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https://github.com/hamarb123/dotnet-api-docs/blob/master/samples/snippets/cpp/VS_Snippets_Data/Classic Webdata XmlSchemaMinLengthFacet Example/CPP/minlengthfacet.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-4.0, MIT
| 2,022 |
dotnet-api-docs
|
hamarb123
|
C++
|
Code
| 162 | 699 |
//<snippet1>
#using <System.Xml.dll>
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Xml;
using namespace System::Xml::Schema;
ref class XMLSchemaExamples
{
private:
static void ValidationCallbackOne(Object^ sender, ValidationEventArgs^ args)
{
Console::WriteLine(args->Message);
}
public:
static void Main()
{
XmlSchema^ schema = gcnew XmlSchema();
// <xs:simpleType name="ZipCodeType">
XmlSchemaSimpleType^ ZipCodeType = gcnew XmlSchemaSimpleType();
ZipCodeType->Name = "ZipCodeType";
// <xs:restriction base="xs:string">
XmlSchemaSimpleTypeRestriction^ restriction = gcnew XmlSchemaSimpleTypeRestriction();
restriction->BaseTypeName = gcnew XmlQualifiedName("string", "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema");
// <xs:minLength value="5"/>
XmlSchemaMinLengthFacet^ minLength = gcnew XmlSchemaMinLengthFacet();
minLength->Value = "5";
restriction->Facets->Add(minLength);
ZipCodeType->Content = restriction;
schema->Items->Add(ZipCodeType);
// <xs:element name="Address">
XmlSchemaElement^ element = gcnew XmlSchemaElement();
element->Name = "Address";
// <xs:complexType>
XmlSchemaComplexType^ complexType = gcnew XmlSchemaComplexType();
// <xs:attribute name="ZipCode" type="ZipCodeType"/>
XmlSchemaAttribute^ ZipCodeAttribute = gcnew XmlSchemaAttribute();
ZipCodeAttribute->Name = "ZipCode";
ZipCodeAttribute->SchemaTypeName = gcnew XmlQualifiedName("ZipCodeType", "");
complexType->Attributes->Add(ZipCodeAttribute);
element->SchemaType = complexType;
schema->Items->Add(element);
XmlSchemaSet^ schemaSet = gcnew XmlSchemaSet();
schemaSet->ValidationEventHandler += gcnew ValidationEventHandler(ValidationCallbackOne);
schemaSet->Add(schema);
schemaSet->Compile();
XmlSchema^ compiledSchema = nullptr;
for each (XmlSchema^ schema1 in schemaSet->Schemas())
{
compiledSchema = schema1;
}
XmlNamespaceManager^ nsmgr = gcnew XmlNamespaceManager(gcnew NameTable());
nsmgr->AddNamespace("xs", "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema");
compiledSchema->Write(Console::Out, nsmgr);
}
};
int main()
{
XMLSchemaExamples::Main();
return 0;
}
//</snippet1>
| 48,182 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang%20%28Six%20Flags%20St.%20Louis%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Boomerang (Six Flags St. Louis)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boomerang (Six Flags St. Louis)&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 550 | 762 |
Boomerang is a boomerang roller coaster located at Six Flags St. Louis in Eureka, Missouri. It opened to the public on June 8, 2013. The ride originally opened as Flashback in 1989 at Six Flags Over Texas, where it operated through 2012.
History
On March 18, 1989, the ride originally opened at Six Flags Over Texas under the name Flashback. It was one of the first Vekoma Boomerang coasters to open in the United States. This model was sold to numerous amusement parks including Knott's Berry Farm, Hersheypark, Lake Compounce, as well as each park owned by Funtime and Premier Parks.
Flashback originally had a red track and black supports. During the 2001 season, the track was repainted strawberry pink while the supports were repainted teal. In 2004, the ride received a new train from Vampire at Kentucky Kingdom.
On August 2, 2012, Six Flags Over Texas announced the last chance to ride Flashback would be September 3, before it closed along with the neighboring ride Texas Chute Out. Following its closure, it was announced that Flashback would be dismantled and relocated to Six Flags St. Louis for the 2013 season. Flashback was completely removed before October 10, 2012. The coaster replaced Water Street Cab Company (Bumper Cars) and operates under the name Boomerang in the Illinois section of the park with a new orange and green color scheme. Boomerang is the ninth coaster at Six Flags St. Louis, helping the Six Flags park become the park with the most coasters in the state of Missouri. Construction of the coaster began in early 2013 at the former site of Water Street Cab Company, with Boomerang track arriving at the park on February 11, 2013. The park completed construction of Boomerang in early April. Boomerang opened on June 8, 2013.
On May 6, 2016, one of the trains abruptly stopped mid-course causing minor injuries to four riders. Guests were able to safely exit the ride. The attraction was closed pending the investigation into the incident, and re-opened in November 2016.
Ride experience
Layout
The ride begins when the train is pulled backwards from the station and up a lift hill, before being released. After being released, the train passes through the station, enters a Cobra roll element (referred to as a boomerang by the designers), then travels through a vertical loop. Upon exiting the loop, the train runs up a second lift hill, which is angled so that the two lifts meet at the top in a "V"-like formation. Once out of momentum, the train is towed to the top of the lift hill, and is held for several seconds before being released; traveling through the roller coaster in reverse before returning to the station.
Train
Boomerang only runs one train, with seven cars. In each car there are two rows of two seats, allowing for a total of 28 riders. The train is painted a bright yellow with an orange stripe down the side with a green pinstripe outlining the orange stripe.
See also
2012 in amusement parks
2013 in amusement parks
References
External links
Boomerang at Six Flags St. Louis Official Website
Roller coasters operated by Six Flags
Roller coasters in Missouri
Roller coasters introduced in 2013
Steel roller coasters
Roller coasters manufactured by Vekoma
Six Flags St. Louis
| 28,097 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29623111
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Cerro Charco
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 618 | 1,674 |
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Cerro Charco instans av Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Cerro Charco instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Cerro Charco ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Cerro Charco
page d'homonymie de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco nature de l’élément page d'homonymie de Wikimédia
Cerro Charco
pagina di disambiguazione di un progetto Wikimedia
Cerro Charco istanza di pagina di disambiguazione di un progetto Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco instancia de página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco is 'n Wikimedia dubbelsinnigheidsbladsy
Cerro Charco
pachina de desambigación
Cerro Charco instancia de pachina de desambigación de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco instancia de páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco natur an elfenn pajenn disheñvelout eus Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
pàgina de desambiguació de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco instància de pàgina de desambiguació de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Cerro Charco instance (čeho) rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco enghraifft o'r canlynol tudalen wahaniaethu Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-flertydigside
Cerro Charco tilfælde af flertydig
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Cerro Charco ist eine Instanz von Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Cerro Charco ist eine Instanz von Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Cerro Charco instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Cerro Charco instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Cerro Charco
Vikimedia apartigilo
Cerro Charco estas Vikimedia apartigilo
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia täpsustuslehekülg
Cerro Charco üksikjuht nähtusest Wikimedia täpsustuslehekülg
Cerro Charco
Wikimediako argipen orri
Cerro Charco honako hau da Wikimediako argipen orri
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-täsmennyssivu
Cerro Charco esiintymä kohteesta Wikimedia-täsmennyssivu
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco sampla de leathanach idirdhealaithe Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
páxina de homónimos de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco instancia de páxina de homónimos de Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärigssite
Cerro Charco isch e Wikimedia-Begriffsklärigssite
Cerro Charco
razdvojbena stranica na Wikimediji
Cerro Charco jest razdvojba na Wikimediji
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco instantia de pagina de disambiguation
Cerro Charco
halaman disambiguasi Wikimedia
Cerro Charco adalah halaman disambiguasi Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
aðgreiningarsíða á Wikipediu
Cerro Charco er Wikimedia aðgreiningarsíða
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-Homonymiesäit
Cerro Charco ass eng/e(n) Wikimedia-Homonymiesäit
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-verdudelikingspazjena
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
laman disambiguasi
Cerro Charco adolah laman disambiguasi
Cerro Charco
laman nyahkekaburan
Cerro Charco contoh laman nyahkekaburan Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-pekerside
Cerro Charco forekomst av Wikimedia-pekerside
Cerro Charco
Sied för en mehrdüdig Begreep op Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco is een deurverwiesziede
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-doorverwijspagina
Cerro Charco is een Wikimedia-doorverwijspagina
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia-fleirtydingsside
Cerro Charco førekomst av Wikimedia-fleirtydingsside
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco natura de l'element pagina d'omonimia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
strona ujednoznaczniająca w projekcie Wikimedia
Cerro Charco jest to strona ujednoznaczniająca w projekcie Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Cerro Charco instância de página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco instância de página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia
Cerro Charco este un/o pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco esimplari di pàggina di disambiguazzioni di Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Cerro Charco instance o Wikimedia disambiguation page
Cerro Charco
rozlišovacia stránka
Cerro Charco je rozlišovacia stránka
Cerro Charco
razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Cerro Charco primerek od razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco je višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco ni mfano wa ukarasa wa maana wa Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco istansa de pajina de omonimìa de on projeto Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
trang định hướng Wikimedia
Cerro Charco là một trang định hướng Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco nateure di l’ elemint pådje d' omonimeye di Wikimedia
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
Cerro Charco
| 15,274 |
https://github.com/aedart/athenaeum-contracts/blob/master/src/Support/Properties/Strings/OrganisationAware.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,020 |
athenaeum-contracts
|
aedart
|
PHP
|
Code
| 149 | 321 |
<?php
namespace Aedart\Contracts\Support\Properties\Strings;
/**
* Organisation Aware
*
* Component is aware of string "organisation"
*
* @author Alin Eugen Deac <aedart@gmail.com>
* @package Aedart\Contracts\Support\Properties\Strings
*/
interface OrganisationAware
{
/**
* Set organisation
*
* @param string|null $name Name of organisation
*
* @return self
*/
public function setOrganisation(?string $name);
/**
* Get organisation
*
* If no "organisation" value set, method
* sets and returns a default "organisation".
*
* @see getDefaultOrganisation()
*
* @return string|null organisation or null if no organisation has been set
*/
public function getOrganisation(): ?string;
/**
* Check if "organisation" has been set
*
* @return bool True if "organisation" has been set, false if not
*/
public function hasOrganisation(): bool;
/**
* Get a default "organisation" value, if any is available
*
* @return string|null Default "organisation" value or null if no default value is available
*/
public function getDefaultOrganisation(): ?string;
}
| 4,655 |
https://github.com/stbui/angular-material-app/blob/master/src/app/apm/apm.module.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
angular-material-app
|
stbui
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 109 | 313 |
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { SharedModule } from '../../@stbui/shared';
import { BrandModule } from '../../@stbui/admin';
import { NavigationModule } from '../../@stbui/navigation';
import { LayoutComponent } from './layout/layout.component';
import { NavigationService } from './layout/navigation.service';
import { ApmRoutingModule } from './apm-routing.module';
import { DashboardModule } from './dashboard/dashboard.module';
import { ScriptModule } from './script/script.module';
import { ManageModule } from './manage/manage.module';
import { CollectionModule } from './collection/collection.module';
import { PerformanceModule } from './performance/performance.module';
import { BehaviorModule } from './behavior/behavior.module';
@NgModule({
imports: [
CommonModule,
SharedModule,
ApmRoutingModule,
DashboardModule,
BrandModule,
NavigationModule,
ScriptModule,
ManageModule,
CollectionModule,
PerformanceModule,
BehaviorModule
],
declarations: [LayoutComponent],
providers: [NavigationService]
})
export class ApmModule { }
| 915 |
cu31924088008291_12
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,874 |
Life and letters of Sir Gilbert Elliot, first earl of Minto, from 1751 to 1806, when his public life in Europe was closed by his appointment to the vice-royalty of India
|
Minto, Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Sir, 1st Earl of, 1751-1814
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,206 | 8,924 |
From his recent knowledge of the country, he would have made his dispositions immediately ; and so I cannot help thinking too he would have been em- ployed, if Ministers had not been jealous of his Catholic bias. The consummation of this infatuation in respect to Ireland seems to be a private polemical correspon- dence which, I hear. Lord Redesdale has commenced with Lord Fingal, a leading Catholic peer, in which he endeavours to prove that every sincere Catholic must consider the King as an usurper. You may neverthe- less rely on it that His Majesty is as fully determined as ever to support these Ministers, who, by their follies, are shaking his throne. I confess I do not participate in the wishes of those bold citizens and country gentle- men who are anxious that the French should come in a fortnight, that we may get rid of the expense and trouble of preparation. Greater and severer trials are coming on us than perhaps this country expects ; but such is the spirit of the people that I am fully per- suaded that, in spite of our Government, or the grand scale of French preparation, we shall, though not without a long and arduous struggle, frustrate our enemies.' ' If the enemy is with us immediately,' wrote Mr. Windham, ' he may, by a landing in Norfolk, and a march unopposed into Yarmouth, possess himself at JEt. 52j THE CO-OPEEATION 303 once of the only naval station in the North Sea, and a port opposite to his best shore. The Ministers have now sent an officer to examine this.' When in the course of the winter a fresh outbreak of the King's illness came to increase the difficulties of the Ministers, it was apparent that their tenure of office would not be much longer endured ; and, soon after the New Year, letters from Lord Grenville and Mr. Windham informed Lord Minto of the steps taken for a re-cast of the forces of Opposition by a proposed co-operation between the Grenvillites and Mr. Fox. His return to London was urged by Lord Grenville, and on February 20 he wrote thence to Lady Minto : — ' I had a long conference and discussion with Elliot and Windham last night. We did not part till one o'clock and I could not go to sleep till past three. The thing is much as I imagined, but is much looser in points of positive connection, and in anything like en- gagement, than I thought probable in such a transaction. The ground of union, or rather co-operation, is to remove the present weak, and therefore dangerous, Ministry. But what is to happen afterwards, in case of success in that object, seems very much left to chance or futm'e deliberation. You will think it odd — at least I do — that Lord Grenville should have been the most forward, and almost precipitate in this affair. I cannot, I confess, answer all the objections which my own mind suggests to this measure. I spoke as strongly as I felt on the subject to Windham and Elliot, and I think staggered 304 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 Windham more than Elliot, who, however, admits the objection, but pleads the necessity of any effort, how- ever objectionable on general principles, to escape the imminent ruin of a weak government at this season of danger and difficulty. It is a real pity that this mea- sure was started when I was away, as I should certainly have restricted it to something much less objectionable than it now is. What I shall do myself I do not yet know ; it is a subject which requires cool and serious reflection, and it should be viewed on every possible side before a determination is taken.' 'February 24, 1804. ' The physicians have said for several days past that there is no change in the King's condition ; yet I flatter myself his recovery is likely, but perhaps not to be expected quite so immediately ; and I should be appre- hensive that the pressing nature of business at present may require some expedient which will bring the affair into discussion in Parlianaent — a thing we should very much wish to be avoided. ' I have had a long conference with Lord Grenville and Tom Grrenville to-day. He was anxious, and at great pains to explain and to justify ; but I cannot launch into so wide a field so near the post. I expressed very plainly my own impressions and objections ; and signified my concernment only in the opposition to the Ministry, and even that properly modified to the present circumstances. This both I and they should have ap- proved, independent of any co-operation from Fox ; and ^T. 52] THE king's HEALTH 305 so far I can go along with my friends comfortably and heartily. The affair reduces itself, indeed, rather to a concert in opposition to the Ministers than to a con- nection amongst ourselves. But it is easy to see that a connection must spring out of concert in daily busi- ness. Ministers seem to me stripped of all support whatever, except just the Treasury influence. Fox and his party have hitherto supported them ; they will now oppose. Pitt does not accede to this joint opposition ; not from any objection, as I understand, to the co- operation of Fox, or to concert with him, but that personal considerations make him abstain from avowed opposition. At the same time, I expect to see him censure measures, and he will certainly not support Ministry. The Opposition will therefore be much more formidable, and may very possibly throw the fruit of the victory to Pitt exclusively, which / shall think a great point gained, compared with the present Ministry. All this, short as it is, is most confidential.' As on former occasions, London society was divided between those who declared the King to be perfectly well and those who reported him hopelessly ill ; to the first class belonged Lady Malmesbury. ' Harriet ' is in a rage if you don't believe he is perfectly well when she tells you that she knows it. To-day she quoted Lady Uxbridge, to whom she complained that the public was deceived by the physicians, whose bulletins people were absurd enough to believe, in preference to reports coming from the Eoyal Family themselves ; and Lady ' Lord Minto to Lady Minto. VOL. III. X 306 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 Uxbridge said, in that case, the bulletins should be better to-morrow. Harriet calls all the physicians idiots, and says they are only signing physicians and have nothing to do with the King. Then why don't they sign what others report ? The only favourable thing they have said is that the King is not in danger. She also attributes the reticence to some shabby under-plot of Addington's, and says that the Ministry chose to give unfavourable impressions for some reason or other. They certainly must have some very odd reason if they do. Lady Castlereagh was holding some rather less favour- able language to Harriet, but she says she forced her to confess the truth, and that he was quite well. I don't wonder at Lady Castlereagh's yielding. ' The reconciliation between the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York is true. It is but very lately that, when the Duke of York called at Carlton House, he was left a good while waiting in the hall, and at last a message came, that after what had passed, the Prince could not think of seeing him.' ' February 28, 1804. ' The explanation in the House of Commons last night gives us the comfortable assurance that the King's recovery is certainly to be expected soon enough to make an intermediate measure unnecessary, and this hope will make the public and Parliament acquiesce in the protraction of the present irregular and distressing interval a little longer. ' Pitt made an attack on Lord St. Vincent last night. He was defended by Fox and G-rey. I have heard it ^T. 52] UXBEIDGE HOUSE 307 remarked that Pitt's manner yesterday was very hostile to the Ministers, and that it was thought somewhat softened towards Fox.' 'Marcli 1. ' The King is said to be better to-day than yesterday. ... I have had Lord Grrenville, Tom Grrenville, and Elliot here to-day, to talk things over. Pitt renewed his observations oh the want of preparation yesterday, and said he should bring the matter before the House if his mind should not be satisfied on the subject by information or reasons which he had not yet received. ' I dined last night at Uxbridge House, which I had not entered, I think, since I saw the old Duchess of Queensberry there, whom I felt myself looking about for ; and, to say the truth, if I had found her, I might have been as well entertained as by the present tenants. By entertainment, however, I don't refer' to the dinner ; for everything is as sumptuous and, I must say, as civil, as it could have been in the days of the ancients or vieille cour ; but whether the Duchess was there or not, I could discover nothing of Gay. But we had Lady Charlotte, and everybody must prefer live beauty to dead wit. ' Nothing can be more beautiful than the whole race. Lady Charlotte and Lady Graves are in different styles of beauty, but both extremely handsome. - James and I went to the House of Commons after dinner, where I stayed till eleven and had the pleasure of hearing Mr. Pitt support the volunteers and quiz Mr. Yorke.' X 2 308 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 ' March 5. ' We had a very pleasant, jolly dinner at Blackheath the other day, where we stayed till one in the morning.' Lady Hester Stanhope was the principal personage. We played at Pandemonium games, especially magical music, in a style inferior only to Dalkeith. . . . The accounts of the King are improving. The bulletin to-day is the best we have had at all. The Chancellor has seen him for the first time to-day, preparatory, I imagine, to the enquiries he may expect in the House of Lords. I wish sincerely the reports of amendment may be sincere and prove well founded. But where there are purposes to answer, there is always a degree of doubt ; and if the recovery should not be very speedy, the inconvenience will be very serious, and, so far as I see, without remedy. ' The Mutiny Bill expires the 26th inst., and in a few days more there will not be time to pass a Regency Bill before that day ; in which case, should the King unfortimately not be recovered, the new bill cannot be passed at all, and the whole army is disbanded. I dined yesterday at Lord Carysfort's with Lords Grenville, Spencer, Carnarvon, Tom Grenville, and others of that kidney. I am going in haste to the House of Lords, where a communication from the Chancellor is ex- pected.' ' The Princess of Wales dimed at five o'clock. JEt. .52] THE KING'S HEALTH 309 'Pall Mall: March 6, 1804. ' You will see what the Chancellor said concerning the King. He did not mention his health at all, but said that he had had an audience the day before, and again yesterday, and having explained to him the purport of the Duke of York's Estate Bill, His Majesty had au- thorised him to acquaint the House that, so far as his interest was concerned, they were at liberty to proceed with the Bill — no allusion being made to his past condition nor to his present recovery ; but the Chan- cellor having given his testimony, by this measure, that the King is in a fit state to exercise his powers in person, everything will proceed of coirrse on that supposition, just as if there had been no interruption to the ordinary course of business. I am extremely glad it has been possible to take this course ; provided, however, that the recovery is real, and that some obstacle to the despatch of the serious business now in hand, and approaching, does not arise at a still more distressing period. From experience, we may fairly expect the King to regain his usual state of mind and body for a time at least. At the same time, I must regret one consequence of his present situation : I mean the es- tablishment of Mr. Addington's government. The King's weak health is to him a tower of streng-th ; and that is to the country a great increase of danger. ' There was an interesting debate last night on the Irish Bank Eestriction Bill, in which the superiority of Lord Grenville was very manifest. Lord Hawkesbury 310 LIFE AND LETTEKS [1804 is much better than we are used to froni that side of the House, but I thought rather inferior to himself as I remember him in the House of Commons. The House sat late enough to make it eleven before I had dined at the coffee-house, so I went home to bed instead of dressing for Mrs. Eobinson's ball.' ' Eoehampton : Thursday, March 8. ' I came here on Tuesday. At Hyde Park Corner I fell in with Colonel Dillon, walking to Brompton to visit poor Madame de Polastron, who is dying of a con- sumption. Monsieur ' is inconsolable, and having been told by some quack that she might be cured by breath- ing the air of a cow-house, he is pulling a house down in order to convert it into a byre, to be made habitable for a lady. He has also bespoke a sleeping carriage, curiously constructed, to carry her into Italy, though she is in the last stage of the disorder and cannot quit her room. While we were talking of these things I got to Brompton, and then walked on a mile further to Amyot's ; he was in a soldier's dress, being a private in the Kensington volunteers, one of the best volunteer corps near London. ' I have had great pain as well as pleasure in this farewell visit. The weather has been most spitefully fine ; the place looking quite lovely, everything coming out and smelling sweet, and the air goes down like new milk. I have really had many heavy thoughts on quit- ting a scene which I like both for its beauty and the ' Monsieur, afterwards King of France, by the title of Charles X. iET. 52] FARTiWELL VISIT TO EOEHAMPTON 311 recollection of a pleasant time. I do not think it pos- sible, certainly not at all likely, that we should ever be so well off again in this quarter of the world. ' I shall pass another forenoon here, though I have little or nothing left to do, so that this operation may be called mon agonie. If I die so hard on the Roehampton scaffold, what a fine agony it will be when the French general turns us out at the Lily-Law Lodge, and drives us down Shepherd's Wood. However, I think Lieutenant-Colonel Gilbert and Captain John and their companies will fight a harder battle for those premises than I have done for these. From what you say, Scone ' will be a very perfect thing. If one might ever indulge vain wishes about fortune, it would be with me for the pleasure of decorating the spot one is attached to. I saw at Lady Carnegie's ball the Dowager Lady Mansfield, who is rather like an old Palace than a new one ; but as I sometimes foresee the blemishes which are to come out in a handsome face with time, through the freshness and roundness of young beauty, so I perceive the traces of youthful beauty through the cracks and angles of age, and Lady Mansfield is therefore still a beauty to me. This faculty of carrying youthful impressions forward into other periods, and then making a perpetual spring by one's own authority, in winter or autumn, is a very happy talent and one which I hope you will be able to cultivate as well as I — that while you are May to me, ' Scone Palace, the residence of Lord Mansfield, in Perthshire, 312 LIFE AND LETTEES [180+ I may not appear January to you. However, though I wish for this agreeable delusion from you, I neither ex- pect nor wish it from other ladies, and have no objec- tion to their preference of John's soft cheek and downy '^.eard. ' I sat next to Lady Donegal (Dowager) at dinner last night — a very handsome woman — formerly a Miss God- frey ; and I found her conversible and agreeable.' ' March 9. ' The bulletins go on just as if the Chancellor had not said the King was well. I fancy he is by no means so yet. However, time must be allowed for a perfect re- covery, if possible. Lord Camelford ' is still alive, but there seems no expectation of his living ; and Pitt ran the Ministers very close on the Volunteer Bill. He did not attend the Irish question, but his friends voted for the enquiry — that is to say, against the Ministers. The minority was strong ; but the majority had increased since the former division by a better attendance. It is thought that the whole force of Opposition, including Pitt, may rise to about 110, or say 100, which is stronger than most Ministers have stood. Pitt is cer- tainly to attack the Admiralty, and is expected to give notice, perhaps, to-day.' 'March 10. ' I find some well-informed and sensible men think- ing very seriously of the invasion. They consider the means prepared for transporting and landing the troops t ' Lord Camelford had been mortally wounded in a duel. LOED CAMELFOED'S DUEL 313 as well calculated for the purpose, and as difficult to oppose by the usual means hitherto employed by us at sea. It does seem as if we should have prepared some- thing similar to the weapon that is to be employed against us — that is to say, a great number of vessels capable of roiving, as theirs are. For if they are favoured by a calm, we can make no opposition at sea at all. It is thought that 80,000 men may come over in the vessels already assembled at Boulogne. The same persons think our preparations on shore very in- adequate to resist such a force.' 'March 11. ' Lord Hobart told me to-day he had just been read- ing a most favourable account of the King — that is to say, a private account. The bulletin yesterday was worded in a more extraordinary manner than usual, and gave impressions of a greater contradiction between the physicians and the Ministers than ever. " We con- tinue to think favourably of the King's recovery," which seems to convey an opinion that perhaps he may re- cover some time hence, but not even that positively. However, by the language of Lord Hobart it seems that a real recovery is soon expected ; which will recon- cile all differences and let us attend at last to the business in hand.' ■Pall Mall: March 10. ' Lord Camelford was alive at twelve to-day, but could not survive many hours, mortification having taken place some time ago. He suffered great torture till the mortification relieved him, and then said to 314 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 Captain Macnatnara,^ who is a great friend of Ms, and who has seen him every day, " Is not this a wonderful cure?" Macnamara told me so to-day. He was left literally alone on the ground, his second and the other parties having thought it necessary to fly for their own safety, and he was brought by a countryman in a wheel- barrow to a neighbouring house.' 'March 27, 1804. ' There is a very strange jumble of men and parties ; and I feel comfortable in having a clear line of my own to go by. Without considering who my partners may be, opposition to Addington and to Bonaparte are good points to steer by through all the intricacies of the present political channel. The single consideration that gives me anything like pleasure in the famous coalition or co-operation of which so much is said, and of which I see and perceive at present so little, is the prospect which it affords of obliterating the principal class of animosities and coolnesses in which I have any concern. I have a strong disinclination to differences and quarrels, and a very strong desire to live hereafter, and to die, if possible, without an .enmity or even a coolness in the world.' 'Pall Mall: April 10. ' I am sorry to say that the Due d'Enghien was exe- cuted on the 26th of last month. I had flattered myself, I confess, that this horrid, sanguinary, vindictive ' Captain Maenamara had been tried for manslaughter in the previous year (1803), having killed his antagonist in a duel. LordMinto was one of the witnesses to his previous character called by him during the trial. JEt. 52] DIVISIONS IN THE HOUSE Of COMMONS 315 act would not have been thought politic. The efforts of this young prince to restore his family, even if proved, and even if they were subject to the laws of a government which he had never acknowledged and in whose territories he never resided, must be deemed perfectly justifiable. I heard Paoli, when the conver- sation turned upon the Corsican vendettas and private assassinations, say to his Corsican ragamuffins that revenge was la passion des ames fortes ; and I suppose this sort of magnanimity was the catechism he taught his godson.' 'April 16. ' Mr. Pitt is to oppose the transfer of the Irish militia to England to-day.' On Frida/ Mr. Fox's motion is to unite all the various oppositions in the House of Commons. ' Eeports are circulating of the King being worse. This nation seems to be of the frog family ; they, as Fontana ^ proved, can swim as well without a head as with one.' •April 17. ' The division in the House of Commons last night makes a great impression — 107 to 128 ; only 21 majority. On this question Pitt came up from Dover to oppose the measure — the new Irish Militia Bill ; and all the oppositions joined their forces, which are very formidable to a Minister. On Friday Opposition will ' The opposition to the ministerial measure was based on its in- adequacy to the national defence. ^ A celebrated experimental philosopher who resided at Florence. 316 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 have a greater number ; but Ministry ought to have more in proportion, as 128 cannot be their whole strength. However, a slackness in the attendance of a majority is as distressing and as bad a symptom as the increase of a minority. On the whole, it appears that a hearty exertion and a clear unequivocal line on the part of Pitt would, in addition to the more regTdar Opposition that existed before, shake the Ministry and probably turn them out. But whether this will be the conduct of Pitt, or not, I cannot say. The prospect of success is as likely to draw him out, perhaps, as any other consideration. ' There was a grand rumour last night of the Boulogne flotilla being actually out ; but it proves nothing but a little stir and manoeuvring.' ■ April 20, 1804. ' A very remarkable event happened yesterday in the House of Lords. The Ministry was in a minority of one vote — 30 to 31, including proxies — on a motion of Lord Carlisle's, of little consequence, viz., for the dates at which the accounts of the war with France were sent out to India and received there. This ques- tion came on first, and the division took place very early, before six o'clock ; and as there was a battle ex- pected on the Irish Militia Bill, on which there was sure to be a debate of some length, neither side had come down in force for the first question, and we proved the strongest. The division on the Irish Bill was also very strong on our side- — 49 to 77. The whole force of Ministry was brought down — the Archbishop JEt. 52] PUBLIC ArFAIES 317 of Canterbury, who is in a sort of second childhood, Lord St. Vincent, three of the princes ; in short, every- body. These divisions in both Houses have shaken the Ministers very considerably. They are evidently much alarmed, and the other parties no less sanguine and exulting. Probably the feelings of both are a little beyond the truth. I think, however, that if Pitt sets his shoulders sincerely and stoutly to the work, he and all the talents and influence of various kinds which are tmited in opposition to this Ministry can hardly fail of overpowering it. Those who are most likely to know Pitt's intentions give me reason to think this will be his conduct. All Lord Melville's connections are come to town and vote with Opposition. I should imagine these appearances will bring himself also. We are to have another battle to-day in both Houses. Pitt moves the question in the House of Commons. ' The King is, I believe, a great deal better. Lord Dartmouth teUs me that he was with him two hours, two or three days ago, and that, except having fallen away, his appearance was remarkably good. If the divisions get closer, Addington must go. In that case, the natural thing is that the King should send for Pitt and let him manage it his own way ; the probable conse- quence of which would be a Ministry on a broad basis — that is to say, including all parties or, at least several.' •April 21. ' The Prince of Wales is said to have expressed great satisfaction at the prospect of the Doctor's overthrow, 318 LIFE AND LETTEES [1804 ■which might seem odd, as his members voted for him very lately. The King's health is a very anxious and embarrassing circumstance in the midst of this crisis. He is a great deal better, but by no means equal to take on himself the real direction of affairs, and the agitation may naturally produce some risk of relapse. ' At the same time the situation both of public affaii's and of Parliament and parties requires a decision. It appears to me that the state of the King's health will leave but one advice for those immediately about him to give — viz., to desire Pitt to settle it for the best.' • April 23, 1804. ' As to Mr. Addington, things are much as they were on Saturday, except that he is clearly to stand the battle, which may grow into a campaign. . . . Such divisions as show that they do not possess the general confidence of Parliament afford the regular and con- stitutional notice to retire. I think this intimation has been made already ; but it will be conveyed still more forcibly every day and every week. ' I went to the Duke of Kent to-day. He is remark- ably pleasing and gentlemanlike in his manner.' ' Pall Mall : April 24, 1804. ' The division ' was 256 to 204 — majority for Ministry 52, which appears decisive against the Ministers. The appearance and manner of the House were still more ' On a motion of Mr. Fox, which amounted to a vote of want of con- fidence. JEt. 63] DIVISIONS IN THK HOUSE OF COMMONS 319 mortifying and alarming to Addington even than the number of his opponents. I rather understand, how- ever, that they mean to fight it out still longer. There wiU be another trial of strength to-morrow in the House of Commons ; and it is expected that the minority will be still stronger than yesterday. Sheridan voted with Fox, but did not speak ; which was exactly what was wished, as his speech would probably have been mischievous. The Duke of Norfolk had been re- fused the blue riband two days ago, and had resolved to vote in opposition yesterday ; but he changed again during the debate, and his members voted with the Ministry, which makes a difference of eight or ten in the result. Lord Dalkeith was much disappointed after coming to town to find that he could not vote against Addington, as he is brought in by Lord Sydney, who objected to his voting against his party. Lord Dalkeith, therefore, stayed away ; but explained the circumstance to Pitt, who thought he did right. I have this from Lord Dalkeith himself. We are to have small contests in both Houses to-night ; but Monday next is to be the grand battle; — we expect to divide above 90. ' There is a new print of Grillray's, in which the state waggon is drawn by asses, and is stuck fast in a slough. Addington, the waggoner, is on his knees calling out " Help ! help ! " John Bull points to a number of fine horses who are idle and longing to be in harness. The horses' faces are portraits of the Oppositionists.' 320 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 ' April 25. 'The minority was 61' in the House of Lords last night, and would have been 62 if Lord Ashburton had not gone off to dress for a ball, in spite of all remonstrances, a quarter of an horn- before the division. There is the grand battle in the House of Commons to- night on a motion of Mr. Pitt's. The divisions go on increasing. The adherents of Ministry consider the game as up. It is true, as the newspapers say, that Lord Chatham was at Buckingham House yesterday, which could not be on the business of the Ordnance. The King had not been told the state of things in the House of Commons the day before yesterday, when he was present at a Council. The Chancellor professes to have told the King all that happened in the House of Lords whenever he had an audience ; but the state of things in the House of Commons had not been communi- cated to him, nor do I know that it has yet. You may judge by this of the real state of the King's mind even now. Notwithstanding these expectations of an immediate change, I know that Mr. Addington said yesterday to one of his supporters that he should fight the battle as long as he had a majority of one. This he will naturally say to encourage his partisans ; but, in truth, it is not only highly culpable to retain office in such circum- stances and in such times, but it appears to me simply impossible to do so ; for the present situation of public affairs requires both vigorous measures and expedition. ' On the Irish Militia Offer Bill. Mt. 53J DIVISIONS IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 321 Against such an Opposition no vigorous measures can be attempted, and despatch is equally impracticable, when every proposition is contested, debated, and put to the test of close divisions in all its stages. The weakness of this Government was an objection to it when it was at the strongest — that is to say, when it had next to no Opposition to contend with ; now, its inefficiency must be such as to expose the country to the greatest disasters. It is extremely desirable that a strong Government should be settled here before Bonaparte gets out of his troubles.' 'Pall Mall: April 27, 1804. ' The division ' last night was 240 to 203 — majority only 37 ; so that Addington lost fifteen since the last division. Several did not vote yesterday that had voted before. There is no new event since yesterday ; but the opinion of the Doctor's being dished, as the elegant phrase is, prevails more generally than ever. EUiot dined yesterday at Lord Camden's with Pitt. Pitt was amazingly keen, talking of nothing but the divisions during dinner and discussing and examining the lists of the two Houses after dinner. He was as sanguine as he was keen and treated the affair as decided. He looks for the change next week. Elliot thinks him too sanguine, as he is apt to be ; but he is thoroughly in earnest. By the lists Pitt thinks us sure of a minority of a hundred in the House of Lords on Monday. Elliot, who saw the lists, says we are sm-e of ' Army of Reserve Suspension Bill. VOL. III. T 322 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 ninety-five. In the meanwhile the King's situation may prove embarrassing. As yet there is no reason to suppose the King less capable to appoint a Ministry than to do other acts which have been done in his name. But in truth nobody except the individuals immediately responsible for these acts know whether he was in a state that justified them or no ; and certainly the signing a commission to pass bills requires less strength and soundness than the very agitating business which must now fall upon him. The people in the Queen's House themselves speak as freely against Addington as any other people. I saw a note from one of the Queen's ladies to-day, in which she says: "As for the Doctor, I only wish, as the Spaniards say, he were with Mahomet." ' In the midst of all this everybody goes to see " Valentine and Orson," and weep over the death of a bear. I got Harriet's box this evening.' ' April 30. ' The business is put off at Lord Hawkesbury's desire, who pledged the private honour of the Ministers that the motives were proper and sufficient. He was pressed' to say that it was the resignation of the Ministers ; but he repeated only the former assertion. This is un- doubtedly a change of Ministry. Lord Hawkesbury used the word faction, which occasioned a warm retort and altercation.' 'May 1. ' The Ministry is certainly going out ; but no one knows what steps have been taken to make a new one. ^T. 63J MR. PITT AND THE KING 323 Mr. Pitt will be the Minister ; but whether the present ones will try to treat the affair with him before they resign, or whether the King will send for him and give him carte blanche, is not known. Windham's opinion and Elliot's is that Pitt will propose a Ministry in- cluding all parties ; but will be prevailed on, partly by the King's objections, partly by the importunity of his own friends, to exclude Fox and Lord Grenville. In this case Windham and Elliot will refuse to come in, and the elements of a futm-e Opposition will be pre- pared. For myself, I shall of course act with those with whom I have been connected all my life in friendship as well as politics, and with whom I have been fighting from the beginning for the victory to be enjoyed by others. I am not at all insensible to the attractions of power or the private convenience of office ; but it is fortunate for me that my ambition has always been temperate and could never interfere with what I thought my public duty or disturb my private tran- quillity and comfort ; at the same time, I am de- termined to have nothing to do with any opposition to a Minister whom we have been all calling out for, although he may have played us a shabby political trick. I sincerely think the largest Administration would have been best for the country, but I am sure the smallest Opposition is best in these times,' 'May 2, 1804. 'Public affairs are exactly in the same state as yesterday. Nobody knows anything. Mr. Pitt has y 2 324 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 certainly not seen the King yet. It is thought he may to-morrow. There is reason to think that some message had been carried to him from the King by the Chancellor, and that the King wished to communicate with him through the Chancellor. This will, of course, be declined. The extraordinary part of it to me is, that things should have remained in this state so long and no communication of any sort pass between Pitt and any one of those with whom he professes his in- tention to act as his colleagues. He has neither seen nor written to nor sent any information to Lord Gren- ville, Windham, or Fox. And yet there is no doubt that he will propose all these names to the King as members of his Cabinet. I have seen Lord Grrenville, Tom G-renville, Lord Carlisle, Elliot, Windham and Canning to-day, and all are equally uninformed. How- ever, by what I do hear I continue to think it as pro- - bable an issue as any that Pitt will propose the broad plan and make a fair effort to carry it, but give way to the narrower on a strong opposition from the King to the other. The common opinion is that the King's ob- jection to Lord Grrenville will be as strong as to Fox; but I really don't know on what authority that is said.' 'Pall Mall: May 4, 1804. ' Mr. Pitt has, in consequence of the communication through the Chancellor, sent a written paper to the King, expressing in very general terms the advice he would offer respecting the formation of a new Minist;y, which, as well fbr the King's personal tranquillity a^ for the ^T. 53] MR. PITT AND THE KING 325 public interest, ought to comprise all the principal persons, and I believe he names Mr. Fox. He has expressed also his liope that, whatever may be the King's sentiments, he may receive them in person and have an opportunity of laying the grounds of advice himself before the King. This paper,' of which I cannot give a more precise account and of which the above contains only a general impression, was laid before the King yesterday. At least, so it is imderstood, for there is still the greatest mystery concerning anything that passes at Buckingham House. Of the King's real state many serious doubts are entertained. Lord Malmesbury has some information, which he seems to believe, that the King has expressed no disinclination to take both Lord Grrenville and Fox ; but, unless I know his author- ity, I should not rely much on this or any other surmise on the subject. I have talked the whole matter over very fully and confidentially this morning with Lord Grrenville.' ' May 5. ' Mr. Pitt has not seen the King, and there is no alteration since yesterday. We must trust to winds and tides to protect us against invasion — a greater compli- cation of difficulties cannot be conceived.' ' May 7 ; at night. ' The House is up ; the motion adjourned to Friday without a word of observation, except the Chancellor's saying that the same motive for postponing it existed. The fact is that Pitt has seen the King, who has declared 326 LIFE AND LETTERS [1804 his positive resolution not to admit Fox, but agrees to any other person. To-morrow Lord Grrenville and Windr ham, &c., will declare their resolution, which is pretty well certain. I am to be with Lord Grenville at twelve to-morrow.' 'May 8. ' I told you yesterday the state of affairs. The reso- lution taken by Lord Grrenville, Windham, and every person of any consideration who has acted with them, has been to decline taking a part in the new adminis- tration. The ground on which they think this neces- sary simply is, that they had desired and accepted the aid of Fox and his friends to remove Mr. Addington's administration ; and although there was no express en- gagement concerning the consequences of success, they felt it would be dishonom-able to be parties to his ex- clusion after owing the accomplishment of the common object to his assistance ! I went to Lord Grenville at twelve to-day and found Lord Spencer with him ; and after hearing from Lord Grenville a detailed account of everything down to this time, I explained the distinction between myself and them in all that relates to connec- ' tion with Fox, and acquainted them that I nad resolved to take the same part as they had done in abstaining from office. I explained to them at the same time my notions concerning the duty of assisting the new Ministry in Parliament, and refraining from anything like systematic opposition.' If the Ministerial crisis had caused agitation in ^T. 53] EXCITEMENT IN THE COUNTEY 327 London, it threw the country into a state of fierce excitement. At a distance from the scene of action personal combinations are always regarded with less indulgence than by those on the spot ; and in the present case the failure of a comprehensive administration was viewed with equal disfavour by the partisans of Pitt and by the followers of Lord Grrenville and Windham. They united in condemning a course which, 'for the sake of a romantic idea of the point of honour,' left Pitt unsupported, and more closely allied Lord Grenville with Fox. Letters poured in upon Lord Minto from Scotland, full of bitter invective against the universal desertion of Pitt and of passionate reproaches that he should have been sacrificed to so ' infamous ' a connec- tion as that with Fox. Lady Minto wrote that she could not bear to hear the universal condemnation of her husband and his friends. ' Some say Lord Grren- ville has played to be ruler himself; others that he and Windham have always preferred Fox to Pitt in their hearts. It is plain the object in turning out Addiagton was not a strong administration, since they refuse to make that, at the cost of the exclusion of one man, and that one Fox, with whom they have never agreed.' Certain members of Lord Minto's family who were aware of the strong objections he had entertained to the co-operation, as it was called, of Lord Grrenville and Fox, were not slow in condemning his personal conduct in not separating himself from these new allies, to hold by Pitt : and the notion, though quite unfounded, that his son might share in these views, produced a letter from 328 LIFE AND LETTERS [1801 Lord Minto to him, so honourable to the writer and containing so clear a narrative of the course of political events during the last two years, that it will be well to give it in full. 'Pall Mall: May 9, 1804.
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Overview of the COMPASS results. Nuclear Fusion, 2021, ⟨10.1088/1741-4326/ac301f⟩. ⟨hal-03441665⟩
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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript is “the version of the article accepted for publication including all changes made as a result of the peer review process, and which may also include the addition to the article by IOP Publishing of a header, an article ID, a cover sheet and/or an ‘Accepted Manuscript’ watermark, but excluding any other editing, typesetting or other changes made by IOP Publishing and/or its licensors” Everyone is permitted to use all or part of the original content in this article, provided that they adhere to all the terms of the licence https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/3.0 Although reasonable endeavours have been taken to obtain all necessary permissions from third parties to include their copyrighted content within this article, their full citation and copyright line may not be present in this Accepted Manuscript version. Before using any content from this article, please refer to the Version of Record on IOPscience once published for full citation and copyright details, as permissions may be required. All third party content is fully copyright protected and is not published on a gold open access basis under a CC BY licence, unless that is specifically stated in the figure caption in the Version of Record. View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 3.54.91.173 OVERVIEW OF THE COMPASS
RESULT
S1
us cri pt M. Hron1, J. Adámek1, J. Cavalier1, R. Dejarnac1, O. Ficker1,10, O. Grover1,10, J. Horáček1, M. Komm1, E. Macúšová1, E. Matveeva1,6, R. Pánek1, M. Peterka1,6, J. Seidl1, D. Tskhakaya1, V. Yanovskiy1, F. J. Artola2, S. Atikukke3, P. Bartoň1,6, A. Bencze4, M. Berta5, P. Bílková1, W. Bin31, K. Bogár1,6, O. Bogár1, P. Böhm1, I. Borodkina1, S. Brezinsek7, F. Brochard8, P. Buratti9, J. Čaloud1,10, A. Casolari1, C. Castaldo9, J. Čečrdle10, J. Čeřovský1,10, D. Cipciar29, A. Devitre30, M. Dimitrova1, I. Ďuran1, S. Entler1, M. Farník1,10, H. Fernandes12, D. Fridrich1, Š. Fuková1, E. Gauthier13, J. Gerardin1, M. Gobbin14, G. Grenfell16, Y. Gribov2, M. Grof10, J. Gunn13, P. Háček1, J. Havlíček1, A. Havránek1, C. Hidalgo15, K. Hromasová1,10, O. Hronova1, M. Iafrati9, M. Imríšek1,6, N. Isernia26, F. Jaulmes1, M. Jeřáb1, M. Jirsa1, P. Junek1, A. Kallenbach16, O. Kovanda1, K. Kovařík1, J. Krbec1, L. Kripner1,6, L. Krlín1, P. Kulhánek1, M. Lehnen2, N. Lemoine8, X. Litaudon17, Y.Q. Liu27, N. C. Logan18, T Loarer13, A. Loarte2, P. Lourenco12, S. Lukes10, P. Mácha1,10, M. Rabinski28, A. Marin Roldan3, T. Markovič1,6, J. Matějíček1, G. Mazzitelli9, J. Mlynář1, I. Mysiura1, F. Napoli9, D. Naydenkova1, J.-K. Park19, N. Patel1, P. Pavlo1, R. Pitts2, A. Podolník1, M. Poradzinski20, J. Preinhaelter1, A. Prishvitsin21, D. Refy22, R. Roccella2, D. Šesták1, O. Shyshkin1, V. Škvára1, M. Šos1, M. Spolaore14, J. Stöckel1, J. Svoboda1,10, M. Tomeš1,6, A. Torres1,12, P. Turjanica23, G. Tynan24, M. Valovič25, G. Van Oost11,21,32, M. Varavin1, J. Varju1, P. Veis3, M. Vilemova1, F. Villone26, P. Vondráček1, V. Weinzettl1, F. Žáček1, G. Zadvitskiy1, J. Zajac1, D. R. Zaloga1, J. Zebrowski28, S. Abstract 1.
INTRODUCTION
dM an us COMPASS addressed several physical processes that may explain the behaviour of important phenomena. This paper presents results related to main fields of COMPASS research obtained in the recent two years, including studies of turbulence, L-H transition, plasma material interaction, runaway electron, and disruption physics: Tomographic reconstruction of the edge/SOL turbulence observed by a fast visible camera allowed to visualize turbulent structures without perturbing the plasma. Dependence of the power threshold on the X-point height was studied and related role of radial electric field in the edge/SOL plasma was identified. The effect of high-field-side error fields on the L-H transition was investigated in order to assess the influence of the central solenoid misalignment and the possibility to compensate these error fields by low-field-side coils. Results of fast measurements of electron temperature during ELMs show the ELM peak values at the divertor are around 80% of the initial temperature at the pedestal. Liquid metals were used for the first time as plasma facing material in ELMy H-mode in the tokamak divertor. Good power handling capability was observed for heat fluxes up to 12 MW/m2 and no direct droplet ejection was observed. Partial detachment regime was achieved by impurity seeding in the divertor. The evolution of the heat flux footprint at the outer target was studied. Runaway electrons were studied using new unique systems - impact calorimetry, carbon pellet injection technique, wide variety of magnetic perturbations. Radial feedback control was imposed on the beam. Forces during plasma disruptions were monitored by a number of new diagnostics for vacuum vessel motion in order to contribute to the scaling laws of sideways disruption forces for ITER. Current flows towards the divertor tiles, incl. possible short-circuiting through PFCs, were investigated during the VDE experiments. The results support ATEC model and improve understanding of disruption loads. pte The COMPASS tokamak was operated in the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences since 2009 and it was shut down for disassembly in August 2021. COMPASS was one of few devices with an ITERlike plasma shape. Its flexibility, extensive set of diagnostics, and neutral beam injection (NBI) heating contributed in closing the gaps of key issues in fusion research in support of ITER and DEMO, such as edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) physics, the L-H transition, runaway electrons and disruption studies, plasma-wall interaction. Thanks to its size and versatility, the COMPASS tokamak was suitable for very effective testing of new ideas and concepts in the area of plasma control and diagnostics development, which were then implemented on larger devices. The main COMPASS parameters are shown in the table 1. R = 0.56 m minor radius a = 0.23 m toroidal magnetic field BT = 0.9 – 1.7 T ce major radius plasma current up to IP = 350 kA pulse duration < 500 ms line averaged electron density up to ne = 1.2×1020 m-3 Ac 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
60 Table 1: main parameters of the COMPASS tokamak, operated by the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IPP Prague).
H et al. an us cri pt COMPASS can be operated with plasmas in single null divertor configuration and also in inner wall limited configuration with elliptical or circular cross-sections. It is equipped with two Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) heating systems that can deliver each up to 0.4 MW power in neutral particles accelerated to 40 keV energy to the plasma and it can achieve both Ohmic and NBI assisted H-modes [1]. Typical cross-section and evolution of a NBI assisted ELMy H-mode discharge on COMPASS is shown in Fig. 1. Top view of the COMPASS tokamak in Fig. 2 shows the layout of the two NBI heating beam lines and key diagnostic systems.
dM Fig. 1: Example of a COMPASS H-mode discharge (#18252). Left – poloidal cross-section of the plasma (at t = 1200 ms). Right - discharge evolution showing the H-mode with ELMs during the interval from 1060 ms till 1190 ms; the panels show a) plasma current and current to the shaping coils; b) plasma density as measured by the interferometer and by the Thomson scattering; c) loop voltage and the heating beams’ power; d) plasma radiation in the visible spectra and the Hα line radiation. ce pte The plasma shape in COMPASS is similar to the ITER tokamak, regardless of the size difference. This similarity allows to address some of the key design challenges of ITER as well as its future scientific applications arising from the European Research Roadmap to the Realisation of Fusion Energy (Fusion Roadmap) [2] within EUROfusion. Research on COMPASS is therefore focused on areas of high-temperature fusion plasma physics where it can produce unique results thanks to its parameters and diagnostic equipment. The main areas of research are: • Edge, scrape-off layer (SOL), and divertor plasma physics • L-H transition physics and H-mode studies • Heat flux and power exhaust, plasma - materials interaction • Plasma instabilities physics • Tokamak core plasma • Runaway electrons • Disruption studies • Basic plasma physics COMPASS has been in a full scientific exploitation throughout the recent two years. Next to the internal IPP Prague programme, COMPASS was providing an open access to a wide community of users and also focused on education in physics of high-temperature magnetized plasma. Ac 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
us an Fig. 2: Top view of the COMPASS vacuum vessel: the grey lines NBI1 and NBI2 denote the two beam lines of the NBI heating systems. Location of the key diagnostic systems is marked at the relevant ports, incl. the diagnostic labels.
2. EDGE AND SOL PLASMA: TOMOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EDGE TURBULENCE AND STRUCTURE TRACKING USING A SINGLE VISIBLE CAMERA
dM A popular way of diagnosing tokamak edge plasmas is to use fast cameras, sensitive in the visible part of the spectrum, that provides information on the interaction of the neutral gas, naturally present in the SOL due to recycling or gas injection, and the plasma. However, interpreting the data obtained with a single camera is not straightforward. Indeed, the camera image is 2D, while the observed objects (filaments, plasma shape...) are 3D, resulting in the lack of one dimension to fully describe the problem. In addition, the neutral density being rather low, the observed objects are also transparent, meaning that the camera signal is line-integrated along the line-ofsight paths of each pixel. pte To overcome these problems, a commonly used solution for turbulent structures observation consists of imaging the injection of neutral gas in a 2D poloidal plane. This technique, better known as gas-puff imaging, directly provides intersections of filaments (structures elongated along the field lines) with the poloidal plane, i.e. blobs, allowing then to infer their properties, such as position, velocities, size... in this plane. Another advantage of gaspuff imaging is that the gas injection enhances the light emission allowing cameras to record at lower exposure and, therefore, at higher frame rate. However, the data interpretation requires caution as the injected gas also perturbs the local observed turbulence and is not strictly injected in a 2D plane, resulting in a structure deformation due to the projection along the toroidal direction [3]. ce Another possibility to retrieve a 2D poloidal section without using any gas injection would be to use several camera fields of view and perform tomographic inversion, similarly to what is done with bolometers or soft-X rays detectors. However, maximising the chances of a successful tomographic reconstruction would require as perpendicular as possible lines of sight, which can be quite problematic for filament observations, for instance, as these structures are elongated along the field lines, while being narrow in the cross-field direction. In that particular cross-field observation case, the signal of a camera pixel related to a given filament would be hardly distinguishable compared to the background emissions due to line integration and the inversion would not be possible. Ac 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 cri pt
OVERVIEW OF THE COMPASS RESULTS
Based on those pros and cons, another solution was considered and developed at the IPP Prague. First initiated by Nguyen van Yen on ToreSupra [4], the technique consists of finding a symmetry in the system that would reduce the observed object to its cross section in the 2D poloidal plane and then performing tomographic inversion of the camera images. In that case, no gas injection is required, hence no perturbations, as the symmetry is inherent to I = KS (1) cri
pt the observed object and a single camera can be used. Depending on the physical observation, different symmetries can be considered. In [5], helicoidal symmetry, i.e. constant emissivity along field lines, was assumed, suitable for filament/turbulent observations, but toroidal symmetry can also be envisaged in case of structures with slowly varying emissivity along magnetic flux surfaces, e.g. plasma shape observation. Once the symmetry is chosen, it is possible to discretize the real space (the poloidal plane) and build a matrix, often called geometrical or transfer matrix, here K, that maps the plasma emissivity S0 in the poloidal plane to the camera plane or image I0 by the following formula an us The next step is to retrieve the plasma emissivity by inverting the matrix K. However, they are several reasons for which K cannot be simply inverted (noise, reflections, line-integrated data...) and one needs to use regularization methods to solve Eq. (1). At IPP Prague, two algorithms are used: the biorthogonal vector decomposition, presented in [5], also called wavelet-vaguelette decomposition in [4], and the minimum Fisher regularisation (MFR) [6]. The former algorithm has an advantage over more classical regularization algorithms, like the MFR one, as it does not depend on any a priori parameters or smoothing and only requires to properly choose an orthonormal basis in the poloidal plane to perform the inversion. In [5], it is shown that the algorithm performs well even with the simplest orthonormal basis, where each vector is a node (a pixel or rectangle) of the plane, though using a wavelet basis, like in [4], would probably help reducing the noise and make the inversion more robust. An example of tomographic inversion using the biorthogonal vector decomposition algorithm on COMPASS camera data observing turbulent structures is presented in Fig. 3. The reader may refer to [5] for more details on the experimental setup. The structures can be followed every 3.7 μs period of the Photron camera. The positive blobs (presented in yellow in the figure are structures radiating above the median level, calculated over 10 images, while the negative holes (in blue) radiate less than the median level.. It can be seen in Fig. 3 that one blob and one hole experience an outward radial and downward poloidal movement. At some given radial position, the blobs stretch and vanish, which may indicate the location of a shear layer. ce pte dM Last but not least, thanks to the collaboration of the IPP Prague with the University of Lorraine (Nancy, France), which is in close collaboration with the French APREX-solutions startup [7] (developer of the TRACK software, able to detect and track camera events), it has been possible to individually track single structure movements and obtain their poloidal and radial velocities. In Fig. 4, the histograms of both these velocities obtained in the pink rectangle region in Fig. 3 (see the bottom-right corner image) and after analysing 10 000 reconstructed images are shown. Both histograms have large velocity extents, with even negative values (upwards and inwards propagation), showing the complexity of the turbulence in the SOL and the importance of individually following single structure movements to properly and statistically render their motion.
Ac
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26
27
30 32 33 35 36 Fig. 3: 5
OVERVIEW OF THE COMPASS RESULTS
us cri pt
Reconstructed poloidal
planes
at tor
oidal
angle of 55o for ten frames taken from the discharge
#15487
around T0 ~
1150
ms. The black (+) and white (×) crosses indicate the centre of mass of positive and negative structures, respectively, automatically detected and tracked by the TRACK software. The red line indicates the position of the separatrix obtained from EFIT reconstruction. The pink rectangle corresponds to the zone chosen to obtain next figure.
Figure reprinted from
[5]
.
3. an Fig. 4: Radial and poloidal velocity distributions (left and right, respectively) calculated with TRACK in the small region delimited by the pink rectangle in Fig. 3. The step of the red color distribution is 200 m s-1, while the black bars represent the broadening of the distribution assuming a systematic one-pixel error detection of the structures (±650 m s-1). The average radial and poloidal velocities are also indicated on the picture. Figures reprinted from [5].
L-H TRANSITION 3.1. dM
Extensive sets of experiments have been performed in order to study the L-H transition. Main new findings were obtained in characterization of the power threshold dependence on the X-point height above the divertor, as well as in the observations of the effect of controlled HFS error field on the L-H transition.
Dependence of the L-H power threshold on the X-point height
The dependence of the L-H power threshold on the X-point height above the divertor PLH(|X-div|) was analyzed in the framework of causal graphical modelling. This motivated the separation (conditioning) of transitions into those with q95~3 and those with higher or lower q95 and also the normalization (counterfactual reasoning) of PLH to a common reference density in order to block confounding effects. The results as presented in [8], [9] show a clear linear trend where the PLH can be reduced by 30% by lowering the X-point height above the divertor. While the trend with |X-div| is similar for all the discharges, those with q95~3 have a base value of PLH larger by 30%, which might be related to the presence of intrinsic error fields.
Effect of controlled HFS error field on the L-H transition ce 3.2. pte Simultaneous measurements of the radial electric field Er (using radially reciprocating ball-pen probes measuring a floating potential close to the true plasma potential [10] in the SOL and inside the separatrix shows that Er increases (in absolute value), both upstream and downstream and inside the separatrix, with decreasing X-point height. This is qualitatively consistent with transport modeling in [11] and also consistent with the idea that the consequent change in the ExB shearing rate could be responsible for the change of PLH. These results have been presented in [8] [9] and the details will be presented in a follow-up publication. The effect of controlled HFS error field (EF) on the L-H transition was studied in detail, utilizing the unique COMPASS HFS 3D coils. Using these coils, a displacement of the central solenoid was simulated, while different sets of coils were used to assess the error field correction (EFC) from the LFS and top/bottom of the vessel, which is of high importance for ITER, having in mind the detrimental effects of HFS EF observed on NSTX-U recently [12]. The LFS EFC was sufficient to suppress the core resonant component of the HFS EF [13] and prevent the locked modes that were otherwise induced by HFS EF in Ohmic as well as H-mode discharges. However, the LFS EFC was not able to completely prevent the disruptions during the L-H transition in presence of HFS EF, only to reduce the probability that such a disruption occurs [14]. Hence it was demonstrated that the residual EF after correcting the core resonant component of HFS EF can still have a significant impact on the tokamak performance especially during the transient phases such as the L-H transition. In a following study in DIII-D, this disruptive Ac 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 23 24 26 cri pt effect of a residual EF was observed also in the case where both the EF and the EFC were generated from LFS by two separate sets of coils, while it was suppressed in the case where a third separate set of coils was used to further optimize the residual EF to form a so-called quasi-symmetric magnetic perturbation (QSMP) [15]. The details of the investigation of the mechanism inducing the disruptions during the L-H transition in presence of the residual EFs in COMPASS is a subject of a separate publication. EDGE LOCALIZED MODE (ELM) FILAMENTS IN THE SCRAPE-OFF LAYER
pte dM an us A systematic measurement [16] of the ELM electron temperature was performed on the COMPASS divertor with a high temporal resolution (in the order of 1 μs) within the range (Te,div < 400 eV), using a recently built system of ball-pen probes (BPPs) and roof-top shaped Langmuir probes (LPs) located in divertor [17]. The aim of this work was to perform dedicated enough fast measurements with well resolved ELM filaments at divertor in order to calculate the ratio R between divertor (Te,div) and corresponding pre-ELM pedestal (Te,ped) electron temperatures, obtained by a high-resolution Thomson scattering system, R = Te,div/Te,ped. For each ELM, we report the peak value of the electron temperature at different radial positions on the outer divertor; see e.g. Fig. 5. This profile was then fitted using the function (equation 2) in [18], to obtain a representative maximum, Te,div,max, with an estimate of its error bar. In the particular case of the ELM plotted in Fig. 5, Te,div,max = 271 ± 23 eV, Te,ped = 300 ± 10 eV leading to ratio R = 0.90 ± 0.08. This example shows that the maximum of the ELM electron temperature on the divertor can be close to the pedestal temperature. We have analyzed 125 single ELM events within 45 H-mode discharges with plasma parameters ranging from 1.1 < BT [T] < 1.4; 220 < IP [kA] < 300; 2.5 < ne [*1019 m-3] < 10; with and without NBI heating. The resulting values of the divertor Te,div,max and pedestal Te,ped electron temperatures are shown in Fig. 6. Most points are found to be with ratio R below 1. We have also found that the ratio R has no clear dependence on the line averaged density ne, the toroidal magnetic BT, the plasma current IP or on the relative ELM energy ΔW/W (W is the total pre-ELM plasma energy). Thus, an average value was calculated using all ELM events as R = 0.82 ± 0.13. The light blue area with black lines represents the theoretical prediction of the ratio R from the free-streaming kinetic model (FSM) [19] [20]. The FSM describes the propagation of initially Gaussian distributed ELM plasma particles into an empty SOL and in its simplest form predicts 2/3 < R < 1. It is seen in Fig. ce Fig. 5: Example of an outboard radial profile of Te peak (maxima) values obtained during a single ELM event (NBI assisted H-mode #18235) using fast measurements (BPPLP). Figure from [16]. Ac 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Fig. 6: Comparison of the ELM electron temperature maximum on the divertor to the corresponding pedestal temperature in 125 ELM events with a final averaged ratio R = 0.82. The black lines show the maximum and minimum values predicted by the FSM. Figure from [16].
OVERVIEW OF THE COMPASS RESULTS 5. PLASMA – MATERIAL INTERACTION 5.1. Liquid Metal Divertor (LMD) experiments
Liquid metals are considered as an alternative to conventional metallic PFC with the main advantages of avoiding melting of leading edges, cracking or material properties deterioration subsequent to neutron irradiation. However, this solution comes with other issues which still need to be assessed, e.g., resilience to transients, tritium or metal evaporation retention [23]. Most of these are investigated experimentally in COMPASS for the first time under ELMy H-mode conditions in a tokamak divertor [24]. The technology used in these experiments is the capillary porous system (CPS) where the liquid metal is impregnated in a metallic mesh, made of Mo wires (with ∅ = 100 μm and a pore radius of 75 μm in our case), and confined against MHD effects by capillary forces. Two specially designed CPS based LMD modules, one filled with pure Li and one with a LiSn alloy, composed of 73% of Sn, were installed in the COMPASS divertor in two separate experiments. One module was inserted at a time under the inner-strike point using a manipulator allowing vertical movements towards the plasma on a shot-to-shot basis. The top surface of each module has a cylindrical shape so that the incident angle of the magnetic field lines with the surface, and therefore the deposited perpendicular heat flux (qdep), increase gradually with insertion into plasma from 1.5o for zLMD = 0 to 48o for zLMD = 7.5 mm. pte d
M an The Li module was exposed to 18 L-mode and 6 ELMy H-mode discharges and has successfully handled perpendicular heat fluxes up to qdep = 12 MW/m2 with no liquid Li droplets directly ejected from the CPS mesh surface (IR camera + fast visible cameras) and no deterioration of the Mo mesh. However, some Li droplets were observed to be moving across the module top surface in correlation with the strike-point movement. KelvinHelmhotz instabilities were ruled out because of jxB forces are by orders of magnitude weaker than the surface tension. A possible explanation is the presence of a solid layer of oxidized Li visible in some areas of the CPS mesh top surface by IR camera (different emissivity). Visible spectroscopy lines in direct view of the LMD module show that the neutral lithium Li I (λ=670.8 nm) is very well localized in space on the mesh. Fast visible cameras show that a red cloud corresponding to neutral lithium surrounds the module within ~2-3 cm around the wetted area (compare to the distance between the two strike lines ~6 cm), see Fig. 7. In L-mode and in between ELMs in H-mode, only the red cloud is visible on the cameras. During ELMs, a green plume corresponding to 1 time ionized lithium Li II (λ=548 nm) is seen in both upstream and downstream directions leaving the LMD module for several tens of cm, followed by a blue color that could be interpreted either as 2 times ionized lithium Li III (λ = 449 nm) or other Li II emission lines (at λ = 427 nm or λ = 431 nm) as seen in Fig. 7 with no perturbation of the plasma discharges. Fig. 7: Snapshots from a fast visible camera viewing COMPASS divertor with the Li LMD module at 8 kfps & 40 μs exposure during H-mode discharge #19800 (z = 3 mm, q = 11 MW/m ) representative of what is observed both in Lmode and in between ELMs (left) and when an ELM strikes (right) [24]. ce LMD dep 2
No vapor shielding was observed but this is consistent with the maximum surface temperature of the Li LMD module being less than 450oC, estimated by forward thermal modeling [25]. In order to achive the vapor shielding with pure lithium, the surface temperature needs to exceed 750 oC so that there is enough evaporated lithium atoms to radiate all the incoming deuterium plasma heat flux, given by the radiative model in [25]. In order to get more insight on the lithium evaporation, re-deposition and transport in the vicinity of the target, a dedicated kinetic modeling via the 1D particle-in-cell Monte Carlo code BIT1 is performed [25]. Simulations predicts that the radiating neutral lithium cloud has a radius of λmfp ~ 6 cm. We indeed observe a Li vapor red cloud with comparable radius 2–5 cm (see Fig. 7). PIC simulation results also indicate that the Li ionization front is located well above both the Li+ gyro-radius (~30 μm) and the magnetic presheath (<1 mm), leading to negligibly Ac 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38 39
40 41 42
43 cri pt small prompt Li re-deposition Rprompt ~ 0 at COMPASS in the COMPASS conditions, allowing the parallel transport of Li ions along the field lines. Post-mortem analysis of collecting samples installed in the machine during the experiment shows that Li was deposited all over the tokamak chamber, with maximum concentration on the samples in the closest vicinity of the LMD module (±30 cm), both upstream and downstream, consistent with camera observations [26]. 5.2. Impurity seeding in divertor an us
The LiSn module was exposed in total to 25 ELMy H-mode discharges with a relative ELM energy ~3% and local peak energy fluence at the module ɛELM = 15 kJ.m2. Under these conditions, the LiSn module showed good power exhaust capabilities by successfully handling average, perpendicular heat fluxes up to qdep = 12 MW/m2 with no droplets ejected from the CPS mesh surface at all (IR camera + fast visible cameras) and no deterioration of the Mo mesh nor the plasma performances. The LiSn LMD module surface temperature measured by IR camera reached 950oC at the end of the discharges with maximum insertion (zLMD = 2.5 mm), which is below 1300oC the temperature at which Sn is expected to evaporate, and with each ELM contributing to ∆TELM ~ 45oC. It should be noted that higher temperature was achived with this module thanks to lower heat conductivity of its ceramic bulk, while the Li module bulk was fully metallic (Mo). Post-mortem inspection confirms the good status of the LiSn CPS mesh with absolutely no damage. As for the Li experiment, fast visible cameras show a red cloud corresponding to neutral lithium (Li0) around the LMD module over ~2-3 cm around the wetted area, as well as the green plume (Li1+). No clear evidence of Sn is observed by the cameras, nor by visible spectroscopy. However, it has to be noted that our spectroscopy system was not optimized for Sn line detection that requires a low detection threshold. Scrape-off layer profiles measured by the horizontal reciprocating probe do not show any difference when the LiSn module is inserted in the plasma or retracted in parking position (zLMD = -2 mm). Radiation in the core plasma (SXR and tomography reconstruction by AXUV) is also identical with or without the LiSn module inserted into the plasma. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no Sn COMPASS core and SOL plasmas operating with the CPS based LMD module filled with liquid LiSn and in ELMy H-mode conditions. d
M Several experimental campaigns were devoted to study the effect of seeded impurities in the divertor of COMPASS tokamak. The main aim of these experiments was to achieve a regime of partial detachment and to study the evolution of heat flux footprint at the outer target by means of combined system of ball-pen (BPPs) and Langmuir probes in the divertor array [17] and IR thermography [27]. Initial experiments involved nitrogen seeding in L-mode discharges [28], where substantial reduction of ratio of downstream and upstream pressure was achieved, indicating the regime of partial detachment. Thanks to the unique spatial and temporal resolution of the divertor heat flux measurements, two novel methods of characterising the footprint shape were developed. The probe measurements also allowed for development of real-time control system, which regulated the influx of nitrogen to achieve the desired level of divertor heat flux [29]. ce pte These experiments were later complemented by discharges with identical parameters but reversed direction of magnetic field and plasma current. Despite the fact that nitrogen was seeded from the same location and the plasma cross-section was identical, the distribution and evolution of radiation caused by the presence of nitrogen was distinctly different. This was clearly visible on color fast camera system RIS [30], as shown in Fig. 8. Injection of nitrogen in forward field resulted in formation of radiative cloud in the vicinity of the X-point, however in case of reversed fields the radiation was localised at the HFS SOL, moving gradually upwards during the discharge. In this configuration, stable detached discharges could not be achieved. Such dramatic difference in the properties of these discharges points to the role of drifts in the SOL of COMPASS. This topic will be addressed in future by means of modelling in SOLPS-ITER code. Ac 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Fig. 8: Fast camera image of nitrogen radiation in experiments with forward (A) and reversed (B) direction of toroidal magnetic field and plasma current. In the forward field, the seeded nitrogen creates a radiation mantle in the vicinity of the X-point, while in the reversed field, the seeded gas spreads along the HFS to the top of the vacuum vessel. In the latter case, a stable detached discharge cannot be achieved.
pte dM an Measurements of the combined probe array reveal important differences in profiles of electron temperature Te, ion saturation current Isat and parallel heat flux q|| at the outer target as shown in Fig. 9. In attached conditions (prior to the impurity injection) the profile of Isat is significantly broader for RF than in FF, while the opposite is true for Te profiles. While q|| profiles manifest a similar decay length in both configurations, the spreading of the profile is higher for RF configuration, leading to a reduction of the peak heat flux by 30%. The seeding allows for a similar reduction of q|| in both configurations. ce Fig. 9: Profiles of electron temperature (A), ion saturation current (B) and parallel heat flux (C) for the forward field (FF) configuration (#15975, solid lines) and reversed field (RF) configuration (#20921, dashed lines) measured by combined probe array at the outer target. Vertical blue lines indicate the position of the outer strike point. Prior the impurity injection the Isat profile is significantly broader for RF, while the Te profile is broader in FF. The q|| profiles manifest a similar decay length in both configurations, the spreading of the profile is higher for RF configuration, leading to a reduction of the peak heat flux by 30%.
Another
experimental campaign
attempted to employ argon and neon as seeded impurities. Since these elements are heavier than nitrogen, they tend to radiate mostly in the confined region and as such allowed us to explore the scenarios relevant to European DEMO, where a large fraction of power will have to be radiated inside the separatrix [31]. Stable L-mode discharges were achieved [32] and surprisingly, the methods of heat flux footprint characterisation developed for nitrogen in [28] proved to be applicable also in these discharges. Ac
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 RUN-AWAY ELECTRONS (RE) PHYSICS
cri pt Runaway electrons [33] represent one of the major concerns for future fusion devices, ITER and beyond, since the uncontrolled localized RE losses can compromise the integrity of the of the in-vessel components and further tokamak operation. Runaway electrons can emerge within a tokamak plasma either at low density, during the discharge start-up phase [34] or as a result of rapid disruptive plasma termination, associated with sudden cooling causing a significant electric field induction. Both experimental and modeling efforts contributed significantly to the understanding of crucial topics, such as alternative or more efficient mitigation methods [35] [36] [37] or even begin termination of the RE beam [38]. The physics of RE interaction with mitigation species and materials, loss mechanisms, transport, interaction with naturally present or artificially created magnetic perturbations, and the RE impact on plasma-facing components was addressed in recent dedicated experimental campaigns in COMPASS [39] [40] [41]. The improved knowledge of RE behavior was applied in the worldwide unique RE radial feedback control algorithm [42] and advanced beam detection with an extended set of dedicated diagnostic systems [43] [44] [45]. ce pte dM an us COMPASS configuration (ITER-like plasma shape) and the recently commissioned electron cyclotron emission (V-ECE) heterodyne radiometer [43] [44] have been successfully used for monitoring of the early phase of the RE population in the plasma and supported with modeling effort. The presence of RE was detected around 20 ms earlier than with HXR NaI(Tl) detector and HXR/Photoneutron shielded composite scintillator [44]. An early seed detection might play a crucial role in mitigation strategies in future devices. Preliminary results showed a strong correlation of the V-ECE signal with bursts detected by the magnetic diagnostic. Besides V-ECE, novel semiconductor pixel detectors [45] measuring the bremsstrahlung caused by RE radiation losses and several types of X-ray cameras with pinhole optics and fast readout sensitive to low energies (tens - hundreds of keV) were built in-house to measure time evolution of the low energetic part of RE distribution function. The pattern of the impacted PFC was partly identified by the measurements of electrons produced via beta decay of 90Sr measured by the X-chip-03. Radiation losses corresponding to RE with higher energies (hundreds of keV - tens of MeV) were detected by a set of HXR NaI(Tl), shielded photoneutrons detectors and scintillators. Such measurements provided important information about the dynamics of RE radiation losses in the presence of gas and solid-state mitigation materials, one of the main studied RE topics at the COMPASS tokamak. For this purpose, the room temperature solid state pellet injector (RTSP) was borrowed from the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. After initial characterization and modification of the pellet injector [46], the pellet injection system and newly designed gas handling system were successfully installed at the COMPASS tokamak (Fig. 10). The RTSP was used for investigation of RE generation and mitigation by graphite pellet injection (2 mm length x 1.5 diameter). Effect of pellet injection into dynamics of RE beams was clearly observed and interaction of runaway electrons with pellets was captured in detail by fast cameras. Fig. 10: Visualization of the vacuum system designed for RTSP and its connection to the COMPASS tokamak. Two expansion vacuum tanks with a set of pipes, valves for the gas handling system together with the port plug and vacuum stand are shown by the light grey color in the right part of the figure. The COMPASS tokamak with green and blue support structure and violet toroidal field coils is depicted in the left part. Ac 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 40 42
OVERVIEW
us cri pt The most important part of the research on the RE losses in the presence of gas mitigation material was to study the effect of the deuterium flushing which became one of the most studied topics in recent years at European and US tokamaks since it might cause the significant decrease of the average RE energy [38]. This has been confirmed in COMPASS experiments [39] as shown in Fig. 11. an Fig. 11: Left – effect of the deuterium flushing and of the loop voltage on the RE average energy and the RE current decay rate. The blue and pink time slots correspond to the time windows when the valve in the divertor region was open for the Ar injection (5.1018 m-3) and when the valve at the LFS midplane was open for D2 injection. The level of loop voltage is primarily given by a time derivative of current in the central solenoid (notes in the upper panel). Right – IR camera image of the final termination of the RE beam at the calorimetry head after the Ar injection. The RE beam was intentionally drifting toward the calorimetry head (LFS) from time 1420 ms.
pte dM The last, but not least diagnostic system assembled to deliver the new insights on the RE impact on plasma-facing components under various conditions was the novel calorimetry head able to measure the temperature evolution of the various parts of the calorimetry head during the RE phase and after its termination. It was designed as a graphite LFS protection limiter equipped with up to 10 resistive temperature sensors. Its surface temperature was simultaneously measured during the duration of plasma discharge also by the IR camera (120 frames per second) covering wavelength range 7.5 - 13 μm and a good agreement with results obtained by resistive sensors was found.
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a LA COUR ; Sur le moyen tiré de la nullité de la sentence arbitrale et de ce qui en a été la suite; — Attendu qu'il est constant, d'après l'arrêt attaqué, que le demandeur a lui-même provoqué l'exécution de la clause compromissoire stipulée par l'article de l'acte social, en obtenant du tribunal de commerce que les jugements qui avaient renvoyé la contestation devant des. arbitres par application de cette clause seraient execuloires nonobstant appel et sans caution, adoptant pour le sien un des arbitres désignés, en consentant que ces arbitres prononçassent, tant sur les demandes principales que sur les demandes reconventionnelles qui seraient formées devant eux à l'occasion de la contestation, et en concluant, lorsque le délai pendant lequel ils devaient nécessairement statuer se trouvait expiré, à ce qu'il se constituassent de nouveau en tribunal arbitral; — Attendu que, dans un pareil état de choses où il v avait tout à la fois désignation des arbitres et détermination die l'objet sur lequel leur examen et leur décision devait porter, on ne peut prétendre qu'il y a eu violation des art. 4005 et 4006, C. proc., rejette ce moyeu de nullité; « Au fond, sur le premier moyen proposé: Attendu que, par l'acte de société anonvme autorisée par une ordonnance royale du 22 octobre 4834, il a été couveuu que le demandeur s'obligeait solidairement avec un tiers à titre de forfait à exécuter à ses risques et périls-pour une somme de dix millions de francs, qui en constituait le prix à forfait, tous les travaux quelconques du canal de jonction de la Sambre à l'Oise, depuis Landrecies jusqu'à la Fère, se chargeant de l'achat des terrains et du paiement de touteespèced'indemnites indiquées au cahier des charges, avec cette stipulation expresse « que si les dépenses à faire pour l'exécution de ce canal excédaient la somme de dix millions pour laquelle il en faisait l'entreprise, cet excédant quel qu'il fût serait rapporté par lui, et que la société ne serait en aucun cas passible d'aucune réclamation quelconque à cet égard; » Attendu qu'il suit de la nature des obligations prises par Urbain et de la généralité des termes dans lesquels elles sont exprimées, qu'en déclarant qu'il avait assumé évidemment sur lui tous les genres de dépenses prévues et imprévues, que la confection du canal pouvaitentraîner, pourvu que les travaux ne sortissent pas de la nature de ceux qui avaient été indiqués, l'arrêt attaqué n'a fait qu'une appréciation de l'intention des parties et de l'étendue du consentement qu'elles ont respectivement donné ; — Attendu qu'obligé d'exécuter le canal à ses risques et périls, tous les frais d'entretien, de réparation et de reconstruction occasionnés, même par des accidents de force majeure , avant que ce canal eût été livré , ou que la compagnie eût été mise en demeure de le recevoir tombaient également à la charge de l'entrepreneur; Attendu, dès-lors, qu'en décidant que les sommes réclamées par lui, indépendamment du prix à forfait convenu, comme les ayant employées dans la construction du canal : 4° pour travaux supplémentaires non portés au devis mais reconnus utiles à la confection du canal; 2° pour reconstruction détruite par une force majeure avant la livraison ou la mise en demeure ; et 50 pour excédant de travaux également nécessaires à l'achèvement du canal et provenant d'erreurs ou d'omissions dans les devis, devaient rentrer dans le prix à forfait, et en rejetant en conséquence ces trois chefs de réclamation qu'il a présentés pour obtenir le paie-, ment particulier et séparé de ces sommes, l'arrêt attaqué ne s'est pas mis en opposition avec les conventions des parties et n'a violé aucune loi ; a Sur le troisième moyen : — Attendu que. le demandeur a fondé sa réclamation de dommages-iniérêts contre la société sur le préjudice qu'elle lui avait causé en s'emparant arbitrairement de la direction des travaux du canal, en l'accusant faussement d'en avoir volontairement a bandonné la confection, et en l'exposant aux poursuites de ses créanciers, par le refus de lui payer les sommes qu'elle lui devait ; — Que loin de se prévaloir de la prise de possession de la part de la société, pour s'en faire un motif de demande on réintégration dans la direction du canal, il ne s'est pas même pourvu contre le jugement qui a maintenu la possession de celle-ci, et que devant la cour royale il s'est également borné a une simple demande en dommages-intérêts ; — Attendu que, stil, cette demande, l'arrêt attaqué déclare qu'aucune des circons tances de la cause ne justifie la réclamation en dommages-intérêts, et que la société n'a pris possession du canal qu'à la suite d'une mise en demeure et en présence de la nécessité; — Attendu qu'en refusant, dans un pareil état de faits, d'admettre une demande en réparation d'un préjudice qui ne lui paraissait pas établi, l'arrêt attaqué n'a violé aucune loi: — Rejette le pourvoi sur les moyens ci-dessus mentionnés ; « Mais sur le deuxième moyen proposé: — Vu l'art. 1-155, C. civ.; Attendu qu'aux termes de cet article la convention oblige, non-seulement à ce qui est exprimé, mais encore à toutes les suites que l'équité donne à l'obligation; — Attendu qu'il résulte de l'arrêt attaqué que des changements de dimensions dans certaines parties des travaux entrepris auraient été prcscrit postérieurement au traité à forfait intervenu entre la société et les entrepreneurs ; — Que l'arrêt constate encore que ces changements ont été acceptés par les entrepreneurs, sans qu'il constate de leur part aucune demande en supplément de la somme à eux allouée pour l'entreprise ; — Que la cour royale de Paris en conclut que ces travaux ne sortant pas. COUR DE CASSATION. (28 janvier 4 846.) Marque de fabrique. — Nom. — Raison sociale. — Absence de dépôt. Usurpation. — Étranger. Le fait dat'oir apposé sur des limes les noms de fabricants étrangers, se confondant avec la marque des limes fabriquées et ne faisant qu'un avec eUe, ne peut constituer l'usurpation de nom ou de raison sociale prévue par la loi du 28 juillet 1824, surtout si ce nom, appliqué depuis longues années tt des, liffls fabriquées en France, avait jyoins pour objet de faire connaître l'origine de la fabrication que de désigner la nature et la qualité de la marchandise. Les etrangers qui n'ont pas rempli en France la formalité du dépôt de leur marque au tribunal de commerce du lieu de la fabrication , ne peuvent pas, plus que les Français, poursuivre, en l'absence de ce dépôt, les contrefacteurs de leur marque (4). SPENCER ET STUBS C. Hu RÉ ET AUTRES. Des limes fabriquées en France et marquées les unes du nom de Spencer, les autres du nom de Stuts, se vendent depuis plus de quarante ans dans !<; commerce français; tes sieurs Spencer et Stubs fabricants en Angleterre, !o premier sous la raison Williams Spencer and son, le second sous la raison Williams and Joseph Stubs, ont fait saisir des limes marquées de leurs noms chez les sieurs Huré, Toureille et autres, quincailliers et débitants, et ont donné assignation à ceux-ci ainsi qu'aux sieurs Montmousseau, fabricant à Orléans, Meunier et Journault, fabricants à Rive-de Gier, devant le tribunal de commerce de Paris, à fin de se voir condamner chacun et envers chacun d'eux en 50,000 fr. de dommages-intérêts pour contrefaçon de leurs noms et de leurs marques sur les limes saisies; le sieur Dufay, correspondant à Paris des sieurs Spencer et Stubs, est intervenu dans le cours de l'iustauce, et a reclamé des dommages intérêts en son propre nom. Le 25 mai 4842, par jugement du tribunal de commerce de la Seine, et ie, 5 juin 845, par arrêt de la cour royale de Paris (2), l'action des demandeurs a été rejetée. Les sieurs Spencer et Stubs se sont pourvus contre cet arrêt, pour violation de ral't. erde la loi du 28 juillet S24 et de l'art. 4582, C. civ., en ce que la cour de Paris a jugé que l'usurpation , en France, du nom d'un fabricant (étranger ou français) ne constituait une contrefaçon qu'autant que le nom usurpé était le nom commercial ou la raison sociale de ce fabricant , et que, dans l'espèce, l'empreinte des limes saisies sur les sieurs Huré et consorts, reproduisant simplement sur la marque les noms isolés de Spencer et Stubs , et non ceux de Williams Spencer et fils, et Williams et Joseph Stubs, formant la raison sociale des demandeurs, on ne devait voir dans ce fait qu'une usurpation de marque contre laquelle ni les étrangers ni les Français eux-mêmes ne peuvent réclamer, quand ils n'en ont point effectué le dépôt conformément aux arrêtés et décrets des 25 nivôse an 9 et 5 septembre 4840. — ARRÊT. « LA COUR; —Attendu que l'arrêt attaqué déclare, en fait, que, dans l'espèce de la cause, il ne s'agissait ni de la raison sociale des demandeurs, ni de l'application de la loi du 28 juillet 4824 ; mais que l'empreinte des limes saisies se bornait à reproduire les noms isolés de Spencer et de Stubs , qui se (1) Par arrêt du 14 août 8H, Annales -1845, 2, p. Hi, et Mémorial -1845, 2, p. -17 o, la cour suprême a décidé que l'étranger ne jouissant pas en France des droits civils, ne pouvait être admis à se plaindre devant les tribunaux français de l'usurpation de son nom commercial, de sa raison sociale; nous avons vivement critiqué cette décision , qui n'a pas été suivie par la cour de Rouen, devant laquelle la cour de cassation avait renvoyé les parties ; arrêt du 8 juin 4 845, V. Annales 1845, p. 416. La question soumise à la cour dans l'espèce que nous rapportons aujourd'hui n'était pas la même; il s'agissait de l'usurpation d'une marque, sans se préoccuper du droit de poursuitr qui, relativement à la marque, aurait appartenu au fabricant étranger, la cour.a décidé que, faute de dépôt, les poursuites étaient interdites. Elle laisse snpposer par là que le dépôt serait permis à l'étranger, et qu'après cette formalité remplie, l'étranger pourrait faire valoir son privilège, ce qui semblerait un retour aux principes que la cour de Rouen a si rigoureusement soutenus dans son arrêt. — Voit encore Annales 4 845, p. 4 32. (2) V. le jugement Annales 4 842, p. 285, et l'arrêt, Annales845, p. 250. confondaienyavec la marque des objets fabriqués et ne faisaient qu'un avec elfe, marque, d'ailleurs, qui avait moins pour objet de faire connaître l'origine de la fabrication que de désigner la nature et la qualité de lamarchandise, et qui, depuis plus de quarante ans, était apposée sur des limes fabriquées en France et livrées au commerce, sans qu'aucune plainte se fût élevée-avant le procès actuel ; — Attendu qu'en tirant de l'ensemble de ces faits ainsi caractérisés souverainement la conséquence juridique que la cause était régie par les dispositions des arrêté et décret du 25 nivôse an 9 et 5 septembre -184 0, d'après lesquels les étrangers qui n'ont pas rempli les formalités prescrites par lesdites dispositions pour s'assurer le droit de poursuivre les contrefacteurs de leur marque, ne peuvent être plus favorisés que les Français et doivent être également déclarés non-recevables' dans leur poursuite, la cour royale a fait desdits arrêté et décret la plus juste application, et n'a violé aucune loi; — REJETTE. » 28 janvier-1846. — Ch. req.—M. Lasaeni, f. f. de prés.-. F. Fanre, rapp. DL Chégaray, av.-gén., concl. conf. -lUe Carette, av. COUR Dit CASSATION. (48 mars 1846.) Société. — Société en nom collectif. — Publication. — Créanciers personnels d'un associé. — Créanciers de la société. — Vice dans la publication. — Droit de s'en prévaloir. — Insertion dans les Journaux, — Eureglotremeng. Preuve. Les créanciers personnels d'un associé sont compris parmi les intéressés admis dans le sens de l'art. 42, C. com., à se prévaloir de la-nullité d'une société commerciale, pour défaut de publication régulière; ils peuvent, par conséquent, opposer cette nullité aux créanciers sociaux et ont droit de repousser te privilége auquel prétendraient ceux ci, à leur détriment, savf l'actif de la société (4). (■I) L'art. 42, C. com., porte que les formalités de publication « seront observées à peine « de nultilè à l'égard des intéressés, mais le défaut d'aucune d'elles ne pourrait être opposé à « des tiers par les associés n Il est aujourd'hui hors de contestation que les créanciers persoibnetr de chaque associé doivent être regardés comme des intéressés dans le sens de l'art. 42-j ils (;nt donc, a défaut de publication ou de vice dans la publication, le droit de demander lanulfité de la société, afin d'empêcher que l'avoir de leur débiteur dans les valeurs sociales ne devienne le gage privilégié des créanciers de la société, mais comme les droits de ces derniers créanciers ne peuvent non plus être affectés par le vice de publication , et, qu'ils ont, au con traire, eux, intérêt à faire consacrer l'existence de la société, il s'en suivra que la nullité sera demandée d'une part, et la validité de l'autre , par des intéressés dont la loi respecte également les droits. Les auteurs, Merlin seul, peut-être, excepté, sont d'accord pour repousser, en pareil cas, laséparation de patrimoine au profit des créanciers de la société , admettre, en effet, cette séparation, serait sacrifier entièrement les droits des créanciers personnels, qui ne doivent pas cependant pàtir d'une association contractée par leur débiteur, en violation des or mes imposées par la loi. V. Troplong, des Sociétés, n° 2ot, Delangle, p. 547. — La jurisprudence a admis la même doctrine. Un arrêt de la chambre des requêtes, du 45 février 82 Dali. Alph., -f 2, p, 12, décide qu'à défaut de publication de l'acte social, les créanciers sociaux sont non-recevables à réclamer, à l'encontre des créanciers pel'sonnels, la séparation du patrimoine social. Une société en nom collectif pour la fabrication des étoffes de soie avait été établie entre le sieur Damour et le sieur Gallet, par acte du 8 octobre 4859;« cet acte fut déposé "et transcrit au greffe; il resta affiché pendant trois mois dans la salle d'audience ; l'extrait en fut publié dans un journal , mais on ne justifie pas que l'exemplaire du journal ait été certifié par l'imprimeur , légalisé par le maire, et enregistré dans les trois mois de sa date, conformément à la loi du 51 mars 4853. 2 septembre 4 844, dissolution de la société. Le 48 du même mois, le sieur Damour, liquidateur, cède la liquidation aux créanciers réunis de la société à leurs risques et périls. Ceux-ci nomment liquidateurs les sieurs Tresca-Danguin et Brarhet frères. , Cependant, le -18 octobre suivant, la dame Damour , femme séparée de biens du sieur Damour, L'un des associés , et le sieur Vigrion , créancier personnel de cet associé, forment opposition entre les mains des liquidateurs, il foute distribution de deniers hors de leur présence. Sur la -demande en main-levée de ces oppositions, les opposants soutiennent que l'acte de société passé entre leur débiteur et le sieur Galkt était nul, faute d'accomplissement entier des formalités légales; qu'il n'y avait donc eu entre Damour et Gallet.qu'une communauté d'intérêts; que, par conséquent, il fallait partager entre eux les valeurs qui seraient reconnues leur appllrtenir, pour, ce premier partage une fois fait, la portion du sieur Damour être divisée entre tous ses créanciers, sans distinction des créanciers personnels ou soci aux. Un jugemant du tribunal de commerce de Lyon, accueillant ce système, décida que l'actif de la soci été-serait partagé comme communauté simple, et non comme société, puis, qu'il serait réparti, par concurrence entre les créanciers personnels du sieur Damour et les créanciers de la société. — Ce jugement porte ce qui suit : h Considérant que les liquidateurs de Damour et Gaflet repoussent l'opposition formée par la dame Damour et par le sieur Vignon, par le motif qu'ils sont créanciers particuliers de Damour et non du commerce de Damour et Gallet; que les liquidateurs soutiennent que cette société , dont l'acte qui l'a la société. Décision analogue de la cour de Limoges du 2 juin 845, Mémorial 8H, 2, p. 408. Enfin, par arrêt du 25 mars 845, Annales 844, p. 265, la cour de cassation a jugé que les créanciers personnels d'un des associés ne peuvent non plus , de leur côté , en pareil cas, exclure les créanciers de la société des droits que ceux-ci prétendent sur les biens personnels de cet associé, (abstraction faite de toute préférence ou privilège), s'il est constant, d'ailleurs, qu'une communauté de fait a existé entre l'associé et les autres membres de la société. En somme, il résulte de l'ensemble de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence qu'en cas de rivalité entre les créanciers sociaux et les créanciers personnels des associés, les premiers n'ont aucun privilége sur l'actif social au préjudice des seconds, et que les uns et les autres viennent en concours tant sur l'actif social que sur les biens personnels des associés. , , « consti tuée a été enregistré et déposé au greffe, a encore reçu, par l'exercice qui en a été fait publiquement pendant plusieurs années, une sanction et une authenticité dont les effets .et les garanties ne peuvent être disputés aux créanciers qui ont traité de bonne foi avec elle ; qu'ainsi la division du patrimoine commercial et du patrimoine des associés doit être admise et attribuée aux créanciers selon la nature de leurs titres de créance; — Considérant que, quels que soient l'esprit et l'exigence de la loi, qui d'ailleurs ne prescrit rien en vain, les conséquences de l'inobservation ou de l'observation des principes' doivent être adjugées à celui qui est fondé à les invoquer; — Considérant que • s dernier paragraphe de l'art. 42, C. com. , dit que les extraits de société en nom collectif ou eu commandite doivent être insérés dans un ou plusieurs journaux dans la quinzaine de leur date; qu'il sera justifié de cette insertion par un exemplaire du journal, certifié par l'imprimeur , légalisé par le maire-et enregistré dans les trois mois de sa date ; que ces formalités seront observées à peine de nullité à l'égard des intéressés, mais que Je défaut d'aucune d'eUes ne pourra être opposé à des tiers par les associés ; — Considérant que Damour et Gallet, ou pour eux leurs liquidateurs, ne rapportent pas la preuve que ce vœu de la loi sur l'insertion et -sur l'enregistrement du journal ait été accompli ;— Considérant que si les associés ne peuvent opposer la nullité de leur acte de société à jdes tiers, c'est qu'en effet, et de toute équité, ils ne peuvent se réserver ou se préparer les moyens de se soustraire à leurs engagements (lleclirs par une omission de formalités qui, de leur part, aurait pu être volontaire ; qu'ainsi la loi a voulu sauvegarder les droits des tiers, quels qu'ils soient, contre toute combinaison frauduleuse; mais que si, en résumé, une catégorie de créanciers ne peut exciper, contre l'autre catégorie qu'elle veut exclure, d'un acte de société entre les débiteurs communs, qui constitue légalement et régulièrement l'actif social, alors il n'y a eu qu'une communauté de biens sur laquelle les créanciers particuliers , aussi bien que les créanciers du commerce, doivent avoir part à raison des titres dont ils sont porteurs; que, dans la cause, la créance de la dame Damour a date certaine par son contrat de mariage, et celle de Vignon par un jugement non attaqué; qu'il ressort des documents et de rétablissement des écritures de la société ou plutôt de la communauté Damour et Gallet, que le compte de fonds et le comptecourant libre de Damour s'élèvent ensemble à 59,579 fr. 95 cent., tandis que Gallet n'a versé que 595 fr. Un arrêt de la cour royale de Lyon, du 50 avril 4 845, confirma le jugement de première instance, rejeta la preuve subsidiairement offeite, et accorda deux mois aux appelants pour rapporter, soit le numéro du journal enregistré où la société aurait été publiée, soit un extrait régulier constatant cet enregistrement. Cet arrêt est ainsi motivé: — « Attendu que , suivant les principes du droit consacrés par l'art. 2095, C. eiv., les biens d'un débiteur sont le gage eommun de ses créanciers, sauf les causes légitimes de préférence; Attendu qu'une société commerciale n'a d'existence légale, et par suite de patrimoine spécial et propre, que lorsqu'elle a été formée et publiée avec toutes les formalités prescrites par l'art. 42, C. corn. ; Qu'au nombre de ces for-. malités figure l'enregistrement du numéro du journal dans lequel la société a été publiée ; — Attendu que l'absence de cette formalité, prescrite par un motif d'ordre publie, donne à tout tiers intéressé le droit d'invoquer la nullité de la société; — Attendu que la femme Damour et Vignon sont créanciers de Damour, et comme tels, recevables à se prévaloir de la nullité de la société qui est opposée pour établir une séparation de patrimoine et pour les exclure de tous droits sur certains biens de leurs débiteurs; — Attendu qu'il n'est pas justifié de l'enregistrement du numéro du journal dans lequel avait été publiée la société intervenue entre Damour et Gallet le 8 octobre -1839 ; — Qu'à défaut de la production du numéro enregistré, la preuve ne pourrait résulter que d'un extrait des registres publics de l'enregistrement, et que, dès-lors, l'admission de l'enquête sollicitée par les appelants, dans leurs conclusions subsidiaires, ne peut faire espérer à la justice des résultats utiles et ne saurait dès-lors être admise ; — Que néanmoins il convient d'impartir aux appelants un délai suffisant pour représenter soit le numéro enregistré, soit l'extrait délivré par le receveur du bureau dans lequel l'enregistrement aurait eu lieu,; Et adoptant, au surplus, les motifs qui ont déterminéfes premiers juges, etc. » Pourvoi des sieurs Tresca et consorts : — 4 ° Fausse application de l'article 42, Ç. com., et violation des art. 4834, 4528 et 4 466, C. civ., en ce que l'arrêt de la cour royale de Lyon a jugé que les créanciers personnels des associés sont compris au nombre des intéressés qui, d'après l'art. 42, C. com., ont qualité pour se prévaloir, à l'enconlre des créanciers sociaux, de l'inobservation des formalités prescrites par cet article. — Les créanciers personnels d'un associé, a-t-on dit, n'ont pas un droit propre pour faire prononcer la nullité de la société irrégulièrement formée. Ces formalités n'ont pas été prescrites dans leur intérêt ; elles ne l'ont ^te que dans l'intérêt des tiers qui traitent avec la société. Mais à l'égard des créanciers personnels, dès l'instant que la société a acquis date certaine, aucune fraude n'est à craindre, et les formalités voulues par la loi pour prémunir les tiers ne lés concernent pas Les créanciers personnels n'ont pas d'action qui leur soit propre; ils ne peuvent exercer que les actions de leur débiteur. Or, leur débiteur, c'est précisément l'associé, lequel ne peut jamais opposer la nullité aux tiers de bonne foi; les créanciers personnels ne le peuvent donc pas davantage. — Qu'est-ce, du reste, que la nullité prononcée par la loi commerciale? Une peine. Or , comment pourrait on l'infliger aux tiers qui ne sont pas les coupables? Aussi U. Treilhard disait-il qu'elle ne devait avoir d'effets qu'entre associés, et qu'elle ne s'étendait pas aux tiers. Il est donc vrai de reconnaître que les créan ciers personnels ne peuvent opposer cette nullité aux tiers de bonne foi ; leur intérêt est suffisamment protégé par les art. 854 et 4 328, C. civ. ; 2o Violation de l'art. 4548, C. civ. et fausse application dos art 25 et et 254, C. proc., en ce que l'arrêt attaqué a refusé aux demandeurs de les admettre à prouver par témoins la fraude qui avait fait disparaître le numéro enregistré du journal où la société avait été publiée, en se bornant à leur permettre de suppléer à la représentation du journal enregistré par la production, dans un cerlain délai, de l' extrai t des registres du receveur de l'enregistrement. -Il n'est pas possible, a-t-on dit, que la loi ait imposé aux créanciers l'obligation de représenter soit ce journal , soit cet extrait. Le journal n'est point entre leurs mains ; il ne doit point y être. Le sort des créanciers peut-il donc dépendre des gérants, à qui il est si facile de faire disparaître ce journal? Et quant à l'extrait du registre du receveur de l'enregistrement, comment les créanciers pourront-ils se le procurer? FaudVa-t-il compulser les registres des 2,500 bureaux qui se trouvent en France? M. le conseiller-rapporteur Troplong a présenté sur ces deux moyens les observations suivantes : u 0 La disposition finale de l'art. 42, a dit ce magistrat, a été le fruit de discussions fort graves et fort animées au conseil d'Etat. Deux systèmes partageaient le conseil, l'un qui voulait qu'on se bornât à prononcer une amende, l'autre qui voulait la peine de nullité. Le premier système fut défendu par M. Rpgnauld et par M. Cambacérès; le second par M. Treillhard, Sous l'empire de l'ordonnance de 4673, il y avait aussi une peine de nullité prononcée.; mais cette peine allait jusqu'à armer les associés,eux-mêmes contre les tiers, d'un défaut de formalités qui était le fait d'eux, associés. Il y avait là de l'exagération. Il n'était pas juste que les associés , coupables du défaut de formalités, s'en fissent un moyen contre les tiers. C'est pourquoi M. Treithard, en empruntant la peine de nullité à l'ordonnance de 4673, déclara qu il n entendait pas la reproduire avec cette généralité injuste. 11 déclara que les associés ne pourraient jamais l'opposer aux tiers, et cette modification à l'ordonnance est passée dans l'art. 42, C. corn. — Mais ce qu'a dit M. Treilhard ne se réfère pas à la question des créanciers entre eux. M. Treilbard ne s'occupait que des associés et des tiers; il ne voulait pas, et le Code de commerce ne veut pas plus que lui, que les associés, auteurs de la faute, en fissent retomber la responsabilité sur les tiers. — Quant au conflit élevé entre les divers ordres de créanciers, M. Treilhard n'en a rien dit; la difficulté doit donc se résoudre par l'esprit et le texte de la loi. — D'abord, qu'est-ce qu'une société commerciale non publiée? Elle est censée n'être pas exempte de fraude, comme le disait M. Berlier (Voy. mon Comment. de la Société, t. 4, no 248).-Si elle est frauduleuse ou présumée frauduleuse, il est certain que les créanciers personnels de chaque associé auront le droit de dire, en s'emparant de cette supposition : « Ce n'est pas sincèrement, ce n'est pas sérieusement que vous avez distrait de votre avoir personnel tel capital que vous dites avoir affecté à une société. Vous n'avez fait cette distraction que pour nous faire fraude, pour nous enlever une partie de notre gage. Nous ne voulons pas tenir compte de cette société. » — Évidemment, les créanciers personnels sont tiers pour tenir ce langage ; ils ont tous les droits possibles pour faire Itmiber les actes frauduleux par lesquels leur débiteur veut les frustrer. La société frauduleuse ou présumée telle n'échappe pas plus que les autres actes à ce droit. Nous voyons donc déjà que les créanciers personnels trouvent place dans la catégorie des intéressés dont parle l'art. 42, et à l'égard desquels les formalités dont s'agit doivent être observées à peine de nullité. Il faut, dès-lors, reconnaître que si l'action des créanciers personnels était dirigée contre la société même, aucune difficulté ne pourrait l'arrêter; elle serait autorisée par l'art 42 dont le texte et l'esprit sont ici d'accord. 42, C. com,, sont d'ordre public. Il est désormais inutile d'insister à cet égacd. — Partant de là, pourquoi les créanciers personnels, qui peuvent faire prononcer la nullité à l'égard des associés, ne pourraient-ils pas s'en prévaloir à l'égard des créanciers de la société? -Si la nullité est d'ordre public, elle existe contre tout le monde. Notez bien que le texte dont argumente le pourvoi ne défend qu'aux associés d'opposer la nullité aux tiers; mais il ne dit rien de pareil des créanciers personnels, qui, en effet, ont un droit propre, et ne sont pas moins dignes de faveur que les créanciers de la société. — Mais, ditan, un tel système rend les créanciers de la société responsables d'une faute qo'ils n'ont point commise On peut répondre que l'argument est excellent quand ce sont les auteurs de la faute qui veulent s'en faire un droit'contre les tiers. Mais ici, ceux qui argumentent de l'oubli des formalités n'ont rien à se reprocher ; ils sont exempts de faute, et ils ne sont pas plus obligés que les autres tiers.â rester spectateurs inertes d'omissions qui sont contraires à l'ordre public, et que la loi présume frauduleuses. Il y a même une observation à faire en leur faveur. Les créanciers de la société peuvent se prémunir contre ces actes, en exigeant l'accomplissement de toutes les formalités prescrites par la loi, et.en ne prêtant pas leurs fonds ou en ne traitant pas, si on ne leur donne pas satisfaction. Mais que veut-on que fasse un créancier personnel, une épouse, par exemple, dont le mari aura voulu faire disparaître l'avoir de la communauté par une prétendue société, commerciale, dépourvue des conditions qui seules peuvent en attester la sincérité? Que veut-on, disons-nous, qu'elle fasse, sinon agir en nullité, et poursuivre cette nullité d'ordre public contre tous ceux qu'elle rencontrera. — Au surplus, nous remarquons que la tendance de la jurisprudence, et même des tribunaux de commerce, est de se ranger au système de la cour de Lyon. Nous ajouterons cependant que M. Merlin (Quest, de droit, vo Sociétés, p. 547, col. 2. — Contrà, mon Comment. de la société, t. 4, no 251) émet une opinion favorable au pourvoi, mais sans la discuter et sans la justifier. « LA COUR ; — Sur la première branche du premier moyen : — Considérant que les créanciers personnels des associés sont intéressés, dans le sens de l'art. 42, C. corn., à se prévaloir de la nullité d'une société commerciale qui n'a pas été régulièrement publiée, et dont l'existence diminuerait à leur préjudice l'actif de leur débiteur ; — Que les tiers qui ont contracté avec cette société ont à s'imputer de ne s'être pas assurés de sa légalité; qu'ils ne peu vent pal' conséquent, se plaindre de l'action des créanciers -personnels, lesquels doivent être d'autant mieux protégés qu'ils n'ont eu aucun moyen de se prémunir contre les actes par lesquels leur débiteur a pu simuler une société que la loi tient pour suspecte par cela seul qu'elle n'a pas été constituée dans les formes et avec les manifestations extérieures voulues ; « Sur la deuxième branche du premier moyen (manque en fait) ; « Sur le deuxième moyen : — Considérant que la cour royale, en rejetant la preuve testimoniale offerte comme n'étant pas relevante, et en exigeant la production de l'extrait du registre du bureau de l'enregistrement, n'a fait qu'user de la faculté à elle attribuée par les art. 255 et254, C. proc. ; REJETTE. » 4 8 mars 4846. — Ch. req. M. Lasagni, fais. fond, de prés.-. M. Troplong, rapp. M. Delapalme, av.-gén.; conel. conf. — M. Belainy, av. COUR DE CASSATION. (27 avril 4846.) , Compte-courant, — Effets de commerce portés en compte. '— Condition d'encaissement. — Crédit. — Débit. — Faillite. Des effets de commerce remis par endossement par un commerçant à un banquier, et compris dans un compte-courant existant entre eux, comme valeur réelle et sans dérogation aux principes du droit commun sur la transmission par endossement, deviennent par là même la propriété du banquier,et figurent à son débit, quel'encaissement ait lieu, ou qu'il n'ait pas lieu (i). Si donc le commerçant tombe en faillite avant Cè paiement des effets ainsi Ternis, le banquier ne pourra diminuer son débit du montant des effets non payés à l'échéance sous prétexte qu'à défaut d'encaissement, ils doivent être réputés n'avoir jamais été compris dans le compte; il n'aura pas le droit de se présenter au passif pour les valeurs reconnues impayées (2). v CORDONNIER C. SYNDIC LETOURNELLE. Un compte-courant existait entre le sieur Cordonnier, banquier, et le sieur Letournelle, commerçant, par suite d'ouverture d'un crédit à celui-ci. (4-2) Conf. cass., req. 9 janvier -1838 ; Mémorial, t. 2, 1838, 2, 219. — Contrà, cass., req. 15 janvier 1823, DaU. Alph., 3, 693; Civ.,20 décembre 4 837, Mémorial, t. 4, 1837, 2, 371 ; Nancy, 40 décembre -1842, Mémorial 4843, 2, 379; Paris, 42 novembre -1844, Mémorial -1845, 2, 338. Annales 4 843, 2, 2-10 ; trib. com. Marseille, -16 novembre 4 843, Annales i 84b, 2, 286 ; ces deux derniers arrêt et jugement établissent que, d'après les usages du commerce, les remises de valeurs de portefeuille ne sont portées dans les comptes-courants, au crédit de celui qui les souscrit et au débit de celui qui les reçoit, que sous lajréserve qu elles seront payées à échéance. — M. Pardessus, Cours de Droit commercial, n° 476, soutient la même doctrine ; il ajoute, n° 22, que lorsque le crédit du failli se compose d'effets non .échus, il est subordonné à la condition que ces effets seront acquittés. Voir encore Rolland de Yillvgùes au mot compte-couranl, et les observations de Dalloz sur l'arrêt de la cour de Nancy, du 4 0 décembre 4842, Dali. 43, 2, 46. Letournelle étant tombé en faillite, se trouvait, le 5 mai 4843, jour-de la faillite, créancier d'après le compte, d'une somme de 3,164 francs. — Assigné par le syndic en paiement de cette somme, le sieur Cordonnier opposa que diverses traites à lui remises par Letournelle, et portées en compte, échues depuis la faillite, n'avaient point été payées, qu'elles devaient donc être déduileg de son débit, où elles n'avaient figuré que sous la condition tacite d'encaissement : cette déduction opérée, au lieu d'être débiteur de la faillite, il était son créancier de 5,595 fr. 10 mars 1845, jugement du tribunal de commerce de Rouen, qui rejette ce système, et ordonne que la balance du compte sera fixée soit en débit, soit en crédit au 5 mai 1845, jour de la faillite du sieur Letournelle, sauf au sieur Cordonnier à se présenter au passif pour les valeurs reconnues impayées depuis cette faillite. Ce jugement est ainsi motivé : « Attendu que Cordonnier reconnaît qu'il n'y a pas lieu d'appliquer la compensation ; qu'il n'invoque pas ces principes a l'appui devsa cause; qu'il soutient que le crédit ou le débit résultant de l'inscription au compte-courant, d'après les usages constants de la banque, restent toujours soumis à la cofidition expresse ou tacite de l'encaissement des remises figurant dans ce compte ; Qu'une balance ne peut dès-lors exister, et conséquemment être exigible qu'après l'encaissement de ces valeurs; — Que si la balance de son compte le présente comme débiteur le 5 mai, ce n'est qu'une balance conditionnelle qui s'est transformée en une balance définitive à son crédit par la représentation de valeurs revenues impayées depuis la faillite; — Attendu que dès là que le défendeur n'invoque pas la compensation dont les principes ont été d'ailleurs déclarés inapplicables à l'espèce par une jurisprudence constante, il ne s'agit plus au procès que d'interpréter le sens que les usages du commerce ou les conventions des parties attachent à l'inscription au crédit du compte-courant de Letournelle, des valeurs par lui remises à Cordonnier; Attendu que les valeurs de commerce transmises en compte -courant deviennent à l'instant la propriété de celui qui les reçoit, qu'elles sont portées immédiatement au crédit de celui qui les fournit, et que cette inscription est définitive et sans réserve ; — Que c'est là une habitude constante du commerce; que-le défendeur peut être d'autant moins admis à faire prévaloir une interprétation contraire, qu'a ne peut, dans l'espèce,s'appuyer sur la reserve assez souvent usitée de sauf-encaissement, ou de toute autre clause équivalente, par laquelle des banquiers réservent leurs droits et limitent la portée de l'inscription au compte-courant; que rien n'établit dans la çause que Cordonnier ait mis effectivement une condition de cette nature à l'inscription, des articles dont s'agit; — Attendu que celui qui accepte ces valeurs ne les recevant que par suite de sa confiance dans la solvabilité de celui qui les remet, doit, comme tous les autres créanciers, supporter, en cas de faillite, les conséquences de la foi qu'il a eue dans son débiteur; que décider autrement serait créer un privilége en faveur d'un créancier au préjudice des autres créanciers, et violer le principe fondamental de l'égalité entre tous; Attendu qu'il importe peu qu'il soit question de billets souscrits par le failli ou de valeurs de portefeuille; qu'il est certain quelacompensation que l'on reconnaît ne pouvoir s'exercer lorsqu'il s'agit de valeur de portefeuille,ne peut pas être invoquée avec plus de raison dans le cas où il s'agirait de billets ; — Que si cette partie de la créance de Cordonnier était évidemment liquide, elle ne réunissait pas le caractère d'exigibilité voulu par la loi, dès là que son exigibilité n'était pas la conséquence de la faillite, mais qu'elle est devenue un fait postérieur à la faillite; que cet événement fixant irrévocablement la position de tous les créanciers, au moment même où il éclate, rend impossible toutecompensalion pour les créanres1 doonnt l V' * exiS'"l bitIi« le n 'est s venue que postérieurement ; Attendu qu'il est rcconnu par Cordonnier 4 la provision n'a jaZT« ,0 , PIilippe. 1289, 290, C. ci~ , et ,)G, C. ('om., en ee que le banquiel' qui reçoit compte-courant des ckls de tWnnoTe par vmedVndl osse,npnt., et, par sui doit, en cas de faillite du commerçant de qui il a reçu ces el 'fets, être autorise (Voy. ad. not.).ARRÊT. 837, et l'opinion de 31. Pardess compte-courant comme valeurs rée son pourvoi, les arrêts de la cour de cas « LA cocn ; Atlt'Odu, en fait, que les parties étaient en ('ornpte,;,co convention, réserve 'nrolrsHlmn K ,on aux principes du droit romiriu par lui et r('ecablcs il dierses éd(ances; Que ces effets étaient portés sur les »>e"ffuet> s dui e lla a ttrraannssmmiiss sion par endossement • Attu tendj u, en di roi coiiil)te-cotii~ant cotiiiiie -,aleitrs réelles, et qu'il it'anait été (lér,) f, é par aUCUJ cmnenhon, L n'scl'£', protcs(ation ni l'estrie/ion aux prineipes du droit ('ommu sur les effets de la transl:Jissioll par cndossement; A ttendu, en droi qu'aux termes des art. 136 et 187 C. com., la propriété d'un effet de com merce se transmet par h voie dp l'endossement, et qu'il résulte (le cette dispr 'Lanciers, — Al tendu qu il n on peut être autrement si 1» • t,n° conime|'Çant a négocié sin semblables ne peut rien changer 'i I' |. passif de la plusieurs effets ni mémo I a'Uîl'!el ; imultiplicité de nég AI C<'ssivelllent plusiems effets an inèll)e bai)(Itiiei; la mtilt plicité de négociation (Jrnhlahlrs ne peut rien chanr,er il l'application des ri'r,les; Attendu (litu mise succressive et :récr inrnnupî/In ù i spéciales n'est autre chose qu'une Nil mise successi( rt l'éeiproque dn"alenrs diel'ses sOI/mises aux ('("r,les nénérale chacune srloll sa na(urc; Attendu alors qu'en déclarant le banquier P™ priétaire par l'e ffet des endossements, et il la date de ces endossrments, d'cf fets recouvrables à dierses c et non échus il l'("poque de la faillite dt dcs a,.,: liï:a i tlénoncé a, sans ioler aucune loi, fait une juste applicatiwi des art. 156 et 187, C. com ; REJETTE. » 27 aHil 846" Ch. req. M. Lasaffni, prés. — MMestadier, rdp.M. Dudciaappaailmraee. av.-aén.; concl l. conf. Me Avisse, av. 2e DIVISION. ARRÊTS DES COURS ROYALES. COUR ROYALE D'ANGERS. (21 janvier-1846.) FalUlte, Femme. Obligation solidaire souscrite au moment de la cesaaliou de paiements. Hypothèque légale, Nullité. L art. 446, C. com., déterminant les actes qui doivent nécessairement être dé clarés nuls relativement aux créanciers de la faillite, lorsqu'ils ont été faits à l'époque de la cessation des paiements, et ne mentionnant pas les hypothèques légales, la nullité ne peut être appliquée de plein droit à cette sorte d'hypothéqué. L'hypothèque légale est seulement susceptible d'annulation aux termes de l'art. 447, si celui qui la réclame avait connaissance de la cessation de paiement, au moment du contrat, qui y a donné naissance. L'annulation doitnotammenl être prononcée , si l''hypothèque légale est née au profit d'une femme, d'une obligation solidaire souscrite par elle et son, mari à la veille de la faillite de celui-ci, alors que la femme connaissait l'état de cessation de paiements, et si le but de l'obligation a été de conférer indirectement à certains créanciers, au détriment de la masse, des avantages particuliers. SYNDIC TISON C. DAME TISON, Après avoir été notaire, Tison était devenu agent d'affaires ; près de faillir, il convoqua ses créanciers, et, le lendemain de la réunion, 24 mars 4840, deux de ceux-ci obtinrent l'obligation solidaire de sa femme et de lui paur une somme de 24,200 francs. Cependant, la faillite de Tison fut déclarée. — Après avoir obtenu sa séparation de biens, sa femme prétendit être indemnisée de ces dernières obligations solidaires, au rang et à la date de son hypothèque légale sur les immcuhies du failli. 45 juillet 4845, jugement du tribunal -civil de Mamers qui accueille celte prétention. Appel. — Devant la cour, on plaide pour l'intimée, que l'hypothèque légale est accordée généralement à la femme, pour assurer tous ses droits, dans son intérêt, dans ceux des enfants, pour la protéger contre sa faiblesse, contre ses condescendances envers son mari, contre les exigences et extorsiôns de eclui-ci. On ne pourrait admettre de restriction ou exception sans manquer le hot de la loi. — ARRÊT. « LA COUR; — Attendu que l'art. 446, C. corn., détermine les actes qui doivent nécessairement être déclarés nuls, relativement à la masse des créanciers, quand ils ont été faits par le débiteur depuis l'époque de la cessatiou de ses payements, ou dans les dix jours qui l'ont précédée ; — Qu'il ne comprend, en ce qui tient aux hypothèques, que celtes conventionnelles ou judiciaires ; d'où il suit que les hypothèques légales rentrent dans les dispositions générales de l'art. 447; qu'elles sont susceptibles d'être annulées, selon les circonstances, d'après l'examen et l'appréciation des faits de la cause, pourvu qu'il soit vérifié que la personne au profit de laquelle l'hypothèque de cette nature a été créée avait connaissance de la cessation de paiements ; — Qu'en cette matière,' il est raisonnable et nécessaire d'établir une grande différence entre les hypothèques légales, dans la stricte acceptation de ce mot, c'est-à-dire provenant de la seule force de la loi, sans que les parties intéressées y soient pour rien, et celles qui, ayant ce caractère à raison de la qualité des personnes, prennent néanmoins leur source dans des actes purement volontaires dont les intentions peuvent être plus ou moins sujettes à critique; — Ainsi les successions ou donations advenues à une femme mariée, l'avoir du mineur placé onétat de tutelle, emportent de plein droit, sur les biens du mari ou du tuteur, des garanties en quelque sorte d'ordre public, et on conçoit difficilement des circonstances où il peut y être porté atteinte; mais l'hypothèque que réclame l'intimée a une cause toute différente, et qui est loin d'être aussi favorable : elle s'est obligée envers des créanciers de son mari, sous l'autorisation de ce lui-ci et sur sa sollicitation, ainsi qu'elle le déclare en son interrogatoire ; elle les a payés ou va être contrainte personnellement de le faire, et, à raison de ce fait, elle prétend se faire indemniser du montant total de ce dont elle est tenue envers eux, par prélèvement sur la masseet au grand détriment des autres créanciers ; —Attendu que cette voie détournée ouvre au failli uu moyen bien dangereux de faire, avec l'intervention de sa femme, ce qui lui est interdit directement, c'est-à-dire d'avantager certains créanciers en fraude de la masse; qu'il y a donc lieu d'examiner sérieusement si cette fraude ne se manifeste point dans l'espèce, et si la femme n'y a pas participé ; que, d'après le principe posé en l'art. H 07, C. civ., les créanciers ont qualité pour attaquer les actes faits par leur débiteur en fraude de leurs droits; Attendii que tes articulations des appelants tendent à établir, quand aux deux créances Hattier et Triger, que, quand l'intimée s'est obligée,elle avait connaissance de la cessation de paiements de son mari, ce qui est rendu vraisemblable par la circonstance que les créanciers avaient été convoqués., etc.
| 33,793 |
https://github.com/Mash-min/Shopping-app/blob/master/resources/views/admin/store_requests.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Shopping-app
|
Mash-min
|
PHP
|
Code
| 71 | 352 |
@extends('layouts.admin')
@section('content')
<div>
<ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist">
<li role="presentation" class="active"><a href="#home" aria-controls="home" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Store list</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane active" id="home">
<table class="table table-hover text-center table-bordered">
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="text-center">Name</th>
<th class="text-center">Email</th>
<th class="text-center">Address</th>
<th class="text-center">Contact</th>
<th class="text-center"># of products</th>
<th class="text-center">Options</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody id="store_requests_container">
<!-- ============ APPEND HERE ============= -->
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endsection
@section('scripts')
<script src="/js/admin/Store.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(() => { getStoreRequests() });
</script>
@endsection
| 42,146 |
US-201815952014-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,018 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,974 | 7,352 |
FIGS. 34 and 35 show a device 3400 having a reservoir 3404, a flat handle 3402, and a stem 3406 connecting the reservoir 3404 and the handle 3402. In FIG. 34 the handle 3402 is shown in front view, while in FIG. 35 the handle 3402 is shown in side view. Typically the stem 3406 is solid, as opposed to being hollow, in the embodiment shown. The stem can be, for example, round or flat. If flat, it can be as wide, for example, as the width of the reservoir 3404. During use a bottle of medication is positioned at opening 3410 at the top of the device 3400, and one or more drops of medication is dripped or sprayed (or otherwise added) to the reservoir 3404. This medication collects at the bottom of the reservoir 3404 and can then be poured or squeezed into a patient's ear (see FIGS. 38 and 39, showing a modified version of device 3400 without stem or handle but similar mode of operation). With this design, delivery of the medication is typically by pouring rather than squeezing. In an embodiment, the device 3400 can be configured to dispense an amount of fluid that ranges from 0.05 ml to 0.5 ml. In an embodiment, the device can be configured to dispense an amount of fluid that ranges from 0.05 ml to 1 ml. In an embodiment, the device 3400 can be configured to dispense an amount of fluid that ranges from 0.05 ml to 5 ml.
