regexes (this includes duplicates and useless regexes but they'll just be eliminated) and test all 1597 to see which is the shortest match. The generated regexes fall into two types: \(\d{2,5}\)\+ (60 regexes) and (\d\+?)?\(\d[\d+]?(\d[\d+]?)?\)(\d\+?)? (1536 regexes as I avoid generating regexes with both leading and trailing digit).
@LeakyNun Originally I thought there were 4 regexes of length 9 but this is obviously incorrect so I've clarified my explanation.
Pyth - 31 30 29 bytes
Brute force! Can probably golf the iterator a little.
f=+Yf.x:zjY"^$")Z^"10+()"T1Y
Test Suite.
Ruby, 109 bytes
It's the boring brute force approach. Works because no regex ever need be longer than 9 characters (as Neil notes) and no individual character needs to be repeated more than 4 times (trying it with '01()+'.chars*9 made my CPU unhappy).
10.times{|i|('01()+'.chars*4).combination(i).map{|s|begin
/^#{s*''}$/=~$*[0]&&[puts(s*''),exit]
rescue
end}}
$ for word in `grep -Po '^\S+' test_cases.txt`; do nice -n20 ruby sre.rb $word; done
1
0+
010
1+0
01010
0(10)+
01+
(1+0)+
(01+0)+
(010)+
1+0+1+
0+(10)+
1(0+1+)+
Python 3, 186 bytes
I'm investigating whether there is an approach to this problem besides brute-forcing, but here is a Python brute-force solution for now.
import re,itertools
def a(b):
for z in range(10):
for i in itertools.combinations("01()+"*4,z):
j=''.join(i)
try:
if re.fullmatch(j,b)and len(j)<=len(b):return j
except:1
| 44,080 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91an%20Ognjanovi%C4%87
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Srđan Ognjanović
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srđan Ognjanović&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 364 | 581 |
Srđan Ognjanović (, English alternatives: Srdjan Ognjanovic, and Srdan Ognjanovic) is a Serbian mathematician. He was a principal of Mathematical Grammar School in Belgrade.
Career
He received his degrees in the field of Mathematical Sciences from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Belgrade. Prior to that, Ognjanović was a student of Mathematical Gymnasium Belgrade, from which he graduated in 1972, in A-division.
Ognjanović started his professional career as a teacher of mathematics at Mathematical Gymnasium Belgrade (Serbian: "Matematička Gimnazija") while still a student of mathematics at Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Belgrade, continued his career after graduation also in Mathematical Gymnasium Belgrade, and devoted his career to teaching mathematics in the same school, now being a professor in Mathematical Gymnasium Belgrade for more than 30 years.
Students of professor Ognjanović won numerous prizes at International Science Olympiads in Mathematics, Physics, Informatics, Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Earth Sciences, also at other prestigious competitions around the world, and, accordingly, won many full scholarships at top-ranked universities.
Mr Ognjanović is the author of numerous books and collections of problems for elementary and secondary schools, as well as special collections of assignments for preparation for mathematics competitions and mathematics workbooks used as a preparation for admission to faculties.
Awards and legacy
Ognjanović was listed among "300 most powerful people in Serbia" in a list published annually by "Blic" daily newspaper (14 February 2011), member of Axel Springer AG. The criteria were easiness in achieving goals, public awareness, financial and political influence, personal integrity and authority, respectiveness of the institution the person represents, and personal charisma.
Among latest awards for his published works Mr Ognjanović received (in 2010): Grand Prize at 16th International Book Fair, in Novi Sad, from a Business Chamber of Vojvodina, and "Stojan Novaković" Prize for the best textbook and set of textbooks published by Zavod - Serbian State Company of Textbooks.
References
External links
Mathematical Gymnasium Belgrade homepage
Principal of Mathematical Gymnasium Belgrade homepage
Heads of schools in Serbia
Mathematics educators
Education in Belgrade
Scientists from Belgrade
University of Belgrade Faculty of Mathematics alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Serbian mathematicians
| 6,647 |
https://github.com/jtraver/dev/blob/master/python3/math/e1.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
dev
|
jtraver
|
Python
|
Code
| 108 | 274 |
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import math
phi = (1 + math.sqrt(5)) / 2
# print("math = %s" % str(math))
print("math.pi = %s" % str(math.pi))
print("math.e = %s" % str(math.e))
print("phi = %s" % str(phi))
# e = (1 + 1/n)^n
e1 = 0
found = False
for n1 in range(1, 10000000):
f1 = n1 * 1.0
# print("n1 = %s" % str(n1))
e1 = (1 + 1/f1) ** f1
if e1 == math.e:
print("found n1 = %s, e1 = %s" % (str(n1), str(e1)))
found = True
break
if not found:
d1 = math.e - e1
print("not found n1 = %s, e1 = %s, d1 = %s" % (str(n1), str(e1), str(d1)))
| 6,220 |
https://github.com/HoangNguyen17193/mira-devtools/blob/master/src/store/UnixTimeConverter/UnixTimeConverterActionTypes.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
mira-devtools
|
HoangNguyen17193
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 28 | 99 |
const SET_TIME_VALUE = 'SET_TIME_VALUE';
const SET_TIME_TYPE = 'SET_TIME_TYPE'
const TYPE = {
second: 'second',
millisecond: 'millisecond'
}
const UnixTimeConverterActionTypes = {
SET_TIME_VALUE,
SET_TIME_TYPE,
TYPE
};
export default UnixTimeConverterActionTypes;
| 32,522 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22490056
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Parker Peak
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 125 | 250 |
Parker Peak
Parker Peak instans av berg
Parker Peak land Kanada
Parker Peak inom det administrativa området British Columbia
Parker Peak geografiska koordinater
Parker Peak Geonames-ID 6098478
Parker Peak CGNDB-ID JBCOG
Parker Peak
berg in Canada
Parker Peak is een berg
Parker Peak land Canada
Parker Peak gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Brits-Columbia
Parker Peak geografische locatie
Parker Peak GeoNames-identificatiecode 6098478
Parker Peak CGNDB-identificatiecode JBCOG
Parker Peak BC Geographical Names-identificatiecode 16015
Parker Peak (tumoy sa bukid sa Canada)
Parker Peak
mountain in British Columbia, Canada
Parker Peak instance of mountain
Parker Peak country Canada
Parker Peak located in the administrative territorial entity British Columbia
Parker Peak coordinate location
Parker Peak GeoNames ID 6098478
Parker Peak CGNDB unique ID JBCOG
Parker Peak BC Geographical Names ID 16015
| 41,182 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14715254
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Poliaenus hesperus
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,815 | 5,592 |
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus vetenskapligt namn Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus taxonomisk rang art
Poliaenus hesperus nästa högre taxon Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instans av taxon
Poliaenus hesperus Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus Encyclopedia of Life-ID 355096
Poliaenus hesperus iNaturalist taxon-ID 306360
Poliaenus hesperus IRMNG-ID 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus BioLib-ID 305082
Poliaenus hesperus Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus kort namn
Poliaenus hesperus Open Tree of Life-ID 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus namo takson Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus takson induak Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus namo singkek
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nama takson Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus tingkat takson spesies
Poliaenus hesperus takson induk Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus adalah takson
Poliaenus hesperus penanda Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus penanda Encyclopedia of Life 355096
Poliaenus hesperus Penanda takson iNaturalist 306360
Poliaenus hesperus penanda IRMNG 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus penanda Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus nama singkat
Poliaenus hesperus
Art der Gattung Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus wissenschaftlicher Name Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus taxonomischer Rang Art
Poliaenus hesperus übergeordnetes Taxon Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus ist ein(e) Taxon
Poliaenus hesperus GBIF-ID 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus EOL-ID 355096
Poliaenus hesperus iNaturalist-Taxon-ID 306360
Poliaenus hesperus Titan-ID 6632
Poliaenus hesperus IRMNG-ID 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus CONABIO-ID 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus BioLib-ID 305082
Poliaenus hesperus Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus CoL-ID 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus Kurzname
Poliaenus hesperus OTT-ID 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nombre del taxón Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus categoría taxonómica especie
Poliaenus hesperus taxón superior inmediato Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instancia de taxón
Poliaenus hesperus identificador de taxón en GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identificador EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus código de taxón en iNaturalist 306360
Poliaenus hesperus identificador IRMNG 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus CONABIO ID 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus identificador BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Catalogue of Life 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus nombre corto
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Open Tree of Life 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
soort uit het geslacht Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus wetenschappelijke naam Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus taxonomische rang soort
Poliaenus hesperus moedertaxon Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus is een taxon
Poliaenus hesperus GBIF-identificatiecode 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus EOL-identificatiecode 355096
Poliaenus hesperus iNaturalist-identificatiecode voor taxon 306360
Poliaenus hesperus Titan-identificatiecode 6632
Poliaenus hesperus IRMNG-identificatiecode 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus CONABIO-identificatiecode 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus BioLib-identificatiecode 305082
Poliaenus hesperus Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus verkorte naam
Poliaenus hesperus Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus tên phân loại Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus cấp bậc phân loại loài
Poliaenus hesperus đơn vị phân loại mẹ Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus là một đơn vị phân loại
Poliaenus hesperus định danh GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus ID Bách khoa toàn thư Sự sống 355096
Poliaenus hesperus ID ĐVPL iNaturalist 306360
Poliaenus hesperus ID IRMNG 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus CONABIO ID 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus ID BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus tên ngắn
Poliaenus hesperus
specie di coleotteri
Poliaenus hesperus nome scientifico Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus livello tassonomico specie
Poliaenus hesperus taxon di livello superiore Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus istanza di taxon
Poliaenus hesperus identificativo GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identificativo EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus identificativo iNaturalist taxon 306360
Poliaenus hesperus identificativo IRMNG 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus identificativo BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus identificativo Catalogue of Life 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus nome in breve
Poliaenus hesperus
espèce de coléoptères
Poliaenus hesperus nom scientifique du taxon Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus rang taxonomique espèce
Poliaenus hesperus taxon supérieur Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus nature de l’élément taxon
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant Encyclopédie de la Vie 355096
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant iNaturalist d'un taxon 306360
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant Titan 6632
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant Catalogue of Life 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus nom court
Poliaenus hesperus identifiant Open Tree of Life 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
species of beetle
Poliaenus hesperus taxon name Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus taxon rank species
Poliaenus hesperus parent taxon Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instance of taxon
Poliaenus hesperus GBIF taxon ID 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus Encyclopedia of Life ID 355096
Poliaenus hesperus iNaturalist taxon ID 306360
Poliaenus hesperus Titan ID 6632
Poliaenus hesperus IRMNG ID 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus CONABIO ID 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus BioLib taxon ID 305082
Poliaenus hesperus Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus Catalogue of Life ID 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus short name
Poliaenus hesperus Open Tree of Life ID 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
вид насекомо
Poliaenus hesperus име на таксон Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus ранг на таксон вид
Poliaenus hesperus родителски таксон Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus екземпляр на таксон
Poliaenus hesperus IRMNG ID 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus кратко име
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus международное научное название Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus таксономический ранг вид
Poliaenus hesperus ближайший таксон уровнем выше Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus это частный случай понятия таксон
Poliaenus hesperus идентификатор GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus идентификатор EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus код таксона iNaturalist 306360
Poliaenus hesperus код таксона в базе Titan 6632
Poliaenus hesperus идентификатор IRMNG 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus идентификатор BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus код Catalogue of Life 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus краткое имя или название
Poliaenus hesperus код Open Tree of Life 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus taxon nomen Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus ordo species
Poliaenus hesperus parens Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus est taxon
Poliaenus hesperus nomen breve
Poliaenus hesperus
вид твердокрилих
Poliaenus hesperus наукова назва таксона Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus таксономічний ранг вид
Poliaenus hesperus батьківський таксон Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus є одним із таксон
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор у GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор таксона iNaturalist 306360
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор Titan 6632
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор IRMNG 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор CONABIO 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus коротка назва
Poliaenus hesperus ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nome del taxón Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus categoría taxonómica especie
Poliaenus hesperus taxón inmediatamente superior Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instancia de taxón
Poliaenus hesperus identificador EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus nome curtiu
Poliaenus hesperus
specie de coleoptere
Poliaenus hesperus nume științific Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus rang taxonomic specie
Poliaenus hesperus taxon superior Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus este un/o taxon
Poliaenus hesperus identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identificator EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus nume scurt
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus ainm an tacsóin Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus rang an tacsóin speiceas
Poliaenus hesperus máthairthacsón Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus sampla de tacsón
Poliaenus hesperus ainm gearr
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nome do táxon Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus categoria taxonómica espécie
Poliaenus hesperus táxon imediatamente superior Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instância de táxon
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Encyclopedia of Life 355096
Poliaenus hesperus IRMNG ID 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus identificador BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus nome curto
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus naukowa nazwa taksonu Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Poliaenus hesperus takson nadrzędny Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus jest to takson
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator iNaturalist 306360
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator Titan 6632
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator IRMNG 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator CONABIO 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus nazwa skrócona
Poliaenus hesperus identyfikator Open Tree of Life 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus emri shkencor Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus instancë e takson
Poliaenus hesperus emër i shkurtër
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus tieteellinen nimi Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus taksonitaso laji
Poliaenus hesperus osa taksonia Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Poliaenus hesperus Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 355096
Poliaenus hesperus iNaturalist-tunniste 306360
Poliaenus hesperus Titan-tunniste 6632
Poliaenus hesperus IRMNG-tunniste 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus CONABIO-tunniste 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus BioLib-tunniste 305082
Poliaenus hesperus Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus Catalogue of Life -tunniste 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus lyhyt nimi
Poliaenus hesperus Open Tree of Life -tunniste 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nome taxológico Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus categoria taxonômica espécie
Poliaenus hesperus táxon imediatamente superior Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instância de táxon
Poliaenus hesperus identificador GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identificador EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus nome curto
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nem brefik
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus taksonomia nomo Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus taksonomia rango specio
Poliaenus hesperus supera taksono Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus estas taksono
Poliaenus hesperus identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 355096
Poliaenus hesperus numero en iNaturalist 306360
Poliaenus hesperus numero en BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus mallonga nomo
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nome do taxon Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus categoría taxonómica especie
Poliaenus hesperus taxon superior inmediato Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instancia de taxon
Poliaenus hesperus identificador GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identificador EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus identificador iNaturalist dun taxon 306360
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Titan 6632
Poliaenus hesperus identificador IRMNG de taxon 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus identificador CONABIO 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus identificador BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Catalogue of Life 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus nome curto
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Open Tree of Life 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus izen zientifikoa Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus maila taxonomikoa espezie
Poliaenus hesperus goiko maila taxonomikoa Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus honako hau da taxon
Poliaenus hesperus GBIFen identifikatzailea 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus EOL-en identifikatzailea 355096
Poliaenus hesperus iNaturalist identifikatzailea 306360
Poliaenus hesperus IRMNG identifikatzailea 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus BioLib identifikatzailea 305082
Poliaenus hesperus Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus izen laburra
Poliaenus hesperus Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus instancia de Taxón
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nomine del taxon Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus rango taxonomic specie
Poliaenus hesperus taxon superior immediate Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instantia de taxon
Poliaenus hesperus ID EOL 355096
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus kurta nomo
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nom científic Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus categoria taxonòmica espècie
Poliaenus hesperus tàxon superior immediat Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus instància de tàxon
Poliaenus hesperus identificador GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Encyclopedia of Life 355096
Poliaenus hesperus identificador iNaturalist de tàxon 306360
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Titan 6632
Poliaenus hesperus identificador IRMNG de tàxon 11124691
Poliaenus hesperus identificador CONABIO 111242ARTROB501212
Poliaenus hesperus identificador BioLib 305082
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12qbhrf1s
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Catalogue of Life 4KXNR
Poliaenus hesperus nom curt
Poliaenus hesperus identificador Open Tree of Life 3396316
Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus nom scientific Poliaenus hesperus
Poliaenus hesperus reng taxonomic espècia
Poliaenus hesperus taxon superior Poliaenus
Poliaenus hesperus natura de l'element taxon
Poliaenus hesperus identificant GBIF 1153857
Poliaenus hesperus identificant Encyclopedia of Life 355096
Poliaenus hesperus identificant de taxon iNaturalist 306360
Poliaenus hesperus BioLib ID 305082
Poliaenus hesperus nom cort
| 23,301 |
https://github.com/StevenLy369/c-bakery/blob/master/Bakery/Views/Home/Index.cshtml
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
c-bakery
|
StevenLy369
|
C#
|
Code
| 16 | 65 |
<h1>Welcome back Pierre!</h1>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="~/css/styles.css" />
<button class="btn"><a href='/vendor'>Click here to go to vendor</a></button>
| 7,987 |
https://github.com/Tomius/LoE/blob/master/src/thirdparty/freetype-gl/markup.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, BSD-2-Clause
| 2,020 |
LoE
|
Tomius
|
C
|
Code
| 609 | 1,351 |
/* =========================================================================
* Freetype GL - A C OpenGL Freetype engine
* Platform: Any
* WWW: http://code.google.com/p/freetype-gl/
* -------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Copyright 2011,2012 Nicolas P. Rougier. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
*
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY NICOLAS P. ROUGIER ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO
* EVENT SHALL NICOLAS P. ROUGIER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
* INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
* ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
* THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are
* those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official
* policies, either expressed or implied, of Nicolas P. Rougier.
* ========================================================================= */
#ifndef __MARKUP_H__
#define __MARKUP_H__
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
#include "texture-font.h"
#include "vec234.h"
/**
* @file markup.h
* @author Nicolas Rougier (Nicolas.Rougier@inria.fr)
*
* @defgroup markup Markup
*
* Simple structure that describes text properties.
*
* <b>Example Usage</b>:
* @code
* #include "markup.h"
*
* ...
*
* vec4 black = {{0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}};
* vec4 white = {{1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}};
* vec4 none = {{1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}};
*
* markup_t normal = {
* .family = "Droid Serif",
* .size = 24.0,
* .bold = 0,
* .italic = 0,
* .rise = 0.0,
* .spacing = 1.0,
* .gamma = 1.0,
* .foreground_color = black, .background_color = none,
* .underline = 0, .underline_color = black,
* .overline = 0, .overline_color = black,
* .strikethrough = 0, .strikethrough_color = black,
* .font = 0,
* };
*
* ...
*
* @endcode
*
* @{
*/
/**
* Simple structure that describes text properties.
*/
typedef struct markup_t
{
/**
* A font family name such as "normal", "sans", "serif" or "monospace".
*/
char * family;
/**
* Font size.
*/
float size;
/**
* Whether text is bold.
*/
int bold;
/**
* Whether text is italic.
*/
int italic;
/**
* Vertical displacement from the baseline.
*/
float rise;
/**
* Spacing between letters.
*/
float spacing;
/**
* Gamma correction.
*/
float gamma;
/**
* Text color.
*/
vec4 foreground_color;
/**
* Background color.
*/
vec4 background_color;
/**
* Whether outline is active.
*/
int outline;
/**
* Outline color.
*/
vec4 outline_color;
/**
* Whether underline is active.
*/
int underline;
/**
* Underline color.
*/
vec4 underline_color;
/**
* Whether overline is active.
*/
int overline;
/**
* Overline color.
*/
vec4 overline_color;
/**
* Whether strikethrough is active.
*/
int strikethrough;
/**
* Strikethrough color.
*/
vec4 strikethrough_color;
/**
* Pointer on the corresponding font (family/size/bold/italic)
*/
texture_font_t * font;
} markup_t;
extern markup_t default_markup;
/** @} */
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /* __MARKUP_H__ */
| 8,824 |
https://github.com/WenXin20/Pokecube-Issues-and-Wiki/blob/master/src/main/java/thut/bling/client/render/Neck.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Pokecube-Issues-and-Wiki
|
WenXin20
|
Java
|
Code
| 206 | 804 |
package thut.bling.client.render;
import java.awt.Color;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.matrix.MatrixStack;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.IVertexBuilder;
import net.minecraft.client.renderer.IRenderTypeBuffer;
import net.minecraft.client.renderer.Vector3f;
import net.minecraft.entity.LivingEntity;
import net.minecraft.item.DyeColor;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
import net.minecraft.util.ResourceLocation;
import thut.core.client.render.model.IExtendedModelPart;
import thut.core.client.render.model.IModel;
import thut.core.client.render.model.IModelCustom;
public class Neck
{
public static void renderNeck(final MatrixStack mat, final IRenderTypeBuffer buff, final LivingEntity wearer,
final ItemStack stack, final IModel model, final ResourceLocation[] textures, final int brightness,
final int overlay)
{
if (!(model instanceof IModelCustom)) return;
final ResourceLocation[] tex = textures.clone();
final IModelCustom renderable = (IModelCustom) model;
DyeColor ret;
Color colour;
float s, dx, dy, dz;
dx = 0;
dy = -.0f;
dz = -0.03f;
s = 0.525f;
mat.rotate(Vector3f.XP.rotationDegrees(90));
mat.rotate(Vector3f.ZP.rotationDegrees(180));
mat.translate(dx, dy, dz);
mat.scale(s, s, s);
final String colorpart = "main";
final String itempart = "gem";
ret = DyeColor.YELLOW;
if (stack.hasTag() && stack.getTag().contains("dyeColour"))
{
final int damage = stack.getTag().getInt("dyeColour");
ret = DyeColor.byId(damage);
}
colour = new Color(ret.getColorValue() + 0xFF000000);
IExtendedModelPart part = model.getParts().get(colorpart);
if (part != null)
{
part.setRGBABrO(colour.getRed(), colour.getGreen(), colour.getBlue(), 255, brightness, overlay);
mat.scale(1, 1, .1f);
final IVertexBuilder buf1 = Util.makeBuilder(buff, tex[1]);
renderable.renderPart(mat, buf1, colorpart);
}
part = model.getParts().get(itempart);
if (stack.hasTag() && stack.getTag().contains("gem"))
tex[0] = new ResourceLocation(stack.getTag().getString("gem"));
else tex[0] = null;
if (part != null && tex[0] != null)
{
final IVertexBuilder buf0 = Util.makeBuilder(buff, tex[0]);
mat.scale(1, 1, 10);
mat.translate(0, 0.01, -0.075);
renderable.renderPart(mat, buf0, itempart);
}
}
}
| 37,071 |
https://github.com/smallrye/smallrye-fault-tolerance/blob/master/implementation/core/src/test/java/io/smallrye/faulttolerance/core/util/barrier/BarrierImpl.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
smallrye-fault-tolerance
|
smallrye
|
Java
|
Code
| 98 | 302 |
package io.smallrye.faulttolerance.core.util.barrier;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer;
/**
* Implementation adapted from {@link AbstractQueuedSynchronizer}.
*/
final class BarrierImpl implements Barrier {
private static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
boolean isSignalled() {
return getState() != 0;
}
protected int tryAcquireShared(int ignore) {
return isSignalled() ? 1 : -1;
}
protected boolean tryReleaseShared(int ignore) {
setState(1);
return true;
}
}
private final Sync sync = new Sync();
private final boolean interruptible;
BarrierImpl(boolean interruptible) {
this.interruptible = interruptible;
}
@Override
public void await() throws InterruptedException {
if (interruptible) {
sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(1);
} else {
sync.acquireShared(1);
}
}
@Override
public void open() {
sync.releaseShared(1);
}
}
| 13,544 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipepsis%20kangeanensis
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Hemipepsis kangeanensis
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemipepsis kangeanensis&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 44 | 81 |
Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Hemipepsis kangeanensis. Una ning gihulagway ni Van der Vecht ug Wilcke ni adtong 1953. Ang Hemipepsis kangeanensis sakop sa kahenera nga Hemipepsis, ug kabanay nga Pompilidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Insekto
Hemipepsis
| 35,542 |
https://github.com/schlumpp/project2/blob/master/discuz/forumdata/cache/cache_magics.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,014 |
project2
|
schlumpp
|
PHP
|
Code
| 333 | 1,181 |
<?php
//Discuz! cache file, DO NOT modify me!
//Created: Apr 25, 2014, 21:44
//Identify: b6e27b9c1356bc366a7383a234b54083
$_DCACHE['magics'] = array (
1 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'CCK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '变色卡',
'description' => '可以变换主题的颜色,并保存24小时',
'weight' => '20',
'price' => '10',
'type' => '1',
),
2 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'MOK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '金钱卡',
'description' => '可以随机获得一些金币',
'weight' => '30',
'price' => '10',
'type' => '3',
),
3 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'SEK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => 'IP卡',
'description' => '可以查看帖子作者的IP',
'weight' => '30',
'price' => '15',
'type' => '1',
),
4 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'UPK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '提升卡',
'description' => '可以提升某个主题',
'weight' => '30',
'price' => '10',
'type' => '1',
),
5 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'TOK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '置顶卡',
'description' => '可以将主题置顶24小时',
'weight' => '40',
'price' => '20',
'type' => '1',
),
6 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'REK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '悔悟卡',
'description' => '可以删除自己的帖子',
'weight' => '30',
'price' => '10',
'type' => '1',
),
7 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'RTK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '狗仔卡',
'description' => '查看某个用户是否在线',
'weight' => '30',
'price' => '15',
'type' => '2',
),
8 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'CLK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '沉默卡',
'description' => '24小时内不能回复',
'weight' => '30',
'price' => '15',
'type' => '1',
),
9 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'OPK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '喧嚣卡',
'description' => '使贴子可以回复',
'weight' => '30',
'price' => '15',
'type' => '1',
),
10 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'YSK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '隐身卡',
'description' => '可以将自己的帖子匿名',
'weight' => '30',
'price' => '20',
'type' => '1',
),
11 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'CBK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '恢复卡',
'description' => '将匿名恢复为正常显示的用户名,匿名终结者',
'weight' => '20',
'price' => '15',
'type' => '1',
),
12 =>
array (
'identifier' => 'MVK',
'available' => '1',
'name' => '移动卡',
'description' => '可将自已的帖子移动到其他版面（隐含、特殊限定版面除外）',
'weight' => '50',
'price' => '50',
'type' => '1',
),
);
?>
| 38,196 |
https://github.com/jrgoldfinemiddleton/cs162/blob/master/lab05/FileFilter.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,019 |
cs162
|
jrgoldfinemiddleton
|
C++
|
Code
| 187 | 388 |
/*********************************************************************
** Program Filename: FileFilter.cpp
** Author: Jason Goldfine-Middleton
** Date: 10/23/15
** Description: This file contains the FileFilter member function
** implementation.
** Input: std::ifstream
** Output: std::ofstream
*********************************************************************/
#include "FileFilter.hpp"
#include <fstream>
/*********************************************************************
** Function: FileFilter::do_filter()
** Description: Takes a reference to an std::ifstream and a reference
** to an std::ofstream, and filters the input, sending
** it to out.
** Parameters: in a reference to the input file stream
** out a reference to the output file stream
** Pre-Conditions: in and out must be successfully open with no
** error flags set
** Post-Conditions: the filtered output is sent to out, in's fail
** flag is set
*********************************************************************/
void FileFilter::do_filter(std::ifstream &in, std::ofstream &out)
{
// try to get the first char
char in_ch = in.get();
// to store each modified char
char out_ch;
// until a char can't be read
while (!in.fail())
{
// apply the transformation defined by this's object type
// meant to allow for polymorphism
out_ch = this->transform(in_ch);
// send the modified char to the output stream
out.put(out_ch);
// try to get the next char
in_ch = in.get();
}
}
| 50,615 |
5574126_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 731 | 882 |
Evans, J.
The indictment under which the defendant was tried and convicted was framed under the Penal Code, § 79, and the material part was as follows: The defendant “being pregnant with a bastard child to which she gave birth, did conceal its death, so that it might not come to light whether it was murdered or not, such child being subsequently found in its concealment dead.”
1. In her motion for a new trial complaint is made that the evidence was insufficient to show that the child whose death had been concealed was born alive. Upon this subject the testimony was as follows: The child was found in an old well, with a diaper pinned upon it, in which there was fecal matter. A physician testified: “ If a child is found dead with a diaper on and an action therein, it is presumptive evidence that the child was alive, but not at all positive evidence.” A strong circumstance tending to show the child was born alive is that a diaper had been put on it so as to afford protection against an evacuation of fecal matter. It is hardly reasonable to suppose that, had the child not been born alive, this precaution would have been taken by the mother. Besides, the physician testified that the discharge of fecal matter was presumptive, though not conclusive, evidence that the child had been liorn alive. Taken in connection with the fact that a diaper was put around the child, the inference that it was born alive was fully sustained. Penal Code, § 79, reads as follows : “ If any woman shall conceal or attempt to conceal the death of any issue of her body which, if it were born alive, would be a bastard, so that it may not come to light whether it was murdered or not, she is guilty of a misdemeanor.” This section is to be found in' article 2 of the fourth division of the Penal Code, which deals with concealing a child’s death, advising the killing of infants, abortion and foeticide. If the infant is so far developed in the mother’s womb as to be ordinarily called “quick,” its destruction is made a-penal offense. § 81 , Taylor v. State, 105 Ga. 846. 2. It is also insisted that the evidence did not show with that degree of certainty which the law requires that, even if the child was born alive, it was a bastard. The testimony discloses that the defendant was a married woman, but for several years prior to the birth of the child she and hér husband had lived in a state of separation. Two witnesses swore that she had confessed that the child was the result of an illicit intercourse with a married man other than her husband, and the reason she assigned for concealing the child in the well was that she did not want to be disgraced by the publicity of giving birth to a child under these circumstances. There was no denial of the statements made during her confession, nor any denial that she made these statements. So the question is: Is a child born of a married woman as the result of illicit intercourse with a man other than her husband to be deemed in law a bastard ? The answer to this question is to be found in the Civil Code, § 2507, which declares that “A bastard is a child born out of wedlock, and whose parents do not subsequently intermarry, or a child the issue of adulterous intercourse of the wife during wedlock.”
*3963. Exception is taken to the following charge of the court: “Did she conceal or attempt to conceal the death of any issue of her body which, if born alive, would be a bastard, so that it might not come to light whether it was murdered or not ? If she did, she would be guilty of this offense; and if you are satisfied of that beyond a reasonable doubt, it would be your duty to find the defendant guilty.” ■ The exception is that the court instructed the jury that they ought to find the defendant guilty if they were satisfied she either concealed or attempted to conceal the death of a bastard child, whereas the indictment did not charge her with any attempted concealment. Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.
| 2,574 |
https://openalex.org/W4392872525
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,023 |
IIV AKADEMIYASI KURSANT QIZLARINI ZAMONAVIY KROSSFIT SPORT TURI ORQALI JISMONIY TAYYORGARLIGINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
|
Mirzakulov Akrom Gafurjanovich
|
Quechua
|
Spoken
| 4,297 | 16,571 |
9.
I.f.d., prof., B. Salimov (TDIU) 10. I.f.d., prof., K. Axmedjanov (KIUT) 11. I.f.d., prof., N. Maxmudov (TDIU) 12. PhD., Sh. Aktamov (Singapur universiteti) 12. PhD., Sh. Aktamov (Singapur universiteti) 16. I.f.n., dotsent, N. Urmonov (TDIU) QO‘QON UNIVERSITETI
XABARNOMASI
Ilmiy-elektron jurnali
9/2023 Tahrir kengashi raisi:
G‘.E.Zaxidov
Bosh muharrir:
Sh.R.Ruziyev
Tahrir kengashi mas’ul kotibi:
A.A.Yusupov
Sahifalovchi muharrir:
T.M.Umarov
Texnik muharrir:
D.Z.Solidjonov Qo‘qon universiteti xabarnomasi
(“Вестник Кокандского универ-
ситета – Kokand University He-
rald”) ilmiy-elektron jurnali Qo‘qon
universiteti Kengashining qarori-
ga asosan tashkil etilib, 2020-yil
10- oktabrda O‘zbekiston Respub-
likasi Prezidenti Administratsiyasi
huzuridagi Axborot va ommaviy
kommunikatsiyalar agentligi to-
monidan №1138 raqami bilan
ro‘yxatidan o‘tkazilgan, shuning-
dek davlatlararo standartlar talabi
asosida O‘zbekiston Milliy
kutubxonasidan jurnal uchun
2181-1695 ISSN-raqami olingan. Tahririyat hay’ati: 2. DSc., prof., Sh. I. Mustafakulov 3. DSc., Mark Rozenbaum (AQSH) 4. PhD., I. Bobojonov (IAMO, Germaniya) 5. PhD., N. Djanibekov (IAMO, Germaniya) 6.
PhD., K. Akramov (IFPRI, AQSH) 7. PhD., N. Yusupov (Woosong University, J.Koreya) Tahririyat manzili: 150100, Farg‘ona viloyati, Qo‘qon shahri, Turkiston
ko‘chasi, 28 a-uy, 1-xonadon Mundarija:/Outline: Iqtisodiyot / Economy
1. Sh.Ruziyev
Oʻzbekistonda smart turizmni zamonaviy prinsiplari asosida rivojlantirish va
bunda xorij tajribasidan foydalanish
3-6
2. Kh.Sabirov
A.Akbarova
Strategy for the development of free economic zones in Uzbekistan
7-10
3. К.Светлана
О.Арзикулов
Г.Атамуратова
Методы управления кредитным портфелем коммерческих банков
11-16
4. J.Bobanazarova
L.Zulfikarova
Kichik biznеs va xususiy tadbirkorlikning rivojlanishida yoshlarning kasbiy
layoqatlarini shakllantirish
17-20
5. K.Kurpayanidi
Institutional aspects and risks in the digital economy: ways to reduce uncertainty
for economic agents
21-25
6. A.Abduvoxidov
X.Nazarov
Qishloq xo‘jaligi tarmog‘ini zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari orqali
raqamlashtirish va innovatsiyalarni jadallashtirish istiqbollari
26-30
7. Sh.Rasulоva
Oziq-ovqat sanoat korxonalari faoliyatini boshqarish hamda korxonalar iqtisodiy
samaradorligini oshirish yo‘llari
31-34
8. Kh.Sabirov
A.Akbarova
Influence of the volume of industrial production in Uzbekistan on the import
trend
35-40
9. M.Turg‘unov
Raqamli iqtisodiyot sharoitida oziq-ovqat sanoati korxonalari faoliyatida
zamonaviy boshqaruv istiqbollari
41-45
10. K.Svetlana
U.Gulmira
Tаdbirkоrlik fаоliyаtidа mоtivаtsiyа mоdеllаrining xоrijiy dаvlаtlаr
tаjribаlаrining ahamiyati
46-49
11. Г.Ҳусанова
Ҳудудлар саноатини комплекс-иновацион ривожлантириш модели
(Наманган вилояти мисолида)
50-52
12. T.Bоburjоn
J.Mamasoliyev
Mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsulotiga soliq turlarining ta’siri
53-60
13. A.Abduhamidov
A comprehensive analysis of the impact of globalization on auditing standards
61-63
14. K.E. Grishin
Y.Djabbarova
Features of printing production in modern conditions
64-67
15. X.Gafurov
S.Abdulhamidov
Mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsulotini rivojlantirishda kichik biznesni o‘rni va duch
kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan muammolar tahlili
68-71
16. A.Abduhamidov
D.Xoʻjamurodov
Moliyaviy texnologiyalar tarixi va rivojlanishi: Oʻzbekiston misolida
72-74
17. D.Toʻxtamurodov
Erkin iqtisodiy zonаlаrni rivojlаntirishni boshqаrishning sаmаrаdorligi
75-78
18. Н.Мукумова
Состояние, тенденции и особенности развития рынка услуг высшего
образования в Узбекистане
79-84
19. J.Turgʻunov
Mamlakatimizda yashil iqtisodiyotni joriy etish holati va asosiy yoʻnalishlari
85-87
20. U.Mamadaliev
Specific characteristics of tour operator activity management
88-90
21. M.Усмонов
Актуальные вопросы достижения точки безубыточности на предприятиях
91-94
22. Kh.Gafurov
Unraveling complexity: assessing the impact of real effective exchange rate on
Uzbekistan's trade dynamics
95-98
23. L.Yoqubov
Iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirishda invеstitsiyalarni jalb qilish mеxanizmlari tahlili
99-101
24. Z.Umarova
Iqtisоdiy islоhоtlar sharоitida kоrxоnalarni bоshqarish
102-105
25. O.Umarov
Yo.Murodova
Sayyohlar uchun yovvoyi tabiat farovonligini oshirishda marketingdan foydalanish
106-108
26. Sh.Saloxitdinov
Mеhnat bozoriga oliy ta’lim muassasalari tomonidan bitiruvchilarni tayyorlashni
tartibga solishning institutsional asoslari
109-112
27. Sh.Rasulov
Mеhnat rеsurslarining iqtisodiyot tarmoqlari bo‘yicha bandligining joriy holati
tahlili
113-116
28. G.Melibаevа
Аn оverview оf the funсtiоn оf humаn resоurсe mаnаgement in emplоyee
perfоrmаnсe аnd mоtivаtiоn
117-121
29. M.Gulomkodirova
An overview of green banking practices in Uzbekistan
121-125
30. Tahririyat manzili: M.Tojiyeva
Kichik biznesni rivojlantirishning mamlakat ijtimoiy- iqtisodiy hayotidagi
ahamiyati
126-130
31. Sh.Po’latov
Sh.Musаbekоv
The study оf vаlue-аdded tаx: knоwledge frоm the eu vаt experienсe аnd
Uzbekistan's vаt system
131-135
32. M.Sultonov
Fond bozori va unda tijorat banklarining tutgan oʻrni
136-139 ~ 2 ~ 33. Sh.Po’latov
Oʻzbekiston respublikasida qoʻshilgan qiymat soligʻi va aylanmadan olinadigan
soliq toʻlovchilarini bir-biridan farqli jihatlarini baholash
140-143
34. A.Baxromov
Increasing the economic efficiency of textile industry enterprises through digital
technologies
144-146
35. H.Rasulov
Siyosiy mojarolarning turizmga ta’siri
147-150
36. D.Mamayusupova
Turizm sohasida davlat-xususiy sherikligi ishtirokchilarining oʻzaro hamkorligi
samaradorligini oshirish
151-153
Pedagogika / Pedagogy
37. M.Ganiyeva
D.Ergasheva
Unlocking knowledge: key pedagogical aspects of the study of philology
154-158
38. Sh.Jumanova
A.Abdullayev
M.Odilova
O‘zbekistonda pisa testi natijalari va boshlang‘ich ta’lim o‘quvchilarini bu testga
tayyorlash istiqbollari
159-162
39. M.Temirova
Mustaqillik yillarida Oʻzbekistonda ichki ishlar profilaktikasi inspektorlari
faoliyatini tashkil etishning huquqiy asoslarini mustahkamlanishi
163-165
40. G.Sanginova
Erta bolalik ta’limini qoʻllab-quvvatlashda oilalarning roli
166-169
41. N.Valiyeva
Boshlangʻich sinf oʻquvchilarida matematik kompetensiyasini rivojlantirish
yoʻllari
170-173
42. V.Abdullaeva
Yusuf Xos Hojibning “Qutadgʻu bilig” asarining oʻrganilishi hamda asardagi
somatik frazeologik birliklarning qoʻllanilishi
174-179
43. S.Asilova
Tarbiyasi qiyin o‘quvchilarni kasb-hunarga yo‘naltirish masalalari
180-183
44. Z.Eraliyeva
D.Djoʻrayeva
Bolalar tafakkurini rivojlantirishda ayrim didaktik oʻyinlarning ahamiyati
184-186
45. G.Komiljonova
Fanlararo bogʻlanishlar asosida talabalarni bilim va koʻnikmalarini rivojlantirish
187-192
46. Sh.Pardayev
Oʻquvchilarning individual oʻquv natijalarini baholashga zamonaviy yondashuvlar
193-196
47. A.Mirzakulov
IIV akademiyasi kursant qizlarini zamonaviy krossfit sport turi orqali jismoniy
tayyorgarligini takomillashtirish
197-200
48. F.Berdibekova
Akmeologik yondashuv asosida talabalarni kasbiy faoliyatga tayyorlashning
pedagogik mexanizmlari
201-203
49. H.Akbarova
Talim jarayonlarini raqamli texnologiyalar asosida samaradorligini oshirish
(onlayn oʻyinlar)
204-208
Filologiya / Philology
50. M.Mamatqulova
How does a person become multilingual? 209-2012
51. M.Mamatqulova
Needs analysis as a main phase for designing english for specific purposes (esp)
course
213-216
52. L.Uzakova
Oʻzbek va ingliz tillarida toʻy bilan bogʻliq leksik birliklarning lingvokulturologik
tadqiqi: oʻzbek va ingliz tillarida toʻy bilan bogʻliq leksik vositalarning
chogʻishtirma tadqiqi
217-221
53. G.Xoldorova
Alisher Navoiy ijodida sakkokiy an’analari
222-224
54. M.Парпиева
Актуальные вопросы изучения русского языка
225-227
Raqamli texnologiyalar / Digital technologies
55. С.Гулямов
А.Шермухамедов
Б.Шермухамедов
Применение искусственного интеллекта в образовании
228-232
56. F.Mulаydinov
D.Otаjonovа
Breаking lаnguаge bаrriers: the future of english lаnguаge teаching with аr/vr
technology
233-236
57. F.Mulaydinov
A.Abdullayev
M.Odilova
Ta’limda raqamli texnologiyalarning roli
237-240
58. T.Azimova
Matematikani oʻqitishda qiyosiy usullar va oʻquv texnologiyalari
241-244
59. ANNOTATSIYA Respublikada bugungi kunda xodima ayollarga boʻlgan talab, qolaversa, ularning sportga qiziqishlari
tobora ortib bormoqda. Ichki ishlar vazirligi akademiyasida kursant yigit va qizlarni kasbiy
tayyorlashda jismoniy tayyorgarlikka alohida oʻrin qaratiladi. Shu bois, “Akademiyada ta’lim tizimi
kadrlarni maqsadli kasbiy tayyorlashga qaratiladi hamda 1-kursdan boshlab jangovar va jismoniy
jihatdan tayyorlash chuqurlashtirilgan holatda amalga oshirilishi ustuvor vazifa etib belgilangan”. Ushbu maqolada kursant qizlarning jismoniy tayyorgarligi, hozirgi kunda zamon talabiga javob
beradigan, yangi sport turlaridan boʻlmish krossfit vosita va usullari yordamida rivojlantirilganligi
ilmiy asoslab berilgan. Jismoniy tarbiya Normurodov A.N, 2022, va boshqa mutaxassislar
tomonidan sohaga oid konseptual izlanishlar olib borilgan.2 Kirish. Bugungi kunda respublikamizda xotin-qizlar sportiga ham
alohida e’tibor qaratilmoqda. Xususan Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi
Prezidentining 2021-yil 5-martdagi PQ-5020-son “Xotin-qizlarni
qoʻllab-quvvatlash, ularning jamiyat hayotidagi faol ishtirokini
ta’minlash
tizimini
yanada
takomillashtirish
chora-tadbirlari
toʻgʻrisida”gi qarorida mamlakat iqtisodiy, siyosiy va ijtimoiy
hayotining barcha jabhalarida xotin-qizlarning faolligini oshirish,
ularning ta’lim va kasbiy koʻnikmalar olishi hamda bandligini
ta’minlashga
har
tomonlama
koʻmaklashish,
tadbirkorlik
tashabbuslarini yanada qoʻllab-quvvatlash, joylarda «Ayollar daftari»ni
shakllantirish va unga kiritilgan xotin-qizlar muammolari, ehtiyojlari va
qiziqishlarini tizimli oʻrganish, tahlil qilish va hal etish borasidagi
ishlarni sifat jihatdan yangi bosqichga olib chiqish masalalari
yoritilgan1. Ichki ishlar vazirligi akademiyasida jismoniy tarbiyaning ustuvor
vazifalaridan biri kursant va tinglovchilar salomatligini saqlash va
mustahkamlash va ularning sogʻlom turmush tarzi qadriyatlarini
shakllantirishdir. Bugungi kunda jismoniy tarbiya, sport va sogʻliqni
saqlashning innovatsion texnologiyalari, shuningdek, ta’limning
shaxsga yoʻnaltirilgan, har tomonlama tabiatiga yoʻnaltirilgan jismoniy
tayyorgarlikni shakllantirish usullari dolzarbdir. Funksional koʻpkurash
(krossfit) sport turi tana mushaklarini rivojlantirish bilan birga kursant
va tinglovchilar oʻrtasila sogʻlom turmush tarzini va sportga boʻlgan
qiziqishlarini yanada oshiradi. Tadqiqot
metodologiya. Tadqiqot
jarayonida
anketa
soʻrovnomasi oʻtkazish hamda olingan natijalarni matematik-stastik
hisoblash orqali kerakli ma’lumotlarni oldik. Bugungi kunga kelib sport va jismoniy tarbiya kishilar turmush
tarzining ajralmas qismiga aylanib qoldi. Yoshlarga keng imkoniyatlar,
sharoitlar yaratib berish ularga toʻgʻri yoʻl koʻrsatish, ma’naviyatli qilib
tarbiyalash, har tomonlama yetuk inson boʻlishga koʻmaklashish
ahamiyatlidir. Bizning yoshlarimiz har tomonlama ma’lumotli va
ma’naviy goʻzalgina emas, balki sogʻlom, chiniqqan, jismoniy baquvvat
boʻlishi ham kerak. Bunday boʻlish uchun sport harakatining
ommaviyligiga e’tibor berish, jismoniy tarbiyani rivojlantirish
yoshlarning, irodaviy sifatlarini chiniqtirish, yigit va qizlarning jismoniy
jihatdan mehnat va mudofaaga tayyorlash zarur boʻladi. Qizlarni sportga
jalb etish, ularning ommaviy sport bilan muntazam shugʻullanishi uchun
zarur
shart-sharoitlarning
yaratish
mamlakatimizda
sportni
rivojlantirishining muhim yoʻnalishlaridandir. Mamlakat miqyosida
sportning ommaviyligini ta’minlash, bolalar sportini, xususan, xotin-
qizlar sportini rivojlantirishga alohida e’tibor qaratilishida eng ezgu –
Oʻzbekiston farzandlarining sogʻlom dunyoga kelishi, ulgʻayishi,
tarbiya topishi va pirovard maqsadda millat genofondini yaxshilash
maqsadi mujassam. 2 Salamov R.S. Sport mashgʻulotlarining nazariy asoslari. O‘quv qo‘llanma. T.: 2005. –B.74-
92.;Kerimov F.A. Sport kurashi nazariyasi va usuliyati. Darslik. T.: 2005. –B.314-
318.;Abdullayev M.J., Radjapov U.R., Muxametov A.M. Jismoniy tarbiya. Darslik. B.: 2020. –
B.192-204. 1 O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2021-yil 5-martdagi PQ-5020-sonli “Xotin qizlarni
qo‘llab-quvvatlash, ularning jamiyat hayotidagi faol ishtirokini ta’minlash tizimini yanada
takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi Qarori. 181-1695
OAK: 01-08/1819/6
www.herald.kokanduni.uz
IIV AKADEMIYASI KURSANT QIZLARINI ZAMONAVIY KROSSFIT SPORT TURI
ORQALI JISMONIY TAYYORGARLIGINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
QO‘QON UNIVERSITETI XABARNOMASI
KOKAND UNIVERSITY HERALD
ВЕСТНИК КОКАНДСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА herald kokandun IIV AKADEMIYASI KURSANT QIZLARINI ZAMONAVIY KROSSFIT SPORT TURI
ORQALI JISMONIY TAYYORGARLIGINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH Mirzakulov Akrom Gafurjanovich
IIV Akademiyasi Jangovar va jismoniy
tayyorgarlik kafedrasi katta oʻqituvchisi
e-mail: akrom.mir1988@gmail.com
tell: +99899 378 28 48
MAQOLA HAQIDA
ANNOTATSIYA
Qabul qilindi: 24-dekabr 2023-yil
Tasdiqlandi: 26-dekabr 2023-yil
Jurnal soni: 9
Maqola raqami: 47
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54613/ku.v9i9.871
Respublikada bug
tobora ortib bor
tayyorlashda jism
kadrlarni maqsad
jihatdan tayyorla
Ushbu maqolada
beradigan, yangi
ilmiy asoslab beri
KALIT SO‘ZLAR/ Ключевые слова/
keywords
krossfit, jismoniy tayyorgarlik, variatsiya
koeffitsiyenti, nisbiy oʻsish, sport test,
kursant, absolyut oʻsish, ogʻish, oʻrtacha
arifmetik qiymat. Tahririyat manzili: Sh.Akhunova
Concerns regarding the use of foreign experience and the significance of using
digital technologies to boost the tourism network’s competitiveness
245-249
60. B.Akramov
Fizika fanini oʻqitishda zamonaviy texnikalardan foydalanish va zamonaviy texnik
qurilmalarni amaliy oʻrganish
250-253 ~ 3 ~ ANNOTATSIYA Kursant qizlarning jismoniy tayyorgarligi sport mashgʻulotlarni
funksional koʻpkurash (krossfit) usullari yordamida tashkillashtirish
muhim tarkibiy qismlaridan biri hisoblanadi va jismoniy sifatlar – kuch,
chidamkorlik, egiluvchanlik, chaqqonlik va tezkorlikni rivojlantirishga
qaratilgan jarayondir. Kursant qizlarning umumiy jismoniy tayyorgarligi yuqori
natijalarga erishish uchun poydevor, zarur asos hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, u asosan kursant qizlar organizmini har tomonlama
garmonik rivojlantirish, uning funksional imkoniyatlarini oshirish,
jismoniy sifatlarini rivojlantirish va salomatligini mustahkamlash
vazifalarni hal etilishini ta’minlaydi. Kursant qizlarning maxsus jismoniy tayyorgarligi asosan trenajer
zalida oʻtkaziladi va harakat malakalari tarkibidagi eng muhim harakat
sifatlarini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan. Shuning uchun maxsus jismoniy
tayyorgarlikning asosiy vositalari sifatida mumkin boʻlgan turli
murakkabliklarni jalb qilgan holda musobaqa mashqlari qoʻllaniladi. Bunday murakkablashtirilgan mashqlar kursant qizlar organizmiga
boʻlgan ta’sirni kuchaytiradi. Masalan, nisbatan ogʻirroq vaznga ega
boʻlgan yuklama bilan ishlash, yoki oʻquv-mashgʻulotlarni funksional
koʻpkurash (krossfit) usullari yordamida bajariladi va h.k. Mana shu
barcha mashqlar energiya ta’minotining u yoki bu mexanizmlarini
rivojlantirishga
xizmat
qiladi,
shuningdek,
kursant
qizlarning
shugʻullanganligiga kompleks holda ta’sir koʻrsatadi hamda bir
vaqtning oʻzida uning jismoniy tayyorgarligini oshiradi. q
j
Adabiyotlar tahlili. Respublikamizda bir qator mualliflarimiz,
sport mashgʻulotlarining nazariy asoslari Salamov R.S, 2005, Sport
kurashi nazariyasi va usuliyati, Kerimov F.A, 2005, Abdullayev M.J.,
Radjapov
U.R.,
Muxametov
A.M. Jismoniy
tarbiya,
2020,
Bobomurodov A.E, Jismoniy tarbiya sport nazariyasi va usuliyati
(jismoniy
sifatlarni umumlashtirish
tasnifi),
2020,
Funksional
koʻpkurash Kuliyev R.S., Maqsudov Q.A., Raxmatullayeva L.A, 2021,
“krossfit” zamonaviy fitnes dasturlari yordamida kursantlarning jismoniy
tayyorgarligini oshirish texnologiyasi boʻyicha Kochkarov A.A.,2022, Kursant qizlarni tinimsiz mashgʻulotlarini asosiy vazifasi
moslashish jarayonlarining juda tez kechishini keltirib chiqarishga qodir
boʻlgan mashgʻulot vositalaridan maksimal foydalanishdan iborat. 197 Biz tomonimizdan ishlab chiqilgan anketa soʻrovnomasiga IIV
akademiyasining 1-bosqich (99 nafar), 2-bosqich (93 nafar) va 3-
bosqich (76 nafar) jami 268 nafar kursant qizlari jalb qilindi, soʻrovnoma
savollariga kursant qizlarning javoblari (qulaylik maqsadida javoblar
yuqori, oʻrtacha va past darajalar singari belgilangan) umumlashtirildi
va quyidagi 3.1- jadvalda keltirildi. Mashgʻulot jarayonida berilayotgan yuklamaning hajmi va shiddatining
umumiy yigʻindisi oʻlchamlari, katta yuklamali mashgʻulotlari keng
miqyosda rejalashtirib boriladi. Bu jismoniy tayyorgarlik jarayonini
tuzilishi va shakllanishini ta’minlaydi va oʻz navbatida mashgʻulotdagi
mashqlar tartibi oʻzgarib borishiga va ularni takkorlanish soni keskin
oshib borishiga sabab boʻladi. IIV Akademiyasi kursant qizlarining anketa savollariga javoblari V Akademiyasi kursant qizlarining anketa savollariga javobla IIV Akademiyasi kursant qizlarining anketa savollariga javoblari
Savol
t.r. Savolning mazmuni
Javob variantlari
( soni / % )
yuqori
Oʻrtacha
Past
1. Jismoniy tarbiya mashgʻulotlari va sportga munosabatingizni bildiring. 135 / 50,37
90 / 33,58
43 / 16,04
2. ANNOTATSIYA sport razryadiga va unvoniga ega boʻlgan kursant qizlarga munosabatingiz
104 / 38,81
95 / 35,45
69 / 25,75
3. Hayot va faoliyatingizda JT va sportning ahamiyatini qanday baholaysiz
138 / 51,49
85 / 31,72
45 / 16,79
4. Qonunbuzarlarni qoʻlga olishda sportning (JTning) ahamiyati
115 / 42,91
80 / 29,85
73 / 27,24
5. Sogʻlom turmush tarzi tartib qoidalarini qay darajada bilasiz
106 / 39,55
74 / 27,61
88 / 32,84
6. Sogʻlom turmush tarzi tartib qoidalariga qay darajada rioya qilasiz
94 / 35,07
89 / 33,21
85 / 31,72
7. IIV Akademiyasi kursant qizlari jismoniy tarbiya darslari tizimi talablarini qanday
baholaysiz
86 / 32,09
113 / 42,16
69 / 25,75
8. IIV Akademiyasi kursant qizlarining jismoniy tarbiya darslari tizimida
zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish darajasini baholang
66 / 24,63
92 / 34,33
110 / 41,04
9. IIV Akademiyasi kursant qizlari jismoniy tarbiya darslari tizimi boʻyicha
keyinchalik zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish boʻyicha yetarlicha
bilim, malaka va koʻnikmalarni egallash imkoniyatlarini baholang
63 / 23,51
96 / 35,82
109 / 40,67
10. zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish boʻyicha uslubiy adabiyot
manbalari mavjudlik darajasi
61 / 22,76
94 / 35,07
113 / 42,16
11. IIV Akademiyasi qoshidagi sport toʻgaraklari faoliyatini baholang
69 / 25,75
95 / 35,45
104 / 38,81
12. IIOlari xodimlari kelgusi faoliyatida axborot texnologiyalarini ahamiyati qanday
boʻlishini baholang
141 / 52,61
61 / 22,76
66 / 24,63 asosida umumqabul qilingan tushuncha va formulalar boʻyicha hisoblab
topilgan asosiy statistik xarakteristikalaridan oʻrtacha kvadratik yoki
standart ogʻish va variatsiya koeffitsiyenti koʻrsatkichlarining son
qiymatlarini tahlili har ikkala guruhlardagi standart ogʻishlar qiymatlari
bir-birlariga oʻzaro juda yaqinligini hamda ikkala guruhlardagi
variatsiya
koeffitsiyenti
kattaliklari
gradatsiyaning
qoniqarli
boʻlimining ijobiy qismida joylashganligini aniqlash imkonini berdi. Shunday qilib, soʻrovnomada ishtirok etgan respondent-kursant
qizlarning
aksariyat
koʻpchiligi
jismoniy
tarbiya
va
sport
mashgʻulotlariga qiziqishlari yuqoriligini, sport razryadiga va unvoniga
ega boʻlgan kursant qizlarga havas qilishlari va ularga intilishlarini,
kelgusi mehnat faoliyatida jismoniy tarbiya va sport yuqori ahamiyatga
ega ekanligi va hatto qonunbuzarlarni qoʻlga olishda sportning va
jismoniy tayyorgarlik darajasining ahamiyati yuqoriligini e’tirof
etishgan. Tabiiyki, respondent-kursant qizlarning orasida zikr etilgan
masalalar boʻyicha, nisbatan oz miqdorda boʻlsa-da, salbiy fikr
bildirganlar ham uchrab turadi. ANNOTATSIYA Quyidagi 1-jadvalda nazorat va tajriba guruhlariga mansub IIV
Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida
tahsil olayotgan) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test
sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba boshida qayd etilgan
natijalari asosida hisoblangan asosiy statistik xarakteristikalari, har bir
test natijalari oʻrtacha arifmetik qiymatlarini absolyut va nisbiy farqlari
hamda absolyut farqlarni Styudent taqsimoti kritik qiymatlarini
hisoblash, belgilangan erkinlik darajasi soni va ahamiyatlilik
darajalariga koʻra aniqlangan statistik ishonchliligi baholari boʻyicha
ma’lumotlar keltirilgan. Natijalar. Pedagogik tajriba boshida nazorat va tajriba guruhiga
mansub IIV Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi
yoʻnalishida tahsil olayotgan) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik
darajasini aniqlash maqsadlari yoʻlida ilmiy-uslubiy adabiyotlar
materiallarini umumlashtirish va tahlil qilish hamda shaxsiy amaliy
tajriba ma’lumotlarimiz asosida tanlab olingan jismoniy tayyorgarlik
testlari boʻyicha qayd qilingan natijalar, ularning olingan natijalar natijalari oʻrtacha arifmetik qiymatlarining absolyut oʻsishlarining
Student taqsimoti kritik qiymatlari asosida baholangan statistik 2-jadval 1. Tadqiqotlar
natijasida
mahalliy
va
xorijiy
adabiyotlar tahlilini oʻrganish orqali shu narsalar ma’lum
boʻldiki, hozirgi kunda aynan huquqni muhofaza qiluvchi
organlarda xizmat oʻtayotgan xodimalar va kursant qizlar
sportning
funksional
koʻpkurash
(krossfit)
mazmun-
mohiyatini va unga doir mashqlarni bundan tashqari aynan
ushbu sport turi bilan shugʻullanish orqali kursant qizlarning
jismoniy
tayyorgarligini
oshirish
masalasida
yetarlicha
darajada ilmiy jihatdan oʻrganilmaganligi aniqlandi. 2. Biz, tomonimizdan olib borilgan ilmiy tadqiqot
natijalariga koʻra kursant qizlarning jismoniy tayyorgarlik
darajalari aynan funksional koʻpkurash (krossfit) vosita va
usullari orqali takomillashganligi aniqlandi. 3. Tadqiqotga jalb etilgan kursant qizlar ishtirokida
olib borilgan ilmiy tadqiqotlar oʻz navbatida ulardan olingan
natijalar asosida aniqlangan xulosalar kursant qizlarning
jismoniy
tayyorgarlik
koʻrsatkichlarini
takomillashtirish
uchun ishlab chiqilgan bir yillik mashqlar majmuasi asosida
tizimlashtirilgan dasturni mashgʻulotlar jarayoniga tatbiq
qilingandan soʻng kursant qizlarning jismoniy tayyorgarlik
natijalari yaxshilanganligi aniqlandi. Muhokama. Pedagogik tajriba davomida tajriba guruhi kursant
qizlarining oʻrganilgan beshta jismoniy tayyorgarlik testlari natijalari
oʻrtacha arifmetik qiymatlarini absolyut oʻsishi 3,01 s.ni (NGdagi mos
1,52 s. koʻrsatkichga nisbatan 1,49 s. ga koʻproq yaxshilangan), ularning
nisbiy oʻsishi esa 17,26 % ni (NGdagi mos 8,72 % koʻrsatkichga
nisbatan 8,54 % ga yoki 1,978 martaga koʻproq oshgan) tashkil
qilganligi,
shuningdek,
ushbu
beshta
jismoniy
tayyorgarlik
koʻrsatkichlari testlari natijalari oʻrtacha arifmetik qiymatlarining
absolyut oʻsishlarining Student taqsimoti kritik qiymatlari asosida
baholangan statistik ishonchliligidan nazorat guruhidagi beshtadan
uchtasining natijalari boʻyicha qoniqarli ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t =
2,24 bilan t = 2,40 oraligʻidagi hamda P < 0,05) statistik ishonchli va
qolgan ikkitasida qoniqarli ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 1,73 va t = 1,74
hamda P > 0,05) statistik ishonchsiz ijobiy oʻzgarishlar (oʻsishlar)
kuzatilganiga nisbatan, 4. Biz, tomonimizdan ishlab chiqilgan, aynan 5 ta test
natijalarini
yaxshilashga
bundan
tashqari
jismoniy
tayyorgarligini ijobiy tomonga oʻzgarishiga ta’sir koʻrsatgan 4
ta
funksional
koʻpkurash
(krossfit)
mashqlari
kursant
qizlarning nafaqat sinov me’yorlarini yaxshilashga balki
jismoniy tayyorgarligini takomillashtirishga ham xizmat qildi. 5. Tadqiqot davomida nazorat guruhiga tanlab olingan kursant
qizlarning kuch sifat koʻrsatkichlarining moʻtadil oʻsganligini bildirsa,
oʻquv-mashgʻulot jarayonlari tezlikni takomillashishiga moslashtirilgan
mashqlar asosida yaxshilanganligi aniqlandi. Tajriba guruhiga tanlab
olingan kursant qizlarning tadqiqot yakuniga kelib kuch sifat
koʻrsatkichlari funksional koʻpkurash (krossfit) usullarini oʻquv-
mashgʻulot jarayoniga joriy etilishi bilan yaxshilanganligi kuzatilgan
boʻlsa, bu ularda kuch sifatining takomillashganligidan dalolat berishi
aniqlandi. Funksional koʻpkurash (krossfit) vosita va usullari asosida
tizimlashtirilgan oʻquv-mashgʻulot jarayonlariga joriy etilgan dastur
me’yorlari tajriba guruhidagi kursant qizlarning tezlik sifatini
takomillashishiga oʻz ta’sirini an’anaviy dastur bilan bir xil xizmat
qilganligi kuzatildi. 2-jadval 2-jadval
Nazorat (n=20) va tajriba (n=20) guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida
tahsil olayotgan ) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba oxirida qayd etilgan
natijalari statistik xarakteristikalarini solishtirish
Jismoniy tayyorgarlik
boʻyicha testlar
NG va TG mansub kursant qizlarning tajriba oxirida qayd etilgan natijalarni statistik xarakteristikalari
Guruh
X
σ
V, %
Abso lyut
Nisbiy %
t
p
1-test
NG
16,35
1,98
12,11
1,56
9,51
2,61
<0,01
TG
14,79
1,79
12,10
2-test
NG
1,78
0,25
14,13
0,19
10,65
2,52
<0,05
TG
1,59
0,22
14,12
3-test
NG
43,71
4,87
11,14
3,40
7,79
2,30
<0,05
TG
40,30
4,48
11,12
4-test
NG
4,85
0,64
13,13
0,44
9,02
2,27
<0,05
TG
4,40
0,57
13,11
5-test
NG
25,20
3,81
15,12
2,45
9,72
1,93
>0,05
TG
27,65
4,19
15,15
Oʻrtacha nisbiy farq
9,34 2-jadval
Nazorat (n=20) va tajriba (n=20) guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida
tahsil olayotgan ) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba oxirida qayd etilgan
natijalari statistik xarakteristikalarini solishtirish
Jismoniy tayyorgarlik
boʻyicha testlar
NG va TG mansub kursant qizlarning tajriba oxirida qayd etilgan natijalarni statistik xarakteristikalari
Guruh
X
σ
V, %
Abso lyut
Nisbiy %
t
p
1-test
NG
16,35
1,98
12,11
1,56
9,51
2,61
<0,01
TG
14,79
1,79
12,10
2-test
NG
1,78
0,25
14,13
0,19
10,65
2,52
<0,05
TG
1,59
0,22
14,12
3-test
NG
43,71
4,87
11,14
3,40
7,79
2,30
<0,05
TG
40,30
4,48
11,12
4-test
NG
4,85
0,64
13,13
0,44
9,02
2,27
<0,05
TG
4,40
0,57
13,11
5-test
NG
25,20
3,81
15,12
2,45
9,72
1,93
>0,05
TG
27,65
4,19
15,15
Oʻrtacha nisbiy farq
9,34 2-jadval
Nazorat (n=20) va tajriba (n=20) guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida
tahsil olayotgan ) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba oxirida qayd etilgan
natijalari statistik xarakteristikalarini solishtirish tajriba natijalarining tahlilidan quyidagi xulosalarni chiqarish
mumkin: Ushbu jadvalda keltirilgan ma’lumotlarni tahlil qilish pedagogik
tajriba yakunida nazorat va tajriba guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi
(Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida tahsil
olayotgan) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik darajasini aniqlash
testlari natijalari oʻrtacha arifmetik qiymatlarining absolyut farqlari 0,20
bilan 2,65 (nazorat guruhidagi mos 0,02 bilan 0,63 qiymatlar intervalida
tebranishiga nisbatan 0,18 va 2,02 birlikka ortiq miqdorda yaxshilangan)
va ularning oʻrganilgan beshta test boʻyicha oʻrtachasi 1,68 ni (nazorat
guruhidagi mos 0,29 koʻrsatkichdan 1,39 birlikka ortiq oshgan), nazorat
guruhi koʻrsatkichlariga nisbatan nisbiy farqlari 7,79 % bilan 11,35 %
oraligʻida (nazorat guruhidagi mos 1,11 % bilan 1,99 % intervali
oraligʻiga nisbatan 6,68 va 9,96 % ga katta) tebranishi, ularning
oʻrganilgan beshta test boʻyicha oʻrtachasi 9,84 % ni (nazorat guruhidagi
mos 1,49 % koʻrsatkichdan 8,35 % ga koʻp yaxshilangan) tashkil
qilganligini aniqlash imkonini berdi. 1-jadval 1-jadva
Nazorat (n=20) va tajriba (n=20) guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida
tahsil olayotgan ) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba boshida qayd
etilgan natijalari statistik xarakteristikalarini solishtirish
Jismoniy tayyorgarlik
boʻyicha testlar
Tajriba boshida qayd etilgan natijalar
Guruh
X
σ
V, %
Abso lyut
Nisbiy %
t
p
1-test
NG
17,96
2,26
12,59
0,26
1,48
0,37
>0,7
TG
17,69
2,29
12,95
2-test
NG
1,98
0,29
14,63
0,02
1,11
0,24
>0,8
TG
1,96
0,29
14,95
3-test
NG
46,51
5,38
11,57
0,63
1,35
0,37
>0,7
TG
45,88
5,49
11,97
4-test
NG
5,22
0,71
13,61
0,08
1,50
0,35
>0,7
TG
5,14
0,72
13,97
5-test
NG
22,60
3,52
15,58
0,45
1,99
0,40
>0,6
TG
22,15
3,54
15,98
Oʻrtacha nisbiy farq
1.49 1-jadva
Nazorat (n=20) va tajriba (n=20) guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida
tahsil olayotgan ) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba boshida qayd
etilgan natijalari statistik xarakteristikalarini solishtirish
Jismoniy tayyorgarlik
boʻyicha testlar
Tajriba boshida qayd etilgan natijalar
Guruh
X
σ
V, %
Abso lyut
Nisbiy %
t
p
1-test
NG
17,96
2,26
12,59
0,26
1,48
0,37
>0,7
TG
17,69
2,29
12,95
2-test
NG
1,98
0,29
14,63
0,02
1,11
0,24
>0,8
TG
1,96
0,29
14,95
3-test
NG
46,51
5,38
11,57
0,63
1,35
0,37
>0,7
TG
45,88
5,49
11,97
4-test
NG
5,22
0,71
13,61
0,08
1,50
0,35
>0,7
TG
5,14
0,72
13,97
5-test
NG
22,60
3,52
15,58
0,45
1,99
0,40
>0,6
TG
22,15
3,54
15,98
Oʻrtacha nisbiy farq
1.49 1 jadva
Nazorat (n=20) va tajriba (n=20) guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida
tahsil olayotgan ) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba boshida qayd
etilgan natijalari statistik xarakteristikalarini solishtirish 1 jad
at (n=20) va tajriba (n=20) guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi (Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida
tgan ) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba boshida qayd
etilgan natijalari statistik xarakteristikalarini solishtirish Pedagogik tajriba davomida mazkur guruh kursant qizlarining
oʻrganilgan beshta jismoniy tayyorgarlik koʻrsatkichlari testlari 198 Nazorat va tajriba guruhlariga mansub IIV Akademiyasi
(Huquqbuzarliklar oldini olish profilaktikasi yoʻnalishida tahsil
olayotgan) kursant qizlarining jismoniy tayyorgarlik boʻyicha test
sinovlarini bajarish boʻyicha pedagogik tajriba oxirida qayd etilgan
natijalari asosida hisoblangan asosiy statistik xarakteristikalari, har bir
test natijalari oʻrtacha arifmetik qiymatlarini absolyut va nisbiy farqlari
hamda absolyut farqlarni Student taqsimoti kritik qiymatlarini hisoblash,
belgilangan erkinlik darajasi soni va ahamiyatlilik darajalariga koʻra
aniqlangan statistik ishonchliligi baholari boʻyicha ma’lumotlar
keltirilgan (2-jadval). 1-jadval ishonchliligidan nazorat guruhidagi beshtadan uchtasining natijalari
boʻyicha qoniqarli ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 2,08 bilan t = 2,14
oraligʻidagi hamda P < 0,05) statistik ishonchli va qolgan ikkitasida
qoniqarli ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 1,73 va t = 1,74 hamda P > 0,05)
statistik ishonchsiz ijobiy oʻzgarishlar (oʻsishlar) kuzatilganiga nisbatan,
uchtasining natijalari boʻyicha yuqori ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 4,46;
t = 4,44 va t = 4,48 oraligʻidagi hamda P < 0,001) statistik ishonchli va
qolgan ikkitasida yaxshi ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 3,52 va t = 3,54
hamda P < 0,05) statistik ishonchli ijobiy oʻzgarishlar (oʻsishlar)
aniqlandi. ishonchliligidan nazorat guruhidagi beshtadan uchtasining natijalari
boʻyicha qoniqarli ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 2,08 bilan t = 2,14
oraligʻidagi hamda P < 0,05) statistik ishonchli va qolgan ikkitasida
qoniqarli ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 1,73 va t = 1,74 hamda P > 0,05)
statistik ishonchsiz ijobiy oʻzgarishlar (oʻsishlar) kuzatilganiga nisbatan,
uchtasining natijalari boʻyicha yuqori ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 4,46;
t = 4,44 va t = 4,48 oraligʻidagi hamda P < 0,001) statistik ishonchli va
qolgan ikkitasida yaxshi ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 3,52 va t = 3,54
hamda P < 0,05) statistik ishonchli ijobiy oʻzgarishlar (oʻsishlar)
aniqlandi. 3.
Kerimov F.A. ( 2005). Sport kurashi nazariyasi va usuliyati.
Darslik. (T.: –B.314-318.;)
4.
Abdullaev M.J., Radjapov U.R., Muxametov A.M.( 2020).
Jismoniy tarbiya. Darslik. (B.: –B.192-204.)
5.
Martin C. (2014). The CrossFit that takes the concept
literally. Christian Today. Retrieved (June 9, 53 p.) 2-jadval uchtasining natijalari boʻyicha yuqori ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t =
4,46; t = 4,44 va t = 4,48 oraligʻidagi hamda P < 0,001) statistik
ishonchli va qolgan ikkitasida yaxshi ahamiyatlilik darajasida (t = 3,52
va t = 3,54 hamda P < 0,05) statistik ishonchli ijobiy oʻzgarishlar
(oʻsishlar) kuzatilganligi faktlari nazorat guruhi kursant qizlari
mashgʻulotlarida amaldagi dasturga mos holda qoʻllangan vosita va
usullarga nisbatan tajriba guruhi kursant qizlari mashgʻulotlarida
foydalanilgan krossfit maxsus harakatlarining samaradorligini isbotlab
turibdi. Xulosa. Ilmiy maqola boʻyicha mavzuga oid toʻplangan
adabiyot manbalarini oʻrganish, olib borilgan kuzatuv,
oʻtkazilgan tadqiqotlar, pedagogik testlash va pedagogik 199 3. Kursant qizlarning jismoniy tayyorgarlik koʻrsatkichlarini
aniqlashda, biz tomondan tavsiya etilgan funksional koʻpkurash
(krossfit) maxsus mashqlar majmuasini mashgʻulot jarayonlariga joriy
qilinishi, kursant qizlarning umumiy va maxsus jismoniy tayyorgarligini
namoyon qilish boʻyicha aniq ma’lumot olish imkonini beradi. Amaliy tavsiyalar. Kursant qizlarning xizmat vazifalarini bajarish
imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishda sport turlari boʻyicha olingan jismoniy
tayyorgarlik darajalarini optimallashtirishga qaratilgan uslublarni
oʻquv-mashgʻulotlarda
qoʻllash
orqali
samaradorligini
oshirish
vositalarini tajribada va amaliyotda tekshirish quyidagi aniq amaliy
tavsiyalarni shakllantirish imkonini berdi. y
y
4. Kursant
qizlarni
jismoniy
tayyorlash
jarayonini
uyugʻunlashtirishga
qaratilgan
oʻquv-mashgʻulot
jarayonlarida
funksional koʻpkurash (krossfit) vositalaridan foydalanish majmualarini
yaratish, kursant qizlarning kursant qizlarni jismoniy tayyorgarligini
takomillashtirish imkoniyatlarini beradi. y
1. Ilmiy izlanishlar davomida ilmiy tadqiqotchilar tomonidan
qoʻllanilgan uslublarning natijalari kursant qizlarning jismoniy
tayyorgarlik darajalarini takomillashishiga va oʻquv-mashgʻulot
jarayonlarini optimallashtirish muammosi va turli toifadagi sportchilar
tryenirovkasini rejalashtirish uchun hamda jismoniy tayyorgarlik
darajalarini takomillashtirish borasida samarali vosita hisoblanadi. 5. Kursant qizlarning jismoniy tayyorgarlik koʻrsatkichlarini
aniqlashda, biz tomondan tavsiya etilgan maxsus mashqlar majmuasini
oʻquv-mashgʻulot jarayonlariga joriy qilinishi, kursant qizlarning
umumiy va maxsus jismoniy sifat tayyorgarlik imkoniyatlarini
kengaytirishga xizmat qilishi boʻyicha aniq ma’lumot olish imkonini
beradi. 2. Kursant
qizlarga
jismoniy
tayyorgarlik
darajalarini
takomillashtirishga
qaratilgan
oʻquv-mashgʻulot
jarayonlarida
funksional koʻpkurash (krossfit) sport turining amaliyotidagi mashgʻulot
jarayonlaridagi texnik va taktik harakatlar kompleksidan umumiy reja
asosida foydalanish kursant qizlarning ish qobiliyati va chidamkorlilik
sifat darajasini takomillashish imkoniyatini oshiradi. y
y
(
)
5.
Martin C. (2014). The CrossFit that takes the concept
literally. Christian Today. Retrieved (June 9, 53 p.) g
g Q
2.
Salamov R.S. (2005). Sport mashgʻulotlarining nazariy
asoslari. Oʻquv qoʻllanma. (T.:.-B.74-92.) Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar roʻyxati: 1. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi
Prezidentining 2021-yil 5-
martdagi PQ-5020-sonli “Xotin qizlarni qoʻllab- quvvatlash, ularning
jamiyat hayotidagi faol ishtirokini ta’minlash tizimini yanada
takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari toʻgʻrisida”gi Qarori. 1. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi
Prezidentining 2021-yil 5-
martdagi PQ-5020-sonli “Xotin qizlarni qoʻllab- quvvatlash, ularning
jamiyat hayotidagi faol ishtirokini ta’minlash tizimini yanada
takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari toʻgʻrisida”gi Qarori. g
g Q
2. Salamov R.S. (2005). Sport mashgʻulotlarining nazariy
asoslari. Oʻquv qoʻllanma. (T.:.-B.74-92.) 2. Salamov R.S. (2005). Sport mashgʻulotlarining nazariy
asoslari. Oʻquv qoʻllanma. (T.:.-B.74-92.) 200
| 15,753 |
https://github.com/Poulhouse/dev_don360/blob/master/bitrix/modules/landing/install/js/landing/icon/fontawesome6_3/src/fontawesome6_3.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
dev_don360
|
Poulhouse
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 20,000 | 54,686 |
import {Loc} from 'landing.loc'; export const FontAwesome6_3 = { id: 'fontawesome6_3', name: 'Fontawesome 3', active: true, categories: [ { id: 'household', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_HOUSEHOLD'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-air-conditioner', options: [ 'fat fa-air-conditioner', 'fal fa-air-conditioner', 'far fa-air-conditioner', 'fas fa-air-conditioner', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-air-conditioner', keywords: 'ac cool heat heat pump hvac mini split temperature unit air-conditioner', }, { className: 'far fa-bath', options: [ 'fat fa-bath', 'fal fa-bath', 'far fa-bath', 'fas fa-bath', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bath', keywords: 'bath bathtub clean shower tub wash bath', }, { className: 'far fa-bed', options: [ 'fat fa-bed', 'fal fa-bed', 'far fa-bed', 'fas fa-bed', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bed', keywords: 'hotel lodging mattress person in bed rest sleep travel bed', }, { className: 'far fa-bed-bunk', options: [ 'fat fa-bed-bunk', 'fal fa-bed-bunk', 'far fa-bed-bunk', 'fas fa-bed-bunk', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bed-bunk', keywords: 'lodging mattress rest siblings sleep sleepover travel bed bunk', }, { className: 'far fa-bed-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-bed-empty', 'fal fa-bed-empty', 'far fa-bed-empty', 'fas fa-bed-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bed-empty', keywords: 'bed hotel lodging mattress rest sleep travel bed empty', }, { className: 'far fa-bed-front', options: [ 'fat fa-bed-front', 'fal fa-bed-front', 'far fa-bed-front', 'fas fa-bed-front', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bed-front', keywords: 'double king lodging mattress pillows queen rest sleep travel bed front', }, { className: 'far fa-bell', options: [ 'fat fa-bell', 'fal fa-bell', 'far fa-bell', 'fas fa-bell', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bell', keywords: 'alarm alert bel bell chime notification reminder bell', }, { className: 'far fa-bell-on', options: [ 'fat fa-bell-on', 'fal fa-bell-on', 'far fa-bell-on', 'fas fa-bell-on', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bell-on', keywords: 'ringing bell alarm alert chime notification reminder bell on', }, { className: 'far fa-blanket', options: [ 'fat fa-blanket', 'fal fa-blanket', 'far fa-blanket', 'fas fa-blanket', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-blanket', keywords: 'bed cover cozy sleep warm blanket', }, { className: 'far fa-blanket-fire', options: [ 'fat fa-blanket-fire', 'fal fa-blanket-fire', 'far fa-blanket-fire', 'fas fa-blanket-fire', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-blanket-fire', keywords: 'fire flammable safety blanket fire', }, { className: 'far fa-blender', options: [ 'fat fa-blender', 'fal fa-blender', 'far fa-blender', 'fas fa-blender', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-blender', keywords: 'cocktail milkshake mixer puree smoothie blender', }, { className: 'far fa-blinds', options: [ 'fat fa-blinds', 'fal fa-blinds', 'far fa-blinds', 'fas fa-blinds', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-blinds', keywords: 'privacy shutter window blinds', }, { className: 'far fa-blinds-open', options: [ 'fat fa-blinds-open', 'fal fa-blinds-open', 'far fa-blinds-open', 'fas fa-blinds-open', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-blinds-open', keywords: 'privacy shutter window blinds open', }, { className: 'far fa-blinds-raised', options: [ 'fat fa-blinds-raised', 'fal fa-blinds-raised', 'far fa-blinds-raised', 'fas fa-blinds-raised', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-blinds-raised', keywords: 'privacy shutter window blinds raised', }, { className: 'far fa-block-brick', options: [ 'fat fa-block-brick', 'fal fa-block-brick', 'far fa-block-brick', 'fas fa-block-brick', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-block-brick', keywords: 'block brick mortar super mario wall block brick', }, { className: 'far fa-block-brick-fire', options: [ 'fat fa-block-brick-fire', 'fal fa-block-brick-fire', 'far fa-block-brick-fire', 'fas fa-block-brick-fire', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-block-brick-fire', keywords: 'brick fire firewall network wall block brick-fire', }, { className: 'far fa-books', options: [ 'fat fa-books', 'fal fa-books', 'far fa-books', 'fas fa-books', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-books', keywords: 'book books diary documentation journal library read research books', }, { className: 'far fa-bowl-spoon', options: [ 'fat fa-bowl-spoon', 'fal fa-bowl-spoon', 'far fa-bowl-spoon', 'fas fa-bowl-spoon', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bowl-spoon', keywords: 'breakfast cereal congee oatmeal porridge bowl spoon', }, { className: 'far fa-box-tissue', options: [ 'fat fa-box-tissue', 'fal fa-box-tissue', 'far fa-box-tissue', 'fas fa-box-tissue', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-box-tissue', keywords: 'cough covid 19 kleenex mucus nose sneeze snot box-tissue', }, { className: 'far fa-camera-cctv', options: [ 'fat fa-camera-cctv', 'fal fa-camera-cctv', 'far fa-camera-cctv', 'fas fa-camera-cctv', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-camera-cctv', keywords: '1984 big brother george orwell camera security surveillance video camera cctv', }, { className: 'far fa-camera-security', options: [ 'fat fa-camera-security', 'fal fa-camera-security', 'far fa-camera-security', 'fas fa-camera-security', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-camera-security', keywords: 'chat conference call facetime podcast security video videoconferencing youtube camera security', }, { className: 'far fa-camera-web', options: [ 'fat fa-camera-web', 'fal fa-camera-web', 'far fa-camera-web', 'fas fa-camera-web', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-camera-web', keywords: 'chat conference call facetime podcast video videoconferencing youtube camera web', }, { className: 'far fa-chair', options: [ 'fat fa-chair', 'fal fa-chair', 'far fa-chair', 'fas fa-chair', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chair', keywords: 'chair furniture seat sit chair', }, { className: 'far fa-chair-office', options: [ 'fat fa-chair-office', 'fal fa-chair-office', 'far fa-chair-office', 'fas fa-chair-office', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chair-office', keywords: 'ergonomic furniture seat chair office', }, { className: 'far fa-chopsticks', options: [ 'fat fa-chopsticks', 'fal fa-chopsticks', 'far fa-chopsticks', 'fas fa-chopsticks', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chopsticks', keywords: 'bamboo chopsticks utensils chopsticks', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-sort', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-sort', 'fal fa-circle-sort', 'far fa-circle-sort', 'fas fa-circle-sort', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-sort', keywords: 'down elevator lower raise temperature thermostat up circle sort', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-sort-down', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-sort-down', 'fal fa-circle-sort-down', 'far fa-circle-sort-down', 'fas fa-circle-sort-down', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-sort-down', keywords: 'down elevator lower raise temperature thermostat up circle sort-down', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-sort-up', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-sort-up', 'fal fa-circle-sort-up', 'far fa-circle-sort-up', 'fas fa-circle-sort-up', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-sort-up', keywords: 'down elevator lower raise temperature thermostat up circle sort-up', }, { className: 'far fa-clock-desk', options: [ 'fat fa-clock-desk', 'fal fa-clock-desk', 'far fa-clock-desk', 'fas fa-clock-desk', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-clock-desk', keywords: 'alarm clock mantelpiece clock timer clock desk', }, { className: 'far fa-clothes-hanger', options: [ 'fat fa-clothes-hanger', 'fal fa-clothes-hanger', 'far fa-clothes-hanger', 'fas fa-clothes-hanger', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-clothes-hanger', keywords: 'clothing dry cleaner hang wire clothes hanger', }, { className: 'far fa-coffee-pot', options: [ 'fat fa-coffee-pot', 'fal fa-coffee-pot', 'far fa-coffee-pot', 'fas fa-coffee-pot', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-coffee-pot', keywords: 'beverage breakfast brew cafe carafe drink morning coffee pot', }, { className: 'far fa-couch', options: [ 'fat fa-couch', 'fal fa-couch', 'far fa-couch', 'fas fa-couch', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-couch', keywords: 'chair cushion furniture relax sofa couch', }, { className: 'far fa-door-closed', options: [ 'fat fa-door-closed', 'fal fa-door-closed', 'far fa-door-closed', 'fas fa-door-closed', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-door-closed', keywords: 'doo door enter exit locked door closed', }, { className: 'far fa-door-open', options: [ 'fat fa-door-open', 'fal fa-door-open', 'far fa-door-open', 'fas fa-door-open', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-door-open', keywords: 'enter exit welcome door open', }, { className: 'far fa-dryer', options: [ 'fat fa-dryer', 'fal fa-dryer', 'far fa-dryer', 'fas fa-dryer', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dryer', keywords: 'clean clothes laundromat laundry washing machine dryer', }, { className: 'far fa-dryer-heat', options: [ 'fat fa-dryer-heat', 'fal fa-dryer-heat', 'far fa-dryer-heat', 'fas fa-dryer-heat', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dryer-heat', keywords: 'clean clothes laundromat laundry washing machine dryer heat', }, { className: 'far fa-dungeon', options: [ 'fat fa-dungeon', 'fal fa-dungeon', 'far fa-dungeon', 'fas fa-dungeon', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dungeon', keywords: 'dungeons & dragons building d&d dnd door entrance fantasy gate dungeon', }, { className: 'far fa-fan', options: [ 'fat fa-fan', 'fal fa-fan', 'far fa-fan', 'fas fa-fan', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fan', keywords: 'ac air conditioning blade blower cool hot fan', }, { className: 'far fa-fan-table', options: [ 'fat fa-fan-table', 'fal fa-fan-table', 'far fa-fan-table', 'fas fa-fan-table', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fan-table', keywords: 'ac air conditioning blade blower cool hot oscillate fan table', }, { className: 'far fa-faucet', options: [ 'fat fa-faucet', 'fal fa-faucet', 'far fa-faucet', 'fas fa-faucet', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-faucet', keywords: 'covid 19 drip house hygiene kitchen sink water faucet', }, { className: 'far fa-faucet-drip', options: [ 'fat fa-faucet-drip', 'fal fa-faucet-drip', 'far fa-faucet-drip', 'fas fa-faucet-drip', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-faucet-drip', keywords: 'drinking drip house kitchen potable potable water sink water faucet drip', }, { className: 'far fa-fire-hydrant', options: [ 'fat fa-fire-hydrant', 'fal fa-fire-hydrant', 'far fa-fire-hydrant', 'fas fa-fire-hydrant', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fire-hydrant', keywords: 'fire irrigate water fire hydrant', }, { className: 'far fa-fireplace', options: [ 'fat fa-fireplace', 'fal fa-fireplace', 'far fa-fireplace', 'fas fa-fireplace', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fireplace', keywords: 'caliente flame hearth heat holiday mantle toasty warmth fireplace', }, { className: 'far fa-flashlight', options: [ 'fat fa-flashlight', 'fal fa-flashlight', 'far fa-flashlight', 'fas fa-flashlight', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-flashlight', keywords: 'camping electric flashlight hide and seek lamp light tool torch flashlight', }, { className: 'far fa-fork', options: [ 'fat fa-fork', 'fal fa-fork', 'far fa-fork', 'fas fa-fork', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fork', keywords: 'cutlery dining food fork silverware fork', }, { className: 'far fa-fork-knife', options: [ 'fat fa-fork-knife', 'fal fa-fork-knife', 'far fa-fork-knife', 'fas fa-fork-knife', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fork-knife', keywords: 'cutlery dining dinner eat food fork knife restaurant fork knife', }, { className: 'far fa-garage', options: [ 'fat fa-garage', 'fal fa-garage', 'far fa-garage', 'fas fa-garage', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-garage', keywords: 'auto car door storage structure warehouse garage', }, { className: 'far fa-garage-car', options: [ 'fat fa-garage-car', 'fal fa-garage-car', 'far fa-garage-car', 'fas fa-garage-car', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-garage-car', keywords: 'auto car door storage structure warehouse garage car', }, { className: 'far fa-garage-open', options: [ 'fat fa-garage-open', 'fal fa-garage-open', 'far fa-garage-open', 'fas fa-garage-open', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-garage-open', keywords: 'auto car door storage structure warehouse garage open', }, { className: 'far fa-heat', options: [ 'fat fa-heat', 'fal fa-heat', 'far fa-heat', 'fas fa-heat', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-heat', keywords: 'ac air conditioner boiler heating hot sauna spa summer temperature heat', }, { className: 'far fa-hose', options: [ 'fat fa-hose', 'fal fa-hose', 'far fa-hose', 'fas fa-hose', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hose', keywords: 'fire irrigation water hose', }, { className: 'far fa-hose-reel', options: [ 'fat fa-hose-reel', 'fal fa-hose-reel', 'far fa-hose-reel', 'fas fa-hose-reel', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hose-reel', keywords: 'fire irrigation water hose reel', }, { className: 'far fa-house-chimney-heart', options: [ 'fat fa-house-chimney-heart', 'fal fa-house-chimney-heart', 'far fa-house-chimney-heart', 'fas fa-house-chimney-heart', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-chimney-heart', keywords: 'care home love house chimney-heart', }, { className: 'far fa-house-chimney-user', options: [ 'fat fa-house-chimney-user', 'fal fa-house-chimney-user', 'far fa-house-chimney-user', 'fas fa-house-chimney-user', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-chimney-user', keywords: 'covid 19 home isolation quarantine house-chimney-user', }, { className: 'far fa-house-chimney-window', options: [ 'fat fa-house-chimney-window', 'fal fa-house-chimney-window', 'far fa-house-chimney-window', 'fas fa-house-chimney-window', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-chimney-window', keywords: 'abode building family home residence house chimney-window', }, { className: 'far fa-house-day', options: [ 'fat fa-house-day', 'fal fa-house-day', 'far fa-house-day', 'fas fa-house-day', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-day', keywords: 'abode building family home residence solar sun house day', }, { className: 'far fa-house-heart', options: [ 'fat fa-house-heart', 'fal fa-house-heart', 'far fa-house-heart', 'fas fa-house-heart', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-heart', keywords: 'abode building charity house main house heart', }, { className: 'far fa-house-laptop', options: [ 'fat fa-house-laptop', 'fal fa-house-laptop', 'far fa-house-laptop', 'fas fa-house-laptop', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-laptop', keywords: 'computer covid 19 device office remote work from home house-laptop', }, { className: 'far fa-house-night', options: [ 'fat fa-house-night', 'fal fa-house-night', 'far fa-house-night', 'fas fa-house-night', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-night', keywords: 'abode building family home moon residence stars house night', }, { className: 'far fa-house-person-leave', options: [ 'fat fa-house-person-leave', 'fal fa-house-person-leave', 'far fa-house-person-leave', 'fas fa-house-person-leave', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-person-leave', keywords: 'away home house person-leave', }, { className: 'far fa-house-person-return', options: [ 'fat fa-house-person-return', 'fal fa-house-person-return', 'far fa-house-person-return', 'fas fa-house-person-return', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-person-return', keywords: 'home remote house person-return', }, { className: 'far fa-house-signal', options: [ 'fat fa-house-signal', 'fal fa-house-signal', 'far fa-house-signal', 'fas fa-house-signal', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-signal', keywords: 'abode building connect family home residence smart home wifi house signal', }, { className: 'far fa-house-user', options: [ 'fat fa-house-user', 'fal fa-house-user', 'far fa-house-user', 'fas fa-house-user', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-user', keywords: 'house house user', }, { className: 'far fa-lamp', options: [ 'fat fa-lamp', 'fal fa-lamp', 'far fa-lamp', 'fas fa-lamp', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lamp', keywords: 'bright furniture light lamp', }, { className: 'far fa-lamp-desk', options: [ 'fat fa-lamp-desk', 'fal fa-lamp-desk', 'far fa-lamp-desk', 'fas fa-lamp-desk', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lamp-desk', keywords: 'bright furniture light lamp desk', }, { className: 'far fa-lamp-floor', options: [ 'fat fa-lamp-floor', 'fal fa-lamp-floor', 'far fa-lamp-floor', 'fas fa-lamp-floor', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lamp-floor', keywords: 'bright furniture light lamp floor', }, { className: 'far fa-light-ceiling', options: [ 'fat fa-light-ceiling', 'fal fa-light-ceiling', 'far fa-light-ceiling', 'fas fa-light-ceiling', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-light-ceiling', keywords: 'bright furniture light overhead light ceiling', }, { className: 'far fa-light-switch', options: [ 'fat fa-light-switch', 'fal fa-light-switch', 'far fa-light-switch', 'fas fa-light-switch', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-light-switch', keywords: 'light off on light switch', }, { className: 'far fa-light-switch-off', options: [ 'fat fa-light-switch-off', 'fal fa-light-switch-off', 'far fa-light-switch-off', 'fas fa-light-switch-off', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-light-switch-off', keywords: 'light off on light switch-off', }, { className: 'far fa-light-switch-on', options: [ 'fat fa-light-switch-on', 'fal fa-light-switch-on', 'far fa-light-switch-on', 'fas fa-light-switch-on', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-light-switch-on', keywords: 'light off on light switch-on', }, { className: 'far fa-lightbulb', options: [ 'fat fa-lightbulb', 'fal fa-lightbulb', 'far fa-lightbulb', 'fas fa-lightbulb', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lightbulb', keywords: 'bulb comic electric energy idea inspiration light light bulb lightbulb', }, { className: 'far fa-lightbulb-on', options: [ 'fat fa-lightbulb-on', 'fal fa-lightbulb-on', 'far fa-lightbulb-on', 'fas fa-lightbulb-on', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lightbulb-on', keywords: 'energy idea inspiration light shine lightbulb on', }, { className: 'far fa-loveseat', options: [ 'fat fa-loveseat', 'fal fa-loveseat', 'far fa-loveseat', 'fas fa-loveseat', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-loveseat', keywords: 'chair couch cushion furniture relax sofa loveseat', }, { className: 'far fa-mailbox', options: [ 'fat fa-mailbox', 'fal fa-mailbox', 'far fa-mailbox', 'fas fa-mailbox', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-mailbox', keywords: 'archive closed closed mailbox with lowered flag envelope letter lowered mail mailbox post office postal postbox postcard send stamp usps mailbox', }, { className: 'far fa-microwave', options: [ 'fat fa-microwave', 'fal fa-microwave', 'far fa-microwave', 'fas fa-microwave', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-microwave', keywords: 'chef cook kitchen nuke microwave', }, { className: 'far fa-mug-saucer', options: [ 'fat fa-mug-saucer', 'fal fa-mug-saucer', 'far fa-mug-saucer', 'fas fa-mug-saucer', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-mug-saucer', keywords: 'beverage breakfast cafe drink fall morning mug seasonal tea mug saucer', }, { className: 'far fa-outlet', options: [ 'fat fa-outlet', 'fal fa-outlet', 'far fa-outlet', 'fas fa-outlet', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-outlet', keywords: 'electricity energy plug outlet', }, { className: 'far fa-oven', options: [ 'fat fa-oven', 'fal fa-oven', 'far fa-oven', 'fas fa-oven', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-oven', keywords: 'bake broiler convection cook kitchen stove oven', }, { className: 'far fa-pan-frying', options: [ 'fat fa-pan-frying', 'fal fa-pan-frying', 'far fa-pan-frying', 'fas fa-pan-frying', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pan-frying', keywords: 'breakfast cook egg fry pan frying', }, { className: 'far fa-person-to-door', options: [ 'fat fa-person-to-door', 'fal fa-person-to-door', 'far fa-person-to-door', 'fas fa-person-to-door', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-person-to-door', keywords: 'door exit leave person to-door', }, { className: 'far fa-phone-intercom', options: [ 'fat fa-phone-intercom', 'fal fa-phone-intercom', 'far fa-phone-intercom', 'fas fa-phone-intercom', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-phone-intercom', keywords: 'call phone warning phone intercom', }, { className: 'far fa-plate-utensils', options: [ 'fat fa-plate-utensils', 'fal fa-plate-utensils', 'far fa-plate-utensils', 'fas fa-plate-utensils', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plate-utensils', keywords: 'dinner food fork knife plate plate utensils', }, { className: 'far fa-plug', options: [ 'fat fa-plug', 'fal fa-plug', 'far fa-plug', 'fas fa-plug', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plug', keywords: 'connect electric electric plug electricity online plug power plug', }, { className: 'far fa-pump', options: [ 'fat fa-pump', 'fal fa-pump', 'far fa-pump', 'fas fa-pump', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pump', keywords: 'drain flood pump sump water pump', }, { className: 'far fa-pump-soap', options: [ 'fat fa-pump-soap', 'fal fa-pump-soap', 'far fa-pump-soap', 'fas fa-pump-soap', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pump-soap', keywords: 'anti bacterial clean covid-19 disinfect hygiene sanitizer soap pump-soap', }, { className: 'far fa-refrigerator', options: [ 'fat fa-refrigerator', 'fal fa-refrigerator', 'far fa-refrigerator', 'fas fa-refrigerator', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-refrigerator', keywords: 'cold cool freezer fridge icebox kitchen refrigerator', }, { className: 'far fa-sensor', options: [ 'fat fa-sensor', 'fal fa-sensor', 'far fa-sensor', 'fas fa-sensor', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sensor', keywords: 'alarm alert carbon monoxide detector fire smoke sensor', }, { className: 'far fa-sensor-cloud', options: [ 'fat fa-sensor-cloud', 'fal fa-sensor-cloud', 'far fa-sensor-cloud', 'fas fa-sensor-cloud', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sensor-cloud', keywords: 'alarm alert carbon monoxide detector fire smoke sensor cloud', }, { className: 'far fa-sensor-fire', options: [ 'fat fa-sensor-fire', 'fal fa-sensor-fire', 'far fa-sensor-fire', 'fas fa-sensor-fire', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sensor-fire', keywords: 'alarm alert carbon monoxide detector fire smoke sensor fire', }, { className: 'far fa-sensor-on', options: [ 'fat fa-sensor-on', 'fal fa-sensor-on', 'far fa-sensor-on', 'fas fa-sensor-on', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sensor-on', keywords: 'alarm alert carbon monoxide detector fire smoke sensor on', }, { className: 'far fa-sensor-triangle-exclamation', options: [ 'fat fa-sensor-triangle-exclamation', 'fal fa-sensor-triangle-exclamation', 'far fa-sensor-triangle-exclamation', 'fas fa-sensor-triangle-exclamation', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sensor-triangle-exclamation', keywords: 'alarm alert carbon monoxide detector fire smoke sensor triangle-exclamation', }, { className: 'far fa-shower', options: [ 'fat fa-shower', 'fal fa-shower', 'far fa-shower', 'fas fa-shower', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shower', keywords: 'bath clean faucet shower water shower', }, { className: 'far fa-shower-down', options: [ 'fat fa-shower-down', 'fal fa-shower-down', 'far fa-shower-down', 'fas fa-shower-down', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shower-down', keywords: 'bath drip hygiene water shower down', }, { className: 'far fa-shutters', options: [ 'fat fa-shutters', 'fal fa-shutters', 'far fa-shutters', 'fas fa-shutters', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shutters', keywords: 'damper fire shades window shutters', }, { className: 'far fa-signal-stream', options: [ 'fat fa-signal-stream', 'fal fa-signal-stream', 'far fa-signal-stream', 'fas fa-signal-stream', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-signal-stream', keywords: 'podcast radio sisngal streaming wave wifi wireless signal stream', }, { className: 'far fa-sink', options: [ 'fat fa-sink', 'fal fa-sink', 'far fa-sink', 'fas fa-sink', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sink', keywords: 'bathroom covid 19 faucet kitchen wash sink', }, { className: 'far fa-siren', options: [ 'fat fa-siren', 'fal fa-siren', 'far fa-siren', 'fas fa-siren', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-siren', keywords: 'alarm alert ambulance loud police warning siren', }, { className: 'far fa-siren-on', options: [ 'fat fa-siren-on', 'fal fa-siren-on', 'far fa-siren-on', 'fas fa-siren-on', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-siren-on', keywords: 'alarm alert ambulance loud police warning siren on', }, { className: 'far fa-snowflake', options: [ 'fat fa-snowflake', 'fal fa-snowflake', 'far fa-snowflake', 'fas fa-snowflake', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-snowflake', keywords: 'heavy chevron snowflake cold precipitation rain snow snowflake winter snowflake', }, { className: 'far fa-soap', options: [ 'fat fa-soap', 'fal fa-soap', 'far fa-soap', 'fas fa-soap', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-soap', keywords: 'bar bathing bubbles clean cleaning covid 19 hygiene lather soap soapdish wash soap', }, { className: 'far fa-speaker', options: [ 'fat fa-speaker', 'fal fa-speaker', 'far fa-speaker', 'fas fa-speaker', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-speaker', keywords: 'audio device music sound subwoofer transducer tweeter speaker', }, { className: 'far fa-speakers', options: [ 'fat fa-speakers', 'fal fa-speakers', 'far fa-speakers', 'fas fa-speakers', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-speakers', keywords: 'audio device group music sound subwoofer transducer tweeter speakers', }, { className: 'far fa-spoon', options: [ 'fat fa-spoon', 'fal fa-spoon', 'far fa-spoon', 'fas fa-spoon', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-spoon', keywords: 'cutlery dining scoop silverware spoon tableware spoon', }, { className: 'far fa-sprinkler', options: [ 'fat fa-sprinkler', 'fal fa-sprinkler', 'far fa-sprinkler', 'fas fa-sprinkler', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sprinkler', keywords: 'grass lawn shower spray water sprinkler', }, { className: 'far fa-sprinkler-ceiling', options: [ 'fat fa-sprinkler-ceiling', 'fal fa-sprinkler-ceiling', 'far fa-sprinkler-ceiling', 'fas fa-sprinkler-ceiling', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sprinkler-ceiling', keywords: 'emergency fire water sprinkler ceiling', }, { className: 'far fa-square-ring', options: [ 'fat fa-square-ring', 'fal fa-square-ring', 'far fa-square-ring', 'fas fa-square-ring', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-ring', keywords: 'pipe service square ring', }, { className: 'far fa-stairs', options: [ 'fat fa-stairs', 'fal fa-stairs', 'far fa-stairs', 'fas fa-stairs', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-stairs', keywords: 'exit steps up stairs', }, { className: 'far fa-tank-water', options: [ 'fat fa-tank-water', 'fal fa-tank-water', 'far fa-tank-water', 'fas fa-tank-water', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tank-water', keywords: 'hydration storage water tank water', }, { className: 'far fa-temperature-arrow-down', options: [ 'fat fa-temperature-arrow-down', 'fal fa-temperature-arrow-down', 'far fa-temperature-arrow-down', 'fas fa-temperature-arrow-down', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-temperature-arrow-down', keywords: 'air conditioner cold heater mercury thermometer winter temperature arrow-down', }, { className: 'far fa-temperature-arrow-up', options: [ 'fat fa-temperature-arrow-up', 'fal fa-temperature-arrow-up', 'far fa-temperature-arrow-up', 'fas fa-temperature-arrow-up', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-temperature-arrow-up', keywords: 'air conditioner cold heater mercury thermometer winter temperature arrow-up', }, { className: 'far fa-toilet', options: [ 'fat fa-toilet', 'fal fa-toilet', 'far fa-toilet', 'fas fa-toilet', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-toilet', keywords: 'bathroom flush john loo pee plumbing poop porcelain potty restroom throne toile toilet washroom waste wc toilet', }, { className: 'far fa-toilet-paper', options: [ 'fat fa-toilet-paper', 'fal fa-toilet-paper', 'far fa-toilet-paper', 'fas fa-toilet-paper', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-toilet-paper', keywords: 'bathroom covid 19 halloween holiday lavatory paper towels prank privy restroom roll roll of paper toilet toilet paper wipe toilet-paper', }, { className: 'far fa-toilet-paper-blank', options: [ 'fat fa-toilet-paper-blank', 'fal fa-toilet-paper-blank', 'far fa-toilet-paper-blank', 'fas fa-toilet-paper-blank', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-toilet-paper-blank', keywords: 'bathroom halloween lavatory prank privy restroom roll toilet wipe toilet paper-blank', }, { className: 'far fa-toilet-paper-blank-under', options: [ 'fat fa-toilet-paper-blank-under', 'fal fa-toilet-paper-blank-under', 'far fa-toilet-paper-blank-under', 'fas fa-toilet-paper-blank-under', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-toilet-paper-blank-under', keywords: 'bathroom lavatory privy restroom roll toilet wipe toilet paper-blank-under', }, { className: 'far fa-toilet-paper-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-toilet-paper-slash', 'fal fa-toilet-paper-slash', 'far fa-toilet-paper-slash', 'fas fa-toilet-paper-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-toilet-paper-slash', keywords: 'bathroom covid 19 halloween holiday lavatory leaves prank privy restroom roll toilet trouble ut oh wipe toilet-paper-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-toilet-paper-under', options: [ 'fat fa-toilet-paper-under', 'fal fa-toilet-paper-under', 'far fa-toilet-paper-under', 'fas fa-toilet-paper-under', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-toilet-paper-under', keywords: 'bathroom lavatory privy restroom roll toilet wipe toilet paper-under', }, { className: 'far fa-toilet-paper-under-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-toilet-paper-under-slash', 'fal fa-toilet-paper-under-slash', 'far fa-toilet-paper-under-slash', 'fas fa-toilet-paper-under-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-toilet-paper-under-slash', keywords: 'bathroom lavatory privy restroom roll toilet wipe toilet paper-under-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-tv', options: [ 'fat fa-tv', 'fal fa-tv', 'far fa-tv', 'fas fa-tv', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tv', keywords: 'computer display monitor television tv', }, { className: 'far fa-tv-retro', options: [ 'fat fa-tv-retro', 'fal fa-tv-retro', 'far fa-tv-retro', 'fas fa-tv-retro', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tv-retro', keywords: 'computer display monitor television tv video tv retro', }, { className: 'far fa-utensils', options: [ 'fat fa-utensils', 'fal fa-utensils', 'far fa-utensils', 'fas fa-utensils', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-utensils', keywords: 'cooking cutlery dining dinner eat food fork fork and knife knife restaurant utensils', }, { className: 'far fa-utensils-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-utensils-slash', 'fal fa-utensils-slash', 'far fa-utensils-slash', 'fas fa-utensils-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-utensils-slash', keywords: 'cooking cutlery dining dinner eat food fork fork and knife knife restaurant utensils slash', }, { className: 'far fa-vacuum', options: [ 'fat fa-vacuum', 'fal fa-vacuum', 'far fa-vacuum', 'fas fa-vacuum', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-vacuum', keywords: 'cleaning dyson floor suck suction vacuum', }, { className: 'far fa-vacuum-robot', options: [ 'fat fa-vacuum-robot', 'fal fa-vacuum-robot', 'far fa-vacuum-robot', 'fas fa-vacuum-robot', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-vacuum-robot', keywords: 'cleaning floor roomba suck suction vacuum robot', }, { className: 'far fa-vent-damper', options: [ 'fat fa-vent-damper', 'fal fa-vent-damper', 'far fa-vent-damper', 'fas fa-vent-damper', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-vent-damper', keywords: 'air fire hvac ventilate vent damper', }, { className: 'far fa-washing-machine', options: [ 'fat fa-washing-machine', 'fal fa-washing-machine', 'far fa-washing-machine', 'fas fa-washing-machine', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-washing-machine', keywords: 'clean clothes laundromat laundry washing machine washing machine', }, { className: 'far fa-window-frame', options: [ 'fat fa-window-frame', 'fal fa-window-frame', 'far fa-window-frame', 'fas fa-window-frame', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-window-frame', keywords: 'door frame fresh air glass opening pane transparent view window window frame', }, { className: 'far fa-window-frame-open', options: [ 'fat fa-window-frame-open', 'fal fa-window-frame-open', 'far fa-window-frame-open', 'fas fa-window-frame-open', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-window-frame-open', keywords: 'door glass pane view window window frame-open', }, ], }, { id: 'logistics', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_LOGISTICS'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-barcode-read', options: [ 'fat fa-barcode-read', 'fal fa-barcode-read', 'far fa-barcode-read', 'fas fa-barcode-read', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-barcode-read', keywords: 'info laser price scan upc barcode read', }, { className: 'far fa-barcode-scan', options: [ 'fat fa-barcode-scan', 'fal fa-barcode-scan', 'far fa-barcode-scan', 'fas fa-barcode-scan', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-barcode-scan', keywords: 'info laser price scan upc barcode scan', }, { className: 'far fa-box', options: [ 'fat fa-box', 'fal fa-box', 'far fa-box', 'fas fa-box', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-box', keywords: 'archive box container package parcel storage box', }, { className: 'far fa-box-check', options: [ 'fat fa-box-check', 'fal fa-box-check', 'far fa-box-check', 'fas fa-box-check', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-box-check', keywords: 'accept agree confirm correct done ok package select success tick todo yes box check', }, { className: 'far fa-box-circle-check', options: [ 'fat fa-box-circle-check', 'fal fa-box-circle-check', 'far fa-box-circle-check', 'fas fa-box-circle-check', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-box-circle-check', keywords: 'confirm inventory package box circle-check', }, { className: 'far fa-boxes-stacked', options: [ 'fat fa-boxes-stacked', 'fal fa-boxes-stacked', 'far fa-boxes-stacked', 'fas fa-boxes-stacked', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-boxes-stacked', keywords: 'archives inventory storage warehouse boxes stacked', }, { className: 'far fa-cart-flatbed', options: [ 'fat fa-cart-flatbed', 'fal fa-cart-flatbed', 'far fa-cart-flatbed', 'fas fa-cart-flatbed', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cart-flatbed', keywords: 'carry inventory shipping transport cart flatbed', }, { className: 'far fa-cart-flatbed-boxes', options: [ 'fat fa-cart-flatbed-boxes', 'fal fa-cart-flatbed-boxes', 'far fa-cart-flatbed-boxes', 'fas fa-cart-flatbed-boxes', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cart-flatbed-boxes', keywords: 'carry inventory shipping transport cart flatbed-boxes', }, { className: 'far fa-cart-flatbed-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-cart-flatbed-empty', 'fal fa-cart-flatbed-empty', 'far fa-cart-flatbed-empty', 'fas fa-cart-flatbed-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cart-flatbed-empty', keywords: 'carry inventory shipping transport cart flatbed-empty', }, { className: 'far fa-clipboard-check', options: [ 'fat fa-clipboard-check', 'fal fa-clipboard-check', 'far fa-clipboard-check', 'fas fa-clipboard-check', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-clipboard-check', keywords: 'accept agree confirm done ok select success tick todo yes clipboard check', }, { className: 'far fa-clipboard-list', options: [ 'fat fa-clipboard-list', 'fal fa-clipboard-list', 'far fa-clipboard-list', 'fas fa-clipboard-list', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-clipboard-list', keywords: 'checklist completed done finished intinerary ol schedule tick todo ul clipboard list', }, { className: 'far fa-conveyor-belt', options: [ 'fat fa-conveyor-belt', 'fal fa-conveyor-belt', 'far fa-conveyor-belt', 'fas fa-conveyor-belt', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-conveyor-belt', keywords: 'carousel inventory manufacture packaging shipping conveyor belt', }, { className: 'far fa-conveyor-belt-boxes', options: [ 'fat fa-conveyor-belt-boxes', 'fal fa-conveyor-belt-boxes', 'far fa-conveyor-belt-boxes', 'fas fa-conveyor-belt-boxes', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-conveyor-belt-boxes', keywords: 'carousel inventory manufacture packaging shipping conveyor belt-boxes', }, { className: 'far fa-conveyor-belt-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-conveyor-belt-empty', 'fal fa-conveyor-belt-empty', 'far fa-conveyor-belt-empty', 'fas fa-conveyor-belt-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-conveyor-belt-empty', keywords: 'inventory shipping conveyor belt-empty', }, { className: 'far fa-crate-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-crate-empty', 'fal fa-crate-empty', 'far fa-crate-empty', 'fas fa-crate-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-crate-empty', keywords: 'box crate crate empty', }, { className: 'far fa-dolly', options: [ 'fat fa-dolly', 'fal fa-dolly', 'far fa-dolly', 'fas fa-dolly', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dolly', keywords: 'carry shipping transport dolly', }, { className: 'far fa-dolly-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-dolly-empty', 'fal fa-dolly-empty', 'far fa-dolly-empty', 'fas fa-dolly-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dolly-empty', keywords: 'carry inventory shipping transport dolly empty', }, { className: 'far fa-forklift', options: [ 'fat fa-forklift', 'fal fa-forklift', 'far fa-forklift', 'fas fa-forklift', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-forklift', keywords: 'archive inventory lorry pallet shipping tractor warehouse forklift', }, { className: 'far fa-gears', options: [ 'fat fa-gears', 'fal fa-gears', 'far fa-gears', 'fas fa-gears', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-gears', keywords: 'gears mechanical settings sprocket wheel gears', }, { className: 'far fa-hand-holding-box', options: [ 'fat fa-hand-holding-box', 'fal fa-hand-holding-box', 'far fa-hand-holding-box', 'fas fa-hand-holding-box', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hand-holding-box', keywords: 'carry gift handling lift package hand holding-box', }, { className: 'far fa-hands-holding-diamond', options: [ 'fat fa-hands-holding-diamond', 'fal fa-hands-holding-diamond', 'far fa-hands-holding-diamond', 'fas fa-hands-holding-diamond', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hands-holding-diamond', keywords: 'carry gift handling package shipping hands holding-diamond', }, { className: 'far fa-helmet-safety', options: [ 'fat fa-helmet-safety', 'fal fa-helmet-safety', 'far fa-helmet-safety', 'fas fa-helmet-safety', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-helmet-safety', keywords: 'construction hardhat helmet safety helmet safety', }, { className: 'far fa-pallet', options: [ 'fat fa-pallet', 'fal fa-pallet', 'far fa-pallet', 'fas fa-pallet', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pallet', keywords: 'archive box inventory shipping warehouse pallet', }, { className: 'far fa-pallet-box', options: [ 'fat fa-pallet-box', 'fal fa-pallet-box', 'far fa-pallet-box', 'fas fa-pallet-box', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pallet-box', keywords: 'inventory package shipping pallet box', }, { className: 'far fa-pallet-boxes', options: [ 'fat fa-pallet-boxes', 'fal fa-pallet-boxes', 'far fa-pallet-boxes', 'fas fa-pallet-boxes', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pallet-boxes', keywords: 'archive box inventory shipping warehouse pallet boxes', }, { className: 'far fa-person-carry-box', options: [ 'fat fa-person-carry-box', 'fal fa-person-carry-box', 'far fa-person-carry-box', 'fas fa-person-carry-box', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-person-carry-box', keywords: 'deliver lift person carry-box', }, { className: 'far fa-person-dolly', options: [ 'fat fa-person-dolly', 'fal fa-person-dolly', 'far fa-person-dolly', 'fas fa-person-dolly', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-person-dolly', keywords: 'carry deliver transport person dolly', }, { className: 'far fa-person-dolly-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-person-dolly-empty', 'fal fa-person-dolly-empty', 'far fa-person-dolly-empty', 'fas fa-person-dolly-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-person-dolly-empty', keywords: 'carry deliver transport person dolly-empty', }, { className: 'far fa-rectangle-barcode', options: [ 'fat fa-rectangle-barcode', 'fal fa-rectangle-barcode', 'far fa-rectangle-barcode', 'fas fa-rectangle-barcode', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-rectangle-barcode', keywords: 'info laser price scan upc rectangle barcode', }, { className: 'far fa-reel', options: [ 'fat fa-reel', 'fal fa-reel', 'far fa-reel', 'fas fa-reel', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-reel', keywords: 'needle sewing spool string thread wire reel', }, { className: 'far fa-scanner-gun', options: [ 'fat fa-scanner-gun', 'fal fa-scanner-gun', 'far fa-scanner-gun', 'fas fa-scanner-gun', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scanner-gun', keywords: 'barcode checkout gun inventory price upc warehouse scanner gun', }, { className: 'far fa-scanner-keyboard', options: [ 'fat fa-scanner-keyboard', 'fal fa-scanner-keyboard', 'far fa-scanner-keyboard', 'fas fa-scanner-keyboard', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scanner-keyboard', keywords: 'barcode checkout gun inventory price upc warehouse scanner keyboard', }, { className: 'far fa-scanner-touchscreen', options: [ 'fat fa-scanner-touchscreen', 'fal fa-scanner-touchscreen', 'far fa-scanner-touchscreen', 'fas fa-scanner-touchscreen', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scanner-touchscreen', keywords: 'barcode checkout gun inventory price upc warehouse scanner touchscreen', }, { className: 'far fa-shelves', options: [ 'fat fa-shelves', 'fal fa-shelves', 'far fa-shelves', 'fas fa-shelves', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shelves', keywords: 'archive box shipping warehouse shelves', }, { className: 'far fa-shelves-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-shelves-empty', 'fal fa-shelves-empty', 'far fa-shelves-empty', 'fas fa-shelves-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shelves-empty', keywords: 'bookshelf inventory stock shelves empty', }, { className: 'far fa-tablet-rugged', options: [ 'fat fa-tablet-rugged', 'fal fa-tablet-rugged', 'far fa-tablet-rugged', 'fas fa-tablet-rugged', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tablet-rugged', keywords: 'device durable protection screen tough tablet rugged', }, { className: 'far fa-truck', options: [ 'fat fa-truck', 'fal fa-truck', 'far fa-truck', 'fas fa-truck', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck', keywords: 'black truck cargo delivery delivery truck shipping truck vehicle truck', }, { className: 'far fa-truck-clock', options: [ 'fat fa-truck-clock', 'fal fa-truck-clock', 'far fa-truck-clock', 'fas fa-truck-clock', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck-clock', keywords: 'express fedex mail overnight package ups truck clock', }, { className: 'far fa-truck-container-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-truck-container-empty', 'fal fa-truck-container-empty', 'far fa-truck-container-empty', 'fas fa-truck-container-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck-container-empty', keywords: 'container flatbed shipping truck container-empty', }, { className: 'far fa-truck-fast', options: [ 'fat fa-truck-fast', 'fal fa-truck-fast', 'far fa-truck-fast', 'fas fa-truck-fast', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck-fast', keywords: 'express fedex mail overnight package ups truck fast', }, { className: 'far fa-truck-flatbed', options: [ 'fat fa-truck-flatbed', 'fal fa-truck-flatbed', 'far fa-truck-flatbed', 'fas fa-truck-flatbed', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck-flatbed', keywords: 'container flatbed shipping truck flatbed', }, { className: 'far fa-truck-front', options: [ 'fat fa-truck-front', 'fal fa-truck-front', 'far fa-truck-front', 'fas fa-truck-front', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck-front', keywords: 'shuttle truck van truck front', }, { className: 'far fa-user-helmet-safety', options: [ 'fat fa-user-helmet-safety', 'fal fa-user-helmet-safety', 'far fa-user-helmet-safety', 'fas fa-user-helmet-safety', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-helmet-safety', keywords: 'construction construction worker hardhat hat helmet safety worker user helmet-safety', }, { className: 'far fa-warehouse', options: [ 'fat fa-warehouse', 'fal fa-warehouse', 'far fa-warehouse', 'fas fa-warehouse', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-warehouse', keywords: 'building capacity garage inventory storage warehouse', }, { className: 'far fa-warehouse-full', options: [ 'fat fa-warehouse-full', 'fal fa-warehouse-full', 'far fa-warehouse-full', 'fas fa-warehouse-full', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-warehouse-full', keywords: 'building capacity garage inventory storage warehouse full', }, ], }, { id: 'maps', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_MAPS'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-anchor', options: [ 'fat fa-anchor', 'fal fa-anchor', 'far fa-anchor', 'fas fa-anchor', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-anchor', keywords: 'anchor berth boat dock embed link maritime moor secure ship tool anchor', }, { className: 'far fa-bag-shopping', options: [ 'fat fa-bag-shopping', 'fal fa-bag-shopping', 'far fa-bag-shopping', 'fas fa-bag-shopping', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bag-shopping', keywords: 'buy checkout grocery payment purchase bag shopping', }, { className: 'far fa-bags-shopping', options: [ 'fat fa-bags-shopping', 'fal fa-bags-shopping', 'far fa-bags-shopping', 'fas fa-bags-shopping', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bags-shopping', keywords: 'bag buy checkout hotel order shopping shopping bags store bags shopping', }, { className: 'far fa-ban-parking', options: [ 'fat fa-ban-parking', 'fal fa-ban-parking', 'far fa-ban-parking', 'fas fa-ban-parking', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-ban-parking', keywords: 'auto car garage meter ban parking', }, { className: 'far fa-bank', options: [ 'fat fa-bank', 'fal fa-bank', 'far fa-bank', 'fas fa-bank', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bank', keywords: 'bank building college higher education students institution bank', }, { className: 'far fa-basket-shopping', options: [ 'fat fa-basket-shopping', 'fal fa-basket-shopping', 'far fa-basket-shopping', 'fas fa-basket-shopping', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-basket-shopping', keywords: 'buy checkout grocery payment purchase basket shopping', }, { className: 'far fa-bath', options: [ 'fat fa-bath', 'fal fa-bath', 'far fa-bath', 'fas fa-bath', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bath', keywords: 'bath bathtub clean shower tub wash bath', }, { className: 'far fa-bed', options: [ 'fat fa-bed', 'fal fa-bed', 'far fa-bed', 'fas fa-bed', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bed', keywords: 'hotel lodging mattress person in bed rest sleep travel bed', }, { className: 'far fa-beer-mug-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-beer-mug-empty', 'fal fa-beer-mug-empty', 'far fa-beer-mug-empty', 'fas fa-beer-mug-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-beer-mug-empty', keywords: 'alcohol ale bar beverage brew brewery drink foam lager liquor mug stein beer mug-empty', }, { className: 'far fa-bell', options: [ 'fat fa-bell', 'fal fa-bell', 'far fa-bell', 'fas fa-bell', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bell', keywords: 'alarm alert bel bell chime notification reminder bell', }, { className: 'far fa-bell-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-bell-slash', 'fal fa-bell-slash', 'far fa-bell-slash', 'fas fa-bell-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bell-slash', keywords: 'alert bell bell with slash cancel disabled forbidden mute notification off quiet reminder silent bell slash', }, { className: 'far fa-bicycle', options: [ 'fat fa-bicycle', 'fal fa-bicycle', 'far fa-bicycle', 'fas fa-bicycle', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bicycle', keywords: 'bicycle bike gears pedal transportation vehicle bicycle', }, { className: 'far fa-binoculars', options: [ 'fat fa-binoculars', 'fal fa-binoculars', 'far fa-binoculars', 'fas fa-binoculars', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-binoculars', keywords: 'glasses magnify scenic spyglass view binoculars', }, { className: 'far fa-bomb', options: [ 'fat fa-bomb', 'fal fa-bomb', 'far fa-bomb', 'fas fa-bomb', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bomb', keywords: 'bomb comic error explode fuse grenade warning bomb', }, { className: 'far fa-book', options: [ 'fat fa-book', 'fal fa-book', 'far fa-book', 'fas fa-book', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-book', keywords: 'book cover decorated diary documentation journal library notebook notebook with decorative cover read research book', }, { className: 'far fa-book-atlas', options: [ 'fat fa-book-atlas', 'fal fa-book-atlas', 'far fa-book-atlas', 'fas fa-book-atlas', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-book-atlas', keywords: 'book directions geography globe library map research travel wayfinding book atlas', }, { className: 'far fa-bookmark', options: [ 'fat fa-bookmark', 'fal fa-bookmark', 'far fa-bookmark', 'fas fa-bookmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bookmark', keywords: 'bookmark favorite library mark marker read remember research save bookmark', }, { className: 'far fa-briefcase', options: [ 'fat fa-briefcase', 'fal fa-briefcase', 'far fa-briefcase', 'fas fa-briefcase', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-briefcase', keywords: 'bag briefcas briefcase business luggage office work briefcase', }, { className: 'far fa-building', options: [ 'fat fa-building', 'fal fa-building', 'far fa-building', 'fas fa-building', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-building', keywords: 'apartment building business city company office office building work building', }, { className: 'far fa-cake-candles', options: [ 'fat fa-cake-candles', 'fal fa-cake-candles', 'far fa-cake-candles', 'fas fa-cake-candles', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cake-candles', keywords: 'anniversary bakery birthday birthday cake cake candles celebration dessert frosting holiday party pastry sweet cake candles', }, { className: 'far fa-camera-cctv', options: [ 'fat fa-camera-cctv', 'fal fa-camera-cctv', 'far fa-camera-cctv', 'fas fa-camera-cctv', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-camera-cctv', keywords: '1984 big brother george orwell camera security surveillance video camera cctv', }, { className: 'far fa-car', options: [ 'fat fa-car', 'fal fa-car', 'far fa-car', 'fas fa-car', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-car', keywords: 'auto automobile car oncoming oncoming automobile sedan transportation travel vehicle car', }, { className: 'far fa-cart-shopping', options: [ 'fat fa-cart-shopping', 'fal fa-cart-shopping', 'far fa-cart-shopping', 'fas fa-cart-shopping', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cart-shopping', keywords: 'buy cart checkout grocery payment purchase shopping shopping cart trolley cart shopping', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-dollar', 'fal fa-circle-dollar', 'far fa-circle-dollar', 'fas fa-circle-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-dollar', keywords: '$ currency dollar sign money price usd circle-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-info', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-info', 'fal fa-circle-info', 'far fa-circle-info', 'fas fa-circle-info', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-info', keywords: 'details help information more support circle info', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-location-arrow', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-location-arrow', 'fal fa-circle-location-arrow', 'far fa-circle-location-arrow', 'fas fa-circle-location-arrow', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-location-arrow', keywords: 'address compass coordinate direction gps map navigation place circle location-arrow', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-parking', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-parking', 'fal fa-circle-parking', 'far fa-circle-parking', 'fas fa-circle-parking', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-parking', keywords: 'auto car garage meter circle parking', }, { className: 'far fa-compass-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-compass-slash', 'fal fa-compass-slash', 'far fa-compass-slash', 'fas fa-compass-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-compass-slash', keywords: 'directions directory location lost menu navigation safari travel compass slash', }, { className: 'far fa-crosshairs', options: [ 'fat fa-crosshairs', 'fal fa-crosshairs', 'far fa-crosshairs', 'fas fa-crosshairs', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-crosshairs', keywords: 'aim bullseye gpd picker position crosshairs', }, { className: 'far fa-diamond-turn-right', options: [ 'fat fa-diamond-turn-right', 'fal fa-diamond-turn-right', 'far fa-diamond-turn-right', 'fas fa-diamond-turn-right', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-diamond-turn-right', keywords: 'map navigation sign turn diamond turn-right', }, { className: 'far fa-do-not-enter', options: [ 'fat fa-do-not-enter', 'fal fa-do-not-enter', 'far fa-do-not-enter', 'fas fa-do-not-enter', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-do-not-enter', keywords: 'closed traffic warning do not-enter', }, { className: 'far fa-dollar-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-dollar-sign', 'fal fa-dollar-sign', 'far fa-dollar-sign', 'fas fa-dollar-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dollar-sign', keywords: 'dollar sign currency dollar heavy dollar sign money dollar sign', }, { className: 'far fa-draw-circle', options: [ 'fat fa-draw-circle', 'fal fa-draw-circle', 'far fa-draw-circle', 'fas fa-draw-circle', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-draw-circle', keywords: 'anchors lines object render shape draw circle', }, { className: 'far fa-draw-polygon', options: [ 'fat fa-draw-polygon', 'fal fa-draw-polygon', 'far fa-draw-polygon', 'fas fa-draw-polygon', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-draw-polygon', keywords: 'anchors lines object render shape draw polygon', }, { className: 'far fa-draw-square', options: [ 'fat fa-draw-square', 'fal fa-draw-square', 'far fa-draw-square', 'fas fa-draw-square', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-draw-square', keywords: 'anchors lines object render shape draw square', }, { className: 'far fa-droplet', options: [ 'fat fa-droplet', 'fal fa-droplet', 'far fa-droplet', 'fas fa-droplet', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-droplet', keywords: 'cold color comic drop droplet raindrop sweat waterdrop droplet', }, { className: 'far fa-eye', options: [ 'fat fa-eye', 'fal fa-eye', 'far fa-eye', 'fas fa-eye', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-eye', keywords: 'body eye look optic see seen show sight views visible eye', }, { className: 'far fa-eye-low-vision', options: [ 'fat fa-eye-low-vision', 'fal fa-eye-low-vision', 'far fa-eye-low-vision', 'fas fa-eye-low-vision', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-eye-low-vision', keywords: 'blind eye sight eye low-vision', }, { className: 'far fa-eye-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-eye-slash', 'fal fa-eye-slash', 'far fa-eye-slash', 'fas fa-eye-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-eye-slash', keywords: 'blind hide show toggle unseen views visible visiblity eye slash', }, { className: 'far fa-fire', options: [ 'fat fa-fire', 'fal fa-fire', 'far fa-fire', 'fas fa-fire', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fire', keywords: 'burn caliente fire flame heat hot popular tool fire', }, { className: 'far fa-fire-extinguisher', options: [ 'fat fa-fire-extinguisher', 'fal fa-fire-extinguisher', 'far fa-fire-extinguisher', 'fas fa-fire-extinguisher', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fire-extinguisher', keywords: 'burn caliente extinguish fire fire extinguisher fire fighter flame heat hot quench rescue fire extinguisher', }, { className: 'far fa-fire-flame-curved', options: [ 'fat fa-fire-flame-curved', 'fal fa-fire-flame-curved', 'far fa-fire-flame-curved', 'fas fa-fire-flame-curved', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fire-flame-curved', keywords: 'burn caliente flame heat hot popular fire flame-curved', }, { className: 'far fa-flag', options: [ 'fat fa-flag', 'fal fa-flag', 'far fa-flag', 'fas fa-flag', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-flag', keywords: 'black flag country notice notification notify pole report symbol waving flag', }, { className: 'far fa-flag-checkered', options: [ 'fat fa-flag-checkered', 'fal fa-flag-checkered', 'far fa-flag-checkered', 'fas fa-flag-checkered', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-flag-checkered', keywords: 'checkered chequered chequered flag notice notification notify pole racing report symbol flag checkered', }, { className: 'far fa-flask', options: [ 'fat fa-flask', 'fal fa-flask', 'far fa-flask', 'fas fa-flask', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-flask', keywords: 'beaker experimental labs science flask', }, { className: 'far fa-fork', options: [ 'fat fa-fork', 'fal fa-fork', 'far fa-fork', 'fas fa-fork', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fork', keywords: 'cutlery dining food fork silverware fork', }, { className: 'far fa-fork-knife', options: [ 'fat fa-fork-knife', 'fal fa-fork-knife', 'far fa-fork-knife', 'fas fa-fork-knife', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fork-knife', keywords: 'cutlery dining dinner eat food fork knife restaurant fork knife', }, { className: 'far fa-gamepad', options: [ 'fat fa-gamepad', 'fal fa-gamepad', 'far fa-gamepad', 'fas fa-gamepad', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-gamepad', keywords: 'arcade controller d pad joystick video video game gamepad', }, { className: 'far fa-gavel', options: [ 'fat fa-gavel', 'fal fa-gavel', 'far fa-gavel', 'fas fa-gavel', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-gavel', keywords: 'hammer judge law lawyer opinion gavel', }, { className: 'far fa-gift', options: [ 'fat fa-gift', 'fal fa-gift', 'far fa-gift', 'fas fa-gift', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-gift', keywords: 'box celebration christmas generosity gift giving holiday party present wrapped wrapped gift xmas gift', }, { className: 'far fa-globe', options: [ 'fat fa-globe', 'fal fa-globe', 'far fa-globe', 'fas fa-globe', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-globe', keywords: 'all coordinates country earth global globe globe with meridians gps language localize location map meridians network online place planet translate travel world globe', }, { className: 'far fa-graduation-cap', options: [ 'fat fa-graduation-cap', 'fal fa-graduation-cap', 'far fa-graduation-cap', 'fas fa-graduation-cap', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-graduation-cap', keywords: 'cap celebration ceremony clothing college graduate graduation graduation cap hat learning school student graduation cap', }, { className: 'far fa-heart', options: [ 'fat fa-heart', 'fal fa-heart', 'far fa-heart', 'fas fa-heart', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-heart', keywords: 'black black heart blue blue heart brown brown heart card evil favorite game green green heart heart heart suit like love orange orange heart purple purple heart red heart relationship valentine white white heart wicked yellow yellow heart heart', }, { className: 'far fa-heart-pulse', options: [ 'fat fa-heart-pulse', 'fal fa-heart-pulse', 'far fa-heart-pulse', 'fas fa-heart-pulse', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-heart-pulse', keywords: 'ekg electrocardiogram health lifeline vital signs heart pulse', }, { className: 'far fa-helicopter', options: [ 'fat fa-helicopter', 'fal fa-helicopter', 'far fa-helicopter', 'fas fa-helicopter', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-helicopter', keywords: 'airwolf apache chopper flight fly helicopter travel vehicle helicopter', }, { className: 'far fa-hospital', options: [ 'fat fa-hospital', 'fal fa-hospital', 'far fa-hospital', 'fas fa-hospital', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hospital', keywords: 'building covid 19 doctor emergency room hospital medical center medicine hospital', }, { className: 'far fa-house', options: [ 'fat fa-house', 'fal fa-house', 'far fa-house', 'fas fa-house', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house', keywords: 'abode building home house main residence house', }, { className: 'far fa-image', options: [ 'fat fa-image', 'fal fa-image', 'far fa-image', 'fas fa-image', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-image', keywords: 'album landscape photo picture image', }, { className: 'far fa-images', options: [ 'fat fa-images', 'fal fa-images', 'far fa-images', 'fas fa-images', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-images', keywords: 'album landscape photo picture images', }, { className: 'far fa-industry', options: [ 'fat fa-industry', 'fal fa-industry', 'far fa-industry', 'fas fa-industry', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-industry', keywords: 'building factory industrial manufacturing mill warehouse industry', }, { className: 'far fa-industry-windows', options: [ 'fat fa-industry-windows', 'fal fa-industry-windows', 'far fa-industry-windows', 'fas fa-industry-windows', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-industry-windows', keywords: 'building factory industrial manufacturing mill warehouse industry windows', }, { className: 'far fa-info', options: [ 'fat fa-info', 'fal fa-info', 'far fa-info', 'fas fa-info', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-info', keywords: 'details help information more support info', }, { className: 'far fa-jet-fighter', options: [ 'fat fa-jet-fighter', 'fal fa-jet-fighter', 'far fa-jet-fighter', 'fas fa-jet-fighter', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-jet-fighter', keywords: 'airplane fast fly goose maverick plane quick top gun transportation travel jet fighter', }, { className: 'far fa-key', options: [ 'fat fa-key', 'fal fa-key', 'far fa-key', 'fas fa-key', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-key', keywords: 'key lock password private secret unlock key', }, { className: 'far fa-knife', options: [ 'fat fa-knife', 'fal fa-knife', 'far fa-knife', 'fas fa-knife', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-knife', keywords: 'cut cutlery dining silverware tool knife', }, { className: 'far fa-landmark', options: [ 'fat fa-landmark', 'fal fa-landmark', 'far fa-landmark', 'fas fa-landmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-landmark', keywords: 'building classical classical building historic memorable monument politics landmark', }, { className: 'far fa-layer-group', options: [ 'fat fa-layer-group', 'fal fa-layer-group', 'far fa-layer-group', 'fas fa-layer-group', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-layer-group', keywords: 'arrange develop layers map stack layer group', }, { className: 'far fa-layer-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-layer-minus', 'fal fa-layer-minus', 'far fa-layer-minus', 'fas fa-layer-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-layer-minus', keywords: 'arrange delete layers negative remove stack layer minus', }, { className: 'far fa-layer-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-layer-plus', 'fal fa-layer-plus', 'far fa-layer-plus', 'fas fa-layer-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-layer-plus', keywords: 'add arrange create layers new positive stack layer plus', }, { className: 'far fa-leaf', options: [ 'fat fa-leaf', 'fal fa-leaf', 'far fa-leaf', 'fas fa-leaf', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-leaf', keywords: 'eco flora nature plant vegan leaf', }, { className: 'far fa-lemon', options: [ 'fat fa-lemon', 'fal fa-lemon', 'far fa-lemon', 'fas fa-lemon', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lemon', keywords: 'citrus fruit lemon lemonade lime tart lemon', }, { className: 'far fa-life-ring', options: [ 'fat fa-life-ring', 'fal fa-life-ring', 'far fa-life-ring', 'fas fa-life-ring', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-life-ring', keywords: 'coast guard help overboard save support life ring', }, { className: 'far fa-lightbulb', options: [ 'fat fa-lightbulb', 'fal fa-lightbulb', 'far fa-lightbulb', 'fas fa-lightbulb', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lightbulb', keywords: 'bulb comic electric energy idea inspiration light light bulb lightbulb', }, { className: 'far fa-location-arrow', options: [ 'fat fa-location-arrow', 'fal fa-location-arrow', 'far fa-location-arrow', 'fas fa-location-arrow', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-arrow', keywords: 'address compass coordinate direction gps map navigation place location arrow', }, { className: 'far fa-location-check', options: [ 'fat fa-location-check', 'fal fa-location-check', 'far fa-location-check', 'fas fa-location-check', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-check', keywords: 'agree coordinates destination location map navigation pin place select success tick todo location check', }, { className: 'far fa-location-crosshairs', options: [ 'fat fa-location-crosshairs', 'fal fa-location-crosshairs', 'far fa-location-crosshairs', 'fas fa-location-crosshairs', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-crosshairs', keywords: 'address coordinate direction gps location map navigation place where location crosshairs', }, { className: 'far fa-location-crosshairs-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-location-crosshairs-slash', 'fal fa-location-crosshairs-slash', 'far fa-location-crosshairs-slash', 'fas fa-location-crosshairs-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-crosshairs-slash', keywords: 'address coordinate direction gps map navigation place where location crosshairs-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-location-dot', options: [ 'fat fa-location-dot', 'fal fa-location-dot', 'far fa-location-dot', 'fas fa-location-dot', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-dot', keywords: 'address coordinates destination gps localize location map navigation paper pin place point of interest position route travel location dot', }, { className: 'far fa-location-dot-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-location-dot-slash', 'fal fa-location-dot-slash', 'far fa-location-dot-slash', 'fas fa-location-dot-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-dot-slash', keywords: 'address coordinates destination gps localize location map navigation paper pin place point of interest position route travel location dot-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-location-exclamation', options: [ 'fat fa-location-exclamation', 'fal fa-location-exclamation', 'far fa-location-exclamation', 'fas fa-location-exclamation', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-exclamation', keywords: 'agree alert coordinates destination important location map navigation pin place location exclamation', }, { className: 'far fa-location-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-location-minus', 'fal fa-location-minus', 'far fa-location-minus', 'fas fa-location-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-minus', keywords: 'agree coordinates delete destination location map navigation negative pin place remove location minus', }, { className: 'far fa-location-pen', options: [ 'fat fa-location-pen', 'fal fa-location-pen', 'far fa-location-pen', 'fas fa-location-pen', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-pen', keywords: 'agree coordinates destination edit location map navigation pen pencil pin place update write location pen', }, { className: 'far fa-location-pin', options: [ 'fat fa-location-pin', 'fal fa-location-pin', 'far fa-location-pin', 'fas fa-location-pin', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-pin', keywords: 'address coordinates destination gps localize location map navigation paper pin place point of interest position route travel location pin', }, { className: 'far fa-location-pin-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-location-pin-slash', 'fal fa-location-pin-slash', 'far fa-location-pin-slash', 'fas fa-location-pin-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-pin-slash', keywords: 'agree cancel coordinates destination location map missing navigation pin place location pin-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-location-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-location-plus', 'fal fa-location-plus', 'far fa-location-plus', 'fas fa-location-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-plus', keywords: 'add agree coordinates create destination location map navigation new pin place positive location plus', }, { className: 'far fa-location-question', options: [ 'fat fa-location-question', 'fal fa-location-question', 'far fa-location-question', 'fas fa-location-question', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-question', keywords: 'agree coordinates destination help info location map navigation pin place support location question', }, { className: 'far fa-location-smile', options: [ 'fat fa-location-smile', 'fal fa-location-smile', 'far fa-location-smile', 'fas fa-location-smile', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-smile', keywords: 'agree coordinates destination emoji happy location map navigation pin place success location smile', }, { className: 'far fa-location-xmark', options: [ 'fat fa-location-xmark', 'fal fa-location-xmark', 'far fa-location-xmark', 'fas fa-location-xmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-location-xmark', keywords: 'agree archive coordinates delete destination location map navigation pin place remove x location xmark', }, { className: 'far fa-magnet', options: [ 'fat fa-magnet', 'fal fa-magnet', 'far fa-magnet', 'fas fa-magnet', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-magnet', keywords: 'attract attraction horseshoe lodestone magnet magnetic tool magnet', }, { className: 'far fa-magnifying-glass', options: [ 'fat fa-magnifying-glass', 'fal fa-magnifying-glass', 'far fa-magnifying-glass', 'fas fa-magnifying-glass', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-magnifying-glass', keywords: 'bigger enlarge find glass magnify magnifying magnifying glass tilted left preview search tool zoom magnifying glass', }, { className: 'far fa-magnifying-glass-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-magnifying-glass-minus', 'fal fa-magnifying-glass-minus', 'far fa-magnifying-glass-minus', 'fas fa-magnifying-glass-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-magnifying-glass-minus', keywords: 'minify negative smaller zoom zoom out magnifying glass-minus', }, { className: 'far fa-magnifying-glass-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-magnifying-glass-plus', 'fal fa-magnifying-glass-plus', 'far fa-magnifying-glass-plus', 'fas fa-magnifying-glass-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-magnifying-glass-plus', keywords: 'bigger enlarge magnify positive zoom zoom in magnifying glass-plus', }, { className: 'far fa-map', options: [ 'fat fa-map', 'fal fa-map', 'far fa-map', 'fas fa-map', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-map', keywords: 'address coordinates destination gps localize location map navigation paper pin place point of interest position route travel world world map map', }, { className: 'far fa-map-pin', options: [ 'fat fa-map-pin', 'fal fa-map-pin', 'far fa-map-pin', 'fas fa-map-pin', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-map-pin', keywords: 'address agree coordinates destination gps localize location map marker navigation pin place position pushpin round pushpin travel map pin', }, { className: 'far fa-martini-glass-empty', options: [ 'fat fa-martini-glass-empty', 'fal fa-martini-glass-empty', 'far fa-martini-glass-empty', 'fas fa-martini-glass-empty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-martini-glass-empty', keywords: 'alcohol bar beverage drink liquor martini glass-empty', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bill', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bill', 'fal fa-money-bill', 'far fa-money-bill', 'fas fa-money-bill', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bill', keywords: 'buy cash checkout money payment price purchase money bill', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bill-1', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bill-1', 'fal fa-money-bill-1', 'far fa-money-bill-1', 'fas fa-money-bill-1', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bill-1', keywords: 'buy cash checkout money payment price purchase money bill-1', }, { className: 'far fa-motorcycle', options: [ 'fat fa-motorcycle', 'fal fa-motorcycle', 'far fa-motorcycle', 'fas fa-motorcycle', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-motorcycle', keywords: 'bike machine motorcycle racing transportation vehicle motorcycle', }, { className: 'far fa-mug-saucer', options: [ 'fat fa-mug-saucer', 'fal fa-mug-saucer', 'far fa-mug-saucer', 'fas fa-mug-saucer', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-mug-saucer', keywords: 'beverage breakfast cafe drink fall morning mug seasonal tea mug saucer', }, { className: 'far fa-music', options: [ 'fat fa-music', 'fal fa-music', 'far fa-music', 'fas fa-music', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-music', keywords: 'lyrics melody music musical note note sing sound music', }, { className: 'far fa-newspaper', options: [ 'fat fa-newspaper', 'fal fa-newspaper', 'far fa-newspaper', 'fas fa-newspaper', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-newspaper', keywords: 'article editorial headline journal journalism news newspaper paper press newspaper', }, { className: 'far fa-paw', options: [ 'fat fa-paw', 'fal fa-paw', 'far fa-paw', 'fas fa-paw', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-paw', keywords: 'animal cat dog pet print paw', }, { className: 'far fa-person', options: [ 'fat fa-person', 'fal fa-person', 'far fa-person', 'fas fa-person', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-person', keywords: 'man person standing stand standing woman person', }, { className: 'far fa-person-walking-with-cane', options: [ 'fat fa-person-walking-with-cane', 'fal fa-person-walking-with-cane', 'far fa-person-walking-with-cane', 'fas fa-person-walking-with-cane', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-person-walking-with-cane', keywords: 'blind cane person walking-with-cane', }, { className: 'far fa-phone', options: [ 'fat fa-phone', 'fal fa-phone', 'far fa-phone', 'fas fa-phone', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-phone', keywords: 'left hand telephone receiver call earphone number phone receiver support telephone telephone receiver voice phone', }, { className: 'far fa-phone-flip', options: [ 'fat fa-phone-flip', 'fal fa-phone-flip', 'far fa-phone-flip', 'fas fa-phone-flip', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-phone-flip', keywords: 'right hand telephone receiver call earphone number support telephone voice phone flip', }, { className: 'far fa-phone-volume', options: [ 'fat fa-phone-volume', 'fal fa-phone-volume', 'far fa-phone-volume', 'fas fa-phone-volume', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-phone-volume', keywords: 'call earphone number sound support telephone voice volume control-phone phone-volume', }, { className: 'far fa-plane', options: [ 'fat fa-plane', 'fal fa-plane', 'far fa-plane', 'fas fa-plane', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plane', keywords: 'airplane airport destination fly location mode travel trip plane', }, { className: 'far fa-plane-engines', options: [ 'fat fa-plane-engines', 'fal fa-plane-engines', 'far fa-plane-engines', 'fas fa-plane-engines', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plane-engines', keywords: 'aeroplane airplane airport destination fly location mode travel trip plane engines', }, { className: 'far fa-plug', options: [ 'fat fa-plug', 'fal fa-plug', 'far fa-plug', 'fas fa-plug', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plug', keywords: 'connect electric electric plug electricity online plug power plug', }, { className: 'far fa-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-plus', 'fal fa-plus', 'far fa-plus', 'fas fa-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plus', keywords: '0 plus sign add create expand math new plus positive shape sign plus', }, { className: 'far fa-print', options: [ 'fat fa-print', 'fal fa-print', 'far fa-print', 'fas fa-print', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-print', keywords: 'print screen symbol printer icon business computer copy document office paper printer print', }, { className: 'far fa-recycle', options: [ 'fat fa-recycle', 'fal fa-recycle', 'far fa-recycle', 'fas fa-recycle', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-recycle', keywords: 'recycling symbol for generic materials universal recycling symbol waste compost garbage recycle recycling symbol reuse trash recycle', }, { className: 'far fa-restroom', options: [ 'fat fa-restroom', 'fal fa-restroom', 'far fa-restroom', 'fas fa-restroom', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-restroom', keywords: 'bathroom toilet water closet wc restroom', }, { className: 'far fa-road', options: [ 'fat fa-road', 'fal fa-road', 'far fa-road', 'fas fa-road', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-road', keywords: 'highway map motorway pavement road route street travel road', }, { className: 'far fa-rocket', options: [ 'fat fa-rocket', 'fal fa-rocket', 'far fa-rocket', 'fas fa-rocket', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-rocket', keywords: 'aircraft app jet launch nasa space rocket', }, { className: 'far fa-route', options: [ 'fat fa-route', 'fal fa-route', 'far fa-route', 'fas fa-route', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-route', keywords: 'directions navigation travel route', }, { className: 'far fa-route-highway', options: [ 'fat fa-route-highway', 'fal fa-route-highway', 'far fa-route-highway', 'fas fa-route-highway', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-route-highway', keywords: 'directions highway interstate navigation sign travel route highway', }, { className: 'far fa-route-interstate', options: [ 'fat fa-route-interstate', 'fal fa-route-interstate', 'far fa-route-interstate', 'fas fa-route-interstate', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-route-interstate', keywords: 'directions highway interstate navigation sign travel route interstate', }, { className: 'far fa-scale-balanced', options: [ 'fat fa-scale-balanced', 'fal fa-scale-balanced', 'far fa-scale-balanced', 'fas fa-scale-balanced', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scale-balanced', keywords: 'libra balance balance scale balanced justice legal measure scale weight zodiac scale balanced', }, { className: 'far fa-scale-unbalanced', options: [ 'fat fa-scale-unbalanced', 'fal fa-scale-unbalanced', 'far fa-scale-unbalanced', 'fas fa-scale-unbalanced', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scale-unbalanced', keywords: 'justice legal measure unbalanced weight scale unbalanced', }, { className: 'far fa-scale-unbalanced-flip', options: [ 'fat fa-scale-unbalanced-flip', 'fal fa-scale-unbalanced-flip', 'far fa-scale-unbalanced-flip', 'fas fa-scale-unbalanced-flip', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scale-unbalanced-flip', keywords: 'justice legal measure unbalanced weight scale unbalanced-flip', }, { className: 'far fa-ship', options: [ 'fat fa-ship', 'fal fa-ship', 'far fa-ship', 'fas fa-ship', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-ship', keywords: 'boat passenger sea ship water ship', }, { className: 'far fa-shoe-prints', options: [ 'fat fa-shoe-prints', 'fal fa-shoe-prints', 'far fa-shoe-prints', 'fas fa-shoe-prints', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shoe-prints', keywords: 'feet footprints steps walk shoe prints', }, { className: 'far fa-shower', options: [ 'fat fa-shower', 'fal fa-shower', 'far fa-shower', 'fas fa-shower', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shower', keywords: 'bath clean faucet shower water shower', }, { className: 'far fa-signs-post', options: [ 'fat fa-signs-post', 'fal fa-signs-post', 'far fa-signs-post', 'fas fa-signs-post', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-signs-post', keywords: 'directions directory map signage wayfinding signs post', }, { className: 'far fa-skull-cow', options: [ 'fat fa-skull-cow', 'fal fa-skull-cow', 'far fa-skull-cow', 'fas fa-skull-cow', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-skull-cow', keywords: 'barren cowboy dead desert horns old west skeleton western skull cow', }, { className: 'far fa-snowplow', options: [ 'fat fa-snowplow', 'fal fa-snowplow', 'far fa-snowplow', 'fas fa-snowplow', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-snowplow', keywords: 'clean up cold road storm winter snowplow', }, { className: 'far fa-spoon', options: [ 'fat fa-spoon', 'fal fa-spoon', 'far fa-spoon', 'fas fa-spoon', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-spoon', keywords: 'cutlery dining scoop silverware spoon tableware spoon', }, { className: 'far fa-square-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-square-dollar', 'fal fa-square-dollar', 'far fa-square-dollar', 'fas fa-square-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-dollar', keywords: '$ dollar sign money price usd square-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-square-h', options: [ 'fat fa-square-h', 'fal fa-square-h', 'far fa-square-h', 'fas fa-square-h', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-h', keywords: 'directions emergency hospital hotel letter map square h', }, { className: 'far fa-square-info', options: [ 'fat fa-square-info', 'fal fa-square-info', 'far fa-square-info', 'fas fa-square-info', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-info', keywords: 'details help information more support square info', }, { className: 'far fa-square-parking', options: [ 'fat fa-square-parking', 'fal fa-square-parking', 'far fa-square-parking', 'fas fa-square-parking', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-parking', keywords: 'auto car garage meter parking square parking', }, { className: 'far fa-square-parking-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-square-parking-slash', 'fal fa-square-parking-slash', 'far fa-square-parking-slash', 'fas fa-square-parking-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-parking-slash', keywords: 'auto car garage meter square parking-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-square-phone', options: [ 'fat fa-square-phone', 'fal fa-square-phone', 'far fa-square-phone', 'fas fa-square-phone', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-phone', keywords: 'call earphone number support telephone voice square phone', }, { className: 'far fa-square-phone-flip', options: [ 'fat fa-square-phone-flip', 'fal fa-square-phone-flip', 'far fa-square-phone-flip', 'fas fa-square-phone-flip', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-phone-flip', keywords: 'call earphone number support telephone voice square phone-flip', }, { className: 'far fa-square-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-square-plus', 'fal fa-square-plus', 'far fa-square-plus', 'fas fa-square-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-plus', keywords: 'add create expand new positive shape square plus', }, { className: 'far fa-street-view', options: [ 'fat fa-street-view', 'fal fa-street-view', 'far fa-street-view', 'fas fa-street-view', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-street-view', keywords: 'directions location map navigation street view', }, { className: 'far fa-suitcase', options: [ 'fat fa-suitcase', 'fal fa-suitcase', 'far fa-suitcase', 'fas fa-suitcase', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-suitcase', keywords: 'baggage luggage move packing suitcase travel trip suitcase', }, { className: 'far fa-suitcase-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-suitcase-medical', 'fal fa-suitcase-medical', 'far fa-suitcase-medical', 'fas fa-suitcase-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-suitcase-medical', keywords: 'first aid firstaid health help support suitcase medical', }, { className: 'far fa-tag', options: [ 'fat fa-tag', 'fal fa-tag', 'far fa-tag', 'fas fa-tag', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tag', keywords: 'discount labe label price shopping tag', }, { className: 'far fa-tags', options: [ 'fat fa-tags', 'fal fa-tags', 'far fa-tags', 'fas fa-tags', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tags', keywords: 'discount label price shopping tags', }, { className: 'far fa-taxi', options: [ 'fat fa-taxi', 'fal fa-taxi', 'far fa-taxi', 'fas fa-taxi', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-taxi', keywords: 'cab cabbie car car service lyft machine oncoming oncoming taxi taxi transportation travel uber vehicle taxi', }, { className: 'far fa-thumbtack', options: [ 'fat fa-thumbtack', 'fal fa-thumbtack', 'far fa-thumbtack', 'fas fa-thumbtack', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-thumbtack', keywords: 'black pushpin coordinates location marker pin pushpin thumb tack thumbtack', }, { className: 'far fa-ticket', options: [ 'fat fa-ticket', 'fal fa-ticket', 'far fa-ticket', 'fas fa-ticket', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-ticket', keywords: 'admission admission tickets movie pass support ticket ticket', }, { className: 'far fa-ticket-simple', options: [ 'fat fa-ticket-simple', 'fal fa-ticket-simple', 'far fa-ticket-simple', 'fas fa-ticket-simple', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-ticket-simple', keywords: 'movie pass support ticket ticket simple', }, { className: 'far fa-traffic-cone', options: [ 'fat fa-traffic-cone', 'fal fa-traffic-cone', 'far fa-traffic-cone', 'fas fa-traffic-cone', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-traffic-cone', keywords: 'alert construction road traffic cone', }, { className: 'far fa-traffic-light', options: [ 'fat fa-traffic-light', 'fal fa-traffic-light', 'far fa-traffic-light', 'fas fa-traffic-light', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-traffic-light', keywords: 'direction light road signal traffic travel vertical traffic light traffic light', }, { className: 'far fa-traffic-light-go', options: [ 'fat fa-traffic-light-go', 'fal fa-traffic-light-go', 'far fa-traffic-light-go', 'fas fa-traffic-light-go', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-traffic-light-go', keywords: 'direction green road signal travel traffic light-go', }, { className: 'far fa-traffic-light-slow', options: [ 'fat fa-traffic-light-slow', 'fal fa-traffic-light-slow', 'far fa-traffic-light-slow', 'fas fa-traffic-light-slow', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-traffic-light-slow', keywords: 'direction road signal travel yellow traffic light-slow', }, { className: 'far fa-traffic-light-stop', options: [ 'fat fa-traffic-light-stop', 'fal fa-traffic-light-stop', 'far fa-traffic-light-stop', 'fas fa-traffic-light-stop', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-traffic-light-stop', keywords: 'direction red road signal travel traffic light-stop', }, { className: 'far fa-train', options: [ 'fat fa-train', 'fal fa-train', 'far fa-train', 'fas fa-train', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-train', keywords: 'bullet commute locomotive railway subway train train', }, { className: 'far fa-train-subway', options: [ 'fat fa-train-subway', 'fal fa-train-subway', 'far fa-train-subway', 'fas fa-train-subway', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-train-subway', keywords: 'machine railway train transportation vehicle train subway', }, { className: 'far fa-train-track', options: [ 'fat fa-train-track', 'fal fa-train-track', 'far fa-train-track', 'fas fa-train-track', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-train-track', keywords: 'rail railroad tracks train train track', }, { className: 'far fa-train-tram', options: [ 'fat fa-train-tram', 'fal fa-train-tram', 'far fa-train-tram', 'fas fa-train-tram', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-train-tram', keywords: 'crossing machine mountains