FIGS. 36 and 37 show a stemless design wherein device 3600 includes a single reservoir 3602, typically elongate, with an opening 3610. Bottle 1000 is representative of bottles commercially available for storing and dispensing medications for a patient's ear, and is used to deliver medication 3608 into the reservoir 3602. FIGS. 38 and 39 show the stemless design of device 3600, which is placed in the outer ear and squeezed to deliver the medication into the inner ear. Alternatively the medication can be delivered by tipping the ear into a more upward orientation, with the device 3600 rotated so that opening 3610 is pointing downward so that the medication 3608 collects near the opening 3610 and either flows by gravity into the ear, or is assisted by squeezing of the reservoir 3602 to provide pressure and air flow to direct the medication into the ear.
FIG. 40 is a perspective view of a device 4000 for dispensing medication, according to an alternative embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006.
The second bulb 4004 is configured to receive a liquid medication. For example, the liquid can be dispensed into the hollow bulb 4004 via a bottle of liquid, similar to the method shown and described in connection with FIGS. 26 and 27. Other methods of dispensing liquid into the bulb 4004 are contemplated, such as insertion of liquid into the hollow bulb 4004 using a syringe.
The bulb 4002 is filled with fluid. In one embodiment, the bulb 4002 is filled mostly with a volume of air. The bulb 4002 may alternatively be filled with both air and liquid, or only with a volume of liquid. The bulb 4004 is filled with fluid. In one embodiment, the bulb 4004 is filled mostly with a volume of liquid. The bulb 4004 may alternatively be filled with both air and liquid, or only with a volume of air.
In one embodiment, it is desirable to prevent liquid from entering the bulb 4002. In this case, the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 may be narrowed. In an embodiment, the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 may be smaller than about 0.10 inches. The stem 4006 may alternatively be smaller than about 0.060 inches. The stem 4006 may alternatively be smaller than about 0.040 inches. The stem 4006 may alternatively be smaller than about 0.020 inches. If the diameter of the hollow stem 4006 cannot be sufficiently narrowed during the manufacturing process, an insert may be put into or near the opening of the hollow stem 4006. The insert may be an O-ring or a plug. In an embodiment, the insert may narrow the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 to be smaller than about 0.10 inches. Alternatively, the insert may narrow the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 to be smaller than about 0.060 inches. Alternatively, the insert may narrow the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 to be smaller than about 0.040 inches. Alternatively, the insert may narrow the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 to be smaller than about 0.020 inches. The insert may be placed into the hollow stem 4006 during manufacture of the device 4000, or may be placed after manufacture. The insert may be fused to the hollow stem 4006. The small diameter of the insert will limit the amount of fluid flow from bulb 4004 into bulb 4002.
Alternatively, a valve could be inserted into or near the hollow stem 4006. The valve prevents fluid in bulb 4004 from passing through the hollow stem 4006 into the bulb 4002, while allowing fluid to flow from the bulb 4002 into the bulb 4004. The valve may be a flap, a one-way valve, a check-valve, or another type of suitable valve. In an embodiment, pressure applied to the bulb, such as by squeezing the bulb 4002 with the fingers, actuates the valve, allowing fluid, such as air, to pass from bulb 4002 through the hollow stem 4006 and into the bulb 4004, while preventing fluid in bulb 4004 from passing through hollow stem 4006 and into the bulb 4002.
The first bulb 4002 is configured to be compressible. For example, the bulb 4002 can be compressed between a user's two fingers. Compressing the bulb 4002 puts pressure on the fluid inside of the bulb, which causes the fluid to exit the bulb 4002 through the hollow stem 4006 and flow into the second hollow bulb 4004. The pressure may then cause fluid in the second bulb 4004 to exit the opening 4010, allowing liquid medication to be propelled into a patient's ear canal in a similar manner to that shown and described in relation to FIG. 33.
The device 4000 may also comprise support members 4021, 4022. The support members 4021, 4022 may be disposed on each side of the hollow stem 4006. The support members 4021, 4022 span the gap between bulb 4002 and bulb 4004, connecting the two bulbs and providing stability. In one embodiment the support members 4021, 4022 are flat and define a plane that intersects the stem 4006. In alternative embodiments, the support members 4021, 4022 could be disposed such that they do not define a plane. It is contemplated that in alternative embodiments there could be more than two support members. In some embodiments, device 4000 can be monolithic, such that the first bulb 4002, the second bulb 4004, the stem 4006, and the support members 4021, 4022 are formed or created together or from a single piece of polymer. The device 4000 can be monolithic, such that the device 4000 is a single continuous piece of polymer. In various embodiments, the device 4000 can be configured such that no part of the device can fall off, separate, or become lodged within the patient's ear canal.
In various embodiments, the device 4000 can be made from a polymer, such as a transparent or translucent polymer (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and combinations thereof), and can, for example, be made using injection or blow molding techniques. Rubber is also a suitable material for some implementations. A transparent or translucent polymer can allow a person to see into the inner portions of the device 4000, such as to determine if there is liquid in the second bulb 4004 or how much liquid is in the second bulb 4004. In various embodiments, the device 4000 can include polystyrene or polyethylene.
FIG. 41 is a side view of the device 4000. FIG. 41 shows that the first bulb 4002 and the second bulb 4004 are separated by a gap 4130, but connected by the stem 4006. FIG. 41 also shows the outside edge of support member 4022. The support members 4021, 4022 form a plane, and therefore only one edge of the support member 4022 can be seen from the side view perspective.
FIG. 42 is a top view of the device 4000. The support members 4021, 4022 are seen on both sides of the hollow stem 4006. The support members 4021, 4022 span the gap between first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 42, the support members 4021, 4022 and the stem 4006 are in contact with the stem 4006. In alternative embodiments, the support members 4021, 4022 could be configured so that the support members 4021, 4022 are not in contact with the stem 4006 (e.g., there could be a gap between the support members 4021, 4022 and the stem 4006).
In an embodiment, the stem 4006 and support members 4021, 4022 flexibly couples the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004. As can be seen in FIG. 42, the support members 4021, 4022 provide stability to prevent the stem 4006 from moving in the side-to-side direction. However, as can be seen in FIG. 41, the support members 4021, 4022 do not provide stability in the up/down direction. This can be seen more clearly in FIG. 43.
FIG. 43 is side view of a device 4300 with a stem 4306 that flexibly couples a first hollow bulb 4302 and a second hollow bulb 4304. The device 4300 can be similar to the device 4000, shown and described in connection with FIGS. 40-42. The device 4300 can have support members. FIG. 43 shows a support member 4322 in profile. The support member 4322 is similar to the support member 4022 in FIGS. 40-42. The support members 4322 and the stem 4306 of device 4300 is formed of a material that is sufficiently flexible to allow the first bulb 4302 and second bulb 4304 to move relative to one another. Preferably, the support members 4322 provide a restricted range of motion, so as to provide stability and durability to the stem 4306 while still allowing the bulb 4302 and bulb 4304 to move relative to each other. For example, the support members 4322 may limit the motion to be in a single plane of motion.
When the device 4300 is in its resting state, the stem 4306 is straight, similar to the stem 4006 in FIG. 41. When the second bulb 4304 is inserted into the ear, however, the stem 4306 can bend as shown in FIG. 43. This allows the second bulb 4304 to follow the natural bend of the ear canal upon insertion. This provides improved comfort for the patient, and increases the ability to direct the flow of liquid medication into the correct location in the patient's ear.
FIG. 44 is perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an alternative embodiment. The body of the device may be similar to that described in connection with FIGS. 40-43, however, the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 44 is not so limited.
The device 4400 has a first hollow bulb 4402 and a second hollow bulb 4404 which are connected by a hollow stem, similar to the stem 4006 of FIGS. 40-42. The hollow stem allows fluid, such as liquid or air, to pass from the first hollow bulb 4402 into the second hollow bulb 4404 when the first bulb 4402 is compressed. The device 4400 may include support members 4420 that span a gap 4430 between the first bulb 4402 and second bulb 4404.
Inserting liquid medication into a patient's ear can cause the air pressure in the ear to increase. This happens, for example, when air is not allowed to enter or exit the ear canal when inserting the liquid. The liquid displaces the volume of air in the ear canal, increasing the air pressure. This can cause discomfort to the patient, and even potential damage to the ear drum.
To prevent the increase of air pressure inside the patient's ear when liquid is propelled out of the tip 4410 of the bulb 4400 into the ear canal, the bulb 4404 has one or more grooves 4450 along the outside surface of the bulb 4404. The grooves 4450 extend along the bulb 4404 between the gap 4430 and the tip 4410 of the bulb 4404. The grooves 4450 of FIG. 44 are substantially straight, without curvature. The grooves prevent the device 4400 from creating an airtight seal when the second bulb 4404 is inserted into a patient's ear canal. Air can flow freely in and out of the ear canal through the grooves. When liquid is propelled into the patient's ear canal through the tip 4410 of the second bulb 4404, the liquid displaces air within the ear canal, but the air can escape through the grooves 4450. Thus the grooves 4450 regulate the air pressure in the ear canal. This allows for greater propulsion of liquid into the ear canal, and more effective delivery of liquid medication.
FIG. 45 is perspective view of a device 4500 for dispensing medication, according to an alternative embodiment. Like the device 4400, the device 4500 has a first hollow bulb 4502, second hollow bulb 4504, a hollow stem connecting the bulbs 4502, 4504, optional support member 4520, and a gap 4530 between the first bulb 4502 and second bulb 4504. Device 4500 also has grooves 4550 extending from the gap 4530 toward the tip 4510 of the second bulb 4504. In the embodiment of FIG. 45, the grooves 4550 are not straight, but are curved slightly in a helical direction around the axis of the second bulb 4504. The grooves 4550 regulate air pressure in the ear canal in a similar manner to the grooves 4450 in the embodiment of FIG. 44. Because the groove 4550 is curved helically around the surface of the second bulb 4504, the cross-sectional area available for passage of air into and out of the ear canal is slightly increased compared to the straight groove 4450.
FIG. 46 demonstrates the device 4300 being inserted into a patient's ear canal 4601.
FIG. 47A is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006.
Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006. The second bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has an X-shape, allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002, but also providing resistance to fluid flow back out through the fill port 4030. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out of bulb 4002, and to allow pressure to develop in the second bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the second bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010. The fill port 4030 is optionally a raised or protruding area of the bulb 4002. In the depicted example embodiment the fill port 4030 is shown in a recessed area 4030A, this recessed area 4030A has a benefit of making it easier for a medical professional to locate the fill port 4030 tactually (such as by rolling the device between their fingers once medicine has been added, without looking at the device, thereby allowing them to make sure they have covered the fill port 4030 with their finger when pinching the device to administer the medication).
FIG. 47B is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006. The second bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has a U-shape, allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002, but also providing resistance to fluid flow back out through the fill port 4030. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out, and to allow pressure to develop in the second bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the second bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010.
FIG. 47C is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006.
The bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has an U-shape, opposite to the one shown in FIG. 47B, allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002, but also providing resistance to fluid flow back out through the fill port 4030. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out, and to allow pressure to develop in the second bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the second bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010.
FIG. 47D is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006. The second bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has opening allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out, and to allow pressure to develop in the bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010.
FIG. 47E is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006.
The bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has valve 4032, shown in simplified form such as a silicone valve allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002, but also preventing fluid flow back out through the fill port. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out, and to allow pressure to develop in the second bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010.
FIG. 48A is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication according to an embodiment, the device comprising a two part design, the two parts shown separated. The design includes a sheath 4802 plus a bulb 4804. Bulb 4804 also includes an elongate exit tube 4803. These parts are shown combined in FIG. 48B. The sheath 4802 that is applied over the exit tube 4803 and secured in place with a glue or with an interlocking male/female features. The exit tube 4803 can optionally have a much smaller diameter than the opening 4810 on the sheath. A smaller tip help atomizes drops and helps propel drops more with added velocity, potentially increasing ear drop dose delivery. The tip of the sheath 4802 can be of varying lengths and inner/outer diameters. The inner diameter of the exit tube 4803 can optionally be no less than 1 mm to make gas sterilization at a hospital/surgery center easy and affordable. The inner diameter of exit tube 4803 can be as small as 0.2 mm in other implementations, such as for sterilization by radiation. The diameter of the opening 4810 in the sheath can be much larger, such as 7 mm. The tip length of the exit tube 4803 can be varied, such as 1 mm to 30 mm. In some implementations it extends outside of the opening 4810 of the sheath 4802. Typically there is a gap between the sheath 4802 and the end of the bulb 4804 to allow for pivoting of the sheath 4802 and 4804 relative to one another. The length is typically not so long as to touch the ear drum, thus avoiding trauma to the ear drum. The tip can be of material soft enough (low density polyethylene) and would have rounded edges to avoid discomfort or trauma to the ear canal skin. This tip helps aid in getting drops even further in the ear canal of the smallest ear canals, (the vented and conical shape portion of the device assure no one could insert the thin tip far enough to reach the ear drum). In some implementations a locking mechanism on exit tube 4803 can fit into a female portion of the sheath 4802 to secure the exit tube 4803 and sheath 4802 together. Optionally the sheath 4802 will have a hollow shaft that is just larger than the stem of exit tube 4803.
FIG. 49 is a perspective view of a device 4900 for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment, with an elongate tip 4906. The elongated tip 4906 is long enough to go through a hole (myringotomy, perforation, ear tube) so that medicine can be applied directly into the middle ear. This attribute is useful in some embodiments for delivering drugs (such as Otiprio) that are administered as a delayed release drug—via a syringe and long needle—directly into the middle ear. The drops with this long tip can be administered directly by a doctor under aid of an operating microscope.
FIG. 50 is a perspective view of a device 5000 for dispensing medication. The device has a first hollow bulb 5002 and a second hollow bulb 5004 connected by an elongate hollow stem 5006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 5010 at one end to allow to fluid flow out of the bulb 5004. Both the bulb 5002 and bulb 5004 have openings connected to hollow stem 5006 such that the first bulb 5002 and second bulb 5004 are in fluid communication via stem 5006.
Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 5006. Liquid medication is added to second bulb 5002 by way of fill port 5030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 5030 has an oval opening, allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 5002. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 5030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the liquid medication from flowing back out of bulb 5002, and to allow air pressure to develop in the first bulb 5002 to propel fluids through the second bulb 5004 and out the tip 5010. The fill port 5030 is optionally a raised or protruding area of the bulb 5002.
FIG. 51 is a perspective view of the device 5000 for dispensing medication according to FIG. 50, showing the end bent for insertion of the second bulb 5005 into a patient's outer ear. Also shown is a vent 5008 in the second bulb 5004. These vents 5008 are such that insertion of the second bulb 5004 into a patient's outer ear does not create an air tight seal. As a result, excess pressure does not build up inside the ear when air and medicine is directed into the ear by contraction of first bulb 5002, even when that contraction of bulb 5002 is rapid and forceful. The ability of the first and second bulbs to move freely with regard to orientation of each other allows for application of medication into the inner ear without having the patient tilt his or head until the ear canal is pointing upright as is necessary with standard ear drops.
Benefits of this improved design can be seen in FIG. 52, which is a perspective view of the device 5000 for dispensing medication according to FIG. 50, showing the tip bent for insertion of the end of the second bulb 5004 into a patient's outer ear, and with medication 5040 collecting in the bottom 5003 of the first bulb 5002. The bottom 5003 of the first bulb 5002 has a tapered end leading into the hollow stem 5006. This tapered bottom 5003 is beneficial because it allows medication to collect in a small space leading directly into the hollow stem 5006 so that upon compression of the first bulb 5002, the expulsion of air from the first bulb 5002 will propel the mediation through the stem 5006, through the second bulb 5004, and out the opening 5010. Indicia can be added to the bottom 5003 of the first bulb 5002 to measure medication.
FIGS. 53 and 54 show the result of squeezing the first bulb 5002. In FIG. 53 the bulb 5002 is partially squeezed, with an initial volume of the medication 5040 having left the second bulb 5002, passed through the stem 5006 and second bulb 5004, and thereafter out the opening 5010. It will be observed that that in this manner the medication can be delivered horizontally out the device 5000, even while the top of the device 5000, in particular first bulb 5002, is kept vertical. FIG. 54 shows the remainder of the medication 5040 having been discharged as first bulb 5002 is further squeezed (opening 5030 would be covered so pressure can build up in bulb 5002).
Also, it will be observed that the present construction allows for the medication to be delivered in very small drops, much like a spray or mist, because typically a much greater amount of air is discharged than liquid. In this manner, the liquid is carried out by the air. The air pressure itself within the ear can be kept at a low differential to atmospheric air because, in part, of the relatively small volumes of air but also the venting provided by vent 5008 (see labeled vent in FIG. 50).
In an example implementation, approximately 1 mil of air is expelled from device 5000, while 0.1 mil of medication is discharged.
It will be understood that in some implementations the stem 5006 extends all the way through the second bulb 5004, and the stem 5006 terminates near the opening 5010 in the second bulb 5004. Thus, in some implementations medication passes through the interior of bulb 5004 without contacting the bulb. In this regard the bulb 5004 can be just a funnel-shaped addition to the device 5000, fitting over the end of the stem 5006.
FIG. 55 is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, including a two-part design with an end configured with a narrow end extension. The device has a first hollow bulb 5502 and a second hollow bulb 5504 connected by an elongate hollow stem 5506. The second hollow bulb has an opening 5510 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 5504. Both the bulb 5502 and bulb 5504 have openings connected to hollow stem 5506 such that the first bulb 5502 and second bulb 5504 are in fluid communication via stem 5506. The second bulb 5504 can travel back and forth along the stem 5506 in the direction A=A′, often to various set locations such as with notches, and as such the end 5518 at the tip 5516 of the stem 5506 can extend further beyond the opening 5510 at the second bulb 5504. Typically the end 5518 is a soft material. This configuration allows, for example, medication to be delivered deeper and with more focus into the inner ear, typically by a medical professional.
FIG. 56 is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, showing a device with gradations on the side.
FIG. 57 is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, showing a two-part configuration with a removable tip and a connector for securing the tip to the rest of the dispenser.
It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes a mixture of two or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
It should also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the phrase “configured” describes a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration to. The phrase “configured” can be used interchangeably with other similar phrases such as arranged and configured, constructed and arranged, constructed, manufactured and arranged, and the like.
All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this technology pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference.
The technology has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the technology.
1.-13. (canceled)
14. A device for the dispensing of liquids, comprising: a first hollow bulb, wherein the first hollow bulb is compressible; a second hollow bulb; and a hollow stem comprising a first end and a second end, wherein the first hollow bulb is coupled to the first end and the second hollow bulb is coupled to the second end; wherein the second hollow bulb defines an opening opposite from the hollow stem; wherein the first hollow bulb is in fluid communication with the second hollow bulb; wherein the second end of the hollow stem terminates within the second hollow bulb.
15. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the second end of the hollow stem is tapered.
16. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the opening is a slit.
17. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the opening comprises two perpendicular slits.
18. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the second hollow bulb comprises volumetric indicia.
19. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the stem is flexible.
20. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the opening is defined by a rounded surface of the second hollow bulb.
21. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the stem is enclosed within the first hollow bulb and the second hollow bulb.
22. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the first hollow bulb, second hollow bulb, and the hollow stem comprise a transparent polymer. 23.-26. (canceled)
27. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the stem has a circular cross-section.
28. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the first bulb and the second bulb have circular cross-sections.
29. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the first bulb has a length substantially equal to the length of the second bulb.
30. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the length of the stem is greater than the length of the first bulb or the second bulb. 31.-36. (canceled)
37. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the device has a total length of at least 1 cm and not more than 10 cm.
38. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the device is configured to discharge an amount of fluid that ranges from 0.5 ml to 5 ml. 39.-57. (canceled)
58. A device for dispensing fluids, the device comprising: a compressible first hollow bulb; a second hollow bulb having a bulb tip for dispensing fluid; and a groove along the surface of the second hollow bulb, the groove extending from the bulb tip.
59. The device of claim 58, wherein the groove is curved.
60. The device of claim 58, wherein the second hollow bulb further comprises an axis and the curve is at least partially helical around the axis.
61. (canceled)
62. A device for dispensing fluids, the device comprising: a compressible first hollow bulb; a second hollow bulb; a gap between the first hollow bulb and the second hollow bulb; and a stem coupling the first hollow bulb and the second hollow bulb, the stem providing fluid flow between the first hollow bulb and the second hollow bulb; wherein the stem allows for bending of the first and second bulbs relative to one another such that the first hollow bulb is substantially vertical and the second hollow bulb is substantially horizontal..
| 22,764 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Европлан
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Европлан&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 513 | 1,402 |
«Европлан» (до 2004 года — DeltaLeasing) — автолизинговая компания. Компания предоставляет услуги по оформлению автомобилей в лизинг и сопутствующие автоуслуги: страхование, обслуживание автомобиля и парка, доставку транспорта и др. «Европлан» на 100% принадлежит инвестиционному холдингу «ЭсЭфАй» (SFI) .
Показатели деятельности
По итогам 2022 года размер чистых инвестиций в лизинг до вычета резерва под ожидаемые кредитные убытки на конец прошлого года составил 162,7 млрд рублей .
На конец 2022 года лизинговый портфель «Европлан» составлял 164,2 млрд рублей. Доходы, полученные от операционной деятельности, за 2022 год составили 23,9 млрд рублей. Чистая прибыль компании за 2022 год равнялась 11,9 млрд рублей. Капитал ЛК на 31 декабря 2022 года составлял 33,8 млрд рублей, его рентабельность – 39,7%. В структуре фондирования ЛК на конец 2022 года на банковские кредиты приходилось 94,2%, а на облигации – 47,4%.
В течение 2021 года группа «Европлан» выплатила акционеру дивиденды за девять январь-сентябрь 2020 года, тогда их сумма составила 1,2 млрд рублей, по 10 рублей на акцию. В течение прошлого года группа выплатила своему акционеру холдинговой компании «ЭсЭфАй» (SFI, в прошлом — «Сафмар финансовые инвестиции») дивиденды по результатам за 2021 год и за первые шесть месяцев 2022 года. Их сумма составила 3,5 млрд рублей, по 29,17 рублей на акцию.
История компании
Компания DeltaLeasing начала свою деятельность 21 апреля 1999 года в городе Ростов-на-Дону. Через год штаб-квартира ЛК была перенесена в Москву. В 2003 году DeltaLeasing была приобретена фондом Baring Vostok. Новый акционер увеличил уставный капитал ЛК и способствовал привлечению заемных средств: компания получила первый кредит на рынке США от Экспортно-Импортного банка США. В следующем году компания переименовывается в «Европлан» и покупает у автомобильного дистрибутора «Рольф» своего главного конкурента на рынке автолизинга ЛК «Кельвин» («Рольф-лизинг»). В 2005 году управляющая компания фондов прямых инвестиций Capital International за $10 млн приобрела миноритарного пакета акций «Европлана». ЛК выходит на российский рынок рублевых облигаций в 2007 году, тогда же компания привлекает синдицированный кредит в размере $110 млн от 13 банков, организатором пула которого выступил BNP Paribas. В 2009 году, по данным Российской ассоциацией лизинговых компаний «Рослизинг», «Европлан» признан крупнейшей в России лизинговой компанией по количеству заключенных в 2008 году договоров лизинга, а также крупнейшей автолизинговой компанией 2008 года по сумме контрактов всех видов автотранспорта. В 2011 году ЛК приобретает банк, также получивший название «Европлан». В 2015 году фонды Baring Vostok и Capital Group продали 100% группы «Европлан» акционерам Бинбанка (группа «Бин», впоследствии получившая название «Сафмар»). В конце года новые акционеры вывели ЛК на IPO на Московской бирже (было продано 25% минус 1 акция), в результате чего вся компания была оценена в 13 млрд рублей. Вскоре после этого крупными миноритарными акционерами «Европлана» стали негосударственные пенсионные фонды, входящие в группу «Бин». В декабре 2016 года компания «Европлан», на основе которой группа создала финансовый холдинг «Сафмар Финансовые инвестиции», провела SPO на Московской бирже, таким образом «Европлан» снова утратил статус публичной компании. В 2021 году холдинг «ЭсЭфАй» (в прошлом — «Сафмар Финансовые инвестиции») вновь задумался об IPO «Европлана». В середине 2022 года возглавлявший более пяти лет «Европлан» Александр Михайлов в июне покинул лизинговую компанию, его на посту гендиректора сменил Сергей Мизюра.
Примечания
Компании, основанные в 1999 году
Финансовые компании России
Лизинговые компании
| 5,599 |
https://github.com/onzxgway/ZXGKit/blob/master/ProjectDemo/JDShopCart/TaoBaoShoppingCar/View/NumberView.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
ZXGKit
|
onzxgway
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 210 | 943 |
//
// NumberView.m
// 淘宝购物车
//
// Created by 朱献国 on 21/09/2017.
// Copyright © 2017 朱献国. All rights reserved.
//
#import "NumberView.h"
#import "Const.h"
#import "ShoppingCarModel.h"
@implementation NumberView
#pragma mark - override
- (instancetype)initWithFrame:(CGRect)frame
{
self = [super initWithFrame:frame];
if (self) {
self.layer.borderWidth = 1.f;
self.layer.borderColor = BorderColor.CGColor;
self.layer.cornerRadius = 2;
self.layer.masksToBounds = YES;
[self addSubviews:frame];
}
return self;
}
#pragma mark - private
- (void)addSubviews:(CGRect)frame {
//减
_subBtn = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom];
_subBtn.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, frame.size.height, frame.size.height);
[_subBtn setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"sub_normal"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];
[_subBtn setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"sub_no"] forState:UIControlStateDisabled];
[_subBtn addTarget:self action:@selector(btnClick:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
_subBtn.tag = BtnOperaTypeSub;
[self addSubview:_subBtn];
//加
_addBtn = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom];
_addBtn.frame = CGRectMake(frame.size.width - frame.size.height, 0, frame.size.height, frame.size.height);
[self addSubview:_addBtn];
[_addBtn addTarget:self action:@selector(btnClick:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
_addBtn.tag = BtnOperaTypeAdd;
[_addBtn setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"add_normal"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];
[_addBtn setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"add_no"] forState:UIControlStateDisabled];
//数量
_numTextField = [[UITextField alloc] init];
_numTextField.frame = CGRectMake(CGRectGetMaxX(_subBtn.frame), 0, frame.size.width - frame.size.height * 2, CGRectGetHeight(_subBtn.frame));
[self addSubview:_numTextField];
_numTextField.textAlignment = NSTextAlignmentCenter;
_numTextField.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:NumSize];
}
#pragma mark - setter
- (void)setShoppingCarModel:(ShoppingCarModel *)shoppingCarModel {
_numTextField.text = shoppingCarModel.count;
NSInteger count = [shoppingCarModel.count integerValue];
NSInteger stock_quantity = [shoppingCarModel.item_info.stock_quantity integerValue];
_subBtn.enabled = (count == 1) ? NO: YES;
_addBtn.enabled = (count >= stock_quantity) ? NO: YES;
}
#pragma mark - click
- (void)btnClick:(UIButton *)btn {
if (self.delegate && [self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(numberView:opeaType:)]) {
[self.delegate numberView:self opeaType:btn.tag];
}
}
@end
| 37,915 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%201960/1961
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Чемпионат Испании по футболу 1960/1961
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Чемпионат Испании по футболу 1960/1961&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 138 | 406 |
Чемпионат Испании по футболу 1960/1961 — 30-й сезон чемпионата Испании по футболу. Футбольный клуб «Реал Мадрид» стал чемпионом Испании в 7-й раз. В турнире принимали участие 16 клубов. Было сыграно 240 игр и забито 755 голов.
Турнирная таблица
Потуровая таблица
Результаты матчей
Источник: www.rsssf.com
Бомбардиры
Статистика сезона
Голы
Наибольшее число голов в одном матче: 10 голов
«Барселона» — «Гранада» — 8:2 (26-й тур, 19 марта 1961 года)
Самая крупная победа в гостях: 5 голов
«Бетис» — «Реал Мадрид» — 0:5 (14-й тур, 18 декабря 1960 года)
«Эльче» — «Сарагоса» — 2:7 (19-й тур, 29 января 1961 года)
Самая крупная победа дома: 8 голов
«Реал Мадрид» — «Эльче» — 8:0 (18-й тур, 22 января 1961 года)
Ссылки
Официальный сайт Ла Лиги
Статистика на fbleague.com
1961
Испания
Испания
Спорт в Европе в 1960 году
Спорт в Европе в 1961 году
| 50,903 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22459468
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Mbari
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 29 | 70 |
Mbari
Mbari instans av flod
Mbari land Kongo-Brazzaville
Mbari Geonames-ID 2568428
Mbari GNS-ID 84703
Mbari geografiska koordinater
Mbari inom det administrativa området Pool
Mbari
suba sa Republika sa Congo
| 11,813 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16371376
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
Roger De Tourneville, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2348116
|
English
|
Spoken
| 302 | 830 |
Using PHP to get Facebook friends statuses?
That's my first post here on SO.
I'm using PHP to get Facebook friends statuses. In particular, I've tried to retrieve all public statuses from one of my facebook friends, but it happens only the first 100 statuses. I need to get all the statuses and to write them in a text file. this is the code I'm using, patched up from many answers I read here on SO.
$i=0;
$result = $facebook->api('/my_friend_ID/statuses/',
array('access_token' => $facebook->access_token,'limit'=>100,));
//'offset'=>50,used before limit, it push the limits forward by 50, it doesn't go beyond it
//'since'=>2010, I read on SO there was even this field, but I can't make it work.
foreach($result['data'] as $post)
{
echo $i . '<br>';
echo $post['id'] . '<br>';
echo $post['from']['name'] . '<br>';
echo $post['from']['id'] . '<br>';
echo $post['name'] . '<br>';
echo $post['message'] . '<br>';
echo '*---------------------------------------------------*' . '<br>';
$i++;
$write_file = fopen("esempio.txt","a");
$message = $post['message'] . '<br>';
fwrite($write_file,$message);
fclose($write_file);
}
so, to be clearer, how to get all friends statuses (old and new) in a text file?
You need to use paging https://developers.facebook.com/docs/reference/api/pagination/
$the_statuses = array();
$your_statuses = $facebook->api("/my_friend_ID/statuses/");
while ($your_statuses['data'])
{
$the_statuses = array_merge( $the_statuses, $your_statuses['data'] );
$paging = $your_statuses['paging'];
$next = $paging['next'];
$query = parse_url($next, PHP_URL_QUERY);
parse_str($query, $par);
$your_statuses = $facebook->api(
"/my_friend_ID/statuses/", 'GET', array(
'limit' => $par['limit'],
'until' => $par['until'] ));
}
Then you can do the loop through all statuses
foreach($the_statuses['data'] as $post)
{
echo $i . '<br>';
echo $post['id'] . '<br>';
echo $post['from']['name'] . '<br>';
echo $post['from']['id'] . '<br>';
echo $post['name'] . '<br>';
echo $post['message'] . '<br>';
echo '*---------------------------------------------------*' . '<br>';
$i++;
$write_file = fopen("esempio.txt","a");
$message = $post['message'] . '<br>';
fwrite($write_file,$message);
fclose($write_file);
}
Thank you phwd.I tried, but it doesn't work. I changed my_friend_ID with my friends actual ID, but it doesn't show any result. where do I get wrong?
| 26,142 |
https://github.com/karlmdavis/jessentials/blob/master/jessentials-misc/src/main/java/com/justdavis/karl/misc/junit/package-info.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
jessentials
|
karlmdavis
|
Java
|
Code
| 13 | 33 |
/**
* Contains utilities intended for use in JUnit tests.
*/
package com.justdavis.karl.misc.junit;
| 4,420 |
https://github.com/remore/gemstat/blob/master/lib/gemstat/cache/gemfiles/r/rnotify:0.2/Gemfile
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
gemstat
|
remore
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 4 | 18 |
gem 'activesupport'
gem 'rspec-rails'
| 20,127 |
5675929_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 123 | 200 |
Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Queens County (Flaherty, J.), rendered November 7, 2001, convicting him of attempted burglary in the second degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence.
Ordered that the judgment is affirmed.
The defendant’s claims regarding the prosecutor’s alleged misconduct during his cross-examination of the defendant and his summation are largely unpreserved for appellate review (see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Medina, 53 NY2d 951 [1981]; People v Scotti, 220 AD2d 543 [1995]; People v Rosario, 195 AD2d 577 [1993]). In any event, the trial court sustained the defense counsel’s objections to those comments that were improper, and gave curative instructions, which were not objected to. Altman, J.P, Florio, Luciano and Rivera, JJ., concur.
| 44,166 |
US-201414558467-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,149 | 9,223 |
For networks, as shown in FIG. 16, the service-plane can manage the Mobility Manager service for NCF protocols, the MN identity and network information service for LCF protocols, spectrum database service for PCF protocols and can provide access control of MNs to service providers. The users can also avail these services independently from third party providers. The infrastructure-plane can communicate with LCF protocols to establish trust before allowing access to network resources. The trust can be established indirectly using service-plane authentication. For devices, the infrastructure-plane can be technology specific, and can provide device discovery and trust establishment between devices. The control middleware can be the logical service-plane that provides access control of locally running services to users. The secure access framework can provide credential management, credentials usage for secure network and device authentication, and additionally, can provide secure end-to-end data communication channel functionality based upon application requirements.
As a MN enters a new service domain, for successful network access, it can be required to have proper network access credentials. The access credentials required for each service domain can be different, depending upon the service agreements between participating service domains, but in all cases they will be tied to a “user identity”, which is validated after creating a secure channel with network access credentials. The service provider can issue a user identity, e.g. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), with the USIM application installed in UICC. Network access technologies can also have different types of authentication mechanisms, with their respective credential types, for the verification and access control of the user identity.
In wireless communications, the permanent user identity can only be shared with a network after establishing a secure confidential channel over the air interface. The MN needs to create a confidential link layer temporary channel by establishing a shared secret after node authentication, to share its identity across the network. In case of LTE, the secure channel can be created using the master session key generated by the EAP-AKA procedure (K_(ASME)) as discussed in more detail below. In Wi-Fi networks, the secure channel can be established using a session master key (MK), which can be generated in two ways. In WPA2 personal mode, the MK can be generated using a symmetric shared secret (e.g., passphrase and/or password) because the user has control of both ends, i.e., device and network. In WPA2 enterprise mode, the MK can be generated after successful client authentication, which can be done using EAP framework. In order to enable reuse of the same issued credentials across different service domains and access technologies (e.g., LTE or Wi-Fi), the target service domains need to support a compatible authentication framework and mechanisms. The EAP framework and AKA authentication mechanism, for example, enable the reuse of the same UICC-stored credentials for authentication across LTE and Wi-Fi networks.
The service provider issued user identity (e.g., IMSI), distributed with the UICC, can be used for managing identity in a federated manner. The service-plane can authenticate a MN across different infrastructure providers, and can enable trust establishment between infrastructure-plane and the MN for secure communication. Similar to the standard Federated Identity Management schemes, the service-plane can enable the portability of MN's identity information across otherwise autonomous security administrative domains. Furthermore, in order to maintain the MN's privacy, an alternative pseudo-identity can be created to preserve the integrity of the original identity. The pseudo-identity mechanism can create another identity that is mapped to the original identity. The pseudo-identity can be the only identity shared across networks, keeping the original identity intact. In case of identity theft, a new identity can be created without compromising the original identity. Also, multiple pseudo-identities can be created and shared a priori for each infrastructure provider for speedy re-authentication.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the credentials required for secure communication can be generated remotely by a third-party for validation of node identity (authentication), either to the visited network or to other nodes. For cellular networks, the credentials can be generated by the service provider and distributed physically using UICC cards. In case of Wi-Fi networks, for authentication, separate implementation specific client applications can be used to store user credentials, or the UICC credentials can be reused in EAP framework.
In one embodiment, node authentication can be performed using asymmetric public key cryptographic mechanisms (e.g., certificates), which requires the use of a third party Certificate Authority (CA) entity. The Service Access Manager (SAM) network element can also provide this third-party CA functionality for establishing trust between any two communicating nodes. In other embodiments, the CA functionality can be externally provided by a third-party.
To reduce handover delays and to obtain additional network information, the LCF protocols, in some embodiments, can require support of external network elements to acquire additional information of nearby networks from a Network Information Manager. If secure communication is required to the NIM, the LCF protocols can use the certificates issued by the SAM for node authentication and to establish a secure channel for this communication also. If the network elements are under the control of the same infrastructure provider, the session credentials generated for the link layer access can be reused for LCF protocols to reduce credential management complexity.
For inter-node communications path or for node to Mobility Manager communications, the network layer cryptographic methods can also require certificate-based algorithms. For establishing a secure E2E communication channel at the network layer, IPsec can leverage the CA-issued certificates for node authentication. The NCF mobility protocols can also leverage the same CA issued certificates, to establish a secure channel with the Mobility Manager. Therefore, the security framework can reduce credential complexity by reusing CA issued credentials for LCF to Network Information Server and NCF to Mobility Manager communications, and also for E2E application data confidentiality.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the SM module, as shown above in FIG. 22, can store and manage all the network access credentials including user specific credentials for networks that are not under the control of the MN's service domain (e.g., home, office, and/or hotspot). The LCF and NCF protocol credentials can also be stored in the SM. The SM can leverage the operating system's credential management functionalities for secure storage. It can maintain a memory-based data store cache backed by the local disk or UICC card storage, if it has sufficient capacity. The UICC can decouple the user credentials storage from a single physical mobile device, which enables the same UICC card to be used with different devices. Additionally, the credentials can also be stored in a cloud-based service for backup, which enables credential availability on multiple devices without requiring UICC.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the Security Manager module manages network access credentials, performs service plane authentication and authorization with SAM by secure identity disclosure to infrastructure plane, and provides credentials for establishing secure E2E communication setup. The SM module can maintain a Credential Table with the following information: credential-id, type of credential (e.g., certificate, pre-shared key, and/or login and password combination), usage of credential (e.g., HIP protocol, network access), access service-id, and additional information (e.g., name and type of the network, location, and the like). For mobility events, the SM can also coordinate with the NM to perform the authentication procedures and can return the result to the PE, which in turn instructs the NM to execute handover.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the Control Middleware can enable the logical separation of the authentication function between the Service and Infrastructure planes. The service provider can need to authenticate and authorize a MN before granting infrastructure access. For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 38 shows the two-step procedure required for gaining network access.
In the first step, the SM can provide the MN's pseudo-identity securely to the infrastructure provider over a temporary access channel, which binds the user with the corresponding service provider. In the second step, the SM can perform authentication and authorization with the MN's service provider, using infrastructure provider's resources, over the pre-established temporary access channel. For example, in case of LTE, the Non Access Stratum (NAS) channel can create a control plane security context between a MN and MME. In case of Wi-Fi, the security context can be created using the master key (MK) pair associated with a MN and Wi-Fi Authentication Server. Because the infrastructure provider does not take part in authorization procedure, it does not have actual access to the credentials. After successful authorization, the infrastructure provider can obtain network access policies.
The communication between the service and infrastructure planes can be assumed to be secure—there is an a priori established trust relationship between them. Typically, service providers have service agreements with each of the infrastructure providers supporting standard authentication mechanisms.
Once a MN has been authenticated and authorized by the SAM, the MN can start the physical infrastructure plane access procedures to obtain IP network connectivity. A temporary security context can be created between a MN and the network Point of Attachment (PoA) for both control and data planes. For example, in case of LTE, the AS functional layer can create the security context between a MN and eNB. In case of Wi-Fi, a pairwise master key (PMK) can provide the security context between a MN and AP.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the NCF protocols can be used to create a secure E2E communication channel based upon application requirements. The control middleware can select the NCF protocol based upon the CN's destination address (e.g., HIT tag or IP address). By default, the NCF can select HIP, if both communicating nodes support it. HIP can perform the Base Exchange process to establish a shared secret using the Diffie-Hellman mechanism as discussed in detail below. For providing confidentiality, the shared secret can be used to encrypt both data and control packets. Only control packets can be encrypted if data confidentiality is not required by the application. If the destination address is IPv6 enabled, the control middleware can select MIPv6 NCF protocol and based upon the application layer protocol, a TLS or IPsec communication channel can be established. If neither HIP nor IPv6 are supported by the CN, the middleware can fall back to IPv4 functionality for the NCF with no pre-defined security mechanism.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the control middleware can perform pre-authentication with the network access credentials provided by the SM. After acquiring a new IP address securely, the control middleware performs a mobile handover for each active flow by signaling the respective NCF protocol, as shown in FIG. 39 for the purpose of illustration and not limitation.
The control middleware's Network Manager (NM) module can maintain and constantly monitor network interfaces via the LCF. The NM can maintain a Trusted Access Service (TAS) table, which can be dynamically updated by the service provider or user. The TAS can store the access service information, e.g., id, authentication procedure, device type, credentials, cost, bandwidth, and access history. The NM can also maintain two additional tables, Active Access Service (AAS) and Candidate Access Service (CAS). The AAS table can maintain a list of currently connected access services. The CAS table can maintain the available list of trusted access services.
For optimal network connectivity, the NM can monitor the relevant network performance attributes, e.g., signal strength, latency, and available bandwidth using LCF interfaces 3901. If any of the attribute's values goes beyond the threshold value, it can trigger a network event alert. The NM can create a network event object with top-k access services from the CAS table and can signal the policy engine (PE) module 3902. The PE can evaluate the current policies for each application and can make the decision about network selection for a handover (if any). If a network handover decision is made, the PE can signal the SM 3903 with access service identifier to perform pre-authentication. The SM can select the corresponding pseudo-identity, authentication mechanism, and credentials for the access service (if available) 3904. The SM can signal network authentication request to LCF 3905, which performs network access procedures 3906 and can return authentication result to the SM 3907, which in turn signals it to the PE 3908. Based on authentication result, the PE can send a signal to the NM to perform mobile handover 3909.
The MN can send the location update to the MM for the respective NCF protocols 3910. In case of MIPv6, a Binding Update message can be sent to update HA cache secured by IPsec, and RO can be performed for all flows secured by the RR verification function. In case of HIP, the MN can notify both the RVS and the CN using the UPDATE messages that are signed by the private key of the sender and can be verified with the HI (public key) of the sender. The new location of MN can reside in the LOCATOR parameter of the UPDATE message. The UPDATE messages can be sent using the pre-established secure channel from the initial BEX mechanism.
If the visited network has prior service agreements with a MN's service provider, the USIM credentials can be reused to provide node authentication using EAP framework. Additionally, for independent networks, e.g. Wi-Fi at home, office, or public hotspot, the SM module can store and select the respective credentials at the time of authentication. For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 40 shows the SAM server authenticating the MN's access with a Wi-Fi infrastructure provider's AAA server by reusing the USIM credentials. The LCF can initiate an authentication request using the Wi-Fi link SAP and can perform network authentication using EAP-AKA method. After successful authentication, the SAM can return a master session key to the visited network's AAA server and the MN can also generate the same master session key independently. Additionally, the visited network AAA server can send a session key token to newly connected MN for future session validity.
The LCF link SAPs can store the session key tokens, which are shared between the infrastructure provider and MN. The session key tokens can provide an optimal Time-To-Live (TTL) for fast re-authentication procedure. The TTL value can be further optimized based upon MN's access patterns. This allows reduced authentication time when a MN frequently accesses the same infrastructure provider, for example, in a metropolitan area Wi-Fi network provider.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the control middleware also provides a general platform for service access control and enables secure device service sharing in local networks. The devices can be discovered using peer-to-peer or centralized protocols. The sharing of device services can also expose security threats, such as unauthorized use of devices, service disruption caused by malicious devices, eavesdropping, and the like. Thus, the services need to be authenticated and authorized, and the E2E communication needs to be encrypted. Similar to network access, device access can be abstracted into two logical steps, i.e., infrastructure and service plane access. The infrastructure plane access can provide authentication for device access. The service plane can provide service access authorization.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, for devices, the infrastructure-plane is technology specific, and provides device discovery and trust establishment between devices. The control middleware can be the logical service-plane that provides access control of locally running services to users. The device identity can be generated locally from stored credentials, using link layer access technology, e.g. MAC address, or it can be pre-assigned by either a third-party.
The NM can coordinate with the LCF to provides a temporary device access channel for performing device discovery and trust establishment using the user configured authentication method and the corresponding credentials. For trusted device identification, the NM module can use the TAS table with access service type as device. Each table entry can contain: access service id, authentication procedure, type, and supported operations. For reducing credential management complexity and peer-2-peer connectivity, the authentication credentials of the respective access technology interfaces can be generated locally by the user or pre-allocated.
After successful trust establishment, the PE can signal the device availability to the running services and enforces application-specific user policies to provide access control.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, for accessing services securely, by default, the control middleware can use HIP. In a local environment, device discovery process can provide the NM with the CN's IP address. If the identity of the CN is not known a priori, a MN can use HIP BEX process in the opportunistic mode (e.g., CN's HIT tag is NULL). After a successful BEX, a shared secret can be established using the D-H mechanism and a secure communication can be created.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the control middleware provides a general platform for service sharing across multiple devices in a secure trusted environment. The service-sharing manager (SSM) can allow the control middleware to create new flows between devices or modify existing flows by adding and/or removing devices.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the SSM enables service sharing in a trusted networking environment using new service sharing APIs. The SSM module can provide three kinds of service: (1) service registration, (2) service request and (3) flow migration. For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 41 shows example internal components of a SSM including SSM controller 4101, communication block 4102, and data store 4103. The service evaluation component 4104 can evaluate and score similar service based upon a service request. The flow migration component 4105 can perform session mobility from one device to another. The Service Registration table 4106 can maintain the registered services on the device and Service Request table 4107 can maintain and monitor the requested services in the network. The connected devices table 4108 can maintain the active connected device list with the corresponding location details (e.g., IP address, network SSID, device type, and the like).
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the middleware can define two kinds of services: system and application. System services can be public hardware services like camera, video display, audio speaker, microphone, sensors, and the like. Application services can be defined by user applications. Applications are allowed to share their services privately (within the same application) or publicly. Public services such as routing, storage, and computing can be used by other applications.
When a service is defined on a socket, it can start listening for requests and can be identified by an IP address and a port number. Other peers or clients can use this IP address and port number to directly communicate with a service. In this model, clients need to know the location of the service prior to making any service requests. To decouple the service identity and location, new networking APIs can be introduced, i.e., service & query. The service API can specify the different attributes of the service running, e.g., service ID, URI, context, description, and the like. The clients can query for the required service by specifying attributes without any knowledge about the service location.
The service API can be used to register application services (e.g., locally or globally). Applications can pass a description of the service attributes as an input parameter to service API. These attributes can be stored in the Service Registration table (SReg). The attributes defined for a service can be Service ID, URI, Context, Scope, Action and Description. The Service ID can provide a unique identifier for a running service. It can be assigned by the running application or generated dynamically for the lifetime of a socket. The URI can define the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the running service. It can be used to uniquely define the service. For example, edu.columbia.cs.irt.sine uniquely defines the sine service. The URIs can also be used with wild cards. For example, edu.columbia.cs.irt.*defines all the services from irt. The Context can define the location of the socket where it is defined, e.g., local subnet, room presence, organization or global (e.g., public Internet). The Scope can define the scope of the service, e.g., public, private or protected. In Private, only the same application can access this service. This can be identified by the service URI. For example, a service with edu.columbia.cs.irt.sine URI is only visible to the same URI service running on a different device. If the application wants all services to be shared, it can use wild cards, e.g., edu.columbia.cs.*. In Public, the service can be public any application can use it. Applications can authenticate before using depending upon the application design. In Protected, services in the same group can access this service. If the mobile device users are logged-in, then their group can be the default group for all the active services. The Action can define the action to be taken when a query request arrives. The SSM controller can define the action of each registered service. The current defined action states include FORWARD, DELIVER, DELAY, and DROP. In FORWARD, a service query request can be forwarded to the assigned value in address field. The address field can have multiple addresses, and the SSM controller can pick any one address or more than one or all based upon the configuration. In DELIVER, the service query can be delivered locally to the service listening on the socket. When an application invokes a service( ) call on a socket, a default entry can be added with the DELIVER action along with the corresponding service-id. For describing the functional flow of the service registration, as an example, a system application can define a service to share video display in a local network. The service semantics can be defined using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as follows:
{ service_id: 2002:2000::20:2001:23AF::20, type: system, system_service: video, context: local, scope: public, description: { min_resolution: 1024 × 768, max_resolution: 1440 × 900, device_name: Samsung LED monitor, monitor_size: 24 in, resolution_support: [ 1024 × 768, 1280 × 800, 1344 × 840, 1440 × 900], color: 24 bits } }
For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 42 shows the service registration process. The application can call socket.service (JSON) to register the service with the control middleware. The policy engine can pass the new service registration request to SSM. The SSM communication module can pass the request to the controller. The controller can register the service with the SRT. On success, the controller can return the SRT entry row number to the communication module. On failure, zero can be returned. The controller can broadcasts the new service to all connected devices in parallel. The policy engine can receive the request's response. The response can be returned to the application. Similar steps can be followed when the service is removed from the SSM. In case of a service crash, the policy engine can direct the removal of the service.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, devices can discover each other either in a peer-to-peer or centralized manner. The SSM module can register itself as a public service in the SReg table. Once the devices are discovered and there is a pre-established trust between them, the control middleware network manager (NM) can signal the policy engine about the device presence. The PE can signals the local SSM of the first device, which in turns can connect to the second device's SSM and establishes a trusted communication channel. The SSM can share the service registration meta-data with each other and update the SReg table accordingly.
Each service can be scored according to its attribute in the description that is defined to have priority number. When multiple services are found for each service request, the evaluator module can calculate the service score based upon the requested service description. The applications can set a threshold when the service availability event should be delivered (e.g., set in the description). For example, a threshold can be only when score is greater than 70% and only after evaluating the service for three times or for a new service only after 20 seconds since the last service was found. The evaluator score model can be configurable. After successful evaluation, the SSM can send a new service notification to all waiting applications via policy engine. The applications can start their communication with the newly discovered service independently.
For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 43 shows the flow of the service resolution after device discovery. The NM 4301 can send a new device signal with the device information to the policy engine 4302 (1). The Policy engine 4302 can send the new device signal to SSM 4303 (2). The SSM controllers 4304 can establish a secure channel and share their services meta-data, and add entry into connected device table 4305 (3). The controller 4304 can check the service registration table 4306 and service request table 4307 for any service matches (4 and 4′). If services are found, the evaluator function 4308 can be called (5). If the service score is above the threshold, service information can be passed onto communication component 4309 (6). The policy engine 4302 can notify the application 4310 about the new service using the unidirectional event channel (7).
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, when an application intents to use some service, locally or globally, the query( ) API is used as the applications do not know the service location. When applications make a query( ) API call, the request can be stored in the Service Request (SReq) table based upon the kind of request, i.e., blocking or non-blocking. In a blocking request, an application can expect an immediate service resolution. In a non-blocking request, an application does not expect an immediate response; the application can be notified about the requested service when it is available in the network via the unidirectional event channel. An application can query for itself in the network using its URI.
For describing the functional flow of the service request, as an example, an application can request for a video system service in a local network. The JSON object for the service can be as follows:
{ query_type: non-blocking, type: system, service: video, description: { min_resolution: 1440 × 900 }, context: local }
For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 44 shows a non-blocking service query flow. The application 4401 can call socket.query (JSON) 4402 API for service request (1). The policy engine 4403 can make a service query request for the corresponding application to the SSM 4404 (2). The communication module 4405 of SSM can pass the request to the controller 4406 (3). The controller 4406 can check the SReg table 4407 service entries, i.e., Service Entry Found and No Service Entry (4 and 4′). In Service Entry Found, the service evaluator 4408 can be called. If the service score is above the threshold, the application can be notified about the service (e.g., service ID, service type, IP address) along with the SRT table row number. In No Service Entry, if the query type is non-blocking, the controller 4406 can add an entry into the service request table 4409 (4′). In this case, the controller can wait for new devices to be discovered in the network. If the query is blocking, the controller 4406 returns can return zero. The controller 4406 can return the request table entry row number with the device details or in case of failure, zero to the communication module 4405 as a response (5). The row number can be sent to the policy engine 4403 (6). The PE can return the row number with the device details to the application 4401 (7).
In a blocking service query, the service lookup result can be immediately returned to the application. If the service is found in the service registration table, the service details can be returned to application. If the service query context is global, the query can passed onto a next connected service router (as described in more detail below). The JSON object for the service can be as follows:
{ query_type: blocking, service_uri: edu.columbia.cs.irt.sine.prime context: global }
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, to have clear separation between the control and data path, the service sharing tables can be decoupled from the controller as shown in FIG. 45 for the purpose of illustration and not limitation. This decoupling can enables kernel-space implementation of service tables for better performance. The other SSM components can reside in the user-space, which can control the service tables using user-space to kernel-space communication APIs. Furthermore, this enables service tables to be implemented in the hardware similar to routing and MAC tables.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the devices can be removed from an existing flow. In case of a device crash or switch off, the SSM can notify all the connected devices about service unavailability of local services or the service request times out. In case of an application crash, the SSM can notify all the connected devices about service unavailability of that specific service and can remove the registration entry.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, as the control middleware is device independent, it can be installed on routers (i.e., control middleware network configuration). In the network configuration, the device discovery can be done centrally and each device can communicate with the router's control middleware, which saves UE battery power. For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 46 shows the discovery agent home router configuration. The home router discovery agent can act as a centralized discovery agent, and all the UEs can connect to the home router for service discovery. The home router can maintain a global service registration table for the entire local network. The SSM controllers can push SRT changes only to the home router. The UEs can complete service request queries by only looking at home router SRT.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, as the applications are notified about the new service availability in the network, the applications can decides to migrate the current service session from the local device to the newly discovered device. There can be two ways in which the flow can be migrated from one device to another: Source and Sink Model or Source and Destination Model. In the Source and Sink Model, Device 1 (i.e., source) can forward the video packets to device 2 (i.e., sink). In this case, device 1 acts as a source of data packets and device 2 acts as a sink for data packets. In other words, the data is transferred to the second device but the control still remains with the first device. In the Source and Destination Model, Device 1 (i.e., source) can initiate the migration of the whole flow from device 1 to device 2 (i.e., destination) completely. In this case, the session sharing applications need to support flow migration, which is the ability to move application context from one device to another. To support this functionality the flow identifier (the NCF provides a constant identifier to the upper layer, i.e. transport, which does not change during the lifetime of the flow) of the network control function can be shared between the communicating devices and also, the SSM can transfer the session state from one device to another based upon the application.
The migrate API can be used to provide flow migration for both models. For source and destination model, the applications session state needs to be synchronized prior to calling migrate API.
In the pre-migration step, the destination application (on device 2) can create a socket and return the file descriptor to the source application (on device 1). Optionally, the applications can share session data, which includes session cookies, credentials, and application state attributes. For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 47 shows the application session state transfer from application 1 on device 1 (i.e., source) to application 2 on device 2 (i.e., destination). After the applications share the state, the destination can return a remote socket file descriptor, which is used as a new flow end-point after the migration.
Once the application session state is transferred, the application 1 can call migrate API with service_id, type of migration and optional remote_socket_fd parameter (e.g., which service, where in remote device and how). If the optional remote_socket_fd is not passed, the remote flow migration module can create one dynamically. For source and sink, the packets can be delivered to the SSM flow migration module, which forwards it to the remote device service. The JSON object for the service can be as follows:
{ service_id: 2002:2000::20:2001:23AF::20, remote_socket_fd: 12343332, type: 2 }
For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 48 shows the flow migration action points. Application 1 can call socket.migrate (JSON) API to initiate a flow migration for the calling socket. The policy engine can request flow migration with the flow details to SSM. The request can be passed onto the controller. The controller can check the service migration request and fetch the necessary device details from the SReg table entry. The controller can initiate the flow migration. The devices can be connected, and state of the flow can be synchronized between the two devices. The controller can notify the policy engine about the migration result, i.e., success or failure. The policy engine can be notified about the migration result. The policy engine can notify the application with the migration result.
For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 68 is an exemplary flow chart of the operation of the service sharing manager. The control middleware can initialize the service-sharing manager (SSM) 6801. The SSM controller can wait for new events 6802. When a new event occurs, the event can be evaluated 6803. If the local data store is configured, the controller can save the event data 6804. The controller can process the event type, e.g., new service 6805, new device 6806, service query 6807, flow migration 6808 and service routing control 6809. When the new service event is processed, the controller can create a registration table entry, if not present, and can notify all connected devices based connected device table entries 6810. When the new device event is processed, the controller can check for router configuration in event data 6811. If the new device is configured as a router, the connected device table can be flushed and the registration table can be updated 6812. The new device (router) details can be added into the connected device table. If the new device is not a router, the device details can be added into the connected device table and the registration table entries can be updated 6813. The controller can check the request table entries for any service match 6814, and if found, the services can be evaluated 6817, and if the service score is the above the configured threshold score, the policy engine can be notified, which in turn can notify the respective application. When a service query event is processed 6807, the controller can check the registration table. If the service is found, the service can be evaluated, and if threshold is reached, information can be sent to the policy engine 6817. If the service is not found, and the query is non-blocking, the query request can be added into the request table for future fulfillment 6816. If the query is blocking, the controller can forward the query to the next connected router and wait for the response. If the response is found, the policy engine can be notified about the service information.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosed subject matter, as the Context aware Control Middleware (CCM) is device independent, it can be installed on network elements such as servers and routers that have computing and storage capabilities. When the network elements (e.g., routers) are deployed inside the network infrastructure, they can create a network-based dynamic computing platform. The dynamic service-aware routers (e.g., service routers) can discover, share and exchange information with each other using the service-sharing manager (SSM) of the control middleware in a peer-to-peer manner or in a centralized manner. The Service Routers (SR) can provide service as a basic abstraction of the network.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, in the packet routing networks, routers can forward packets based upon the routing tables. With service routing, a SSM controller can perform service routing by lookup and control of service tables (e.g., SSM-SReg tables) when it receives a service query request. For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 49 illustrates the service and packet routing planes with corresponding tables that control them. If a controller finds a service match, a service query response can be returned. If no service match is found, the service query request can be forwarded accordingly based upon SReg table entries. Service routing and packet routing can be independent of each other.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, service routing provides distributed load balancing natively by allowing applications to update the service table independently. If an application service is experiencing a large number of requests, the ACTION attribute of the service table can be changed from DELIVER to FORWARD, assuming the service has redundancy in the network. The applications can use the service API call on the socket to define a service and also, perform any service changes. To change the service action state, the service call can take a JSON argument that includes the service id and the new action state. The policy engine can pass the request to the SSM, which can change the service state. In case applications don't want to monitor the services, the policy engine can dynamically update the SReg entry based upon the application's system resources usage (CPU, memory, bandwidth usage, and the like). The JSON object for the service can be as follows:
{ service_id: 2001:23::23:2314, action_state: FORWARD }
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, when the control middleware is installed on the datacenter servers, the application service providers (ASP) can host services, which can be dynamically load balanced without any special hardware use. For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 50 shows a dynamic service routing cluster installed inside an ASP's infrastructure. The cluster can be configured to scale using other topologies like master-slave or hierarchical. The clients, e.g. mobiles, laptops, and desktops, can make use of this service routing environment by using blocking query API. A blocking query can return the service resolution result immediately. In case of non-blocking query, the service resolution optionally can happen immediately, but the application can listen for the service availability. The client applications can call socket.query( ) API with a JSON query request, for example, as follows:
{ query_type: blocking, service_id: 2001::30:3433, service_node: 128 / 32 bit location address, hop_count: 4, auto_connect: true }
The service_id attribute can define which service the client application wants to connect to. The service_node can be the destination node where the client expects the service to reside; the actual service optionally can be hosted on that node. For example, Columbia document service, i.e., www.docs.columbia.edu, can be hosted in a different data center, but the client application is unaware of it. In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, to improve network latency, application reliability and availability, ASPs can deploy services inside the network infrastructure. In this case, the service routers can work on both packet and service routing. For the purpose of illustration and not limitation, FIG. 51 shows service routing on top of packet routing. The service routers can discover each other in a peer-to-peer manner or using a centralized service controller.
For a UE, the nearest service router can be configured in the SSM by a network-based centralized service or opportunistically by using a control probe message based upon the SSM configuration. The client applications can issue a query API call for service resolution, which makes the service deployment location independent. The service query request can be first processed in the service router and then routed to the specified service node, if service is not hosted in the network, as shown in FIG. 52, for the purpose of illustration and not limitation. This in-network service platform can create a Dynamic Service aware Network.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the ASP services are registered with the service tables using service( ) API and managed independently. Each service can register one or more unique identifiers (e.g., service ID and URI). Similar to IP tables, the service tables can be global. To remove conflicts between service ids from multiple ASPs, a unique ID of each ASP can be used as a prefix with the service id, for example, HIT::Service-ID. The registered services can have a default action DELIVER in the SRT table. The service IDs and URIs in the SRT table can use wild cards. For example, a 256 bit service ID, 2001::02::*, captures all the service requests for ASP with 128 bit identity starting with 2001::02. The wild cards can be used on URIs as well. For example, if www.docs.columbia.edu/*URI is stored in service table, it captures all the service requests for Columbia document services.
Once the service is registered in the service router, the service discovery agent can publish the service in the network. Different methods can be used to publish the service based upon the implementation including, for example, Centralized, Cluster-based, Flooding or using Distributed Hash Tables methods. After the service discovery, service table entries can be filled with DELIVER, FORWARD, DROP, and DELAY actions accordingly. If there are no services running on the router, the default entry [*|FORWARD|Next Service Router location address] can be executed.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, the UEs are connected to the nearest service router, e.g. service gateway (SG) (the first service router connected to each UE is called service gateway, as it acts as a gateway for the whole service network; functionally service gateways are identical to other service routers), in the network infrastructure. The client can request for a service using the query API and the local SSM controller can pass the request to the connected SG. The SSM controller on the service router can inspect the service query, e.g., service-id/URI, within its service table entries. If an entry is found with a DELIVER action, a service response can be sent along with the location address and port number of the resolved service. If a FORWARD action is found, the request can be forwarded to the IP address of the next configured service router. If no matching entries are found, the request is forwarded via the default entry [*|FORWARD|Next Service Router location].
| 12,483 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39214099
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Chris Howes, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6528096
|
English
|
Spoken
| 411 | 1,402 |
How to make an input box centered in Ionic
I am currently writing an app in Ionic where you enter a number and select a language it will print out the number in another language. I have got it all working, and I am now styling it. I have got all of it centered, except for my input box. I have researched a lot but can't find anything that is the same.
Here is some of my HTML:
<ion-content class="padding" id="ion-content">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row center">
<div class="col"><h1>Please Enter Your Phone Number:</h1></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col col-100 center" style="display:block;">
<input type="tel" ng-model="number" class="borders" name="number">
</div>
</div>
<div class="row center">
<div class="col">
<select id="select" ng-model="language">
<option value="French">FRENCH</option>
<option value="German">GERMAN</option>
<option value="English">ENGLISH</option>
<option value="Mandarin">MANDARIN</option>
<option value="Swedish">SWEDISH</option>
<option value="Latin">LATIN</option>
<option value="Bulgarian">BULGARIAN</option>
<option value="Turkish">TURKISH</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row center"><div class="col">
<button class="Nextbutton" ng-click="doit(number,language)">
<h1>TRANSLATE</h1></button>
</div>
(that is all that is relevant to my issue)
Here is my CSS:
body{
}
.center {
text-align:center;
}
.firstinput {
}
h1 {
font-family:Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;
font-variant: small-caps;
}
#change {
font-family:Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;
font-variant: small-caps;
font-size: 20px;
}
.borders {
border-radius: 10px;
margin:10px;
font-family:Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;
border-color:black;
}
select {
margin:10px;
font-family:Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;
font-variant: small-caps;
font-size: 15px;
}
input-label {
width:30%;
}
There is also some Javascript but I don't think that that will be an issue for this.
Thank you in advance!
just add your center class to your input
body{
}
.center {
text-align:center;
}
.firstinput {
}
h1 {
font-family:Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;
font-variant: small-caps;
}
#change {
font-family:Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;
font-variant: small-caps;
font-size: 20px;
}
.borders {
border-radius: 10px;
margin:10px;
font-family:Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;
border-color:black;
}
select {
margin:10px;
font-family:Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif;
font-variant: small-caps;
font-size: 15px;
}
input-label {
width:30%;
}
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row center">
<div class="col"><h1>Please Enter Your Phone Number:</h1></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col col-100 center" style="display:block;">
<input type="tel" ng-model="number" class="borders center" name="number">
</div>
</div>
<div class="row center">
<div class="col">
<select id="select" ng-model="language">
<option value="French">FRENCH</option>
<option value="German">GERMAN</option>
<option value="English">ENGLISH</option>
<option value="Mandarin">MANDARIN</option>
<option value="Swedish">SWEDISH</option>
<option value="Latin">LATIN</option>
<option value="Bulgarian">BULGARIAN</option>
<option value="Turkish">TURKISH</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row center"><div class="col">
<button class="Nextbutton" ng-click="doit(number,language)">
<h1>TRANSLATE</h1></button>
</div>
No sorry that didn't work, I think it's to do with ionic built-in classes, because when I run the snippet in stack overflow it works, but when you have all of ionic's CSS it doesn't work.
It doesn't matter, it just needed to be inline-block
I managed to fix it... I just needed to make the element an inline-block
| 27,127 |
https://github.com/AnthonyDS-symphony/symphony-bdk-ui-toolkit/blob/master/src/components/data/table/samples/custom-row.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
symphony-bdk-ui-toolkit
|
AnthonyDS-symphony
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 218 | 760 |
import React from 'react';
import styled, { keyframes } from 'styled-components';
import Faker from 'faker';
import Table from '../index';
import Box from '../../../layout/box';
import TextLink from '../../../misc/text-link';
import TableElements from '../components/table-elements';
const DATA = [{
email: Faker.internet.email(),
name: Faker.name.firstName(),
link: 'http://a.com',
}, {
email: Faker.internet.email(),
name: Faker.name.firstName(),
link: 'http://b.com',
}, {
email: Faker.internet.email(),
name: Faker.name.firstName(),
link: 'http://c.com',
}, {
email: Faker.internet.email(),
name: Faker.name.firstName(),
link: 'http://d.com',
}];
const COLUMNS = [{
header: 'Name',
tooltip: 'This column is not sortable',
accessor: 'name',
sortable: false,
}, {
header: 'Email',
accessor: 'email',
tooltip: 'This column is sortable!',
}, {
header: 'Link',
accessor: 'link',
Cell: ({ cell }) => (
<CellWrapper>
<TextLink href={cell.value} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
{cell.value}
</TextLink>
</CellWrapper>
),
},
];
const CellWrapper = styled(Box)`
margin: 0px 19px;
align-items: start;
justify-content: center;
height: 100%;
`;
const pastelRainbow = keyframes`
100%,0%{
background-color: #FF9AA2;
}
16%{
background-color: #FFB7B2;
}
33%{
background-color: #FFDAC1;
}
50%{
background-color: #e2f0cb;
}
67%{
background-color: #b5ead7;
}
79%{
background-color: #C7CEEA;
}
`;
const CustomRowStyle = styled(TableElements.TBodyTr)`
&:hover {
animation: ${pastelRainbow} 0.85s linear;
animation-iteration-count: infinite;
}
`;
const CustomRow = (props) => {
const { children, ...rest } = props;
return (
<CustomRowStyle {...rest}>
{children}
</CustomRowStyle>
);
};
export const CustomRowDemo = () => (
<Box p={15}>
<Box space={60} p="0 16px 0 0">
<Table
data={DATA}
columns={COLUMNS}
Row={CustomRow}
/>
</Box>
</Box>
);
| 20,371 |
https://github.com/dq-open-cloud/pay-java-parent/blob/master/pay-java-common/src/main/java/com/egzosn/pay/common/bean/RefundOrder.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
pay-java-parent
|
dq-open-cloud
|
Java
|
Code
| 240 | 785 |
package com.egzosn.pay.common.bean;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.Date;
/**
* 退款订单信息
* @author: egan
* <pre>
* email egzosn@gmail.com
* date 2018/1/15 21:40
* </pre>
*/
public class RefundOrder {
/**
* 退款单号，每次进行退款的单号，此处唯一
*/
private String refundNo;
/**
* 支付平台订单号,交易号
*/
private String tradeNo;
/**
* 商户单号
*/
private String outTradeNo;
/**
* 退款金额
*/
private BigDecimal refundAmount;
/**
* 订单总金额
*/
private BigDecimal totalAmount;
/**
* 交易日期
*/
private Date orderDate;
public String getRefundNo() {
return refundNo;
}
public void setRefundNo(String refundNo) {
this.refundNo = refundNo;
}
public String getTradeNo() {
return tradeNo;
}
public void setTradeNo(String tradeNo) {
this.tradeNo = tradeNo;
}
public String getOutTradeNo() {
return outTradeNo;
}
public void setOutTradeNo(String outTradeNo) {
this.outTradeNo = outTradeNo;
}
public BigDecimal getRefundAmount() {
return refundAmount;
}
public void setRefundAmount(BigDecimal refundAmount) {
this.refundAmount = refundAmount;
}
public BigDecimal getTotalAmount() {
return totalAmount;
}
public void setTotalAmount(BigDecimal totalAmount) {
this.totalAmount = totalAmount;
}
public Date getOrderDate() {
return orderDate;
}
public void setOrderDate(Date orderDate) {
this.orderDate = orderDate;
}
public RefundOrder() {
}
public RefundOrder(String refundNo, String tradeNo, BigDecimal refundAmount) {
this.refundNo = refundNo;
this.tradeNo = tradeNo;
this.refundAmount = refundAmount;
}
public RefundOrder(String tradeNo, String outTradeNo, BigDecimal refundAmount, BigDecimal totalAmount) {
this.tradeNo = tradeNo;
this.outTradeNo = outTradeNo;
this.refundAmount = refundAmount;
this.totalAmount = totalAmount;
}
public RefundOrder(String refundNo, String tradeNo, String outTradeNo, BigDecimal refundAmount, BigDecimal totalAmount) {
this.refundNo = refundNo;
this.tradeNo = tradeNo;
this.outTradeNo = outTradeNo;
this.refundAmount = refundAmount;
this.totalAmount = totalAmount;
}
}
| 31,298 |
3e023a82983091d3aaa87a91ff30e957
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,022 |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20220029_00457.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 213 | 448 |
e
154 année. - N°29
Mardi 19 juillet 2022
JOURNAL OFFICIEL
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
D.I.L.A
serialNumber=S17140003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE
DILA,OU=0002
13000918600011,organizationIdentifier=NTRFR-13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2022-07-19 09:00:58
Associations et fondations d'entreprise
DIRECTION DE L'INFORMATION LÉGALE ET ADMINISTRATIVE
26, rue Desaix, 75727 PARIS CEDEX 15
www.dila.premier-ministre.gouv.fr
www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr
Annonce n° 457
44 - Loire-Atlantique
ASSOCIATIONS
Créations
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Loire-Atlantique
EXPERTISES CLIMAT.
Objet : contribuer à l'amélioration du débat public français sur la transition écologique en encourageant les médias
à couvrir davantage, et mieux, les sujets liés au climat et à la biodiversité, ainsi que les arguments en faveur de la
transition écologique et solidaire, en se fondant sur le consensus scientifique et les faits ; et en aidant les experts
à prendre la parole dans les médias ; mettre à disposition des médias généralistes et d'experts de la transition
écologique et solidaire, gratuitement ou à faible coût, de nouvelles ressources sans marque : synthèses de rapports,
infographies, briefings, webinaires, réactions d'experts, formations, courtes vidéos, tribunes et tout autre outil de
communication et/ou d'information servant à l'amélioration du débat public sur les enjeux de la transition écologique
Siège social : 35, place Jean Macé, 44100 Nantes.
Date de la déclaration : 12 juillet 2022.
La Directrice de l’information légale et administrative : Anne DUCLOS-GRISIER
| 2,603 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16397061
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
CodeCaster, Francisco Afonso, Habib, Sanjeev Rai, Santosh Panda, Vijaya, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1412209, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1455510, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2131469, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2334221, https://stackoverflow.com/users/266143, https://stackoverflow.com/users/961113
|
English
|
Spoken
| 543 | 1,045 |
Insert the date into 2 tables
I have 2 tables like Item and Image, first table tbl_Item has 2 fields those are item code,item name and second table tbl_Image has 2 fields like item code and item image. I have fields like item code, item name, item image and one button. When i click the submit button those records are inserted into both two tables. I want to insert the data into two tables How it is possible? Can any body suggest me?
cmd.Connection = new SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[1].ToString());
cmd.CommandText = "insert into tbl_item (@itemcode,@itemname) values(ItemCode,ItemName)";
cmd.CommandText = "insert into tbl_image (@itemcode,@itemimage) values(ItemCode,ItemImage)";
Is that the real code, because I think you swapped parameters with column names, plus are you sure your table Image is not a view based on tblItem ?
"When i click the submit button those records are inserted into both two tables" - are you sure about this? Do you only execute one query on button click? Does the database contain any triggers or is it indeed a view like @Habib says? This is too vague to solve, please show more info.
Thank you Habib, yes its a real code first of all i tried with two feilds then after i will add
Thank you CodeCaster, i dont know command exactly for two tables thats way i posted this one, we can insert data into only one table by using above command
there may be any code written on selection of image to insert image into 2nd table!
ya table Image is not a view based on tblItem
ThankYou SanjeevRai No
Can We insert data into 2 tables by using OnClick
I dont really get the english. What do you want? In the question you're inserting into two tables and then ask how is it possible to add into two tables. That makes no sense. Please explain what you want to do and what is happening.
Thank you Francisco Afonso Yes I want to inserting into two tables at a time
if you want to insert both record in single command execution then join query with ";".
such as
cmd.CommandText = "insert into tbl_item (@itemcode,@itemname) values(ItemCode,ItemName);insert into tbl_image (@itemcode,@itemimage) values(ItemCode,ItemImage)";
The SQL query itself is wrong. It must be @"insert into tbl_item (ItemCode,ItemName) values(@itemcode,@itemname)";
ya i changed it Deniyal Tandel
Yes, you can insert into two tables simultaneously. Check this code:
Note: Your original insert query was wrong, I have modified it.
public void InsertIntoDataBase(int itemCode, string itemName, string itemImage)
{
string connString = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[1].ToString();
string query1 = @"insert into tbl_item (ItemCode,ItemName) values(@itemcode,@itemname)";
string query2 = @"insert into tbl_image (ItemCode,ItemImage) values(@itemcode,@itemimage)";
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connString);
try
{
// Exc]ecute the first query.
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(query1, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("@itemcode", SqlDbType.Int, 10, "ItemCode").Value = itemCode; // Pass the actual Item code
cmd.Parameters.Add("@itemname", SqlDbType.Text, 20, "ItemName").Value = itemName; //Pass the actual Item name
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
// Exc]ecute the second query.
cmd = new SqlCommand(query2, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("@itemcode", SqlDbType.Int, 10, "ItemCode").Value = itemCode; // Pass the actual Item code
cmd.Parameters.Add("@itemimage", SqlDbType.Text, 20, "ItemImage").Value = itemImage; // Pass the actual Item image
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
}
finally
{
conn.Close();
}
}
Thank you skumar it worked to me but here you pass the static values, i want to pass the values dynamically how?
| 25,554 |
https://github.com/heikomat/air-quality-box/blob/master/tools/flash_lfs.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
air-quality-box
|
heikomat
|
Shell
|
Code
| 10 | 30 |
# run this from the project root!
./tools/nodemcu-partition.py --lfs_file lfs.img
| 39,114 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53971689
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Diego Cardona, Morgan, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10824619, https://stackoverflow.com/users/9045128
|
Norwegian Nynorsk
|
Spoken
| 457 | 777 |
How to print another component when i logout. React and Firebase
How I can render another component when i logout on firebase.
I´m trying to re-render the page to print the LoginPage
This is my LoginPage that is render when I loggin with another form.
import React, { Component } from "react";
/*Importing firebase*/
import firebase from "firebase";
/*Importing pages*/
import LoginPage from "../login/LoginPage";
/*Importing components*/
import Header from "./containers/HandleHeader";
class IndexPage extends Component {
shouldComponentUpdate() {
firebase.auth().onAuthStateChanged(user => {
if (user) {
} else {
this.forceUpdate();
return <LoginPage />;
}
});
}
render() {
return (
<div>
<Header />
</div>
);
}
}
export default IndexPage;
And this is my handleLogout that work when I click my logout button.
handleLogout = e => {
firebase
.auth()
.signOut()
.then(() => this.forceUpdate());
};
I want to make that when I logout I don´t need reload the page.
Usually the best way to do this is to maintain the logged-in state somewhere, then protect the entry points to any components that require authentication with logic like this:
render() {
const { loggedIn } = this.props;
if (!loggedIn) return <Redirect to="/login" />;
// Reset of component rendered below this point
}
Note that this logic can be in the component itself, some parent component, or some higher order component. The key is to have it somewhere that will prevent access to any protected component by redirecting in the render method before any protected information can be reached.
Redirecting is often achieved using some routing package like, say, react-router-dom, to navigate around. This means that when you log out, a user is implicitly always redirected because they can no longer access the protected components anymore.
Hmm but, I want to do it :/
How I can "reload" my page, but without recharging
One important thing to realize is that what I suggested doesn't reload the page in React. It sounds like you want to change the component rendered on the screen, and the method I suggested is a great way to do that. Even if you don't use a redirect, you can still simply track the logged-in state and render a different component when the user isn't logged in. So instead of , you can return something like for your login page.
class HomePage extends Component {
state = {
email: ""
};
componentWillMount() {
this.handleRenderPage();
}
handleRenderPage = () => {
firebase.auth().onAuthStateChanged(user => {
if (user != null) {
this.setState({ email: user.email });
}
});
};
render() {
return {this.state.email ? : };
}
}
It looks like you're not setting the state back to null when the user logs out. I only see logic for when the user logs in. What about else this.setState({ email: null }); in this.handleRenderPage?
| 28,085 |
6241980_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,399 | 1,655 |
Opinion by
Mr. Justice Mitchell,
By sect. 9, art. 17 of the constitution, “ no street passenger railway shall be constructed within the limits of any cit}*-, borough or township without the consent of its local authorities.” This language is repeated in sect. 15 of the street railway act of May 14, 1889, P. L. 217, but this is merely an express subjection ex majori cautela, of the privileges to be granted by the act, to the terms of the constitution, which would be implied without it. It neither enlarged nor diminished the constitutional powers of the local authorities, and may therefore be dis*415regarded. The provision of the constitution is peremptory and unlimited. It is part of the pervading intent of that instrument to give local bodies the control of local affairs. The public history of the time, of which the court may take judicial notice, shows that one of the prime objects of the people in calling a constitutional convention was to do away with special legislation which interfered with local affairs, or granted privileges to particular bodies and withheld them from others, with a semblance of partiality rather than of equal favor to all. That object was carried out in the constitution adopted, so broadly that it is a matter of grave doubt whether the object itself has not sometimes been defeated by tying the hands of the legislature too closely to permit it to help special localities with special needs by legislation which they really want' and ought to have. But however that may be in other matters, the provision now under consideration, as already said, is peremptory and without expressed limitations of any kind. It is a gift directly from the constitution to the local bodies, and needs no help, nor permits any interference from the legislature. If any limitations are to be implied by the courts, the implication must arise from clear necessity, as absolute, as peremptory and as unavoidable as the constitutional mandate itself. The burden therefore is on the party affirming that the exercise of the local authority is not valid. Omne majus in se eontinet minus. The man who can give the whole can give part, or who can grant absolutely can grant with a reservation of rent or other condition. There is nothing of that kind here. There is nothing illegal in the conditions as to the rate of fares, or the taxation of the dividends. The legislature could have imposed both as conditions to the grant of the charter, or could have delegated that power to the cities as a condition of their consent. If the authority would have been legal on a delegation from the legislature, a fortiori it cannot be illegal on a grant from the constitution. Neither the constitution nor the legislature has in fact conferred such power on the cities, but the illustration holds good to show that there is nothing in the conditions imposed by the city of Allegheny, intrinsically opposed to the law or to public policy. It is not a question of the municipality’s power to regulate fares or tax dividends. There is no contention for that. If the city was assuming such authority as against the railway company, the argument for appellant would be of convincing force. But the city is not doing so. It simply says, “ I have the sole and exclusive power to consent or refuse; on certain conditions I consent, otherwise I refuse ; I don’t compel you to do anything, I merely give you a choice between alternatives; you have no power or right to demand my consent, you ask it, and I give it on my own terms or not at all.”
Nor can we see that there is anything unreasonable in these conditions, even if that matter were within our province. A valuable franchise, to use public property, the streets, for corporate profit, is about to be granted. It is not illegal or unreasonable that the public or the city which represents it should have a consideration for the privilege that it confers. If it were a right of passage over private property, there would be no question about it, and the right could not be got in any other *417way. We see no reason why the public interest should not be promoted by requiring special privileges in the public property to be paid for in the same way. The conclusion thus reached is so clear upon indisputable principles that it does not require aid from authority, but it is in fact supported by the exactly similar case already cited from 110 N. Y. 552, and by our own decision in Federal St. R. W. Co. v. City of Allegheny, 14 Pitts. Legal Journal, N. S. 259. In the latter case the city, in 1870, without authority either constitutional or legislative to tax, but under the proviso in the charter of the railway that no street should be occupied without consent, made its consent conditional on the payment of a car tax, and a per centage of the dividends, into the city treasury. The company accepted the ordinance, paid the ear tax, but refused to pay the percentage on dividends, upon substantially the same grounds as the appellant relies on here. The court however gave judgment against it, saying, inter alia, “ The policy of our legislation has been to make the passenger railway companies pay the municipalities for the use of the streets. ... It is said the city has no power to impose-such conditions when giving its consent to the use of the streets. . . . *418The act (charter) gave the company no power to move a stone or lay a rail on any street of the city without the consent of the councils. The act imposed no restrictions on the city. The councils could refuse absolutely their consent and the company had no redress.” The proviso of the act of 1878 (in the words of the constitution as to consent of the local authorities,) “is a condition precedent. The power of the municipal authority to give or refuse consent is unlimited an.d unqualified. That necessarily implies the power to impose reasonable conditions in giving their consent. If they impose unreasonable conditions all the company can do is to refuse to accept.” This court affirmed the judgment on the opinion of the court below. The case is really stronger than the one in hand, because, although the company had accepted the ordinance of consent with its conditions, yet the case having arisen under a charter and ordinance prior to the present constitution, the municipal authority to impose conditions, and their consequent validity, rested only on the powers permitted to it by the legislature, and not as here on a paramount constitutional grant.
There is a wide difference between the present case and Pittsburgh’s Appeal, 115 Pa. 4. The contention there was over the rights of a natural gas company in the streets of the city. As to that s.ubject the legislative control of the streets was complete, and the city had only such authority in regard thereto as the legislature chose to allow it. This court held that the legislature having invested the gas company with the right of eminent domain, and provided only that it should get the assent of the city and be subject to “ such regulations as the councils may adopt,” the city’s legislative power over the subject was limited and did not extend to any conditions to be attached to its consent, except such as were reasonable regulations of the mode of carrying out the statutory powers of the corporation.
The conditions in the present case being within the power of the city to prescribe, and therefore entirely valid, the other question raised becomes unimportant. It may be well to say however that the ordinance of consent was an entirety, to be accepted or refused just as it was, and acceptance was expressly made a condition precedent. Nothing therefore could make the ordinance a consent but the. performance of the condition, the acceptance of the whole. Even if any part ot the condi*419tion was impossible or ultra vires the result would only be that the consent could never become effective. No amount of hardship, or impossibility, or illegality, will avoid the bar of a condition precedent unperformed: Co. Litt. 206 ; 2 Blackst. 157.
Decree affirmed.
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Mr. Justice Maxwell
delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an appeal from a decree of the superior court of Cook County holding two amendments to a zoning ordinance of tlie city of Berwyn invalid as to all but the north erly 100 feet of a 14^-acre tract of land owned by the Hannifin Corporation, plaintiff-appellee. The original suit of the Hannifin Corporation, hereinafter referred to as the company, sought an injunction against the city of Berwyn, defendant-appellant, hereinafter referred to as city, to restrain the enforcement of 1939 and 1951 amendments to the city's zoning ordinance as applied to the company's property and asked for a declaratory judgment holding said amendments invalid insofar as they restricted the use of the company property to residential purposes. The decree of the lower court declared the city's amendments unconstitutional and ordered them removed as a cloud from a portion of the company's property. The city has appealed and the company has also appealed for the reason that it contends the decree should have removed the amendments as a cloud from all of its property.
The decree was based upon the findings and recommendations of the master in chancery of the lower court, who heard the evidence. It, inter alia, found that the company purchased four parcels of land constituting a unified tract containing approximately 14.6 acres of vacant land on or about June 1, 1945. All the land in question is situated within the corporate limits of the city. This property is bordered on the east by industrial property, zoned for industrial use by the town of Cicero, is bounded on the southeast by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad and on the southwest by the Illinois Central railroad, on the west by the Nerad Coal Company (located on a tract which was and still is zoned for industrial use by the city,) and on the north by residential properties. The trial court also found that this property is characterized as industrial property by its surrounding uses and its desirability as an industrial site because of its location in respect to the railroads and is not characterized as residential property because of its proximity to residential property to the north; that its value for industrial yse is ap proximately $225,000 and for residential use is approximately $50,000; that on September 25, 1923, the city passed a general zoning ordinance which zoned the property in question for industrial use (with certain exceptions not here pertinent); that in August, 1939, the city amended this ordinance to the extent that the property in question was changed from industrial to Class "A" residential use, restricted to single-family dwellings, churches, public schools, libraries, farm or truck gardens, private clubs other than hotels, hospitals, boarding houses and outdoor nurseries; that in February, 1951, the city further amended this ordinance to the extent that this property was changed to class "B" residential use, limiting it to two-family apartment buildings with one apartment over the other, private clubs not used for hotel purposes, boarding or lodging houses, institutions of an educational, philanthropic or eleemosynary nature, nurseries and greenhouses; that the city zoning ordinance amendments restricting the company property to residential uses are capricious, arbitrary and unrelated to the public morals, safety and general welfare; that the enforcement of said amendments would deprive the company of its property without due process of law.
The city here contends that the amending ordinances passed by it in 1939 and 1951 are valid and now urges a reversal of the lower court's decree.
The power of a municipality to enact and enforce zoning ordinances regulating the use of land and buildings within its territorial limits is based chiefly on the language found in section 73-1 of the Revised Cities and Villages Act. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1951, chap. 24, par. 73-1.) This section provides, in part: "To the end that adequate light, pure air, and safety from fire and other dangers may be secured; that the taxable value of land and buildings throughout the municipality may be conserved, that congestion in the public streets may be lessened or avoided, and that the public health, safety, comfort, morals, and welfare may otherwise be promoted, the corporate authorities in each municipality have the following powers(here follows an enumeration of the powers).
We have examined the record, including the various plats, photographs, diagrams, reports, etc. and find that the evidence in this case established the following facts: The company purchased the tract in question after being informed that it was zoned for industrial use and approximately three months after date of purchase learned of the 1939 amendment. (The city stipulated .as to the truth of this fact.) The rezoning accomplished by the 1939 amendment singled out the property of the company in addition to one other tract but did not change the zoning of any other city property already zoned for industrial use. The highest and best use of the land for industrial use has a value of approximately $225,000, whereas it is only worth approximately $50,000 for residential use. The purchase price was $84,474.40. The company sells and manufactures regulating and control valves, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, presses and noiseless riveting machines. It does not use foundry or plating or forging hammers; its operations create no odors, dust, gas or fumes. The location of this vacant tract in respect to the railroads and other industrial uses is not disputed and it is apparent that it lies in a pocket surrounded by industrial uses on three sides. In Cicero, immediately to the east, extending two blocks east and one block north, the property is zoned for industrial use, and is used industrially by several large companies. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad forms the southeast boundary of the property, containing five tracks all at grade. Three of these tracks are main tracks leading to the Chicago Terminal. The other two are switch and freight tracks leading to the east and west bound classification freight yards of this railroad located immediately, to .the east of this property and in Cicero. In addition to the 102 scheduled passenger and 23 freight trains every day, there is a great deal of freight movement in the making up and switching of freight trains.
The Illinois Central elevated railroad right of way forms the southwest boundary of the property. The tracks of the Illinois Central pass over Ridgeland Avenue and the tracks of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad. There are six scheduled passenger and eight freight trains daily on the Illinois Central railroad. Ridgeland Avenue forms the west boundary of the company property and is a paved county highway running through the city; a bus line is operated on this avenue. Directly across Ridgeland Avenue is located a coal yard consisting of an office structure, coal handling equipment and bins, together with a switch track into the coal yards from the Illinois Central railroad. This coal yard property and the property to the north thereof extending beyond the northerly boundary of the property in question and running west, for approximately one quarter of a mile to Eastern Avenue and bounded on the south by Illinois Central railroad is and has been zoned for industrial use since the adoption of the original zoning ordinance in 1923.
West Twenty-ninth Street is the north boundary of this property. Only one half of this street has been dedicated and it is not paved. The area to the north of Twenty-ninth Street is residential, improved with one and one-half story residences, nearly all of which were constructed between 1923 and 1939, during which period the property in question was zoned for industrial uses. New homes have been built in recent years along Twenty-ninth Street. There are approximately 100 houses in the area between Ridgeland and Lombard and Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Streets, being the block north of the property in question. This area is divided into four blocks by three streets which end at Twenty-ninth Street. These houses face their respective streets and do not overlook the property in question or Twenty-ninth Street. There are also about 34 vacant lots in the area. To the south of the company property are industrial uses such as coal yards and coal silos, a garage and body repair shop, gas station, etc. These are separated from the company property by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy tracks. The property on both sides of the Illinois Central railroad was zoned industrially for a distance of three-quarters of a mile, being approximately three fifths the distance across the city. The company property was included in this original zoning for industrial use.
Various witnesses testified for both the company and the city in respect to values and the highest and best use of this property. The substance of the testimony of the witnesses both for the company and the city, (including experts in planning, zoning, building, developing and selling of real estate) was that the highest and best use of the property in question was either industrial or residential, depending upon for whom the witnesses testified. The undisputed evidence did, however, reveal that a 20-acre tract of land three-quarters of a mile directly east of the property in Cicero had recently been purchased by a printing press company for $20,000 an acre. The master carefully considered all this testimony, together with all other items of evidence in the case, and concluded that the property in question is characterized as industrial property by its surrounding uses and its desirability as an industrial site, and on this basis is founded the lower court's decree.
The inquiry of this court is directed to the question as to whether or not the amending ordinances are a reasonable exercise of the city's police power. Assuming that the highest and best use of the company property is industrial, can the city change it to residential? The zoning powers of municipalities, of necessity, are limited. It is not within the power of any municipal body to execute into law a rule or classification that is unreasonable, capricious or arbitrary. A city however can, and in many instances should, make zoning changes when it promotes the general welfare. In each case the problem resolves itself into a weighing of the equities. Each side apparently has good and meritorious argument to advance in its behalf. This court must therefore carefully examine the facts of each case, as it is manifest that the pertinent rules of law must be applied in accordance with the facts of each particular case. Every owner has the right to use his property in his own way and for his own purposes, subject only to the restraint necessary to secure the common welfare. This privilege is both a liberty and a property right. (Village of LaGrange v. Leitch, 377 Ill. 99.) And as stated in Irving Park Building Corp. v. City of Chicago, 395 Ill. 138, this right existed before the adoption of the constitution and is guaranteed by that instrument. This right, as above stated, is subject to a valid exercise of the police power, which exercise is valid only when it bears a reasonable relation to the public health, comfort, morals, safety and general welfare. This court has no right to question legislative policy and it is not a matter of a few individuals' gain or loss, for that cannot stand in the way of public welfare, the latter not being susceptible to being impeded or thwarted by a private loss which is incident to the exercise of the police power. (Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394.) The presumption of validity obtains in respect to these two zoning ordinance amendments and it must be affirmatively and clearly shown that they are unreasonable and confiscatory, as claimed, as they will-not be held unreasonable where there is room for a fair difference of opinion on the question. (Wesemann v. Village of LaGrange Park, 407 Ill. Among the particular facts and circumstances to be taken into consideration, in determining whether a pur ported exercise of the police power is so unreasonable and confiscatory as to constitute an unlawful' invasion of private rights, are the character of the neighborhood, the zoning classification and use of nearby property, the extent to which property values are diminished by the particular restrictions involved, and the gain to the public, compared to the hardship imposed on the individual property owner. (Galt v. Cook County, 405 Ill. 396.) The fact that much of the contiguous industrial use is in adjoining Cicero is of no consequence, as it is a question of existing conditions and not of geographical and territorial limits or of the powers of neighboring municipalities. Forbes v. Hubbard, 348 Ill. 166.
It conclusively appears from the evidence in this case that the company property is contained in a pocket of industrial uses of a fixed and settled character; that enforcement of the amendments in question would be highly destructive of value; that very little good would result to the general public or the general welfare of the city by such enforcement; that no gain to the public would result compared to the hardship imposed. As tested by the cited authorities, the city's amending ordinances of 1939 and 1951 complained of are therefore manifestly unreasonable, arbitrary and capricious. They are unconstitutional because of their confiscatory effect and should be removed as clouds upon the entire parcel of the company property.
For the foregoing reasons, that part of the decree of the superior court of Cook County finding the 1939 and 1951 zoning ordinances of the city of Berwyn void and enjoining enforcement thereof is affirmed; and that part of said decree' limiting its effect only to a portion of the tract of land in question is reversed and the cause is remanded, with directions to enter other necessary orders in accordance with the views expressed herein.
Affirmed in 'part and reversed in part and remanded, with directions..