seasonal tram transportation trolleybus train tram', }, { className: 'far fa-tree', options: [ 'fat fa-tree', 'fal fa-tree', 'far fa-tree', 'fas fa-tree', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tree', keywords: 'bark evergreen tree fall flora forest nature plant seasonal tree tree', }, { className: 'far fa-tree-deciduous', options: [ 'fat fa-tree-deciduous', 'fal fa-tree-deciduous', 'far fa-tree-deciduous', 'fas fa-tree-deciduous', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tree-deciduous', keywords: 'bark deciduous deciduous tree fall flora forest nature plant seasonal shedding tree tree deciduous', }, { className: 'far fa-trophy', options: [ 'fat fa-trophy', 'fal fa-trophy', 'far fa-trophy', 'fas fa-trophy', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-trophy', keywords: 'achievement award cup game prize trophy winner trophy', }, { className: 'far fa-trophy-star', options: [ 'fat fa-trophy-star', 'fal fa-trophy-star', 'far fa-trophy-star', 'fas fa-trophy-star', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-trophy-star', keywords: 'achievement award cup game star winner trophy star', }, { className: 'far fa-truck', options: [ 'fat fa-truck', 'fal fa-truck', 'far fa-truck', 'fas fa-truck', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck', keywords: 'black truck cargo delivery delivery truck shipping truck vehicle truck', }, { className: 'far fa-truck-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-truck-medical', 'fal fa-truck-medical', 'far fa-truck-medical', 'fas fa-truck-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck-medical', keywords: 'ambulance covid 19 emergency emt er help hospital support vehicle truck-medical', }, { className: 'far fa-truck-plow', options: [ 'fat fa-truck-plow', 'fal fa-truck-plow', 'far fa-truck-plow', 'fas fa-truck-plow', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck-plow', keywords: 'clean up cold seasonal snow winter truck plow', }, { className: 'far fa-tty', options: [ 'fat fa-tty', 'fal fa-tty', 'far fa-tty', 'fas fa-tty', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tty', keywords: 'communication deaf telephone teletypewriter text tty', }, { className: 'far fa-umbrella', options: [ 'fat fa-umbrella', 'fal fa-umbrella', 'far fa-umbrella', 'fas fa-umbrella', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-umbrella', keywords: 'protection rain storm wet umbrella', }, { className: 'far fa-utensils', options: [ 'fat fa-utensils', 'fal fa-utensils', 'far fa-utensils', 'fas fa-utensils', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-utensils', keywords: 'cooking cutlery dining dinner eat food fork fork and knife knife restaurant utensils', }, { className: 'far fa-vest', options: [ 'fat fa-vest', 'fal fa-vest', 'far fa-vest', 'fas fa-vest', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-vest', keywords: 'biker fashion style vest', }, { className: 'far fa-vest-patches', options: [ 'fat fa-vest-patches', 'fal fa-vest-patches', 'far fa-vest-patches', 'fas fa-vest-patches', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-vest-patches', keywords: 'biker fashion style vest patches', }, { className: 'far fa-wheelchair', options: [ 'fat fa-wheelchair', 'fal fa-wheelchair', 'far fa-wheelchair', 'fas fa-wheelchair', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wheelchair', keywords: 'users people wheelchair', }, { className: 'far fa-wheelchair-move', options: [ 'fat fa-wheelchair-move', 'fal fa-wheelchair-move', 'far fa-wheelchair-move', 'fas fa-wheelchair-move', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wheelchair-move', keywords: 'access users people wheelchair symbol wheelchair-move', }, { className: 'far fa-wifi', options: [ 'fat fa-wifi', 'fal fa-wifi', 'far fa-wifi', 'fas fa-wifi', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wifi', keywords: 'connection hotspot internet network wireless wifi', }, { className: 'far fa-wine-glass', options: [ 'fat fa-wine-glass', 'fal fa-wine-glass', 'far fa-wine-glass', 'fas fa-wine-glass', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wine-glass', keywords: 'alcohol bar beverage cabernet drink glass grapes merlot sauvignon wine wine glass wine glass', }, { className: 'far fa-wrench', options: [ 'fat fa-wrench', 'fal fa-wrench', 'far fa-wrench', 'fas fa-wrench', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wrench', keywords: 'construction fix mechanic plumbing settings spanner tool update wrench wrench', }, ], }, { id: 'maritime', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_MARITIME'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-anchor', options: [ 'fat fa-anchor', 'fal fa-anchor', 'far fa-anchor', 'fas fa-anchor', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-anchor', keywords: 'anchor berth boat dock embed link maritime moor secure ship tool anchor', }, { className: 'far fa-crab', options: [ 'fat fa-crab', 'fal fa-crab', 'far fa-crab', 'fas fa-crab', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-crab', keywords: 'cancer claws crabmeat crustacean seafood shellfish zodiac crab', }, { className: 'far fa-dolphin', options: [ 'fat fa-dolphin', 'fal fa-dolphin', 'far fa-dolphin', 'fas fa-dolphin', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dolphin', keywords: 'aquarium dolphin fish flipper mammal marine maritime porpoise dolphin', }, { className: 'far fa-duck', options: [ 'fat fa-duck', 'fal fa-duck', 'far fa-duck', 'fas fa-duck', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-duck', keywords: 'bath bird duck fauna quack rubber duck', }, { className: 'far fa-fish', options: [ 'fat fa-fish', 'fal fa-fish', 'far fa-fish', 'fas fa-fish', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fish', keywords: 'pisces fauna fish gold seafood swimming zodiac fish', }, { className: 'far fa-fish-bones', options: [ 'fat fa-fish-bones', 'fal fa-fish-bones', 'far fa-fish-bones', 'fas fa-fish-bones', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fish-bones', keywords: 'dead fish skeleton fish bones', }, { className: 'far fa-fish-cooked', options: [ 'fat fa-fish-cooked', 'fal fa-fish-cooked', 'far fa-fish-cooked', 'fas fa-fish-cooked', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fish-cooked', keywords: 'grilled health salmon seafood tuna fish cooked', }, { className: 'far fa-fishing-rod', options: [ 'fat fa-fishing-rod', 'fal fa-fishing-rod', 'far fa-fishing-rod', 'fas fa-fishing-rod', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fishing-rod', keywords: 'bait cast fish fishing pole pole fishing rod', }, { className: 'far fa-lobster', options: [ 'fat fa-lobster', 'fal fa-lobster', 'far fa-lobster', 'fas fa-lobster', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lobster', keywords: 'bisque claes crustacean lobster seafood shellfish lobster', }, { className: 'far fa-narwhal', options: [ 'fat fa-narwhal', 'fal fa-narwhal', 'far fa-narwhal', 'fas fa-narwhal', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-narwhal', keywords: 'animal fauna holiday ivory mammal tusk unicorn whale narwhal', }, { className: 'far fa-person-swimming', options: [ 'fat fa-person-swimming', 'fal fa-person-swimming', 'far fa-person-swimming', 'fas fa-person-swimming', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-person-swimming', keywords: 'ocean person swimming pool sea swim water person swimming', }, { className: 'far fa-sailboat', options: [ 'fat fa-sailboat', 'fal fa-sailboat', 'far fa-sailboat', 'fas fa-sailboat', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sailboat', keywords: 'dinghy mast sailboat sailing yacht sailboat', }, { className: 'far fa-ship', options: [ 'fat fa-ship', 'fal fa-ship', 'far fa-ship', 'fas fa-ship', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-ship', keywords: 'boat passenger sea ship water ship', }, { className: 'far fa-squid', options: [ 'fat fa-squid', 'fal fa-squid', 'far fa-squid', 'fas fa-squid', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-squid', keywords: 'calamari ink marine ocean squid squid', }, { className: 'far fa-water', options: [ 'fat fa-water', 'fal fa-water', 'far fa-water', 'fas fa-water', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-water', keywords: 'lake liquid ocean sea swim wet water', }, { className: 'far fa-water-arrow-down', options: [ 'fat fa-water-arrow-down', 'fal fa-water-arrow-down', 'far fa-water-arrow-down', 'fas fa-water-arrow-down', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-water-arrow-down', keywords: 'flood lake liquid ocean recede sea swim wet water arrow-down', }, { className: 'far fa-water-arrow-up', options: [ 'fat fa-water-arrow-up', 'fal fa-water-arrow-up', 'far fa-water-arrow-up', 'fas fa-water-arrow-up', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-water-arrow-up', keywords: 'flood lake liquid ocean sea swim wet water arrow-up', }, { className: 'far fa-whale', options: [ 'fat fa-whale', 'fal fa-whale', 'far fa-whale', 'fas fa-whale', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-whale', keywords: 'fauna mammal swimming whal whale whale', }, ], }, { id: 'marketing', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_MARKETING'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-badge', options: [ 'fat fa-badge', 'fal fa-badge', 'far fa-badge', 'fas fa-badge', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-badge', keywords: 'discount meatball verified verify badge', }, { className: 'far fa-badge-check', options: [ 'fat fa-badge-check', 'fal fa-badge-check', 'far fa-badge-check', 'fas fa-badge-check', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-badge-check', keywords: 'accept achievement agree award confirm correct done ok security select success verified verify winner yes badge check', }, { className: 'far fa-badge-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-badge-dollar', 'fal fa-badge-dollar', 'far fa-badge-dollar', 'fas fa-badge-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-badge-dollar', keywords: 'deal discount money save usd badge dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-badge-percent', options: [ 'fat fa-badge-percent', 'fal fa-badge-percent', 'far fa-badge-percent', 'fas fa-badge-percent', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-badge-percent', keywords: 'deal discount money save usd badge percent', }, { className: 'far fa-block-question', options: [ 'fat fa-block-question', 'fal fa-block-question', 'far fa-block-question', 'fas fa-block-question', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-block-question', keywords: 'block brick mystery prize question super mario block question', }, { className: 'far fa-bullhorn', options: [ 'fat fa-bullhorn', 'fal fa-bullhorn', 'far fa-bullhorn', 'fas fa-bullhorn', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bullhorn', keywords: 'bullhorn announcement broadcast loud louder loudspeaker megaphone public address share bullhorn', }, { className: 'far fa-bullseye', options: [ 'fat fa-bullseye', 'fal fa-bullseye', 'far fa-bullseye', 'fas fa-bullseye', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bullseye', keywords: 'archery goal objective target bullseye', }, { className: 'far fa-bullseye-arrow', options: [ 'fat fa-bullseye-arrow', 'fal fa-bullseye-arrow', 'far fa-bullseye-arrow', 'fas fa-bullseye-arrow', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bullseye-arrow', keywords: 'archery arrow bullseye dart direct hit game goal hit objective robin hood target bullseye arrow', }, { className: 'far fa-bullseye-pointer', options: [ 'fat fa-bullseye-pointer', 'fal fa-bullseye-pointer', 'far fa-bullseye-pointer', 'fas fa-bullseye-pointer', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bullseye-pointer', keywords: 'archery goal objective target bullseye pointer', }, { className: 'far fa-chart-mixed', options: [ 'fat fa-chart-mixed', 'fal fa-chart-mixed', 'far fa-chart-mixed', 'fas fa-chart-mixed', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chart-mixed', keywords: 'chart measure roi tracking trend chart mixed', }, { className: 'far fa-comment-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-comment-dollar', 'fal fa-comment-dollar', 'far fa-comment-dollar', 'fas fa-comment-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-comment-dollar', keywords: 'bubble chat commenting conversation feedback message money note notification pay sms speech spend texting transfer comment dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-comments-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-comments-dollar', 'fal fa-comments-dollar', 'far fa-comments-dollar', 'fas fa-comments-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-comments-dollar', keywords: 'bubble chat commenting conversation feedback message money note notification pay sms speech spend texting transfer comments dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-envelope-open-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-envelope-open-dollar', 'fal fa-envelope-open-dollar', 'far fa-envelope-open-dollar', 'fas fa-envelope-open-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-envelope-open-dollar', keywords: 'e mail email letter mail message money notification pay transfer envelope-open-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-envelope-open-text', options: [ 'fat fa-envelope-open-text', 'fal fa-envelope-open-text', 'far fa-envelope-open-text', 'fas fa-envelope-open-text', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-envelope-open-text', keywords: 'e mail email letter mail message notification support envelope-open-text', }, { className: 'far fa-envelopes-bulk', options: [ 'fat fa-envelopes-bulk', 'fal fa-envelopes-bulk', 'far fa-envelopes-bulk', 'fas fa-envelopes-bulk', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-envelopes-bulk', keywords: 'archive envelope letter post office postal postcard send stamp usps envelopes bulk', }, { className: 'far fa-filter-circle-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-filter-circle-dollar', 'fal fa-filter-circle-dollar', 'far fa-filter-circle-dollar', 'fas fa-filter-circle-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-filter-circle-dollar', keywords: 'filter money options separate sort filter circle-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-gift-card', options: [ 'fat fa-gift-card', 'fal fa-gift-card', 'far fa-gift-card', 'fas fa-gift-card', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-gift-card', keywords: 'christmas generosity giving holiday money party present wrapped xmas gift card', }, { className: 'far fa-hundred-points', options: [ 'fat fa-hundred-points', 'fal fa-hundred-points', 'far fa-hundred-points', 'fas fa-hundred-points', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hundred-points', keywords: '100 agree one hundred percent perfect score win hundred points', }, { className: 'far fa-lightbulb', options: [ 'fat fa-lightbulb', 'fal fa-lightbulb', 'far fa-lightbulb', 'fas fa-lightbulb', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lightbulb', keywords: 'bulb comic electric energy idea inspiration light light bulb lightbulb', }, { className: 'far fa-lightbulb-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-lightbulb-dollar', 'fal fa-lightbulb-dollar', 'far fa-lightbulb-dollar', 'fas fa-lightbulb-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lightbulb-dollar', keywords: 'energy idea inspiration light money lightbulb dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-lightbulb-exclamation', options: [ 'fat fa-lightbulb-exclamation', 'fal fa-lightbulb-exclamation', 'far fa-lightbulb-exclamation', 'fas fa-lightbulb-exclamation', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lightbulb-exclamation', keywords: 'alert energy idea inspiration light lightbulb exclamation', }, { className: 'far fa-lightbulb-on', options: [ 'fat fa-lightbulb-on', 'fal fa-lightbulb-on', 'far fa-lightbulb-on', 'fas fa-lightbulb-on', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lightbulb-on', keywords: 'energy idea inspiration light shine lightbulb on', }, { className: 'far fa-lightbulb-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-lightbulb-slash', 'fal fa-lightbulb-slash', 'far fa-lightbulb-slash', 'fas fa-lightbulb-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lightbulb-slash', keywords: 'dark light off lightbulb slash', }, { className: 'far fa-magnifying-glass-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-magnifying-glass-dollar', 'fal fa-magnifying-glass-dollar', 'far fa-magnifying-glass-dollar', 'fas fa-magnifying-glass-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-magnifying-glass-dollar', keywords: 'bigger enlarge find magnify money preview zoom magnifying glass-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-magnifying-glass-location', options: [ 'fat fa-magnifying-glass-location', 'fal fa-magnifying-glass-location', 'far fa-magnifying-glass-location', 'fas fa-magnifying-glass-location', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-magnifying-glass-location', keywords: 'bigger enlarge find magnify preview zoom magnifying glass-location', }, { className: 'far fa-megaphone', options: [ 'fat fa-megaphone', 'fal fa-megaphone', 'far fa-megaphone', 'fas fa-megaphone', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-megaphone', keywords: 'announcement broadcast bullhorn cheering louder megaphone share megaphone', }, { className: 'far fa-message-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-message-dollar', 'fal fa-message-dollar', 'far fa-message-dollar', 'fas fa-message-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-message-dollar', keywords: 'bubble chat commenting conversation feedback message money note notification pay sms speech spend texting transfer message dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-messages-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-messages-dollar', 'fal fa-messages-dollar', 'far fa-messages-dollar', 'fas fa-messages-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-messages-dollar', keywords: 'bubble chat commenting conversation feedback message money note notification pay sms speech spend texting transfer messages dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-rectangle-ad', options: [ 'fat fa-rectangle-ad', 'fal fa-rectangle-ad', 'far fa-rectangle-ad', 'fas fa-rectangle-ad', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-rectangle-ad', keywords: 'advertisement media newspaper promotion publicity rectangle ad', }, { className: 'far fa-rectangle-pro', options: [ 'fat fa-rectangle-pro', 'fal fa-rectangle-pro', 'far fa-rectangle-pro', 'fas fa-rectangle-pro', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-rectangle-pro', keywords: 'professional rectangle pro', }, { className: 'far fa-signal-stream', options: [ 'fat fa-signal-stream', 'fal fa-signal-stream', 'far fa-signal-stream', 'fas fa-signal-stream', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-signal-stream', keywords: 'podcast radio sisngal streaming wave wifi wireless signal stream', }, { className: 'far fa-signal-stream-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-signal-stream-slash', 'fal fa-signal-stream-slash', 'far fa-signal-stream-slash', 'fas fa-signal-stream-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-signal-stream-slash', keywords: 'podcast radio sisngal streaming wave wifi wireless signal stream-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-sparkles', options: [ 'fat fa-sparkles', 'fal fa-sparkles', 'far fa-sparkles', 'fas fa-sparkles', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sparkles', keywords: '* glitter magic new sparkle sparkles special star twinkle sparkles', }, { className: 'far fa-square-poll-horizontal', options: [ 'fat fa-square-poll-horizontal', 'fal fa-square-poll-horizontal', 'far fa-square-poll-horizontal', 'fas fa-square-poll-horizontal', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-poll-horizontal', keywords: 'chart graph results survey trend vote voting square poll-horizontal', }, { className: 'far fa-square-poll-vertical', options: [ 'fat fa-square-poll-vertical', 'fal fa-square-poll-vertical', 'far fa-square-poll-vertical', 'fas fa-square-poll-vertical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-poll-vertical', keywords: 'chart graph results survey trend vote voting square poll-vertical', }, { className: 'far fa-timeline', options: [ 'fat fa-timeline', 'fal fa-timeline', 'far fa-timeline', 'fas fa-timeline', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-timeline', keywords: 'chronological deadline history linear timeline', }, { className: 'far fa-timeline-arrow', options: [ 'fat fa-timeline-arrow', 'fal fa-timeline-arrow', 'far fa-timeline-arrow', 'fas fa-timeline-arrow', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-timeline-arrow', keywords: 'chronological deadline history linear timeline arrow', }, { className: 'far fa-user-crown', options: [ 'fat fa-user-crown', 'fal fa-user-crown', 'far fa-user-crown', 'fas fa-user-crown', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-crown', keywords: 'users people user-crown', }, { className: 'far fa-user-group-crown', options: [ 'fat fa-user-group-crown', 'fal fa-user-group-crown', 'far fa-user-group-crown', 'fas fa-user-group-crown', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-group-crown', keywords: 'users people user-group-crown', }, ], }, { id: 'mathematics', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_MATHEMATICS'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-abacus', options: [ 'fat fa-abacus', 'fal fa-abacus', 'far fa-abacus', 'fas fa-abacus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-abacus', keywords: 'abacus addition ancient arithmetic calculation calculator counting hexadecimal math subtraction abacus', }, { className: 'far fa-calculator', options: [ 'fat fa-calculator', 'fal fa-calculator', 'far fa-calculator', 'fas fa-calculator', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-calculator', keywords: 'pocket calculator abacus addition arithmetic counting math multiplication subtraction calculator', }, { className: 'far fa-calculator-simple', options: [ 'fat fa-calculator-simple', 'fal fa-calculator-simple', 'far fa-calculator-simple', 'fas fa-calculator-simple', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-calculator-simple', keywords: 'abacus addition arithmetic counting math multiplication subtraction calculator simple', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-divide', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-divide', 'fal fa-circle-divide', 'far fa-circle-divide', 'fas fa-circle-divide', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-divide', keywords: 'algebra arithmetic division circle divide', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-minus', 'fal fa-circle-minus', 'far fa-circle-minus', 'fas fa-circle-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-minus', keywords: 'delete hide negative remove shape trash circle minus', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-plus', 'fal fa-circle-plus', 'far fa-circle-plus', 'fas fa-circle-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-plus', keywords: 'add create expand new positive shape circle plus', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-xmark', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-xmark', 'fal fa-circle-xmark', 'far fa-circle-xmark', 'fas fa-circle-xmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-xmark', keywords: 'close cross exit incorrect notice notification notify problem wrong x circle xmark', }, { className: 'far fa-divide', options: [ 'fat fa-divide', 'fal fa-divide', 'far fa-divide', 'fas fa-divide', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-divide', keywords: 'division sign arithmetic calculus divide division math sign ? divide', }, { className: 'far fa-empty-set', options: [ 'fat fa-empty-set', 'fal fa-empty-set', 'far fa-empty-set', 'fas fa-empty-set', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-empty-set', keywords: 'empty set latin capital letter o with stroke math theory empty set', }, { className: 'far fa-equals', options: [ 'fat fa-equals', 'fal fa-equals', 'far fa-equals', 'fas fa-equals', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-equals', keywords: 'equals sign arithmetic even match math equals', }, { className: 'far fa-function', options: [ 'fat fa-function', 'fal fa-function', 'far fa-function', 'fas fa-function', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-function', keywords: 'math mathematics function', }, { className: 'far fa-greater-than', options: [ 'fat fa-greater-than', 'fal fa-greater-than', 'far fa-greater-than', 'fas fa-greater-than', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-greater-than', keywords: 'greater than sign arithmetic compare math greater-than', }, { className: 'far fa-greater-than-equal', options: [ 'fat fa-greater-than-equal', 'fal fa-greater-than-equal', 'far fa-greater-than-equal', 'fas fa-greater-than-equal', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-greater-than-equal', keywords: 'arithmetic compare math greater than-equal', }, { className: 'far fa-hexagon-divide', options: [ 'fat fa-hexagon-divide', 'fal fa-hexagon-divide', 'far fa-hexagon-divide', 'fas fa-hexagon-divide', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hexagon-divide', keywords: 'algebra arithmetic division hexagon divide', }, { className: 'far fa-hexagon-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-hexagon-minus', 'fal fa-hexagon-minus', 'far fa-hexagon-minus', 'fas fa-hexagon-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hexagon-minus', keywords: 'delete hide negative remove shape trash hexagon minus', }, { className: 'far fa-hexagon-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-hexagon-plus', 'fal fa-hexagon-plus', 'far fa-hexagon-plus', 'fas fa-hexagon-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hexagon-plus', keywords: 'add create expand new positive shape hexagon plus', }, { className: 'far fa-hexagon-xmark', options: [ 'fat fa-hexagon-xmark', 'fal fa-hexagon-xmark', 'far fa-hexagon-xmark', 'fas fa-hexagon-xmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hexagon-xmark', keywords: 'close cross exit incorrect notice notification notify problem wrong x hexagon xmark', }, { className: 'far fa-infinity', options: [ 'fat fa-infinity', 'fal fa-infinity', 'far fa-infinity', 'fas fa-infinity', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-infinity', keywords: 'infinity eternity forever infinity math unbounded universal infinity', }, { className: 'far fa-integral', options: [ 'fat fa-integral', 'fal fa-integral', 'far fa-integral', 'fas fa-integral', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-integral', keywords: 'calculus equation function math integral', }, { className: 'far fa-intersection', options: [ 'fat fa-intersection', 'fal fa-intersection', 'far fa-intersection', 'fas fa-intersection', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-intersection', keywords: 'n ary intersection calculus equation function math intersection', }, { className: 'far fa-lambda', options: [ 'fat fa-lambda', 'fal fa-lambda', 'far fa-lambda', 'fas fa-lambda', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lambda', keywords: 'calculus equation function math lambda', }, { className: 'far fa-less-than', options: [ 'fat fa-less-than', 'fal fa-less-than', 'far fa-less-than', 'fas fa-less-than', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-less-than', keywords: 'less than sign arithmetic compare math less-than', }, { className: 'far fa-less-than-equal', options: [ 'fat fa-less-than-equal', 'fal fa-less-than-equal', 'far fa-less-than-equal', 'fas fa-less-than-equal', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-less-than-equal', keywords: 'arithmetic compare math less than-equal', }, { className: 'far fa-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-minus', 'fal fa-minus', 'far fa-minus', 'fas fa-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-minus', keywords: 'en dash minus sign collapse delete hide math minify minus negative remove sign trash ? minus', }, { className: 'far fa-not-equal', options: [ 'fat fa-not-equal', 'fal fa-not-equal', 'far fa-not-equal', 'fas fa-not-equal', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-not-equal', keywords: 'arithmetic compare math not equal', }, { className: 'far fa-octagon-divide', options: [ 'fat fa-octagon-divide', 'fal fa-octagon-divide', 'far fa-octagon-divide', 'fas fa-octagon-divide', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-octagon-divide', keywords: 'algebra arithmetic division octagon divide', }, { className: 'far fa-octagon-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-octagon-minus', 'fal fa-octagon-minus', 'far fa-octagon-minus', 'fas fa-octagon-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-octagon-minus', keywords: 'delete hide negative remove shape trash octagon minus', }, { className: 'far fa-octagon-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-octagon-plus', 'fal fa-octagon-plus', 'far fa-octagon-plus', 'fas fa-octagon-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-octagon-plus', keywords: 'add create expand new positive shape octagon plus', }, { className: 'far fa-octagon-xmark', options: [ 'fat fa-octagon-xmark', 'fal fa-octagon-xmark', 'far fa-octagon-xmark', 'fas fa-octagon-xmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-octagon-xmark', keywords: 'close cross exit incorrect notice notification notify problem wrong x octagon xmark', }, { className: 'far fa-omega', options: [ 'fat fa-omega', 'fal fa-omega', 'far fa-omega', 'fas fa-omega', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-omega', keywords: 'alphabet greek math omega', }, { className: 'far fa-percent', options: [ 'fat fa-percent', 'fal fa-percent', 'far fa-percent', 'fas fa-percent', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-percent', keywords: 'percent sign discount fraction proportion rate ratio percent', }, { className: 'far fa-pi', options: [ 'fat fa-pi', 'fal fa-pi', 'far fa-pi', 'fas fa-pi', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pi', keywords: 'alphabet circumference diameter greek math mathematics pi', }, { className: 'far fa-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-plus', 'fal fa-plus', 'far fa-plus', 'fas fa-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plus', keywords: '0 plus sign add create expand math new plus positive shape sign plus', }, { className: 'far fa-plus-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-plus-minus', 'fal fa-plus-minus', 'far fa-plus-minus', 'fas fa-plus-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plus-minus', keywords: 'plus minus sign add math subtract plus-minus', }, { className: 'far fa-sigma', options: [ 'fat fa-sigma', 'fal fa-sigma', 'far fa-sigma', 'fas fa-sigma', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sigma', keywords: 'n ary summation alphabet greek math summation sigma', }, { className: 'far fa-square-divide', options: [ 'fat fa-square-divide', 'fal fa-square-divide', 'far fa-square-divide', 'fas fa-square-divide', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-divide', keywords: 'algebra arithmetic division square divide', }, { className: 'far fa-square-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-square-minus', 'fal fa-square-minus', 'far fa-square-minus', 'fas fa-square-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-minus', keywords: 'collapse delete hide minify negative remove shape trash square minus', }, { className: 'far fa-square-root', options: [ 'fat fa-square-root', 'fal fa-square-root', 'far fa-square-root', 'fas fa-square-root', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-root', keywords: 'square root arithmetic calculus division math square root', }, { className: 'far fa-square-root-variable', options: [ 'fat fa-square-root-variable', 'fal fa-square-root-variable', 'far fa-square-root-variable', 'fas fa-square-root-variable', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-root-variable', keywords: 'arithmetic calculus division math square root-variable', }, { className: 'far fa-square-xmark', options: [ 'fat fa-square-xmark', 'fal fa-square-xmark', 'far fa-square-xmark', 'fas fa-square-xmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-xmark', keywords: 'close cross cross mark button incorrect mark notice notification notify problem square window wrong x ? square xmark', }, { className: 'far fa-subscript', options: [ 'fat fa-subscript', 'fal fa-subscript', 'far fa-subscript', 'fas fa-subscript', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-subscript', keywords: 'edit font format text type subscript', }, { className: 'far fa-superscript', options: [ 'fat fa-superscript', 'fal fa-superscript', 'far fa-superscript', 'fas fa-superscript', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-superscript', keywords: 'edit exponential font format text type superscript', }, { className: 'far fa-tally', options: [ 'fat fa-tally', 'fal fa-tally', 'far fa-tally', 'fas fa-tally', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tally', keywords: 'count hash numbers tally', }, { className: 'far fa-tally-1', options: [ 'fat fa-tally-1', 'fal fa-tally-1', 'far fa-tally-1', 'fas fa-tally-1', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tally-1', keywords: 'calculate count hash number tally 1', }, { className: 'far fa-tally-2', options: [ 'fat fa-tally-2', 'fal fa-tally-2', 'far fa-tally-2', 'fas fa-tally-2', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tally-2', keywords: 'calculate count hash number tally 2', }, { className: 'far fa-tally-3', options: [ 'fat fa-tally-3', 'fal fa-tally-3', 'far fa-tally-3', 'fas fa-tally-3', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tally-3', keywords: 'calculate count hash number tally 3', }, { className: 'far fa-tally-4', options: [ 'fat fa-tally-4', 'fal fa-tally-4', 'far fa-tally-4', 'fas fa-tally-4', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tally-4', keywords: 'calculate count hash number tally 4', }, { className: 'far fa-theta', options: [ 'fat fa-theta', 'fal fa-theta', 'far fa-theta', 'fas fa-theta', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-theta', keywords: 'alphabet greek math theta', }, { className: 'far fa-tilde', options: [ 'fat fa-tilde', 'fal fa-tilde', 'far fa-tilde', 'fas fa-tilde', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tilde', keywords: 'tilde accent symbol text type tilde', }, { className: 'far fa-union', options: [ 'fat fa-union', 'fal fa-union', 'far fa-union', 'fas fa-union', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-union', keywords: 'n ary union calculus equation function math union', }, { className: 'far fa-value-absolute', options: [ 'fat fa-value-absolute', 'fal fa-value-absolute', 'far fa-value-absolute', 'fas fa-value-absolute', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-value-absolute', keywords: 'math value absolute', }, { className: 'far fa-watch-calculator', options: [ 'fat fa-watch-calculator', 'fal fa-watch-calculator', 'far fa-watch-calculator', 'fas fa-watch-calculator', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-watch-calculator', keywords: 'casio digital math time watch calculator', }, { className: 'far fa-wave-sine', options: [ 'fat fa-wave-sine', 'fal fa-wave-sine', 'far fa-wave-sine', 'fas fa-wave-sine', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wave-sine', keywords: 'sine wave frequency pulse signal wave sine', }, { className: 'far fa-wave-square', options: [ 'fat fa-wave-square', 'fal fa-wave-square', 'far fa-wave-square', 'fas fa-wave-square', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wave-square', keywords: 'frequency pulse signal wave square', }, { className: 'far fa-wave-triangle', options: [ 'fat fa-wave-triangle', 'fal fa-wave-triangle', 'far fa-wave-triangle', 'fas fa-wave-triangle', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wave-triangle', keywords: 'frequency pulse signal wave triangle', }, { className: 'far fa-xmark', options: [ 'fat fa-xmark', 'fal fa-xmark', 'far fa-xmark', 'fas fa-xmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-xmark', keywords: 'cancellation x multiplication sign multiplication x cancel close cross cross mark error exit incorrect mark multiplication multiply notice notification notify problem sign wrong x ? xmark', }, ], }, { id: 'media-playback', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_MEDIA_PLAYBACK'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-arrow-rotate-left', options: [ 'fat fa-arrow-rotate-left', 'fal fa-arrow-rotate-left', 'far fa-arrow-rotate-left', 'fas fa-arrow-rotate-left', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-arrow-rotate-left', keywords: 'anticlockwise open circle arrow back control z exchange oops return rotate swap arrow rotate left', }, { className: 'far fa-arrow-rotate-right', options: [ 'fat fa-arrow-rotate-right', 'fal fa-arrow-rotate-right', 'far fa-arrow-rotate-right', 'fas fa-arrow-rotate-right', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-arrow-rotate-right', keywords: 'clockwise open circle arrow forward refresh reload repeat arrow rotate right', }, { className: 'far fa-arrows-maximize', options: [ 'fat fa-arrows-maximize', 'fal fa-arrows-maximize', 'far fa-arrows-maximize', 'fas fa-arrows-maximize', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-arrows-maximize', keywords: 'bigger enlarge fullscreen move resize arrows maximize', }, { className: 'far fa-arrows-repeat', options: [ 'fat fa-arrows-repeat', 'fal fa-arrows-repeat', 'far fa-arrows-repeat', 'fas fa-arrows-repeat', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-arrows-repeat', keywords: 'flip reload rewind switch arrows repeat', }, { className: 'far fa-arrows-repeat-1', options: [ 'fat fa-arrows-repeat-1', 'fal fa-arrows-repeat-1', 'far fa-arrows-repeat-1', 'fas fa-arrows-repeat-1', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-arrows-repeat-1', keywords: 'flip reload rewind switch arrows repeat 1', }, { className: 'far fa-arrows-rotate', options: [ 'fat fa-arrows-rotate', 'fal fa-arrows-rotate', 'far fa-arrows-rotate', 'fas fa-arrows-rotate', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-arrows-rotate', keywords: 'clockwise right and left semicircle arrows exchange refresh reload rotate swap arrows rotate', }, { className: 'far fa-backward', options: [ 'fat fa-backward', 'fal fa-backward', 'far fa-backward', 'fas fa-backward', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-backward', keywords: 'arrow double fast reverse button previous rewind backward', }, { className: 'far fa-backward-fast', options: [ 'fat fa-backward-fast', 'fal fa-backward-fast', 'far fa-backward-fast', 'fas fa-backward-fast', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-backward-fast', keywords: 'arrow beginning first last track button previous previous scene previous track rewind start triangle backward fast', }, { className: 'far fa-backward-step', options: [ 'fat fa-backward-step', 'fal fa-backward-step', 'far fa-backward-step', 'fas fa-backward-step', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-backward-step', keywords: 'beginning first previous rewind start backward step', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-pause', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-pause', 'fal fa-circle-pause', 'far fa-circle-pause', 'fas fa-circle-pause', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-pause', keywords: 'hold wait circle pause', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-play', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-play', 'fal fa-circle-play', 'far fa-circle-play', 'fas fa-circle-play', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-play', keywords: 'audio music playing sound start video circle play', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-stop', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-stop', 'fal fa-circle-stop', 'far fa-circle-stop', 'fas fa-circle-stop', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-stop', keywords: 'block box circle square circle stop', }, { className: 'far fa-compress', options: [ 'fat fa-compress', 'fal fa-compress', 'far fa-compress', 'fas fa-compress', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-compress', keywords: 'collapse fullscreen minimize move resize shrink smaller compress', }, { className: 'far fa-compress-wide', options: [ 'fat fa-compress-wide', 'fal fa-compress-wide', 'far fa-compress-wide', 'fas fa-compress-wide', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-compress-wide', keywords: 'collapse fullscreen minimize move resize shrink smaller compress wide', }, { className: 'far fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center', options: [ 'fat fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center', 'fal fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center', 'far fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center', 'fas fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-down-left-and-up-right-to-center', keywords: 'collapse fullscreen minimize move resize shrink smaller down left and up right to center', }, { className: 'far fa-eject', options: [ 'fat fa-eject', 'fal fa-eject', 'far fa-eject', 'fas fa-eject', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-eject', keywords: 'abort cancel cd discharge eject eject button eject', }, { className: 'far fa-expand', options: [ 'fat fa-expand', 'fal fa-expand', 'far fa-expand', 'fas fa-expand', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-expand', keywords: 'bigger enlarge fullscreen resize expand', }, { className: 'far fa-expand-wide', options: [ 'fat fa-expand-wide', 'fal fa-expand-wide', 'far fa-expand-wide', 'fas fa-expand-wide', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-expand-wide', keywords: 'bigger enlarge fullscreen resize expand wide', }, { className: 'far fa-forward', options: [ 'fat fa-forward', 'fal fa-forward', 'far fa-forward', 'fas fa-forward', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-forward', keywords: 'arrow double fast fast forward button forward next skip forward', }, { className: 'far fa-forward-fast', options: [ 'fat fa-forward-fast', 'fal fa-forward-fast', 'far fa-forward-fast', 'fas fa-forward-fast', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-forward-fast', keywords: 'arrow end last next next scene next track next track button triangle forward fast', }, { className: 'far fa-forward-step', options: [ 'fat fa-forward-step', 'fal fa-forward-step', 'far fa-forward-step', 'fas fa-forward-step', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-forward-step', keywords: 'end last next forward step', }, { className: 'far fa-hand', options: [ 'fat fa-hand', 'fal fa-hand', 'far fa-hand', 'fas fa-hand', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hand', keywords: 'raised hand backhand game halt palm raised raised back of hand roshambo stop hand', }, { className: 'far fa-maximize', options: [ 'fat fa-maximize', 'fal fa-maximize', 'far fa-maximize', 'fas fa-maximize', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-maximize', keywords: 'bigger enlarge fullscreen move resize maximize', }, { className: 'far fa-minimize', options: [ 'fat fa-minimize', 'fal fa-minimize', 'far fa-minimize', 'fas fa-minimize', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-minimize', keywords: 'collapse fullscreen minimize move resize shrink smaller minimize', }, { className: 'far fa-music', options: [ 'fat fa-music', 'fal fa-music', 'far fa-music', 'fas fa-music', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-music', keywords: 'lyrics melody music musical note note sing sound music', }, { className: 'far fa-pause', options: [ 'fat fa-pause', 'fal fa-pause', 'far fa-pause', 'fas fa-pause', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pause', keywords: 'bar double hold pause pause button vertical wait pause', }, { className: 'far fa-phone-volume', options: [ 'fat fa-phone-volume', 'fal fa-phone-volume', 'far fa-phone-volume', 'fas fa-phone-volume', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-phone-volume', keywords: 'call earphone number sound support telephone voice volume control phone phone volume', }, { className: 'far fa-play', options: [ 'fat fa-play', 'fal fa-play', 'far fa-play', 'fas fa-play', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-play', keywords: 'arrow audio music play play button playing right sound start triangle video play', }, { className: 'far fa-play-pause', options: [ 'fat fa-play-pause', 'fal fa-play-pause', 'far fa-play-pause', 'fas fa-play-pause', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-play-pause', keywords: 'arrow pause play play or pause button right stop triangle play pause', }, { className: 'far fa-plus-minus', options: [ 'fat fa-plus-minus', 'fal fa-plus-minus', 'far fa-plus-minus', 'fas fa-plus-minus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plus-minus', keywords: 'plus minus sign add math subtract plus minus', }, { className: 'far fa-repeat', options: [ 'fat fa-repeat', 'fal fa-repeat', 'far fa-repeat', 'fas fa-repeat', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-repeat', keywords: 'arrow clockwise flip reload repeat repeat button rewind switch repeat', }, { className: 'far fa-repeat-1', options: [ 'fat fa-repeat-1', 'fal fa-repeat-1', 'far fa-repeat-1', 'fas fa-repeat-1', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-repeat-1', keywords: 'arrow clockwise flip once reload repeat single button rewind switch repeat 1', }, { className: 'far fa-rotate', options: [ 'fat fa-rotate', 'fal fa-rotate', 'far fa-rotate', 'fas fa-rotate', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-rotate', keywords: 'anticlockwise arrow counterclockwise counterclockwise arrows button exchange refresh reload rotate swap withershins rotate', }, { className: 'far fa-rotate-left', options: [ 'fat fa-rotate-left', 'fal fa-rotate-left', 'far fa-rotate-left', 'fas fa-rotate-left', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-rotate-left', keywords: 'back control z exchange oops return swap rotate left', }, { className: 'far fa-rotate-right', options: [ 'fat fa-rotate-right', 'fal fa-rotate-right', 'far fa-rotate-right', 'fas fa-rotate-right', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-rotate-right', keywords: 'forward refresh reload repeat rotate right', }, { className: 'far fa-rss', options: [ 'fat fa-rss', 'fal fa-rss', 'far fa-rss', 'fas fa-rss', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-rss', keywords: 'blog feed journal news writing rss', }, { className: 'far fa-scrubber', options: [ 'fat fa-scrubber', 'fal fa-scrubber', 'far fa-scrubber', 'fas fa-scrubber', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scrubber', keywords: 'circle dot toggle scrubber', }, { className: 'far fa-shuffle', options: [ 'fat fa-shuffle', 'fal fa-shuffle', 'far fa-shuffle', 'fas fa-shuffle', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shuffle', keywords: 'arrow arrows crossed shuffle shuffle tracks button sort swap switch transfer shuffle', }, { className: 'far fa-sliders', options: [ 'fat fa-sliders', 'fal fa-sliders', 'far fa-sliders', 'fas fa-sliders', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sliders', keywords: 'adjust settings sliders toggle sliders', }, { className: 'far fa-sliders-up', options: [ 'fat fa-sliders-up', 'fal fa-sliders-up', 'far fa-sliders-up', 'fas fa-sliders-up', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-sliders-up', keywords: 'adjust settings sliders toggle sliders up', }, { className: 'far fa-stop', options: [ 'fat fa-stop', 'fal fa-stop', 'far fa-stop', 'fas fa-stop', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-stop', keywords: 'block box square stop stop button stop', }, { className: 'far fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center', options: [ 'fat fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center', 'fal fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center', 'far fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center', 'fas fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-up-right-and-down-left-from-center', keywords: 'arrows bigger enlarge fullscreen resize up right and down left from center', }, { className: 'far fa-volume', options: [ 'fat fa-volume', 'fal fa-volume', 'far fa-volume', 'fas fa-volume', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-volume', keywords: 'audio control medium music sound speaker speaker medium volume volume', }, { className: 'far fa-volume-high', options: [ 'fat fa-volume-high', 'fal fa-volume-high', 'far fa-volume-high', 'fas fa-volume-high', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-volume-high', keywords: 'audio higher loud louder music sound speaker speaker high volume volume high', }, { className: 'far fa-volume-low', options: [ 'fat fa-volume-low', 'fal fa-volume-low', 'far fa-volume-low', 'fas fa-volume-low', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-volume-low', keywords: 'audio lower music quieter soft sound speaker speaker low volume volume low', }, { className: 'far fa-volume-off', options: [ 'fat fa-volume-off', 'fal fa-volume-off', 'far fa-volume-off', 'fas fa-volume-off', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-volume-off', keywords: 'audio ban music mute quiet silent sound volume off', }, { className: 'far fa-volume-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-volume-slash', 'fal fa-volume-slash', 'far fa-volume-slash', 'fas fa-volume-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-volume-slash', keywords: 'audio ban music mute muted speaker quiet silent sound speaker volume slash', }, { className: 'far fa-volume-xmark', options: [ 'fat fa-volume-xmark', 'fal fa-volume-xmark', 'far fa-volume-xmark', 'fas fa-volume-xmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-volume-xmark', keywords: 'audio music quiet sound speaker volume xmark', }, ], }, { id: 'medical-health', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_MEDICAL_HEALTH'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-bacteria', options: [ 'fat fa-bacteria', 'fal fa-bacteria', 'far fa-bacteria', 'fas fa-bacteria', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bacteria', keywords: 'antibiotic antibody covid 19 health organism sick bacteria', }, { className: 'far fa-bacterium', options: [ 'fat fa-bacterium', 'fal fa-bacterium', 'far fa-bacterium', 'fas fa-bacterium', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bacterium', keywords: 'antibiotic antibody covid 19 health organism sick bacterium', }, { className: 'far fa-ban-smoking', options: [ 'fat fa-ban-smoking', 'fal fa-ban-smoking', 'far fa-ban-smoking', 'fas fa-ban-smoking', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-ban-smoking', keywords: 'ban cancel forbidden no no smoking non smoking not prohibited smoking ban-smoking', }, { className: 'far fa-bandage', options: [ 'fat fa-bandage', 'fal fa-bandage', 'far fa-bandage', 'fas fa-bandage', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bandage', keywords: 'adhesive bandage bandage boo boo first aid ouch bandage', }, { className: 'far fa-bed-pulse', options: [ 'fat fa-bed-pulse', 'fal fa-bed-pulse', 'far fa-bed-pulse', 'fas fa-bed-pulse', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bed-pulse', keywords: 'ekg bed electrocardiogram health hospital life patient vital bed pulse', }, { className: 'far fa-biohazard', options: [ 'fat fa-biohazard', 'fal fa-biohazard', 'far fa-biohazard', 'fas fa-biohazard', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-biohazard', keywords: 'biohazard covid 19 danger dangerous hazmat medical radioactive sign toxic waste zombie biohazard', }, { className: 'far fa-bone', options: [ 'fat fa-bone', 'fal fa-bone', 'far fa-bone', 'fas fa-bone', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bone', keywords: 'bone calcium dog skeletal skeleton tibia bone', }, { className: 'far fa-bone-break', options: [ 'fat fa-bone-break', 'fal fa-bone-break', 'far fa-bone-break', 'fas fa-bone-break', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bone-break', keywords: 'broken calcium dog fracture skeletal skeleton tibia bone break', }, { className: 'far fa-bong', options: [ 'fat fa-bong', 'fal fa-bong', 'far fa-bong', 'fas fa-bong', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bong', keywords: 'aparatus cannabis marijuana pipe smoke smoking bong', }, { className: 'far fa-book-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-book-medical', 'fal fa-book-medical', 'far fa-book-medical', 'fas fa-book-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-book-medical', keywords: 'diary documentation health history journal library read record research book medical', }, { className: 'far fa-book-user', options: [ 'fat fa-book-user', 'fal fa-book-user', 'far fa-book-user', 'fas fa-book-user', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-book-user', keywords: 'address biography diary documentation journal library read research book user', }, { className: 'far fa-books-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-books-medical', 'fal fa-books-medical', 'far fa-books-medical', 'fas fa-books-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-books-medical', keywords: 'add diary documentation health journal library read records research books medical', }, { className: 'far fa-brain', options: [ 'fat fa-brain', 'fal fa-brain', 'far fa-brain', 'fas fa-brain', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-brain', keywords: 'brain cerebellum gray matter intellect intelligent medulla oblongata mind noodle wit brain', }, { className: 'far fa-briefcase-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-briefcase-medical', 'fal fa-briefcase-medical', 'far fa-briefcase-medical', 'fas fa-briefcase-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-briefcase-medical', keywords: 'doctor emt first aid health briefcase medical', }, { className: 'far fa-cannabis', options: [ 'fat fa-cannabis', 'fal fa-cannabis', 'far fa-cannabis', 'fas fa-cannabis', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cannabis', keywords: 'bud chronic drugs endica endo ganja marijuana mary jane pot reefer sativa spliff weed whacky tabacky cannabis', }, { className: 'far fa-capsules', options: [ 'fat fa-capsules', 'fal fa-capsules', 'far fa-capsules', 'fas fa-capsules', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-capsules', keywords: 'drugs medicine pills prescription capsules', }, { className: 'far fa-cauldron', options: [ 'fat fa-cauldron', 'fal fa-cauldron', 'far fa-cauldron', 'fas fa-cauldron', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cauldron', keywords: 'boil bubble cooking halloween holiday magic pot sorcery toil trouble witch wizard cauldron', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-h', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-h', 'fal fa-circle-h', 'far fa-circle-h', 'fas fa-circle-h', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-h', keywords: 'circled latin capital letter h clinic covid 19 emergency letter map circle-h', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-radiation', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-radiation', 'fal fa-circle-radiation', 'far fa-circle-radiation', 'fas fa-circle-radiation', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-radiation', keywords: 'danger dangerous deadly hazard nuclear radioactive sign warning circle radiation', }, { className: 'far fa-clipboard-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-clipboard-medical', 'fal fa-clipboard-medical', 'far fa-clipboard-medical', 'fas fa-clipboard-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-clipboard-medical', keywords: 'copy paste patient records clipboard medical', }, { className: 'far fa-clipboard-prescription', options: [ 'fat fa-clipboard-prescription', 'fal fa-clipboard-prescription', 'far fa-clipboard-prescription', 'fas fa-clipboard-prescription', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-clipboard-prescription', keywords: 'copy history medical notes paste record clipboard prescription', }, { className: 'far fa-clipboard-user', options: [ 'fat fa-clipboard-user', 'fal fa-clipboard-user', 'far fa-clipboard-user', 'fas fa-clipboard-user', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-clipboard-user', keywords: 'attendance record roster staff clipboard user', }, { className: 'far fa-clock-rotate-left', options: [ 'fat fa-clock-rotate-left', 'fal fa-clock-rotate-left', 'far fa-clock-rotate-left', 'fas fa-clock-rotate-left', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-clock-rotate-left', keywords: 'rewind clock reverse time time machine time travel clock rotate-left', }, { className: 'far fa-comment-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-comment-medical', 'fal fa-comment-medical', 'far fa-comment-medical', 'fas fa-comment-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-comment-medical', keywords: 'advice bubble chat commenting conversation diagnose feedback message note notification prescription sms speech texting comment medical', }, { className: 'far fa-crutch', options: [ 'fat fa-crutch', 'fal fa-crutch', 'far fa-crutch', 'fas fa-crutch', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-crutch', keywords: 'cane injury mobility wheelchair crutch', }, { className: 'far fa-crutches', options: [ 'fat fa-crutches', 'fal fa-crutches', 'far fa-crutches', 'fas fa-crutches', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-crutches', keywords: 'cane injury mobility wheelchair crutches', }, { className: 'far fa-disease', options: [ 'fat fa-disease', 'fal fa-disease', 'far fa-disease', 'fas fa-disease', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-disease', keywords: 'bacteria cancer covid 19 illness infection sickness virus disease', }, { className: 'far fa-display-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-display-medical', 'fal fa-display-medical', 'far fa-display-medical', 'fas fa-display-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-display-medical', keywords: 'computer desktop records display medical', }, { className: 'far fa-dna', options: [ 'fat fa-dna', 'fal fa-dna', 'far fa-dna', 'fas fa-dna', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dna', keywords: 'biologist dna double helix evolution gene genetic genetics helix life molecule protein dna', }, { className: 'far fa-ear', options: [ 'fat fa-ear', 'fal fa-ear', 'far fa-ear', 'fas fa-ear', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-ear', keywords: 'body ear head hearing listen lobe ear', }, { className: 'far fa-eye', options: [ 'fat fa-eye', 'fal fa-eye', 'far fa-eye', 'fas fa-eye', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-eye', keywords: 'body eye look optic see seen show sight views visible eye', }, { className: 'far fa-eye-dropper', options: [ 'fat fa-eye-dropper', 'fal fa-eye-dropper', 'far fa-eye-dropper', 'fas fa-eye-dropper', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-eye-dropper', keywords: 'beaker clone color copy eyedropper pipette eye dropper', }, { className: 'far fa-eyes', options: [ 'fat fa-eyes', 'fal fa-eyes', 'far fa-eyes', 'fas fa-eyes', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-eyes', keywords: 'eye idea look see eyes', }, { className: 'far fa-face-head-bandage', options: [ 'fat fa-face-head-bandage', 'fal fa-face-head-bandage', 'far fa-face-head-bandage', 'fas fa-face-head-bandage', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-face-head-bandage', keywords: 'bandage clumsy face face with head bandage hurt ill injury face-head-bandage', }, { className: 'far fa-face-mask', options: [ 'fat fa-face-mask', 'fal fa-face-mask', 'far fa-face-mask', 'fas fa-face-mask', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-face-mask', keywords: 'cold coronavirus covid covid 19 doctor face face with medical mask mask medical sick surgical face-mask', }, { className: 'far fa-face-thermometer', options: [ 'fat fa-face-thermometer', 'fal fa-face-thermometer', 'far fa-face-thermometer', 'fas fa-face-thermometer', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-face-thermometer', keywords: 'cold coronavirus covid covid 19 face face with thermometer fever flu ill sick thermometer face-thermometer', }, { className: 'far fa-face-vomit', options: [ 'fat fa-face-vomit', 'fal fa-face-vomit', 'far fa-face-vomit', 'fas fa-face-vomit', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-face-vomit', keywords: 'face vomiting flu poison sick spew throw up vomit face vomit', }, { className: 'far fa-file-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-file-medical', 'fal fa-file-medical', 'far fa-file-medical', 'fas fa-file-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-file-medical', keywords: 'document health history prescription record file medical', }, { className: 'far fa-file-prescription', options: [ 'fat fa-file-prescription', 'fal fa-file-prescription', 'far fa-file-prescription', 'fas fa-file-prescription', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-file-prescription', keywords: 'document drugs medical medicine rx file prescription', }, { className: 'far fa-file-waveform', options: [ 'fat fa-file-waveform', 'fal fa-file-waveform', 'far fa-file-waveform', 'fas fa-file-waveform', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-file-waveform', keywords: 'document health history prescription record file waveform', }, { className: 'far fa-files-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-files-medical', 'fal fa-files-medical', 'far fa-files-medical', 'fas fa-files-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-files-medical', keywords: 'document health history prescription record files medical', }, { className: 'far fa-fire-flame-simple', options: [ 'fat fa-fire-flame-simple', 'fal fa-fire-flame-simple', 'far fa-fire-flame-simple', 'fas fa-fire-flame-simple', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-fire-flame-simple', keywords: 'caliente energy fire flame gas heat hot fire flame-simple', }, { className: 'far fa-flask', options: [ 'fat fa-flask', 'fal fa-flask', 'far fa-flask', 'fas fa-flask', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-flask', keywords: 'beaker experimental labs science flask', }, { className: 'far fa-flask-round-potion', options: [ 'fat fa-flask-round-potion', 'fal fa-flask-round-potion', 'far fa-flask-round-potion', 'fas fa-flask-round-potion', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-flask-round-potion', keywords: 'dungeons & dragons alert beaker beverage container d&d danger dangerous deadly death dnd drink fantasy halloween heal health holiday magic mana science flask round-potion', }, { className: 'far fa-folder-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-folder-medical', 'fal fa-folder-medical', 'far fa-folder-medical', 'fas fa-folder-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-folder-medical', keywords: 'health patient record folder medical', }, { className: 'far fa-hand-dots', options: [ 'fat fa-hand-dots', 'fal fa-hand-dots', 'far fa-hand-dots', 'fas fa-hand-dots', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hand-dots', keywords: 'allergy freckles hand hives palm pox skin spots hand dots', }, { className: 'far fa-hand-holding-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-hand-holding-medical', 'fal fa-hand-holding-medical', 'far fa-hand-holding-medical', 'fas fa-hand-holding-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hand-holding-medical', keywords: 'care covid 19 donate help hand-holding-medical', }, { className: 'far fa-head-side-brain', options: [ 'fat fa-head-side-brain', 'fal fa-head-side-brain', 'far fa-head-side-brain', 'fas fa-head-side-brain', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-head-side-brain', keywords: 'diagnosis face mental health profile psychiatric psychiatry head side-brain', }, { className: 'far fa-head-side-cough', options: [ 'fat fa-head-side-cough', 'fal fa-head-side-cough', 'far fa-head-side-cough', 'fas fa-head-side-cough', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-head-side-cough', keywords: 'cough covid 19 germs lungs respiratory sick head-side-cough', }, { className: 'far fa-head-side-cough-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-head-side-cough-slash', 'fal fa-head-side-cough-slash', 'far fa-head-side-cough-slash', 'fas fa-head-side-cough-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-head-side-cough-slash', keywords: 'cough covid 19 germs lungs respiratory sick head-side-cough-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-head-side-mask', options: [ 'fat fa-head-side-mask', 'fal fa-head-side-mask', 'far fa-head-side-mask', 'fas fa-head-side-mask', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-head-side-mask', keywords: 'breath covid 19 filter respirator virus head-side-mask', }, { className: 'far fa-head-side-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-head-side-medical', 'fal fa-head-side-medical', 'far fa-head-side-medical', 'fas fa-head-side-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-head-side-medical', keywords: 'diagnosis face mental health profile psychiatric psychiatry head side-medical', }, { className: 'far fa-head-side-virus', options: [ 'fat fa-head-side-virus', 'fal fa-head-side-virus', 'far fa-head-side-virus', 'fas fa-head-side-virus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-head-side-virus', keywords: 'cold covid 19 flu sick head-side-virus', }, { className: 'far fa-heart', options: [ 'fat fa-heart', 'fal fa-heart', 'far fa-heart', 'fas fa-heart', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-heart', keywords: 'black black heart blue blue heart brown brown heart card evil favorite game green green heart heart heart suit like love orange orange heart purple purple heart red heart relationship valentine white white heart wicked yellow yellow heart heart', }, { className: 'far fa-heart-pulse', options: [ 'fat fa-heart-pulse', 'fal fa-heart-pulse', 'far fa-heart-pulse', 'fas fa-heart-pulse', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-heart-pulse', keywords: 'ekg electrocardiogram health lifeline vital signs heart pulse', }, { className: 'far fa-hospital', options: [ 'fat fa-hospital', 'fal fa-hospital', 'far fa-hospital', 'fas fa-hospital', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hospital', keywords: 'building covid 19 doctor emergency room hospital medical center medicine hospital', }, { className: 'far fa-hospital-user', options: [ 'fat fa-hospital-user', 'fal fa-hospital-user', 'far fa-hospital-user', 'fas fa-hospital-user', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hospital-user', keywords: 'covid 19 doctor network patient primary care hospital-user', }, { className: 'far fa-hospitals', options: [ 'fat fa-hospitals', 'fal fa-hospitals', 'far fa-hospitals', 'fas fa-hospitals', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hospitals', keywords: 'emergency insurance network hospitals', }, { className: 'far fa-house-chimney-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-house-chimney-medical', 'fal fa-house-chimney-medical', 'far fa-house-chimney-medical', 'fas fa-house-chimney-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-chimney-medical', keywords: 'covid 19 doctor general practitioner hospital infirmary medicine office outpatient house-chimney-medical', }, { className: 'far fa-house-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-house-medical', 'fal fa-house-medical', 'far fa-house-medical', 'fas fa-house-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-house-medical', keywords: 'covid 19 doctor general practitioner hospital infirmary medicine office outpatient house-medical', }, { className: 'far fa-id-card-clip', options: [ 'fat fa-id-card-clip', 'fal fa-id-card-clip', 'far fa-id-card-clip', 'fas fa-id-card-clip', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-id-card-clip', keywords: 'contact demographics document identification issued profile id card-clip', }, { className: 'far fa-inhaler', options: [ 'fat fa-inhaler', 'fal fa-inhaler', 'far fa-inhaler', 'fas fa-inhaler', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-inhaler', keywords: 'asthma cough lungs nebulizer vaporizer inhaler', }, { className: 'far fa-joint', options: [ 'fat fa-joint', 'fal fa-joint', 'far fa-joint', 'fas fa-joint', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-joint', keywords: 'blunt cannabis doobie drugs marijuana roach smoke smoking spliff joint', }, { className: 'far fa-kidneys', options: [ 'fat fa-kidneys', 'fal fa-kidneys', 'far fa-kidneys', 'fas fa-kidneys', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-kidneys', keywords: 'blood body organ surgery urine kidneys', }, { className: 'far fa-kit-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-kit-medical', 'fal fa-kit-medical', 'far fa-kit-medical', 'fas fa-kit-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-kit-medical', keywords: 'emergency emt health medical rescue kit medical', }, { className: 'far fa-laptop-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-laptop-medical', 'fal fa-laptop-medical', 'far fa-laptop-medical', 'fas fa-laptop-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-laptop-medical', keywords: 'computer device ehr electronic health records history laptop medical', }, { className: 'far fa-lips', options: [ 'fat fa-lips', 'fal fa-lips', 'far fa-lips', 'fas fa-lips', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lips', keywords: 'lips fashion kiss lips lipstick mouth smile lips', }, { className: 'far fa-lungs', options: [ 'fat fa-lungs', 'fal fa-lungs', 'far fa-lungs', 'fas fa-lungs', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lungs', keywords: 'air breath covid 19 exhalation inhalation lungs organ respiration respiratory lungs', }, { className: 'far fa-lungs-virus', options: [ 'fat fa-lungs-virus', 'fal fa-lungs-virus', 'far fa-lungs-virus', 'fas fa-lungs-virus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lungs-virus', keywords: 'breath covid 19 respiratory sick lungs-virus', }, { className: 'far fa-mask-face', options: [ 'fat fa-mask-face', 'fal fa-mask-face', 'far fa-mask-face', 'fas fa-mask-face', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-mask-face', keywords: 'breath covid 19 filter respirator virus mask-face', }, { className: 'far fa-message-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-message-medical', 'fal fa-message-medical', 'far fa-message-medical', 'fas fa-message-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-message-medical', keywords: 'advice bubble chat commenting conversation diagnose feedback message note notification prescription sms speech texting message medical', }, { className: 'far fa-microscope', options: [ 'fat fa-microscope', 'fal fa-microscope', 'far fa-microscope', 'fas fa-microscope', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-microscope', keywords: 'covid 19 electron lens microscope optics science shrink tool microscope', }, { className: 'far fa-monitor-waveform', options: [ 'fat fa-monitor-waveform', 'fal fa-monitor-waveform', 'far fa-monitor-waveform', 'fas fa-monitor-waveform', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-monitor-waveform', keywords: 'ekg electrocardiogram health life vital monitor waveform', }, { className: 'far fa-mortar-pestle', options: [ 'fat fa-mortar-pestle', 'fal fa-mortar-pestle', 'far fa-mortar-pestle', 'fas fa-mortar-pestle', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-mortar-pestle', keywords: 'crush culinary grind medical mix pharmacy prescription spices mortar pestle', }, { className: 'far fa-note-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-note-medical', 'fal fa-note-medical', 'far fa-note-medical', 'fas fa-note-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-note-medical', keywords: 'memo sticky note note medical', }, { className: 'far fa-notes-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-notes-medical', 'fal fa-notes-medical', 'far fa-notes-medical', 'fas fa-notes-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-notes-medical', keywords: 'clipboard doctor ehr health history records notes medical', }, { className: 'far fa-pager', options: [ 'fat fa-pager', 'fal fa-pager', 'far fa-pager', 'fas fa-pager', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pager', keywords: 'beeper cell phone communication page pager pager', }, { className: 'far fa-person-dots-from-line', options: [ 'fat fa-person-dots-from-line', 'fal fa-person-dots-from-line', 'far fa-person-dots-from-line', 'fas fa-person-dots-from-line', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-person-dots-from-line', keywords: 'allergy diagnosis person dots-from-line', }, { className: 'far fa-pills', options: [ 'fat fa-pills', 'fal fa-pills', 'far fa-pills', 'fas fa-pills', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pills', keywords: 'drugs medicine prescription tablets pills', }, { className: 'far fa-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-plus', 'fal fa-plus', 'far fa-plus', 'fas fa-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-plus', keywords: '0 plus sign add create expand math new plus positive shape sign plus', }, { className: 'far fa-poop', options: [ 'fat fa-poop', 'fal fa-poop', 'far fa-poop', 'fas fa-poop', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-poop', keywords: 'crap poop shit smile turd poop', }, { className: 'far fa-prescription', options: [ 'fat fa-prescription', 'fal fa-prescription', 'far fa-prescription', 'fas fa-prescription', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-prescription', keywords: 'drugs medical medicine pharmacy rx prescription', }, { className: 'far fa-prescription-bottle', options: [ 'fat fa-prescription-bottle', 'fal fa-prescription-bottle', 'far fa-prescription-bottle', 'fas fa-prescription-bottle', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-prescription-bottle', keywords: 'drugs medical medicine pharmacy rx prescription bottle', }, { className: 'far fa-prescription-bottle-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-prescription-bottle-medical', 'fal fa-prescription-bottle-medical', 'far fa-prescription-bottle-medical', 'fas fa-prescription-bottle-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-prescription-bottle-medical', keywords: 'drugs medical medicine pharmacy rx prescription bottle-medical', }, { className: 'far fa-pump-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-pump-medical', 'fal fa-pump-medical', 'far fa-pump-medical', 'fas fa-pump-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-pump-medical', keywords: 'anti bacterial clean covid-19 disinfect hygiene medical grade sanitizer soap pump-medical', }, { className: 'far fa-radiation', options: [ 'fat fa-radiation', 'fal fa-radiation', 'far fa-radiation', 'fas fa-radiation', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-radiation', keywords: 'danger dangerous deadly hazard nuclear radioactive warning radiation', }, { className: 'far fa-receipt', options: [ 'fat fa-receipt', 'fal fa-receipt', 'far fa-receipt', 'fas fa-receipt', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-receipt', keywords: 'accounting bookkeeping check evidence invoice money pay proof receipt table receipt', }, { className: 'far fa-scalpel', options: [ 'fat fa-scalpel', 'fal fa-scalpel', 'far fa-scalpel', 'fas fa-scalpel', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scalpel', keywords: 'blade cut doctor knife surgeon surgery scalpel', }, { className: 'far fa-scalpel-line-dashed', options: [ 'fat fa-scalpel-line-dashed', 'fal fa-scalpel-line-dashed', 'far fa-scalpel-line-dashed', 'fas fa-scalpel-line-dashed', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-scalpel-line-dashed', keywords: 'blade cut doctor knife surgeon surgery scalpel line-dashed', }, { className: 'far fa-shield-virus', options: [ 'fat fa-shield-virus', 'fal fa-shield-virus', 'far fa-shield-virus', 'fas fa-shield-virus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-shield-virus', keywords: 'antibodies barrier covid 19 health protect shield-virus', }, { className: 'far fa-skeleton', options: [ 'fat fa-skeleton', 'fal fa-skeleton', 'far fa-skeleton', 'fas fa-skeleton', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-skeleton', keywords: 'bones skeletal vertebrate x ray skeleton', }, { className: 'far fa-skull', options: [ 'fat fa-skull', 'fal fa-skull', 'far fa-skull', 'fas fa-skull', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-skull', keywords: 'bones death face fairy tale monster skeleton skull x ray yorick skull', }, { className: 'far fa-skull-crossbones', options: [ 'fat fa-skull-crossbones', 'fal fa-skull-crossbones', 'far fa-skull-crossbones', 'fas fa-skull-crossbones', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-skull-crossbones', keywords: 'black skull and crossbones dungeons & dragons alert bones crossbones d&d danger dead deadly death dnd face fantasy halloween holiday jolly roger monster pirate poison skeleton skull skull and crossbones warning skull-crossbones', }, { className: 'far fa-smoking', options: [ 'fat fa-smoking', 'fal fa-smoking', 'far fa-smoking', 'fas fa-smoking', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-smoking', keywords: 'cancer cigarette nicotine smoking smoking status tobacco smoking', }, { className: 'far fa-square-h', options: [ 'fat fa-square-h', 'fal fa-square-h', 'far fa-square-h', 'fas fa-square-h', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-h', keywords: 'directions emergency hospital hotel letter map square h', }, { className: 'far fa-square-plus', options: [ 'fat fa-square-plus', 'fal fa-square-plus', 'far fa-square-plus', 'fas fa-square-plus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-square-plus', keywords: 'add create expand new positive shape square plus', }, { className: 'far fa-star-of-life', options: [ 'fat fa-star-of-life', 'fal fa-star-of-life', 'far fa-star-of-life', 'fas fa-star-of-life', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-star-of-life', keywords: 'doctor emt first aid health medical star of-life', }, { className: 'far fa-stethoscope', options: [ 'fat fa-stethoscope', 'fal fa-stethoscope', 'far fa-stethoscope', 'fas fa-stethoscope', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-stethoscope', keywords: 'covid 19 diagnosis doctor general practitioner heart hospital infirmary medicine office outpatient stethoscope stethoscope', }, { className: 'far fa-stomach', options: [ 'fat fa-stomach', 'fal fa-stomach', 'far fa-stomach', 'fas fa-stomach', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-stomach', keywords: 'abdomen belly food gut hungry intestine organ tummy stomach', }, { className: 'far fa-stretcher', options: [ 'fat fa-stretcher', 'fal fa-stretcher', 'far fa-stretcher', 'fas fa-stretcher', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-stretcher', keywords: 'ambulance bed emergency er patient stretcher', }, { className: 'far fa-suitcase-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-suitcase-medical', 'fal fa-suitcase-medical', 'far fa-suitcase-medical', 'fas fa-suitcase-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-suitcase-medical', keywords: 'first aid firstaid health help support suitcase medical', }, { className: 'far fa-syringe', options: [ 'fat fa-syringe', 'fal fa-syringe', 'far fa-syringe', 'fas fa-syringe', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-syringe', keywords: 'covid 19 doctor immunizations medical medicine needle shot sick syringe syringe', }, { className: 'far fa-tablets', options: [ 'fat fa-tablets', 'fal fa-tablets', 'far fa-tablets', 'fas fa-tablets', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tablets', keywords: 'drugs medicine pills prescription tablets', }, { className: 'far fa-teeth', options: [ 'fat fa-teeth', 'fal fa-teeth', 'far fa-teeth', 'fas fa-teeth', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-teeth', keywords: 'bite dental dentist gums mouth smile tooth teeth', }, { className: 'far fa-teeth-open', options: [ 'fat fa-teeth-open', 'fal fa-teeth-open', 'far fa-teeth-open', 'fas fa-teeth-open', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-teeth-open', keywords: 'dental dentist gums bite mouth smile tooth teeth open', }, { className: 'far fa-thermometer', options: [ 'fat fa-thermometer', 'fal fa-thermometer', 'far fa-thermometer', 'fas fa-thermometer', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-thermometer', keywords: 'covid 19 mercury status temperature thermometer', }, { className: 'far fa-tooth', options: [ 'fat fa-tooth', 'fal fa-tooth', 'far fa-tooth', 'fas fa-tooth', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-tooth', keywords: 'bicuspid dental dentist molar mouth teeth tooth tooth', }, { className: 'far fa-toothbrush', options: [ 'fat fa-toothbrush', 'fal fa-toothbrush', 'far fa-toothbrush', 'fas fa-toothbrush', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-toothbrush', keywords: 'bathroom bicuspid brush clean dental dentist hygiene molar mouth teeth toothbrush toothbrush', }, { className: 'far fa-truck-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-truck-medical', 'fal fa-truck-medical', 'far fa-truck-medical', 'fas fa-truck-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-truck-medical', keywords: 'ambulance covid 19 emergency emt er help hospital support vehicle truck-medical', }, { className: 'far fa-user-doctor', options: [ 'fat fa-user-doctor', 'fal fa-user-doctor', 'far fa-user-doctor', 'fas fa-user-doctor', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-doctor', keywords: 'covid 19 job medical nurse occupation physician profile surgeon user-doctor', }, { className: 'far fa-user-doctor-hair', options: [ 'fat fa-user-doctor-hair', 'fal fa-user-doctor-hair', 'far fa-user-doctor-hair', 'fas fa-user-doctor-hair', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-doctor-hair', keywords: 'covid 19 job medical nurse occupation physician profile surgeon user-doctor-hair', }, { className: 'far fa-user-doctor-hair-long', options: [ 'fat fa-user-doctor-hair-long', 'fal fa-user-doctor-hair-long', 'far fa-user-doctor-hair-long', 'fas fa-user-doctor-hair-long', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-doctor-hair-long', keywords: 'covid 19 job medical nurse occupation physician profile surgeon user-doctor-hair-long', }, { className: 'far fa-user-doctor-message', options: [ 'fat fa-user-doctor-message', 'fal fa-user-doctor-message', 'far fa-user-doctor-message', 'fas fa-user-doctor-message', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-doctor-message', keywords: 'advice comment diagnosis opinion prescription user doctor-message', }, { className: 'far fa-user-nurse', options: [ 'fat fa-user-nurse', 'fal fa-user-nurse', 'far fa-user-nurse', 'fas fa-user-nurse', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-nurse', keywords: 'covid 19 doctor md medico midwife physician practitioner surgeon user-nurse', }, { className: 'far fa-user-nurse-hair', options: [ 'fat fa-user-nurse-hair', 'fal fa-user-nurse-hair', 'far fa-user-nurse-hair', 'fas fa-user-nurse-hair', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-nurse-hair', keywords: 'doctor md midwife physician practitioner surgeon user nurse-hair', }, { className: 'far fa-user-nurse-hair-long', options: [ 'fat fa-user-nurse-hair-long', 'fal fa-user-nurse-hair-long', 'far fa-user-nurse-hair-long', 'fas fa-user-nurse-hair-long', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-user-nurse-hair-long', keywords: 'doctor md midwife physician practitioner surgeon user nurse-hair-long', }, { className: 'far fa-users-medical', options: [ 'fat fa-users-medical', 'fal fa-users-medical', 'far fa-users-medical', 'fas fa-users-medical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-users-medical', keywords: 'group patients physician team users medical', }, { className: 'far fa-vial', options: [ 'fat fa-vial', 'fal fa-vial', 'far fa-vial', 'fas fa-vial', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-vial', keywords: 'chemist chemistry experiment lab sample science test test tube vial', }, { className: 'far fa-vials', options: [ 'fat fa-vials', 'fal fa-vials', 'far fa-vials', 'fas fa-vials', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-vials', keywords: 'experiment lab sample science test test tube vials', }, { className: 'far fa-virus', options: [ 'fat fa-virus', 'fal fa-virus', 'far fa-virus', 'fas fa-virus', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-virus', keywords: 'bug covid 19 flu health sick viral virus', }, { className: 'far fa-virus-slash', options: [ 'fat fa-virus-slash', 'fal fa-virus-slash', 'far fa-virus-slash', 'fas fa-virus-slash', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-virus-slash', keywords: 'bug covid 19 cure eliminate flu health sick viral virus-slash', }, { className: 'far fa-viruses', options: [ 'fat fa-viruses', 'fal fa-viruses', 'far fa-viruses', 'fas fa-viruses', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-viruses', keywords: 'bugs covid 19 flu health multiply sick spread viral viruses', }, { className: 'far fa-walker', options: [ 'fat fa-walker', 'fal fa-walker', 'far fa-walker', 'fas fa-walker', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-walker', keywords: 'accessibility assistance wheelchair walker', }, { className: 'far fa-watch-fitness', options: [ 'fat fa-watch-fitness', 'fal fa-watch-fitness', 'far fa-watch-fitness', 'fas fa-watch-fitness', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-watch-fitness', keywords: 'fitbit alert apple watch clock pedometer time wristwatch watch fitness', }, { className: 'far fa-wave-pulse', options: [ 'fat fa-wave-pulse', 'fal fa-wave-pulse', 'far fa-wave-pulse', 'fas fa-wave-pulse', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wave-pulse', keywords: 'ekg activity electrocardiogram health life vital wave pulse', }, { className: 'far fa-weight-scale', options: [ 'fat fa-weight-scale', 'fal fa-weight-scale', 'far fa-weight-scale', 'fas fa-weight-scale', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-weight-scale', keywords: 'health measurement scale weight weight scale', }, { className: 'far fa-wheelchair', options: [ 'fat fa-wheelchair', 'fal fa-wheelchair', 'far fa-wheelchair', 'fas fa-wheelchair', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wheelchair', keywords: 'users people wheelchair', }, { className: 'far fa-wheelchair-move', options: [ 'fat fa-wheelchair-move', 'fal fa-wheelchair-move', 'far fa-wheelchair-move', 'fas fa-wheelchair-move', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-wheelchair-move', keywords: 'access users people wheelchair symbol wheelchair-move', }, { className: 'far fa-x-ray', options: [ 'fat fa-x-ray', 'fal fa-x-ray', 'far fa-x-ray', 'fas fa-x-ray', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-x-ray', keywords: 'health medical radiological images radiology skeleton x ray', }, ], }, { id: 'money', name: Loc.getMessage('LANDING_ICONS_SECTION_MONEY'), items: [ { className: 'far fa-austral-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-austral-sign', 'fal fa-austral-sign', 'far fa-austral-sign', 'fas fa-austral-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-austral-sign', keywords: 'austral sign currency austral sign', }, { className: 'far fa-badge-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-badge-dollar', 'fal fa-badge-dollar', 'far fa-badge-dollar', 'fas fa-badge-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-badge-dollar', keywords: 'deal discount money save usd badge dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-badge-percent', options: [ 'fat fa-badge-percent', 'fal fa-badge-percent', 'far fa-badge-percent', 'fas fa-badge-percent', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-badge-percent', keywords: 'deal discount money save usd badge percent', }, { className: 'far fa-baht-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-baht-sign', 'fal fa-baht-sign', 'far fa-baht-sign', 'fas fa-baht-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-baht-sign', keywords: 'currency baht sign', }, { className: 'far fa-bangladeshi-taka-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-bangladeshi-taka-sign', 'fal fa-bangladeshi-taka-sign', 'far fa-bangladeshi-taka-sign', 'fas fa-bangladeshi-taka-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bangladeshi-taka-sign', keywords: 'bdt currency tk bangladeshi taka-sign', }, { className: 'far fa-bitcoin-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-bitcoin-sign', 'fal fa-bitcoin-sign', 'far fa-bitcoin-sign', 'fas fa-bitcoin-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-bitcoin-sign', keywords: 'bitcoin sign currency bitcoin sign', }, { className: 'far fa-cash-register', options: [ 'fat fa-cash-register', 'fal fa-cash-register', 'far fa-cash-register', 'fas fa-cash-register', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cash-register', keywords: 'buy cha ching change checkout commerce leaerboard machine pay payment purchase store cash-register', }, { className: 'far fa-cedi-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-cedi-sign', 'fal fa-cedi-sign', 'far fa-cedi-sign', 'fas fa-cedi-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cedi-sign', keywords: 'cedi sign currency cedi sign', }, { className: 'far fa-cent-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-cent-sign', 'fal fa-cent-sign', 'far fa-cent-sign', 'fas fa-cent-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cent-sign', keywords: 'cent sign currency cent sign', }, { className: 'far fa-chart-line', options: [ 'fat fa-chart-line', 'fal fa-chart-line', 'far fa-chart-line', 'fas fa-chart-line', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chart-line', keywords: 'activity analytics chart dashboard gain graph increase line chart line', }, { className: 'far fa-chart-line-down', options: [ 'fat fa-chart-line-down', 'fal fa-chart-line-down', 'far fa-chart-line-down', 'fas fa-chart-line-down', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chart-line-down', keywords: 'analytics chart chart decreasing dashboard decline down graph line loss trend chart line-down', }, { className: 'far fa-chart-mixed', options: [ 'fat fa-chart-mixed', 'fal fa-chart-mixed', 'far fa-chart-mixed', 'fas fa-chart-mixed', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chart-mixed', keywords: 'chart measure roi tracking trend chart mixed', }, { className: 'far fa-chart-pie', options: [ 'fat fa-chart-pie', 'fal fa-chart-pie', 'far fa-chart-pie', 'fas fa-chart-pie', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chart-pie', keywords: 'analytics chart diagram graph pie chart pie', }, { className: 'far fa-chart-pie-simple', options: [ 'fat fa-chart-pie-simple', 'fal fa-chart-pie-simple', 'far fa-chart-pie-simple', 'fas fa-chart-pie-simple', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-chart-pie-simple', keywords: 'analytics chart diagram graph pie chart pie-simple', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-dollar', 'fal fa-circle-dollar', 'far fa-circle-dollar', 'fas fa-circle-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-dollar', keywords: '$ currency dollar sign money price usd circle-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-circle-dollar-to-slot', options: [ 'fat fa-circle-dollar-to-slot', 'fal fa-circle-dollar-to-slot', 'far fa-circle-dollar-to-slot', 'fas fa-circle-dollar-to-slot', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-circle-dollar-to-slot', keywords: 'contribute generosity gift give circle dollar-to-slot', }, { className: 'far fa-coin', options: [ 'fat fa-coin', 'fal fa-coin', 'far fa-coin', 'fas fa-coin', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-coin', keywords: 'coin dime gold metal money nickel penny quarter silver treasure coin', }, { className: 'far fa-coin-blank', options: [ 'fat fa-coin-blank', 'fal fa-coin-blank', 'far fa-coin-blank', 'fas fa-coin-blank', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-coin-blank', keywords: 'coin dime gold metal money nickel penny quarter silver treasure coin blank', }, { className: 'far fa-coin-front', options: [ 'fat fa-coin-front', 'fal fa-coin-front', 'far fa-coin-front', 'fas fa-coin-front', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-coin-front', keywords: 'coin dime gold metal money nickel penny quarter silver super mario treasure coin front', }, { className: 'far fa-coin-vertical', options: [ 'fat fa-coin-vertical', 'fal fa-coin-vertical', 'far fa-coin-vertical', 'fas fa-coin-vertical', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-coin-vertical', keywords: 'coin dime gold metal money nickel penny quarter silver super mario treasure coin vertical', }, { className: 'far fa-coins', options: [ 'fat fa-coins', 'fal fa-coins', 'far fa-coins', 'fas fa-coins', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-coins', keywords: 'currency dime financial gold money penny coins', }, { className: 'far fa-colon-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-colon-sign', 'fal fa-colon-sign', 'far fa-colon-sign', 'fas fa-colon-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-colon-sign', keywords: 'colon sign currency colon sign', }, { className: 'far fa-comment-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-comment-dollar', 'fal fa-comment-dollar', 'far fa-comment-dollar', 'fas fa-comment-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-comment-dollar', keywords: 'bubble chat commenting conversation feedback message money note notification pay sms speech spend texting transfer comment dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-comments-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-comments-dollar', 'fal fa-comments-dollar', 'far fa-comments-dollar', 'fas fa-comments-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-comments-dollar', keywords: 'bubble chat commenting conversation feedback message money note notification pay sms speech spend texting transfer comments dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-credit-card', options: [ 'fat fa-credit-card', 'fal fa-credit-card', 'far fa-credit-card', 'fas fa-credit-card', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-credit-card', keywords: 'buy card checkout credit credit card credit card-alt debit money payment purchase credit-card', }, { className: 'far fa-credit-card-blank', options: [ 'fat fa-credit-card-blank', 'fal fa-credit-card-blank', 'far fa-credit-card-blank', 'fas fa-credit-card-blank', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-credit-card-blank', keywords: 'buy checkout debit money payment purchase credit card-blank', }, { className: 'far fa-credit-card-front', options: [ 'fat fa-credit-card-front', 'fal fa-credit-card-front', 'far fa-credit-card-front', 'fas fa-credit-card-front', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-credit-card-front', keywords: 'buy checkout chip debit money payment purchase credit card-front', }, { className: 'far fa-cruzeiro-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-cruzeiro-sign', 'fal fa-cruzeiro-sign', 'far fa-cruzeiro-sign', 'fas fa-cruzeiro-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-cruzeiro-sign', keywords: 'cruzeiro sign currency cruzeiro sign', }, { className: 'far fa-dollar-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-dollar-sign', 'fal fa-dollar-sign', 'far fa-dollar-sign', 'fas fa-dollar-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dollar-sign', keywords: 'dollar sign currency dollar heavy dollar sign money dollar sign', }, { className: 'far fa-dong-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-dong-sign', 'fal fa-dong-sign', 'far fa-dong-sign', 'fas fa-dong-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-dong-sign', keywords: 'dong sign currency dong sign', }, { className: 'far fa-euro-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-euro-sign', 'fal fa-euro-sign', 'far fa-euro-sign', 'fas fa-euro-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-euro-sign', keywords: 'euro sign currency euro sign', }, { className: 'far fa-file-chart-column', options: [ 'fat fa-file-chart-column', 'fal fa-file-chart-column', 'far fa-file-chart-column', 'fas fa-file-chart-column', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-file-chart-column', keywords: 'analytics data document projection report file chart-column', }, { className: 'far fa-file-chart-pie', options: [ 'fat fa-file-chart-pie', 'fal fa-file-chart-pie', 'far fa-file-chart-pie', 'fas fa-file-chart-pie', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-file-chart-pie', keywords: 'analytics data document projection report file chart-pie', }, { className: 'far fa-file-invoice', options: [ 'fat fa-file-invoice', 'fal fa-file-invoice', 'far fa-file-invoice', 'fas fa-file-invoice', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-file-invoice', keywords: 'account bill charge document payment receipt file invoice', }, { className: 'far fa-file-invoice-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-file-invoice-dollar', 'fal fa-file-invoice-dollar', 'far fa-file-invoice-dollar', 'fas fa-file-invoice-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-file-invoice-dollar', keywords: '$ account bill charge document dollar sign money payment receipt usd file-invoice-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-florin-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-florin-sign', 'fal fa-florin-sign', 'far fa-florin-sign', 'fas fa-florin-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-florin-sign', keywords: 'currency florin sign', }, { className: 'far fa-franc-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-franc-sign', 'fal fa-franc-sign', 'far fa-franc-sign', 'fas fa-franc-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-franc-sign', keywords: 'french franc sign currency franc sign', }, { className: 'far fa-guarani-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-guarani-sign', 'fal fa-guarani-sign', 'far fa-guarani-sign', 'fas fa-guarani-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-guarani-sign', keywords: 'guarani sign currency guarani sign', }, { className: 'far fa-hand-holding-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-hand-holding-dollar', 'fal fa-hand-holding-dollar', 'far fa-hand-holding-dollar', 'fas fa-hand-holding-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hand-holding-dollar', keywords: '$ carry dollar sign donation giving lift money price hand holding-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-hands-holding-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-hands-holding-dollar', 'fal fa-hands-holding-dollar', 'far fa-hands-holding-dollar', 'fas fa-hands-holding-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hands-holding-dollar', keywords: '$ carry dollar sign donation giving hold money price usd hands holding-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-hryvnia-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-hryvnia-sign', 'fal fa-hryvnia-sign', 'far fa-hryvnia-sign', 'fas fa-hryvnia-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-hryvnia-sign', keywords: 'hryvnia sign currency hryvnia sign', }, { className: 'far fa-indian-rupee-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-indian-rupee-sign', 'fal fa-indian-rupee-sign', 'far fa-indian-rupee-sign', 'fas fa-indian-rupee-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-indian-rupee-sign', keywords: 'indian rupee sign currency indian rupee-sign', }, { className: 'far fa-kip-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-kip-sign', 'fal fa-kip-sign', 'far fa-kip-sign', 'fas fa-kip-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-kip-sign', keywords: 'kip sign currency kip sign', }, { className: 'far fa-landmark', options: [ 'fat fa-landmark', 'fal fa-landmark', 'far fa-landmark', 'fas fa-landmark', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-landmark', keywords: 'building classical classical building historic memorable monument politics landmark', }, { className: 'far fa-lari-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-lari-sign', 'fal fa-lari-sign', 'far fa-lari-sign', 'fas fa-lari-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lari-sign', keywords: 'lari sign currency lari sign', }, { className: 'far fa-lira-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-lira-sign', 'fal fa-lira-sign', 'far fa-lira-sign', 'fas fa-lira-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-lira-sign', keywords: 'lira sign currency lira sign', }, { className: 'far fa-litecoin-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-litecoin-sign', 'fal fa-litecoin-sign', 'far fa-litecoin-sign', 'fas fa-litecoin-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-litecoin-sign', keywords: 'currency litecoin sign', }, { className: 'far fa-manat-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-manat-sign', 'fal fa-manat-sign', 'far fa-manat-sign', 'fas fa-manat-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-manat-sign', keywords: 'manat sign currency manat sign', }, { className: 'far fa-message-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-message-dollar', 'fal fa-message-dollar', 'far fa-message-dollar', 'fas fa-message-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-message-dollar', keywords: 'bubble chat commenting conversation feedback message money note notification pay sms speech spend texting transfer message dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-messages-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-messages-dollar', 'fal fa-messages-dollar', 'far fa-messages-dollar', 'fas fa-messages-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-messages-dollar', keywords: 'bubble chat commenting conversation feedback message money note notification pay sms speech spend texting transfer messages dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-mill-sign', options: [ 'fat fa-mill-sign', 'fal fa-mill-sign', 'far fa-mill-sign', 'fas fa-mill-sign', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-mill-sign', keywords: 'mill sign currency mill sign', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bill', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bill', 'fal fa-money-bill', 'far fa-money-bill', 'fas fa-money-bill', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bill', keywords: 'buy cash checkout money payment price purchase money bill', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bill-1', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bill-1', 'fal fa-money-bill-1', 'far fa-money-bill-1', 'fas fa-money-bill-1', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bill-1', keywords: 'buy cash checkout money payment price purchase money bill-1', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bill-1-wave', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bill-1-wave', 'fal fa-money-bill-1-wave', 'far fa-money-bill-1-wave', 'fas fa-money-bill-1-wave', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bill-1-wave', keywords: 'buy cash checkout money payment price purchase money bill-1-wave', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bill-simple', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bill-simple', 'fal fa-money-bill-simple', 'far fa-money-bill-simple', 'fas fa-money-bill-simple', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bill-simple', keywords: 'atm cash money moolah money bill-simple', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bill-simple-wave', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bill-simple-wave', 'fal fa-money-bill-simple-wave', 'far fa-money-bill-simple-wave', 'fas fa-money-bill-simple-wave', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bill-simple-wave', keywords: 'atm cash money moolah money bill-simple-wave', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bill-wave', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bill-wave', 'fal fa-money-bill-wave', 'far fa-money-bill-wave', 'fas fa-money-bill-wave', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bill-wave', keywords: 'buy cash checkout money payment price purchase money bill-wave', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bills', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bills', 'fal fa-money-bills', 'far fa-money-bills', 'fas fa-money-bills', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bills', keywords: 'atm cash money moolah money bills', }, { className: 'far fa-money-bills-simple', options: [ 'fat fa-money-bills-simple', 'fal fa-money-bills-simple', 'far fa-money-bills-simple', 'fas fa-money-bills-simple', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-bills-simple', keywords: 'atm cash money moolah money bills-simple', }, { className: 'far fa-money-check', options: [ 'fat fa-money-check', 'fal fa-money-check', 'far fa-money-check', 'fas fa-money-check', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-check', keywords: 'bank check buy checkout cheque money payment price purchase money check', }, { className: 'far fa-money-check-dollar', options: [ 'fat fa-money-check-dollar', 'fal fa-money-check-dollar', 'far fa-money-check-dollar', 'fas fa-money-check-dollar', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-check-dollar', keywords: 'bank check buy checkout cheque money payment price purchase money check-dollar', }, { className: 'far fa-money-from-bracket', options: [ 'fat fa-money-from-bracket', 'fal fa-money-from-bracket', 'far fa-money-from-bracket', 'fas fa-money-from-bracket', ], defaultOption: 'far fa-money-from-bracket', keywords: 'atm
| 13,590 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14740843
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Phasia gratella
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,339 | 3,107 |
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella vetenskapligt namn Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella taxonomisk rang art
Phasia gratella instans av taxon
Phasia gratella nästa högre taxon Phasia
Phasia gratella Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 5057412
Phasia gratella Encyclopedia of Life-ID 789364
Phasia gratella Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella Open Tree of Life-ID 4379910
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella namo takson Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella takson induak Phasia
Phasia gratella
especie de insecto
Phasia gratella nombre del taxón Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella categoría taxonómica especie
Phasia gratella instancia de taxón
Phasia gratella taxón superior inmediato Phasia
Phasia gratella identificador de taxón en GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella identificador EOL 789364
Phasia gratella identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella identificador Catalogue of Life 76WT7
Phasia gratella ciclo diurno diurnalidad
Phasia gratella identificador Open Tree of Life 4379910
Phasia gratella
Art der Gattung Phasia
Phasia gratella wissenschaftlicher Name Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella taxonomischer Rang Art
Phasia gratella ist ein(e) Taxon
Phasia gratella übergeordnetes Taxon Phasia
Phasia gratella GBIF-ID 5057412
Phasia gratella EOL-ID 789364
Phasia gratella Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella CoL-ID 76WT7
Phasia gratella Tagesgang tagaktiv
Phasia gratella OTT-ID 4379910
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella tên phân loại Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella cấp bậc phân loại loài
Phasia gratella là một đơn vị phân loại
Phasia gratella đơn vị phân loại mẹ Phasia
Phasia gratella định danh GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella ID Bách khoa toàn thư Sự sống 789364
Phasia gratella ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella
specie di insetto
Phasia gratella nome scientifico Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella livello tassonomico specie
Phasia gratella istanza di taxon
Phasia gratella taxon di livello superiore Phasia
Phasia gratella identificativo GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella identificativo EOL 789364
Phasia gratella identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella identificativo Catalogue of Life 76WT7
Phasia gratella ciclo diurno diurnalità
Phasia gratella
species of insect
Phasia gratella taxon name Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella taxon rank species
Phasia gratella instance of taxon
Phasia gratella parent taxon Phasia
Phasia gratella GBIF taxon ID 5057412
Phasia gratella Encyclopedia of Life ID 789364
Phasia gratella Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella Catalogue of Life ID 76WT7
Phasia gratella diel cycle diurnality
Phasia gratella Open Tree of Life ID 4379910
Phasia gratella
espèce d'insectes
Phasia gratella nom scientifique du taxon Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella rang taxonomique espèce
Phasia gratella nature de l’élément taxon
Phasia gratella taxon supérieur Phasia
Phasia gratella identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 5057412
Phasia gratella identifiant Encyclopédie de la Vie 789364
Phasia gratella identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella identifiant Catalogue of Life 76WT7
Phasia gratella cycle diurne diurne
Phasia gratella identifiant Open Tree of Life 4379910
Phasia gratella
вид насекомо
Phasia gratella име на таксон Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella ранг на таксон вид
Phasia gratella екземпляр на таксон
Phasia gratella родителски таксон Phasia
Phasia gratella
вид насекомых
Phasia gratella международное научное название Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella таксономический ранг вид
Phasia gratella это частный случай понятия таксон
Phasia gratella ближайший таксон уровнем выше Phasia
Phasia gratella идентификатор GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella идентификатор EOL 789364
Phasia gratella код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella код Catalogue of Life 76WT7
Phasia gratella суточный цикл дневной образ жизни животных
Phasia gratella код Open Tree of Life 4379910
Phasia gratella
soort uit het geslacht Phasia
Phasia gratella wetenschappelijke naam Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella taxonomische rang soort
Phasia gratella is een taxon
Phasia gratella moedertaxon Phasia
Phasia gratella GBIF-identificatiecode 5057412
Phasia gratella EOL-identificatiecode 789364
Phasia gratella Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 76WT7
Phasia gratella dagelijkse gang dagactief
Phasia gratella Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 4379910
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella taxon nomen Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella ordo species
Phasia gratella est taxon
Phasia gratella parens Phasia
Phasia gratella
вид комах
Phasia gratella наукова назва таксона Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella таксономічний ранг вид
Phasia gratella є одним із таксон
Phasia gratella батьківський таксон Phasia
Phasia gratella ідентифікатор у GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella ідентифікатор EOL 789364
Phasia gratella Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 76WT7
Phasia gratella ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 4379910
Phasia gratella
especie d'inseutu
Phasia gratella nome del taxón Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella categoría taxonómica especie
Phasia gratella instancia de taxón
Phasia gratella taxón inmediatamente superior Phasia
Phasia gratella identificador EOL 789364
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella ainm an tacsóin Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella rang an tacsóin speiceas
Phasia gratella sampla de tacsón
Phasia gratella máthairthacsón Phasia
Phasia gratella
specie de insecte
Phasia gratella nume științific Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella rang taxonomic specie
Phasia gratella este un/o taxon
Phasia gratella taxon superior Phasia
Phasia gratella identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 5057412
Phasia gratella identificator EOL 789364
Phasia gratella Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella
espécie de inseto
Phasia gratella nome do táxon Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella categoria taxonómica espécie
Phasia gratella instância de táxon
Phasia gratella táxon imediatamente superior Phasia
Phasia gratella identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 5057412
Phasia gratella identificador Encyclopedia of Life 789364
Phasia gratella identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella ciclo diurno diurnalidade
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella naukowa nazwa taksonu Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Phasia gratella jest to takson
Phasia gratella takson nadrzędny Phasia
Phasia gratella identyfikator GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella identyfikator EOL 789364
Phasia gratella identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella tryb życia dzienny tryb życia
Phasia gratella identyfikator Open Tree of Life 4379910
Phasia gratella
lloj i insekteve
Phasia gratella emri shkencor Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella instancë e takson
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella tieteellinen nimi Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella taksonitaso laji
Phasia gratella esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Phasia gratella osa taksonia Phasia
Phasia gratella Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 5057412
Phasia gratella Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 789364
Phasia gratella Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella Catalogue of Life -tunniste 76WT7
Phasia gratella Open Tree of Life -tunniste 4379910
Phasia gratella
espécie de inseto
Phasia gratella nome taxológico Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella categoria taxonômica espécie
Phasia gratella instância de táxon
Phasia gratella táxon imediatamente superior Phasia
Phasia gratella identificador GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella identificador EOL 789364
Phasia gratella identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella ciclo diário diurnalidade
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella izen zientifikoa Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella maila taxonomikoa espezie
Phasia gratella honako hau da taxon
Phasia gratella goiko maila taxonomikoa Phasia
Phasia gratella GBIFen identifikatzailea 5057412
Phasia gratella EOL-en identifikatzailea 789364
Phasia gratella Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 76WT7
Phasia gratella eguneko zikloa eguneko
Phasia gratella Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 4379910
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella
especie d'insecto
Phasia gratella instancia de Taxón
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella nom scientific Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella reng taxonomic espècia
Phasia gratella natura de l'element taxon
Phasia gratella taxon superior Phasia
Phasia gratella identificant GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella identificant Encyclopedia of Life 789364
Phasia gratella
especie de insecto
Phasia gratella nome do taxon Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella categoría taxonómica especie
Phasia gratella instancia de taxon
Phasia gratella taxon superior inmediato Phasia
Phasia gratella identificador GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella identificador EOL 789364
Phasia gratella identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella identificador Catalogue of Life 76WT7
Phasia gratella identificador Open Tree of Life 4379910
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella nomine del taxon Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella rango taxonomic specie
Phasia gratella instantia de taxon
Phasia gratella taxon superior immediate Phasia
Phasia gratella ID EOL 789364
Phasia gratella
espècie d'insecte
Phasia gratella nom científic Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella categoria taxonòmica espècie
Phasia gratella instància de tàxon
Phasia gratella tàxon superior immediat Phasia
Phasia gratella identificador GBIF 5057412
Phasia gratella identificador Encyclopedia of Life 789364
Phasia gratella identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella identificador Catalogue of Life 76WT7
Phasia gratella cicle diürn diürnalitat
Phasia gratella identificador Open Tree of Life 4379910
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella taksonomia nomo Phasia gratella
Phasia gratella taksonomia rango specio
Phasia gratella estas taksono
Phasia gratella supera taksono Phasia
Phasia gratella identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 789364
Phasia gratella identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/12pgctnq9
Phasia gratella
speco di insekto
Phasia gratella identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgctnq9
| 25,272 |
bpt6k4635789s_4
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
L'Auto-vélo : automobilisme, cyclisme, athlétisme, yachting, aérostation, escrime, hippisme
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,321 | 2,951 |
Leclerc. 156, bd la Villette, Paris. fAMIM'Q camttes, autobus, w" vrlliIlUliLj autocars, citernes, tracteurs et remorques. — MILON, 45, chemin du Reposoir, 14'. Vau. 66-42. A vdre camions 1 à 10 t. Gauthier, 5, rue H.-Martin, Boulogne. MOLITOR 38-04. Camion UNIC MIO-2 2 tonnes bâché, entièrem. revisé, pn. nfs. DAOUD, 135, rue de Paris, Boulogne-sur-Seine. A v. ctte bâchée Renault KZ-1 800 kg. Taupin, 28, r. Caillou, Chelles. DISPONIBLES Prêts à prendre la route Berliet VDC-4 à, huile lourde, benne moteur, 5 tonnes. Berliet V.S.A. bétaill. 2 t. 5, tr. b. ét. Ford AA-2, AV cabine, AR benne Mar-rel, pont Samyn, 5 t., remis en état. ford AA-2, AV torpedo AR plateau 2 tonnes, bon état. Ford A.A. 3 vitesses, plateau brasseur Renault S.X.B., plat. long 3 t., r. AR jumelées 700 x 20, tr. bon état mécan. Renault SX-3, fourgon tôlé 2 t. 500. Renault OS-5 2 t., caisse demi-tôlée. Liberty 7 t., AV torp., plat. à ridelles. Dodge, plateau à ridelles 4 tonnes. Remorque Latil bon état. Et 15 bennes et plateaux ttes marques A. PELLERIN S.A. 73, rue Anatole-France, 73 LEVALLOIS. Pereire 33-00 (6 lignes). Petit fgon 201 tôlé, ch. 500 kg., b. état 7.900. Garage, 94, fg Poissonnière. Ets SYLVAIN FLOIRAT 1 bis, rue de Fort-de-l'Est, Saint-Denis Téléphone : PLAINE 21-40. CAMIONS DFIAIII T UDD-6 Diésel, fou.rgon IlLililtL I tôlé, pneus neufs. Ill?' A I 11 T1 TID-4 Diésel, benne mo-IlLllilULl teur, bons pneus. Lii I ATII M-3-iG B-4 gazo, plateau à I IL ridelles, RENAULT TI-6, plateau à ridelles. I AFFI Y 3 t. 5, 4 t. 5 et 5 tonnes, Lilff TU plat. et benne ess., diésel. Disponibles : 1 bétaill. Ford (6 bêtes) 1 fourgon Renault 2 t. 37; 1 Liberty plateau 7 t. 500. — L.V.A.O., 28, quai Sadi-Carnot, Meaux. Tél. 246. Renault 1.000 kg. 36, plateau nf 15.000 S'adr. Stirma, av. Ste-Foy, Neuilly. Carross. car 18 pl., était montée sur Ford AA-3, tr. belle, 3.000; plateau bâché 6 m.x2 m. 45 x 2 m. 25 haut. état neuf, bâché neuf, 6.000. — DECROIX, 21, rue F.-Peloutier, CLICHY. Camionnettes, camions, bennes basculantes disponibles. — MERIGNAC, 38, rue Cavé, Levallois-Perret. G de remorq. nve tout acier, av. et arr. abattant, 850 kg. Guy, 26, r. Gassendi RENAULT OS-1, fourgon. RENAUI,T SG, plat. brass. 5 t. pns av. DEWALD 7 ton. 5, bene mot., sur pns. AS plateau 5 ton., pneus avant. PIERCE-ARROW châss. 19 5 t., pns av. Caye, 5, chemin de Fleury, Meudon. RENAULT Diesel TID-4 7 tonnes, châssis cabine, à réparer. LIBERTY 10 ton. gazo GP, benne mot. CITROEN 1.500 kg. bâché C-4 F-l. CITR. 1.200 kg. C-6, plat. rid. Faire offr. Chapillon, 23, av. Gallieni, Pierrefitte. Plateaux Renault 3 t. tr. b. état 10.000 Ford 2 t. 5, bne mec., châss. 19 23.000 Berliet 3 t., cabine fermée 20.000 Bâchés Citroën C-6 G-l 2 t., tr. b. 30.000 Renault 3 ton., parf. état 13.000 Benne Ford 2 ton., revisée 23.000 Gar. Rive Gauche. 81, r. Dutot (15'). FORD, plateau châssis long, bon état. BERNARD, benne 3 tonnes. Autocasions, 13,bd V.-Hugo, Neuilly-s.-S. Splend. l Citroën 1.000 kg., boulang. 34. Debiaisi, 16, r. Goulet, Aubervilliers CHEVROLET 2 TONNES, BON ETAT Station BER MO, 10, bd de la Somme-17" " AI HO 15 places FORD AA. I RK 24 places CITROEN C-6 G-l. UHIIU 40 places CITROEN 45. 1.200 kg. RENAULT OS-l. grand bâché. Maillot Auto, 11, r. du Débarcadère. Citroën type 45, benne Citroën type 45, plateau Sacam. 62, bd de Reims. GAI" 75-63. AUTOCARS 13 fr. Clar BARON-VIALE, mot. Continental 1 ! 8 (,,yl.. pneus 38x7, 45 pl. — CAYE, 5, chemin de Fleury, Meudon. Obs.13-37 ACHATS 13 fr. ACHAT COMPTANT i Voitures ttes marques et camionnette" Citroën Républiq., 46, quai Jemmapes. Achète compt. voit., camions, camttes ROUEFF, 14, rue Watteau. Gob. 01-52. Paie cher camions camionnettes. Berner 40, boulevard de l'Yser, 171. Wag. 86-57. ACHAT COMPTANT de toutes voitures ESCURE, 12, rue de Patay. Gob. 89-35. ACHAT COMPTANT touristes et industrielles. — MATHAUD, 48, rue de Vanves, PARIS-14*. SUFFREN 50-23. Particulier achète 11 BL récente Mme Delouche, 98 bis, r. Abbé-Groult. ACHETONS COMPTANT MAXIMUM FORD modèles A. et AF. MATFORD V8-82 et 92. Camions FORD tous modèles. Expert se rend à domicile. Pontoise Autos, 17, r. Thiers, Pontoise Achetons comptant Voitures touristes, camions, camttes. Ets NEUBAUER, 4, bd de la Somme, Af MOTEUR TOUS VEHICULES ACHE I LUn FORD et MATFORD. Henri Depasse, 23, bd Gouvion-St-Cyr. Suis acheteur camion C-6 tout état. S adr. : SAURIN, 34, r. du Louvre. Cuis achet. suite gd torp. CITROEN O C-4 bon état. Offre à l'Equipement Moderne, 2, bd Pereire. Carnot 39-29. Ilrg., départ province, achète compt. L 15 CV récent. Valadié, 51, bd Picpus Partie, acheteur 11 Lég. ou 11 Norm. Citroën, roues Pilote. Int. s'abst. Ecr. à Millet, 233, fg St-Honoré (B'), Suis achet. 6 r., récent. N'importe quel état, huile lourde. — Ecrire • Démigné, 47, rue du Renard, ROUEN. Suis l achet. châssis 2.000 kg. Citroën préf. Ligué, 220, r. Javel. Vau. 00-30. Recherchons moteur complet ou bloc-moteur ou carter bloc-moteur pour camion Renault T.R. 6 tonnes 1932. Faire offres : Delecourt, briqueterie du Sapin Vert, rue de l'Union, à Wattrelos (Nord). A ru AT camions 800 kg. à ilvILl 1 2 t. 5 et tourisme récente!' Gilbert, 58, r. la Procession. Suf. 36-95. Achète Hotchkiss paiem. comptant. Ets Buffard, 23, r. Duméril. Gob.13-84 MOTOCYCLETTES, VELOS 13 fr. F.N. 4 CV excellent état 3.500 Sidecar Automoto 3.500 ESCURE, 12, rue de Patay. Gobel. 89-35 LOCATION AUTOMOBILES 13 fr. Louez Citroën, Peugeot, Renault 1939 Carnevillier, 126 b. r. Lecourbe. Vau.10-94 TRAVAUX A FAÇON Ie répare rapidement équipem. électrique auto, accus, phares, dynamos Delcos. Comtet, 21, r. Pergolèse. P.59-52 LOCAUX A LOUER 18 fr. Désire louer garage ou usine 1.500 à 5.000 m.. dont 1.500 à 3.000 couverts et cimentés, pr montage et stockage automobile, préférence proximité Gen-nevilliers. Ecrire : Tracteurs F.A.P,., 113, av. Laurent-Cély, Gennevilliers. OFFRES D'EMPLOI 8 fr. Les annonces ne peuvent être acceptées qu'accompagnées d'une autorisation de l'inspecteur divisionnaire du Travail de la 1" circonscription, pour la Seine, la Seine-et-Oise et la Seine-et-Marne, autorisation délivrée par l'inspection du Travail, 391, rue de Vaugirard, Paris. On dem. bon tôlier réparat. automobiles. Fauque, 7, r. Rochechouart. Demande mécaniciens e,t tôliers réparation camions et automobiles. Ets .LNEU B A U ElRs 4, bd de la Somme (17'). Demandons bons mécaniciens pour ré.paration, préférence connaiss. Ford Henri DEPASSE, 23, bd Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Paris-17'. Se présenter de 8 à 10 h. LES AIGLES, 146, r. de Charonne, très bons mécan ioiens réparations. Mécaniciens réparation camions de-dés, référ. exigées. « Le Véhicule Industriel », 4, av. Porte-des-Ternes. Station-Service demande graisseurs très au courant, avec références. < Le Véhicule Industriel » 4, av. de la; Porte-des-Ternes, Paris LES AIGLES, 146, rue de Charonne, demandent magasinier pièces détachées auto. Très bonnes références. Demande tôlier réparations autos. BERNER, 40, bd de l'Yser (17'). On dem. un jeune homme ou homme non mobilisable, connaiss. le cycle et un peu la moto. S'adr. : DEPREZ. 187 bis, r. Arm.-Silvestre, Courbevoie. Chauffeur, ancien routier, avec fi possible permis transp. en commun SCHULZ, 7. rue Pays, SAINT-MANPR. On dem. bon contremaître mécano. réparations, spécialiste PEUGEOT si possible. Fauque, 7, r. Rochechouart On demande très bons ouvriers pour réparations voitures et un très bon mécanicien réparation moteurs. Ets Buffard, 23, r. Duméril, Paris-13' Mécanic. bien p. réparat. voit. d'occasion,bien payé. Potier, 44, bd l'Hôpital Mécanicien très au courant pour réparation de camions automobile?. Maison BERNOT, 160, rue Lafayette, DEMANDES D'EMPLOI 6 fr. chaurf.-livreu;r-«-neais,seur, 50 a., eh. ts peniM" 1923, 50 a., ch. pl. Ecr. : Hericher. 1, rue Auguste-Beau, Courbevoie (5 Le Gérant : Joies G A NCEL lmvrim. de L'Auto, 10. rg Montmartre A ■/jiouieq A VOTRE TROUSSEAU UNE CLÉ DE COFFRE-FORT VOUS NE CRAINDREZ PLUS LE VOL Il L'INCENDIE si VOS TITRES, VOS VALEURS, SONT EN VOS BIJOUX SÉCURITÉ DANS LES COFFRES DE LA BANQUE NATIONALE POUR ~ LE COMMERCE ET L'INOUSTRIE'.
| 26,947 |
https://ru.stackoverflow.com/questions/1098137
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
Denver Toha, Leonid, https://ru.stackoverflow.com/users/342397, https://ru.stackoverflow.com/users/361876
|
Sardinian
|
Spoken
| 184 | 669 |
Как автоматически обновлять приходящую по протоколу WebSocket jpg картинку в окошке html без перезагрузки странички
Написал свой WS сервер, который снимает поток с вебкамеры, покадрово переводит его в jpg и отправляет клиенту. Но я соварешенно не умею во фронт. Помогите пожалуйста изменить этот код, чтоб можно было ловить кадры приходящие по ws и обновлять их в браузере.
<head>
<title> image</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
</head>
<body>
<image src="https://netology.ru/backend/uploads/page_assets/images/file/50/html.svg" alt="image" id= "frame">
</body>
let Arr = ['https://netology.ru/backend/uploads/page_assets/images/file/51/css.svg','https://netology.ru/backend/uploads/page_assets/images/file/52/js.svg','https://netology.ru/backend/uploads/page_assets/images/file/53/canvas-1.svg'];
let i = 0;
function f() {
if (i<Arr.length) {
var c = Arr[i];
var elem = document.getElementById('frame');
elem.src = c;
i++;
}
}
setInterval(f, 500);
<html>
<head>
<title> image</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
</head>
<body>
<image src="https://netology.ru/backend/uploads/page_assets/images/file/50/html.svg" alt="image" id= "frame">
<script>
window.onload = function(){
let image = document.getElementById('frame');
let ws = new WebSocket("ws://your_address.ru/whatever");
ws.onmessage = m => {
image.src = URL.createObjectURL(m.data);
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
а в src в html что указать?
вместо адресса jpgшки на ниске
(index):12 Uncaught TypeError: Cannot set property 'src' of null
at WebSocket.ws.onmessage ((index):12)
браузер выдает такую ошибку
серв в локальной сети работает(
Если сервер работает, то страница полностью так. Только замените адрес WS сервера.
| 16,030 |
https://github.com/lechium/tvOS144Headers/blob/master/Applications/Siri/SRStarkDisambiguationSnippetController.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
tvOS144Headers
|
lechium
|
C
|
Code
| 253 | 1,155 |
//
// Generated by classdumpios 1.0.1 (64 bit) (iOS port by DreamDevLost)(Debug version compiled Sep 26 2020 13:48:20).
//
// Copyright (C) 1997-2019 Steve Nygard.
//
#import "SRStarkTableViewController.h"
#import "SRStarkItemController-Protocol.h"
#import "SRStarkTableViewControllerDelegate-Protocol.h"
@class AFAnalyticsTurnBasedInstrumentationContext, NSMutableDictionary, NSString, SAUIListItem;
@protocol SRStarkDisambiguationSnippetControllerDataSource, SRStarkDisambiguationSnippetControllerDelegate;
@interface SRStarkDisambiguationSnippetController : SRStarkTableViewController <SRStarkTableViewControllerDelegate, SRStarkItemController>
{
unsigned long long _preferredListItemIndex; // 8 = 0x8
SAUIListItem *_preferredListItem; // 16 = 0x10
_Bool _isGroup; // 24 = 0x18
NSMutableDictionary *_groupNameMapping; // 32 = 0x20
id <SRStarkDisambiguationSnippetControllerDelegate> _delegate; // 40 = 0x28
id <SRStarkDisambiguationSnippetControllerDataSource> _dataSource; // 48 = 0x30
NSString *_disambiguationKey; // 56 = 0x38
AFAnalyticsTurnBasedInstrumentationContext *_turnContext; // 64 = 0x40
}
- (void).cxx_destruct; // IMP=0x000000010002f638
@property(retain, nonatomic) AFAnalyticsTurnBasedInstrumentationContext *turnContext; // @synthesize turnContext=_turnContext;
@property(copy, nonatomic, getter=_disambiguationKey) NSString *disambiguationKey; // @synthesize disambiguationKey=_disambiguationKey;
@property(nonatomic) __weak id <SRStarkDisambiguationSnippetControllerDataSource> dataSource; // @synthesize dataSource=_dataSource;
@property(nonatomic) __weak id <SRStarkDisambiguationSnippetControllerDelegate> delegate; // @synthesize delegate=_delegate;
- (void)_toggleFullScreen:(_Bool)arg1; // IMP=0x000000010002f524
- (id)_disambiguationAttributedString:(id)arg1 boldedRange:(struct _NSRange)arg2; // IMP=0x000000010002f3a0
- (_Bool)isRightHandDrive; // IMP=0x000000010002f34c
- (void)didPressShowMore; // IMP=0x000000010002f1a8
- (void)didPressItem:(id)arg1 atIndex:(unsigned long long)arg2; // IMP=0x000000010002efa0
- (id)newShowMoreCellWithIdentifier:(id)arg1; // IMP=0x000000010002ef48
- (Class)showMoreCellClass; // IMP=0x000000010002ef3c
- (void)configureCell:(id)arg1 forItem:(id)arg2 atIndex:(unsigned long long)arg3; // IMP=0x000000010002ebbc
- (id)newCellWithIdentifier:(id)arg1 forItem:(id)arg2 atIndex:(unsigned long long)arg3; // IMP=0x000000010002eb68
- (id)cellIdentifierForItem:(id)arg1 atIndex:(unsigned long long)arg2; // IMP=0x000000010002eb5c
- (id)tableCellIdentifiersAndClasses; // IMP=0x000000010002ead4
- (void)siriRequestWillStart; // IMP=0x000000010002ea8c
- (unsigned long long)autoDismissalReason; // IMP=0x000000010002ea84
- (long long)autoDismissalStrategy; // IMP=0x000000010002ea7c
- (void)tableView:(id)arg1 didEndDisplayingCell:(id)arg2 forRowAtIndexPath:(id)arg3; // IMP=0x000000010002ea34
- (void)autodisambiguate; // IMP=0x000000010002ea08
- (_Bool)shouldAutodisambiguate; // IMP=0x000000010002e9f0
- (id)initWithAceObject:(id)arg1 currentTurnContext:(id)arg2; // IMP=0x000000010002e340
// Remaining properties
@property(readonly, copy) NSString *debugDescription;
@property(readonly, copy) NSString *description;
@property(readonly) unsigned long long hash;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) _Bool shouldProceedToNextCommandAtSpeechSynthesisEnd;
@property(readonly) Class superclass;
@end
| 39,442 |
4594772_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,192 | 1,612 |
THE FRANCE COMPANY, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.France Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 64869.United States Board of Tax Appeals29 B.T.A. 661; 1934 BTA LEXIS 1502; January 3, 1934, Promulgated *1502 A corporation, owning by cash purchase all the shares of its subsidiary, received all the subsidiary's assets and assumed all its liabilities pursuant to an agreement whereby it surrendered the shares for cancellation by the subsidiary. The difference between the cost of the shares and the net value of the subsidiary's assets when received, held to constitute a taxable gain to the corporation from a distribution in liquidation. H. A. Mihills, C.P.A., and S. Sanger, Esq., for the petitioner. R. M. Coon, Esq., and F. S. Gettle, Esq., for the respondent. STERNHAGEN *662 The petitioner assails the respondent's determination that in 1929 it received a liquidating distribution of $89,863.53, which included a gain of $60,763.53, and of a resulting deficiency of $6,683.99 in its income tax for 1929. FINDINGS OF FACT. During 1924 and 1925 petitioner, an Ohio corporation, purchased for $29,100 the entire outstanding capital stock, consisting of 400 shares, of the Bascom Quarries Co. It held this stock until 1929. On January 2, 1929, the shareholders of the Bascom Co. adopted the following resolution, and on the same date its board*1503 of directors authorized its officers to enter into the agreement contained therein: RESOLUTION BE IT RESOLVED by the Shareholders of The Bascom Quarries Company that the Board of Directors of said corporation be, and it hereby is directed to authorize the proper officers of the Company to enter into a contract with The France Company under the terms of which it shall be provided that the entire assets and property of The Bascom Quarries Company shall be sold and delivered to The France Company upon the terms and conditions and for the considerations set forth in the agreement presented at this meeting, a copy of which agreement is as follows: AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT entered into and concluded at Toledo, Ohio, as of this 2nd day of January, A.D. 1929, by and between The Bascom Quarries Company, an Ohio corporation of Toledo, Ohio, hereinafter called the Seller, and The France Company, an Ohio corporation of Toledo, Ohio, hereinafter called the Purchaser. WITNESSETH: In consideration of the mutual agreements between the parties hereto, it is agreed by and between them as follows: 1. The Seller agrees to and does hereby sell to the Purchaser and the Purchaser agrees to*1504 and does hereby purchase from the Seller, the entire assets and property of the Seller including accounts receivable and cash on hand existing at the close of business on December 31st, 1928. 2. The Seller will accept and the Purchaser will pay for such assets and property the sum of $51,598.90 payable as follows: $40,000.00 thereof by the endorsement and surrender for cancellation to the Seller of 400 shares of its common capital stock being all of the outstanding shares of the Seller, and the balance of said purchase price by the assumption and payment of the indebtedness due and owing by The Bascom Quarries Company at the close of its business on December 31st, 1928, amounting to $11,598.90. The purchaser will also assume, do, and perform all of the obligations agreed to be done and performed by the Seller in any and all contracts that shall be assigned by the Seller to the Purchaser pursuant to the terms of this agreement. 3. The Seller will convey said assets and property by proper instruments of assignment and conveyance in such form as shall be satisfactory to the Purchaser which assets and property shall be free and clear of all encumbrances *663 except the*1505 taxes and assessments due thereon and payable in June 1929 and thereafter. 4. The Purchaser will deliver to the Seller for cancellation, duly endorsed, all certificates evidencing the above mentioned shares of stock of the Seller upon the delivery by the Seller of the aforesaid proper instruments of assign ment and conveyance, vesting the absolute title in and to all of said property and assets in the Purchaser. On January 18, 1929, petitioner's board of directors authorized its officers to enter into said agreement by virtue of a shareholders' resolution passed on the same date. On or after January 18, 1929, the agreement, reciting that it was "entered into and concluded * * * as of this 2nd day of January, A.D. 1929," was duly executed. Under date of February 21, 1929, an entry on petitioner's journal reflects the transfer to it of the Bascom Co.'s assets and liabilities. A second journal entry, dated March 1, 1929, crediting petitioner with the Bascom Co.'s check for $2,160.13, contains the following notation: "To transfer business transacted by The Bascom Quarries Co. for the France Co. from Jan. 1 to Feb. 28, 1929." On April 15, 1929, the Bascom Co. acknowledged a*1506 bill of sale, "as of this 2nd day of January, A.D. 1929," transferring to petitioner all its assets, which consisted of cash, accounts receivable, land, machinery, buildings, and equipment, and on the same date acknowledged a deed transferring its real estate. On October 29, 1929, the Bascom Co.'s shareholders passed a resolution to dissolve the corporation, and authorized its officers to take the proper steps to that end. Its shares of stock were canceled in October. During January and February 1929 the Bascom Co. continued making sales of products, which were reflected in its invoices, and continued to issue checks on its separate bank account in payment for labor, services and materials connected with activities carried on in its name. Petitioner filed a separate income tax return for 1929, which reflected without segregation the income and deductions of the business carried on by itself and that conducted in the name of the Bascom Co. In answer to the question, "Is This a Consolidated Return of Two or More Corporations," petitioner wrote "No." The Bascom Co. filed a separate return for 1929, reporting no income and no deductions. On the margin was written: As of January 1, 1929, The*1507 France Co. acquired all of the assets and assumed all of the indebtedness of this corporation, by surrendering for cancellation all of this corporation's outstanding stock. This corporation was dissolved during 1929. Respondent computed a taxable profit of $60,763.53, the difference between $89,863.53, the net book value of the assets transferred, and $29,100, the cost of the stock to petitioner. *664 OPINION. STERNHAGEN: This was so obviously a distribution to petitioner in complete liquidation of all its shares in the Bascom Co. that it deserves but brief consideration. The petitioner labors an argument (1) that the transaction was a purchase; (2) that, if a distribution, it was essentially the equivalent of an ordinary dividend; (3) that it was a statutory reorganization, and thus relieved from tax; (4) that the corporations were affiliated and filed a consolidated return; and (5) that upon a consolidated return the transaction was an intercompany transaction upon which no gain may be recognized. The transaction was in destruction of the affiliation and was the occasion for the realization by petitioner of its investment in the Bascom stock.
| 23,248 |
https://github.com/SaintLoong/metalk8s/blob/master/storage-operator/pkg/apis/storage/v1alpha1/volume_types_test.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
metalk8s
|
SaintLoong
|
Go
|
Code
| 426 | 1,869 |
package v1alpha1
import (
"testing"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
)
func TestGetCondition(t *testing.T) {
now := metav1.Now()
tests := map[string]struct {
conditions VolumeCondition
condType VolumeConditionType
condStatus corev1.ConditionStatus
insertExpected bool
transitionExpected bool
}{
"AddCondition": {
conditions: VolumeCondition{
Type: VolumeReady,
Status: corev1.ConditionTrue,
LastUpdateTime: now,
LastTransitionTime: now,
Reason: "Foo",
Message: "Bar",
},
condType: "whatever",
condStatus: corev1.ConditionFalse,
insertExpected: true,
transitionExpected: true,
},
"UpdateConditionNoTransition": {
conditions: VolumeCondition{
Type: VolumeReady,
Status: corev1.ConditionTrue,
LastUpdateTime: now,
LastTransitionTime: now,
Reason: "Foo",
Message: "Bar",
},
condType: VolumeReady,
condStatus: corev1.ConditionTrue,
insertExpected: false,
transitionExpected: false,
},
"Found": {
conditions: VolumeCondition{
Type: VolumeReady,
Status: corev1.ConditionTrue,
LastUpdateTime: now,
LastTransitionTime: now,
Reason: "Foo",
Message: "Bar",
},
condType: VolumeReady,
condStatus: corev1.ConditionFalse,
insertExpected: false,
transitionExpected: true,
},
}
for name, tc := range tests {
t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
volume := Volume{
Status: VolumeStatus{
Conditions: []VolumeCondition{tc.conditions},
},
}
oldLen := len(volume.Status.Conditions)
volume.SetCondition(tc.condType, tc.condStatus, "Baz", "Qux")
condition := volume.GetCondition(tc.condType)
if tc.insertExpected {
assert.True(t, len(volume.Status.Conditions) > oldLen)
} else {
assert.Equal(t, oldLen, len(volume.Status.Conditions))
}
if tc.transitionExpected {
assert.True(t, now.Before(&condition.LastTransitionTime))
assert.True(t, now.Before(&condition.LastUpdateTime))
} else {
assert.Equal(t, now, condition.LastTransitionTime)
assert.Equal(t, now, condition.LastUpdateTime)
}
assert.Equal(t, tc.condType, condition.Type)
assert.Equal(t, tc.condStatus, condition.Status)
assert.Equal(t, ConditionReason("Baz"), condition.Reason)
assert.Equal(t, "Qux", condition.Message)
})
}
}
func TestComputePhase(t *testing.T) {
tests := map[string]struct {
kind VolumeConditionType
status corev1.ConditionStatus
reason ConditionReason
expected VolumePhase
}{
"Unknown": {
kind: "nope",
status: corev1.ConditionTrue,
reason: "",
expected: "",
},
"Available": {
kind: VolumeReady,
status: corev1.ConditionTrue,
reason: "",
expected: VolumeAvailable,
},
"Failed": {
kind: VolumeReady,
status: corev1.ConditionFalse,
reason: "",
expected: VolumeFailed,
},
"Pending": {
kind: VolumeReady,
status: corev1.ConditionUnknown,
reason: "Pending",
expected: VolumePending,
},
"Terminating": {
kind: VolumeReady,
status: corev1.ConditionUnknown,
reason: "Terminating",
expected: VolumeTerminating,
},
}
for name, tc := range tests {
t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
volume := Volume{
Status: VolumeStatus{
Conditions: []VolumeCondition{{
Type: tc.kind,
Status: tc.status,
Reason: tc.reason,
}},
},
}
phase := volume.ComputePhase()
assert.Equal(t, tc.expected, phase)
})
}
}
func TestIsInUnrecoverableFailedState(t *testing.T) {
tests := map[string]struct {
kind VolumeConditionType
status corev1.ConditionStatus
reason ConditionReason
message string
expected *VolumeCondition
}{
"Unknown": {
kind: "nope",
status: corev1.ConditionTrue,
reason: "",
message: "",
expected: nil,
},
"Success": {
kind: VolumeReady,
status: corev1.ConditionTrue,
reason: "",
message: "",
expected: nil,
},
"TransientError": {
kind: VolumeReady,
status: corev1.ConditionFalse,
reason: ReasonUnavailableError,
message: "",
expected: nil,
},
"DefinitiveError": {
kind: VolumeReady,
status: corev1.ConditionFalse,
reason: ReasonCreationError,
message: "KABOOM",
expected: &VolumeCondition{
Reason: ReasonCreationError,
Message: "KABOOM",
},
},
}
for name, tc := range tests {
t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
volume := Volume{
Status: VolumeStatus{
Conditions: []VolumeCondition{{
Type: tc.kind,
Status: tc.status,
Reason: tc.reason,
Message: tc.message,
}},
},
}
condition := volume.IsInUnrecoverableFailedState()
if tc.expected == nil {
assert.Nil(t, condition)
} else {
assert.Equal(t, tc.expected.Reason, condition.Reason)
assert.Equal(t, tc.expected.Message, condition.Message)
}
})
}
}
| 11,795 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%B3.%20%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ويليام س. كيربى
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ويليام س. كيربى&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 33 | 106 |
ويليام س. كيربى مؤرخ من امريكا.
حياته
ويليام س. كيربى من مواليد سنة 1950.
الدراسه
درس فى كليه دارتموث و جامعة هارفارد.
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
مؤرخين
مؤرخين من امريكا
دارسين فى جامعة هارفارد
| 29,845 |
creativeintellig00unknuoft_12
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,873 |
Records of the past : being English translations of the Ancient monuments of Egypt and western Asia, published under the sanction of the Society of Biblical Archaeology
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,047 | 8,426 |
It has recently been argued by a learned and acute investigator of economic origins that " invention is the mother of necessity," and not the child.* Such a com plete reversal of all our ordinary thought about the matter seems at first sheer paradox. What, one may ask, can ever suggest an invention and what can give it welcome and currency but an existing need — which, if it happens to be for the time being latent and uncon scious, needs only the presentation of its appropriate means of satisfaction to " arouse " and " awaken " it fully into action? But this paradox as to invention is at all events not more paradoxical than the view as to the reception of new commodities and the rise of new desires that has been above suggested. What it appears to imply is in principle identical with what has seemed, from our consideration of the other aspect of the general situation, to be the simple empirical fact ; neither the existence of the new commodity nor our interest in it when it is presented admits of explanation as an effect on each particular occasion of a preexist ing unsatisfied desire for it. What both sides of the problem bring to view is a certain original bent or * Thorstein Veblen: The Instinct of Workmanship, p. 316. 296* CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE £ constitutive character of human nature — a predisposi tion, an elan vital perhaps, which we must recognize as nothing less than perfectly general and comprehen sive — finding expression in inventive effort and likewise in the readiness with which the individual meets a new commodity halfway and gives it opportunity to become for him, if it can, a new necessity and the source of a new type of satisfaction. From the point of view of " logic," as William James might have said, such a version of psychological fact may seem essentially self-contradictory. Unless, it may be argued, a novelty when presented excites some manner of desire for itself in the beholder, the beholder will make no effort towards it and thus take no step away from his existing system of life to a new system in which a new desire and a new commodity shall have a place. So much would seem clear enough but the question immediately follows: How can a thing that is new arouse desire? In so far as it is new it must ex vi termini be unknown and wanting definition in terms of remembered past experiences ; and how can a thing unknown make that connection with the present character of the individual which must be deemed necessary to the arousal of de sire in him? A new thing would seem, then, from this point of view, to be able to arouse desire only in so far as it is able to conceal or subordinate its aspects of novelty and appear as known and well-accredited — either this or there must be in the individual some definite instinctive mechanism ready to be set in action by the thing's presentment. And on neither of these PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 297 suppositions can having to do with the new thing effect any fundamental or radical difference in the individual — it can serve at most only to " bring out " what was already " there " in him in a " latent " or " implicit " status. Whatever new developments of power or de sire may be attained and organized into the individual's character through his commerce with the novelty must be new in only a superficial sense — they will be new only as occurrences, only as the striking of the hour by the clock and the resulting abrasion of the bell and hammer are new events. But the clock was made to strike; it is the nature of metal to wear away and likewise these changes in the individual are in deeper truth not new at all but only a disclosure of the agent's character, a further fulfilment along preestablished and unalterable lines which all along was making head way in the agent's earlier quests and efforts and attainments. There is a sense, no doubt, in which some such ver sion of the facts as this is unanswerable, but contro versial advantage is paid for, here as elsewhere in the logic of absolute idealism, at the cost of tangible mean ing and practical importance. Just what does the con tention come to? Let us say, for example, that one has learned to use a typewriter. What has happened is like an illiterate person's learning to read and write. Correspondence with one's friends begins to take on new meaning and to acquire new value: one begins to find a new pleasure and stimulation taking the place of the ineffectual drivings of an uneasy conscience. All this, let us say, has come from the moderate outlay for 298 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE a superior mechanical instrument. And now let it be granted that it would not have come if the fortunate individual had not been " what he was." If it has come it is because the individual and the rest of the world were " of such a sort " that the revival and new growth of interest could take its rise with the provision of the new instrumentality. But what, precisely, does such a statement mean? What sort of verification does it ad mit of? What fruitful insight into the concrete facts of the case does it convey? Of what sort, prior to the event, does it show the individual to have been? The truth is, of course, that he was of no sort, then and there and with reference to the purchase — he was of no sort decisively. He was neither purchaser nor rejector. He was neither a convinced " typist " nor piously confirmed in his predilection for writing " by hand." He was neither wholly weary of his corre spondence nor fully cognizant of the importance of intercourse with his friends for his soul's good. He may have been dissatisfied and rebellious or he may have been comfortably persuaded that letter-writing, though an irksome labor, was even at that sufficiently worth while. The most that can be said is simply that he must have been willing and desirous to try the ex periment for the sake of any good, imaginable or beyond present imagination, that might come of it. But being of " such a sort " as this could not prejudge the issue — although, undoubtedly, in willingness to raise an issue there lies always the possibility of change. All the plausibility of the dogma we are here considering comes from its hasty inclusion of this general attitude of PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 299 constructively experimental inquiry and effort, this essential character of creative intelligence, as one among the concrete interests which constitute and define our particular problems in their inception. § 6. If then " logic " is unable to express the nature of our forward looking interest in the unexperienced and unpredictible, perhaps the empirical fact will speak for itself. We call things new; we recognize their novelty and their novelty excites our interest. But just as we are sometimes told that we can only know the new in terms of its resemblances to what we have known before, so it may be held that in the end we can desire it only on the like condition. Are we, then, to con clude that the seeming novelty of things new is an illusion, or shall we hold, on the contrary, that novelty need not be explained away and that a spontaneous constructive interest stands more or less constantly ready in us to go out to meet it and possess it? Unquestionably, let us say the latter. Any new commodity will, of course, resemble in part or in a general way some old one. It is said that bath-tubs are sometimes used in " model tenements " as coal-bins. Old uses persist unchanged in the presence of new pos sibilities. But in general new possibilities invite interest 300 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE and effort because our experimental and constructive bent contrives on the whole to make head against habit- uation and routine. We recognize the new as new. And if it be contended that novelty in its own right cannot be a ground of interest, that novelty must first get restatement as the old with certain " accidents " externally adhering, the answer is that the " accidents " interest us nevertheless. They may prove their right to stand as the very essence of some new " kind " that one may wish to let take form and character for him. Instead of the chips and shavings, they are in fact the raw material of the logical process. For if we can know the new as new, if we can know the " accident " as accidental in a commodity before us, the fact betrays an incipient interest in the quality or aspect that its novelty or contingency at least does not thwart. And is this quite all? Will it be disputed that a relation of a quality or feature to ourselves which we can know, name, and recognize — like " novelty " — must be known, as anything else is known, through an interest of which it is the appropriate terminus ? * * It may still be argued that we must depend upon analogy in our acceptance or rejection of a new commodity. For any element of novelty must surely suggest something to us, must mean some thing to us, if it is to attract or repel. Thus, the motor-car will whirl us rapidly over the country, the motor-boat will dart over the water without effort on our part. And in such measure as we have had them hitherto, we have always enjoyed experiences of rapid motion. These new instruments simply promise a per fectly well-known sort of experience in fuller measure. So the argument may run. And our mental process in such a case may accordingly be held to be nothing more mysterious than a passing by analogy from the old ways in which we got rapid motion in PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 301 And there is no difficulty in pointing to instances in which the character of novelty seems fundamental. Consider, for example, the interest one feels in spending a day with a friend or in making a new acquaintance or, say, in entering on the cares of parenthood. Or again, take the impulse toward research, artistic creation, or artistic study and appreciation. Or again, take the interest in topography and exploration. That there is in such phenomena as these a certain essentially and irreducibly forward look, a certain residual free- the past to the new way which now promises more of the same. And more of the same is what we want. " More of the same " means here intensive magnitude and in this connection at all events it begs the question. Bergson's polemic seems perfectly valid against such a use of the notion. But kept in logical terms the case seems clearer. It is said that we reason in such a case by "analogy." We do, indeed; but what is an alogy? The term explains nothing until the real process behind the term is clearly and realistically conceived. What I shall here suggest holds true, I think, as an account of analogical inference generally and not simply for the economic type of case we have here to do with. Reasoning is too often thought of as proceed ing from given independent premises — as here (1) the fact that hitherto the driving we have most enjoyed and the sailing we have most enjoyed have been fast and (2) the fact that the motor-car is fast. But do we accept the conclusion because the premises suggest it in a way we cannot resist? On the con trary, stated thus, the premises clearly do not warrant the conclu sion that the motor-car will be enjoyable. Such a statement of the premises is wholly formal and ex post facto. What, then, is our actual mental process in the case? The truth is, I think, that we simply — yes, u psychologically " — wish to try that promised unheard-of rate of speed! That comes first and foremost. But we mean to be reasonably prudent on the whole, although we are avowedly adventurous just now in this particular direction! We, therefore, ransack our memory for other fast things we have 302 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE dom of our interest and effort from dependence on the detail of prior experience down to date, probably few persons without ulterior philosophical prepossessions will dispute. If we call these phenomena instinctive we are using the term in a far more loose and general sense than it seems to have in the best usage of animal psychology. If we call them attitudes or dispositions, such a term has at least the negative merit of setting them apart from the class of instinctive acts, but it may carry with it a connotation of fixity and unconscious- known, to see whether they have encouragement to give us. Because we have not taken care to see the impulse coming, it surprises us and we are frightened. And we look about for an illusive assurance in some " law of thought," or some question- begging "universal premise" of Nature's "uniformity." We do not see that we were already conditionally committed to the " leap " by our initial interest. Getting our premises together is no hurried forging of a chain to save us from our own madness in the nick of time. We are only hoping to rid our selves of an excess of conservative ballast. To reason by analogy is not to repress or to dispense with the interest in the radically novel, but to give methodical and intelligent expression to that interest. PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 303 ness that after all surrenders the essential distinction. It will suffice to look at a single one of these instances. In friendship, for example, there is undoubtedly strongly operative a desire for the mere recurrence, in our further friendly intercourse, of certain values that have become habitual and familiar. We may have long known and become attached to a friend's tones of voice, peculiarities of manner and external appearance, turns of speech and thought and the like, which we miss in absence and which give us pleasure when we meet the friend again. But if the friendship is not one of " pleas ure " or " utility " simply, but of " virtue " * as well, there is also present on both sides a constructive or pro gressive or creative interest. And this interest, stated on its self-regarding and introspective side, is more than a desire for the mere grateful recurrence of the old looks and words " recoined at the old mint." It is an interest looking into the " undone vast," an interest in an indefinite prolongation, an infinite series, of joint experiences the end of which cannot and need not be foreseen and the nature of which neither can nor need be forecasted. And there is the same characteristic in all the other instances mentioned in this connection. It is not a desire for recurrent satisfactions of a de terminate type, but an interest in the active develop ment of unexperienced and indeterminate possibilities. If finally the question be pressed, how there can be an interest of this seemingly self-contradictory type in human nature, the answer can only be that we must take * Aristotle's Nicomachaean Ethics (Welldon's transl.), Book VIII. 304 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE the facts as we find them. Is such a conception inherently more difficult than the view that all ramifica tions and developments of human interest are con cretely predetermined and implicit a priori? To ig nore or deny palpable fact because it eludes the reach of a current type of conceptual analysis is to part company with both science and philosophy. We are in fact here dealing with the essential mark and trait of what is called self-conscious process. If there are ultimates and indefmables in this world of ours, self- consciousness may as fairly claim the dignity or avow the discredit as any other of the list. § 7. Does our interest in economic goods on occa sion exhibit the trait of which we are here speaking? Precisely this is our present contention. And yet it seems not too much to say that virtually all economic theory, whether the classical or the present dominant type that has drawn its terminology and working con cepts from the ostensible psychology of the Austrian School, is founded upon the contradictory assumption. The economic interest, our desire and esteem for solid and matter-of-fact things like market commodities and standardized market services, has been conceived as nothing visionary and speculative, as no peering into the infinite or outreaching of an inexpressible discon tent, but an intelligent, clear-eyed grasping and holding of known satisfactions for measured and acknowledged desires. Art and religion, friendship and love, sport and adventure, morality and legislation, these all may be fields for the free play and constructive experi mentation of human faculty, but in our economic efforts PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 305 and relations we are supposed to tread the solid ground of fact. Business is business. Waste not, want not. First a living, then (perhaps) a " good life." * And we are assured one need not recoil from the hard logic of such maxims, for they do not dispute the existence of spacious (and well-shaded) suburban regions fringing the busy areas of industry and com merce. Such is the assumption. We have said that it pre cludes the admission of speculation as an economic factor. Speculation for economic theory is a purely commercial phenomenon, a hazarding of capital on the supposition that desires will be found ready and wait ing for the commodity produced — with a sufficient offer ing of purchasing power to afford a profit. And the " creation of demand," where this is part of the pro gram of speculative enterprise, means the arousal of a " dormant " or implicit desire, in the sense above discussed — there is nothing, at all events, in other parts of current theory to indicate a different conception. The economist will probably contend that what the process of the creation of demand may be is not his but the psychologist's affair; that his professional con cern is only whether or not the economic demand, as an objective market fact, be actually forthcoming. But what we here contend for as a fact of economic experi ence is a speculation that is in the nature of personal adventure and not simply an " adventuring of stock." § 8. For what is the nature of the economic " ex- * Cf. Aristotle's Politics (Jowett's trans.) III. 9. §6 if. and else where; Nicom. Ethics, I, Chap. Ill (end). 306 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE perience " or situation, considered as a certain type of juncture in the life of an individual? It may be shortly described as the process of determining how much of one's time, strength, or external resources of any sort shall be expended for whatever one is thinking of doing or acquiring. Two general motives enter here to gov ern the estimate and each may show the routine or the innovative phase. In any work there is possible, first, more or less of the workman's interest — an interest not merely in a conventional standard of excellence in the finished result but also in betterment of the standard and in a corresponding heightened excellence of technique and spirit in the execution.* These in terests, without reference to the useful result and " for their own sake " (i.e., for the workman's sake, in ways not specifiable in advance), may command a share of one's available time, strength, and resources. In the second place, any work or effort or offer to give in exchange has a namable result of some kind in view — a crop of wheat, a coat, a musical rendition, or the education of a child. Why are such things "produced" or sought for? Verbally and plati- tudinously one may answer : For the sake of the " satis factions " they are expected to afford. But such an answer ignores the contrast of attitudes that both work manship and productive or acquisitive effort in the ordi nary sense display. As the workman may conform to his standard or may be ambitious to surpass it, so the intending consumer may be counting on known satisfactions or hoping for satisfactions of a kind that *Cf. Veblen: op. cit. PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 307 he has never known before. Both sorts of effort may be of either the routine or the innovative type. In neither workmanship nor acquisition can one fix upon routine as the " normal " type, hoping to derive or to explain away the inevitable residue of " outstanding cases." For as a matter of fact the outstanding cases prove to be our only clue to a knowledge of how routine is made.* The above formula will apply, with the appropriate changes of emphasis, to buyers and sellers in an organ ized market, as well as to the parties to a simple trans action of barter. Two main empirical characteristics of the economic situation are suggested in putting the statement in just these terms. In the first place, the primary problem in such a situation is that of " exchange valuation," the fixation of a " subjective " (or better, a "personal") price ratio between what 1 the agent wishes to acquire and whatever it is that he offers in exchange. The agent thus is engaged in determining what shall be the relative importance for himself of two commodities or exchangeable goods. And in the second place these goods get their values determined together and in relation to each other, * W. McDougall in his Social Psychology (Ed. 1912, pp. 358 if.) recognizes " incomplete anticipation of the end of action " as a genuine type of preliminary situation in human behavior, but ap pears to regard this as in so far a levelling-down of man to the blindness of the "brutes." But "incompleteness" is a highly ambiguous term and seems here to beg the question. " Incomplete ness" may be given an emphasis in which it imports conjecture and hypothesis — almost anything, in fact, but blindness. Rather do the brutes get levelled up to man by such facts as those Mc Dougall cites. 308 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE never singly and with a view to subsequent com parison. These values when they have been determined will be measured in terms of marginal utility in accord ance with familiar principles, but the marginal utilities that are to express the attained and accepted ratio at which exchange eventually takes place are not known quantities at all in the inception of the process of com parison. If these dogmatic statements seem to issue in hopeless paradox or worse, then let us not fear to face the paradox and fix its lines with all possible distinct ness. Can a man decide to offer so much of one com modity for so much of another unless he first has settled what each is worth to him in some intelligible terms or other? And is not this latter in point of fact the real decision — at all events clearly more than half the battle ? Does not the exchange ratio to which one can agree " leap to the eyes," in fact, as soon as the absolute values in the case have been once isolated and given numerical expression? In a single word we here join issue. For the com parison in such a case is constructive comparison, not a mechanical measuring of fixed magnitudes, as the above objection tacitly assumes. And constructive compari son is essentially a transitive or inductive operation whereby the agent moves from one level to another, altering his standard of living in some more or less important way, embarking upon a new interest, entering upon the formation of a new habit or upon a new ac cession of power or effectiveness — making or seeking to make, in short, some transformation in his environment and in himself that shall give his life as an entire sys- PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 309 tern a changed tenor and perspective. The term " con structive comparison " is thus intended, among other things, to suggest that the process is in the nature of adventure, not calculation, and, on the other hand, that though adventurous it is not sheer hazard uncontrolled. § 9. A commodity sought or encountered may then be of interest to us for reasons of the following three general sorts. In the first place it may simply be the nor mal and appropriate object of some established desire of ours. We may be seeking the commodity be cause this desire has first become active, or encounter ing the commodity in the market may have suddenly awakened the desire. Illustration seems superfluous; tobacco for the habitual smoker, clothing of most sorts for the ordinary person, regular supplies of the household staples — these will suffice. This is the prov ince within which a hedonistic account of the economic motive holds good with a cogency that anti-hedonistic criticism has not been able to dissolve. Our outlays for such things as these may as a rule be held in their due and proper relation to each other — at all events in their established or " normal " relation — simply by recalling at critical times our relative marginal likes and dislikes for them. That these likes and dislikes are not self- explanatory, that they are concrete expectations and not abstract affective elements, does not seem greatly to matter where the issue lies between maintaining or renouncing an existing schedule of consumption. And in this same classification belong also industrial and commercial expenditures of a similarly routine sort. Even where the scale of operations is being enlarged, expenditures for machines, fuel, raw materials, and labor may have been so carefully planned in advance with reference to the desired increase of output or pecu- PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 311 niary profit that no special problem of motivation at taches directly to them. And these outlays are so im portant in industry and commerce that the impression comes easily to prevail that all business undertaking, and then all consumption of finished goods, fall under the simple hedonistic type. But if we keep to the plane of final consumption, there appears a second sort of situation. Our interest in the commodity before us may be due to a suggestion of some sort that prompts us to take a step beyond the limits that our present formed desires mark out. The suggestion may be given by adroit advertising, by fashion, by the habits of another class to which one may aspire or by a person to whom one may look as guide, philosopher, and friend. An authority of one sort or another invites or constrains us to take the merits of the article on trust. Actual trial and use may show, not so much that it can minister to a latent desire as that we have been able through its use to form a habit that constitutes a settled need. And, finally, in the third place, there is a more spon taneous and intrinsically personal type of interest which is very largely independent of suggestion or authority. A thing of beauty, a new author, a new acquaintance, a new sport or game, a new convenience or mechanical device may challenge one's curiosity and powers of appreciation, may seem to offer a new facility in action or some unimagined release from labor or restriction. The adventure of marriage and parenthood, the inti mate attraction of great music, the mystery of an un known language or a forbidden country, the disdainful 312 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE aloofness of a mountain peak dominating a landscape are conspicuous instances inviting a more spontaneous type of constructive interest that finds abundant ex pression also in the more commonplace situations and emergencies of everyday life. It is sheer play upon words to speak in such cases of a pleasure of adventur- ousness, a pleasure of discovery, a pleasure of conquest and mastery, assigning this as the motive in order to bring these interests to the type that fits addiction to one's particular old coat or easy-chair. The specific "pleasure" alleged could not exist were the tendency not active beforehand. While the same is true in a sense for habitual concrete pleasures in relation to their corresponding habits, the irreducible difference in con structive interest as a type lies in the transition which this type of interest purposes and effects from one level of concrete or substantive desire and pleasure to another. Here one consciously looks to a result that he cannot foresee or foretell; in the other type his in terest as interest goes straight to its mark, sustained by a confident forecast.* *I take routine to be the essence and meaning of hedonism. There are two fundamental types of conduct — routine and con- structiveness. Reference may be made here to Bohm-Bawerk's pronouncement on hedonism in Kapital und Kapitalzins, 1912 (II-2, pp. 310 if.): "What people love and hate, strive towards or fight oif — whether only pleasure and pain or other Movable* and * hatable ' things as well, — is a matter of entire indifference to the economist. The only thing important is that they do love and hate certain things. . . . The deductions of marginal utility theory lose no whit of their cogency even if certain ends (dependent for their realization upon a supply of goods inade quate to the fulfillment of all ends without limit) are held to PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST SIS § 10. But constructive interests, whether provoked by suggestion or of the more freely imaginative type, may, as has been said, be held to lie outside the scope of economic theory. How a desire for a certain thing has come to get expression may seem quite immaterial — eco nomically speaking. Economics has no concern with hu man folly as; such or human imitativeness, or human aspiration high or low or any other of the multitude of motives that have to do with secular changes in the " standard of living " and in the ideals of life at large. It has no concern with anything that lies behind the fact that I am in the market with my mind made up to buy or have the character not of pleasure but of something else. The marginal utility may be a least pleasure or a competing least utility of some other sort. . . ." (p. 317). This is a not uncommon view. As W. C. Mitchell has suggested, it is too obvious to be wholly convincing. (Journ. Pol. EC., Vol. XVIII. "The Rationality of Economic Activity.") Veblen has made it perfectly clear that particular matters of theory are affected by the presupposition of hedonism. (Journ. Pol. EC., Vol. XVII, Quart. Journ. Econ.t Vol. XXII, p. 147 ff.) The matter is too complex for a footnote, but I think it of little consequence whether " pleasure " be in any case regarded as substantively the end of desire or not. This is largely a matter of words. What is important is the practical question whether a thing is so habitual with me that when the issue arises I cannot or will not give it up and take an interest in something new the " utility " of which I cannot as yet be cognizant of because it partly rests with me to create it. If this is the fact it will surely look as if pleasure or the avoidance of pain were my end in the case. Hedonism and egoism are in the end convertible terms. There is conduct wear ing the outward aspect of altruism that is egotistic in fact — not because it was from the first insincere or self-delusive, but because it has become habitual and may in a crisis be held to for the sake of the satisfaction it aifords. Genuine altruism, on the other hand, is a form of constructiveness. 314 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE sell a thing at a certain price. And the answer to this contention must be that it first reverses and then dis torts the true perspective of our economic experience. Let it be admitted freely — indeed, let it be insisted on — that the definition of a science must be determined by the pragmatic test. If an economist elects to concern himself with the problems of what has been called the " loose mechanics of trade " there can be no question of his right to do so or of the importance of the services he may render thereby, both to theory and to practice. But on the other hand economic theory cannot be there fore, once and for all, made a matter of accounting — to the effacement of all problems and aspects of prob lems of which the accountant has no professional cognizance. Just this, apparently, is what it means to level down all types of interest to the hedonistic, leaving aside as " extra-economic " those that too palpably resist the operation. It is acknowledged that freshly suggested modes of consumption and ends of effort re quire expenditure and sacrifice no less than the habitual, that the exploration of Tibet or of the Polar Seas affects the market for supplies not less certainly than the scheduled voyages of oceanic liners. Moreover, behind these scheduled voyages there are all the varied motives that induce people to travel and the desires that lead to the shipment of goods. Shall it be said that all of these motives and desires must be traceable back to settled habits of behavior and consumption? And if this cannot be maintained is it not hazardous to assume that such general problems of economic theory as the determination of market values or of the shares PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 315 in distribution require no recognition of the other em pirical types of interest? These types, if they are genuine, are surely important; they may well prove to be, in many ways, fundamentally important. For a commodity that has become habitual must once have been new and untried. § 11. The economic demands which make up the budget of a particular person at a particular time are clearly interdependent. A man's income or the greater part of it is usually distributed among various chan nels of expenditure in a certain fairly constant way. In proportion to the defmiteness of this distribution and the resoluteness with which it is maintained does the impression gain strength that the man is carrying out a consistent plan of some sort. Such a regular plan of expenditure may be drawn out into a schedule, setting forth the amounts required at a certain price for the unit of each kind. And such a schedule is an expression in detail, in terms of ways and means, of the type of life one has elected to lead. For virtually any income above the level of bare physical subsistence, there will be an indefinite number of alternative budgets possible. A little less may be spent for household conveniences and adornments and a little more for food. Some recreations may be sacrificed for an occasional book or magazine. One may build a house or pur chase a motor-car instead of going abroad. And which ever choice is made, related expenditures must be made in consequence for which, on the assumption of a definite amount of income, compensation must be made by cur tailment of outlay at other points. What seems clear 316 CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE in general is that one's total budget is relative to the general plan and manner of life one deems for him the best possible and that this plan, more or less definitely formulated, more or less steadily operative, is what really determines how far expenditure shall go in this direction and in that. The budget as a whole will define for the individual an equilibrium among his various recognized wants ; if the work of calculating it has been carefully done there will be for the time being no tendency to change in any item. If, then, we choose to say in such a case that the in dividual carries his expenditure along each line .to the precise point at which the last or marginal utility en joyed is precisely equal to the marginal utility on every other line, it seems not difficult to grasp what such a statement means. Quite harmlessly, all that it can mean is that the individual has planned precisely what he has planned and is not sorry for it, and for the time being does not think he can improve upon it. As there is one earth drawing toward its center each billiard ball of the dozen in equilibrium in a bowl, so there is behind the budget of the individual one complex personal concep tion of a way of life that fixes more or less certainly and clearly the kinds and intensities of his wants and assigns to each its share of purchasing power. That the units or elements in equilibrium hold their positions with reference to each other for reasons capable of separate statement for each unit seems a supposition no less impossible in the one case than in the other. To think of each kind of want in the individual's nature as holding separately in fee simple and clamoring for PHASES OF THE ECONOMIC INTEREST 317 full and separate " satisfaction " in its separate kind, is the characteristic illusion of a purely formal type of analysis. The permanence of a budget and its carry ing out no doubt require the due and precise realization of each plotted marginal utility — to go further than this along any one line would inevitably mean getting not so far along certain others, and thus a distorted and disappointing total attainment in the end. But to say that one actually plans and controls his expendi tures along various lines by the ultimate aim of attain ing equivalent terminal utilities on each is quite another story. It is much like saying that the square inches of canvas assigned in a picture to sky and sea and crannied wall are arranged upon the principle of identical and equal effects for artist or beholder from the last inches painted of each kind. The formula of the equality of marginal effects is no constructive principle ; it is only a concise if indeed somewhat grotesque way of phrasing the essential fact that no change of the qualitative whole is going to be made, because no imperfection in it as a whole is felt.* * Until after this essay was finished I had not seen John A. Hobson's book entitled Work and Wealth, A Human Valuation (London, 1914). My attention was first definitely called to this work by a friend among the economists who read my finished MS. late in 1915, and referred me in particular to the concluding chapter on "Social Science and Social Art." On now tardily reading this chapter I find that, as any reader will readily per ceive, it distinctly anticipates, almost verbatim in parts, what I have tried, with far less success, to say in the foregoing two paragraphs above. Hobson argues, with characteristic clearness and effect, for the qualitative uniqueness and the integral char acter of personal budgets, holding that the logic of marginality SIS CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE § 12. We come, then, to the problem of the indi vidual's encounter with a new commodity. In general, a purchase in such a case must amount to more or less of a departure from the scheme of life in force and a transition over to a different one. And a new com modity (in the sense in which the term has been used above) is apt to be initially more tempting than an addition along some line of expenditure already rep resented in the budget. The latter, supposing there has been no change of price and no increase of income, is usually a mere irregularity, an insurgent departure from some one specification of a total plan without pre liminary compensating adjustment or appropriate change at other points. The erratic outlay, if consid- is "an entirely illusory account of the psychical process by which a man lays out his money, or his time, or his energy" (p. 331). "So far as it is true that the last sovereign of my expenditure in bread equals in utility the last sovereign of my expenditure in books, that fact proceeds not from a comparison, conscious, or unconscious, of these separate items at this margin, but from the parts assigned respectively to bread and books in the organic plan of my life. Quantitative analysis, inherently incapable of comprehending qualitative unity or qualitative dif ferences, can only pretend to reduce the latter to quantitative differences. What it actually does is to ignore alike the unity of the whole and the qualitativeness of the parts" (p. 334). Hobson not only uses the analogy of the artist and the picture (p. 330) precisely as I have done, but offers still other illustra tions of the principle that seem to me even more apt and telling. Though not indebted to him for what I have put into the above paragraphs, I am glad to be able to cite the authority of so dis tinguished an economist and sociologist for conclusions to which I found my own way. Other parts as well of Work and Wealth (e. g., Chapter IV, on "The Creative Factor in Production") seem to have a close relation to the main theme of the present discussion.
| 34,345 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34335810
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Jean-Michel, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2919375, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5585175, storia321
|
English
|
Spoken
| 440 | 627 |
WSO2 ESB 4.9 - fire and forgot is not working with OUT_ONLY
I am newbie to WSO2 ESB, so far everything is OK.