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https://github.com/SSDataLab/tess-backdrop/blob/master/src/tess_backdrop/__init__.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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tess-backdrop
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SSDataLab
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Code
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import absolute_import
import os
PACKAGEDIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
from .backdrop import BackDrop # noqa
from .tesscutcorrector import TESSCutCorrector # noqa
from .version import __version__ # noqa
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Rudolf von Kapri
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Semantic data
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Rudolf von Kapri
österreichischer Journalist, Schriftsteller und Lyriker
Rudolf von Kapri ist ein(e) Mensch
Rudolf von Kapri Geschlecht männlich
Rudolf von Kapri GND-Kennung 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF-Kennung 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Österreich
Rudolf von Kapri Sterbedatum 1946
Rudolf von Kapri Geburtsort Neumarkt in Steiermark
Rudolf von Kapri Geburtsdatum 1887
Rudolf von Kapri Vorname Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri Tätigkeit Journalist
Rudolf von Kapri Tätigkeit Schriftsteller
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Rudolf von Kapri Sterbeort Graz
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Rudolf von Kapri Geburtsname
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Rudolf von Kapri Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950 ID K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, DOI 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri Project-Gutenberg-Autorenkennung (de) kapri
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Rudolf von Kapri Commons-Kategorie Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri WorldCat-Entitäten-Kennung E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Austrian journalist, writer and poet
Rudolf von Kapri instance of human
Rudolf von Kapri sex or gender male
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Rudolf von Kapri VIAF ID 37918188
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Rudolf von Kapri date of death 1946
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Rudolf von Kapri date of birth 1887
Rudolf von Kapri given name Rudolf
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Rudolf von Kapri occupation writer
Rudolf von Kapri occupation poet
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Rudolf von Kapri birth name
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Rudolf von Kapri
journalist uit Oostenrijk (1887-1946)
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Rudolf von Kapri Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon-identificatiecode K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, DOI 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri Projekt Gutenberg-DE-identificatiecode kapri
Rudolf von Kapri Deutsche Biographie-identificatiecode 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri vader Ferdinand von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri Kallías-identificatiecode PE00022546
Rudolf von Kapri PMB – Personen der Moderne Basis-identificatiecode voor persoon 97680
Rudolf von Kapri Find a Grave-identificatiecode voor graf 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri Commonscategorie Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
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Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri Find a Grave 184218996
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Rudolf von Kapri identificador VIAF 37918188
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Rudolf von Kapri fecha de fallecimiento 1946
Rudolf von Kapri lugar de nacimiento Neumarkt in Steiermark
Rudolf von Kapri fecha de nacimiento 1887
Rudolf von Kapri nombre de pila Rudolf
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Rudolf von Kapri ocupación escritor
Rudolf von Kapri ocupación poeta
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Rudolf von Kapri lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas alemán
Rudolf von Kapri nombre de nacimiento
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Rudolf von Kapri identificador Deutsche Biographie 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Find a Grave 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri categoría en Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
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Rudolf von Kapri sexe ou genre masculin
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Rudolf von Kapri identifiant VIAF 37918188
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Rudolf von Kapri lieu de naissance Neumarkt in Steiermark
Rudolf von Kapri date de naissance 1887
Rudolf von Kapri prénom Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri occupation journaliste
Rudolf von Kapri occupation écrivain ou écrivaine
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Rudolf von Kapri identifiant Deutsche Biographie 126693676
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Rudolf von Kapri identifiant PMB – Personen der Moderne Basis 97680
Rudolf von Kapri lieu de sépulture cimetière Saint-Leonhard
Rudolf von Kapri identifiant Find a Grave de la tombe 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri catégorie Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identifiant WorldCat Entities E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
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Rudolf von Kapri identificador VIAF 37918188
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Rudolf von Kapri identificador ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, DOI 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Projekt Gutenberg-DE kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Deutsche Biographie 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Kallías PE00022546
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Personen der Moderne Basis de persona 97680
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Find a Grave 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri categoria de Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri instancë e njeri
Rudolf von Kapri gjinia mashkull
Rudolf von Kapri GND ID 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF ID 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri shtetësia Austria
Rudolf von Kapri data e vdekjes 1946
Rudolf von Kapri data e lindjes 1887
Rudolf von Kapri emri Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri profesioni gazetar
Rudolf von Kapri profesioni shkrimtar
Rudolf von Kapri profesioni poet
Rudolf von Kapri vendi i vdekjes Graz
Rudolf von Kapri gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon gjermanisht
Rudolf von Kapri emri i lindjes
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri babai Ferdinand von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri ID e gjetjes së varreve 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri kategoria në Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri
iriseoir, scríbhneoir, agus file Ostarach
Rudolf von Kapri sampla de duine
Rudolf von Kapri gnéas nó inscne fireann
Rudolf von Kapri ID GND 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri tír shaoránachta an Ostair
Rudolf von Kapri dáta báis 1946
Rudolf von Kapri áit bhreithe Neumarkt in Steiermark
Rudolf von Kapri dáta breithe 1887
Rudolf von Kapri céadainm Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri gairm iriseoir
Rudolf von Kapri gairm scríbhneoir
Rudolf von Kapri gairm file
Rudolf von Kapri áit bháis Graz
Rudolf von Kapri teangacha an Ghearmáinis
Rudolf von Kapri ainm breithe
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri catagóir Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri istanza di umano
Rudolf von Kapri sesso o genere maschio
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo GND 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo VIAF 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri paese di cittadinanza Austria
Rudolf von Kapri data di morte 1946
Rudolf von Kapri luogo di nascita Neumarkt in Steiermark
Rudolf von Kapri data di nascita 1887
Rudolf von Kapri prenome Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri occupazione giornalista
Rudolf von Kapri occupazione scrittore
Rudolf von Kapri occupazione poeta
Rudolf von Kapri luogo di morte Graz
Rudolf von Kapri lingue parlate o scritte tedesco
Rudolf von Kapri nome di nascita
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo Dizionario biografico austriaco 1815-1950 K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, identificativo DOI 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo Projekt Gutenberg-DE kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo Deutsche Biographie 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo Kallías PE00022546
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo Find a Grave 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri categoria su Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identificativo WorldCat Entities E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri instância de ser humano
Rudolf von Kapri sexo ou género masculino
Rudolf von Kapri identificador GND 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identificador VIAF 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri país de nacionalidade Áustria
Rudolf von Kapri data de morte 1946
Rudolf von Kapri data de nascimento 1887
Rudolf von Kapri primeiro nome Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri ocupação jornalista
Rudolf von Kapri ocupação escritor
Rudolf von Kapri ocupação poeta
Rudolf von Kapri local de morte Graz
Rudolf von Kapri línguas faladas, escritas ou assinadas alemão
Rudolf von Kapri nome de nascimento
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri identificador na Deutsche Biographie 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri identificador Find a Grave 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri categoria da Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri tilfælde af menneske
Rudolf von Kapri køn mand
Rudolf von Kapri GND-identifikator 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri statsborgerskab Østrig
Rudolf von Kapri dødsdato 1946
Rudolf von Kapri fødselsdato 1887
Rudolf von Kapri fornavn Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri beskæftigelse journalist
Rudolf von Kapri beskæftigelse forfatter
Rudolf von Kapri beskæftigelse digter
Rudolf von Kapri dødssted Graz
Rudolf von Kapri talte sprog tysk
Rudolf von Kapri fødenavn
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri Deutsche Biographie-ID 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri Google Knowledge Graph /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri gravsted Friedhof St. Leonhard
Rudolf von Kapri Find a Grave 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri Commons-kategori Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri esiintymä kohteesta ihminen
Rudolf von Kapri sukupuoli mies
Rudolf von Kapri GND-tunniste 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF-tunniste 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri kansalaisuus Itävalta
Rudolf von Kapri kuolinaika 1946
Rudolf von Kapri syntymäaika 1887
Rudolf von Kapri etunimi Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri ammatti toimittaja
Rudolf von Kapri ammatti kirjailija
Rudolf von Kapri ammatti runoilija
Rudolf von Kapri kuolinpaikka Graz
Rudolf von Kapri puhuu kieliä saksa
Rudolf von Kapri syntymänimi
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI-tunniste 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon -tunniste K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, DOI 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri Deutsche Biographie -tunniste 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri haudan Find A Grave -tunniste 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri Commons-luokka Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri instans av människa
Rudolf von Kapri kön man
Rudolf von Kapri Deutsche Nationalbibliotheks katalog-id-nummer 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF-ID 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri medborgare i Österrike
Rudolf von Kapri dödsdatum 1946
Rudolf von Kapri födelseplats Neumarkt in Steiermark
Rudolf von Kapri födelsedatum 1887
Rudolf von Kapri förnamn Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri sysselsättning journalist
Rudolf von Kapri sysselsättning författare
Rudolf von Kapri sysselsättning poet
Rudolf von Kapri dödsplats Graz
Rudolf von Kapri talade, skrivna eller tecknade språk tyska
Rudolf von Kapri födelsenamn
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon-ID K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, doi 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri Projekt Gutenberg-DE-ID kapri
Rudolf von Kapri Deutsche Biographie-ID 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri Kallías-ID PE00022546
Rudolf von Kapri Personen der Moderne Basis-ID 97680
Rudolf von Kapri Find A Grave-ID 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri Commons-kategori Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri instance (čeho) člověk
Rudolf von Kapri pohlaví muž
Rudolf von Kapri identifikátor GND 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri státní občanství Rakousko
Rudolf von Kapri datum úmrtí 1946
Rudolf von Kapri datum narození 1887
Rudolf von Kapri rodné jméno Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri povolání novinář
Rudolf von Kapri povolání spisovatel
Rudolf von Kapri povolání básník
Rudolf von Kapri místo úmrtí Štýrský Hradec
Rudolf von Kapri ovládané jazyky němčina
Rudolf von Kapri jméno při narození
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri ID v ÖBL 1815-1950 K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, DOI 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri ID Deutsche Biographie 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identifikátor v Google Knowledge Graph /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri Kallías ID PE00022546
Rudolf von Kapri Find a Grave ID 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri kategorie na Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri osztály, amelynek példánya ember
Rudolf von Kapri nem férfi
Rudolf von Kapri GND-azonosító 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF-azonosító 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri állampolgárság Ausztria
Rudolf von Kapri halálozási idő 1946
Rudolf von Kapri születési hely Neumarkt in Steiermark
Rudolf von Kapri születési idő 1887
Rudolf von Kapri utónév Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri foglalkozás újságíró
Rudolf von Kapri foglalkozás író
Rudolf von Kapri foglalkozás költő
Rudolf von Kapri halálozási hely Graz
Rudolf von Kapri beszélt nyelvek német
Rudolf von Kapri születési név
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri Deutsche Biographie-azonosító 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri Google Tudásgráf-azonosító /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri Kallías-azonosító PE00022546
Rudolf von Kapri Personen der Moderne Basis-személyazonosító 97680
Rudolf von Kapri Find a Grave-sírazonosító 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri Commons-kategória Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri WorldCat-entitásazonosító E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri jest to człowiek
Rudolf von Kapri płeć mężczyzna
Rudolf von Kapri identyfikator GND 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identyfikator VIAF 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri obywatelstwo Austria
Rudolf von Kapri data śmierci 1946
Rudolf von Kapri data urodzenia 1887
Rudolf von Kapri imię Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri zajęcie dziennikarz
Rudolf von Kapri zajęcie pisarz
Rudolf von Kapri zajęcie poeta
Rudolf von Kapri miejsce śmierci Graz
Rudolf von Kapri porozumiewa się w języku język niemiecki
Rudolf von Kapri imię i nazwisko przy urodzeniu
Rudolf von Kapri identyfikator ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri identyfikator Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, DOI 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri identyfikator Deutsche Biographie 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri identyfikator Kallías PE00022546
Rudolf von Kapri Find a Grave ID 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri kategoria Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identyfikator WorldCat Entities E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri forekomst av menneske
Rudolf von Kapri kjønn mann
Rudolf von Kapri GND-ID 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri VIAF-ID 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri statsborgerskap Østerrike
Rudolf von Kapri dødsdato 1946
Rudolf von Kapri fødested Neumarkt in Steiermark
Rudolf von Kapri fødselsdato 1887
Rudolf von Kapri fornavn Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri beskjeftigelse journalist
Rudolf von Kapri beskjeftigelse skribent
Rudolf von Kapri beskjeftigelse lyriker
Rudolf von Kapri dødssted Graz
Rudolf von Kapri talte eller skrevne språk tysk
Rudolf von Kapri fødenavn
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon-ID K/Kapri_Rudolf_1887_1946, DOI 10.1553/0X00282703
Rudolf von Kapri Prosjekt Gutenberg-DE forfatter-ID kapri
Rudolf von Kapri Deutsche Biographie-ID 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri PMB – Personen der Moderne Basis person ID 97680
Rudolf von Kapri gravsted Friedhof St. Leonhard
Rudolf von Kapri Find a Grave-ID 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri Commons-kategori Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri instância de ser humano
Rudolf von Kapri sexo ou gênero masculino
Rudolf von Kapri identificador GND 126693676
Rudolf von Kapri identificador VIAF 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri país de cidadania Áustria
Rudolf von Kapri data de morte 1946
Rudolf von Kapri data de nascimento 1887
Rudolf von Kapri primeiro nome Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri ocupação jornalista
Rudolf von Kapri ocupação escritor(a)
Rudolf von Kapri ocupação poeta
Rudolf von Kapri local de morte Graz
Rudolf von Kapri línguas faladas ou escritas alemão
Rudolf von Kapri nome de nascimento
Rudolf von Kapri ISNI 0000000018995959
Rudolf von Kapri identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11c5wknz8h
Rudolf von Kapri ID do Find a Grave 184218996
Rudolf von Kapri categoria na Commons Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJdgWwkDmK6CWJJTgfyGHC
Rudolf von Kapri
Rudolf von Kapri ta un hende
Rudolf von Kapri sekso o género maskulino
Rudolf von Kapri identifikashon VIAF 37918188
Rudolf von Kapri pais di nashonalidat Austria
Rudolf von Kapri fecha di fayesimentu 1946
Rudolf von Kapri fecha di nasementu 1887
Rudolf von Kapri nòmber di dilanti Rudolf
Rudolf von Kapri okupashon periodista
Rudolf von Kapri okupashon eskritor
Rudolf von Kapri okupashon poeta
Rudolf von Kapri lugá di fayesimentu Graz
Rudolf von Kapri dominio di idioma Alemán
Rudolf von Kapri nòmber di nasementu
Rudolf von Kapri kategoria di Commons Rudolf von Kapri
| 43,311 |
https://github.com/gcusnieux/jooby/blob/master/modules/jooby-scanner/src/test/java/app/ns/FooModule.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
jooby
|
gcusnieux
|
Java
|
Code
| 32 | 107 |
package app.ns;
import org.jooby.Env;
import org.jooby.Jooby.Module;
import com.google.inject.Binder;
import com.typesafe.config.Config;
public class FooModule implements Module {
@Override
public void configure(final Env env, final Config conf, final Binder binder) {
binder.bind(FooModule.class);
}
}
| 10,879 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21414932
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Áculo
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 54 | 138 |
Áculo
Áculo
Áculo instans av vattendrag
Áculo inom det administrativa området Lunda Sul
Áculo land Angola
Áculo Geonames-ID 3351957
Áculo geografiska koordinater
Áculo GNS-ID -2857860
Áculo
watergang in Angola
Áculo is een watergang
Áculo gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Lunda Sul
Áculo land Angola
Áculo GeoNames-identificatiecode 3351957
Áculo geografische locatie
Áculo GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -2857860
| 7,701 |
https://github.com/djangoinminutes/curso-genesis/blob/master/genesis/core/static/core/textfiles/modelo_reporte_antiguo.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
curso-genesis
|
djangoinminutes
|
Python
|
Code
| 206 | 1,163 |
class Reporte@modelo():
def __init__(self,archivo):
self.canvas = canvas.Canvas(archivo,pagesize=@size)
self.canvas.setPageSize( @orientacion(@size) )
width, height = letter
# self.canvas.setPageSize( (height, width) )
self.estilos = getSampleStyleSheet()
self.ancho, self.alto = @size
def posicion(self, x, y, unidad=mm):
x,y = x*unidad, self.alto - y*unidad
return x,y
def linea(self,x1,y1,x2,y2,unidad=mm):
''' Dibuja una linea '''
self.canvas.line(x1*unidad, y1*unidad,x2*unidad, y2*unidad)
pass
def encabezado(self):
''' logo y nombre de empresa'''
self.canvas.saveState()
cd = os.getcwd()
try:
logo = cd + '/core/static/core/img/logo.png'
# logo = @logo
self.canvas.drawImage(logo,@logox*cm,@logoy*cm,1.5*cm,1.5*cm)
except:
pass
# nombre = @proyecto
self.canvas.setFont('Helvetica-Bold', 30)
self.canvas.setFillColor(colors.black)
self.canvas.drawCentredString(@nombrex*cm,@nombrey*cm, '@proyecto')
self.linea(1, @lineaencabezadoy,@lineaencabezadox, @lineaencabezadoy,cm)
self.canvas.restoreState()
def pie(self,numero=1,unidad=mm):
''' Numero de pagina '''
self.canvas.saveState()
self.canvas.setFont('Helvetica', 8)
self.canvas.setLineWidth(.1)
self.linea(1, @lineapiey,@lineapiex, @lineapiey,cm)
self.canvas.drawRightString(@pagenumberx*cm,@pagenumbery*cm,'Pag. ' + str(numero))
self.canvas.restoreState()
def columnas(self,titulo='@titulolista'):
''' despliega las columnas de datos '''
self.canvas.saveState()
self.canvas.setFont('Helvetica', 24)
self.canvas.setFillColor(colors.black)
self.canvas.drawCentredString(@titulox*cm,@tituloy*cm,titulo)
self.canvas.setFont('Helvetica', 12)
self.canvas.setFillColor(colors.red)
self.canvas.drawCentredString(@fechax*cm,@fechay*cm,time.strftime("%d/%m/%y%y"))
self.canvas.setLineWidth(.3)
self.linea(1,@lineacolumnasy,@lineacolumnasx,@lineacolumnasy,cm)
self.canvas.setFillColor(colors.black)
@columnas
self.linea(1,@lineacolumnaiy,@lineacolumnaix,@lineacolumnaiy,cm)
self.canvas.restoreState()
def detalle(self):
pagina = 1
lista = []
lista = @modelo.objects.all()
numeroLineas = 0
salto = 0
primeralinea=@primeralineapp
nuevapagina = False
maxlineas = @numerolineaspp
# lista1 = []
# for i in range(100):
# for p in lista:
# lista1.append(p)
for obj in lista:
if pagina == 1:
self.encabezado()
self.columnas('@titulolista')
pagina+=1
if numeroLineas == maxlineas:
nuevapagina=True
if nuevapagina:
self.canvas.showPage()
self.encabezado()
self.pie(pagina,mm)
numeroLineas=0
salto=0.5
pagina+=1
nuevapagina=False
maxlineas=@numerolineassp
primeralinea=@primeralineasp
self.canvas.setFont('Helvetica', 10)
@campos
salto+=0.5
numeroLineas+=1
def grabar(self):
self.canvas.save()
| 48,783 |
4608298_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,020 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,444 | 7,704 |
JAMES M. AND DENISE B. GREEN, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentGreen v. CommissionerDocket No. 15903-88United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 1989-599; 1989 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 596; 58 T.C.M. (CCH) 606; T.C.M. (RIA) 89599; November 1, 1989; As corrected November 1, 1989 J. Lincoln Woodard, for the petitioners. 1David S. Kosterlitz, for the respondent. BUCKLEYMEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION BUCKLEY, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to section 7443A of the Internal Revenue Code. 2Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' joint Federal income tax as well as additions to tax as follows: Additions to Tax -- Sections 3YearTax6621(d)6653(a)(1)6653(a)(2)665966611984$ 4,517-$ 226 **$ - ***19858,408 *420 **- ***19867,145 *359 **1,837.20 ****601 The issues for decision 4 are (1) whether James M. Green's (hereafter "petitioner") acting activities constituted an activity engaged in for profit; (2) if so, whether petitioner properly deducted and substantiated his claimed expenses under sections 162 and 274; (3) whether petitioners are liable for additions to tax under section 6653(a)(1) and (a)(2) for 1984 and 1985, and under section 6653(a)(1)(A) and (a)(1)(B) for 1986; (4) whether petitioners are liable for additions to tax under section 6659 for 1986; and (5) whether petitioners*602 are liable for additions to tax under section 6661 for 1984, 1985, and 1986. In addition to requesting a redetermination of determined deficiencies for 1984, 1985, and 1986, petitioners requested that we find overpayments for 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985 in the amounts of $ 5,899, $ 2,802, $ 2,075, and $ 1,911, respectively. However, we only have jurisdiction to determine overpayments, if any, in the taxable years before this Court, 1984 and 1985. Some of the facts are stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of facts and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by reference. When petitioners filed their petition, they resided at Beltsville, Maryland. Petitioner is employed by the Federal government at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). However, "twenty-four hours a day," petitioner thinks about acting. Indeed, petitioner states that his profession is acting even though petitioner, as well as his wife, works full-time at the SEC. Petitioner did not immediately*603 break into acting. Petitioner began his acting career as a model. After receiving training at the Cappa Shell Modeling School, petitioner began to do print work, i.e., photographs. Petitioner has an impressive portfolio of print work. For example, he has graced advertisements for Jos. A. Bank, Middlebury College, Skyline Square, Industrial Bank of Washington, River Place, Martin Marietta, Army National Guard, and the American Red Cross, to name only a few. While a model, petitioner networked and developed contacts. The contacts which petitioner developed through networking eventually opened doors for him to the acting profession. In 1982 petitioner joined the Screen Actors Guild, a prerequisite for professional actors. The Screen Actors Guild does not offer carte blanche membership to aspiring actors. Instead, membership in the Screen Actors Guild requires satisfaction of certain requirements: performance of a major work and potential future success. In this case, petitioner satisfied the Guild's requirements and was permitted to join. Petitioner performed in a major work, a national commercial, and obviously has future potential success. As a member of the Screen Actors*604 Guild, petitioner receives health benefits as long as income quotas are met. The income quota, currently $ 2,800, is low since most of this country's actors make no more than approximately $ 2,000 per year from acting. For an actor monetary success is usually elusive. Petitioner pursues acting for profit, however elusive. Petitioner hopes for jobs making major commercials which will provide enough income so that he can become a full-time actor. Petitioner has already done commercials for River Side, a news group in Baltimore, and a Navy spot on drugs, to name a few examples from his sample videotape. Outside of his 40 hour-a-week job, acting consumes petitioner's life. His log books for 1984, 1985, and 1986 are replete with notations for auditions, prospecting for jobs, and networking. On many occasions, petitioner's wife, Mrs. Green, had to find another way home from work because petitioner used the car in the evenings for auditions and jobs. Petitioner and Mrs. Green spend Saturdays going on auditions. When petitioner watches television or videos, he constantly critiques the actors and the scenes. The Greens live in an apartment with five rooms: living room, dining*605 room, kitchen, one and one-half bath, and two bedrooms. During the taxable years in issue, petitioners and their child slept in the larger bedroom because the smaller bedroom was used by petitioner for his office. Petitioner used the smaller bedroom exclusively for his acting activities, not for personal use. In his office petitioner had a desk, chairs, literature, and amplifiers. He conducted meetings, met with other actors, did voice-overs, and dubbed tapes. Pursuant to tax advice, petitioner took 30.5 percent to 40 percent of his rent and utilities as home office expenses for the taxable years in issue. It is unclear from the record the total amount petitioner received in each year from acting. For the 1984, 1985, and 1986 taxable years, petitioner did not include his gross income from acting on his Schedule Cs for those respective years. As to the 1984 year, we are unable to establish whether petitioner had any income from acting because he did not offer his 1984 W-2s into evidence. As to the 1985 and 1986 years, petitioner's W-2s indicate that he received income in the amounts of $ 1,947.63 and $ 4,819.59, respectively, from acting. For 1984, in connection with his*606 acting, petitioner claimed expenses totaling $ 14,035 which respondent disallowed in full. Similarly, for 1985 petitioner claimed expenses totaling $ 9,975 which respondent disallowed in full. In 1986, as well, petitioner claimed expenses totaling $ 5,957 which respondent disallowed in full. For purposes of clarity, we first decide whether petitioner's acting activities constituted an activity engaged in for profit and if so, whether petitioner's claimed expenses were properly deducted and substantiated. In order to deduct expenses associated with petitioner's acting, petitioner must prove that the activity was an activity engaged in for profit. Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111">290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933); Rule 142(a). Section 183(a) generally provides that if an individual engages in an activity, and "if such activity is not engaged in for profit, no deduction attributable to such activity shall be allowed under this chapter except as provided in this section." Section 183(c) defines an activity not engaged in for profit as "any activity other than one with respect to which deductions are allowable for the taxable year under section 162 or under paragraph (1) or (2) or section*607 212." Therefore, if a taxpayer engages in an activity for profit, he or she may deduct all ordinary and necessary expenses. The Code provides that a taxpayer may deduct expenses pursuant to section 162 if he or she carries on a trade or business and pursuant to section 212(1) or (2) if he or she incurs expenses (1) for the production of income or (2) for the management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production of income. On the other hand, section 183(a) of the Code provides that a taxpayer may deduct expenses incurred from activities not engaged in for profit, but only to the limited extent set forth in section 183(b). Sec. 1.183-2(a), Income Tax Regs.We have delineated the standard for determining whether a taxpayer engages in an activity for profit. In determining whether an activity is engaged in for profit, petitioner must show that he engaged in the activity with an actual and honest objective of making a profit. Surloff v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. 210">81 T.C. 210, 233 (1983); Dreicer v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 642">78 T.C. 642, 644-645 (1982), affd. without opinion 702 F.2d 1205">702 F.2d 1205 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Petitioner has the burden of proof*608 to show that he had the requisite objective and that respondent's determination that the activity was not engaged in for profit is incorrect. Welch v. Helvering, supra; Rule 142(a). Determination of whether petitioner had an actual and honest objective of making a profit requires an examination of all the surrounding facts and circumstances of the case. Sec. 1.183-2(b), Income Tax Regs.; Golanty v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 411">72 T.C. 411 (1979), affd. without published opinion 647 F.2d 170">647 F.2d 170 (9th Cir. 1981). We give greater weight to the objective facts than to petitioner's mere statement of intent. Sec. 1.183-2(a), Income Tax Regs.; Dreicer v. Commissioner, supra at 645. The regulations suggest relevant factors to determine whether an activity is not engaged in for profit. No one factor is controlling. Sec. 1.183-2(b), Income Tax Regs.; Abramson v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 360">86 T.C. 360, 371 (1986); Golanty v. Commissioner, supra at 426. Relevant factors include (1) the manner in which the taxpayer carries on an activity; (2) the expertise of the taxpayer or his advisors; (3) the time and effort*609 expended by the taxpayer in carrying on the activity; (4) the expectation that assets used in the activity may appreciate in value; (5) the success of the taxpayer in carrying on other similar or dissimilar activities; (6) the taxpayer's history of income or loss with respect to the activity; (7) the amount of occasional profits, if any, which are earned; (8) the financial status of the taxpayer; and (9) whether elements of personal pleasure or recreation are involved. After examining the surrounding circumstances and facts of this case in light of the above delineated factors, we find that petitioner was engaged in acting for profit because he has shown an actual and honest objective to make a profit. The absence of any actual profits during the taxable years in issue is relevant but not dispositive. Other relevant factors, on the other hand, illustrate that petitioner did have the requisite actual and honest objective to make a profit. Petitioner proved that he is a professional actor. He belongs to the Screen Actors Guild which requires fulfilling certain requirements. He also belongs to the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA). Petitioner networks*610 and develops contacts which further his acting career. Petitioner advertises and receives jobs on the basis of his advertising. Petitioner spends arduous hours auditioning, sometimes accompanied by his wife. Petitioner continually hones and refines his skills. Petitioner enjoys acting, otherwise he would not devote so much time to its pursuit. We note that "a business will not be turned into a hobby merely because the owner finds it pleasurable; suffering has never been made a prerequisite to deductibility." Jackson v. Commissioner, 59 T.C. 312">59 T.C. 312, 317 (1972). Based on the above relevant factors, we find that petitioner was engaged in acting for profit. Consequently, we must now determine whether petitioner properly deducted and substantiated his claimed expenses. We note that although petitioner thinks about acting 24 hours a day, this does not mean that petitioner can deduct every minute's expenses, despite contrary advice from his tax consultant. Home Office Expenses. The Greens live in a five-room apartment. Petitioner used the smaller bedroom as his office for his acting. He used this room exclusively for his acting activities. Petitioner claimed*611 home office expenses and various other expenses in connection with his office as follows: 198419851986Rent$ 1,662-0-$ 966Insurance-0-$ 680-0-Office expenses25150100Repairs-0-5053Utilities and telephone857425172In general, section 280A(a) does not allow deductions with respect to the use of a taxpayer's personal residence during the year. However, section 280A(c) provides an exception to this general rule. In order to deduct home office expenses, petitioner must prove that he satisfied the statutory requirements of section 280A(c). Welch v. Helvering, supra; Rule 142(a). In pertinent part, section 280A(c) provides: (c) Exceptions For Certain Business or Rental Use; Limitation on Deductions for Such Use. -- (1) Certain Business Use. -- Subsection (a) shall not apply to any item to the extent such item is allocable to a portion of the dwelling unit which is exclusively used on a regular basis --(A) [as] the principal place of business for any trade or business of the taxpayer. In order to be entitled to any deduction for a home office, petitioner must first meet the preliminary requirement*612 of section 280A that the office be utilized in connection with a trade or business. Petitioner's acting activities did rise to the level of a trade or business. Although petitioner was employed fulltime, he devoted the vast majority of his spare time to acting pursuits. As we have held, petitioner has an actual and honest profit objective and was in the trade or business of being an actor. As such, he is entitled to deductions under section 162. Petitioner proved that a portion of his apartment was used exclusively on a regular basis with respect to his acting activity. Goldberger, Inc. v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 1532">88 T.C. 1532, 1537 (1987). However, petitioner is not entitled to deduct 30.5 percent to 40 percent of his home office expenses because he only used one-fifth of his apartment as an office. Thus, petitioner may deduct one-fifth of his rent, utilities and insurance, office expenses and repairs as home office business expenses, subject to the limitations of 280A(c) (5) and subject to meeting substantiation requirements. Section 280A(c)(5) provided in pertinent part: (5) Limitation on Deductions. -- In the case of a use described in paragraph (1) ***, the deductions*613 allowed under this chapter for the taxable year by reason of being attributed to such use shall not exceed the excess of -- (A) the gross income derived from such use for the taxable year, over (B) the deductions allocable to such use which are allowable under this chapter for the taxable year whether or not such unit (or portion thereof) was so used. Section 280A(c)(5) limits deductions of expenses allocable to the business use of a home office to the gross income derived from such business reduced by the deductions allowable without regard to such business use. Scott v. Commissioner, 84 T.C. 683">84 T.C. 683, 692 (1985). 5 Thus, petitioner is not entitled to any home office expense deductions for 1984 because he has not proven that he received any income from acting during 1984. As to 1985 and 1986, petitioner's home office deductions are limited to the lower or the amount substantiated on $ 1,947.63 and $ 4,819.59, respectively. 6*614 We now determine whether petitioner properly substantiated these expenses. As to 1984, petitioner is not entitled to deduct any home office expenses so we need not determine whether he properly substantiated his 1984 home office expenses. As to 1985, petitioner claimed utility expenses in the amount of $ 425 while substantiating utilities in the amount of $ 748.65 and telephone in the amount of $ 796.76. We deal with telephone expenses under section 162, not under section 280A. Petitioner substantiated total telephone expenses of $ 796.76. However, petitioner has not met his burden of proof under section 162 because he did not break down his telephone expenses into personal and business calls. Petitioner merely stated that he used his telephone 90 percent of the time for business. This uncorroborated statement is not enough to justify a deduction for telephone expenses. Petitioner completely failed to provide any proof of rent costs for 1985, and accordingly is not entitled to deduct any amount in this regard. He may, however, deduct utilities totaling one-fifth of $ 748.65. As to 1986, petitioner claimed rental expense in the amount of $ 966, and substantiated by cancelled*615 checks rental expenses totaling $ 5,340. Thus, petitioner is entitled to deduct one-fifth of $ 5,340 or $ 1,068. Petitioner claimed utilities in the amount of $ 819.76, and may deduct one-fifth of this amount. Petitioner failed to substantiate which portion of his 1986 telephone expenses of $ 873.73 were business related and accordingly, he may not deduct any portion of them. Sec. 162. Petitioner claimed repair expenses in the amounts of $ 50 and $ 53 for 1985 and 1986, respectively. Petitioner did not offer any substantiation or evidence whatsoever as to these claimed repair expenses. Consequently, petitioner failed to meet his burden of proof and respondent's disallowance is upheld in this respect. Petitioner claimed office expenses in the amounts of $ 25, $ 150, and $ 100 for 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. Petitioner did not offer any evidence about these claimed expenses except for his own uncorroborated testimony. We uphold respondent's disallowance in this respect. Petitioner claimed insurance expenses in the amount of $ 680 for 1985. Petitioner substantiated insurance expenses for life insurance and homeowner's insurance totaling $ 1,090.28. Petitioner*616 did not clearly indicate which checks were payment for life insurance or for homeowner's insurance. Some checks were marked with policy numbers and only one check was marked homeowner's insurance in the amount of $ 42.11. If insurance expenses are directly related to business overhead, then the insurance expenses constitute deductible business expenses under section 162. Blaess v. Commissioner, 28 T.C. 710">28 T.C. 710, 714-715 (1957). Since petitioner has a home office, homeowner's insurance premiums constitute a business overhead expense designed to reimburse petitioner for damage to or theft from his office. Thus, petitioner is entitled to deduct homeowner's insurance premiums totaling one-fifth of $ 42.11 for 1985. Since life insurance is not directly related to petitioner's business overhead, petitioner is not entitled to deduct life insurance premiums. Supplies. Petitioner claimed supply expenses in the amounts of $ 50, $ 75, and $ 317 for 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. Petitioner purchased supplies such as make-up and hair care products for his acting. Petitioner referred us to his log book or his receipts for substantiation without any specific references*617 or direction whatsoever. Throughout the three taxable years in issue, petitioner casually notes in his log book that he purchased various make-up, skin care, and hair care items. These notations do not indicate whether or not the purchases were for personal or business use and we are not in the position to choose one or the other. Further, they appear, in any event, to be personal in nature. See sec. 262. We uphold respondent's disallowance in this respect. Advertising. Petitioner claimed advertising expenses in the amounts of $ 787, $ 582, and $ 901 for 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. Petitioner advertised in the AFTRA/SAG Talent Directory, Taylor Royall Casting, and Chris Barry Talent Consultants. In connection with this advertising, petitioner purchased head sheets. Further, petitioner advertised through his print portfolio and his sample videotape. Ordinary and necessary expenses under section 162(a) include advertising and other selling expenses. Sec. 1.162-1(a), Income Tax Regs. Petitioner carried on a trade or business and claimed advertising expenses in connection with his trade or business. Consequently, petitioner is entitled to deduct advertising expenses*618 to the extent that he can substantiate expenses. As to 1984, petitioner did not offer any substantiation, thus respondent's disallowance as to 1984 advertising expenses is upheld. On the other hand, petitioner substantiated advertising expenses in the amounts of $ 402.87 and $ 877.35 for 1985 and 1986, respectively, and is entitled to deduct these amounts for each respective year. Bad debts. Petitioner claimed bad debts in the amounts of $ 103 and $ 40 for 1984 and 1986, respectively. Section 166 allows a deduction for any debt that becomes worthless within the taxable year. However, only a bona fide debt qualifies for purposes of section 166. "A bona fide debt is a debt which arises from a debtor-creditor relationship based upon a valid and enforceable obligation to pay a fixed or determinable sum of money." Sec. 1.166-1(c), Income Tax Regs. Petitioner did not prove the existence of bona fide debts for 1984 and 1986, thus no deduction is allowed under section 166. Gifts. Petitioner claimed business gifts in the amounts of $ 1,183 and $ 300 for 1984 and 1985, respectively. Section 274(b) limits deductions for gifts to $ 25 per donee. As a preliminary matter, the*619 gifts must have a connection with petitioner's business. In this case, petitioner attempted to substantiate his claimed business gift expenses with cancelled checks for dinner meals and bikes. We find that petitioner's claimed gifts were not in connection with his business. Instead, the claimed gifts were personal in nature and not deductible. Sec. 262. Charitable contributions. Petitioner claimed charitable expenses in the amount of $ 1,040 for 1984, but only substantiated $ 520 of the claimed amount. The $ 520 represented charitable contributions to several churches. Generally, section 162 permits a deduction for charitable contributions if trade or business benefits are received for the contributions. However, if any part of the charitable contribution is otherwise deductible under section 170, then no deduction for charitable contributions is allowed under section 162. Sec. 1.162-15(a), Income Tax Regs.Section 170(a) allows a deduction for any charitable contribution defined in subsection (c) which is made within the taxable year. Section 170(c) defines a charitable contribution as a gift to a corporation, trust, community chest, fund or foundation under the jurisdiction*620 of the United States, organized and operated exclusively for religious purposes (and other purposes not herein relevant), without private inurement, and not disqualified for tax exemption. Petitioner substantiated only charitable contributions to several churches. These charitable contributions are otherwise deductible under section 170, thus, petitioner is not entitled to deduct them under section 162. However, petitioner may deduct $ 520 under section 170(a), subject to the 25-percent limitation in effect for 1984 under section 170(i). Commissions. Petitioner claimed commission expenses in the amount of $ 292 for 1986. While these expenses would be deductible, petitioner failed to offer any evidence whatsoever as to them. Thus, we uphold respondent's disallowance in this respect. Dues and Publications. Petitioner claimed dues and publication expenses in the amounts of $ 430, $ 420, and $ 213 for 1984, 1985, and 1986. In order to substantiate claimed publication expenses, petitioner offered receipts and cancelled checks for the Washington Post, Peoples Magazine, and other literature. Petitioner contends that he used the Washington Post classified section to search*621 for acting jobs and Peoples Magazine to keep abreast of current acting trends. Petitioner is not entitled to deduct expenses related to the Washington Post, Peoples Magazine, and other literature because these expenses are personal in nature. Sec. 262. On the other hand, petitioner properly substantiated claimed dues expenses. He offered receipts and cancelled checks for the Screen Actors Guild, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, and Central Casting. Petitioner is entitled to deductions for these claimed dues expenses in the amounts of $ 165.80, $ 172.13, and $ 149 for 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. Sec. 162; Haseltine v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1979-325. Petitioner also offered a check for NAUP in the amount of $ 37.50 but did not state what this abbreviation represents. Thus, we are unable to determine whether NAUP is related to petitioner's acting activities. Laundry and Cleaning. Petitioner claimed laundry and cleaning expenses in the amounts of $ 400, $ 360, and $ 338 for 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. Petitioner substantiated laundry and cleaning expenses in the amounts of $ 106.81, $ 252.97, and $ 215.70 for 1984, *622 1985, and 1986, respectively. Petitioner contends that laundry and cleaning expenses are appropriate because clothes are an integral part of his acting business. It is well settled that clothing which is suitable for general or personal wear does not qualify as a business expense under section 162. Sec. 262; Kennedy v. Commissioner, 451 F.2d 1023">451 F.2d 1023 (3d Cir. 1971); Mortrud v. Commissioner, 44 T.C. 208">44 T.C. 208 (1965); Yeomans v. Commissioner, 30 T.C. 757">30 T.C. 757 (1958). A taxpayer is not entitled to deduct laundry and cleaning expenses if he or she wears clothing suitable for general or personal wear while on the job. On the other hand, deductions for expenses related to laundry, cleaning, and cost of clothing are permitted when an employer requires that specialized clothing be worn as a prerequisite for employment or if personal use of the clothing is de minimis. For example, a television actor was permitted deductions for clothes worn for filming which were kept at the studio, and which were used for de minimis personal reasons. Oswald "Ozzie" G. Nelson v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1966-224. In this case, petitioner's clothing*623 was suitable for general and personal wear. Petitioner did not prove the need for specialized clothing or that the personal use of his clothing was de minimis. Thus, he is not entitled to deduct clothing and laundry expenses because these expenses are personal in nature. Sec. 262. Legal and Professional Services. Petitioner claimed expenses for tax advice in the amounts of $ 100 and $ 165 for 1984 and 1985, respectively. Section 212(3) permits a deduction for all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in connection with the determination, collection, or refund of any tax. Thus, petitioner is entitled to deduct substantiated amounts under section 212(3). Petitioner only substantiated claimed expenses for tax advice in the amount of $ 165 for 1985 and is entitled to deduct this amount. Petitioner is not entitled to deduct the unsubstantiated amount for 1984. Car and Truck Expenses. Petitioner claimed car expenses in the amounts of $ 2,484, $ 1,080, and $ 1,538 for 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. Petitioner substantiated car expenses in the amounts of $ 1,820.82, $ 2,779.05, and $ 1,909.34 for 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively. *624 In order to substantiate car expenses, petitioner offered receipts and cancelled checks for car wash, repairs, gas, parking tickets, motor vehicle registration, car insurance, monthly parking for his full-time job with the SEC, parts and labor, tune-ups and miscellaneous. Petitioners used their cars for personal as well as business purposes. However, petitioners did not maintain records allocating personal and business use of their cars. Petitioner contends that he used their cars primarily for his acting business. Consequently, petitioner argues that he may deduct all his related car expenses. Petitioner's own testimony, however, made it clear that the cars were used for commuting, a nondeductible expense. Section 162(a) allows deductions for all ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business, including operating expenses of automobiles used in the trade or business. Sec. 1.162-1(a), Income Tax Regs. A taxpayer is entitled to deduct local transportation expenses incurred in carrying on a trade or business. On the other hand, commuting expenses incurred in going from a taxpayer's residence to his or her place*625 of business and returning are nondeductible personal expenses. Fausner v. Commissioner, 413 U.S. 838">413 U.S. 838 (1973); Barton v. Commissioner, 424 F.2d 1295">424 F.2d 1295 (7th Cir. 1970), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; Riscalla v. Commissioner, 337 F.2d 859 (5th Cir. 1964), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; Mitchell v. Commissioner, 42 T.C. 953">42 T.C. 953 (1964). When a taxpayer uses a car for personal as well as for business purposes, he or she must allocate expenses between personal and business use. In the case at bar petitioner did not allocate expenses although he did incur local car expenses during the taxable years in issue. As to the 1984 year in issue, we refuse to exercise our prerogative to estimate such costs under Cohan v. Commissioner, 39 F.2d 540">39 F.2d 540 (2d Cir. 1930), as petitioner has not provided us with any reasonable basis to make such an estimation. Vanicek v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 731">85 T.C. 731, 742-743 (1985). Beginning with a taxable year after December 31, 1984, a taxpayer must provide certain information in order to claim deductions related to business use of a car. A taxpayer must*626 indicate mileage, including total, business, commuting and other personal mileage, percentage of business use, date placed in service, use of other vehicles, after-work use, whether the taxpayer has evidence supporting claimed business use, and whether or not the evidence is written. Sec. 1.274-5T(d)(2)(i), Temp. Income Tax Regs. Petitioner did not comply with section 1.274-5T(d)(2)(i), Temp. Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46017 (Nov. 6, 1985) and accordingly, we do not allow such deductions for 1985. Beginning with the 1986 taxable year, section 274(d)(4) provides that no deduction is allowed for automobiles unless the taxpayer substantiates by adequate records or corroborative evidence (A) the amount of such expense, (B) the time and place of use, (C) the business purpose, and (D) the business relationship of the taxpayer to the persons using the automobile. For the taxable year 1986 petitioner adequately recorded expenses in his log book as follows: gas in the amount of $ 6.75, parking in the amount of $ 7.35, and tolls in the amount of $ 3. Thus, petitioner is entitled to deduct these car expenses. Except for these minimum car expenses, petitioner did not maintain*627 adequate records. Consequently, petitioner is not entitled to deduct any other car expenses for 1986. Depreciation. Petitioner claimed depreciation expenses on their cars in the amounts of $ 2,612 and $ 3,800 for 1984 and 1985, respectively. Petitioners proved the cost basis for their 1984 Volkswagon which they purchased on May 10, 1984. However, petitioner did not maintain adequate records as to the business use of their cars. Thus, we do not know which percentage of car use was personal or business, and we refuse to estimate without any reasonable basis. Vanicek v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 731">85 T.C. 731, 742-743 (1985). Consequently, we uphold respondent's disallowance in this respect. Travel and Entertainment. Petitioner claimed travel and entertainment expenses in the amounts of $ 872, $ 1,023, and $ 1,010 for 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. For 1984, petitioner offered receipts and cancelled checks for gatherings and beer totaling $ 175.13. For 1985, petitioner offered receipts and cancelled checks for meals and video totaling $ 432.13. For 1986, petitioner offered receipts and cancelled checks for meals and a show totaling $ 73.49. Section 1.274-2(a)(1), *628 Income Tax Regs., permits a deduction for entertainment if the taxpayer establishes that the expenditure was directly related to the active conduct of the taxpayer's trade or business or in the case of an expenditure directly preceding or following a substantial and bona fide business discussion, that the expenditure was associated with the active conduct of the taxpayer's trade or business. Petitioner has failed to meet his burden of proof that the substantiated amounts were in any way related to his acting. We uphold respondent's disallowance in this respect. Other Schedule C Expenses. Petitioner claimed expenses for bank services in the amount of $ 100 and $ 52 for 1984 and 1985, respectively, freight in the amount of $ 17 for 1986, interest on business indebtedness in the amount of $ 668 for 1984, other interest in the amount of $ 813 for 1985, taxes in the amount of $ 544 for 1984, and miscellaneous in the amount of $ 118 for 1984. Petitioner did not offer any evidence as to why any of these claimed expenses were connected to his acting business, except that the 1984 interest on business indebtedness in the amount of $ 668 was auto interest on his car used in his business. *629 We find that petitioner did not meet his burden of proof. Consequently, as to such "other Schedule C expenses," respondent's disallowances are upheld. Additions to Tax. Section 6653(a)(1) imposes a 5 percent addition to tax on any underpayment of tax due to negligence or intentional disregard of rules and regulations. Additionally, section 6653(a)(2) provides for an addition to tax in an amount equal to 50 percent of the interest due on that portion of the underpayment attributable to negligence or intentional disregard of rules and regulations. Section 6653(a)(1)(A) and (a)(1)(B) for the year 1986 contained the same provisions. Negligence is defined as the lack of due care or failure to do what a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person would do under the circumstances. Neely v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 934">85 T.C. 934, 947 (1985). Clearly, petitioner relied upon the advice of his tax advisors in claiming certain deductions. As to some of the deductions claimed, petitioner was misadvised. However, reliance on tax advice does not necessarily insulate a taxpayer from the negligence addition. Perrett v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 111">74 T.C. 111, 134 (1980), affd. by*630 unpublished opinion 679 F.2d 900">679 F.2d 900 (9th Cir. 1982). Petitioner should have known that many of the claimed deductions for his personal living expenses were not deductible. Thus, we find that petitioner is not excused from the imposition of the additions under section 6653(a)(1) and (2) and 6653(a)(1)(A) and (a)(1)(B). Respondent properly determined these additions on the full deficiencies. Section 6661(a) imposes an addition to tax of 25 percent of the amount of any underpayment of income tax attributable to a substantial understatement. See Pallottini v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 498 (1988).
| 49,626 |
https://github.com/FusionBox2/MAF2/blob/master/VME/DataPipes/mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
MAF2
|
FusionBox2
|
C
|
Code
| 245 | 722 |
/*=========================================================================
Program: MAF2
Module: mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK
Authors: Marco Petrone
Copyright (c) B3C
All rights reserved. See Copyright.txt or
http://www.scsitaly.com/Copyright.htm for details.
This software is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the above copyright notice for more information.
=========================================================================*/
#ifndef __mafVTKInterpolator_h
#define __mafVTKInterpolator_h
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Include:
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include "mafDataPipeInterpolator.h"
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// forward declarations
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class mafVMEItemVTK;
class vtkMAFDataPipe;
/** data interpolator specialized for mafVMEGenericVTK (for VTK data).
This interpolator is specialized for VTK datasets. By default selects the
right VMEItem, extracts the inner VTK dataset and set it as input of the
vtkMAFDataPipe .
@sa vtkMAFDataPipe mafVMEGenericVTK
@todo
-
*/
class MAF_EXPORT mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK : public mafDataPipeInterpolator
{
public:
mafTypeMacro(mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK,mafDataPipeInterpolator);
/** This DataPipe accepts only VME's with internal DataArray. */
virtual bool Accept(mafVME *vme);
/**
Get the MTime: this is the bit of magic that makes everything work.*/
//virtual unsigned long GetMTime();
/** process events coming from vtkMAFDataPipe bridge component */
void OnEvent(mafEventBase *e);
/** Get the output of the interpolator item*/
mafVMEItemVTK *GetCurrentItem() {return (mafVMEItemVTK *)m_CurrentItem;}
/** return the VTK dataset generated as output to this data pipe */
virtual vtkDataSet *GetVTKData();
/** update the data pipe output */
virtual void Update();
/** retrieve vtk data pipe*/
vtkMAFDataPipe *GetVTKDataPipe(){return m_VTKDataPipe;};
protected:
mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK();
virtual ~mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK();
virtual void PreExecute();
virtual void Execute() {}
vtkMAFDataPipe *m_VTKDataPipe; ///< VTK pipeline bridge component
private:
mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK(const mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK&); // Not implemented
void operator=(const mafDataPipeInterpolatorVTK&); // Not implemented
};
#endif /* __mafVTKInterpolator_h */
| 8,629 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%2C%20%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Вестерхоф, Ханс
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https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Вестерхоф, Ханс&action=history
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Russian
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Spoken
| 283 | 839 |
Ханс Ве́стерхоф (; ) — нидерландский футбольный тренер. Ныне является директором молодёжного департамента футбольного клуба «Пачука», также входит в состав наблюдательного совета футбольного клуба «Херенвен».
Биография
Как игрок Вестерхоф выступал за клубы первого дивизиона чемпионата Нидерландов «Вендам» и «Камбюр». Свою тренерскую карьеру он начал в 1982 году с клубов низших лиг Нидерландов «Снек» и АХВ. Позднее тренировал клубы Эредивизи — «Гронинген» в 1988—1992 и 1994—1997 годах и «ПСВ Эйндховен» в 1992—1993 годах. В 2000 году после увольнения Яна Ваутерса временно исполнял обязанности главного тренера амстердамского «Аякса». В 2000—2002 годах возглавлял «Виллем II». В 2003 году Вестерхоф присоединился к мексиканской «Гвадалахаре», изначально курируя молодёжную академию клуба. Однако в октябре того же года был назначен главным тренером основной команды. По итогу клаусуры 2004 он был смещён с должности главного тренера, но остался в системе клуба. 3 июня 2005 года Вестерхоф был назначен главным тренером «Чивас США», «дочернего» клуба «Гвадалахары», после провального старта сезона под началом Томаса Ронгена. По окончании сезона он был заменён Бобом Брэдли и вернулся в «Гвадалахару» в качестве главного тренера. Перед апертурой 2007 Вестерхоф был назначен главным тренером «Некаксы». 12 июня 2008 года Вестерхоф стал главным тренером «Витесса» из Арнема. Он проработал на этой должности шесть месяцев и был уволен в декабре за неудовлетворительные результаты первой половины сезона. В 17 матчах под его руководством клуб набрал 15 очков и занимал в таблице 15 место из 18. Помимо тренерской работы Вестерхоф в течение ряда лет преподавал в Центральном институте спортивного образования (CIOS) в Херенвене.
Примечания
Футболисты Нидерландов
Игроки ФК «Вендам»
Игроки ФК «Камбюр»
Футбольные тренеры Нидерландов
Тренеры ФК «Гронинген»
Тренеры ФК ПСВ
Тренеры ФК «Аякс» Амстердам
Тренеры ФК «Виллем II»
Тренеры ФК «Гвадалахара»
Тренеры ФК «Чивас США»
Тренеры ФК «Некакса»
Тренеры ФК «Витесс»
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lecturesdeliver00sewegoog_3
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Lectures Delivered to the Employes of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company
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Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company , William Keith Brooks , Henry Newell Martin , William Thompson Sedgwick, Henry Sewell
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English
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Spoken
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If they are we must charge the fermentation of apple-juice to yeast, and then will be the time to ask where the yeast came from. Here is the yeast perhaps already in the trap, for a gas of some kind is certainly coming ofl*. Now if I let a lighted candle into this vessel (but not into the water), I shall be doing just what we did with the cider cask. In that case the flame was extinguished. 57 How will it be now ? — As you see, the flame flickers and goes out. But let us try another test. Carbonic acid gas will dissolve in water very easily ; hence if this gas is really carbonic acid gas, the water must hold a good deal of it in solution, for it has had the gas bubbling through it for some time ; and if to the colorless water I add this colorless liquid, known to chemists as barium hydrate, we shall know at once if that gas has been dissolved, for if it has we shall see a heavy white cloud in the water You see the cloud ; and so we Ya^f^ two proof s that carbonic acid gas is really given off from sugar under the activity of yeast. But you will ask, Is alcohol also given off? Let us see. — In this retort was placed, before the lecture, a lot of the liquid remaining from just such a fermentation as is now going on in that flask from which car- bonic acid is coming off". In other words, the residue of a sugar solution which had been fermented by yeast and from which many volumes of carbonic acid gas had escaped (as you see it escaping now from the big flask) was put into this retort. Now the retort is a littie still, and if any alcohol is in that residue it will be distilled over into the tube of the retort, and then cooled and condensed so as to fall in drops from the open end. Even while I have been speaking you have perhaps seen it dropping, and here in this vessel, into which the drops have fallen, is quite a quantity of it. I must now prove to you that it is really alcohol, which I will do by burning it. That bright blue flame, brilliant and hot, is proof enough that alcohol as well as carbonic acid gas is given off when yeast acts upon sugar dissolved in water. Hence we are justified in believing that yeast also causes the sugar in apple-juice to split up into alcohol and carbonic acid gas, but we cannot be absolutely sure till we make one more experiment. If we can remove the yeast or kill it without changing the sugary liquid, then you must admit that we shall see certainly whether or not yeast really makes this curious change which we call fermen- tation. For if that liquid will "keep" in the absence of living yeast, and will always ferment when living yeast is in it, then yeast must be the axe which splits it — the XxMt ferment. Now if we boil yeast we always kill it ; but if we boil sugar solution or sweet cider, or fruit which we wish to preserve, we do not harm or alter the sugar. Therefore if we boil sugar solution or sweet cider and seal '.■t 58 it while still hot we shall have a capital chance to see if yeast is the ferment, for all the yeast will be dead and yet the sugar will be there. — You know that cider or sugary fruit prepared in that way and kept sealed never ferments. Hence yeast must be the axe that splits the sugar. If any one still thinks that the heating has changed the sweet juice so that it will not ferment, let him open a jar of canned apple-juice or fruit, and in two days it will be swarm- ing with minute living plants, — ^will be fermenting, and the sugar will quickly be split up into other things. Let us now pause and see what we have learned up to this time by our study. We know from observation and experience that sweet apple-juice contains sugar, and when fermentation sets in that it loses the sugar and gets in its place alcohol and carbonic acid gas. The chemist tells us that the sugar is a complex body, and that it is somehow broken up into these other products. Our experience teaches us that it does not of itself fall to pieces any more than a silver dollar of itself falls into two halves ; we thereifore look about us to see what has split the sugar, and the microscope shows us yeast (among other things) in the fermenting fluid. Remembering that yeast often makes sweet things sour, we suspect that yeast may be the ferment — ^the axe which has split the sugar, or the agent which has changed the silver dollar into two halves. We then set a trap for it by giving to some active yeast a supply of sugar ; and, sure enough, instead of the sugar we found by-and-by a quantity of alcohol and carbonic acid gas ! Feeling now almost certain that the yeast is the ferment, we kill it without altering the liquid and find that the sugar never ferments so long as we keep living yeast away. Hence we become absolutely sure that yeast has broken up the sugar and changed it into alcohol and carbonic-acid gas. This interesting change we call alcoholic fermentation, the thing (^yeasi) which produces fermentation being called a ferment. Yeast, then, is a ferment, and we must study it more closely to see what it is and how it works. We have learned that it contains a growing, budding plant floating in a liquid. Is the liquid the essential part of the ferment, or is the plant the true ferment, or are both liquid and plant requisite to cause fermentation ? A very distinguished German professor named Helmholtz set- tied these questions in a way which you will easily under- stand. If I were to walk with perfectiy water-tight leather 59 boots in very wet sand, even though there were no holes in the boots, some moisture would come through and dampen my feet ; it would come through invisible pores in the leather — pores too small to admit sand, but big enough to let in minute par- ticles of water. Or, if I pour water upon the earth in an un- glazed earthen flower-pot, the water may "soak" through and stand on the outside, though the dirt will not Helmholtz divided a vessel into two parts by a partition of a thin, porous mem- brane, like leather ; and on one side he put a quantity ,of yeast, which was like the wet sand ; the yeast-plants being the grains and the liquid portion of yeast the water of the sand. On the other side of the membrane he put sugar solution. Here then was a test : the yeast liquid could go through the membrane and act, if it chose, upon the sugar ; while the yeast plants could not go through. Therefore, if the liquid fermented, it would prove that the yeast plants were not necessary to cause fermentation. In point of fact it did not ferment ; hence we know that it is the yeast plant which causes fermentation, and that the liqtdd portion of yeast is not able to produce fermentation. How does the yeast plant cause fermentation f How does it split up sugar ? These questions take us into regions beyond the reach of the keenest eye aided by the most powerful microscope. The yeast plants and the particles of sugar are so small that we cannot see how the plant tears the sugar into pieces. Chemistry has, however, taught us that sugar is a complex thing, even when its particles are too small for our eyes to grasp, and that a little particle of sugar is just as complex in its real nature as a big one. Several theories as to the way in which yeast works have been brought forward, but I shall give you but two of them. Liebig, the celebrated chemist, believed, even till his death some ten years ago, that sugar particles are rather topheavy and un- steady — easily broken up into alcohol and carbonic acid. He be- lieved that living yeast is always in an active state, its particles in rapid motion ; now, the sugar being dissolved, is on all sides* in contact with the yeast, and is, therefore, constantiy receiving blows and shocks from the whirling particles of the yeast vegetables. Hence it is upset, it breaks into two simpler things, and the car- bonic acid gas goes off in bubbles, while the liquid alcohol re- mains. This theory was very ingenious, and being held by a 6o chemist so distinguished, was not easily overturned. But there was one test which finally overthrew it. Liebig's theory required that all of the sugar should be split up into simpler things ; and for a long time it was believed that it did, all of it, split to alcohol and carbonic acid, as I split this " card " of biscuit. [A baker*s card of biscuit was shown, and split into two unequal parts by the speaker.] About i860, however, a now distinguished Frenchman, Pas- teur — of whom you may never have heard^ but whose name your children may some day reverence — made very careful analyses and found that the sugar is not divided in that way, but that about four or five per cent, of it becomes glycerine, succinic acid, etc., and that a still smaller portion cannot be found. It was as if I should break this card, having, say one hundred biscuits in it, into two big parts — together making up ninety-five, and standing for the alcohol and carbonic acid — and four or five single biscuits, equal to the four or five per cent, of glycerine, and so on, and should leave one biscuit out of sight, or should eat it up. Now, the question arose, what becomes of the lost one per cent — the missing biscuit ? Pasteur says that that is devoured by the yeast as a kind of toll or reward for its labor in splitting up the sugar. It is easy to see that the yeast has flourished, has increased in quantity, and we believe it is on these missing biscuits that it has grown. He shows that sugar is not easily upset, and does not believe that yeast merely hits it, whereupon it straightway falls to pieces, but that the living yeast plants take out for their own food a small bit of the complex sugar body^ and that it then falls to pieces just as a whole arch tumbles if you pull out the keystone. We must now leave yeast and alcoholic fermentation for a time and examine some other kinds of fermentation produced by other ferments. When Leeuwenhoek looked at putrid water, as has been said, he found in it wriggling, worm-like things which he sup- posed were minute animals. As time went on, others saw them in solutions which were decaying or putrefying, and even so late as 1850 they were commonly supposed to be animals — one great microscopist, Ehrenberg, having in 1838 actually believed that they had stomachs and mouths ! About i860 a new idea arose, and it was found that they were not animals at all, but tiny plants, having a peculiar power of motion, and many of them furnished with long hair-like appendages, by which they were driven through / 6i the water as an ocean steamer is driven by its screw. They are so tiny that one writer believes that a space the size of a die such as is used in backgammon, would hold at least six hundreds of millions of them without having them crowded ! It requires a very high-power microscope to see them at all, and that is the reason why we were so long in finding out their true nature. (See Figures 3 and 4.) OO /■ ♦m <X>CT~ I \ u. \ \ \^ Fit. 8. Ferment-plaiits {BpMUum and BaeUrium) enormously magnified, md show- ing the looomotlye oivans which are threads oaUed dMa. 62 You will recollect that it was about i860 that these were dis- covered to be plants ; it was not much later that the new theory of fermentation — Pasteur's — came up and received so much sup- port; so that this idea at once occurred to some: If yeast is a plant and causes sugar to breakup for its own purposes — that is, for food — may it not be that these minute plants attack other sub- stances as yeast does sugar ; that they break them up in much the same way ; and instead of rejecting alcohol and carbonic acid as unfit for food, they reject other things, which, in some cases, have a bad odor ? In other words, may it not be that putrefaction is really a fermentation — not an alcoholic one, but a bad-smelling fer- mentation, — caused by little plants really ferments like yeast? This view is now very generally accepted, and we believe that putrefaction and decay, instead of being the token of death, are really the work of myriads of little living things whose food they furnish. Every decaying apple or banana, every muddy pool in which garbage lies, every damp, moist, bad-smelling spot in our homes, is probably swarming with these scavengers. But what happens when the pools dry up and when food is scarce ? A very important thing happens. The plants dry up too, and many of them die, for they need moisture — and dread sunshine and dryness. Some of them, however, ripen a kind of seed called ^^ germs'^ or " spores,'' and these are very light indeed. They are swept about by the wind, and dust is usually full of them. Untold millions are almost constantly in the air, and it is these seeds which infect canned fruits. If canned fruits be opened in air strained through cotton (which will keep back these spores and not allow them to pass)>or if the air in any way be robbed of them and so be made free from germs, then canned fruits may be opened boldly and will never ferment. Purest mountain air is also very free from them, and hence its value for invalids. Some kinds of yeast have spores floating in the air, and these are the things which made our sweet apple-juice ferment. The cask was " exposed " to the germs in the air. Yeast, however, is limited in its food. It has but a sweet tooth, and lives usually upon sugar, reject- ing in a manner worthy of imitation the tempting alcohol and car- bonic acid. That alcohol is tempting can be shown by a return to our cask ; for so soon as the yeast has done its work and has con- verted all the sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid gas, it falls to the 8_ #%,#»*, A • . -. - * toll;,-, /^"^'^'t. -^v>- /^o Pig. 4. Various exMnples of mloKXcopic plants, soma of which ptoduoe jnitre- fMUoD. ThOM on the right near the bottom show at either end thB halt^libe aopen- dtffeof locomotlOD. All ara greatlr masiilfled. bottom of the cask and a new ferment attacks the liquid. This is the vinegar ferment, and it shortly converts the alcohol into acetic add, and changes " hard " cider into vinegar. (See Figure 5.) rit.S. TheMlItontbelsft are tboM Ola Undof rewt tonndlDtlietoniieata- tloii of wUte. On the rlsfat are Ustired ■ome of Van minute aelli ot the vinetrar fmnent plaaL Ttiaj form ohalna whloh are beat described ai neokl«o»-fonii. Let us now look at the more practical side of fermentations. , Bread-making. — In making "leavened" bread the ferment yeast is often used to render it " light." It does this by acting, as in other cases, upon the sugar which is present in the ripe grain or flour, and changing it into alcohol, carbonic acid gas, and .some other things mentioned above. The yeast having sugar at nearly every point, makeslittlebubblesofgas wherever it is. If it is allowed to convert all the sugar the bread becomes sour. In baking, the minute bubbles of carbonic acid are swollen by the heat and the bread becomes even 65 lighter than the dough. The alcohol is evaporated into the air of the oven and lost In bread-making, then, the carbonic acid gas is wanted, and yeast is used to furnish it ; but that yeast is speedily baked with the bread and can never be used again. Unleavened bread is dough baked without yeast or powders, and is never •" light." Beer-making, — In making beer and bread the sugar present in ripe grains is used, while in cider-making and wine-making the sugar of ripe fruits is employed. In bread-making we use rye, wheat, etc., and in beer-making the brewer uses barley. He first lets it sprout a little, because the growing grain has more sugar in it than the merely ripe grain. But when it has gotten very sugary he roasts it and stops the growing ; the grain is now called malt. This sprouted sugary grain having been ground up and mixed with water, hops, etc., is called wort^ and is ready for the ferment, yeast ; this, having been added, fermentation (the change of sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid gas) begins. Finally, as you know, the sugar is mostly changed into alcohol and carbonic acid, and we have essentially, beer, — a liquid pungent from the presence of alcohol and full of bubbles of carbonic acid gas. Wine-making. — In using grape juice, which is very sweet, the wine-maker does not add yeast, but its spores get in from the air. It is true yeast, but is unlike the brewer*s yeast in some respects. A grape inside it? skin seldom or never ferments ; it is hermetically sealed by its skin, but the "bloom" of the outside of the grape- skin is full of ferment germs awaiting an opportunity to feed upon and so to ferment the sugary juice inside. (See Fig. 5.) Souring of milk. — Milk placed in a warm room and exposed to the germs or spores in the air speedily sours. Now milk, too, contains a kind of sugar which gives it pleasant sweetness, and it is the change of this sugar which makes it sour.; for instead of being changed into alcohol and a gaseous acid, it is changed into a liquid acid called lactic acid. This change, too, is caused by a ferment plant, but not by a true yeast. Why do we set milk in a cool place or upon ice, to save it ? Simply because in that way we check the growth of the ferment, and growth of the ferment plants means fermentation. If a geranium or a rose-bush were put upon ice or in a cold cellar it would not grow ; no more will a ferment-plant ; it does not change its nature because it is small. Why do we scald milk or other things about to sour f Simply because boiling, as it does with yeast, will kill the various ferments and so stop fermenja- tion. To boil a geranium would kill it, and even if new geranium seeds were soon planted from the air they would need time to de- velop. Ferments are plants too, and their germs need time to develop, hence we can stop fermentation for a time, by scalding.' But the process must be often repeated in order to save the milk for a long time. Preserving and Canning, — You are familiar with both these operations. In canning^ the sweet, sugary fruits, or the meats which would easily " spoil," are put into cans, heated for a time, and sealed up while still hot. The heat kills the ferments present at the time, and the tight sealing keeps the spores of other ferments out. Hence there are two important steps — heating and sealing. If either is badly done the operation is useless. The " keeping " of canned meats and sugary things proves that sucl^ bodies must be acted upon from without ; they never putrefy nor sour of their own accord ; but if the cans be opened they spoil in a day or two — that is, as soon as the germs of ferments can get in from the air and sprout and grow. The life of the ferment means the death and destruction of the thing it feeds upon — the thing fermented ; the death or absence of all ferments m.eans the preservation of the meats or fruits. Preserving is an older method of saving things which would easily ferment, and is still used for fruits. It depends for success upon a very simple fact, namely, that ferments must have water in order to grow ; and a good deal of water too. They live ordin- arily only in watery fluids and are themselves watery. It is as if a seed " fell upon dry ground " when ferment germs fall into " pre- serves," for the syrup, which itself greedily absorbs water, not only fails to supply the thirsty yeast, but actually robs it of much of the water which yeast always contains. Yeast is in this way utterly paralyzed. "Preserves" are much more sugary than watery, and though the germs do fall into them they cannot grow for lack of water ; if, however, we dilute the preser\^es they will swarm with ferments. Many a housewife has learned to her sorrow when too late that her preserves were not " thick " enough, which means they were too watery ; too watery for preservation, but a happy hunting-ground for the ferments. 67 With jellies there are even fewer chances of fermentation, owing to the necessary solidity of the fruit juices. Disease-Ferments. — About 1850 a French observer saw in the blood of animals having a certain fever, organisms which were very small and rod-like. He did not think very much about them, however, and it did not occur to very many that they were really a ferment till after Pasteur had written in i860, or thereabouts. From that time a new theory of contagious and infectious diseases has grown up, till to-day the so-called " Germ Theory " is one of the best things we have by which to comprehend diseiase. It is aston- ishing how much likeness there is between fermentation (say of apple-juice) and some diseases. For example, an unvaccinated person is exposed to small-pox. For a time nothing happens. Then comes the fever and rise of temperature — the period of dis- turbance. Next comes freedom from fever and recovery, or death. So with the cask of apple-juice. It is first " exposed " to the germs in the air. Then comes a period during which littie or nothing happens. This is followed by active fermentation — ^the sickness of the apple-juice — ^and a rise of temperature or its fever. Then come rest and absence of fermentation — the period of recovery. In the small-pox the patient usually has the disease but once, very much as the barrel of cider ferments but once. The series of events in the two cases may be put side by side in this way : Disease — SmalUpox. Fermentation — Apple-jnice. 1. Period of exposure. i. Period of exposure. 2. Period of repose. 2. Period of repose. 3. Sickness of patient ; fever ; rise 3. Working of the apple-juice ; rise of temperature. of temperature. 4. Recovery or death. 4. Cessation of the fermentation. 5. Protection (if living) from another 5. Protection from another fermenta- attack of the same disease. tion by the same ferment. By such examples it is easy to see how we might suppose a person suffering with small-pox to be really undergoing a fermen- tation. " Exposed " to the disease, he receives into his lungs spores or germs. These slowly develop, as in cider or milk, but at length bring him down ; they exhaust the food upon which they thrive, and so cease to behave as ferments. The principal objec- tion to this theory is that it is not yet proven in the case of very many diseases. In some, however, it is proven beyond a doubt, nt. C Tbb rauoarr-Piais or skb BFUona Kcvwt. At the top and to the left, •pom are ksd, uid on tke rlibt they ue irowliwoiit Into lour nurawioda. Htit-wj down. ipOTM are mmi torjaloa wltUn tlMM nidi oi tubw, uid at the bottom alio may b* won a tlinllarprpoew. (HlsUyn " " 69 and in two of these, spleen fever and relapsing fever, there is np doubt that we have a true fermentation caused by plant-ferments. Spleen Fever, or Malignant Pustule. — Although it is not much heard of in this country, there is a dangerous infectious diseitse com- mon in Europe (especially in Russia and Germany) called splenic fever, or malignant pustule. It attacks both men and lower ani- mals, and has carried off thousands upon thousands of sheep, cattle, pigs and horses, besides hundreds of human beings. Now, this disease has been carefully studied, and it has been proven beyond any doubt to be really a kind of fermentation caused by a microscopic plant called Bacillus. This Bacillus is closely related to well-known ferments, and can scarcely be distinguished from them except by its behavior. They are harmless, but this one is deadly. The figures show it, very much magnified, in different forms and stages. (See Figures 6 and 7.) KlB, t. spt,iBio-FiTXit Pi^Ria. On tho loft tir^Ur Intortwlnsd fltement* or DrenohM, within wblob ipore* may be «««a^-4lk the rig-ht itpmUhMr rodi lylnr ■monnt ibrlvelled blood-ooipuulea. (HlBhl/ oMgnUlad.) 70 Relapsing Fever. — This is a peculiar epidemic fever also com- mon in Germany and Russia, in which th£ patient is seized by a sharp fever which lasts about a week, and then pnds with a severe sweating-; after the sweating the patient seems to be get- ting better, when another attack comes on and behaves hke the first ; again the fever leaves him and again comes a relapse, till finally recovery or death takes place. This fever, too, has been studied, and its ferment has been figured and described. The disease is apparently a true fermentation, and caused by a true ferment-plant. Other cases might be given, but these must suffice.* n*. a. A mut-one of the mouldc-growliw with Ywy iitu* «it. ObMrre Mpa- iH«ll7 the lODc tube* Mill oompue with Flf.B. (Hodentelr (mUrted.) »d Sim u'lM^niTo decide m'^'^o^iiildThit KMhls'corrtc ™.S Oi"'*ome''fo™ S^ cansuDiptioi] are cerisinly produced by ihlt lillle plaot. ll ii ■ near relative of that which produienplenic fever, butanTthingfurthereonciming it would be out of place here. 71 Habits of Ferment- Plants. — One of the most wonderful and extremely important things about ferments is that they are able to change their habits of life under certain conditions. Yeast, for example, behaves very differently according to the food it gets. Like some higher forms of life it must have food, but will get it where it can get it easiest. If, however, it is partly starved by Els- S. Ttao same plant aaibomi In Vis. I, tnit croirlns iriUi vary maob laH air. Ita itto^ni oondJtloa baa soBoed to ahange V» ihapa. OcmiMr* Fig. *. (Hodentelr enlBiged.) having too little air, it becomes a more powerflil ferment and tears sugar to pieces much more violently. Now, if a dog is well used and is given plenty of good food, he will not be so likely to become violent and dangerous as when he is abused and gets little or no food and is always half starved. It has been found that fer- ments are, in regard to their food, much like the dog. If well fed 72 and given air enougli they are usually harmless, but if starved too much they may become dangerous. The important point is, tha.t ferments may, under certain circumstances, change their mode •of life. As a kind, harmless dog may by abuse and bad feeding sometimes be changed into a miserable, vicious cur, so a harmless ferment-plant, when good food and air are taken from it, may become a deadly poison capable of producing disease and death. Thus it is said that the common blue mould which you have seenuponjellies,jamsandfruits, as wellasupon old boots and damp walls, by bad treatment (lack of air and food) may become a dangerous, poisonous plant. On the other hand, precisely as a bad dog may sometimes be improved and made less dangerous by kindness and good food, so some dangerous -ferment -plants may change their habits under good conditions and become less 73 Vaccination, — On the fact that the habits of a plant-ferment may change is based the theory of vaccination. Pasteur has lately proven that by proper care the ferment of chicken cholera may be made less harmful, and so modified that, instead of killing the fowl, it will merely sicken it and the bird will finally recover. Moreover, it is a fact that the tamed ferment-plants, though they do not kill — like the violent and poisonous ones — do eat up, probably, the foods upon which the latter would live ; at any rate, after a chicken has had the mild, harmless cholera, by which it is only sickened and not killed, it cannot ordinarily have the dangerous form of the disease. Accordingly Pasteur vaccinates chickens, and though they are ill for a time — as a man is who has " a bad arm " — they do not often die, and afterwards they rarely, if ever, have the dis- ease again. In this way many thousands of chickens have already been saved. In this way, too, sheep have been saved, and it is hoped, as time goes on, that the ferments of many diseases which afflict mankind may be cultivated outside the body — may be tamed and rendered harmless, so that finally they or their descendants may be used as weapons (by vaccination) against the severe forms of the diseases. Finally, you must have seen that any filth, or bad air, or decay- ing substances may become the home of dangerous and even deadly disease-ferments. And since pure air, sunshine and clean homes are the enemies of such things, they are among our very best friends. Dirt, filth, decay and bad air may change harmless tiny plants into terrible disease-poisons; hence let us see to it that our homes are clean and pure, always full of fresh air and of sunshine. IV. ON SOME METHODS OF LOCOMOTION IN ANIMALS. I I ON SOME METHODS OF LOCOMOTION IN ANIMALS. By W. K. Brooks. Ph. D. Associate in Biology, yohns Hopkins Universtty. I was taught at school, and I suppose that many of my hearers were also, that the difference between plants and animals is this : that plants grow, while animals both grow and move. Times change, and many things which were once thought to be absolutely true are now known to be only partially true. There are many plants which are able to move about with great activity, and I shall speak to you soon of animals which are as firmly rooted to one spot as an oak tree. Still we naturally associate the power of loco- motion with the idea of an animal, and animals are, as a rule, char- acterized by their ability to move about at will. I shall speak to you this evening of some of the less familiar modes of locomotion in animals. We are well acquainted with the flight of insects and birds, the swimming of fishes and turtles, and the climbing, running and walking of quadrupeds ; but there are many animals which from their small size, or because of the places where they live, are less familiar to us, and among these we find many contrivances for movement from place to place which will, I think, be novel and interesting to you. The first animal I wish to speak of is one which is able to move about freely, although it is absolutely without moving organs.. It not only has no limbs, no wings, fins, arms or legs, but it has no bones, no muscles, and no nerves. It is a very common animal, but as it is invisible without a microscope, it is a total stranger to most of us. It is called by a Greek name, which may be trans- lated the changeable animal, (Fig. i.) If a little of the green film from the bottom of a pond or ditch be placed in a watch-crystal and carefully examined with a micro- Eif. L The otamgoabla anImftL. Breuly mavnlDad. Vrvm C«ldT. scope, it will probably be found to contain a few little irregu-. lar, rounded lumps of transparent jelly. They may be almost perfectly transparent, or they may contain grains of sand and dirt, microscopic plants, and other foreign bodies. These little lumps are the changeable animals. For some time after they have been handled they remain quiet, and no one would suppose that they are living things ; but it is only necessary to keep one of them in view until it has recovered from the shock produced by placing it under the microscope, in order to discover signs of life. As soon as it is sure that the danger is over it begins to change its shape a little, but very slowly. The outline of the body becomes irregular, and 79 litde rounded projections make their appearance around its body. These eminences grow and change slowly ; so slowly that the change might easily* be overlooked; but careful drawings made at short intervals show that the outline of the body is varying continually, and in a few minutes the rounded lump becomes transformed into something like a map of an irregular island, with a notched and in- dented coast, deep bays, and long irregular peninsulas. ^ The out- line changes continually, bays filling up and peninsulas disappear- ing, while others are formed in new places. After a time, when the animal has decided which way it wishes to move, one of the peninsulas begins to grow larger than the others. Careful ex- amination will show that the substance of the body is flowing in slow, steady currents into this, and its tip gradually enlarges, until the animal is divided into two irregular islands, connected by an irregular isthmus. Soon the new island becomes larger than the old one; the remains of the latter then flow across the isthmus, leaving this as a peninsula. This now flows into the new body, and the animal has moved a step ; but before this change is com- pleted, another peninsula may grow out from some other part of the body, so that the animal may flow along in several directions at the same time. If in its travels any part of the body touches anything which is fit for food, it flows around it, as a drop of water would do, and having got it inside its body in this way, it digests it. If this food is a small animal with a hard indigestible shell, it digests out the soft parts, and then flowing away, leaves the shell behind. If it is suddenly starded by a jar, or by the touch of a larger animal, it draws in all its outlying projections, and making itself as small and compact as possible, it remains quiet until the danger is past. This is the simplest method of motion in animals, and the changeable animal is one of the simplest living things known. The next method of motion of which I wish to speak is very simple, but it is performed by definite parts. It is motion by what may be called swimming hairs^ and it is most easily studied in the microscopic animals known as Infusoria, If we make an infusion of hay or straw, or of dry moss and leaves, by putting a small quantity into a tumbler of water, we shall find, after it has stood for a few days exposed to the air in a warm place, that the surface of the water is covered with a white film. A fragment of this film, when examined in a drop of water under the microscope, is* found to be 8o made up almost entirely of small transparent animals, which are known as Infiisoria from the fact that they nearly always make their appearance in or^nic infusions after they have been exposed for a short time to the air. They do not flow along like the changeable animal, but dart actively from place to place. They are soft and transparent, and their flexible bodies change their shape when they come into contact with each other or with hard substances, but each one of them has a definite form which it always assumes when other bodies do not prevent. One of the most common Infusoria is known, from its shape, as the slipper animal. (Fig. 2.) It has a long oval body, drawn out to a point at one end to represent the toe of the slipper, and rounded at the opposite end or heel. On one side there is a depression like the opening for the foot, and at the bottom of this is the animal's mouth. The slipper animal glides about with great rapidity, and changes its course at will ; but when it is examined with a low magnifying power, no traces of locomotor organs can be seen. Its motions are very puzzling, for it seems to have in itself no more means of pro- pulsion than an arrow has, and it would cer- tainly be very puzzling to find an arrow turning to the right and left, stopping and starting again, and continuing in motion long after it f*. I. Bllnu»i ul- ''^ '^^ ^^ bow. On more careful examina- Bti, matiT mMvi- don we find that the fine floating particles which !r^ (SS** '"*" ^^ contained in the water never come close to the animal's body, but that there is a thin belt of perfecdy transparent water around its whole body. We find, too, that whenever a large particle of dirt approaches the surface of the body it is shot away, and these facts seem to indi- cate that the body is covered by a locomotor mechanism of some kind, so small and so acdve that it eludes observation. Finding a specimen which has got into a corner where there is not suffi- cient water we discover that this is the case ; for as the animal grows 8i weaker, the whole surface of the body is seen to be covered by thousands of little transparent hairs. These hairs lash the water like oars, and as their motion in one direction is more violent than the motion in the opposite direction, they act as oars to row the animal through the water. Around the opening of the slipper there is a circle of somewhat larger hairs, which are so placed that instead of moving the animal along, they drive food into its mouth. Locomotion by swimming hairs, or as they are technically called, by ciliay is not confined to very simple and minute animals, but.it is frequendy met with in the young of higher and larger animals, even when the full-grown animal moves in quite a differ- ent way. A full-grown snail is a crawling animal, creeping over the ground by means of a flat, muscular foot. The newly-hatched young of many marine snails are able to swim with great activity, by means of an interesting mechanism of swimming hairs. When the surface of the ocean is skimmed with a fine net on a calm even- ing, numbers of these young snails will usually be captured. When they are placed under the microscope in a little water they draw back into their shells and drop to the bottom, so that examination at first shows nothing except a number of delicate and gracefully coiled spiral shells, lying on the bottom and apparently empty.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20BYU%20Cougars%20baseball%20team
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2017 BYU Cougars baseball team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 BYU Cougars baseball team&action=history
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English
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The 2017 BYU Cougars baseball team represents Brigham Young University in the 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season. Mike Littlewood acts in his fifth season as head coach of the Cougars. BYU was picked to finish fourth in the WCC Pre-season rankings. The Cougars would overcome all expectations and claim a tri-team championship in the regular season. Afterwards the Cougars would win the West Coast Conference tournament for the first time in their history, claiming the conferences automatic bid to the NCAA tournament, the Cougars first tournament berth since 2002. The Cougars were placed in the Stanford Regional where they would go 1–2. The Cougars finished the season 38–21.
2017 roster
Schedule
! style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#002654;"| Regular season
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| February 17 || at #21 Georgia Tech || – || Russ Chandler Stadium || ACC Extra || 3–5 || X. Curry (1–0) || Maverik Buffo (0–1) || Z. Ryan (1) || 1,660 || 0–1 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| February 18 || at Kennesaw State || – || Stillwell Stadium || Eversport || 13–4 || Brady Corless (1–0) || A. Moore (0–1) || None || 742 || 1–1 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| February 20 || at Georgia State || – || Georgia State Baseball Complex || Facebook || 2–3 (10) || L. Barnette (1–0) || Riley Gates (0–1) || None || 315 || 1–2 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| February 23 || vs. Northern Colorado || – || Billy Hebert Field || Facebook || 6–0 || Maverik Buffo (1–1) || C. Carroll (0–1) || None || 127 || 2–2 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| February 23 || vs. San Jose State || – || Billy Hebert Field || Facebook || 2–3 (13) || J. Goldberg (1–0) || Mason Marshall (0–1) || None || 131 || 2–3 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| February 24 || vs. Northern Colorado || – || Billy Hebert Field || Facebook || 10–9 (10) || Riley Gates (1–1) || B. Minnick (1–1) || None || 141 || 3–3 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| February 25 || vs. San Jose State || – || Billy Hebert Field || Facebook || 2–4 || J. Banger (1–0) || Bo Burrup (0–1) || J. Goldberg || 199 || 3–4 || –
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| March 2 || at CSU Bakersfield || – || Hardt Field || YouTube || 4–5 || M. Carter (2–0) || Maverik Buffo (1–2) || Dewsnap || 653 || 3–5 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 3 || at CSU Bakersfield || – || Hardt Field || YouTube || 10–2 || Brady Corless (2–0) || Mahlik Jones (1–1) || None || 777 || 4–5 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| March 4 || at CSU Bakersfield || – || Hardt Field || YouTube || 5–7 || Moten (2–1) || Kendall Motes (0–1) || None || 640 || 4–6 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| March 9 || UCSB || – || Larry H. Miller Field || TheW.tv || 8–10 || N. Davis (3–1) || Maverik Buffo (1–3) || A. Garcia || 1,447 || 4–7 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 10 || UCSB || – || Larry H. Miller Field || TheW.tv || 7–6 || Aaron Cross (1–0) || S. Barry (0–1) || None || 2,747 || 5–7 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 10 || UCSB || – || Larry H. Miller Field || TheW.tv || 17–3 || Hayden Rogers (1–0) || C. Clements (0–3) || None || 2,747 || 6–7 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 11 || UCSB || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 14–8 || Bo Burrup (1–1) || S. Ledesma (0–2) || Aaron Cross (1) || 1,997 || 7–7 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| March 14 || New Mexico State || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 6–8 || Mattew McHugh (2–1) || Mason Marshall (0–2) || Ruger Rodriguez || 1,166 || 7–8 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 16 || UConn || – || Larry H. Miller Field || Facebook || 7–6 || Maverik Buffo (2–3) || R. Radue (0–2) || Aaron Cross (2) || 1,099 || 8–8 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| March 17 || UConn || – || Larry H. Miller Field || TheW.tv || 7–8 || J. Russell (1–0) || Aaron Cross (1–1) || None || 1,538 || 8–9 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 18 || UConn || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 10–9 || Jordan Wood (1–0) || D. Rajkowski (0–1) || None || 1,622 || 9–9 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 23 || || – || George C. Page Stadium || TheW.tv || 5–3 || Maverik Buffo (3–3) || B. Redman (2–4) || || 175 || 10–9 || 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| March 24 || || – || George C. Page Stadium || TheW.tv || 5–9 || B. Arriaga (3–0) || Bo Burrup (1–2) || H. Simon || 237 || 10–10 || 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| March 25 || || – || George C. Page Stadium || TheW.tv || 0–2 || C. Abbott (4–1) || Hayden Rogers (1–1) || None || 386 || 10–11 || 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 28 || at Utah || – || Smith's Ballpark || P12 MTN || 11–6 || Mason Marshall (1–2) || J. Rebar (2–4) || || 2,666 || 11–11 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 30 || Saint Mary's* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 7–6 || Riley Gates (2–1) || A. Hansen (0–1) || || 731 || 12–11 || 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| March 31 || Saint Mary's* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 6–2 || Brady Corless (3–0) || J. Valdez (3–2) || None || 1,147 || 13–11 || 3–2
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 1 || Saint Mary's* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || TheW.tv || 14–1 || Hayden Rogers (2–1) || J. York (3–2) || None || 1,016 || 14–11 || 4–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| April 3 || Oregon || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 6–9 || C. Zwetsch (1–2) || Aaron Cross (1–2) || K. Yovan || 1,845 || 14–12 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 6 || at Pacific* || – || Klein Family Field || TheW.tv || 6–0 || Maverik Buffo (4–3) || Shreve (1–3) || None || 149 || 15–12 || 5–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 7 || at Pacific* || – || Klein Family Field || TheW.tv || 12–1 || Brady Corless (4–0) || W. Lyndon (3–3) || Mason Marshall (1) || 393 || 16–12 || 6–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 8 || at Pacific* || – || Klein Family Field || TheW.tv || 5–2 || Hayden Rogers (3–1) || R. Reynoso (3–4) || || 393 || 17–12 || 7–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 11 || at Utah Valley || – || Brent Brown Ballpark || WAC DN || 8–3 || Jordan Wood (2–0) || O. Sebek (0–2) || None || 3,892 || 18–12 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| April 13 || Pepperdine* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 7–11 || R. Wilson (2–3) || Maverik Buffo (4–4) || M. Mahony || 2,058 || 18–13 || 7–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 14 || Pepperdine* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || TheW.tv || 7–2 || Brady Corless (5–0) || J. Pendergast (4–3) || None || 2,386 || 19–13 || 8–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 15 || Pepperdine* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || TheW.tv || 9–4 || Hayden Rogers (4–1) || W. Jensen (2–4) || Riley Gates (1) || 2,126 || 20–13 || 9–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="CCCCCC"
|April 18 || at Utah || – || Smith's Ballpark || P12 MTN || colspan=7| Cancelled- inclement weather
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
| April 20 || at #19 San Diego* || – || Fowler Park || TheW.tv || 3–6 || Nick Sprengel (7–1) || Maverik Buffo (4–5) || Troy Conyers (10) || 546 || 20–14 || 9–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 21 || at #19 San Diego* || – || Fowler Park || TheW.tv || 9–8 (10) || Riley Gates (3–1) || C. Burdick (2–2) || None || 1,099 || 21–14 || 10–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 22 || at #19 San Diego* || – || Fowler Park || TheW.tv || 12–8 || Jordan Wood (3–0) || P. Richan (4–1) || None || 436 || 22–14 || 11–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 27 || San Francisco* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 19–6 || Maverik Buffo (5–5) || G. Goodman (3–4) || None || 1,247 || 23–14 || 12–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 28 || San Francisco* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 8–5 || Bo Burrup (2–2) || B. Jenkins (0–3) || Riley Gates (2) || 1,188 || 24–14 || 13–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| April 29 || San Francisco* || – || Larry H. Miller Field || TheW.tv || 11–5 || Hayden Rogers (5–1) || D. Slominski (3–5) || None || 2,115 || 25–14 || 14–4
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 2 || at Utah Valley || #22 || Brent Brown Ballpark || WAC DN || 23–4 || Jordan Wood (4–0) || E. Olguin (2–3) || None || 4,619 || 26–14 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 4 || at Santa Clara* || #22 || Stephen Schott Stadium || TheW.tv || 9–3 || Maverik Buffo (6–5) || G. Nechak (1–6) || None || 155 || 27–14 || 15–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 5 || at Santa Clara* || #22 || Stephen Schott Stadium || TheW.tv || 13–7 || Mason Marshall (1–0) || E. Lex (3–7) || None || 188 || 28–14 || 16–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 6 || at Santa Clara* || #22 || Stephen Schott Stadium || TheW.tv || 8–4 || Hayden Rogers (6–1) || J. Steffens (3–6) || None || 188 || 29–14 || 17–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
|May 9 || Utah || #18 || Larry H. Miller Field || KBYU || 6–7 (13) || T. Thomas (2–0) || Kendall Motes (0–1) || R. Ottesen || 2,392 || 29–15 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 11 || Portland* || #18 || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 23–19 || Mason Marshall (3–2) || C. Richman (0–1) || None || 1,567 || 30–15 || 18–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 12 || Portland* || #18 || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 11–3 || Brady Corless (6–0) || G. Miller (1–8) || None || 2,158 || 31–15 || 19–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 13 || Portland* || #18 || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 16–3 || Hayden Rogers (7–1) || K. Baker (3–6) || None || 1,631 || 32–15 || 20–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 16 || Utah Valley || #18 || Larry H. Miller Field || BYUtv || 7–6 || Bo Burrup (3–2) || M. Briones (2–1) || Mason Marshall (2) || 1,702 || 33–15 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
|May 18 || at Gonzaga* || #18 || Patterson Complex || SWX || 2–10 || E. Morgan (9–2) || Maverik Buffo (6–6) || None || 629 || 33–16 || 20–5
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
|May 19 || at Gonzaga* || #18 || Patterson Complex || TheW.tv || 4–10 || J. Vernia (6–4) || Bo Burrup (3–3) || C. Legumina || 918 || 33–17 || 20–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
|May 20 || at Gonzaga* || #18 || Patterson Complex || ESPNU || 2–6 || D. Bies (5–2) || Hayden Rogers (7–2) || W. Mills || 1,125 || 33–18 || 20–7
|-
|-
! style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#002654;"| 2017 West Coast Conference baseball tournament
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
|May 25 || || – || Banner Island Ballpark || TheW.tv || 2–3 || B. Arriaga (7–2) || Brady Corless (6–1) || C. Paiva || 1,321 || 33–19 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 26 || vs. Saint Mary's* || – || Banner Island Ballpark || TheW.tv || 8–4 || Hayden Rogers (8–2) || J. Valdez (4–3) || None || 1,561 || 34–19 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 26 || || – || Banner Island Ballpark || TheW.tv || 5–4 || Maverik Buffo (7–6) || B. Redman (5–7) || Riley Gates (3) || 1,561 || 35–19 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 27 || vs. #22 Gonzaga* || – || Banner Island Ballpark || TheW.tv || 10–3 || Jordan Wood (5–0) || D. Bies (5–3) || None || 1,442 || 36–19 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|May 27 || vs. #22 Gonzaga* || – || Banner Island Ballpark || TheW.tv || 16–3 || Bo Burrup (4–3) || S. Hellinger (4–3) || None || 1,442 || 37–19 || –
|-
|-
! style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#002654;"| 2017 NCAA Division I baseball tournament
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
|June 1 || vs. #23 CS Fullerton || #26 || Klein Field at Sunken Diamond || ESPN3 || 2–10 || C. Seabold (11–4) || Brady Corless (6–2) || None || 1,390 || 37–20 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
|June 2 || vs. Sacramento State || #26 || Klein Field at Sunken Diamond || ESPN3 || 6–1 || Hayden Rogers (9–2) || P. Brahms (8–4) || None || 1,420 || 38–20 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffbbb"
|June 3 || vs. #6 Stanford || #26 || Klein Field at Sunken Diamond || ESPN3 || 1–9 || C. Castellanos (9–3) || Maverik Buffo (7–7) || None || 1,736 || 38–21 || –
|-
|-
| style="font-size:88%" | Rankings from Collegiate Baseball. Parenthesis indicate tournament seedings.
|-
| style="font-size:88%" | *West Coast Conference games
Rivalries
BYU has two main rivalries on their schedule- the Deseret First Duel vs. Utah and the UCCU Crosstown Clash vs. Utah Valley.
Radio Information
Many BYU Baseball series had a radio/internet broadcast available. 44 games were broadcast on KOVO with Brent Norton (play-by-play) calling the games for his 25th consecutive season. A rotating selection of analysts were used. 42 of the games were simulcast on BYU Radio. BYU Radio also had 1 radio exclusive this season: the early Mar. 10 game vs. UC Santa Barbara.
TV Announcers
For the first time every game was shown on television or streamed live online as BYU Baseball carried the road games that weren't going to be streamed on Facebook Live.
Feb 17: Wylie Ballard & Alex Keller
Feb 18: No commentators
Feb 20: Tuckett Slade
Feb 23: Tuckett Slade
Feb 23: Tuckett Slade
Feb 24: Tuckett Slade
Feb 25: Tuckett Slade
March 2: Corey Costelloe
March 3: Corey Costelloe
March 4: Corey Costelloe
March 9: Brent Norton & Gary Pullins
March 10: Brent Norton & Jeff Bills
March 10: Brent Norton
March 11: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
March 14: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
March 16: Mitchell Marshall
March 17: Robbie Bullough & Marc Oslund
March 18: Dave McCann, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
March 23: Jesse Kass & Dalton Green
March 24: Jesse Kass & Raihan Ball
March 25: Jesse Kass & Javier Villagomez
March 28: Thad Anderson & Andy Lopez
March 30: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
March 31: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
April 1: Brent Norton & Cameron Coughlan
April 3: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
April 6: Jeff Dominick & Mark Walch
April 7: Jeff Dominick & Mark Walch
April 8: Jeff Dominick & Mark Walch
April 11: Jordan Bianucci & Ryan Pickens
April 13: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
April 14: Brent Norton & Ryan Hancock
April 15: Brent Norton & Cameron Coughlan
April 20: Jack Murray & John "JC" Cunningham
April 21: Jack Murray & John Cunningham
April 22: Jack Murray & John Cunningham
April 27: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
April 28: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
April 29: Brent Norton
May 2: Jordan Bianucci & Ryan Pickens
May 4: David Gentile
May 5: David Gentile
May 6: David Gentile
May 9: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
May 11: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
May 12: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
May 13: Spencer Linton, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
May 16: Dave McCann, Gary Sheide, & Jason Shepherd
May 18: Sam Adams & Michael Jackson
May 19: George Devine & Alex Jensen
May 20: Roxy Bernstein & Wes Clements
May 25: Steve Quis, Alex Jensen, & Meghan von Behren
May 26: Steve Quis, Alex Jensen, & Meghan von Behren
May 26: Steve Quis, Alex Jensen, & Meghan von Behren
May 27: Steve Quis, Alex Jensen, & Meghan von Behren
May 27: Steve Quis, Alex Jensen, & Meghan von Behren
June 1: Steve Lenox & JT Snow
June 2: Steve Lenox & JT Snow
June 3: Steve Lenox & JT Snow
References
2017 West Coast Conference baseball season
2017 team
2017 in sports in Utah
2017 NCAA Division I baseball tournament participants
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Spoken
| 1,206 | 2,249 |
THE EVENING HERALD. Vol. I,—No. 82.] WANGANUI, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1867. [PRICE ONE PENNY. MISCELLANEOUS, IN BOTH AND CO.'S TELEGRAPH LINE OF ROYAL MAIL COACHES. Leave the Booking Office, Adjoining Osgood's Empire Hotel, Wellington, for the various branches as under: WEST COAST, WANGANUI BRANCH, Every Monday and Thursday, at 6 a.m., passing through: 1. Kni Warra Warra 9. Horewhenua 2. Ngahauranga 10. Mannwatu 3. Tohnsonville 11. Lower. Rapgitifce 4. Porirna 12. Upper Rangitikei 5. Pahautanui 13. Tutaeniii 6. Horokiwi Valley 14. Wangaehu 7. Paikakariki 15. Wanganui 8. Otaki. Coaches leave the Booking Office, M'Donnell's, Red Lick Hotel, Wanganui, for Wellington, same day and hour. EAST COAST, WAIRARAPA LINE. Every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday, at 7 a.m., passing through: 1. The Hutt 7. Featherston 2. Taita 8. Tuiherinikau 3. Silver Stream; 9. Greytown 4. Upper Hutt 1. Carter ton 6. Mungeroa: 11. Masterton 6. Pakaratahi Return Coaches leave Dixon's. Accommodation House, Master ton, for Wellington, every Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 7 a.m. TURKINA AND WANGANUI. A Coach will leave Gleesch's Hotel, Turakina, for Wanganui, daily, at 8:30 a.m., passing through intermediate. Stations. Returning, leaves the Red Lion Hotel, Wanganui, at 3:30 p.m., same day. Horses bought, sold or exchanged. WILLIAM DAVIES, Proprietor. Wanganui, March. 6. 1867. WILLIAM ELLIS, (Late of Levy, Ellis & Co.), begs to inform the inhabitants of Wanganui and surrounding districts, that he has re-opened business as Watchmaker and Jeweler; with a splendid assortment of goods, which, to meet the times, he intends to sell at a very small profit. W. E. requests the public to inspect his stock and the prices, and judge for themselves. English Lever Watches, (Warranted).. 5 0 0 Silver Genevas........150 Git Genevas.. 10 0 Ladies' Gold Genevas...... 810 0 Good Clocks.. 10 0 A large and varied assortment of Colonial Gold Brooches, Ear-rings, Pins, Chains, Wedding and Fancy Rings, Keepers, etc., at such prices as were never offered to the public in Wanganui before. A quantity of Electro-plated Ware, Work-boxes, Writing-desks, Jet and Fancy Goods. Wai ches Cleaned...... ssi "Glasses Fitted. Keys.... id. All kinds of Jewellery repaired equally cheap. Two doors from the Price of Wales Hotel. LONDON PORTRAIT ROOMS, Taupo Quay. IT W. ROBINSON, PRACTICAL WATCH AND CLOCK MAKER, JEWELER, &c.; Nautical Instruments repaired, Pipes Mounted, etc. VICTORIA AVEKUB, OPPORTUNITY THE PUTLANT HOTEL, A LEXANDE R C. LESCHE, TINSMITH, IRON & ZINC WORKER, Next to the Odd Fellows' Hall, BIDGEWATER STREET. Jobbing and Out-door Work done on the shortest notice. OOP E R K N D, P ARSONS, FAMILY BUTCHERS, VICTORIA AVENUE. Shipping supplied on reasonable terms. W. A. OAKLEY, Tailor, (fee., BEGS to inform his friends and the public generally, that he has this day removed his business lately carried on in the Victoria Avenue, to HIS NEW SHOP IN ST. HILL-STREET, Opposite the Chronicle Printing Office, and a few doors from the Post-office corner; August 2, 1867. BETT AND ROBERTSON, Timber Machinery, (Opposite the Presbyterian Church,) Victoria Avenue. Doors, Sash, Mouldings, Skirting, Etc. A general assortment of Builders' Iron, Shafting, etc. UE HOCT SE, TAUPO QUAY, WANGANUI, CHARLES SAMUEL'S WELL-KNOWN JEWELLERY ESTABLISHMENT, NEXT DOOR TO STEPHENSON'S GENERAL STORE. GREAT SALE OF WATCHES, JEWELRY, CLOCKS, ELECTRO-SILVER AND FANCY GOODS. FOR ONE MONTH ONLY! COMMENCING ON SATURDAY, 24th INST., THE PROPRIETOR LEAVING FOR AUSTRALIA. CHARLES SAMUEL being about leaving New Zealand is determined to SELL OFF his large and well-assorted stock; FOR ONE MONTH ONLY! The class of Goods is so well-known that it is not necessary to comment upon the quality, style, &c. It has been well-bought and selected with taste and judgment. A REDUCTION OF 20 PER CENT. OR 4s IN THE POUND WILL BE MADE UPON THE MARKED PRICES! Every article in Gold is guaranteed genuine. The lease which has about nine years to run, to be sold; the premises having only just undergone alterations and improvements. AT OWEN & SAMUEL'S, TOBACCONISTS. "TAUPO QUAY, WANGANUI, (NEXT DOOR TO ANDERSON BROTHERS, CABINET MAKERS.) BEST TOBACCOS! CHOICEST CIGARS! A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF PERFUMERY AND FANCY GOODS. Mr. C. A. CALVERT, M.D., Veterinary Surgeon, (Fellow of the Veterinary Medical Association). Office and Cattle Medicines of every description, dispensed, by him, at his residence, Castration and other professional operations performed. Little-Brook Cottage, Victoria Avenue. May 31, 1867, ROBERT GRAY, MONUMENTAL SCULPTOR POLISHED Marble and Granite Monuments, Head Stones, including Stone Kerring, and wrought or cast iron railing, executed on the shortest notice, at the lowest cost. VICTOBIA AVENUE, Opposite the Church of England. April 8th; 1867. MASON NI C H O T E L, Plymouth-street. MR. JAMES NEILSON intimates that he has opened the above Hotel, and that he has a first-class stock of the best Spirits and Wines, and hopes by civility and attention, to obtain a share of public patronage. English and Colonial Ales. June 27, 1867. NELSON BREWERY is now in full operation, and is prepared to supply Ales of the best qualities. Barm and Grains always on hand. B. AITKEN & CO., Proprietors. May 28, 1867. W I L L I AM , E L L I S : WE. warns the public against being imposed upon by a certain advertisement, emanating from a. firm in.this town, and calls upon them to examine hislList of Prices, in another)»dv«rtißement .W. E. has NOT got a , :.,,.; , ,__ ,. ' ROYAL BLUE HOUSE, he not thinking it necessary to Puff, but will guarantee Watches and all other goods bought at his establishment. He.will shortly have • ■.< •-.,, :., ;1, -. -" , H .-. ■■ A GREAT GIFT ENTERPRISE!! BUSINESS NOTICES. ; GREAT CLEAKIN G SALE! ! 1 WORTH °* GOODS to be ! ■ gold; must be cleared to mak'« room for ■ : i ■ r NEW SPRING STUCK TO ARRIVE. The large and' extensive stock of Drapery, con sisting of Underclothiug. Mantles Shawls : : Trnnnjed hats Plain and fancy winceys ; Merinoes Flannels ■: Calicoes Sheetings. Ac, &c, &c.. Will be positively sold regardless of cost. In order to meet the requirements of purchaser* during the present sale, each, d^patifli^iii,.l^; has been carefully replenished with/^ NEW GOODS from the latest importations. A very fine stock of MEN'S AND BOYS' CLOTHING in the newest style and patterns,-""'•• | HATS AND CAPS in endless variety. , I ■ - - ■ In consequence of the great j Competition ■•-..> in Wanganui, the undersigned will offer extra inducements to large purchasers! I! Come early and secnre Bargains at ih« RANGI TIK E I H O V-S E. Terms Cash. D.NATHAN. T HAMILTON. WHEELWBIGHT, CiiirßTiLL PiACK, OPPOHITK HHB. HOQo's BTOBI. ♦ TJ AVI.NG on hand a large and well selected stock of the best Sydney seasoned Timbers; also LANCEWOOD SHAFTS. SPRINGS, PATENT) AXLES, -&c. TRAPS MADE, REPAIRED AND PAINTED. All orders punctually attended to. WARM AND COLD BATHB. B. STBACHAN. HAIR DRESSER AND PERFUMEB, WAKOAKDI. •"■■ •. ■ -i ■ ■ MBS. GOODFELLOW, MILLINER «nd ~ DRPSSM.H^ER, Vietorik Avenue, -op. , poaite the Grammar School. Mourning oidera attended to on the shortest notice NATIVE LANDS. MEBBRb. KNIGHT AND jHEGTOR, NttrtrLand Agtnts"sad Surveyor*," * - ' CampbeU-plaa«. A GBEEMENTS and Lewes traaafatod ;->«-" l\. , chases and Leases negociated, and Surrey* , undertaken; in accordance 'with the Naujre Lands ' Act, 1866.
| 15,890 |
https://github.com/bamwu/cocotron/blob/master/CoreData/NSPersistentStoreCoordinator.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
cocotron
|
bamwu
|
C
|
Code
| 325 | 963 |
/* Copyright (c) 2008 Dan Knapp
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. */
#import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
#import <Foundation/NSString.h>
#import <Foundation/NSLock.h>
#import <CoreData/CoreDataExports.h>
@class NSManagedObjectModel, NSPersistentStore, NSManagedObjectID;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSStoreTypeKey;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSStoreUUIDKey;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSXMLStoreType;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSInMemoryStoreType;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSMigratePersistentStoresAutomaticallyOption;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSPersistentStoreCoordinatorStoresDidChangeNotification;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSAddedPersistentStoresKey;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSRemovedPersistentStoresKey;
COREDATA_EXPORT NSString *const NSUUIDChangedPersistentStoresKey;
@interface NSPersistentStoreCoordinator : NSObject <NSLocking> {
NSLock *_lock;
NSManagedObjectModel *_model;
NSMutableArray *_stores;
}
+ (NSDictionary *)registeredStoreTypes;
+ (void)registerStoreClass:(Class)storeClass forStoreType:(NSString *)storeType;
- initWithManagedObjectModel:(NSManagedObjectModel *)model;
- (NSManagedObjectModel *)managedObjectModel;
- (NSPersistentStore *)addPersistentStoreWithType:(NSString *)storeType configuration:(NSString *)configuration URL:(NSURL *)storeURL options:(NSDictionary *)options error:(NSError **)error;
- (BOOL)setURL:(NSURL *)url forPersistentStore:(NSPersistentStore *)store;
- (BOOL)removePersistentStore:(NSPersistentStore *)store error:(NSError **)error;
- (NSPersistentStore *)migratePersistentStore:(NSPersistentStore *)store toURL:(NSURL *)URL options:(NSDictionary *)options withType:(NSString *)storeType error:(NSError **)error;
- (NSArray *)persistentStores;
- (NSPersistentStore *)persistentStoreForURL:(NSURL *)URL;
- (NSURL *)URLForPersistentStore:(NSPersistentStore *)store;
- (NSManagedObjectID *)managedObjectIDForURIRepresentation:(NSURL *)URL;
- (void)lock;
- (BOOL)tryLock;
- (void)unlock;
- (NSDictionary *)metadataForPersistentStore:(NSPersistentStore *)store;
- (void)setMetadata:(NSDictionary *)metadata forPersistentStore:(NSPersistentStore *)store;
+ (BOOL)setMetadata:(NSDictionary *)metadata forPersistentStoreOfType:(NSString *)storeType URL:(NSURL *)url error:(NSError **)error;
+ (NSDictionary *)metadataForPersistentStoreOfType:(NSString *)storeType URL:(NSURL *)url error:(NSError **)error;
@end
| 34,159 |
4613065_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,020 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 386 | 558 |
Sylvia Goodman, Robert Goodman and Carolyn Goodman. Husband and Wife, William Goodman, by Charles Goodman, Father and General Guardian, Annette Goodman, by Charles Goodman, Father and General Guardian, Doris G. Jacoby v. Commissioner.GoodmanDocket Nos. 110224, 110225, 110226, 110227, 110246.United States Tax Court1947 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 92; 6 T.C.M. (CCH) 1031; T.C.M. (RIA) 46300; September 8, 1947*92 DISNEYMemorandum Sur Decision DISNEY, Judge: In each of the above entitled docket numbers the petitioner opposed respondent's computation for decision under Rule 50, in substance arguing that the respondent in computing corrected income and resulting tax liability, allowed deductions (resulting in overassessment and overpayment) which were not the subject of any assignment of error, therefore beyond the Court's jurisdiction. It is claimed that the refund of overpayment is barred by the statute of limitations. In docket numbers 110224, Sylvia Goodman, and 110226, William Goodman, by Charles Goodman, Father and General Guardian, the statute of limitations apparently has not run. The petition in each of the five docket numbers above closes with the prayer "for such other and further relief as the Board may deem just and proper in the premises." These cases were consolidated for trial with others, involving determination as to whether income from certain dividends, interest, and liquidating distributions (described in respondent's computation) was received by the petitioners in the above numbered cases or whether it was received by Charles Goodman, husband of Sylvia Goodman*93 and father of Robert, William and Annette Goodman and Doris G. Jacoby, and therefore taxable to him instead of one-sixth to each. That this issue was understood between the parties is shown in petitioners' counsel's opening statements, by respondent's counsel's reference to the fact that if the entire income was held taxable to Charles Goodman "then it would probably be overassessment in these five cases", and by petitioners' brief where it is stated that if Goodman owned the whole (of Mideastern distribution) "then there has obviously been an overpayment by Goodman, his wife and each of his four children" - but contending that the returns were correct. In our opinion we concluded that having held the income to be that of Charles Goodman it should be eliminated from gross income of the wife and children. The general prayer invoked our powers in a case of the general class committed to our jurisdiction.
| 37,514 |
https://github.com/pppguru/react-meta/blob/master/visallo/web/war/src/main/webapp/js/detail/clients/clients.jsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
react-meta
|
pppguru
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 82 | 292 |
define([
'react',
'react-redux',
'./client'
], function(
React,
redux,
Client) {
'use strict';
const Clients = React.createClass({
render() {
var { props } = this;
return (
<div className="clients-detail" {...props}>
<div className="title">
<h3>CLIENTS</h3>
<p>Graph View</p>
</div>
<div className="functions">
<button className="add-event"><div>+</div> Add Client</button>
<button className="search"></button>
<button className="drop-menu"></button>
</div>
<div className="client">
<Client />
<Client />
<Client />
<Client />
<Client />
<Client />
</div>
</div>
);
}
})
return redux.connect(
(state, props) => {
return {}
},
(dispatch) => {
return {}
}
)(Clients);
});
| 40,134 |
US-202218073106-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,559 | 4,107 |
Example 29 includes one or more machine-readable storage media comprising a plurality of instructions stored thereon that, in response to being executed, cause a resource manager server to perform the method of any of Examples 15-28.