I started exploring fire and forgot feature, looks like this can be used as below to invoke async calls to end points.
<property name="CHANNEL_COD" value="999"/>
<property name="FORCE_SC_ACCEPTED" value="true" scope="axis2"/>
<property name="OUT_ONLY" value="true"/>
But when tested the API with above code, still ESB invoking the end point in syncronous. Tried this approach with call and send mediators.
Would anybody please help me is there any link I am missing here.
With ESB 4.8.1 :
If ClientApiNonBlocking property is not set, send mediator should be asynchronous.
Because of FORCE_SC_ACCEPTED, 202 http status code will be sended back at the end of IN mediation (ie : the message has been delivered to your endpoint, without waiting for the response)
If it takes several seconds to send the message to the endpoint, the caller will receive 202 status code AFTER that.
If you want this status code to be sent ASAP, you can use clone mediator and move send mediator inside clone's target
This approach is working just for one service in standalone but I have couple of services in service chaining pattern and I want to call async service before and after execution of each service in service chaining. Problem I am facing with this approach is once the send is called as first target in InSequence then the controller is going to out sequence immediately and controller is not going to the service chaining configures as receive attribute in the async service
If you need service chaining, you mustn't set OUT_ONLY to true. Just avoid to send back the response to the caller in your out sequence (don't use nor )
Thanks Jean. My confusion here is how the response goes back to the caller If I do not use send in out sequence. In my case I need to call service-1 in aysnc, then need to call service-2 using receive attribute in service1 send, then need to call service-3 using receive attribute in service 2 send. This is the way I am implementing service chaining pattern and finnally I need to send the response of service-3 to the caller. Please suggest me the approach to implement this.
So, don't use OUT_ONLY and don't use FORCE_SC_ACCEPTED : you do not want to send back an http 202 accpeted, but a real response to the caller
Thanks Jean. Would it be possible for you to send sample API configuration file to implement async call implementation with 3 sample services and 2nd one is async and 1,3rd are sync. Many thanks
| 38,728 |
sn87062237_1921-11-21_1_3_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,921 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,167 | 4,396 |
DU PONT Mil TO OPEN Magnificent Structure to be Viewed by 1,500 Invited Gueete. Mi «ml Mrs Pierre S du Pont have t. .. .1 t '.an tn\ Il Ilions for the hall tot rum by tjv u n«-M Kr day night tc » mm.i! • ! he formal opi ning of their nc\» • >n- vn'o! v on then estate at i 1 .nntfwin mi* Krnnrtt ^qimiv, Pa. 't h »fr in i looc'.i :.i t><- so. nilly his lone t«\ , ison ci the sumptuousmss ol the setting and the elegance of all ; the appointments. It will open to the I'li ' I the gi i it conservatory, which h ' he,m under construction for some The •ii ol approximately » 1 . 100 . 000 . ex ' '-sue ■ the gri.it area ol Mowers • I ci I au. and other groves that It le oc* ,,„.i nourishes. Th. lei l will U- In honor of three '* 1 l " '' ' M ''' 1,1 ' *' ison. Miss lb .laughter of Mrs William k ' " , ' ■ 1 • • • < lirdiH'i du Pont I it, I Miss mit»' ii'il I« Just mm completed, •cincture I* *h ni tu represent an nut M'umii. t itaunhid' of Mr. and Mr* , , , |, . , .. w'ii;.:; xrzsxis *»•;: »nimrtoM are b'.dd.n to the hall. In ad d -r,.* Washington and • 'nfer Tivii , the teilest'« of honor h ive ■ U ' gate* tn the Viiii.amint • h»'i n introduced io society this month and the third will be presented later In the season Th. Almost limitless rising stands on an eminence, viewed for miles, a repository of the finest quality. The supported by a series of Gothic trees, showing a variety of vines, tracing dainty colors to the delicate berry. Patterns in the huge thing that thrives under glass is seen. There are houses filled with flowers, every flower from the heart of the garden has just reached the ripening stage and the highest possible fruits will later be added to the garden, dale, and olive world; groves of the ball will be seen to walk in an arena of oranges, with scores of trees beside under their burden of golden fruit or amid grape vines. The yellow and for the future even, there will be occasional showers of orange or lemon, or African orange ripening the heated dome, more romantic garden products will be utilized so that every day, summer and winter. Winter, the vegetables will come directly from the garden or the fruit. Under the supervision of the conservatory, a huge oven is maintained. Even in the decoration and dance hall that will accommodate two or three hundred guests, with place for a large orchestra, the wash and smoking suites for men and women, the greatest elegance is maintained. I.orrimll' adding the finishing touches and the furniture is arriving by the trunkload, to have every part of the structure complete for the coming ball. There is also a theatre with a huge opening. Throughout the theatre, the performers are placed great, gently trees, while trailing vines give graceful form to the huge pillars. The playhouse will seat pet-sens. Nor the coming ball, admission to the dancing and mimic, will be taken at the moment by a bullet in front of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, while the interludes will be filled in by a master of the stage. Hid the establishment of the new building to be constructed at the corner of West Nineteenth Street and West Nineteenth Street, New York, will be the first of the new building to be constructed at the corner of West Nineteenth Street and West Nineteenth Street. The building will be constructed by the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, and will be a significant addition to the theater. The New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad will be the first of the new building to be constructed at the corner of West Nineteenth Street and West Nineteenth Street. The building will be a significant addition to the theater, providing a unique and impressive venue for the theater. However, no non- -bi!>« >n q. m til Ml, 1. Noveni .i ■' i firn t he i* will 1».» meet i of ti....•,••,i c :ie Mary nul vm mi i'nfereti'i a < ommtt** mi in pi uh-...'.,'in.Mh «. fro*: from i 'i»i* 0|»rn»'»l I «r dlH Protest «at Knlldlng. rectum of Methu ihf PiM lHy and one \v i g t « iii'ii- int» *t» il b 1 1,, with, h. ii- «I ■ 11 ■mitte . th» tads a ■ i», make th •'ll. • I no...! « ■. " il„it,|.«i a » i i H '.and the Smyth ..»mini'll"! 1 'M'fi II» «.I 'hl*'U». and ii »:» h ml Pa.-'i -..f Salisbury. inmunt ot tin.. -Uniat.« will the th< nwntvl i • Mil Tin pot bo • 'ido public until «Her juin, meeting tered to at h*vo but h! the bills, it was stated by 1> Smith, we-r well within tin range of the ex p« elation of th* > church offi l:t'» and iiisnito is ot the «ommittee it is there Iote i'*i>i" i«',l there will be no difficulty nlK»ut making the award at ;the Join' iioMting next Monday. The estimated cost of the new church I placed at be' between I'ii.tHRI anil $90, na, I,, >of this sum $40 is nulicrlb««!. The iimimiii, for subarripOous is silfi going »»n i h It is hoped to ensure the entire amount within a short time. RED PEPPER HEAT ENDS RHEUMATISM. Keep PEPPER BUB takes the "ouch" from sore, stiff, aching joints, and no hurt you, and it certainly stops the old inflammation tournatrice at once. When you are suffering on you can Inn lily go around Just try Bell Pepper and you will have an quick lellaf known. Nothing has such imperfected, penetrating at as red Just as soon as you apply Bell Pepper Buh you will feel the tinting heart. In three minutes I, wanting the tinting pain and a healthy man me gone As it is a good druggist for a jar of Bowles Blood Pepper Buh I sure to go to general with the name Bowles and take a pack. I'»'» ci< I" pits HARDING FADES INTO BACKGROUND AT THE CONFERENCE Continued from page 1 I might say here that the President's attitude during eventful days is planning to those of us who, realizing his mental limitations as he had not had the opportunity to fully estimate him as a man among men. Quills of brain and qualities of heart are very different things. I might further add that if the concern ends in failure—and such is the prediction today—It will run because of any jealousy between the President and his Secretary of State. At least not on the President's side, and I am certain that Mr. Hughes has nothing to be jealous of. The President knows that the good credit upon the President's part is not entirely due to the fact that he is not a man of the people's caliber. Success of the administration, such success would down in history to his credit because he issued the call. truthful historian will point out thnt Month's» barking. reinforced |, y „ubllc opinion, had much Influence ,,|| him But the same historian may lt . ( ^ un , thf . f„,. t that Mr. Hard , j ln 0 f hi* campaign spceche«, ln adc a vague reference to getting the nations togetner for disarming pur 1 cess of the Conference will reflect K<> Of course some 1 "'?**"' . .... ... 1 state nil of this so ns to lie fair to ;r s?-rr " ' ' ltM ,han '' ' opinion "t many men. is set upon ''ot.fcrrnce «uoces* not merely breatme $ ,f the political credit that might ae «'rue. luit because he also hns seen the modern Grail—world vision of the |l>enoe. Something in the pfist few months has had a tremendous effect upon him. r'or that matter it may luivo occurred within the past fortnight. No tnnn in hi* posttien could have st' 1 x 1 over the Is sly of America's I'nknown Soldier, now sleeping in beautiful Arlington, without realizing the opportunities that lay in his hand to make further s.n iltl, • * of blood and flesh on haltle fields improbable in the coming gen eration. l Is Hove that if Mr. Harding had I d In his power to bring about an in ternational understanding that would w in beyond our horlaon, that w K , mHy wrl „ cc ^ thp g1ory and the honor that some men now are «W»« 1 "« «> comijr for. He to a Mwr th *" »»e entered the White ". os,-bigger In hear,, and at the l ,,- ' sent time the heart counts, llrains » in 1»,. had by pressing a button. But if Mr. Harding is great enough to give credit where it is justly due, some of his underlings, for a brief space basking in public office, are not. FEELS IT DUTY TO RELATE THE STORY Wilmington Man Had Suffer for Seventeen Years With Stomach Trouble. Many remedies can be obtained for stomach, liver, kidney troubles and rheumatism, but the West, in the opinion of most people, is that Juice, the famous remedy, is being used in Wilmington, at The Miller Drug Store, 404-106 Market street. Thousands of people have been benefited by the use of this great preparation and are glad to give their experience in signs of statements. Mr. Charles Wright, who is in the employ of a large business house of this city and resides at No. 3310 Market street, Mr. Wright has many friends. He states: "I got such wonderful relief from Plant Juice that it would be most unjust of me if I did not tell others of my experience so they may get the same benefit. For 17 years I had suffered from stomach trouble and was in constant misery with gas and bloating; I had headaches, backache and was so nervous I could not sleep at night; I was always constipated, and although..." I had tried ever so many different medicines, none of them did me the least good. Finally, I heard of Plant Juice and got a bottle to try it. This bottle did me so much good that I continued to take it until now I have a splendid appetite, and not nervous and sleep fine at night; constipation is a thing of the past with me. I did not have an ache or a pain. I felt so strong and well that I am able to do almost the work of two men. My mother, who had been badly run down, when she saw the wonderful effect Plant Juice had on me, started to take it too. She had the same fine results with it, I did and she looks like a new woman. I am even more enthusiastic than I, if that could be possible. I hope this statement will help some poor sufferer in health." STOP! Long enough to read this. A big evening's entertainment at a very cost. Field recital, by Charles Summer Kemble, celebrated lecture of Newark, N.J. piano solos by John A. Thoms, Jr., well known pianist of Wilmington, and tenor solos by Christopher W. Graham, popular tenor of Philadelphia, Academy of Music. Remember the date, November 22, and the time, 8 o'clock p.m. and the place. Come and hear a Also Second Baptist Church Ninth and Franklin Streets Admission, Adults, 35c. Children's, 25c. VERY EVENING Want Ads Bring Results EVERY EVENING—WILMINGTON, Those political lackeys, who have never been able to get anything from "that Whiskered Secretary of State," are inclined to yawp when silence would be more dignified. A speech was made in New York City several nights ago by a gentleman who has lately acted as the butler of the Republican Party. He showed these phrases upon the President in what appeared to be an obvious effort to ring down the curtain on Mr. Hughes. To hear him speak one would have thought that Messiah had appeared in this modern Galilee, and that his name was Warren G. Harding. I am certain that speech, or at least certain references in it, was made without knowledge of the President. I know furthermore that the rumors spread broadcast about Mr. Harding being jealous are absolutely without foundation. Is it so soon forgotten that second-hand information is given. Stationers Philadelphia A/ The Polished Girdle Diamond is decidedly more Beautiful and Brilliant than the ordinary cut stone and this is apparent to the inexperienced. Comparison invited Established 50 Years. ROBELEN PIANO CO. 710 MARKET STREET Price $100 VICTORIA It's Time and we are ready to show you a new one STYLE 80 This new type Victrola has all of the improvements, motor, sound box, tone arm, etc., and can be had in mahogany, walnut or oak. We are making Special Terms of the latest Victor $6 a month OR $1.50 WEEK On This Metro-Gold Medal Immediate Delivery, See It. Come in and Robelen Piano Co., 710 Market Street. Have a Large Stock of Victor Records. Buy Your Victor Records Here. ; _ j A r "i I Satisfying ! You will say so after eating m I r- k r i 9 m Ask Your Grocer T % DELAWARE, Mr. Hughe« applied the lash to cer tain malefactor« some year« ago in New York City? Home persom» «Mil dcNlre revenge. Now would be a mwt excellent time to have It by trying to bring nhout coolness between those two high official*. «Ut their effort* are destined to end futllely. The true story of the working out of the Hughes proposals and that I» as good n name ns any to give them I» not known. It will not he told until Continental Memorial the doors of Hall close after the final session. Hut when It Is told. 1 believe Hughes will he able to retain a large portion of the diplomatic halo which he wears now. l am fairly certain that it was his Idea to explode the diplo Thut was the greiP. thun thnt Mr. matte bombshell, er accomplishment— far greater conceiving the detail« c it the plan because It aroused the world to the possibilities of the Conference. MONDAY, NOVEMBER 21, .1 = t % & Son Co â i Here They Are! Aunts and uncles and cousins and friends with a spirit of jollity and sharpened appetites: There is a holiday spirit in the air for it« -Thanksgiving: s , The day that ushers in a month of whispered conferences and mysterious bundles. It is the one day when your dining room is surely the most popular room in your home. And naturally you want it to look its very best. Here from a plain glass tumbler to a fine dining room suite are helps to make your Thanksgiving dinner more enjoyable. Dining room suites are here in abundance for little or big rooms and little or big pocketbooks. There is a ten-piece Louis XVI suite in genuine mahogany with a fifty-four-inch table and chairs in blue leather that is but $300.00 for the suite. A Chippendale suite in American Walnut, with closed server, beautifully made, is but $390.00 for the ten pieces, with the chairs in blue leather. An American Spinet Type suite, quaint and unusual, with a fifty-four-inch table and closed server, is but $425.00 the ten pieces. And an impressive Italian Renaissance suite in American Walnut with a most unusual rectangular table and sixty-inch buffet is most moderately priced at $483.00 the ten pieces. Perhaps it is a china closet or some odd chair that is needed. We can supply them at extremely low prices and in oak and mahogany and walnut. China Closets in quartered oak can be bought for as low as $25.00 and a little group of serving tables in mahogany, walnut and Jacobean oak are marked $15.00 each— values up to $60.00. Surely if some of these things are needed there is something here to suit your taste and at less than you thought of paying. Dining room rugs get hard wear and a new rug will go a long way to brighten your room. We have a high-grade Axminster rug that is priced in the 0 x 12 size but $55.00, and a ten-wire tapestry rug that is specially marked in the 9x12 size but $30.00. Of course, we can supply other grades and most all sizes, but these are two unusual values. But the table is the most important and the most interesting place Thanksgiving Day. There's something about snowy linen tablecloths and rich-looking dishes that seems to add zest to any meal that makes for better appetites. You can buy cotton damask tablecloths - two yards wide at $1.00 to $1.50 the yard and the part-linen part cotton damask at $1.85 and $2.50 the yard. Linen damask real linen is $2.50 to $3.75 the yard. An exceptionally fine set, consisting of a real linen tablecloth and six napkins, costs $12.50 and $15.00 the set, with five patterns to choose from. A special value are real linen napkins at $6.00 to $12.50 the dozen price of a year ago. By the way, scorched or burnt table is unsightly and 4 revarnishing takes time and money. We have the best table pad you can buy that will prevent these things, forty-eight and fifty-four-inch widths. And such Dinner Sets! Half the half the It is $8.75 in Here from France are some very Fine open stock dinner sets. There are the Haviland sets ranging from $85.00 to $135.00 the set. There are Limoges Dinner Sets that begin at $117.00 and up to $211.00 the set—all one hundred pieces and with coin gold handles and in most attractive decorations. Lucky — and happy — and proud — the housewife who dresses her Thanksgiving table with one of these sets. And for moderate-priced sets there are some domestic porcelains that range from $25.00 to $60.00, but their beauty must not be judged by their low price. Just a hint, Mrs. Housewife. If your husband is around, read the above. There is, of course, an excellent selection of table glassware. Tumblers, $1.75 to $6.00 the dozen. Goblets, $3.25 to $15.00 the dozen and the various other dishes — olive, pickle, fruit bowls and sugar and creams are correspondingly priced. Why not check up now and see what will help improve not only this Thanksgiving dinner but every dinner? And then on Thanksgiving morning when your turkey's browning and there's a spicy smell of luscious pumpkin in the house you'll know that your dining room and your dinner will be right. The M. MeÄa & Son Co. 9.00 to 5.30.
| 9,957 |
ACCOTEXT000038347825
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| null |
OPCALIA
|
ACCO
| null |
Spoken
| 946 | 1,607 |
Avenant à l’accord collectif d’entreprise du 4 décembre 2017 instituant un régime de garantie complémentaire de remboursement de frais de santé et de prévoyance « invalidité, incapacité et décès »
Entre les soussignées
XXXXXX, dont le siège social est situé au 47, rue de la Victoire – 75 009 Paris, association régie par les dispositions de la loi du 1er juillet 1901, déclarée à la Préfecture de Paris sous le n°95-002641, identifiée sous le numéro SIRET n°403 083 272 00654
Représentée par XXXXXX, en qualité de Directrice des ressources humaines
d’une part,
Et
Les organisations syndicales représentatives de salariés :
Le syndicat SYNAFOR CFDT, représentée par XXXXX, dûment habilitée aux fins des présentes,
Le syndicat SNEPAT FO, représenté par XXXXX, dûment habilitée aux fins des présentes,
Le syndicat CFE-CGC, représenté par XXXXX, dûment habilitée aux fins des présentes.
d’autre part.
dénommées ensemble « les Parties »
Préambule
Le 1er janvier 2018, l’association XXXXXX Mayotte a transféré à l’association XXXXXX l’ensemble de ses activités, de ses actifs, et de ses engagements. Les contrats de travail des salariés d’XXXXXX Mayotte ont été, dans le même temps, transférés à XXXXXX en application de l’article L. 1224-1 du Code du travail, et le site de Mayotte est devenu un établissement d’XXXXXX.
C’est dans ce contexte que les parties ont engagé une négociation en vue d’uniformiser les règles en vigueur au sein de l’association en matière de frais de santé et de prévoyance.
En effet, les salariés employés à Mayotte bénéficient, en application de décisions unilatérales antérieures au transfert, de garanties spécifiques pour le remboursement de leurs dépenses de santé et la prévoyance auprès respectivement de l’UMS (Union mutualiste solidarité) et d’AG2R.
XXXXXX a, pour sa part, conclu le 4 décembre 2017 un accord d’entreprise instituant un régime de garantie complémentaire de remboursement de frais de santé et de prévoyance « invalidité, incapacité et décès ».
La Direction a souhaité permettre aux salariés précédemment employés par XXXXXX Mayotte de bénéficier des termes de cet accord d’entreprise de sorte que les mêmes garanties s’appliquent à l’ensemble du personnel.
Elle a engagé des négociations avec les organisations syndicales représentatives, et consulté le 9 octobre 2018, le Comité d’entreprise sur un projet d’avenant à l’accord d’entreprise du 4 décembre 2017.
Telles sont les conditions dans lesquelles les Parties ont convenu ce qui suit.
Article 1. Objet
L’objet du présent avenant est d’étendre, à compter du 1er janvier 2019, le champ d’application de l’accord collectif du 4 décembre 2017 aux salariés de l’établissement mahorais situé au 20 IMMEUBLE ARCHIPEL - 97600 MAMOUDZOU afin de leur permettre de bénéficier des garanties prévues par celui-ci en matière de Frais de santé et de Prévoyance.
Cet avenant annule et remplace, dans toutes leurs stipulations, toute pratique, usage, accord collectif ou décision unilatérale existant au sein de l’association XXXXXX Mayotte qui aurait le même objet, et en particulier, les décisions unilatérales ayant donné lieu à des contrats d’assurance contractés auprès de l’UMS et d’AG2R.
Le présent avenant se substitue ainsi à toute règle précédemment en vigueur au sein d’XXXXXX Mayotte en matière de Frais de santé et de Prévoyance. Les régimes Frais de santé et Prévoyance antérieurement mis en place par XXXXXX Mayotte cesseront ainsi de s’appliquer à compter du 1er janvier 2019.
Réserve faite des cas de dispense, l’adhésion aux régimes institués par l’accord d’entreprise du 4 décembre 2017 est obligatoire et s’impose donc dans les relations individuelles de travail.
A compter du 1er janvier 2019, les cotisations salariales dues aux régimes Frais de santé et Prévoyance seront donc précomptées sur la rémunération due aux salariés employés à Mayotte dans les mêmes conditions que pour ceux travaillant en métropole.
Article 2. Personnel bénéficiaire
L’accord d’entreprise du 4 décembre 2017 s’applique à l’ensemble du personnel lié à XXXXXX par un contrat à durée déterminée ou indéterminée, et est étendu à l’ensemble du personnel de l’établissement mahorais.
Article 3. Entrée en vigueur, durée, modification et dénonciation
Le présent avenant est conclu pour une durée indéterminée. Il s’applique à compter du 1er janvier 2019.
Il pourra être modifié ou dénoncé dans les mêmes conditions que celles prévues aux articles 8.2 et 8.3 de l’accord d’entreprise du 4 décembre 2017.
Article 4. Commission de suivi
Les parties conviennent, en application de l’article L. 2222-5-1 du Code du travail, que le suivi du présent avenant sera assuré dans les conditions prévues par l’article 7.2 de l’accord d’entreprise du 4 décembre 2017 par la Commission de suivi.
Article 5. Information
En sa qualité de souscripteur, l’association remettra à chaque salarié de l’établissement de Mayotte et à tout nouvel embauché de cet établissement, une notice d’information détaillée, établie par l’organisme assureur, résumant notamment les garanties et leurs modalités d’application.
Article 6. Dépôt et publicité
Le présent avenant sera notifié dès sa signature à l’ensemble des organisations syndicales représentatives au sein de l’association conformément à l’article L. 2231-5 du Code du travail.
Il sera par ailleurs déposé par la Direction :
en deux exemplaires (une version originale sur support papier signée par les parties et une version sur support électronique) auprès de la DIRECCTE compétente ;
en un exemplaire au greffe du Conseil de prud’hommes compétent.
Conformément à l’article L. 2231-5-1 du Code du travail, le présent avenant sera, après retrait des prénoms et des noms des signataires de l’accord, rendu public et versé dans une base de données nationale.
Fait à Paris, le 10 octobre 2018
En 6 exemplaires
Pour XXXXXX
XXXXXX
Directrice des ressources humaines
Pour les organisations syndicales représentatives:
Le syndicat SYNAFOR C.F.D.T. représentée par XXXXX, déléguée syndicale
Le syndicat SNEPAT F.O. représentée par XXXXX Martineau, déléguée syndicale
Le syndicat C.F.E.-C.G.C. représentée par XXXXX, déléguée syndicale
Annexes :
Notice d’information établie par XXXXX
| 6,703 |
US-37481695-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,995 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,136 | 7,276 |
Reduced bit number motion vector detection
ABSTRACT
In image compression using motion compensated predictive coding, the number of bits of pixel data is reduced before the pixel data are supplied to a motion vector detecting apparatus. Motion vectors are detected using a pipelined operation in which pixel by pixel differences between a reference block and a search block are obtained and summed. At each stage of the pipeline, the sum of differences is limited to a predetermined maximum number of bits.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a motion vector detecting apparatus suitable for use in predictive coding of images, and, more particularly, is directed to an apparatus which processes a reduced number of bits.
A conventional technique for image compression is predictive coding, in which blocks of a reference frame are motion compensated to produce a prediction of a present frame. The differences between blocks of the predicted present frame and blocks of the actual present frame are used as compressed data, and these differences may be further compressed by an orthogonal transformation such as a discrete cosine transformation (DCT), quantization and variable length coding.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a block matching method useful for motion compensation in predictive coding. Reference frame 101 contains reference block 103. Search frame 102 contains candidate search block 104 which is moved through search range 105.
FIG. 2A shows the pixels of reference block 103, which are conveniently referred to as pixels A1, A2, A3, . . .. FIG. 2B shows the pixels of the search range 105, which are conveniently referred to as pixels B1, B2, B3, . . ., with the search block 104 positioned in the upper left corner of the search range.
During a block matching operation, the search block 104 is moved through the search range 105, typically on a pixel by pixel basis, while the absolute values of the differences between the pixels of the reference and search blocks are obtained and summed for each position of the search block. The minimum sum indicates the best matching position of the search block. A motion vector is generated between the reference block and the best matching position of the search block.
During predictive coding, the reference block of the locally stored reference frame is moved in accordance with the motion vector to produce a predicted block, thereby compensating for motion between the reference and search frames.
A problem arises when the compressed data stream is locally decoded to produce the locally stored reference frame. Specifically, noise may be introduced by the quantization portion of compressing the image, and additional noise may be introduced by inverse quantization which is part of the local decoding. Due to such noise, an erroneous motion vector may be produced. For example, even if there is no motion between successive frames, the conventional motion vector detecting apparatus may detect motion due to the noise introduced by quantization and dequantization. Of course, this erroneous motion vector detection problem may also occur if the original image includes noise.
A motion vector detecting apparatus has been proposed in which pixel by pixel differences between the reference block and the search block are obtained and summed in a pipelined operation, that is, the first difference is added to the second difference to produce a first result which is added to a third difference to produce a second result which is added to a fourth difference to produce a third result and so forth. This proposed apparatus operates quickly.
However, when the sum of the differences is obtained through pipelined operations, the number of bits needed to represent the partially summed result becomes very large, which in turn increases the required circuit scale. For example, when a block comprises 16 pixels×16 lines, there are 256 pixels in the block. When each pixel is represented by 8 bits, the sum of differences between the 256 pixels of the reference block and the 256 pixels of the search block may require 16 bits for proper representation.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a motion vector detecting apparatus which avoids the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art.
It is another object of the present invention to reduce the occurrence of erroneous motion vector detection.
It is yet another object of the present invention to reduce the circuit scale required for a motion vector detecting apparatus.
It is a further object of the present invention to eliminate the large number of bits required when the sum of differences between reference block pixels and search block pixels is obtained in a pipelined operation.
In accordance with an aspect of this invention, the foregoing objects are met by an apparatus and a method for motion vector detection which receives reference pixel data and search pixel data each having a first number of bits that are reduced to a second number of bits which is less than said first number of bits. A motion vector is detected between the bit number reduced reference pixel data and the bit number reduced search pixel data.
In accordance with another aspect of this invention, the foregoing objects are met by an apparatus and a method for motion vector detection which receives reference pixel data and search pixel data each having a first number of bits, subtracts the search pixel data from the reference pixel data to produce difference data, and obtains an absolute value of the difference data. Partial sum of difference data is received and added to the difference data to produce further sum of difference data, which is limited to a second number of bits which is greater than the first number of bits.
The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which corresponding parts are identified by the same reference numeral.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B are diagrams referred to in explaining motion vector detection;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an image compression apparatus using interframe predictive coding according to the present invention;
FIGS. 4A-4E are charts illustrating different bit number conversion characteristics which may be used in the present invention;
FIGS. 5A-5C are block diagrams illustrating different bit number conversion circuits which may be used in the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a motion vector detecting circuit according to the present invention; and
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an operation unit of the circuit shown in FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention reduces the number of bits of pixel data before the pixel data are supplied to a motion vector detecting apparatus. Generally, the least significant bits of pixel data are eliminated, which serves to substantially eliminate noise from the pixel data supplied to the motion vector detecting apparatus. Consequently, the frequency of occurrence of erroneous detection of motion vectors due to noise is reduced and the circuit scale of the motion vector detecting apparatus can also be reduced.
The present invention detects motion vectors using a pipelined operation in which pixel by pixel differences between a reference block and a search block are obtained and summed. However, at each stage of the pipeline, the sum of differences is limited to a predetermined maximum number of bits, which reduces the circuit scale of the motion vector detecting apparatus.
Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to FIG. 3, there is illustrated an image compression apparatus using interframe predictive coding according to the present invention.
A digital video signal representing pixels of a present frame is applied, pixel by pixel, to an input terminal 51. Each pixel is represented by, for example, eight bits. The input terminal 51 supplies the pixels of the present frame to a subtracting circuit 52 and to a frame memory 63.
The subtracting circuit 52 also receives a signal representing motion compensated reference frame pixels, and is adapted to subtract, on a pixel by pixel basis, the motion compensated reference frame pixels from the present frame pixels to produce a pixel difference signal, and to apply the pixel difference signal to a DCT circuit 53.
The DCT circuit 53 is operative to transform the pixel difference signal into coefficient data and to supply the coefficient data to a quantization circuit 54, which functions to quantize the coefficient data and to supply the quantized data to a variable length coding circuit 55 and to an inverse quantizing circuit 57. The coding circuit 55 is adapted to encode the quantized data using a variable length code such as a Huffman code to produce compressed image data, and to supply a compressed image data signal to an output terminal 56.
The inverse quantizing circuit 57, inverse DCT circuit 58, adder 59, frame memory 60 and motion compensation circuit 61 form a local decoding loop. The inverse quantizing circuit 57 is operative to dequantize the quantized data to produce recovered coefficient data and to supply the recovered coefficient data to the inverse DCT circuit 58 which is adapted to inverse transform the recovered coefficient data to produce recovered difference data.
Adder 59 receives a recovered difference data signal from inverse DCT circuit 58 and the motion compensated reference frame pixel signal, and functions to add these signals to produce locally decoded present frame pixel data that is applied to frame memory 60, to be used as reference frame data for the next present frame supplied to the input terminal 51.
In accordance with the present invention, the pixels of the present and reference frames stored in the frame memories 63, 60, respectively, are converted from eight bit data to six bit data by converting circuits 64, 66, respectively, as explained in detail below, and supplied to motion vector detecting circuit 62.
The motion vector detecting circuit 62 obtains a motion vector between a block of the reference frame and a block of the present frame using the block matching method described above with reference to FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B. An embodiment of a motion vector detecting circuit 62 according to the present invention is described below. The motion vector detecting circuit 62 supplies the motion vector to the motion compensating circuit 61.
The motion compensating circuit 61 applies the motion vector for each block to the reference frame pixels to produce the motion compensated reference frame pixel data, and supplies this data to subtractor 52 and adder 59.
Distortions caused by the quantization and the inverse quantization are included in the data stored in the frame memory 60. Consequently, the lower bits in the frame memory 60 typically represent noise. Motion detection based on such noisy data is of low reliability, that is, tends to produce erroneous motion vectors.
According to the present invention, the data stored in the frame memory 60 are converted to data having a smaller number of bits such that at least one of the least significant bits of each pixel, which mainly represent noise, are eliminated. This improves the reliability of the motion vector detection process by reducing the influence of noise, and also permits reduction in the circuit scale.
FIGS. 4A-4E are charts illustrating different bit number conversion characteristics which may be used in the present invention, and FIGS. 5A-5C are block diagrams illustrating different bit number conversion circuits which may be used in the present invention.
FIG. 4A shows the case of simply dropping the least significant bits representing a pixel, which results in a linear bit number conversion characteristic. For example, if the output of the frame memory 63 or 60 comprises eight bit data, and the conversion circuit 64 or 66 converts the eight bit data to six bit data, then the x-axis in FIG. 4A represents pixels having amplitude values (magnitudes) between 0 and 2⁸ -1=255, while the y-axis in FIG. 4A represents bit number converted pixels having amplitude values between 0 and 2⁶ -1=63.
FIG. 5A shows a converting circuit 64A (or 66A) which implements the linear conversion characteristic shown in FIG. 4A. The circuit shown in FIG. 5A simply drops the two least significant bits of the input data applied thereto.
The linear conversion characteristic of FIG. 4A does not optimally allocate bits with respect to human visual perception.
FIG. 4B shows a non-linear bit number conversion characteristic which reduces the perceived degradation in picture quality relative to the linear characteristic of FIG. 4A. In FIG. 4B, more degradation is acceptable at the extremes of pixel values, that is, low brightness and high brightness pixels, as such degradation is not readily perceptible. Advantageously, less degradation occurs in pixels of medium brightness.
FIG. 5B shows a converting circuit 64B (or 66B) which implements the non-linear bit number conversion characteristic shown in FIG. 4B. The eight bits of pixel data are applied to a read only memory (ROM), and used as address data for a look-up table stored in the ROM. The look-up table represents the non-linear bit number conversion characteristic shown in FIG. 4B. The corresponding six bit value is read out of the ROM as bit number converted pixel data.
Other bit number conversion characteristics are more suitable when the distribution of the pixel amplitudes are clustered. FIGS. 4C, 4D and 4E show conversion characteristics appropriate when the pixels in a block represent only a low brightness image area, a medium brightness image area and a high brightness image area, respectively.
FIG. 5C shows a converting circuit 64C (or 66C) which adaptively selects a bit number conversion characteristic as a function of the pixel amplitudes in a block for which a motion vector is being detected. Eight bit data is applied to four read only memories ROM1 . . . ROM4, containing look-up tables representing the non-linear bit number conversion characteristics shown in FIGS. 4B-4E, respectively.
The eight bit data is also applied to an analysis circuit 65 which is adapted to select the most appropriate conversion characteristic based on the distribution of the pixel amplitudes in a block. For example, the analysis circuit 65 detects the maximum and minimum values of the pixel amplitudes in a frame and selects one of the bit number conversion characteristics shown in FIGS. 4B-4E accordingly. The analysis circuit 65 generates and supplies a selection signal to a selector which selects the appropriate ROM data and outputs it as bit number reduced pixel data.
FIG. 3 shows the analysis circuit 65 coupled to the present frame memory 63 because it is necessary to detect a best matching block for the present block stored in the present frame memory 63. The present frame memory 63 of FIG. 3 contains a frame corresponding to reference frame 101 of FIG. 1, while the reference frame memory 60 of FIG. 3 contains a frame generally corresponding to search frame 102 of FIG. 1.
It will be appreciated that other bit number conversion characteristics are also possible.
The number of bits to be eliminated is determined in advance. For example, when pixel image data corresponding to several scenes of different types were analyzed, the effect of bit number reduction on the luminance (Y) signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG2) algorithm at 6 Mbps with pixel data normally having eight bits was as follows:
______________________________________ No. bits 8 6 5 4 3 Y SNR (dB) 0 -0.01 -0.05 -0.16 -0.44 ______________________________________
When the number of bits of pixel data is reduced to four, the SNR deterioration is conspicuous. When the number of bits is reduced to less than three, errors occur in motion vector detection.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a motion vector detecting circuit 62 according to the present invention. The circuit 62 is arranged as a series of pipelined operation units 3-1, 3-2, . . . 3-n, discussed in detail below. In the case of a block of 16 pixels×16 lines, n=16×16=256, that is, there are 256 operation units in the motion vector detecting circuit 62.
Pixels of a reference block are sequentially supplied to input terminal i which supplies the pixels to the operation units 3-1, 3-2, . . . for storage therein. Pixels of a search block are sequentially supplied to input terminal 2 which supplies the pixels to the operation units 3-1, 3-2, . . .. As the search block is moved through the search range, each of the pixels in the search block is compared with the corresponding pixel in the stored reference block. It will be appreciated that all of the pixels of the reference and search blocks are compared in one cycle of the motion vector detecting circuit 62.
For example, pixel data A1, A2, A3, . . . of a reference block, as shown in FIG. 2A, are sequentially supplied to input terminal 1, and stored in registers 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, . . . of the operation units 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, . . ., respectively. In a first cycle, pixel data B1, B2, B3, . . . of a search block, as shown in FIG. 2B, are sequentially supplied to the input terminal 2 and supplied to the operation units 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, . . ., respectively, at a first position of the search block. In a second cycle, the pixel data B2, B3, B4, . . . are supplied to the operation units 31, 3-2, 3-3, . . ., respectively, at a second position of the search block. In a third cycle, the pixel data B3, B4, B5, . . . are supplied to the operation units 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, . . ., respectively, at a third position of the search block, and so on.
Each of the operation units 3-1, 3-2, . . . obtains the absolute value of the difference between the pixel of the reference block and the pixel of the search block applied thereto, and adds this absolute value to a partial sum of pixel differences received from its predecessor operation unit in the pipeline to form a further partial sum.
In accordance with the present invention, the number of bits in the partial sum is limited to a predetermined number, so that the circuit scale of the motion vector detecting apparatus 62 can be reduced.
The last operation unit 3-n supplies its further partial sum, which is actually the complete sum of the absolute values of the differences of the pixels in the reference and search blocks, to minimum value detecting circuit 4. The complete sum represents the distortion between the search block and the reference block.
The minimum value detecting circuit 4 functions to store the sums applied thereto from the operation unit 3-n at each position of the search block in the search range, to detect the minimum value among the sums stored therein, to generate a motion vector between the reference block and the position of the search block corresponding to the minimum sum, and to supply the motion vector to an output terminal 5. It will be appreciated that detecting circuit 4 need store only the best sum obtained as the search block is moved through the search range, rather than all sums.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an operation unit of the circuit shown in FIG. 6.
A reference block pixel is applied to terminal 21 and supplied therefrom to register 11 which stores the reference block pixel therein while the search block is moved through the search range in the search frame, and supplies the reference pixel to subtracting circuit 12.
Search block pixels are applied to terminal 22 as the search block is moved through the search range. At each cycle of the operation unit, corresponding to one position of the search block, one pixel is supplied to terminal 22, and therefrom to subtracting circuit 12.
The subtracting circuit 12 is operative to subtract the search block pixel from the reference block pixel, and to supply the difference to the absolute value circuit 13, which obtains the absolute value of the difference and supplies the absolute value to adding circuit 15. The difference between the search block pixel and the reference block pixel is also referred to herein as distortion data.
A partial sum of pixel differences from the preceding operation unit is supplied to an input terminal 23, and therefrom to pipeline register 14 which delays the partial sum by one clock interval and supplies the delayed partial sum to adding circuit 15. The number of clock intervals in each operation cycle of the motion vector detecting circuit 62 is approximately equal to the number of pixels in a block.
The adding circuit 15 adds the partial sum from the preceding operation unit and the absolute value of the difference of the pixels of the reference and search blocks to produce a further partial sum, and supplies the further partial sum to limiter 16.
In accordance with the present invention, the limiter 16 is operative to limit the number of bits in the partial sum to a predetermined number, and to supply the bit limited partial sum to an output terminal 24, for application to the succeeding operation unit.
The limiter 16 receives a carry bit from the adder 15. When the carry bit has a value of zero, indicating no carry, then the selection circuit in the limiter functions to pass the further partial sum from adder 15 to terminal 24 without change. When the carry bit has a value of one, indicating a carry, then the selection circuit in the limiter functions to select an output in which all bits are set to one, that is, the limiter limits the partial sum to its maximum value. The carry bit functions as an overflow indication bit. In other words, the limiter selects a smaller of a predetermined maximum value and the further partial sum of difference data.
It will be appreciated that when the partial sum has its maximum value, the search block is substantially unlike the reference block, that is, the distortion between the reference and search blocks is high.
For example, when a carry is indicated, if the predetermined maximum number of bits in the partial sum is twelve, then a value of FFF (Hex) is selected. If the predetermined maximum number of bits in the partial sum is thirteen, then a value of 1FFF (Hex) is selected.
The predetermined maximum number of bits to which the partial sum is limited is determined in advance. For example, when pixel image data corresponding to several scenes were analyzed, the effect of limiting the number of bits in the partial sum on the luminance SNR for the MPEG2 algorithm at 6 Mbps with an unlimited partial sum having sixteen bits was as follows:
______________________________________ No. bits 16 15 14 13 12 11 Y SNR (dB) 0 0 0 -0.01 -0.46 -2.66 ______________________________________
When the number of bits in the partial sum is limited to thirteen, the amount of SNR deterioration is negligible. However, deterioration is very conspicuous when the number of bits is limited to eleven.
In general, for pixel data having n bits, it is preferred to limit the partial sum to n+5 bits. For example, if the pixel data has already had its bit number reduced from eight bits to six bits, then the partial sum of difference data is limited to eleven bits. However, as shown above, for pixel data of eight bits, it is also satisfactory to limit the number of bits in the partial sum to twelve, that is, n+4 bits.
Although an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, and various modifications thereof, have been described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise embodiment and the described modifications, and that various changes and further modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for motion vector detection, comprising:first means for receiving and storing reference pixel data having a first number of bits; second means for receiving and storing search pixel data; means for subtracting pixel data derived from said search pixel data from said reference pixel data to produce difference data; means for orthogonally transforming said difference data to produce coefficient data; means for quantizing said coefficient data to produce quantized data; means for inverse quantizing said quantized data to produce recovered coefficient data; means for inverse orthogonally transforming said recovered coefficient data to produce recovered difference data; means for modifying said recovered difference data to produce said search pixel data having said first number of bits for storing said search pixel data in said second storing means; means for reducing said first number of bits of said search pixel data and of said reference pixel data to a second number of bits which is less than said first number of bits, said second number of bits excluding at least one least significant bit of said search pixel data and of said reference pixel data, respectively; and means for detecting a motion vector between the bit number reduced search pixel data and the bit number reduced reference pixel data.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means for detecting a motion vector comprises:means for subtracting said bit number reduced search pixel data from said bit number reduced reference pixel data to produce difference data; means for obtaining an absolute value of said difference data; means for receiving partial sum of difference data; means for adding said absolute value of said difference data and said partial sum of difference data to produce further sum of difference data; and means for limiting said further sum of difference data to a third number of bits which is greater than said second number of bits.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said means for reducing comprises memory means containing a look-up table representing a bit number conversion characteristic for pixel data.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said bit number conversion characteristic is non-linear.
5. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said bit number conversion characteristic maps pixel data in only a first selected range of values to a second selected range of values, and maps pixel data outside said first selected range of values to one of a minimum value and a maximum value.
6. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said means for reducing also includes means for selecting said bit number conversion characteristic from a plurality of bit number conversion characteristics as a function of said reference pixel data.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising means for detecting maximum and minimum values of said reference pixel data.
8. An apparatus for motion vector detection, comprising:means for receiving reference pixel data having a first number of bits; means for receiving search pixel data having said first number of bits; means for subtracting said search pixel data from said reference pixel data to produce difference data; means for obtaining an absolute value of said difference data; means for receiving partial sum of difference data; means for adding said absolute value of said difference data and said partial sum of difference data to produce further sum of difference data; and means for limiting said further sum of difference data to a second number of bits which is greater than said first number of bits.
9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said means for receiving search pixel data is operative to receive said search pixel data at a plurality of timepoints, each of the timepoints corresponding to a different position of a search block in a search range, and further comprising motion vector detecting means for selecting the bit limited further sum having a minimum value that corresponds to the position of said search block in said search range which best matches a reference block.
10. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said second number of bits is equal to said first number of bits plus four.
11. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said second number of bits is equal to said first number of bits plus five.
12. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said reference pixel data and said search pixel data represent respective pixel blocks of size (m×n), m and n being integers, said means for subtracting comprises (m×n) subtraction units, said means for obtaining an absolute value comprises (m×n) absolute value units, said means for adding comprises (m×n-1) addition units, and said means for limiting comprises (m×n) limiter units.
13. An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein m=16 and n=16.
14. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said means for limiting comprises means for selecting a smaller of a predetermined maximum value and said further sum of difference data.
15. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said means for adding is also operative to produce an overflow indicator, and said means for selecting selects between said predetermined maximum value and said further sum as a function of said overflow indicator.
16. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said predetermined maximum value comprises said second number of bits and each of the bits of said predetermined maximum value has a value of
1. 17. An apparatus for compressing image data, comprising:firs means for receiving and storing present pixel data having a first number of bits; means for subtracting predicted pixel data from said present pixel data to produce difference data; means for orthogonally transforming said difference data to produce coefficient data; means for quantizing said coefficient data to produce quantized data; means for inverse quantizing said quantized data to produce recovered coefficient data; means for inverse orthogonally transforming said recovered coefficient data to produce recovered difference data; means for combining said recovered difference data and said predicted pixel data to produce reference pixel data having said first number of bits; second means for receiving and storing said reference pixel data; means for reducing said first number of bits of said present pixel data and of said reference pixel data to a second number of bits which is less than said first number of bits, said second number of bits excluding at least one least significant bit of said present pixel data and of said reference pixel data, respectively; means for detecting a motion vector between the bit number reduced present pixel data and the bit number reduced reference pixel data; and means for motion compensating said reference pixel data using the detected motion vector to produce said predicted pixel data.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said means for detecting a motion vector comprisesmeans for subtracting said bit number reduced present pixel data from said bit number reduced reference pixel data to produce distortion data; means for obtaining an absolute value of said distortion data; means for receiving partial sum of difference data; means for adding said absolute value of said distortion data and said partial sum of difference data to produce further sum of difference data; and means for limiting said further sum of difference data to a third number of bits which is greater than said second number of bits.
19. An apparatus for compressing image data, comprising:means for receiving present pixel data having a first number of bits; means for subtracting predicted pixel data from said present pixel data to produce difference data; means for orthogonally transforming said difference data to produce coefficient data; means for quantizing said coefficient data to produce quantized data; means for inverse quantizing said quantized data to produce recovered coefficient data; means for inverse orthogonally transforming said recovered coefficient data to produce recovered difference data; means for combining said recovered difference data and said predicted pixel data to produce reference pixel data having said first number of bits; means for detecting a motion vector between said present pixel data and said reference pixel data, including means for subtracting said present pixel data from said reference pixel data to produce distortion data; means for obtaining an absolute value of said distortion data; means for receiving partial sum of difference data; means for adding said absolute value of said distortion data and said partial sum of difference data to produce further sum of difference data; and means for limiting said further sum of difference data to a second number of bits which is greater than said first number of bits; and means for motion compensating said reference pixel data using the detected motion vector to produce said predicted pixel data.
20. A method for motion vector detection, comprising the steps of:receiving and storing reference pixel data having a first number of bits; receiving and storing search pixel data; subtracting pixel data derived from said search pixel data from said reference pixel data to produce difference data; orthogonally transforming said difference data to produce coefficient data; quantizing said coefficient data to produce quantized data; inverse quantizing said quantized data to produce recovered coefficient data; inverse orthogonally transforming said recovered coefficient data to produce recovered difference data; modifying said recovered difference data to produce search pixel data having said first number of bits and storing said search pixel data; reducing said first number of bits of said search pixel data and of said reference pixel data to a second number of bits which is less than said first number of bits, said second number of bits excluding at least one least significant bit of said search pixel data and of said reference pixel data, respectively; and detecting a motion vector between the bit number reduced search pixel data and the bit number reduced reference pixel data.
21. A method for motion vector detection, comprising the steps of:receiving reference pixel data having a first number of bits; receiving search pixel data having said first number of bits; subtracting said search pixel data from said reference pixel data to produce difference data; obtaining an absolute value of said difference data; receiving partial sum of difference data; adding said absolute value of said difference data and said partial sum of difference data to produce further sum of difference data; and limiting said further sum of difference data to a second number of bits which is greater than said first number of bits.
22. A method for compressing image data, comprising the steps of:receiving and storing present pixel data having a first number of bits; subtracting predicted pixel data from said present pixel data to produce difference data; orthogonally transforming said difference data to produce coefficient data; quantizing said coefficient data to produce quantized data; inverse quantizing said quantized data to produce recovered coefficient data; inverse orthogonally transforming said recovered coefficient data to produce recovered difference data; combining said recovered difference data and said predicted pixel data to produce reference pixel data having said first number of bits; receiving and storing said reference pixel data; reducing said first number of bits of said present pixel data and of said reference pixel data to a second number of bits which is less than said first number of bits, said second number of bits excluding at least one least significant bit of said present pixel data and of said reference pixel data, respectively; detecting a motion vector between the bit number reduced present pixel data and the bit number reduced reference pixel data; and motion compensating said reference pixel data using the detected motion vector to produce said predicted pixel data.
23. A method for compressing image data, comprising the steps of:receiving present pixel data having a first number of bits; subtracting predicted pixel data from said present pixel data to produce difference data; orthogonally transforming said difference data to produce coefficient data; quantizing said coefficient data to produce quantized data; inverse quantizing said quantized data to produce recovered coefficient data; inverse orthogonally transforming said recovered coefficient data to produce recovered difference data; combining said recovered difference data and said predicted pixel data to produce reference pixel data having said first number of bits; detecting a motion vector between said present pixel data and said reference pixel data by subtracting said present pixel data from said reference pixel data to produce distortion data; obtaining an absolute value of said distortion data; receiving partial sum of difference data; adding said absolute value of said distortion data and said partial sum of difference data to produce further sum of difference data; and limiting said further sum of difference data to a second number of bits which is greater than said first number of bits; and motion compensating said reference pixel data using the detected motion vector to produce said predicted pixel data..
| 15,605 |
whatisbibleinqui0000ladd_9
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,888 |
What is the Bible? : An inquiry into the origin and nature of the Old and New Testaments in the light of modern Biblical study
|
Ladd, George Trumbull, 1842-1921
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,179 | 9,073 |
The Story of Foseph. 205 tory.” We know from sources outside of the Bible that “ Kudur” was the name of several Elamite kings and “Laomer” the name of a divinity (hence, “ Che- dor-laomer”); and that, at about this time, Elam was probably extending its campaignings over the West. So do the separate incidents and historical setting of the narrative of Abraham in Egypt (if we except the calculated age of Sarah) appear true to the facts of his- tory and show an accurate knowledge of Egyptian af- fairs. The whole story of Joseph has so many marks (some of an obscure and subtle kind) of historical accuracy, that it cannot have been the work merely of imagina- tion.* A careful student of Egyptian customs, Ebers, declares that this story contains “nothing which does not accurately correspond to a court of Pharaoh in the best times of the kingdom.” Certain particulars which formerly, when our knowledge of affairs in ancient Egypt was less accurate than at present, were made objec- tions to the credibility of the narrative, are now found to be true to life. For example, it was at one time affirmed that Joseph could not have had such free daily access, as he is represented as having, to the house and wife of Potiphar. But we now know that the inter- course of the sexes in Egypt was relatively very free ; mixed company, even at feasts, was according to an- cient Egyptian custom. Even the work of imagination in the narratives of the dreams of Pharaoh and of Poti- phar is true to ancient life in Egypt. ‘That confirmation of the biblical narratives of Israel *D.8.8., i, p. 390 f. 210 The Histories of the Bible. in Egypt or of the biblical history from the Exodus to the time of King David, which can be derived from sources outside of the Bible, is, indeed, not very ex- tended. It concerns only a few particulars, and with regard to these, is not, as yet, thoroughly perfected. With the reigns of David and his successor the people of Jehovah come into more numerous connections with such surrounding nations as have left some record of their own affairs. Certain Phcenician sources apparently confirm the biblical narrative of the friendship of Hiram and Solomon. <A number of incidental illustrations of the accuracy of the Old-Testament picture of the reign of this “magnificent” monarch of Israel might be brought forward. The biblical account of the flight of Jeroboam, the rebellious subject of Solomon, into Egypt and his stay with Shishak, also fits in well with the history derived from the monuments. From the beginning of the reign of Shalmaneser on- ward (placed by Lenormant between 905 8.0. and 865 B.c.), the monuments of Assyria become repeatedly con- nected with the biblical history.* The annals of this As: syrian monarch acquaint us with Ahab’s dreaded enemy, under the name of “ Benhidri” of Damascus. ‘ Ahab of Israel ” is himself mentioned among the forces confeder- ate against Assyria in the battle at Karkar. Hazael of Damascus appears upon these annals; and Jehu, too, under the title, “son of Omri.’ George Smith dis. covered in the monuments of the reign of Tiglath- Pileser no less than five names of Hebrew kings. One fragment represents the terror caused by the advance of *D.8.8., i, p. 894£ Flezekiah and Sennacherto. 211 the Assyrian army, and even mentions Ahaz by name; the names of both Pekah and Ahaz (see 2 Kings xvi. 7 f.) appear in the list of vassal kings who did homage to the Assyrian monarch. The annals of Sennacherib make us well acquainted with his doings; they represent him as capturing “forty-six walled towns and an infinite number of villages,” as carrying away 200,150 persons, shutting up Hezekiah “like a bird in a cage,” and frightening him into giving a tribute of thirty talents of gold and ezghé hundred of silver (see 2 Kings xviii. 13 f.). The monuments make eighteen years instead of eight (as does the biblical account) between the campaign in which Sargon captured Samaria and the one in which Sennacherib besieged Hezekiah ; and they are probably correct in their chronology. A cylinder of baked clay informs us of Esarhaddon’s reign. He attacked the kingdom of Judah, and when Manasseh resisted, con- quered him, made him prisoner, and sent him to Baby- lon—as the statement of 2 Chron. xxxiii. 11 correctly affirms. For Esarhaddon, unlike the preceding monarchs, would naturally take his captives to this city instead of to Assyria. His inscriptions also represent Manasseh as a vassal king after having Leen restored to his throne. The argument from these and other similar discover- ies to the historical credibility of certain of the historical books of the Old Testament, in order to preserve its real force, must not be overstrained. Theargument is valid only to show the general historical credibility of these _ writings; it does not, 0f ¢tself, show their sacredness or their inspiration, or even their complete accuracy in historical details. The correspondence of the accounts 212 The Histories of the Bible. given by the Hebrew writers with those given by the ancient painted walls or cylinders of baked clay or papyrus-rolls, does not, of ztself, prove either source of information to be sacred or inspired. And in case of a conflict between the two kinds of sources we are to de- cide which is probably correct, to the best of our ability, and in accordance with rules familiar to all critical students of history. For both the sacred history and the so-called profane history are entitled to fair treatment; and if the latter can confirm the former in so many cases, there is no good reason why it should not correct it in some particulars. We turn now from the histories of the Old Testament to those of the New. In doing this we advance several: centuries out of the mists of a far-off antiquity, the an- nals of which were often prepared by men remotely separated in place and time from the events themselves, into the much clearer light of the Christian era and of Palestine in that era. Moreover, we have narratives which, in their essential features, bring Jesus before us as He appeared to the selected eye- and ear-witnesses, His disciples. One question concerning the Gospel history is alone of supreme importance, is vital to Christianity itself. Do the four Evangelists enable us to construct such a picture of the life and doctrine of Jesus, a picture so complete and historically defensible, that it may be con- fidently appealed to as defining the object of our faith ? Whether all their discrepancies in details—or whether any of them—can be reconciled, is a matter of compara- tively little account, It is not, in every sense of the Credibility of the Gospels. 283 word, necessary to make out that the writer of Matthew or of Mark or of Luke was historically “infallible”; or to decide which one of the three writers is to be trusted in case they are found to disagree upon some matters of detail. It is necessary, however, to consider whether the picture of our Lord, in which all the Gospels essen- tially agree, is a faithful picture; for it is to the person- ality of that Lord, and not to any mythical or fictitious character, that our faith is attached. We shall, then, briefly examine the general historical credibility of the Gospels ;* for more of details the reader must resort to the apologetic literature in which Christianity is so re- markably rich. For if the four histories of the Evangel- ists have been often and violently attacked, they have been as often, with warm devotion and great wealth of scholarship, defended. To say that they are not only unharmed by all such attacks, but are more strongly supported by facts and arguments to-day than ever be- fore, does not, by any means, overstate the truth. It is undoubtedly those narratives of miracles which the Gospels contain that have given the principal grounds for denying the historical character and sub- stantial historical accuracy of the Gospels at large. Be- fore any genuine historical criticism had arisen, Deism refused, on grounds of a general denial of the super. natural, to credit the miracles of the Gospels. The his- tory of biblical criticism since it arose shows us that the critics are accustomed to divide over this question of the supernatural into two schools: one of which tends to destroy and the other to preserve the general histori- *D.8.5., i, p. 875f. 214 The Frstories of the Bible. cal credibility of the picture of Jesus Christ presented in the Gospels. As to which of these two schools is justified in its position, we do not hesitate to pronounce. The picture which the Evangelists give of our Lord is not to be discredited because it represents Him as a worker of miracles. It is just this working of miracles which we should expect of Him as the revealer of the Father, as the Lord of life, as the Saviour of man. We have no sources other than the Gospels and col- lateral New-Testament writings themselves upon which we can rely to any extent to supplement or to correct the picture of Christ presented by these writings.* What Josephus is made by the present copies of his manuscript to say about the founder of Christianity is doubtless spurious. The apocryphal lives of Jesus have no independent value; they do not contain a single really valuable and trustworthy tradition which is not found in the Gospels. But these apocryphal writings do afford us a strong, indirect argument for the histori- eal trustworthiness and inspiration of the Gospels. The apocryphal writings put into our Lord’s mouth various declarations about heathen deities, idolatry, His mission to the under-world, ete.—questions which the Christian Church was interested in having Him answer, but about which the Gospels, in their fidelity to the historical truth, have not a word to say. The noble simplicity and lofty spiritual tone of the writings of our Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, when placed in contrast with the apocryphal Gospels, make a marked impression upon the thoughtful and sym- *Duhs8. pt pai fs Credibility of the Gospels. 215 es Se tl a ar ae pathetic reader. The general impression is undoubtedly one of confidence that the writers, being men of the Christian spirit in its higher manifestations, are narrat- ing the truth as they understood it upon the testimony of the earlier eye- and ear-witnesses, the apostles them- selves. In considering the essential truthfulness and genuine historical character of the Gospels, it is necessary to consider also the nature of their construction and the way they came to have the form they now bear. Upon this subject more will be said in another connection. It is enough at present to call attention to the fact that the very constitution of the first three Gospels is such as to imply considerable previous sifting of materials and a work of recording the different existing tradi- tions. The Gospels are not continuous and flowing narra- tives of the life of Jesus Christ; they are rather collec- tions of those deeds and sayings which the first preach- ers of Christianity had often referred to in holding up before their hearers the true picture of that Messiah who invited their faith. Hence we find in them cer- tain short written notices of the discourses of the Lord. Sometimes these notices have attached, and sometimes they have not, a narrative of the circumstances in which the discourses were uttered. The Gospels also contain the shorter or longer accounts of the deeds of Jesus, es- pecially of those miracles which had been grouped to- gether in reality or in the preaching of the apostles. We find that all this material was selected and used by each Evangelist according to a plan of his own, and was 216 The Histories of the Bible. shaped by that idea of the mission and work of Christ which appeared prominent to the mind of each, All the Evangelists agree, however, in giving with greater detail and more manifest interest the momentous facts and sayings connected with His death and resurrection. It was these facts and sayings which the eye- and ear- witnesses had of course made prominent in their proc- - Jamation of the Gospel. This picture of Jesus Christ, healing the sick, teach- ing the things of the kingdom as appertaining espe- cially to His own Messianic work, crucified of man, and raised from the dead by the power of God so as to ap- pear, by infallible proofs, to many witnesses, has, there- fore, all the evidence that comes from its being re- peatedly and accurately drawn by those who were, at first hand, familiar with the historical facts. It should also be made obvious that the Epistles of Paul and of the other apostles confirm the concur- rent testimony of the Gospels. The Epistles assume, rather than rehearse, the history of Christ’s life. Paul must have been minutely acquainted with the facts and words of this life. His account of the last sup- per, and of the appearances of our Lord after the resurrection, is in substantial accord with that of the Evangelists; yet this account shows so much informa-. tion independent of the sources they used as to strengthen greatly their testimony. It is through Paul—one might think almost by a mere chance— that we learn “to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how He Himself said, It is more blessed to give than to receive.” What is true of the writings aad Chief Fact of Christ's Life. 217 of Paul, is also true of all the other writings of the New Testament; they all presuppose an extensive and well- established knowledge of the great facts narrated in the Gospels. The speeches of the early preachers of Chris- tianity, which the Book of Acts records, rehearse the same facts. As to these facts, then, there is a complete agreement of all the witnesses. It is not, indeed, all parts of even the first three Gos- pels which can summon to their support this entire body of concurrent testimony. But the testimony is strongest just where we should expect, from the very nature of the case, that it would be so, and just where in its relation to our faith we should desire to have it so. As to the essential elements and features of His life,*—His preparation for His work, His earli- est miracles and teaching in Galilee, and especially the events about the time of His death,—there is a marked agreement. The narrative of His childhood, as given by only two of the Evangelists, and not otherwise re- ferred to in the New-Testament writings, must, of course, be ‘placed on a somewhat different footing, so far as the amount of historical evidence supporting it is concerned. Yet the substantial truthfulness of the traditions of the childhood of Jesus admits of proof. The difference in the picture which the Evangelist John draws of the person and work of our Lord, when compared with the concurrent picture of the other three Evangelists, has long been the occasion of doubt as to the trustworthiness of our knowledge of His person and work. This difference, it must be admitted, is remark. | *D.S.S., 4, p. 881f. 218 The Ffistortes of the Bible. able and difficult to explain. But it is not such as to warrant either the rejection of the Fourth Gospel as the work of the apostle John, or the sceptical conclu. sion that we can form no true picture of Jesus in har- mony with the accounts of al/ four Gospels. On the contrary, if the writer of the Fourth Gospel was the apostle John (and that he was will be shown later on), this Gospel is by an eye-witness and a most intimate and beloved friend and follower of Christ. It was un- doubtedly written late in the life of the apostle. It contains the results of his loving reflections for many years over the things he remembered concerning his Lord. It gives an interior view, so to speak, of the character of Jesus and of His unique relations to God and to man. It is not so strange, then, that the Gospel of John contains in all only four particulars touching the entire public ministry of Jesus in Galilee; of these four, only two (the feeding of the five thousand and the walking on the sea) are given in the first three Gospels. In these two accounts there is nothing surprisingly differ- ent from the other narratives of His deeds, whether we give most emphasis to the account of John or to that of the other three. There are two points of history, how- ever, about which the Fourth and the other Gospels seem to disagree: these are, the question whether our Lord confined His activity to Jerusalem previous to the last passover, and the question with respect to the date of the last supper and of His death. If we should ad- mit that this disagreement is real and irreconcilable, it is more likely that the Fourth Gospel is in the right, The Descourses of Christ. 219 It would not be strange were the other Evangelists ig- norant of the fact that Jesus visited Jerusalem repeat- edly at the feasts; and, with respect to the events just preceding the crucifixion, we should suppose that the beloved disciple would know beyond doubt, since he was present and took part in them. It is with regard to the character of the discourses of Christ that the difference between the Gospel of John and the other Gospels is most strongly marked. How marked this difference is we shall consider when we come to speak of the authorship of this Gospel. But there is every reason to suppose that Christ held many lengthy discourses with the people and with His dis- ciples which have not been even referred to in the col- lection of traditions used by the early preachers of Christianity. The report which the apostle who heard these discourses gives of them is undoubtedly Azs report of the way he has remembered and understood the dis- courses; it has, as we should say, a “ Johannean ” color or cast. But it is for this very reason to be regarded as the report of one who knew his Lord most intimately ; and who, by long communing with His spirit, was best fitted to penetrate the inmost meaning of His words. The Fourth Gospel does not, then, destroy or radi- cally change the historical picture of Jesus as given by the other three Evangelists; it rather supplements that picture with certain true and more ideal aspects of both His life and His doctrine. We should not for a moment think of maintaining that our conception of Him would be truer to the reality if we had no account of Him through the apostle John; on the contrary, 220 The Flistories of the Bible. much that is most essential to a true conception is most beautifully and richly given by the loving hand of this portrait-painter. The position that we have the picture of Jesus Christ as an historical person given in a most trustworthy way by His sacred biographers is in no respect shaken by recognizing the fact that many minute verbal and other discrepancies exist in the Evangelists. Much interest has been taken, and great debate held, over the proper way of “reconciling” these discrepancies. No objec- tion is to be made to such an exercise in Christian apologetics when it is undertaken and carried on in the spirit of candor and with due regard for all the estab- lished laws of historical criticism. But we must con- fess that we have little taste for it. Moreover, we re- gard its results as of comparatively little importance. Such so-called “reconciliations” do little toward light- ing up the true life and doctrine of Jesus, or toward confirming our Christian faith. Nor is it necessary to accomplish this work of reconciliation, or to admit that it can be successfully accomplished, in order to hold a true view of the inspiration and authority of the New- Testament writings. On the contrary, it is quite enough for such a view that the Gospels should be treated, with respect to the reconciliation of their dis- crepancies, just as we treat those honest and compe- tent witnesses who bring us information regarding other historical matters. We do not think it important that the witnesses should agree perfectly in all details, in order either to establish their reputation for thorough honesty and The Verbal Discrepanctes. © ot competency, or to convince us of the truthfulness of what they narrate. Surely it should be considered a great and intolerable burden for our beloved Evangel- ists to bear, that their credibility must be maintained by forcing a complete agreement between them in respect to historical minutie. Is their inspiration to be recognized only in case it secures perfect freedom from all those mistakes to which every other writer of history is constantly liable? The existence of discrep- ancies and of historical errors in the Gospels is, then, to be acknowledged, in the most fearless and frank manner, whenever it is pointed out. Such an acknowl- edgment does not, in the least, damage or obscure our confidence in their general historical credibility and accuracy, as well as in their inspiration. That minute verbal and other discrepancies do exist in the Evangelists can be shown in great detail ;* but the task is not one in which a Christian student of the Bible feels pleasure in engaging. What difference does it make, for example, with the impression made or doctrine conveyed by that awful scene where Jesus dies on the cross, if Mark tells us that the drink offered to Him was “ wine mingled with myrrh,” and Matthew, that it was wine “mingled with gall”? What differ- ence, again, if we are unable to say which one of the four forms in which the inseription over Him was writ- ten is verbally correct? How is our confidence in the inspiration of either of the three Evangelists affected by noting that the first (Matt. x. 9 f.) makes Jesus in- struct the twelve on their trial journey to take “nor *D. 8.5. i, p.400£. 222 | The Hrstories of the Bible. shoes, nor staff”; while the second makes Him instruct them (Mark vi. 8 £.) to go “shod with sandals,” but take nothing “save a staff only”; and the third (Luke ix. 3) makes Him forbid the “staff” while not men- tioning the sandals? Nor does the existence of more important historical discrepancies and doubtful statements impair the claim of the Gospels to inspiration; for this claim does not repose in, or serve as guarantee for, their historical in- fallibility. That it is perfectly impossible to construct a chronology of the life of our Lord in harmony with the accounts of all the Evangelists the whole course of such efforts has made as clear as such a matter can be. This statement applies to many details in the life. For example, in Luke (see v. 1-11) the sequence can be dis- tinctly traced backward from the call of the apostles to the healing of Peter’s wife’s mother, and in Matthew and Mark it can be traced just as distinctly forward from this call to the same act of healing. Certain apparent errors in historical matters which occur in the New Testament may doubtless be referred to lapses of memory in the writers. That Paul did not for a moment consider a faulty memory with regard to some particulars inconsistent with inspired expression his own confession shows (see 1 Cor. i. 14-16). Not infrequently a defective memory exhibits itself in quoting from the Old Testament its facts or words, For example, we find Matthew in one place (xxvii. 9) actually quoting from Zechariah, but by a lapse of Memory ascribing the quotation to J eremiah; and in another place (xxiii. 35), speaking’ of the murdereu _ Accuracy of Genealogies, 223 = ee ee eee prophet as the “son of Barachiah,” when he was, ac- cording to Chronicles, really the son of Jehoiada. In the matter of genealogies, numbers, dates, and sequence of time, it is particularly difficult and, in- decd, quite impossible to maintain the perfect accuracy of the writings of the Old and New Testaments. The genealogies of our Lord, given by Matthew and Luke, have a claim to an historical character only on the sup- position that they were extracted from certain registers, probably of a public kind. The only other supposi- tion is that both genealogies were revealed to the Evan- gelists throughout. Now, there is not a particle of proof that the inspiration of Matthew and Luke was designed to such an end, or that it would actually enable them to correct any inaccuracies which might exist in these registers. Indeed, let us for a moment suppose them to have undertaken to correct the publie registers. The effect would have been to bring upon them the suspicion of having tampered with a record, and to throw doubt over their entire claim that Jesus was the son of David. As honest and inspired men it would never have occurred to them to alter the record of the registers. The historical truthfulness of the genealogies of Jesus given by the Evangelists is, therefore, dependent upon the accuracy of the registers from which they got the genealogies. But it is impossible to harmonize the two genealogies throughout unless we adopt the absurd assumption that all our Lord’s ancestors from David onward had two names. It should be remembered, however, that the only important truth with which the 224 The Histories of the Bible. Se SS SSS genealogies are concerned—namely, His Davidie de- scent—is not dependent upon the accuracy of all the details of the registers. Many other illustrations might be given of the gen- eral truth that neither the historical trustworthiness nor the inspiration of the biblical writers is impaired, in any essential particular, by the discovery and admission of historical discrepancies and errors in their writings ; but we forbear, and pursue no farther such invidious and comparatively unimportant considerations. By ealling such considerations “ comparatively unimport- ant” it is not meant that students of the Bible should desist from its most minute and patient study, with respect to historical as well as to all other details. But the reconciliation of these discrepancies and the vindi- cation of the sacred writers against all errors in his- torical minutie, are weighty matters only in the eyes of one who, by a wrong and dangerous theory of in- spiration, makes them weighty. For the true view of the Bible it is comparatively unimportant whether such reconciliation and vindication can be effected, or not. We do not believe that it can always be effected, or that it should in any case be insisted upon. And, on the whole, the history of biblical study clearly shows that the confidence of men in the historical character and inspiration of sacred Scripture has far oftener been impaired by the subterfuges to which the attempt at “reconciliation” and “ vindication” has driven them, than it would have been by a frank and fearless con- fession of the exact state of the case. On leaving this subject it is desirable briefly to pre- Revelation ts Historical, 225 2 ee eee ee eee sent the conclusions which the previous examination supports. A most valuable and essential part of the Bible is its historical contents. Christianity is an his- torical religion ; it centres in and grounds itself upon an historical character, upon a person who lived and taught and died here upon the earth, in the presence of men and at a definite period of human history. Old-Testament religion, considered in itself and also as preparatory for Christianity, is an historical religion. Its revelation is a progressive and historical affair; essential elements of it are certain great events that happened and institu- tions that were founded in the history of Israel. The Bible gives us the record of this history. If it did not do this, it would not present to us the truth of our religion, the truth of the Christian revelation in both its preparatory and its crowning stages. What we as Christians need is not, primarily and chiefly, talk about Christ; but Jesus Christ the person, Himself brought to us as He was in His living and dying, that He may be the object of our faith, and that His spiritual pres- ence may be realized in our thought and conduct. Hence the supreme importance that we should have a full and trustworthy historical picture of who Jesus was; of how God made the world ready for His com- ing and for the reception of His truth; and of how He actually manifested Himself to those selected and inspired followers who knew Him best. History and doctrine are joined in fact and in fate within the bib- lical narratives. God has joined them together ; man cannot put them asunder. Moreover, we find that fair yet thorough criticism 226 The Histories of the Buble. ! leaves the historical basis of our religious faith unim- paired. Nay more, it establishes this basis in a scien- tific manner and defends it against the assaults of its foes. It shows that the picture which the Gospels pre- sent of the life and death, of the character and teach- ing, of Jesus Christ, is essentially trastworthy. It also shows that the picture presented in the Gospels is the same as the picture assumed and explained by the gen- uine writings of the apostles in the form of letters to the early churches. This verifying work of historical criticism is most satisfactory and complete just where it is most essential to our faith to have it so; that is, at and about the central facts of the Gospel. The genuine historical character of all the books and passages of the Old Testament which apparently claim to be historical cannot, in like manner, be established. The earliest histories of sacred Scripture, like all other most ancient historical composition, begin in traditions which it is difficult to verify, and in which it is impos- sible always to separate the true from the false. The earliest Hebrew traditions so closely resemble those of certain other ancient nations as to show some common root. The primitive method of composing history among the Hebrews was not such as to guarantee that care had been taken to arrive at what we should now consider strictly historical truth. At intervals later in the course of Hebrew history, examples of uncertain traditions not infrequently ap- pear. But in time we come upon the more solid and trustworthy basis of a literary record contempora- neous, or nearly so, with the events themselves. Yet the admission of facts like the foregoing does not en- =, Claims to Infallibility. 227 danger the historical foundation upon which rests our faith. It does not prevent the general confidence we feel in the substantially true historical record which the Old Testament contains of the origin and growth of biblical religion, and of the way in which God, in the preparatory stages of His revelation, made Himself known as the Redeemer of man. Only it zs necessary for the student of Hebrew religion in its historical un- folding to make discriminations. All the historical ac- counts in the Bible are not alike certain. Trained and well-equipped scholars will have to do the best they can, by use of all the means at their disposal, to tell us what was the exact order and what the characteristics of the different stages of biblical revelation. We have no claim to historical infallibility set up within the Bible, or even to unusual freedom from errors of an historical kind. Neither does it appear that God has ever revealed to men the exact char- acter and order of past events where no record of the events themselves has been kept. For their facts the sacred authors of the biblical histories appear always to have been dependent upon the ordinary resources. Some things of their own time they wit- nessed for themselves, or learned from others who had witnessed them; other things they accepted as cur- rently reported. There were traditions, oral and written, which claimed to give an account of what had taken place in the more remote past. The later writers had for use the documents and books composed by the earlier ones. The biblical historians possessed, in brief, just such kinds of sources of information with respect to previous events as ancient historians generally pos- | 228 The Flistortes of the Bzble. sessed. But they possessed an unusual wealth cf these resources, because the nation early began to have some appreciation of the significance of the history it was enacting, and of the relations in which it stood to God. Moreover, the biblical writers show in general that fine insight into, and sympathy with, the higher meaning of events, which led them to purify from debasing moral and religious ideas the historical material they employed, and to appreciate the value of what was being enacted and recorded. It is in such spiritual insight and sympathy that the inspiration of the biblical historians chiefly consists. There is an important truth involved in the fact that the later Jews regarded their great historical books as having been the work of prophets. And our choicest and most authentic information concerning the history of Israel before and after the Exile comes from the prophetic books, as we now call them. The histories of the New Testament—pre-eminently the Gospels, but also the Book of Acts—show by their very nature that they were written by men who had the gift of the Holy Ghost. So to enter into the spirit and form of the Gospel, and of the life and doctrine of Him who is the Gospel, as do the writers of these histories— this is to be inspired. In what their inspiration con- sisted, both the Prologue of Luke’s Gospel and the clos- ing words of John’s Gospel, suggest; but that it was not thought of by themselves as giving any guarantee of historical accuracy without a diligent search and care- ful handling of their historical material, the language of Luke’s Prologue plainly implies, CHAPTER VII. THE PROPHECIES OF THE BIBLE. THERE can be no doubt that the prophets of the Old Testament claimed, on the authority of divine revela- tions made to them, to predict future events. It is just as obvious that the writers of the New Testament (fol- lowed in this particular by all the early Church) claimed that these Old-Testament prophets had indeed foreseen and foretold the things of Christ. In this age of the world it is not customary to rely so much upon any proofs afforded to the reality of the Christian religion, and to the divine mission of its author, by the ancient ‘prophecies concerning Him. Weare inclined rather to rely upon the accordance of our religion with all the present mental life and religious needs of man. But the one proof most frequently urged in many of the early Christian writings, whether of the New Testa- ment or of the Church Fathers, is the fulfilment of the ancient prophecy by Christ. Moreover, the Jesstanic truth of the Hebrew Bible is so essentially predictive, and the doctrine of the New Testament regarding the person and work of Messiah is so involved in the pre- dictions, that it is impossible completely to separate the two. : The general fact just referred to does not, of itself, enable us to settle any one of several puzzling questions (229) 230 The Prophectes of the Bible. which at once arise. In what sense and with what pre. cision and certainty, and from what sources of informa- tion, did the genuine Hebrew prophet make his predic- tions? The author of Isaiah xlii. 9, sang: “New things do I declare; before they spring forth I tell you of them.” His “new song” was of the wonderful salva- tion which Jehovah would bring to Israel. But did the prophet clearly foreknow what the nature of the divine deliverance would be? How did he foreknow what he foreknew? Was it because he sagaciously saw the future as lying in the present; or was it because his faith led him to put implicit confidence in God as making his redemption suitable to the particular cireumstances of his own time; or was it because God had, in a wholly super- natural way, raised the vail from before His servant’s eyes and allowed to him a forward glance into what was hidden from all others? It is obvious that these and other similar questions cannot be answered merely by affirming our general confidence in the scriptural view of prophecy. The nature of prediction as one element of genuine prophecy must be understood in accordance with our conception of prophecy in general. Now there are two extreme views upon this matter, one of which designs to deprive biblical prophecy of all its supernatural char- acter, and the other of which aims at making it all, as far as possible, strictly supernatural or even miraculous. The former considers the so-called “predictions” of the prophets as merely fortunate premonitions or shrewd calculations, such as frequently occur in all ages of the — world. The other thinks it necessary, in order to vindi- Character of the Prophet. 231 eate the inspired character of prophecy, that its predic. tions should all be regarded as direct divine revelations of individual future events—definite and infallible as to time, place, and concomitant circumstances. Neither of these views is correct ; neither accords with the view of the biblical writers or with the facts and phenomena of biblical prophecy. For the genuine Hebrew prophet is neither, on the one hand, a shrewd calculator of politi- cal and social probabilities; nor is he, on the other hand, an announcer of definite future events on the occurrence of which, precisely as foreseen, he stakes his prophetical reputation, after the manner of the heathen soothsayer.* The consideration of the character of the Old-Testa- ment prophecies is especially important, of course, when- ever such prophecies concern Messiah and the Messianic kingdom. Indeed, it is the origin, growth, and applica- tion of the great Messianic ideas in Hebrew prophecy which contribute to it its supreme interest and value, Were it not for these the predictions of Hebrew seers would not be distinguishable from those of heathen soothsayers. But these ideas existing, developing, and being fulfilled in Christ, as they are seen to have been, the question as to whether the Hebrew prophets ever miscalculated or not, becomes relatively unimportant. And now let us consider how the predictions of the genuine Hebrew prophet grew out of his very character and mission as a prophet. It was of the very essence of. the prophet’s character to think and feel for Jehovah and with Jehovah, to enter into Jehoval’s plans in righteousness, truth, and grace. It was his mission to *D.8.8., i, p. 417f. 232 The Prophectes of the Beble. tell the people what it concerned them to know of the divine plans, as bearing upon the punishment of the wrongdoer, the comfort and succor of the saint, and the unfolding of the kingdom of redemption. His pre- diction is not, then, a mere prognostication of individual events; it is a power of foreseeing the unfolding of the divine plan. It may be said, then, to be a part of the prophetic spiritual life. The prediction of the prophet is also a divine work within the soul of the prophet—a work of revelation that results from the planting and growth within the soul of certain great moral and relig- ious ideas. These ideas necessarily limit and give di- rection to the predictions; they prevent the prophet from making certain mistakes to which he would other- wise be liable. He cannot predict blessing as the fruit of sin; he cannot promise well to those whose unfaith- fulness to God and the principles of righteous conduct ealls for punishment. Only the false prophet on whom, for this reason, the woe of Jehovah must fall, can fore- tell blessings to come as the wages of sin. The faith of the Hebrew prophet was firm as to the future stability of the great principles of the divine government. Hence he threatened and promised in the four following ways: he threatened Israel for its own sins against the divine covenant; he threatened other nations for standing in the way of the divine kingdom, which he regarded as centred in Israel; he promised comfort and salvation tothe faithful remnant, Messianic blessings to the redeemed nation ; he promised to other nations a share in this blessing, and to all mankind the fruition of the perfected, divine kingdom. His predic: The Predictions Conditional. 233 tion is very different, therefore, from the utterance of an inevitable and blind fate; it is a declaration of the will of a living and personal God. That their predictions were conditional* upon the future conduct of men was well understood by the He- brew prophets themselves. The repentance and prayers of David, when Nathan predicted the death of his child, assume the possibility of a change in the purpose of Jehovah respecting the outcome of the whole matter. When the “ word of the Lord ” had threatened the most awful punishment upon Ahab and upon all that was his, a subsequent prophetic message announced a change in the divine plan because of the humbling of the wicked king under the former prediction (see 1 Kings xxi. 20 f.). The prophet Amos represents himself as having turned aside the expressly threatened judgment of God by his own importunate prayers. Jeremiah expressly states (xviii. 7f.) that the predictions of divine retribu- tion made by the prophets are not unconditional ; while Ezekiel treats the same truth in detail throughout two entire chapters of his book (xviii. and xxxiii.). Jonah even complains of the Lord as though his own prophetic utterances had been left in the lurch, as it were, on account of the greatness of the divine mercy. A very striking instance of this ‘‘ conditional ” char- acter of much of the Hebrew prophesying is found when Micah (see iii. 12) predicts that the approaching Assyrian army will leave Zion “ plowed as a field,” and Jerusalem in heaps; but Isaiah (chaps. xxxvi. and xxxvii.) narrates the secondary causes which prevented the fulfilment of *D. 8, 8.,i, p. 420f. 234 The Prophecies of the Bible.
| 13,232 |
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktsioonikoordinaat
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Reaktsioonikoordinaat
|
https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaktsioonikoordinaat&action=history
|
Estonian
|
Spoken
| 99 | 317 |
Keemias on reaktsioonikoordinaat abstraktne ettekujutus reaktsiooni kulgemise teest lähteainetelt produktideni. Enamasti kujutatakse reageeriva süsteemi energia muutust protsessi kulgemise käigus piki reaktsiooni teed.