Example 30 includes a resource manager server comprising means for performing the method of any of Examples 15-28.
Example 31 includes a resource manager server comprising one or more processors; one or more memory devices having stored therein a plurality of instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the resource manager server to perform the method of any of Examples 15-28.
Example 32 includes a resource manager server comprising allocation manager circuitry to allocate a set of network communication resources to a compute device through an expansion bus switch coupled to the compute device and to the network communication resources; and network communicator circuitry to obtain telemetry data indicative of a present utilization of the allocated set of network communication resources; wherein the allocation manager circuitry is further to determine whether the present utilization satisfies a predefined utilization threshold; and adjust, through the expansion bus switch and in response to a determination that the present utilization does not satisfy the predefined utilization threshold, an amount of network communication resources in the set to the compute device.
Example 33 includes the subject matter of Example 32, and wherein the allocation manager circuitry is further to provide threshold data indicative of the utilization threshold to the set of network communication resources, and wherein to determine whether the present utilization satisfies the predefined threshold comprises to obtain a notification from the set of network communication resources indicative of whether the threshold is presently satisfied.
Example 34 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32 and 33, and wherein the allocation manager circuitry is further to obtain the determination that the present utilization does not satisfy the predefined utilization threshold from one or more telemetry logic units of one or more network interface controllers coupled to the resource manager server.
Example 35 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-34, and wherein the allocation manager circuitry is further to obtain service level agreement data indicative of the predefined utilization threshold to be satisfied in association with a workload executed by the compute device.
Example 36 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-35, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to produce a request to the expansion bus switch to adjust the allocation of the network communication resources of the compute device.
Example 37 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-36, and wherein the network communication resources comprise multiple network interface controllers, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to increase the number of network interface controllers in the set.
Example 38 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-37, and wherein the network communication resources comprise multiple network interface controllers, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to decrease the number of network interface controllers in the set.
Example 39 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-38, and wherein the allocation manager circuitry is further to allocate a different amount of network communication resources to another compute device connected to the expansion bus switch.
Example 40 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-39, and wherein to allocate the set of network communication resources comprises to allocate a portion of a total network communication capacity of a network interface controller to the compute device.
Example 41 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-40, and wherein to allocate a set of network communication resources to a compute device through a expansion bus switch comprises to allocate a set of network communication resources to a compute device through a peripheral component interconnect express bus switch.
Example 42 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-41, and wherein to obtain the telemetry data comprises to obtain the telemetry data from the compute device.
Example 43 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-42, and wherein to obtain the telemetry data comprises to obtain the telemetry data from one or more network interface controllers.
Example 44 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-43, and wherein the resource manager server is communicatively coupled to one or more other resource manager servers to cooperatively adjust the amount of network communication resources to be allocated and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to produce a request to a second resource manager server that is communicatively coupled to the switch.
Example 45 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 32-44, and wherein the telemetry data includes physical telemetry data and performance data provided by one or more performance monitor agents, wherein the physical telemetry data includes power utilization data or thermal data.
Example 46 includes a resource manager server comprising circuitry for allocating a set of network communication resources to a compute device through an expansion bus switch coupled to the compute device and to the network communication resources; circuitry for obtaining telemetry data indicative of a present utilization of the allocated set of network communication resources; circuitry for determining whether the present utilization satisfies a predefined utilization threshold; and means for adjusting, with the expansion bus switch and in response to determining that the present utilization does not satisfy the predefined utilization threshold, an amount of network communication resources in the set to the compute device.
Example 47 includes the subject matter of Example 46, and further including circuitry for providing threshold data indicative of the utilization threshold to the set of network communication resources, and wherein the circuitry for determining whether the present utilization satisfies the predefined threshold comprises circuitry for obtaining a notification from the set of network communication resources indicative of whether the threshold is presently satisfied.
Example 48 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46 and 47, and further including circuitry for obtaining the determination that the present utilization does not satisfy the predefined utilization threshold from one or more telemetry logic units from one or more network interface controllers coupled to the resource manager server.
Example 49 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-48, and further including circuitry for obtaining service level agreement data indicative of the predefined utilization threshold to be satisfied in association with a workload executed by the compute device.
Example 50 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-49, and wherein the means for adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises circuitry for producing a request to the expansion bus switch to adjust the allocation of the network communication resources of the compute device.
Example 51 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-50, and wherein the network communication resources comprise multiple network interface controllers, and wherein the means for adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises circuitry for increasing the number of network interface controllers in the set.
Example 52 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-51, and wherein the network communication resources comprise multiple network interface controllers, and wherein the means for adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises circuitry for decreasing the number of network interface controllers in the set.
Example 53 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-52, and further including circuitry for allocating a different amount of network communication resources to another compute device connected to the expansion bus switch.
Example 54 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-53, and wherein the circuitry for allocating the set of network communication resources comprises circuitry for allocating a portion of a total network communication capacity of a network interface controller to the compute device.
Example 55 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-54, and wherein the circuitry for allocating a set of network communication resources to a compute device through a expansion bus switch comprises circuitry for allocating a set of network communication resources to a compute device through a peripheral component interconnect express bus switch.
Example 56 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-55, and wherein the circuitry for obtaining the telemetry data comprises circuitry for obtaining the telemetry data from the compute device.
Example 57 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-56, and wherein the circuitry for obtaining the telemetry data comprises circuitry for obtaining the telemetry data from one or more network interface controllers.
Example 58 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-57, and wherein the resource manager server is communicatively coupled to one or more other resource manager servers to cooperatively adjust the amount of network communication resources to be allocated and wherein the means for adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises circuitry for producing a request to a second resource manager server that is communicatively coupled to the expansion bus switch.
Example 59 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 46-58, and wherein the telemetry data includes physical telemetry data and performance data provided by one or more performance monitor agents, wherein the physical telemetry data includes power utilization data or thermal data.
Example 60 includes a resource manager server comprising a compute engine to allocate a set of network communication resources to a compute device; obtain telemetry data indicative of a present utilization of the allocated set of network communication resources; determine whether the present utilization satisfies a predefined utilization threshold; and adjust, in response to a determination that the present utilization does not satisfy the predefined utilization threshold, an amount of network communication resources in the set to the compute device.
Example 61 includes the subject matter of Example 60, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to adjust a number of network links to or from the compute device.
Example 62 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 60 and 61, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to adjust a speed of one or more network links provided by the network communication resources.
Example 63 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 60-62, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to adjust a traffic shaping parameter associated with the network communication resources.
Example 64 includes a method comprising allocating, by a resource manager server, a set of network communication resources to a compute device; obtaining, by the resource manager server, telemetry data indicative of a present utilization of the allocated set of network communication resources; determining, by the resource manager server, whether the present utilization satisfies a predefined utilization threshold; and adjusting, by the resource manager server and in response to a determination that the present utilization does not satisfy the predefined utilization threshold, an amount of network communication resources in the set to the compute device.
Example 65 includes the subject matter of Example 64, and wherein adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises adjusting a number of network links to or from the compute device.
Example 66 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 64 and 65, and wherein adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises adjusting a speed of one or more network links provided by the network communication resources.
Example 67 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 64-66, and wherein adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises adjusting a traffic shaping parameter associated with the network communication resources.
Example 68 includes one or more machine-readable storage media comprising a plurality of instructions stored thereon that, in response to being executed, cause a resource manager server to perform the method of any of Examples 64-67.
Example 69 includes a resource manager server comprising means for performing the method of any of Examples 64-67.
Example 70 includes a resource manager server comprising one or more processors; one or more memory devices having stored therein a plurality of instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the resource manager server to perform the method of any of Examples 64-67.
Example 71 includes a resource manager server comprising allocation manager circuitry to allocate a set of network communication resources to a compute device; and network communicator circuitry to obtain telemetry data indicative of a present utilization of the allocated set of network communication resources; wherein the allocation manager circuitry is further to determine whether the present utilization satisfies a predefined utilization threshold; and adjust, in response to a determination that the present utilization does not satisfy the predefined utilization threshold, an amount of network communication resources in the set to the compute device.
Example 72 includes the subject matter of Example 71, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to adjust a number of network links to or from the compute device.
Example 73 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 71 and 72, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to adjust a speed of one or more network links provided by the network communication resources.
Example 74 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 71-73, and wherein to adjust the amount of network communication resources comprises to adjust a traffic shaping parameter associated with the network communication resources.
Example 75 includes a resource manager server comprising circuitry for allocating a set of network communication resources to a compute device; circuitry for obtaining telemetry data indicative of a present utilization of the allocated set of network communication resources; circuitry for determining whether the present utilization satisfies a predefined utilization threshold; and means for adjusting, in response to a determination that the present utilization does not satisfy the predefined utilization threshold, an amount of network communication resources in the set to the compute device.
Example 76 includes the subject matter of Example 75, and wherein the means for adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises circuitry for adjusting a number of network links to or from the compute device.
Example 77 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 75 and 76, and wherein the means for adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises circuitry for adjusting a speed of one or more network links provided by the network communication resources.
Example 78 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 75-77, and wherein the means for adjusting the amount of network communication resources comprises circuitry for adjusting a traffic shaping parameter associated with the network communication resources.
The invention claimed is:
1. An apparatus comprising: a processor circuit to: allocate at least one network interface controller (NIC) to a host central processing unit (CPU) that is configured to execute a workload, the at least one NIC included in a collection of NICs, each NIC in the collection of NICs capable of separately coupling with the host CPU through a coherent memory link switch; and adjust a number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC responsive to telemetry data indicating a utilization of the allocated at least one NIC while the host CPU executes the workload.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the coherent memory link switch is capable of separately coupling to each NIC in the collection of NICs with the host CPU using peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) protocols.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the allocated at least one NIC includes a plurality of NICs and to adjust the number of NICs includes a decrease in the number of NICs included in the plurality of NICs.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, further comprise the processor circuit to: reallocate the decreased number of NICs previously allocated to the host CPU to a second host CPU, each NIC in the collection of NICs also capable of separately coupling with the second host CPU through the coherent memory link switch, the second host CPU configured to execute a second workload.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising the processor circuit to: provide, to the allocated at least one NIC, threshold data that indicates a utilization threshold, wherein to adjust the number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC is based on the telemetry data including at least one notification from the allocated at least one NIC that indicates whether a NIC from among the at least one NIC exceeds the utilization threshold.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, comprising the at least one notification to indicate the utilization exceeds the utilization threshold, wherein to adjust the number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC includes an increase in the number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a resource manager server.
8. One or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media comprising a plurality of instructions stored thereon that, in response to being executed, cause a system to: allocate at least one network interface controller (NIC) to a host central processing unit (CPU) that is configured to execute a workload, the at least one NIC included in a collection of NICs, each NIC in the collection of NICs capable of separately coupling with the host CPU through a coherent memory link switch; and adjust a number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC responsive to telemetry data indicating a utilization of the allocated at least one NIC while the host CPU executes the workload.
9. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media of claim 8, wherein the coherent memory link switch is capable of separately coupling to each NIC in the collection of NICs with the host CPU using peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) protocols.
10. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media of claim 8, wherein the allocated at least one NIC includes a plurality of NICs and to adjust the number of NICs includes a decrease in the number of NICs included in the plurality of NICs.
11. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media of claim 10, wherein the plurality of instructions, when executed, further cause the system to: reallocate the decreased number of NICs previously allocated to the host CPU to a second host CPU, wherein each NIC in the collection of NICs are also capable of separately coupling with the second host CPU through the coherent memory link switch, the second host CPU configured to execute a second workload.
12. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media of claim 8, wherein the plurality of instructions, when executed, further cause the system to: provide, to the allocated at least one NIC, threshold data that indicates a utilization threshold, wherein to adjust the number of NICs included in the allocated at least on NIC is based on the telemetry data including at least one notification from the allocated at least one NIC that indicates whether a NIC from among the at least one NIC exceeds the utilization threshold.
13. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media of claim 12, comprising the at least one notification to indicate the utilization exceeds the utilization threshold, wherein to adjust the number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC includes an increase in the number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC.
14. A method comprising: allocating at least one network interface controller (NIC) to a host central processing unit (CPU) that is configured to execute a workload, the at least one NIC included in a collection of NICs, each NIC in the collection of NICs capable of separately coupling with the host CPU through a coherent memory link switch; and adjusting a number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC responsive to telemetry data indicating a utilization of the allocated at least one NIC while the host CPU executes the workload.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the coherent memory link switch is capable of separately coupling to each NIC in the collection of NICs with the host CPU using peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) protocols.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the allocated at least one NIC includes a plurality of NICs and to adjust the number of NICs includes a decrease in the number of NICs included in the plurality of NICs.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: reallocating the decreased number of NICs previously allocated to the host CPU to a second host CPU, wherein each NIC in the collection of NICs are also capable of separately coupling with the second host CPU through the coherent memory link switch, the second host CPU configured to execute a second workload.
18. The method of claim 14, further comprising: providing, to the allocated at least one NIC, threshold data that indicates a utilization threshold, wherein adjusting the number of NICs included in the allocated at least on NIC is based on the telemetry data including at least one notification from the allocated at least one NIC that indicates whether a NIC from among the at least one NIC exceeds the utilization threshold.
19. The method of claim 18, comprising the at least one notification indicating the utilization exceeds the utilization threshold, wherein adjusting the number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC includes increasing the number of NICs included in the allocated at least one NIC..
| 27,381 |
lFSYS2F_l4c_1
|
Youtube-Commons
|
Open Web
|
CC-By
| null |
Navy Captain's Incredible Story: Balikatan 23 & Why This Change Everything!
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 745 | 876 |
My name is Captain Matthew George. I'm the commanding officer of Alpha Company Third Littoral Combat Team, Third MLR. So today, the primary focus of training was a non-live fire event that centered around classes taught by our Philippine Marine partners, primarily their version of what would be our Marine Corps martial arts program. They also led us through several iterations of jungle survival training and juggle mobility. So my specific role was to integrate with my Philippine Marine counterpart, company commander here, to bring both my company and his company together to integrate our squad leaders and our non-commissioned officers so that we could make this event move seamlessly. And so in order to do that, we've had a couple of socials with them so far. We've had meal engagements with them. So it's given us an opportunity to really integrate and socialize with the people that we're going to continue to be working with while we're out here. So this environment is absolutely unique and very challenging, both from a terrain perspective, from a weather perspective. It is absolutely imperative that we get into environments like this in order to acclimate not only ourselves, but our equipment and really test our capabilities and limitations operating here so that we can enhance what we try to do in the future. Yes, so the training today, although light in nature, is absolutely imperative to developing relationships that are not just going to last or expire now, but that are going to remain well into the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will ultimately work with the same units as we come here again for further exercises. But there's the same marine units and armed forces units of the Philippines that we may encounter in the future in real world operations. So they're absolutely vital that we make those relationships now. Contribute to the overall mission of the recovery. So training this way, I think, specifically meets commander's intent because we are out here to form relationships and strong bonds. And that is exactly what this exercise is about. And that is at the heart of everything that we are trying to do here. We're capturing that specifically through small scale events that are non-live fire based, but also through live fire events where we get to learn and work with our Philippine Marine and armed forces partners day in and day out. And again, those are going to be the relationships that we'll carry forward. And those are going to be absolutely integral to operating in the future. So Balak Tan specifically gives Marines the opportunity to operate in a live fire scenario that tests their independent capabilities, but it also gives them an opportunity to test their fire team, squad, platoon, and even company level capabilities here in the live fire training area that we're currently occupying. But more importantly, it gives us the opportunity to test our equipment in a foreign country in an area that is unfamiliar to us, an area that presents unique challenges of its own due to terrain, due to weather, and then a civilian populace that we need to be able to integrate with and work with in order to be successful. Well, specifically, first and foremost, the Marines have had to adapt to the weather. This is seasonably one of the hottest environments that many of them have ever had to operate in. But two, the challenge to really just come out of their shell and be willing to work with and operate with our Filipino Marine partners, that is not something that's easily done. But one thing I think our Marines have done is integrate with them in spades. And it's unique to see them socializing with their counterparts, having meals with their counterparts, because that then in turn translates into operability on training ranges and on the firing line. And that is ultimately the culmination of where you're seeing success out here. But that's going to pay dividends for future exercises and any real-world operations in the future. To any potential adversary, I would want them to know that, A, we are here. We are present. But B, this is a team fight. This is not an American fight. This is a team fight. And specifically, it is a team fight among us and our Philippine partners. And I would want them to know that we are unified and we represent a lethal combined front.
| 38,412 |
https://github.com/andrewt0301/ispras-fortress/blob/master/src/main/java/ru/ispras/fortress/solver/engine/smt/SmtStrings.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
ispras-fortress
|
andrewt0301
|
Java
|
Code
| 576 | 1,561 |
/*
* Copyright 2013-2018 ISP RAS (http://www.ispras.ru)
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
* in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
* is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
* or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
* the License.
*/
package ru.ispras.fortress.solver.engine.smt;
import ru.ispras.fortress.data.Data;
import ru.ispras.fortress.data.DataType;
import ru.ispras.fortress.data.DataTypeId;
import ru.ispras.fortress.data.types.bitvector.BitVector;
import ru.ispras.fortress.util.InvariantChecks;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.EnumMap;
import java.util.Map;
final class SmtStrings {
private SmtStrings() {}
public static final String SPACE = " ";
public static final String BRACKET_OPEN = "(";
public static final String BRACKET_CLOSE = ")";
public static final String HYPHEN = "-";
public static final String UNDERLINE = "_";
public static final String ZERO = "0";
public static final String ONE = "1";
public static final String EMPTY = "";
public static final String TRUE = "true";
public static final String FALSE = "false";
public static final String DEFAULT_ARRAY = "DefaultArrayLiteral!%d";
public static final String BV_BIN_PREFIX = "#b";
public static final String BV_HEX_PREFIX = "#x";
public static final String TYPE_BOOL = "Bool";
public static final String TYPE_INT = "Int";
public static final String TYPE_REAL = "Real";
public static final String TYPE_BITVECTOR = "(_ BitVec %d)";
public static final String TYPE_ARRAY = "(Array %s %s)";
public static final String ASSERT = "(assert %s)%n";
public static final String DECLARE_CONST = "(declare-const %s %s)%n";
public static final String DEFINE_FUN = "(define-fun %s)%n";
public static final String CHECK_SAT = "(check-sat)";
public static final String GET_VALUE = "(get-value (%s%n ))%n";
public static final String GET_MODEL = "(get-model)";
public static final String EXIT = "(exit)";
public static final String NEGATION = "(- %s)";
public static final String PARAM_DEF = "(%s %s)";
private static final Map<DataTypeId, String> TYPE_MAP = createTypeMap();
private static Map<DataTypeId, String> createTypeMap() {
final Map<DataTypeId, String> result = new EnumMap<>(DataTypeId.class);
result.put(DataTypeId.BIT_VECTOR, TYPE_BITVECTOR);
result.put(DataTypeId.LOGIC_BOOLEAN, TYPE_BOOL);
result.put(DataTypeId.LOGIC_INTEGER, TYPE_INT);
result.put(DataTypeId.LOGIC_REAL, TYPE_REAL);
result.put(DataTypeId.MAP, TYPE_ARRAY);
return result;
}
public static String textForType(final DataType type) {
InvariantChecks.checkNotNull(type);
if (!TYPE_MAP.containsKey(type.getTypeId())) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported type: " + type.getTypeId());
}
final Object[] parameters = type.getParameters();
for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; ++i) {
if (parameters[i] instanceof DataType) {
parameters[i] = textForType((DataType) parameters[i]);
}
}
return String.format(TYPE_MAP.get(type.getTypeId()), parameters);
}
public static String textForData(final Data data) {
InvariantChecks.checkNotNull(data);
switch (data.getType().getTypeId()) {
case BIT_VECTOR: {
final BitVector value = (BitVector) data.getValue();
return (data.getType().getTypeRadix() == 16)
? BV_HEX_PREFIX + value.toHexString() : BV_BIN_PREFIX + value.toBinString();
}
case LOGIC_BOOLEAN: {
final Boolean value = (Boolean) data.getValue();
return value ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
case LOGIC_INTEGER: {
final BigInteger value = (BigInteger) data.getValue();
return (value.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) >= 0)
? value.toString() : String.format(NEGATION, value.abs());
}
case LOGIC_REAL: {
final double value = (Double) data.getValue();
return (value >= 0) ? Double.toString(value) : String.format(NEGATION, Math.abs(value));
}
case MAP: {
// Map<Data, Data> is assumed.
final Map<?, ?> map = (Map<?, ?>) data.getValue();
final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
final String prefix = "(store ";
builder.ensureCapacity(prefix.length() * map.size() + DEFAULT_ARRAY.length());
for (int i = 0; i < map.size(); ++i) {
builder.append(prefix);
}
builder.append(DEFAULT_ARRAY).append(SPACE);
for (final Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : map.entrySet()) {
builder.append(textForData((Data) entry.getKey())).append(' ')
.append(textForData((Data) entry.getValue())).append(") ");
}
return builder.toString();
}
default: { // Unknown value type
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"Unsupported data type: " + data.getType().getTypeId());
}
}
}
}
| 10,887 |
https://github.com/ArchAngel776/NodEvil/blob/master/Build/App/Model/Exception/QueryBuilderOperationRequired.d.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
NodEvil
|
ArchAngel776
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 21 | 63 |
import ErrorInstance from "../../Exception/ErrorInstance";
export default class QueryBuilderOperationRequired extends ErrorInstance {
constructor();
protected getTitle(): string;
protected getMessage(): string;
}
//# sourceMappingURL=QueryBuilderOperationRequired.d.ts.map
| 29,689 |
US-201414500157-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,755 | 9,099 |
Baby Sleeping Position Reminder
ABSTRACT
A device and method to remind parents to regularly alternate the head position of a sleeping baby in order to prevent or minimize positional plagiocephaly (commonly referred to as “flat spots”), the device comprising a user interface for presenting to the user a plurality of suggested body positions; said user interface comprising a display area to display said plurality of suggested body positions; said user interface further comprising at leas one selectable indicator configured to allow the user to selectively indicate one of said plurality of suggested body positions (first body position) representative of the position the infant is being placed to rest at said first instance; said selective indication of said first body position at said first instance reminding the user to place the infant in a second body position different from said first body position when putting the infant to rest at said second instance.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/895,523, filed Oct. 25, 2013, entitled “Baby RestingPosition Reminder,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/929,945filed on Jan. 21, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/050,281 filed on Sep. 15, 2014, all of which are hereby incorporatedby reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a device for reminding caregivers toalternate the resting body position of newborns in order to minimizepositional plagiocephaly, also known as “flat spots.”
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Positional plagiocephaly is a condition which causes the back and/orsides of an infant's head to become flattened through prolonged pressurefrom resting on flat surfaces (such as in car seats, cribs, strollers,and playpens). The condition primarily affects newborns because theskull bones are softest immediately after birth and harden over time.
Positional plagiocephaly has become more prevalent in recent years dueto the popular “Back To Sleep” campaign (BTS) promoted by pediatriciansto minimize Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The BTS campaigninstructs caregivers to lay infants to sleep on their backs and on firmmattresses. While BTS has succeeded in reducing the incidence of SIDS,it has exacerbated positional plagiocephaly because more babies areplaced on their backs for prolonged periods of time on firm surfaces.
Positional plagiocephaly can be minimized by frequently alternating thebaby's resting position so that the baby's head does not rest on any oneside for excessive periods of time consecutively, or repeatedly withoutalternating positions in between. The goal is to even out the pressureson the baby's head in order to maintain roundness and avoid flattening.This recommendation is endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP). In fact, many hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Units
(NICUs), which care for premature newborns, instruct nurses to rotatenewborns' heads approximately every three hours.
Despite such knowledge, the problem persists. For example, on Jul. 8,2013, the Huffington Post published an article titled “Nearly Half OfBabies Now Have ‘Flat Spots’ On Their Heads.” The article cites aCanadian study published in the medical journal Pediatrics which foundthat “more than 46 percent of 2- to 3-month-old babies may have someform of the condition.”
One of the causes is forgetful caregivers. New parents can be especiallydistracted and forgetful such that giving instructions alone will notsufficiently ensure the instructions are followed. With busy lives andother children and family members diverting their attention, parentswith the best of intentions can still forget to alternate their baby'ssleeping position. And even if they do remember to alternate theirbaby's sleeping positions, parents can still forget which position waschosen previously in order to choose a different position the next timethe baby is laid to sleep.
Some have attempted to solve the problem with handwritten journals orlogbooks. But these methods also suffer the problem of forgetfulcaregivers. Since parents have a hard time remembering instructions inthe first place, they also have a hard time remembering to manually logtheir baby's sleeping position each and every time the baby sleeps,which can be six or more times each day. And even if a log book is usedsometimes, the process is cumbersome and likely to be disregarded withsome regularity.
Others have tried to solve the problem with specially designed softpillows. These methods are problematic because the AAP suggests that nosoft objects, specifically including pillows, should be left in a cribwith a sleeping baby.
Though often the problem may be mild, and pediatricians may recommend nointervention because the condition can correct itself with time, parentsnevertheless can suffer emotional distress and guilt from knowing thatthe condition could have been avoided by regularly alternating theirbaby's sleeping position.
But in other cases, intervention is advised. For example, in a notinsignificant number of cases, custom molded helmets are used to reshapethe baby's head which imposes additional emotional and financial costson parents. Even here, however, there are issues. A New York Timesarticle in May, 2014, titled Helmets Do Little to Help Moderate InfantSkull Flattening, Study Finds, revealed that these helmets may not beuseful.
Accordingly, is it considered that there is a long felt need in the babycare field for a preventative solution to eliminate or reduce theincidence of positional plagiocephaly in a way which conforms with AAPguidelines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention aims to provide parents and caregivers with aneffective reminder to alternate their baby's sleeping position each timethe baby sleeps. The primary function of the device is to allow aparent/caregiver to selectively indicate a first resting body positionwhen the baby is laid to rest, and thereby remind the parent/caregiverto subsequently choose a different resting body position the next timethe baby is laid to rest. Body positions may include, for example, “BackLeft,” “Back Center,” and “Back Right.” While head position is theprimary concern with preventing positional plagiocephaly, the presentinvention can also be used more broadly for reminding parents aboutoverall body positions, such as “tummy time.” The terms “body position,”“head position,” “resting position,” and “sleeping position” are usedinterchangeably herein to mean the position in which a baby is placedfor a prolonged period of time.
A common embodiment of the present invention comprises a device forpresenting to a user a plurality of suggested body positions in which toplace an infant at rest at a first instance, and for reminding the userto choose a different one of the plurality of suggested body positionswhen the infant is placed to rest at a later instance. The devicecomprises a user interface for senting to the user a plurality ofsuggested body positions, said user interface comprising a display areato display said plurality of suggested body positions. The userinterface further comprises at least one selectable indicator configuredto allow the user to selectively indicate one of said plurality ofsuggested body positions (first body position) representative of theposition in which the infant is being placed to rest at said firstinstance, whereby said selective indication of said first body positionat said first instance reminds the user to place the infant in a secondbody position different from said first body position when putting theinfant to rest at said second instance. This process of selecting andreminding can continue indefinitely.
The user interface can comprise one or more selectable indicators whichenable the user to select one of a plurality of suggested bodypositions. A single selectable indicator can be used in configurationsfeaturing a single button, or a multiposition switch or knob. Multipleselectable indicators can be used in configurations featuring aplurality of buttons, each button representing one of the plurality ofsuggested body positions. Moreover, these selectable indicators canoptionally illuminate upon selection. Another optional featureenvisioned for the present invention is a controller, said controllerbeing configured to cause the illumination of a selected indicator toblink after a predetermined amount of time (i.e., 60, 90, 180 minutes).
Another possible configuration for the user interface can comprisegraphical/textual representations of a plurality of suggested bodypositions and a button which causes a different one of the plurality ofsuggested body positions to illuminate each time the button is pressed.
As an alternative to the user selecting one of the suggested bodypositions, a controller can automatically cycle through the suggestedbody positions by automatically illuminating a different one of saidplurality of suggested body positions after a predetermined amount oftime.
Regardless of the specific embodiment, illumination can be used toenhance the reminding function of the device whereby the selectivelyindicated body position is indictaed by an illuminated lamp/LED whichserves to remind the parent/caregiver to choose a different bodyposition at a later time. This function can be enhanced by causing theillumination to blink after a predetermined amount of time to signal tothe user that a new body positon should be chosen for the baby's nextsleeping session. An optional memory module can be incorporated to storethe most recently selected body position such that the device, if turnedoff and then on again, will default to the most recently selected bodyposition. The memory module can also be used to maintain a log file ofselected body positions and durations.
Regardless of the specific embodiment, a controller, such as amicrocontroller or discrete circuit, can be used to cause the selectedindicator to provide a signal based on a predetermined parameter, wheresaid parameter is programmed to correspond with a suggestion to the userto select a different body position (different from the previouslyselected body position) at a later instance. For example, in the case ofilluminating indicators, the controller can cause the illumination tobegin blinking after a predetermined amount of time (e.g., 30, 60, or 90minutes) to provide a further indication to the user that the currentlyselected body position has been selected for at least said predeterminedamount of time, thereby reminding the user to choose a different bodyfor the baby's next sleeping session.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a first object with anindicating shape and a second object displaying a plurality of suggestedbody positions whereby one of the plurality of suggested body positionscan be selected by moving said first or second object such that theindicating shape aligns with the selected body position. This embodimentcan also employ illumination with an optional controller to causeblinking as discussed above.
Another embodiment of the invention includes a wireless communictionsmodule configured to communicate selected body positions (and associatedtimes) with one or more mobile devices. One such mobile device could bea smartphone running an application which mimics the functionality ofthe device, as described herein, through software. This embodiment wouldallow a user to enjoy the functionality of the device anywhere the usertakes the smartphone while also ensuring continuity between the deviceand the smartphone application. Such a software application can also beused to maintain a log of selected body positions and times, allowingthe user to monitor cumulative times for each position. Using wirelesscommunications, such as WiFi or Bluetooth, multiple reminder devices canremain synchronized so that multiple reminder devices can be controlledby the mobile application. For example, one reminder device can beattached to a crib in the nursery room and another reminder device canbe attached to a playpen in the living room. Both reminder devices canbe in wireless communication with a mobile device application so thatany sleeping position selection made by the user will appear on bothreminder devices simultaneously. Similarly, when a sleeping position isselected on one of the reminder devices, the mobile application will beupdated as will any other reminder devices. Consequently, when themobile application is properly synchronized with one or more reminderdevices, a user may leave the home with mobile appplication in hand andcontinue using the reminder functionality in continuity with thehome-based reminders which can re-synchronize with the mobileapplication when the user returns home.
Additional embodiments of the invention include an analog or digitaldisplay for displaying the selectively indicated body position to theuser. In the case of a digital display with touchscreen functionality,the display can also display the plurality of available body positionsin addition to the selected body position, allowing the user toselectively indicate a chosen body position by touching the screen inthe corresponding location. The digital display embodiments would alsoinclude a controller to control the display.
Examples of digital displays include LED, LCD, OLED and TFT displays(with or without backlight), but it is understood that any type ofdigital display can be used. Examples of non-digital displays includebacklit transparencies, illuminating buttons, dry-erase surface andmarker, and moving, sliding, rotating or hinged objects representing thesleeping positions to be selected. It is understood that any means ofallowing a user to selectively indicate one of a plurality of suggestedsleeping positions, and thereafter identify which sleeping position wasselected, can be used as a display.
Another embodiment of the invention uses sensors to determine a restingbaby's body position. The sensor can comprise a camera and imageanalysis software. The sensor can determine with which head position thebaby is resting at any given time and, coupled with a processor andmemory, record a log of head positions and cumulative times the babyrested in each position. The sensor can also enable the device to alertthe parent/caregiver if the baby moves his/her head to a position whichdiffers from the selectively indicated position chosen by theparent/caregiver.
While the preferred embodiment enables the user to selectively indicateone of a plurality of suggested body positions, another embodiment canrely on a timer to cycle through a plurality of suggested body positionsand thereby act as an affirmative instruction to the user which positionto choose for the resting baby at any given time.
The present invention also covers a method for reminding a user toalternate the resting body position of a baby. The method comprises (1)presenting to the user a plurality of suggested body positions, (2)enabling the user to select one of the plurality of suggested bodypositions representative of the position in which the baby is beingplaced to rest at a first instance (first body position) using aselectable indicator; and (3) providing a visual cue to the userindicating said first body position, said visual cue reminding the userto select, at a later instance, a second body position different fromsaid first body position.
The method for presenting to the user a plurality of suggested bodypositions can comprise a plurality of buttons, each button correspondingto a body position. It can also comprise a display area with graphicaland/or textual representations of the suggested body positions, or adigital display depicting the same.
The method for providing a visual cue to the user can compriseillumination associated with a selected body position, such as bylighting an LED or lamp. It can also comprise a digital displaydisplaying a previously selected body position or a suggested bodyposition. Generally speaking, the method of selecting a first bodyposition at a first instance will visually distinguish said first bodyposition from the remaining unselected body positions, and this visualdistinction will serve as the visual cue to remind the user to choose adifferent body position at a later instance.
The method for selecting a body position can comprise pushing a button,switching a switch or turning a knob. It can also comprise touching atouchscreen. It can also comprise moving a first object with anindicating shape (like an arrow or window) into alignment with a secondobject displaying a plurality of suggested body positions such that theindicating shape aligns with the selected body position.
Another aspect of the invention which may be common to all embodimentsis the presence of one or more attachment mechanisms. Examples ofsuitable attachment mechanisms include adhesive, hooks, clamps, snaps,Velcro, nuts and bolts, and adjustable straps for easy attachment of thedevice to the types of railings and handles commonly found on cribs, carseats, playpens, strollers and other places babies often rest forprolonged periods of time. Alternatively, a separate holster or pouchcan be used which affixes to the desired location and holds the devicein place. Each of the possible attachment means can be configured toallow easy removal and portability if the user wants to use the devicein multiple places. The objective of the attachment means is to enableconvenient attachment of the device in the types of environments babiesare commonly laid to sleep (e.g., cribs, playpens, strollers, car seats,etc.). Accordingly, another desirable feature of the present inventionis a transparent cover (hard or soft) to protect the device from bodyfluids emanating from the baby (i.e., vomit, urine).
Any of the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein can beintegrated into baby accessories (e.g., bags, blankets, bracelates,pillows, necklaces, carseats, strollers), clothing (e.g., hats, onesies,shirts, socks), furniture (e.g., cribs, playpens) and toys (e.g.,mobiles, stuffed animals). The device can also be integrated intoaccessories for parents (e.g., bracelets, watches).
Ideally, weight should be kept to a minimum, within the constraints ofthe overall configuration, to facilitate convenient attachment in avariety of positions and locations. For example, to make attachmentinside, or on the perimeter of, a crib or playpen, minimum weight isdesirable to minimize stress on the attachment means and to minimizepotential harm to the baby if the device falls inside the crib orplaypen. Therefore, lightweight construction is desirable forembodiments designed for such attachment. Accordingly, integrating thedevice into a soft cushioned housing can also be a desirableconfiguration.
In another aspect of the device, a camera can be integrated into thedevice to stream audio/video signals to a remote monitor, including butnot limited to a mobile computing device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front view of a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the first embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a first side view of the first embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2,schematically illustrating optional illumination;
FIG. 4 is second side view of the first embodiment, showing a pressedbutton state;
FIG. 5 is a front view of a second embodiment of the present invention,wherein the second embodiment comprises a sliding selector;
FIG. 6 is a side view showing internal construction of the secondembodiment of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a front view of a third embodiment of the present invention,wherein the third embodiment comprises a rotating selector rotated to afirst position;
FIG. 8 is a front view of the third embodiment of FIG. 7, showing therotating selector rotated to a second position that is different thanthe first position shown in FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is front view of a fourth embodiment of the invention comprisinga rotating selector rotated to a first position, and a timekeepingwheel;
FIG. 10 is front view of the fourth embodiment of FIG. 9, showing therotating selector rotated to a second position that is different thanthe first position shown in FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is side exploded view schematically illustrating a possibleconstruction for rotating selector embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a front view of a fifth embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the fifth embodiment of FIG. 12,schematically illustrating optional illumination;
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a sixth embodiment of the invention,where the sixth embodiment is attached to a crib or playpen railing;
FIG. 15 shows a perspective view of a seventh embodiment of theinvention, where the seventh embodiment includes a rotating selector;
FIG. 16 shows a perspective view of an eighth embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIG. 17 illustrates a ninth embodiment of the present invention, in theform of the embodiment of FIG. 17 using a sliding switch selectorinstead of buttons;
FIG. 18 schematically illustrates a possible configuration of internalcomponents of embodiments of the present invention including amicroprocessor;
FIG. 19 is a front view of a tenth embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 20 is front view of an eleventh embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIG. 21 is a side view of the eleventh embodiment of FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention is a device and method for reminding parents andcaregivers to alternate the sleeping position of a baby, as recommendedby the American Academy of Pediatrics, in order to minimize positionalplagiocephaly, commonly referred to as “flat spots.”
It is understood by one having ordinary skill in the relevant art thatall embodiments described herein requiring a power supply can usebatteries, wall power, solar or other power source. Batteries can bereplaceable and/or rechargeable by plugging the device into the wallthrough a mini-port (e.g., mini-USB).
FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the invention featuring athree-button user interface, comprising a plurality of illuminatingbuttons 004 which present to the user a plurality of suggested bodypositions. Buttons 004 can display either text alone (as shown),graphics, or text plus graphics. Housing 002 contains discrete circuitryand illumination means (shown in FIG. 3) which enable each button toilluminate upon being pressed, while de-illuminating the other twobuttons so only one button is illuminated at any time. It is understoodby one having ordinary skill in the relevant art that such ciruitry iselementary to implement. The illumination of the selected body positionreminds the user which body position was selected for the baby'sprevious sleeping session, which in turn reminds the user to choose adifferent body position for the baby's next sleeping session.
FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of the embodiment in FIG. 1 todemonstrate a preferred, relatively thin, form factor for the device tominimize weight and facilitate versatile attachment in various settings.
FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view showing illumination 006 andcircuitry 008 disposed within housing 002. This view shows button 004illuminated by illumination 006, and how the buttons can be partiallydisposed within housing 002 so that the buttons connect with circuitry008. It is understood by one having ordinary skill in the relevant artthat there are many different mechanisms for connecting buttons tocircuits, so this element is not shown here for simplicity. Circuit 008can also be configured with an optional processor (not shown) so thatillumination 006 begins to blink after a predetermined amount of time(i.e. 30, 60 or 180 minutes). Another optional feature of thisembodiment is a memory module to store the most recently selected bodyposition. This memory function can be used to maintain a log of bodypositions and/or so the device can be turned off and then on again withthe device defaulting to the most recently selected body position. It isunderstood by one having ordinary skill in the relevant art thatimplementing such a circuit, processor and memory module is elementary.
FIG. 4 illustrates the same cross-sectional view in FIG. 3, but withbutton 010 in the pressed position. Notice that with button 010 pressed,illumination 012 illuminates and illumination 006 de-illuminates. Whenbutton 010 returns to its unpressed position, illumination 012 willremain the only source of illumination until a different button ispressed. It is understood by one having ordinary skill in the relevantart that implementing circuit 008 to enable the illumination schemedescribed herein is elementary.
The embodiment in FIGS. 1 through 4 are not limited to the constructionof detail shown there or described in the accompanying text. As those ofskill in the art will understand, the embodiment can be fabricated fromany suitable material in any suitable dimensions using any suitablecomponents which allow a user to select one of a plurality of suggestedbody positions at a first instance, and subsequently remember to selecta different one of said plurality of suggested body positions whenplacing the baby to sleep at a later instance.
FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention featuring a displaywindow user interface with sliding selectable indicator which allows theuser to select one of several suggested body positions by moving tab 102which is attached to internal object 108. Housing 100 contains a displaywindow 104 through which the user can view a portion of internal object108 displaying a plurality of suggested body positions. By sliding tab102 up or down, the user can cause a different one of the plurality ofsuggested body positions to be displayed through display window 104.
FIG. 6 illustrates a side-view of the embodiment in FIG. 5 to furthershow how tab 102 is attached to internal object 108 which is disposedinside cavity 110 of housing 100. By sliding tab 102 up or down withinslot 112 in housing 100, object 108 can be repositioned inside cavity110 such that a different body position displayed on object 108 can beviewed through window 104 as shown in FIG. 5. It is understood by onehaving ordinary skill in the relevant art how to manufacture anembodiment as depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 with appropriate dimensions,tolerances and materials so that object 108 stays firmly in place afterthe user moves tab 102 up or down.
FIG. 7 illustrates another version of the display window user interfaceembodiment, this time in a circular configuration. A user of thisembodiment can select one of several suggested body positions by slidingtab 204, which is attached to display wheel 202, along its arching rangeof motion. This embodiment comprises a cover wheel 200 and display wheel202. Axel 206 (a rivet or other type of rotation-enabling fastener)allows cover wheel 200 and display wheel 202 to rotate around a commonaxis. Display wheel 202 displays a plurality of suggested bodypositions, each of which can be viewed by the user through displaywindow 208 in cover wheel 200. For example, when the user wants toselect the sleeping position “Back Center,” the user can slide tab 204in either direction until s/he sees “Back Center” displayed in displaywindow 208.
FIG. 8 illustrates how certain suggested body positions displayed ondisplay wheel 202, such as belly positions which pediatricians suggestparents should closely supervise, can be associated with specialinstructions to be displayed through a second display window 210(special instructions can also be displayed through the same displaywindow as the suggested body position). For sleeping positions withoutspecial instructions, such as in FIG. 7, the second display window 210will remain empty because there will be no special instructionsdisplayed on the corresponding portion of display wheel 202. Forsleeping positions with special instructions, such as in FIG. 8, thespecial instructions will appear in display window 210 because they willbe displayed on the corresponding portion of display wheel 202.
FIG. 9 illustrates another version of the rotating wheel user interfaceembodiment introduced in FIG. 7. This embodiment adds a time wheel 214which allows the user to select the time of day that a sleeping positionis selected. Time wheel 214 rotates independently around the same axis206 as cover wheel 200 and display wheel 202. The user can rotate timewheel 214 so that the time of day aligns with indicator 216. Byselecting a time of day each time a new sleeping position is chosen, theuser can know when a new position should be chosen at a later instance.For example, if the user lays the baby to sleep and selects the “BackCenter” position at 12 PM, and then lays the baby to sleep again at 6PM, the user can observe that the “Back Center” position was chosen forthe baby's last sleep session and therefore choose a different positionfor the baby's next sleep session.
FIG. 10 shows the rotating wheel embodiment with time wheel introducedin FIG. 9, but with AM/PM time markings instead of military time (e.g.,0-24 hours) markings as in FIG. 9. FIG. 10 also illustrates the specialinstruction feature introduced in FIG. 8.
FIG. 11 illustrates a side exploded view of the embodiments in FIGS. 9and 10 with an optional mounting piece 218. Axle 206 is shown in atwo-piece configuration, but a single piece rivet or other type ofrotation-enabling fastener can be used to hold the pieces together andprovide a common axis around which pieces 200, 202 and 214 can rotate.
The embodiments of FIGS. 7 through 11 can be constructed with paper,laminated paper, plastic, or other lightweight material. Additionally, amounting piece can be used—such that the display wheel is sandwichedbetween the cover wheel and mounting piece—to facilitate attaching,hanging or mounting of the device.
FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the invention featuring amulti-position switch user interface which allows the user to select oneof several suggested body positions by sliding a multi-position switch304 into a position which corresponds with one of a plurality ofsuggested body positions 308, the plurality of body positions beingindicated by text (and/or images) displayed on housing 300. By slidingswitch 304 along its range of motion 306, the user can select adifferent sleeping position, such as “Back Left” as indicated in FIG.12. An optional LED 302 can be configured to illuminate each time adifferent position is selected. Additionally, LED 302 can be configuredto blink after a selected body position has been selected for apredetermined amount of time (e.g., 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 3hours). As in FIGS. 1 through 4, it is understood by one having ordinaryskill in the relevant art that implementing the circuitry necessary forthe illumination scheme described herein is elementary.
FIG. 13 illustrates a perspective view of the embodiment in FIG. 12showing internal construction comprising illumination 310 whichilluminates the user-selected body position to stand out against theunselected positions. A lamp (or LED) 310 disposed inside housing 300behind each selectable body position can be illuminated upon the userplacing switch 304 in the position corresponding to said body position.FIG. 13 also shows how the sleeping positions can be displayed onmultiple surfaces of housing 300 to facilitate viewing from multipleangles. If affixed inside a crib, the user can more easily see thesleeping positions displayed along the device's top surface. If affixedto the railing, the side displays will be more visible.
FIG. 14 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment adapted forattachment to the railing 406 of a crib or playpen. This embodiment hasa 5-button user interface. Buttons 400, each one corresponding to auser-selectable suggested body position, are configured along aninclined surface of housing 404 for easy viewing and access to a typicaladult user standing at the side of a crib or playpen. LED 402 (one oneach button) can illuminate upon the pressing of a button, andoptionally blink after a predetermined amount of time, as discussedpreviously.
FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention featuring arotating knob user interface, which allows the user to select one of aplurality of suggested body positions by rotating selector 508. The usercan select one of the body positions by rotating selector 508 such thatindicator 506 aligns with one of the body positions 502 (“Back Left”,“Back Center”, “Back Right”) displayed on body 500. The selectedposition can be further indicated by an optional LED 504 and/or optionaldigital display 510.
FIG. 16 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of the presentinvention featuring a digital display and multi-button user interface.This embodiment comprises a digital display 602 communicating a bodyposition corresponding to the button 604 selected by the user(illustrated here as a series of buttons; but switches, sliders andknobs can be used). Optional timer 608 counts the time a given positionis displayed. An optional LED 606 (one for each button) illuminates whenthe corresponding button/position is selected, and optionally blinksafter a predetermined amount of time. Housing 600 contains theaforementioned components and an optional attachment mechanism (notshown) which allows the user to affix the device within the immediatevicinity of the baby's resting/sleeping environment (e.g., inside of acrib, railing of a playpen, handle of a car seat or stroller).
FIG. 17 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of the presentinvention featuring a digital display and sliding multi-position switchuser interface, similar to the embodiment in FIG. 16, but with a slidingmulti-position switch 604 instead of individual buttons.
FIG. 18 illustrates a schematic representation of the internalcomponents of the embodiments in FIGS. 16 and 17. Buttons 710 correspondto the different body positions. When the user selects a button,microprocessor 706 sends the corresponding information from memory 704to the digital display 702 such that the selected body position isdisplayed. Simultaneously, microprocessor 706 begins counting the timethat the current position is displayed. The elapsed time can bedisplayed on digital display 702, a separate timer 712, or not bedisplayed at all. The LED 708 corresponding to the selected button 710illuminates solidly upon being pressed by the user, and optionallybegins to blink after a predetermined amount of time in order to informthe user that said amount of time has elapsed since the button waspressed. If the user selects a different button 710, the previously litLED 708, whether solid or blinking, ceases illumination and the LEDcorresponding to the new button illuminates and the timer resets. Theaforementioned functionality is controlled by the microprocessor, asprogrammed by a person having ordinary skills in the art of basicelectronic controllers, and/or through discrete circuitry as configuredby a skilled electrical circuit designer.
FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of the invention featuring a displaywindow user interface, comprising a first object 800 displaying aplurality of suggested sleeping positions 804, and a second object 802with a display window through which the sleeping positions displayed onsaid first object 800 can be viewed. Alternatively, instead of a displaywindow, second object 802 can feature a conspicuous indicating shape,such as an arrow or triangle, to point out the selected body position.By sliding second object 802 in relation to said first object 800, theuser can align the window (or indicating shape) with the selected bodyposition, and thereby selectively indicate a first body position whenlaying a baby to rest at a first instance. This indication then servesas a visual cue to remind the user to subsequently select a second bodyposition different from said first body position when laying the baby torest at a later instance.
FIG. 20 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the inventioncomprising a main housing 950 with illuminating buttons 954 disposedwithin said housing, wherein housing 950 is configured with a hole whichallows the housing to be hung on a circular hook 952. The purpose ofthis figure is only to illustrate one of many possible attachmentmechanisms for the device.
FIG. 21 illustrates a side view of the embodiment in FIG. 20demonstrating how housing 950 can be hung on circular hook 952.
FIG. 22 illustrates another embodiment of the present inventionfeaturing a screw-clamp attachment mechanism. A main housing 956 (withbuttons disposed within) is configured with a bolt 958 extending fromthe rear of the housing such that a user can attach the housing to astructure by screwing nut 960 onto the bolt such that the housing willbe firmly held in place. The purpose of this figure is only toillustrate one of many possible attachment mechanisms for the device.
It will be appreciated that the specific orientations used within theseFigures to demonstrate the apparatus functionality are by way of exampleonly. Any attachment/detachment mechanism, such as those depicted inFIGS. 20-22, can also be used for any other compatible embodimentdescribed herein.
The present disclosure is directed to each individual feature, system,material, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combinationof two or more such features, systems, materials, and/or methods, ifsuch features, systems, materials, and/or methods are not mutuallyinconsistent, is included within the scope of the present invention. Toavoid undue repetition, not all features are discussed in conjunctionwith every aspect, embodiment or practice of the disclosure. Featuresdescribed in conjunction with one aspect, embodiment or practice aredeemed to be includable with others absent mutual inconsistency or aclear teaching to the contrary. In some instances, features will bediscussed generally rather than in detail in conjunction with a specificaspect, embodiment or practice, and it is understood that such featurescan be included in any aspect, embodiment or practice, again absentmutual inconsistency or a clear teaching to the contrary.
We claim:
1. A device for presenting to a user a plurality of suggestedbody positions in which to place an infant at rest at a first instance,and for reminding the user to choose a different one of the plurality ofsuggested body positions when the infant is placed to rest at a secondinstance, the device comprising: a user interface for presenting to theuser a plurality of suggested body positions; said user interfacecomprising a display area to display said plurality of suggested bodypositions; said user interface further comprising at least oneselectable indicator configured to allow the user to selectivelyindicate one of said plurality of suggested body positions (first bodyposition) representative of the position the infant is being placed torest at said first instance; said selective indication of said firstbody position at said first instance reminding the user to place theinfant in a second body position different from said first body positionwhen putting the infant to rest at said second instance.
2. The deviceas recited in claim 1 wherein the at least one selectable indicatorcomprises at least one button.
3. The device as recited in claim 1wherein the user interface further comprises one or more LEDs whichilluminate upon the selection of one of the plurality of suggested bodypositions.
4. The device as recited in claim further comprising acontroller, said controller being configured to cause said illuminatedLED to blink after a predetermined amount of time.
5. The device asrecited in claim 4 wherein said controller is configured toautomatically illuminate a different one of said plurality of suggestedbody positions after a predetermined amount of time.
6. The device asrecited in claim 4 wherein said predetermined amount of time is at least60 minutes,
7. The device as recited in claim 4 further comprising amemory module to store the most recently selected body position.
8. Thedevice as recited in claim 1 wherein the user interface comprisesrepresentations of a plurality of suggested body positions and a buttonwhich causes a different one of the plurality of suggested bodypositions to illuminate each time the button is pressed.
9. The deviceas recited in claim 1 comprising a first object with an indicating shapeand a second object displaying a plurality of suggested body positionswhereby one of the plurality of suggested body positions can be selectedby moving said first or second object such that the indicating shapealigns with the selected body position.
10. The device as recited inclaim I further comprising a wireless communications module configuredto communicate selected body positions to one or more mobile devices.11. A device for reminding a user to alternate the resting body positionof a baby, comprising: one or more indicators for indicating a firstbody position from a plurality of suggested body positions, said one ormore indicators configured to provide a signal to the user which remindsthe user to select, at a later instance, a second body positiondifferent from said first body position, and a controller configured tocause the at least one indicator to provide said signal based on apredetermined parameter, said parameter chosen to correspond with asuggestion to select, at a later instance, a second body positiondifferent from said first body position.
12. The device as recited inclaim 11 wherein the one or more indicators comprise at least onebutton.
13. The device as recited in claim 12 wherein the at least onebutton illuminates upon selection such that only one selected buttonilluminates at a time.
14. The device as recited in claim 13 whereinsaid controller is configured to cause the selected illuminated buttonto blink after a predetermined amount of time.
15. The device as recitedin claim 11 wherein said controller is configured to automaticallyilluminate a different one of said plurality of suggested body positionsafter a predetermined amount of time.
16. The device as recited in claim14 wherein said predetermined amount of time is at least 60 minutes. 17.The device as recited in claim 11 wherein the one or more indicatorscomprises a multi-position switch or rotary knob.
18. The device asrecited in claim 11 comprising a first object with an indicating shapeand a second object displaying a plurality of suggested body positionswhereby one of the plurality of suggested body positions can beselectively indicated by moving said first or second object such thatthe indicating shape aligns with the selected body position.
19. Thedevice as recited in claim 11 further comprising a memory module tostore the most recently selected body position.
20. The device asrecited in claim 11 further comprising a wireless communications moduleconfigured for two-way communications of selected body positions withone or more mobile devices.
21. A method for reminding a user toalternate the resting body position of a baby, comprising: presenting tothe user a plurality of suggested body positions; enabling the user toselect one of the plurality of suggested body positions representativeof the position in which the baby is being placed to rest at a firstinstance (first body position) using a selectable indicator; andproviding a visual cue to the user indicating said first body position,said visual cue reminding the user to select, at a later instance, asecond body position different from said first body position.
22. Themethod as recited in claim 21 wherein the presenting to the user aplurality of suggested body positions comprises a plurality of buttons,each button corresponding to one of said plurality of suggested bodypositions.
23. The method as recited in claim 21 wherein the providing avisual cue to the user comprises illumination associated with a selectedbody position.
24. The method as recited in claim 21 wherein theproviding a visual cue to the user comprises a display displaying aselected body position.
25. The method as recited in claim 21 whereinsaid selective indicator comprises at least one button, switch, or knob.26. The method as recited in claim 21 wherein the enabling the user toselect one of the plurality of suggested body positions comprises afirst object with an indicating shape and a second object displaying aplurality of suggested body positions whereby one of the plurality ofsuggested body positions can be selected by moving said first or secondobject such that the indicating shape aligns with the selected bodyposition.
27. The method as recited in claim 21 further comprisingstoring the last selected body position in a memory module.
28. Themethod as recited in claim 21 further comprising communicating selectedbody positions to one or more mobile devices via a wirelesscommunications module..
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A Context-based Measure for Discovering Approximate Semantic Matching between Schema. RCIS'07: Research Challenges in Information Science, Apr 2007, Ouarzazate, Maroc, pp.11. ⟨lirmm-00138105⟩
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A Context-based Measure for Discovering Approximate
Semantic Matching between Schema
Fabien Duchateau, Zohra Bellahsene, Mathieu Roche
To cite this version:
Fabien Duchateau, Zohra Bellahsene, Mathieu Roche. A Context-based Measure for Discovering
Approximate Semantic Matching between Schema. RCIS’07: Research Challenges in Information
Science, Apr 2007, Ouarzazate, Maroc, pp.11. �lirmm-00138105�
HAL Id: lirmm-00138105
https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00138105
Submitted on 1 Dec 2007
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A Context-based Measure for Discovering
Approximate Semantic Matching between Schema
Elements
Fabien Duchateau
Zohra Bellahsène
Mathieu Roche
LIRMM - UMR 5506,
Université Montpellier 2,
34392 Montpellier Cedex 5 - France
Email: duchatea@lirmm.fr
LIRMM - UMR 5506,
Université Montpellier 2,
34392 Montpellier Cedex 5 - France
Email: bella@lirmm.fr
LIRMM - UMR 5506,
Université Montpellier 2,
34392 Montpellier Cedex 5 - France
Email: mroche@lirmm.fr
Abstract— The possibility to query heterogeneous and semantically linked data sources depends on the ability to find
correspondences between their structure and/or their content.
Unfortunately, most of the tools used nowadays to discover
those mappings are either manual or semi-automatic. In this
article we present an automatic method to calculate the similarity
measure between two schema elements. Furthermore, a tool has
been implemented, Approxivect, based on the approximation
of terminological methods and on the cosine measure between
context vectors. Another important feature of our tool is that
our method does not use any dictionary or language-based
knowledge and works in specialized domain areas. Finally, we
have performed experiments showing that our tool provides
good results regarding those provided by the most referenced
matching tools. More precisely, it appears that Approxivect, when
its parameters are tuned in optimum configurations, discovers
most of the relevant couples in the top ranking.
Keywords: semantic similarity, semantic schema matching,
node context, terminological algorithms
I. I NTRODUCTION
Interoperability among applications in distributed
environments, including today’s World-Wide Web and
the emerging Semantic Web, depends critically on the ability
to map between them. Unfortunately, matching between
schemas is still largely done by hand, in a labor-intensive and
error-prone process. As a consequence, semantic integration
issues have become a key bottleneck in the deployment
of a wide variety of information management applications.
The high cost of this bottleneck has motivated numerous
research activities on methods for describing, manipulating
and (semi-automatically) generating schema mappings.
The schema matching problem consists in identifying one
or more terms in a schema that match terms in a target
schema. The current semi-automatic matchers calculate
various similarities between elements and they keep the
couples with a similarity above a certain threshold. They
also display all discovered mappings so that the user might
select the relevant ones. There exists many techniques to
evaluate the similarity between two terms, and it should be
possible to find a combination that satisfies a good ranking of
the plausible couples, with if possible many of the relevant
couples.
There are many terminological approaches for calculating
the similarity measures: the Levenhstein distance, the Jaro
Winkler distance, the n-grams, the Jaccard distance, etc.
Some of them are character-based, others use the tokenization
process. However they are not sufficient to obtain all
relevant similarities between two schemas. For example some
irrelevant similarities may be discovered with polysemic
terms. On the other hand, the cosine measure is widely
spread in the natural language processing domain. It enables
to calculate the similarity between two vectors, each of them
composed of character strings. Thus our idea is to combine
some terminological measures with the cosine measure.
In this paper we present a method to calculate a similarity
measure between two elements, based on the work of [1].
Contrary to similar works, this approach does not use any
dictionnary or ontology and is both language and domain
independent. Our approach is specifically designed for
schemas and consists in using both terminological algorithms
and structural rules. Indeed the terminological approaches
enable to discover elements represented by close character
strings. On the other hand, the structural rules are used to
define the notion of context of a node. This context includes
some of its neighbours, each of them is associated a weight
representing the importance it has when evaluating the
contextual node. Vectors composed of neighbour nodes are
compared with the cosine measure to detect any similarity.
Finally the different measures are aggregated for all couples of
nodes. A tool has also been implemented, Approxivect, based
on the approximation of terminological methods and on the
cosine measure between context vectors. It has been designed
to focus on a basic function of the schema matching, the
similarity measure between a couple of elements. Approxivect
can either rank in descending similarity all possible couples
or display the ones whose similarity is above a certain
threshold. Because of this ranking feature, Approxivect
cannot be really considered as a matching tool, because we
mainly concentrated on the similarity measure. However, it
can be enhanced later on for the schema matching scenario
or ontology alignment.
Here we outline the main contributions of our work:
• We designed the Approxivect approach to evaluate the
similarity between two terms from different schemas.
This method is both automatic and not languagedependent. It does not rely on dictionaries or ontologies.
It is also quite flexible with different parameters.
• We described the notion of context for a schema node.
And a formula enables to extract this context from the
schema for a given node.
• An experiment section allows to judge on the results provided by Approxivect. It also enables to fix the values of
some parameters. COMA++ discovers half of the relevant
similar elements while Approxivect, tuned in optimum
configuration, enables to discover all the relevant couples
of elements.
VS × VS′ → rel
The relationship between nodes can include synonyms,
equality, hyperonyms, hyponyms, etc.
Example of schema matching: Consider the two
following schemas used in [3]. They represent organization
in universities from different country and have been widely
used in the literature.
Fig. 1.
Schema 1: organization of an Australian university.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows: first we
give some definitions and preliminaries in Section II; Section
III contains the related work; in Section IV, an outline
of our Approxivect method is described and illustrated by
an example; in Section V, we present the results of our
experiments; and in Section VI, we conclude and outline
some future work.
II. P RELIMINARIES
In this section we give some general definitions and introduce the similarity measure used later on in this paper.
A. Definitions
Definition 1: A schema is a labeled unordered tree S = (VS ,
ES , rS , label) with:
• VS is a set of nodes;
• rS is the root node;
• ES ⊆ VS × VS is a set of edges;
• label VS → Λ where Λ is a countable set of labels.
Fig. 2.
Schema 2: organization of a US university.
With those schemas, the ideal set of mappings given by
an expert is {(CS Dept Australia, CS Dept U.S.), (courses,
undergrad courses), (courses, grad courses), (staff, people),
(academic staff, faculty), (technical staff, staff), (lecturer,
assistant professor), (senior lecturer, associate professor),
(professor, professor)}.
III. R ELATED WORK
Definition 2: Let V be the domain of schema nodes, the
similarity measure, is a concept whereby two or more terms
are assigned a metric value based on the likeness of their
meaning / semantic content [2]. In the case of two schema
nodes, this is a value V × V → ℜ, noted sim(n, n’), defined
for two nodes n and n’. Note that the semantic similarity
depends on to the method used to calculate it. In general, a
zero value means a total dissimilarity whereas the 1 value
stands for totally similar concepts.
Definition 3: A mapping is a non-defined relationship rel
between nodes of different schemas VS and VS′ :
In this section, we describe some related work on schema
matching [4], [5], [6] and terminological approaches for
computing similarity measures [7].
A. Schema matching tools
As Approxivect has been designed to rank couples of
similar schema elements by similarity value order, it enables
to calculate similarities between schema elements. So we
decided to compare it with two matching tools: COMA++
and Similarity Flooding. We limited the related work to those
matchers because COMA++ is well-known to provide good
matching results and Similarity Flooding uses structural rules
like Approxivect.
COMA++
As described in [8], COMA++ is a hybrid matching tool
that can incorporate many independent matching algorithms.
Different strategies, for example the reuse-oriented matching
or the fragment-based matching, can be included, offering different results. When loading a schema, COMA++ transforms
it into a rooted directed acyclic graph. Specifically, the two
schemas are loaded from the repository and the user selects
from the matcher library, the required match algorithms. For
each algorithm, each element from the source schema is attributed a threshold value between 0 (no similarity) and 1 (total
similarity) with each element of the target schema, resulting in
a cube of similarity values. The final step involves combining
the similarity values given by each matcher algorithm by
means of aggregation operators like max, min, average, etc.
Finally, COMA++ displays all mapping possibilities and the
user checks and validates their accuracy.
The advantage of COMA++ is the good matching quality
and the ability to re-use mappings, while supporting many
formats and ontologies. During the match process or at the
end of the process, the user has the final decision to choose
the appropriate mappings since COMA++ has done most of
the work in selecting the potential matches. New matching
algorithms can be added and the list of synonyms can be
completed, thus offering advantages for specific field areas. It
is also a good platform to evaluate and compare new matching
algorithms.
However the weak point of COMA++ is the time required,
both for adding the files into the repository and to match
schemas. In a large scale context, spending several minutes
with those operations can entail performance degradation and
the other drawback is that it does not support the matching of
many schemas directly.
COMA++ is more complete than Approxivect, it uses
many algorithms and selects the most appropriate function
to aggregate them. A comparison between COMA++ and
Approxivect is shown in the experiments section.
Similarity Flooding
Similarity Flooding is an algorithm described in [9] and is
based on structural techniques. Input schemas are converted
into directed labeled graphs and the aim is to find relationships between those graphs. The structural rule used is the
following : two nodes from different schemas are considered
similar if their adjacent neighbours are similar. When similar
nodes are discovered, this similarity is then propagated to the
adjacent nodes until there is no changes anymore. As in most
of matchers, Similarity Flooding generates mappings for the
nodes having a similarity value above a certain threshold.
This algorithm mainly exploits the labels with some
semantic-based algorithms, like String Matching, to determine
the nodes to which it should propagate. Rondo, a tool that implements Similarity Flooding, has been implemented. Finally,
it supports different formats like XML Schema and relational
database schemas.
Similarity Flooding does not give good results when labels
are often identical, especially for polysemic terms. Thus
involving wrong mappings to be discovered by propagating.
Although it uses the neighbour nodes, it should be extended
to work in a large scale context.
Approxivect uses the same structural rule stating that two
nodes from different schemas are similar if most of their
neighbour are similar. However, it is not possible to test
Rondo with our own set of schemas.
B. Approaches based on the similarity measures of nodes
There are many terminological measures which are often
cited in the literature [10], [11]. Here we describe the Jaro
Winkler distance.
The Jaro-Winkler distance [12] is a measure of similarity
between two strings. It is a variant of the Jaro distance metric.
The Jaro distance metric states that given two strings s1 and
s2 , their distance dj is :
dj (s1 , s2 ) =
m
m−t
m
+
+
3a
3b
3m
(1)
where m is the number of matching characters, a and b are
the lengths of s1 and s2 , respectively and t is the number of
transpositions.
Two characters from s1 and s2 respectively, are considered
matching only if they are not farther than δ:
δ=
max(a, b)
−1
2
(2)
Each character of s1 is compared with all its matching
characters in s2 . The number of matching (but different)
characters divided by two defines the number of
transpositions.
Jaro-Winkler distance uses a prefix scale p which gives more
favourable ratings to strings that match from the beginning for
a set prefix length l. Given two strings s1 and s2 , their JaroWinkler distance dw is:
dw = dj + (l ∗ p ∗ (1 − dj ))
(3)
where dj is the Jaro distance for strings s1 and s2 , l is the
length of common prefix at the start of the string and p is a
constant scaling factor for how much the score is adjusted
upwards for having common prefixes. This measure is very
effective, especially for misspelled terms.
As Jaro-Winkler, with its character comparison and its
transpositions, is quite close to n-grams and levenhstein
distance, thus we use n-grams and levenhstein distance in
our Approxivect approach. These measures are described in
the next section.
similarity or Levenhstein distance.
IV. A PPROXIVECT
LevSim(dept, department) = max{0,
In this section we firstly introduce the terminological
measures. Then we describe our Approxivect approach to
discover similarities between schema elements.
A. Overview of terminological techniques
1) n-grams: An n-gram is a sub-sequence of n items
from a given sequence. n-grams are used in various areas of
statistical natural language processing to calculate the number
of n consecutive characters in different strings. In general,
the n value vary between 1 and 5 and is often set to 3 [2], [13].
To measure the similarity of two elements, the following
formula 4 issued from [2] gives a value in ]0,1]:
T ri(c1, c2) =
1
1 + |tr(c1)| + |tr(c2)| − 2 × |tr(c1) ∩ tr(c2)|
(4)
For example, consider the two character strings dept
and department. Using tri-grams, we build the two sets
{dep, ept} and {dep, epa, par, art, rtm, tme, men, ent}.
The number of common occurrences in these sets is 1. By
applying the formula 4 on those sets, we obtain a similarity
between dept and department:
T ri(dept, department) =
1
1
=
1 + 2 + 8 − (2 × 1)
9
(5)
Following is a simple example for illustrating the formula
6 to obtain the Levenhstein similarity between dept and
department:
min{4, 10} − 6
}=0
min{4, 10}
However, as shown in the examples, those terminological
techniques are not sufficient to discover similarities between
two terms since they may produce wrong results due to
homonyms, etc. They are often combined with other techniques. Thus we added some structural rules described in [14]:
• a leaf node is only similar to another leaf node
• a non-leaf node is only similar to another non-leaf node
• a node is similar to another one if their neighbour
nodes are similar. The next part introduces this notion
of neighbour nodes.
B. Weight of context nodes
A specific feature of our approach is to consider the
neighbour nodes. We called this notion the context, which
represents, given a current node nc , the nodes denoted ni in
its neighbourhood. In fact, all nodes in the schema may be
considered in the neighbourhood of nc . But it is quite obvious
that the closest nodes ni are semantically closer to the node nc.
From this assumption, we calculate the weight of each node
ni according to the node nc , which evaluates how important
the context node ni is for the node ni . First we calculate ∆ d
which represents the difference between the level of nc and
the level of ni :
∆d = |lev(nc ) − lev(ni )|
2) Levenhstein distance: The Levenhstein distance between
two strings is given by the minimum number of operations
needed to transform one source string into the target other,
where an operation is an insertion, deletion, or substitution of
a single character. The Levenhstein distance is the measure
where all operation costs are set to 1. The Levenhstein
similarity, noted LevSim, is a formula using the Levenhstein
distance, noted L, and which processes a similarity measure
between two strings:
LevSim(c1, c2) = max{0,
min{|c1|, |c2|} − L(c1, c2)
}
min{|c1|, |c2|}
(6)
where ch1 and ch2 are two strings. The value given by the
Levenhstein similarity formula is in [0,1], with the zero value
denoting a dissimilarity and 1 a total similarity. Note that
in the rest of the paper, we use either the term Levenhstein
(7)
(8)
where lev(n) is the depth of the node n from the root. Then
we can calculate the weight noted ω(nc , ni ) between the nodes
nc and ni :
ω(nc , ni ) =
(
ω1 (nc , ni ),
if Anc(nc , ni ) or Desc(nc , ni )
ω2 (nc , ni ),
otherwise
(9)
where Anc(n, m) (resp. Desc(n, m)) is a boolean function
indicating if node n is an ancestor (resp. descendant) of node
m. This weight formula is divided into two cases, according to
the relationship between the two concerned nodes. If n is an
ancestor or a descendant of m, the formula 10 is applied. Else
we apply formula 11. The idea behind this weight formula is
based on the fact that the closer in the tree two nodes are, the
most similar their meaning is.
K
(10)
ω1 (nc , ni ) = 1 +
∆d + |lev(nc ) − lev(na )| + |lev(ni ) − lev(na )|
ω2 (nc , ni ) = 1 +
K
(11)
2 × (|lev(nc ) − lev(na )| + |lev(ni ) − lev(na )|)
where na represents the lowest common ancestor to nc and
ni , and K is a parameter to allow some flexibility with the
context. It is described with more details in section IV-E. The
value of this weight is in the interval ]1,2] for K = 1. Note
that this formula, for a given node n, gives the same weight
to all descendants and ancestors of this node n which are at
the same level.
Example: Let consider the node Academic Staff from
schema 1. We look for the importance of Staff for the node
Academic Staff. As Staff is an ancestor of Academic Staff, we
apply formula 10. ∆d, the difference between their levels in
the tree hierarchy, is equal to 1. Their lowest common ancestor
is Staff, and the difference of level between this common
ancestor with itself is 0, while it is equal to 1 with the node
Academic Staff, thus giving us the following result:
ω(AcademicStaf f, Staf f ) = 1 +
3
1
= = 1.5
1+1+0
2
To compare the context from one element, we first build
a vector composed of its neighbour elements. This vector is
then called context vector. The aim is finally to compare two
context vectors of elements from different schemas in order
to evaluate their semantic similarity. This similarity may
be determined by using the cosine measure which enables
to compare two vectors [15]. The cosine measure is higher
(close to 1) if the terms in the two vectors tend to have a
close meaning. A such measure is already used in Information
Retrieval and is explained later on. In the rest of this paper,
we call CosineMeasure CM, the cosine measure between
two relative context vectors.
As explained before, two context vectors tend to be close if
the terms they gather tend to be close. Yet, in the real world,
those terms may be different while having character string
quite close. So the idea to solve this problem is to use some
terminological algorithms presented in section II to replace
character strings that have high lexical measures.
(12)
D. Detailed approach of Approxivect
Now we look for the importance of the node Courses
with regards to Academic Staff. They have no ancestor or
descendant relationship, so the formula 11 is applied. Their
lowest common ancestor is the root node, namely CS Dept
Australia. Academic Staff is 2 levels far from the common
ancestor, and Courses is 1 level far from it. The importance
of Courses for the node Academic Staff gives:
7
1
= = 1.17
ω(AcademicStaf f, Courses) = 1 +
2 × (2 + 1)
6
Indeed those lasts correspond to specific information thus
such knowledge is crucial to understand the meaning of the
elements. However our method works with keywords and
description as well.
(13)
We can then generalize to obtain the following set of
couples (neighbour, associated weight) which represents the
context of the node Academic Staff. {(CS Dept Australia,
1.25), (Courses, 1.17), (Staff, 1.5), (Technical Staff, 1.25),
(Lecturer, 1.5), (Senior Lecturer, 1.5), (Professor, 1.5) }
Note that some parameters have influence on the context, as
described in the experiments section.
C. Overview of Approxivect
One of the contributions in our approach consists in taking
into account the context of the nodes. By context of a node
n, we mean the keywords, the description in natural language
and the neighbouring nodes of n. As the keywords and/or
description of the elements are not always available, we
mainly concentrate our work on the neighbouring nodes.
Our Approxivect (Approximation of vectors) approach is
based on two steps: first we replace terms in the context
vectors when they have close character strings. This step uses
the Levenhstein distance and 3-grams algorithms (see Section
IV-A). In a second time, we calculate the cosine measure
between two vectors to determine if their context is close or
not.
1) Part one: replacing terms: The following describes in
details the first part of Approxivect. The two schemas are
traversed in preorder traversal and all nodes are compared
two by two with the Levenhstein distance and the 3-grams.
Both measures are processed and according to the adopted
strategy1 , the higher one or the average is kept. The obtained
value is denoted SM for String Measure. If SM is above a
certain threshold, which is defined by an expert, then some
replacements may occur. The threshold will be discussed in
section V. We decided to replace the term with the bigger
number of characters by the term with the smaller number of
characters. Indeed we consider that the smaller-sized term is
more general than the bigger-sized one. This assumption can
be checked easily since some terms may be written singular
or plural. So we finally obtain after this first step the initial
schemas that have possibly been modified with character
string replacements.
1 The maximum and average strategies reveals to be a good compromise in
the literature
We have also noticed the polysemia problem, where a word
may have different meanings. The typical example is mouse,
which can represent both an animal and a computer device.
In those cases, the string replacement obviously occurs but has no effect since the terms are similar. The similarity
between the polysemic terms is not necessary high since
in the next step, we use the context, namely the neighbour
nodes, to calculate it.
2) Part two: measuring cosine with context vectors:
In the second part of our algorithm, we traverse again the
schemas - in which some string replacements may have
occurred by means of Approxivect step 1. And the context
vector of a current element is extracted in each schema. The
neighbour elements composing this vector may be ancestors,
descendants, siblings or further nodes of the current element,
but each of them has a weight, illustrating the importance
of this neighbour with regards to the current node. The
two context vectors are compared using the cosine measure,
in which we include the weight of the node. Indeed when
counting the number of occurrences of a term, we multiply this
number by its weight. This process enables to calculate CM,
the cosine measure between two context vectors, and thus the
similarity between the two nodes related to these contexts too.
The cosine measure [15] is widely used in Information Retrieval. The cosine measure between the two context vectors,
noted CM, is given by the following formula:
CM (v1 , v2 ) = p
v1 · v 2
(v1 · v1 )(v2 · v2 )
(14)
CM is in the interval [0,1]. A result close to 1 indicates
that the vectors tend in the same direction, and a value close
to 0 denotes a total dissimilarity between the two vectors.
Example: During Approxivect step 2, the following
replacement occurred: Faculty ↔ Academic Staff. Now
consider the two current nodes Staf f and P eople respectively
from schemas 1 and 2. Their respective and limited2 context
vectors, composed of couples of a neighbour node and its
associated weight, are {(CS Dept Australia, 1.5), (Faculty,
1.5), (Technical Staff, 1.5) } and {(CS Dept U.S., 1.5),
(Faculty, 1.5), (Staff, 1.5) }. As the only common term
between the two vectors is F aculty with a weight of 1.5, the
cosine measure between those context vectors is 0.44.
Finally we obtain two similarity measures, SM and CM,
the first one based on terminological algorithms while the
second takes into account the neighbour nodes. Here again,
a strategy must be adopted to decide how to aggregate those
similarity measures. The maximum and the average have
been chosen because they generally give better results in the
2 To clarify the example, the context has been voluntary limited thanks to
the parameters
experiments than other formulas where one of the measure is
privileged3 . In the end of the process, Approxivect ranks all
element couples with their corresponding similarity.
As the aim of Approxivect does not concern performances,
we did not bother to optimize the algorithm. Thus the
schemas are traversed twice but it is possible to do it only
once if some structures are used to store processed measures.
The obtained results depends on the tuning of the parameters,
so in the next part we firstly give more details about them.
E. Parameters in Approxivect
Like most of the matchers, our approach include many
parameters. Although this may be seen as a drawback, since
a domain expert is often required to tune them, this is compensated by the fact that our application is generic and works
with no dictionnary and whatever the domain or language is.
• NB LEVELS : this parameter is used to know the number
of levels, both up and down in the hierarchy, to search in
to find the context nodes. It is used in combination with
MIN WEIGHT . Note that we could have divided it into
two parameters, one for the number of levels up in the
tree, and the second one for the number of levels down
in the hierarchy.
• MIN WEIGHT : combined with NB LEVELS , it represents
the minimum weight to be accepted as a context node.
This is quite useful to avoid to have many cousin nodes
- that does not have a significant importance - included
in the context.
• REPLACE THRESHOLD : this threshold is the minimum
value to be reached to do any replacement between two
terms.
• SIM THRESHOLD : this threshold is the minimal value to
be reached to accept a similarity between two schema
nodes based on terminological measures.
• K : this coefficient used in the weight formula 9 allows
more flexibility. Indeed it represents the importance we
give to the context when measuring similarities. Thus a
high value for K implies that the context is very important
where a value close to 1 indicates that the context should
not be too much taken into consideration.
Given that the number of parameters is important, a such
application need to be tuned correctly to give acceptable results
[16]. In the next section, we describe some configurations
that give good results and we provide some experimental data.
V. E XPERIMENTS
For these experiments, we have used typical evaluation
measures to analyse the results of Approxivect. They are
presented in the next subsection.
3 Those experiments are not shown in the section V to avoid overloading it
acronyms or terms that need to be tokenized.
A. Precision, recall, and F-measure
Precision is an evaluation criterion very appropriate to the
framework of an unsupervised approach. Precision calculates
the proportion of relevant couples extracted among extracted
couples. Using the notations of table I, the precision is given
by the formula 15.
P recision =
TP
TP + FP
(15)
A 100% precision means that all the couples extracted by
the system are relevant.
Another typical measurement of the machine learning approach is recall which computes the proportion of relevant
couples extracted among relevant couples. The recall is given
by the formula 16.
Recall =
TP
TP + FN
(16)
A 100% recall means that all relevant couples of elements
have been found. This measurement is adapted to the
supervised machine learning methods where all positive
examples (relevant couples of elements) are known.
Couples
evaluated as
relevant by the system
Couples
evaluated as
irrelevant by the system
Relevant
couples
Irrelevant
couples
TP (True Positive)
FP (False Positive)
FN (False Negative)
TN (True Negative)
The aim of this evaluation is to show that Approxivect finds
higher similarity measures for similar elements. So the idea is
to sort all discovered similarities and to check if the similar
elements are in the top of this ranking. We then calculate the
precision, recall and F-measure on the top-third of the ranking.
The schemas used in the following experiments are Figure
1 and Figure 2. When matching the two schemas, an expert
should discover 9 relevant possibilities. Approxivect returns
a ranking of 39 similarities, sorted by descending similarity
measure. An extract of this ranking4 is shown in table II.
In the relevance column, a + denotes a true positive (TP)
whereas an empty cell stands for a false positive (FP).
Note that when two couples with the same similarity are
discovered, Approxivect ranks them in a random order.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
...
Element from
schema 1
Professor
CS Dept Australia
Courses
CS Dept Australia
Courses
Academic Staff
Staff
Technical Staff
Senior Lecturer
Professor
Senior Lecturer
Professor
Senior Lecturer
...
Element from
schema 2
Professor
People
Grad Courses
CS Dept U.S.
Undergrad Courses
Faculty
People
Staff
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Professor
...
Similarity
Measure
1.0
0.46
0.41
0.36
0.28
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
...
Relevance
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
TABLE II
A N EXAMPLE OF A PPROXIVECT RANKING
TABLE I
C ONTINGENCY TABLE AT THE BASE OF EVALUATION MEASUREMENTS.
It is often important to determine a compromise between
recall and precision. We can use a measurement taking into
account these two evaluation criteria by calculating the Fmeasure [17] :
F − measure(β) =
(β 2 + 1) × P recision × Recall
(β 2 × P recision) + Recall
(17)
The parameter β of the formula 17 regulates the respective
influence of precision and recall. It is often fixed at 1 to give
the same weight to these two evaluation measurements.
B. Evaluation protocol
To evaluate the results of our work, we need an oracle
that we can trust. We choose the domain expert as an oracle.
Although it may be considered as a tiresome task because of
the manual checking, dictionaries like Wordnet [18] would
not have been efficient. Indeed the schemas contains some
Example: With the table II, we can calculate the measures
explained in V-A. The precision is the number of discovered
true positives on the number of both TP and FP. Actually the
sum of TP and FP represents the number of extracted couples
by Approxivect.
P recision =
8
= 0.62
8+5
(18)
Then we can calculate the recall, which is the number of
true positives on the number of both TP and FN. The sum
of TP and FN can also be seen as the number of all relevant
couples.
Recall =
8
= 0.89
8+1
4 The parameters used for this example are: NB LEVELS
PLACE THRESHOLD = 0.2, MIN WEIGHT = 1, K = 1
(19)
= 1, RE -
Finally, we can obtain the F-measure which represents
the compromise between precision and recall. We set the β
parameter to 1.
F − measure =
Next
2 × 0.62 × 0.89
= 0.73
0.62 + 0.89
(20)
we
discuss each parameter, except for
which is tuned to 0, because our aim
is to rank the similarities. So we need them all. In the
following tables, lev means Levenhstein distance and 3gram
stands for tri-grams. Their aggregation is noted SM, and
we selected two ways of aggregating those similarities: the
maximum, noted max(lev, 3gram), and the average, noted
lev+3gram
. CM represents the cosine measure between the
2
context of two elements and it is aggregated with SM either
by choosing the maximum, noted max(SM, CM), or by
calculating the average SM +CM
. The given results only
2
concerns the first third of the ranked similarities. This to
show that Approxivect ranks the relevant similarities at the
top of the ranking couples.
SIM THRESHOLD ,
have been studied deeper: the number of levels up and down
could have been different, so that either the ancestors or the
descendants are prioritized.
Discussion about REPLACE THRESHOLD
Here we vary the REPLACE THRESHOLD parameter, which
is the minimum threshold so that two terms are replaced.
The adopted strategy between the terminological algorithms,
namely the maximum or the average, is an important criteria
since it is used to calculate the similarity that is compared
to this threshold parameter. The goal of this experiment is to
demonstrate that replacing too many strings might involve bad
results. Indeed there is no guarantee that the replacements are
done on relevant similar couples. In the tables V and VI, the
Repl column indicates the number of replacements. The other
parameters are fixed: MIN WEIGHT is set to 1, NB LEVELS to
1 and K to 1. For the same reason as before, SIM THRESHOLD
is set to 0.
REPLACE
THRESHOLD = 0.2
REPLACE
Discussion about NB LEVELS
THRESHOLD = 0.3
REPLACE
Here we vary the NB LEVELS parameter to know if it is interesting to include in the context far ancestors or deep descendants. The other parameters are fixed: MIN WEIGHT is set to
1 so that we accept all the neighbours, REPLACE THRESHOLD
to 0.2 and K to 1.
NB LEVELS = 1
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
NB LEVELS = 2
max(lev, 3gram)
NB LEVELS = 3
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
lev+3gram
2
Precision
0.31
0.62
0.46
0.54
0.31
0.39
Recall
0.45
0.89
0.67
0.78
0.45
0.56
F-measure
0.37
0.73
0.55
0.64
0.37
0.46
TABLE III
E XPERIMENTS ON NB LEVELS WITH MAX (SM , CM )
NB LEVELS = 1
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
NB LEVELS = 2
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
NB LEVELS = 3
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
Precision
0.39
0.54
0.54
0.46
0.39
0.31
Recall
0.56
0.78
0.78
0.67
0.56
0.45
F-measure
0.46
0.64
0.64
0.55
0.46
0.37
THRESHOLD = 0.4
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
Repl
4
2
1
1
1
1
Precision
0.31
0.62
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.54
Recall
0.45
0.89
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
F-measure
0.37
0.73
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
TABLE V
E XPERIMENTS ON REPLACE THRESHOLD WITH MAX (SM , CM )
On the first line of table V, the following 4 replacements
occur:
• Professor ↔ Professor
• Courses ↔ Grad Courses
• Senior Lecturer ↔ Undergrad Courses
• Lecturer ↔ Courses
On these 4 replacements, 2 of them are false positives. Thus
involving bad results when the context is then used to discover
similarities. So it is better to avoid too many replacements.
REPLACE
THRESHOLD = 0.2
REPLACE
THRESHOLD = 0.3
REPLACE
THRESHOLD = 0.4
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
Repl
4
2
1
1
1
1
Precision
0.39
0.54
0.54
0.46
0.54
0.46
Recall
0.56
0.78
0.78
0.67
0.78
0.67
F-measure
0.46
0.64
0.64
0.55
0.64
0.55
TABLE IV
E XPERIMENTS ON NB LEVELS WITH SM +CM
2
TABLE VI
E XPERIMENTS ON REPLACE THRESHOLD WITH SM +CM
2
The tables III and IV show that the number of levels
should not be too high. Good results are obtained when it is
set to 1, but they decrease with higher values. So the context
should be limited to the first or second levels, to the nodes
that are semantically closer. Note that this parameter could
With a threshold above 0.3, precision and recall do not
vary anymore. As the schemas used are quite small, there
are not so many replacements occurring. Thus this parameter
may need to be tested against larger schemas. Besides the
Levenhstein distance and the 3-grams are maybe not sufficient
enough to decide whether or not to replace terms. They focus
on the characters in the terms and could be completed by
another algorithm that works on the tokens of a term.
Discussion about K
1.5, only the parent and children are included in the context.
The other parameters are fixed: K is set to 1, NB LEVELS to
1, REPLACE THRESHOLD to 0.2 and SIM THRESHOLD to 0.
MIN WEIGHT = 1
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
The K parameter is used in the weight formula 9. Increasing
K implies to give more importance to the context. In this
experiment, the other parameters are fixed: MIN WEIGHT is
set to 1, NB LEVELS to 1, REPLACE THRESHOLD to 0.2 and
SIM THRESHOLD to 0.
K = 1
max(lev, 3gram)
K = 2
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
lev+3gram
2
K = 4
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
Precision
0.31
0.62
0.23
0.62
0.23
0.62
Recall
0.45
0.89
0.34
0.89
0.34
0.89
F-measure
0.37
0.73
0.27
0.73
0.27
0.73
MIN WEIGHT = 1.25
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
MIN WEIGHT = 1.5
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
Recall
0.45
0.89
0.45
1
0.56
0.56
F-measure
0.37
0.73
0.37
0.82
0.46
0.46
TABLE IX
E XPERIMENTS ON MIN WEIGHT WITH MAX (SM , CM )
MIN WEIGHT = 1
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
MIN WEIGHT = 1.25
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
TABLE VII
E XPERIMENTS ON K WITH MAX (SM , CM )
Precision
0.31
0.62
0.31
0.69
0.39
0.39
MIN WEIGHT = 1.5
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
Precision
0.39
0.54
0.31
0.54
0.39
0.39
Recall
0.56
0.78
0.45
0.78
0.56
0.56
F-measure
0.46
0.64
0.37
0.64
0.46
0.46
TABLE X
E XPERIMENTS ON MIN WEIGHT WITH SM +CM
2
K = 1
max(lev, 3gram)
K = 2
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
lev+3gram
2
K = 4
max(lev, 3gram)
lev+3gram
2
Precision
0.39
0.54
0.31
0.54
0.31
0.62
Recall
0.56
0.78
0.45
0.78
0.45
0.89
F-measure
0.46
0.64
0.37
0.64
0.37
0.73
TABLE VIII
E XPERIMENTS ON K WITH SM +CM
2
Varying the K parameter is interesting. When using the
maximum between the Levenhstein distance and the 3-grams,
increasing K gives worse results. On the contrary, with the
average between the two distances, increasing K enables to
rank better the relevant couples. And the more we increase K,
the higher rank the relevant couples have. But with K above
4, results seem to be constant. So K depends on the adopted
strategy. But this experiment conforts the idea that the average
between the terminological algorithms gives better results.
Discussion about MIN WEIGHT
Finally this last parameter is a constraint for the context and
aims at showing the importance of the closest elements: if the
weight of a node is not above the MIN WEIGHT threshold,
then it is not included in the context. The weight, given by
the formula 9, is in the interval [1, K+1], and as we set K
to 1 for these experiments, the weight may vary between
[1, 2]. With a MIN WEIGHT of 1, all neighbour nodes are
included in the context - if the other constraints are respected,
namely NB LEVELS. Here we set NB LEVELS to 1, so the
parent, children, siblings and cousins may be included in the
context. By changing MIN WEIGHT to 1.25, this context is then
restricted to the parent, children and siblings. And when set to
So including the cousins in the context is not recommended.
However we notice that those good results quickly decrease
when the context is very limited, namely to the parent and
children of a node. Indeed the similarity measure found in
those cases quickly reaches values near 0 in the ranking table.
Note that in table IX, we have a configuration that enables
to find all the relevant similarities in the first third of the
ranking.
General discussion
The main conclusion of these experiments is that the
maximum between the cosine measure (CM) and the
string measure (SM) combined with the average between
Levenhstein distance and 3-grams offer better results.
Approxivect has many parameters that need to be tuned.
Although this may be seen as a drawback, it is quite
obvious that some of them should not be too high. For
example, Approxivect should limit the context nodes to the
first or second level up and down in the hierarchy. And
the context should include the descendants, ancestors and
siblings, but should avoid the cousin nodes. According to
the adopted strategy (maximum or average), the importance
of the context may be increased a little. The threshold
to replace terms must be tested with larger schemas. The
parameter SIM THRESHOLD, which has not been tested here,
might be used to only discover the similarities above a
certain threshold. However using this parameter is probably
not sufficient enough to discover mappings, or it must be
completed by some algorithms to select the relevant couples
in the ranking. Finally a machine learning system could be an
interesting future work in order to tune automatically these
parameters.
ensures to detect the terms whose terminologies are close
while the context allows to discover semantic similarities
between the other terms.
C. Comparison with COMA++
The experiments section showed that Approxivect gives
good results. By ranking all similarities found by our
approach, we notice that most of the relevant couples were
ranked in the beginning of the ranking. By comparing the
results with COMA++, it appears that Approxivect, when its
parameters are tuned in optimum configurations, discovers
most of the relevant couples in the top ranking while
COMA++ only finds half of the mappings. The experiments
also enabled to fix some parameters, and some of them could
be improved by deeper tests.
To our knowledge, there is no tool that tries to rank the
similarities between elements of two schemas. So to compare
our work, we decided to use some matching tools. But the
matchers do not offer the possibility to rank all the similarities
they processed. Instead they display the mappings, namely
the couples of elements they consider similar. So we apply
COMA++ on the same schemas 1 and 2. All the COMA++
strategies have been tried and the best obtained results are
shown in the following table XI. All those discovered mappings are relevant.
Element from
schema 1
Courses
Courses
Professor
Technical Staff
CS Dept Australia
Element from
schema 2
Grad Courses
Undergrad Courses
Professor
Staff
CS Dept U.S.
Similarity
Measure
0.5041725
0.5041725
0.53545463
0.5300107
0.52305263
TABLE XI
R ESULTS OBTAINED WITH COMA++ ON SCHEMAS 1 AND 2
COMA++ found 5 mappings on the 9 relevant similarities,
implying that 4 mappings are never discovered. The recall is
0.56, the precision is obviously 1 since the extracted list gives
only the relevant similarities. We obtain a F-measure equal
to 0.72. Even if it is quite difficult to compare those figures,
Approxivect has in the optimal configurations a F-measure
equal or above to 0.73. Those configuration enables to
discover between 7 and 9 relevant similarities, compared to
the 5 given by COMA++. Besides, Approxivect is able to
have a recall equal to 1 in some configurations, which means
that all relevant mappings are discovered. This is not the
case with COMA++ which has forgotten almost half of the
mappings.
| 45,337 |
gardenillustrate2885lond_73
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,871 |
The Garden : an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches
|
None
|
English
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Spoken
| 7,069 | 9,043 |
Vines requiring to be renovated. — When the Grapes shank badly or refuse to colour well in spite of moderately light cropping, or the berries are small, and perhaps stoneless or thin-skinned, or the foliage thin and much given to flagging during bright sunshine, or the wood refuses to ripen properly, bleeding badly when pruned, these are all sure indications that the root action is faulty, and in many cases nothing short of lifting the roots and renewing the border will restore them to a satisfactory condition. E\-en when the Vines are in fairly good order, much good may be done by partially lifting the roots and replacing them in a fresh compost. It is by no means a hea\-y or difficult undertaking, and, according to my experience, no work that is done in the garden gives better returns. It is my belief that half the Vine borders in the country are considerably wider and deeper than they need be, and unless these large borders are very well managed, the surface, or best portions of them, are unoccupied with roots to any appre- ciable extent, and the Vines derive their sus- tenance from a few deep-running and almost fibreless roots, many of which, perhaps, have penetrated into the most uncongenial substance below the drainage. All this may be corrected by lifting the roots and re-forming a certain portion of the border, and August and Septem- ber are the best months for performing this important work. Vines should be lifted and completely replanted, if need be, either long before the foliage has dropped or on the point of falling, or in the spring just when the buds are at the point of bursting. The autumn lifting should be preferred, as in this case the Vines, under careful treatment, will form a considerable number of fresh roots before the leaves fall, and this will insure a good start the following season ; whereas, when lifted either after the foliage has fallen or early in the spring, no fresh roots will be formed till the new leaves ai'e nearly fully de\'eloped, and consequently there is a risk of losing the crop that season. I am perfectly aware that it is possible to lift Vines in March and fruit them the same season, and if I wished to transplant them elsewhere the spring would be the time chosen for the A^■ork. Whether the Vines shall be wholly or partially lifted ought to depend upon circumstances ; but, as a rule, the worse plight the Vines are in, the more drastic must the reno\ating measures adopted be. When the borders have been formed many years, or, sa)-, about twenty years, they not unfrequently become a mass of inert soil, totally unsuitable for supporting the Vines ; they will not root into it, and poor crops and unripened wood are usually the consequence. In other cases, the borders have been merely formed on the top of a cold, clayey sub-soil, no provision being made for the prevention of the roots finding their way into this ruinous substance, and no real attempt made to attract them or to preserve them near the surface. In both these cases I would recommend that the Vines be completely and carefully undermined and the whole of the roots relaid in a suitable compost. I must admit I have never gone to such a length as that, but a friend of mine has with surprising results. Early last September he completely lifted a house of Muscat of Alex- andria, and tied the whole of the roots to the trellising on the roof till such time as he could return them into fresh soil. The)' were pre- viously rooting in almost solid clay and pro- duced rubbishy Grapes, but this season or about eleven months after the operation several excellent bunches were cut, which won the grower the first prize in a first-class provincial show, and they also largely contributed to his success in another class. Partially lifting the roots should be practised when the border is in fairly good con- dition, and as a consequence occupied, thinly it may be, with active roots. Such a border we would reduce in extent, carefully removing it to about half its width. But should the border be well filled with roots, we would be content to fork away about one quarter of its width, preser\-- ing the healthiest roots only. In some cases the principal roots may have wandered far away into common garden ground beyond the border, and therefore out of reach of various good things that may be placed on or washed into the bor- der for their benefit. To search out these roots and relay into fresh soil would be out of the question, and the most sensible measure to be adopted is to cut a trench across the border — say within 3 feet or 4 feet of the stems — and boldly sever all the far-running roots met with. These will quickly heal, and, provided the operation is performed early, fresh rootlets will push into the breadth of new compost into which they are relaid. This, again, seems a rather severe process, but one of the most successful Grape exhibitors at the recent grand show at Bath won several prizes with Grapes cut from Vines that had two seasons before been subjected to such treatment. Half mea- sures not unfrequently result in half a cure, and no one need be nervous about the results of severe, yet intelligent, renovating operations. This applies equally to inside and to outside borders, the former in many cases, especially where hard water is principally used, being the first to get exhausted. How TO PROCEED. — Where there are both inside and outside borders, and each fairly well occupied by roots, either of them may be completely forked away, preser\-ing all the best of the roots, and these, after being shortened, may be relaid in a width of fresh compost about one-quarter in extent of the old border. This fresh soil will soon become well filled with fibres, and the following autumn another width may be added, which will have a wonderful effect upon the health of the Vines. Then the following autumn the other border may be completely cleared out, and a width of fresh soil substituted, as in the case of the first border. In this man- ner fresh food will be constantly within reach of the roots, while the Vines, other conditions being favourable, will produce better crops of high-class fruit than they did perhaps in their younger days. Where there is only one border the process must be somewhat the same — that is to say, a wide trench should be cut along the front of the border about 3 feet broad, and in most cases this may be done with the spade. The soil being thrown back or wheeled away, another width may be 'cleared, and this time the soil should be forked away in order to pre- serve the roots as much as possible, and this may be continued up to within 3 feet or 4 feet of the stems, or, in the case of \-eiy bad borders only, the whole may be remo^•ed, txtry care being taken to keep the roots moist and pro- tected from sunshine. As before stated, eveiy- thing must depend upon the condition of the borders, and in the case of those well filled with roots we «'0uld only, as a rule, cut a trench about 3 feet wide along the front, and replace the old soil with fresh compost. This, with a good top-dressing, would have an excellent effect upon the well-doing of the \'ines, and do away with the eventual necessity for more expensive measures. Where the borders rest on a hea-v-y or clayey bottom, with no concrete bottom to pre\ent the roots from reaching it, this defect should at once be remedied ; but on all gravelly or rocky bottoms there is little need for this precaution, especially if those in charge do their best to keep the roots near the surface. All old fibreless roots that are preserved should have notches cut in them at slight inten-als, and from many of them a cluster of rootlets will be emitted. It is astonishing the effect a fairly rich compost has upon these woody roots, and even the old stems will emit roots into a mulch of manure if this is kept uniformly moist. Those who may be unable to commence the work of renovating their borders at the present time may yet, to a certain extent, prepare the Vines for the rough time they are to go through later on. Prior to the Vines being started it is advisable to re- move some of the surface soil along the border near the stems so as to bare the principal roots, replacing the old soil with a rich top-dressing consisting, say, of loam, short half-decayed stable manure, and burnt garden refuse. This, if kept in a moist state, is almost certain to become well occupied with vigorous roots, which, besides improving the current crop, will serve to sup- port the Vines after they have undergone the operation of being partially or wholly lifted. Soil for Vine border. — Turfy loam is the principal ingredient used in the formation of an 262 THE GARDEN. [Sept. 12, 1885. orthodox Vine border, and this in many in- stances is very difficult to procure. Owners of Grass land object to the turf being removed in such great quantities required for forming a new border, and although I am not at all sur- prised at this, I would yet venture to hint that the turf gives better returns in the form of a Vine border than it will in its natural position, and besides it is quite possible to renew the turf quickly by top-dressing the stripped land and sowing- it down with Grass seed. Luckily, it is possible to form a fairly good border with- out the aid of much turf, and if my advice is taken and the borders are formed or renovated, as the case may be, piecemeal fashion, that is to say in annual or biennial widths, the demand for turf will not be excessive. When we re- formed our borders only about one-third of the compost consisted of fresh turf, another part being made up with the best of the old border, and the rest consisted of mortar rubbish, half- inch unboiled bones, and burnt refuse. The latter ingredient I consider of great value in the compost, as it comprises wood ashes, charcoal, burnt clay, and other good fertilisers, and the roots seem to be especially fond of it. The outer edge of the addition to the border is built up with turves, placed Grass side downwards, but the remainder of the turf is roughly chopped up and mixed with the other materials, the whole being added according as the enclosing wall of turf is being built. Then when it is proposed to add a fresh width of com- post, this not being done till the first is well filled with roots, the face of the wall of turf or loam is shaved oft' with a spade, and the new addition firmly built against it. At no time should a border or part of a border be loosely put together, as a firm root-run insures the production of plenty of fibres, and the more fibres there are formed the hea\'ier will be the weight of Grapes. Treatment of the foli.\ge. — When the operation of lifting is performed during hot weather, the foliage naturally flags badly, and steps must be taken to prevent this as much as possible. The fruit being all cut — and lifting is seldom commenced till the V'ines are cleared — it is advisable to both shade the Vines and also to keep the house nearly or quite close, thus materially checking evaporation. In addition, the foliage should be kept almost constantly moistened, and ten times on a bright day is not too often to heavily syringe the V'ines, walls, and floors. When the Vines are recovered somewhat, more air may be gradually gi\en and less water be distributed. In this manner the foliage will be preserved, and this, in its turn, will assist in the formation of young roots. Where the measures taken are not severe, little or no flagging will follow, and there will be less need of closing the house and frequent syringing. Later on, the ripening of the wood may well be hastened with the assistance of a little fire-heat. After reading the foregoing, some may think that this renovating process is an expensive and laborious undertaking, but it is really no such thing ; and, besides, it can be done at a time when there is the least demand upon both labourers' and gardeners' time. W. I. M. YOUNG STANDARD PEACH TREES. The productiveness of young standard Peach trees is a subject of so much importance to all interested in Peach culture under glass, that I may be excused for replying to " P. G." (p. 217) at some length. Allud- ing to my remark that I should deem it nothing re- markable for a young standard Peach or Nectarine tree to produce twelve or fifteen dozen fruit the year after planting, " P. G." adds that " he should think most cultivators would deem it remarkably injudicious lo allow such a tree to do so," thus shewing that he does not think such a thing practicable, and that he believes others think so too. Now, when we find the late head of an establishment like Chiswick, and an excellent general gardener like Mr. Robert Thompson, showing in the " Gardener's Assistant" that it requires seven or eight years to lay the foun- dation of a Peach tree, that even a supply of bearing branches is out of the question for the first four or five years ; and when we find the revisers of his book repeating all his mistakes, with aggravations only a few years back ; and, lastly, the Gardeners' Chronicle pronouncing the same book to be the best work on such subjects in the English language, I must say "P. G." and the others he speaks of may be excused for hav- ing doubts on the subject also, and I shall do my best to dispel them. There is nothing really remarkable in ]iroducing twelve or fifteen dozen fruit on a free- bearing standard Peach or Nectarine the year after planting, and, what is more, it has been practically accomplished. A properly trained standard tree makes a head nearly four times as large as a flat- trained tree on a trellis or wall, and from the latter I have myself taken four and five dozen good fruit the year after planting trees one year from maidens with about four or five small shoots to each. This I have done in one season in a whole house of trees, and the second year I took from nine to twelve dozen from the same trees and a proportionate quantity since, the fruit being all good and of nice size. " P. G." will see from this that fifteen dozen from a standard with a large unrestricted head well spread out all round is a very moderate estimate of a crop. On one of the trees relerred to — a flat tree — I left ten dozen till the fruits were as large as marbles, and then reduced the number to five dozen. Our houses are much too small for standards, but if I was going to plant for myself late Peaches under glass, I would not have one trained tree. If " P. G." cannot get good fruit off standards in the south, they can 400 miles further north, as has been proved, and that is enough for me. One would hardly believe the number of shoots and sub-shoots a healthy standard Peach tree will produce the first year, if only thinned, unless they saw it. Common sense ought to tell any- one that the quantity of well-ripened wood and the number of flowers are always a safe guide to go by in estimating the productiveness of a tree ; and when a young tree will produce a great many such shoots and flowers innumerable, why should it not produce fruit as well ? The fact of the matter is, few English gardeners have ever seen a standard Peach tree of the right sort, and they do not know what it is like. Their ideas are derived from books, and in some of the professedly best of these I have no hesitation in saying, and could prove it if necessary, that the instructions on the subject of training fruit trees are of the most barbarous description, and are not founded on either sense or reason. I can see by the way " P. G." writes on the subject, and by what he has written before, that it is orchard-house mop-headed standard Peaches that is running in his head ; whereas I speak of standards that have not been pruned and pinched, as these generally are. If you plant a young Peach tree, with four or five shoots to it, no matter whether trained or not, each shoot the following sunnner will produce a long shoot from its point and several more from the buds liehind that ; and if these shoots are well spread out to the light by tying a string to their tips and pulling them out and down a little, they will in turn each produce numbers of good laterals, all of which will ripen and set hun- dreds of fruit buds. From a maiden with only two leaf buds left in March I have had a tree 10 feet or 1 1 feet from tip to tip of its two main limbs, both of which produced a great quantity of laterals, all of which ripened thoroughly and set hundreds of fruit- buds the same season. "J. C. C." last week, I ob- serve, reiterates his assertion that Peaches from stan- dards lack colour badly ; lo which I can only reply that he cannot have seen extension-trained standards, because these, being totally unlike bushy-headed orchard-house standards, bear their main crop on the outside of the branches exactly as an old-fashioned orchard Apple tree of the Codlin type does, and the fruit in consequence enjoys a free play of sun and air, thu.s bringing up the colour as well as could be desired. We want further particulars about "J.C. C.'s" trees, and I feel sure if we could see them they would be found to be restrictive trained mop heads of the usual orchard-house type — a form of tree I would have nothing to do with. Some of the natural round- headed Apple trees bear almost the whole of their crops on the outer surface of the branches fully exposed to the sun, and those who cannot see a stan- dard Peach tree, I advise to study an Apple tree of that sort if they want to see how fallacious "J.C. C.'s" arguments are. He proves too much, because where the fruit ripens as green as he says, fruit buds would never form and there could be no fruit. J. S. W. STRAWBERRY BOUNTIFUL. This is, I believe, but little grown, but where vigour, fertility, and the ability to resist long periods of drought are primary considerations, it will be found to possess great value. There are unfortunately many places where the poor porous nature of the soil renders Strawberry culture uncertain. In such places high flavour and size may be dispensed with if com- pensated for by unusual powers of endurance and great fertility. In these respects Bountiful excels, and I recommend it to all who have to grow Straw- berries under such unfavourable circumstances. It is the finest looking Strawberry when in bloom that I am acquainted with, the blooms being nearly double the size of other kinds, and the foliage is of great size, of a rich green. .Some beds of it here when in full flower were .so attractive, as to warrant this Strawberry being grown solely for its ornamental properties. Another point in its favour is that it is quite a week later than such kinds as President and Sir J. Paxton ; it began to ripen this year just as the last fruits of these varieties were gathered. Although the plants were not set out till February, and bore quite a large crop of fruit, and were never watered, not a plant has died, whilst large blanks are to be seen in other kinds growing hard by. As showing how little this .Strawberry is known, I sent some of the fruit to Covent Garden, and no one there could tell what it was, and I did not find out the name until a friend, coining in one day, said: "Why, you've got that old Bountiful that was recommended so strongly to me some years ago for planting on banks and similar places where no other kind will succeed." The fruit is of medium size, rather pale in colour, and there is collectively a great weight of berries to a plant. I wish it to be understood that I do not recommend it as a market, or even as a good- flavoured, kind : but I am so often asked : " What Strawberry can I grow on my poor, light soil ? " that I have thought this variety might help many out of a difficulty. J- CORN'HII.I,. TRAINED r. STANDARD PEACH TREES. The relative merits of these two forms of tree have again been brought under notice. One would have thought that ere this the question might have been decided one way or another. Thebush-headed standard form of tree is nothing new. In my younger days at Claughton Hall we had untrained standards in large tubs for a good many years, but they were given up on account of the inferiority of the fruit compared with that borne by the trained trees. At any time standards might have been met with in some place or other either in tubs or planted out. The most successfully managed trees I ever saw grown in this way were at The Larches, near Preston, Lancashire, where Mr. Sept. r885.] THE GARDEN. 263 Newton, the gardener, had a good sized house filled with large sized trees planted out which never failed to yield an extraordinary quantity of fruit, but in all cases that have come under my notice all, except that borne on the top branches, were badly coloured and deficient in flavour. Only the present summer an amateur near here, who is an enthusiastic cultivator of Peaches, and who grows them well, has discarded a houseful of fine trees that have for several years been in large boxes and have all along produced fine crops. The reason for their dismissal is simply because the fruit is in- ferior in flavour to that which he gets from another house where the trees are trained under the roof in the ordinary way. Nor is this an exceptional occur- rence ; it, however, goes to confirm the experience of all the growers I have met with who have tried both methods. The maximum of colour natural to a given variety of Peach or Nectarine can only be secured by exposure of the fruit to the sun in a way that is not attainable with three-fourths of that borne by un- trained bush-headed trees ; and colour in the case of these, as in that of most kinds of fruit, is a reliable gauge of flavour. Even pale varieties of Peach, like Noblesse, lay on the most colour when they get all the sun that it is possible to give them, and I never yet met with an instance in which the fruit of this unsurpassed variety was not flavoured proportionately with the amount of colour present. T. B. Pyramid Pear trees. — Without wishing to enter into the merits of the question as to whether pyramid training is desirable for Pears or not, I think it is hardly correct to assert that no Pear trees have naturally pyramidal habits of growth. The old Swan's Egg with me is peculiarly so, and also Thompson's Pear, which shows under natural growth of some fifteen years exactly a pyramidal form. Then, even though grown as standards in market gardens, the popular Hessle kind always assumes a pyramidal habit. Urbaniste does the same, and not a few others may be found similarly inclined. Even Williams' Bon Chretien would be naturally pyramidal were it not that the frequent heavy crops produced bends the branches out of shape. Apples assume this erect pyramidal form much less than Pears, but some are of very erect growth, as, for instance, Gloria Mundi, Sturmer Pippin, and several others. — A. D. Duchess of Oldenburgh Apple .\ young tree which we have of this sort has not failed to bear well for the last four seasons, but this summer the crop is extra heavy and the fruit finer than usual. During the winter before last the tree was shifted from a poor position to a good one, and it may be the removal has had a good deal to do with the improve- ment effected. At the same I am convinced it is one of the best early Apples we have, especially for marketing. The fruit is rather large for dessert purposes, but then it is also of value for cooking. Ours are not highly coloured, but when ripe the skin is very clear and attractive, while the flesh is firm, briskly flavoured, and juicy. As a rule it is in season during the whole of September, but we have ripened a few in heat, other early sorts being scarce. This Apple is sometimes sold under the name of Barowitsky, and it appears to be best known as such in the south- western counties. Market growers ought to plant it extensively. — W. I. When to gather Apples and Pears. — Much depends on the time when Apples and Pears are gathered as regards the quality of the fruit when it comes "in season" — a term denoting not the time the fruit is fit to gather from the tree, but when it is fit for dessert. Pears are particularly sensitive in this respect, as if gathered before they are ripe, they shrivel and never ripen perfectly ; and if gathered too late, they become dry, mealy, and bad. Few varieties are fit to eat as soon as gathered, but two or three days is sufficient to bring in such varieties as Jargonelle and Hessle ; while others take weeks or months, the Easter Beurre not getting ready till spring. The time to gather, of course, depends on the season. All the varieties will, however, hang upon the tree, if allowed, long after they are ripe ; but they should be gathered as soon as ripe. The colour of the fruit will denote this, but the best test is the fruit parting without much force from the branch, or without bending it back at the footstalk. If a piece of the branch or bud comes away with the fruit, or if the footstalk itself breaks, the fruit is not ripe. The severance should take place easily at the base of the footstalk only. Another sign of maturity is the hardness of the seeds when there are any ; but they need not necessarily be black, although they eventually become either black or brown. The trans- formation that takes place in a Pear after gathering and storing is something very extraordinary, and has never been satisfactorily explained. At first woody and hard, though sweet, the fruit becomes of a brighter colour after a longer or shorter interval, gets soft without shrivelling or losing its plumpness, and to the taste is sweet and juicy, and in flavour delicious. : — S. " 1 Trees and Shrubs. base, instead of the stem appearing like a post which had been driven into the ground. This is a point of very great importance for the health and effect of the plant, and one which has hitherto been scarcely ever attended to. Variegated Oaks — Variegated forms of the common British Oak (Quercus pedunculata) are not uncommon in a wild state. I have seen large trees in which the variegation was decided and constant. A considerable number of the forms grown in nurseries have a tendency to revert entirely to the green state in a comparatively short time. As it would be im- possible to give distinctive characters for all of these forms, or even to distinguish some of them from each other, I need only mention two or three of the most distinct, and then merely give names of the rest with- out more ado. This seems to me desirable, as these "form" names in catalogues are, as a rule, not pre- BERBERIS TRIFOLIATA. Th is beautiful species is a branching shrub from 3 feet to 4 feet high, with leaves from 3 inches to 34 inches long, having three terminal, sessile leaflets, beauti- \ fully marbled with blue, dull green, and delicate pale veins, the slender leaf- stalks being sometimes 2 in. long ; the leaflets are in threes, spiny-toothed on the margins, with from three to five coarse, sharp sinuo- sities on each side, rounded and a little tapering to the base, from I in. to '_ long and three-quarters of an inch broad, of a glau- cous blue colour, marbled with dull green on the up- per surface, as has just been stated, and light green beneath. The flowers are Berberis trifoliata rather small, bright yellow, and produced in April and May in few-flowered axillary racemes on short peduncles. The berries are small, globular, light red, and sweet-tasted. It is a native of Mexico, where it is found covering large tracts of the high table-land near the Hacienda del Espiritu Santo, an immense plain on the road from Zacaticas to the mining district of San Louis Potosi, and is called by the inhabitants " Acrito ; " the fruit, which is rather sweet-tasted, is much eaten by children. It is rather too tender for the open air north of London, but makes a beautiful shrub for training against a south wall. Planting trees on knolls. — An experienced planter writes : "I think you should above all things impress upon your readers the necessity of planting all trees and shrubs of any size on a raised knoll or protuberance, higher or lower, according to the depth to which the soil has been trenched ; or, if the soil has not been dug or trenched, according to the depjh to which the pit in which the tree or shrub is tolcie planted is dug. The object is to keep the collar of the stem above the surface of the soil, so that, when the ground is finally settled, it may stand upon a knoll, or little hill, at least an inch or two above the surrounding surface, and thus the stem will rise from its roots like a column from its fixed by the specific name, and so it is not possible for a planter to know to which of the two species such plants belong. The same remark applies where they are catalogued as varieties of Q. Robur, which includes both pedunculata and sessiliflora. Q. argentea nana and argentea picta have the leaves finely mottled with pure white. In albo-marginata the leaves are deep green, with a broad border of creamy yellow. Other names are Q. pulverulenta, Q. maculata, Q. argenteo-variegata, argenteo-marginata, argentea nova, albo-marmorata, elegantissima, elegans varie- gata, tricolor, elegans tricolor, and aurea tricolor. — G. N. Transplanting Hollies. — With regard to "J. C.'s " remarks as to the best season for trans- planting Hollies, I admit this much, that according to my experience in warm soils autumn and spring planting is often very successful. Our subsoil is a stiff, cold, and poor clay, and I have found from long experience that very many things, as Hollies, the whole of the Fir tribe, and all kinds of evergreen shrubs, excepting those with very tender foliage, suc- ceed best when transplanted in the summer months. "J. C." is quite correct in assuming that the Hollies I transplanted came off shallow heath land resting on gravel. There were no very large tap-roots, but many as much as 2 inches to 3 inches in diameter were cut off in order that the plants should sit firmly 264 THE GARDEN. [Sept. 12, 1885. on the trolly for removal. With regard to the price, of course it was only nominal. I may not have been cNplicit enough on this point. The fact is that the lord of the manor had given permission for the for- mation of a new cricket ground, and I found that in order to carry out the work it was necessary to re- move a large quantity of very fine Hollies ; it was in- tended to cut them down and burn them on the spot. I considered this an act of vandalism, and therefore suggested to my employer that we should remove them. He at once accepted my proposal, and the trees were transplanted with the success I have pre- viously described. It was certainly somewhat beyond my expectation, and as many are very fine specimens, 10 feet to 15 feet in height, with a proportionate spread of branches, showing no signs of removal, I think it speaks much in favour of my suggestions. — C. D. WORK DOXE IN WEEK ENDING SEPT. 8. September 2. The rapid fall of the barometer this morning gave us warning of an approaching storm, and which we are this evening having in the long-wished-for downpour of rain. Expectancy of rain has to-day made us busy preparing for it. Gathered all Pears, Plums, Apricots, and Peaches that were ripe ; also Morello Cherries for preserving. Hoed and raked ground that has been cleared of Peas, French Beans, and Potatoes, and which after rain will be re-cropped with spring Cabbage, late Kales, Endive, Lettuce, and Spinach. Tied up plants in flower garden that were likely to be knocked down by wet ; also tied up Michaelmas Daisies, perennial Sunflowers, Gladioli, Lilium auratum, &c., in herbaceous plant borders ; these borders we endeavour to keep as neat and trim as the parterre of bedding plants, by which means we obviate the objection that in some quarters is made to the cultivation of perennials, namely, their untidy appearance, a charge that only holds good in respect of those who leave both plants and weeds to take care of themselves, and then to ease their conscience call it "wild gardening," and the only appropriate way of growing hardy perennials — a way though that I trust will neier become general, nor is it likely to do so till a premium is offered for the most slovenly garden, and that is not likely to be just yet ; in the meantime let us continue our efiorts at neatness, giving a good mass of perennials at least as much attention as we would a bed of Pelargoniums. Gave pot .Strawberry plants more space, and the most open position we have at command. They are always kept free of runners arid weeds, and are well syringed twice a day to prevent the spread of red spider. Potted on late batch of Melon plants to keep them growing, till a house now ripening off its fruit can be cleared and the soil renewed in which to plant them out. Cleaning out all pits preparatory to housing sundry plants for the autumn, such as Bouvardias, Pelar- goniums, Azaleas, Begonias, bulbs, &c. September 3. The rainfall of last evening and during the night amounts to 0'67 inch ; and how much it was needed dried-up lawns, and pastures, and turnipless fields, and gardens bear witness. But the drought spell being broken, we shall now probably have an abund- ance of moisture, and our work must be arranged accordingly. Planted out Cabbage. We plant them in rows 2 feet apart and but a foot apart in the row, alternate plants being pulled out .soon as usable in spring, so that what may be called the main jjlot are 2 feet apart each way. Dwarf Ulm Savoy is ilone the same. Our first sup- plies of these will soon be ready, alternate plants being pulled up as required for use. By mulching and watering, we have now a fine lot of Walcheren Cauliflowers. The succession plot is Autumn Giant, and to which we have to-day given the drainings from the manure heap. A few of our finest Pears and late Peaches have also been watered with this liquid. Thinned out Lettuce, part of the spare plants being replanted on south borders ; made another sowing of Cabliage and Cauliflower. These will be wintered where sown, and will lie useful for filling up gaps or making fresh plantations in early spring. The flower garden now takes up every bit of time that can be spared. After the necessary work of other departments is done much of our time is every day given to this, the most pressing requirements just now being the taking of cuttings — and we are expected so to take them, or not at all, that no gaps be discernible, or that flowers be missed. Hence only careful hands are deputed to the work, with the charge to make robbing of flower-beds a work of art. It is thus our supplies for another year are now being obtained. Work in and about the houses has been putting in cuttings of Pelargoniums, potting off Carnations, and shifting Primulas and Cinerarias into their flowering pots. Cut all early Muscat Grapes, stopped every lateral growth, and gave both Vines, glass and walls a thorough washing, and the border— an inside one — a real soaking, and after- wards mulched the border with clean straw ; thus, if needs be, plants in pots can be stood on the border without the drainage getting stopped. But, even if for neatness' sake only, it is worth while thus to cover inside borders. September 4. More grand showers during the night, but fine all day. Work much the same as yesterday, also dug and housed more Potatoes ; late kinds are rather un- dersized, but otherwise fine crops and free from dis- ease. Gathered remainder of Quarrenden Apples, Emperor Alexander, Red Astrachan, and the highest coloured Cellini Pippins ; wasps and birds are excel- lent judges of ripeness, and when they have started in earnest on any Apple or Pear, then, to a certainty, has arrived the time to harvest the crop. Peaches on open walls are now ripening rapidly, and with a view of lengthening out their season, we keej) them thickly shaded from the time that the first signs of ripeness are visible, and soon as fit to gather, that is when they will part from the trees without a jerk, we house them with a view of still retarding their complete ripeness in the coolest place we can find. The fruit of the latest house is nearly exhausted, and we have already begun to thin out the shoots, selecting the longest budless ones for destruction, and all shoots left are arranged and tied to be clear of each other, that sunlight may have due effect on all alike. Ripeness of wood rarely fails in the production of a full crop of fruit. September 5. Again showery, which somewhat interfered with our usual Saturday's clean up, at least so far as out- door work was concerned ; we, however, managed to get the Grass edgings of flower beds and borders clipped, cleaned up, and the walks rolled, vases picked over and the seed-pods oft' single Dahlias. This persistent seeding is their only drawl^ack, but their colours, form, and floriferousness combine to produce such a charming effect as to far outweigh the labour required to free them of seed-pods once a week, and also of bad flowers ; Verbenas, Calceolarias, and \'iolas are all of them bad dry weather plants, yet with regular picking and moderate supplies of water, they have for weeks been, and still are, in grand flower. Watered Pines and Fig-house bordei. Cleaned up all houses, stopped long shoots, and tied Melons to trellis. Thinned out wood of Cucumbers, and gave both these and Melons that are swelling off their fruit a watering with clear liquid manure. The laterals of Lady Downes Vines have also all been stopped, and any that were shading the fruit were cut right back. We still use artificial heat, for, though they are coloured, they are not nearly ripe. .September 7. Another half-inch of rain ; a wet day throughout. Outdoor work has been quite at a standstill, and for once we rejoice to have had it so, the rain being so much needed. Sorted over Potatoes for seed and cooking sizes, and covered the cooking tubers with clean, dry straw. It does not matter if the seed gets a little green, and therefore as the she<l is dark we do not iroulile to cover up the seed tubers. Tidied up both Apple and Pear rooms, and both are now quire ready for the fruit as it ripens. The ventilators are for the present left open in all weathers. Clean- ing out tool and potting sheds, making labels, and washing pots have also to be included in to-day's work. Cut back laterals on late Ham- burgh \'ines, so as to let light and air into the ripe fruit, which, by a continuance of this warm, moist weather, would be liable to damp off unless the atmosphere be kept on the dry side by free ventila- tion combined with a little artificial heat. Completed thinning out of wood of late Peaches, clearing plants of scale, sponged the foliage of Draca;nas and Crotons, and washed with a strong solution of Gis- hurst the stems of Palms, some small ones of recent importation being completely covered with white scale. September 8.
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US-58281890-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 5,176 | 7,417 |
Complementary heterostructure field effect transistors
ABSTRACT
Complementary heterostructure field effect transistors (30) with complementary devices having complementary gates (40, 50) and threshold adjusting dopings are disclosed. Preferred embodiment devices include a p + gate (50) formed by diffusion of dopant to convert n + gate material to p + , and a pulse-doped layer adjacent the two-dimensional carrier gas channels to adjust threshold voltages. Further preferred embodiments have the conductivity-type converted gate (50) containing a residual layer of unconverted n + which cooperates with the pulse-doped layer threshold shifting to yield threshold voltages which are small and positive for n-channel and small and negative for p-channel devices.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/913,872, filed Sep. 30, 1986 and now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electronic semiconductor devices and integrated circuits, and, more particularly, to complementary field effect transistors with heterostructure insulated gates and integrated circuits including them and methods of fabrication.
2. Description of the Related Art
Very large scale integrated semiconductor memory and logic devices are being pushed for ever higher speed switching, lower power consumption, and larger noise margins. Thus there has been considerable effort to combine the intrinsic high switching speed and semiinsulating properties of gallium arsenide (GaAs) with the inherent large noise margins and low standby power dissipation of complementary field effect transistor (FET) logic. Complementary GaAs JFET circuits have shown very low standby power dissipation, but the low hole mobility of GaAs leads to low extrinsic transconductance of the p-channel devices and relatively low switching speeds; see, for example, R. Zuleg et al, 5 IEEE Elec. Dev. Lett. 21 (1984).
High hole mobilities have been obtained in modulation doped aluminum gallium arsenide/gallium arsenide (Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As/GaAs) heterojunction FETs which rely on a channel consisting of a two-dimensional hole gas at the heterojunction; see, for example, H. Stormer et al, 44 Appl. Phys. Lett. 1062 (1984). This is the complement of the modulation doped heterojunction FET which utilizes a two-dimensional electron gas (HEMT, MODFET, etc.). However, the threshold voltages of these modulation doped heterojunction devices depend critically on the thickness and doping concentration of the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As layer, and reported variations in HEMT threshold voltages across a two inch wafer typically have a standard variation in the range of 0.15 V to 0.4 V; see, K. Arai et al. 7 IEEE Elec. Dev. Lett. 158 (1986). Even the use of pulse doping of the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As (see. Hueschen et al, 1984 IEDM Tech. Digest 348) does not solve the problem. Consequently, heterostructure insulated gate FETs (HFETs), which use an undoped Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As layer as a gate insulator in a MIS-like structure have appeared; see, P.Solomon et al, 5 IEEE Elec. Dev. Lett. 379 (1984). HFETs have the advantage of uniformity and reproducibility of threshold voltage because the threshold voltage is primarily determined by the gate material and is independent of the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As layer thickness.
Complementary HFET devices, using a two-dimensional electron gas for the n channel device and a two-dimensional hole gas for the p channel device, have been fabricated on a single undoped Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As/GaAs substrate: see N. Cirillo et al, 1985 IEDM Tech. Digest 317-320. Both the n and p channel devices use tungsten silicide (WSi is used to represent the various silicides of tungsten) Schottky barrier gates on the undoped Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As and are relatively easy to fabricate. However, the threshold voltage for the WSi Schottky barrier gate is about 0.8-1.0 V for the n-channel device and about -0.7--0.4 V for the p-channel device; whereas, for 1 V power supply operation the n-channel threshold should be about 0.2-0.3 V and the p-channel threshold should be about -0.3--0.2 V.
In contrast, K. Matsumoto et al, 7 IEEE Elec. Dev. Lett. 182 (1986), have fabricated complementary HFET devices with Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As as the insulator and n⁺ and p⁺ GaAs gates for the n and p channel devices, respectively. This yields low threshold voltages (about 0 V), but the fabrication requires a mesa etch and epitaxial refill.
In either case, the threshold voltage may be adjusted by uniformly doping the GaAs layer which would be analogous to the channel implants in MOSFET technology to adjust threshold voltage. However, to adjust the threshold voltage by 0.1 V would require a doping level of about 5×10¹⁵ /cm³, which is too low to be reproducibly controlled by the growth techniques used to fabricate the basic heterostructure (i.e., by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)).
Thus it is a problem to fabricate complementary HFET devices with desirable threshold voltages by a simple process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides complementary heterostructure insulated-gate field effect transistors (HFETs) and fabrication methods which have planar structure and adjustable threshold voltages. Preferred embodiments include gallium arsenide (GaAs) sources. drains, and channels with aluminum gallium arsenide (Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As) gate insulators and GaAs gates; the gates for the n-channel and p-channel HFETs are both formed from a common n+ layer of GaAs but the p-channel HFET has its gate converted to a p+ gate by diffusion of zinc from an overlying tungsten silicide zinc alloy. This provides a simple fabrication method for complementary HFETs with small threshold voltages which are reproducible because the n-channel threshold voltage is determined by the n+ GaAs layer doping level as grown and the p-channel threshold voltage is determined by the p+ doping level arising from the zinc diffusion and can be performed by precision rapid thermal annealing. And no mesa etches or epitaxial refill is needed plus the planar surface makes for easy interconnections.
Threshold voltages are adjusted by pulse doping of the GaAs channel away from the two-dimensional electron and hole gas channels. Such threshold adjustment uses high doping concentrations in thin layers to overcome the reproducibility limitations of low concentration uniform doping, and may also be used on single HFETs and Schottky gate HFETs.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The drawings are schematic for clarity.
FIG. 1 illustrates in cross sectional elevation view a pair of complementary HFETs with connected drains;
FIGS. 2A-B are energy band diagrams for the pair of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A-B are plan and cross sectional elevation views of a first preferred embodiment pair of complementary HFETs;
FIGS. 4A-D illustrate a first preferred embodiment method of fabrication of the pair of FIGS. 3A-B;
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional elevation view of a second preferred embodiment HFET; and
FIG. 6 is a energy band diagram for the second preferred embodiment HFET.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional elevation view of a pair of complementary heterostructure insulated gate field effect transistors (HFETs) with the drain of the n-channel HFET (lefthand portion of FIG. 1) connected to the drain of the p-channel HFET (righthand portion of FIG. 1). The metal gates form Schottky barriers with the undoped Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As, and the two dimensional electron (hole) gas is created at the undoped Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As/GaAs interface by a positive (negative) voltage applied to the metal gate of the n-channel (p-channel) HFET. Of course, the gate voltage only bends the conduction and valence bands as shown in FIGS. 2A-B. and the electrons and holes to form the two-dimensional gasses are primarily supplied by the heavily doped regions. FIG. 2A is the band diagram along line A--A of FIG. 1, and FIG. 2B is the band diagram along line B--B of FIG. 1. The carrier density in the two-dimensional gasses is controlled by the magnitudes of the gate voltages V_(g) which determine the depths of the potential wells at the heterojunctions, and source to drain current flows under applied bias analogous to current in complementary MOSFETs with the two-dimensional gasses the analogs of the inversion layers.
A first approximation for the threshold voltages of the HFETs (i.e., ignore the voltage drop across the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As and bend the GaAs conduction band edge down to the Fermi level) is:
V.sub.Tn =+φ.sub.n -ΔE.sub.c /q
V.sub.Tp =-φ.sub.p +ΔE.sub.v /q
where V_(Tn) is the threshold voltage for the n-channel HFET, V_(Tp) is the p-channel HFET threshold, qφ_(n) and qφ_(p) are the Schottky barrier heights for the n and p gates, respectively, and ΔE_(c) and ΔE_(v) are the discontinuities of the conduction and valence band edges at the heterojunction, respectively. Note that the GaAs and Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As beneath the gates are undoped so the band edges have small curvature and the depletion charge in the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As is small. For WSi gates, Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As with x=0.3, and the band edge discontinuity appearing 60% in the conduction band and 40% in the valence band, the threshold voltages should be about V_(Tn) =+0.8 V and V_(Tp) =-0.7 V. Note that with GaAs gates (n⁺ for the n-channel and p⁺ for the p-channel) the threshold voltages should be about V_(Tn) =V_(Tp) =0.
If the GaAs between the source and drain were uniformly doped to an acceptor concentration of N_(A), then the threshold voltage would be raised by approximately ##EQU1## where d is the thickness of the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As gate insulator, φ_(s) is the surface potential, and ε is the permittivity of the GaAs. However, to reproducibly adjust the threshold voltages to within a 0.1 V range by doping the GaAs would require control of the doping concentration to within a range of about ±2×10¹⁵ /cm³, which is beyond MBE and MOCVD reproducibility.
A first preferred embodiment pair of complementary HFETs, generally denoted 30, is illustrated schematically in plan and cross sectional elevation views in FIGS. 3A-B and includes semi-insulating GaAs 32; GaAs buffer epilayer 34 of thickness 1 μm and of various dopings: n⁺ in regions 42 and 44, p⁺ in regions 52 and 54, and undoped in the remainder; Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As with x=0.3 epilayer 36 of thickness 0.05 μm and of various dopings: n⁺ in regions 42 and 44, p⁺ in regions 52 and 54, and undoped in the remainder; n⁺ GaAs gate 40 and pad 62 of thickness 0.5 μm; p⁺ gate 50 and pad 64 of thickness 0.5 μm; ohmic contacts 46, 48, 56, and 58; and WSi:Zn gate cap 51. Epilayers 34 and 36 have been boron bombarded in regions 60 to convert the GaAs and Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As to high resistivity material by lattice damage; this high resistivity material provides isolation of the n and p channel HFETs from each other and from other adjacent devices. Passivation layers and packaging are not shown for clarity. The n-channel HFET has region 42 in layers 34 and 36 as its source, region 44 in layers 34 and 36 as its drain, gate 40 as its gate which has a length (right-to-left in FIGS. 3A-B) of 1 μm and a width (top-to-bottom in FIGS. 3A-B) of 8 μm, and an undoped portion of layer 36 as its gate insulator; and the p-channel HFET has region 52 in layers 34 and 36 as its source, regions 54 in layers 34 and 36 as its drain, gate 50 as its gate which has a length (right-to-left in FIGS. 3A-B) of 1 μm and a width (top-to-bottom in FIGS. 3A-B) of 8 μm, and an undoped portion of layer 36 as its gate insulator. Thus the n-channel HFET has an n⁺ GaAs gate and the p-channel HFET has a p⁺ GaAs gate; so the threshold voltages to first approximation are both about 0 V.
Gate cap 51 also covers pad 64. Note that gate cap 51 could be removed without affecting the operation of pair 30; conversely, gate 40 could have a gate cap of material such as WSi. Such gate caps keep the resistance of the gates low, and with wider gates or thinner gates such gate caps are preferred. The two-dimensional electron and hole gas channels are formed in layer 34 at the interface with layer 36 as illustrated in FIG. 3B. The heavy doping in sources and drains 42. 44, 52, and 54 implies that the heterojunction between layers 34 and 36 has sharp band bending and provides only a minimal tunneling barrier for majority carriers from layer 34 to the ohmic contacts; further, the alloying formation of ohmic contacts 46, 48, 56, and 58 leads to diffusion of contact metal through layer 36 and into layer 34 which additionally limits the heterojunction barrier of layer 36.
The operation and characteristics of HFETs 30 can be further understood in connection with the following first preferred embodiment method of fabrication as illustrated in cross sectional elevation views in FIGS. 4A-D:
(a) Start with a undoped semi-insulating GaAs substrate 32 which has a planar (100) oriented surface, and grow by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) a layer 34 of undoped (p⁻) GaAs to a thickness of 1 μm followed by a layer 36 of undoped (p⁻) Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As with x=0.3 to a thickness of 0.05 μm and lastly a layer 38 of n⁺ Si-doped GaAs to a thickness of 0.5 μm. See FIG. 4A for a schematic illustration of the layered structure. The Si concentration in layer 38 is 1×10¹⁸ /cm³, it is difficult to grow layers with much higher doping levels; and the p⁻ residual carrier concentration in undoped layers 34 and 36 is typically about 1×10¹⁴ /cm³ and arises from residual carbon doping.
(b) Zinc and W₅ Si₃ are cosputter deposited on the layered structure to a thickness of 0.3 μm and a composition of 10% zinc: the deposited layer sticks well to GaAs. Then the deposited metal layer is photolithographically patterned and etched by CF₄ /O₂ reactive ion etching (RIE) to form gate cap 51 to locate gate 50 and pad 64 of the p-channel HFET. Next photoresist is spun onto the layered structure and gate cap 51 and photolithographically patterned to define the location of gate 40 and pad 62 of the n-channel HFET. The patterned photoresist and gate cap 51 are then used as a mask to selective plasma etch layer 38 to define gate 40, pad 62, gate 50, and pad 64: the selective etch of layer 38 can be a mixture of H₂ O₂ and NH₄ OH which rapidly etches GaAs but is inhibited on Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As. Note that a slight overetch that removes a portion of the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As will not affect the heterointerface where the two-dimensional electron gas will be located. See FIG. 4B.
(c) Photoresist is again spun on and patterned to define a mask for implanting source 42 and drain 44 of the n-channel HFET; gate 40 will also be part of the implant mask and is thicker than the range of the implant, so the portion of Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As layer 36 below gate 40 will remain undoped. Then Si is implanted at 60 keV with a dose of 5×10¹³ /cm² to form source 42 and drain 44. Note that the source 42 and drain 44 are self-aligned to gate 40 and the implanted Si will be activated by a later rapid thermal anneal. See FIG. 4C which illustrates the extent of the Si implant by dashed lines; the peak of the implant is at depth of about 0.05 μm which is at the heterointerface of layers 34 and 36.
(d) The existing photoresist is ashed and new photoresist is spun on and photolithographically patterned to define a mask for implanting source 52 and drain 54 of the p-channel HFET; gate cap 51 and gate 50 are also used as part of the mask. Then Be is implanted at 50 keV with a dose of 3×10¹³ /cm² to form source 52 and drain 54. The photoresist is ashed and silicon nitride cap 53 of 0.1 μm thickness is deposited by LPCVD. A rapid thermal anneal at 750° C. for 13 seconds with silicon nitride cap both activates the Si and Be implants and diffuses zinc out of gate cap 51 and through gate 50 to about Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As layer 36. The zinc diffusion converts gate 50 from n+ to p+. Note that the activation of the implants is not as time critical as the zinc diffusion, so the rapid thermal anneal time is selected to have the zinc diffusion stop just at the interface of layers 36 and 38. Zinc diffuses in GaAs interstitially and follows a D∝ N² law where D is the diffusion constant and N is the zinc concentration; the N² dependence arises from the charge state change of two in the dissociation reaction (zinc on a Ga site to zinc in an interstitial site). The D∝N² law implies the zinc diffuses in GaAs with a concentration profile that is roughly constant from the zinc source to an abrupt diffusion front; and the distance the front has progressed after a time t is proportional to √t. The roughly constant concentration is about 1×10²⁰ /cm³ ; this is much greater than the Si concentration of 1×10¹⁸ /cm³ in layer 38 and easily converts it to p⁺. See FIG. 4D which illustrates the conversion of gate 50 to p+ and the extent of the Be implant by dashed lines; the peak of the implant is at depth of about 0.05 μm which conincides with the heterointerface of layers 34 and 36.
(e) The silicon nitride cap 53 is removed and device isolation is defined photolithographically and formed by boron implantation 60 which disrupts the crystal lattice and thereby raises the resistivity. Note that the boron does not penetrate gate cap 51 and is masked away from gate 40, so the boron does not affect the resistivity of gates 40 and 50. Then, metal contacts and interconnections are formed by photolithographic paterning, metal evaportation, and liftoff; ohmic contacts 46 and 48 to n regions are alloyed Ni/Ge/Au and ohmic contacts 56 and 58 to p regions are alloyed Au/Zn/Au. These steps are all low temperature procedures and do not cause further diffusion of the zinc in gate 50. See FIG. 3B for the completed pair 30 of complementary HFETs with their drains 44 and 54 connected. Passivation and interconnection insulation layers such as silicon nitride are not shown for clarity.
Note that if in step (d) the zinc diffusion front were about 0.05 μm short of reaching layer 36, then there would be a residual n⁻ layer about 0.05 μm thick and abutting gate insulator Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As 36. This n⁺ layer would not fully deplete (the Debye length is about 40 Å at this doping level, and the depletion layer is about ten Debye lengths thick at room temperature) and would cause enough band bending to decrease V_(Tp) by about the bandgap of GaAs (roughly, V_(Tp) decreases from about 0 V to about -1.4 V). In more detail and with an approximation of the zinc diffusion front as sharp and located 500 Å from the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As. at the p⁺ /n⁺ interface the p⁺ will be depleted to a depth of 4 Å and the n⁺ to a depth of 400 Å. and at the n⁺ /p⁻ interface the n⁺ will be depleted to a depth of 4 Å and the p⁻ to a depth of 4. μm (the thickness of the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As is negligible compared to the depletion depth in the undoped GaAs and has been ignored). Thus the effect of the zinc diffusion front being short of the Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As by at least 400 Å is to have a threshold voltage for the p-channel as if there were an n⁺ GaAs gate. Similarly, if the zinc diffusion front extended into Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As layer 136, then V_(Tp) would be increased and a depletion-mode device may result. Of course, the valence band discontinuity at the heterointerface is much less than the bandgap of GaAs (it is about 0.3 eV for Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As with x=0.3), so V_(Tp) will not increase beyond about +0.3 V. The zinc diffusion front must be controlled to within less than 50 Å, which is about 1% of the total diffusion distance. Note that the rapid thermal anneal to diffuse the zinc may be carried out in more than one step at more than one temperature. For example, an initial diffusion for 12 seconds at 750° C. can be performed and the resulting threshold voltages probed; then a short secondary diffusion at 675° C. can bring the threshold voltage to the desired level.
Use of a thinner GaAs layer to form gates 40 and 50 permits more accurate control of the zinc diffusion, and the resistivity of the gates can be kept low by WSi caps. In particular, if layer 38 were only 0.1 μm thick and if the photoresist in step (b) were used instead to liftoff a gate cap that defined gate 40, then the zinc diffusion of step (d) controlled to within 1% would give a ±10 Å location of the zinc front.
A second preferred embodiment HFET, generally denoted 130, is schematically shown in cross sectional elevation view in FIG. 5, and includes semi-insulating GaAs 132; GaAs buffer layer 134 of thickness 1 μm and of various dopings: n+ in regions 142 and 144, p in the portion of sublayer 135 not in regions 142 and 144, and undoped in the remainder; Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As with x=0.3 layer 136 of thickness 0.05 μm and of two dopings: n+ in regions 142 and 144 and undoped in the remainder; n+ GaAs layer 138 of thickness 0.5 μm which has been etched away to form gate 140; and ohmic contacts 146 and 148. Proton bombardment in regions 160 of layers 134 and 136 convert them to high resistivity for isolation.
As with HFETs 30, the portion of n⁺ GaAs layer 138 between self-aligned regions 142 and 144 forms gate 140 of HFET 130 and has length 1.0 μm. Regions 142 and 144 form the source and drain of HFET 130, and the undoped portion of layer 136 beneath gate 140 forms the gate insulator. The conduction channel is a two-dimensional electron gas formed in layer 134 at the heterojunction with layer 136 and between regions 142 and 144; the p doped sublayer 135 increases the threshold voltage of HFET 130 as follows: ##EQU2## where w' is the thickness of sublayer 135 and N_(A) is the acceptor concentration in sublayer 135. Thus with w'=500 Å and N_(A) =5.5×10¹⁷ /cm³, ΔV_(T) =0.1 V. Of course, sublayer 135 must be within the depletion region of layer 134 to affect the threshold voltage, but with a residual doping of less than 10¹⁵ /cm³ for the nominally undoped layer 134, this means that sublayer 135 could be in the order of 1,000 Å from the heterojunction. Also, the depletion of sublayer 135 prevents the sublayer from forming a short circuit from source to drain even if the sublayer were n doped (to lower the threshold). Sublayer 135 should not be closer than about 100 Å to the two-dimensional electron gas to avoid scattering of electrons in the gas. Doping sublayer 135 to N_(A) =5.5×10¹⁷ /cm³ during an MBE or MOCVD growth of layer 134 is routine. See FIG. 6 for a schematic band diagram for HFET 130 along line 6--6 of FIG. 5. The portions of the bands corresponding to the various layers of HFET 130 are referenced along the horizontal axis with the corresponding layer reference numeral; note that the change in curvature of the bands due to sublayer 135 is difficult perceive in FIG. 6.
HFET 130 can be fabricated with the method of fabrication of HFETs 130 with the extra step of providing dopant during a portion of the growth of the GaAs buffer layer.
The pulse doping to adjust threshold voltage is also useful for Schottky barrier gate HFET, although a threshold change of perhaps 0.4 V may be needed which would be a 1,000 Å thick sublayer in the above example.
For complementary HFETs a p-doped sublayer in the GaAs layer will algebraically increase the threshold voltages for both the n-channel and p-channel HFETs (and an n-doped sublayer will decrease both), so with mixed gate material the p-doped sublayer may bring both threshold voltages to desired levels. For example, with an n⁺ GaAs gate for an n-channel HFET and a WSi gate for a p-channel HFET, the threshold voltages would be about V_(Tn) =0 V. and V_(Tp) =-0.7 V; and with sufficient p doping to lift the thresholds about 0.35 V, the thresholds would be about V_(Tn) =+0.35 V and V_(Tp) =-0.35 V. A further example: if the duffusion of zinc in step (d) for pair 30 does not reach the heterointerface and makes V_(Tp) about -0.5 V, then a p pulse doping to raise thresholds by about 0.25 V will bring the thresholds up to ideal: +0.25 V for n-channel and -0.25 V for p-channel.
If in pair 30 the gates 40 and 50 were made of Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As with x=0.1, then V_(Tn) would become negative, V_(Tp) positive, and the HFETs would be depletion mode devices. Conversely, if in pair 30 the buffer layer 34 were Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As with x=0.1, then V_(Tn) would be about +0.1 V and V_(Tp) would about -0.1 V.
MODIFICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
Various modifications of the preferred embodiment devices and methods may be made while retaining the threshold adjustment features of a pulse doped layer near a two-dimensional gas channel and of a conductivity type-changing diffusion forming a gate from a common layer of material forming the other conductivity type gates in a complementary device arrangement. Some examples: the dimensions and shapes of the devices could be varied such as the source and drain of each HFET forming an interdigited pattern with portions connected by air bridges and with gate widths of thousands of microns; the materials could be varied such as the substrate being epitaxial GaAs grown on silicon or such as other III-V or II-VI compounds (binary, ternary, or quarternary) grown on strained layer superlattices or germanium on silicon; the dopant rapidly diffusing out of the capping layer could be magnesium diffusing out of a mixture of MgO (20% by weight) and silicon dioxide which is deposited by sputtering: circuits of various complexity can be monolithically integrated using HFETs with the pulse doping or conductivity type-changing diffusion; the pulse doping can be of differing dopants in multiple sublayers; and the gate caps could be metals such as molybdenum, tungsten, and titanium or alloys of silicides.
The advantages of the threshold adjustments of the present invention include the control and reproducibility of pulse doping during growth of epilayers and the simplicity of gate conductivity-type conversion for complementary devices so both type gates can be formed from a common layer.
What is claimed is:
1. Complementary heterostructure field effect transistors, comprising:(a) a channel layer of a first semiconductor material; (b) an insulator layer of a second semiconductor material, said insulator layer abutting said channel layer and the bandgap of said second material larger than the bandgap of said first material; (c) at least one n-channel gate on said insulator layer, said at least one n-channel gate made of a third semiconductor material and doped n+; (d) at least one p-channel gate on said insulator layer, said at least one p-channel gate made of said third semiconductor material and p-doped by outdiffusion, said p+ doping characterized by a doping profile of diffusion of p dopants through said at least one p-channel gate which was previously n+ uniformly doped, said diffusion of sufficient dopant concentration to convert said n+ uniform doping to p+ doping in all but a residual layer adjacent said insulator layer; (e) n type source and drain regions in said insulator and channel layers adjacent said at least one n-channel gate; (f) p type source and drain regions in said insulator and channel layers adjacent said at least one p-channel gate; and (g) electrodes contacting said gates, said source regions and said drain regions.
2. The transistors of claim 1, wherein:(a) said first and third materials are GaAs; (b) said second material is Al_(x) Ga_(1-x) As where x is about 0.3; (c) said p dopants are zinc; and (d) said residual layer is n-doped.
3. The transistors of claim 2, wherein:(a) said channel layer is substantially undoped except for a sublayer of substantially uniform doping and located adjacent but not abutting said insulator layer.
4. The transistors of claim 1, wherein:(a) said channel layer is substantially undoped except for a sublayer of substantially uniform doping and located adjacent but not abutting said insulator layer.
5. The transistors of claim 1 wherein said residual layer is less than 5,000 Angstroms thick.
6. A method for fabricating a device containing complementary heterostructure field effect transistors comprising the steps of:(a) forming a layered semiconductor structure with a first layer of a first semiconductor material having a depletion region and a second layer of second semiconductor material abutting said first layer and characterized by (i) the bandgap of said first semiconductor material being smaller than the bandgap of said second semiconductor material, (ii) said second layer being substantially undoped, and (iii) said first layer being substantially undoped except for a sublayer which is substantially uniformly doped a first conductivity type, said sublayer being within the depletion region of said first layer to provide a threshold voltage adjustment for transistors of first and second conductivity types; (b) forming a first gate on said second layer; (c) forming source and drain regions of a first conductivity type in said first and second layers adjacent said first gate extending above and below said sublayer and surrounded by said sublayer; (d) forming a second gate on said second layer; (e) forming source and drain regions of a second conductivity type in said first and second layers adjacent said second gate extending above and below said sublayer and surrounded by said sublayer; and (f) forming electrodes to contact said gates, said source regions and said drain regions.
7. A complementary heterostructure field effect transistor structure, comprising:(a) a channel layer of a first semiconductor material having a depletion layer; (b) an insulator layer of a second semiconductor material, said insulator layer abutting said channel layer and the bandgap of said second semiconductor material larger than the bandgap of said first semiconductor material; (c) a first gate on said insulator layer, said first gate made of a third semiconductor material; (d) source and drain regions of a first conductivity type in said insulator layer adjacent said first gate; (e) a second gate on said insulator layer, said second gate made of the third semiconductor material; (f) source and drain regions of second conductivity type in said insulator layer adjacent said second gate, (g) portions of said channel layer adjacent said gates substantially undoped except for a sublayer of substantially uniform doping, located adjacent but not abutting said insulator layer, said sublayer being within the depletion region of said channel layer; and (h) electrodes contacting said gates, said source regions and said drain regions; (i) each of said source regions and each of said drain regions extending above and below said sublayer and is surrounded by said sublayer..
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/71681527
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Alphanum3ric, FObersteiner, deceze, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10197418, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3238248, https://stackoverflow.com/users/476, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4834, https://stackoverflow.com/users/674039, quamrana, wim
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English
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Spoken
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JSON isinstance decoder is only decoding the strings to numbers, but not dates
I have a JSON file that has dates and integers in them. All of them are showing as strings. I used a JSON decoder to get the strings parsed into integers, but I am having issues getting the date strings into actual date format. My JSON file is below:
{"Time Open": "71", "Name": "John Doe", "Date Closed": "", "Date Created": "4/11/2021", "Due Date": "5/29/2021", "TimeStamp": "08/09/2021 00:00:00 AM"}
So far I used the "isinstance" to parse the Time Open strings into integers, but the "isinstance" isn't working for changing the dates "4/11/2021" to "2021-04-11" Seems like its not detecting my datetime.datetime "isinstance". Any help will be appreciated. I have my code below.
from datetime import datetime
class Decoder(json.JSONDecoder):
def decode(self, s):
result = super().decode(s) # result = super(Decoder, self).decode(s) for Python 2.x
return self._decode(result)
def _decode(self, o):
if isinstance(o, str):
try:
return int(o)
except ValueError:
return o
elif isinstance(o, datetime):
try:
return datetime.datetime.strptime(o, "%m/%d/%Y").strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
except ValueError:
return o
elif isinstance(o, dict):
return {k: self._decode(v) for k, v in o.items()}
elif isinstance(o, list):
return [self._decode(v) for v in o]
else:
return o
I'm using json.loads to go to this Decoder class as below:
json_doc = json.loads(doc, cls=Decoder)
You almost have it, the code is very close to working. Just have a think about when the elif isinstance(o, datetime): branch of the logic would ever be entered.
Dates are.not json types. You will need to, perhaps, search for particular keys and replace the string values with their conversion to a date type.
"Seems like its not detecting my datetime.datetime "isinstance"" — Yeah, 'cause it's a string.
since you import the datetime class from the datetime module, use return datetime.strptime(o, "%m/%d/%Y").strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
Thanks for your comment. I removed the datetime with datetime.strptime, but it's still not working. Any other suggestions. @FObersteiner
Well… more hints: you're trying to convert numbers by trying to parse the string as an int, and catching errors when that fails. … Your dates are Also. Just. Strings!
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sn83035144_1865-09-15_1_2_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Spoken
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JEN- Atwater Building. wr FOR SALE A fine Beeldence on Cedar about one mile from the city line. Tan acres of ground, seven acres which are producing grapes. Apply to A. K. G. L. USGOLLL, Ho. ill Super. or it. aeptj.zau LX)B SALE A Machine Shop, with all "the Tools required for manufacturing and repairing work for the Oil Regions. The shop is located at Franklin, the great center of the oil trade. Address Box 11 Franklin, Venango County, Penn. EX)B SALE LAND 600,000 Acres of - the best Lands in Northern Missouri for sale by the Hennituti & Co. for cash or ten years credit. I furnish all the Companies Circulars and advertising documents. Apply to ALBERT ALLYjN, Ho. 7 Law Office, Cleveland, O. XT O USE AND LOT FOR SALB IN -Li- . UK UK A. Will be sold cheap. This is a rare opportunity for Germans or others desirous of educating their children at the school of their children. And we obtain a home at small figures. J. F. P. Box 131 Berea, or B" lOaanKn Umca, Uievaaaao, uuo. 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Situations are now wanted for the following: Book-keepers, fine penmen; Book-binder; Clerks, experienced in dry goods, grocery or drug store; Competitors; Drivers, Urvoms and Gardeners; Porters; Waver; Machinists and Tinsmith's apprentices; Practical men wish places as messengers, as gents or office porters. Please send in your orders and help these men to earn an honest living. Apply at M. RANK KTRKKT. Pop 13:9, CLARKLAND, OHIO. A7"ANT In $1500 per $2000 for three months, an interest and the best of security. Address "VV.N.," Leajjek office, Cleveland, O. WANTED: A Salesman in a Hardware store; one that understands the business. Address, with references, and stating salary expected, to be sold at once. WANTED: AGENTS For the Standard History of the War, complete in one large royal octavo volume, over 100 pages, containing 1.7 fine portraits of Generals and Battle scenes. This is just the book that people want. 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Harry Leslie has been astonishing the Canadians, or they have been astonished by both. On Friday afternoon he gave an exhibition at Jay Deld, V.V., on the Great Trunk Railway. His rope was stretched across the James River, a distance of 200 feet. He started across, balance pole in hand, at the time announced, and upon reaching the center went through his ordinary entice. Upon nearing the opposite bank he saw a crowd of men much excited, evidently, and heard the cries of "Cut him down, he's the damned, exhausted, and continued to move along his rope, out of the way rescuing the terminus, the slender bridge was cut, and he fell a distance of nearly twenty-five feet. He was pursued by the Canadians, and after half-breadth escapes, got out of the vicinity. His agent, Mr. S.S. Skinner, was badly beaten. About a dozen of the ruffians were lodged in jail. We would advise friend Harry to keep clear of that district in future. Buffalo Express. "Six DAILY LEADER DAILY, THE WEEKLY WEEKLY, PUBLISHED IN THE CLERKENDALE COUNTY. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 1865., The Public Health. The cholera threatens us. "Whether it will leap across the Atlantic and lay waste the country, it did in 1832, in 1851, in 1851, if yet matter for peculation and arternment. But to infer that because it may not do to we should relax in the least our preparations to protect ourselves against its horrors by every sanitary means would be worse than folly. A general commanding an exposed position, in the front of a powerful enemy, does not wait to fortify until attack is certain, or until his camp is surprised by galloping squadrons of hostile cavalry. So, we should not delay to protect ourselves against a pestilence until it is already in our midst. Especially is this true when every precaution which is necessary as a preventive against cholera is most beneficial and wholesome whether cholera comes or not. Medical opinion we believe, coincides with common sense in prescribing the most simple and obvious sanitary regulations as the only ones which have proved efficacious in staying the march of the monarch of diseases. Quarantine, it is argued, are impotent. All that we are asked to do is to take care that, municipally and corporeally, we are elms, and that we exercise a little more than ordinary prudence in the matter of eating and drinking. The strict enforcement of these rules would do much good even in times of the greatest health, and in view of the fact that the cholera may breakout among us at any moment they become absolutely essential. Let the work be commenced immediately. Let our city officers see to it that the reform in the san In the city, the health office, street commissioner, bestir themselves. Let our streets be kept clear of garbage and filth. Let every nuisance which affects the public cleanliness and the public health be vigorously suppressed. Let our market grounds be kept scrupulously clean. Let our sewerage system be at once examined, and all cesspools, the results of imperfect drainage, removed. Let there be no delay in doing the work, for every day is full of danger. We published yesterday morning a communication from a respected citizen in respect to the cleanliness, or rather the alleged want of cleanliness, of our city. This is a matter which needs investigation, for in the alleged state of affairs there is not only destruction of duty on the part of our officials, but the gravest peril to the lives of our citizens. We therefore throw open our columns to all well-considered communications from reputable persons as a safeguard. We hope that our citizens will furnish us with the facts in regard to the sanitary condition of the city, and that our medical men may expose, for the benefit of our readers, the numerous causes of pestilence, in the shape of nuisances, that exist among us. Cleveland is naturally a healthy city. Its elevated position, its pure air, its ventilation by the breezes of Lake Erie, are all the best preventive of pestilence, and it needs only a little care, on the part of public officers and private citizens, to ensure us an immunity from the cholera, even should it visit America. But there is a class of our citizens fortunately a very small class to whom cleanliness is an impossibility. Some few poor we have among us, huddled in tenement-houses, living underground, or in shanties little better pigs' eyes, who cannot, or at any rate will not, take care of their well-cleanedliness. For these let all public and private benevolence do what it may. Let it do it, if not disinteredly, then from motives of the purest selfishness. For it is in such purities as "Irishtown" and Canal Street that the cholera finds its stronghold, whence it may make incursions at will upon the neighboring country. While such exist among us, none are safe. Let us join these what we can, in Cleveland, where the very poor are so few in number, we ought to do much. But whatever is done "there were well" there was done quickly. Equal Rights in Virginia. Under the Bill of Rights of the constitution of the State of Virginia, colored men are entitled to trial by jury and to the ballot. Its sixth section reads as follows. That all elections ought to be free, and that all men having sufficient evidence of common interest with and attachment to the community have the rights of suffrage, and cannot be taxed or deprived of their property for public uses, without their own consent, or that of their representatives so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not in like manner assented for the public good. This noble declaration of true republican principles has long been a dead letter; but the "Old Dominion" has given place to a new dominion under which all laws which tend to freedom will be enforced. Already a court in Alexandria has declared that, in accordance with another section of this same document, the Alagna Charta of Virginia colored men are entitled, in all capital or criminal prosecutions, to trial by jury. The acknowledgment will soon be followed, as we believe, by the recognition of the other great principle which we have quoted, and the admission of the colored man to the right of franchise. Piracy in the Pacific. The latest news from the Pacific seas gives further details of the ravages which the pirate "Shenandoah" is doing among our whaling vessels in the vicinity of Behring's Straits. Nineteen American whalers were destroyed and burned in one week, began on the 28th of June, ending June 28th. During the same week four bonded vessels, after sea, were stripped of everything valuable, were destroyed with their captured crews in various directions. The last seen of the Shenandoah was on the 29th of June, when the Kile saw ships burning in the Arctic, supposed to be the work of the rebel. cruiser. She was then steering southwest toward St. Lawrence Bay, and it is supposed that she was then steering southwest toward St. Lawrence Bay. posed, will next turn up in Australia. In 1868, the Democratic party of New York, to State Convention, resolved "that we repudiate the doctrine that no seceded State returning to its allegiance shall be permitted to resume its place is the Union until it has conformed its Constitution to the will of the party in power." Now, in 1865, they have agreed President Johnson's plan of secession, when he means that every Southern State "shall hold a convention and adopt an amendment to its Constitution so as to abolish it and present the same platform as will entitle the State to the privilege of the United States therefor." The Democrats of the North, who set out in 1861 opposed to the coercion of the Southern States, find themselves much coerced in 1865. An increase of fare by the Boston Horse Railroad Companies is denounced by the majority of that classical city under the term "centennial Tyrannis" (Sic Semper Tyrannis). GENERAL COX AT CANTON. The Soldiers' Reunion. The Soldiers' Reunion. The Soldiers' Reunion today surpassed the most. sanguine expectations of its most enthusiastic friends. The loyal men and women of Stark county turned out to the number of 10,000 to 12,000, and evinced a spirit that will be fatal to the cause of secession and rebellion on the 10th of October. DECORATIONS AND MOTTOES. The loyal residents of Canton hung out their banners, and draped their buildings with patriotic flags, streamers, and mottoes. From the office of the Stark County Republican to the St. Cloud Hotel stretched a streamer bearing these words: "Our Daughters had cast Major General J. D. Cox." Across West Tuscarawas street, opposite the Court House, was suspended: Ohio, Galaxy of Stars." Including the names of Grant, Schurz, Shibidah, McPhison, Cox, Echinck, Wilkins, Cbook, McCook, BOSCOB, Stakley, HAZEL, Woods, Habkab, Lekott, Gillmobb, Fob, Bkxlt, Batty, St. Clair, and others. At the crossing of Tuscarawas and Market street was an evergreen arch, supporting a banner, upon which was inscribed: "Welcome to the Hero of the Valley." Erected by the members of the 104th Ohio, in honor of the successful engagement that General Cox's command had at that point after turning the rebel position at Fort Anderson. In this action one of General Cox's brigades, under command of General Jack Casement, captured an entire rebel brigade, and the movement compelled the evacuation of Wilmington. Across East Tuscarawas street were the words: "Rise Me. The Strop? Right Arm of the Nation: Welcome, Thrice we Welcome on Home." Suspended over South market street was the inscription: "A Grateful Country Will Remember Her Maimed Soldiers, Her Widow, and Her Ophans." PROCESSION. At 11 o'clock the people assembled on the Public Square, and, under the direction of the Chief Marshal of the bay, Mr. K. C. Patterson, and his Assistants, formed in procession and moved to the Fair Ground, preceded by the 101st Ohio Brass Band. THE MEETING. Prayer was then offered by Rev. Jesse Durbin, of Canton, after which a choir, organized for the occasion, and composed of several gentlemen and ladies of Canton, under the leadership of Mr. Ballard, sang "Victory at Last," with an instrumental accompaniment by Prof. Leland, of Mount Union College. The speakers' stand was tastefully ornamented with evergreens and banners. On one side was the sentiment: "The Tomb of Our Father, St. Vernon on the Potomac; the Grave of Our Mother, Springfield on the Sangamon. On the other: "With Malice toward You, and Chartier for All, let me pre, forward to do the Right at God to see the Right." SPEECH OF GENERAL COX. Major General Cox was introduced by Judge J. W. Underhill, President of the Day. The General opened his speech with some allusions to those noble sons of Stark during four years of military service, paying a high compliment to their courage and loyalty; and then passed to a consideration of the cause of the rebellion. The theory of State Rights, said General Cox, is the essence of rebellion. The advocates of State Rights claimed for the State governments not only the right to determine the constitutionality of the acts of the Federal Government, but the privilege of determining the mode and manner of redress, or, in other words, of nullifying the laws of Congress by force. Therein lies the great evil of the State Rights theory. In opposition to this doctrine, the loyal men of the nation hold that the general government is responsible to the people of the United States not to the State Governments and that the Supreme Court is empowered by the Constitution to decide all questions of difference between the Federal and State Governments, and in fact, between the Federal Government and all other parties. Here we have a direct issue, based upon principle. It was the antagonism of these two principles that brought about the last conflict of arms. Union men acknowledge their first allegiance to the General Government; the Unionists make the claims of the State superior to those of the whole country. This question the Southern advocates of State Rights submitted to the arbitration of the sword, and, after four years of relentless war: they were compelled to acknowledge defeat. Many supposed the question thus disposed of, and this is what might reasonably be expected; but the contest has been renewed in another field, and, until this doctrine of state signs has been expelled from our politics, we cannot have a settled place. Our political opponents in Ohio Vallandigham and his coadjutors have recognized the secession interpretation of the Constitution, have adopted the Jeff. Davis doctrine of the superiority of the States. Let us review the history of the country. The thirteen original colonies formed a confederation, in which the States were recognized as independent. Each State possessed the power to withhold its support from the general Government. It was found that the General Government did not possess sufficient power for self-protection. It was powerless to carry on war without the consent of the States. Under these circumstances a convention was convened and the present Constitution framed and adopted, for the avowed purpose of forming "a more perfect Union" a Constitution free from the fatal defects and weaknesses of the original compact. George Washington was the recognized leader of this movement, the object of which was to unite the nation as our people to establish the unity of the Republic. This is the great idea of our nation now, a ruinous union "one out of many." This unity gave us our power among the nations of the world, and enabled us in 1812 to resist the aggressions of Great Britain. All the power and all the prestige we ever possessed we derived from this central idea of unity. Still there were those who denied and opposed the unity of the Government. This feature of the Government. Government was assailed by domestic and foreign enemies in 1798, at a time when the administration of General Washington was contending with those mad zealots who sought to embroil the infant Republic in the revolutions of the Old World. It was then the Legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky attempted nullification by the adoption of resolutions churning for the Judge for themselves the extent of their obligations to the Federal Government, the Government and the Supreme Court. Upon the doctrines contained in these resolutions, the traitors of South Carolina, under the leadership of that distinguished advocate of State Rights, John A. Calhoun, based their right to nullify the acts of Congress in 1832, but a patriot and statesman then occupied the Presidential chair. General Jackson crushed the law had time to post the nation's life. That distinguished Democrat was supported by the people. It seems that the people of the United States have been always pleased with the ratification of the treaty of 1864, which was ratified by the Senate of the United States. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. The ratification of the treaty of 1864 was a significant step in the history of the United States, as it was a significant step in the development of the United States' rights and interests. Into the keeping of Vallandigham and kindred traitors, the theory of State Bigbts is again put forward as a party measure, and upon it the so-called Democracy of today are attempting to ride into power and shape the future of the country. The main feature of the Platform of this party in Ohio is an endorsement of the doctrine of State Bigbts, but contained in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. "Whilst they deny that they favor secession, they adopt as the basis of their political creed the identical resolutions which Calhoun and Hayne quoted to sustain their attempt at nullification, and upon which Jeff. Davis and his fellow conspirators relied for a vindication of their attempt to overthrow the Government." He was made the standard bearer of this degenerate party in 1863, and notwithstanding his crushing defeat by that noble Democratic patriot, John Bright, again appeared as a party manager in the State. Soldiers, the old Diet simply transferred from sabers to ballots. The enemy attempted to throw dust in your eyes by dragging in minor issues, but the real question at issue is the unity of the government. Let us see that this heresy of State Rights is put down as effectively as was Toryism in the days of the Revolution, so that men will not dare to proclaim disloyalty. Remember that this is the same struggle in which you have borne all a part in the field. If we are beaten at the ballot-box, then truly may the Democracy say the war was a failure, as they have sought to make it. In vain will have been our sufferings and our wounds, the noble labors of our patriotic women and the generous contributions of our people, if the secession ideas prevail now. The Democracy is today cheek-by-jowl with Jeff Davis, and their leaders know it. Jeff Davis' attorney's proclaim their purpose of defending that traitor upon the ground of the constitutional right of secession, making the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798 the basis of their argument. If the Democratic platform be true, these men are right, and we are the traitors instead of Jeff Davis and his supporters. The doctrine of State rights is the essence of rebellion. General Cox alluded to the Democratic attempt to injure the credit of the government by raising a cry about the exemption of national bonds from taxation, and clearly showed the wickedness of their designs. This respect, however, he regarded as a mere attempt to divert public attention from their efforts to reinstate the rights of the people upon whom they were to rule. The same is true of their cry about equality, and so forth. It is an attempt to throw dust in the eyes of loyal men, order to conceal their treasonable designs. At the conclusion of General Cox's speech, of which I have given but a poor abstract, he was enthusiastically cheered. DINNER. The soldiers, several hundred in number, then partook of a bountiful dinner, provided by the fair hands of the loyal daughters of "Mollie Stark," than whom the government has no truer friends. OTHER SPEECHES. After dinner, brief speeches were made by Chaplain Collier, and General Geiger, both well worthy to be reported in full. They were greeted with hearty cheers and every demonstration of approval. The exercises were interspersed with music by the band of the 101st Ohio and the choir, the latter singing very beautifully the popular songs, "King the Bell" and "O, There's Music in the Waters." Marshal Patterson introduced Lieut. Buford, who was captured whilst in the secret service under direction of Gen. Mitchell, and had suffered the horrors of eight Southern prisons, including Andersonville. His vocal powers were destroyed by a wound in the lungs, so that he did not attempt to make himself heard. By the audience, but stood there a silent yet impressive witness of the outrages heaped upon our prisoners by the friends of the rebellion. OTHER MEETINGS. Gen. Cox, Gen. Geiger, and Chaplain Collier address an impromptu meeting at Massillon this evening, and tomorrow are to speak to a mass meeting at Spring D. PERSONAL. Hon. William Mitchell, former member of Congress from the Tenth Indiana district, died at Macon, Georgia, on the 11th inst. Secretary Stanton has been living for several days on a vessel in the river near West Point, in search of quiet and rest. He went on Monday to Newport, and will visit Boston and New York before his return to Washington. The Hon. Samuel Hooper, M.D., of Dixon, one of the wealthiest and best men in Massachusetts, has just invented an experiment in Harvard University to found a school of mining and practical geology. It is to be opened on the first Monday of October. Dr. Hooper has proposed Joseph D. Whitney, of California. Dr. Wolcott Gibbs, formerly of New York, and Professor Eustis, of Harvard, as professors. Major Welles, son of the Secretary of the Navy, has passed away, and officers on the staff of General Ord, at Detroit, have passed a sign in the police station, and are now ready to appear for trial next Saturday, forcibly entering the apartment of two opera prima donnas, at their hotel, and attempting violence upon them. The young man was also a guest, and the whole house at time of its occurrence, but has since turned into a joke for any amount of gossip in the city. Champ Ferts, the energetic, whose atrocities seem to be second to none in Andersonville, has a following statement of his religious belief: "Well, I believe there is a law and rules the universe, and that we all hold responsible for our acts in this world. I think, in fact, that the 'Old Man' has been on my side this far in life, I believe that will star within me. I have mighty lucky through life, and I am thankful that God favored me. I all my hope in him, and don't believe a man will throw on me now. I am about to receive a large choice. The text found in the text is as follows: "The Campbellites were just as good as any of them, and better." NORTHERN OHIO NEWS. ASHTABULA COUNTY. M. P. Atkins announces himself an independent Union candidate for Record, at the request of many citizens. The following shows the places and time of holding fairs in Ashtabula county during the present fall: Orwell, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, September 26th, 27th, and 28th. Conneaut, Wednesday. Thursday and Friday, September 27th, 28 in and 29lh, 1865. " Ashtabula County Agricultural Society at Jefferson, October lutb, 11th and 12th, 1063. fc TRUMBULL COUNTY. The total amount of State and County Taves collected in tbe county for the year 1864, was 165,497.27. , A monument erected in Kinsman by Company B, 23rd regiment O V. I , to the memory of Cp aiu Amos Gillis, was ded icated with appropriate ceremonies on Wednesday of just week. An address was delivered by Judge Yeomans. . Dinner was furnished by the patriotic ladies of Kinsman. COLUMBIANA COUNTY. is The Buckeye Stale eays the two little boys named Neiswanger, whose father lives in Stark county, were put in i til on mon day last, ia New Lisbon, charged with Caving entered tbe noose ot a Mr. wever, living on tbe road between Salem and Franklin tquare, on -last Saturday, and stealing therefrom a cold -watch, and other properly. Une ot tbe boys is nine, ana tne other only eleven v ears ot age. We un derstand that they claim that their father is in tne habit ot getting intoxicateu, anu that in a drunken fit he drove tbem away from home. We do not vouch fcr tbe truth of this. The custom of numbering bouses is being introduced into rialem. The sixteenth annual exhibition oi tne Columbiana County Agricultural Society, will be held at the Fair Grounds, at New Lisbon, on Tuesday. Wednesday, ana Thursday, tha 2tiih. 27th. and 28lh inBt. Tta -t . ln.Khlt .V- -. -will present. J una Tompkins, a lad about twelve years of age, living on Canfield street, Saler, was arrested on Wednesday last for breaking into George Boone's house, on Depot street, and stealing money to the amount of several dollars. The boy has been sent to jail in default of $20 bail. He comes to having entered several houses and stolen whatever he could lay his hands on. On Wednesday night of last week, burglars entered the clothing store of John McLearn, in Salem, and stole clothing to the amount of $500. On Sunday night last, thieves broke into the residence of Major Lockard, and also into Bittenhouse's grocery. Stolen money from the drawer of the latter, and a few housekeeping articles from the former. SUMMIT COUNTY. Oil was struck on Tuesday last three quarters of a mile south of Peninsula, at the depth of a mile, by the new iron company. A jet of gas, water and oil is flowing from the well with such force that the workmen are as yet unable to extract the drill. A picnic was given, on Saturday last, to the returned soldiers of Springfield township, and Company B, his Battalion U. J. G., by the ladies of the township. Remarks were made by Major Tibbala and H. A. Lane, Jr. The Akron Beacon says that Colonel George T. Perkins, late of the 105th O V, has purchased an interest in the Machine works of Messrs. Taplin, Rice and Ford in that city, and will in the future take an active part in the extensive business operations of the firm. D. C. Mills, one of the young men arrested by Sheriff Burlison for robbing the storehouse of the Probate Judge, has been summoned to appear in court to answer the Probate Judge, his father, a wealthy citizen of Bandusky, and another gentleman from that city becoming his sureties. The Summit county fair will take place at Akron during the last week in October. Gen. Garfield is the orator of the occasion. The Richfield fair will commence on Wednesday, September 6th, and will continue for three days. S. A. Lane will deliver the address. The Twinsburg fair commenced on Wednesday last and continued to any day. RICHLAND COUNTY. A destructive fire took place in the village of Shelby, on last Thursday night. The residence of Mrs. Goodell, the widow of a soldier, was burned to the ground. As she was absent some ten days previous to, and at the time of the fire, it must have been the work of an incendiary. LUCAS COUNTY. The Toledo Blade of the 13th says: We saw a dispatch this forenoon which stated that a 20-bar oil well had been developed at Waterville, in this county. We hope the statement is correct. LORAIN COUNTY. The question of establishing a County Infirmary will be submitted to the people of Lorain county at the ensuing election. The citizens of Lorain have been so thrifty or so benevolent, or both, that heretofore they have not needed such an institution. A convention of tbe wool-growers of Aiorain uounty nas been called to meet at the Court House in Elyria on Wednesday next, September 20th, lor the purpose ot forming a Wool Growers Association. It would be well for the wool-growing inter est of tne -tate it the example oi JLoram county snouia be generally imitated. OIL NEWS. Letter from Prank Iin---Hotel Privileges and Prospects. JTBABTALItr, V-KAHOO Co., Pa , 1 . ' August 28th, 1865.. HisBBS. Editoks : I have just completed a second roaming through the justly fa mous oil regions of Venango county and now that all the indications point to a re newed excitement in oil matters (similar to that of last autumn), I take pleasure iu suggesting a few facts which may be of in terest to your readers.. The temporary loll in this section, as is well known, was caused by the unfortu nate and tragic assassination at Washing ton, the" unprecedented freshet of March last, the general decline in business in the large cities, the approach of the " heated term, and, lastly, by the explosion and going np of several " bogus companies.'' Uur loved country is tranquil once mora business everywhere is reviving, and, al though there are still some dancers at Ear. atoga and the sea shore yet the majority of them are pfeparirg to tramp through tne wiias oi r itnoie, Allegheny and Sugar Creek to replenish their pockets again for tne next summer campaign. These will be surprisel to learn that " teaming oil " is shortly to be dianenaarl wit-, inrgo six men pipes Deiag now laid in seveial places to carry oil a distance ion toe r li-oiei ol live miles, to navigation ann railroad. They will see a city in the wildarnc. nf jrithole, built up in eight weeks to over six thousand inhabitants. They will hear tha sound not of "many waters," but of gush- JK oiia. Truly, this land is rich indeed, and ha wuo uouots Dceo. out come ana see tbe rich eartn aeivea into ior coal, bored down deep for oi), and the rocky ways and side hills being uttea np ana levelled by thousand. of sturdy arms to make a pathway for the "iron horse." To particularize would be vain where an much development is eoine on. It is a generous rivalry between the heavy, or lu- Dricating on region, ana the liehtnr. nr illuminating oil district. Titusville ia re garded as the locus of the latter. Franklin JL bt OWIU lot. t .v. r " In both cities the march of wonderful Hotels of very l&Tpn are rapidly being completed, fund thev arn biioii usiuiai,! uu uttaiy restaurants, on 1 t 1 .. .1 V . - tun x.aaMru jjian, ave come into voeue. T . : vi. V a.. -i int tiuiauio uouuuba tney are to one accua. tomed to visit this locality, and who have most dismal recollection of the extortions privations and discomforts of a Venaneo county hotel in 1861. B At Th pioneers of -this latter grand im provement are Messrs. McKinley and Webster. The former is well and favora bly known in connection with the Severe louse, cotton, ana tne r irta Avenue no te!, New Yorkv Mr. "Webster made hosts friends at the American Hotel, Boston, by bis courtesy and attention. These gentlemen have established in Franklin the Home Club Restaurant, conveniently located on Liberty Street, in the heart of the business portion of the City. The guests, in their hospitable manner, have comfort indeed. The attendants are courteous and obliging, and I don't hesitate to say you are served with meals at all hours with a style and cleanliness not surpassed by Delmont's. Their outlay and expenses have been enormous, but from what I hear their business fully warrants it, and is daily increasing. Tell your readers to come now to "Old Dominion," for here is the panacea for all the ills that flesh is heir to, and the grand and unfailing assurance to fill their yearning and yearning. Yours, TRAVELLER. Dinner to the British Minister. Hon. Anson Burlingame, American Minister to China, gave a private entertainment to Sir Frederick Bruce, English Minister to the United States, on Saturday evening, at the Parker House. Among the company present were Governor Andrew, Hon. Charles Burner, ex-governor Upham, Hon. Samuel Hooper, Hon. Alexander H. Rice. The relations between Sir Frederick Bruce and Mr. Burlingame are those of the closest friendship, cemented by years of daily intercourse at Boston Transcript. Auction Sales. Auctioneer, Quaanaas, Laao, Ohio, etc. NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, That a certain mortgage from the County Quartermaster of Ohio, will all at public auction, on Monday, the 5th day of April, at Camp Levelling, Ohio, 10th of Dry Goods, A Too Bolt Co. The property to be removed from the premises within three days from the date of this notice. The 10th of B. B. B. will be sold. 6.1, to oommeno. at 10 A U GXO. B. OADWALLADEB, aepl:81 Captain and A. j. M. Otrios Asutaht: QOABraaatAena, OuvaLaaa. uhlo, Sept. 11, lido, f XTOTICE 18 HEREBY GIVES. That 131 fn ojraauo oi lastinotioaa from the Chief UoarMu ranter's Department or unto, 1 wiu noli at pan.l, .action, at camp uiv.laad, unia, on wdaKW7. tha 20th da; of Sef tomber, 18t6, tha ion wtog mono nuoing, ana rraoss, i. Bnildina. o. i a eaaqnaner, zuiz sningia root z " uxm , " 3 Cffloe cf Comm wmrj.)xl8 " " 4 Offloeof Qaartrmaitar.16il8 " ! " " 6 Store Bourn 45xl7S ' " 6 Hoadonartan Slab e.la7i board " " 7-mgme, Hill ritiofle . " 8 Anen.l.... . .. StxUiO " " to ll Officer.' Unaria.18xT4 board "U to 64 " " .iail8 " : ' 66 to 73- " .tlxi3 ; 74 to 81 12xj6 " " " HS-Omp Chapel xoxSO thlnxla " "attoltii Unartera lor H a luii. board " Tbe abore b.lldintc. wlU be sold einKl, a, aboT, epicifted ; to be rem. Ted from the p-euil .ei within twenty data from tha data of aal., at the expena. ol th. purchaser. (. Pale to coo mence at iw a. u Tern, Caih in florernment Fnnds. GaO. U. OADWAL.LA.DltB. a-pt8:84 Captain aad . U. M. Assist., QoAaTaa tarn's Omen, I OuTuna, Oulj, Sept. Ilia, 1868. f -VTOTICE 13 HsRSBY GIVJKN. That il In nnranan ca of Jnet action, from tha Chief Qiarttrm.tter of tha Department of Oblo, 1 will aolj, at pub'io anction, at Camp Cle-elend, Ohio, oa FrKJ.j, in. id day of September, 18. 6, tha loi'owiog article, ul fabllc proporty zj tamp .ettlra, i Aim, 1 O.p. 1 ehoTel, 8 Pica rJandl-, 16 Wall lent a ea. 10 Ret, Wall tent pll a. 1 Block for. 1S1 Wall Tent, 19i wall Teat o'es. b lo Com men Tents, loo - not, 610 - " 'Poks, a Single, S Lrom heal Battens, S'enaro, S Sling, 2 " Cords, In Ink Stands, S Holers, 18 Paper rods,.. 1 Field Fek, 1 Table, 1 Wagon Whip, 1 Parry Shovel, -1 Horre Brush, 22.11 Shelter tent.. i d aia'mm, S brums, t Pr Dram Sticks, 5 Bet Snares, 6 raser, 1 Field tj.Ce,. 2 Rocking thairs' 8 Water Back, T.r rote, 4 Riding t-addie., 2'Biidiei, 3 wl Ha ta, 6 WU cnrbstehalna 1 Bead -altar, 8 Handsaw, 1 Wood aw, 8 St anding Irons, I Trnok, Pack ng Boxes, 1 Brea s.trsp. . 25 Necks.repiAoaaii u rda a-trca rope, 110 indow baeh, 1 Q. M 'l cbtst, 1 Copying Frees, H mom Pan-, 18 Axe Handles. The property to be removed from the premises within two days at the auction. Terms Cash in byernmsnt fan da.
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https://github.com/daz3d/DazToC4D/blob/master/Cinema 4D/appdir_common/plugins/DazToC4D/lib/CustomColors.py
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
DazToC4D
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daz3d
|
Python
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Code
| 446 | 1,786 |
import c4d
from c4d import documents
from random import randint
class randomColors():
IKMobjList = []
def selchildren(self, obj, next): # Scan obj hierarchy and select children
while obj and obj != next:
# global IKMobjList
self.IKMobjList.append(obj)
self.selchildren(obj.GetDown(), next)
obj = obj.GetNext()
return self.IKMobjList
def get_random_color(self):
""" Return a random color as c4d.Vector """
def get_random_value():
""" Return a random value between 0.0 and 1.0 """
return randint(0, 255) / 256.0
return c4d.Vector(get_random_value(), get_random_value(), get_random_value())
def randomNullsColor(self, parentName, randomCol=1, rigColor1=0, rigColor2=0):
doc = documents.GetActiveDocument()
try:
if randomCol == 1:
rigColor1 = self.get_random_color() # c4d.Vector(0,2,0)
rigColor2 = self.get_random_color() # c4d.Vector(1,0,0)
self.IKMobjList = []
parentOb = parentName
for o in self.selchildren(parentOb, parentOb.GetNext()):
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_USECOLOR] = 2
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor1
if 'HAND' in o.GetName() or \
'Pelvis' in o.GetName() or \
'Platform' in o.GetName() or \
'Head' in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_USECOLOR] = 2
# o[c4d.ID_CA_JOINT_OBJECT_ICONCOL] = 1
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
except:
pass
c4d.EventAdd()
def randomPoleColors(self, parentName, randomCol=1, rigColor1=0, rigColor2=0):
doc = documents.GetActiveDocument()
try:
if randomCol == 1:
rigColor1 = self.get_random_color() # c4d.Vector(0,2,0)
rigColor2 = self.get_random_color() # c4d.Vector(1,0,0)
parentOb = parentName
for o in self.selchildren(parentOb, parentOb.GetNext()):
try:
tag = o.GetFirstTag()
tag[c4d.ID_CA_IK_TAG_DRAW_POLE_COLOR] = rigColor2
except:
pass
c4d.EventAdd()
except:
pass
def randomRigColor(self, parentName, randomCol=1, rigColor1=0, rigColor2=0):
doc = documents.GetActiveDocument()
try:
if randomCol == 1:
rigColor1 = self.get_random_color() # c4d.Vector(0,2,0)
rigColor2 = self.get_random_color() # c4d.Vector(1,0,0)
parentOb = parentName
self.IKMobjList = []
for o in self.selchildren(parentOb, parentOb.GetNext()):
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_USECOLOR] = 2
if "Head" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Neck" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Chest" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = (rigColor2 * 0.9) + (rigColor1 * 0.1)
if "Spine" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = (rigColor2 * 0.7) + (rigColor1 * 0.3)
if "Abdomen" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = (rigColor2 * 0.7) + (rigColor1 * 0.3)
if "Spine2" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = (rigColor2 * 0.7) + (rigColor1 * 0.3)
if "Collar" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Arm" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "ForeArm" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Hand" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Index" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Middle" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Ring" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Pink" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Thumb" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Finger" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Thumb" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor2
if "Pelvis" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = (rigColor2 * 0.2) + (rigColor1 * 0.8)
if "LegUpper" in o.GetName() or "jUpLeg" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor1 * 0.7
if "LegLower" in o.GetName() or "jLeg" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor1 * 0.6
if "Foot" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor1 * 0.3
if "Toes" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor1 * 0.3
if "ToesEnd" in o.GetName():
o[c4d.ID_BASEOBJECT_COLOR] = rigColor1 * 0.2
c4d.EventAdd()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
# pass
| 14,824 |
https://github.com/tatchi/rome/blob/master/packages/@romejs/events/BridgeError.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
rome
|
tatchi
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 59 | 106 |
import Bridge from './Bridge';
/**
* Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
*
* This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
*/
export default class BridgeError extends Error {
constructor(message: string, bridge: Bridge) {
super(message);
this.bridge = bridge;
}
bridge: Bridge;
}
| 42,927 |
3745936_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 3,009 | 4,469 |
DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
{¶ 1} Appellant, Andre J. Coleman, appeals the Sandusky County Court of Common Pleas judgment. For the following reasons, we affirm appellant's judgment of conviction.
{¶ 2} This is appellant's second appeal as of right. We stated the facts underlying appellant's convictions in State v. Coleman, 6th Dist. No. S-02-041, 2005-Ohio-318:
{¶ 3} "On July 11, 2002, appellant was indicted on one count of murder with a firearm specification; two counts of attempted murder with firearm specifications; two counts of felonious assault with firearm specifications; one count of failure to comply with the order or signal of a police officer; one count of tampering with evidence; one count of having a weapon while under disability; and one count of possession of drugs. The charges arose from a brawl involving a crowd of people that broke out shortly after 2:00 a.m. on July 6, 2002, in the parking lot outside a bar in Fremont, Ohio. As a result of the fight, one man died from a gunshot in the chest and another man was shot in the leg. After the shootings, appellant and his companions fled the scene in their car. Appellant threw his gun out the car window and failed to immediately pull over when the police pursued him. When appellant was searched incident to arrest, police recovered marijuana and cocaine from his pockets. The case was tried to a jury and on October 18, 2002, appellant was found guilty of all counts except attempted murder and one of the felonious assault charges." Id., ¶ 10.
{¶ 4} Appellant was subsequently sentenced as follows: "for murder, 15 years to life, plus a 3-year gun specification; for felonious assault, eight years, plus a 3-year gun specification; for failure to comply with the order or signal of a police officer, eighteen months; for tampering with evidence, five years; for having a weapon under disability, 12 months; and for possession of drugs, 12 months." Id., ¶ 33. The murder and felonious assault sentences were imposed consecutively to each other. The four remaining sentences were imposed concurrently to the term for felonious assault, for a total term of 29 years incarceration.
{¶ 5} On appeal, we affirmed his convictions, but determined that resentencing was necessary because the trial court failed to comply withState v. Comer (2003), 99 Ohio St. 3d 463, 2003-Ohio-4165. The trial court were required by Comer to state specific findings on the record at sentencing hearings, pursuant to R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(d), in order to impose the maximum sentence within a specified range pursuant to R.C.2929.14(C) and in order to impose terms consecutively to each other pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(E). The trial court failed to make findings at appellant's first sentencing hearing required to impose maximum and consecutive sentences; therefore, pursuant to Comer, we reversed each of the sentences imposed and remanded for resentencing.
{¶ 6} Prior to appellant's resentencing, the Ohio Supreme Court decided State v. Foster (2006), 109 Ohio St. 3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, certiorari denied by State v. Foster, 127 S. Ct. 442, which declared certain portions of Ohio's sentencing laws unconstitutional as violative of a defendant's Sixth Amendment Right to a jury trial. Specifically,Foster held the following statutory sections unconstitutional: R.C.2929.14(B), (C), (D)(2)(b), (D)(3)(b), and (E)(4); R.C. 2929.19(B)(2); and R.C. 2929.41(A). Foster also specifically abrogated Comer, and applied Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000), 530 U.S. 466; Blakely v.Washington (2004), 542 U.S. 296; and United States v. Booker (2005),543 U.S. 220. Foster must be applied to all cases pending on "direct review or not yet final," 2006-Ohio-856, ¶ 106, and in the post-Foster era, "[t]rial courts have full discretion to impose a prison sentence within the statutory range and are no longer required to make findings or give their reasons for imposing maximum, consecutive, or more than the minimum sentences." Id. at paragraph seven of the syllabus.
{¶ 7} The trial court held another sentencing hearing, adhering toFoster's mandates. Appellant was sentenced as follows: for murder, 15 years to life incarceration, plus a three year gun specification; for felonious assault, eight years incarceration plus a three year gun specification; for failure to comply, 12 months incarceration; for tampering with evidence, three years incarceration; for having a weapon under a disability, 12 months incarceration; for possession of drugs, 12 months incarceration. The terms imposed for murder and felonious assault were ordered consecutive to each other, with the remaining sentences ordered to run concurrent to the terms for murder and felonious assault and concurrent to each other. Noting it was bound by Foster, the trial court did not make any findings in support of the maximum or consecutive nature of the sentences, as Comer and our decision to reverse and remand required. It did, however, consider the principles and purposes of sentencing as required by R.C. 2929.12. Appellant was sentenced to a sum of 29 years incarceration, the same total term of incarceration which he originally received.
{¶ 8} Appellant filed a timely appeal and raises three assignments of error:
{¶ 9} "I. The trial court erred by giving the defendant maximum concurrent sentences in a post-Foster sentencing in violation of the jury trial guarantee of the due process clause of theFourteenth Amendment.
{¶ 10} "II. Post-Foster sentencing violates the Ex Post Factor Clause of the Federal Constitution and also exceeds the Fourteenth Amendment on retroactive judicial decisions.
{¶ 11} "III. Application of the rule of lenity in favor of the defendant requires that he be sentenced to minimum and concurrent sentences."
{¶ 12} Because the first and second assignments of error raise issues with the retroactive application of Foster, we address them jointly. In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that Foster violates the Federal Constitution because the law as it existed prior toFoster required that he be given minimum, concurrent sentences. Prior toFoster, appellant argues, "R.C. 2929.14(B) provided that a court shall impose the shortest prison term authorized for the offense in the absence of additional, judicial fact-finding. R.C. 2929.14(E)(4) provided that concurrent prison terms were mandatory in the absence of additional, judicial fact-finding, fact finding that is now prohibited." Essentially, appellant argues that the Supreme Court fashioned an incorrect remedy in Foster; instead, appellant points to the Indiana Supreme Court's decision in State v. Smylie (Ind.S.Ct. 2005),823 N.E.2d 679, which, instead of severing the unconstitutional fact finding portions of its sentencing statutes, ordered that the facts to be found to enhance a penalty must be found by a jury.
{¶ 13} As with other defendants whose appeals were pending whenFoster was announced, appellant "essentially seeks the benefit ofFoster's substantive holding, but he wishes to avoid the remedial holding." State v. McGhee, 3rd Dist. No. 17-06-05, 2006-Ohio-5162. "[H]e wants `a sentence that comports with the Sixth Amendment requirements ofBooker [and Foster], but wants to avoid the possibility of a higher sentence under the remedial holdings of Booker [and Foster].' UnitedStates v. Jamison (7th Cir.2005), 416 F.3d 538, 539." State v.Paynter, 5th Dist. No. CT2006-0034, 2006-Ohio-5542, ¶ 28.
{¶ 14} In his second assignment of error, appellant claims that the trial court violated due process and the Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States Constitution when it resentenced him pursuant to State v.Foster. We note that appellant failed to raise this issue at his resentencing, although the trial court expressly stated that it was following the dictates of Foster during the resentencing hearing. Ordinarily, failure to raise a constitutional issue at the trial court waives the error on appeal; ex post facto and due process challenges fall within the waiver doctrine. This argument was available to appellant at the time of trial. See State v. Gibson, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-509, 2006-Ohio-6899, ¶ 14, citing State v. Awan (1986),22 Ohio St. 3d 120, syllabus.
{¶ 15} Nevertheless, appellant's arguments fail. "To fall within the ex post facto prohibition, a law must be retrospective — that is, `it must apply to events occurring before its enactment' — and it `must disadvantage the offender affected by it.'" Lynce v. Mathis (1997),519 U.S. 433, 441, quoting Weaver v. Graham (1981), 450 U.S. 24, 29. The Ex Post Facto Clause extends to four types of laws:
{¶ 16} "1st. Every law that makes an action done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal; and punishes such action. 2d. Every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed. 3d. Every law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the law annexed to the crime, when committed. 4th. Every law that alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less, or different, testimony, than the law required at the time of the commission of the offense, in order to convict the offender." Rogers v. Tennessee (2001), 532 U.S. 451, 456, quotingCalder v. Bull (1798), 3 Dall. 386, 390.
{¶ 17} Although the Ex Post Facto Clause "is a limitation upon the powers of the Legislature, and does not of its own force apply to the Judicial Branch of government," Rogers, 532 U.S. at 456, quotingMarks v. United States (1977), 430 U.S. 188, 191, "limitations on ex post facto judicial decisionmaking are inherent in the notion of due process." Id., explaining Bouie v. City of Columbia (1964),378 U.S. 347. While noting some overlap between the Ex Post Facto Clause and the restrictions due process places upon retroactive applications of judicial decisions, Rogers held that the two are not coextensive. "The Ex Post Facto Clause, by its own terms, does not apply to courts" as it "would circumvent the clear constitutional text" and "evince too little regard for the important institutional and contextual differences between legislating, on the one hand, and common law decisionmaking, on the other." Id. at 460. Thus, appellant's argument that the Ex Post Facto Clause applies to resentencing hearings conducted pursuant toFoster is not well-taken, and we proceed to examine only his due process claim.
{¶ 18} The test of whether a judicial interpretation or severance of a statute violates due process is whether the judicial decision is "unexpected and indefensible by reference to the law which has been expressed prior to the conduct in issue." Rogers, 532 U.S. at 455, quoting Bouie, 378 U.S. at 354. Appellant's offenses arose from conduct which occurred on July 6, 2002. Appellant's due process claim thus requires us to examine the expressions of Ohio's sentencing statutes and constitutional law prior to that date to determine whether theFoster decision was "unexpected and indefensible."
{¶ 19} Every Ohio appellate court to confront the issue to date has held that no due process rights are implicated by Foster. See State v.Smith, 2nd Dist. No. 21004, 2006-Ohio-4405; State v. Durbin, 2nd Dist. No. 2005-CA-134, 2006-Ohio-5125; State v. McGhee, 3rd Dist. No. 17-06-05, 2006-Ohio-5162; State v. Grimes, 4th Dist. No. 04CA17,2006-Ohio-6360; State v. Paynter, 5th Dist. No. CT2006-0034,2006-Ohio-5542; State v. Hildreth, 9th Dist. No. 06CA008879,2006-Ohio-5058; State v. Gibson, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-509,2006-Ohio-6899; State v. Doyle, 12th Dist. No. CA2005-11-020,2006-Ohio-5373. Criminal defendants, pre-Foster, were never guaranteed a minimum prison term. "[T]he Court in Foster did not simply sever the judicial fact-finding portion of R.C. 2929.14(B); rather the Court found that the presumption for the shortest prison term only existed if the trial courts were free to overcome the presumption based upon the offender's history or the particular facts of the case. The natural corollary to this finding is that the legislature never mandated a mandatory minimum sentence upon every offender who had not previously served a prison term." Paynter, supra, at ¶ 38. Once Foster found that the Sixth Amendment forbids courts from overcoming the presumption by engaging in factfinding, Foster erased the presumption for the shortest prison term as if it never existed. Of course, another "natural corollary" is that once courts were forbidden from engaging in factfinding, the presumption articulated by the legislature does not cease to exist; rather, it can no longer be overcome except by the overriding sentencing considerations of R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 which grant trial courts discretion in fashioning appropriate sentences. However, Foster did not so hold. Instead, while courts must consider the purposes of R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, definite or express articulations of those considerations are not necessary conditions precedent to the imposition of a greater-than-minimum sentence.
{¶ 20} Moreover, appellant's resentencing did not result in the imposition of a more burdensome punishment than the one to which he had been exposed at the time of the commission of the offenses. In his first appeal of right, we reversed appellant's sentence with respect to the imposition of maximum terms for each of his convictions and with respect to the imposition of consecutive terms for murder and felonious assault, since improper findings were made pursuant to Comer, supra, the prevailing law at the time. At the time of appellant's first sentencing hearing, he was aware of the maximum penalty which could have been imposed. In fact, appellant received lower than the maximum sentences originally imposed on his convictions for failure to comply and for tampering with evidence. Because appellant was only guaranteed the presumption of a minimum term in the absence of judicial factfinding, once such factfinding was held unconstitutional, the presumption ceased to exist. We cannot conclude, therefore, that the remedy, which implements longstanding Sixth Amendment principles, is "indefensible."Rogers, 532 U.S. at 455.
{¶ 21} As an intermediate appellate court, we are bound to followFoster. The remedy which Foster fashioned became unquestionable law in Ohio when the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari on October 16, 2006. Foster v. Ohio (2006), 127 S. Ct. 442. We recognize that the Court does not explicitly endorse a decision when declining to review a matter, because a denial "imports no expression of opinion upon the merits of the case." Agoston v. Com. of Pa. (1950), 340 U.S. 844, 844, quoting United States v. Carver (1923), 260 U.S. 482, 490. "A denial simply means that as a matter of `sound judicial discretion' fewer than four members of the Court deemed it desirable to review a decision of a lower court." Id. However, lower courts are bound to apply controlling precedent and must not, even despite doubts, force superior court review of an issue by upsetting controlling precedent. Eberhart v. U.S. (2005),546 U.S. 12, 126 S. Ct. 403, 407. Appellant's first and second assignments of error are not well-taken.
{¶ 22} Next, appellant argues that the "rule of lenity" requires courts to construe the sentencing statutes as they exist post-Foster in favor of criminal defendants, to resolve doubts regarding punitive statutes against the imposition of harsher punishments. Originally a staple of common law, Ohio's rule of lenity is codified in R.C. 2901.04(A), which provides that "sections of the Revised Code defining offenses or penalties shall be strictly construed against the state, and liberally construed in favor of the accused." Appellant urges that the "construction" given to Ohio's sentencing statutes byFoster, supra, "does not pass the test of lenity in interpretation" because it removed burdens upon the exercise of a trial court's discretion to impose maximum or consecutive sentences.
{¶ 23} The rule of lenity "applies only where there is ambiguity in or conflict between the statutes" at issue. State v. Arnold (1991),61 Ohio St. 3d 175, 178. The rule has no application here, since there is no ambiguity or conflict between statutes, and Foster severed the portions of the sentencing statutes which violated the Sixth Amendment. SeeState v. Moore, 3rd Dist. No. 1-06-51, 2006-Ohio-6860, ¶ 12. Appellant's third assignment of error is not well-taken.
{¶ 24} We must sua sponte find, however, error in the trial court's order for the one year term for failure to comply to run concurrent to the other terms. Appellant was convicted of R.C. 2921.331(B) and (C)(4), a felony of the fourth degree. R.C. 2921.331(D) grants discretion in whether a court may impose a prison term for the offense; if a prison term is imposed, however, it must be ordered consecutive to any other sentence imposed. "If an offender is sentenced pursuant to division (C)(4) or (5) of this section for a violation of division (B) of this section, and if the offender is sentenced to a prison term for that violation, the offender shall serve the prison term consecutively to any other prison term or mandatory prison term imposed upon the offender." R.C. 2921.331(D). A jury found appellant guilty of the count as specified in the indictment, specifically, that appellant, in committing the offense, was fleeing immediately after the commission of a felony, to wit, murder.
{¶ 25} The portion of appellant's sentence ordering the one year term for failure to comply to run concurrent to all other sentences is, therefore, contrary to statute. An appellate court may "increase, reduce, or otherwise modify a sentence that is appealed under this section or may vacate the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing court for resentencing," if clear and convincing evidence shows that the sentence is "contrary to law." R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b). See, also, R.C. 2953.07. Accordingly, we modify appellant's judgment of conviction and order the one year term imposed for failure to comply to run consecutively to all other terms imposed. Appellant's total term of incarceration is therefore 30 years. The Ex Post Facto Clause is inapplicable because the penalty for the offense is identical to the penalty existing when appellant committed the offense.
{¶ 26} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Sandusky County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed in part and modified in part. Appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24. Judgment for the clerk's expense incurred in preparation of the record, fees allowed by law, and the fee for filing the appeal is awarded to Sandusky County.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART AND MODIFIED IN PART.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See, also, 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Arlene Singer, J., William J. Skow, J., George M. Glasser, J., CONCUR.
Judge George M. Glasser, retired, sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio..
| 14,485 |
6907726_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,567 | 3,374 |
McCOURT, J.
On the twenty-fifth day of July, 1920, Neil Hart and Jim Owen who were then con-' fined in the connty jail of Umatilla Connty, Oregon, with others broke jail, shot and killed T. D. Taylor, sheriff of that county, armed themselves and escaped into the Blue Mountains, between Pendleton and La Grande.
The following day a reward was offered for the capture of the fugitives, as follows: County of Umatilla, for the body of Neil Hart, dead or alive, $2,500; and for the body of Jim Owen, dead or alive, $1,000; City of Pendleton, for the capture of Neil Hart, dead or alive, $500; for the capture of Jim Owen, dead or alive, $250.
On the night of July 30, 1920, Hart and Owen were captured at a sheep camp in the Blue Mountains near the Toll Road and the toll-gate thereon, and were brought to La Grande and turned over and delivered alive to the proper officers of Umatilla County, who returned them to the Umatilla County jail; they were each thereafter indicted, tried and convicted of murder in the first degree. J. H. McLachlin and eight others, known and designated in the record as the La Grande posse, presented their claim to both Umatilla County and the City of Pendleton for the whole of the rewards offered for the capture of Hart and Owen. James Estes and eight others, known and designated in the record as the Pendleton posse, presented their claim to both the City of Pendleton and Umatilla County for one half of the rewards, and B. P. Courtney, Vernon Steiner, Alfred Smith, Claude Miles and others each presented a claim to an equitable share thereof.
The County Court of Hmatilla County and the common council of the City of Pendleton, were each in *251doubt as to who was entitled to said rewards; to resolve those doubts and prevent a multiplicity of suits, each brought suit, naming as defendants therein, all of the persons claiming said rewards or any part thereof, deposited in court the amount of the reward offered, and asked that the several defendants be required to appear and by answer set up their rights, if any, to such reward, or parts thereof, and that the court distribute and pay the same over to the parties found entitled thereto.
Afterwards the defendants appeared and answered, and issues .were joined. By agreement of the parties and their respective attorneys, the two cases were consolidated and tried together at one and the same time, and the court thereafter made and entered its decrees, whereby there was awarded to the Pendleton posse one half of said rewards and to the La Grande posse the other half thereof, with the direction that out of the moneys so awarded to the La Grande posse the sum of $100 be deducted and paid to B. P. Courtney for services rendered by him, and the sum of $62.50 to Yernon Steiner for services rendered by him, and to Alfred Smith and Claude Miles the sum of $25 each for services rendered by each of them, also a portion of the costs and disbursements incurred by the plaintiffs; that out of the one half of said rewards awarded to the Pendleton posse there be deducted and paid to Yernon Steiner the sum of $62.50 for services rendered by him, and to Alfred Smith and Claude Miles the sum of $50 each for services rendered by each of them.
The defendant J. H. McLachlin and others, composing the La Grande posse, have appealed from those decrees. The defendants Steiner and Courtney each perfected a cross-appeal.
*252Immediately after the escape of Hart, Owen and their accomplices, and before rewards had been offered for their _ apprehension, a large number of citizens went into the Blue Mountains searching for them, but no trace of their whereabouts was found until July 29th, at which time the chase had been abandoned by most, if not all, of those who at first entered upon it, except those persons, or most of them, constituting the Pendleton posse and J. H. McLachlin and three or four others of those constituting the La Grande posse. All those engaged in the search at that time who are claiming the reward, or a portion thereof, were acting in concert and in some degree under the direction of the defendant Lee 'Warnick, sheriff of Union County. The claimant J. H. McLachlin was a deputy sheriff of Union County.
Upon July 29th the claimant Vernon Steiner, while traveling upon a trail through the Blue Mountains, leading a number of pack horses belonging to a sheep camp of which he was the tender, saw two men, one of them carrying a revolver in his hand, at some distance, moving furtively toward him along the trail. He had learned the previous day of the escape of prisoners from the Umatilla County jail and the murder of Sheriff Taylor. He at once suspected that the men he saw were the fugitives. He left the trail and hid in the brush until they passed; then proceeded upon his way with the determination to communicate to the authorities the fact that he had seen two men whom he supposed to be two of those for whom search was being made, and in a short time met the claimant E. Neibee, who, after Steiner had shown bfm the tracks of the men Steiner had seen, undertook to carry the information Steiner had given him to the *253nearest forest ranger station, at which, there was a telephone. This required a ride of several miles over forest trails, which was promptly accomplished by Neibee. The claimant B. P. Courtney was in charge of the ranger station to which Neibee traveled; upon receipt of the information, Courtney communicated by telephone with the sheriff’s office of Union County and with the sheriff’s office of Umatilla County, advising them of the clue to the whereabouts of the fugitives, furnished by claimant Steiner. The latter resumed his duties as sheep camp tender when he had given Neibee the information mentioned, and did nothing further in respect to the capture of Hart and Owen.
In response to the information telephoned by Courtney to the sheriff’s office at La Grande, all those engaged in the search repaired as speedily as possible to a point in the Blue Mountains spoken of in the record as Green Mountain, where early the following morning they met the claimant Neibee, who furnished them in detail the information he had obtained from Steiner, together with such observations as he was able to make from his knowledge of the country and examination of the trail over which the fugitives had passed.
The mountains and trails about Green Mountain were searched and examined for some time, and the searchers becoming satisfied that the fugitives had left that vicinity, and that it was necessary to examine all the avenues of exit from the locality by traveling on foot through the mountains, it was decided to divide the posse and send a portion thereof around through the Grand Bonde Valley to intercept the fugitives in case their definite line of travel should be discovered. The claimant McLachlin is an old *254man, and the claimant Noe had broken arches and was unable to travel in the mountains, so claimant Warnick directed McLachlin, Noe and some others who were likewise unable to travel to go to La Grande and remain near telephones and to keep themselves in readiness to go to the point where they might be advised the fugitives could be expected to appear, and that in the meantime they arrange for the assistance of-Dan Murchinson, who was familiar with the mountains and the trails therein.
Thereupon those designated as the Pendleton posse, including claimant Neibee, -took np the search, and after some hours came upon the trail of the fugitives, from which it appeared they were headed in a northerly direction toward the toll road. In the meantime the claimant Courtney, being familiar with the forest trails, had attempted to follow the trail of the fugitives from the point where they had been seen by claimant Steiner, and while he. did not secure any definite trace of the line of travel of the fugitives from that point, he determined from what he did find and his knowledge of the mountains, that the fugitives were making for the toll road, traveling in a general northerly direction. He then made his way back to the ranger station and telephoned to the sheriff’s office at La Grande, talking to a deputy sheriff by the name of Mcllroy, to whom he imparted his opinion as to the likelihood that the fugitives were traveling northerly and would appear upon the toll road, in the vicinity of the toll-gate. McHroy in turn, informed McLachlin of the communication made by Courtney, and the former called Courtney on the telephone and interrogated him closely as to the ground of his opinion. McLachlin then gathered together the persons included in the La Grande posse, *255and by automobile proceeded toward the toll-gate, and when they arrived near Summerville, they were informed that some person was at a near-by telephone, endeavoring to call the sheriff’s office at La Grande. The person thus calling proved to be Herman Rosenberg of the Pendleton posse. The Pendleton posse had followed for several hours the trail of the fugitives, which they had earlier discovered and had definitely determined that they were making for the toll road and would probably appear thereon near the toll-gate. Rosenberg, who was the most robust and athletic of their members, had been designated by Warnick to travel through the mountains to the nearest telephone and communicate with the sheriff’s office at La Grande, with a view to having a posse intercept the fugitives at their point of appearance along or near the toll road. For several days, and until Hart and Owen were captured, the claimants Alfred Smith and Claude Miles each furnished and used the automobile owned by him for transportation of the searchers from place to place.
An offer of reward and acceptance of the offer before it is revoked results in a contract, which imposes upon the party offering the reward, an obligation to pay the same: 23 R. C. L. 1115; 34 Cyc. 1739, 1752; 24 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2 ed.), 955; Ryer v. Stockwell, 14 Cal. 134 (73 Am. Dec. 634); *256Janvrin v. Town of Exeter, 48 N. H. 83 (2 Am. Rep. 185).
The offer of a reward may be accepted by any part of the public, if, as in each of the cases under consideration, it is offered to the public: 23 R. C. L. 1125; 34 Cyc. 1738; Zwolanek v. Baker Mfg. Co., 150 Wis. 517 (137 N. W. 769, Ann. Cas. 1914A, 793, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1214). Such acceptance is indicated by substantial performance of the services and accomplishment of the result for which the reward is offered, and in no other manner: 23 R. C. L. 1128; 34 Cyc. 1743; McClaughry v. King, 147 Fed. 463 (8 Ann. Cas. 856, 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 216); Kinn v. First Nat. Bank, 118 Wis. 537 (95 N. W. 969, 99 Am. St. Rep. 1012); Williams v. West Chicago St. R. R. Co., 191 Ill. 610 (61 N. E. 456, 85 Am. St. Rep. 278); Haskell v. Davidson, 91 Me. 488 (40 Atl. 330, 64 Am. St. Rep. 254, 42 L. R. A. 155).
Where the services requested in an offer of reward are of a character, and are made under circumstances, that require or permit the co-operation of numerous individuals for the accomplishment of the desired result, several persons by concerted action may join in performing the services, whereby that result is obtained, and thus become entitled to the reward, in which case the reward is to be divided -among them according to the relative value of their acts: 34 Cyc. 1750; 23 R. C. L. 1133; Elkhorn Valley Lodge v. Hudson, 59 Neb. 672 (81 N. W. 859); Janvrin v. Town of Exeter, 48 N. H. 83 (2 Am. Rep. 185); Fargo v. Arthur, 43 How. Pr. (N. Y.) 193.
The rewards under consideration are to be construed in the light of the circumstances existing at the time and under which they were offered. At that time Hart and Owen, with their associates, had fled *257into the Bine Mountains, a region that was roughly-timbered, sparsely settled and without highways. Pursuit of the fugitives had been taken up by a large number of citizens, who were acting more or less in concert. Their capture involved the discovery of the trail or trails that they had taken, their probable destination, their interception, location and apprehension, which in view of the nature of the country and the difficulty of pursuit through the same, contemplated the services of several persons for the accomplishment of the result desired.
The evidence establishes that, with the exception of Steiner, the claimants to whom the Circuit Court made awards, acted in concert in effecting the capture of Hart and Owen. The acts of each contributed in some appreciable measure in bringing about the desired result, and the acts of all of them together produced that result, thereby entitling each of them to participate in the reward.
The claimant Steiner did not act in concert with the others who effected the capture of the fugitives. He furnished the pursuers with the first authentic information they had obtained concerning the whereabouts of the fugitives, but he did not take up the pursuit. Steiner performed the initial act or service in the series of acts performed which led immediately to the capture of Hart and Owen; the service performed by him put in motion all the subsequent activities resulting in the capture; for four days the searchers had been exerting themselves to discover the very information which Steiner furnished, but without definite clue.
Acting upon the information given by Steiner, the posse quickly captured the fugitives: they would not have been captured until much later if Steiner had *258not promptly given the information, and they might have eluded capture entirely. That information contributed proximately to. the capture of Hart and Owen. Steiner has a persuasive claim upon those to whom he gave the information to a portion of the reward, which in equity and good conscience should be recognized.
There are cases holding that where the efforts of several claimants who did not act in concert contributed to produce the desired result, the reward in a proper case will be apportioned equitably among them: 23 R. C. L. 1133; Bloomfield v. Maloney, 176 Mich. 548 (142 N. W. 785, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 662, and note); Kinn v. First Nat. Bank, 118 Wis. 537 (95 N. W. 969, 99 Am. St. Rep. 1012).
The funds are in court and all the parties are before the court; without adopting the doctrine of the authorities last cited for application in all cases, we hold that Steiner is entitled to an equitable portion of the rewards.
The apportionment made by the Circuit Court takes into consideration the relative value of the services of the respective claimants, and we think awards to each the share to which he is equitably entitled.
The decree of the Circuit Court is affirmed.
Affirmed. Rehearing Denied.
| 44,945 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20My%20Fire
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Light My Fire
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light My Fire&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 53 | 653 |
『Light My Fire』（ライト・マイ・ファイア）は、KOTOKOの17枚目のシングル。2011年11月16日にワーナー・ホーム・ビデオから発売された。
概要
前作『Loop-the-Loop』から約1年1か月ぶりのリリースで、I'veから独立後、かつWHV移籍後初のシングル。表題曲「Light My Fire」は、テレビアニメ『灼眼のシャナIII-FINAL-』の前期オープニングテーマに起用された。なお、自身が楽曲制作に関わらない表題曲は「きれいな旋律」以来10作ぶり。初回限定盤・通常盤の2種リリース。初回限定盤付属DVDに収録されているミュージック・ビデオの撮影ロケ地は長崎県の端島（通称:軍艦島）。
主な記録
2011年11月28日付オリコン週間シングルチャートで19位を獲得。初動売上は0.6万枚であり、前作「Loop-the-Loop」から約2000枚増加した。また、シングル作品のTOP20入りは、前作から3作連続。
2010年11月1日付のビルボードチャートでは、Billboard JAPAN HOT 100で98位を獲得。Billboard JAPAN Hot Singles Salesで18位をそれぞれ獲得。因みにBillboard JAPAN Hot Singles Salesへのランクインは13thシングル「daily-daily Dream」から5作連続。
収録曲
Light My Fire
作詞・作曲・編曲：ryo（supercell）
テレビアニメ『灼眼のシャナIII-FINAL-』前期オープニングテーマ
Candy or Chocolate?