Reaktsioonis esinevat energiataseme muutust kujutatakse energiadiagrammidel: vertikaalteljel on süsteemi vaba energia ja horisontaaltelg – nimetatakse reaktsioonikoordinaat – kujutab reaktsiooni teed lähteainetest üle siirdeseisundi produktideni. Siirdeseisund on reaktsioonis kõrgeima energiaga olek.
Paremal olevatel diagrammidel on esitatud kaks erinevat tüüpi reaktsiooni: a) kaheastmeline reaktsioon, kus teises astmes saab moodustuda kaks isomeerset produkti, ja b) katalüütilise (siin ensüümkatalüüs) reaktsiooni võrdlus mittekatalüütilisega (näidatud on ka aktiveerimisenergia ensüümiga ja ilma ning protsessis vabanev energia).
Vaata ka
Siirdeseisund
Aktivatsioonienergia
Keemilised reaktsioonid
Keemiline kineetika
| 39,288 |
6714541_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 42 | 57 |
Petition by defendant for writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Buncombe County denied 8 October 1998. Motion by defendant for temporary stay of ruling on petition for writ of certiorari denied 8 October 1998. Justice Orr recused.
| 21,084 |
https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.00810
|
arXiv
|
Open Science
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
PBDW method for state estimation: error analysis for noisy data and nonlinear formulation
|
Helin Gong, Yvon Maday, Olga Mula, Tommaso Taddei
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,765 | 34,866 |
PBDW method for state estimation: error analysis for noisy data and
nonlinear formulation
###### Abstract
We present an error analysis and further numerical investigations of the
Parameterized-Background Data-Weak (PBDW) formulation to variational Data
Assimilation (state estimation), proposed in [Y Maday, AT Patera, JD Penn, M
Yano, Int J Numer Meth Eng, 102(5), 933-965]. The PBDW algorithm is a state
estimation method involving reduced models. It aims at approximating an
unknown function $u^{\rm true}$ living in a high-dimensional Hilbert space
from $M$ measurement observations given in the form $y_{m}=\ell_{m}(u^{\rm
true}),\,m=1,\dots,M$, where $\ell_{m}$ are linear functionals. The method
approximates $u^{\rm true}$ with $\hat{u}=\hat{z}+\hat{\eta}$. The
_background_ $\hat{z}$ belongs to an $N$-dimensional linear space
$\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ built from reduced modelling of a parameterized mathematical
model, and the _update_ $\hat{\eta}$ belongs to the space $\mathcal{U}_{M}$
spanned by the Riesz representers of $(\ell_{1},\dots,\ell_{M})$. When the
measurements are noisy — i.e., $y_{m}=\ell_{m}(u^{\rm true})+\epsilon_{m}$
with $\epsilon_{m}$ being a noise term — the classical PBDW formulation is not
robust in the sense that, if $N$ increases, the reconstruction accuracy
degrades. In this paper, we propose to address this issue with an extension of
the classical formulation, which consists in searching for the background
$\hat{z}$ either on the whole $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ in the noise-free case, or on
a well-chosen subset $\mathcal{K}_{N}\subset\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ in presence of
noise. The restriction to $\mathcal{K}_{N}$ makes the reconstruction be
nonlinear and is the key to make the algorithm significantly more robust
against noise. We further present an _a priori_ error and stability analysis,
and we illustrate the efficiency of the approach on several numerical
examples.
Helin Gong1, Yvon Maday2,3, Olga Mula4, Tommaso Taddei5
1 Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory,
Nuclear Power Institute of China; 610041, Chengdu, China. _gonghelin06@qq.com_
2 Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot SPC, CNRS, Laboratoire
Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL); 75005, Paris, France. _maday@ann.jussieu.fr_
3 Institut Universitaire de France; 75005, Paris, France.
4 Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 7534,
CEREMADE; 75016, Paris, France. ´ _mula@ceremade.dauphine.fr_
5 IMB, UMR 5251, Univ. Bordeaux; 33400, Talence, France. Inria Bordeaux Sud-
Ouest, Team MEMPHIS; 33400, Talence, France, _tommaso.taddei@inria.fr_
_Keywords:_ variational data assimilation; parameterized partial differential
equations; model order reduction.
## 1 Introduction
Let $\mathcal{U}$ be a Hilbert space defined over a domain
$\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and equipped with inner product $(\cdot,\cdot)$
and induced norm $\|\cdot\|=\sqrt{(\cdot,\cdot)}$. In this paper, we consider
the following state estimation problem: we want to recover an unknown function
$u^{\rm true}\in\mathcal{U}$ that represents the state of a physical system of
interest from $M$ measurements given in the form
$y_{m}=\ell_{m}(u^{\rm true})+\epsilon_{m}\quad{m=1,\dots,M},$
where $\ell_{1}\ldots,\ell_{M}$ are $M$ independent linear functionals over
$\mathcal{U}$ and $\epsilon_{1},\ldots,\epsilon_{M}$ reflect the experimental
noise. In the following, we gather in the vector
$\mathbf{y}=[y_{1},\ldots,y_{M}]^{T}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}$
the set of measurement data.
Several authors have proposed to exploit Bayesian approaches [14, 23, 9] that
consist in adding certain prior assumptions and then searching through the
most plausible solution through sampling strategies of the posterior density.
Since this is very costly in a high-dimensional framework, approaches
involving dimensionality reduction techniques have become a very active
research field in recent years. Our focus lies on strategies involving reduced
modelling of parameterized PDEs for which a number of different approaches
have been proposed in recent years, see [15, 16, 17, 13, 3]. Note, however,
that other compression approaches are possible and, in particular, we cite the
works of [1, 5] in the field of signal processing and compressive sensing,
which share similarities with the main ideas propagated in the reduced
modelling approach as well.
Our starting point is the so-called Parameterized-Background Data-Weak method
(PBDW) that was originally introduced in [17]. The method has been further
developed and analyzed in several works. We cite [6, 8] for relevant works on
the theoretical front, [7] for works on sensor placement. The methodology has
been applied to non-trivial applications in [17, 12, 11] and an analysis on
how the method can be used as a vehicle to find optimal sensor locations can
be found in [7]. Our paper is devoted to the topic of the noise in
measurements for which previous works are [18, 25, 24]. We outline our
contribution on this topic in what follows.
The PBDW method exploits the knowledge of a parameterized best-knowledge (bk)
model that describes the physical system, to improve performance. We denote by
$u^{\rm bk}(\mu)\in\mathcal{U}$, the solution to the parameterized model for
the parameter value $\mu\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}$,
$G^{\rm bk,\mu}(u^{\rm bk}(\mu))=0.$
Here, $G^{\rm bk,\mu}(\cdot)$ denotes the parameterized bk model associated
with the system, and $\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}\subset\mathbb{R}^{P}$ is a compact
set that reflects the lack of knowledge in the value of the parameters of the
model. We further define the bk manifold
$\mathcal{M}^{\rm bk}=\\{u^{\rm bk}(\mu):\,\mu\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}\\},$
which collects the solution to the bk model for all values of the parameter.
Note that here, for simplicity of exposition, the model is defined over
$\Omega$: in [26], the authors considered the case in which the model is
defined over a domain $\Omega^{\rm bk}$ that strictly contains the domain of
interest $\Omega$. We here intend, but we do not assume, that $u^{\rm true}$
is close to the bk manifold: there exists $\mu^{\rm true}\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm
bk}$ such that $\|u^{\rm true}-u^{\rm bk}(\mu^{\rm true})\|$ is small. In our
state estimation problem, we are given the vector
$\mathbf{y}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}$ of measurement data but the value of $\mu^{\rm
true}$ is unknown so we cannot simply run a forward computation to approximate
$u^{\rm true}$ with $u^{\rm bk}(\mu^{\rm true})$. That is why we refer to the
lack of knowledge of the value of $\mu^{\rm true}$ as to _anticipated or
parametric ignorance_. On the other hand, we refer to
$\inf_{\mu\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}}\|u^{\rm true}-u^{\rm bk}(\mu)\|$ as to
_unanticipated or nonparametric model error_.
The PBDW method seeks an approximation
$\hat{u}=\hat{z}+\hat{\eta}$
employing projection by data. For perfect measurements, that is
$\epsilon_{m}=0,\ m=1,\dots,M$, the estimate $\hat{u}$ is built by searching
$\hat{\eta}$ of minimum norm subject to the observation constraints
$\ell_{m}(\hat{u})=y_{m}$ for $m=1,\ldots,M$. In presence of noise, PBDW can
be formulated as a Tikhonov regularization of the perfect-measurement
statement that depends on an hyper-parameter $\xi>0$ which should be tuned
using out-of-sample data. We refer to the above mentioned literature (see in
particular [17, 25]) for a detailed discussion of the connections between PBDW
and other existing state estimation techniques.
The first contribution to $\hat{u}$, is the _deduced background estimate_ ,
$\hat{z}=\sum_{n=1}^{N}\hat{z}_{n}\zeta_{n}\in\mathcal{K}_{N}=\left\\{\sum_{n=1}^{N}\,z_{n}\zeta_{n}:\;\;\mathbf{z}=[z_{1},\ldots,z_{N}]^{T}\in\Phi_{N}\right\\}\subset\mathcal{Z}_{N}:={\rm
span}\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N},$ (1)
where $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ is an $N$-dimensional linear space spanned by the
basis $\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}$, and
$\mathcal{K}_{N}\subseteq\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ is a subset of $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$.
The space $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ is built based on the bk manifold
$\mathcal{M}^{\rm bk}$ and summarizes two approximations:
* (i)
the approximation coming from the model, which suffers from a bias
(_unanticipated model error_),
* (ii)
the approximation of the elements of $\mathcal{M}^{\rm bk}$ due to the finite
dimension $N$ of $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$.
Note that, while the second approximation can be systematically improved by
increasing $N$, the first one is incompressible and inherent to the choice of
the model. One of the novelties with respect to previous works on noise is
that we restrict the search of $\hat{z}$ to a well-chosen subset
$\mathcal{K}_{N}$ of $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$. The information that is encoded in
$\mathcal{K}_{N}$ reflects some “learning” acquisition on the behavior of the
coefficients $\mathbf{\hat{z}}=[\hat{z}_{1},\dots,\hat{z}_{N}]^{T}$ of the
solutions to the best-knowledge model when the parameter varies. The relevance
of this set is a more complete formalization of the decrease of the Kolmogorov
thickness and of course depends on the proper choice of the reduced basis
$\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}$. We will see further how this can be taken into
account. As shown later in the paper, the state estimate $\hat{u}$ is a linear
function of the measurements $\mathbf{y}$ if and only if
$\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$ (i.e., $\mathcal{K}_{N}=\mathcal{Z}_{N}$): for this
reason, we refer to the case $\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$ as linear PBDW, and to
the case $\Phi_{N}\subsetneq\mathbb{R}^{N}$ (i.e.,
$\mathcal{K}_{N}\subsetneq\mathcal{Z}_{N}$) as nonlinear PBDW.
The second term in $\hat{u}$, $\hat{\eta}\in\mathcal{U}_{M}$ is the _update
estimate_ : the linear $M$-dimensional space $\mathcal{U}_{M}$ is the span of
Riesz representers $q_{1},\ldots,q_{M}\in\mathcal{U}$ of the $M$ observation
functionals $\\{\ell_{m}\\}_{m=1}^{M}$,
$\mathcal{U}_{M}\coloneqq{\rm
span}\\{q_{m}\\}_{m=1}^{M},\qquad(q_{m},v)=\ell_{m}(v)\quad\forall\,v\in\mathcal{U}.$
The background $\hat{z}$ addresses the lack of knowledge in the value of the
model parameters, while the update $\hat{\eta}$ accomodates the non-parametric
model error.
The contributions of the present work are twofold.
* (i)
We present a complete _a priori_ error analysis of linear PBDW, and we present
a stability analysis for the nonlinear case. More in detail, we present an
error analysis for general linear recovery algorithms, which relies on the
definition of three computable constants; we specialize our analysis to linear
PBDW; and we present, once again for linear PBDW, two optimality results that
motivate our approach. Furthermore, for the nonlinear case, we prove that, if
$\Phi_{N}$ is convex, small perturbations in the measurements lead to small
perturbations in the state estimate. As explained in section 3, in the linear
case, our analysis is based on an extension of the framework presented in [5]
to a broader class of linear recovery algorithms. The extension is necessary
since linear PBDW does not belong to the recovery class of [5]. For the
analysis of the nonlinear case, we use tools originally developed in the
inverse problem literature (see, e.g., [10]).
* (ii)
We present several numerical results that empirically motivate the
introduction of the constraints for the background coefficients
$\hat{\mathbf{z}}$ (i.e., $\Phi_{N}\subsetneq\mathbb{R}^{N}$). We consider the
specific case where $\Phi_{N}=\bigotimes_{n=1}^{N}[a_{n},b_{n}]$ and
$\\{a_{n},b_{n}\\}_{n}$ are estimated based on the bk manifold. We present
numerical investigations of the stability of the formulation as a function of
(i) the hyper-parameter $\xi$ associated with the regularizer, (ii) the
background dimension $N$, and (iii) the measurement locations. Note that the
idea of introducing box constraints has originally been introduced in [4] to
stabilize the Generalized Empirical Interpolation Method in presence of noise
(GEIM, [15]). In this respect, the present paper can be understood as an
extension of the latter methodology to PBDW.
The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we present the PBDW method:
we discuss the well-posedness of the mathematical formulation, and we present
the actionable algebraic form which is used in the numerical implementation.
In section 3, we present the analysis of the method: we here discuss the error
analysis for linear PBDW and the stability bound for the nonlinear case. To
simplify the exposition, in sections 2 and 3 we consider real-valued problems;
the extension to the complex-valued case is straightforward and is briefly
outlined at the end of section 2. In section 4 we present several numerical
results for a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional model problem, and in
section 5 we draw some conclusions.
## 2 Formulation
### 2.1 PBDW statement
In view of the presentation of the PBDW formulation, we recall the definition
of the experimental measurements
$y_{m}=\ell_{m}(u^{\rm true})+\epsilon_{m},\quad m=1,...,M,$ (2)
where $\\{\ell_{m}\\}_{m=1}^{M}\subset\mathcal{U}^{\prime}$ and
$\\{\epsilon_{m}\\}_{m=1}^{M}$ are unknown disturbances, and of the
parameterized bk mathematical model
$G^{\rm bk,\mu}(u^{\rm bk}(\mu))=0,$ (3)
where $\mu$ corresponds to the set of uncertain parameters in the model and
belongs to the compact set $\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}\subset\mathbb{R}^{P}$. We
here assume that $G^{\rm bk,\mu}$ is well-posed for all
$\mu\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}$ over a domain $\Omega^{\rm bk}$ that contains
$\Omega$; we further assume that the restriction of $u^{\rm bk}(\mu)$ to
$\Omega$, $u^{\rm bk}(\mu)|_{\Omega}$, belongs to $\mathcal{U}$. Then, we
introduce the rank-$N$ approximation of $u^{\rm bk}|_{\Omega}$, $u_{N}^{\rm
bk}(\mu)|_{\Omega}=\sum_{n=1}^{N}z_{n}^{\rm bk}(\mu)\zeta_{n}$, and we denote
by $\Phi_{N}\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ a suitable bounding box of the set
$\\{\mathbf{z}^{\rm bk}(\mu):\mu\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}\\}$.
We can now introduce the PBDW statement: find
$\hat{u}_{\xi}=\sum_{n=1}^{N}\left(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\right)_{n}\zeta_{n}+\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$
such that
$(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi},\hat{\eta}_{\xi})\in\Phi_{N}\times{\mathcal{U}}$
minimizes
$\min_{(\mathbf{z},\eta)\in\Phi_{N}\times{\mathcal{U}}}\,\mathcal{J}_{\xi}(\mathbf{z},\eta):=\xi\|\eta\|^{2}+\Big{\|}\boldsymbol{\ell}\left(\sum_{n=1}^{N}\,z_{n}\zeta_{n}+\eta\right)-\mathbf{y}\Big{\|}_{2}^{2},$
(4)
with
$\boldsymbol{\ell}=[\ell_{1},\ldots,\ell_{M}]^{T}:\mathcal{U}\to\mathbb{R}^{M}$,
and where $\|\cdot\|_{2}$ is the Euclidean $\ell^{2}$-norm in
$\mathbb{R}^{N}$. For reasons that will become clear soon, we further
introduce the limit formulations:
$(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{0},\hat{\eta}_{0})\in\,{\rm
arg}\min_{(\mathbf{z},\eta)\in\Phi_{N}\times\mathcal{U}}\,\|\eta\|,\quad{\rm
subject\,to}\;\;\boldsymbol{\ell}\left(\sum_{n=1}^{N}\,z_{n}\zeta_{n}+\eta\right)=\mathbf{y};$
(5)
and
$\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\infty}\in\,{\rm
arg}\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\;\Big{\|}\boldsymbol{\ell}\left(\sum_{n=1}^{N}\,z_{n}\zeta_{n}\right)-\mathbf{y}\Big{\|}_{2}^{2}.$
(6)
We anticipate that (5) and (6) can be rigorously linked to (4): we address
this issue in the next section.
We shall now interpret the PBDW statement introduced above. The first term in
(4) penalizes the distance of the state estimate from the set
$\mathcal{K}_{N}$ defined in (1), which is an approximation of the bk solution
manifold $\mathcal{M}^{\rm bk}$; the second term penalizes the data misfit;
finally, the hyper-parameter $\xi>0$ regulates the relative importance of the
background compared to the data. We remark that PBDW can be interpreted as a
relaxation of the Partial Spline Model presented in [28]: we refer to [24,
section 2] and [19, section 2] for a detailed derivation. We further observe
that in (4) we consider the $\ell^{2}$ loss, $V_{M}(\cdot)=\|\cdot\|_{2}^{2}$,
to penalize the data misfit: in presence of _a priori_ information concerning
the properties of the measurement noise, other loss functions could also be
considered.
Model order reduction techniques for data compression are here employed to
generate the _background space_ $\mathcal{Z}_{N}={\rm
span}\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}$ from the bk manifold. We refer to [17] and to
the references therein for a detailed discussion; we further refer to [26] for
the construction of local approximation spaces when $\Omega$ is strictly
contained in $\Omega^{\rm bk}$. On the other hand,
$\Phi_{N}\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ is built by exploiting (estimates of)
snapshots of the bk solution manifold for selected values of the parameters
$\mu^{1},\ldots,\mu^{n_{\rm train}}\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}$. In particular, we
here consider two choices for $\Phi_{N}$: $\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$ and
$\Phi_{N}=\bigotimes_{n=1}^{N}[a_{n},b_{n}]$. In the former case, it is easy
to verify that PBDW reduces to the original linear algorithm of [17], while
for the second case we anticipate that computation of the state estimate
requires the solution to a quadratic programming problem with box constraints.
We defer the detailed description of the definition of $\\{a_{n},b_{n}\\}_{n}$
to the numerical examples presented in section 4.
### 2.2 Finite-dimensional formulation and limit cases
We introduce the matrices
$\mathbf{L}=(\mathbf{L}_{m,n})_{\begin{subarray}{c}1\leq m\leq M\\\ 1\leq
n\leq
N\end{subarray}}\in\mathbb{R}^{M,N},\quad\mathbf{L}_{m,n}=\ell_{m}(\zeta_{n}),$
and
$\mathbf{K}=(\mathbf{K}_{m,m^{\prime}})_{\begin{subarray}{c}1\leq
m,\,m^{\prime}\leq
M\end{subarray}}\in\mathbb{R}^{M,M},\quad\mathbf{K}_{m,m^{\prime}}=(q_{m},q_{m^{\prime}})$
In the remainder of this work, we assume that
$M\geq N.$
Given a symmetric positive definite matrix $\mathbf{W}\in\mathbb{R}^{M,M}$, we
define the weighted norm $\|\cdot\|_{\mathbf{W}}$, such that for all
$\mathbf{y}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}$ we have
$\|\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{W}}:=\sqrt{\mathbf{y}^{T}\mathbf{W}\mathbf{y}}$, and
we denote by $\lambda_{\rm min}(\mathbf{W})$ and $\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{W})$ the minimum and maximum eigenvalues of $\mathbf{W}$.
Proposition 2.1 summarizes key properties of the PBDW formulation stated in
the previous section. The proof is provided in Appendix A.
###### Proposition 2.1.
Let $\ell_{1},\ldots,\ell_{M}\in\mathcal{U}^{\prime}$ be linear independent.
Let $\hat{u}_{\xi}=\sum_{n=1}^{N}$ $\left(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\right)_{n}$
$\zeta_{n}+\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$ be a solution to (4) for $\xi>0$, and let
$\hat{u}_{0}=\sum_{n=1}^{N}\left(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{0}\right)_{n}\zeta_{n}+\hat{\eta}_{0}$
be a solution to (5). Then, the following hold.
1. 1.
The updates $\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$ and $\hat{\eta}_{0}$ belong to the space
$\mathcal{U}_{M}={\rm span}\\{q_{m}\\}_{m=1}^{M}$.
2. 2.
The vector of coefficients $\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}$ associated with the
deduced background solves the least-squares problem:
$\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}},\quad{\rm
where}\;\;\mathbf{W}_{\xi}:=\left(\xi\mathbf{Id}+\mathbf{K}\right)^{-1},$ (7a)
where $\mathbf{Id}$ is the identity matrix; $\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$ is the unique
solution to
$\min_{\eta\in\mathcal{U}_{M}}\,\xi\|\eta\|^{2}\,+\,\big{\|}\boldsymbol{\ell}(\eta)-\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi})\big{\|}_{2}^{2},\quad{\rm
where}\;\;\mathbf{y}^{\rm err}(\mathbf{z}):=\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}.$
(7b)
In addition, the solution $(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{0},\hat{\eta}_{0})$ to (5)
solves
$\left\\{\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{K}^{-1}},}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\displaystyle{\min_{\eta\in\mathcal{U}_{M}}\,\|\eta\|,\quad{\rm
subject\,to}\;\boldsymbol{\ell}(\eta)=\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{0}).}\\\ \end{array}\right.$ (8)
3. 3.
Any solution $\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}$ to (4) satisfies
$\|\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2}\,\leq\,\frac{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}\,\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2},$
(9a) and
$\|\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{K}^{-1}}^{2}\,\leq\,\frac{\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}{\lambda_{\rm min}(\mathbf{K})}\left(\frac{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}\right)\,\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{K}^{-1}}^{2}.$
(9b)
Furthermore, the optimal update $\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$ satisfies
$\|\hat{\eta}_{\xi}\|^{2}\leq\frac{1}{\xi}\,\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2};\qquad\|\boldsymbol{\ell}(\hat{\eta}_{\xi})+\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2}\leq\xi\,\|\hat{\eta}_{0}\|^{2}.$
(10)
4. 4.
If $\mathbf{L}$ is full rank, any solution to (4) is bounded for any choice of
$\Phi_{N}$ and for any $\xi>0$.
5. 5.
If $\Phi_{N}$ is convex and $\mathbf{L}$ is full rank, then the solution to
(4) is unique for any $\xi>0$.
Estimates (9) can be used to prove rigorous links between (4) and the limit
cases (5) and (6): we state the formal result in the following corollary,
which is an extension of [24, Proposition 2.9]. Motivated by this corollary,
with some abuse of notation, we extend the PBDW formulation (4) to
$\xi\in[0,\infty]$, with the understanding that $\xi=0$ corresponds to (5) and
$\xi=\infty$ corresponds to (6).
###### Corollary 2.2.
Given the sequence $\\{\xi_{i}\\}_{i=1}^{\infty}$ such that $\xi_{i}>0$, we
define the sequence of solutions
$\\{(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{i},\hat{\eta}_{i}):=(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi_{i}},\hat{\eta}_{\xi_{i}})\\}_{i=1}^{\infty}$
to (4). Then, if $\mathbf{L}$ is full rank with $M\geq N$, the following hold:
(i) if $\xi_{i}\to\infty$, then $\hat{\eta}_{i}\to 0$ and any limit point of
$\\{\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{i}\\}_{i=1}^{\infty}$ is a solution to (6); (ii) if
$\xi_{i}\to 0$, then any limit point of
$\\{(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{i},\hat{\eta}_{i})\\}_{i=1}^{\infty}$ is a solution to
(5); and (iii) if $\Phi_{N}$ is convex, then the solution map
$\xi\mapsto(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi},\hat{\eta}_{\xi})$ is continuous in
$[0,\infty]$.
###### Proof.
We here prove the first statement. The proofs of the second and of the third
statements follow similar ideas. Since $\mathbf{L}$ is full rank and
$\mathbf{K}$ is invertible, exploiting (9a) and (10), there exists $C<\infty$
such that
$\sup_{i}\,\|\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{i}\|_{2},\;\;\sup_{i}\,\xi_{i}\,\|\hat{\eta}_{i}\|_{2}\leq
C.$
This implies that $\hat{\eta}_{i}\to 0$, while, applying Bolzano-Weierstrass
theorem, we find that $\\{\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{i}\\}_{i}$ admits convergent
subsequences. Let $\hat{\mathbf{z}}^{\star}$ be a limit of point of
$\\{\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{i}\\}_{i}$; then by taking the limit in (9a), we obtain
$\|\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}^{\star}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2}\leq\,\limsup_{i\to\infty}\,\|\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{i}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2}\;\leq\;\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2},$
which proves the first statement. ∎
For non-convex domains $\Phi_{N}$, the solution to (4) is not in general
unique: for this reason, we here restrict our attention to the case in which
$\Phi_{N}$ is convex. We thus specialize (7) to the two choices of $\Phi_{N}$
considered in this work. For $\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$, the vector
$\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}$ solves the linear problem:
$\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\,\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\,=\,\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{y},$
(11a) while the vector $\hat{\boldsymbol{\eta}}_{\xi}$ associated with the
update $\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$,
$\hat{\eta}_{\xi}=\sum_{m=1}^{M}(\hat{\boldsymbol{\eta}}_{\xi})_{m}q_{m}$,
satisfies
$\left(\mathbf{K}+\xi\mathbf{Id}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\eta}}_{\xi}=\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{L}\,\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}.$
(11b) Note that in this case there exists a linear map between the data
$\mathbf{y}$ and the solution $\hat{u}_{\xi}$. We further observe that the
update $\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$ belongs to
$\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M}$ (see [25, Proposition 2.2.2]),
where $\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}$ is the orthogonal complement of
$\mathcal{Z}_{N}$.
On the other hand, for $\Phi_{N}=\bigotimes_{n=1}^{N}[a_{n},b_{n}]$,
$\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}$ solves the quadratic programming problem:
$\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,\frac{1}{2}\mathbf{z}^{T}\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\right)\mathbf{z}\,-\,\mathbf{z}^{T}\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{y},\quad{\rm
subject\,to}\;a_{n}\leq z_{n}\leq b_{n},\;\;\;n=1,\ldots,N;$ (12)
which can be easily solved with classical optimization methods. The update
$\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$ can be computed using (7b) as for the linear case. Note
that in this case the map between data and state estimate is nonlinear, and
the update $\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$ does not in general belong111We found
empirically that explicitly adding the constraint
$\eta\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}$ does not improve reconstruction performance,
and can even deteriorate the accuracy of the PBDW estimate in presence of
substantial model bias and moderate experimental noise. to
$\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M}$. As anticipated in the
introduction, we refer to (4) with $\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$ as to linear
PBDW, and we refer to (4) with $\Phi_{N}=\bigotimes_{n=1}^{N}[a_{n},b_{n}]$ as
to nonlinear PBDW.
###### Remark 2.1.
We can easily extend the previous developments to complex-valued problems. If
$\mathcal{U}$ is a space of complex-valued functions, the measurements
$y_{1},\ldots,y_{M}\in\mathbb{C}$ and $\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{C}^{N}$, we can find
the counterpart of (11):
$\mathbf{L}^{H}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\,\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\,=\,\mathbf{L}^{H}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{y},\qquad\left(\mathbf{K}+\xi\mathbf{Id}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\eta}}_{\xi}=\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{L}\,\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi};$
(13)
where $(\cdot)^{H}$ denotes the Hermitian conjugate. For the nonlinear case,
if we set
$\Phi_{N}=\left\\{\mathbf{z}^{\rm re}+{\rm i}\mathbf{z}^{\rm
im}\,:\,\mathbf{z}^{\rm
re}\,\in\bigotimes_{n=1}^{N}[a_{n},b_{n}],\;\;\mathbf{z}^{\rm
im}\,\in\bigotimes_{n=1}^{N}[a_{n+N},b_{n+N}],\right\\},$
for some $\\{a_{n},b_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{2N}$, it is easy to obtain that
$\widehat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}^{\star}=[{\rm
Re}\\{\widehat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\\},{\rm
Im}\\{\widehat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\\}]\in\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ solves
$\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{2N}}\,\frac{1}{2}\mathbf{z}^{T}\,\mathbf{H}\,\mathbf{z}\,-\,\mathbf{f}^{T}\mathbf{z}\quad{\rm
subject\,to}\;a_{n}\leq z_{n}\leq b_{n},\;\;\;n=1,\ldots,2N;$ (14a) where
$\mathbf{H}=\left[\begin{array}[]{cc}{\rm
Re}\\{\mathbf{L}^{H}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\\}&-{\rm
Im}\\{\mathbf{L}^{H}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\\}\\\\[2.84526pt] {\rm
Im}\\{\mathbf{L}^{H}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\\}&{\rm
Re}\\{\mathbf{L}^{H}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\\}\\\
\end{array}\right],\quad\mathbf{f}=\left[\begin{array}[]{c}{\rm
Re}\\{\mathbf{L}^{H}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{y}\\}\\\ {\rm
Im}\\{\mathbf{L}^{H}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{y}\\}\\\ \end{array}\right].$
(14b)
## 3 Analysis
We present below a mathematical analysis of the PBDW formulation for noisy
measurements. In section 3.1, we extend the analysis presented in [5] to
general linear recovery algorithms, and we apply it to PBDW. In section 3.2,
we prove that the solution to nonlinear PBDW depends continuously on data. To
conclude, in section 3.3, we briefly discuss how the analysis presented in
this section could be exploited to choose measurement locations.
### 3.1 Analysis for linear PBDW: _a priori_ error bounds and optimality
#### 3.1.1 A general result for linear recovery algorithms
We first introduce some notation. Given the closed linear subspace
$\mathcal{Q}\subset\mathcal{U}$, we denote by
$\Pi_{\mathcal{Q}}:\mathcal{U}\to\mathcal{Q}$ the orthogonal projection
operator onto $\mathcal{Q}$, and we denote by $\mathcal{Q}^{\perp}$ its
orthogonal complement. We also denote by
$\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{X},\mathcal{Y})$ the space of linear bounded operators
from the Hilbert space $\mathcal{X}$ to the Hilbert space $\mathcal{Y}$,
equipped with the norm
$\|A\|_{\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{X},\mathcal{Y})}=\sup_{v\in\mathcal{X}}\frac{\|A(v)\|_{\mathcal{Y}}}{\|v\|_{\mathcal{X}}}$.
Given the algorithm $A:\mathbb{R}^{M}\to\mathcal{U}$, we define the image of
$A$, ${\rm Im}(A):=\\{A(\mathbf{y}):\;\mathbf{y}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}\\}$; we
denote by $Q$ the dimension of the space ${\rm Im}(A)$, $Q\leq M$, and we
denote by $\\{\psi_{q}\\}_{q=1}^{Q}$ an orthonormal basis of ${\rm Im}(A)$. We
further denote by $A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}:\mathcal{U}\to\mathcal{U}$ the
$\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{U})$ operator such that
$A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u)=A(\boldsymbol{\ell}(u))$.
We can now introduce the stability constants associated with $A$:
$\Lambda_{2}(A):=\|A\|_{\mathcal{L}(\mathbb{R}^{M},\mathcal{U})}\,=\,\sup_{\mathbf{y}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}}\,\frac{\|A(\mathbf{y})\|}{\|\mathbf{y}\|_{2}}\leavevmode\nobreak\
,$ (15)
and
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A):=\|Id-
A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}\|_{\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{U})}\,=\,\sup_{u\in\mathcal{U}}\,\frac{\|u-A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u))\|}{\|u\|}\leavevmode\nobreak\
.$ (16)
We further define the biasing constant
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A):=\|Id-A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}|_{{\rm
Im}(A)}\|_{\mathcal{L}({\rm Im}(A),\mathcal{U})}\,=\,\sup_{u\in{\rm
Im}(A)}\,\frac{\|u-A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u)\|}{\|u\|}\leavevmode\nobreak\ .$
(17)
Note that $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)=0$ if and only if
$A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u)=u$ for all $u\in{\rm Im}(A)$. Next Lemma summarizes
important properties of the constants introduced above. We remark that if
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)\neq 0$, exact computation of
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)$ is in general not possible. In the numerical
experiments, we consider the approximation
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)\approx\sup_{u\in\mathcal{U}_{\mathcal{N}}}\,\frac{\|u-A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u))\|}{\|u\|}$,
where $\mathcal{U}_{\mathcal{N}}$ is the $\mathcal{N}$-dimensional
approximation of the space $\mathcal{U}$, based on a high-fidelity (spectral,
Finite Element,…) discretization, and then we resort to an Arnoldi iterative
method to (approximately) solve the corresponding eigenvalue problem.
###### Lemma 3.1.
Given the linear algorithm $A:\mathbb{R}^{M}\to\mathcal{U}$, the following
hold.
1. 1.
The constants $\Lambda_{2}(A)$ and $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)$ can
be computed as follows:
$\Lambda_{2}(A)=s_{\rm max}(\mathbf{A}),\quad\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm
bias}(A)=s_{\rm max}(\mathbf{Id}-{\mathbf{A}}_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}),$ (18)
where $s_{\rm max}(\mathbf{W})$ denotes the maximum singular value of
$\mathbf{W}$. Here, $\mathbf{A}\in\mathbb{R}^{Q,M}$ and
${\mathbf{A}}_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}\in\mathbb{R}^{Q,Q}$ are such that
$\mathbf{A}_{q,m}=(A(\mathbf{e}_{m}),\psi_{q})$ and
$({\mathbf{A}}_{\boldsymbol{\ell}})_{q,q^{\prime}}=(A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(\psi_{q^{\prime}}),\psi_{q})$,
where $\\{\mathbf{e}_{m}\\}_{m}$ is the canonical basis in $\mathbb{R}^{M}$.
2. 2.
Suppose that $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)=0$. Then,
$A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}$ is idempotent (i.e.,
$A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}^{2}=A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}$), and
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)=\|A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}\|_{\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{U})}$.
Furthermore, we have $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)=s_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{A}\mathbf{K}^{1/2})$.
###### Proof.
Proof of the identities in (18) is tedious but straightforward. We omit the
details.
To prove the second statement, we recall that $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm
bias}(A)=0$ if and only if $A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u)=u$ for all $u\in{\rm
Im}(A)$. The latter implies that
$A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}^{2}=A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}$. Recalling [21, Corollary
3], we then obtain that $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)=\|Id-
A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}\|_{\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{U})}=\|A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}\|_{\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{U})}$.
Finally, we observe
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)=\sup_{u\in\mathcal{U}}\,\frac{\|A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u)\|}{\|u\|}=\sup_{u\in\mathcal{U}_{M}}\,\frac{\|A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u)\|}{\|u\|}=\sup_{\mathbf{q}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}}\,\frac{\|\mathbf{A}\mathbf{K}\mathbf{q}\|_{2}}{\|\mathbf{K}^{1/2}\mathbf{q}\|_{2}}\,=\,s_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{A}\mathbf{K}^{1/2}),$
which completes the proof. ∎
Proposition 3.1 links the previously-defined quantities to the state
estimation error. We observe that $\Lambda_{2}(A)$ measures the sensitivity of
$A$ to measurement error, while $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)$ measures the
sensitivity to the approximation error — given by $\|\Pi_{{\rm
Im}(A)^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|$. Finally, $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)$
should be interpreted as the maximum possible relative error for perfect
measurements (i.e., $\mathbf{y}=\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm true})$) and perfect
approximation (i.e., $u^{\rm true}\in{\rm Im}(A)$).
###### Proposition 3.1.
Given the linear algorithm $A:\mathbb{R}^{M}\to\mathcal{U}$, the following
estimate holds:
$\|A(\mathbf{y})-u^{\rm
true}\|\leq\Lambda_{2}(A)\|\mathbf{y}-\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm
true})\|_{2}\,+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)\,\|\Pi_{{\rm Im}(A)^{\perp}}u^{\rm
true}\|\,+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)\,\|u^{\rm
true}\|\leavevmode\nobreak\ .$ (19)
Furthermore, if $\mathbf{y}=\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm
true})+\boldsymbol{\epsilon}$ with $\epsilon_{m}\overset{\rm
iid}{\sim}(0,\sigma^{2})$, the mean-square error is bounded by
$\begin{array}[]{rl}\displaystyle{\mathbb{E}\left[\|A(\mathbf{y})-u^{\rm
true}\|^{2}\right]}\leq&\displaystyle{\left(\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)\,\|\Pi_{{\rm
Im}(A)^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|\,+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm
bias}(A)\,\|u^{\rm true}\|\right)^{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
&\displaystyle{\,+\,\sigma^{2}\,{\rm
trace}\left(\mathbf{A}^{T}\mathbf{A}\right),}\\\ \end{array}$ (20)
where $\mathbf{A}$ was introduced in Lemma 3.1.
###### Proof.
Exploiting the definition of $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)$ and
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)$, we find
$\begin{array}[]{rl}\displaystyle{\|u-A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u)\|\,\leq}&\displaystyle{\|(I-A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}})\Pi_{{\rm
Im}(A)^{\perp}}u\|\,+\,\|(I-A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}})\Pi_{{\rm
Im}(A)}u\|}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\leq&\displaystyle{\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)\|\Pi_{{\rm
Im}(A)^{\perp}}u\|\,+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)\|u\|.}\end{array}$
Then, we obtain (19):
$\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{\|A(\mathbf{y})-u^{\rm
true}\|\leq\|A\left(\mathbf{y}-\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm
true})\right)\|+\|A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u^{\rm true})-u^{\rm
true}\|}\\\\[8.53581pt] \displaystyle{\hskip
57.81621pt\leq\Lambda_{2}(A)\|\mathbf{y}-\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm
true})\|_{2}\,+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)\|\Pi_{{\rm Im}(A)^{\perp}}u^{\rm
true}\|+\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)\|u^{\rm true}\|.}\end{array}$
To prove (20), we first define $\mathbf{y}^{\rm
true}:=\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm true})$; then, if we exploit the definition of
$\mathbf{A}$, we find
$\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{\mathbb{E}\left[\|A(\mathbf{y})-u^{\rm
true}\|^{2}\right]\leq\mathbb{E}\left[\big{\|}A\left(\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{y}^{\rm
true}\right)\,+\,\left(A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u^{\rm true})-u^{\rm
true}\right)\big{\|}^{2}\right]}\\\\[8.53581pt] \hskip
7.22743pt\displaystyle{=\mathbb{E}\left[\big{\|}A\left(\boldsymbol{\epsilon}\right)\big{\|}^{2}\right]\,+\,\big{\|}A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u^{\rm
true})-u^{\rm true}\big{\|}^{2}=\sigma^{2}{\rm
trace}(\mathbf{A}^{T}\mathbf{A})\,+\,\big{\|}A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u^{\rm
true})-u^{\rm true}\big{\|}^{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt] \hskip
7.22743pt\displaystyle{\leq\sigma^{2}{\rm
trace}(\mathbf{A}^{T}\mathbf{A})\,+\,\left(\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)\|\Pi_{{\rm
Im}(A)^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|+\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)\|u^{\rm
true}\|\right)^{2},}\end{array}$
which is the thesis. In the second-to-last step we used the identity
$\mathbb{E}\big{[}$ $\big{\|}A\big{(}\boldsymbol{\epsilon}\big{)}$
$\big{\|}^{2}\big{]}=\mathbb{E}\left[\big{\|}\mathbf{A}\,\boldsymbol{\epsilon}\big{\|}_{2}^{2}\right]$,
and then we applied [22, Theorem C, Chapter 14.4] . ∎
###### Remark 3.1.
Perfect algorithms. In [5], the authors restrict their attention to _perfect
algorithms_ , that is algorithms satisfying $A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}(u)=u$ for
all $u\in{\rm Im}(A)$. Clearly, a linear algorithm $A$ is perfect if and only
if $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)=0$. If $A$ is perfect, estimate (19)
reduces to
$\|A(\mathbf{y})-u^{\rm
true}\|\leq\Lambda_{2}(A)\|\mathbf{y}-\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm
true})\|_{2}\,+\,\|A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}\|_{\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{U},\mathcal{U})}\,\|\Pi_{{\rm
Im}(A)^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|\leavevmode\nobreak\ ,$
which is the error bound proved in [5]. We recall that in [5] $\Lambda_{2}(A)$
is referred to as _reconstruction operator norm_ , while
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)$ is called _quasi-optimality constant_. As observed
in the next section, for $\xi\in(0,\infty)$ PBDW is not perfect; therefore,
the analysis in [5] cannot be applied.
#### 3.1.2 Application to Ridge regression
Before applying the error analysis to PBDW, we specialize our analysis to the
recovery algorithm associated with the following optimization statement:
$\min_{u\in\mathcal{U}}\,\xi\|u\|^{2}\,+\,\|\boldsymbol{\ell}(u)-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2}.$
(21)
We denote by $A_{\xi}$ the recovery algorithm associated to (21). We remark
that (21) has been widely studied in the context of spline smoothing and
learning theory: more in detail, (21) is typically referred to as Ridge
regression in the statistics literature, and as Tikhonov regularization in the
inverse problem literature; we refer to [29] and to the references therein for
a thorough discussion. We observe that ${\rm Im}(A_{\xi})=\mathcal{U}_{M}$;
furthermore, the constants in Proposition 3.1 are given by
$\Lambda_{2}(A_{\xi})=\max_{m=1,\ldots,M}\,\frac{\sqrt{\lambda_{m}(\mathbf{K})}}{\xi+\lambda_{m}(\mathbf{K})},\quad\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A_{\xi})=1,\quad\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm
bias}(A_{\xi})=1\,-\,\frac{\lambda_{\rm min}(\mathbf{K})}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}.$
Since $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A_{\xi})\neq 0$, the algorithm does
not belong to the class of methods studied in [5]. On the other hand, applying
(19), we obtain the estimate:
$\|A_{\xi}(\mathbf{y})-u^{\rm
true}\|\,\leq\,\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\xi}}\,\|\mathbf{y}-\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm
true})\|_{2}\,+\,\|\Pi_{\mathcal{U}_{M}^{\perp}}u^{\rm
true}\|\,+\,\left(1\,-\,\frac{\lambda_{\rm min}(\mathbf{K})}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}\right)\,\|u^{\rm true}\|,$
where we used the identity
$\max_{x\in(0,\infty)}\frac{x}{\xi+x^{2}}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\xi}}$ to bound
$\Lambda_{2}(A_{\xi})$. Note that in presence of noise the optimal value
$\xi^{\rm opt}$ of $\xi$ that minimizes the right-hand side of the error bound
satisfies $0<\xi^{\rm opt}<\infty$.
#### 3.1.3 Application to linear PBDW
We now specialize the analysis to the linear PBDW recovery algorithm, $A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi}$. First, we observe that $A^{\rm pbdw,\xi}$ satisfies:
${\rm Im}\left(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi}\right)=\left\\{\begin{array}[]{ll}\mathcal{Z}_{N}\oplus\left(\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M}\right)&\xi\in[0,\infty)\\\\[8.53581pt]
\mathcal{Z}_{N}&\xi=\infty\\\ \end{array}\right.$
Moreover, for all values of $\xi$, $(Id-A_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})z=0$ for all $z\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}$; as a result, we can specialize
(19) as
$\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{\|A^{\rm pbdw,\xi}(\mathbf{y})-u^{\rm
true}\|\,\leq\,\Lambda_{2}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})\|\mathbf{y}-\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm true})\|_{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\hskip 50.58878pt\displaystyle{+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})\,\|\Pi_{{\rm Im}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi})^{\perp}}u^{\rm
true}\|\,+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})\,\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M}}u^{\rm
true}\|\leavevmode\nobreak\ .}\\\ \end{array}$
We can further bound the latter as
$\begin{array}[]{rl}\displaystyle{\|A^{\rm pbdw,\xi}(\mathbf{y})-u^{\rm
true}\|\leq}&\displaystyle{\Lambda_{2}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})\|\mathbf{y}-\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm true})\|_{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
&\displaystyle{\,+\,\left(\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})\,\,+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})\right)\,\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}u^{\rm
true}\|\leavevmode\nobreak\ .}\\\ \end{array}$
Therefore, we can interpret the sum
$\left(\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}\,+\,\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}\right)$ as
the sensitivity to the model mismatch222 More precisely, as explained in [17,
section 2.7], $\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|$ should be
interpreted as the sum of a _nonparametric model error_
$\inf_{w\in\mathcal{M}^{\rm bk}}\|u^{\rm true}-w\|$ and of a _discretization
error_ $\sup_{w\in\mathcal{M}^{\rm bk}}\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}w\|$
associated with the compression of the solution manifold.
$\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|$, and $\Lambda_{2}$ as the
sensitivity to experimental noise.
It is easy to show that $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi})\to
0$ as $\xi\to 0^{+}$ and $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})\to 1$ as $\xi\to\infty$. For the model problems considered in
section 4, we further empirically demonstrate that $\Lambda_{2}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi})$ is monotonic decreasing in $\xi$, while
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi})$ and $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm
bias}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi})$ are monotonic increasing in $\xi$: this suggests that
the optimal value of $\xi$ should depend on the ratio
$\|\mathbf{y}-\boldsymbol{\ell}(u^{\rm
true})\|_{2}/\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|$. In the numerical
experiments, we also find that $\Lambda_{2}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi})$ and
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi})$ increase as $N$ increases while
$\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|$ decreases as $N$ increases; as
a result, the choice of $N$ should also reflect the amount of noise and the
behavior of $\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|$ with $N$. Since
the noise level and $\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}u^{\rm true}\|$ are
typically unknown, the choice of $\xi$ and $N$ should be performed online
based on out-of-sample data. We anticipate that the constrained formulation is
significantly less sensitive to the choice of $N$ than the standard
unconstrained approach; on the other hand, both formulations are nearly
equally sensitive to the choice of $\xi$. We also emphasize that the present
discussion for the choice of $\xi$ is in good agreement with the conclusions
drawn in [24, 19].
We further observe that the biasing constant satisfies:
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}\left(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi}\right)=\left\\{\begin{array}[]{ll}0&\xi\in\\{0,\infty\\},\\\\[8.53581pt]
>0&\xi\in(0,\infty),\\\ \end{array}\right.$
and is continuous in $[0,\infty)$. Finally, we observe that for $\xi=0$ we can
relate $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ to the inf-sup constant
$\beta_{N,M}=\inf_{z\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}}\sup_{q\in\mathcal{U}_{M}}\,\frac{(z,q)}{\|z\|\|q\|}$
introduced in [18] to measure stability with respect to model mismatch for
(5):
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi=0})=\frac{1}{\beta_{N,M}}.$ (22)
Identity (22) implies that (19) reduces to the estimate proved in [6] for
$A=A^{\rm pbdw,\xi=0}$ and perfect measurements.
###### Proof.
(Identity (22)) The state estimate $\hat{u}_{0}=A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi=0}(\boldsymbol{\ell}(u))\in{\rm
Im}(A)=\mathcal{Z}_{N}\oplus(\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M})$
satisfies $(\hat{u}_{0},q)=(u,q)$ for all $q\in\mathcal{U}_{M}$. As a result,
recalling standard results in Functional Analysis and Lemma 3.1, we find
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi=0})=\frac{1}{\tilde{\beta}}$ where
$\tilde{\beta}=\inf_{w\in{\rm
Im}(A)}\sup_{q\in\mathcal{U}_{M}}\frac{(w,q)}{\|w\|\|q\|}$. It remains to
prove that $\tilde{\beta}=\beta_{N,M}$:
$\begin{array}[]{rl}\tilde{\beta}^{2}=&\displaystyle{\inf_{(z,\eta)\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}\times(\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M})}\,\left(\sup_{q\in\mathcal{U}_{M}}\frac{(z+\eta,q)}{\sqrt{\|z\|^{2}+\|\eta\|^{2}}\|q\|}\right)^{2}}\\\\[11.38109pt]
&\displaystyle{\,\overset{\rm(i)}{=}\,\inf_{(z,\eta)\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}\times(\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M})}\,\frac{\|\Pi_{\mathcal{U}_{M}}(z)+\eta\|^{2}}{\|z\|^{2}+\|\eta\|^{2}}}\\\\[11.38109pt]
&\displaystyle{\overset{\rm(ii)}{=}\,\inf_{(z,\eta)\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}\times(\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M})}\,\frac{\|\Pi_{\mathcal{U}_{M}}(z)\|^{2}+\|\eta\|^{2}}{\|z\|^{2}+\|\eta\|^{2}}}\\\\[11.38109pt]
&\displaystyle{\overset{\rm(iii)}{=}\inf_{z\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}}\,\frac{\|\Pi_{\mathcal{U}_{M}}(z)\|^{2}}{\|z\|^{2}}=\inf_{z\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}}\,\sup_{q\in\mathcal{U}_{M}}\left(\frac{(z,q)}{\|z\|\|q\|}\right)^{2}=\beta_{N,M}^{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\end{array}$
where we used (i) $\eta\in\mathcal{U}_{M}$, (ii)
$(\eta,\Pi_{\mathcal{U}_{M}}z)=(\eta,z)=0$ (which exploits the fact that
$\eta\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}\cap\mathcal{U}_{M}$), and (iii)
$\|\Pi_{\mathcal{U}_{M}}z\|^{2}\leq\|z\|^{2}$. ∎
#### 3.1.4 Optimality of PBDW algorithms
In the next two Propositions, we prove two optimality statements satisfied by
PBDW for the limit cases $\xi=0$ and $\xi=\infty$.
The first result — which was proved in Theorem 2.9 of [6] — illustrates the
connection between PBDW and the problem of optimal recovery ([20]), for
perfect measurements. We recall that in [25, Chapter 2.2.2] a similar
optimality statement is proved for the case $\xi>0$. Note that another
relevant result on the optimality of PBDW can be found in the recent work [8],
where it is proven that the optimal affine algorithm that is possible to build
among all state estimation algorithms can be expressed as a PBDW algorithm.
The second result shows that the algorithm $\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}}A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi}:\mathbf{y}\mapsto\hat{z}_{\xi}=\sum_{n=1}^{N}\,\left(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\right)_{n}$
$\zeta_{n}$ for $\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$ minimizes $\Lambda_{2}$ for
$\xi=\infty$ and $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ for $\xi=0$ over all linear
algorithms $A:\mathbb{R}^{M}\to\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ satisfying
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)=0$. As mentioned in the introduction,
Proposition 3.3 has been proved in [5]. The proof of Proposition 3.2 is
omitted, while the proof of Proposition 3.3 — which exploits a different
argument from the one in [5] — is contained in Appendix B.
###### Proposition 3.2.
Given the space $\mathcal{Z}_{N}={\rm
span}\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}\subset\mathcal{U}$ and the set of linear
observation functionals $\boldsymbol{\ell}:\mathcal{U}\to\mathbb{R}^{M}$, we
introduce the compact set
$\mathcal{K}_{N,M}(\delta,\mathbf{y}):=\left\\{u\in\mathcal{U}:\,\|\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}^{\perp}}u\|\leq\delta,\;\;\boldsymbol{\ell}(u)=\mathbf{y}\right\\}$
where $\delta>0$ is a given constant. Then, for all
$\mathbf{y}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}$ and $\delta>0$ such that
$\mathcal{K}_{N,M}(\delta,\mathbf{y})$ is not empty, the linear PBDW algorithm
$A^{\rm pbdw,\xi=0}:\mathbb{R}^{M}\to\mathcal{U}$ satisfies
$A^{\rm pbdw,\xi=0}(\mathbf{y})={\rm
arg}\inf_{w\in\mathcal{U}}\,\sup_{u\in\mathcal{K}_{N,M}(\delta,\mathbf{y})}\,\|u-w\|.$
Note that the PBDW algorithm does not depend on the value of $\delta$.
###### Proposition 3.3.
Given the space $\mathcal{Z}_{N}={\rm
span}\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}\subset\mathcal{U}$, and the set of linear
functionals $\boldsymbol{\ell}:\mathcal{U}\to\mathbb{R}^{M}$, let $A$ be a
linear algorithm such that ${\rm Im}(A)=\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ and
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)=0$. Then,
$\Lambda_{2}(A)\geq\Lambda_{2}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi=\infty}),\qquad\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)\geq\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}\left(\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}}A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi=0}\right).$ (23)
### 3.2 Analysis of nonlinear PBDW: a stability estimate
We here show that if $\Phi_{N}$ is convex the deduced background
$\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}$ associated with the (nonlinear) PBDW solution
satisfies the stability estimate
$\|\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}(\mathbf{y}_{1})-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}(\mathbf{y}_{2})\|_{2}\leq
C\|\mathbf{y}_{1}-\mathbf{y}_{2}\|_{2}$ for some constant $C$ and for any data
$\mathbf{y}_{1},\mathbf{y}_{2}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}$. Since the update is a linear
function of the residual $\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}$ (cf.
Proposition 2.1), this implies that the whole PBDW estimate depends
continuously on data. Towards this end, we recall that the deduced background
$\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}$ satisfies (cf. Proposition 2.1)
$\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\in{\rm
arg}\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}}^{2}\,=\,{\rm
arg}\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\frac{1}{2}\mathbf{z}^{T}\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}\mathbf{z}+\mathbf{z}^{T}\mathbf{c}_{\xi},\quad{\rm
where}\;\left\\{\begin{array}[]{l}\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}=\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L},\\\\[5.69054pt]
\mathbf{c}_{\xi}=-\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{y}.\\\
\end{array}\right.$ (24)
Furthermore, we define the constant
$\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm
nl}(\Phi_{N})=\left(\min_{\mathbf{z}_{1},\mathbf{z}_{2}\in\Phi_{N},\,\mathbf{z}_{1}\neq\mathbf{z}_{2}}\,\frac{\|\mathbf{z}_{1}-\mathbf{z}_{2}\|_{\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}}^{2}}{\|\mathbf{z}_{1}-\mathbf{z}_{2}\|_{2}^{2}}\right)^{-1}.$
(25)
Next Lemma lists a number of properties of $\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm nl}(\Phi_{N})$.
###### Lemma 3.2.
Let $\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}$ be an orthonormal basis of $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$
and $\mathbf{L}\in\mathbb{R}^{M,N}$ be full rank with $M\geq N$. Then, the
constant $\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm nl}(\Phi_{N})$ (25) satisfies the following.
1. 1.
If $\Phi_{N}\subset\Phi_{N}^{\prime}$, then $\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm
nl}(\Phi_{N})\leq\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm nl}(\Phi_{N}^{\prime})$.
2. 2.
If $\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$, then $\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm
nl}(\Phi_{N})=\|\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}^{-1}\|_{2}$. In particular, for $\xi=0$
(i.e., $\mathbb{Q}_{\xi}=\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{K}^{-1}\mathbf{L}$), we have
$\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm nl}(\Phi_{N})=\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi=0})=\frac{1}{\beta_{N,M}}$.
###### Proof.
The first statement follows directly from the definition of minimum. On the
other hand, for $\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$, $\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm nl}$ can be
rewritten as:
$\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm
nl}(\mathbb{R}^{N})\,=\,\left(\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\frac{\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}}^{2}}{\|\mathbf{z}\|_{2}^{2}}\right)^{-1}\,=\,\frac{1}{\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L})}=\|\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}^{-1}\|_{2},$
where in the second identity we exploited the relationship between eigenvalues
of symmetric matrices and minimum Rayleigh quotients, and in the third
identity we used a standard property of the $\|\cdot\|_{2}$ norm of symmetric
matrices. Finally, for $\xi=0$ exploiting [16, Lemma 3.3] and the fact that
$\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}$ is an orthonormal basis, we find that
$\beta_{N,M}=\lambda_{\rm min}(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{K}^{-1}\mathbf{L})$.
Thesis then follows recalling (22). ∎
Next Proposition motivates the definition of $\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm nl}$.
###### Proposition 3.4.
Let $\Phi_{N}$ be convex, and let the hypotheses of Lemma 3.2 hold. Given
$\mathbf{y}_{1},\mathbf{y}_{2}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}$, we denote by
$\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,i}$ the solution to (24) for
$\mathbf{y}=\mathbf{y}_{i}$, for $i=1,2$. Then, we have
$\|\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}\|_{2}\leq\|\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\|_{2}\,\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm
nl}(\Phi_{N})\,\|\mathbf{y}_{1}-\mathbf{y}_{2}\|_{2},$ (26)
where $\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm nl}$ is defined in (25).
In view of the proof, we state the following standard result (see, e.g., [10,
Lemma 5.13]).
###### Lemma 3.3.
Let $f:\mathbb{R}^{N}\to\mathbb{R}$ be convex and differentiable with gradient
$\nabla f$, and let $\Phi_{N}\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ be a closed convex set.
Then,
$\mathbf{z}^{\star}\in{\rm
arg}\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}f(\mathbf{z})\;\Leftrightarrow\;\left(\nabla
f(\mathbf{z}^{\star}),\,\mathbf{h}-\mathbf{z}^{\star}\right)_{2}\geq
0\;\;\forall\,\mathbf{h}\in\Phi_{N}$
where $(\cdot,\cdot)_{2}$ denotes the Euclidean inner product.
###### Proof.
(Proposition 3.4). For $i=1,2$, problem (24) for $\mathbf{y}=\mathbf{y}_{i}$
can be restated as
$\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\;f_{i}(\mathbf{z}):=\frac{1}{2}\mathbf{z}^{T}\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}\mathbf{z}+\mathbf{z}^{T}\mathbf{c}_{\xi,i},\qquad\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}=\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L},\;\;\mathbf{c}_{\xi,i}=-\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{y}_{i}.$
Exploiting Lemma 3.3, we find for any
$\mathbf{h}_{1},\mathbf{h}_{2}\in\Phi_{N}$
$\left(\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,i}+\mathbf{c}_{\xi,i},\;\mathbf{h}_{i}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,i}\right)_{2}\geq
0,\qquad i=1,2.$
If we consider $\mathbf{h}_{1}=\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}$ and
$\mathbf{h}_{2}=\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}$ and we sum the two inequalities, we
obtain
$\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{\left(\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2})\,+\,\mathbf{c}_{\xi,1}-\mathbf{c}_{\xi,2},\;\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}\right)_{2}\geq
0}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\displaystyle{\Rightarrow\,\|\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}\|_{\mathbf{Q}_{\xi}}^{2}\leq\left(\mathbf{c}_{\xi,1}-\mathbf{c}_{\xi,2},\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}\right)_{2}\leq\|\mathbf{c}_{\xi,1}-\mathbf{c}_{\xi,2}\|_{2}\|\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}\|_{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\displaystyle{\Rightarrow\,\|\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}\|_{2}\leq\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm
nl}(\Phi_{N})\;\|\mathbf{c}_{\xi,1}-\mathbf{c}_{\xi,2}\|_{2}\leq\;\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm
nl}(\Phi_{N})\,\|\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\|_{2}\,\|\mathbf{y}_{1}-\mathbf{y}_{2}\|_{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\end{array}$
which is the thesis. ∎
###### Remark 3.2.
Comparison with linear PBDW. Recalling the properties of the constant
$\Lambda_{\xi}^{\rm nl}$ (cf. Lemma 3.3), estimate (26) suggests that
considering $\Phi_{N}\subsetneq\mathbb{R}^{N}$ reduces the sensitivity of (24)
to perturbations in the data. However, if we restrict the bound (26) to linear
algorithms, we find
$\|\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}\|_{2}\leq\|\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\|_{2}\,\|\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\|_{2}\,\|\mathbf{y}_{1}-\mathbf{y}_{2}\|_{2},$
which is clearly suboptimal compared to the optimal bound333The optimal bound
can be trivially derived using (11a).
$\|\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,2}-\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi,1}\|_{2}\leq\|\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\,\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\|_{2}\,\|\mathbf{y}_{1}-\mathbf{y}_{2}\|_{2}.$
Although we cannot rigorously prove that reducing the admissible set
$\Phi_{N}$ for $\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}$ always improves the stability of the
formulation, several numerical results presented in the next section confirm
this intuition, and ultimately motivate the nonlinear approach.
### 3.3 Selection of the observation functionals
In [18], a greedy algorithm called SGreedy was proposed to adaptively select
the observation centers444 As explained in the original paper, SGreedy can
also be used to choose $\ell_{1}^{o},\ldots,\ell_{M}^{o}$ from a dictionary of
available functionals $\mathcal{L}\subset\mathcal{U}^{\prime}$.
$\\{x_{m}\\}_{m=1}^{M}\subset\Omega$ for functionals of the form
$\ell_{m}(v)=C_{m}\int_{\Omega}\,\omega(\|x-x_{m}\|_{2})\,v(x)\,dx,$
where $\omega:\mathbb{R}_{+}\to\mathbb{R}_{+}$ is a suitable convolutional
kernel associated with the physical transducer. A convergence analysis of the
algorithm can be found in reference [7], which is a general study on greedy
algorithms for the optimal sensor placement using reduced models.
SGreedy aims at maximizing the inf-sup constant $\beta_{N,M}$: recalling (22),
maximizing $\beta_{N,M}$ is equivalent to minimizing $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$
for $\xi=0$. In [25, 19], a variant of the SGreedy algorithm is proposed:
first, the SGreedy routine is executed until $\beta_{N,M}$ exceeds a certain
threshold, then the remaining points are chosen to minimize the fill distance
$h_{M}=\sup_{x\in\Omega}\,\min_{1\leq m\leq M}\,\|x-x_{m}\|_{2}$, which is
empirically found to be correlated with $\Lambda_{2}$.
While for perfect measurements and linear PBDW these Greedy routines are
mathematically sounding and have been successfully tested, their performance
for noisy measurement and nonlinear PBDW has not been fully investigated yet.
In section 4, we present numerical results for two model problems. Our
numerical results suggest that SGreedy is effective — if compared to standard
_a priori_ selections — also in presence of noise for linear methods; on the
other hand, the introduction of box constraints reduces the sensitivity of the
method to measurement locations.
## 4 Numerical results
### 4.1 A two-dimensional problem
#### 4.1.1 Problem statement
We first investigate the performance of PBDW using the following two-
dimensional advection-diffusion model problem:
$\left\\{\begin{array}[]{ll}\displaystyle{-\Delta
u_{g}(\mu)+\mathbf{b}(\mu)\cdot\nabla\,u_{g}(\mu)\,=\,x_{1}\,x_{2}\,+\,g_{1}}&\displaystyle{x\in\Omega:=(0,1)^{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
u_{g}(\mu)=4\,x_{2}(1-x_{2})\,(1+g_{2})&\displaystyle{x\in\Gamma:=\\{0\\}\times(0,1)}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\partial_{n}u_{g}(\mu)=0&\displaystyle{x\in\partial\Omega\setminus\Gamma}\\\
\end{array}\right.$ (27)
where $\mathbf{b}(\mu)=\mu_{1}\left[\cos(\mu_{2}),\sin(\mu_{2})\right]$ with
$\mu=[\mu_{1},\mu_{2}]\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}=[0.1,10]\times[0,\pi/4]$. We
here define the bk manifold as
$\mathcal{M}^{\rm bk}:=\left\\{u^{\rm
bk}(\mu):=u_{g=0}(\mu):\quad\mu\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}\right\\}$
and we consider
$u^{\rm true}=u_{g=(\bar{g}_{1},\bar{g}_{2})}(\mu^{\rm true})\qquad{\rm
for\,some}\;\mu^{\rm true}\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm
bk},\quad\left\\{\begin{array}[]{l}\bar{g}_{1}(x)=0.2x_{1}^{2}\\\
\bar{g}_{2}(x)=0.1\sin(2\pi x_{2}).\\\ \end{array}\right.$
The lack of knowledge of the value of $\mu^{\rm true}$ constitutes the
anticipated parametric ignorance in the model, while uncertainty in $g$
constitutes the unanticipated non-parametric ignorance.
We consider Gaussian observation functionals with standard deviation $r_{\rm
w}=0.01$:
$\ell_{m}(v)=\ell\left(v;x_{m},\,r_{\rm
w}\right)=\,C(x_{m})\,\int_{\Omega}\;{\rm exp}\left(-\frac{1}{2r_{\rm
w}^{2}}\|x-x_{m}\|_{2}^{2}\right)\,v(x)\;dx$ (28)
where $C(x_{m})$ is a normalization constant such that $\ell_{m}(1)=1$. To
assess performance for imperfect observations, we pollute the measurements by
adding Gaussian homoscedastic random disturbances
$\epsilon_{1},\ldots,\epsilon_{M}$:
$y_{m}=\ell_{m}(u^{\rm true})+\epsilon_{m},\quad{\rm
where}\;\;\epsilon_{m}\overset{\rm
iid}{\sim}\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma^{2}),\;\;\sigma=\frac{1}{\rm SNR}\;{\rm
std}\left(\\{\ell\left(u^{\rm true};\tilde{x}_{j},\,r_{\rm
w}\right)\\}_{j=1}^{100}\right),$
for given signal-to-noise ratio ${\rm SNR}>0$ and uniformly-randomly chosen
observation points $\\{\tilde{x}_{j}\\}_{j}\subset\Omega$.
We define the ambient space $\mathcal{U}=H^{1}(\Omega)$ endowed with the inner
product
$(u,v)=\int_{\Omega}\,\nabla u\,\cdot\,\nabla v\,+\,u\,v\,dx.$
Then, we generate the background space $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ using Proper
Orthogonal Decomposition (POD, [27]) based on the $\mathcal{U}$ inner product:
we compute the solution to (27) for $g=0$ for $n_{\rm train}=10^{3}$ choices
of the parameters $\\{\mu^{i}\\}_{i=1}^{n_{\rm train}}$ in $\mathcal{P}^{\rm
bk}$, then we use POD to build the background expansion
$\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}$. Furthermore, in view of the application of
nonlinear PBDW ($\Phi_{N}\subsetneq\mathbb{R}^{N}$), we set
$a_{n}:=\min_{i=1,\ldots,n_{\rm train}}\left(u^{\rm
bk}(\mu^{i}),\,\zeta_{n}\right),\quad b_{n}:=\max_{i=1,\ldots,n_{\rm
train}}\left(u^{\rm bk}(\mu^{i}),\,\zeta_{n}\right),\quad n=1,\ldots,N.$
The property of the POD construction (i.e., the decay rate of the POD
eigenvalues) gives some intuition of the fact that these bounds encode some
valuable information.
#### 4.1.2 Results
#### Linear PBDW
Figure 1 shows the behavior of $\Lambda_{2}$, $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ and
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}$ with respect to the hyper-parameter
$\xi>0$, for several values of $M$ and $N$. As anticipated in section 3,
$\Lambda_{2}$ is monotonic decreasing in $\xi$ and increases as $N$ increases;
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ is monotonic increasing in $\xi$ and $N$, and
decreases as $M$ increases; finally, $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}$ is
monotonic increasing in $\xi$, and weakly depends on $M$ and $N$. We remark
that we observed the same qualitative behavior for several other choices of
$M,N$.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 1: two-dimensional problem. Behavior of $\Lambda_{2}$,
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ and $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}$ for several
choices of $N$ and $M$.
Figure 2 shows the behavior of the average relative error
$E_{\rm avg}(\xi)=\frac{1}{K\times n_{\rm test}}\,\sum_{j=1}^{n_{\rm
test}}\,\sum_{k=1}^{K}\,\frac{\|u^{\rm
true}(\mu^{j})-\hat{u}_{\xi}^{(k,j)}\|_{L^{2}(\Omega)}}{\|u^{\rm
true}\|_{L^{2}(\Omega)}},\quad\mu^{j}\overset{\rm iid}{\sim}{\rm
Uniform}(\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}),$ (29)
where $K=50$, $n_{\rm test}=10$, and $\hat{u}_{\xi}^{(k,j)}$ is the (linear)
PBDW estimate associated with the $k$-th realization of the random disturbance
$\boldsymbol{\epsilon}$, and the $j$-th true field $u^{\rm true}(\mu^{j})$
considered. To compute $u^{\rm true}(\mu^{j})$, we both consider the solution
to (27) for $g\equiv 0$ (unbiased) and $g\neq 0$ (biased). We further consider
two different signal-to-noise levels, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$, ${\rm SNR}=10$: the
choice ${\rm SNR}=\infty$ corresponds to the case of perfect measurements. As
expected, for perfect measurements, the optimal value of $\xi$ is equal to
zero, while for noisy measurements optimal performance is achieved for
$\xi=\infty$ in the case of unbiased model, and for $\xi\in(0,\infty)$ in
presence of bias. These results are in good qualitative agreements with the
discussion in section 3, and with the results in [24, 19].
(a) unbiased, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(b) biased, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(c) unbiased, ${\rm SNR}=10$
(d) biased, ${\rm SNR}=10$
Figure 2: two-dimensional problem. Behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ for several
values of $\xi$ and three choices of $N,M$, for linear PBDW
($\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$).
Figure 3(a) shows the first $M=N+5$ points selected by the SGreedy-procedure
for $N=5$, while Figures 3(b) and (c) show the behavior of the stability
constants $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ and $\Lambda_{2}$ for different choices of
the observation centers and $\xi=0$. Figures 3(d)-(e)-(f) show analogous
results for $N=15$. We observe that for small values of $M$ the SGreedy
procedure reduces the constants $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ and $\Lambda_{2}$
compared to a equispaced grid of observations and to a grid associated with
Gaussian quadrature nodes. We further observe that the application of the
variant SGreedy + approximation (with threshold $tol=0.4$) leads to more
moderate values of $\Lambda_{2}$ compared to the plain SGreedy, at the price
of a slight deterioration in $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$.
(a) $N=5$
(b) $N=5$
(c) $N=5$
(d) $N=15$
(e) $N=15$
(f) $N=15$
Figure 3: two-dimensional problem. Figures (a)-(d): location of the
observation centers selected by SGreedy. Figures (b)-(e): behavior of
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ with $M$ for different choices of the observation
centers. Figures (c)-(f): behavior of $\Lambda_{2}$ with $M$ for different
choices of the observation centers.