作詞：KOTOKO、作曲・編曲：Dixie Flatline
Light My Fire（instrumental）
Candy or Chocolate?（instrumental）
脚注
外部リンク
KOTOKO WarnerHomeVideo Official Website
KOTOKOの楽曲
ryoが制作した楽曲
2011年のシングル
ワーナーブラザースジャパンの楽曲
テレビアニメ主題歌
灼眼のシャナの音楽
火を題材とした楽曲
いとまいふあいあ
| 4,850 |
https://github.com/Dyoussef95/pyl/blob/master/resources/views/tobilleras/index.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
pyl
|
Dyoussef95
|
Blade
|
Code
| 65 | 357 |
@extends('index')
@section('content')
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="location.href='tobilleras/create'">Agregar Nuevo</button>
<table class="table" id="tabla" style="width:auto">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Numero de TUC</th>
<th scope="col">Nombre interno</th>
<th scope="col"></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
@foreach($tobilleras as $tobillera)
<tr>
<td>{!! $tobillera->numeroTuc !!}</td>
<td><span class="label label-success">{!! $tobillera->historia->interno->apellido !!}</span></td>
<td>
<a href="tobilleras/{{ $tobillera->id }}/edit" class="btn btn-success btn-sm">Editar</a>
<br>
<form action="/tobilleras/{{ $tobillera->id}}" method="POST">
@method('DELETE')
@csrf
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">Eliminar</button>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
@endforeach
</tbody>
</table>
@endsection
| 15,864 |
https://github.com/aliyun/aliyun-openapi-cpp-sdk/blob/master/aegis/src/model/DescribeVulMachineListResult.cc
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
aliyun-openapi-cpp-sdk
|
aliyun
|
C++
|
Code
| 223 | 1,250 |
/*
* Copyright 2009-2017 Alibaba Cloud All rights reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include <alibabacloud/aegis/model/DescribeVulMachineListResult.h>
#include <json/json.h>
using namespace AlibabaCloud::Aegis;
using namespace AlibabaCloud::Aegis::Model;
DescribeVulMachineListResult::DescribeVulMachineListResult() :
ServiceResult()
{}
DescribeVulMachineListResult::DescribeVulMachineListResult(const std::string &payload) :
ServiceResult()
{
parse(payload);
}
DescribeVulMachineListResult::~DescribeVulMachineListResult()
{}
void DescribeVulMachineListResult::parse(const std::string &payload)
{
Json::Reader reader;
Json::Value value;
reader.parse(payload, value);
setRequestId(value["RequestId"].asString());
auto allMachineStatisticsNode = value["MachineStatistics"]["MachineStatistic"];
for (auto valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic : allMachineStatisticsNode)
{
MachineStatistic machineStatisticsObject;
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["Uuid"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.uuid = valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["Uuid"].asString();
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["CveNum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.cveNum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["CveNum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["EmgNum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.emgNum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["EmgNum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["SysNum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.sysNum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["SysNum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["CmsNum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.cmsNum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["CmsNum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["CmsDealedTotalNum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.cmsDealedTotalNum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["CmsDealedTotalNum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulDealedTotalNum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.vulDealedTotalNum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulDealedTotalNum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulAsapSum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.vulAsapSum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulAsapSum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulLaterSum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.vulLaterSum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulLaterSum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulNntfSum"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.vulNntfSum = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulNntfSum"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulSeriousTotal"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.vulSeriousTotal = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulSeriousTotal"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulHighTotal"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.vulHighTotal = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulHighTotal"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulMediumTotal"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.vulMediumTotal = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulMediumTotal"].asString());
if(!valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulLowTotal"].isNull())
machineStatisticsObject.vulLowTotal = std::stoi(valueMachineStatisticsMachineStatistic["VulLowTotal"].asString());
machineStatistics_.push_back(machineStatisticsObject);
}
if(!value["TotalCount"].isNull())
totalCount_ = std::stoi(value["TotalCount"].asString());
}
int DescribeVulMachineListResult::getTotalCount()const
{
return totalCount_;
}
std::vector<DescribeVulMachineListResult::MachineStatistic> DescribeVulMachineListResult::getMachineStatistics()const
{
return machineStatistics_;
}
| 41,243 |
hansardsparliam123hansgoog_81
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,282 | 9,478 |
The Bishop of OXTOKD said, he had not intended to bring a charge against any one, much less against the Delegates of the Oxford Press. But, if, as appeared by the admission of the right rev. Prelates, thoee gentlemen could so alter the Book of Common Prayer as to make it agree with what they thought was the intention of Parliament, there was a manifest necessity for adopting some such course as he had suggested. Motion (by Leave of the House) ffiii^ drawn. COURT OF APPEAL CHANCERY (DESPATCH OF BUSINESS) BILL {The Lord Chancellor J) (No. 215.) SECOND BEADIKG. Order of the Day for the Second Bead- ing read. The lord CHANCELLOB, in moM that the Bill be now read the second timei 1438 C(mrt ocf Appeal Chanoery {Jtjlt 12, 1867) {DeipaUh of Bimneni) BiU. \4Z4t Bald, that ita object was to facilitate the despatch of business in the Court of Ghanoeiy. On the introduction of the measure, he stated that the two Lords Jofltices of Appeal were compelled to act together, and neither could perform any jttdicial act separately. In the present state of arrears it was absolutely necessary to get rid of a quantity of business which was OYerwhelming. It was, therefore, proposed by the Bill that certain duties might be taken separately ; but the Lords Justices were not to sit separately on appeal. He had been authorized to say that Lord Granworth entirely approved pf the Bill ; the noble Lord the Master of the Bolls sanctioned it ; and the Lord Justice Cairns was also in favour of it. As despatch was important, he should propose to read the Bill a second time now, to suspend the Standing Orders, and have the Bill read a third time on Monday. LoKD ROMILLY said, he fully approved of the Bill. He wished, however, to take that opportunity of making a few observa- tions on the general subject of appeal. The present system of appeal in the Court of Chancery was open to grave objection. The principle upon which appeal should be established was well understood — there ought to be but one appeal. But in the Court of Chancery the parties might intro- duce fresh evidence, and bring forward fresh material. Now, such a course was open to very considerable objection; be- cause, in the first place, it induced persons not to bring forward the whole of their case in the beginning ; and, in the next place, it led to a prolongation of litiga- tioD. With regard to appeals to their Lordships' House, he would speak with some hesitation. He had already delivered his opinions on that subject before a Com- mittee of their Lordships; and, on that occasion, he had stated that he thought there ought to be an inflision of the lay element into that Court, so as to correct the unavoidable bias of the legal mind. It was only by an infusion of the lay element that that accurate judgment upon ordinary affairs which was usually called *' common sense," and which was requisite to a fit decision, could be obtained. In fact, the recommendation which he made was the theory of the Constitution. Their Lord- ships Hotlse used formerly to decide on questions of appeal, and had the Judges, as their assessors, to assist them with their legal knowledge. Jeremy Bentham, who devoted a great intellect and a long life to the study of jurisprudence, was of opinion that it w&s not improper that the Judges should be laymen. Cer- tainly he (Lord Romilly) would not go to that length ; but, looking at some of the most eminent Judges who had existed in Europe— L'Hdpital and B'Aguesseau among the rest — it was a fact that none of them were advocates. In some instances they bought their places. That, no doubt, would not now be the most convenient mode of qualifying for judicial offices. There was, however, abundant evidence to show that this House contained within itself men qualified to perform judicial functions. A much esteemed Friend of his, and an ornament of this House, Lord Macaiilay, in a memorable speech made by him in the other House of Parliament, pointed out the judicial functions now performed by lay persons as chairmen of Quarter Sessions, and in other capacities. If you wanted to make the law good, you must prevent it from running into techni- calities. It was of the greatest importance that this tendency should be checked by the ultimate Court of Appeal ; and if some of their Lordships who had received a certain amount of legal training in the discharge of judicial duties were selected to sit in appeal cases, he thought that an appellate tribunal would be formed in- finitely superior to any that had hitherto existed. He did not mean to say that such duties should be performed gratui- tously ; but these were details into which he would not now enter. There was a good deal more that he wished to say upon this subject, but he would not say it now. At some future period — possibly next Session — he might call attention in greater detail to the importance of some reform in the constitution of the existing tribunal for hearing appeals in this House. At present he would merely express his entire concurrence in the necessity for passing the Bill now before their Lordships. Loan CAIRNS said, that the whole subject of the appellate jurisdiction of this country was so important and at the same time so difficult and so large that it would be inconvenient to enter upon any dis* cuBsion of it while considering a measure of the kind now proposed. He did not, therefore, rise for the purpose of following the observations — entitled, as they were, to the greatest weight and respect — ^which had fallen from his noble and learned Priend opposite (Lord Romilly). With regard to the Bill, he hoped that there 1485 OaUh Plague^ tCOHUONS} Question, 1456 would be no delay in passing it. The state of the appellate buBiness of the Court of Chancery was very serious — it had fallen very greatly into arrear, and the few weeks which remained before the long vacation could at the best but make a small impression upon it. The only pos- sible mode of expediting, to some extent, that business was by enabling the Judges of the Court of Appeal to exercise their functions separately. He was enabled to say that the present Bill had the full sanc- tion and approbation of the very eminent Judge (Lord Justice Turner) whose loss at this moment the public and all his friends so deeply mourned, and in whom we had lost as wise and upright a Judge, as effi- cient and conscientious a public servant, as ever sat upon the Bench. Motion agreed to ; Bill read 2* accord- ingly ; Committee negatived : and Bill to be read 3* on Monday next. nrDtrsTsiAL schools bill [h.l.] A Bill to make farther Provision respecting Industrial Schools in Great Britain — Was pre- tented bj The Marquess TowirsHBUD ; read l^ (No. 223.) House adjourned at Seyen o'clock, to Monday next, Eleven o'clock. HOUSE OF COMMONS, Friday, July 12, 1867. MINUTES.}— Supply— tf<mW<f<frtf<l in Commitfee — Civil Sbrytcb Estihatbs. Public Bills — Second Reading — Local Govern- ment Supplemental (No. 6)* [206]; Carriers Act Amendment • [243]. Committee — Turnpike Trusts Arrangements • [233] ; Industrial and Provident Societies * [198] ; Master and Servant * (re-comm.) [204]. Report — Metropolis Subways * [139 ds 249] ; Turn- pike Trusts Arrangements * [233] ; Industrial and Provident Societies* [198]; Master and Servant • (r^-comm.) [204]. Considered aa amended — Rispreientation of the People [237], Third Reading — Barrack Lane, Windsor (Right of Way) • [229] ; Naval Stores • [215] ; Chat- ham and Sheerness Stipendiary Magistrate* [211]; Trades Union Commission Act (1867) Extension * [227], auid passed. Lord Cairns The House met at Two of the Clock. SOUTH EASTERN OF PORTUGAL RAILWAY.— QUESTION. Mr. SANDFORD said, he would leg to ask the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Whether any representation haa heen made hy Her Majesty's OoTemmeot to the GoyernmeDt of Portugal respectiDg the conduct of that Qovemment in offer- ing for sale hy puhlic auction, and prept^ ing to confiscate the South Eastern of Portugal Railway, in the construction of which British capitalists haTe invested upwards of j£l, 200,000 ; and, if such com- munication has heen made, what answer has heen returned thereto ? Lord STANLEY : Representatiooi haTe heen made hy Her Majesty's 6o?em- ment to the Government of Portugal apoB the subject to which the hon. Gentlemin refers. Communicationa are now pauiog hetween the two Governments, but I hare not receired any final or decisive replj. CATTLE PLAQUE.— QUESTION. Viscount ENFIELD (in the abeeace of Mr. T. Hanket) said, he would beg to ask the Vice President of the Committee of Council on Education, What Regulationi are enforced to compel the Removal of Manure from places in London proDOoneed infected from Cattle Plague, without wbicb removal the surrounding districts are imme- diately exposed to the most dangeroae risk of fever and other diseases ; and, whether it is true that the parochial authorities hare at present no right to interfere in the re* moval of such a nuisance as the accamo- lation of manure under the circumstances above stated ? Lord ROBERT MONTAGU: The Order of March 24, 1866, forbids the re- moral of manure from any infected place in England, including the metropolis. le the country manure may often be disposed of in an infected place ^ but in the metro- polis the area of an infected place is smalli and it is impossible to use the manare within it. On the other hand, it is verj detrimental to health if it accumulates. The Bill now before the House, thereford relaxes this Order, in permitting the re- moval of manure when disinfected, aod also in exempting the metropolis from tl)*| portion of the Act. The Privy Council have had under their consideration a Re- port of Dr. Whitmore, dated July 4, to the Local Board of Marylebone on this vai* H87 Ths Boya Cmmission {Jxtly 12, 1867} on Trader Unions. 1488 jeet, aod have directed that an Order Bbould be immediatelj prepared to facilitate the remoTal of manure under certain con- ditioni. METROPOLIS— HYDE PARK. QUESTION. Mr. EWART Bald, he would beg to ask tbe First CommisBioner of Public Works, Whether his attention has heen called to the practice of abstracting large roasies of Grarel from Hyde Park ; and replacing them hy mud and ruhhish from the streets of London or elsewhere; therehy obstructing the natural drainage of tbe Park, and creating artificial swamps in- stead ; and, also, to ask when the new •eats, which the First Commissioner has been so good as to promise for the public in the Park and Kensington Qardens, will be forthcoming? Lord JOHN MANNERS said, that the gravel was only permitted to he removed from Hyde Park, in order to mend the roads in the Park, and in Kensington Oar- den^. He did not admit that the opera- tions referred to in any degree created artificial swamps, or ohstructed the nntural drainage of the Park. The new seats would shortly he provided for the use of the public.. THE ROYAIi COMMISSION ON TRADES UNIONS— MR. CONOLLY.— QUESTION. Mb. SAM UELSON said, he would heg to ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, Whether it is true*that a Mr. Conolly, who watched the proceedings before the Trades Union Commission on behalf of certain trades, has been for- bidden by the Commissioners to continue bis attendance ; whether he committed any offence against the Commission ; and, if 10, what was the offence ; and whether it is true that permission was offered to Conolly to continue his attendance on con- dition of his signing a document which had no reference to the business of the Com- mission ? Mb. GATHORNE HARDY said, the Commission had the absolute power of regulating the proceedings of their own tribunal, and of admitting or excluding what persons they pleased. They laid down that rule at the beginning of their sittings. He understood that the Com- mission had decided to exclude the per- ion named in the Question from their utlingsy on account of his hariog made a statement which they regarded as injurious to the character of the Commission. Me. SAMUELSON : Was that state- ment made at one of the sittings of the Commission ? Mb. ROEBUCK : Perhaps the House will allow me to answer this question. The O'DONOGHUE : I rise to Order, and I asky Whether the hon. and learned Gentleman has a right to enter into per- sonal explanations as to these proceedings ? Mb. ROEBUCK: I was going, Sir, lo throw myself on the indulgence of the House ; and I believe from long experience of this House, it will not refuse to a Mem- ber, whose conduct has been called in ques- tion, permission to make a personal expla- nation, proyided it be confined within those bounds of discretion which I hope I shall not OTerstep. I wish first of all to say that I feel very deeply the disgrace which has been brought upon my countrymen by the late exposures at Sheffield, and that my constituents also feel deeply hurt at what has occurred. This being so, I read a statement to this effect — A meeting of trades union delegates was held in the metropolis to declare their abhorrence of, and indignation at, the outrages which had taken place at Sheffield. I)uring the discussion at that meeting a Mr. Conolly declared in indignant terms his utter abhor- rence of what had taken place at Shef- field ; but he went on to say — "But what can you expect from a town that returns Mr. Roebuck to Parliament ?" [^Zatighter from the Opposition.'] That, Sir, may be a thing to be laughed at; but I have lived a long life of honour, and have also lived too long to regard such manifestations. I felt that by an imputation of this sort this was said of my constituents : that if within their precincts murder, perjury, and robbery should take place, it was a thing naturally to be expected, seeing that they had given their con6dence to a person who was so worthy to represent murder, perjury, and robbery as Mr. Roebuck. [*• Oh ! " and "Hear, hear!"] That, Sir, is the real meaning of this assertion. Well, what happened was this, I stated to the Com- mission what had occurred, and I said to them I was the judge of my own honour and of what was due to my self-respect ; that they might declare and decide that this was no imputation upon me, and that Mr. MERTON COLLEGE.— QUESTION. Mr. LOWE said, he would beg to ask the noble Lord the Vice President of the Committee of Council, Whether he has any objection to lay on the table the Correspon- dence which has taken place between Merton College and the Privy Council on the subject of an ordinance which it was proposed to change ? Lord ROBERT MONTAGU said, he presumed that the right hon. Gentleman put this Question on the part of Merton College. They were parties to this Cor- respondence, and, as a matter of courtesy to them, he would not like to promise to produce the Correspondence without know- ing the feelings of the Fellows of Merton College upon the subject. The right hon. Gentleman might see the Correspondence at the office if he wished, and could decide whether it was worth printing. Mr. LOWE said, the noble Lord had not answered his Question. Lord ROBERT MONTAGU said, he had no objection to the production of the Correspondence if the College had none. PARLIAMENTARY REFORM- REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE BILL— [Bill 237.] {Mr, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Secretary TFalpole, Secretary Lord Stanley.) CONSIDERATION. Bill, as amended, considered, Mr. BERKELEY said, he had a clause to more which was originally intended as an Amendment to a clause which was brought in by the Government for enabling electors to vote by means of voting papers but which was rejected in Committee. The proposal he now had to make was taken from a Bill introduced by Lord Fermoy and himself in 1862, was now in force, as an Act, in the Australian ColonieSi and was tanta- Mr. Eoebuok mount to the ballot pure and simple. If the Chancellor of the Exchequer sbodld approve the proposal, as he almost hoped he might, the right hon. Gentleman would then place himself in the front rank of Reformers. The right hon. Gentlemao had taken a great many steps in thit direction. If he would take this step, though the last, it would not be the leait important. By open voting men were liable to be cudgelled, bribed, and mined. It Q6ed to be contended that the voter should take the responsibility of the yote which hegtve upon his own shoulders ; but the me&niDg of that was that he should submit to theie inflictions because he happened to dis- charge his duty faithfully to his country. Although he had voted against the Goven- ment proposal for yoting papers, he rejoiced that it had been made, because it showed the change that had come over the Coo- servative mind. Lord Derby, who in 1865 had described the ballot as ** the skulking hole of political cowards," informed, io 1867, a deputation who had waited on bio that he approved of voting papers, because their secrecy gave confidence to the timid voter and tended to protect the eleetor from the violence of the mob. Now, no- thing could be so diametrically opposed to one another as those two declaratioDS, and he congratulated the supporters of the ballot upon so complete a surrender of the principle on which the ballot had been mainly opposed. He had, he might add, lately read with great attention thespeecbes of no less distinguished a man than therigbt hon. Robeft Lowe, published by himself. To those speeches there was a preface, and he would venture to say that do more dishonest statement, as regards the ballojt had ever been published. \*' Order ! J He would alter the phraseologyt &d^ ^'P it a most disingenuous statement, for it was full of what lawyers termed aroid* ance, and supprestio vert. It commenced by setting forth that when a man ^ willing to sell his vote and another to bn; it, no machinery which Parliament cowd invent could prevent the carrying oat of » secret bargain between them. Tlie b«lw» alone could do that, and the right hoii. Geo- tleman knew that the ballot bad done it. The right hon. Gentleman then proceed^ to contend that the ballot did not eecore secret voting in America, and th»l «•» large constituencies bribery prevailw «* well as in small. Now, it struck bim ** somewhat odd that the right hon. OenW- man who owed his rise in tbeiforUtow^ i 1441 JRepreimtaUaH of {JtJiT 12, 1867) the People Bill. 1442 eoIoDj of Australia, sboald find it neoes- larj to go BO far westward aa America in order to make out a case against the ballot. He must be aware that in Australia it had been perfectly successful in every respect. Why, then, go to America, where it was true the adoption of the ballot did not compel secrecy of voting, but where, never- theless, under its operation that object could be attained by all who desired its pro- tection ? Those who chose might vote se- cretly. He had, indeed, seen voters in Ame- rica carrying their voting papers in their hats ; but then it should be borne in mind that intimidation was unknown, that no law of primogeniture nor overgrown properties prerailed, nor any of those other cireum- stSDces which contributed to the malversa- tion of the franchise in this country. As to bribery, he denied that it existed in Ame- rica with respect to voting at elections, and he might refer in support of that view to the correspondence of The Times, in which it was stated that although large sums of money were sometimes collected, they were not spent in buying votes, but on the proceedings preliminary to the elec- tions. He therefore defied the right hon. Gentleman to get up in that House and prove that the ballot tended to produce such a low tone of morality as he had described. The great constituencies of the country, Bueh as London, Middlesex, Birmingham, Manchester, and Bristol, were in favour of its adoption. If one went back to the time of Charles I. it would be found that in the case of Saville and Went worth, in s great contested election in Yorkshire, the Parliament allowed votes to be taken anonymously. In the reign of Queen Anne the question of the ballot was brought forward by Wharton and carried in the Commons. That decision might have been influenced by the writings of Defoe, who stated that, though many Acts had lately passed to prevent bribery and corruption, yet treating and other corrupt practices were as openly prevalent as before, and that the only way to stop them waa to take the votes by way of ballot. He would now come down to 1832. At that time there were a number of distinguished men who believed that the machinery of the Reform Bill of that day was not perfect, because the measure didnot provide protection for the voter. Among them was Lord Durham, who sdvocated triennial Parliaments, house- hold suffrage, and Tote by ballot. Ano- ther waa Qeorge Orote, a third Lord YOL. CLXXXVin. [TmaDBmiEs.] Macaulay, and a fourth was Benjamin Disraeli the younger. In 1833 the right hon. Gentleman, in an address to the electors of Marylebone, declared that he desired to complete the machinery of the Reform Act by two measures— one for the establishment of triennial Parliaments, and the other providing that in elections the votes should be taken by ballot, so as to invest the people with what was once their birthright, and to bring the Government into harmony with the feeling of the people. The right hon. Gentleman now supported household suffrage pure and simple. He (Mr. Berkeley) trusted that the right hon. Gentleman would yield that last point, the ballot, which was emphatically de- clared by Jeremy Bcntham to be the pole star of Reform, without which all mea- sures of Reform must be useless. He would be the last to say that poverty and corruption were synonymous terms, but all knew that the tempter could work on poor persons more than on those in comfortable circumstances, and he asked the House whether it supposed that there would be more purity in the electoral body, when so much extended, than in the present electoral body ? They knew that when the late Chancellor of the Exchequer proposed to go to the country the Tory organs of the I press urged that public morality forbade such a speedy recurrence of the proceedings of the last election, and spoke of the demo- ralizing effects of unlimited beer and un- counted bank notes. By the extension of the suffrage which was about to take place, they would increase intimidation and bribery, and he should not be surprised if hon. Gentlemen opposite were to ask for tho ballot as a resting place for Reform. He viewed the right hon. Gentleman the Chancellor of the Exchequer as a great missionary. He had thrown himself into the wilds of Toryism, had converted the natives and brought them within the pale of civilization. Let him make one more step forward, and he would live the greatest man of the age. He moved the following clause : — "At the time of polling at any contested elec- tion, each elector having first, according to law, satisfied the returning officer or his deputj that he is entitled to vote, shall reoeire from such retnming officer, or his deputy, a paper on vrhich shall bo printed the names of the candidates, and the elector shall take such paper to a separate compartment of the place where the poll may ho taken and there strike out the name or names of the candidate or candidates for whom he does not vote, and shall immediately afterwards place into glass urn or box the paper folded so as not a 3 A [Contidert^im, 1443 Parliamentary {COMMONS { S$foffnr^ 1444 show the manner in which he has TOted, and immediatelf after the olose of the poll and not hefore the returning officer shall proceed to exa- mine the said papers and ascertain what candidate or candidates shall have heen chosen at such election, and every returning officer shall provide such glass urns or boxes as aforesaid, and shall cause all places at which Totes shall be taken to be arranged in such manner as to him shall seem best for carrying out the mode of voting hereby established, and his expenses of so doing shall be included in the expenses legally reco- verable by him from the oandidates." Clause (Voting to be by printed papers placed in a glass urn or box) — Mr, Berkeley) — brought up and read the first time. Question proposed, '' That the Clause be now read a second time." Mr. OSBORNE said, that often and ablj as this subject had been brought before the House by the hon. Member for Bristol, and often as he had listened to his hon. Friend's arguments, and swelled the minority as far as he could by his single vote, he had never taken part in any dis- cussion upon the ballot. He had listened to the usual stock arguments in its favour and against it. He had heard the simili- tudes drawn from the case of the clubs, and the answer that it would Americanize our institutions, and that it was un-English. But though he had been up to the present moment a supporter of the ballot, he had been but a lukewarm supporter, because he had always looked upon it more as a matter of detail than as a principle. He had thought it perfectly open to change his views on the question. Nor did he think the hon. Gentleman could fairly twit the Chancellor of the Exchequer for having issued an address in favour of the ballot in 1833, and having altered his views now. That was ancient history. He might point to an hon. Member near him who was formerly in favour of the ballot — the hon. Member for Westminster (Mr. Stuart Mill) —but who had now changed his views upon the subject. Therefore neither the one side nor the other had any right to twit their opponents or friends. But what- ever desirability there might have been for the ballot under the old system, the argu- ments formerly used in its- favour came with redoubled force now. They were creating an entirely new state of things, and no one could predicate what would happen, or what sort of a House would be returned to those benches. He would be a bold man who would venture to prophesy anything as to the effect of this Reform Mr, JET, Berkeley Bill. But there seemed one thing which all parties were agreed upon, that one effect would certainly be to raise what were called the legitimate expenses of elections. The only way in which they coald en- deavour to restrain those expenses was to make use of this method of taking votes. It would have the advantage not merely of putting some check upon briberj; bnt with the enormous numbers upon whom they were about to confer the franchise, there must be some other means more thto those which at present existed to gire facility of voting. Therefore merely as s& expedient to create greater facilities of voting he thought the ballot was inevitable in this country. But there were grtTer considerations connected with this ques- tion. He was prepared to argue, in riev of the great tendency which there was in elections in this country to increased ex- penses, whether Parliamentary, monicipal, or for Coroners, that the only way tbej could put a restraint upon bribery was bj taking the votes by ballot. He was not speaking at all in a party view, because be was prepared to prove that this would in the end be a Conservative measure. There was some very curious evidence as to wbst a venal constituency thought of bribery. There was once a place called Sudbury, which returned two Members to that House. It was before his time, but he had read the very curious history which was to be found in the Report of a Select Committee on the Handloom Weavers. It appeared that every man in Sudbury with the exception of twenty sold his vote. Some got £60, but the market price was £35 a piece. On the occasion of the great election of 1835 an aspiring candidate went down to Sudbury full of the ballot, triennial Par- liaments, and all those cries which were then so fashionable, and made a great speech for the ballot. Br. Mitchell, vho was one of the Commissioners who r^ ported upon the state of Sudbury and tbe means of preventing bribery, was asked '* Are the Sudbury voters favourable to the vote by ballot?*' and his answer was, <' Not at all ;" and he mentioned that tbis supporter of the ballot in 1835 met with a very bad reception, and was obliged to leave the town. These people were not more corrupt than some who were to be found in the present day. He knew a constituency where £35 would go a wry little way with a voter. But this case was an indirect proof that those who took bribes knew very well that the ballot 1445 S^preientaticn of I JuiT 12, 1867) the People Bill. 1446 would have an effect in checking that I great eyil, which had increased, was in- creasing, and ought to be diminished. The onlj waj in which thej could check or diminish it was by putting the ballot in operation at every election. There was also sonoething to be said upon the ground of intimidation. He was not going to urge the old stock argument of the poor man being oppressed by the rich, or poor shopkeepers being ezclusively dealt with by the rich, according as they voted. That argument had had its day; but there was a Tery important argument to be derived from the disclosures lately made in regard to trades anions, as to the position the poor voter was in from the tyranny that might be exercised upon him by his own class. They had heard something of the ballot in America; but if any one wanted instruction upon the ballot, he could not do better than turn to the Select Committee on Bribery at Elections, which reported in 1855, and which examined all the great election agents of the day, including Mr. Parkes and Mr. Coppock. Amongst the witnesses examined before the Committee was M. de Tocqueville, who was asked, from his experience in America, what was the effect of the ballot there ? The reply was— ** The e£fect is to protect the poor voter from the tyranny of his own class. Secret voting in America is a protection against the tyrannj of the majoritf, which is the greatest evil that tttendsa purely democratic form of Government." There could be no doubt that a great itride had now been made here, not pos- sibly towards a democratic form of govern- ment, but in erecting a democracy so far as that House was concerned. They were bound, if they did not wish to bestow a damnosa hereditas in the shape of house- hold suffrage upon the poor man, to give him some protection for his vote; for it was not only the rich who were powerful to command votes, but the poorer classes associated together had a strong power in their hands to exercise upon those who went against their opinions. He was so impressed with the necessity of giving protection to the poor voter, that he urged upon the Governmept to consider the evi- dence given in I860 by Mr. Sidney Smith, who was Secretary to the Liberal Regis- tration Association for the City of London — a man not of extreme opinions, but of great experience, who foresaw the state of things that had resulted from these trades QDions. That gentleman, before the Lords' Committee, expressed the opinion that if the suffrage was liberally extended to the working classes, they must be pro- tected by secret voting, for the ballot was the only protection against trades unions and other societies, both for them and for shopkeepers, who required protection against exclusive dealing. If the House was going to confer the franchise so largely upon these people, let it not bo a mockery. Give them the protection of secret voting, whereby they would be able to record their honest opinion without being subjected to the pressure of people in their own station of life. There were once 200 Gentlemen who voted for the ballot ; he should like to see some of these Gentlemen come forward to support it now that it was a matter of much greater importance. He called upon hon. Gentlemen opposite, who had canted and re-canted so many opinions, to give this protection to the poorer classes of their fellow - subjects. They might depend upon it that the thing was inevitable. There would not be two Parliaments elected under the present Bill before they came to the ballot. He urged the Conservative party to place the top stone on the edifice they had raised to the honour of democracy by making the concession with a good grace now. Mr. MARSH said, he would not have spoken on this subject but for the refer- ence which his hon. Friend the Member for Bristol had made to Australia. As he had been there more recently than, he believed, any other Member, he might be allowed to say a few words as to what the state of things there really was. The fact was, there was no ballot at all in Australia, in the sense in which the term was used by the hon. Members for Bristol and Not- tingham. The ballot, according to them, meant secret voting. There was no such thing as secret voting. They went to the poll with colours in their hands. There could be no secret voting where there were Englishmen. He might give one illustra- tion to show that in Australia there was no secret voting; and he thought it did credit to Australia. It was the system there to have a great number of polling- places. There were two polling-places on his brother^s property. His brother asked eighty to vote for his personal friends, and they did so. At the other polling- place there were sixty voters, and with the 8 A 2 IConrideration. 1447 Parliamentary (COHVONS) Se/orm'^ 1448 exception of aix he knew exactlj how thej would Tote. Everybody knew how men voted, notwithstanding eTery effort used by the Government to have secret voting. Question put, *' That the Clause be now read a second time." The House divided : — Ayes 112 ; Noes 161 : Majority 49. Mb. clay moved to insert after Clause 30 the following clause : — (Defioition of " Expenses of Registration.") "The word 'expenses' contained in the Sec- tions fifty-four and fifty-five of the said Registra- tion Act of the Session of the sixth year of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter eighteen, ihall be deemed to and shall include and apply to all proper and reasonable fees and charges of any clerk of the peace of any County, or of any town clerk of any City or Borough, to be hereafter made or charged by him, in any year for his trouble, care, and attention in the performance of the services and duties imposed upon him by the same Act, or by this Act, in addition to any money actually paid or disbursed by him for or in respect of any such services or duties as aforesaid." He was only asking for a return to the old practice, which had been not entirely abandoned, but only in some of the counties and boroughs. The chancellor op the EXCHE- QUER said, he had no objection to the clause. It was already partly provided for by the interpretation of the term " re- turning officer." Mr. AYRTON said, he thought it would be necessary to alter the language of the clause, so as to provide for places having no town council. Clause <idded to the Bill. Mr. GATHORNE HARDY, in the absence of Mr. Russell Gurney, mored after Clause 43, to insert the following * clause: — (Copy of Reports of Commissioners to be eyi- denoe.) **jAny Copy of any of the said Reports by the said Commissioners appointed for the purpose of making inquiry into the existence of corrupt practices in any of the said Boroughs of Totnes, Great Yarmouth, Lancaster, or Reigate, with the Schedules thereof annexed, and purporting to be printed by the Queen's printer, shall for the pur- poses of this Act bo deemed to bo suflBcient evi- dence of any such Report of the said Commis- sioners and of the Schedules annexed thereto." ' Clause agreed to and added to the Bill. Lord EUSTACE CECIL moved to insert the following clause : — (Convictions for felony and certain other offences to disqualify persons from voting.) " That any person who has, when of full age, been convicted of any offence for which he has Mr» Marsh been sentenced to penal serritiMle, and who htt not received a full pardon for the nme, shall be incapable of voting at any Election for Memben of Parliament." He said that he had endearoured to meet the objections which had been urged against the proposal when he made it on s former occasion. He had struck out the word " larceny " in accordance with the suggestion of his right hon. Friend (Mr. Henley) ; and he had met the case of i person who had been pardoned, which bid been brought before the House by the hon. and learned Member for Exeter (Mr. Coleridge). He hoped therefore that tbe House would now agree to the clause. Clause brought up and read the fint time. Moved, ** That the Clause be now reid the second time." Mr. GLADSTONE said, that no doobt the noble Lord had fulfilled his pledge in amending the clause. Still he (Mr. Glad- stone) confessed that the more he looked at the clause the less he liked it. It woald add something to the sentence in certain classes of crime; and he thought that soeh an addition should not be made in coDne^ tion with the Reform Bill. The object of punishment was to deter from crime, bota man would not be deterred by a disqaalifi- cation such as this. Moreover, it wai a punishment which would last for life, and no punishment of that kind should ever be inflicted, except for a strong reason. If a man left prison with a sincere desire to fulfil his duties as a citizen he ought not to bear for life the brand of electoral dis- qualification. Viscount CRANBORNE said, tbat be should support the clause as consiBteiit with the principle on which certain bo- roughs had been disfranchised. Tbe fran- chise was not conferred upon a coDStitn- ency or an indiTidual as a prifate rigbt, but as something to be exercised for tbe good of the country, and where a man or a borough had exhibited an incapacit/of so exercising it Parliament ought with ao unsparing hand to take away the privilege. Mr. OSBORNE said, he cordially sop- ported the clause. He thought it bigblj creditable to the noble Lord, and conld not understand why his right hon. Friend (Mr. Gladstone) should object to it. A vote ought to be an object of ambition, aod a sort of post of honour. It ought, to a cer- tain degree, to be a mark of moral excel- lence. He should like to see eierj (oao 1449 Sipresentatum of {JmTl2, 1867) the PeopU Bill 1450 who was brought to a police o£Bce for fla- gellating his wife or committing any other atrocity deprived of the franchise. He had none of this mock sympathy with the criminal class, and looked upon it as a " Joseph Surface " hjpocrisy. Woald anybody undertake to say that Mr. Broad- head, Mr. Crookes, and other respectable gentlemen of that sort were entitled to a Tote? If four entire constituencies had been extinguished for bribery, the same pQDishment should be inflicted on such persons. He hoped the noble Lord would not be deterred from pressing the clause by the scruples of oyer-enthusiastic Gen- tlemen. Mb. N£WDEGATE said, he could not TOte for the clause, which would in effect amount to a sentence of outlawry, imposed in addition to the sentence which the cri- minal had already undergone for his crime. When a criminal had expiated his offence by undergoing his punishment he ought to be clear for the future. It was now, however, proposed that the sentence pro- Donnced by the Judge should be exceeded, and the effect would be to conTcrt, in some sense, every sentence into a punishment for life. Mr. SsnjBANT GASELEE said, he wished to reform a criminal, if possible, and therefore he objected to his being dis- qnalified for ever from this right of voting. The clause was, in his mind, most objec- tionable, because it attached a disqualifi- cation, not 60 much for any actual crime committed by him, but for a particular sentence passed by a particular Judge upon him. A man, for example, who had been sentenced some years ago for an offence committed, might now, on the ap- proaching termination of his ten years' penal servitude, be looking forward to the enjoyment of that enfranchisement which might be considered the birthright of every British citizen. Sm GEORGE GREY said, there were two questions involved in the^ clause — first, whether it was desirable and expedient to attach this permanent disqualification to persons convicted of crime, and, in the next place, whether this clause carried out that object ? He did not see why they should attach this peculiar disqualification to persons after they had served out their period of punishment. They did not dis- qualify such persons under similar circum- stances from the exercise of any other civil right when they had purged their offence. With regard to the electors for Lancaster and the other three disfranchised boroughs, they were only disqualified in the borough and county in which thej lived, and there was nothing to prevent them from exer- cising the franchise and acquiring votes anywhere else. He was opposed to the clause MR.LEVESON-GOWER said, he did not like to impose a stigma for life upon a man, however criminal he might have been, who might afterwards occupy a re- spectable position. The clause was objec- tionable so far as it would tend to dis- courage persons from regaining their for- mer position in society.
| 50,463 |
https://github.com/Demonslyr/blog-examples/blob/master/using-dependency-injection-in-a-net-core-console-application/IFooService.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
blog-examples
|
Demonslyr
|
C#
|
Code
| 20 | 59 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApplication
{
public interface IFooService
{
void DoThing(int number);
}
}
| 13,284 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9230790
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Nu jazz
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 95 | 239 |
Categoria:Nu jazz
categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Nu jazz istanza di categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Nu jazz soggetto principale della categoria nu jazz
Catégorie:Nu jazz
page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimedia
Catégorie:Nu jazz nature de l’élément page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimédia
Catégorie:Nu jazz sujet de la catégorie nu jazz
Kategorie:Nu Jazz
Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Nu Jazz ass eng/e(n) Wikimedia-Kategorie
Category:Nu jazz
Wikimedia category
Category:Nu jazz instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Nu jazz category's main topic nu jazz
Категория:Ню-джаз
категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Ню-джаз это частный случай понятия категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Ню-джаз общая тема категории ню-джаз
| 27,794 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28519327
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 212 | 409 |
Compiling assets subdirectories in Gulp with Laravel Elixir
I am working on what will end up being a very large application, which means my asssets/whatever folders are going to contain possibly a few hundred files (SCSS, js etc).
Obviously this will make managing them a little tricky, so I would like to arrange them into subfolders for each module of my application.
e.g. The SAP part of my application would have its style and js stored like the following:
resources/assets/js/SAP/myjs.js
resources/assets/sass/SAP/mysass.scss
It looks like in laravel-elixars config that you can only specify one assetsDir path:
var config = {
production: !! util.env.production,
srcDir: 'app',
assetsDir: 'resources/assets/',
cssOutput: 'public/css/_raw',
jsOutput: 'public/js/_raw',
bowerDir: 'vendor/bower_components',
tasks: [],
watchers: { default: {} },
duplicate: [],
concatenate: { css: [], js: [] }
};
It would be good if you could at least do the following:
...
assetsDir: ['resources/assets/SAP', 'resources/assets/Diary', ...],
...
Or even better, have it automatically map the paths for output based on the directories in the assets directory.
Found a solution to my question.
For the css part of it I can use SASS's @import in a master.scss file which just @imports all the scss files for various bits of my project.
I guess for the JS I would do something similar with requirejs(?).
| 47,218 |
|
https://github.com/ZacharyWalsh57/IPCamRedirector/blob/master/Program.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
IPCamRedirector
|
ZacharyWalsh57
|
C#
|
Code
| 189 | 558 |
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace IPCamRedirector
{
public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
Console.Clear();
HttpWebserver.SeperateConsole();
if (args.Length == 0)
{
if (!System.Diagnostics.Debugger.IsAttached)
{
Console.Write("Usage: ");
Console.WriteLine("IPCamDirector [IP OF PHONE] [PORT OF PHONE] *[IP OF THIS MACHINE]");
Console.WriteLine("The URL To set for TimeLapse is formatted as: http://IP_OF_HOST:PORT/GetNewImage/ where IP_OF_HOST is the machine this app is on\n");
Console.WriteLine("Use the third paramater if you want this application to use a secondary machine to bounce off of");
Console.WriteLine("Normally, if used on localhost, this program makes the call to get a screenshot, then redirects that to OctoPrint\n");
Console.WriteLine("Normal: OctoPrint --> CALL_FOR_PIC --> REDIRECT_TO_PIC --> OctoPrint");
Console.WriteLine("Relay: OctoPrint --> MIDDLE_SERVER --> REDIRECT_URL --> OctoPrint");
Console.ReadLine();
return;
}
args = new string[3];
args[0] = "10.0.0.14";
args[1] = "8081";
args[2] = "10.0.0.3";
}
string HostUrl = "";
if (args.Length == 3) { HostUrl = args[2]; }
if (HostUrl == "") { HostUrl = "localhost"; }
// StartServer(args);
Console.WriteLine("NEW REDIRECTOR CONFIG SETUP VALUES");
Console.WriteLine("\\__ IP OF CAM: " + args[0]);
Console.WriteLine("\\__ PORT OF CAM: " + args[1]);
Console.WriteLine("\\__ HOST IP: " + HostUrl);
HttpWebserver.SeperateConsole();
HttpWebserver.HttpListener(args[0], args[1], HostUrl);
}
}
}
| 7,589 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74314314
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StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,022 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 108 | 220 |
Show data values in plotly icicle chart
I want to show my value data within each box of my icicle chart, but the udpate_traces command I've used before for bar charts isn't working:
import plotly.express as px
# df is a pandas dataframe with columns level_1,2,3 and total
fig = px.icicle(df, path=['level_1', 'level_2', 'level_3'], values='total')
fig.update_traces(texttemplate="%{values:.1}")
This just prints out the text inside the "" in the icicle chart rather than the 'total' values to one decimal place. (Writing "%{total:.1}" does the same thing too.
Is there a way to display the values below the category label in a plotly icicle chart?
texttemplate requires value (without 's'):
fig.update_traces(texttemplate="%{value:.1}")
| 26,350 |
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https://openalex.org/W4308334792
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OpenAlex
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Open Science
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CC-By
| 2,022 |
In silico investigation of molecular networks linking gastrointestinal diseases, malnutrition, and sarcopenia
|
Matti Hoch
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,890 | 15,287 |
OPEN ACCESS Matti Hoch1†, Luise Ehlers2†, Karen Bannert2,
Christina Stanke1, David Brauer1, Vanessa Caton1,
Georg Lamprecht2, Olaf Wolkenhauer1,3,4*, Robert Jaster2
and Markus Wolfien1,5* 1Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany,
2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center,
Rostock, Germany, 3Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University
of Munich, Freising, Germany, 4Wallenberg Research Centre, Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced
Study, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 5Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus,
Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany Malnutrition (MN) is a common primary or secondary complication in
gastrointestinal diseases. The patient’s nutritional status also influences
muscle mass and function, which can be impaired up to the degree of
sarcopenia. The molecular interactions in diseases leading to sarcopenia
are complex and multifaceted, affecting muscle physiology, the intestine
(nutrition), and the liver at different levels. Although extensive knowledge
of individual molecular factors is available, their regulatory interplay is
not yet fully understood. A comprehensive overall picture of pathological
mechanisms and resulting phenotypes is lacking. In silico approaches that
convert existing knowledge into computationally readable formats can help
unravel mechanisms, underlying such complex molecular processes. From
public literature, we manually compiled experimental evidence for molecular
interactions involved in the development of sarcopenia into a knowledge
base, referred to as the Sarcopenia Map. We integrated two diseases, namely
liver cirrhosis (LC), and intestinal dysfunction, by considering their effects
on nutrition and blood secretome. We demonstrate the performance of our
model by successfully simulating the impact of changing dietary frequency,
glycogen storage capacity, and disease severity on the carbohydrate and
muscle systems. We present the Sarcopenia Map as a publicly available, open-
source, and interactive online resource, that links gastrointestinal diseases,
MN, and sarcopenia. The map provides tools that allow users to explore the
information on the map and perform in silico simulations. CITATION
Hoch M, Ehlers L, Bannert K, Stanke C,
Brauer D, Caton V, Lamprecht G,
Wolkenhauer O, Jaster R and
Wolfien M (2022) In silico investigation
of molecular networks linking
gastrointestinal diseases, malnutrition,
and sarcopenia. © 2022 Hoch, Ehlers, Bannert, Stanke,
Brauer, Caton, Lamprecht,
Wolkenhauer, Jaster and Wolfien. This
is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (CC BY). sarcopenia,
malnutrition,
gastrointestinal
diseases,
systems
biology,
network
modeling TYPE Original Research
PUBLISHED 04 November 2022
DOI 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 TYPE Original Research
PUBLISHED 04 November 2022
DOI 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 TYPE Original Research
PUBLISHED 04 November 2022
DOI 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 Introduction The
liver, as a main producer of cytokines and hormones, also
releases many pro-inflammatory mediators during injury that
favor muscle atrophy (7, 10, 11). The fact that the control
of muscle physiology is consequently highly dependent on
intestinal and liver function, makes sarcopenia a common
secondary phenomenon in ID and LC (5). Topological analyses determine the interconnectedness
of nodes in the network by traversing along the causal
interactions (30, 31). In this way, relationships between distant
elements can be detected, nodes in signaling pathways can be
identified, or weights can be assigned to elements that regulate
a particular process (32). Topological methods have also been
used to extract core regulatory networks from large-scale
networks to investigate mechanisms on a smaller scale (33). In
addition, topological information have been used to improve the
analytical performance of statistical enrichment (34) or machine
learning approaches (35). Topological analysis is less complex
but can be problematic in highly interconnected networks. Identifying all paths in larger networks, i.e., all connections
between every pair of elements, is a computationally intensive
challenge. Consequently, many algorithms focus on identifying
only the shortest paths between two nodes in the network
(36). Thus, topological analysis can be highly affected by
biases such as (i) misestimating the length of interactions
that
lack
intermediates,
(ii)
neglecting
the
biochemical
relevance of longer pathways, and (iii) overrepresenting more
intensively studied molecules. Nevertheless, they provide
means for implementation and sufficient informative power
to compare elements that are included in a given pathway
and to what extent. Given the physiological and pathophysiological association
of intestine, liver, and muscle function, it is not surprising
that they are linked by complex molecular communication
networks (12–14). Although the role of many molecules has
been elucidated by extensive in vitro and in vivo experiments,
understanding the system as a whole, including all the
interactions involved, is a task beyond human capabilities. Therefore, the use of in silico approaches, i.e., the conversion of
available knowledge into computationally readable formats, can
help unravel this complexity. In this context, Systems Biology
models have already been used to study complex systems,
such as nutrient absorption (15), muscle fiber physiology
(16, 17), pathologic liver metabolism (18), and diabetes
(19). Although these models enable detailed simulations by
integrating kinetic information, they are inherently limited
to small-scale applications, such as spatially defined signaling
processes. Introduction disease-specific interactive visualizations and computer-based
simulations (20). Prominent examples of established disease
maps include the Atlas of Inflammation Resolution (AIR) (21),
the Parkinson’s Disease Map (22), the Rheumatoid Arthritis
Map (23), the AsthmaMap (24), the Atherosclerosis Map (25),
or the COVID-19 disease map (26). Many of those have been
published on MINERVA, a web platform that allows to develop
disease-specific analysis tools, making it an excellent framework
for interactive visualizations of disease maps (27). The use of
computational standards in MINERVA, e.g., the systems biology
markup language (SBML), which describes how biological
models are represented graphically and stored computationally,
ensures reproducibility (28, 29). Through cell type-, tissue-,
or process-specific modularization, thus creating so-called
submaps, disease maps help to provide an intuitive overview
of complex disease mechanisms. All submaps together form a
single large-scale molecular interaction map (MIM) (21), which
is directed graph encompassing all interactions that connect
elements in the graph which represent biological entities such
as proteins, small molecules, pathways, or diseases. Given the
high number of interactions and scarcity of available data,
it is extremely challenging to parameterize all interactions in
the disease map. Therefore, approximations of non-parametric
mechanisms in and in between submaps are required. Malnutrition (MN) is a common and characteristic feature
of gastrointestinal diseases, such as liver cirrhosis (LC) and
intestinal dysfunctions (ID), e.g., short bowel syndrome (SBS),
and is associated with high mortality rates (1). For LC patients,
the prevalence of MN is indicated with up to 90% (2); for
patients suffering from SBS with around 10–40% (3). Disease-
related MN is closely related to mild, chronic inflammation
(4). Both MN and inflammation contribute to muscle wasting,
which, combined with the loss of muscle function, can
eventually result in sarcopenia. This vicious cycle of MN,
inflammation, sarcopenia, and the underlying disease itself leads
to an unfavorable prognosis for the patient (5). A sufficient
supply of energy and nutrients is needed for homeostasis of
muscle anabolism and catabolism. Conversely, an inadequate
nutrient uptake by intestinal malabsorption and a deficient
metabolism of nutrients, as well as deficient breakdown of
muscle waste products in the liver can impair muscle growth
(6, 7). Additionally, microbial invasion caused by a disrupted
epithelial barrier in ID and LC leads to systemic inflammation
that stimulates catabolic processes in the muscle (5, 8, 9). Abbreviations: ID, Intestinal Dysfunction; LC, Liver Cirrhosis; MIM,
Molecular Interaction Map; MN, Malnutrition; SBML, Systems Biology
Markup Language; SBS, Short Bowel Syndrome; SP, Shortest Path. OPEN ACCESS The use, distribution or reproduction in
other forums is permitted, provided
the original author(s) and the copyright
owner(s) are credited and that the
original publication in this journal is
cited, in accordance with accepted
academic practice. No use, distribution
or reproduction is permitted which
does not comply with these terms. Frontiers in Nutrition 01 frontiersin.org 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 Hoch et al. Abbreviations: ID, Intestinal Dysfunction; LC, Liver Cirrhosis; MIM,
Molecular Interaction Map; MN, Malnutrition; SBML, Systems Biology
Markup Language; SBS, Short Bowel Syndrome; SP, Shortest Path. Introduction To this end, a resource that links gastrointestinal
diseases, nutrition, and muscle (patho-)physiology on a larger
scale and enables simulations across tissues is lacking. Disease maps have emerged as web-based resources
collecting information on molecular interactions to enable Boolean models are much better suited to study network
mechanisms and to investigate the effects of molecular
perturbations on the system (37, 38). In Boolean models, the
state of each gene/molecule/phenotype is constrained to be
either active (ON/1) or inactive (OFF/0), defined by specific Frontiers in Nutrition 02 frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 Boolean rules based on the state of other network elements
(39). In successive steps representing a time scale, the state of
each element in the map is evaluated based on the states of
incoming elements in the previous step. Since there is a finite
number of possible network states, at some point a steady state
is reached that is either stable, i.e., remains in one state, or
oscillates, i.e., changes infinitely between one or multiple states. The steady state provides useful qualitative information on
molecular mechanisms, in particular on circulating regulatory
feedback and feedforward loops. Analysis of the number of
active states during the steady state as a function of a given
input makes it possible to determine correlations between
elements regardless of their distance in the network (40, 41). This is of great importance in complex processes such as energy
metabolism, where the influence of each nutrient must be
considered equally at each time point. Moreover, in Boolean
models, the computational time increases only proportionally
to the complexity of the network, allowing efficient high-
throughput analyses. The development of a Boolean model
simulating the influence of nutrition and metabolism on
sarcopenia may therefore prove useful in assessing the effects of
various physiological and pathological conditions. The information was then further examined to ensure that the
interactions identified were direct, such as protein-receptor
interactions. To improve clarity and ease curation efforts, we
collected the information in three Systems Biology Markup
Language (SBML)-standardized submaps in CellDesigner (29,
42). Intracellular molecules were enclosed in compartments
reflecting the organ, while extracellular molecules were placed
outside the compartments, either representing molecules in
the bloodstream (e.g., nutrients or cytokines) or systemic
conditions,
such
as
acidosis
or
hyperammonemia. This
separation enables the distinction between tissue-specific
processes
and
connects
them
through
the
intervening
communication processes. Materials and methods We transformed the submaps into a single graph (G)
consisting of a set of elements [vertices V(G)] connected by
interactions [edges E(G)]. All reactions in the submaps were
converted into one or multiple interactions each consisting of
two elements that are linked by either upregulation (positive)
or downregulation (negative). Therefore, E (G) is defined as a
collection of triples E ⊂
s
r
t
consisting of a source element
s ∈V, a relation r ∈{−1, 1} representing a positive (activating)
or negative (inactivating) interaction, and a target element t ∈
V. All enzymatic reactions in the maps, which catalyze the Introduction Figure 1A provides a schematic
overview of the map organization and the hierarchical flow of
information through the submaps. Different shapes and colors enable intuitive visualizations
of various biological or clinical entities, including (i) molecules,
such as genes, proteins, or metabolites; (ii) their subclasses, such
as receptors and ion channels; (iii) clinical features; and (iv)
whole pathways. We refer to all of these entities collectively
as map elements (Figure 1B). We connected the elements
by SBML-standardized reactions representing their biochemical
interaction. We simplified most reactions in the activity flow
format, i.e., represented more complex mechanisms (e.g.,
phosphorylations) as single arrows connecting a source element
(e.g., the protein kinase) with a target element (e.g., the protein). This simplification reduces the map content and improves
readability while retaining all necessary information. Only
enzymatic reactions were retained in the process description
format because information about enzymes is necessary for
modeling the mechanisms of metabolic regulations. Larger
metabolic pathways, e.g., glycolysis, have been combined
into a single catalytic reaction leading from the initial
reactant (glucose) to the final product (pyruvate), omitting
all intermediates. The reaction is catalyzed by a phenotypic
element (glycolysis) that represents the metabolic pathway
per se. All regulations, e.g., product-feedback-inhibitions or
hormonal, were then added as reactions to the phenotype
element (exemplarily shown in Figure 1B). We
developed
an
in-depth,
standardized,
and
computationally
encoded
disease
map
of
the
molecular
environment that regulates sarcopenia, which we term the
“Sarcopenia Map,” and integrated the two disease states ID and
LC. Given their relevance in the development of sarcopenia,
we modularized the map into three tissue-specific submaps for
(i) the intestine, i.e., nutrient uptake, its hormonal regulation,
and the effects of ID, (ii) the liver, i.e., metabolic processes,
cytokine secretion, and their alteration in LC, (iii) and the
muscle, i.e., molecular regulation of catabolic and anabolic
muscular processes leading to sarcopenia. In addition, we
converted the underlying interaction network into a Boolean
model and validated the model by simulating clinically relevant
molecular perturbations. We integrated our methods into an
interactive MINERVA tool suite allowing researchers to explore
the information on the maps, identify interaction pathways, and
perform in silico perturbation experiments. With these tools,
we demonstrate how the map contributes to understanding the
complex molecular processes leading to sarcopenia. Frontiers in Nutrition Map curation This separation of paths provides
us with information on (i) the ratio of positive and negative
paths between s and t, in which e is involved, and (ii) the ratio
of how e is regulated by s and how e regulates t. Repeating this
analysis for other elements in the MIM compares their role in
the investigated pathway. synthesis of a product p from a substrate s by an enzyme
e, were transformed into an edge triplet of
s
1
p
,
e
1
p
,
and (e
−1
s). The latter represents the consumption of the
substrate by the enzyme. For reactions with multiple substrates,
all substrates were first combined into a complex with edges
connecting the substrates and the complex. The complex c then
acts as the substrate of the reaction triplet. For reactions with
multiple products, reaction triplets were generated for each
product. A path P(G) of the length L ∈N can be written as the
sequence
u1 −→r1 u2 −→r2 −→rL uL+1
with
ui, ri, ui+1
∈
E. The type T ∈{−1, 1} of any P is defined as (r1 · r2 · . . . · rL). Frontiers in Nutrition Map curation We screened the PubMed database for published literature
focusing on recent reviews describing the intestinal uptake
of nutrients and their metabolism in the liver, hormonal
communication between liver and muscle, and regulation
of muscle growth and function. Simultaneously, we sought
information on the effects of ID and LC on these processes. Frontiers in Nutrition 03 frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 FIGURE 1
Overview of the logical modeling approaches in the sarcopenia map. (A) Schematic structure of the Sarcopenia Map. (B) SBML schema of
tissue-specific compartments (yellow frames) that are connected through extracellular elements, e.g., representing hormones or cytokines. (C) Topological analysis of the underlying network. Paths between two elements are analyzed based on their length, type (positive or negative),
and passed nodes. Elements are ranked by their inclusions in the identified paths. (D) Creation of Boolean rules that define an element’s state by
converting SBML reactions into logical gates. GURE 1 Overview of the logical modeling approaches in the sarcopenia map. (A) Schematic structure of the Sarcopenia Map. (B) SBML schema of
tissue-specific compartments (yellow frames) that are connected through extracellular elements, e.g., representing hormones or cytokines. (C) Topological analysis of the underlying network. Paths between two elements are analyzed based on their length, type (positive or negative),
and passed nodes. Elements are ranked by their inclusions in the identified paths. (D) Creation of Boolean rules that define an element’s state by
converting SBML reactions into logical gates. between two elements (u, v) ∈V as a set of existing paths
Pu,v between u and v, where L(Pu,v) is minimized. To identify
more paths between u and v, we adapted the BFS algorithm to
stop at already visited interactions instead of visited elements. The set of all identified paths or SPs that connect at least
two specified elements, we call a pathway in the graph. To
determine the role of an element e in the pathway of u
and v, we filtered the paths between u and v by those that
go through e. In addition, the filtered paths were split into
two subpaths, Ps,e, from s to e (incoming), and Pe,t, from e
to t (outgoing), with T(Ps,t) = T(Ps,e) · T(Pe,t) and L(Ps,t) =
L(Ps,e) + L(Pe,t) (Figure 1C). Topological modeling We identified paths in the MIM using a breadth-first-
search (BFS) algorithm, one of the fastest possible solutions
in a directed and unweighted graph (43). In its standard
form, the algorithm enables the search for shortest paths (SP) Frontiers in Nutrition 04 frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 Results We present the Sarcopenia Map1 as a publicly available,
comprehensive knowledge base of experimental evidence for
molecular interactions related to sarcopenia and linked to LC
and ID (Figure 2). In the following, we explain in more detail (i)
the Sarcopenia Map as a knowledge base (ii) its tools to perform
in silico simulations, and (iii) applications and validations of
the underlying computational model. We provide examples of
how the tools help researchers to analyze disease mechanisms
by investigating the molecular interactions linking nutrition,
gastrointestinal diseases, and sarcopenia. Boolean modeling The perturbation simulation was then repeated for different
activities of s. The correlation between both elements’ activities
in each simulation was then analyzed using the “pearsonr”
function from the stats module of the scipy python package
generating the Pearson correlation coefficient and a two-sided
p-value. Since Boolean models are susceptible to interferences,
meaning that independent signals can overlap and distort the
measurement, only a few observations could lead to incorrect
assumptions. Thus, we use a wide range of activities for s (from
0 to 100% in 1% increments), which ensures that the observed
correlations are more reliable. Based on the interactions in the submaps, we defined a
Boolean rule for each element that specifies how its state (either
ON or OFF) is defined by the state of other elements (inputs)
represented by logical gates (NOT, OR, or AND) (Figure 1D). A Boolean rule may consist of multiple gates, which may be
nested. When a reaction requires multiple elements to be active,
such as in enzymatic reactions or the formation of complexes,
these elements are represented by AND gates. Any negative
input, such as from a disease or negative feedback, is integrated
as a NOT gate. In general, all logic gates must be satisfied for
an element to be ON, with disease inputs taking precedence. An exception, however, is the glycogen element in the model,
whose state we represent as an integer that increases by 1 at
each step at which the element’s Boolean rule is satisfied and
decreases by 1 when it is not. As long as its state is greater
than zero, it is treated as an ON input to other elements. In
this way, we can simulate the construction of a storage and
its subsequent use, even after its inputs subsided. Finally, we
defined an initial state of the model, in which some elements
with no inputs, such as digestive enzymes or transporters, are set
to ON. Supplementary material shows the list of map elements
with their initial state. p
anabolism
= p
cell differentiation
+ p
protein synthesis
1
https://www.sbi.uni-rostock.de/sarcopenia 1
https://www.sbi.uni-rostock.de/sarcopenia A knowledge base of molecular
interactions in sarcopenia We identified the correlations between two elements based
on the dependency of their activity. The principle behind this
methodology has been described by Helikar and Rogers (41). The activity of an element is defined as the percentage p of active
states of the model during a range of n observed steps (n = 100
by default). We perturbed a source element s either through
a set activity or through inhibition. Setting the activity of an
element means changing its state to OFF and then to ON at
every k-th step depending on the activity frequency pa(s) with
k =
1
pa(s). For example, the input activity frequency pa (s) =
0.25 refers to a state sequence for s of [1-0-0-0-1-0-0-0-1-. . .]. When perturbing s through inhibition, its state is set to OFF for
every k-th step with k=
1
pi(s), while in all other steps the element
behaves normally. Then after performing n steps, we measured
the activity of the target element t as the percentage of steps with
ON state. If t is the “sarcopenia” phenotype in the muscle, its
activity is defined as We have compiled findings from the scientific literature
into three standardized, tissue-specific submaps (Figure 2A). The submaps summarize the processes in each tissue as SBML-
standardized molecular networks (Supplementary Figures 1–
3). Figure 2B shows the distribution of elements between
submaps. Their overlap is more dominant for extracellular
elements, which is to be expected since they represent secreted
molecules that mediate communication between compartments. The highest number of tissue unique elements is found in the
submap of the intestine, as it contains food components, as well
as digestive enzymes and transporters. MINERVA provides features to explore elements in the
map and targets of specific drugs, miRNAs, or chemicals. The
submaps are publicly accessible and can be downloaded in
various formats (e.g., SBML, .svg, or .pdf). All elements and
interactions in the maps are annotated with references to public
databases or scientific literature (e.g., PubMed). A knowledge base of molecular
interactions in sarcopenia The Sarcopenia
Map comes with an interactive tool that we developed in
this study to allow users to explore interaction paths in the
sarcopenia map through topological analysis and to perform p
sarcopenia
= p
catabolism
−p(anabolism) p
sarcopenia
= p
catabolism
−p(anabolism) p
sarcopenia
= p
catabolism
−p(anabolism) The phenotypes “anabolism” and “catabolism” themselves
are defined as: p
catabolism
= p
apoptosis
+ p
proteolysis
p
catabolism
= p
apoptosis
+ p
proteolysis
and p
anabolism
= p
cell differentiation
+ p
protein synthesis
p
anabolism
= p
cell differentiation
+ p
protein synthesis
1
https://www.sbi.uni-rostock.de/sarcopenia 05 Frontiers in Nutrition frontiersin.org frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 URE 2
erview of the hierarchical organization of the Sarcopenia map. (A) We summarized information on molecular interactions related to
copenia from the literature into three tissue-specific submaps. In addition, we integrated the effects of liver cirrhosis (LC) and intestinal
function (ID) on these molecular processes. (B) Venn Diagrams of element distributions between the different tissues. (C) The interactive
r interface of the Sarcopenia Map enables the exploration of information, as well as simulations of molecular perturbations. FIGURE 2
Overview of the hierarchical organization of the Sarcopenia map. (A) We summarized information on molecular interactions related to
sarcopenia from the literature into three tissue-specific submaps. In addition, we integrated the effects of liver cirrhosis (LC) and intestinal
dysfunction (ID) on these molecular processes. (B) Venn Diagrams of element distributions between the different tissues. (C) The interactive
user interface of the Sarcopenia Map enables the exploration of information, as well as simulations of molecular perturbations. Overview of the hierarchical organization of the Sarcopenia map. (A) We summarized information on molecular interactions related to
sarcopenia from the literature into three tissue-specific submaps. In addition, we integrated the effects of liver cirrhosis (LC) and intestinal
dysfunction (ID) on these molecular processes. (B) Venn Diagrams of element distributions between the different tissues. (C) The interactive
user interface of the Sarcopenia Map enables the exploration of information, as well as simulations of molecular perturbations. in silico simulations with Boolean models in an easy-to-use
interface (Figure 2C). a target element (“To”) whose interaction paths are to be
identified in the MIM (Figure 3A). In addition, another element
can be specified to filter paths that pass “Through” that element. A knowledge base of molecular
interactions in sarcopenia The output is presented as a table that shows all identified
paths, their length, the total impact on the target, and all
individual steps within the path (Figure 3B). Each interaction
is referenced by a PubMed identifier and clicking on the icon
takes the user to the location on the submaps. In addition,
a bar chart lists the percentage of these paths, in which each
element occurs, separated into positive and negative paths
(Figure 3C). Because of the limitations of topological models Frontiers in Nutrition A platform for interactive in silico
experiments The first part of the developed tool provides network
topology functions to investigate interaction paths between
user-specified elements to explore their underlying molecular
regulations. Users can select a source element (“From”) and 06 Frontiers in Nutrition frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 FIGURE 3
The user interface to identify interaction paths between selected elements in the Sarcopenia Map. For selected elements (A), their interaction
pathways are listed in a table (B) Additionally, elements along the pathways are ranked by their percentages of appearance separated by the type
of interaction (C). The user interface to identify interaction paths between selected elements in the Sarcopenia Map. For selected elements (A), their interaction
pathways are listed in a table (B) Additionally, elements along the pathways are ranked by their percentages of appearance separated by the type
of interaction (C). of their activity distributions toward the source and target. Elements that correlate with both, are most likely responsible
for transmitting the signals. In addition, based on the type of
correlation (positive or negative), we can investigate the role
of the transmitting element, i.e., whether inhibition/activation
of an inhibitory/activating signal has occurred or vice versa. Another function of the Boolean model is the identification of
steady states. Supplementary Figure 4 illustrates the activity of
elements during the oscillating steady state, which evolves from
the default input state of the map by simulating a permanently
active food input. The figure shows that most of the elements
that change their state during the steady state are metabolites
and metabolic enzymes. As long as food intake is constantly ON,
extracellular glucose is as well, leading to a constant oscillation
between glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. Feedback loops are
essential for reversible responses in Boolean models, otherwise,
the ON signal would be sent back and forth infinitely, even
when the external signal is removed. Once we set the food intake
to OFF and iterate forward, the new resulting steady state is
stable, i.e., it does not oscillate and has no active metabolites
(not shown). (see “Introduction” section), assumptions about functional
relationships and mechanisms should not be inferred from the
distribution of positive and negative interaction paths alone. Nevertheless, they provide an intuitive overview of the design
of molecular pathways and the flow of information. The second part of the tool enables Boolean simulations
on the Sarcopenia Map via a simple user interface and
colored overlays on the map (Figure 4). Frontiers in Nutrition A platform for interactive in silico
experiments One of its functions
is correlation analysis, which provides insights into the
mechanistic relationship between elements. For a selected
element (source) and nutrition states, multiple simulations are
iteratively and automatically performed with increasing activity
or deficiency of the source element (Figure 4C). At each
iteration, the activity of other elements (targets) is measured
during the resulting steady state. The correlations of the source
and all target elements, represented by the Pearson correlation
coefficient, are then summarized in a table. Scatter plots of the
activities of the two elements provide further information by
showing the detailed correlation course at different nutrition
states (Figure 4D). For every target element, the table also
ranks other elements in the network according to the similarity Frontiers in Nutrition 07 frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 FIGURE 4
The user interface to perform Boolean simulations on the Sarcopenia Map. (A) For each step, the active (red) or disturbed (gray) elements in the
network are highlighted. (B) An interactive table provides an overview of all elements in the maps and allows perturbations by activating or
inhibiting their state. (C) Automated perturbation experiments allow simulation of an increase in activation or inhibition of a selected element. (D) The correlation of the activities of the other elements in response to the perturbation is then presented in a table and diagrams. FIGURE 4 The user interface to perform Boolean simulations on the Sarcopenia Map. (A) For each step, the active (red) or disturbed (gray) elements in the
network are highlighted. (B) An interactive table provides an overview of all elements in the maps and allows perturbations by activating or
inhibiting their state. (C) Automated perturbation experiments allow simulation of an increase in activation or inhibition of a selected element. (D) The correlation of the activities of the other elements in response to the perturbation is then presented in a table and diagrams. Frontiers in Nutrition (Patho-)physiological simulations of
nutrition and disease states activities respond correctly to changing nutritional conditions
and perturbations. First, we measured the response of glucose and glycogen
to altered nutritional stimuli. Figure 5A shows the extent of
hepatic glycogen storage (blue dots) and blood glucose (red
dots) in response to increasing food intake (y-axis, black dots). As expected, we observed increasing hepatic glycogen activity
and its prolonged conversion to blood glucose after food intake
was switched off. Blood glucose is continuously active as long as
food intake occurs and is oscillating during glycogen depletion. First, we measured the response of glucose and glycogen
to altered nutritional stimuli. Figure 5A shows the extent of
hepatic glycogen storage (blue dots) and blood glucose (red
dots) in response to increasing food intake (y-axis, black dots). As expected, we observed increasing hepatic glycogen activity
and its prolonged conversion to blood glucose after food intake
was switched off. Blood glucose is continuously active as long as
food intake occurs and is oscillating during glycogen depletion. These results show that our model can simulate the conversion
of glycogen to glucose and its release into the bloodstream in
fasting situations. Next, we measured carbohydrate behavior
again, but with different combinations of ON and OFF food
intake, representing changing frequency and quantity, but not
quality, of diet. From these, we identified three specific nutrition
states, which will act as input for the model to simulate To test the Boolean model, we studied the behavior of
the carbohydrate system under different nutrition states, i.e.,
different active frequencies of the “food intake” element. The carbohydrate metabolism is a tightly regulated system
and the central part of the energy cycle that controls
muscle
function. Therefore,
the
carbohydrate
system
is a key pathway linking LC and ID to sarcopenia, as
carbohydrate resorption, storage, and usage are impaired
in these diseases (44, 45). In clinical settings, glucose
supplementation has been shown to reduce muscle mass
loss, while glycogen depletion has been identified as a major
cause of the development of sarcopenia in LC patients (46,
47). We need to ensure that in our model carbohydrate Frontiers in Nutrition 08 frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 FIGURE 5
Testing the model by simulating different nutrition states and carbohydrate availability. (A) The activity of hepatic glycogen storage and
extracellular glucose depending on the duration of the food intake stimulus. (Patho-)physiological simulations of
nutrition and disease states (B) Definition of three nutrition states by their food intake
frequency and the resulting activities of hepatic glycogen storage and extracellular glucose. (C) Predicted activities of selected elements in
response to an increasing deficiency of hepatic glycogen synthase. Testing the model by simulating different nutrition states and carbohydrate availability. (A) The activity of hepatic glycogen storage and
extracellular glucose depending on the duration of the food intake stimulus. (B) Definition of three nutrition states by their food intake
frequency and the resulting activities of hepatic glycogen storage and extracellular glucose. (C) Predicted activities of selected elements in
response to an increasing deficiency of hepatic glycogen synthase. synthase (GS) in the liver correlates with the activity of glucose
in the liver, blood, and muscle, ketogenesis in the liver, and
proteolysis and sarcopenia in the muscle (Figure 5C). Most
noticeably, in the overnourished state, GS deficiency has no
correlations with any of the elements and, in the well-nourished
state, a correlation becomes visible at high inactivation only. The latter is probably caused by the compensation of a lower
GS deficiency by the increased blood glucose due to a more
frequent food intake compared with the undernourished state. GS deficiency correlates negatively with glucose activity, which
is most prominent in the liver compartment and less in the
blood and muscle compartments. In the well-nourished state,
glucose activity in the muscle shows a large plateau at medium
GS deficiencies (20–60%), possibly due to compensation by
muscle glycogen. A positive correlation is visible for the
“ketogenesis” phenotype in the liver and “proteolysis” in the
muscle, both physiological responses to hypoglycemic states
(47, 48). Interestingly, the plot for “sarcopenia” also shows a
positive correlation and is very similar to that for “proteolysis,” (patho-)physiological behavior. Importantly, Boolean models
use steps as an discrete and arbitrary measurement of time
and are not able to simulate real time-scale. Here, we define
the nutrition states by their impact on the carbohydrate system
(Figure 5B): (i) undernourished, i.e., long fasting periods with
full depletion of glycogen storage (5 ON-steps and 25 OFF-
steps), (ii) well-nourished, with continuous glycogen storage
(5 ON-steps and 10 OFF-steps), and (iii) overnourished, with
continuously increasing glycogen (5 ON-steps and 2 OFF-steps). We incorporated these states into the Sarcopenia Map user
interface to facilitate their comparison when running different
simulations. Frontiers in Nutrition (Patho-)physiological simulations of
nutrition and disease states However, it should
be noted that Boolean models are divided into successive steps
of discrete values and therefore cannot analyze continuous
changes or molecular quantities. In our model, this limitation
is less relevant because the correlation analysis observes
changes in the system over multiple iterations rather than
analyzing a single signal transduction. In this way, our model
can identify and visualize mechanistic relationships across
the entire network. Furthermore, we summarized subsequent
intermediate reactions of pathways into a single element. This
simplification allows us to keep a structured visualization
and makes the model more robust toward feedback signaling. Retaining all reactions would distort the temporal perception
of signal transduction. In a synchronously updated Boolean
model such as ours, the time scales of all biological events are
considered equally, thus more steps are required for pathways
with more intermediate reactions. In reality, however, most
reactions occur simultaneously because of the large quantities
of molecules involved. For example, in our muscle model only
the ubiquitin-proteasome system is included as a junction of
catabolic signals, as incorporating of all available regulatory
processes would be too complex for the current focus of the
map. Thus, in developing our model, we aimed to strike a
balance between feasibility and informativeness of the complex
molecular interaction network. By successfully reproducing
existing knowledge of the carbohydrate system in (patho-
)physiological conditions, we showed that our model is capable
of simulating such molecular processes. Next, we investigated the correlations between activities of
LC and ID on the muscle phenotypes “anabolism,” “catabolism,”
and “sarcopenia” dependent on the nutrition state (Figure 6). In both diseases, we see a strong positive correlation with
catabolism (blue) and a negative correlation with anabolism
(red). Thus, both disease states also correlate positively with
sarcopenia. No major differences are observed between the
nutrition states. However, the contribution of both diseases to
anabolism appears to be lower in the malnourished state than in
the other states. Presumably, this is due to the generally lower
activity of anabolism in the undernourished state. In general,
the correlation in the overnourished state tends to be constant,
whereas the correlations in the nourished and undernourished
states are more divergent. In these undernourished states, a
greater increase in catabolic and sarcopenic activity is observed
even at low LC activities (<0.2). (Patho-)physiological simulations of
nutrition and disease states These nutritional states differ only in the quantity
of food, not its composition, and are assumed to contain
all macro- and micronutrients. However, users of the map
can disable elements in the intestine submap to change the
composition of the diet individually. After testing the model under physiological conditions,
we simulated pathophysiological disease states by molecular
perturbations. We investigated how a deficiency of glycogen Frontiers in Nutrition 09 frontiersin.org 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 Hoch et al. suggesting that sarcopenia in GS deficiency is most likely
mediated by increased activity of muscle proteolysis. We
conducted additional simulations for deficient glycogenolysis
(Supplementary Figure 5A), deficient glucose uptake in the
muscle (GLUT4/SLC2A4, Supplementary Figure 5B) and
deficient glucose resorption in the intestine (SGLT1/SLC5A1,
Supplementary Figure 5C). All three cases positively correlate
with sarcopenia. Although both GLUT4 and SGLT1 deficiencies
lead to glucose depletion in muscle, the effect of SGLT1 on
sarcopenia is much stronger, especially in well- and over-
nourished states. This is most likely due to the negative impact
of SGLT1 deficiency on blood sugar. Conversely, disruption of
GLUT4 does not lead to a decrease in blood glucose levels, thus
anabolic hormones such as insulin remain elevated. We note
that in our model energy loss is compensated by other nutrients,
such as fatty acid oxidation, which is comparable to a resting
state. During exercise, the effects of reduced glucose uptake in
muscle would be more essential. as sarcopenia. Moreover, the function of individual molecules
in these processes can change depending on environmental
conditions, such as the activity of other elements. Experimental
setups are usually unable to simultaneously mimic the
complex interactions between different metabolic pathways in
various cells, compartments, or tissues. The complex molecular
networks linking gastrointestinal diseases, MN, and sarcopenia
motivate the use of in silico approaches. pp
We
established
the
Sarcopenia
Map
to
bring
the
complex
molecular
interaction
pathways
in
sarcopenia
into a comprehensive, standardized, and reproducible format. The Sarcopenia Map is a knowledge base that (i) gathers
molecular information annotated with databases references,
(ii) intuitively visualizes signal transductions, and (iii) provides
tools for in silico simulations. By topologically evaluating the
highly interconnected molecular network, users can utilize
our tools to identify interaction paths between molecules of
interest. Using Boolean simulations, the tool allows observing
how changes in molecular activities propagate through the
system and affect different compartments. (Patho-)physiological simulations of
nutrition and disease states Conversely, the sarcopenia
phenotype in ID shows an almost plateau-like behavior at lower
disease activities (<0.5), especially in malnourished states, and
only then starts to increase. This is to be expected because at a
low frequency of food intake, the baseline activity of sarcopenia
is increased and the effects of ID, which is mainly related to food
absorption, are minimal. Frontiers in Nutrition Discussion As scientific knowledge increases, so does awareness of
the complexity of the molecular mechanisms that regulate
biological processes. Gastrointestinal diseases are regulated
through complex, interconnected networks in multiple cell
types, tissues, and organs (49). Muscle growth and function
are tightly regulated processes to keep the body functioning in
different dietary situations (5, 14). Therefore, various nutrients
and hormones are involved in regulating muscle activity, which
complicates the search for the causes of dysregulations, such We provide the community with a free-to-use platform
to support nutrition research in developing or validating
new hypotheses. While our work focused on the effects of
gastrointestinal diseases, such as LC or ID in sarcopenia, the
map itself provides a comprehensive knowledge base linking
nutrition and muscle metabolism that can be also useful for Frontiers in Nutrition 10 frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 FIGURE 6
Predicted activities of three muscle phenotypes in response to increasing severity of liver cirrhosis (LC, A) and intestinal dysfunction (ID, B) in
three different nutrition states. Each point represents a simulation in which, starting from an initial state, signal transduction is iterated over 100
consecutive steps. During these steps, the state of LC or ID is set active with a defined frequency representing their severity. FIGURE 6 GU
6
Predicted activities of three muscle phenotypes in response to increasing severity of liver cirrhosis (LC, A) and intestinal dysfunction (ID, B) in
three different nutrition states. Each point represents a simulation in which, starting from an initial state, signal transduction is iterated over 100
consecutive steps. During these steps, the state of LC or ID is set active with a defined frequency representing their severity. and designed the submaps. MH created the model, developed
the tools, and performed the analyses. LE supervised both
model design and interpretation of results, in the medical
context. MH and LE prepared the initial version of the
manuscript. OW, RJ, GL, KB, and MW critically evaluated
the manuscript and the results. All authors contributed to the
scientific content and helped to write the text and approved the
submitted version. other research areas. The hierarchical format of the map and the
standardized representation of molecular interactions facilitate
the extension to other related diseases or integration of new
information, such as MN in relation to other tissues, in the
future. Disease maps are community resources, and MINERVA
provides tools for the community to expand these maps
collaboratively. Data availability statement The research projects “EnErGie” (LE, KB, GL, and RJ) and
“iRhythmics” (MW) were supported by the European Social
Fund (ESF) and the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, references: ESF/14-
BM-A55-0007/18 and ESF/14-BM-A55-0027/18. LE was further
supported by the FORUN program of the Rostock University
Medical Center (889005). The “TIRIP” project (MH) received
support from Heel GmbH, Baden-Baden. OW acknowledges
support from the German Federal Ministry of Education
and Research (BMBF) project e:Med-MelAutim (grant no. 01ZX1905B). The funder was not involved in the study design,
collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This
data can be found here: https://github.com/sbi-rostock/AIR/
tree/master/SarcopeniaMap. Discussion We encourage researchers to use the Sarcopenia
Map to support open science by sharing scientific results and
extending the map. Frontiers in Nutrition SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 2 SBML-standardized submap of liver-specific processes involved in the
regulation of sarcopenia. The map contains information on metabolic
processes (left), secreted hormones or metabolites (right), and their
alterations in liver cirrhosis (orange). Author contributions OW, RJ, GL, and MW conceptualized and supervised
the project. MH, LE, KB, and MW supervised parts that
included literature research, curation of content, and layout
of submaps. CS, DB, and VC performed literature research 11 Frontiers in Nutrition frontiersin.org Hoch et al. 10.3389/fnut.2022.989453 References 9. Norman K, Pirlich M, Schulzke JD, Smoliner C, Lochs H, Valentini
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Biosci Eng. (2021) 18:1238–79. doi: 10.3934/MBE.2021067 8. Supplementary material article or the decision to submit it for publication. All authors
declare no other competing interests. The Supplementary Material for this article can be
found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/
fnut.2022.989453/full#supplementary-material SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 5 Simulations of molecular perturbations and their observed correlation
with other elements in the map. Each point represents a simulation
experiment in which the respective nutritional state was simulated over
100 steps. During the simulation, the perturbed element was inactivated
at a specific frequency (x-axis) and the activity of the observed element
was measured. (A) Deficient glycogenolysis in the liver. (B) Deficient
glucose uptake in the muscle through SLC2A4 (GLUT4). (C) Deficient
glucose absorption in the intestine through SLC5A1 (SGLT1) without
sucrose/fructose supplementation. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated
organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the
reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or
claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed
or endorsed by the publisher. SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 4 Steady state of the Boolean model with a constantly active “food
intake.” Each dot represents an active element (y-axis) in the respective
step (x-axis) during the steady state. In the last step the original state is
reached, and thus the sequence iterates infinitely. SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 1 The Sarcopenia Map is hosted on MINERVA, which is
developed by the Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine
(LCSB). We are grateful for the technical support provided
by the Piotr Gawron and Marek Ostaszeweski. We also thank
Kristian Schulz for setting up MINERVA and the project page at
the SBI (https://www.sbi.uni-rostock.de/sarcopenia). SBML-standardized submap of muscle-specific processes involved in
the regulation of sarcopenia. The map includes signaling pathways of
hormones, cytokines, and metabolites on muscle anabolism (left) and
catabolism (right), thus regulating the development of
sarcopenia (orange) SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 3 SBML-standardized submap of Gut-specific processes involved in the
regulation of sarcopenia. The map contains information on nutrient
resorption, secretion of hormones, and their alterations in intestinal
dysfunction (orange). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could
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gastrointestinal disorders: A holistic overview. Dig Dis. (2017) 35:5–13. doi: 10. 1159/000485409 13 Frontiers in Nutrition frontiersin.org 13
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https://github.com/windows-development/Windows-classic-samples/blob/master/Samples/Win7Samples/multimedia/WMP/cpp/WMPHost/resource.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Windows-classic-samples
|
windows-development
|
C
|
Code
| 159 | 727 |
//{{NO_DEPENDENCIES}}
// Microsoft Developer Studio generated include file.
// Used by wmphost.rc
//
#define IDS_PROJNAME 100
#define IDR_WMPHOST 100
#define IDD_FILEOPEN_DIALOG 201
#define IDC_FILEOPEN_EDIT 201
#define IDR_MENU1 202
#define IDC_FILEOPEN_BROWSE 202
#define IDC_STRING_EDIT 203
#define IDI_ICON1 204
#define IDC_BOOLEAN_TRUE 204
#define IDD_STRING_DIALOG 205
#define IDC_BOOLEAN_FALSE 205
#define IDD_BOOLEAN_DIALOG 206
#define ID_WMPCORE 32800
#define ID_WMPCORE_CLOSE 32801
#define ID_WMPCORE_URL 32802
#define ID_WMPCORE_OPENSTATE 32803
#define ID_WMPCORE_PLAYSTATE 32804
#define ID_WMPCORE_CONTROLS 32805
#define ID_WMPCORE_SETTINGS 32806
#define ID_WMPCORE_CURRENTMEDIA 32807
#define ID_WMPCORE_MEDIACOLLECTION 32808
#define ID_WMPCORE_PLAYLISTCOLLECTION 32809
#define ID_WMPCORE_VERSIONINFO 32810
#define ID_WMPCORE_LAUNCHURL 32811
#define ID_WMPCORE_NETWORK 32812
#define ID_WMPCORE_CURRENTPLAYLIST 32813
#define ID_WMPCORE_CDROMCOLLECTION 32814
#define ID_WMPCORE_CLOSEDCAPTION 32815
#define ID_WMPCORE_ISONLINE 32816
#define ID_WMPCORE_ERROR 32817
#define ID_WMPCORE_STATUS 32818
#define ID_WMPCORE2 32819
#define ID_WMPCORE2_DVD 32820
#define ID_WMPPLAYER 32900
#define ID_WMPPLAYER_ENABLED 32901
#define ID_WMPPLAYER_FULLSCREEN 32902
#define ID_WMPPLAYER_ENABLECONTEXTMENU 32903
#define ID_WMPPLAYER_UIMODE 32904
#define ID_WMPPLAYER2 32905
#define ID_WMPPLAYER2_STRETCHTOFIT 32906
// Next default values for new objects
//
#ifdef APSTUDIO_INVOKED
#ifndef APSTUDIO_READONLY_SYMBOLS
#define _APS_NEXT_RESOURCE_VALUE 207
#define _APS_NEXT_COMMAND_VALUE 32907
#define _APS_NEXT_CONTROL_VALUE 205
#define _APS_NEXT_SYMED_VALUE 101
#endif
#endif
| 11,546 |
2013201074_1890-06-21_1_7_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,890 |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 2,059 | 3,218 |
Número 71 GRACETA DE PUERTO -TICO. Año 1899 Lo que se hace público para general conocimiento concurrencia de licitadores. Ponce, 14 de Junio de 1890. - El Comisionado, Ramón Comas. V? B? El Alcalde, Ayo. 31 En el expediente de apremio seguido por esta Alcaldía contra Doña Manuela Luna, vecina del barrio de Marrueño, en cobro de contribuciones municipales correspondientes a los años de 1886 a 87, 87 a 88, 88 a 89 y 89 a 90, se ha dispuesto la venta de los bienes siguientes: 6 cuerdas de terreno quebrado, equivalentes a 2 hectáreas, 35 áreas y 80 centiáreas y colindan por el que con Don Santiago Velázquez, por el Sur con Doña Rosa Luna y por el Oeste, con el rio Marrueño, en cuyos terrenos se encuentra una casa de madera techada de yaguas. Valorados en la cantidad de 60 pesos, habiéndose señalado para el acto del remate el día 14 de Julio entrante a las dos de la tarde en el Alón de esta Alcaldía; advirtiéndose que no se admitirá proposición alguna que no cubra por lo menos las dos terceras partes de la tasación, la que se depositará en la mesa del Sr. Alcalde. Lo que se hace público para general conocimiento y concurrencia de licitadores. Ponce, 14 de Junio de 1890. El Comisionado, Ramón Comas. El Alcalde, Ayo. En el expediente de apremio seguido por esta Alcaldía contra Don José Velázquez, sucesión, vecino del barrio de Marueño, en cobro de contribuciones municipales correspondientes a los años de 1886 a 87, 87 a 88, 88 a 89 y 89 a 90, se ha dispuesto la venta en pública subasta de los bienes siguientes: 20 cuerdas de terreno quebrado, equivalentes a 7 hectáreas, 86 áreas y 8 centiáreas, con una casa de madera del país y yaguas, cuyos terrenos están fincados de pastos, malzas, cafó y máfos, y colindan por el Norte con Don Cristóbal Hernández, por el Sur con Don José Concepción Luna, por el Este con Don José María Olivera y por el Oeste con el río de Marueño. Valorados en la cantidad de 240 pesos, habiéndose señalado para el acto del remate el día 15 de Julio entrante a las dos de la tarde en el Salón de esta Alcaldía; adviniéndose que no se admitirá proposición alguna que no cubra por lo menos las dos terceras partes de la tasación. Al contado, la que se deseaba en a mesa del Sr. Alcalde. Lo que se hace público para general conocimiento y concurrencia de licitadores. Ponce, 14 de Junio de 1890. El Comisionado, Ramón Comas. V? B? El Alcalde. Ayo. 31 En el expediente de apremio seguido por esta Alcaldía contra Don José Concepción Luna, del barrio de Marueño, en cobro de contribuciones municipales correspondientes a los años de 1886 a 87 al 89 a 90, se ha dispuesto la venta en pública subasta de los bienes siguientes: 23 cuerdas de terreno quebrado, peninsulares a 9 hectáreas, 3 áreas y 99 centiáreas, compuestas de pastos, malezas, café y máfos, y colindantes por el Norte con Juana María Olivera, por el Sur con Juan Andrés Oádiz Valorados en la cantidad de 230 pesos, habiéndose señalado para el acto del remate el día 15 de Julio entrante a las dos de la tarde en el Salón de esta Alcaldía; adviniéndose que no se admitirá proposición alguna que no cubra por lo menos las dos terceras partes de la tasación al contado, la que se depositará en la mesa del Sr. Alcalde. Lo que se hace p úblico para general conocimiento y concurrencia de licitadores. Ponce, 14 de Junio de 1890. El Comisionado, Ramón Comas. V? B? El Alcalde, Ayo. 31 En el día de hoy, se me ha presentado el vecino Don Francisco Ortiz, manifestándome habersele perdido la matrícula de ganado caballar talón número 5810, género, macho, color rucio negro, paso debanado, alzada creciente, edad dos años un mes, crin y cola regulares, cuyo documento desde esta fecha queda nulo y de ningún valor. Lo que se hace público para conocimiento general. Ponce, 16 de Junio de 1890. El Alcalde, Ayo. que han de regir en el contrato que debe celebrarse entre el facultativo de la Comisión. Lo que se hace notorio para general conocimiento. Utuado, 15 de Junio de 1890. El Secretario, Marcelino Andino. V? B? Tesorero, Alcalde, José Rubert. 31 Alcaldía Municipal de Trabajo-at-Law No habiendo tampoco tardado efecto la segunda subasta de remate de los servicios y arbitrios de esta municipalidad para el año de 1890 a 1891, el Ayuntamiento en sesión celebrada el día siete del corriente, acordó que se anuncié nueva subasta por tercera y última vez para el día 22 del actual a las doce de la mañana. Lo que se hace público para conocimiento de todos y concurrencia de licitadores. Trajillo-alto, 12 de Junio de 1890. El Alcalde, Ramón Sánchez López. Alcaldía municipal de Cerezal. No habiendo tampoco tardado efecto el 9 del corriente mes, por falta de licitadores el remate de los servicios y arbitrios municipales para el año económico de 1890 a 91, el Ayuntamiento acordó anunciar tareera subasta que tendrá lugar el La luna 23 del que cursa a las doce del día, bajo las mismas condiciones que las anteriores. Servicios. Pesos. Alcaldía Municipal de Italia En el día de hoy se ha presentado Don Simeón Vázquez, manifestando que en la noche, del día 13 del actual, se le desapareció de la estancia donde pastaba, radicada en el barrio de Jayuya-abajo, de esta jurisdicción, un caballo de color rucio zaino, en la pata izquierda trasera tiene una mordedura de un perro, cuya pata del menudillo abajo es blanco, en una de sus nalgas está marcado con las iniciales F. R. Lo que se hace público para conocimiento general. Utuado, 28 de Mayo de 1890. El Alcalde, José Rubert. 32 Vacante la plaza de Médico titular del Distrito Oriental de este pueblo, dotada con él haber anual de 800 pesos, se anuncia al público por el término de quince días contados desde la fecha de este anuncio con el fin de que los aspirantes presenten sus solicitudes documentadas en forma, haciéndose constar que en Secretaría y a disposición de las personas que gusten o examinarlo se encuentra el pliego de condiciones. Alumbrado público.... 240 Medicinas a enfermos pobres....... 300 Bagajes - 240 Arbitrios Por licencias de ventorrillos 40 Por el 10 por 100 sobre el valor de las reses y cerdos que se beneficien. 1200 Por licencias de bailes y espectáculos públicos... 50 Lo que se hace público para la concurrencia de licitadores. Corozal, Junio 12 de 1890. El Secretario, Pascual Delgado. V? B? El Alcalde, Joaquín de Rojas. 41caldia Sábado de Dorado. Por acuerdo del día de hoy, se han señalado para que tengan lugar los exámenes generales en las Escuelas de este término municipal los días siguientes. Día 23 A las 8 de la mañana, la elemental de varones a cargo del Profesor Don José Dolores Fonseca. Día 25 A las nueve de la mañana, la elemental de niñas, a cargo de la Profesora Dona Carmen Machicote. Día 26 Las auxilias de ambos sexos del barrio de Maguayo, a cargo de los Profesores Don Santiago Cordova y Dona Julia Rumoroso. Día 27 Las auxilias de ambos sexos del barrio de Espinosa, a cargo de los Profesores Don Francisco Moraza y Dona Eugenia Uarmona. Lo que se hace saber para general conocimiento. Dorado, 17 de Junio de 1890. El Secretario, Luis Solé. El Alcalde, Uruz Alegría. No habiéndose presentado ningún licitador en la primera subasta anunciada de los servicios y arbitrios municipales para el año económico de 1890 a 91, que a continuación se expresan: el Ayuntamiento en sesión ordinaria acordó anunciarlos por segunda vez en la forma siguiente. Servicios Y-H33H8 El día 25 de Junio a las 9 de su mañana, el de medicinas a enfermos pobres. El mismo día a las 10 de su mañana, el del Pasaje del río de la Plata. Arbitrios El mismo día a las 3 de la tarde, el de certificaciones que expida esta Alcaldía. El mismo día a las 3 y media de la tarde, el de puestos de ventas de carne. El mismo día a las 3 y media de la tarde, el de licencias de animales, y a las 4 de la tarde el de licencias de animales. Lo que hago público para la concurrencia de licitadores, haciendo presente que se hallan de manifiesto en la Secretaría de este pueblo los pliegos de condiciones a fin de que puedan enterarse de ellas. Los interesados. Dorado, Mayo 16 de 1890. El Secretario, Luis Solé. V? B? El Alcalde, Alegría. Al público. Habiendo quedado desierta la segunda subasta anunciada para rematar el arbitrio de reglamento de la propiedad de ganado para el próximo año económico de 1890-91, el Ayuntamiento, en sesión extraordinaria con carácter de ordinaria celebrada el día 13 del corriente mes, acordó se anuncie una tercera y última subasta por el término de diez días a contar desde el de la fecha. El acto tendrá lugar una tarde en punto de la tarde del día 25 del actual. Matutino Lo que se anuncia para general conocimiento. Vega-baja, Junio 15 de 1890. "El Año de 1891," Eamacho. Alcaldía Municipal de Palma. Recibidos de la Administración local del Instituto las cédulas personales por el ejercicio de 1890-91, por el ejercicio de primera por esta reglamento por esta reglamento por el ejercicio de 1890-91. Lo que se hace notorio para general conocimiento. Patillas, Junio 19 de 1890. Alcaldía Municipal de la Ciudad de Ponce. Acordado por el Ayuntamiento el remate de impresos que necesitan Oficinas municipales en el ejercicio de 1890, tendrá lugar dicho acto en este Consistorio el día 25 de Junio corriente a las dos de la tarde bajo las condiciones estipuladas en el plazo de una semana. Se anuncia al público para concurrencia de licitadores. Arecibo, G de Junio de 1890. El Alcalde, Echevarría. 21 Alcaldía Slaxál de Yegua aalía Por falta de licitadores no pudo tenor efecto el rematamiento de los servicios y arbitrios municipales, por lo que acordó el Ayuntamiento se anuncio nueramente para el 2 de enero. Servicios. A las ocho de la mañana, medicinas, A las nueve de la idem, bagajes...., Arbitrios. A las doce del día, licencias de bailes, A la una de la tarde, matrículas de ganado... Licencia para expender ron y licores......... 250 325 4 50 100 Lo que se hace público para conocimiento general, hallándose de manifiesto en la Secretaría de este Ayuntamiento los pliegos de condiciones. Vega-alta, Junio 10 de 1890. El Alcalde, Jacinto Seijo. 31 Alcaldía Municipal de Lai EXarclai Habiendo resultado desierta la subasta intentada de los servicios y arbitrios municipales que últimamente se expresan; el Ayuntamiento que presido en sección ordinaria del día de ayer acordó señalar para una segunda subasta el 26 del corriente a las once de la mañana. Para los arbitrios y las once y medidos para los servicios; hallándose de manifiesto en la Secretaría de la Corporación los oportunos pliegos de condiciones. Servicios Por cada uno. El de suministro de medicinas a enfermos pobres 800 El de idem de bagajes 300 Arbitrios El establecido sobre expendio de bebida... 500 Lo que se hace público para general conocimiento y concurrencia de licitadores. Las Marías, 7 de Junio de, 1890. El Alcalde, Juan Angulo. Habiéndose servido el Excmo. Sr. Gobernador General, declarar desierto el concurso para la provisión definitiva de la Escuela rural establecida en el barrio de Alto-sano de este demarcación; el Ayuntamiento que presido en sesión ordinaria del día de ayer acordó anunciar nuevamente la vacante de la expresada Escuela, por el término de veinte días con el objeto de hacerlo desde la publicación de esta convocatoria en la Gaceta oficial. La consignación hecha en presupuesto es de 300 pesos para personal, 60 para alquileres descasa y 56 para materiales de escritorio. Lo que se hace notorio para la concurrencia de aspirantes. Las Marías, Junio 14 de 1890. El Alcalde, Juan Angulo. Alcaldía Municipal de Aguascalientes. No habiendo tenido efecto por falta de licitadores la subasta del arbitrio de 10 por 100 sobre resca que se benefició en las Carnicerías públicas de este término municipal durante el año económico próximo de 1890 a 91; acordó el Ayuntamiento en proceda a anunciar al público, una tercera y última Licitación para el.
| 34,189 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2333960
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Ari, Clarity, Fann Yaw, Jonck, Mike Seymour, Sneha Naik, ananda rao, https://stackoverflow.com/users/204847, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4738915, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4738916, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4738917, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4739155, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4739159, https://stackoverflow.com/users/82570
|
English
|
Spoken
| 191 | 320 |
Why and when is cast to char volatile& needed?
In boost::detail::addressof_impl::f() a series of reinterpret_casts is done to obtain the actual address of the object in case class T has overloaded operator&():
template<class T> struct addressof_impl
{
static inline T* f( T& v, long )
{
return reinterpret_cast<T*>(
&const_cast<char&>(reinterpret_cast<const volatile char&>(v)));
}
}
What's the purpose of cast to const volatile char& instead of just casting to char&?
A cast straight to char& would fail if T has const or volatile qualifiers - reinterpret_cast can't remove these (but can add them), and const_cast can't make arbitrary type changes.
The object may be const or volatile, or both (as oxymoronic as that may be), in which case it is probably illegal to reinterpret_cast it to a type that lacks these attributes. (Going in the opposite direction is of course never a problem).
It's not oxymoronic to be both const and volatile. For example, a read-only hardware register that gives a different value each time it's read, or a read-only object in shared memory that's updated by another process, should have both qualifiers.
Yup. That aspect of const is indeed confluent with volatile.
| 11,939 |
https://github.com/longguikeji/arkfbp-admin-template/blob/master/src/admin/FormPage/index.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
arkfbp-admin-template
|
longguikeji
|
Vue
|
Code
| 71 | 233 |
<template>
<div>
<Card :state="state">
<Form :state="state.form" />
</Card>
</div>
</template>
<script lang="ts">
import { Component, Prop, Vue } from 'vue-property-decorator'
import FormPageState from './FormPageState'
import Card from '@/admin/common/Card/index.vue'
import Form from '@/admin/common/Form/index.vue'
@Component({
name: 'FormPage',
components: {
Form,
Card
}
})
export default class extends Vue {
@Prop({ required: false }) state!: FormPageState;
}
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
::v-deep .tox .tox-menubar {
width: 1000px;
}
::v-deep .tui-editor-defaultUI { width: 1000px;}
</style>
| 11,417 |
https://github.com/seanoneillcode/maze-of-doom/blob/master/src/main/java/simulation/entity/mechanism/Door.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
maze-of-doom
|
seanoneillcode
|
Java
|
Code
| 83 | 259 |
package simulation.entity.mechanism;
import java.util.List;
import core.Vector;
import simulation.entity.CollisionHandler;
import simulation.entity.MovingEntity;
public class Door extends Mechanism {
public Door(Vector position, MechanismType type, boolean active, String id, List<String> pairIds){
super(position, type, active, id, pairIds);
}
public Door(Mechanism mechanism){
super(mechanism);
}
public void handleCollision(MovingEntity entity, float delta) {
if (isActive()) {
CollisionHandler.resolveCollision(entity, this, delta);
}
}
@Override
public void update(MovingEntity entity, float delta) {
setActive(true);
}
@Override
public void receive(boolean active) {
setActive(active);
}
@Override
public void send(String id, boolean value) {
// nothing
}
}
| 6,657 |
https://github.com/syberant/nphysics/blob/master/src/world/world.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,019 |
nphysics
|
syberant
|
Rust
|
Code
| 1,816 | 5,473 |
use slab::Slab;
use na::{self, RealField};
use ncollide;
use ncollide::events::{ContactEvents, ProximityEvents};
use crate::counters::Counters;
use crate::detection::{ActivationManager, ColliderContactManifold};
use crate::force_generator::{ForceGenerator, ForceGeneratorHandle};
use crate::joint::{ConstraintHandle, JointConstraint};
use crate::math::Vector;
use crate::object::{
Body, BodySet, BodyDesc, BodyStatus, Collider, ColliderAnchor,
ColliderHandle, Multibody, RigidBody, BodyHandle,
};
use crate::material::MaterialsCoefficientsTable;
use crate::solver::{ContactModel, IntegrationParameters, MoreauJeanSolver, SignoriniCoulombPyramidModel};
use crate::world::ColliderWorld;
/// The physics world.
pub struct World<N: RealField> {
counters: Counters,
bodies: BodySet<N>,
active_bodies: Vec<BodyHandle>,
cworld: ColliderWorld<N>,
solver: MoreauJeanSolver<N>,
activation_manager: ActivationManager<N>,
material_coefficients: MaterialsCoefficientsTable<N>,
// FIXME: set those two parameters per-collider?
prediction: N,
gravity: Vector<N>,
constraints: Slab<Box<dyn JointConstraint<N>>>,
forces: Slab<Box<dyn ForceGenerator<N>>>,
params: IntegrationParameters<N>,
}
impl<N: RealField> World<N> {
/// Creates a new physics world with default parameters.
///
/// The ground body is automatically created and added to the world without any colliders attached.
pub fn new() -> Self {
let counters = Counters::new(false);
let bv_margin = na::convert(0.01f64);
let prediction = na::convert(0.002);
let bodies = BodySet::new();
let active_bodies = Vec::new();
let constraints = Slab::new();
let forces = Slab::new();
let cworld = ColliderWorld::new(bv_margin);
let contact_model = Box::new(SignoriniCoulombPyramidModel::new());
let solver = MoreauJeanSolver::new(contact_model);
let activation_manager = ActivationManager::new(na::convert(0.01f64));
let gravity = Vector::zeros();
let params = IntegrationParameters::default();
let material_coefficients = MaterialsCoefficientsTable::new();
World {
counters,
bodies,
active_bodies,
cworld,
solver,
activation_manager,
material_coefficients,
prediction,
gravity,
constraints,
forces,
params
}
}
/// Prediction distance used internally for collision detection.
pub fn prediction(&self) -> N {
self.prediction
}
/// Disable the perfomance counters that measure various times and statistics during a timestep.
pub fn disable_performance_counters(&mut self) {
self.counters.disable();
}
/// Enable the perfomance counters that measure various times and statistics during a timestep.
pub fn enable_performance_counters(&mut self) {
self.counters.enable();
}
/// Retrieve the perfomance counters that measure various times and statistics during a timestep.
pub fn performance_counters(&self) -> &Counters {
&self.counters
}
/// Set the contact model for all contacts.
pub fn set_contact_model<C: ContactModel<N>>(&mut self, model: C) {
self.solver.set_contact_model(Box::new(model))
}
/// Retrieve a reference to the parameters for the integration.
pub fn integration_parameters(&self) -> &IntegrationParameters<N> {
&self.params
}
/// Retrieve a mutable reference to the parameters for the integration.
pub fn integration_parameters_mut(&mut self) -> &mut IntegrationParameters<N> {
&mut self.params
}
/// Reference to the lookup table for friction and restitution coefficients.
pub fn materials_coefficients_table(&self) -> &MaterialsCoefficientsTable<N> {
&self.material_coefficients
}
/// Mutable reference to the lookup table for friction and restitution coefficients.
pub fn materials_coefficients_table_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MaterialsCoefficientsTable<N> {
&mut self.material_coefficients
}
/// Retrieve the timestep used for the integration.
pub fn timestep(&self) -> N {
self.params.dt
}
/// Sets the timestep used for the integration.
pub fn set_timestep(&mut self, dt: N) {
self.params.dt = dt;
}
/// Activate the given body.
pub fn activate_body(&mut self, handle: BodyHandle) {
Self::activate_body_at(&mut self.bodies, handle)
}
// NOTE: static method used to avoid borrowing issues.
fn activate_body_at(bodies: &mut BodySet<N>, handle: BodyHandle) {
if let Some(body) = bodies.body_mut(handle) {
if body.status_dependent_ndofs() != 0 {
body.activate();
}
}
}
/// Add a constraints to the physics world and retrieves its handle.
pub fn add_constraint<C: JointConstraint<N>>(&mut self, constraint: C) -> ConstraintHandle {
let (anchor1, anchor2) = constraint.anchors();
self.activate_body(anchor1.0);
self.activate_body(anchor2.0);
self.constraints.insert(Box::new(constraint))
}
/// Get a reference to the specified constraint.
pub fn constraint(&self, handle: ConstraintHandle) -> &dyn JointConstraint<N> {
&*self.constraints[handle]
}
/// Get a mutable reference to the specified constraint.
pub fn constraint_mut(&mut self, handle: ConstraintHandle) -> &mut dyn JointConstraint<N> {
let (anchor1, anchor2) = self.constraints[handle].anchors();
self.activate_body(anchor1.0);
self.activate_body(anchor2.0);
&mut *self.constraints[handle]
}
/// Remove the specified constraint from the world.
pub fn remove_constraint(&mut self, handle: ConstraintHandle) -> Box<dyn JointConstraint<N>> {
let constraint = self.constraints.remove(handle);
let (anchor1, anchor2) = constraint.anchors();
self.activate_body(anchor1.0);
self.activate_body(anchor2.0);
constraint
}
/// Remove the specified collider from the world.
pub fn remove_colliders(&mut self, handles: &[ColliderHandle]) {
let bodies = &mut self.bodies;
for handle in handles {
if let Some(it) = self.cworld.colliders_in_contact_with(*handle) {
it.for_each(|coll| {
if let Some(b) = bodies.body_mut(coll.body()) {
b.activate()
}
});
}
}
self.cworld.remove(handles);
}
/// Add a force generator to the world.
pub fn add_force_generator<G: ForceGenerator<N>>(
&mut self,
force_generator: G,
) -> ForceGeneratorHandle {
self.forces.insert(Box::new(force_generator))
}
/// Retrieve a reference to the specified force generator.
pub fn force_generator(&self, handle: ForceGeneratorHandle) -> &dyn ForceGenerator<N> {
&*self.forces[handle]
}
/// Retrieve a mutable reference to the specified force generator.
pub fn force_generator_mut(&mut self, handle: ForceGeneratorHandle) -> &mut dyn ForceGenerator<N> {
&mut *self.forces[handle]
}
/// Remove the specified force generator from the world.
pub fn remove_force_generator(
&mut self,
handle: ForceGeneratorHandle,
) -> Box<dyn ForceGenerator<N>> {
self.forces.remove(handle)
}
/// Set the gravity.
pub fn set_gravity(&mut self, gravity: Vector<N>) {
self.gravity = gravity
}
/// The gravity applied to all dynamic bodies.
pub fn gravity(&self) -> &Vector<N> {
&self.gravity
}
/// Execute one time step of the physics simulation.
pub fn step(&mut self) {
self.counters.step_started();
/*
*
* Update body dynamics and accelerations.
*
*/
for b in self.bodies.bodies_mut() {
b.update_kinematics();
b.update_dynamics(self.params.dt);
}
let params = &self.params;
let bodies = &mut self.bodies;
self.forces.retain(|_, f| {
f.apply(params, bodies)
});
for b in self.bodies.bodies_mut() {
b.update_acceleration(&self.gravity, &self.params);
}
/*
*
* Sync colliders and perform CD if the user moved
* manually some bodies.
*/
self.cworld.clear_events();
self.cworld.sync_colliders(&self.bodies);
self.cworld.perform_broad_phase();
self.cworld.perform_narrow_phase();
/*
*
* Handle sleeping and collision
* islands.
*
*/
// FIXME: for now, no island is built.
self.counters.island_construction_started();
self.active_bodies.clear();
self.activation_manager.update(
&mut self.bodies,
&self.cworld,
&self.constraints,
&mut self.active_bodies,
);
self.counters.island_construction_completed();
/*
*
* Collect contact manifolds.
*
*/
let mut contact_manifolds = Vec::new(); // FIXME: avoid allocations.
for (c1, c2, _, manifold) in self.cworld.contact_pairs(false) {
let b1 = try_continue!(self.bodies.body(c1.body()));
let b2 = try_continue!(self.bodies.body(c2.body()));
if manifold.len() > 0
&& b1.status() != BodyStatus::Disabled && b2.status() != BodyStatus::Disabled
&& ((b1.status_dependent_ndofs() != 0 && b1.is_active())
|| (b2.status_dependent_ndofs() != 0 && b2.is_active()))
{
contact_manifolds.push(ColliderContactManifold::new(c1, c2, manifold));
}
}
/*
*
* Solve the system and integrate.
*
*/
for b in self.bodies.bodies_mut() {
// FIXME This is currently needed by the solver because otherwise
// some kinematic bodies may end up with a companion_id (used as
// an assembly_id) that it out of bounds of the velocity vector.
// Note sure what the best place for this is though.
b.set_companion_id(0);
}
self.solver.step(
&mut self.counters,
&mut self.bodies,
&mut self.constraints,
&contact_manifolds[..],
&self.active_bodies[..],
&self.params,
&self.material_coefficients,
&self.cworld,
);
for b in self.bodies.bodies_mut() {
if b.status() == BodyStatus::Kinematic {
b.integrate(&self.params)
}
}
/*
*
* Update body kinematics and dynamics
* after the contact resolution step.
*
*/
// FIXME: objects involved in a non-linear position stabilization already
// updated their kinematics.
self.bodies.bodies_mut().for_each(|b| {
b.update_kinematics();
b.update_dynamics(params.dt);
});
/*
*
* Update colliders and perform CD with the new
* body positions.
*
*/
self.cworld.sync_colliders(&self.bodies);
self.counters.collision_detection_started();
self.cworld.perform_broad_phase();
self.cworld.perform_narrow_phase();
self.counters.collision_detection_completed();
/*
*
* Finally, clear the update flag of every body.
*
*/
self.bodies.bodies_mut().for_each(|b| {
b.clear_forces();
b.clear_update_flags();
});
self.params.t += self.params.dt;
self.counters.step_completed();
}
/// Remove the specified bodies.
pub fn remove_bodies(&mut self, handles: &[BodyHandle]) {
for handle in handles {
self.bodies.remove_body(*handle);
}
self.cleanup_after_body_removal();
for handle in handles {
self.cworld.remove_body(*handle);
}
}
fn cleanup_after_body_removal(&mut self) {
self.activate_bodies_touching_deleted_bodies();
self.cleanup_constraints_with_deleted_anchors();
}
fn activate_bodies_touching_deleted_bodies(&mut self) {
let bodies = &mut self.bodies;
for (c1, c2, _, _) in self.cworld.contact_pairs(true) {
let b1_exists = bodies.body(c1.body()).is_some();
let b2_exists = bodies.body(c2.body()).is_some();
if !b1_exists {
if b2_exists {
Self::activate_body_at(bodies, c2.body());
}
} else if !b2_exists {
Self::activate_body_at(bodies, c1.body());
}
}
}
fn cleanup_constraints_with_deleted_anchors(&mut self) {
let bodies = &mut self.bodies;
self.constraints.retain(|_, constraint| {
let (b1, b2) = constraint.anchors();
let b1_exists = bodies.body(b1.0).and_then(|b| b.part(b1.1)).is_some();
let b2_exists = bodies.body(b2.0).and_then(|b| b.part(b2.1)).is_some();
if !b1_exists {
if b2_exists {
Self::activate_body_at(bodies, b2.0);
}
} else if !b2_exists {
Self::activate_body_at(bodies, b1.0);
}
b1_exists && b2_exists
})
}
/// Adds a body to the world.
pub fn add_body<B: BodyDesc<N>>(&mut self, desc: &B) -> &mut B::Body {
self.bodies.add_body(desc, &mut self.cworld)
}
/// Get a reference to the specified body.
pub fn body(&self, handle: BodyHandle) -> Option<&dyn Body<N>> {
self.bodies.body(handle)
}
/// Get a mutable reference to the specified body.
pub fn body_mut(&mut self, handle: BodyHandle) -> Option<&mut dyn Body<N>> {
self.bodies.body_mut(handle)
}
/// Get a reference to the multibody containing the specified multibody link.
///
/// Returns `None` if the handle does not correspond to a multibody link in this world.
pub fn multibody(&self, handle: BodyHandle) -> Option<&Multibody<N>> {
self.bodies.body(handle)?.downcast_ref::<Multibody<N>>()
}
/// Get a mutable reference to the multibody containing the specified multibody link.
///
/// Returns `None` if the handle does not correspond to a multibody link in this world.
pub fn multibody_mut(&mut self, handle: BodyHandle) -> Option<&mut Multibody<N>> {
self.bodies.body_mut(handle)?.downcast_mut::<Multibody<N>>()
}
/// Get a reference to the specified rigid body.
///
/// Returns `None` if the handle does not correspond to a rigid body in this world.
pub fn rigid_body(&self, handle: BodyHandle) -> Option<&RigidBody<N>> {
self.bodies.body(handle)?.downcast_ref::<RigidBody<N>>()
}
/// Get a mutable reference to the specified rigid body.
///
/// Returns `None` if the handle does not correspond to a rigid body in this world.
pub fn rigid_body_mut(&mut self, handle: BodyHandle) -> Option<&mut RigidBody<N>> {
self.bodies.body_mut(handle)?.downcast_mut::<RigidBody<N>>()
}
/// Reference to the underlying collision world.
pub fn collider_world(&self) -> &ColliderWorld<N> {
&self.cworld
}
/// Mutable reference to the underlying collision world.
pub fn collider_world_mut(&mut self) -> &mut ColliderWorld<N> {
&mut self.cworld
}
/// Mutable reference to the underlying collision world.
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn bodies_mut_and_collider_world_mut(&mut self) -> (&mut BodySet<N>, &mut ColliderWorld<N>) {
(&mut self.bodies, &mut self.cworld)
}
/// Get a reference to the specified collider.
///
/// Returns `None` if the handle does not correspond to a collider in this world.
pub fn collider(&self, handle: ColliderHandle) -> Option<&Collider<N>> {
self.cworld.collider(handle)
}
/// Get a mutable reference to the specified collider.
///
/// Returns `None` if the handle does not correspond to a collider in this world.
pub fn collider_mut(&mut self, handle: ColliderHandle) -> Option<&mut Collider<N>> {
self.cworld.collider_mut(handle)
}
/// Gets the handle of the body the specified collider is attached to.
pub fn collider_body_handle(&self, handle: ColliderHandle) -> Option<BodyHandle> {
self.collider_anchor(handle).map(|anchor| anchor.body())
}
/// Gets the anchor attaching this collider to a body or body part.
pub fn collider_anchor(&self, handle: ColliderHandle) -> Option<&ColliderAnchor<N>> {
self.cworld
.collider(handle)
.map(|co| co.anchor())
}
/// An iterator through all the colliders on this collision world.
pub fn colliders(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Collider<N>> {
self.cworld.colliders()
}
/// An iterator through all the bodies on this world.
pub fn bodies(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &dyn Body<N>> { self.bodies.bodies() }
/// A mutable iterator through all the bodies on this world.
pub fn bodies_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut dyn Body<N>> { self.bodies.bodies_mut() }
/// An iterator through all the bodies with the given name.
pub fn bodies_with_name<'a>(&'a self, name: &'a str) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a dyn Body<N>> {
self.bodies().filter(move |b| b.name() == name)
}
/// An iterator through all the bodies with the given name.
pub fn bodies_with_name_mut<'a>(&'a mut self, name: &'a str) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a mut dyn Body<N>> {
self.bodies_mut().filter(move |b| b.name() == name)
}
/// An iterator through all the contact events generated during the last execution of `self.step()`.
pub fn contact_events(&self) -> &ContactEvents {
self.cworld.contact_events()
}
/// An iterator through all the proximity events generated during the last execution of `self.step()`.
pub fn proximity_events(&self) -> &ProximityEvents {
self.cworld.proximity_events()
}
}
impl<N: RealField> Default for World<N> {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
use crate::world::World;
#[test]
fn world_is_send_sync() {
let _ = Box::new(World::<f32>::new()) as Box<dyn Send + Sync>;
}
}
| 47,046 |
https://github.com/hiszd/kiibohd-core/blob/master/kiibohd-usb/src/descriptor.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT
| 2,021 |
kiibohd-core
|
hiszd
|
Rust
|
Code
| 734 | 1,712 |
// Copyright 2021 Jacob Alexander
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license <LICENSE-MIT or
// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your option. This file may not be
// copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
use usbd_hid::descriptor::generator_prelude::*;
/// NKRO Keyboard - HID Bitmap
///
/// This is a simplified NKRO descriptor as comparied to kiibohd/controller.
/// It uses 1 extra byte in each packet, but easier to understand and parse.
///
/// NOTES:
/// Supports all keys defined by the spec.
/// 0 represents "no keys pressed" so it is excluded.
/// Supports all keys defined by the spec, except 1-3 which define error events
/// and 0 which is "no keys pressed"
/// See <https://usb.org/sites/default/files/hut1_22.pdf> Chapter 10
///
/// Special bits:
/// 0x00 - Reserved (represents no keys pressed, not useful in a bitmap)
/// 0x01 - ErrorRollOver
/// 0x02 - POSTFail
/// 0x03 - ErrorUndefined
/// 0xA5..0xAF - Reserved
/// 0xDE..0xDF - Reserved
/// 0xE8..0xFFFF - Not specified (Reserved in protocol)
///
/// Compatibility Notes:
/// - Using a second endpoint for a boot mode device helps with compatibility
/// - DO NOT use Padding in the descriptor for bitfields
/// (Mac OSX silently fails... Windows/Linux work correctly)
/// - DO NOT use Report IDs (to split the keyboard report), Windows 8.1 will not update
/// keyboard correctly (modifiers disappear)
/// (all other OSs, including OSX work fine...)
/// (you can use them *iff* you only have 1 per collection)
/// - Mac OSX and Windows 8.1 are extremely picky about padding
#[gen_hid_descriptor(
(collection = APPLICATION, usage_page = GENERIC_DESKTOP, usage = KEYBOARD) = {
// LED Report
(usage_page = LEDS, usage_min = 0x01, usage_max = 0x05) = {
#[packed_bits 5] #[item_settings data,variable,absolute] leds=output;
};
// 1-231 (29 bytes/231 bits)
(usage_page = KEYBOARD, usage_min = 0x01, usage_max = 0xE7) = {
#[packed_bits 231] #[item_settings data,array,absolute] keybitmap=input;
};
}
)]
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub struct KeyboardNkroReport {
pub leds: u8,
pub keybitmap: [u8; 29],
}
/// System Control and Consumer Control
///
/// System Control 0x81 through 0xB7
/// See <https://usb.org/sites/default/files/hut1_22.pdf> Chapter 4 (Generic Desktop Page)
///
/// Consumer Control 0x00 through 0x29D
/// See <https://usb.org/sites/default/files/hut1_22.pdf> Chapter 15 (Consumer Page)
#[gen_hid_descriptor(
(collection = APPLICATION, usage_page = CONSUMER, usage = CONSUMER_CONTROL) = {
// Consumer Control Collection - Media Keys (16 bits)
//
// NOTES:
// Not bothering with NKRO for this table. If there's a need, I can implement it. -HaaTa
// Using a 1KRO scheme
(usage_page = CONSUMER, usage_min = 0x00, usage_max = 0x29D) = {
#[item_settings data,array,absolute,not_null] consumer_ctrl=input;
};
// System Control Collection (8 bits)
//
// NOTES:
// Not bothering with NKRO for this table. If there's need, I can implement it. -HaaTa
// Using a 1KRO scheme
// XXX (HaaTa):
// Logical Minimum must start from 1 (not 0!) to resolve MS Windows issues
// Usage Minimum must start from 129 (0x81) to fix macOS scrollbar issues
(usage_page = GENERIC_DESKTOP, usage_min = 0x81, usage_max = 0xB7, logical_min = 1) = {
#[item_settings data,array,absolute,not_null] system_ctrl=input;
};
}
)]
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub struct SysCtrlConsumerCtrlReport {
pub consumer_ctrl: u16,
pub system_ctrl: u8,
}
/// Mouse Interface
/// MouseReport describes a report and its companion descriptor than can be used
/// to send mouse movements and button presses to a host.
#[gen_hid_descriptor(
(collection = APPLICATION, usage_page = GENERIC_DESKTOP, usage = MOUSE) = {
(collection = PHYSICAL, usage = POINTER) = {
(usage_page = BUTTON, usage_min = BUTTON_1, usage_max = BUTTON_8) = {
#[packed_bits 8] #[item_settings data,variable,absolute] buttons=input;
};
(usage_page = GENERIC_DESKTOP,) = {
(usage = X,) = {
#[item_settings data,variable,relative] x=input;
};
(usage = Y,) = {
#[item_settings data,variable,relative] y=input;
};
(usage = WHEEL,) = {
#[item_settings data,variable,relative] vert_wheel=input;
};
};
(usage_page = CONSUMER, usage = AC_PAN,) = {
#[item_settings data,variable,relative] horz_wheel=input;
};
};
}
)]
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub struct MouseReport {
pub buttons: u8,
pub x: i16,
pub y: i16,
pub vert_wheel: i8, // Scroll down (negative) or up (positive) this many units
pub horz_wheel: i8, // Scroll left (negative) or right (positive) this many units
}
/// HID-IO Interface
/// NOTE: tx must use push_raw_input (not push_input) as serde doesn't currently support
/// arrays larger than 32 bytes.
///
/// Generic hidraw interface intended to be used with:
/// <https://github.com/hid-io/hid-io-core/tree/master/hid-io-protocol>
#[gen_hid_descriptor(
(collection = APPLICATION, usage_page = 0xFF1C, usage = 0x1100) = {
rx=output;
tx=input;
}
)]
pub struct HidioReport {
rx: [u8; 64],
tx: [u8; 64],
}
| 37,774 |
bpt6k9106574z_5
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 2,003 |
La Revue du Trésor : législation, jurisprudence, administration : organe d'études et d'informations professionnelles
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 9,307 | 13,578 |
cela même, celle de sa comptable. CONCLUSIONS N° 6452 DU 25 JANVIER 2002 (EXTRAIT) Sur le fond : Rappelons que la responsabilité du comptable a été engagée pour avoir payé le solde d’un marché d’ingénierie sans avoir appliqué le terme correctif qui aurait dû venir en déduction de la dépense ; Observons que l’appelante, qui ne conteste pas le caractère indu du paiement, présente trois moyens à l’appui de sa requête ; Qu’elle indique en premier lieu avoir obtenu, avant le prononcé du débet, le recouvrement des sommes payées à tort ; Relevons en effet que, dès le 27 mars 1996, un titre de recettes a été émis à l’encontre du titulaire du marché d’ingénierie, à hauteur de 285 910,88 F (43 586,83 €) ; que ce titre a fait l’objet d’une contestation devant le tribunal administratif de Nantes ; que, « dans l’attente de la décision de la cour administrative d’appel », le maître d’œuvre a procédé, 83 e N° 6-JUIN 2003 379 le 13 juillet 2000, au versement d’une somme de 150 000 F (22 867,35 €), effectivement comptabilisée le 9 août suivant, soit avant le prononcé du débet ; Rappelons à ce propos que le comptable doit en principe être regardé comme libéré de sa charge lorsqu’il a pu obtenir, avant le jugement définitif, le reversement d’une somme indûment payée, même s’il avait négligé d’en avertir la chambre régionale des comptes (I) ; Qu’il en va cependant différemment, selon la jurisprudence du Conseil d’Etat, lorsque les sommes reversées ne sont détenues qu’à titre précaire par l’organisme public ; que, dans une espèce comparable (2), le juge de cassation avait considéré que la Cour avait engagé à juste titre la responsabilité d’un comptable qui n’avait obtenu que pour un temps la restitution de paiements indus, avant que leur remboursement ne soit ordonné par une juridiction ; Que de tels principes pourraient trouver à s’appliquer en l’espèce ; que le versement de M. Pacteau n’a été effectué que pour mettre un terme aux diligences effectuées en vue du recouvrement du titre de recettes et que la cour administrative d’appel ne s’est pas à ce jour prononcée sur le fond du dossier ; qu’il n’est dès lors pas assuré que les sommes encaissées par le comptable demeurent acquises à la caisse de la commune des Herbiers ; Pensons en conséquence la Cour fondée à rejeter ce premier moyen ; que, dans l’hypothèse où la cour administrative d’appel confirmerait le jugement du tribunal administratif, les sommes définitivement acquises pour la collectivité viendraient évidemment s’imputer sur le montant du débet ; Relevons, en deuxième lieu, que l’appelante fait reproche à la Chambre d’avoir affirmé que l’émission d’un titre de recettes était sans effet sur la responsabilité du receveur municipal, laquelle s’apprécie au moment du paiement ; Estimons que l’émission d’un titre, même antérieurement au premier jugement de la Chambre, n’est pas de nature à exonérer le comptable, sauf s’il est suivi d’un reversement dans la caisse du comptable, dont il a été précisé ci-dessus qu’il devait revêtir un caractère définitif et non précaire ; Relevons, en troisième lieu, que Mme Ollivier soutient que sa mise en débet crée un enrichissement sans cause pour la commune ; pensons qu’un tel moyen ne peut qu’être rejeté, l’engagement de la responsabilité personnelle et pécuniaire du comptable n’ayant pas pour objet de réparer le dommage subi par la collectivité mais de sanctionner l’inobservation des contrôles qui s’imposent à lui. Cour des comptes, 4 e Chambre, arrêt n° 31810, 28 février 2002, Commune des Angles Appel ; appel du comptable [infirmation du jugement]. Pièces justificatives ; contrôle de « légalité » ; vérification de la compétence de l’auteur de l’acte ; éléments de rémunération. La question de l’étendue du contrôle de la légalité que doit opérer le comptable sur les actes administratifs constituant les pièces justificatives des paiements est toujours délicate. En dehors de l’hypothèse de pièces fausses (CE, 12 juillet 1907, Nicolle, TPG de la Corse, Rec. CE 656. C. comptes, 23 juin 1992, FORMA, Rec. C. comptes 66 ; La Revue du Trésor 1993.44. C. comptes, 18 février 1999, Institut national polytechnique de Grenoble, Rec. C. comptes 13 ; La Revue du Trésor 2000.201 et nos obs. ; RED adm. 2000.1123) ou contradictoires (C. comptes, 24 octobre 1990, Hôpital de Lorient, La Revue du Trésor 1991.303. C. comptes, 19 mai 1994, Département du Finistère, La Revue du Trésor 1994.684. CRC Nord Pas-de-Calais, 11 juin 1997, Commune d’Avion, La Revue du Trésor 1998.181. C. comptes, 18 décembre 1997, Commune de Corps, La Revue du Trésor 1998.250. C. comptes, form. interch. d’appel, 23 juin 1999, Caisse de crédit municipal de Nice, Rec. C. comptes 57 ; La Revue du Trésor 2000.365 et nos obs. C. comptes, 27 janvier 2000, Commune de Dax, La Revue du Trésor 2000.376 et nos obs. ; RED adm. 2000.1131. CE, 21 mars 2001, M. Morel, La Revue du Trésor 2002.219), le comptable doit refuser de payer au vu de pièces justificatives émanant d’une autorité incompétente. Il en va ainsi en particulier lorsque le comptable paye au vu de la décision d’un maire alors que la décision incombe normalement au Conseil municipal (C. comptes, 28 avril 1988, Commune de Gy, Rec. C. comptes 157. C. comptes, 16 décembre 1994, Payeur départemental des Alpes-Maritimes, La Revue du Trésor 1995.366. CRC Alsace, 7 mars 1997, Département du Bas-Rhin, La Revue du Trésor 1997.548). En l’espèce, c’est sur cette base que le débet a été prononcé par les premiers juges et que le Parquet invite la Cour à confirmer le jugement. Pourtant, un doute subsistait sur l’incompétence du maire à pouvoir accorder ou non la majoration de traitement contestée. S’il s’agissait d’une prime, le Conseil municipal était seul compétent (position de la CRC et du Parquet) ; s’il s’agissait d’un élément du traitement, le maire était compétent. Devant ce doute, mais aussi probablement parce que les arrêtés du maire soumis au contrôle de la légalité n’avaient pas suscité de réaction, la Cour ne retient pas la qualification de « prime ». Dès lors, le maire étant compétent pour déterminer le montant de la rémunération du personnel en question, y compris s’il comportait une majoration dans la limite fixée par les textes, le comptable n’a pas payé à tort et ne peut être constitué en débet. Reste que, derrière l’exigence d’un contrôle « formel » de la légalité « intrinsèque » de l’acte en cause, à savoir la vérification de la qualité de son auteur, on attend du comptable un véritable effort de qualification juridique et un contrôle au fond : dès lors que la compétence de l’auteur de l’acte dépend de la nature de ce dernier, le comptable se fait administrateur et prend nécessairement un risque en réalisant cette interprétation. Finalement, la solution la plus simple pour le comptable consiste encore à suspendre le paiement et à obtenir des explications de la part de l’ordonnateur. Mais, à l’heure de la réforme administrative et de l’exigence de bonne « gouvernance », peut-on considérer qu’il s’agit là d’une marque de l’efficacité administrative ? Car l’application de la décision s’en trouvera nécessairement ralentie... EXTRAIT Sur la procédure devant la chambre régionale : Attendu que l’appelant relève l’absence de discussion dans le jugement attaqué de certains éléments de sa réponse au jugement provisoire, en méconnaissance de l’article R. (1) CC, 9 décembre 1993, Commune de Menton, Rec. p. 123. (2) CE, 23 février 2000, Mme Barthélémy. I-' |—rr; REVUE t/Vj du TRÉSOR lll£j S3 ! N°6-JUIN 2003 380 CONCLUSIONS N° 6507 DU 15 FÉVRIER 2002 (EXTRAIT) Sur la procédure devant la chambre régionale : Observons qu’en réponse au jugement provisoire du 18 août 1999, le comptable a estimé que la qualification de prime retenue dans l’injonction de la chambre régionale pour la majoration de 15 % fixée par l’arrêté municipal du 30 décembre 1988 n’était pas certaine et qu’il s’est abrité derrière le flou qui aurait caractérisé à l’époque la répartition des compétences entre l’assemblée délibérante et l’ordonnateur en la matière ; Que, dans le jugement définitif attaqué, la chambre régionale a clairement maintenu et justifié son interprétation initiale, qualifiant la majoration de prime, et en a tiré les conséquences en asseyant son raisonnement sur les références législatives et réglementaires applicables ; qu’elle a, de la sorte, pleinement répondu aux arguments du comptable ; que la procédure contradictoire n’est ainsi entachée d’aucune irrégularité ; Sur le fond : Constatons qu’en premier lieu, M. Jean affirme que la chambre régionale a fondé sa décision sur une appréciation de la légalité de l’arrêté municipal octroyant la majoration de 15%, légalité qu’il n’appartenait pas au comptable de contester, et qu’il réfute en appel la qualification adoptée par la Chambre et les conséquences qu’elle en a tirées ; Estimons que la chambre régionale s’est bornée à relever que la pièce justificative fondant les paiements ne pouvait être l’arrêté municipal produit dès lors que, pendant la période considérée, le Code des communes (art. L. 121-26, L. 122-19 et L. 122-20) ne prévoyait pas la possibilité pour le Conseil municipal de déléguer au maire une compétence pour attribuer une prime ou une indemnité ; que la qualification de prime est justifiée par le fait que le traitement de l’intéressé est fixé par rapport à l’échelon de l’emploi dans lequel il est détaché, toute rémunération versée en complément ne pouvant être qu’une prime ou indemnité (3) ; que le comptable est dans l’obligation de vérifier la nature de la rémunération (traitement ou prime) pour savoir quelles pièces justificatives doivent être produites à l’appui du mandat ; qu’en ne procédant pas à ce contrôle, qui l’aurait amené à vérifier la compétence de l’auteur de l’acte, le comptable a effectivement engagé sa responsabilité ; Notons qu’en deuxième lieu, le requérant se prévaut des dispositions de la loi du 28 novembre 1990 attribuant explicitement aux assemblées délibérantes le pouvoir de fixer les régimes indemnitaires pour affirmer qu’avant la promulgation de cette loi, une délibération n’était pas nécessaire ; Pensons au contraire que la loi de 1990 n’est venue que confirmer les règles antérieures applicables qui découlaient des dispositions du Code des communes précitées ; que le décret du 30 décembre 1987 régissant certains emplois territoriaux de direction a simplement confié à l’ordonnateur le pouvoir de prononcer un détachement sur un emploi et prévu que la rémunération de cet emploi ne pourrait excéder de plus de 15 % celle dont bénéficiait l’agent dans son emploi d’origine, sans nullement disposer qu’une majoration de 15 % était automatique, ni servir de fondement réglementaire à une simple décision de l’ordonnateur, ni enfin prévoir qu’il revenait à l’ordonnateur de fixer lui-même le niveau de la majoration dans la limite de ce plafond ; réitérons en conséquence qu’une délibération du Conseil municipal était indispensable au paiement ; En troisième lieu, notons que le comptable s’abrite derrière le fait que, dans ses jugements sur les exercices antérieurs, et notamment celui au cours duquel a été pris l’arrêté en cause, la chambre régionale n’avait pas considéré les premiers paiements comme irréguliers ; Contestons cette position puisque l’absence de sanction antérieure d’une irrégularité ne saurait empêcher le juge des comptes de relever les irrégularités de même nature qui se sont ultérieurement poursuivies (CC, 20 mars 1989, Commune de Villeparisis) ; Notons qu’en quatrième lieu, reprenant un argument avancé en réponse au jugement provisoire, le comptable affirme que l’arrêté municipal, acte individuel créateur de droits, s’imposait à lui, même s’il était entaché d’un vice, tant qu’il n’avait pas été annulé par le juge administratif ; Relevons que la jurisprudence invoquée à cet effet (CC, 10 décembre 1998, SIVOM de Montebourg) ne s’applique que lorsque l’acte en cause est pris par l’autorité compétente, ce qui n’est pas le cas en l’espèce ; Qu’enfin le requérant croit trouver dans l’absence d’annulation sur un chef d’incompétence, dans la jurisprudence administrative relative aux arrêtés municipaux octroyant de telles majorations de rémunération, la preuve que de tels arrêtés n’ont jamais été considérés par le juge administratif comme ayant été pris par une autorité incompétente ; Croyons pour Notre part que les décisions des juridictions administratives invoquées (4) ne pouvaient, comme elles l’ont fait, que constater la compétence du maire pour prononcer les détachements sur la base du décret de 1987 précité; que, s’agissant de la majoration forfaitaire de 15 % accordée aux agents bénéficiaires de ces détachements, tant le Conseil d’Etat que les juridictions subordonnées ont considéré que les maires auteurs des arrêtés attaqués avaient fait une inexacte application des dispositions statutaires résultant de l’article 6 du décret du 13 janvier 1986 relatif notamment au détachement des fonctionnaires territoriaux et de l’article 4 du décret du 30 décembre 1987 précité ; que, faute de toute autre explication, cette « inexacte application » ne peut résulter, selon Nous, que de l’incompétence du maire pour accorder une telle majoration sans intervention d’une délibération du Conseil municipal. Cour des comptes, 4 e Chambre, arrêt n° 31961,28 février 2002, Commune et CCAS de Digne-les-Bains Appel ; appel du comptable de fait ; décès du comptable de fait et vacance de la succession. Procédure ; impartialité ; préjugement. Les conclusions du Parquet, claires et stimulantes, n’empêchent pas la Cour de procéder, à juste raison, nous semble-t-il, à l’abandon de sa jurisprudence traditionnelle quant aux conséquences du décès du gestionnaire de fait sur la poursuite de la procédure d’appel dans l’hypothèse où les héritiers ont renoncé à la succession. On sait qu’en cas de décès du comptable (patent ou de fait), l’obligation de production des comptes passe aux héritiers (Comptabilité de fait : C. comptes, 3 mai 1927, Bourin et Barrey, Commune de Châtillon-sousBagneux, Rec. C. comptes 86. Comptabilité patente : C. comptes, 15 janvier 1993, TPG de la Martinique, RF fin. publ. 1994, n° 47, p. 175 ; 23 avril 1998, Commune de Néris-les-Bains, La Revue du Trésor 1999.22). D’ailleurs, les héritiers peuvent prendre communication des comptes et y joindre leurs observations (C. comptes, 28 mars 1933, Receveur spécial du bureau de bienfaisance de Toulon, Rec. C. comptes 48 ; 20 novembre 1973, Kneiss, comptable de fait de la commune d’Ippling, Rev. adm. 1974.350 ; 11 mars 1982, Naudet, receveur principal des impôts à Clichy, Rec. C. comptes 8. CRC Bretagne, 24 octobre 1989, Receveur du centre hospitalier de Quimperlé, Rec. C. comptes 157). La Cour avait déjà jugé que les mêmes règles s’appliquent pour les comptables de fait (C. comptes, 5 mai 1993, Association pour la recherche de nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques, RF fin. publ. 1994, n° 47, p. 178). La question est, on l’admettra, plus délicate, dès lors que les héritiers de premier rang du comptable de fait ont renoncé à la succession. Dans une précédente affaire (C. comptes, 27 janvier 2000, Association Les Girondins de Bordeaux, La Revue du Trésor 2001.364; RFD adm. 2001.1101), la Cour avait répondu de la manière la plus nette, estimant que, même en cas de décès du comptable de fait et de renonciation à la succession par plusieurs héritiers, l’action en gestion de fait doit se poursuivre contre les ayants droit pour produire effet à l’égard du destinataire final de la succession. La Cour réaffirme ainsi, à juste titre, le caractère d’ordre public de la procédure de gestion de fait. N° 6-JUIN 2003 381 LA IN» fmprn REVUE l/'Uj du tresor [Ile! (CE, 28 septembre 2001, Nucci, La Revue du Trésor, 2002.225 et nos obs.) entre le caractère subjectif de la déclaration de gestion de fait et le caractère objectif et d’ordre public de la fixation de la ligne de compte. Si cette phase de la procédure est objective et d’ordre public, rien ne doit pouvoir l’arrêter sauf la décision du juge. Le désistement de l’appelant peut être une invitation mais il n’est pas une condition suffisante (C. comptes, 20 janvier 1994, Auxiette, maire de La Roche-sur-Yon, La Revue du Trésor 1994.193. C. comptes, 20 mars 1997, Commune de Sedan, La Revue du Trésor 1997.536). En effet, la juridiction financière statue non pas sur un litige mais sur des comptes dont la reddition et le jugement sont d’ordre public, de même que la reconnaissance de la qualité de comptable public par une déclaration de gestion de fait. Il ne peut dépendre de la seule volonté des parties de mettre fin à l’instance en s’en désistant (C. comptes, 14 janvier 1998, ARECOG, La Revue du Trésor 1998.170). En l’espèce, l’absence de désistement expresse des héritiers qui se sont contentés de ne pas retirer les lettres recommandées envoyées par la Cour pour les interroger sur leurs intentions plaidait donc en faveur de la poursuite de l’action (5). Le Parquet y voyait d’ailleurs un autre avantage. L’Etat, devenu détenteur des droits de l’appelant du fait de la vacance de la succession déclarée par jugement du 23 mai 2001, ne pouvait retirer qu’un avantage de la procédure d’appel dans la mesure où, si le juge d’appel faisait droit aux demandes de l’appelant, le débet déjà reversé dans les caisses de la commune et du CCAS, pourrait faire l’objet d’un remboursement à son profit. A l’inverse, le risque était nul, dès lors que l’appel ne peut nuire à l’appelant. Pourtant, dès l’affaire Girondins de Bordeaux, nous écrivions : « Il convient toutefois de prendre garde à un effet pervers potentiel d’une telle position : si aucun héritier n’accepte la succession, celle-ci tombera finalement en déshérence : faudra-t-il alors considérer que c’est l’Etat qui devra assumer les conséquences de la gestion de fait ? » Si, contrairement au cas d’espèce, les sommes n’ont pas encore été reversées au moment où le juge d’appel se prononce, il appartiendra à l’Etat d’apurer les débets éventuels et de reverser, sur ses deniers, les sommes manquantes dans les caisses de la commune. Nous ne pouvons donc que nous réjouir de ce revirement qui, s’il prive en l’espèce l’Etat d’un gain hypothétique, écarte pour l’avenir tout danger de lui occasionner une perte qui pourrait être lourde. Reste la question de l’amende. On doit noter ici que le Parquet, tirant argument de la rédaction du nouvel article L. 140-7 du CJF, se range maintenant à la solution qu’il appelait de ses vœux dans l’affaire des Girondins de Bordeaux : que les textes fassent « définitivement entrer la procédure d’amende devant les juridictions financières dans la sphère du droit pénal avec toutes les conséquences que cela entraîne, notamment en ce qui concerne l’exécution des amendes et la non-transmission de celles-ci dans le patrimoine ». L’amende, ayant un caractère personnel, s’éteint, comme en matière pénale, avec le décès du comptable. La Cour rejoint le Parquet sur ce point comme le montrera l’arrêt que nous publierons dès que la question sera tranchée à titre définitif pour l’autre gestionnaire de fait poursuivi conjointement au défunt. EXTRAIT Au fond : Attendu que la chambre régionale des comptes de Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, ayant constaté que des subventions avaient été irrégulièrement versées par la commune de Digne-les-Bains et son centre communal d’action sociale (CCAS) à l’antenne locale de l’association Midi-Phénicie, a d’abord déclaré M. Pierre Rinaldi, ancien maire de Digne-les-Bains et ancien président du CCAS, et M. Jean-Guy Forcioli, ancien chef de cabinet, comptables de fait de ces deux collectivités locales, puis les a déclarés solidairement débiteurs envers la commune et le CCAS de la somme de 875 419,23 F (133 456,80 €) ; Attendu que M. Rinaldi est décédé le 27 mai 1998 ; Attendu que ses héritiers ont renoncé à sa succession par déclarations enregistrées au greffe du tribunal de grande instance de Digne-les-Bains aux dates respectives des 17 juin 1998 (pour Mme Laurence Queyrel, sa veuve), 3 et 12 juin 1998 (pour ses enfants Marie-Pierre, Marie-Noëlle, Pascale et Jean-Luc) et 18 juin 1998 (pour Mme Jeanne Rinaldi-Gilbert, sa sœur) ; Attendu que ladite succession a été déclarée vacante par jugement du 23 mai 2001 de ce même tribunal, qui a désigné le service des domaines (en la personne du directeur des services fiscaux du département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) en qualité de curateur ; Attendu que la somme susmentionnée de 875 419,23 F (133 456,80 €) et les intérêts y afférents ont, par ailleurs, été reversés en 1997, par MM. Rinaldi et Forcioli, à la commune et au CCAS de Digne-les-Bains ; Considérant que l’instance n’a pas été reprise et que, dès lors, il n’y a pas lieu en l’état de statuer sur l’appel élevé par M. Rinaldi ; Par ces motifs, Statuant définitivement, Ordonne : Il n’y a pas lieu de statuer sur la requête de M. Rinaldi. Le présent arrêt sera notifié au directeur des services fiscaux du département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence en sa qualité de curateur de la succession de M. Rinaldi. CONCLUSIONS N° 6490 DU I I FÉVRIER 2002 (EXTRAIT) Sur les risques de préjugement par la Cour et par la chambre régionale des comptes : Dans Nos conclusions précitées, soulevant d’office une question d’ordre public touchant à l’impartialité de la formation de jugement, avions évoqué le risque éventuel que la chambre régionale des comptes puis la Cour des comptes aient préjugé la présente affaire en en faisant mention dans deux lettres d’observations définitives du 16 septembre 1994 et du 10 février 1995, ainsi que dans le rapport public de la Cour de 1995 ; Observons que, dans son arrêt Nucci du 28 septembre 2001, le Conseil d’Etat a écarté l’application des principes énoncés dans son arrêt Labor Métal du 23 février 2000 en affirmant qu’en jugeant le compte d’une gestion de fait, la juridiction « ne fait que statuer de manière objective sur les comptes et n’avait à porter aucune appréciation sur la qualification juridique des faits à l’origine de la gestion de fait », aucun « préjugement » ne pouvant donc entacher la décision juridictionnelle ; Qu’il n’y a donc plus lieu, en l’espèce, de s’interroger sur les effets des mentions de l’affaire portées dans les communications de la chambre régionale et de la Cour, cette dernière pouvant valablement examiner la requête ; Sur la recevabilité de la requête et les conséquences du décès du requérant : Constatons que M. Rinaldi avait qualité et intérêt à élever appel du jugement définitif le constituant débiteur de la commune et du CCAS de Digne ; que la requête qu’il a introduite le 27 décembre 1996 répondait alors aux conditions de forme (exposé des faits, moyens et conclusions) et de délai requises ; qu’au jour de son dépôt, elle est donc recevable ; Rappelons que M. Rinaldi est décédé le 27 mai 1998 ; que la Cour a été informée de ce décès un an plus tard, prenant connaissance, le 25 juin 1999, par l’intermédiaire du Ministère public près la chambre régionale des comptes, d’un arrêt du 17 juin 1999 de la cour d’appel d’Aix-enProvence relatif aux infractions pénales constatées dans l’affaire en cause ; qu’il convient d’examiner les conséquences de ce décès à l’égard de l’instance d’appel pendante devant la Cour ; (5) On notera, au passage, que le juge des comptes semble bien mal outillé pour savoir ce qu’il en est vraiment des renonciations aux successions. Tout d’abord, il n’est informé du décès de l’appelant que de manière « latérale » et un an après sa survenance. Ensuite, la veuve de l’intimé avait affirmé être la seule héritière ; c’est donc à elle seule que furent adressées les lettres recommandées lui demandant ses intentions quant à la poursuite de la procédure d’appel. Il apparaît, in fine, dans le jugement du 23 mai 2001 déclarant la vacance de la succession, qu’il y avait d’autres héritiers (enfants et sœur du défunt). La Cour ne le sachant pas, n'a pas pu les interroger sur leurs intentions quant à la poursuite de la procédure d’appel. Elle n’a pas plus interrogé l’Etat devenu détenteur des droits à compter du 23 mai 2001. C’est sans doute là que réside la difficulté pour le juge des comptes lorsqu’il a à juger en appel des comptes d’un comptable (patent ou de fait) décédé. Comment savoir ce qu’il en est de la situation du patrimoine du défunt ? On pourra toujours regretter que la lenteur de la procédure d’appel conduise le juge à statuer cinq ans après l’introduction de la requête. Les comptables, fussent-ils de fait, ne sont pas éternels. LA r f f« REVUE r/ l r du TRÉSOR LLLEJ S3 ! N°6-JUIN 2003 382 CH Observons que, par ordonnance du 10 mai 2000, après avoir visé la déclaration enregistrée le 27 mars 2000 par laquelle Mme Rinaldi affirmait que son époux n’avait pas d’autres héritiers et qu’elle renonçait purement et simplement à sa succession, la présidente de la 6 e soussection de la section du contentieux du Conseil d’Etat a constaté, du fait du décès de M. Rinaldi et de l’absence de reprise de l’instance par sa veuve et unique héritière, qu’il n’y avait pas lieu de statuer sur le pourvoi en cassation élevé devant le Conseil d’Etat par M. Rinaldi contre l’arrêt de la Cour du 12 octobre 1995 précité, en considérant que l’affaire n’était alors pas en état d’être jugée ; que le Conseil d’Etat a ainsi fait application de l’article R. 634-1 du Code de la justice administrative aux tenues duquel « dans les affaires qui ne sont pas en état d’être jugées, la procédure est suspendue par la notification du décès d’une des parties (...). Cette suspension dure jusqu’à la mise en demeure pour reprendre l’instance (...) » ; Que, par lettre du 31 août 2000, le rapporteur de la Cour a interrogé la veuve de M. Rinaldi sur ses intentions ; que cette lettre assortie d’une demande d’accusé de réception a été retournée à la Cour avec la mention « non réclamée retour à l’envoyeur » ; Rappelons que, ainsi que la Cour l’a récemment jugé dans une espèce similaire (6) et conformément à Nos conclusions sur ce point, « si l’action a été suspendue par le décès (du requérant), elle a été, après notification au notaire chargé de sa succession, reprise contre ses ayants droit ; que, nonobstant la renonciation des héritiers, elle doit être poursuivie pour produire effets à l’égard du destinataire final de la succession >>„||Sans que la juridiction ait cherché à déterminer qui est le destinataire final, cette responsabilité relevant du comptable public chargé du recouvrement du débet ; qu’ainsi, tout en ayant visé les déclarations de renonciation à la succession des héritiers de premier rang et de deux héritiers de second rang, la Cour a admis la requête, discuté ses moyens, confirmé le jugement de débet attaqué et dit que son arrêt « sera notifié au notaire chargé de la succession sauf à lui à le transmettre, s’il y a lieu, au curateur de la succession vacante » ; Que, dans Nos conclusions précitées, Nous avions estimé que, en l’espèce présente, la Cour devait retenir ce raisonnement, qu’elle a déjà suivi, et non s’inspirer des règles prévalant pour les juridictions administratives en matière de cassation ; Qu’en effet, le jugement du compte de la gestion de fait n’est pas assimilable à un litige porté par des parties, mais est d’ordre public ; que, si la Cour a été mise en mouvement par la requête en appel formulée par M. Rinaldi et transmise par Notre réquisitoire, elle demeure de ce fait saisie du compte de la gestion de fait, qu’il lui appartient de juger dans les limites de l’appel ; Notons que la requête pourrait certes faire l’objet d’un désistement au vu duquel la Cour serait d’ailleurs libre de constater qu’il n’y a plus lieu de statuer ou, au contraire, de décider d’écarter le désistement et de se prononcer sur le compte (C. comptes, 20 janvier 1994, M. Auxiette, Commune de La Roche-sur-Yon, Rec. p. 9) ; Que le désistement devrait résulter d’un acte positif et clair du requérant ou de ses ayants droit portant sur la procédure concernée et destiné à la juridiction qui en a la charge ; Observions dans Nos conclusions précitées que, s’il ressortait d’un visa de l’ordonnance précitée de non-lieu du Conseil d’Etat que Mme Rinaldi se serait déclarée unique héritière de son époux et aurait renoncé à sa succession, la Cour n’était pas matériellement saisie d’un désistement et n’avait pu en vérifier la portée ; que la circonstance que Mme Rinaldi n’ait pas accusé réception de la lettre par laquelle le rapporteur lui avait demandé si elle poursuivait l’instance pouvait difficilement être considérée comme la manifestation explicite d’une volonté de désistement ; Notons que, partageant ces interrogations, la Cour a décidé, dans sa séance du 25 janvier 2001, un supplément d’instruction destiné à vérifier si Mme Rinaldi était bien seule héritière et se désistait de l’instance ; Constatons que diverses lettres adressées à Mme veuve Rinaldi sous son nom de jeune fille à son domicile et à son adresse fiscale avec accusé de réception n’ont jamais été retirées par leur destinataire ; Que, interrogé par le rapporteur, le directeur des services fiscaux des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence a informé la Cour, le 22 janvier 2002, que des déclarations de renonciation à la succession de M. Rinaldi avaient été déposées au greffe du tribunal de Digne par tous ses héritiers les 3, 12, 17 et 18 juin 1998 et que la succession a été déclarée vacante par jugement du 23 mai 2001, le directeur des services fiscaux étant nommé curateur ; Constatons à cette occasion que, contrairement à ce que pouvait laisser croire le rapport précédent, Mme Rinaldi n’était pas l’unique héritière possible de son époux ; En déduisons surtout que les héritiers parents de M. Rinaldi qui, seuls, auraient pu exciper de leurs droits pour déclarer se désister de la requête en appel, n’en ont pas usé ; que la Cour n’est donc pas saisie d’une demande en ce sens ; que la vacance de la succession a fait de l’Etat le détenteur des droits et obligations de M. Rinaldi ; que celui-ci n’a pas manifesté son intention de dessaisir la Cour de la requête et qu’il est détenteur de ce droit d’appel qui ne peut jouer qu’à son bénéfice (l’appel ne peut aggraver la situation du requérant) et fait partie de l’actif de la succession ; Notons au surplus que l’intérêt de l’Etat au dessaisissement de la Cour ne pourrait résulter que de son acceptation des conséquences du jugement du compte, étant rappelé que la possibilité d’infliger une amende au comptable de fait s’est éteinte avec sa personne ; que ces conséquences concrètes découlent du fait que le reliquat du compte a déjà été reversé les II et 19 mars 1997 ; qu’ainsi, si la Cour faisait droit à la requête de M. Rinaldi, l’Etat se trouverait en toute rigueur fondé à demander le remboursement à son profit de la somme déjà versée ; En concluons que décider qu’il n’y a pas lieu de statuer sur la requête de M. Rinaldi serait contraire aux droits de l’Etat, appelé à l’affaire par la vacance de la succession du requérant ; que la Cour devrait donc soit examiner l’affaire au fond, soit, par une nouvelle mesure d’instruction complémentaire, vérifier si l’Etat, représenté par le directeur des services fiscaux, n’entend pas se désister de la requête ; Sur les moyens invoqués par l’appelant : Déduisons de ce qui précède que la Cour devrait examiner les moyens exposés par le défunt requérant, lesquels ne sont ni rappelés ni discutés dans le rapport principal comme dans le présent rapport ; qu’elle devrait donc également ordonner à cette fin un complément d’instruction ainsi que, le cas échéant, l’ouverture d’une contradiction avec l’Etat substitué au requérant, y compris en lui notifiant le droit à audition préalable prévu par l’article L. B N° 6 -JUIN 2003 383 l -' i-rr-j REVUE r/ 1 '-! DU TRÉSOR LlEI Lettres du procureur général n os 4383 et 4384 du 22 septembre 1994 (Rec. C. comptes 258) qui dénonçaient l’utilisation des EPLE par les rectorats comme support d’action de formation et d’insertion faisant de la sorte exécuter par des établissements publics des dépenses dont les services de l’Etat conservaient la totale maîtrise. La question devait du reste faire l’objet d’une insertion au rapport public du 27 novembre 1997 (p. 48 à 51 ; Rec. C. comptes 339). Ces interventions furent vaines ; ces pratiques contraires au principe de spécialité des établissements publics (v. sur cette question, M. Lascombe, « Le juge financier et les établissements publics », in « Mélanges Pierre Sandevoir », L’Harmattan, 2000, p. 61) se sont poursuivies. Il convenait donc que le juge des comptes sanctionne ce qu’il n’était parvenu à empêcher dans le cadre de ses « communications ». Plusieurs décisions sont donc intervenues, reprochant à l’agent comptable de l’EPLE d’avoir payé des dépenses sans disposer d’une attestation de service fait délivrée par l’ordonnateur de l’établissement, à savoir le proviseur (C. comptes, 30 mai 1996, 12 juin 1997, Ecole nationale supérieure de Fontenay-Saint-Cloud, Rec. C. comptes 1998.259). En effet, c’est l’ordonnateur accrédité auprès du comptable assignataire qui doit certifier le service fait ; à défaut, le paiement est irrégulier (C. comptes, 28 avril 1988, Commune de Gy, Rec. C. comptes 157. C. comptes, 16 décembre 1994, Payeur départemental des Alpes-Maritimes, La Revue du Trésor 1995.366. CRC Alsace, 7 mars 1997, Département du Bas-Rhin, La Revue du Trésor 1997.548. CRC Nord Pas-de-Calais, 7 mars 2001, Lycée professionnel Antonin-Clerc à Outreau, n° 2000-0216 ; RFD adm. 2002.627. Rappr. C. comptes, 2 mars 1990, référé n° 5476, Rec. C. comptes 158). La Cour reprend ici les mêmes arguments pour, sur appel du Ministère public, infirmer le jugement et mettre en débet le comptable qui a payé au vu d’une attestation de service fait émanant d’un chef de bureau du ministère, même si elle reconnaît qu’il s’agissait de payer sur des crédits mis en place d’autorité par le ministère et gérés hors du budget de l’établissement. On notera que la mise en débet est possible directement dès lors que les moyens et conclusions de l’appelant ont pu être présentés par un mémoire répondant exactement aux mêmes charges qu’en première instance, repris par l’appel du Ministère public. La Cour estime donc que le contradictoire a été mené à son terme alors même que le Parquet suggérait de procéder d’abord par une injonction précisément chiffrée avant de prononcer le débet. EXTRAIT Au fond : Attendu que, par un jugement du 21 mars 2000, la chambre régionale des comptes de Midi-Pyrénées, statuant sur les comptes des exercices 1994 à 1997 du lycée Las Cases à Lavaur (Tarn), avait ordonné à M. Amalric, comptable du lycée, de produire l’original de la pièce justificative du paiement, en 1995, d’une somme de 120 300 F (18 339,62 €) et portant l’attestation du service fait par l’ordonnateur du lycée, ou la preuve du reversement de cette somme dans la caisse de l’établissement ; Attendu que, par jugement du 14 décembre 2000, la chambre régionale a levé cette injonction en admettant comme justification une copie certifiée conforme à la facture originale, un certificat de l’ancien ordonnateur en fonction à l’époque des faits et un nouveau certificat signé du chef du bureau de la DITEN/B2 du ministère de l’Education nationale daté du 20 juin 2000 et confirmant le service fait ; Attendu que, par requête du 13 février 2001, le commissaire du Gouvernement près la chambre régionale des comptes a formé appel du jugement en excipant du défaut d’attestation du service fait par l’ordonnateur de l’établissement en demandant l’infirmation dudit jugement et en sollicitant du juge d’appel qu’il se prononce au fond sur la responsabilité du comptable ; Attendu que, dans son mémoire en défense, le comptable, reprenant l’argumentation qu’il avait développée devant les premiers juges, fait valoir qu’il a, en toute bonne foi, sur des crédits mis en place d’autorité par le ministère de l’Education nationale et gérés hors budget par le lycée sans que le proviseur ni lui-même aient pu s’y opposer, procédé au règlement de factures transmises par le ministère qui en attestait le service fait ; Que dès lors, il ne peut présenter à l’appui de l’ordre de paiement litigieux que trois documents susceptibles de certifier le service fait, une lettre du I er mars 1995 du chef du bureau DITEN/B2, une lettre du 12 mai 2000 du proviseur du lycée Las Cases certifiant que la facture de la société CAP SESA de Paris d’un montant de 120 300 F correspondait bien à un service fait et une lettre du 20 juin 2000 du chef du bureau des technologies de l’enseignement qui certifie que « la facture B 20037/94 du I er mars 1994 de l’entreprise CAP SESA dont l’original n’a pu être retrouvé correspond à un service fait comme je l’ai indiqué au lycée de Lavaur par un courrier en date du I er mars 1995 » ; Mais attendu qu’en application de l’article 8 du décret n° 85-924 relatif aux établissements publics locaux d’enseignement, le chef d’établissement est « ordonnateur des recettes et des dépenses de l’établissement » ; Attendu également que l’article 12 du décret du 29 décembre 1962 précise que le comptable exerce « en matière de dépenses, le contrôle de la qualité de l’ordonnateur » et que l’article 13 dispose qu’en « ce qui concerne la validité de la créance, le contrôle porte sur la justification du service fait » ; Attendu en conséquence que M. Amalric se devait de vérifier que la certification du service fait émanait bien de l’ordonnateur des dépenses, c’est-à-dire le proviseur du lycée ; qu’il ne pouvait donc pas se contenter de certifications données par des agents extérieurs à l’établissement ; Attendu que la régularité des paiements s’apprécie à la date à laquelle ils sont intervenus ; que des pièces établies postérieurement à cette date ne peuvent les justifier ; Attendu que le comptable était ainsi tenu, en l’absence de certification régulière du service fait, de suspendre le paiement des prestations prévues par le contrat, et a engagé sa responsabilité personnelle et pécuniaire en s’abstenant de le faire ; Attendu que la chambre régionale avait fondé l’injonction initiale sur l’absence de pièce justificative originale portant l’attestation du service fait par l’ordonnateur de l’établissement ; que M. Amalric avait donc bien été informé des conditions dans lesquelles il lui appartenait de justifier de la régularité du paiement auquel il avait procédé ; que l’appel du Ministère public a porté exactement sur les mêmes éléments à charge et que le comptable a pu présenter ses observations dans un mémoire en défense joint au dossier de l’appel ; que, comme il a été dit précédemment, les moyens et conclusions de l’appelant doivent être accueillis pour des motifs identiques à ceux de sa requête ; qu’en conséquence, la contradiction ayant été conduite à son terme, M. Amalric doit être déclaré débiteur des deniers du lycée Las Cases de Lavaur. CONCLUSIONS N° 6642 DU 8 AVRIL 2002 (EXTRAIT) Sur le fond : Dans son rapport public de 1997, la Cour des comptes a dénoncé l’utilisation de lycées et collèges pour la gestion irrégulière de certains crédits d’Etat, notamment dans le cas des centres académiques de formation continue et des dispositifs d’insertion des jeunes ; Les irrégularités constatées portent atteinte à la fois aux principes de spécialité et d’autonomie de gestion qui régissent les établissements publics locaux d’enseignement (EPLE) et aux principes du droit budgétaire. Les pratiques relevées étaient également contraires aux règles énoncées par le décret n° 62-1587 du 29 décembre 1962 portant règlement général sur la comptabilité publique, en particulier au regard de la justification du service fait, effectuée dans des conditions juridiquement incertaines ; Ainsi que Nous l’avons exposé dans une communication du 18 juillet 2000 adressée à la direction des affaires financières du ministère de l’Education nationale, les contrôles menés par la chambre régionale des comptes de Midi-Pyrénées sur un échantillon de plusieurs dizaines d’EPLE du Gers et du Tarn, ont mis en évidence des dispositifs présentant des irrégularités similaires ; S’agissant du fonds « innovation pédagogique », le ministère de l’Education nationale a versé, à partir de 1994, des subventions au lycée Las Cases à Lavaur. Les fonds correspondants ont été comptabilisés exclusivement en comptes de tiers, le conseil d’administration de l’EPLE n’étant pas appelé à délibérer sur leur utilisation. Les paiements ont été effectués par l’agent comptable au vu de pièces justificatives adressées par le ministère. Jusqu’en 1996, le service fait a été attesté par ce dernier, et non par l’ordonnateur de l’établissement ; Si, dans les faits, il n’est pas inexact d’affirmer, comme le font l’ancien proviseur du lycée Las Cases et le comptable alors en fonctions que le ministère s’est comporté comme s’il était demeuré l’ordonnateur des N° 6 -JUIN 2003 384 LA REVUE r/ 1 ;! du TRÉSOR llLEl CH crédits en cause et comme si le comptable de l’EPLE était devenu un comptable assignataire des dépenses de l’Etat, il n’en reste pas moins que cette apparence n’est pas compatible avec l’autonomie juridique et comptable de l’établissement ; Dès lors que des fonds ont été reçus et comptabilisés par le lycée, le proviseur est, en vertu de l’article 8 du décret n° 85-924 du 30 août 1985, le seul ordonnateur légitime des dépenses qu’ils peuvent permettre de régler ; Conformément à l’article 6, second alinéa, du décret précité du 29 décembre 1962, « les ordonnateurs ainsi que leurs délégués et suppléants doivent être accrédités auprès des comptables assignataires des recettes et des dépenses dont ils prescrivent l’exécution » ; S’il ne fait pas de doute qu’au sein d’un EPLE, le chef d’établissement bénéficie d’une telle accréditation, tel n’est pas le cas des responsables des services d’administration centrale ou de ceux du rectorat ; Au cas d’espèce, le proviseur avait donc seul qualité pour prescrire l’exécution de la dépense en cause et délivrer les certifications indispensables, particulièrement la certification du service fait ; Confrontée à des irrégularités analogues, la Cour des comptes a, au demeurant, fait sienne cette analyse à plusieurs reprises : dans un arrêt des 22 et 29 février 1996 sur les comptes de l’Office national d’information sur les enseignants et les professions (ONISEP), elle a ainsi considéré qu’une facture adressée au ministère de l’Education nationale et de la Culture (bureau DLC 7) ne pouvait être régulièrement réglée par un agent comptable secondaire de l’ONISEP, en l’absence d’une certification du service fait émanant de l’ordonnateur de cet établissement ou d’un agent habilité, par lui, à cet effet. L’injonction de versement prononcée en conséquence a été convertie en débet par arrêt des 6 juillet 1998 et 7 avril 1999, sur Nos conclusions conformes ; De même, dans ses arrêts du 30 mai 1996 et du 12 juin 1997 sur les comptes de l’Ecole normale supérieure de Fontenay-Saint-Cloud (Rec. p. 91), la Cour a jugé que le comptable ne pouvait se contenter de présumer que l’ordonnateur de l’établissement avait implicitement entériné la certification du service fait donnée sous leur responsabilité par des agents extérieurs audit établissement, et que l’insuffisance des justifications produites engageait dès lors sa responsabilité personnelle et pécuniaire ; C’est donc à bon droit que le commissaire du Gouvernement près la chambre régionale des comptes de Midi-Pyrénées soutient dans sa requête que les certifications du service fait émanant d’un chef de bureau de l’administration centrale du ministère de l’Education nationale étaient sans valeur à l’appui d’une dépense supportée par un EPLE, et que la lettre au demeurant ambiguë signée par le proviseur le 12 mai 2000 ne saurait constituer une justification valable du service fait, la responsabilité du comptable devant s’apprécier au moment du paiement ; Dans ces conditions, la Cour devrait infirmer le jugement du 14 décembre 2000 en ce qu’il a levé l’injonction formulée par le jugement du 21 mars 2000 et, par l’effet dévolutif de l’appel, enjoindre à M. Amalric le versement de la somme de 18 399,62 € ; Les conclusions contenues dans la requête du commissaire du Gouvernement tendaient, en effet, non seulement à l’infirmation du jugement, mais à ce que le juge d’appel mette en jeu la responsabilité personnelle et pécuniaire du comptable. La Cour peut donc, sans statuer ultra petita, s’engager dans cette voie (v., dans le même sens, Nos concl. n° 5463 du 18 octobre 2000 sur un appel relatif à la commune de CarhaixPlouguer, suivies par la Cour dans son arrêt du 26 octobre 2000) ; Néanmoins, le caractère contradictoire de la procédure exige que le comptable soit mis en mesure de discuter la motivation retenue par le juge d’appel ou de satisfaire, le cas échéant, à une injonction de versement précisément chiffrée, avant d’être au besoin déclaré débiteur. Cour des comptes, 4 e Chambre, arrêt n° 32631,23 mai 2002, Commune de Dieulefit Appel ; appel du comptable [infirmation du jugement]. Procédure ; caractère contradictoire ; réponse aux moyens de défense. Dépenses ; marchés publics ; application des pénalités de retard. Le respect du contradictoire impose que le juge réponde, dans sa décision définitive, à tous les arguments développés par le comptable suite aux injonctions contenues dans les jugements provisoires précédents (C. comptes, 7 octobre 1993, Commune d’Isola, Rec. C. comptes 101 ; La Revue du Trésor 1994.201). S’agissant d’un moyen d’ordre public, la Cour doit nécessairement rechercher si le contradictoire n’a pas été violé (C. comptes, 7 avril 1999, Commune de Saint-Denis, La Revue du Trésor 1999.767 et notre note. V. en matière de gestion de fait : C. comptes, 16 janvier 1997, Président du conseil général des Bouches-du-Rhône et autres, Rec. C. comptes 4 ; La Revue du Trésor 1997.359) et soulever au besoin d’office le moyen (C. comptes, 23 mars 1989, OPHLM de Montreuil, GAJF, 4 e éd., n° 48. C. comptes, 29 juin 2000, SIVU de Poyanne-Laurède, La Revue du Trésor 2001.530). Elle doit donc en particulier vérifier que la CRC a répondu à l’ensemble des arguments du comptable (C. comptes, 30 mars 2000, Commune du Trait, La Revue du Trésor 2001.528). Ce sera le cas en l’espèce ; la chambre régionale n’ayant pas donné une réponse motivée sur tous les éléments soulevés, notamment sur les contradictions de dates et de faits alléguées, le juge d’appel ne peut qu’infirmer le jugement. L’affaire étant en l’état d’appel, il l’évoque et statue au fond. Devant l’incertitude sur la date effective de fin des prestations s’agissant des deux marchés en cause, on pouvait effectivement s’interroger sur le fait que les travaux aient été achevés dans les délais prévus. Cependant, les procès-verbaux avaient été délivrés sans réserve de la part du maître d’ouvrage et d’autant plus qu’une délibération du Conseil municipal, soumise au contrôle de légalité, attestait que les délais avaient été respectés en rectifiant l’erreur matérielle contenue dans les procès verbaux. Dès lors, il n’y avait pas lieu à infliction de pénalités de retard et le comptable ne pouvait être mis en débet pour ne pas les avoir appliquées. Certes, comme le souligne le Parquet, en cas de doute et de contradiction entre des pièces, le comptable doit suspendre le paiement (C. comptes, 24 octobre 1990, Hôpital de Lorient, La Revue du Trésor 1991.303. C. comptes, 19 mai 1994, Département du Finistère, La Revue du Trésor 1994.684. CRC Nord Pas-de-Calais, 11 juin 1997, Commune d’Avion, La Revue du Trésor 1998.181. C. comptes, 18 décembre 1997, Commune de Corps, La Revue du Trésor 1998.250. C. comptes, form. interch. d’appel, 23 juin 1999, Caisse de crédit municipal de Nice, Rec. C. comptes 57 ; La Revue du Trésor 2000.365 et nos obs. C. comptes 27 janvier 2000, Commune de Dax, La Revue du Trésor 2000.376 et nos obs. ; RFD adm. 2000.1131. CE, 21 mars 2001, M. Morel, La Revue du Trésor 2002.219) en attendant d’obtenir de l’ordonnateur des explications complémentaires. Le Parquet préconisait donc d’engager la responsabilité du comptable de ce chef. En fait, la Cour ne pouvait suivre ce raisonnement dès lors que la contradiction des pièces n’était qu’apparente et rectifiée par la délibération du Conseil municipal, soumise au contrôle de légalité. EXTRAIT Sur la régularité de la procédure de première instance : Attendu que la comptable a développé, dès sa réponse du 27 juillet 1995 au premier jugement provisoire du I I octobre 1994, puis dans celle du 24 novembre 1999 au second jugement provisoire du 21 juillet 1999, des arguments fondés notamment sur les difficultés rencontrées au moment des paiements pour déterminer exactement les périodes au cours desquelles s’est déroulée l’exécution des travaux en cause ; que cette argumentation, appuyée par des pièces, n’a été que partiellement prise en compte, tant par le second jugement provisoire que par le jugement définitif attaqué, lesdits jugements laissant sans réponse plusieurs anomalies invoquées par la comptable à sa décharge ; qu’en particulier les difficultés de détermination tant de la date de commencement que de celle de l’achèvement des travaux n’ont pas fait l’objet d’une réponse motivée du juge de première instance sur tous les éléments soulevés, notamment sur les contradictions de dates et de faits alléguées ; Attendu qu’en ne répondant pas explicitement à l’ensemble des éléments produits en réponse aux jugements provisoires, la chambre régionale des comptes n’a pas respecté le principe du caractère contradictoire de la procédure établi par les articles L. 241-13, R. 231-5 et R. 241-27 du Code des juridictions financières ; que le jugement attaqué est donc insuffisamment motivé et irrégulièrement rendu ; que ce motif d’ordre public est à soulever d’office et que le jugement entrepris doit être annulé, en ses dispositions définitives ; Attendu que l’affaire est en état d’examen et qu’il y a lieu pour la Cour, dans l’exercice de son pouvoir d’évocation, de statuer au fond ; N° 6 -JUIN 2003 385 lA r^rri REVUE r/ W du TRÉSOR IM1 UE Au fond : Attendu que les premiers juges avaient mis en débet Mme Fortwengler, pour justification insuffisante de la non-application des pénalités de retard qu’ils estimaient dues : d’une part de la somme de 22 500 F au titre de l’exécution du marché de restauration du lavoir et des w.-c. publics, en fixant le commencement d’exécution du marché à la date du 14 mars 1989 figurant sur l’ordre de service n° I à l’entreprise chargée du lot n° I, et son achèvement à la date du 18 juillet 1989 figurant sur le procès-verbal de réception des travaux, soit un retard d’un mois et demi environ ; d’autre part de la somme de 22 500 F au titre de l’exécution du marché de mise en conformité du camping municipal, en fixant le commencement d’exécution du marché à la date du 18 avril 1989, date de réception de l’ordre de service n° I par l’entreprise chargée du lot n° I, et son achèvement à la même date du 18 juillet 1989 figurant sur le procès-verbal de réception des travaux, soit également un retard d’un mois et demi environ ; Attendu que la similitude des dates retenues pour l’établissement des procès-verbaux de réception, délivrés par le même architecte et relatifs à l’exécution des travaux des deux marchés susmentionnés, alors qu’il s’agissait bien de marchés différents dont les travaux devraient être exécutés en des lieux distincts, sans qu’il y eut coïncidence dans la durée des délais fixés pour leur réalisation, conduit à douter que la date de la délivrance desdits procès-verbaux soit celle qui correspond effectivement à la date de l’achèvement des travaux ; que de surcroît, comme le fait valoir la comptable, lesdits procès-verbaux ayant été délivrés sans réserve, il devrait être permis d’en déduire que les délais d’exécution ont été respectés ; que d’ailleurs, une telle présomption se trouve confirmée tant par les attestations du maître d’ouvrage et du maître d’œuvre que par l’assemblée délibérante dont la délibération, soumise au contrôle de la légalité, a précisé que les travaux avaient été exécutés dans les délais impartis, ladite délibération ne visant ni à régulariser une situation fautive, ni encore moins à exonérer le comptable de sa responsabilité, mais à rectifier l’erreur matérielle à laquelle aboutirait la constatation que la date de délivrance des procès-verbaux aurait fixé la date de l’achèvement des travaux en cause ; Attendu que, dans ces conditions, il n’y avait pas, en l’espèce, matière à l’infliction des pénalités de retard et donc à la mise en jeu de la responsabilité du comptable. CONCLUSIONS N° 6668 DU 23 AVRIL 2002 (EXTRAIT) Sur la régularité de la procédure suivie en première instance : Rappelons que le problème soulevé est celui de la non-application par la comptable, lors de l’exécution de marchés et de leurs avenants passés par la commune de Dieulefit, de la clause prévoyant des pénalités en cas de retard dans la fin des travaux en cause, soit la restauration du lavoir et de toilettes publiques (premier débet d’un montant de 3 430,10 € [22 500 F]) et la mise en conformité de l’ancien camping municipal (second débet d’un montant identique de 3 430,10 € [22 500 F]). Tout dépendait en l’espèce de la possibilité de fixer des dates incontestables de début et d’achèvement des travaux, les pénalités étant calculées au prorata des journées de retard constatées au-delà de la date contractuelle d’achèvement ; Lors de la contradiction devant la chambre régionale des comptes de Rhône-Alpes, la comptable a développé, notamment dans sa réponse du 24 novembre 1999 au second jugement provisoire du 21 juillet 1999, des arguments fondés notamment sur les difficultés rencontrées au moment du paiement pour déterminer la période exacte fixée pour l’exécution des travaux en cause. Deux incertitudes apparaissent en effet : celle des dates de notification (7) et d’achèvement (8) des travaux initiaux et celle de la période contractuelle d’exécution de l’ensemble des travaux initiaux et supplémentaires compte tenu de l’intervention d’avenants et d’ordres de services correspondants (9) ; Cette argumentation qui était appuyée par des pièces et qui a été soutenue par la comptable dès sa réponse au premier jugement provisoire du I I octobre 1994, n’a été que partiellement discutée par la chambre régionale, tant dans le second jugement provisoire du 21 juillet 1999 ( 10) que dans le jugement définitif du I er mars 2000. Le point essentiel de savoir s’il était possible de déterminer avec exactitude les dates définissant la période d’application de la pénalité de retard n’a pas fait l’objet d’une réponse motivée du juge de première instance sur tous les points litigieux alors qu’il s’agissait d’un moyen essentiel de la défense ; Dans le jugement du 21 juillet 1999, la chambre régionale se borne à indiquer que « la simple indication que la date mentionnée au procèsverbal est erronée ne constitue pas un élément suffisant pour remettre en cause la date de réception arrêtée » et n’a motivé sa décision de considérer que seule la date de signature du procès-verbal (II) de réception des travaux, soit le 18 juillet 1989, pouvait être retenue comme date de l’achèvement effectif des travaux, que par la considération de principe que seul le maître d’ouvrage pouvait arrêter cette date. Les contradictions de dates et de faits alléguées par la comptable ne font l’objet d’aucune discussion et les déclarations du Conseil municipal et du maître d’œuvre selon lesquelles les travaux ont bien été terminés dans les délais contractuels, sont écartées au motif que ces affirmations figurent dans des actes postérieurs au paiement et qu’elles ne sont pas de nature à dégager la responsabilité du comptable. Or, ces attestations de l’assemblée délibérante et du maître d’œuvre relèvent plus de la rectification d’une erreur matérielle affectant la date d’achèvement des travaux qui, en l’espèce, selon eux, n’était pas confondue avec la date de réception des travaux, que d’une tentative d’exonérer a posteriori la comptable de sa responsabilité. Cohérentes avec les nombreuses autres anomalies de dates ou de faits trouvées dans les pièces, elles ne faisaient au demeurant que conforter le soupçon que la date de fin d’exécution des travaux ne pouvait pas être déterminée avec certitude ; Dans le jugement définitif, l’argumentation de la chambre régionale se borne à reprendre la date du 18 juillet 1989 comme date unique d’achèvement de l’ensemble des travaux, initiaux et supplémentaires, et à indiquer que la production du certificat de l’architecte et de la délibération du Conseil municipal ne saurait exonérer la comptable de sa responsabilité qui s’apprécie à la date du paiement.
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@import 'loading'
| 15,808 |
https://openalex.org/W2953104557_1
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 1,994 |
Las proteínas seminales del maní (Arachis hypogaea, Leguminosae) y su relación con las categorías infraespecíficas
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 3,638 | 9,368 |
BONPLANDIA 8 (1-4):221-233. 1994
LAS PROTEINAS SEMINALES DEL MANI (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA,
LEGUMINOSAE) y SU RELACION CON LAS .CATEGORIAS
INFRAESPECIFICAS
por N. R. GROSS01, A. KRAPOVICKAS2, J. R. PIETRARELLl3 Y C. A. GUZMAN4.
Summary
The seed proteins from 122 different samples of Arachis hypogaea L. originating from Bolivia,
Perú and Ecuador were studied by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis.
Seven constant and 27 inconstant bands were detected. The results of the last ones were
utilized to analize similarities among samples employing the Jaccard coefficient and unweighted
pair-group method of arithmetical averages (UPGMA)..
The seed proteins al/oWed to separate ful/y the A. hypogaea subspecies and the varieties
to a lower extent.
Introducción
Las proteínas de la harina de maní fueron
separadas por electroforesis en numerosas ocasiones. En todos los casos, siempre se mencionaron los componentes principales como las
araquinas y conaraquinas. Algunos de estos estudios tuvieron orientación quimiotaxonómica
(Tombs, 1965; Neucere, 1969; Dawson &
McIntosh, 1973; Cherry, 1974; González y
Guzmán, 1982; Grosso et al., 1988).
Desde el punto de vista taxonómico, Arachis
hypogaea L. se divide en dos subespecies, que a
su vez se subdividen en variedades (Krapovickas
y Gregory, 1994) de la siguiente forma:
Arachis hypogaea L.
subespecie hypogaea
varo hypogaea
varo hirsuta K6hler
I Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias
(UNe). Avda. Valparaíso s/n. 5000 Córdoba. Argentina.
2 Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE}. Casilla
Correo 209.3400 Corrientes. Argentina.
3 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
de Manfredi. Manfredi-Córdoba. Argentina.
4 Cátedra de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciencias
Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (UNe), IMBIV-CONICET.
Avda. Velez Sarsfield 299. 5000 Córdoba. Argentina.
subespecie fas tigiata Waldron
var. fas tigiata.
varo vulgaris Harz
varo peruviana Krapov. et W. C. Gregory
varo aequatoriana Krapov. et W. C.
Gregory
El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar, por
electroforesis, las proteínas de las semillas de
muestras de maní provenientes de Bolivia,
Perú y Ecuador, y relacionar los patrones de
bandas proteicas con la clasificación
infraespecífica de A. hypogaea.
Material y Metodos
Se trabajó con 122 muestras de A. hypogaea,
de las cuales 65 procedieron de Bolivia, 29 de
Perú y 28 de Ecuador. De estas muestras 66
pertenecen a la variedad hypogaea, 2 a la hirsuta, 22 a la fastigiata, 23 a la peruviana y 9 a la
aequatoriana. Todo el material fue provisto por
la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria (INTA)
de Manfredi de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Las características del mismo se consignan en la Tabla 1.
La colección viva de Manfredi consta de
1190 parcelas de maníes bolivianos, 305 de peruanos y 119 de ecuatorianos. Las muestras
originales fueron sometidas a selección por
221
BONPLANDIA 8 (1-4),1994
Tabla 1: Procedencias de las muestras de Arachis hypogaea. Las mismas se identificaron con un número de
orden y letras que indican el país de origen y variedad: B = Bolivia, E = Ecuador, P = Perú, h = hypogaea, hi
= hirsuta, f = fastigiata, p = peruviana y a = aequatoriana. Mdi. nO: número de parcela años 1986 y 1989; mere.
= mercado local. * Colectadas en Argentina (equivalentes a muestras de Bolivia).
Muestra Mdi. n°
Variedad
Tipo Planta
Color Grano
1 Bh
2 Bh
3Bh
4Bh
5Bh
6Bh
7Bh
8 Bh
9Bh
10Bh
11 Bh
12 Bh
13 Bh
14 Bh
15 Bh
16 Bh
17Bh
18 Bh
19 Bh
20Bh
21 Bh
22 Bh
23 Bh
24 Bh
86/1707
"/1719
"/1722
"/1728
"/1741
" /1757
"/1759
" /1764
"/1792
"/1809
"/1838
"/1855
"/1859
"/1888
"/1896
"/1898
"/1901
"/1910
"/1939
"/1945
"/1954
"/1959
"/1961
"/1966
1typogaea
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Rastrero
Rastrero
Rastrero
Rastrero
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
Rastrero-Ronco
Rastrero-Ronco
Semirastrero
Rastrero-Ronco
Cojín-Churco
Cojín-Churco
Cojín
Rastrero
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
Rastrero
Semirastrero
Sara Maní
Sara Maní
Sara Maní
Sara Maní
Colorado
Rosado
Overo
Crema
Crema
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Salmón
Salmón
.Salmón
Salmón
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Rosado
Colorado
Rosado
Colorado
25 Bh
"/1975
"
Sara Maní
Colorado
26 Bh
"/1976
"
Sara Maní
Rosado
27Bh
28 Bh
29 Bh
30Bh
31 Bh
"/1985
"/1987
"/1992/93
"/2001
"/2006
"
Cojín
Cojín
Semirastrero
Semirastrero
Semierecto
Colorado
Colorado
Negro
Violáceo
Colorado
32 Bh
33 Bh
34 Bh
35 Bh
36 Bh
37Bh
38 Bh
39 Bh
40Bh
"/2008
"/2016/17
"/2019
"/2030
"/2037
"/2047
"/2098/99
"/2100
"/2103
"
"
"
"
"
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Cojín
Cojín
Cojín
Salmón
Colorado
Colorado
.Colorado
Colorado'
.Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado'
41 Bh
"/2110
"
Cojín
Colorado"· "
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
222
Lugar de origen
BOLIVIA
Trinidad.
Catamarca (Arg.).*
Villazón.
Orán (Argentina).*
La Paz (mercado).
Cochabamba (mere.).
Samaipata (S. Cruz).
Santa Cruz (mere.).
Mizque (Cochabamba).
Sucre (mercado).
Huaca Huasi (Sucre).
San Isidro (S. Cruz).
Mizque (Cochabamba).
Tarija (mercado).
Santa Cruz (mere.).
Sucre (mercado).
Santa Cruz (mere.).
Coroico-S. Pablo (N. Yungas)
Coroico-S. Pedro (N. Yungas)
Agua Clara (S. Cruz).
Cochabamba (mere.).
Mizque (Cochabamba).
Cochabamba (merc.).
Lagunilla (Valle
Grande-S. Cruz).
Cochabambita (Valle
Grande-S. Cruz).
Cochabambita (Valle
Grande-S. Cruz).
Santa Cruz (mere.).
Tarija.
Coroico-S. Pablo (N. Yurigas).
Sucre (mercado).
Lagunilla (Valle
Grande-S. Cruz).
V. Montes (Tarija).
Cochabamba (mere.).
Sucre (mercado).
Mairana (Nanetti).
Mairana (Nanetti).
V. Montes (Tarija).
Nanetti.
Cochabamba.
S. José de Chicaludo
(N. Yungas).
. Yerba Buena-S. Cruz.
N. R. Grosso, A. Krapovickas, J. R. Pietrarelli y C. A. Guzman, Proteínas maní
Tabla 1. Continuación
Muestra Mdi. n°
Variedad
Tipo Planta
Color Grano
Lugar de origen
42 Bh
43 Bh
44 Bh
45 Bh
46Bh
47Bh
48 Bh
49 Bh
50Bh
51 Bh
52 Bh
53 Bf
54 Bf
55 Bf
56 Bf
57Bf
58 Bf
59Bf
60 Bf
61 Bf
62 Bf
63 Bf
64 Bp
86/2114/15 hypogaea
Cojín
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Colorado
Overo
Overo
Overo
Overo
Overo
Overo
Overo
Overo
Overo
Overo
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Pálido
Negro
Albo
Colorado
Negro
V. Victoria-Mairana (S. Cruz).
Santa Cruz (mere.).
Monteagudo-Mairana.
Entre Ríos (Tarija).
Entre Ríos (Tarija).
Carapari (Tarija).
V. Montes (Tarija).
Sucre (mercado).
Mairana (Nanetti).
Caiza (Tarija).
Entre Ríos (Tarija).
San Borja (Beni).
V. Montes (Tarija).
V. Montes (Tarija).
Tarija-P. Margarita.
V. Montes (Tarija).
Beni-Magdalena.
EEA Saavedra-S. Cruz.
Beni-Rurrenabaque.
Beni-Rurrenabaque.
Beni-Rurrenabaque.
Beni-Rurrenabaque.
Beni-Rurrenabaque.
1 Eh
2Eh
3Eh
4 Eh
5Eh
6 Eh
7Eh
8Eh
9 Ef
10 Ef
11 Ef
12 Ef
13Ep
14Ep
15Ep
16 Ep
17Ep
18Ep
19Ep
20 Ea
21 Ea
22 Ea
23 Ea
24 Ea
25 Ea
"/2762
" /2744
" /2747
" /2756
" /2754
" /2764
" /2763
" /2713
" /2732
" /2739
"/2741
"/2706
"/2714
"/2715
"/2667
"/2678
"/2701
"/2718
"/2730
"/2535
"/2547
"/2587
"/2647
"/2654
"/2633
Rastrero
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
Rastrero
Cojín
Cojín
Rastrero
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Overo
Overo
Overo
Salmón
Salmón
Colorado
Colorado
Salmón
Rosado
Rosado
Colorado
Negro
Morado
Morado
Negro
Negro
Negro
Morado
Violáceo
Violáceo
Pálido
Pálido
Morado
Morado
Negro
ECUADOR
Qui to-Pichincha.
Pedro CarbÓ-Guayas.
Valencia-Los Ríos.
Quito-Pichincha.
Pedro CarbÓ-Guayas.
Pedro CarbÓ-Guayas.
EEA Boliche-Guayas.
L. Sargentillo-Guayas
Quito-Pichincha.
Bachiller-Guayas.
Pinas-EIOro.
Zapotepamba-Loja.
Sabanilla-Loja.
Catacocha-Loja.
Quito-Pichincha.
L. Sargentillo-Guayas
Macará-Loja.
Catacocha-Loja.
Macará-Loja.
Quito-Pichincha.
Piñas-El Oro.
Loja-Loja.
Piñas-El Oro.
San Antonio-Loja.
Piñas-El Oro.
"/2148/55
"/2159
"/2162
"/2163/65
"/2170
"/2227
"/2228/32
"/2234
"/2248/49
"/2368/85
"/2394/95
"/2426
"/2433
"/2443
"/2452
"/2456
"/2464
"/2515
"/2518
" /2519
" /2523/24
"/2533/34
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
fastigiata
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
peruviana
hypogaea.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
fastigiata
"
"
"
peruviana
"
"
"
"
"
"
aequatoriana
"
"
"
"
"
223
BONPLANDIA 8 (1-4),1994
Tabla 1. Continuación
Muestra Mdi. n°
Variedad
Tipo Planta
Color Grano
Lugar de origen
26 Ea
27Ehi
28 Ehi
86/2645
"/2769
"/2770
aequatoriana
hirsuta
Erecto
Rastrero
Rastrero
Negro
Morado
Morado
Chaguarpamba-Loja.
S. Antonio-Pichincha.
Barrio Pumicucho
(Pichincha).
1 Ph
2Ph
3Ph
4Ph
5Ph
6Ph
7Pf
8 Pf
9 Pf
10 Pf.
11 Pf
12 Pf
13 Pa
14Pa
15Pp
16 Pp
17Pp
18Pp
19 Pp
20Pp
21 Pp
22Pp
23 Pp
24Pp
25Pp
26Pp
27Pp
28Pp
29 Pp
89/2479
"/2485
"/2487
"/2490
"/2491
" /2492
/2496
" /2500
"/2505
"/2510
"/2512
"/2516
"/2520
"/2521
"/2523
"/2526
"/2527
"/2530
"/2538
"/2542
"/2544
"/2547
"/2549
"/2556
"/2562
"/2566
"/2572
"/2580
"/2581
hypogaea
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
Semierecto
Rastrero
Rastrero
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Colorado
Salmón
Colorado
Overo
Morado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Pálido
Pálido
Albo
Morado
Morado
Morado
Morado
Violáceo
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Blanco
Catalán
Catalán
Morado
Negro
Negro
Morado
Morado
Morado
11
"
"
"
"
11
11
fas tigiata
"
"
"
"
"
aequatoriana
"
peruviana
11
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
11
"
"
PERU
Huallaga.
Huanuco.
Iquitos.
San Martín.
Tarapoto.
Huanuco.
Lima.
Tarapoto.
Cuzco.
S. Francisco-Ayacucho
Ayacucho.
Quillabamba (Cuzco).
Piura.
Lima.
Lima.
Tarapoto.
Iquitos.
Lima.
Quillabamba (Cuzco).
Tarapoto.
Tarapoto.
Yungas.
La Malina (Lima).
La Malina (Lima).
Yungas.
Tarapoto.
Ayacucho.
Tarapoto.
Iquitos.
forma de fruto, color de grano y tipo de planta
hasta conseguir una uniformidad satisfactoria,
formándose en muchos casos verdaderas líneas puras. Este material fue ordenado en las
subespecies y variedades botánicas y en razas
locales. Para el presente estudio se eligió material tratando de representar el máximo de variabilidad posible, utilizando una o pocas procedencias de cada una de las numerosas razas
A la harina de las semillas, previamente
deslipidizadas con n-hexano y cloroformo, se
la homogeneizó en mortero con tampón fosfato
0,1 M pH 7,5 para extraer las proteínas
(González y Guzmán, 1982).
Se realizó electroforesis vertical en geles de
poliacrilamida en placas de 1 mm de espesor.
La concentración del poro fino fue de 7,5% y
del poro grueso de 4%, y se prepararon con
locales que se han detectado.
tampón tris-clorhídrico 0,1 M pH 8,5 Y6,4 res224
N. R. Grosso, A. Krapovickas, J. R. Pietrarelli y C. A. Guzman, Proteínas maní
pectivamente. El tampón de las cubas fue Trisborato 0,3 M pH 8,6 (Weber & Osborn, 1969;
Grosso et al., 1988).
Las corridas electroforéticas se realizaron a
20 mA y se revelaron con "Comasie Blue" R250. Las bandas fueron identificadas por sus
Rf (relación de frente) (Grosso et al., 1988).
Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el coeficiente de Jaccard y el método de ligamiento
promedio de la media aritmética no ponderada
Area
o<.-
p
Rf
j
Resultados y Discusion
En la separación electroforética de las proteínas de las semillas de maní, se detectaron
cuatro áreas principales según Tombs (1965),
donde se distribuyen las araquinas y.
conaraquinas (Fig. 1).
Banda constante
[ 0,97
0,91
0,98
A
B
e
r
I 0,59
y
(UPGMA), con los cuales seconstruyá un
fenograma (Crisci y López Armengol, 1983).
D
Banda inconstante
------
+
1
2
3
4
5
~l
~
10
~11
---
-..:::::::.---- 12
~13
- - - - - 14
~ i~
0,42
0,36
E
F
0,26
G -- ~
0,12
H
~
~¡¡
~ ~~
-o
~~~
26
27
Rf
0,93
0,87
0,84
0,79
0,77
0,76
0,72
0,70
0,67
0,65
0,62
0,55
0,54
0,51
0,49
0,47
0,45
0,39
0,37
0,34
0,32
0,21
0,17
0,14
0,09
0,06
0,03
Fig. 1: Patrón tipo de las electroforesis, que contiene el total de bandas de proteínas observadas en las muestras de Aracltis
hypogaea.
225
c:I
O
Tabla 2: Matriz de datos de las bandas inconstantes obtenidas por electroforesis de las proteínas de las muestras de Arachis hypogaea.
O = ausencia y 1 = presencia.
1
O
1
O
1
O
O
1
1
O
1
1
O
O
O
O
O
12 13
9
1
O
O
1
1
O
O
O
O
1
O
1
1
1
1
O
1
1
O
O
O
O
1
O
O
O
O
O
O
1
O
1
O
O
1
1
1
1
1
O
O
O
O
O
9
O
O
1
1
O
1
1
O
O
O
O
O
O
1
O
O
1
1
O
1
1
O
O
O
O
O
O
1
O
O
O
O
1
O
1
O
1
O
O
1
1
O
1
1
O
O
O
O
O
8
10 8
9
O
O
1
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
1
O
1
O
O
O
O
O
1
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
1
O
1
1
1
O
O
1
1
1
1
1
1
O
O
O
O
1
1
O
O
O
O
1
O
1
O
O
b
.....
~
....
~
....
~
Q¡
'"1
5;
'<
0
¡::
N
3
tll
?
'i:l
'-t
~
~
S'
s::.
Vl
Total
11
12 13
12 13 14 12 6
7
7
6
7
7
9
9
7
7
8
8
8
7
7
8
7
8
;::
s::.
::!,
BONPLANDIA R (1-4), 1994
O,SO
&
Valores de Similitud
0,75
"'.Iestra
Tipo de Planta Grupo
Bloque
1,00
&
llBh
16 Bh
17 Bh
18 Bh
20 Bh
19 Bh
12 Bh
15 Bh
13Bh
1Ph
14 Bh
Rastrero
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
Selnirastrero
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
Cojín
9Bh
10 Bh
6Eh
3Ph
Rastrero
Selnirastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
A
J'
Jc
2Eh
7Eh
+ 27 Ehi
+ 28 Ehi
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
Rastrero
· 1 Eh
.4 Eh
4Ph
2Ph
3Eh
6Ph
5Eh
8Eh
5Ph
Rastrero
Rastrero
Selnierecto
Cojín
Cojín
Rastrero
Rastrero
Rastrero
Rastrero
1Bh
33 Bh
36Bh
38Bh
39 Bh
37 Bh
40Bh
31 Bh
32 Bh
34Bh
35 Bh
Rastrero
Selnierecto
Selnierecto
Cojín
Cojín
Selnierecto
Cojín
Selnierecto
Selnierecto
Semierecto
Semierecto
2Bh
7Bh
43 Bh
3Bh
5Bh
6Bh
8Bh
Rastrero
Semierecto (Overo)
Rastrero
Rastrero
Cojín
Rastrero
· 4 Bh
• 42 Bh
· 46 Bh
• 45 Bh
• 44 Bh
47 Bh
48Bh
51 Bh
SOBh
49 Bh
52 Bh
21 Bh
28 Bh
24·Bh
22 Bh
29 Bh
30Bh
26 Bh
41 Bh
23 Bh
25 Bh
27 Bh
~ttoro
D
I
E
J
F
Rastrero
Cojín
Selnierecto (Overo)
.Selnierecto (Overo)
Selnierecto (Overo)
Selnierecto (Overo) I G
Semierecto (Overo)
Semierecto (Overo)
Semierecto (Overo)
Selnierecto (Overo)
Selnierecto (Overo)
Sara Maní
Cojín
Sara Maní
Sara Maní
Selnirastrero
Semirastrero
Sara Maní
Cojín
Sara Maní
Sara Maní
Cojín
I H
Fig. 2: Fenograma de las muestras de Arachis "ypogaea construido sobre la base de los resultados de las bandas inconstantes.
Se utilizó el coeficiente de Jaccard y el ligamiento promedio de la media aritmética no ponderada (UPGMA).
230
N. R. Grosso, A. Krapovickas, J. R. Pietrarelli y C. A. Guzman, Proteínas maní
- 61 Bf
- 62 Bf
- 63 Bf
-60Bf
1
* Ea
f
24
* 64 Bp
* 16 Ep
,
* 27 Pp
fr"----- : ~~ ~
,
* 21 Pp
ir-- - - - - -** 14
19 Ep
Pp
* 17 Ep
* 25 Pp
* 24 Pp
* 17 Pp
I
_ 12 Pf
* 28 Pp
I
- - - - - - - - - --57 Bf
19 Ep
-,- - - - - ** 18
Pp
~*22PP
~*26PP
" " 1- - - -
- 12 Ef
10 Pf
_
* 15 Ep
I
* 29 Pp
* 15 Pp
* 23 Pp
* 20 Pp
* 18 Ep
L·- - - - - - - - - - -H 22 Ea
•
I
I
_8 Pf
- 10 Ef
- 9 Pf
-11Pf
i
I
l..--..-.i
-
11 Ef
' - - - - - - - - 7 Pf
i
-
53 Bf
.........,..---------~ 55 Bf
-S8Bf
--S4Bf
- 56 Bf
_ 9 Ef
I
I
- 59 Bf
,
iI 20 Ea
# 13 Pa
,
*
25 Ea
H 14 Pa
JDEa
!
,
I
11 21 Ea
11 26 Ea
I
s1Dix>los util izados:
var. ~
var. hirsuta +
var. fastij~ata -
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
var. peruviana *
var. aequatoriana
Figura 2: Continuación
231
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
Erecto
JJ
],
JL
BONPLANDIA 8 (1-4), 1994
Los patrones electroforéticos de las muestras
mostraron bandas constantes, que se indicaron
con letras de la l/A" hasta la ,íH", Y bandas
inconstantes que estuvieron ausentes en una o
más muestras, que se numeraron de 1 hasta 27
(Fig. 1). A estas últimas bandas se las codificó con
el valor de 1 (uno) a la presencia y O(cero) a la
ausencia. Con los valores resultantes de la codificación de cada una de las muestras se construyó
una matriz de datos (Tabla 2).
Lo más destacable del análisis de la Tabla 2,
fue que las muestras de las variedades de la
subespecie hypogaea presentaron, en general,
mayor número de bandas que las muestras de
las variedades de la subespecie fastigiata.
Como resultado del análisis numérico de los
datos de la Tabla 2 se construyó un fenograma
(Fig. 2). En el mismo se observaron las siguientes relaciones:
1- La separación entre las dos subespecies es
neta, sin excepciones: Bloque 1, subsp. hypogaea
y Bloque 2, subsp. fastigiata.
2- En la subespecie hypogaea los grupos A, E,
F, G, YH están constituidos por la gran mayoría del material procedente de Bolivia (52
muestras) y sólo uno de Perú. Los grupos restantes, B, C y D, son heterogéneos en cuanto a
la procedencia pues incluyen 2 de Bolivia, 5 de
Perú y 10 de Ecuador. Las dos únicas muestras
de la var. hirsuta se ubican en el grupo C, el que
está constituido por 4 muestras de Ecuador.
3- En cuanto al porte hay algunas relaciones
interesantes. El grupo H está constituido por
cojines grandes, donde las plantas puede llegar hasta 1,50 m de diámetro y 1 m de altura,
como es el caso del Sara Maní.
El grupo F está formado por plantas rastreras y por cojines grandes.
El grupo G comprende en su mayoría plantas semierectas, de granos overos (9 muestras),
salvo las muestras 4 (Crema) que es rastrera y
la 42 (Cojín valluno), que es un cojín grande.
El grupo E abarca plantas semierectas (7
muestras), cojines grandes (3 muestras) y una
rastrera.
El grupo A se parece al F, al estar compuesto por razas rastreras de gran desarrollo y por
cojines grandes.
Los grupos B, C y D comprenden principalmente plantas rastreras y cojines bajos pocos
desarrollados, que en muchos casos son difícilmente separables de los rastreros.
4- En la subsp. fastigíata las variedades tienden a agruparse. Los grupos K y J están constituidos exclusivamente por la varo fastigiata (13
muestras). El grupo L está formado solamente
por la var. aequatoriana (7 muestras). El grupo 1
es heterogéneo pues está constituido por todas
las procedencias de la var. peruviana (23 muestras), por 9 muestras de la var.fastigiata y por 2
de la varo aequatoriana.
Es interesante consignar que las n1uestras
de la varo fastigiata de Bolivia se presentan eh
dos conjuntos. El primero ubicado en los grupos K procede del sur de Bolivia (Cartucho) y
de la zona de influencia de Santa Cruz de la
Sierra. El segundo, incluido en el grupo 1, está
constituido por las muestras 60, 61, 62 Y 63,
todas provenientes de Rurrenabaque, sobre el
río Beni. De la misma localidad proviene la
única muestra boliviana analizada de la val'.
peruviana, que está ubicada n1uy cerca de este
segundo conjunto.
Conclusiones
El estudio por electroforesis de las proteínas
de la harina presenta importantes diferencias
entre las muestras de A. hypogaea, estudiadas
en este trabajo.
Dichas diferencias permiten distinguir las
subespecies del maní. Estos resultados
quimiotaxonómicos concuerdan con los criterios botánicos utilizados para esta categoría de
la clasificación infraespecífica de A. hypogaea.
Además surge una regionalización de las razas
locales. Las razas de la subsp. hypogaea de Bolivia tienden a separarse de las de los otros países andinos, mientras las de la subsp. fas tigiata
manifiestan una inclinación a agruparse. En
cambio la separación entre ellnaterial peruano
y el ecuatoriano no es tan clara, excepto para la
varo aequatoriana.
Agradecimientos
Al INTA de Manfredi por la provisión de las
muestras, y al CONICET, CONICOR y CEPROCOR
por los subsidios que financiaron este trabajo.
232
N. R. Grosso, A. Krapovickas, J. R. Pietrarelli y C. A. Guzman, Proteínas maní
Bibliografia
CHERRY, J. P. 1974. Electrophoretic observations on protein
changes and variability during development of the
peanut. J. Agrie. Food Chem. 22(4): 723-724.
CRISCI, J. V. y M. F. LOPEZ ARMENGOL. 1983. Introducción a la Teoría y Práctica de la Taxonomía Numérica. Secretaría General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos. Programa Regional del Désarrol1o
Científico y Tecnológico. Monografía 26. Washington,
D. C.
DAWSON, R. and A. D. McINTOSH. 1973. Varietal and
enviromental differences in the proteins of the
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J. Sci. Food Agric. 24:
597-609.
GONZALEZ, R. D. Y C. A. GUZMAN. 1982. Composición
proteínica de semillas de las cultivares de maní de la
Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina). 'I''tov 42(2): 179-183.
GROSSO, N. R, C. A. GUZMAN y J. R PIETRARELLI. 1988.
Separación electroforética de proteínas en 65 poblaciones de maní (A rachis hypogaea L.) de origenboliviano. Su
relación Taxonómica. Revista Agropecuaria de
Manfredi y Marcos Juarez 4: 5-15.
KRAPOVICKAS, A y W. C. GREGORY. 1994. Taxonomía
del género Arachis (Leguminosae). Bonplandia 8:1-186.
NEUCERE, N. J. 1969. Isolation of a-arachin, the major
peanut globulin. Anal. Biochem. 27: 15-24.
TOMBS, M. P. 1965. An electrophoretic investigation of
groundnut proteins. The structure of arachins A & B.
Biochem.J. 96: 119-133.
WEBER K. and M. OSBORN. 1969. The reliability of
molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate'polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Biól. Chem. 244:
233
4406-4412.
| 23,504 |
https://github.com/josephpalbanese/tipCalc/blob/master/tip/ViewController.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
tipCalc
|
josephpalbanese
|
Swift
|
Code
| 549 | 2,276 |
//
// ViewController.swift
// tip
//
// Created by Joseph Perri Albanese on 4/29/16.
// Copyright © 2016 jpa. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
class ViewController: UIViewController {
// This removes the status bar
override func prefersStatusBarHidden() -> Bool {
return true
}
// This defines my text labels, text fields and segmented control
@IBOutlet weak var tipLabel: UILabel!
@IBOutlet weak var totalLabel: UILabel!
@IBOutlet weak var billField: UITextField!
@IBOutlet weak var tipControl: UISegmentedControl!
@IBOutlet weak var billInput: UITextField!
@IBOutlet weak var billVIew: UIView!
@IBOutlet weak var tipTotalView: UIView!
@IBOutlet weak var tipPercentageView: UIView!
@IBOutlet weak var lightSwitch: UIButton!
@IBOutlet weak var moneyLabel: UILabel!
@IBOutlet weak var tipSeperator: UIView!
@IBOutlet weak var totalSeperator: UIView!
@IBOutlet weak var totalTitle: UILabel!
@IBOutlet weak var tipPercentageSeperator: UIView!
@IBOutlet weak var tipTitle: UILabel!
@IBOutlet weak var darkSwitch: UIButton!
@IBOutlet weak var backgroundLight: UIView!
// This is my animation code for my views
@IBAction func inputStart(sender: AnyObject) {
UIView.animateWithDuration(1.0, delay: 0.0, usingSpringWithDamping: 1.0, initialSpringVelocity: 12.0, options: UIViewAnimationOptions.CurveEaseInOut, animations: ({
self.billVIew.frame.origin = CGPoint(x:0, y: 20)
self.tipTotalView.frame.origin = CGPoint(x: 0, y:160)
self.tipPercentageView.frame.origin = CGPoint(x: 0, y: 256)
}), completion: nil)
}
// This is the action that colors my ui Light
@IBAction func lightAction(sender: AnyObject) {
lightSwitch.enabled = false
darkSwitch.enabled = true
UIView.animateWithDuration(1.0, delay: 0.0, usingSpringWithDamping: 1.0, initialSpringVelocity: 12.0, options: UIViewAnimationOptions.CurveEaseInOut, animations: ({
self.view.backgroundColor = UIColor(red: 1.0, green: 1.0, blue: 1.0, alpha: 1.0)
self.moneyLabel.textColor = UIColor(red:0.10, green:0.11, blue:0.15, alpha:1.00)
self.billField.textColor = UIColor(red:0.10, green:0.11, blue:0.15, alpha:1.00)
self.tipLabel.textColor = UIColor(red:0.10, green:0.11, blue:0.15, alpha:1.00)
self.totalLabel.textColor = UIColor(red:0.10, green:0.11, blue:0.15, alpha:1.00)
self.tipSeperator.backgroundColor = UIColor(red:0.81, green:0.82, blue:0.83, alpha:1.00)
self.totalSeperator.backgroundColor = UIColor(red:0.81, green:0.82, blue:0.83, alpha:1.00)
self.totalTitle.textColor = UIColor(red:0.58, green:0.77, blue:0.45, alpha:1.00)
self.tipPercentageSeperator.backgroundColor = UIColor(red:0.81, green:0.82, blue:0.83, alpha:1.00)
self.tipTitle.textColor = UIColor(red:0.13, green:0.68, blue:0.65, alpha:1.00)
self.tipControl.tintColor = UIColor(red:0.16, green:0.17, blue:0.22, alpha:1.00)
self.lightSwitch.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(0.0 , 0.0)
self.darkSwitch.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.0 , 1.0)
self.billField.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.05, 1.05)
self.tipLabel.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.05, 1.05)
self.totalLabel.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.05, 1.05)
}), completion: nil)
}
@IBAction func darkAction(sender: AnyObject) {
darkSwitch.enabled = false
lightSwitch.enabled = true
UIView.animateWithDuration(1.0, delay: 0.0, usingSpringWithDamping: 1.0, initialSpringVelocity: 12.0, options: UIViewAnimationOptions.CurveEaseInOut, animations: ({
self.view.backgroundColor = UIColor(red:0.12, green:0.12, blue:0.16, alpha:1.00)
self.moneyLabel.textColor = UIColor(red:1.00, green:1.00, blue:1.00, alpha:1.00)
self.billField.textColor = UIColor(red:1.00, green:1.00, blue:1.00, alpha:1.00)
self.tipLabel.textColor = UIColor(red:1.00, green:1.00, blue:1.00, alpha:1.00)
self.totalLabel.textColor = UIColor(red:1.00, green:1.00, blue:1.00, alpha:1.00)
self.tipSeperator.backgroundColor = UIColor(red:1.00, green:1.00, blue:1.00, alpha:1.00)
self.totalSeperator.backgroundColor = UIColor(red:1.00, green:1.00, blue:1.00, alpha:1.00)
self.totalTitle.textColor = UIColor(red:0.83, green:1.00, blue:0.71, alpha:1.00)
self.tipPercentageSeperator.backgroundColor = UIColor(red:0.81, green:0.82, blue:0.83, alpha:1.00)
self.tipTitle.textColor = UIColor(red:0.13, green:0.68, blue:0.65, alpha:1.00)
self.tipControl.tintColor = UIColor(red:1.00, green:1.00, blue:1.00, alpha:1.00)
self.darkSwitch.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(0.0 , 0.0)
self.lightSwitch.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.0 , 1.0)
self.billField.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.0, 1.0)
self.tipLabel.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.0, 1.0)
self.totalLabel.transform = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.0, 1.0)
}), completion: nil)
}
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
// Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
}
override func didReceiveMemoryWarning() {
super.didReceiveMemoryWarning()
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
// This returns all my views to their original states.