Figure 4 shows the behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ defined in (29) with $N$, for
several choices of $M$. Observations are chosen using the
SGreedy+approximation algorithm with threshold $tol=0.4$. Here, the value of
$\xi$ is chosen using holdout validation based on $I=M/2$ additional
measurements (see [24, 19] for further details). We observe that for noisy
measurements the error reaches a minimum for an intermediate value of $N$,
which depends on $M$ and on the noise level. These results are consistent with
the interpretation — stated in section 3 — of $N$ as a regularization
parameter.
(a) unbiased, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(b) biased, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(c) unbiased, ${\rm SNR}=3$
(d) biased, ${\rm SNR}=3$
Figure 4: two-dimensional problem. Behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ with $N$ for
several values of $M$, for linear PBDW ($\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$).
#### Nonlinear PBDW
Figure 5 replicates the experiment of Figure 4 for the nonlinear formulation.
We observe that the nonlinear formulation is significantly more robust to the
choice of $N$ compared to the linear formulation, particularly in the presence
of noise.
(a) unbiased, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(b) biased, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(c) unbiased, ${\rm SNR}=3$
(d) biased, ${\rm SNR}=3$
Figure 5: two-dimensional problem. Behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ with $N$ for
several values of $M$, for nonlinear PBDW
($\Phi_{N}\subsetneq\mathbb{R}^{N}$).
In Figures 6 and 7, we investigate the behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ with $N$, for
$M=N+3$, for both linear and nonlinear formulations, and two noise levels. We
consider three strategies for the selection of the observation centers:
uniform points, Gaussian points, and adaptive points (based on SGreedy). For
the problem at hand, the nonlinear formulation improves reconstruction
performance, particularly in presence of noise and for non-adaptive selections
of measurement locations.
(a) linear, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(b) nonlinear, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(c) linear, ${\rm SNR}=3$
(d) nonlinear, ${\rm SNR}=3$
Figure 6: two-dimensional problem. Behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ with $N$ for
$M=N+3$, for linear and nonlinear PBDW, and several choices of measurement
locations (unbiased case).
(a) linear, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(b) nonlinear, ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(c) linear, ${\rm SNR}=3$
(d) nonlinear, ${\rm SNR}=3$
Figure 7: two-dimensional problem. Behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ with $N$ for
$M=N+3$, for linear and nonlinear PBDW, and several choices of measurement
locations (biased case).
### 4.2 A three-dimensional problem
#### 4.2.1 Problem statement
We consider the three-dimensional model problem:
$\left\\{\begin{array}[]{ll}-(1+\epsilon{\texttt{i}})\Delta
u_{g}(\mu)\,-(2\pi\mu)^{2}u_{g}(\mu)=g&\mbox{in}\;\Omega;\\\\[8.53581pt]
\partial_{n}u_{g}(\mu)=0&\mbox{on}\;\partial\Omega;\\\ \end{array}\right.$
(30)
where $\epsilon=10^{-2}$,
$\Omega=(-1.5,1.5)\times(0,3)\times(0,3)\setminus\Omega^{\rm cut}$,
$\Omega^{\rm cut}=(-0.5,0.5)\times(0.25,0.5)\times(0,1)$. Figure 8 shows the
geometry; the same test case has been considered in [19]. We define the bk
manifold $\mathcal{M}^{\rm bk}=\\{u^{\rm bk}(\mu)=u_{g^{\rm
bk}}(\mu):\mu\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}=[0.1,0.5]\\}$, and we define the true
field as the solution to (30) for some $\mu^{\rm true}\in\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}$
and $g=g^{\rm true}$, where
$g^{\rm bk}(x)=10\,e^{-\|x-p^{\rm bk}\|_{2}^{2}};\quad g^{\rm
true}(x)=10\,e^{-\|x-p^{\rm true}\|_{2}^{2}};$
and $p^{\rm bk}=[0,2,1]$, $p^{\rm true}=[-0.02,2.02,1]$. Lack of knowledge of
the input frequency $\mu$ constitutes the anticipated ignorance in the system,
while the incorrect location of the acoustic source (that is, $p^{\rm bk}\neq
p^{\rm true}$) constitutes unanticipated ignorance/model error . Computations
are based on a P2 Finite Element (FE) discretization with roughly
$\mathcal{N}=16000$ degrees of freedom in $\Omega$.
(a)
$\Omega$ $\Omega^{\rm cut}$ $x_{2}$$x_{3}$ (b)
$\Omega^{\rm cut}$ $\Omega$$x_{1}$$x_{3}$ (c)
Figure 8: three-dimensional problem: computational domain.
As in the previous example, we model the synthetic observations by a Gaussian
convolution with standard deviation $r_{\rm w}$, see (28). In order to
simulate noisy observations, we add Gaussian homoscedastic disturbances
$y_{m}=\ell_{m}(u^{\rm true})+\epsilon_{m}^{\rm re}+{\rm i}\epsilon_{m}^{\rm
im},\quad{\rm where}\;\;\epsilon_{m}^{\rm re}\overset{\rm
iid}{\sim}\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma_{\rm re}^{2}),\;\;\epsilon_{m}^{\rm
im}\overset{\rm iid}{\sim}\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma_{\rm im}^{2}),$
with $\sigma_{\rm re}=\frac{1}{\rm SNR}\;{\rm std}\left(\\{{\rm
Re}\\{\ell\left(u^{\rm true};\tilde{x}_{j},\,r_{\rm
w}\right)\\}\\}_{j=1}^{100}\right),$ $\sigma_{\rm im}=\frac{1}{\rm SNR}\;{\rm
std}\big{(}\\{{\rm Im}\\{\ell\big{(}u^{\rm true};$ $\tilde{x}_{j},\,r_{\rm
w}\big{)}$ $\\}\\}_{j=1}^{100}\big{)},$ for given signal-to-noise ratio ${\rm
SNR}>0$ and uniformly-randomly chosen observation points
$\\{\tilde{x}_{j}\\}_{j}\subset\Omega$. Furthermore, we measure performance by
computing the average relative $L^{2}$ error $E_{\rm avg}$ (29) over $n_{\rm
test}=10$ different choices of the parameter $\mu$ in $\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk}$.
We consider the ambient space $\mathcal{U}=H^{1}(\Omega)$ endowed with the
inner product
$(u,v)=\int_{\Omega}\nabla u\cdot\nabla\bar{v}\,+\,u\,\bar{v}\,dx,$
where $\bar{z}$ denotes the complex conjugate of $z\in\mathbb{C}$. On the
other hand, the background space $\mathcal{Z}_{N}$ is built using the Weak-
Greedy algorithm based on the residual, as in [17].
Since the solution is complex, we compute the solution to the nonlinear
formulation by solving the complex-valued counterpart of (12) as a
$2N$-dimensional real-valued quadratic problem for
$\widehat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}^{\star}=[{\rm Re}\\{\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\\},{\rm
Im}\\{\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}\\}]$ (see Remark 2.1). Given $N\leq N_{\rm
max}:=30$, we estimate the constraints $\\{a_{n},b_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{2N}$ by
evaluating a Galerkin Reduced Order Model (ROM) based on the reduced space
$\mathcal{Z}_{N_{\rm max}}$ for $n_{\rm train}=10^{3}$ parameters
$\mu^{1},\ldots,\mu^{n_{\rm train}}\overset{\rm iid}{\sim}{\rm
Uniform}(\mathcal{P}^{\rm bk})$:
$\left\\{\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{a_{n}:=\min_{i=1,\ldots,n_{\rm
train}}{\rm Re}\left\\{\left(u_{N_{\rm max}}^{\rm
bk}(\mu^{i}),\,\zeta_{n}\right)\right\\},}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\displaystyle{b_{n}:=\max_{i=1,\ldots,n_{\rm train}}{\rm
Re}\left\\{\left(u_{N_{\rm max}}^{\rm
bk}(\mu^{i}),\,\zeta_{n}\right)\right\\},}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\displaystyle{a_{n+N}:=\min_{i=1,\ldots,n_{\rm train}}\,{\rm
Im}\left\\{\left(u_{N_{\rm max}}^{\rm
bk}(\mu^{i}),\,\zeta_{n}\right)\right\\},}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\displaystyle{b_{n+N}:=\max_{i=1,\ldots,n_{\rm train}}\,{\rm
Im}\left\\{\left(u_{N_{\rm max}}^{\rm
bk}(\mu^{i}),\,\zeta_{n}\right)\right\\},}\\\ \end{array}\right.\quad
n=1,\ldots,N.$
Here $u_{N_{\rm max}}^{\rm bk}$ denotes the solution to the Galerkin ROM with
$N_{\rm max}$ degrees of freedom. We refer to the Reduced Basis literature for
further details concerning the generation and the evaluation of the ROM; we
emphasize that by resorting to the low-dimensional ROM — as opposed to the FE
model — to estimate lower and upper bounds for the background coefficients we
significantly reduce the offline computational effort.
#### 4.2.2 Results
Figure 9 shows the behavior of $\Lambda_{2}$ and $\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ with
$N$ for $M=N+2$ and $M=N+5$, for two choices of the measurement locations: the
SGreedy adaptive algorithm, and a random uniform algorithm in which
$x_{1},\ldots,x_{M}$ are sampled uniformly in $\Omega$ with the constraint
that ${\rm
dist}\left(x_{m},\,\\{x_{m^{\prime}}\\}_{m^{\prime}=1}^{m-1}\right)\geq\delta=0.02$,
for $m=1,\ldots,M$. Results for the latter procedure are averaged over $K=10$
independent random choices of measurement locations. We observe that the
Greedy algorithm leads to a reduction in both $\Lambda_{2}$ and
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ compared to the random uniform algorithm.
(a) $M=N+2$
(b) $M=N+2$
(c) $M=N+5$
(d) $M=N+5$
Figure 9: three-dimensional problem. Behavior of $\Lambda_{2}$ and
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}$ with $N$ for $M=N+2$ (Figures (a)-(b)) and $M=N+5$
(Figures (c)-(d)).
Figures 10 and 11, show the behavior of the average relative error $E_{\rm
avg}$ (29) with $N$ for several fixed values of $M$, for two choices of the
observation centers, for linear and nonlinear PBDW, for two noise levels, and
for both the biased and the unbiased case. In all cases, the regularization
hyper-parameter $\xi$ is chosen using holdout validation, based on $I=M/2$
additional measurements. As for the previous model problem, we empirically
find that the nonlinear formulation improves reconstruction performance for
noisy measurements and for non-adaptive selections of measurement locations.
(a) Greedy, lin., ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(b) Greedy, nonlin., ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(c) random, lin., ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(d) random, nonlin., ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(e) Greedy, lin., ${\rm SNR}=3$
(f) Greedy, nonlin., ${\rm SNR}=3$
(g) random, lin., ${\rm SNR}=3$
(h) random, nonlin., ${\rm SNR}=3$
Figure 10: three-dimensional problem. Behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ with $N$ for
several values of $M$, for linear and nonlinear PBDW and two noise levels
(unbiased case).
(a) Greedy, lin., ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(b) Greedy, nonlin., ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(c) random, lin., ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(d) random, nonlin., ${\rm SNR}=\infty$
(e) Greedy, lin., ${\rm SNR}=3$
(f) Greedy, nonlin., ${\rm SNR}=3$
(g) random, lin., ${\rm SNR}=3$
(h) random, nonlin., ${\rm SNR}=3$
Figure 11: three-dimensional problem. Behavior of $E_{\rm avg}$ with $N$ for
several values of $M$, for linear and nonlinear PBDW and two noise levels,
(biased case).
## 5 Conclusions
In this paper, we provided theoretical and empirical investigations of the
performance of the PBDW approach. First, we presented a mathematical analysis
of the PBDW formulation. For the linear case, we generalized the analysis in
[5] to obtain a complete _a priori_ error analysis for noisy measurements, and
we also presented two optimality results that motivate the approach. For the
nonlinear case, we showed a stability estimate that exploits a well-known
result, first appeared in the inverse problem literature. The latter estimate
suggests that the nonlinear formulation should be more robust to measurement
error. Second, we provided several numerical examples to compare the
performance of linear PBDW with the performance of nonlinear PBDW.
Results suggest that the box constraints for the entries of the background
vector $\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}$ improve the accuracy of the recovery
algorithm, provided that measurements are polluted by a non-negligible
disturbance. As regards the choice of the observation centers, the SGreedy
method stabilizes the recovery algorithm for $N\approx M$ and
$\Phi_{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N}$. On the other hand, at least for the numerical
example considered in this work, in presence of box constraints, SGreedy does
not lead to substantial improvements. Finally, we also empirically found that
the nonlinear formulation is significantly less sensitive to the choice of
$N$, particularly for noisy measurements.
## Appendix A Proof of Proposition 2.1
###### Proof.
Given $\eta\in\mathcal{U}$, recalling the definition of $\mathcal{U}_{M}$, the
Riesz theorem and the projection theorem, we find that
$\mathcal{J}_{\xi}(\mathbf{z},\eta)=\mathcal{J}_{\xi}(\mathbf{z},\Pi_{\mathcal{U}_{M}}\eta)+\xi\|\Pi_{\mathcal{U}_{M}^{\perp}}\eta\|^{2}$:
therefore, the optimal update $\hat{\eta}_{\xi}$ belongs to $\mathcal{U}_{M}$.
Using a similar argument, we can also prove that
$\hat{\eta}_{0}\in\mathcal{U}_{M}$.
Proof of (7b) is straightforward and is here omitted; we now focus on (7a).
Towards this end, we introduce the eigendecomposition
$\mathbf{K}=\mathbf{U}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{U}^{T}$, $\mathbf{D}={\rm
diag}\big{(}\lambda_{1},\ldots,$ $\lambda_{M}\big{)}$ and we observe that
$\mathbf{W}_{\xi}=(\xi\mathbf{Id}+\mathbf{K})^{-1}$ satisfies
$\mathbf{W}_{\xi}=\mathbf{U}\mathbf{D}_{\xi}\mathbf{U}^{T}$ with
$\left(\mathbf{D}_{\xi}\right)_{m,m}=\frac{1}{\xi+\lambda_{m}(\mathbf{K})}$.
If we fix $\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}$, it is easy to verify that the unique
minimizer of
$\mathcal{J}_{\xi,\mathbf{z}}(\cdot)=\mathcal{J}_{\xi}(\mathbf{z},\cdot)$ is
given by
$\eta(\mathbf{z})=\sum_{m=1}^{M}\,\left(\boldsymbol{\eta}(\mathbf{z})\right)_{m}q_{m},\quad{\rm
where}\;\boldsymbol{\eta}(\mathbf{z})=\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\mathbf{z}).$
If we substitute the expression of $\eta$ in (4), and we exploit the
eigendecomposition of $\mathbf{K}$ and $\mathbf{W}_{\xi}$, we find
$\begin{array}[]{rl}\displaystyle{\mathcal{J}_{\xi}(\mathbf{z},\eta(\mathbf{z}))=}&\displaystyle{\left(\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\mathbf{z})\right)^{T}\left(\xi\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\mathbf{K}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}+\left(\mathbf{K}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}-\mathbf{Id}\right)^{T}\left(\mathbf{K}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}-\mathbf{Id}\right)\right)\,\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\mathbf{z})}\\\\[8.53581pt] =&\displaystyle{\left(\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\mathbf{z})\right)^{T}\left(\mathbf{Id}-\mathbf{K}\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\right)\,\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\mathbf{z})\,=\,\left(\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\mathbf{z})\right)^{T}\left(\xi\mathbf{W}_{\xi}\right)\,\mathbf{y}^{\rm
err}(\mathbf{z})}\\\ \end{array}$
which implies (7a). Proof of (8) follows the exact same ideas and is here
omitted.
We now prove (9). Given $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}$, exploiting the
eigendecomposition of $\mathbf{W}_{\xi}$ we find
$\frac{1}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}\|\mathbf{x}\|_{2}^{2}\leq\|\mathbf{x}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}}^{2}\leq\frac{1}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}\|\mathbf{x}\|_{2}^{2}.$
By exploiting the latter, we obtain
$\begin{array}[]{rl}\displaystyle{\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2}\geq}&\displaystyle{\left(\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})\right)\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}}^{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
=&\displaystyle{\left(\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})\right)\|\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}}^{2}\geq\frac{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}\|\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2},}\\\
\end{array}$
which is (9a). By observing that the generalized eigenvalues of
$\mathbf{W}_{\xi}^{1/2}$ $\boldsymbol{\phi}_{m}=\lambda_{m}^{\rm gen}$
$\mathbf{K}^{-1/2}\boldsymbol{\phi}_{m}$ are given by $\lambda_{m}^{\rm
gen}=\frac{\sqrt{\lambda_{m}(\mathbf{K})}}{\sqrt{\xi+\lambda_{m}(\mathbf{K})}}$
for $m=1,\ldots,M$, we obtain
$\frac{\lambda_{\rm min}(\mathbf{K})}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}\|\mathbf{x}\|_{\mathbf{K}^{-1}}^{2}\leq\|\mathbf{x}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}}^{2}\leq\frac{\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}\|\mathbf{x}\|_{\mathbf{K}^{-1}}^{2},$
and finally
$\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{K}^{-1}}^{2}\geq\frac{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}{\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}}^{2}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\hskip 21.68121pt\displaystyle{=\frac{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}{\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}\|\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{W}_{\xi}}^{2}\geq\frac{\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}{\lambda_{\rm max}(\mathbf{K})}\,\left(\frac{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{K})}{\xi+\lambda_{\rm
min}(\mathbf{K})}\right)\,\|\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}-\mathbf{y}\|_{\mathbf{K}^{-1}}^{2},}\end{array}$
which is (9b).
Since $(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi},\hat{\eta}_{\xi})$ minimizes (4) over all
$(\mathbf{z},\eta)\in\Phi_{N}\times\mathcal{U}$, we have
$\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{\xi\|\hat{\eta}_{\xi}\|^{2}\leq
J_{\xi}(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi},\hat{\eta}_{\xi})\leq
J_{\xi}(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\infty},0)=\min_{\mathbf{z}\in\Phi_{N}}\,\|\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2};}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\displaystyle{\|\boldsymbol{\ell}^{o}(\hat{\eta}_{\xi})+\mathbf{L}\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}-\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2}\leq
J_{\xi}(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi},\hat{\eta}_{\xi})\leq
J_{\xi}(\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{0},\hat{\eta}_{0})=\xi\|\hat{\eta}_{0}\|^{2},}\\\
\end{array}$
which is (10).
The fourth and fifth statements follow directly from the algebraic formulation
of the PBDW statement, and from well-known results in convex optimization: we
omit the details. ∎
## Appendix B Proof of Proposition 3.3
We state upfront that the proof follows the same idea of the well-known Gauss-
Markov theorem ([2]) for linear unbiased estimators.
###### Proof.
Without loss of generality, we assume that $\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}$ is
orthonormal; then, we denote by $\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\xi}(\mathbf{y})$ the
vector of coefficients associated with the basis $\\{\zeta_{n}\\}_{n=1}^{N}$
and the solution to the PBDW statement for $\xi\in\\{0,\infty\\}$, and we
denote by ${\mathbf{z}}_{A}(\mathbf{y})$ the vector of coefficients associated
with the algorithm $A$.
We first prove that $\Lambda_{2}(A)\geq\Lambda_{2}(A^{\rm pbdw,\xi=\infty})$.
Since both PBDW and $A$ are linear, recalling the definition of $\mathbf{L}$,
$\mathbf{L}_{m,n}=\ell_{m}(\zeta_{n})$, we have that
${\mathbf{z}}_{A}(\mathbf{y})=\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\infty}(\mathbf{y})\,+\,\mathbf{D}\,\mathbf{y},\qquad\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{\infty}(\mathbf{y})=\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{y},$
for a proper choice of $\mathbf{D}\in\mathbb{R}^{N,M}$. Since
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}^{\rm bias}(A)=0$, we must have
${\mathbf{z}}_{A}(\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z})=\mathbf{z}$ for all
$\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}$; this implies that
${\mathbf{z}}_{A}(\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z})=\mathbf{z}\,+\,\mathbf{D}\,\mathbf{L}\mathbf{z}\,\Rightarrow\,\mathbf{D}\,\mathbf{L}=0.$
Recalling (18), we shall prove that
$s_{\rm
max}\left(\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\mathbf{L}^{T}\,+\,\mathbf{D}\right)\geq
s_{\rm
max}\left(\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\mathbf{L}^{T}\right).$
Towards this end, we observe that555 We recall that the maximum singular value
of a matrix $\mathbf{B}$ is the square root of the maximum eigenvalue of
$\mathbf{B}^{T}\mathbf{B}$ or equivalently of $\mathbf{B}\mathbf{B}^{T}$.
$\begin{array}[]{l}\displaystyle{\left(\Lambda_{2}(A)\right)^{2}\,=\,\sup_{\mathbf{y}\in\mathbb{R}^{M}}\,\frac{\big{\|}\left(\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\mathbf{L}^{T}\,+\,\mathbf{D}\right)\mathbf{y}\big{\|}_{2}^{2}}{\|\mathbf{y}\|_{2}^{2}}=\sup_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,\frac{\big{\|}\left(\mathbf{L}\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\,+\,\mathbf{D}^{T}\right)\mathbf{z}\|_{2}^{2}}{\|\mathbf{z}\|_{2}^{2}}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\hskip
43.36243pt=\displaystyle{\sup_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,\frac{\mathbf{z}^{T}\left(\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\,+\,\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\left(\mathbf{D}\mathbf{L}\right)^{T}\,+\,\mathbf{D}\mathbf{L}\,\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\,+\,\mathbf{D}\mathbf{D}^{T}\right)\mathbf{z}}{\|\mathbf{z}\|_{2}^{2}}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\hskip
43.36243pt=\displaystyle{\sup_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,\frac{\mathbf{z}^{T}\left(\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\,+\,\mathbf{D}\mathbf{D}^{T}\right)\mathbf{z}}{\|\mathbf{z}\|_{2}^{2}}\geq\sup_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,\frac{\mathbf{z}^{T}\left(\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\right)\mathbf{z}}{\|\mathbf{z}\|_{2}^{2}}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
\hskip 43.36243pt\displaystyle{=\,\left(\Lambda_{2}(A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi=\infty})\right)^{2}},\end{array}$
which is the thesis. Note that in the second-to-last step we used the fact
that $\mathbf{D}\mathbf{D}^{T}$ is semi-positive definite.
We now prove that
$\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)\geq\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}}A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi=0})$. As for the previous case, we observe that
${\mathbf{z}}_{A}(\mathbf{y})=\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{0}(\mathbf{y})\,+\,\mathbf{E}\,\mathbf{y},\qquad\hat{\mathbf{z}}_{0}(\mathbf{y})=\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{K}^{-1}\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\mathbf{L}^{T}\,\mathbf{K}^{-1}\,\mathbf{y},$
where the matrix $\mathbf{E}\in\mathbb{R}^{N,M}$ should satisfy
$\mathbf{E}\mathbf{L}=0$. Exploiting Lemma 3.1, we find the desidered result:
$\begin{array}[]{rl}\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}(A)=&\displaystyle{s_{\rm
max}(\mathbf{A}\mathbf{K}^{1/2})=\sup_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,\frac{\big{\|}\mathbf{K}^{1/2}\left(\mathbf{K}^{-1}\mathbf{L}\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{K}^{-1}\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\,+\,\mathbf{E}^{T}\right)\mathbf{z}\big{\|}_{2}}{\|\mathbf{z}\|_{2}}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
=&\displaystyle{\sup_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,\frac{\sqrt{\mathbf{z}^{T}\left(\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{K}^{-1}\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\,+\,\mathbf{E}\mathbf{K}\mathbf{E}^{T}\right)\mathbf{z}}}{\|\mathbf{z}\|_{2}}\,\geq\,\sup_{\mathbf{z}\in\mathbb{R}^{N}}\,\frac{\sqrt{\mathbf{z}^{T}\left(\mathbf{L}^{T}\mathbf{K}^{-1}\mathbf{L}\right)^{-1}\,\mathbf{z}}}{\|\mathbf{z}\|_{2}}}\\\\[8.53581pt]
=&\displaystyle{\Lambda_{\mathcal{U}}\left(\Pi_{\mathcal{Z}_{N}}A^{\rm
pbdw,\xi=0}\right).}\\\\[8.53581pt] \end{array}$
∎
## References
* [1] B. Adcock, A. C. Hansen, and C. Poon. Beyond consistent reconstructions: optimality and sharp bounds for generalized sampling, and application to the uniform resampling problem. SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, 45(5):3132–3167, 2013.
* [2] A C Aitken. IV. — On least squares and linear combination of observations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55:42––48, 1936\.
* [3] N Aretz-Nellesen, M A Grepl, and K Veroy. 3D-VAR for Parametrized Partial Differential Equations: A Certified Reduced Basis Approach. arXiv e-prints, page arXiv:1905.05817, May 2019.
* [4] JP Argaud, B Bouriquet, H Gong, Y Maday, and O Mula. Stabilization of (G) EIM in presence of measurement noise: application to nuclear reactor physics. In Spectral and High Order Methods for Partial Differential Equations ICOSAHOM 2016, pages 133–145. Springer, 2017.
* [5] P Berger, K Gröchenig, and G Matz. Sampling and reconstruction in distinct subspaces using oblique projections. Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, pages 1–33, 2017\.
* [6] P Binev, A Cohen, W Dahmen, R DeVore, G Petrova, and P Wojtaszczyk. Data assimilation in reduced modeling. SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification, 5(1):1–29, 2017\.
* [7] P Binev, A Cohen, O Mula, and J Nichols. Greedy algorithms for optimal measurements selection in state estimation using reduced models. SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification, 6(3):1101–1126, 2018.
* [8] A. Cohen, R. Dahmen, W. an DeVore, J. Fadili, O. Mula, and J. Nichols. Optimal reduced model algorithms for data-based state estimation. ArXiv e-prints, 2019.
* [9] M. Dashti and A. M. Stuart. The Bayesian Approach to Inverse Problems, pages 311–428. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017.
* [10] H W Engl, M Hanke, and A Neubauer. Regularization of inverse problems, volume 375. Springer Science & Business Media, 1996.
* [11] F. Galarce, J.F. Gerbeau, D. Lombardi, and O. Mula. State estimation with nonlinear reduced models. Application to the reconstruction of blood flows with Doppler ultrasound images. arXiv e-prints, page arXiv:1904.13367, Apr 2019.
* [12] J K Hammond, R Chakir, F Bourquin, and Y Maday. PBDW: a non-intrusive Reduced Basis Data Assimilation Method and its application to outdoor Air Quality Models. working paper or preprint, January 2018.
* [13] M. Kärcher, S. Boyaval, , M. A. Grepl, and K. Veroy. Reduced basis approximation and a posteriori error bounds for 4d-var data assimilation. Optimization and Engineering, 19(3):663–695, Sep 2018.
* [14] A C Lorenc. Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 112(474):1177–1194, 1986.
* [15] Y Maday and O Mula. A generalized empirical interpolation method: application of reduced basis techniques to data assimilation. In Analysis and numerics of partial differential equations, pages 221–235. Springer, 2013.
* [16] Y Maday, O Mula, A T Patera, and M Yano. The generalized empirical interpolation method: stability theory on Hilbert spaces with an application to the stokes equation. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 287:310–334, 2015.
* [17] Y Maday, A T Patera, J D Penn, and M Yano. A parameterized-background data-weak approach to variational data assimilation: formulation, analysis, and application to acoustics. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 102(5):933–965, 2015.
* [18] Y Maday, A T Patera, J D Penn, and M Yano. PBDW state estimation: Noisy observations; configuration-adaptive background spaces; physical interpretations. ESAIM: Proceedings and Surveys, 50:144–168, 2015.
* [19] Y Maday and T Taddei. Adaptive PBDW approach to state estimation: noisy observations; user-defined update spaces. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing (accepted), 2019.
* [20] C A Micchelli and T J Rivlin. A survey of optimal recovery. In Optimal estimation in approximation theory, pages 1–54. Springer, 1977.
* [21] V Rakočević. On the norm of idempotent operators in a Hilbert space. The American Mathematical Monthly, 107(8):748–750, 2000.
* [22] J Rice. Mathematical statistics and data analysis. Nelson Education, 2006.
* [23] A. M. Stuart. Inverse problems: A Bayesian perspective. Acta Numerica, 19:451––559, 2010.
* [24] T Taddei. An adaptive parametrized-background data-weak approach to variational data assimilation. ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis, 51(5):1827–1858, 2017.
* [25] T Taddei. Model order reduction methods for data assimilation: state estimation and structural health monitoring. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017.
* [26] T Taddei and A T Patera. A localization strategy for data assimilation; application to state estimation and parameter estimation. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 40(2):B611–B636, 2018.
* [27] S Volkwein. Model reduction using proper orthogonal decomposition. Lecture Notes, Institute of Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz. see http://www. uni-graz. at/imawww/volkwein/POD. pdf, 1025, 2011.
* [28] G Wahba. Spline models for observational data, volume 59. Siam, 1990.
* [29] H Wendland and C Rieger. Approximate interpolation with applications to selecting smoothing parameters. Numerische Mathematik, 101(4):729–748, 2005.
| 42,402 |
https://github.com/zackcaz/CommonFramework/blob/master/Assets/Framework/EasyMessage/MessageSystem.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
CommonFramework
|
zackcaz
|
C#
|
Code
| 1,502 | 5,992 |
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection;
using UnityEngine;
namespace MessageSystem
{
public static class MessageSetting
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
public static bool DebugMode = true;
#else
public static bool DebugMode = false;
#endif
public static bool OpenLog = false;
public enum WorkMode
{
Synchronized, //同步模式
Asynchronized, //异步模式
}
public static WorkMode SysWorkMode = WorkMode.Asynchronized;
public static void InitSetting()
{
var setting = Resources.Load<MessageSettingObject>("MessageSetting");
if (setting != null)
{
//Debug.Log("Load Setting");
DebugMode = setting.DebugMode;
OpenLog = setting.OpenLog;
SysWorkMode = setting.SysWorkMode;
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理委托
/// </summary>
/// <param name="message_params"></param>
public delegate void MessageHandleMethod(params object[] message_params);
/// <summary>
/// 消息过滤委托
/// </summary>
/// <param name="mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <returns>是否触发</returns>
public delegate bool MessageFilterMethod(string msg_uid, object mark);
public interface IBaseMessageHandler { }
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理接口
/// </summary>
public interface IMessageHandler : IBaseMessageHandler
{
string getMessageUid { get; }
void initHandleMethodMap(Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap);
}
/// <summary>
/// 多重消息处理接口
/// </summary>
public interface IMultiMessageHandler : IBaseMessageHandler
{
void initMessageUids(List<string> MessageUids);
void initHandleMethodMap(Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>> HandleMethodMap);
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息调用信息
/// </summary>
public struct MessageCallInfo
{
public long Send_timeStamp;
public string Sender_Type;
public string Sender_Mothod;
public string[] Sender_Params;
public string Sender_StackTrace;
public long Handle_timeStamp;
public string Handler_Method;
public DateTime GetSendTime { get { return DateTime.FromBinary(Send_timeStamp); } }
public DateTime GetHandleTime { get { return DateTime.FromBinary(Handle_timeStamp); } }
string _senderString;
public string getSenderString()
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_senderString))
{
_senderString = string.Format("{0}:{1}[", Sender_Type, Sender_Mothod);
if (Sender_Params == null
|| Sender_Params.Length == 0)
_senderString += "null";
else
{
foreach (var p in Sender_Params)
_senderString += (p + ",");
}
var rm_index = _senderString.LastIndexOf(',');
_senderString = (rm_index > -1 ? _senderString.Remove(rm_index) : _senderString) + "]";
}
return _senderString;
}
}
public abstract class BaseMessageHandler
{
public Stack<MessageCallInfo> callStack = new Stack<MessageCallInfo>();
public void RecordCallInfo(long send_timeStamp, string sender_info, object[] params_info, long handle_timeStamp, string handle_method)
{
if (!MessageSetting.DebugMode)
return;
MessageCallInfo messageCall = new MessageCallInfo();
var sps = sender_info.Split(' ');
var mps = sps[0].Split(':');
messageCall.Send_timeStamp = send_timeStamp;
messageCall.Sender_Type = mps[0];
messageCall.Sender_Mothod = mps[1].Substring(0, mps[1].IndexOf('('));
messageCall.Sender_Params = new string[params_info.Length];
messageCall.Sender_StackTrace = sender_info.Substring(sps[0].Length);
messageCall.Handle_timeStamp = handle_timeStamp;
messageCall.Handler_Method = handle_method;
for (int i = 0; i < params_info.Length; i++)
{
messageCall.Sender_Params[i] = params_info[i].ToString();
}
callStack.Push(messageCall);
//Debug.Log(sender_info + "\n" + handler_info);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理器
/// </summary>
public class MessageHandler: BaseMessageHandler
{
public IBaseMessageHandler IHdnaler;
public Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap;
public int registerObjectHash { get { return IHdnaler.GetHashCode(); } }
public string messageUid { get; private set; }
public bool hasFilter { get { return filterMethod != null; } }
public MessageFilterMethod filterMethod;
public MessageHandler(IBaseMessageHandler IHdnaler, string messageUid,
Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap, MessageFilterMethod filterMethod = null)
{
this.IHdnaler = IHdnaler;
this.messageUid = messageUid;
this.HandleMethodMap = HandleMethodMap;
this.filterMethod = filterMethod;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息发送器
/// </summary>
public struct MessageSender
{
public string message_uid;
public string method_id;
public object[] filter_mark;
public object[] message_params;
public long send_timeStamp;
public string sender_info;
//过滤模式
public enum FilterMode
{
DontFilter,
Include,
Except,
}
public FilterMode filterMode;
public MessageSender(string message_uid, string method_id, FilterMode filterMode, object[] filter_mark, object[] message_params)
{
this.message_uid = message_uid;
this.method_id = method_id;
this.filterMode = filterMode;
this.filter_mark = filter_mark;
this.message_params = message_params;
send_timeStamp = DateTime.Now.ToBinary();
sender_info = "Unknow Sender";
}
public void RecordSender(string sender_info)
{
this.sender_info = sender_info;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息内核
/// </summary>
public class MessageCore : MonoBehaviour
{
private static MessageCore _singleton = null;
public virtual void Awake()
{
if (_singleton == null)
{
_singleton = this as MessageCore;
GameObject.DontDestroyOnLoad(_singleton);
}
MessageSetting.InitSetting();
}
public static MessageCore Instance
{
get
{
if (_singleton != null) return _singleton;
var go = new GameObject(typeof(MessageCore).ToString());
GameObject.DontDestroyOnLoad(go);
_singleton = go.AddComponent<MessageCore>();
return _singleton;
}
}
//Message Handler Map
Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>> messageHandlersMap = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>>();
public Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>> getMessageHandlersMap() { return messageHandlersMap; }
Stack<string> removeHandlers = new Stack<string>();
//消息队列，异步模式下使用
Queue<MessageSender> messagesQueue = new Queue<MessageSender>();
void addMessage(string msg_uid)
{
if (!messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg_uid))
{
messageHandlersMap.Add(msg_uid, new Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>());
}
}
void addDebug(IBaseMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//开启调试
var gameObject = MessageSystemEditorHelper.FindHandlerGameObject(interface_handler);
if (gameObject != null)
{
var debugger = gameObject.GetComponent<MessageSystemHandlerDebugger>();
if (debugger == null)
debugger = gameObject.AddComponent<MessageSystemHandlerDebugger>();
debugger.AddHandler(handler);
debugger.hideFlags = HideFlags.DontSave;
//debugger.hideFlags = HideFlags.HideInInspector;
}
}
#endif
}
void addHandler(IMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
string msg_uid = interface_handler.getMessageUid;
addMessage(msg_uid);
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
var handler_hash = interface_handler.GetHashCode();
if (!handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> methodsMap = new Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>();
interface_handler.initHandleMethodMap(methodsMap);
MessageHandler handler = new MessageHandler(interface_handler, interface_handler.getMessageUid, methodsMap, messageFilter);
handlerDic.Add(handler_hash, handler);
}
addDebug(interface_handler, handlerDic[handler_hash]);
}
void addHandler(IMultiMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
List<string> msg_uids = new List<string>();
interface_handler.initMessageUids(msg_uids);
Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>> msg_methods_map = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>>();
foreach (var msg_id in msg_uids)
msg_methods_map.Add(msg_id, new Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>());
interface_handler.initHandleMethodMap(msg_methods_map);
foreach (var msg_uid in msg_uids)
{
addMessage(msg_uid);
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
var handler_hash = interface_handler.GetHashCode();
if (!handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
MessageHandler handler = new MessageHandler(interface_handler, msg_uid, msg_methods_map[msg_uid], messageFilter);
handlerDic.Add(handler_hash, handler);
}
addDebug(interface_handler, handlerDic[handler_hash]);
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(IMessageHandler interface_handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(interface_handler));
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(IMultiMessageHandler interface_handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
List<string> rm_msg_uids = new List<string>();
interface_handler.initMessageUids(rm_msg_uids);
foreach(var msg_uid in rm_msg_uids)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(msg_uid, interface_handler.GetHashCode()));
}
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(MessageHandler handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(handler.messageUid, handler.registerObjectHash));
}
}
void removeHandler(string msg_uid, int handler_hash)
{
if (messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg_uid))
{
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
if (handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
handlerDic.Remove(handler_hash);
Log("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Remove Handler <color=#efef00>" + msg_uid + "</color>+<color=#ef0000>[" + handler_hash + "]</color>");
}
if (handlerDic.Count <= 0)
{
messageHandlersMap.Remove(msg_uid);
Log("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Remove All Handler, Message Uid is <color=#efef00>" + msg_uid + "</color>");
}
}
}
private void Update()
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Asynchronized)
{
handMessageAsync();
}
}
private void LateUpdate()
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
while (removeHandlers.Count > 0)
{
var rm_handler = removeHandlers.Pop();
var rm_params = rm_handler.Split('+');
var rm_msg_uid = rm_params[0];
var rm_hash = int.Parse(rm_params[1]);
removeHandler(rm_msg_uid, rm_hash);
}
}
void handleMessage(MessageSender msg)
{
string current_handler = "";
try
{
if (messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg.message_uid))
{
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg.message_uid];
foreach (var handler in handlerDic)
{
if (handler.Value.IHdnaler.ToString() == "null")
{
MarkHandlerDispose(handler.Value);
continue;
}
bool breakMark = false;
if (msg.filterMode != MessageSender.FilterMode.DontFilter
&& msg.filter_mark != null)
{//handler filter
if (!handler.Value.hasFilter)
continue;
breakMark = MessageSender.FilterMode.Include == msg.filterMode;
for (int i = 0; i < msg.filter_mark.Length; i++)
{
var mark = msg.filter_mark[i];
if (handler.Value.filterMethod(msg.message_uid, mark))
{
breakMark = !(msg.filterMode == MessageSender.FilterMode.Include);
break;
}
}
if (breakMark)
continue;
}
current_handler = string.Format("{0}+[{1}]", handler.Value.IHdnaler.ToString(), handler.Key);
var methods = handler.Value.HandleMethodMap;
if (methods.ContainsKey(msg.method_id))
{
var handle_mehtod = methods[msg.method_id];
//Debug.Log(handle_mehtod);
if (handle_mehtod != null)
{
long handle_timeStamp = DateTime.Now.ToBinary();
handle_mehtod(msg.message_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
{//同步模式记录
handler.Value.RecordCallInfo(msg.send_timeStamp, msg.sender_info, msg.message_params, msg.send_timeStamp, handle_mehtod.Method.ToString());
}
else
{//异步模式记录
handler.Value.RecordCallInfo(msg.send_timeStamp, msg.sender_info, msg.message_params, handle_timeStamp, handle_mehtod.Method.ToString());
}
}
Log(string.Format("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Handle Message :current handler = <color=#ef0000>{0}</color> ," +
"msg uid = <color=#efef00>{1}</color>, method id = <color=#efef00>{2}</color>",
current_handler, msg.message_uid, msg.method_id));
}
}
}
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
LogError(string.Format("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Handle Message Exception : current handler = {0} ,msg uid = {1}, method id = {2},\n{3}\n{4}",
current_handler, msg.message_uid, msg.method_id, ex.Message, ex.StackTrace));
}
}
public void EnqueueMessage(MessageSender msgData)
{//将消息加入队列
lock (messagesQueue)
{
messagesQueue.Enqueue(msgData);
}
}
//异步处理消息
void handMessageAsync()
{
while (messagesQueue.Count > 0)
{
var msg = messagesQueue.Dequeue();
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
static string Handler2Identiry(IMessageHandler handler)
{
return Handler2Identiry(handler.getMessageUid, handler.GetHashCode());
}
static string Handler2Identiry(string msg_uid,int hashCode)
{
return msg_uid + "+" + hashCode;
}
#region Static Methods
public static void RegisterHandler(IMessageHandler handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
Instance.addHandler(handler, messageFilter);
}
public static void RegisterHandler(IMultiMessageHandler handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
Instance.addHandler(handler, messageFilter);
}
public static void SendMessage(string msg_uid, string method_id,params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.DontFilter, null, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
/// <summary>
/// 发送消息，满足过滤条件的消息监听者将被触发。
/// </summary>
/// <param name="msg_uid">消息UID</param>
/// <param name="method_id">子ID</param>
/// <param name="filter_mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <param name="msg_params">消息参数</param>
public static void SendMessageInclude(string msg_uid, string method_id, object[] filter_mark, params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.Include, filter_mark, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
/// <summary>
/// 发送消息，满足过滤条件的消息监听者会被过滤。
/// </summary>
/// <param name="msg_uid">消息UID</param>
/// <param name="method_id">子ID</param>
/// <param name="filter_mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <param name="msg_params">消息参数</param>
public static void SendMessageExcept(string msg_uid, string method_id, object[] filter_mark, params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.Except, filter_mark, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
public static void UnregisterHandler(IMessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
Instance.MarkHandlerDispose(handler);
}
public static void UnregisterHandler(IMultiMessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
Instance.MarkHandlerDispose(handler);
}
static void Log(object log)
{
if (MessageSetting.OpenLog)
Debug.Log(log);
}
static void LogError(object log)
{
//if (MessageSetting.OpenLog)
Debug.LogError(log);
}
#endregion
}
}
#if UNITY_EDITOR
public static class MessageSystemEditorHelper
{
public static GameObject FindHandlerGameObject(MessageSystem.IBaseMessageHandler handler)
{
var objs = UnityEngine.Object.FindObjectsOfType<MonoBehaviour>();
foreach (var obj in objs)
{
if (obj.GetHashCode() == handler.GetHashCode())
{
return obj.gameObject;
}
}
return null;
}
}
#endif
| 5,873 |
https://github.com/BenMueller/missile-tid/blob/master/tid/types.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
missile-tid
|
BenMueller
|
Python
|
Code
| 124 | 297 |
"""
Common datatypes, so we can have functions be more clear about
return values than saying "numpy.array"
"""
from typing import Dict, TypeVar
import numpy
# placeholder type generic name
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
T = TypeVar("T")
class StationPrnMap(Dict[str, Dict[str, T]]):
"""
Map of Station to a map of PRNs to whatever
This is a very common type so let's wrap it for convenience
"""
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
class ECEF_XYZ(numpy.ndarray):
"""
numpy array of an ECEF XYZ coordinate in meters
shape: (3,)
"""
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
class ECEF_XYZ_LIST(numpy.ndarray):
"""
numpy array of a list of ECEF XYZ coordinate in meters
shape: (n,3)
"""
class Observations(numpy.ndarray):
"""
numpy array of type get_data.DENSE_TYPE
"""
class DenseMeasurements(Dict[str, Observations]):
"""
Dictionary of PRN -> array of dense data
"""
| 12,398 |
https://github.com/grmkris/XChange/blob/master/xchange-stream-gateio/src/main/java/dto/GateioWebSocketSubscriptionMessage.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
XChange
|
grmkris
|
Java
|
Code
| 109 | 401 |
package dto;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import org.knowm.xchange.currency.CurrencyPair;
/** Author: Max Gao (gaamox@tutanota.com) Created: 05-05-2021 */
@Setter
@NoArgsConstructor
public class GateioWebSocketSubscriptionMessage {
@JsonProperty("time")
private int time;
@JsonProperty("channel")
private String channel;
@JsonProperty("event")
private String event;
@JsonProperty("payload")
private String[] payload;
public GateioWebSocketSubscriptionMessage(
String channelName, CurrencyPair currencyPair, Integer interval) {}
public GateioWebSocketSubscriptionMessage(
String channelName,
String event,
CurrencyPair currencyPair,
Integer interval,
Integer depth) {
this.time = (int) (Instant.now().getEpochSecond());
this.channel = channelName;
this.event = event;
this.payload =
Arrays.asList(
currencyPair.toString().replace('/', '_'),
depth != null ? Integer.toString(depth) : null,
interval != null ? interval + "ms" : null)
.stream()
.filter(Objects::nonNull)
.collect(Collectors.toList())
.toArray(new String[] {});
}
}
| 25,018 |
https://github.com/zawarudo/wikipedia-react-redux/blob/master/src/components/List.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
wikipedia-react-redux
|
zawarudo
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 71 | 214 |
import React from 'react';
import { Link } from 'react-router';
import LoadingSpinner from './LoadingSpinner';
const List = (props) => {
const { items } = props;
if(!items || !items.length) { return <LoadingSpinner />; }
return (
<ul className="list-group center-block">
{items.map(
item =>
<Link
to={{ pathname: item.pathname }}
key={item.id}
onClick={item.onClick}
>
<li
className="list-group-item"
>
<b>
{item.content ? item.content : 'No Content'}
</b>
{item.postItems}
</li>
</Link>
)}
</ul>
);
}
export default List;
| 50,777 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13744008
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
|
AaronSantos, Bhuvan Rikka, Rick Calder, S.K, Sachin Prasad, Sharmila, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1505979, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1686889, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1726511, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1874377, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2840147, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3903313
|
English
|
Spoken
| 410 | 828 |
Codeigniter Run multiple application
I m not having luck working with two applications (admin and client) with same installation of the codeigniter.
I referred to many tutorials and did
I created subfolder "admin" inside application folder and cut and pasted all subdirectories into it.
I copied and pasted admin folder inside application folder and renamed it "client"
and in main index.php I set application folder path to "application/admin". But this works only for admin section, and to run client I have to change application folder path again in index.php. This way I cannot run both admin and client simultaneously.
Please help me out.
Thanks
Why are you creating subfolders inside the application folder? Separate your users from your admin using the controllers. All the folders inside the main application folder should remain the same, you can obviously make new folders inside the main ones, ie controllers/admin or views/admin to separate out the content.
Why you want to separate for admin and client ? i guess you can use HMVC in codeigniter ..
@RickCalder. I think this one will be an easier solution to create subfolders within controllers, views and models
@Sharmila See if this helps:
https://bitbucket.org/wiredesignz/codeigniter-modular-extensions-hmvc
http://net.tutsplus.com/tutorials/php/hvmc-an-introduction-and-application/
@RickCalder, I created subfolder 'admin' in each MVC, and copied each files to respective subfolder. when I m trying to access http://localhost/testproject/admin, this gave 404 error, before moving to 'admin' subfolder, it was working
Why don't you try ACL library?
If you are interested inadding sub modules,try HMVC
Now you need to look into the routing Sharmila, look in the userguide for an explanation.
I found a better explained 3 approaches to get it done. I preferred the 2nd one
http://philsturgeon.co.uk/blog/2009/07/Create-an-Admin-panel-with-CodeIgniter
You can find the following solution helpful:
1.Create a folder 'admin' in the root directory of CodeIgniter.
2.Copy the 'index.php' file inside 'admin' folder.
3.Change the following variables of the 'index.php' file inside 'admin' folder
$system_path = '../system';
$application_folder = '../application/admin';
4.Create a '.htaccess' file inside 'admin' folder and use the following code:
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond $1 !^(index\.php|resources|robots\.txt)
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php/$1 [L,QSA]
5.Set the $config['base_url'] to 'your url/admin' inside 'application/admin/config/config.php' and autoload 'url' helper.
6.Now you can access the admin panel using 'your url/admin'.
7.Follow the same procedure for 'client'.
Nice and easy solution. Thanks :)
From the codeigniter documentation:
Note: Each of your applications will need its own index.php file
which calls the desired application. The index.php file can be named
anything you want.
http://ellislab.com/codeigniter/user-guide/general/managing_apps.html
| 47,811 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35137878
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Aviad P., Günter Zöchbauer, Murhaf Sousli, Thierry Templier, cvsguimaraes, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1015648, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1873365, https://stackoverflow.com/users/217408, https://stackoverflow.com/users/235648, https://stackoverflow.com/users/741981
|
English
|
Spoken
| 512 | 1,256 |
How to detect async change to ng-content
I made a component which uses the marked package to render markdown content, the thing is it doesn't re-render itself when an async event changes its ng-content element.
Here's the code
import {Component, ElementRef, AfterContentInit} from 'angular2/core';
declare var marked: any;
@Component({
selector: 'markdown',
template:
'<div style="display:none;">' +
' <ng-content></ng-content>' +
'</div>' +
'<div class="markdown" [innerHTML]="output"></div>'
})
export class MarkdownComponent implements AfterContentInit {
output: string;
constructor(
private element: ElementRef) {
}
ngAfterContentInit() {
const c = this.element.nativeElement.childNodes;
this.output = marked(c[0].textContent);
}
}
Here's the HTML snippet:
<markdown>{{info}}</markdown>
And here's the async update:
updateInfo(text: string) {
this.svc.update(this.info, text).subscribe(
data => this.info = data.newText);
}
The problem is, when the this.svc.update event fires, the info variable changes value, but the markdown component doesn't get re-rendered.
Thanks!
RESOLUTION
Following the accepted answer's advice (thanks Gunter), here's the new component, it's leaner and simpler:
import {Component} from 'angular2/core';
declare var marked: any;
@Component({
selector: 'markdown',
template: '<div class="markdown" [innerHTML]="process(md)"></div>',
inputs: ['md']
})
export class MarkdownComponent {
md: string;
process(s: string) {
if (!s) return '';
return marked(s);
}
}
And here's the new HTML:
<markdown [md]="info"></markdown>
Works perfectly! :)
Adding an @Input() content; and using the component like
<markdown [content]="info"></markdown>
would make this easier.
Alternatively a MutationObserver should work well for this specific use case.
So ng-content is not the best fit here? What is a good use case for ng-content?
<ng-content> is nice when you just want to wrap content passed by the user of your component. Like in a TabComponent where the user of this component just provides what should be shown within a tab and the TabComponent just shows and hides it depending on whether the content is in the currently selected tab. I wouldn't say <ng-content> isn't a good fit in your case. MutationObserver is quite easy to use.
Here is a sample of use of ng-content: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/34950950/angular-2-template-component/34951011#34951011. I agree with Günter. I think interpolation is enough in your case...
MutationObserver is a god send !!1
NOTE: You will need a polyfill to properly handle MutationObserver cross-browser, and it is not supported in Universal (server side rendering) yet
Even if the Günter's answer is great, I wasn't able to resist to create a little plunkr describing how to use Marked into a component: https://plnkr.co/edit/0oSeaIyMWoq5fAKKlJLA?p=preview.
Here are the details:
Marked configuration the HTML file
<script>
System.config({
transpiler: 'typescript',
typescriptOptions: { emitDecoratorMetadata: true },
packages: {
'src': {defaultExtension: 'ts'}
},
map: {
marked: 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/marked/0.3.5/marked.js'
}
});
System.import('src/boot')
.then(null, console.error.bind(console));
</script>
The component that uses Marked
import { Component, Input } from 'angular2/core';
import marked from 'marked';
@Component({
selector: 'markdown',
template: `
<div [innerHTML]="convertedData"></div>
`
})
export class MarkdownComponent {
@Input('data')
data:string;
ngOnChanges() {
this.convertedData = marked(this.data);
}
}
The component that uses the previous Markdown component
import { Component } from 'angular2/core';
import { MarkdownComponent } from './markdown';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div>
<markdown [data]="markdown"></markdown>
</div>
`,
directives: [ MarkdownComponent ]
})
export class AppComponent {
constructor() {
this.markdown = 'Hello';
setTimeout(() => {
this.markdown = `
# Title
Some __test__
`;
}, 1000);
}
}
| 34,586 |
https://github.com/mp5maker/library/blob/master/js/three-project/4.5-mesh-advanced-material/fragment.shader
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
library
|
mp5maker
|
GLSL
|
Code
| 31 | 110 |
void main(void) {
vec2 pos = mod(gl_FragCoord.xy, vec2(50.0)) - vec2(25.0);
float dist_squared = dot(pos, pos);
gl_FragColor = (dist_squared < 400.0)
? vec4(.90, .90, .90, 1.0)
: vec4(.20, .20, .40, 1.0);
}
| 35,315 |
https://github.com/nukulb/WebWorks-TabletOS/blob/master/tests/bak_Dec13/yui_js/_vti_cnf/test_min.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,011 |
WebWorks-TabletOS
|
nukulb
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 8 | 72 |
vti_encoding:SR|utf8-nl
vti_timelastmodified:TR|25 Nov 2010 20:01:49 -0000
vti_extenderversion:SR|5.0.2.6790
vti_backlinkinfo:VX|YUI_UnitTest/index.htm
| 46,347 |
s5945id1397925_7
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,868 |
Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten = Archives of psychiatry and neurological sciences
|
Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten = Archives of psychiatry and neurological sciences.
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,762 | 16,144 |
Naubold. Erblich prädisponirt. Im 33. Jahre sehr schmerzhafte Ex- stirpation einer Balggeschwulst hinter dem Ohre. Seitdem Klagen über fest- sitzende Kopfschmerzen. Vagabondirend, zerstreut, aggressiv. Verfolgungs- wahn mit Hallucinationen und zeitweisen Erregungszuständen. Ungebessert. Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. (Reflexpsychose?) Beobachtung 32. Von demselben. Scheibe. Fall auf den Kopf mit längerer Bewusstlosigkeit im 16. Jahre. 12 Jahre später Aufregung, Arbeitsscheu, abnorme Sensationen im Kopf. Periodische Depressionszustände mit hypochondrischen Sensationen, auch zu- weilen vorangehender Erregung. Gebessert. Traumatische Entstehung zweifelhaft. Beobachtung 35. Von demselben. Geitel, erblich prädisponirt, grämte sich über den in den letzten Jahren ‘ erfolgten Tod von 5 Kindern. Schläge gegen den Kopf. Bald nachher arg- wöhnisch; Verfolgungswahn mit Tobsucht; später Grössenideen. Blödsinn. . Traumatische Entstehung zweifelhaft. Beobachtung 34. Von demselben. Dichte, wurde im 22. Jahre bei einer Schlägerei „dumm“ geschlagen. Bald nachher vergesslich, schwachsinnig, gereizt, unstät, melancholisch Ueber Geistesstörungen nach Kopfverletzungen. 121 (Verfolgungswahn mit tobsüchtiger Aufregung). Mehrtägige Sprachlosigkeit. Blödsinn. Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 35. Pick.a. a. 0. Hereditarier, von Kind auf schwachsinnig. Commotio mit Bewusstlosig- keit. Hinterlassung einer eingezogenen Narbe über der Nase. Klagt seitdem über Abnahme der Geisteskräfte. Streitsüchtig, melancholisch (Selbstankla- gen) mit Unruhe. Halbseitige Kopfschmerzen. Narbe und Austritt des I. und II. Astes des Quintus auf Druck schmerzhaft. Intoleranz gegen Alkoholica. Besserung. i Traumatische Entstehung angenommen. Beobachtung 36. Jolly, Dieses Archiv. 1872. III. 449. Ein bayrischer Soldat, psychisch nicht prädisponirt, erhielt bei Weissen- burg eine Kugel in die rechte Wange, die den Unterkiefer zertrümmerte und unter dem Proc, mast. austrat. Heilung mit starker Callusbildung und Hin- terlassung einer nässenden Fistel.e Vier Monate später Verfolgungsideen mit Aufregung, Hallucinationen und perversen hypochondrischen Sensationen. Ver- rückte Wahnideen. Tobsucht, religiöse Exaltation. Dabei in der Regel ver- mehrter Turgor der rechten Gesichtshälfte. Narbe anscheinend schmerzhaft. Durch Morphium keine wesentliche Besserung. Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 37. Emmert, Chirurgie. 1851. II. 695. Schädelverletzung mit Knochensplitterung. Von der Narbe ausgehende Kopfschmerzen. Schwindel, Gedächtnissschwäche, Melancholie. Trepanation des Tuber frontal. Sklerose des Knochens, darunter die Dura unverletzt. An- geblich psychische Wiederherstellung. Traumatische Entstehung angenommen. Beobachtung 38. Schmidta. o.a. 0. Kopfwunde, bald darauf melancholisch (Hypochondrie), Blödsinn. Tod. Sectiosbefund s. Tabelle No. 22. Traumatische Entstehung zweifelhaft. Endlich noch zwei neuerdings veröffentlichte Beobachtungen aus dem Sanitätsbericht der preussischen Armee 1879/81. S. 42fl. Ob es sich um secundär oder nicht vielmehr primär traumatische Psychose dabei handelt, ist jedoch nicht ersichtlich. Das eine Mal hatte ein Mann durch Sturz von der Leiter eine heftige Gehirnerschütterung erlitten und danach 9 Monate krank gelegen. Etwa ein Jahr nach der Verletzung wurde er arbeitsscheu, sass immer still da, stierte vor sich hin, verweigerte Nahrung. Diese Anfälle pas- siver Melancholie kehrten jährlich 2—3 mal wieder. Der andere Kranke hatte durch Sturz mit dem Pferde und Fall auf den Hinterkopf eine langdauernde Bewusstlosigkeit sich zugegangen. 3 Wochen später wurde er unruhig, hin- terher melancholisch und machte Fluchtversuche. Heilung. In beiden Fällen ist die traumatische Entstehung wohl als sicher anzu- nehmen, ee E 3 I 122 Dr. Hartmann, III. Die Exaltationszustände 9Fälle (= 17 pCt.) sind fast sämmtlich Manien mit Grössenideen, einmal religiösen Inhaltes. Sie schliessen mittelst eines verschieden langen Prodromalstadiums, dessen hauptsächlichste Kennzeichen abnorme Reizbarkeit, Unstätheit, Into- leranz gegen Alkoholica sind, an das Trauma an. In einem Falle in der Kindheit erlittener Kopfverletzung traten die Vorläufer mehr unter einem der moral Insanity ähnelnden Bilde auf. 2mal ging bei übri- sens erblich prädisponirten Individuen ein melancholisches Vorstadium (Verfolgungswahn mit Tobsucht Imal) voraus. (In einem dieser Fälle nahm die Manie einen periodischen Typus an); lImal traten epileptische Krämpfe ein. Psychische Affeete (unglückliche Liebe, Erbitterung über vermeintliche Zurücksetzung, Feldzugsstrapazen, Schreck und alkoholische Exeesse concurriren als ursächliche Mo- mente in vier Beobachtungen; Besserung wurde 3mal (2mal mit Rückfälligkeit) erzielt; 3 endeten in Demenz. 3mal hatte das Trauma Bewusstlosigkeit erzeugt, imal Schädelfraectur durch An- schlagen des Kopfes gegen einen Brückenpfeiler während der Eisen- bahnfahrt. Ueber die beiden Tobsuchtsfälle (Beob. 47 und 48) liegen nur ungenaue Krankengeschichten vor. Beide traten periodisch nach Alkoholgenuss auf; bei einem fand sich bei der Section die Kugel im Schädel eingewachsen, in der einen Hemisphäre ein Ab- scess (siehe Obductionsliste No. 18) — Folie circulaire kam 1mal zur Beobachtung (Beob. 45). Die Neigung zur Periodicität bei diesen Exaltationszuständen und die Auslösung der Anfälle durch alkoho- lische und psychische Schädlichkeiten legt die Annahme einer trau- matischen vasomotorischen Gehirnneurose nahe. Pick erinnert an die Analogie der tobsüchtigen Aufregungszustände mit den von Goltz experimentell bei Hunden erzeugten Wuthanfällen, nachdem diese durch Ausspülung des Gehirns blödsinnig gemacht sind. Casuistik. Beobachtung 39. Mittheilung des Herrn Director Dr. Paetz. Oertel, wahrscheinlich erblich disponirt, erlitt in der Jugend durch den Fall auf den Hinterkopf eine Commotio. Im 16. Lebensjahre vorübergehend hypochondrisch, später nach einem melancholischen Vorstadiam periodisch maniakalisch mit fast völlig freien Intervallen. Traumatische Entstehung zweifelhaft. Beobachtung 40. Von demselben. Beyer, erblich prädisponirt und geistig schwach veranlagt (Schäfer) erlitt im 23. Jahre eine Commotio mit Bewusstlosigkeit. Acht Jahre später wahrscheinlich in Folge von unglücklicher Liebe beginnende Charakterände- rung; kurzes melancholisches Vorstadium mit Hallucinationen, dann mania- Ueber Geistesstörungen nach Kopfverletzungen, 123 kalische Exaltation mit Selbstüberschätzung. Blödsinn mittleren Grades. — Traumatische Entstehung zweifelhaft. Beobachtung 41. Von demselben. Leibnitz. Im 15. Jahre Schlag gegen den Kopf mit folgendem Nasen- bluten. Seitdem reizbar. Hallucinationen. Umhertreiben, Diebstähle und Brandstiftungen (Moral insanity). Religiöse Exaltationen. Gebessert, aber rückfällig. — Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 42. Von demselben. Bellmann. Im 27. Jahre Verbrennung des Gesichts durch Explosion einer mit Pulver gefüllten Pfeife. Seit dem (Schreck?) unruhig, intolerant gegen Spirituosen; später maniakalisch exaltirt. (Grössenideen). Ungeheilt. — Traumatische Entstehung zweifelhaft. Beobachtung 43. Von demselben. Hühnermund. Im Feldzuge 1870/71 Sturz aus dem Eisenbahnwagen auf den Kopf. Seitdem Kopfschmerzen und zeitweise Erbrechen. Maniaka- lische Exaltation mit Grössenwahln und psychischer Schwäche. Gebessert. Rückfall mit Grössen und Verfolgungsideen, Hallucinationen. Zeitweise er- regt. Ungeheilt. — Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 44. Von demselben. Rost, Locomotivführer (Vater war Potator), erlitt durch Anschlag des Kopfes gegen einen Brückenpfeiler während der Fahrt eine schwere Commotio mit Schädelbruch. Nach langem Krankenlager pensionirt. Ueber den Stellen- verlust erbittert, ergiebt er sich dem Trunke. 5 Jahre später reizbar, unstät, arbeitsscheu, gewaltthätig. Maniakalische Exaltation mit Grössenwahn und Hallucinationen. Mehrere epileptische Anfälle. Besserung. Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 45. Von demselben. Hahn, erhielt im 22. Jahre einen Schlag gegen den Hinterkopf mit kurzer Besinnungslosigkeit. Seitdem stiller. Nach einigen Monaten Psychose: Wechsel von Depressions- und Exaltationszuständen. Nach deren Aufhören verrückte Ideen und Sensationen. Ungeheilt. Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 46. Mittheilung des Herrn Stabsarzt Dr. Gloxin. H., Musketier, erlitt vor seinem Eintritt durch Fall vom Heuboden in der Betrunkenheit eine Commotio mit Stägiger Bewusstlosigkeit. °/, Jahre später verwirrt, unstät, reizbar, gewaltthätig, neigt zu Selbstmord. Zerstörungstrieb. Maniakalische Exaltation mit verrückten, besonders Grössenideen. Auf dem Kopfe eine oberflächliche, nicht adhärente Narbe, die von jener Verletzung datirt. Gebessert. Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich.. Beobachtung 47. Bergmann, Kopfverletzungen. S. 92. Ein Soldat erhielt (1830) einen Schuss in den Kopf. Nach Heilung der Wunde blieben Wuthanfälle, wenn er getrunken hatte, zurück. 7 Jahre später ‚Tod an Encephalitis. Section bestätigt die traumatische Entstehung. (S. Ta- belle No. 18). (Reflex-Psychose?) 124 Dr. Hartmann, Beobachtung 48. Beck, Elemente der gerichtlichen Medicin, 1827. (Cit. v. Krafft-Ebing.) Seit einer schweren Kopfverletzung periodische Tobsuchtsanfälle mit heftigen Kopfschmerzen. Grosse Empfindlichkeit gegen Alkoholica, die Pa- roxysmen auslösen. In einem solchen Anfall ermordet er seine Frau. Zum Tode verurtheilt (Amerika). Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. IV. Die letzten Fälle bilden pathogenetisch den Uebergang zu den epileptischen und den Reflexpsychosen. Unter den epi- leptischen Psychosen sind 4 mit Krampfanfällen (2 mit Tob- sucht, 2 mit Manie); 3 zeigen nur die psychischen Aequivalente der Epilepsie. Der epileptische Krampf zeigte sich entweder kurze Zeit (lmal 14 Tage) nach der Commotion, oder erst nach Jahren. Die psychischen Anfälle traten theils vicarirend, theils postepileptisch auf. Nach denselben bestand mehr weniger vollkommene Amnesie. In den Intervalleu war theils leichter Schwachsinn (bisweilen in Form der morai Insanity) bemerkbar, theils traten epileptoide Erscheinungen auf (anfallsweise Erblassen, Schwindel, Kopfschmerzen, ängstliche Träume, Furcht getödtet zu werden) oder Innervationsstörungen, wie allgemeine oder locale Kopfschmerzen, Neuralgie des Quintus (I. Ast), Sehstörungen. — Drei Fälle ohne motorischen Krampf, zei- sen Imal (Beob. 53) Zustände von Somnolenz, wechselnd mit mo- ral Insanity; in anderen (Beob. 54 und 55) war die transitorische Bewusstseinsstörung mit instinctivem traumatischen Handeln verbun- den. Hier, wie in den übrigen Fällen: Amnesie für den Anfall; in den Intervallen leichter Schwachsinn, schreckhafte Träume (Fall aus der Höhe), ängstiiche Vorstellungen, Kopfschmerz und Schwindel. Zwei Kranke äusserten das lebhafte Verlangen trepanirt zu werden. Die nahen Beziehungen zwischen morali Insanity und Epilepsie waren bereits Prichard, dem Autor dieser Irreseinsform bekannt; neuerdings constatirten auch Tucke, Bucknill, Mandsley das häufige Zusammentreffen, ebenso le Grand du Saulle, der öfters Epilepsie nachträglich zu moral Insanity hinzutreten sah. Auch ohne Epilepsie ist, wie bereits oben erwähnt und durch Beispiele belegt wurde, moral Insanity bisweilen Folge von Kopfverletzungen; ein Vor- kommen, das leicht begreiflich ist, da es sich nach Westphal bei dieser Störung hauptsächlich um Defecte auf intelleetuellem Ge- biete handelt, die Häufigkeit der verschiedensten Grade der Demenz nach Kopfverletzungen aber bereits erwiesen wurde. Wigan*) be- Pick '..s. 0, Ueber Geistesstörungen nach Kopfverletzungen. 125 richtet einen derartigen Fall, wo nach Trepanation sogar Heilung eintrat (das resecirte Knochenstück zeigte an seiner Innenfläche eine Exostose); einen ähnlichen Mandsley. — Das Trauma hatte in un- seren 7 Fällen 4mal in jugendlichem Alter stattgehabt und ebenso oft Bewusstlosigkeit bis zum Coma, Imal Betäubung hervorgerufen. Die hinterlassenen Narben waren 2mal mit Einziehung resp. Kno- chendepression verbunden, lmal waren durch Druck auf die auch spontan sehr schmerzhafte Narbe Auraartige Sensationen hervorzuru- fen. — Pick u. A. nehmen an, dass der traumatischen Epilepsie mit Seelenstörung meist durale Verwachsungen resp. Einziehungen in Folge von Knochendepression und consecutive Erkrankungen der Oor- ticalis zu Grund liegen, in anderen Fällen mögen es vasomotorische Neurosen als chronisch gewordene Folgen der traumatischen Gefäss- lähmung sein. Besserung mit Hinterlassung von Schwachsinn trat 2mal ein. Erblichkeit concurrirte in 2 Fällen; zurückgebliebene geistige Entwickelung 3mal, sittliche Verwahrlosung 2mal. Casuistik. Beobachtung 49. Mittheilung des Herrn Director Dr. Paetz. Flamme, erhielt als Lehrling einen Hammerschlag gegen den Kopf mit folgender 24 stündiger Ohnmacht. Später epileptische Krämpfe mit Aura von der Stirn aus. Maniakalisches Aequivalent derselben. In den Intervallen un- ruhig, ängstlich (Verfolgungsideen). Gebessert mit Gedächtnissschwäche. Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 50. Von demselben. Faulbaum. Einige Monate nach einem Fall auf den Kopf epileptische Krämpfe und Kopfschmerzen. Maniakalisches Aequivalent. Allmälig verblö- det. — Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. | Beobachtung 5l. Hecker, Deutsche med. Wochenschr. 1876. 23. Der wegen der verschiedensten militärischen Vergehen angeklagte Mus- ketier R. hat eine verwahrloste Erziehung genossen. Im 11. Jahre in Folge einer Kopfwunde halb bewusstlos. Seitdem reizbar, jähzornig, treibt die gröss- ten Tollheiten und Extravaganzen. Gegen Spirituosen sehr empfindlich und leicht danach zu Wuthausbrüchen geneigt. Einmal danach tobsuchtsähnlicher Anfall. Zweckloses Handeln, Neigung zum Vagabondiren, Mangel an Ueber- legung, Unlust zum Lernen und Arbeiten vervollständigen das Bild einer moral Insanity. Seit dem Eintritt beim Militär 22 mal wegen leichtsinnigen Lebenswandels bestraft. Oft sinnlos heftig und aggressiv ohne Grund. Drei epileptoide Anfälle mit postepileptischer tobsüchtiger Aufregung und Selbst- mordversuch. Amnesie. Am rechten Stirnbein eine von der erwähnten Ver- letzung herrührende Narbe. Fast stets Schmerzen im Hinterkopf, ausserdem ‚solche die von der Gegend über dem rechten Auge nach dem Kopfe ausstrah- len (Trigeminus-Neuralgie). 126 Dr. Hartmann, Diagnose: Cephalosie in Folge einer in der Jugend erlittenen Kopfver- letzung. — Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 52. Pick, Prager med. Wochenschr. 1879. Keine Erblichkeit. Schwere Commotio mit längerer Bewusstlosigkeit und Lappenwunde. 14 Tage später tobsüchtige Aufregung, auch ein epileptischer Anfall mit folgender Tobsucht. Heilung der Wunde mit Hinterlassung einer schmerzhaften Narbe. Anfallsweise Erblassen des Gesichts und Schwindel. Nach kurzer Besserung Rückfall mit Schwindel, Brennen im Kopfe, Irrereden, drohendes Wesen. Ein halbes Jahr nach der Verletzung Schwindel, Schmerz- haftigkeit der rechten Kopfhälfte beim Anschlagen und des Austritts des Ram. I. N. quinti. Will trepanirt sein. Anfallsweises Wühlen im Kopf, Verfol- eungsideen, tobsüchtige Paroxysmen mit Amnesie. Von der auch auf Druck schmerzhaften Narbe ausgehende eigenthümlich unangenehme Gefühle, über den Körper sich ausbreitend. Knochen unter der Narbe rauh. Klagen über Kopfschmerzen und Gedächnissabrahme. — Tranmatische Entstehung ange- nommen. Beobachtung 53. Pick ebenda. Hereditarier. Seit dem 9. Jahre in Folge von Commotio schwachsinnig und reizbar. Erneute Gehirnerschütterung mit Bewusstlosigkeit und Erbrechen im 14. Jahre. Seitdem nach prodromalem Stadium mit periodischem Kopf- schmerz Verfolgungsideen, unstät, droht Feuer anzulegen und zu morden. Anfallsweise heftige Kopfschmerzen mit Trübung des Bewusstseins, Schlaf- sucht, Facialisparese, Erbrechen, Lichtscheu. Neben dem Tub. front. eine nicht schmerzhafte Narbe mit Knochendepression. Nach zweitägiger Dauer des Anfalls Besserung unter Fortbestehen der Facialislähmung. Diese Pa- roxysmen wechseln mit Zuständen von moral Insanity: vergesslich, lügenhaft, diebisch, treibt Unfug, wird thätlich. In einem derartigen Zustande entweicht er aus der Anstalt. — Traumatische Entstehung angenommen, Beobachtung 54. Mittheilung des Herrn Öberstabsarzt Mayer-Mainz. B., Sträfling, hereditär stark belastet und selbst wegen verschiedener Vergehen (Fahnenflucht) mit Festung bestraft, aber nicht gebessert, fiel im .16. Jahre 6 Stock hoch vom Thurme (im epileptischen Schwindel?). Com- motio und Kopfwunde führten zu längerem Krankenlager. Seitdem angeblich Abnahme des Gedächtnisses („das Denken strenge ihn an“), Kopfschmerzen in der Scheitelbeingegend und Schwindelgefühl. Erinnerung für die Desertien fehlt. Wegen eines Anfalls iransitorischer Bewusstseinsstörung in das Laza- reth aufgenommen: nächtliches Aufstehen, drohende Haltung, unverständliche Reden, will Anderen den Hals abschneiden ete. Dann wieder psychisch frei, aber Kopfschmerzen und schreckhafte Träume (Fall aus der Höhe). Drei Wochen später ähnlicher Anfall: erhebt sich aus dem Bette, streut das Stroh umher, wiederholt immer dieselbe Redensart. Einige Stunden später Amnesie. — Traumatische Entstehung wahrscheinlich. Beobachtung 55. Mittheilung des Herrn Oberstabsarzt Regenbrecht. J., Musketier, ohne bekannte Heredität und bisher gesund, aber geistig etwas zurück, erlitt 4 Wochen vor der Einstellung einen heftigen Schlag gegen ro % % Ueber Geistesstörungen nach Kopfverletzungen. 127 den Kopf. Danach längere Zeit Kopfschmerzen. Bald nach der Einstellung verlässt er Nachts plötzlich sein Bett, geht nach dem Kasernenhofe und exer- cirt hier wie nach Commando. In’s Lazareth gebracht, will er hinaus, „um seine gestohlenen Sachen zu holen“, geht unruhig hin und her, glaubt sich in der Kaserne, macht militärische Uebungen. Nach einem intereurrenten Typhus war er psychisch wieder frei. Zwei Tage nach der Entlassung aus dem Lazareth erneute Bewussiseinsstörung von demselben Verlauf. Grosse motorische Aufregung; unsinnige Reden. Nach einer Remission mit totaler Amnesie dritter Anfall mit Verfolgungsideen (Furcht erschossen zu werden), unsichere und zögernde Antworten, scheues Benehmen, will Blut aus dem Kopfe abgelassen haben, der ihn schmerze. In der Irrenanstalt Besserung mit Schwachsinn. Traumatische Entstehung zweifelhaft. Einen Fall von epileptischem Irresein, der mit einer in der Jugend er- haltenen Kopfverletzung durch ein Hobeleisen und darnach zurückgebliebener Narbe in Verbindung gebracht wird, erwähnt auch der Stat. Sanitätsbericht der preuss. Armee 1879/81. S. 42. V. Als reflectirte Psychosen im Sinne Köppe’s sind ausser den unten aufgeführten vielleicht auch noch 3 bereits unter den Me- lancholien besprochene Fälle (Beob. 35, 36, 37) aufzufassen. Erb- lichkeit ist nur 1mal constatirt, die Form der Psychose war 2mal Tobsucht, Amal Melancholie. Bewusstlosigkeit war 2mal, Kno- chenbruch Imal die Folge des Traumas gewesen. Spontane schmeız- hafte Narben waren 5mal (lmal mit callöser Verdickung, 2mal mit Depression) die peripherischen Ursachen; lmal der von einem sich entwickelnden Abscess ausgehende Nervenreiz. Der Erfolg der — lo- calen — Therapie war ein günstiger: Heilung 2 (lmal Trepanation), Besserung 3, keine Besserung 1mal. Casuistik. Beobachtung 56. Aus Schüle’s Lehrbuch der Geisteskrankheiten. Hautwunde über dem linken Scheitelbein. Dämonomanie mit intercur- renten epileptoiden Krampfanfällen, psychischem und hallucinatorischem Aequivalent. Experimentell konnte von der Narbe aus sowohl der motorische wie der psychische Krampf ausgelöst werden. Nach Morphium (subcutan) Genesung. Beobachtung 57. Wendt, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych. 1875. 80. Schuss in die Schläfe in der Schlacht an der Hallue. Bald danach reis- sende nach der Entfernung der Geschossstücke zu mehrtägiger Bewusstlosig- keit sich steigernde Schmerzen. Vom Militär entlassen nur mit Schmerzen in der Narbe, die sich durch Druck und bei Kaubewegungen steigerten. Seitdem . Schwindel, Ohrensausen, Gefühl von Benommenheit. Zwei Jahre nach der Verwundung, unter Steigerung der Schmerzen, periodische 5—8 Tage dauernde 128 Dr. Hartmann, Mobsuchtsanfälle mit Gesichts- und Gehörstäuschungen. 14tägige freie Inter- valle. Amnesie für die Anfälle. Besserung nach Morphium. Jetzt (1875) nur noch Congestionen zum Gehirn. Traumatische Entstehung. (Reiz vom Auriculo-temporalis — Wendt.) Beobachtung 58. Friedreich, Blätter für gerichtliche Anthropologie. 1858. IX. 2. Kopfverletzung im 14. Jahre mit kurzer Bewusstlosigkeit und Erbrechen, später Schwindel und Erbrechen. 8 Tage nach Verheilung der Wunde zu- nehmende Schmerzen an dieser Stelle, wo sich ein Abscess entwickelt. Me- lancholische Stimmung und Eingenommenheit des Kopfes. 8 Wochen später partielle Facialislähmung, dumpfer Stirnkopfschmerz mit zeitweiser Aufhebung des Bewusstseins. Tobsuchtsanfälle mit Gewaltthätigkeit. Besserung nach 6 Monaten. Traumatische Entstehung. Recapitulation. Bei 138 Fällen von Geistesstörungen nach Kopfverletzungen waren dem Trauma 100mal (72 pCt.) cerebrale Erscheinungen (Bewusstlosigkeit verschiedenen Grades 60mal; Betäu- bung 25mal; dumpfer Kopfschmerz resp. Schwindel oder Erbrechen 15mal) gefolgt. | | Schädelverletzungen (Fracturen, Impressionen) wurden 28 mal constatirt. Die Psychose trat auf als: Exaltationszustand 7lmal (Tobsucht 47, Manie 24) = 51,3 pÜt., Depressionszustand 37mal= 27 pÜt., Demenz verschiedenen Grades 30 mal — 21,7 pCt. Heilung ist 14mal, Besserung 38mal notirt. Ueber die Hälfte (86) verliefen chronisch und zwar endeten in Blödsinn ‚ davon 39 (= 28,2 pCt. aller Fälle) mit paralytischen Erscheinungen (15 gestor- ben). Ausserdem endeten (inel. 2 aus intercurrenten Ursachen) 16 le- tal. Die beifolgende Tabelie ergiebt eine Uebersicht der Obductions- resultate von 28 Fällen. 14mal fanden sich auf das Trauma zurück- zuführende Läsionen des knöchernen Schädels, des Gehirns und seiner Hüllen; 3mal wurde Tobsucht mit Epilepsie, Imal mit Demenz bei Verwachsungen der Dura in Folge von Schädeldepressionen beob- achtet. Resume. 1. Das traumatische Irresein ist keine specifische nosologische Form. 2. Dasselbe hat jedoch gewisse Eigenthümlichkeiten im Verlauf und Ausgang. Am häufigsten sind Exaltationszustände und die ver- schiedensten Grade der Demenz, rein oder combinirt. Ueber Geistesstörungen nach Kopfverletzungen. 129 3. Dieprimär-traumatische Psychose schliesst sich unmittelbar an die durch das Trauma gesetzten Commotionserscheinungen an; sie bildet entweder nur die abgeschwächte Fortsetzung, ein Abklingen der cerebralen Functionsstörungen auf vorwiegend intellectuellem Gebiete (primäre Demenz) oder die cerebrale Reaction gegen den traumatischen Insult: primäre Tobsucht oder Manie, periodisch oder continuirlich, oft mit Krämpfen. Gleichzeitig entstandene moto- rische und sensible Störungen besonders der Sinnesorgane sind auf traumatische Läsionen zurückzuführen. 4, Die secundär-traumatische Psychose schliesst sich nach einem längeren oder kürzeren Vorläuferstadium an das Trauma an. Die zeitliche oder ursächliche Continuität mit letzterem wird durch psychocerebrale Anomalien (Reizbarkeit, geistige und gemüth- liche Stumpfheit) und durch sensorielle, sensible und motorische Störungen hergestellt. Die eigentliche Psychose trägt meist von vorn herein den Charakter psychischer Schwäche oder geht nach einem melancholischen oder maniakalischen Vorstadium auffallend schnell ebenfalls in Demenz, meist mit dem Charakter der Para- lyse über. 5. Zu den secundären Psychosen rechnen die psychischen Trans- formationen einer in Folge der Kopfverletzung entstandenen Epilepsie, sowie die von Narben und anderen peripherischen Nervenreizen nach Kopfverletzungen reflectirten Psychosen. Die ersteren sind vorwie- gend Exaltations-, die letzteren fast ebenso oft Depressionszustände. 6. Die Prognose ist bei den primär-traumatischen sowie den Reflexpsychosen verhältnissmässig günstig (6mal Heilung, 5mal Besse- rung auf 15 Fälle primärer; $mal Heilung, 3mal Besserung auf 15 reflectirte Psychosen; der Tod nach Abzug eines intercurrenten Todes- falles, dort 2mal, hier Imal). Die Prognose der übrigen Fälle ist weniger günstig: von 108 Fällen nur 30mal Besserung, 27 Todes- fälle, 49 mal keine Besserung resp. Ausgang in Blödsinn. | 7. Art und Ort des Traumas zeigten keinen Einfluss auf die spätere Psychose, was um so erklärlicher ist, als die cerebrale Lä- sion nicht immer dem Orte der Einwirkung des Traumas entspricht. 8. Das Vorhandensein von Commotionserscheinungen ist keine Vor- bedingung für das Zustandekommen der späteren Psychose. Schwere Commotionserscheinungen involviren Jedoch eine grössere Gefahr der psychischen Erkrankung. 9. Kopfverletzungen mit und ohne gröbere Läsionen hinterlassen noch auf viele Jahre hinaus eine Invalidität des Gehirns, die sich, Archiv f. Psychiatrie. XV. 1. Heft. 9 l 130 Dr. Hartmann, bei Concurrenz anderer ätiologischer Momente (besonders erblicher und individueller Prädisposition, alkoholischen und psychischen Schäl- lichkeiten) zur Psychose steigern kann. Diese Gefahr ist um so grösser, wenn das Trauma locale Residuen (herdförmige Läsionen, callöse Narben) hinterlassen hat. Prognostisch wichtig für eine spä- tere Psychose sind, da sie auf eine nach dem Trauma zurückgeblie- bene Invalidität des Gehirnes schliessen lassen, besonders: Neigung zu wiederkehrenden Hirncongestionen — verringerte Toleranz gegen Spirituosen (ein feines Reagens für solche Gehirne) — Kopfschmerzen, periodisch wiederkehrend oder auf eine bestimmte Stelle localisirt — Schwindelanfälle — abnorme Gemüthsreizbarkeit auf früher unschäd- liche Eindrücke hin — Abnahme der intellectuellen Leistungsfähig- keit — Fortbestehen von Lähmungen oder Störungen der Sinnes- organe. 10. Nach der Kopfverletzung entstandene Epilepsie trübt durch die Möglichkeit ihrer psychischen Transformation die Prognose er- heblich. 1l. Das männliche Geschlecht ist, wie überhaupt Verletzun- gen, auch der traumatischen Psychose bei weitem mehr exponirt, als das weibliche, und zwar prävalirt hierbei das angestrengterer kör- perlicher Arbeit dienende mittlere Lebensalter. Nach in der Kind- heit erworbenen Kopfverletzungen bleibt leicht die geistige Entwicke- lung zurück. 12. Der Eintritt der Psychose variirte bis zu 23 Jahren (v. Krafft- Ebing). Sections- EEE BEE OD ER EEE NER GE EEE EEE EEE REES EEEEEnESEEEEEEEE EEE o 7a e e A i = Nam ui Unmittelbare Yorm S des des der = Autors. Traumas. En. Psychose. = 1.| Schlager. Hieb auf das rechtef Unbesinnlichkeit. | Tobsucht mit} Epi- Scheitelbein. lepsie. 2.]| derselbe. Sturz auf das Hinter-| Bewusstlosigkeit. | Tobsucht; später Pa- haupt. ralyse. 3.1] derselbe. Sturz auf den Schei-| Localer Kopf- [Tobsucht mit Epi- tel. schmerz. lepsie. Br Al n Ueber Geistesstörungen nach Kopfverletzungen. 131 13. Der ursächliche Zusammenhang einer Psychose mit einer vorangegangenen Kopfverletzung ist mit Sicherheit nur bei den pri- mär entstandener und den reflectirten Psychosen sowie in den Fällen anzunehmen, wo die Obduction die traumatische Läsion bestätigte. Im Uebrigen muss der Nachweis des continuirlichen zeitlichen und inneren Zusammenhanges der Psychose mit den seit dem Trauma aufgetretenen nervösen und psychocerebralen Veränderungen gefordert werden. Als Vorläufer sind besonders zu beachten leichte Grade von Schwachsinn, zuweilen unter der Form von moral Insanity, abnorme Reaction gegen Alkoholica und psychische Eindrücke. In einzelnen Fällen ist es zweifelhaft, ob die angeschuldigte Kopfverletzung nicht erst Folge einer schon bestandenen Psychose war und z. B. durch Fall im paralytischen Anfall oder epileptischen Schwindel zu Stande kam, nach welchem die Krankheitserscheinungen dann deut- licher zu Tage traten. ; 14. Pathologisch-anatomische Merkmale hat die traumatische Psychose nicht. In wenigen Fällen finden sich traumatische Läsionen (Schädelbrüche, Impressionen, Blutergüsse, Zerreissungen) und deren Folgen (meningitische und encephalitische, diffuse und circumseripte Processe, Eiterherde, Erweichung, Atrophie, Sklerose). Das Fehlen eines traumatischen Befundes rechtfertigt an sich nicht den Ausschluss der traumatischen Entstehung der Psychose, da dieser ebensowohl wie den psychopathischen Formen, moleculäre Veränderungen, Ano- malien der Leitungsfähigkeit und der Blutvertheilung im Gehirne, zu Grunde liegen können. Resultate. Obductionsbefunde. n (Gewulstete Knochennarbe. Verwachsung der Dura. Innere Hirnhäute verdickt, getrübt, serös infiltrirt. Gehirnsub- stanz blutarm und derb. Hydrops ven- trieulorum. Trübung der Hirnhänte. Gehirn blutarm und weich. Granulirtes Ependym. Hy- drops ventriculorum. Befund wie bei No. 1. Tr TER TE LE En NEE EEE EN ER RSERSSHIETUEE 9% 132 Dr. Hartmann, - RE, Be LTE EEE ET A TEE U MAL ED TEE EEE ei“ + EA (Me AN er EEE ei E i 3 orm > Sun Unmittelbare »r = des des RN er a olgen. 3 Autors. Traumas. ® Psychose. 8 „a Stirn. haupt. 4. [Schlager. 5.| derselbe 6.| derselbe desgleichen. 7. derselbe Sturz auf die linke Stirn. 8.1 derselbe Sturz auf die linke Scheitelgegend. 9.1 derselbe Sturz auf die linke Stirn. 10.] derselbe Sturz auf das rechte Scheitelbein. 1% v.Krafit-EbingjSturz auf das linke Scheitelbein. 12. derselbe Sturz gegen den Kopf. 13. | derselbe Schuss gegen die linke Kopfhälfte. 14. | derselbe Verletzung über dem linken Scheitel- bein. Sturz auf das Hinter- Schlag auf die rechte] Unbesinnlichkeit. | Tobsucht; später Pa- ralyse. Tobsucht; später Pa- ralyse. Bewusstlosigkeit. desgleichen. Tobsucht (daneben: Taubheit, Amau- rose, Schwindel- gefühl.) Dumpfer localer|f Tobsucht; später Kopfschmerz. Blödsinn. Dumpfer Kopf-I Melancholie, später schmerz. Paralyse. Kopfschmerz. Melancholie. Bewusstlosigkeit. [ Tobsucht mit Epi- lepsie. desgleichen. Maniakalische Exal- tation, später Pa- ralyse. Kurzer Schwindel. Melancholie , später Paralyse. Erbrechen. Melancholie, später Paralyse. Chronisch maniaka- lische Exaltation, später Blödsinn. Ueber Geislesstörungen nach Kop fverletzungen. Obduetionsbefunde. Trübung und Adhärenz der inneren Hirn- häute. Fibringerinnsel im grossen Si- nus. Gehirn blutarm. Hydrops ven- | trieulorum. Trübung und seröse Infiltration der inne- ' ren Hirnhäute. Herdförmige eystoide | Erweichung in der rechten Hemisphäre ' Binten. Hydrops ventrieulorum. Ge- ı hirn blutarm. Tod in Folge von | Arachnitis; Hydrops ventrieulorum. Erschöpfung. 133 Bei Lebzeiten: Amaurose, spä- ter Amblyopie und Schwerhö- rigkeit. Nach dem Sturz Blutung ausbei- den Ohren, fünf Wochen später | Otorrhoe. — | Strabismus, | Aufhebung des | Sprachvermö- gens, Erbrechen, Schluchzen. Subduraler Bluterguss der rechten Hemi- sphäre bis zur Basis. Gehirn zähe. Chronischer Hydrocephalus. Doppels.Amblyop. Schwerhörigkeit. Innere Hirnhäute serös infiltrirt. Gehirn | Schwerhörigkeit. blutarm. | Bruch des reehten Scheitelbeines mit De- [Links Schwerhö- pression der Tab. vitr. — Verwachsung rigkeit; rechts der Dura und weichen Hirnhäute mit der Fracturstelle u. d. darunter befindl. Ge- hirnschwiele. Arachn. haem. fibr. convexä dextr. — Bräunlichgelber Erweichungs- herd imrechten und linken Mittellappen. Depression des linken Scheitelbeins. Pe- riostitis und Pachymeningitis ecircumser. adhaes. In der Dura stecken 2 Se- quester. Arachnitis eireumscripta. Impression des linken Stirnbeins. Lepto- meningitis chron. adhaes. Der Impres- sion entsprechend Erweichungsherd im linken Vorderlappen. Pachymeningitis externa. Oedema Piae. Hnaon ven- trieulorum. Pachy- und Leptomeningitis; Knorpel- plättchen in der Arachnoidea. Atrophie | einzelner Gyri. Hydrocephalus ext.; Atrophie des Gehirns. (Insufficienz und Stenose der Aortenklappen. Atheroma- töse Gefässdegeneration. | (ERBEREEEeE EEE EEE SEES EEE CENTER SEEDESSEEEENGL GEFRESSEN RATTE TEENS TESTER TEE taub. ei SV) > Dr. Hartmann, fe) z © .. on Unmittelbare vorn = des des nr der [«b} 3 Autors. Traumas. al Psychose. =} >| 15. \v. Krafft-EbingfUeberfabrenwerden | Bewusstlosigkeit. | Periodische Manie mit über den Schädel. apoplect. Anfällen, später Paralyse. 16. | derselbe. Sturz auf den Hin-| Kurze Bewusstlo-| Tobsucht, später Pa- terkopf. sigkeit. ralyse. 17.1 Köppe. Schläge auf den Kopf.| Bewusstlosigkeit. | Tobsüchtige Exalta- tion, später Para- lyse. 18.1 Bax cit. von|Schuss in den Kopf. ? PeriodischeTobsucht. Bergmann. 19. | Beck. Sturz auf den Kopf. | Bewusstlosigkeit. | Primäre Demenz. 20.| Bruns. Schuss in den Kopf. | desgleichen. Demenz mit Epilep- sie. (Erblindung). 21.1 Meyer. Fall auf den Hinter-| Kurze Betäubung,| Paralyse. kopf. (seröser Ohren- fluss). 22.1] Schmidt. Schläge gegen den ? Melancholie, später Kopf. Blödsinn. 23. | derselbe. Sturz auf den Kopf. 3 Hypochondrie, später 1 Blödsinn mit Lähm. 24. | derselbe. Sturz auf den Hin- ? Melancholie, später terkopf u. Rücken. Paralyse mit Tabes. 25. | derselbe. Auffallen einer Last| Längere Bewusst- Paralyse. gegen den Kopf. losigkeit. 26. | derselbe. Sturz auf den Kopf. ? Paralyse. 27.1 derselbe. Sturz anf den Kopf ? Paralyse. und Rücken. 28. Westphal —|Schlag (?) gegen den| Benommenheit. Agitirter Blödsinn. Jastrowitz Kopf. (Depression des Stirnbeins.) Ueber Geistesstörungen nach Kopfverletzuugen. 135 Obduetionsbefunde. Tod nach über 23 Jahren. Tod nach 6 Jah- ren. Tod nach 7 Jah- ren. Tod in Folge von Rausch unter Convuls. nach ea. 4 Jahren. Tod naeh 3 Jah- Ten: | | Tod nach 4 Jah- ren. Alter Bruch des Schläfenbeins mit Im- pression. Verwachsung der Dura. Kno- chensplitter zwischen den Gyris. Pachy- men. ext. fibr. conv. Hydrops ventr; desgl. unter d. Dura viel seröse Flüssigkeit. Oe- dema Piae. Arteriosklerose des Gehirns. Hyperostose und Sklerose des Schädels. Pachymeningitis externa ossificans. Pia getrübt und adhärent. Knochennarbe. Infiltration und Trübung der weichen Hirnhäute; frische dünne Hämatome; erw. Ventr.; Gehirn derb. Kugel im Knochen an der Spitze der Lambdanaht eingewachsen. Abscess in der linken Hemisphäre. Bruch der rechten Schläfenschuppe dar- unter gelber Erweichungsherd im Ge- hirn; eitrige Arachnitis. Fractur des Stirnbeins, darunter Ver- wachsung der Dura und Arachnoidea; im Stirnlappen ein gelbgrauer Tumor (eingedickter Abscess?). Erweichung des Vorderlappens. Atrophie d. Optici. Exostose in der mittleren Schädelgrube. Pachymeningitis haemorrhagica. Atro- phie der Rindenschicht. Körnchenzel- lenwucherung im Stirnlapen. Sklerose des Schädeldaches. Pachymening. haemorrh. fibr. Arachnitis. Hydrops sub- arachn. Unter dem Tub. front. ein bohnen- grosser Tumor der Gehirnsubstanz. Hyperostotischer Schädel; Exostosen. Pa- chymeningitis. Hydrops ventrie. IV. Arachnitis chronica. Graue Degeneration der hinteren Rückenmarksstränge. Pachymeningitis. Hydrops ventrieulor. Atheromatöse Degeneration und aneu- rysmatische Erweiterung d. Hirngefässe. Arachnitis. Frischer Bluterguss in der linken Schläfengrube. Pachymeningitis int. fibr. haemorrh. des Gehirn u. Rückmarks. Arachnitis chron. Hydrops ventrie. Erweiterung einer A. ver- tebr. Atrophie u. Erweichung der Med. spin. in der Höhe des I. Brustwirbels. Rückfällig nach Besserung durch Narbenexeision. Tod .n. ‚Erysipelas traumatie. migr. Pneumonie, Bräunlicher Erweichungsherd der II. und III. Stirnwindung. (Kein Bruch der | Tab. vitr. front.) u. m Trepanation. Yı; Die ungleichartige therapeutische Wirkungsweise der zwei elektrischen Stromesarten und die elek- trodiagnostische Gesichtsfelduntersuchung. Eine schematische Uebersicht. Von C. Engelskjön in Christiania. nnnnr Darch die Freundlichkeiteit des Herrn Professor Westphal wird in den nächsten Heften dieses Archivs eine Reihe von Artikeln Platz finden, in welchen ich meine seit fünf Jahren gesammelten Beobach- tungen über die ungleichartige therapeutische Wirkungsweise der zwei gebräuchlichen elektrischen Stromesarten und deren merkwürdigen Einfluss auf die Netzhaut u. s. w. veröffentlichen werde. Indessen wili ich nicht unterlassen, vorläufig eine kurze schematische Uebersicht über die gewonnenen Resultate dem ärztlichen Publicum mitzutheilen, da möglicherweise eintretende Hindernisse Unterbrechungen in den Publieationen veranlassen könnten. Christiania, im October 1833. 1. Bei Versuchen an Kranken, welche an Gefässneurosen der Haut litten, hat es sfeh herausgestellt, dass sich die zwei ge- bräuchlichen elektrischen Stromesarten bei localer Application — im Wasserbade — auf die kranke Haut bezüglich ihrer Einwirkung auf die Gefässe entgegengesetzt verhalten, indem der faradische Strom die spastisch verengten Gefässe erweitert, während der galvanische Strom umgekehrt die activ erweiterten Gefässe verengt. Dement- sprechend wurde gleichzeitig durch den faradischen Strom ein Steigen, Die ungleichartige therapeutische Wirkungsweise etc. 137 durch den galvanischen ein Sinken der Temperatur beobachtet. — Diese Differenz der Stromeswirkungen scheint eine Folge des Ein- flusses der Elektricität auf die localen Ganglienapparate der Gefäss- wände zu sein. 2. Bei centraler Anwendung der Elektrieität wurde in Fällen von Gefässneurosen der Haut ebenfalls ein verschiedenartiger Effect der zwei Stromesarten beobachtet, indem im gegebenen Falle nur durch Anwendung der einen Stromesart, bald der faradischen, bald der galvanischen, Heilung erfolgte. 3. Bei comparativen Versuchen an Kranken, die an Hemicranie und sonstigen Neurosen des Gentralnervensystems litten, hat es sich gleichfalls gezeigt, dass sich bei geeigneter centraler Application der faradische Strom dem galvanischen gegenüber therapeutisch ent- gegengesetzt verhält, indem nur die eine (positive) Stromesart im gegebenen Falle Heilung, die andere (negative) dagegen Verschlim- merung bewirkte. Die verschiedenartige Wirkung der beiden Stromes- arten auf die subjectiven Krankheitssymptome zeigte sich öfters augen- blicklich und überraschend. — Man vermag in der That den Effect der einen Stromesart durch die andere zu heben, wovon man sich oft schon beim ersten comparativen Versuch überzeugen kann. 4. Da es sich mit den centralen Neurosen, welche ich Ge- legenheit zu untersuchen gehabt habe, insofern wie mit der Hemi- cranie verhält, dass in dem einen Falle nur der faradische, in dem anderen nur der galvanische Strom Heilwirkungen entfaltet, während die Behandlung mit der negativen Stromesart schädlich wirkt, so scheinen sie die eigenthümliche dualistische Natur mit der Hemicranie zu theilen. 9. . Neurotische Krankheiten der sympathischen Ganglien, wie die Stenocardie, die Gardialgie u. s. w. verhalten sich den elektrischen Stromesarten gegenüber genau wie die Neurosen der Centralorgane. 6. Ich habe auch Fälle beobachtet, welche ihrem klinischen Bilde nach unzweifelhaft Krankheitsformen angehörten, die von nach- weisbarer Entartung der Centralorgane begleitet werden, und welche sich dennoch den Stromesarten gegenüber ganz wie Neurosen ver- hielten und auch bei geeigneter elektrischer Behandlung rasch geheilt _ wurden. — Entweder sind solche Fälle wirkliche Neurosen, oder man kann sich denken, dass die für jene Krankheiten eigenthümliche Degeneration von einem bei den verschiedenen Individuen kürzer oder länger dauernden anfänglichen neurotischen Process eingeleitet und bedingt werden. 7. Es ist mehr als wahrscheinlich, dass die Art und Natur der 138 ©. Engelskjön, ätiologischen Momente auf das Zustandekommen des speciellen Krank heitsmodus einen bestimmenden Einfluss ausüben, so dass z. B. eine nosogene Potenz, die zur Entstehung der vasomotorischen Form der Hemicranie Anlass giebt, niemals die Entwickelung der anderen Form dieser Krankheit bedingen kann und umgekehrt. Unsere Kenntniss der Aetiologie würde uns also befähigen, im gegebenen Falle die richtige Wahl der Stromesart zu treffen. 8. Ein krankhafter Zustand der Spinalganglien kann durch Re- flex auf das Rückenmark zur Entwickelung spinaler Krankheitssym- ptome Veranlassung geben. Ebenso kann ein krankhafter Zustand des letzteren Organs — wie bekannt — reflectorisch auf das Gehirn ein- wirken und cerebrale Symptome hervorrufen. Der reflectorische Pro- cess ist immer aufsteigend. Fast immer muss das secundär er- krankte Organ mit einer anderen Stromesart behandelt werden, als das primär erkrankte. 9. Cerebrale Symptome behandle ich mittelst Elektrisirung der Öblong. (die eine Elektrode in der Nackengrube, die andere oberhalb des Larynx). Spinale Symptome können, falls sie nicht refleetorisch durch einen krankhaften Zustand der Oauda, i. e. deren Spinalgan- glien, hervorgerufen sind, einfach mittelst Durchleiten der Blektricität durch den untersten Theil des Gervicalmarks behandelt werden. 10. Die bekannte „Verschlimmmerung“ der Krankheitssymptome, welche nach längerem curgemässen Gebrauch der Elektrieität beob- achtet wird, schreibt sich von der Einwirkung des Stroms auf das gesunde Nervengewebe her (die elektrische Neurose). 11. Die Elektrisirung des Gehirns, des Rückenmarks, der Gan- glien und des Hautorgans übt eine mächtige Wirkung auf die Func- tionen der Netzhaut aus, indem im gegebenen Falle die positive Stromesart das Gesichtsfeld erweitert und das Sehvermögen — jeden- falls mitunter — steigert, während die negative Stromesart das Ge- sichtsfeld beschränkt. Da diese Wirkung der elektrischen Stromesart augenblicklich erscheint, und der Effect auf das Gesichtsfeld sehr be- deutend sein kann, lässt sich die erwähnte Eigenschaft der Rlektrieität als Nachweis der im speciellen Krankheitsfalle zu gebrauchenden Stromesart benutzen, falls sich die differente Wirkung der Stromes- arten auf die subjectiven Krankheitssymptome nicht gleich beim ersten Versuch zeigt (die indicatorische oder elektrodiagnostische Gesichts- felduntersuchung). 12. Lässt man kaltes oder warmes Wasser auf die Haut einige Minuten hindurch einwirken, wird im speciellen Krankheitsfalle mei- nen — übrigens spärlichen — Beobachtungen nach, von dem kalten Die ungleichartige therapeutische Wirkungsweise etc. 139 Wasser dieselbe Wirkung auf das Gesichtsfeld wie von dem galvani- schen Strom, von dem warmen Wasser dieselbe wie von dem In- ductionsstrom ereugt. — Auch Frottirung der Haut kann auf das Ge- sichtsfeld einwirken. 15. Bei allgemeiner Einwirkung auf das Hautorgan übt das kalte und das warme Wasser im gegebenen Krankheitsfalle dieselben therapeutischen Wirkungen aus, wie der galvanische und der fara- dische Strom bei centraler Anwendung. Das kalte Wasser wirkt ähn- lich wie der Galvanısmus, das warme Wasser wie der Indnctionsstrom. Kennt man die für den speciellen Fall geeignete Stromesart, so ist man also auch im Stande, das für denselben Fall passende balneo- logische Verfahren anzugeben. Umgekehrt kann man die positiven oder negativen Wirkungen einer durchgemachten Kalt- oder Warmwasser- cur als Anzeichen für das einzuschlagende elektrotherapeutische Ver- fahren benutzen. ' 14. So kommen Fälle von Nervenkrankheiten vor, welche, ohne sich von anderen ähnlichen, die durch die dynamischen Wirkungen der Elektricität geheilt werden können, zu unterscheiden, nichts desto weniger nicht durch Elektrisirung der Centralorgane geheilt werden, sondern sich vielmehr auf diese Weise verschlimmern. Einige dieser Fälle lassen sich dagegen durch Elektrisirung des Hautorgans, i. e. durch die reflectorische Einwirkung des Stromes beseitigen. 15. Bei Einwirkung der Stromesarten auf die Nervenleitungen habe ich eine qualitativ verschiedene therapeutische Effeetwirkung nie beobachtet. 16. Die durch Blektrotherapie heilbaren Fälle von peripheren Nervenkrankheiten, welche ich bisher zu beobachten Gelegenheit ge- habt habe, und die nicht in einer anatomischen Veränderung der Lei- tungsbahnen oder in einem reflexogenen Uebel wurzelten, also z. B. die sogenannten idiopahtischen Neuralgien u. dgl. hatten gewöhnlich ihren wahren Ursprung in den Centralorganen :oder ausnahmsweise in den Ganglien. Sie verhielten sich den Stromesarten gegenüber ganz wie die Hemicranie und verschwanden, falls sie centralen Ursprungs waren, durch Elektrisirung der Oblongata oder des Oervicalmarks, auch in solchen Fällen, wo die übliche periphere Elektrisirung erfolg- los geblieben war. Eine Anzahl dieser Fälle liess sich auch durch die erregende Einwirkung des Stromes günstig beeinflussen. 17. Auch auf die Entstehung des speciellen Krankheitsmodus dieser Neurosen scheinen die ätiologischen Momente einen bestimmen- den Einfluss auszuüben. — Die Gesichtsfeldprobe kann dem Arzt in der Wahl des Stromes behülflich sein. vu Aus der medicinischen Klinik in Heidelberg. Ein Fall von acuter aufsteigender Paralyse. im | Dr. J. Hoffmann, klin. Assistenzarzt. nn nn nun Use Zugrundelegung von vier Fällen stellte Westphal*) als cha- rakteristisch für die von Landry**) zuerst beschriebene Krankheit „acute aufsteigende Paralyse“ das Fortbestehen der normalen electri- schen Erregbarkeit von Muskeln und Nerven, die im Verhältniss zu der motorischen Lähmung geringfügigen Sensibilitätsstörungen, den fieberlosen Verlauf, vor Allem aber den trotz genauester mikrosko- pischer Untersuchung absolut negativen Befund im Üentralnerven- system hin. Der betreffende Autor konnte sich ausser auf das Resultat seiner eignen Untersuchungen noch auf den negativen anatomischen Befund der bis dahin veröffentlichten, gut untersuchten Fälle von Vulpian*“*), Bernhardtf) und Pellegrino-Levirr) stützen. Die- fenigen mit positivem Befund von Harley and Lockhart Clarkerrf) und Ohalvet-Kiener”yr) hielten einer scharfen Kritik nicht Stand. *) C. Westphal, Dieses Archiv. Bd. VI. S. 764. **) Landry, Note sur la paralys. asc. aig. Gazette hebdom. 1859. No. 50 und 31. ***) Vulpian, Lecons sur les maladies du systeme nerveux. Paris 1877. pag. 188. 7) Bernhardt, Beiträge zur Lehre von der acuten allgem. Paralyse. — ‘ Berl. klin. Wochenschr. 1871. No. 47. tr) Pellegrino-Levi, De la paralys. asc. aigu. Archiv. gener. 1865. 1 mp:129: {17) Hariey and Lockhart Clarke, Fatal case of acute progr. Paralysis; Lancet 1868. Oct. 3. *r) Chalvet-Kiener, Gaz. d, höp. 1871. No. 93. Ein Fall von acuter aufsteigender Paralyse. 141 Das vollkommene Fehlen irgend welcher anatomischer Verände- rungen des Rückenmarks und der Medulla oblongata, die in einigen Fällen gefundene Schwellung und Trübung der parenchymatösen OT- gane des Unterleibs sowie der Lymphdrüsen brachten Westphal» wie auch schon frühere Beobachter, zu der Vermuthung, dass es sich um eine Intoxicationskrankheit handeln könnte. Diese Ansicht musste durch die kurz vorher erschienene Publication von Baumgarten”), der bekanntlich eine acute ascendirende Paralyse bei einem Milzbrand- kranken beobachtete, noch bestärkt werden. Von den seit jener Zeit unter dem Namen der acuten aufsteigen- den Paralyse veröffentlichten Beobachtungen, bei denen es zur Section kam und eine mikroskopische Untersuchung vorgenommen wurde, passt nur noch der Fall von Kahler und Pick**) in den engen Rahmen der Krankheit und auch dieser nur, wenn man von der bei öfters wiederholten Prüfungen stets vorgefundenen leichten Herabsetzung der directen electrischen Erregbarkeit absieht. In diesem wie in _ einem andern von obigen Autoren ebendaselbst publicirten Falle ist, als bis dahin nicht beobachtet, eine Verlangsamung der Temperatur- empfindung constatirt worden. Baumgarten”**), Leydenf), BEisenlohrff), Kümmelrrr) und Schultze*r) erhielten in je einem Falle positiven anatomischen Be- fund im Rückenmark und in der Medulla oblongata. Durch dieselben wurde die Einreihung dieser Krankheitsform unter die acuten Myeli- tiden wieder angebahnt. Auch Erb rechnet in seiner 2. Auflage der Rückenmarkskrankheiten die Fälle von Leyden und Baumgarten in jene Öategorie, spricht ihnen aber den Anspruch auf die Benennung „acute aufsteigende Paralyse“ in so fern ab, als sie mit dem von Westphal präcisirten Symptomenbild in mancher Beziehung differiren. Folgender auf der medicinischen Abtheilung noch zu Lebzeiten des Herrn Geheimrath Friedreich von mir beobachteter Fall ist bei *, Kahler und Pick, Zu der Lehre von der acuten aufst. Paralyse. — Dieses Archiv Bd. X. Heft 2. . *%) Baumgarten, Eigenth. Fall von Paralys. asc. aig. mit Pilzbildung im Blut. Archiv d. Heilk. XVII. S. 245. 1876. *##) Leyden: v.d. Velden, Fall von acuter aufst. spinal. Paralyse. — Deutsches Archiv f. klin. Med. XIX. S. 333. 1877. +) Eisenlohr, Ein Fall von Paralys. ascendens acuta. Virchow’s Archiv LXXIL. 1878. p. 20. 7r) Kümmel, Zeitschrift f. klin. Med. Bd. II. S. 273. +77) Schulz-Schultze, Archiv f. Psych. XII. Heft 2, 142 Dr. J. Hoffmann. der noch immer schwebenden Frage, ob acute Myelitis zu Grunde liest oder nicht, wohl geeignet einen Schritt weiter in der Entschei- dung zu führen. — | Louise Hebert, 36 Jahre alt, Tagelöhnersfrau aus Heidelberg, rec. 1. August 1881, gestorben 3. August. Die Eltern der Patientin starben an ihr unbekannten Krankheiten, eine noch lebende Schwester ist gesund. Patientin will in ihrer Jugend nie krank gewesen sein, menstruirte stets regelmässig und ohne Schmerzen, gebar nie. Im Jahre 1876 wurde sie sechs Wochen lang an profusen Blutungen aus den Genitalien behandelt, verliess völlig hergestellt und in gutem Kräftezustand das Spital und hatte bis zum Beginn ihrer jetzigen Krankheit keinerlei Be- schwerden. ' Nachdem Patientin sich bereits 8 Tage trotz gleichbleibender Beschäf- tigung müder als sonst gefühlt hatte, arbeitete sie am 15. und 16. Juli sehr angestrengt und schwitzte beim Waschen sehr stark; gefroren will sie nicht haben. Die am 16. Juli eingetretenen Menses zeigten sich am 17. nur noch in Spuren und blieben dann ganz weg. An diesem Tage setzte sie ihre täg- liche Arbeit noch fort irotz ungewöhnlicher Müdigkeit in den Beinen, die ihr beim Treppensteigen noch deutlicher auffiel. In der Nacht vom 17. auf den 18. Juli bemerkte sie „Wimmeln“ in den Oberschenkeln; keine Schmerzen, keine sonstigen 'Sensationen. Am 18. ging sie in die Stadt, konnte aber vor Müdigkeit kaum noch den Weg nach Hause zurücklegen. Vom 19. an blieb sie zu Bett, weil ihr das Gehen unmöglich geworden war. Während der letzten beiden Tage nahm sie gleichzeitig mit der wachsen- den Schwäche in den Beinen eine Abnahme der Kräfte in den Armen wahr. Am 21. fand man sie vor dem Bette liegend; sie war aufgestanden, um zu uriniren, war aber zusammengebrochen und vermochte nicht wieder auf- zustehen. Am 25. fiel ihr das Kauen schwer, während sie noch gut schlucken konnte. Die Stimme nahm an Deutlichkeit ab. Bis 29. Juli hatten sich zur vollständigen Unfähigkeit zu kauen, auch Deglutitionsbeschwerden hinzugesellt. Patientin geniesst von diesem Tage an nur Flüssigkeiten, weil diese „so hinunterlaufen“. Gleichzeitig wurde ein mangelhaftes Heben des oberen Lides und Thränen des rechten Auges bemerkt. Seit einigen Tagen besteht drückender Schmerz in der Schläfengegend ; sonst weder reissende noch stechende Schmerzen; kein Schwindel, keine Rücken- schmerzen, kein Fieber, keine Urinbeschwerden, dagegen Obstipation. Das Sensorium war stets frei. Patientin wurde am Abend des 1. August auf die innere Klinik aufge- nommen, worauf folgender Status notirt wurde: Die Kranke nimmt die Rückenlage mit erhöhtem Oberkörper ein, ist von mittlerer Grösse und kräftigem Knochenbau, besitzt eine gut entwickelte Mus- kulatur, mässiges Fettpolster. Schleimhaut der Conjunctiva und der Lippen Ein Fall von acuter aufsteigender Paralyse. 143 von normaler Farbe; Hände und Füsse warm. Temperatur in der Achselhöhle 37,5°C. Puls 82, regelmässig. Arterie mittelweit, von guter Spannung. Respiration 24, nicht dyspnoisch, costal. Beide Thoraxhälften heben sich bei tiefer Inspiration gleichmässig. Abdomen weich. nicht eingesunken, auf Druck nicht schmerzhaft. | Die unteren Extremitäten liegen gestreckt neben einander, eine abnorme Stellung der Füsse und der Zehen ist nicht wahrzunehmen. Willkürliches Heben der Beine unmöglich; ebenso wenig können Beugung und Streckung im Kniegelenk ausgeführt werden. Bringt man ein Bein in Abduction und fordert die Patientin auf, es in die vorherige Lage zurückzubringen, so dreht sie das Becken etwas, ohne aber damit das Ziel zu erreichen, wenn auch eine geringe Rotation des Beines dadurch erzeugt wird. Die Bewegungen in den Fuss- und in den Zehengelenken werden noch ziemlich prompt und mit eini- ser Kraft ausgeführt. Passive Bewegungen sind ohne Widerstand ausführbar; keine Muskelspannungen oder Contracturen; keine Schmerzen bei den Bewe- gungen. Muskulatur des Oberschenkels schlaff, auf Druck nicht schmerzhaft, keineswegs atrophisch. Ausser einmaligem rasch vorübergehendem Ameisen- . kriechen in den Öberscherkeln fehlten alle subjectiven Sensibilitätsstörungen. Auch objectiv lässt sich ein abnormes Verhalten der Schmerz-, Tast- und Tem- peraturempfindung nicht nachweisen. Ebenso wird jede Stellungsveränderung der Beine genau angegeben. Die Hautreflexe von den Fusssohlen sind erhal- ten, Nadelstiche in die Fusssohlen rufen Bewegungen in den Fussgelenken hervor. Die Patellarreflexe sind beiderseits erloschen. Temperatur und Farbe der Haut der Beine normal; kein Decubitus. In beiden oberen Extremitäten besteht eine ziemlich hochgradige Parese und zwar in der rechten etwas stärker ausgeprägt, als in der linken. Es wer- den jedoch noch in allen Gelenken Bewegungen ausgeführt; nur erfolgen die- selben langsam und matt. Patientin vermag ihr Taschentuch zum Munde zu führen um den ausfliessenden Speichel wegzuwischen. Das Heben der Arme im Schultergelenkist weniger ergiebig und erfolgt nur langsam und mit grosser Anstrengung. Händedruck beiderseits kraftlos. Sensibilität normal. Drücken und Beklopfen der Wirbelsäule wird nicht als besonders schmerz- haft empfunden. Gesichtszüge schlaff; Mund geöffnet, Mundspalte weit. Der Unterkiefer ist herabgesunken, wodurch das Gesicht eine stark längliche Form bekommt. Nasolabialfalten abgeflacht. Spitzen und Schliessen des Mundes, Pfeifen und Blasen, Runzeln der Stirne unmöglich; jede Bewegung der mimischen Ge- sichtsmuskeln unausführbar. Bei der Aufforderung, die Zähne aufeinander zu beissen, hebt Patient den Unterkiefer mit der Hand in die Höhe. Nicht eine Spur von Contraction der Masseteren und Temporales nachweisbar. Ueber die herabhängende Unterlippe fliesst eine reichliche Menge Speichel, so dass Patientin genöthigt ist, denselben beständig wegzuwischen. Ob eine gesteigerte Speichelabsonderung besteht, ist schwer festzustellen, da dass ‚ Ausfliessen des Speichels durch die Deglutitionsbeschwerden einerseits und das Herabgesunkensein des Unterkiefers andererseits sich auch erklären lässt. 144 Dr. J. Hoffmann, Die sensible Wurzel des Trigeminus ist intact. Nadelsliche und einfache Berührung des Gesichtes mit dem Nadelkopf werden genau angegeben. Die Augenbewegungen gehen beiderseits in normaler Weise von Statten. Der Ast für den Levat. palp. sup. ocul. dextr. scheint affieirt zu sein, denn die rechte Lidspalte ist enger als die linke und das obere Augenlid wird nicht in gleichem Masse wie das linke gehoben. Die Pupillen sind von mittlerer, beiderseits gleicher Weite, reagiren normal. Sehvermögen nicht gestört. Patientin giebt an, dass sie seit einigen Tagen Sausen und Brausen im rechten Ohre habe; die Hörfähigkeit des betreffenden Ohres ist nicht her- abgesetzt. Geruch und Geschmack erhalten, nicht verändert. Bei dem Versuche, feste Speisen zu schlucken, bleiben die Bissen im Halse stecken und werden von der Patientin mit den Fingern herausgeholt. Nach dem Trinken von Milch und Wein tritt häufig Husten ein. Die Bewegungen der Zunge sind nicht ganz frei, doch wird dieselbe gut vorgestreckt. Das Gaumensegel wird gut gehoben. Articulation unrein; B und F kann sie nicht sprechen. Aphonie besteht nicht, die Stimme ist schwach. Diaphragma und äussere Rumpfmuskeln agiren normal. Die Untersuchung der inneren Organe ergiebt normale Verhältnisse. Es besteht hartnäckige Obstipation, gegen die vor ihrer Aufnahme schon Abführmittel angewandt wurden; seit 3 Tagen kein Stuhl. Urinentleerung bis dahin normal. Harn hochgestellt, reagirt sauer; specifisches Gewicht 1020, enthält weder Albumen noch Zucker. 2. August. Die während der Nacht in dreistündlichen Intervallen vor- genommene Temperaturmessung ergab normale Temperaturen. Schlaf gering; keine Schmerzen; Sensorium frei. Ueber den Lungen hört man überall vesiculäres Athmen ohne Rasselge- räusche. Resp. 24. Pulsfrequenz 80. Patientin nahm Milch, Wein und Fleischbrühe zu sich. Harn- und Stuhlretention. Bei der klinischen Vorstellung um 11 Uhr wurde beschriebener Befund bestätigt, ausserdem aber noch ein continuirliches schwaches Hüsteln constatirt, das sich im Laufe des Morgens eingestellt hatte und unabhängig von Genuss von flüssigen Speisen und Getränken fortbestand. Die Deglutitionsbeschwerden sind beträchtlich gesteigert, insofern Flüssiges im Sitzen von der Patientin nur mit grosser Anstrengung geschluckt wird, worauf einige Hustenstösse folgen. Auch wird der Kopf nicht mehr gerade gehalten; derselbe zeigt Nei- gung nach vorn zu sinken. | Die klinische Diagnose lautete auf Paralysis ascendens acuta. Ord.: 8 trockene Schröpfköpfe auf jeder Seite der Wirbelsäule. Abreiben des Rückens mit Liniment. Stokes Morgens und Abends. Kal. jod. 10:150,0 3 Mal täg- lich 1 Esslöffel. 1 Klysma und später 1 Kaffeelöffel Curella’sches Pulver. Nach der klinischen Vorstellung wurde, da eine spontane Urinentleerung Ein Fall von acuter aufsteigender Paralyse., 145 bis dahin nicht erfolet und die Blase gefüllt war, katheterisirt. Der Harn hatte eine saturirte Farbe, war frei von Eiweiss und Zucker. Um 2'/, Uhr Nachmittags ist die Temperatur auf 38,6 ° C. gestiegen.
| 18,481 |
https://github.com/Narasimha-sai/tatum/blob/master/tatum/ledger/customer.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
tatum
|
Narasimha-sai
|
Python
|
Code
| 162 | 892 |
import http.client
import json
import validator.ledger as ledger_validator
import requests
import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv
load_dotenv()
conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(os.environ['API_URL'])
API_KEY = os.environ['API_KEY']
def headers(for_post = False):
if for_post:
return {
'content-type': "application/json",
'x-api-key': API_KEY
}
else:
return {
'x-api-key': API_KEY
}
def list_all_customers(query_params):
if ledger_validator.page_size_query_params(query_params):
if len(query_params) != 1:
conn.request("GET", "/v3/ledger/customer?pageSize={}&offset={}".format(query_params['pageSize'], query_params['offset']), headers=headers())
else:
conn.request("GET", "/v3/ledger/customer?pageSize={}".format(query_params['pageSize']), headers=headers())
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
return data.decode("utf-8")
def get_customer_details(path_params):
if ledger_validator.id_path_param(path_params):
conn.request("GET", "/v3/ledger/customer/{}".format(path_params['id']), headers=headers())
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
return data.decode("utf-8")
def update_customer(path_params, body_params):
if ledger_validator.update_customer(path_params, body_params):
body_params = json.dumps(body_params)
conn.request("PUT", "/v3/ledger/customer/{}".format(path_params['id']), body_params, headers=headers(for_post=True))
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
return data.decode("utf-8")
def activate_customer(path_params):
if ledger_validator.id_path_param(path_params):
conn.request("PUT", "/v3/ledger/customer/{}/activate".format(path_params['id']), headers=headers())
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
return data.decode("utf-8")
def deactivate_customer(path_params):
if ledger_validator.id_path_param(path_params):
conn.request("PUT", "/v3/ledger/customer/{}/deactivate".format(path_params['id']), headers=headers())
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
return data.decode("utf-8")
def enable_customer(path_params):
if ledger_validator.id_path_param(path_params):
conn.request("PUT", "/v3/ledger/customer/{}/enable".format(path_params['id']), headers=headers())
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
return data.decode("utf-8")
def disable_customer(path_params):
if ledger_validator.id_path_param(path_params):
conn.request("PUT", "/v3/ledger/customer/{}/disable".format(path_params['id']), headers=headers())
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
return data.decode("utf-8")
| 46,352 |
US-56772122-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,922 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,130 | 1,570 |
Electric-motor drive
Feb. 17,1925.
F. H. CLOUGH ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE Filed June 12, 1922 Inventor: j wed ericl-lforion (7015972 WW,@M
Patented Feb.'17, 1925.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
FREDERICK H. CLO'UGH, OF HILLIVIORTON, NEAR RUGBY, ENGLAND, ASSIGNOR- TO GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.
ELECTRIC-MOTOR DRIVE.
Application filed June 12, 1922.
To all 10710222 it may concern:
Be it known that I, FREDERICK HORTON CLoUcH, a subject of the British Empire, residing at Hillmorton, near Rugby, England, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in and Relating to Electric- Motor Drives, of which the following is a specification.
This invention relates to electric motor drives and is particularly applicable to the driving of machinery having parts designed to rotate at slightly different speeds.
In certain kinds of machinery, for eX- ample, machinery used in the preparation and spinning of cotton, there are two shafts or other members which rotate at approximately the same speed, but in which there a small difference in speed which has to be controlled. Casesof this kind occur in slubbers and intermediate flyers, rovers and liy frames, and it is the custom to arrange the separate shaftsconcentrically one inside the other and to drive them separatelyat different speeds, for example, to employ differential mechanism to enable the difference in the speed to be controlled or to drive one member by friction from the other and to apply a braking mechanism to the frictionally driven member to produce the necessary retardation. I
The present invention provides electrical apparatus for driving such members at slightly different speeds, and to effect this purpose according to the invention, the members are driven by a motor having two rotors, one driving each of the two abovementioned shafts or other members.
For a better understanding of my invention, reference may be had to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing, in which the single figure shows a machine having an electric motor drive in. accordance with my invention.
The drawing illustrates my electric drive for a machine employed for spinning flax or similar material. The central vertical spindle 1 has fixed at its upper end the flyer frame 2. Surrounding the spindle 1 and concentric therewith is a tubular shaft 3 upon the upper part of which the bobbin upon which the fibre is to be wound is placed. It will be realized that it is necesry o drive the sp d e 1 and he hollow Serial No. 567,721.
shaft 3 at slightly different speeds in order to enable winding to take place. The hollow shaft 3 will be driven at a slightly smaller speed than the spindle 1.
According to the invention this drive is effected by means of a motor such as an induction motor 4, the stator of which to which power is supplied being shown at 5. The spindle 1 forms the shaft of the rotor 6 which is of similar construction to a small squirrel cage armature and as there is practically no load upon the spindle 1, the latter will be rotated at substantially the synchronous speed corresponding to the frequency of the supply to the stator 5.
The tubular shaft 3 at its lower end carries a spider 7 which carries conductor bars which are located in the air gap between the stator 5 and central rotor 6. These conductors form a second rotor which would rotate at the same speed as the rotor 6 when the tubular shaft 3 is unloaded. \Vhen winding is going on, however, the drag of the fibre such as hemp or cotton yarn increases the slip of the second rotor so that the shaft 3 rotates at a slightly smaller speed than the spindle 1 and independently thereof.
It is well known that the actual slip of an induction motor can be changed by varying the voltage supplied to the winding of the stator 5 and in accordance with the present invention, the difference in speed between the spindle 1 and the hollow shaft 3 can be adjusted to any desired extent by varying the voltage supplied to the stator winding.
Other forms of motors can be employed according to the invention, for example, the rotor may consist of an iron core with definite poles produced either by permanent magnets or direct current windings. In this case the central rotor will rotate at synchronous speed. The second rotor revolving in the air gap may in the case of such a small motor consist of a metal cylinder. Furthermore, the rotors may be placed side by side within the stator.
W'hile' this type of drive is peculiarly suitable for use in connection with spinning machinery, the invention is not limited to such an application, but it may be employed wherever it is required to drive two members of a machine at slightly different speedsl v 7 parts adapteol to rotate atslightly different shaft,thegojherpart oflsaid inachine being Whatylplaim as new andd esire to secure motor, a shaft driyen by one of said rotors by,Lett r fi s b he nite ,L et l i ='i; an 1 h hl i'o sac parts of said 1. In combination, a machine having two I machine is mounted, "a second shaft surrounding the first mentioned shaft and driven by the other'of said rotors at -aspeed different from said first mentioned shaft, a motor having a single stator and two rotheother part of said machine being mounttors designed to operate at slightly different ed oiisaid second shaft. speeds, one of saidrotors being conne cted 5 111 combination, a machine having two to and adapted to driye one part of said parts aaaptearo' rotate at slightly different m ch and the othe o a rqt r ibe connected to the other part' of said machine and adapted to, drive said other part at a different, speed from said first mentioned :P I'F- 5 speeds, said parts being 'ciapabl'e ofinde pendent rotation with respect to each'other,
pendent rotation with respect to each' other, moto-rf haying a si'n glefst-ator and two ersf i ,offf ict rbtoif eiha lo t in A a i fine:anga btweea 11e stator and the other I 2. In combinationpa na-chinel aying twojrotor, Jone, offsaid" rotors being" connected parts, adapted to rptate at slightly different it ana' aaapta tq arive one part of said speeds said parts being capable of indemachine and'the other of 'saidirotorslb'eing ipendent rotation spect to eachiothei, connectedto the other part jof sa id machine a moto har ing a singlels tatoi W11 two mf adapted'to drive s'aid'fotherpart'at a i otors designed to operate at slightlyfiifir; ditferent speedfrom said first mentioned t speec ls a-shaft .driye11 by one; oflsaid' part. ,.- l?? 1dent;rotat1onw th-respect't' ea chother, In"wltnessfwliereof, I'ha-Ve hereunto set being driven asthe rotorof an induction.
| 44,820 |
https://github.com/AndroidX/androidx/blob/master/testutils/testutils-kmp/src/commonTest/kotlin/androidx/kruth/BooleanSubjectTest.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
androidx
|
AndroidX
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 211 | 506 |
/*
* Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package androidx.kruth
import kotlin.test.Test
import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
/**
* A mirror of existing tests in official Truth for parity.
*
* Partially migrated from Truth's source in Github:
* https://github.com/google/truth/blob/master/core/src/test/java/com/google/common/truth/BooleanSubjectTest.java
*
* Note: This does not include assertions against failure messages, as Kruth does not currently
* implement the same fact system Truth has yet.
*/
class BooleanSubjectTest {
@Test
fun isTrue() {
assertThat(true).isTrue()
}
@Test
fun nullIsTrueFailing() {
assertFailsWith<AssertionError> {
assertThat(null as Boolean?).isTrue()
}
}
@Test
fun nullIsFalseFailing() {
assertFailsWith<AssertionError> {
assertThat(null as Boolean?).isFalse()
}
}
@Test
fun isTrueFailing() {
assertFailsWith<AssertionError> {
assertThat(false).isTrue()
}
}
@Test
fun isFalse() {
assertThat(false).isFalse()
}
@Test
fun isFalseFailing() {
assertFailsWith<AssertionError> {
assertThat(true).isFalse()
}
}
}
| 278 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parona%20%28Itali%C3%AB%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Parona (Italië)
|
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parona (Italië)&action=history
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 78 | 193 |
Parona is een gemeente in de Italiaanse provincie Pavia (regio Lombardije) en telt 1793 inwoners (31-12-2004). De oppervlakte bedraagt 9,3 km², de bevolkingsdichtheid is 205 inwoners per km².
Demografie
Parona telt ongeveer 739 huishoudens. Het aantal inwoners steeg in de periode 1991-2001 met 13,2% volgens cijfers uit de tienjaarlijkse volkstellingen van ISTAT.
Geografie
De gemeente ligt op ongeveer 113 m boven zeeniveau.
Parona grenst aan de volgende gemeenten: Albonese, Cilavegna, Mortara, Vigevano.
Externe link
http://www.comune.parona.pv.it/
Gemeente in Pavia
| 38,632 |
US-7947287-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,987 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,169 | 4,817 |
Traveling irrigation system
ABSTRACT
This invention is an irrigation system which is mounted on parallel tracks and spans the distance therebetween. The main frame is of the truss type and includes a drive means on each end thereof. Also, a tensioning means is provided to assure perpendicular travel of the irrigation system relative to the support track to prevent any twisting tendency. The system can be operated either automatically or manually, and when on automatic, it will cycle back and forth over the designated area.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This relates to irrigating means and more particularly to power driven, traveling irrigation systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Since humanity first began tending plants, there has been a problem of administering water and other nutrients to assure normal growth of such plants. Various means have been devised from simply flooding ditches in fields to elaborate underground tube systems and above ground sprinkler systems.
More recently, the raising of plants in greenhouses has become increasingly popular since a much more controlled environment is provided. Relative to irrigating the plants in the greenhouses, various spray systems have been devised to eliminate hand watering, the most recent innovations dealing with rails mounted in the peak of the greenhouse and depending therefrom with outwardly extending manifolds carrying spray nozzles. These systems have at least two drawbacks. First, they are by nature flimsy when spanning anywhere near the width of a normal greenhouse and require guy wires and similar support means. Also, the amount of space taken up by the depending apparatus as well as the supporting guy wires and outwardly extending manifolds for all practical purposes eliminates the use of over head supported growing containers such as hanging pots and the like. This, reduces the usable interior greenhouse space by as much as one third to one half.
SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
After much research and study into the above-mentioned problems, the present invention has been developed to provide a means for irrigating large expanses of open area while utilizing a minimum of space. This is accomplished by providing a pair of parallely disposed tracks or rails at either side of the area to be irrigated and disposing a truss-like frame thereacross which is driven on both ends and includes selve adjusting means to assure perpendicular travel to prevent binding and other problems from developing during operation. This truss type frame carries one or more manifolds with a plurality of nozzles associated therewith. The system can water plants both above and below the same and can be operated either manually or automatically with both time of operation and volume of irrigating water dispersed being controlled. The irrigation system, the present invention, can be used either in enclosed areas such as greenhouses or can be used in conjunction with open fields.
In view of the above it is an object of the present invention to provide an irrigation system which spans relatively large, open areas.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an irrigation system for relatively large expanses which is supported on either end thereof.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an irrigation system spanning a relatively wide area and being supported on either end thereof by rail type members.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a space saving irrigation system including rails on each side of a relatively wide expanse with a truss-like frame carrying drive means, spray nozzle manifolds, and controls.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and obvious from a study of the following description and the accompanying drawings which are merely illustrative of such invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of the improved irrigation system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the left end portion thereof;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the right end portion thereof;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the central drive and control portion thereof; and
FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of the central panel of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIN OF THE INVENTION
With further reference to the drawings, the improved irrigation system of the present invention, indicated generally at 10, includes a mainframe, indicated generally at 11, having a left end portion, indicated generally at 12, a right end portion, indicated generally at 13, and a central portion, indicated generally at 14.
The main frame 11 is preferably of the truss type and includes a pair of generally parallely disposed upper frame members 15 and 16, a generally parallel lower frame member 17, and cross frame members 18 which interconnect said upper and lower frame members as can clearly be seen in the figures. Said cross frame members are fixedly secured to said upper and lower frame members by weldment or other suitable means.
End frames 19 and 20 connect the upper frame members 15 and 16 at the left and right end portions 12 and 13, respectively.
A generally U-shaped accessory support frame 21 is secured by weldment or other suitable means to the central portion of lower frame member 17. A generally L-shaped motor tension frame 22 is secured by weldment or other suitable means to upper frame member 16. The lower end of this frame has a threaded rod 23 attached thereto. Interiorly threaded sleeve 24 is threaded onto a rod 23 so that said sleeve can be adjusted upwardly and downwardly. A motor support bracket 25 is pivotively attached to lower frame member 17 at hinge points 26. Since hinge type pivots are well known to those skilled in the art, further detail discussion of this portion of the present invention is not deemed necessary.
A drive motor 27 is secured to support bracket 25 by suitable means such as mounting bolts 28. A pair of rearwardly extending drive shaft support arms 29 are secured by weldment or other suitable means across upper frame member 15 and 16. Bearing blocks 30 are secured to the outer ends of support arms 29 by suitable means such as bolts 31.
Elongating main drive shaft 32 is rotatively mounted through bearing blocks 30. In the central portion of drive shaft 32 is fixedly mounted a cone pulley 33. This cone pulley is aligned with an oppositely disposed cone pulley 34 fixedly mounted on the drive shaft 35 of motor 27. Thus, it can be seen that drive belt 36 can be moved up or down the cone pulleys 33 and 34 to increase or decrease the drive speed ratio between the motor drive shaft 34 and the main drive shaft 32.
Once proper location of the drive belt 36 on cone pulleys 33 and 34 has been determined, tension sleeve 24 can be manipulated up or down on threaded rod 23 so that, through pivotively mounted motor support bracket 25, proper tension on said drive belt can be established and maintained.
For convenience in assembly, one or more drive shaft couplers 37 can be provided. Since couplers of this type are well known to those skilled in the art, further detail discussion of the same is not necessary.
Main drive shaft 32 extends the length of main frame 11 and is periodically supported by support arms 29 and their associated bearing blocks 30. Adjacent the left end portion 12 is a double drive shaft support arm 38 that mounts a bearing block 30 on each end thereof. Also, an end double drive shaft support arm 39 is mounted on end frame 19 and supports bearing blocks 30 on each end thereof.
Fixedly mounted on the end of drive shaft 32, outside arm 39, is a concave wheel 40 for supporting and driving the irrigation system 10 of the present invention.
A second drive wheel 41, similar to wheel 40, is disposed outside of arm 39 and is fixedly mounted on secondary drive shaft 42 as can clearly be seen in FIG. 3. Drive sprockets 43 and 44 are fixedly mounted on drive shafts 32 and 42, respectively, and are interconnected by drive chain 45 which is trained thereabout. Thus it can be seen that, through sprockets 43 and 44 and their interconnecting drive chain 45, shafts 32 and 42 will rotate at the same speed to drive wheels 40 and 41 at the same speed along support rail 46.
Pivot bolts 47 are provided on opposite ends of arm 39 and swingingly mount tension brackets 48. The outer ends of these brackets rotatively mount downwardly extending tension rollers 49 which engage support rails 46 on the inside thereof.
Intermediate the ends of each of the tension brackets 48 is fixedly secured an L-shaped tension arm 50 projecting inwardly toward each other. The ends of these arms opposite their respective bracket 48 are secured to a tension spring 51. The opposite end of each of these springs is connected to a threaded tension rod 52.
A bracket 53 is secured to arm 38 and includes a cross member 54. Each of the threaded rods 52 are adapted to pass through openings in the ends of cross member 54 and the tension on each spring 51 is set by adjusting the nuts 55 threaded onto each of the rods 52. Thus, it can be seen that as rods 52 are shortened, more pressure is applied to each of the springs 51 which, through the respective arms 50 and bracket 48, apply pressure to the respective rollers 49 thus tensioning the entire frame against track 46 in the direction of right end portion 13.
Referring more specifically to the right end portion 13 shown in detail in FIG. 4, a drive shaft 32 is supported by double drive shaft arm 38' and end double drive shaft arm 39' with their associated bearing blocks 30. Likewise, secondary drive shaft 42' is supported by said arms and their associated bearings. The ends of drive shafts 32 and 42' both mount wheels 40' which are supported by a rail 46'.
It should be noted that the end arm 39' extends outwardly beyond the two drive shafts and rotatively mounts vertically disposed guide rollers 49' which differs from tension rollers 49 only in that there is no tensioning means provided on this end 13 of the present invention.
Drive sprockets 43' and 44' are fixedly secured to shafts 32 and 42' respectively and have trained thereabout drive chain 45'.
A control arm 56 is mounted below end arm 39' and secured thereto by brackets 57. On each end of control arm 56 is mounted a switch control 58 which is operatively secured to generally vertically disposed switch finger 59. A contact roller 60 is provided on one end of each of the fingers 59 and is adapted to engage cam plate 61 which is mounted on rail 46'. One of these cam plates 61 is provided at each end of railing 46' to control the limits of travel of the present invention as will here and after be described in greater detail.
Each of the switch controls 58 are connected through electrical line 62 to control panel 63 mounted in the central portion 14 of the present invention.
When the roller 60 of the switch finger 59 on either end of control arm 56 engages one of the cam plates 61, it will ride down the slanted portion thereof to activate its respective switch control 58 for the purposes that here and after be set forth.
A power cord 64 is operatively connected at one end to a power source (not shown) and at the other end two power cord connector 65. This connector through line 66 to control panels 63.
A mesh sleeve 67 gripingly engages power cord 64 and is secured to accessory support 21 by cables 68 and linkage 69 to prevent undue stress from being placed on said power cord and its associated connector when the system of the present invention is in operation.
A flexible water line 70 also passes through a mesh sleeve as indicated at 71 and is connected to accessories 21 by means of cables 72 and linkage 69. Again this arrangement prevents undue stress from being placed on said line.
Water line 70 is operatively attached to pressure regulator 74 which in turn is operatively connected to solenoid activated control valve 75. This control valve, through line 76, is connected to manifold 77 which is mounted to and is disposed below lower frame member 17 and extends across the length of the irrigation system 10 of the present invention.
A plurality of spray nozzles 78 spacingly mounted along manifold 77 and are so oriented as to cover the entire area below the irrigation system of the present invention, and if so desired, to spray above said system to irrigate plants suspended in that area. Since nozzles of this type are well under the skill in the art, further detail discussion of the same is not deemed necessary.
Control valve 75 is operatively connected to control panel 63 by way of wiring 79.
On the face 80 of control panel 63 are a plurality of control switches including "automatic/manual" selection switch 81 and its associated "automatic" indicator light 82 and "manual" indicator light 83 which are preferably red and white, respectively; "forward/reverse" switch 84; "single cycle/continuous" switch 85; and a "one way/two way" mist control switch 86. Also a setable "water flow control" 87 and a setable "operating timer" 89 are provided. These various controls are operatively connected to drive motor 27, control valve 75, and control switches 58. Since controls of these types and the various motors, valves, and control switches they are connected to and their modes of operation are well known to those skilled in the art, further detail discussion of the same is not deemed necessary.
To use the irrigation system 10 of the present invention, rails 46 and 46' are mounted parallel to each other, preferably on opposite sides of the greenhouse or other area to be irrigated. Due to the strength of the truss type configuration of the main frame 11, it can be constructed to span relatively wide areas which will allow it to span almost any greenhouse structure. In other applications, of course, pluralities of parallel rails could be used with a plurality of irrigation systems.
Once the rails 46 and 46' are in place, the irrigation system 10 can be supported thereon by drive wheels 40 and 41, and 40' and 41'. The proper tension on springs 51 are set to tightly bias tension rollers 49 against the inside of track 46. This will bias the entire system 10 in the direction of rail 46'. The rollers 49', mounted on fixed arm 39', will thus be pressed against rail 46' and any tendency of the irrigation system 10 to cock at an angle other than perpendicular between the two support rails will be prevented. In other words, the spring biased, pivotively mounted tension rollers 49 will press the fixedly mounted rollers 49' against rail 46' so that the irrigation system will always run perpendicular to its support rails.
Next the power cord 46 and the water line 47 are operatively connected to respective power and water sources (not shown).
The "automatic/manual" switch must either be manipulated to choose either "automatic" or "manual" operation. If "manual" operation is chosen, then the "forward/reverse" switch must be operated to determine the direction of travel of the device. The "single cycles/continuous" switch must be manipulated to choose either "single cycle" operation or "continuous" operation. The type of mist must also be selected as well as the amount of water flow desired and the period of operation.
Once the above selections have been made, then power from the control panel will activate the solenoid of control valve 75 to allow water to flow through water line 70, pressure regulator 75, and line 76 into manifold 77 and out spray nozzles 78 onto the plants 79 being irrigated. At the same time drive motor 27 will receive power through power cord 27' which will drive cone pulley 34 which, through belt 36, will drive cone pulley 33 mounted on drive shaft 32. Since this drive shaft runs the entire length of the irrigation system, it will in turn drive pulleys 43 and 43' at end portions 12 and 13 respectively. Through these respective drive chains 45 and 45' and sprockets 44 and 44', drive wheels 40 and 41, and 40' and 41' will evenly move the irrigation system 10 of the present invention along parallely disposed rails 46 and 46'. As the end of these rails are approached, one of the rollers 60 of one of the control fingers 59 will engage cam plate 61 to activate control switch 58. This control switch will send a signal through line 62 back to the control panel and will either stop the irrigation system or will cause the same to automatically reverse, according to the setting of the controls on the panel.
From the above it can be seen that the present invention provides a relatively simple and yet highly efficient means for irrigating relatively large areas of growing plants and accurately disperse a desired amount of water during a preset time period. The present invention takes up very little space which allows not only plants to be located below the same, but also things can be hung above without interfering with the operation of such irrigation system. Although relatively simple in structure, the present invention is extremely sturdy and gives no hint of flimsiness. The present invention also allows for accurate control of the irrigation process thus being highly efficient and allowing for maximum benefits to be received therefrom.
The present invention can, of course, be carried out in other specific ways than those herein set forth without departing from the spirit and essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein.
What is claimed is:
1. An end supported boom type traveling irrigation system for moving through a greenhouse and watering plants therein, comprising:(a) a pair of generally parallel rails extending along opposite sides of the greenhouse; (b) a transverse boom assembly extending between and supported by the rails and adapted to move back and forth thereon; (c) the boom assembly including a pair of longitudinally spaced drive rollers mounted to opposite ends of the boom assembly and supported by the guide rails; (d) a power source mounted intermediately on the boom assembly; (e) a drive train operatively interconnected between the power source and the drive rollers for driving both rollers at each end of the boom assembly; (f) guide roller means associated with the boom assembly and engaged with the rails for maintaining the boom assembly generally perpendicular to the rails and in alignment therewith an the boom assembly moves along the rails; (g) the guide roller means including a first pair of longitudinally spaced rollers fixed with respect to a first side of the boom assembly and mounted for engagement with the inner side of one of the rails, and a second pair of guide rollers movably mounted to a second side of the boom assembly; (h) biasing means associated with the second pair of movable guide rollers for biasing the same outwardly for engagement with the inner side of the rail adjacent the second side of the boom assembly such that as the boom assembly moves down the rails, the guide rollers on both ends of the boom assembly engage the inner side of the rails and maintain the drive rollers in general alignment with the rails; and (i) a water system attached to the boom assembly and including a sprinkling line secured to the boom assembly for dispensing water onto the underlying plants located in the greenhouse.
2. The end supported boom type traveling irrigation system of claim 1 wherein the drive train comprises a main drive shaft operatively connected to the power system and extending outwardly toward each end of the boom assembly wherein the same is drivably connected to one of the pair of drive rollers mounted on each end of the boom assembly; secondary drive shaft means connected to the other of the pair of drive rollers mounted on each end of the boom assembly; and intermediate drive means connected between the main and the secondary drive shafts for transferring torque from the main drive shaft to the secondary drive shafts.
3. The end supported boom type traveling irrigation system of claim 1 wherein a pair of pivot arms are pivotally mounted to the second side of the boom assembly with each pivot arm having one of the second pair of guide rollers mounted thereon; and wherein the biasing means includes a tension arm secured to each pivot arm and extending therefrom, and spring means attached to the tension arms for biasing the same and urging the pivot arms outwardly where the guide rollers carried thereby are pressed against the inner side of the adjacent guide rail.
4. The end supported boom type traveling irrigation system of claim 1 wherein the boom assembly comprises a pair of parallel and horizontally aligned structural members interconnected and secured to a vertically spaced transverse member that lies intermediately between the pair of horizontally aligned members, and a connecting network interconnected between the pair of horizontally aligned members and the vertically spaced members.
5. An end supported and self-propelled boom type greenhouse irrigation system comprising:(a) a pair of parallel rails extending along opposite sides of a greenhouse; (b) a transverse boom structure extending between the rails; (c) drive wheels rotatively mounted to opposite ends of the transverse boom structure and supported on the parallel rails; (d) a power source mounted on the transverse boom structure between the opposite ends wherein the power source is carried by the transverse boom structure; (e) drive means extending outwardly from opposite sides of the power source and connected to the drive wheels on the opposite ends of the transverse boom structure for driving the same, thereby forming a self-propelled transverse boom structure; (f) longitudinally spaced guide roller means mounted on the opposite ends of the boom structure adjacent the drive wheels for engaging the inner side of each of the respective rails and maintaining the boom structure and drive wheels in alignment with the rails as the boom structure and drive wheels track back and forth on the rails; and (g) watering means carried on the transverse boom structure for directing water onto adjacent plants as the self-propelled transverse boom structure moves along the rails.
6. The boom type irrigation system of claim 5 wherein at least one of the guide rollers is movable back and forth with respect to the transverse boom structure and is provided with biasing means for biasing the guide roller outwardly for engagement with the adjacent rail.
7. The boom type irrigation system of claim 6 wherein the drive wheels include a pair of longitudinally spaced apart drive wheels disposed about each end of the transverse boom structure.
8. A method of watering plants within a greenhouse comprising:(a) erecting a pair of laterally spaced rails within the greenhouse; (b) extending an elongated boom structure between the rails; (c) rotatively mounting a pair of drive wheels to opposite ends of the transverse boom structure; (d) supporting the transverse boom structure on the rails by aligning the drive wheels with the rails and resting the same on the rails; (e) mounting a power source directly to the transverse boom structure intermediately between the opposed ends; (f) interconnecting the drive wheels with the power source; (g) securing a pair of longitudinally spaced guide rollers to each end of the boom structure; (h) engaging the inner side of the rails with the pair of guide rollers on each side of the boom structure so as to maintain the boom structure and the drive wheels in alignment with the rails as the boom structure and drive wheels track back and forth; (i) driving the transverse boom structure back and forth on the rails; and (j) watering plants within the greenhouse by directing water from the transverse boom structure as it moves back and forth on the rails.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of guiding the transverse boom structure includes engaging the inner sides of the opposed rails and at least slightly shifting the transverse boom structure laterally back and forth in response to slight variations in the distance between the rails.
10. The method of claim 9 including; mounting at least one of the roller for movement with respect to transverse boom structure and biasing the roller for constant engagement with the inner side of the rails as the transverse boom structure traverses the greenhouse..
| 30,389 |
https://github.com/MysteryPancake/Waveform/blob/master/scripts/Main.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
Waveform
|
MysteryPancake
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 408 | 1,533 |
"use strict";
var gl;
var shaders;
var springs = [];
var droplets = [];
var springCount = 100;
var initialHeight = 0.05;
var requestFrame = window.requestAnimationFrame || window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame || window.mozRequestAnimationFrame || window.oRequestAnimationFrame || window.msRequestAnimationFrame || function(e) { return window.setTimeout(e, 1000 / 60); };
function setup() {
gl = document.getElementById("canvas").getContext("webgl", { alpha: false, depth: false, stencil: false, antialias: true, premultipliedAlpha: false });
gl.enable(gl.BLEND);
gl.blendFunc(gl.SRC_ALPHA, gl.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
gl.getExtension("OES_standard_derivatives");
gl.clearColor(0, 0.1, 0.2, 1);
for (var i = 0; i < springCount; i++) {
springs.push(new Spring(initialHeight));
}
shaders = setupShaders(gl, getVerts, getColors, getPoints, getSizes);
window.addEventListener("resize", resize);
window.addEventListener("orientationchange", resize);
resize();
if (window.ontouchstart) {
window.addEventListener("touchstart", fix);
window.addEventListener("touchmove", touchMove);
window.addEventListener("touchend", dropBassball);
} else {
window.addEventListener("mousedown", fix);
window.addEventListener("mousemove", mouseMove);
window.addEventListener("mouseup", dropBassball);
}
requestFrame(draw);
}
function resize() {
gl.canvas.width = window.innerWidth;
gl.canvas.height = window.innerHeight;
}
function fix() {
setupBassball(setupAudio());
if (window.ontouchstart) {
window.removeEventListener("touchstart", fix);
} else {
window.removeEventListener("mousedown", fix);
}
}
function move(e, x, y) {
updateAudio(x, y, springs, droplets);
updateBassball(x, y, droplets);
e.preventDefault();
}
function touchMove(e) {
var x = 2 * (e.touches[0].pageX / gl.canvas.width) - 1;
var y = -2 * (e.touches[0].pageY / gl.canvas.height) + 1;
move(e, x, y);
}
function mouseMove(e) {
var x = 2 * (e.pageX / gl.canvas.width) - 1;
var y = -2 * (e.pageY / gl.canvas.height) + 1;
move(e, x, y);
}
function getVerts() {
var vertices = [];
var scale = 2 / (springs.length - 1);
for (var i = 0; i < springs.length; i++) {
var x = i * scale - 1;
vertices.push(x, springs[i].height, x, -1);
}
return new Float32Array(vertices);
}
function getColors() {
var colors = [];
for (var i = 0; i < springs.length; i++) {
colors.push(0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0, 0.1, 0.2);
}
return new Float32Array(colors);
}
function getPoints() {
var points = [];
for (var i = 0; i < droplets.length; i++) {
points.push(droplets[i].x, droplets[i].y);
}
return new Float32Array(points);
}
function getSizes() {
var sizes = [];
for (var i = 0; i < droplets.length; i++) {
sizes.push(droplets[i].size);
}
return new Float32Array(sizes);
}
function getSpring(x) {
return springs[Math.floor(springs.length * (x + 1) * 0.5)];
}
function draw() {
updateSprings(springs, 10, 0.025);
updateDroplets(droplets, bassball);
gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.canvas.width, gl.canvas.height);
gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
if (droplets.length) {
gl.useProgram(shaders.droplet.program);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, shaders.droplet.buffers.position);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, getPoints(), gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(shaders.droplet.attribs.position, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, shaders.droplet.buffers.size);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, getSizes(), gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(shaders.droplet.attribs.size, 1, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
gl.drawArrays(gl.POINTS, 0, droplets.length);
}
gl.useProgram(shaders.wave.program);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, shaders.wave.buffers.position);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, getVerts(), gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(shaders.wave.attribs.position, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, shaders.wave.buffers.color);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(shaders.wave.attribs.color, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, springs.length * 2);
requestFrame(draw);
}
| 10,764 |
https://github.com/naseemakhtar994/NetSugar/blob/master/netsugar-master/src/main/java/su/hm/netsugar_master/entity/NetSugarDescriptor.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
NetSugar
|
naseemakhtar994
|
Java
|
Code
| 263 | 670 |
package su.hm.netsugar_master.entity;
import su.hm.netsugar_master.annotations.NetSugar;
/**
* This class is an entity to describe a {@link NetSugar} annotation.
* What items an annotation has.
* Use builder pattern to build an instance of it;
* <p>
* Created by hm-su on 2017/2/18.
*/
public class NetSugarDescriptor {
/**
* name of method which is annotated with {@link NetSugar}
* as a key in a ArrayMap
*/
private String annotatedMethodName;
/**
* to @NetSugar check method
*/
private boolean isCheck;
/**
* to @Online network type method
*/
private NetworkType networkType;
/**
* to @Offline method
*/
private String offlineMethodName;
private NetSugarDescriptor() {
// do not provide this constructor
}
// private constructor with builder instance.
private NetSugarDescriptor(Builder builder) {
annotatedMethodName = builder.annotatedMethodName;
isCheck = builder.isCheck;
networkType = builder.networkType;
offlineMethodName = builder.offlineMethodName;
}
public boolean isCheck() {
return isCheck;
}
public NetworkType getNetworkType() {
return networkType;
}
public String getOfflineMethodName() {
return offlineMethodName;
}
public String getAnnotatedMethodName() {
return annotatedMethodName;
}
// use builder to create NetSugarDescription method.
public static class Builder {
private String annotatedMethodName;
private boolean isCheck;
private NetworkType networkType;
private String offlineMethodName;
public Builder annotatedMethod(String methodName) {
this.annotatedMethodName = methodName;
return this;
}
public Builder isCheck(boolean isCheck) {
this.isCheck = isCheck;
return this;
}
public Builder networkType(NetworkType networkType) {
this.networkType = networkType;
return this;
}
public Builder offlineMethod(String methodName) {
this.offlineMethodName = methodName;
return this;
}
public NetSugarDescriptor build() {
return new NetSugarDescriptor(this);
}
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "NetSugarDescriptor{" +
"isCheck=" + isCheck +
", networkType=" + networkType +
", offlineMethodName='" + offlineMethodName + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
| 23,747 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.