@IBAction func onTap(sender: AnyObject) {
view.endEditing(true)
UIView.animateWithDuration(0.8, delay: 0.0, usingSpringWithDamping: 1.0, initialSpringVelocity: 12.0, options: UIViewAnimationOptions.CurveEaseInOut, animations: ({
self.billVIew.frame.origin = CGPoint(x:0, y: 56)
self.tipTotalView.frame.origin = CGPoint(x: 0, y:256)
self.tipPercentageView.frame.origin = CGPoint(x: 0, y: 422)
}), completion: nil)
}
@IBAction func calculateTip(sender: AnyObject) {
let tipPercentages = [0.18, 0.2, 0.22]
let bill = Double(billField.text!) ?? 0
let tip = bill * tipPercentages[tipControl.selectedSegmentIndex]
let total = bill + tip
tipLabel.text = String(format: "$%.2f", tip)
totalLabel.text = String(format: "$%.2f", total)
}
}
| 19,436 |
bpt6k3706927w_1
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 11,374 | 18,871 |
SIXIÈME ANNEE, N° 1951 ABONNEMENTS> an 6 mois 3 mois Paris.... 36 f. 19 f. 10 f. Province. 38 I'. 20 f. 11 f. Etranger. 68 1. 35 f. 18 f.LA PUBLICITÉ EST REÇUE 25, Bd des Italiens, PARIS (2*)téléphone mut. 23-06et LOUVRf 29-5bLAVENIR 10 Centime* ..depams».TOUTES LES INFORMATIONS EN TOUTE INDÉPENDANCE( LUNDI 16 JUILLET 1923 RÉDACTION, ADMINISTRATION 1, Rue des Italiens PARIS (£€)1 éléphante : GUTENBERG: 57-24-Après 21 heures GUTENBERG : 54-55 Adresse lélcgr. PARAVENIRLouis GarnieAu lycée Michelet, où je Ils mes éludes, il y avait un homme très jeune et très petit qui, le dimanche, tenait l’orgue i de la chapelle. Il avait parmi nous une réputation légendaire. On racontait qu’après avoir accompagné les cantiques à la gloire du Très-Haut et après avoir ingénieusement improvisé sur des thèmes religieux, il composait des chansons de café-concert, des danses, des opérettes. C'était le personnage de Main'selle Mifouehe, — Floridor. — CéJeslin. Mais notre internat n'était pas un rongent et ce monsieur pouvait poursuivre sa double carrière sans blesser la pudeur du proviseur et en conservant la sympathie îles aumôniers, qui furent toujours îles prêtres d'esprit tolérant et, Nie haute culture, lieux d'entre eux né furent-ils pas élevés à l'épiscopat ?Ce personnage attirant et mystérieux,! «•'était Louis Ganne. Je crois bien qu'il «tonnait aussi des leçons de piano dans res petites cases où professaient des hommes et des femmes pittoresques. 11 y avait un vieillard mince, mince, à la cravate blanche, à la houppelande noire ; il semblait un héros de Dickens et, quand il grimaçait, un type emprunté aux contes d’Hoffmann. Grave, lointain, le maître de chapelle de Saint-Eusfache ne semblait guère se préoccuper de ses élèves : il songeait toujours à l'impeccable exécution du Slabal Mater, qui lui valait une gloire annuelle, le Vendredi Saint, dans le quartier des Halles. 11 y avait des femmes de professeurs : l'une donna le jour à un de nos meilleurs poètes et à un musicien qui tomba trop tôt ; l'autre fut la marraine dévouée d'un savant et délicat critique musical.Comment oublier la maîtresse de piano, à l'élégance démodée, dont le mari dirigeait fièrement, à cheval, notre instruction militaire ? Et cette autre qui récompensait ses élèves en leur donnant deux minuscules pastilles de réglisse ; celui qui en obtint le plus grand nombre. — et à juste titre, — c’est Henry Hirchmann, qui devint l’auteur de la Petite Bohème, après avoir reçu les leçons de Massenet. Et n'oublions pas le cher monsieur Léon, qui mêlait des jeux de mots à ses cours de solfège, M. Léon, qui dirigea l'orchestre de la ComédieFrançaise, et qui écrivit des partitions pour accompagner des spectacles tragiques et pompeux ; mais il imagina aussi des refrains d'une bouffonnerie populaire : n’était-il pas, rue do Richelieu, le successeur d'Olîenbach ?Louis Ganne ne demeura pas longtemps dans ce milieu d'une plaisante fantaisie. 11 connut vite la joie du triomphe quand il écrivit le Père la Victoire. Paulus. — l'illustre Paulus, — était son interprète. Quel silence, quel recueillement dans les salles de café-concert, quand il récitait tout d'abord ce texte :R’o.< Varions surnommé le père la victoire' fieront son. cabaret nous l'écoulions parler! <)r, un jour, en voilant les soldats défiler. Il nous dit tout joijcit.r. en se versant iboire ! |Et la chanson commençait : .4mis, je viens d’avoir cent ans...jeune. 11 appartenait à l’époque où les artistes s'abandonnaient volontiers à l’ivresse de vivre. Il s’installait au piano et il jouait gaîmenl, se dépensait pour amuser des camarades, pour créer de la joie. Quand il était ainsi devant le clavier, nul n’aurait soupçonné qu’il pût diriger avec une sévérité minutieuse son orchestre de Monte-Carlo. 11 exigeait des instrumentistes, des exécutants, un travail précis, nuancé, impeccable. 11 les obligeait a une stricte discipline. Il s'abandonnait même à des accès de colère. Ardent, fougueux, il avait le respect <le son art.Il aimait la beauté, même vivante. H aimait aussi tendrement, son fils. Il fut profondément heureux quand ce jeune homme, revenant du front, eut comme lui, le ruban rouge. 11 avait tremblé pour l’enfant, mais il en était lier. Ne fallait-il pas qu’en toutes ses créations il y eût une étincelle d'héroïsme ? 11 a souffert. H n'est plus. Mais sa musique lui survivra. Elle donnera du cœur aux régiments fatigués. Elle éveille l'enthousiasme de ceux qui regardent passer les troupes et saluent les drapeaux. Et toujours le public sentira le besoin d’acclamer quand un artiste tel que Jean Périer lui lancera la chanson de la Hôte de Pan. Celui-ci, nous pouvons l’affirmer, ne sera pas anéanti par la mort.Nozière.L’AMÉRIQUE SÈCHE Ce qu'on a droit d’alcool à bord des paquebotspour... l’usage médicalNew-York, 15 juillet. — Le département du Trésor, à Washington, a fait connaître les quantités de boissons alcooliques qui seraient tolérées à bord des navires entrant dans les eaux américaines, sous la rubrique « Médicinal prose » (Usage médical).Pour chaque membre de l’équipage, dix-huit bouteilles de vin et huit d'eaudemie ; pour chaque centaine de passagers. quatre bouteilles d’eau-de-vie ou seize bouterons de vin léger ou huit bouteilles de vin fort.Pour nos amis de LondresA propos du 14 juillet, de nombreux discours ont été prononcés.Nos ambassadeurs à l'étranger ont profité de l’occasion pour proclamer une fois de plus les droits de la France et sa résolution d'obtenir justice, une justice que l'on devrait d’autant plus rougir de lui disputer qu’elle l’a elle-même réduite par d’innombrables abandons.Parmi ces discours de nos ambassadeurs, celui de M. de Saint-Aulaire nous semble particulièrement remarquable, et en raison de ce qu’il contient, et en raison du lieu où il a été prononcé.Qui, à l'heure où le cabinet britannique est en train de préparer la note où sera précisée la politique qu’il va proposer aux Alliés à l’égard de l’Allemagne, il nous plaît que le représentant de la France à Londres ait fait entendre les paroles queQuand le refrain s'achevait : Ifiircr, enfants, le vin de mes cent ans !Le public acclamait, criait, ('."était l’ovation, le délire... La foule avait un tel désir d'oublier la défaite : elle aspirait à la gloire. Le mouvement qui emporta le pays vers le général Boulanger. c’éliait ce désir éperdu d'effacer la honte île 1870, celle volonté de relever la fêle. Paulus exprima cet orgueil de la multitude, qui répondait d'autre part aux appels de Paul Déroulède et s’enrôlait dans la Ligue des Patriotes. Louis Garnie semblait né pour imaginer ces airs militaires qui Versent quelque héroïsme au cœur des cita*Ainsi il semblait avoir été prévu par Baudelaire.Rappelons-nous ! Quand nous étions soldais, quand l’étape avait été rude, le moment était venu de reprendre le pas accéléré pour défiler dans une ville. La musique attaquait la Marche Lorraine. Aussitôt les rangs se reformaient, tous les hommes obéissaient à la cadence, la fatigue était oubliée. Nous subissions le pouvoir d'un magicien, d'un animateur : c'était Louis Garnie, le petit Ganne, qui redonnait de la vigueur, de la fierté, à dos milliers et des milliers de jeunes fantassins. 11 fut. pondant des années, le Tyrtée des grandes manoeuvres et, plus lard, sa marche éclata, lumineuse, souveraine dans les provinces délivrées. Ge fut le chant de la France victorieuse el régénérée. La Marche Lorraine, nous l’.-tvons entendue à Strasbourg, à Metz, «jiiaitd les populations libérées criaient I.-ur joie aux soldats, à leurs chefs, à (Georges. Clemenceau, à Raymond Poin-11 créait sans effort le rythme qui entraîne. Sa marche de Phrijné ! combien de défilés, dans les revues et les fantaisies de music-hall, furent régies smr cette marche ! Aux appels des trompettes, de> bataillons de jolies fils, aux costumes somptueux et vaguement antiques, sont venus et viendront encore se former avant de descendre les escaliers «mi mènent à l'avanl-scène ! Et la marche dos enfants dans Hans, le Joueur de Flûte :foire à toi, brave homme ! Mais il ne fut point séduit par les p-,» qui furent enseignés par les EtatsI ibis. par la violence des airs dus aux ncv'’ès. II H'ièle à la tradition française. C'est pourquoi, tout comme Terrasse", il fui un peu oublié en ces dernières années. Comment aurait-il écrit un fox-lrofl populaire quand il avait imaginé cotte mazurka célébré, la tsarine". en hommage à l'impératrice qui n'est plus. Il semble d l,n autre temps.Il n"était pourtant pas très figé et il était demeuré, si longtemps, alerta,— Jamais la France n'a, depuis l'armistice, donné au monde un spectacle plus digne d’elle. Elle n’est pas seulement unie et laborieuse, engagée dans une entreprise d’où dépend son avenir, elle est calme parce qu’elle est forte, patiente parce qu’elle a pris l’habitude de l'être pendant la guerre, dans des conditions plus méritoires qu"aujourd’hui ; elle est aussi modérée parce qu’elle ne sépare jamais sa cause de celle de l'équité : enfin, elle est confiante parce qu'elle se .sent capable de tenir jusqu’au bout avec une froide et inflexible opiniâtreté. En cela, elle dément le diagnostic et rend inutiles les ordonnances de certains docteurs qui méritent doublement ce titre parce qu'ils se trompent souvent et qu’ils sont rarement d’accord entre eux. notre magnifique équilibre leur montre que notre cas ne relève pas, comme ils le proclament. de la pathologie politique, et leur apprend la différence qu’il y a entre avoir du nerf et avoir des nerfs.M. de Saint-Aulaire souligne qu’une telle attitude de notre part ne peut que nous concilier l'estime de l’opinion et que nos amis Anglais, qui sont des sportifs, l'apprécient mieux que quiconque. Nous n’en voulons pas douter.Tout le discours de notre ambassadeur, oui n’est certainement pas en contradiction avec la pensée de notre gouvernement, est fait pour donner de nouveau à entendre à M. Baldwin et à lord Curzon. s’ils en pouvaient encore douter, qu’il est des choses auxquelles la France, pour être agréable' à des alliés qui lui ont déjà beaucoup demandé, ne saurait consentir et ne consentira pas.Et hier, à Sentis, M. Poincaré a énergiquement confirmé ce que M. de SaintAulaire avait dit, la veille, à Londres.Après avoir, dans cette ville où l’Allemagne montra tout ce dont elle est capable en fait de barbarie, rappelé et marqué les étapes de nos déceptions, nos concessions successives, au furet et à mesure que nous allions de conférences en conférences avec nos amis d'Angleterre, après avoir souligné que tous les chefs de gouvernement français, depuis l'armistice, ont été, personnellement, des amis de l’Angleterre, des partisans convaincus de l’F.ntente. de la collaboration franco-britannique, mais qu'il est aux complaisances amicales des limites nécessaires, M. Poincaré a conclu que la France, dans l’intérêt de l'Europe comme dans son propre intérêt, est dans l'obligation de maintenir et maintiendra le respect des traités, à commencer par le traité de Versailles.— Les faveurs accordées à la pins puissante des nations vaincues, a dit le président du Conseil, sciaient fatalement réclamées par les plus faibles. Par la brèche qii’ah ouvrirait passeraient vite d'autres propositions, qui remettraient en question tout le règlement de la paix, détruiraient le nouveau statut de l'Europe centrale et menaceraient nos amis de Tchéco-Slovaquie. de Roumanie, de Yougoslavie. Loin de faciliter la reconstitution ’ continentale, l'oubli des paroles échangées entraînerait donc, à. brève échéance, le désordre et le chaos. La France, en défendant ses droits, défend ceux de tous scs alliés. En maintenant les conditions de la paix, elle maintient la paix elle-même et travaille pour l’humanité.Le discours de Londres et le discours de Senlis se font écho et se complètent. Il est. impossible qu’on ne les ait pas entendus au Foreign Office.Inaugurant, à Senlis, un monument commémoratif, M. Poincaré répond, dans son discours,aux déclarations de M. BaldwinDAMS LA RUHR La résistance11 active ’’A coups de fusil ou de grenades, plusieurs postes françaisont été attaquésA PROPOS DE...LA BASTILLEII. Ceux qui la prirent“ Nous savons que nos alliés sont aussi honnêtes que nous, — dit le Président du Conseil, — et c’est pourquoi nous sommes assurés qu’ils finiront par nous donner raison.Senlis. 15 juillet. — La ville de Senlis a inauguré aujourd'hui solennellement. le monument, quelle a élevé à la mémoire de ses morts.J.e président du Conseil avait tenu à présider celte cérémonie évocatrice des premières heures sombres de la guerre, alors que les Allemands, dévalant vers Paris, qu'ils croyaient atteindre, accomplissaient ici leurs gestes habituels de destruction, faisant de ce coin de File de France un lieu de désolation, abattant enfin le vénérable maire de la ville. M. Odent, qui s'était offert en holocauste aux bourreaux pour sauver ses concitoyens.Répondant à l'allocution du maire de Senlis. M. Poincaré a rappelé l'horreur des forfaits allemands dont la trace, dans nos régions dévastées, demeure ineffaçable. On voudrait ne plus songer à ces crimes et c’est l'Allemagne elle-même qui, par son attitude, ne cesse de réveiller notre mémoire.On nous accuse d’impérialisme La France, qui a tant fait pour la victoire, a perdu plus d’hommes que ses alliés. De la guerre, elle est 'sortie la plus éprouvée. Qu'a-t-elle demandé comme prix de ses sacrifices et comme rançon de ses souffrances ?Des compensations territoriales ? Nullement. Nous avons simplement recouvré ce que le traité de Francfort nous avait arraché par la force. On ne nous a même pas restitué l'Alsace dans ses limites traditionnelles, telles qu'elles existaient en 1814. Nous nous sommes, de bonne grâce, déclarés satisfaits, parce qu’effectivement, nous n’avions jamais rêve de conquêtes et parce que le temps nous semblaient passé des annexions faites contre la volonté des populations. Comment nous a-t-on récompensés de notre sagesse et de notre modération ? A peine les signatures apposées par les plénipotentiaires au bas du traité de Versailles étaient-elles sèches que des chœurs organisés par l’Allemagne se sont mis à entonner un peu partout, le même chant : « France belliqueuse, France militarisée, France impérialiste ». Pour bruyantes que soient ces accusations, elles se briseront contre la vérité. Nous ne convoitons aucune parcelle de sol étranger. Nous voulons seulement qu’un traité signé par vingtliait nations ne soit pas. après quatre ans écoulés, considéré comme un fossile antédiluvien. bon à montrer, dans les musées archéologiques, à quelques visiteurs étonnés.La France n’a fait que des concessionsIl paraît que c’est, trop demander et. lorsque nous formulons discrètement cette exigence, certains de nos amis s’écrient : « Vous n'y pensez pas ! Tout cela c’est de l’histoire ancienne. L’Europ entière est tombée malade. Il faut d’abord la reconstituer, et pour la reconstituer, il faut, avant tout, empêcher l’Allemagne de s’effondrer. Faites donc des concessions dans l’intérêt commun. *Des concessions Messieurs,, depuis la paix, la France n’a cessé d’en faire. C’est une indignité de la représenter comme égoïste, repliée sur elle-même et indifférente au salut de l'Europe. Elle n'a rien perdu de sa générosité native, de sa vieille foi en l’idéal, de son amour désintéressé de l’humanité. Elle n’ignore pas que, dans la complexité de la vie moderne, aucune nation ne saurait être complètement isolée des autres. J’ajoute enfin qu'elle n’a aucun désir de voir s'effondrer l’Allemagne, d’abord parce qu’une créancière n souhaite pas la déconfiture de son débiteur, même lorsque ce débiteur est, comme l’Allemagne, en mesure de se relever rapidement : ensuite parce qu’il n’est pas français de s’acharner sur un ennemi vaincu.« Pourquoi donc avons-nous dit que nous étions au bout des concessions ? C’est que, jusqu'ici, nous en avons fait tous les frais. »Nous avons dû prendre des gages M. Poincaré constate alors que, tant pour nos réparations que pour notre sécurité. nous avons été toujours assez mal traités. Dans chacune des négociations interalliées, nous avons sacrifié un peu de nos droits. Finalement. nous avons dû prendre des gages.Le président, de la République, accompagné du général Lasson. de l'amiral Duc, des colonels Nognès et. Denaiin, de sa maison militaire, a décoré do la Croix de guerre, hier matin, dans la cour d'honneur des Invalides, les deux drapeaux do l’aviation et. de l’arrestation, puis M. Millerand a réunis des drapeaux aux colonels de treize régiments d'aviation, et. de deux régiments d’arrestation.En procédant à celte remise, le président de la Hpublique a dit :L’aviation, l’arrestation n’avaient jusqu'à ce jour que ces deux drapeaux. L’un et l'autre enferment dans leurs plis l’histoire glorieuse, des prouesses héroïques qui les ont illustres.La croix de la Légion d’honneur leur était duo Elle honore la mémoire des chevaliers de l’air entrés dans la légende avec le nom de Guy ne mer.La reconnaissance et l’admiration du pays accompagneront ces étendards sous ia voûte des Invalides.Je vais remettre les drapeaux destinés à leur succéder aux régiments de l’aéronautique appelés à recueillir et à perpétuer les traditions d’une arme née d’hier qu’enrichissent déjà tant d’exemples et de souvenirs.Emblèmes de l’honneur et du devoir, je le»Il n’a pas dépendu de nous que ces mesures nécessaires ne fussent appliquées en commun par tous les alliés. S'il eu avait été ainsi, il y aurait toutes chances pour que l’Allemagne s’inclinât immédiatement. Nous avons dû agir seuls avec le concours positif de la Belgique et avec la collaboration partielle de l'Italie. Au lien de se prêter à l’exploitalion dei gages. l'Allemagne a organisé ia résistance et nous a forcés à accent lier notre pression. Sommes-nous donc responsables du malaise qui en résulte ? Et n’siee pas a ceux qui violent les traités, plutôt qu'à ceux qui en réclament l’observation, qu’on doit demander compte d’evénemems rendus inévitables par la méconnaissance du droit ?Une honnêteté trop rigide ? Si nous n'avions pas pris des gages, l’Allemagne aurait creusé encore davantage son abîme financier et nous aurions les mains vides.Notre résolution nous a été commandée par IJ’interèt vital de la Fiance : elle ne peut ‘donc désobliger des alliés qui veulent, eux aussi, que la France vive, et dont l’intérêt d’ailleurs, à le considérer d’un lieu haut, ne se distingue pas du nôtre. Je crois pouvoir nie latter Messieurs, d’avoir toujours été un fidèle partisan de» l’alliance franco-britannique. Nul ne serait donc plus affligé que moi si une ombre„même légère, pouvait momentanément obscurcir une amitié à laquelle j’ai conscience d’avoir utilement travaille. Mais celte amitié, je l'ai toujours conçue comme laissant aux deux peuples leur indépendance d’opinion et leur franchise de langage, comme destinée à concilier leurs intérêts et non pas à les subordonner les uns aux autres, comme trouvant son meilleur support dans un effort constant de compréhension réciproque et dans un respect mutuel de l’égalité. Je ne puis croire que ce soit là, pour reprendre l’expression d’un très distingué publiciste anglais, faire preuve d’une honnêteté trop rigide. L’honnêteté n’a pas besoin d’épithètes ; elle se suffit à elle-même. Nous savons que nos alliés sont aussi honnêtes que nous, et c’est pourquoi nous sommes assurés, qu’à la réflexion, et devant l'évidence des faits, ils finiront par nous donner raison.Veiller à l'exécution des traités et au respect. de la foi jurée, ce n’est pas seulement, d’ailleurs, affaire d’honnêteté. C’est affaire de sagesse et de prudence. Au lendemain d'une guerre universelle, qui a eu sa répercussion dans toutes les parties du monde, et, qui ne s’est terminée que par l’élaboration pénible de toute une série de traités, ébranler un de ces actes diplomatiques, ce serait, par avance, ébranler tous les autres. Par la brèche qu’on ouvrirait passeraient vite d'autres propositions, qui remettraient en question tout, le règlement, de la paix. Loin de faciliter la reconstitution continentale, l’oubli des paroles échangées entraînerait donc, à brève échéance, le désordre et le chaos. La France, en défendant ses droits, défend ceux de tous ses alliés. En maintenant les conditions de la paix, elle maintient la paix elle-même et travaille pour l’humanité.Après la cérémonie, M. Poincaré a quitté Senlis et est rentré à Paris, à 17 h. 20.Le Bey de Tunis visite les chantiers de constructionde la Mosquée de Paris Dans la matinée d’hier, le bey de Tunis n’a pas quitté ses appariements de l’hôtel Grillon.Le programme de la journée ne comportait. en effet, qu’une sortie du souverain : la visite à la mosquée de Paris, actuellement en construction, à l'intention des musulmans en résidence ou de passage à Paris.Cette visite a eu lieu à la fin de l'aprèsmidi. S. A. Mohamed el Habib, qui avait exprimé le vif intérêt qu’il attachait à cette visite, s’est retiré eu exprimant $a satisfaction.S. A. Mohamed el Habib, accompagné de M. Saint, avait assisté, dans la soirée du 14 juillet au feu d'artifice tiré sur le PontNeuf.confie en toute quiétude à la garde de nos aérostiers et de nos aviateurs : ils sauront se montrer dignes de leurs aînés.En remettant ensuite le drapeau au commandant de l'Ecole navale, le président de ia République a prononcé ces mots :L'Ecole navale I Ce nom sonne comme tin appel de clairon à l’oreille des patriotes fiers de ia pari que la marine française est fondée à revendiquer dans le patrimoine de nos gloires nationales.De ses rangs sont sortis depuis un siècle ministres de la marine, commandants d’escadre. administrateurs de nos colonies, explorateurs, sans parler de ce dont lui sont redevables la science et les lettres françaises.Longue cl. tristement glorieuse est la liste de ses anciens élèves tonrin's pour la France dans de nombreuses expéditions lointaines et au cours de ia grande guerre.L’Ecole navale portera avec honneur le drapeau que je suis fier de lui remettre. Sous ses plis, fidèle à d’illustres traditions, elle continuera de former pour la France et pour la marine de bons serviteurs et des chefs glorieux.Avant de quitter l lite dos Invalides, M. Millerand a remis tin drapeau à l’Association des anciens combattants et mutilés d’Alsace.La résistance que M. Cuno se plaît à qualifier « passive ». continue dans la Ruhr : Hier matin, entre 2 et 3 heures, un poste bouclage, a été attaqué au pont de la route de Westhofen. Le poste a reçu une quinzaine de coups de. l'eu et a riposté par des coups de fusils et trois rafales de mitrailleuse. Il n’y a pas eu de blessés.Le réseau de fil de fer a été cisaillé et on a retrouvé trois grenades à main non lancées, ainsi qu'un pétard de modèle allemand.A Weimar, dans la nuit du 11 au 15 juillet. une bombe a été lancée sur un hangar abritant des fourgons militaires. On pense quo l’attentif, était dirigé sur le dej.ùt d’essence voisin. Des dégels insignifiants ont été causés au toit du hangar. Trente arrestations ont été opérées.A la suite des attentats de Westhofen et de Weimar, la circulation des tramways a élé interrompue dans les zones des divisions où se sont produits ces attentats.Dans la région de Remscheid. de nouveaux coups de feu ont été échangés, le 13 juillet, à 18 heures, entre des contrebandiers allemands et des douaniers, appuyés d’une patrouille d’infanterie. Il n’y u pas eu de blessés.Un stock important de marchandises a été saisi. 19 individus ont été faits prisonniers et seront déférés aux tribunaux militaires.La circulation a été interdite à titre de sanction.La pluie apporte à Parisun peu de fraîcheurLe ciel a pris enfin en pitié les Parisiens victimes d’une canicule aussi brusque qu’excessive. Vers trois heures, hier matin, il ouvrit, enfin ses écluses largement, versant une pluie abondante et drue sur la ville. Les derniers danseurs attardés dans les bals de carrefours durent fuir, tandis que. les éclairs faisaient pâlir les dernières clartés des lanternes vénitiennes.Paris reçut les averses avec joie. C’était enfin un peu de fraîcheur.Elles continuèrent de tomber, ces averses, durant toute la matinée et même pendant le début de l’après-midi, faisant descendre le thermomètre des altitudes où il se tenait avec entêtement depuis plusieurs jours.Pourtant la température demeura orageuse et pénible... Dans les quartiers, les réjouissances n’en continuèrent pas moins. Un terrible orage éclate sur BordeauxBordeaux, 15. juillet. — Un orage d’une extrême violence s’est abattu, hier soir, sur Bordeaux et la région, et a duré une grande partie de la nuit. La pluie s’est mise à tomber à torrents, mêlée, par instants, de grêlons d» la grosseur d’une noix. La foudre a occasionné plusieurs courtscircuits. La ville n’a pu être illuminée et tous les préparatifs qui avaient été faits dans les quartiers en vue du 14 juillet, ont été détruits par la tempête. Ce matin, les correspondants signalent d’importants dégâts causés aux récoltes sur différents points du département.Ils ont chaud aussi à BerlinBerlin, 15 juillet. •— La chaleur est toujours considérable. A Berlin, hier, le thermomètre marquait 33” à l’ombre.RECORDS!Un jacter siffle pendant 10 heures 14 minutes Toulon-sur-Mer. 15 juillet. — Un facteur de Touves (Var), M. Théodore Jiarbarroté, a battu le record du sifflet, que détenait M. Reynier, industriel à Trans avec 10 h. 1 m. ; M. Barbarroux a sifflé pendant 10 h. 14 m. 8 s. Il ne s’est arrêté qu’à trois reprises, pendant, quelques secondes, pour se désaltérer avec de la bière. Le nouveau recordant a terminé par l’air de la Madelon, au milieu dés applaudissements.Un aubergiste qui a 1 mètre 75de tour de taille Budapest, 15 juillet. — Le royaume des Serbes-Croates-Slovènes peut se vanter de posséder l’homme le plus gros du monde. C’est un aubergiste de la ville de Zaitchar, s’appelant Liouba Lalovitehoyitch. et qui pèse deux cent cinquante kilos. Son corps mesure 1 m. 75 de circonférence, et il faut 5 mètres d’étoffe pour lui faire un complet.UN DRAME DE LA JALOUSIEdans un bal. à Montmartre La nuit dernière, dans un bal de quartier. à l’angle des rues Lepic et Tholozé, tandis que, vers une heure, les danseurs s’en donnaient à cœur joie, soudain, deux coups de revolver éclatèrent.Ce fut la panique. Un homme s’était écroulé sur le pavé. Un autre, un revolver à la main, se tenait près de lui. sans chercher à fuir..Un drame de l'ivresse et de la jalousie venait d'avoir lieu.Louis Russo. 48 ans, sujet italien, cordonnier rue Lepic, marié et père de famille, après de" copieuses libations, était venu dans ce bal de quartier. H y avait rencontré son voisin, Léon Lauffy, 27 ans.A tort ou à raison, le cordonnier soupçonnait ce dernier d’intrigues amoureuses auprès de sa femme. Il voulut lui demander des explications. Son rival refusa de lui répondre.— C'est bon, dit. le cordonnier. Tu ne crâneras pas longtemps !Et. tout on prenant au collet, son adversaire, il tira de sa poche un brownien et fit feu. La victime, grièvement atteinte, tomba à la renverse. Transporté à l’hôpital Lariboisière, ie malheureux est dans un état désespéré.Russo, immédiatement arrêté, a été conduit au commissariat de police du quartier Qlignancourt où M. Pillot lui a fait subir un premier interrogatoire avant de l’envoyer au Dépôt.ül. n épisode de 1a prise de la Bastille. Le gouverneur de Launay est fuit, prisonnier.(Fragment d’un tableau du musée de Versa il les;.Sans doute parce que sa masse austère, ses huit tours crénelés et ses cache: symbolisaient le despotisme du pouvoir aube; sol., la Bastille était vouée à une prochaine démolition, quand vint le 14 juillet 1789. Dans de nombreux cahiers du tiersétat. dans ceux de Paris, de Dreux, de Monlfort-l'Amaury. notamment, la suppression de la prison était formeillenient réclamée. (Labedollière). Sur son emplacement, on devait élever, soit une statue de Louis XVI, soit « une colonne d'une construction noble et simple, avec cette inscription : A Louis XVI. restaurateur de la Liberté publique. » Les événements marchèrent plus vite qu'on ne l’avait prévu.La. Bastille avait pour gouverneur Bernard-René Jourdan, marquis de Launay. Il avait la réputation d’un homme dur et rapace. A tous les ordres qu’il recevait, fussent-ils injustes, cruels, iniques, il obéissait, sachant, quand on le lui demandait, faire disparaître avec discrétion des prisonniers, écroués sans jugement, parce qu’ils n avaient point commis d’autre crirn que celui de déplaire...De Launay commandait à une garnison composée de 82 invalides, 2 canonniers de la compagnie de Monsiguy et 32 Suisses du régiment de Salis-Chamade. sous les ordres du lieutenant de Fine. Les munitions étaient abondantes : 400 biscaïens, 14 coffres de boulets, 1.500 cartouches et 200 barils de poudre. Sur les plates-formes des tours, il y avait 15 pièces de canon et 3 pour la défense du pont-levis. Sur le rempart, étaient placés 6 fusils « portant chacun une livre et demie de mitraille et désignés sous le nom d’aimeseules du comte de Saxe. » Enfin, tout en haut des tours, et prêts à être lancés sur les assaillants, on avait monté « six charretées de pavés... de vieux boulets et. de vieilles ferrailles. »Paris, depuis deux jours déjà, était parcouru de bandes tumultueuses, au sein desquelles la gravité des nouvelles vraies ou fausses s’amplifiait d’heure en heure, quand se leva l’aube du 14 juillet. L'avantveille, des dragons avaient dégagé le Palais-Royal ; le peuple appréhendait, de nouvelles interventions de troupes choisies hors de la garnison parisienne. Des bruits circulaient, sinistres : des régiments étaient déjà dans les faubourgs. Et l’on racontait qu’une dépêche du baron de Bésandal au gouverneur de la Bastille avait été interceptée qui disait. : « Tenez bon contre le peuple ; je saurai vous en débarrasser. » Ceux qui venaient de Versailles affirmaient que le roi allait dissoudre l’assemblée des Etats généraux.Toutes ces informations colportées, commentées et grossies augmentèrent, la fièvre populaire. Le peuple était dans la rue; il il s’y occupa à dépaver les chaussées pour creuser des tranchées et construire des barricades. La veille, le dépôt d’armés dos Invalides avait été pillé. Ce jour-là. dos groupes marchèrent sur la Bastille pour y chercher des fusils, des sabres et des piques. Ils ne songeaient point à prendre la forteresse ; ils n’en voulaient qu’à son arsenal et espéraient qu’on le leur livre-II était midi, quant une bande désarmée se présenta devant le pont-levis :— Laissez-nous entrer : Donnez-nous dos armes et des munitions !Le pont-levis s’abaisse, leur livrant passage et se relève aussitôt derrière eux. Dans la cour, d’où ils ne peuvent fuir, une fusillade les accueille. Un ancien soldat, du régiment du Dauphin. Tournay. se hisse sur le toit du corps de garde et abat à coups de hache les supports du pont-levis qui tombe. Los valides emperlant leurs blessés, battent on retraite. Ils gagnent la nie Sainf-Anloine. crient à la trahison. Autour d’eux, la foule s’amasse et. celte fois, pour de bon. le siège de la Bastille va commencer.A 2 heures, c'est la fusillade quand arrive une délégation du comité de ia milice parisienne, qui vient demander à de Launay de recevoir des troupes do celte milice qui garderont la forteresse de concert, avec sa garnison. Malgré leurs mouchoirs blancs, les délégués sont reçus à coups do fusils.Une autre députation municipale chargée « de sommer le gouverneur de cesser toute hostilité et de recevoir les défenseurs de la ville, à ia garde et dans l’intérieur de la forteresse » a le même accueil;Prises on ne sait où. traînées par la foule, trois voitures chargées do paille sont amenées dans la cour du Gouvernement contre les murs de F-hôfol de de Launay et l'on y met le fou. L’incendie gagne. Et puis voici qu’arrivent des renforts d’as«iégeanlsrtm détachement de grenadiers de Rifi’eville, des fusiliers de Lubersac,des bourgeois armés, sous les ordres d’un ancien officier. Des gardes françaises mettentHier matin, aux Invalides, le Président de la République remit des drapeaux à 13 régiments d’aviation ■ L’AVENIR—*■ 1G-7-23d&NOTES D’ART La Verrerie au Musée Galliéra -Le Verre FiléL'Homme eu babil verteu huileriez un mortier el quatre pièces de candi*Déjà. leinvalides de la garnison sont tout disposées à se rendre ; niais les Suisses continuent d'entretenir la fusillade. La filiation es! grave.De Launay la juge ainsi et se prépare n foire sauter la forteresse. Deux sousoflieieis. Ferrand et Bécard. l'empêchent, «l'approcher du dépôt des poudres. C’est la lin. La garnison est lasse de se battre contre dos assaillante sans cesse pins nombreux. Le drapeau blanc c-t arboré sur Ja tour de la Bazinière.Par un créneau du mur, le lieutenant de Fine agile une lettre. Sur une planche jetée en travers du fossé, Réoles. mercier.' s'avance et reçoit le pli qu’il remet à un ancien officier nommé Elie. C’est la capitulation.Il est. cinq heures trois quarts. Le pontlevais intérieur s'abaisse et. le garde française Arné pénètre le premier dans la place. On fraternise avec L' garnison, on s’embrasse, on chante... Mais, du haut d'une tour, dos Suisses enragés tiren’ entore des coups de fusil. Alors, la foule qui se précipite, aveuglée par la fureur, croyant à une nouvelle trahison, se rue Fur le> invalides et les sabre. Jbvcard — celui-là. même qui empêcha le gouverneur de faire sauter la forteresse — et son camarade A-selin sont entraînés jusqu'à la place de Grève et pendus sur le champ.«** Le peuple a envahi la forteresse. Il a ouvert les cachots. Sept prisonniers y étaient enfermés : Whyte. un Irlandais ; le comte de Solanges. d'Albi ; quatre faussaires et un vieillard, Tavernier, fils naturel de Pâris-Duvernoy, ancien chef de brigands, après avoir été fournisseur aux armées, et. qui était, enfermé à la Bastille depuis 1751. On les libère tous.Le gouverneur de Launay a été, lui aussi, découvert. Il a voulu se percer de son épée quand il s’est vu reconnu, mais il à été désarmé et. en cortège, on l’emmène à l’Hôtel de Ville. Elie, qui accepta la capitulation, est porté en triomphe ; il tient les clefs de la forteresse.Le gonio française Arné, un nommé Hulin et l’Epine, un clerc de procureur, entourent de Launay et le <l'fendent contre la foule menaçante. Mais bientôt on les frappe pour atteindre leur prisonnier; blessés, ils doivent s’arrêter. C’en est fait «h. gouverneur. Il tombe, on le tue. et sa tète seule arrivera à i hôtel de Ville, au bout d'une pique.Tard dans la nuit. Louis XVI, à qui l’on avait caché ci' qui se passait à Paris, fut informé de la prise do la Bastille par le duc de Liancourt.— Mais c'est une révolte ? interroget-il.— Non, sire, c’est une révolution. Deux jours plus lard, le comité permanent siégeant à l'IIôtel de Ville votait la démolition de la vieille forteresse. Les travaux en furent confiés à un certain Palloi. qui devait être, peu avant le 9 thermidor, condamné comme dilapidateur «lu trésor publie. Mille ouvriers furent embauchés et. sur la place «le la Bastille niveli’c. pour l:i première fois, le 1 i juillet 179?, L' peuple de Paris dansa.Pierre Figerou A L’ÉLYSÉELe président do la République a reçu, è la tin de l'après-midi d'hier. M. Benès, qui lui a remis les insignes de grand croix de l’ordre du Lion Blanc, et avec lequel il a eu un long entretien.M. Millerand a également donné audience à M. Vintila Bratanio, ministre des Finances do Roumanie.Il séquestrait et brutalisait sa femme depuis quatre moisLvon, 15 juillet. — Depuis plusieurs semaines, les habitants d'un immeuble de la rue Neuve étaient fortement intrigués par des cris affreux qui partaient de temps à autre *de l’appartement occupé par un ouvrier teinturier nommé Gemanaz. Lorsqu'ils interrogeaient leur voisin, celui-ci leur répondait invariablement : « Ma femme souffre de violentes crises de rhumatisme, mais je fais ce qu’il faut pour la soigner ».Il y avait quatre mois que durait cet "état "de choses et que personne n’avait vu sortir Mme Gemanaz de chez elle.Pendant l’absence du mari, alors que les cris effrayantse faisaient entendre à nouveau, la concierge do la maison prit sur elle d'aller voir ce qui se passait.Lorsqu’elle pénétra dans l’appartement de l'ouvrier teinturier, un spectacle épouvantable s'offrit à ses yeux. Une saleté repoussante régnait dans le logis et au milieu d’un inconcevable désordre, Mme Gemanaz gisait, dépouillée de tous ses vêtements. Son corps, d’une effrayante maigreur. fiait couvert do traces de coups.Interrogée, la malheureuse, qui est âgée de 34 ans, ne put prononcer une seule parole. Un docteur, que l’on s’en fut chercher aussitôt, constata que Mme Gemanaz avait dû, pendant de longs mois, être rouée de coups et privée de soins et de nourriture.•La pauvre femme a été transportée à l'Hôtel-Dieu dans un état d’extrême faiblesse.I ÉCHOS |Les ordres tunisiens. Le Nichan-Iftikhar n’est pas, comme on le croit généralement, le seul ordre qui existe en Tunisie.Le Bey en a trois à sa disposition pour distinguer les personnes qu'il entend h-Le Nichan-Iftikhar, ou « Ordre de la gloire », fut fondé en 1837 par AhmedBey. Il porte, au centre du médaillon posé sur l'étoile à dix branches qui compose son insigne, le chiffre du Bey régnant. C'est celui que l’on distribue le plus largement.Mais, en même temps que lui, Ahmed créa l'ordre insigne de la maison Hussémite, réservé aux membres de la famille beylicale, aux souverains et aux très hauts personnages. Son insigne est garni de brillants magnifiques. Il se porte attaché au même ruban vert, à liserés rouges, que le Nichan-Iftikhar.Enfin, le Bey de Tunis confère aux ministres de la Régence et à de très rares ministres étrangers l’ordre du Nichan-elAaman, ou « de la Réconciliation », que l’on doit porter en écharpe, et qui se compose de l'étoile du Nichan, attachée à un large ruban blanc, liseré sur chaque bord du ruban d'Iftikhar.AXA-WWBenjamin Billingham, à Lye (Angleterre), et dans sa 80e année, célébrait la semaine dernière son... centième accident, survenu huit jours plus tôt, sous la forme d’une chute dans un escalier. Depuis son enfance, il avait failli périr cent fois exactement, en nageant, en voyageant, en se battant, en mangeant des champignons, à cheval, en chemin de fer, en motocyclette, en bateau, en passant sous des échafaudages, en réparant son toit, en taillant les arbres de son jardin, en battant ses tapis à la fenêtre, il s’était tiré de cent mauvais pas, non sans bosses ni cicatrices. Cet homme, à la fois malchanceux et heureux, avait réuni vingt amis, donc, pour que l'on bût à sa santé après son centième accident, et... à la fin du dîner, le plancher s’effondra. Billingham fut assez veinard pour ne rien se casser, mais huit des convives furent blessés plus ou moins grièvement.sa» L’odyssée d’une améthyste. Le musée de Sens a hérité d’une améthyste, fort belle en vérité, mais que sa singulière histoire rend plus précieuse encore que sa valeur intrinsèque de pierre magnifique.Cette améthyste, dont Mme Récamier parle dans plusieurs de ses lettres à Chateaubriand, fut offerte par Napoléon à la comtesse Walewska.Celle-ci l’avait léguée à son fils, qui était un fervent admirateur de Rachel.Le soir où la grande tragédienne eut la fantaisie, que devait avoir plus tard Sarah Bernhardt, de jouer la Dorine de Tartufe, le comte Walewski lui offrit en hommage la fameuse améthyste.Rachel la fit monter en épingle de cravate et la donna à son médecin, le docteur Guillaume.L’améthyste passa par testament au fils de ce dernier, qui, à son tour, l’a léguée au musée de Sens.WMt Notre ministre de l’Hygiène vient de donner des conseils sur la façon suivant laquelle il faut alimenter les enfants par ces temps de chaleur et d'orages. C’est fort bien et fort utile. Mais que n’imitons-nous l’exemple de l’Angleterre ?En Angleterre, il meurt deux enfants quand il en décède trois en France. Cela tient à ce qu’en Angleterre le droit au lait est devenu un principe ; tout enfant pauvre y reçoit de l'Etat son lait pur. Depuis qu’il en est ainsi, la mortalité infantile a considérablement diminué.En Danemark, c’est une autre méthode qu’on emploie : il est interdit de mettre en vente du lait qui n’est pas stérilisé.Chez nous, 011 en est encore aux conseils...A/VWVU Une Allemande a tiré parti, adroitement, des cascades du mark. Elle vivait, fort démunie, à Hanovre, il y a un an et demi, quand lie se souvint qu’elle possédait un assez joli collier de perles. Elle va a Berlin, fait évaluer le collier : 60.000 marks. Elle l'engage pour la moitié de la somme. Trois mois après, un aimable banquier lui fournit les 30.000 marks pour le rachat du gage. Collier en main, elle le fait encore estimer : c’est cette fois 225.000 marks. L’objet retourne au Mont-de-Piété, où l’on verse 110.000 marks à la dame. Le banquier est remboursé, et l’Hanovrienne a de quoi vivre pour quelque temps. Six mois après, par le même truc, elle fait un emprunt, rachète les perles, les fait évaluer, retourne chez « ma tante ». Le collier vaut aujourd’hui 3 millions et demi de marks et sa propriétaire mène une existence, somme toute, assez confortable.L’Ecouteur.II est peu d’objets d’art qui, autant que les verreries font éprouver à celui qui les regarde une joie complète. A l’art du verrier s’ajoute tout ce que la lumière apporte en passant à travers la matière translucide ou transparente, quelquefois elle se diffuse et semble s’éparpiller selon la forme qu’a voulu l’artiste ; d’autrefois, elle fait briller les innombrables bulles d’air prisonnières dans la pâtéj’et la coupe, le plat où le vase devient un objet digne d'un coloris des contes des mille et une nuits, si l’on en croit le docteur Mardrus.La fragilité des objets en verre concourt à les faire aimer davantage, en leur donnant un charme léger et éphémère. On veut se remplir les yeux de leur beauté, jamais certain qu’on est de les revoir. Les collectionneurs de verrerie connaissent des craintes bien émouvantes. Quelle terreur est la leur, de voir anéantis, tout d’un coup, les bibelots précieux auxquels ils se sont attachés. La peur de les perdre les leur fait aimer davantage.Quel dépit lorsque le geste maladroit d'une servante, ou un concours fâcheux de circonstances, met en pièces ce qui l’instant d’avant était un objet de constante admiration. Je sais un amateur d’art qui n'ose se laisser aller à la passion qu’il aurait des objets en verre, par crainte de souffrir trop après un accident souvent inévitable. Car peut-on, lorsqu’on aime d’amour une belle pièce de verre, la laisser enfermée dans une vit rive ; peut-on résister à la tentation de la voir vivre à la lumière et perdre ainsi toute sa beauté et toute son importance ?Henri Glouzot offre aux visiteurs de son musée Galliéra un enchantement mille fois répété. Il a dans ses vitrines réuni un heureux choix d’œuvres des verriers modernes et cette exposition se corse d'une double rétrospective, celle des portraits sur émail et celle des personnages en verre filé-.Les verreries modernes réunies à Galliséra montre que l’art du verrier n’est pas chez nous en décadence. Nos artistes ont su continuer les belles traditions et conservé cette élégance et ce goût innés à notre race.Notre intention n’est pas de faire l'inventaire de tout ce qui est à cette exposition. Un petit catalogue fort bien présenté donnera au visiteur tous les renseignements qu’il peut souhaiter ; lorsqu’il se trouvera devant tant de pièces charmantes il sera vite attiré par ses préférences. Les cristalleries de Baccarat se recherchent certainement, André Baller et Georges Chevalier ont. créé des modèles d’un grand intérêt, tandis que Maurice Dufrène sait mettre l’art à la portée de tout le monde.Nous aimons l’élégance racée des Verreries de Sire et Marc, d'une simplicité si pure : celle de Lalique apparaissent comme étant d’une sûreté dans le goût tout à fait remarquable. Certaines pièces font exactement penser au dessin que le froid d'hiver compose sur les vitres. Géo Ronart aussi est à signaler, et encore Mme Chauchet-Guilliné, dont les animaux en verre soufflé sont d'une invention pleine de goût.Toutes ces pièces, comme d’ailleurs la plupart de celles exposées, sont éditées par des maisons de commerce. Elles font donc partie déjà du décor de la vie quotidienne. Ce n’est pas cela qui nous empêchera de les trouver moins belles, bien au contraire.L’art du vitrail est représenté par Simon, par Mme Thibaut de Glehn. par Gliigot, par Piebourg, par Armand Paris, par Roy, par Gruber.Les perles de verre de Decorcihemont, de Jean Gros, de Argy-Rousseau, de Dammoise, de Almaric Walter disent les ressources qu’offre cette belle matière.La verrerie émaillée est ici à l’honneur. Celles des cristalleries de Saint-Louis, de Boimaud. de Royer-Duterin. de Mlle Dupré. de Mlle Félice, de M. Maisonnier indiquent le parti qu’on peut tirer de ce procédé.L’amateur de verreries modernes ne perdra donc pas son temps au musée Galliéra. Après avoir vu cette exposition il ne connaîtra certes pas toute la production de nos verriers da-présent, mais il en aura tout au moins une idée.Aux amoureux du passé une petite joie est réservée. Ils verront de charmants petits personnages en verre filé datant du dix-huitième siècle et qu’ont bien voulu prêter de généreux collectionneurs, tels que MM. Henri d'Allemagne, Paul Brateau, François Carnot, Mmes Comti et Goldscheidât.Qui de nous ne s’est arrêté pour regarder dans quelque fête foraine, le travail du verre. Tout enfant, nous emportions comme des trésors, ces petites babioles en vérité charmantes et que nous regrettons bien de n'avoir conservées,des chandeliers d'un bleu si joli, des cygnes, des chiens, des traîneaux. Il semble qu’à présent les fileurs de verre sont devenus rares, à Paris tout au moins. Peut-être dans les foires de province tiennent-ils toujours boutique. En tout cas. c’est un art déjà ancien que le leur. A l’exposition du musée Galliéra on s'arrêtera charmé devant les petits bons¬hommes fabriqués il y a quelque deux cents ans.Voici l’affiche d’un de ces artistes. Il annonce qu’il va s’installer à la foire Saint-Germain et espère la visite des connaisseurs. Nous plions dans plusieurs vitrines voir les curieux petits travaux d’artistes de son espèce, quelquefois très compliqués, comme les Agréments de lu Campagne par exemple qui donne d’amusants renseignements sur les modes de ce temps-là, ou même lu Nativité, qui réunit des bergers, des bergères, des anges et dos musiciens. L’Annonciation. et la Présentation au Temple représente, dit une inscription manuscrite, la Synagogue do Paris en 1781 et voici encore, pour rester dans les scènes religieuses, Jésus et les Pèlerins d’Emaüs, Jésus a;. Jardin des Oliviers, le Baptême du Christ, tableaux à figures ,où voisinent les saints, les anges, les bergers et de petits animaux. Mais à côté de ces nièces importantes voici des petits personnages séparés ou groupés par deux ou par trois, qui ont bien de l’agrément, eux aussi, tels le Jugement «le Salomon. Susanne au bain, ou ce groupe satirique représentant l’Abbé sur son âne, le Moinillon grotesque, le Diable musicien et tant d’aimables petits bergers courtisant leurs bergères. Toutes ces pièces datent du dix-huitième siècle. Un peu moins anciennes sont, les Dcuv Muses Directoire., et ce Général de la Première République. Le perroquet en verre soufflé de Jean Robimuet est une petite merveille et comment ne pas admirer un petit cabriolet de l’époque 1830, avec personnages en verre, datant du milieu du dix-huitième siècle.Le musée Carnavalet a prêté l’enseigne de Rigault frères, bomber de verre, fabricants do cylindres en verre pour couvrir pendules, candélabres, statuettes. C'est une curieuse enseigne, composée de singes empaillés et habillés en ouvriers, travaillant le verre. Elle resta rue Guénégaud.où la maison fut fondée en 1806, plus d'un Memi-siècle.Bien d'autres petites merveilles sont alignées dans les vitrines. De quels plaisirs n’avons-nous pas privé nos petits enfants en ne conservant pas les petites figures du fileur de verre qui travaillait à la foire ?Pcut-bn espérer qu'une bonne fois on en aura fini avec les histoires de faux tableaux et de fausses statues qui déshonorent le marché parisien. M. le duc de Trévise qui préside La. Sauvegarde de T Art Français aura du travail s’il veut pourchasser les faussaires et les truqueurs partout où ils se trouvent. Souhaitons qu'il obtienne au moins quelque résultat retentissant. Ne faut-il pas espérer qu'une condamnation sévère et une belle publicité faite autour , fera hésiter les fabricants de faux neuf ? Cela n'a pas grande importance, dites-vous ; les antiquités n'étant pas des objets de première nécessité ? D'accord. Mais il y va tout de même de la loyauté des commerçants français. Soyez sûr que celui qui se sera fait « rouler » une ou deux fois à l’Hôtel Drouot hésitera à y revenir. Et puis, il y a Je respect qu’il faut avoir pour les œuvres d'art et, pour les artistes qui les ont créées. Rien ne dessert plus leur mémoire que mettre en circulation, sous leurs noms, des « rossignols » sans valeur.Les petits scandales qui éclatent les uns après les autres finiront bien peut-être par créer un mouvement d’opinion. Après tontes les lamentables histoires que l’on sait, en voici une nouvelle. Celle de VHomme en Habit vert, de Géricault. Voici les faits :Gabriel Daragnes, qui prépare un ouvrage sur Géricault, remarqua dans un catalogue d’une vente récente cette indication :Géricault { Théodore ). Portrait de ! l’Hommc en Habit vert. On lit, à droite, T. Géricault 1820.Il poussa ia toile jusqu’à 12.000 francs, mais avant qu’il ne l’eût payée, il eut des doutes sur son authenticité. Il se pense-Et ses doutes devinrent presque des certitudes. Si bien que le propriétaire de la toile le mettant en demeure d’en prendre possession, il déposa une plainte au Parquet, assisté de M" Adrien Peytel. De nouveaux experts ont été nommés, ils auront à dire si, oui ou non. l’Hommc en Habit vert est bien de Géricault ou s'il s’agit d’un faux ou d’une imitation.Il faut que cette affaire soit tirée au clair et, s’il y* a des coupables, qu’ils soient punis comme ils le méritent.André Warnod.SEBOHSECouà l'EAU.avec duSIROP de CITRON ou du CASSISAPÉRITIF A LA GENTIANEgn 1111 ! MBi D11 > «E» : 1111 MHii t » l ■■■ 11H < «MB ! 1111 ami H11 ■>!| C7XR.NET IINFORMATIONS. — L'ambassadeur des Etats-Unis est parti hier malin pour Bruxelles ; dans le même train, avaient pris place le maréchal Joffre, se rendant à Auinoye.— A 12 heures, hier, l’ambassadeur d’Angleterre est parti pour Londres.— Le congrès fédéral des travailleurs de la pharmacie et de la drogueriez qui vient de sa tenir a Grenoble, s’est terminé pur le vote d’un ordre du jour invitant la fédération à mener une campagne active afin d’amener les pouvoirs publics à créer un diplôme permettant aux préparateurs d’exercer leur métier dans la légalité.— L’inauguration du monument érigé par la. vigie de Courtrai à ses fils morts pour la patrie, a eu lieu hier après-midi, en présence du prince Léopold.Après un concert donné sur la Grand’Place, un cortège a parcouru les principales rues de la ville, puis une réception a eu lieu à Lllôtel de Ville, à l’issue de laquelle il a été procédé à l’inauguration du monument.MARIAGES. — On annonce les fiançailles de Mlle Antoinette Morel d’Arleux, fille de M. Lucien Morel d’Arleux et de Mme, née Meuncé, avec M. Georges Roy, fils de M. Maurice Ro^-, conseiller référendaire la Cour des Comptes, et de Mme, liée Martini.— Rappelons que le mariage de Mlle Alix de Clermont-tonnerre avec le comte de Lordat, aura lieu le 19 juillet, à midi, en l’église Saint-Pierre du Gros-Caillou.DEUIL. — Demain mardi, en mémoire de l’anniversaire de la mort de S. M. l’empereur Nicolas II et de son auguste famille. l’Union des Fidèles à la mémoire de l’empereur fera célébrer un service funèbre, en l'église russe de la rue Daiu. Le service commencera à dix heures.— Nous apprenons la mort de Mme Scherclin, femme du procureur de la République au tribunal de la Seine.;— Le marquis Olivier de Fleury est décédé, à Choisy-le-Roi, à l'âge de soixante-douze ans.Le service religieux aura lieu aujourd'hui à midi, en la chapelle du Père-Lachaise.— On annonce la mort de M. Ernest Passez, ancien avocat au Conseil d’Etat et à la cour de cassation, chevalier de la Légion d’honneur. décédé en son domicile, 122, FaubourSaint-Honoré. Lee obsèques auront lieu demain mardi, à 9 h. 30, en l’église Saint-Philippe du Roule, où l’on se réuniraHiersac.Le transfert de Seznec de Paris à MorlaixMorlaix, 15 juillet. — Un seul fait intéressant à signaler en celle journée de fête. Le parquet est informé que Seznec quittera Paris pour rejoindre la prison de Morlaix, lundi matin. La gendarmerie est chargée d’escorter l’inculpé jusqu'à Rennes, oü s’opérera une relève. Il est possible que Seznec passe la nuit en cette ville. En raison de diverses formalités de transfère-: ment concernant les conditions de régionalisation de la gendarmerie. Seznec n’arriverait, dans ces conditions, à Morlaix que mardi soir.Des instructions sont données aux gardiens de la prison en' ce sens. Il est probable aussi que toutes les précautions seront prises pour que l’arrivée de Seznec échappe à ia curiosité d'un public avide d’émotions.de partir en vacances vaporisez vos pruderies, armoires, tapis, fourrures, ameublement,, etc..., avec le NEOPTOL INSECTILYDE SPECIAL ; vous éviterez, pendant toute votre absence, (es dégâts des mites, papillons et de tous les insectes et parasites. L'effet est foudroyant. Le litre 20 francs. En vente au Néoptol, 88, rue Lafayette, Paris. — Téléphone : Bergère 36-39.Les Lettres et les Arts« Hommes de lettres qui voulez être dandys, méditez le sort lamentable d’Eugène Sue , conclut Jules Bertaut, après avoir parlé, dans la revue Monsieur, d’ * Eugène Sue, dandy „. IL raconte comment ü fut tout d’abord l’élégant à la mode, celui qui mène une vie infernale, suit les modes anglaises, fait profession de cynisme. Cela dura jusqu’à ce que parussent les Mystères de Paris. La notoriété que Sue conquérait dans les classes bourgeoise et populaire, il la gardait dans le beau monde. Et comme autre part, sa fortune s’était dissipée, il dut écrire pour vivre. C'en était fini de sa réputation délégant. .Plus tard, il eut beau essayer de refaire le dandy, il ne fut plus pris en considération.Dans Vlndépendant. littéraire et artistique, Willy Gardas évoque les temps passé de la dernière bohème ; il parle de « la Bosse » et de « la Butte », réunions d’artistes et de poètes qui précédèrent la Plume, le Chat hoir.Frédéric Lefèvre va publier, à la Nouvelle Revue française, les interviews et visites d'écrivains quel fait paraître, chaque semaine, dans les Nouvelles littéraires. Mais ne sera-t-il pas obligé de faire un choix parmi elles ? Publiera-t-il l’interview de Bébaud, par exemple, qui dit des choses fort désagréables pour la A’. R. F.A. W.L’AVENIR ECONOMIQUENOS POTASSESet le pavillon françaisLa commission extraparlementaire nommée pour étudier la crise de la marine marchande, continue à recueillir les renseignements les plus intéressants pour son enquête.Elle a entendu, récemment, M. Dal Piaz, président de la Compagnie générale transatlantique qui lui a signalé les conditions <ie la concurrence étrangère sur les lignes de l’Europe à l’Amérique du Nord. D une façon générale, le trafic s’est ralenti par suite de ia politique protectionniste des Etats-Unis qui a restreint des débouchés de nos produits sur son marché. cependant. M. Dal Piaz reconnaît que nos exportations sont encore considérables et les statistiques douanières sont, en effet, là pour le prouver. Mais si l’on regarde ce qui est transporté sous pavillon français, on s’aperçoit que la diminution est sérieuse. Cela lient, dit l'honorable président. à ce que la France est un marché ouvert où l’on vient de toutes les parties du monde puiser des compléments de cargaison., La concurrence du chemin de fer s’ajoute à la concurrence du bateau. En voici un exemple. Sur 320.000 tonnes de potasse alsacienne exportée de France en 1922, la proportion de ce produit expédié par nos voies ferrées est de 27,3 0/0. M. Dal Piaz déclare qu’il comprendrait que la voie ferrée française fût délaissée au profit du Rhin, mais il ne s’explique pas qu’à égalité de prix, la voie ferrée étrangère soit préférée à la voie ferrée française. C’est, sans doute, parce que les ex-« éditeurs trouvent des frets plus avantageux dans les ports étrangers, comme nous l'avons déjà montré.Quoi qu’il en soif, notre pavillon n’a transporté, l’an dernier, que 17,2 0/0 des potasses française-:, ce qui représente une perte de 22 à 25 millions de francs de fret. Encore, le pourcentage aurait été beaucoup pins faible si la Compagnie transatlantique n'avait pas fait un essai de transport à prix réduit par la voie de Dunkerque. Actuellement, tout le trafic serait effectué par le pavillon étranger.La commission extraparlementaire à émis un vœu pour faire cesser cette situation. Il eût mieux valu qu’elle proposât un remède.Saint-Ausone. Le Congrès international de ia chirurgies’ouvre aujourd’hui à Londres 'Londres,, 15 juillet. — C’est demain que s ouvrira, à la Société royale de Médecine, le sixième Congrès de la Société internationale de chirurgie, dont les assises dureront trois jours.Presque tous les pa.s ont envoyé des représentants. La Russie, la Turquie et l'Allemagne n’enverront aucun délégué.Après la catastrophe du HonneckLe Parquet de Saint-Dlé enquête Gérardmer, 15 juillet. — Le Parquet de Saint-Dié vient de se transporter sur les lieux pour établir les responsabilités dans la catastrophe du Honneck et les causes de l’accident. De nombreux visiteurs sont venus défiler sur le lieux de l'accident.L état des blessés, soignés à Gérardmer, pour la plupart, est satisfaisant ; deux sont encore dans un état inquiétant. Rien n’a été fixé (et ce qui concerne les obs.: bues des victimes.Les morts identifiés Les tués sont : un homme d’une cinquantaine d'années, M. Cadreau, ingénieur en chef attaché au service central de la Compagnie de l’Est ; un garçonnet d’une quinzaine d’années, de Baccarat, dont le nom est encore inconnu, et une jeune fille, Mile Marie-Louise Molard, 17 ans, de Saulxuresles-Bains, appartenant tous deux à un patronage des environs de Nancy ; une autre jeune fille, Mile Rose Jeanpierre, 26 ans, de Saulxures-les-Nancy, et une dame dont le nom est également inconnu.Les blessés ont élé transportés en autocars dans les hôpitaux de Munster et de Gérardmer. Voici les noms de quelquesuns d’entre eux : M. et Mme César, de Chaumont: M. el Mme Lamontro, de Langres ; M. Gaillard, de Saint-Dié ; Mme et Mlle Petitjean, de Saulxüres-les-Naney.Bordeaux. 15 juillet. — Le navigateur Omart Dyakate. 29 ans. demeurant rue Saint-Sernin. 35. à la suite d'une discussion avec un individu de race noire, a été frappé par ce dernier do deux coups do couteau dans h? dos. Son état est très grave. Son agresseur a prié< la fuite et n’a —«. être retrouvé.FEUILLETON DU 16 JUILLET 1923 26 LESMM ÏOURMEIHÉSROMAN INEDITpar Marcelle VIOUXDEUXIEME PARTI! VI— Il n'y a rien à expliquer ! Vous ai-je fait des serments ? Non ? Eh bien, laissezUioi tranquille ? C’est inouï ! criait-elle, exaspérée. Allez-vous continuer longtemps à me persécuter de vos lamentations ? J’en ai assez, vous m’entendez ? C’est odieux, cette poursuite !— Oh ! chérie, c’est toi qui parles I ainsi ! C’est impossible ! A ions m’empli-quest.. que je te voies... que je te comprenne...— Je n’irai pas et vous allez enfin me laisser en paix. J’aime mieux tout avouer , à mon mari plutôt que d’endurer un jourde plus ce supplice du téléphone ! Et vos billets encore ? Croyez-vous que j’aie l’imbécillité de les lire ? Mon petit si vous n’aviez pas été si exigeai. si vous aviez lait un effort pour comprendre ma situation, vous ne m'auriez pas perdue ! Dan* quelques années, vous comprendrez...— Tu ne veux plus de moi Tu ne veux | plus...— Non ! Non ! Assez ! — C’est irrévocable ? ■— Ir-ré-vo-ca-ble !VII Il l’attendit encore, contre toute espérance. Elle ne pouvait pas ne pas revenir. Perdue ? Allons donc ! Quand il se répétait ce qu’elle lui avait dit, au téléphone, il avait envie de rire, tant cela lui paraissait invraisemblable. Etait-ce bien elle qui avait parlé ? H croyait qu’il n'avait pu discerner sa voix, et il était si bouleversé qu’il avait pu s’abuser. Il était sans colère. Il demeurait humble, soumis, prêt à tous les caprices qu’il lui plairait d’inventer pour le faire souffrir, car il ne doutait pas qu’elle dût le faire souffrir encore, il l’attendait. Elle pouvait venir à l’improvise ! : Et chaque pas dans l’escalier heurtait son cœur si violemment qu’il pensait tomber en syncope vingt fois par jour.Dans cette attente décevante, toutes les paroles, tous les gestes anciens de Louise prenaient, dans sa mémoire un relief extraordinaire. Pourtant, il n’avait pas de cet amour une foison de souvenirs ! En comptant un jour les heures de leurs rendez-vous, il trouva qu’ils étaient restés vingt-sept heures ensemble. Il demeura atterré devant cette découverte : vingt-sept heures seulement ! Et cela suffisait à remplir un cœur de détresse pour le reste de sa vie ! Il s'acharnait à rechercher au fond de lui-même les vestiges amers el doux de cet amour court et véhément, et des regrets infinis le peignaient bientôt. Il lui paraissait qu’il vivait maintenant dans une atmosphère poisseuse, humide, eU qu’il y avait sur les quatre murs do sa chambre comme un suintement continuel de tris-l tusse, comme une odeur de découragement mortel. ! Il retrouva un jour^m minuscule mouchoir de batiste qui exhalait encore le parfum tant regretté de son amie, parfum un peu âpre, inoubliable. Relique inespérée ! 11 sanglotait en le tenant contre ses dents et tandis que ses larmes le trempaient, on sonna à sa porte. Il se dressa d’un bond. G’était donc elle, enfin ! Elle s’était décidée à venir ! Il se précipita, ouvrit : deux petites sœurs des pauvres souriaient timidement sur le palier.— Nous faisons la quête, pour les petits orphelins...1.1 donna tout ce qu’il avait star lui, puis, affolé, incapable de maîtriser ses nerfs, il sortit et se mit à la recherche de Marcel qu’il n’avait pas vu depuis plus de trois mois. Il le retrouva assez confortablement logé à l’hôtel du Cygne noir, sur le quai Voltaire, et très occupé à corriger au crayon bleu des placards d’imprimerie dont un amas jonchait le plancher. Dès qu’il fût dans cette chambre pleine de l’odeur aimée du papier fraîchement imprimé, le calme revint à Jacques.Tu vois, dit le poète d’un ton sarcastique et plein d’amertume, je déshonore mon cerveau, je le traîne dans la boue, je le prostitue ! Je ne suis qu’un homme et il n'y avait vraiment plus d’autres moyens de vivre. La moise, vieux frère, la grande, la pas poétique, la sale, la véritable...Tu ne pouvais pas te rappeler mon existence, poèteloujours ivre ?— Je n’aime pas ça. Et puis je te dois assez d’argent que je ne sais si je te rendrai jamais. Enfin, pour terminer mon histoire, c’était la misère complète et j’ai... Mais, dit-il en souriant, ne vas pas croire que je me plaigne de mon sort ? Je ne me plains pas parce que pendant le temps qu’un autre, pressé par le besoin, bâcle unroman ou un poème, moi je fignole, j’arrange, j'ajoute, je retranche perpétuellement, afin d'être aimé de la postérité qui, sans doute, se fichera de moi comme d’une guigne. Je n’ai donc aucun droit à me plaindre. Donc j’écris des romans pour Ménier. Oui, pour le grand, le célébré, l’illustre, l'universel Ménier, le Citroën de la littérature. Je sais parfaitement que je n’ai aucun talent en prose, et je ne voudrais ficher pas publier ça sous mon nom ! Je suis d’une proximité réjouissante à voir : je ne passe pas comme toi mes phrases cent fois au laminoir de mon intelligence ! N'empêche que le cher Maître trouve ça très bien. Naturellement, il y ajoute quelque petite chose de son cru, des petits machins vicieux, qui font tant plaisir aux jeunes filles. Ça le connaît, ces secrétions. Et cette marmelade a beaucoup de succès. Un autre, que j ai bâclé en quinze jours, il y a trois mois, vient d’atteindre son 30” mille, ainsi ! Ça se vend plus que les Amants tourmentés. Que veux-tu ? le public aime à se enrouiller, il adore les livres qui ne le dérangent pas de son imbécilité... 12e épisode! s’écria-t-il soudain en brandissant au-dessus de sa tète énorme un placard vierge de crayon bleu. Hein, quelle fertile imagination je possède ! Je ne lésine pas sur la matière,'moi! Ah ! mais !— J’espère que cela te rapporte beaucoup, au moins ?— T’inquiète pas. Je me fais largement payer ; autrement ça ne serait pas la peine de faire ce métier de forçat.— Et tu peux quand* même travailler pour toi ?Marcel montra un feuillet surchargé de ratures.— C’est ma consolation. J’ai là un poème sur l’amour spirituel qui est presque termine. Cette nuit j’ai songé à des vers rythméniques sur ce thème : « Les étoiles sont les âmes des morts ».Il se mit à lire à son ami des strophes harmonieuses, chargées de sens profond, riches d’images nouvelles. Jacques, sincèrement ému le félicitait. Mais le poète remarqua subitement l'extrême agitation de l’écrivain ; il prit son poignet, que des pulsations trop précipitées faisaient vibrer fortement.— Qu’est-ce qui t’est arrivé ? Alors Jacques, qui n’était venu que pour cela, se confessa. Marcel ne savait que dire pour le consoler ; il restait anéanti lui-même devant cette détresse et il répétait machinalement :— Ce n’est pas possible ! On n’est pas féroce à ce point ! Tu te trompes et tu te ronges. Tu t’acharnes stupidement à le faire souffrir... Tu te ronges bêtement...Puis, résolument : — Va donc passer quelques semaines chez ton père.Mais cela paraissait impraticable à Jacques : il mourrait d’énervement, là-bas. Et son père ne comprendrait pas que seul l’amour avait détraqué à ce point, les nerfs de son fuis, fl voudrait le soigner, le guérir avec des médicaments ! Car les vieux ont le sang refroidi et oublient volontiers les passions de la jeunesse.— N’importe ! Tu devrais y aller ! Cela fait du bien de se retremper de temps en temps dans l’afcnosphère familiale. Parfois je regrette de m’être laissé ensorceler par l’idée de la gloire. Je regrette d’être venu me jeter dans ce Paris infesté d’égoïsme et d’arrivisme. J’aurais pu demeurer près de ma mère, dans notre maisonnette au fond d’un jardinet planté de giroflées. J’aurais pu avoir une gentille amoureuse, là-bas, et vivre heureux comme un roi. Et j’aurais peut-être trouvé sous nos oliviers, dans les champs remplis d’herbes aromatiques brûlées de soleil, une poésie fraîche et limpide comme un chant de ruisseau... J'aurais pu inventer de nouvelles bucoliques ! Allons voilà que je m’attriste avec toi IDebout devant son ami affalé sur le lit, il se mit à lui raconter ses propres aventures d'amour, espérant lui faire oublier son chagrin par le spectacle ridicule qu'il croyait lui donner.— Tu le plains que la mariée est trop belle ! Moi, c'est plutôt du contraire. L'Amour avec un grand A no m'a jamais tordu le cœur, je n’ai eu qu’une maîtresse dans ma vie et j’ai toujours rêvé pourtant de souffrir par les femmes... Tu ne croyais pas ça de moi, hein ? Je voulais passer auprès de toi, que des femmes aimaient, pour un Don Juan. Avec ce corps biscornu et cette tête de fœtus ! Crétin ! Mais, depuis, j’ai appris que mon bonheur est uniquement dans les affres et les crucifixions du travail.H rit tout seul et reprit : — Nous sommes faibles et destinés à tomber au fond de chaque embûche sentimentale. Ainsi, j étais prêt à me mettre re en ménage et même à épouser Tune des pauvres filles que nous avons trouvées une nuit que nous ne pensions pas à l’amour de cette sorte, sur le boulevard Raspain. Je l’avais revue, c'est ma seule maîtresse... Je l’ai raconté bien des gasconnedes, frère Jacques, mais je ne suis qu’un pauvre d’amour qui en est affamé.Jacques s’était levé et contemplait maintenant par la fenêtre la Seine assombrie sur laquelle traînaient des lueurs argenlées.Le poète poursuivait en sabrant de grands .coups de crayons vengeurs la prose imprimée.(A suivre.) 16-7-23L’AVENIRALBERT écrémant.mois, quand j'auraideUn enfant écraséplus graves.— Dorothéa. — Où habitaitard, elle disparaisla revit jamais. Les les plus inquiétantsEnseignement primaire. Enseig. second, et super. Grandes Ecoles spéciales. Carrières administratives. Carrières industrielles, : Carrières commerciales.Un mécanicien, frappé d’insolation, sur sa locomotive— N’as-tu pas honte de ce marché ? — Pourquoi ? Nous vivons hors des cités, hors des lois, parce qu’on nous a chassés. Ai-je le droit de m’enorgueillir d'une beauté qt e je dois seulement au hasard?... Luigi me battra sans doute. Tant pis ! Je lui a-sis promise, répondit la jeune fille, un de ces hommes ?Près de la gare des Matelots, à Versailles, le mécanicien Joseph Bossard, 30 ans, demeurant "27, tue de Satory, a été frappé d'insolation sur sa locomotive. I.e malheureux est mort pendant qu’on le transportait à l'infirmerie.arrêtés à une certaine lient l’étranger sans Que voulait celui-ci ? ait. Cette scène n’était vraisemblablement pas la première qui seCONTES DE L’AVENIR ÿpar Alhei-t Les automnes siciliens sont les plus inquiétants du monde. La nature qui fermente exhale des parfums troubles. Un alanguissement mystérieux saisit les êtres, les priveCECÏ INTERESSE tous les jeunes gens et jeunes finies et tous ies pères et mères de familleL’Ecole Universelle la plus importante du monde, permet, grâce à ses cours par correspondance, de faire chez soi dans le minimum de temps et avec le minimum de frais, des études complètes dans toutes les branches du savoir. Elle vous adressera gratuitement, sur demande, celles ses brochures qui vous intéressent : Broch. 603 : Broch.
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5579143_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 781 | 970 |
Fish, C. J.
(After stating the facts.) Under the first ad valorem tax act of this State (Acts 1852, p. 288) all returns of property for taxation were to be made in the county wherein the taxpayer resided. Our first code, after providing for returns to be made by banks and by railroad, insurance, and express companies, declared: “All other companies or persons taxed shall make their returns to the receiver of the respective counties where the persons reside or the office of the company is located, except in cases of mining companies and of persons who cultivate lands in counties not their residence.” Code of 1863, § 756. This provision has been incorporated in all of our subsequent codes, and appears in the Political Code of 1895, § 826. Basing the opinion upon this statutory provision, it was held, in County of Walton v. County of Morgan, 120 Ga. 548 (48 S. E. 243), that, in the absence of a statute to the contrary, personal property is to be returned where the owner resides; and that, except as to special provisions referred to in the opinion, section 826 is the only law of this State regulating the place where personal property is to be returned. This statute and decision relate to the taxable situs of personalty in respect to State and county taxation, and fix such situs in the county of the owner’s residence. There is no statute in this State fixing the taxable situs of vessels for State and county taxation elsewhere than in the county of the owner’s residence, but on the contrary section 15 of the general tax act for 1905 (Acts 1904, p. 26) declared: “that any person or company, resident of this State, who is the owner of a vessel or boat or water-craft of any description, shall answer under oath the number of vessels, boats, and other water-craft owned by them, and the value of each, and make returns of the same to the tax-receiver of the county of the residence of such persons or companies, and the same shall be taxed as other personal property is taxed.” A like provision appeared in the general tax acts for many previous years. This statute clearly fixed the taxable situs, in respect to State and county taxes, of all vessels, boats, or other water-craft owned by residents of this State, for the year 1905, in the county where the owner resided. In the absence of any statute to the contrary, we can not say that it was the intention of the legislature to fix the situs of vessels for municipal taxation at a place not within the county of the owner’s residence, where its situs is for State and county taxation. If *234Wright had resided during 1905 in a county of the State 'other than Glynn, it would he clearly inconsistent to say that the City of Brunswick could have taxed his interest in the vessel in question, but that it could not have been taxed for the benefit of the County of Glynn, although Brunswick is in and constitutes a part of that county. No power is given, expressly' or by necessary implication, to the City of Brunswick by its charter to tax vessels registered at the custom house in that city, where their owners dc not reside within the city limits. The only authority given to the city by its charter is general, that is, “to levy and collect a tax upon all taxable property within the limits of said city.” Acts 1872, p. 151, § 12; Acts 1889, pp. 1010, 1022. It has been decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that the place of enrollment of a vessel is irrelevant to the question of taxation; because the power of taxation of vessels depends either upon the actual domicile of the owner, or the situs of a permanent nature of the property within the taxing jurisdiction. Ayer & Lord Co. v. Kentucky, 202 U. S. 409 (26 Sup. Ct. 679, 50 L. ed. 1082, 6 Ann. Cas. 205). In Hooper v. Mayor &c. of Baltimore, 12 Md. 464, it was held: “A ship registered at the custom house in and sailing out of the port of Baltimore, owned by a bona fide and actual resident of Baltimore county [but not of the City of Baltimore], having his place of business as a merchant in the city, is not liable to pay taxes to the city for municipal purposes.”
In Cook v. Town of Port Fulton, 106 Ind. 170 (6 N. E. Our conclusion is that the judge erred in refusing to grant the injunction.
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices ' concur.
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https://github.com/maxlath/couchdb-view-by-keys/blob/master/test/parse_key.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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couchdb-view-by-keys
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maxlath
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JavaScript
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require('should')
const parseKey = require('../lib/parse_key')
describe('parse_key', () => {
it('should accept JSON array keys with simple quotes', (done) => {
parseKey("['wdt:P31', 'wd:Q571']").should.deepEqual(['wdt:P31', 'wd:Q571'])
done()
})
it('should accept JSON object keys with simple quotes', (done) => {
parseKey("{'wdt:P31': 'wd:Q571'}").should.deepEqual({'wdt:P31': 'wd:Q571'})
done()
})
})
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https://github.com/u-maxx/warden/blob/master/images/php-fpm/context/etc/profile.d/bind.sh
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
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warden
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u-maxx
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Shell
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Code
| 23 | 59 |
# Setup history search ability (only bind when a tty is present)
if [ -t 1 ]; then
bind '"\e[A":history-search-backward'
bind '"\e[B":history-search-forward'
fi
| 16,230 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31085451
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://stackoverflow.com/users/3854851, kayoka
|
English
|
Spoken
| 152 | 393 |
'Camera' does not name a type BB10
#ifndef CAMERAHANDLER_H_
#define CAMERAHANDLER_H_
#include <QtCore/QObject>
class CameraHandler: public QObject
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
//… constructor destructor etc
void setupControls(const QString &camName, const QString &vfButtonName);
Q_INVOKABLE void camerastart();
Q_INVOKABLE void camerastop();
private slots:
void onOpenSuccess(); //when camera is opened successfully
void onShutterFired(); //when we get shutterfired event
void onButtonClick(); //when the button is clicked
void onStopVfSuccess(); //when viewfinder has been stopped
void onStartVfSuccess(); //when viewfinder has been started
private:
Camera* m_camera;
Button* m_camButton;
bool m_ViewfinderOn;
bool m_cameraopen;
//const bb::cascades::AbstractPane *m_abstractPane;
};
#endif /* CAMERAHANDLER_H_ */
I have file Camerahandler.h file in src folder Cascades Framework to develop BB10 app.
But i receive error "'Camera' does not name a type" & "'Button' does not name a
type". Please help me fix!
How about if you add these two?
#include <bb/cascades/multimedia/Camera>
#include <bb/cascades/Button>
I add 2 line but i have new errror 'Camera' does not name a type
| 40,831 |
https://github.com/robinInGitHub/storm-task/blob/master/storm-task/src/com/cdeledu/main/AverageTaskStart.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
storm-task
|
robinInGitHub
|
Java
|
Code
| 23 | 83 |
package com.cdeledu.main;
import com.cdeledu.storm.controller.AverageController;
public class AverageTaskStart {
public static void main(String[] args) {
AverageController average = new AverageController();
average.chapterAVG();
average.courseAVG();
}
}
| 4,982 |
Q_WT_DSB_M92C1_1
|
WTO
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 94 | 156 |
RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/DSB/M/92/Corr.11
26 January 2001
(01-0412)
Dispute Settlement Body
17 November 2000
MINUTES OF MEETING
Held in the Centre William Rappard
on 17 November 2000
Corrigendum
Page 16, item 3, paragraph 77, the first sentence should be replaced with the following text:
"The representative of Jamaica said that, on the one hand, her delegation recognised the right
of a party to seek a panel, and on the other hand, for a party to have the process for
considering a request for an extension of the transition period completed."
__________
1 In English only..
| 3,199 |
https://github.com/bohniti/climate-challenge/blob/master/Scripts/main.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
climate-challenge
|
bohniti
|
Python
|
Code
| 288 | 1,169 |
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
import streamlit as st
import streamlit.components.v1 as components
from mip import Model, xsum, minimize, BINARY, maximize
import time
from utils import *
from calendar_api import *
_, IFRAME, _ = load_secrets()
#Web App
service = cal_service_builder()
cal_events = get_n_calendar_events(100, service)
## DataFrames
schedule_df = pd.read_csv("../Data/schedule_df.csv")
cal_df = get_calendar_df(cal_events)
world_df = get_world_data()
st.header('Climate Change Hackathon')
st.title('Make Homeoffice Great Again')
st.write('')
st.sidebar.title("Our Team")
st.sidebar.header("Rescue the World with us")
st.sidebar.write('')
image = Image.open('../Images/jakob.jpeg')
st.sidebar.image(image, caption='Jakob Schlör', width=200, height=200)
image = Image.open('../Images/tim.jpg')
st.sidebar.image(image, caption='Tim Löhr', width=200)
image = Image.open('../Images/yasin.jpeg')
st.sidebar.image(image, caption='Yasin Edin', width=200)
image = Image.open('../Images/timo.jpeg')
st.sidebar.image(image, caption='Timo Bohnstedt', width=200)
location = st.selectbox("Select your city: ", world_df['city'].reset_index(drop=True))
st.write('')
lat = world_df[world_df['city'] == location]['lat'].values[0]
lon = world_df[world_df['city'] == location]['lng'].values[0]
forecast_df = get_forecast_upcoming_week(cal_df, lat, lon)
mobility_df = get_mobility_data(cal_df)
df_merged = pd.concat([cal_df, mobility_df, forecast_df], axis=1)
colums = ["Termin", "driving", "transit", "temp_day", "humidity", "wind_speed", "pop", "uvi"]
df_merged = df_merged[colums]
button = st.button("Create Schedule for the next week")
if not button:
st.write('')
st.write('')
image = Image.open('../Images/background.png')
st.image(image, width=700)
if button:
if schedule_df[schedule_df['Week'] == get_dates()[0]]['Scheduled'].values[0] == False:
st.write('')
y, df_week = merge_data_create_model(df_merged)
with st.spinner('In Progress...'):
event_df = mip_optimization(cal_df, y, constrain=2)
events = cal_event_creator(event_df, location)
for event in events:
cal_event_dispatcher(service, event)
st.success('Schedule successfully created! - Thank you')
schedule_df.loc[schedule_df['Week'] == get_dates()[0], ['Scheduled']] = True
schedule_df.to_csv("../Data/schedule_df.csv", index=False)
else:
st.warning("Schedule for the upcoming week has already been prepared.")
num_week = 24
st.write('')
my_bar = st.progress(0)
for num_weeks in range(num_week):
co2_reduction_app_max_year = 3.2e9*1.5 # greenpeace
co2_worker_week = co2_reduction_app_max_year/(50*11e6)
tree_per_year = 15.7
trees = co2_worker_week/tree_per_year
max_trees = trees*50
progress = 1/50 * (num_weeks +1)
my_bar.progress(progress)
time.sleep(0.05)
st.write('So far you have planted {:.1f} out of max {:.1f} trees per year!'.format(trees*num_weeks, max_trees))
st.write('')
components.iframe(f"{IFRAME}", height=600, scrolling=True)
st.write('')
st.header('Each week you plant {:.1f} trees!'.format(trees))
st.balloons()
| 29,724 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FasTrak
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
FasTrak
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FasTrak&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,817 | 3,810 |
FasTrak is the electronic toll collection (ETC) system used in the state of California in the United States. The system is used statewide on all of the toll roads, toll bridges, and high-occupancy toll lanes along the California Freeway and Expressway System.
As with other ETC systems, FasTrak is designed to eliminate the need for cars to stop to pay at toll booths, thus decreasing the traffic congestion traditionally associated with toll roads. Its use of technology to improve transit is in line with the U.S. Department of Transportation's Intelligent Transportation Systems initiative.
Under California's government structure, the state's toll facilities are operated by various agencies and special-purpose districts. Concerned that they would each introduce different, incompatible ETC systems, the California State Legislature passed Senate Bill 1523 in 1990, requiring the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) to develop a statewide specification that all these toll agencies were required to meet. Three years later, Transportation Corridor Agencies opened the Foothill Toll Road in Orange County, implementing the statewide ETC system for the first time, and naming it FasTrak. The state continues to delegate the responsibility of selling and maintaining FasTrak accounts to the different toll agencies.
Operations and functionality
Technology
Under California law, Caltrans was given the mandate to develop and maintain an open, statewide ETC specification. This specification is known in the transportation industry as "Title 21" after it was added to Title 21 of the California Code of Regulations. FasTrak uses RFID technology near 915 MHz to read data from a transponder placed in a vehicle (usually mounted by Velcro strips to the windshield) moving at speeds that may exceed 70 mph (112 km/h). The RFID transponder in each vehicle is associated with a prepaid debit account; each time the vehicle passes underneath a toll collection site, the account is debited to pay the toll.
Currently, FasTrak transponders are not compatible with E-ZPass and other ETC systems used in other states because they use a different specification than Title 21. If a vehicle does not have a transponder, or if a transponder is not detected at the toll plaza, a violation enforcement system triggers cameras that capture photos of the vehicle and its license plate for processing. If the license plate is registered as belonging to a FasTrak user, the account is debited only the toll charge, and no penalty is charged. This is a backup in case a transponder fails to read. Otherwise, a toll violation notice is sent to the registered owner of the vehicle. In the case of drivers whose vehicles are company owned or leased, as long as the vehicle license plates are properly listed, the violations will be sent to the registered owner and not the employee driver. It is for this reason that the License Agreement mandates that customers list all vehicles, including motorcycles, motor homes, and trailers of all types on their accounts so that when transponders fail to read the toll can be debited based upon the vehicle's license plate. A license plate may be listed only on one account.
A toll collected based on a license plate is called an image toll and can be identified on the customer statement by noticing the license plate number listed instead of the transponder number. If one fails to correctly list license plates on their account, the FasTrak customer will receive toll violation notices as if they were another driver. If a FasTrak customer receives a toll violation notice under these circumstances, they only refer to the reverse side of the Toll Violation notice and complete the section at the bottom of the notice that will add the new vehicle to their account. Conversely, a license plate should be removed from an account after a change in ownership, otherwise resulting in paying for another driver's tolls via the Image Toll process.
Toll agencies
The California Toll Operators Committee (CTOC) helps coordinates the interoperability among the state's toll agencies and facilities. The CTOC's members include:
Alameda County Transportation Commission, operator of the high-occupancy toll lanes in Alameda County.
Bay Area Infrastructure Financing Authority, operator of high-occupancy toll lanes in the Bay Area, a joint powers authority of the Bay Area Toll Authority and the Metropolitan Transportation Commission.
Bay Area Toll Authority, operator of the seven state-owned toll bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area.
California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), maintains the state highway system and coordinates with the other toll agencies, but does not necessarily plan and operate the toll facilities directly.
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District, operator of the Golden Gate Bridge.
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, operator of the Metro ExpressLanes high-occupancy toll lanes in Los Angeles County.
Orange County Transportation Authority, co-operator of the 91 Express Lanes.
Riverside County Transportation Commission, co-operator of the 91 Express Lanes, as well as the operator of the Riverside Express high-occupancy toll lanes in Riverside County.
San Bernardino County Transportation Authority, will be the operator of the future high-occupancy toll lanes in San Bernardino County.
San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG), operator of the toll facilities in San Diego County.
San Francisco County Transportation Authority, will be the operator of any future congestion pricing tolling facility in San Francisco.
San Mateo County Express Lanes Joint Powers Authority, operator of the high-occupancy toll lanes in San Mateo County.
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), operator of the high-occupancy toll lanes in Santa Clara County.
Sunol SMART Carpool Lane Joint Powers Authority, operator of the I-680 Sunol Express Lanes that span Alameda and Santa Clara counties.
Transportation Corridor Agencies, operator of the toll roads in Orange County.
Service center operations
For convenience, all toll agencies in the San Francisco Bay Area share the same billing and customer service center. The 91 Express Lanes, operated by Orange and Riverside counties, has a separate billing and customer service center. Every other toll agency in Southern California also has their own billing and customer service center. Although anybody with a FasTrak transponder can use it to pay tolls on any California toll facility using the system, people are encouraged to open their accounts with the local agency in charge of the one that they use the most. Each center establishes its own fee and discount structures, and people may be charged a fee if the majority of their FasTrak use occurs elsewhere.
Fees
Each FasTrak account agency has its own monthly minimums / monthly fees (from lowest to highest)
Tag types
The standard FasTrak transponder tag can be used by most vehicles. Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA) also offers a sticker transponder that has the same functionality as a standard one.
For those traveling on the HOT express lanes in the Bay Area, in Riverside County, or the Los Angeles Metro ExpressLanes and want the carpooling discounts, they will need a switchable "FasTrak Flex" transponder. These devices include a switch that indicates the number of occupants (1, 2, or 3 or more) in the vehicle. This enables the open road tolling system to automatically compute the carpool or solo driver toll. The Bay Area toll bridges and the 91 Express Lanes instead have designated carpool lanes, so any tag type can be used (although both the 91 Express Lanes and TCA agencies also offer the switchable FasTrak Flex tags to its users if they want to use the Los Angeles or Riverside County express lanes too).
For eligible clean air vehicles (CAVs) registered with the California DMV, the Bay Area FasTrak center and Riverside County HOT express lanes also offer a special "FasTrak CAV" tag for those who qualify for those discounts on applicable toll facilities. Other toll agencies may instead offer a special account for registered clean air vehicles on their HOT express lanes.
For the I-15 Express Lanes in San Diego County, SANDAG only offers the standard FasTrak transponder, and instead instructs drivers that they can "declare" that they are a carpool or a registered CAV (and thus do not have to pay a toll) by removing their transponder from the windshield or covering their tag in the provided mylar bag.
Neither the Orange County toll roads operated by the TCA nor the South Bay Expressway toll road in San Diego County offer carpooling or CAV discounts.
Retail availability
The Bay Area FasTrak center, Metro ExpressLanes, and SANDAG offer a packaged FasTrak transponder sold over-the-counter at a retail setting, such as nearby Costco locations. Customers must still register their transponders with the issuing agency.
Security
A teardown analysis of the transponder and analysis of its security issues was published at Black Hat 2008. They are updated remotely, and do not use encryption. Furthermore, FasTrak's basic functionality and specifications are listed under Title 21, Division 2, Chapter 16 of the California Code of Regulations, and are thus freely accessible to the general public.
FasTrak units are used to generate 5-1-1 traffic data, using sensors and antennae placed across various freeways.
History
As the first ETC system in North America was installed on the Dallas North Tollway in 1989, many California toll facilities started to express interest in the technology. Because the state's toll roads and bridges are run by different government agencies, there was the possibility that a number of different incompatible ETC systems would be instituted throughout California. Therefore, the California State Legislature passed Senate Bill 1523 in 1990, requiring
Caltrans, the state's Department of Transportation, to develop a statewide technical specification which all systems would be required to meet. As a result, California was the first in the nation to require all of its toll bridges and roads to use the same ETC system. This technical specification was later codified in Title 21, Division 2, Chapter 16 of the California Code of Regulations.
When the Foothill Toll Road in Orange County opened in 1993, it became the first California toll facility to use an ETC system. Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA), the local agency in charge of the toll road, named the system "FasTrak".
To this day, TCA still holds the trademark to the "FasTrak" name and logo.
When TCA first introduced the FasTrak system, the electronic transponders consisted of a gadget about the size of a Walkman in which a smart card was inserted.
However, the smart cards were unpopular with both tollway officials and users because they cost more, offered little advantage, and customers were charged with a $10 annual fee (which has since been discontinued).
By the time the 91 Express Lanes opened in 1995, the FasTrak transponders were redesigned to be the size of a coaster that could be mounted by Velcro strips to the windshield.
TCA later deployed the FasTrak system to the two other toll roads they administer as soon as they opened: the San Joaquin Hills Toll Road in 1996 and the Eastern Toll Road in 1998. Also in 1998, the system was then deployed on the high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes along Interstate 15 in San Diego.
However, the system had to be modified so that it could be used on California's toll bridges. After a test run on the Carquinez Bridge in 1996, it had accuracy problems in dealing with the 18 different toll classifications for different kinds of trucks.
After the changes were made and another test run, the Carquinez Bridge became the first California toll bridge to use FasTrak in 1997. However, bureaucratic inaction, technical difficulties, and financial mismanagement delayed the deployment of the system to the other six state-run toll bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area until October 2000. Meanwhile, the Golden Gate Bridge, run by the independent Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District, installed their system a few months earlier in July of that year. The FasTrak system was also briefly used on the state-owned San Diego-Coronado Bridge until tolls were discontinued on that structure in 2002. The Bay Area FasTrak Customer Center then opened in 2005, merging the service center for the state's Bay Area bridges with the one that was being operated separately by the Golden Gate Bridge District.
Since then, several other new toll facilities around California have either opened, are under construction, or are in the planning stages. They are all required to accept FasTrak as per the aforementioned state law.
In 2009, San Francisco International Airport began accepting FasTrak in all of its parking garages, including long-term parking. Currently only FasTrak accounts opened from either the Bay Area FasTrak Customer Center or from Transportation Corridor Agencies can be used at the airport.
When the Metro ExpressLanes opened in Los Angeles in late 2012, it introduced FasTrak transponders with a special switch that indicates the number of occupants (1, 2, or 3 or more) in the vehicle. This enables the open road tolling system to automatically compute the carpool or solo driver toll, as well as allow the California Highway Patrol to visually check to see if there are more or fewer people in the car than indicated on the transponder. For the convenience of their FasTrak customers in the Greater Los Angeles urban area who may also use the Metro ExpressLanes, TCA began offering switchable transponders in 2013, and the 91 Express Lanes followed suit by 2015. With the switchable transponders, the violation rate on the Metro ExpressLanes fell to 10 percent from the 20 to 25 percent cheating rate in toll lanes that do not require transponders for carpoolers, prompting Alameda County officials to include the system on the then-planned I-580 Express Lanes. The Bay Area FasTrak Customer Center then started to offer switchable transponders, under the name "FasTrak Flex", in summer 2015. For the HOT lanes in San Diego, drivers can "declare" that they are a carpool (and thus do not have to pay a toll) by covering their FasTrak transponder in a mylar bag.
There has been a push to strictly use open road tolling, accepting only payments via a FasTrak transponder, a toll-by-plate account, or one-time payments via online or by phone instead of cash. All of California's HOT lanes only use open road tolling. The Golden Gate Bridge began requiring electronic payments for all tolls in March 2013, and all the Orange County toll roads run by TCA likewise did the same in May 2014. A plan to also eliminate toll takers on all seven of the state-owned bridges was approved in 2019. On March 20, 2020, at midnight, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all-electronic tolling was temporarily placed in effect for those seven state-owned toll bridges, and since 2021, all of them are now permanently cashless. The only toll facility that still accepts cash is the South Bay Expressway in San Diego County, but it uses unstaffed toll booths with cash machines that require exact change.
Under MAP-21, passed by the Federal government in 2012, all ETC facilities in the United States must reach some form of interoperability by October 1, 2016. In response, the California State Legislature passed Assembly Bill 493 in 2013, authorizing Caltrans and the state's various toll agencies to help develop compatible systems. However, the deadline, which had neither penalty nor funding attached, was not met. California regulators later approved a phase-in of transponder technology using the ISO/IEC 18000-63 (6C) standard, released in 2004, which began in 2018 and is expected to end in 2024. This would allow compatibility with systems used in nearby states of Washington, Colorado, and Utah; and also Kentucky, Indiana, Georgia, North Carolina, and Louisiana, plus NationalPass.
In 2019, TCA introduced a sticker transponder to replace the former plastic transponder. The sticker transponder is similar to the eGo Plus toll sticker introduced by TxTag in 2005, SunPass Mini toll sticker introduced by SunPass in 2008, and the sticker tag introduced by MnPASS in 2015.
Toll facilities using FasTrak
Current
All eight toll bridges only collect tolls in one direction. All other toll facilities collect tolls in either direction.
^ indicates that carpools require the switchable "FasTrak Flex" transponder.
HOV 2+ indicates that carpools require two or more persons.
HOV 3+ indicates that carpools require three or more persons.
† indicates that two-person carpools are tolled differently than those with three or more.
Toll bridges
Toll roads
Express lanes
Planned or proposed facilities
The following is a partial list of toll facilities that are either in the planning or proposal stages (sorted by highway number):
Notes
References
External links
FasTrak account agencies
Bay Area FasTrak Customer Service Center—handles accounts for all toll facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area
SANDAG FasTrak—administers the toll facilities in San Diego County
91 Express Lanes
Transportation Corridor Agencies—administers the Orange County toll roads
Metro ExpressLanes
Riverside Express—administers the Riverside County Transportation Commission's Express Lanes
Other links
FasTrak Throughout California: California Toll Operators Committee
405 Express Lanes
Golden Gate Bridge official web site
Alameda County Express Lanes—operated by the Alameda County Transportation Commission
San Mateo County Express Lanes
Silicon Valley Express Lanes—operated by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority
Electronic toll collection
Road transportation in California
| 13,688 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21434982
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Cassango
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 39 | 105 |
Cassango
suba sa Malanje Province, lat -10,02, long 16,87
Cassango
vattendrag i Malanje, lat -10,02, long 16,87
Cassango Geonames-ID 7867852
Cassango instans av flod
Cassango geografiska koordinater
Cassango land Angola
Cassango GNS-ID 11193973
Cassango inom det administrativa området Malanje
| 45,593 |
https://github.com/setaman/vue-ellipse-progress-docs/blob/master/docs/.vuepress/theme/examples/emptyColor/EmptyColorGradient.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
vue-ellipse-progress-docs
|
setaman
|
Vue
|
Code
| 258 | 1,078 |
<template>
<example-container>
<template #default="{ progress, loading, slider, noData, determinate }">
<v-e-p
class="mr-1"
:size="160"
:progress="progress"
:loading="loading"
:no-data="noData"
:determinate="determinate"
:empty-color="gradient1"
empty-thickness="10%"
/>
<v-e-p
class="mr-1"
:size="160"
:progress="progress"
:loading="loading"
:no-data="noData"
:determinate="determinate"
:empty-color="gradient2"
empty-thickness="10%"
/>
<v-e-p
class="mr-1"
:size="160"
:progress="progress"
:loading="loading"
:no-data="noData"
:determinate="determinate"
:empty-color="gradient3"
empty-thickness="30%"
/>
<v-e-p
class="mr-1"
:size="160"
:progress="progress"
:loading="loading"
:no-data="noData"
:determinate="determinate"
:empty-color="gradientRandom"
empty-thickness="30%"
/>
</template>
<template #code="{ progress, state }">
<slot name="code" :progress="progress" :state="state"> </slot>
</template>
</example-container>
</template>
<script>
import ExampleContainer from "../../components/Base/ExampleContainer/ExampleContainer";
import VEP from "../../components/Base/VEP";
import randomColor from "../../../utils/randomColor";
import IntervalTask from "../../../utils/intervalTask";
export default {
name: "EmptyColorGradient",
components: { VEP, ExampleContainer },
data: () => ({
gradient1: {
colors: [
{
color: "#3498DB",
offset: "0",
},
{
color: "#8A2BE2",
offset: "100",
},
],
},
gradient2: {
colors: [
{
color: "#3498DB",
offset: "0",
},
{
color: "rgb(72, 201, 176)",
offset: "25",
},
{
color: "hsl(48, 89%, 60%, 0.2)",
offset: "50",
},
{
color: "Crimson",
offset: "75",
},
{
color: "#8A2BE2",
offset: "100",
},
],
},
gradient3: {
radial: true,
colors: [
{
color: "#3498DB",
offset: "0",
opacity: 0.5,
},
{
color: "rgb(72, 201, 176)",
offset: "25",
},
{
color: "hsl(48, 89%, 60%, 0.2)",
offset: "50",
},
{
color: "Crimson",
offset: "75",
},
{
color: "#8A2BE2",
offset: "100",
},
],
},
gradientRandom: {
colors: [
{
color: "#3498DB",
offset: "0",
},
{
color: "hsl(48, 89%, 60%, 0.2)",
offset: "50",
},
{
color: "#8A2BE2",
offset: "100",
},
],
},
}),
methods: {
randomizeColor() {
this.gradientRandom.colors = this.gradientRandom.colors.map((conf) => ({
...conf,
color: randomColor(),
}));
},
},
mounted() {
this.task = new IntervalTask(this.randomizeColor);
this.task.run();
},
beforeUnmount() {
this.task.stop();
},
};
</script>
<style scoped></style>
| 49,259 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%94%B0%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%89
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
平田了三
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=平田了三&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 16 | 191 |
平田 了三（ひらた りょうぞう、1983年3月17日 - ）は、日本の俳優・格闘家。福岡県出身。身長は166cm、血液型はA型。
人物
特技は、空手・歴史雑学・水泳
資格・免許は、空手5段・・中型自動二輪・中型自動車・高校教員免許・心理カウンセラー・学芸員資格
出演
映画
荒くれKING（2014年11月30日公開）
外部リンク
日本の男優
福岡県出身の人物
1983年生
存命人物
| 17,127 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58900847
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://stackoverflow.com/users/8772888, ravioli
|
English
|
Spoken
| 239 | 479 |
SQL - get device continous uptime
Device uptime time series table
There is a device monitor table recording if a device is up (STATE 1) or down for each day.
DEVICE_ID, STATE, DATE
1 0 2017-10-09
1 1 2017-10-10
1 1 2017-10-11
1 1 2017-10-12
1 0 2017-10-13
1 1 2017-10-14
1 1 2017-10-15
1 0 2017-10-16
1 1 2017-10-17
1 0 2017-10-18
...
2 0 2017-10-10
...
Question
How can I the duration of dates during which each device was up? The device 1 went up on 2017-10-10 and went down on 2017-10-13, hence it was up for 3 days (10, 11, 12). Then 2 days from 2017-10-14 to 2017-10-15.
The expected result should look like below.
DEVICE_ID, STATE, DATE
1 3 2017-10-10
1 2 2017-10-14
1 1 2017-10-17
Please advise.
What DBMS are you using (i.e. Postgres, MySql)?
This is a gaps-and-islands problem. You can solve this version with the difference of row numbers:
select device_id, min(date), max(date), count(*) as num_days
from (select t.*,
row_number() over (partition by device_id order by date) as seqnum,
row_number() over (partition by device_id, state order by date) as seqnum_2
from t
) t
where state = 1
group by device_id, (seqnum - seqnum_2), state;
Why this works is a little tricky to explain. If you stare at the results of the subquery, you will see how the difference between the two row number values defines the adjacent values that you want.
| 8,653 |
https://github.com/Maxuss/CopperSharp/blob/master/CopperSharp/Entity/Impl/ArmorStand.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
CopperSharp
|
Maxuss
|
C#
|
Code
| 647 | 1,803 |
using CopperSharp.Data.SNbt;
using CopperSharp.Item;
namespace CopperSharp.Entity.Impl;
/// <summary>
/// Represents an armor stand entity
/// </summary>
public sealed class ArmorStand : AbstractEntity
{
internal ArmorStand() : base(EntityType.ArmorStand)
{
}
private Dictionary<string, (float, float, float)> Poses { get; } = new();
/// <summary>
/// Locks specified slot
/// </summary>
/// <param name="slot">Slot to be locked</param>
/// <param name="flag">Type of lock</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand LockSlot(ItemSlot slot, StandFlag flag)
{
if (Ints.ContainsKey("DisabledSlots"))
Ints["DisabledSlots"] += 1 << ((int) slot + (int) flag);
else
Ints["DisabledSlots"] = 1 << ((int) slot + (int) flag);
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Makes this armor stand invisible
/// </summary>
/// <param name="invis">Marker</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand Invisible(bool invis = true)
{
Bools["Invisible"] = invis;
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Makes this armor stand a marker, setting size to 0
/// and decreasing size of hitbox
/// </summary>
/// <param name="marker">Marker</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand Marker(bool marker = true)
{
Bools["Marker"] = marker;
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// If true, ArmorStand does not display the base beneath it.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="plate">Whether to remove the plate</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand NoBasePlate(bool plate = true)
{
Bools["NoBasePlate"] = plate;
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Shows arms of this armor stand
/// </summary>
/// <param name="show">Whether to show the arms</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand ShowArms(bool show = true)
{
Bools["ShowArms"] = show;
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Makes this armor stand small
/// </summary>
/// <param name="small">Marker</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand Small(bool small = true)
{
Bools["Small"] = small;
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets body rotation of this armor stand
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">X rotation</param>
/// <param name="y">Y rotation</param>
/// <param name="z">Z rotation</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand BodyRotation(float x, float y, float z)
{
Poses["Body"] = (x, y, z);
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets head rotation of this armor stand
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">X rotation</param>
/// <param name="y">Y rotation</param>
/// <param name="z">Z rotation</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand HeadRotation(float x, float y, float z)
{
Poses["Head"] = (x, y, z);
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets left arm rotation of this armor stand
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">X rotation</param>
/// <param name="y">Y rotation</param>
/// <param name="z">Z rotation</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand LeftArmRotation(float x, float y, float z)
{
Poses["LeftArm"] = (x, y, z);
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets left leg rotation of this armor stand
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">X rotation</param>
/// <param name="y">Y rotation</param>
/// <param name="z">Z rotation</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand LeftLegRotation(float x, float y, float z)
{
Poses["LeftLeg"] = (x, y, z);
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets right arm rotation of this armor stand
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">X rotation</param>
/// <param name="y">Y rotation</param>
/// <param name="z">Z rotation</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand RightArmRotation(float x, float y, float z)
{
Poses["RightArm"] = (x, y, z);
return this;
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets right leg rotation of this armor stand
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">X rotation</param>
/// <param name="y">Y rotation</param>
/// <param name="z">Z rotation</param>
/// <returns>This armor stand</returns>
public ArmorStand RightLegRotation(float x, float y, float z)
{
Poses["RightLeg"] = (x, y, z);
return this;
}
/// <inheritdoc />
protected override async Task SerializeExtra(INbtWriter sw)
{
await base.SerializeExtra(sw);
if (!Poses.Any())
return;
await sw.WritePropertyNameAsync("Pose");
await sw.WriteBeginCompoundAsync();
foreach (var (name, (x, y, z)) in Poses)
{
await sw.WritePropertyNameAsync(name);
await sw.WriteBeginArrayAsync();
await sw.WriteFloatAsync(x);
await sw.WriteFloatAsync(y);
await sw.WriteFloatAsync(z);
await sw.WriteEndArrayAsync();
}
await sw.WriteEndCompoundAsync();
}
}
/// <summary>
/// An extra policy flag for armor stand
/// </summary>
public enum StandFlag
{
/// <summary>
/// Disables removing item from this slot
/// </summary>
NoRemove = 1,
/// <summary>
/// Disables replacing item in this slot
/// </summary>
NoReplace = 8,
/// <summary>
/// Disables placing item in this slot
/// </summary>
NoPlace = 16
}
| 27,774 |
US-60740806-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,006 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,060 | 7,482 |
Control coupling for changing the feeding speed of feeding members in a delimbing and cutting apparatus
ABSTRACT
A control coupling of pressurized medium in a delimbing and cutting apparatus, provided for feeding members and for changing their feeding speed, said control coupling comprising at least: a first motor and a second motor that are coupled in parallel and drive a feeding member a third motor that is a multicapacity motor comprising a first half-motor and a second half-motor and that is coupled in series with the first motor and drives a feeding member; a fourth motor that is coupled in series with the second motor and drives a feeding member; first valve members that for the purpose of free rotation allow the feedback of the pressurized medium exiting the third motor to the first half-motor; and first control members that monitor the pressure of a first line and couple the first valve members to free rotation if said pressure is lower than the set value.
This application claims priority to Finnish Patent Application No. 20055645, filed in Finland on 2 Dec. 2005.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The invention relates to a control coupling of pressurized medium for feeding members in a delimbing and cutting apparatus and for changing their feeding speed
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
For the processing of tree trunks, a harvester head, i.e. a delimbing and cutting apparatus, is used for the purpose of gripping an upright growing tree, cutting the tree and felling it, after which the tree trunk is delimbed and cut into pieces of fixed length by means of a sawing device. A harvester head with a feed roller is disclosed in WO publication 00/15025. The harvester head is normally connected to the end of the crane of a forest working machine. The harvester head is connected to the crane by means of a joint, and it comprises the necessary actuators, normally hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors, for controlling the position of the head and its different functions. The harvester head comprises delimbing members which can be articulated in relation to the frame structure and which comprise delimbing blades for delimbing branches while the trunk is supported and forced through the apparatus. The feeding members comprise a feed roll or a feed track assembly which is pressed against the trunk and pulls it through the apparatus. The harvester head also comprises cutting members, for example a chain saw, for cutting the tree trunk.
Delimbing and cutting apparatuses are also known which are suitable for the handling of tree trunks already felled, for delimbing the tree trunk and cutting it into pieces of fixed length.
A rubber feed roller is disclosed in document WO 95/01856. A feeding device comprising a crawler is disclosed in document U.S. Pat. No. 3,669,161. In WO 99/41972 and Fl 97340 B, there are four feed rollers, wherein the feed roller motors of the same side are coupled in series and the feed roller motors of opposite sides are coupled in parallel. A mechanical parallel coupling is used to prevent divergence of the rotational speeds of the motors and, among other things, skid.
The feed motors have normally a fixed displacement, wherein the feeding speed is constant and only depends on the volume flow supplied to the motor. The relatively small size and light weight of the feed motors are suitable in view of the harvester head, aiming at lightness and ease of steering. However, the limited feeding speeds constitute a disadvantage.
In Fl 101868 B, in turn, dual-capacity motors are applied as feed motors for a delimbing and cutting apparatus, wherein the apparatus comprises two feeding members, for example feed rollers. A dual-capacity motor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,099,273. Said motor is applied primarily in the power transmission of vehicles.
The dual-capacity motor is a radial piston motor comprising an input and output connection as well as an auxiliary connection which can be used as an input or output connection. The motor also comprises a selector, i.e. a stem in a drillhole, by means of which some of the pistons direct the used volume flow to the normal output connection and the other pistons feed it to the auxiliary output connection. In this way, the motor has at least two different capacities (dual-capacity motor), wherein it comprises, in a way, two half-motors. Alternatively, the auxiliary connection can be an auxiliary inlet connection, through which the volume flow is supplied to one of the half-motors. Because of the common shaft, however, the rotation speeds of the half-motors are the same. Said selector can also be missing, in which case the motor always has three connections available, one being connected to all the pistons and the two others being connected to specific separate pistons only, wherein the speeds to be achieved will depend on the couplings with which the motor is controlled.
The coupling of dual-capacity motors, for example in the coupling according to document Fl 97340 B, is problematic, because two motors coupled in series are used, and furthermore, one of them is coupled mechanically to a third motor. Speed differences between the feed rollers must be avoided particularly in the use of dual-capacity motors coupled to the system to provide different feeding speeds.
For example, when dual-capacity motors are used, one of the half-motors must normally be let on free circulation to provide different speeds. However, in the design of the free circulation, one must take into account that the half-motor on free circulation will affect the efficiency and the energy economy of the whole system. The effect is the greatest when the half-motor on free circulation causes a significant loss of pressure.
Another factor to be considered in the operation of feed motors coupled in series is cavitation which is caused when the pressure of the liquid used as the pressurized medium drops to a sufficient degree, for example as a result of flow resistance in the suction channel. The cavitation will cause quick wearing of the equipment because of cavitation erosion.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention enables the above-mentioned coupling which provides multi-speed feeding and good energy economy in a simple manner and prevents unnecessary situations in which cavitation occurs. By means of the coupling, a quick shift to a different speed is made if there is a risk of cavitation, or if desired.
The control coupling for pressurized medium of a delimbing and cutting apparatus according to the invention is primarily characterized in what will be presented in the appended claim 1. The other, dependent claims disclose suitable embodiments of the invention.
The invention relates particularly to the use of a dual-capacity motor as a feed motor for a delimbing and cutting apparatus in a situation in which four feed roller motors are used to rotate the four feed rollers. Alternatively, only three feed rollers are rotated, one of the feed rollers being rotated by two motors. The rotating speeds of the two motors coupled in parallel are bound to each other, preferably by means of a mechanical coupling. By means of the applied dual-capacity motor, at least two different feeding speeds, at which the tree trunk is fed through the delimbing and cutting apparatus, are achieved with the same volume flow. The dual-capacity motor used has a structure with a light weight compared with corresponding motors with adjustable speed. A conventional motor can be replaced with said motor, because the space requirement of the motors is substantially the same, wherein the size of the apparatus will not increase.
By means of the coupling, it is possible to achieve a good energy economy, because the pressure loss caused by the half-motor on free circulation is small. The motor on free circulation is coupled to the side of the return flow, wherein the pressure level loading the motors is low and thereby also the pressure losses are small.
In the control of the coupling, it has also been taken into account that the fluid pressure cannot drop to a critical level in the line between the motors coupled in series. The pressure drops particularly when the motors coupled in series have a speed difference and the latter motor does not receive a sufficient volume flow. The control couples the apparatus to a mode in which said pressure can rise again; that is, the aim is to increase the speed or to utilize the free circulation of the half-motor.
In the coupling, the speeds of two feed rollers coupled in parallel remain equal, to prevent skid. Also, the function of the motors coupled in series and of the feed rollers in the different branches of the feeder lines remains logical, even though a part of the volume flow is redirected to the motors. The selection of the speeds is simple and can also be implemented by simple on/off control.
If the space requirement of the motors does not become a problem, the above-mentioned dual-capacity motor can be replaced with two motors of prior art coupled in parallel and mechanically to each other, for example on the same shaft, so that they have the same speed of rotation.
In one embodiment of the invention, a valve responsible for the different couplings is included in the dual-capacity motor. The motor still comprises three connections, but the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) positions of the valve are used for controlling the volume flow to the outlet port only and to both the outlet port and an auxiliary port, respectively.
In the invention, a dual capacity motor (or two motors of prior art) is coupled to each feed roller. By means of the coupling, either three or four different feeding speeds, at which the tree trunk is fed through the delimbing and cutting apparatus, are achieved with the same volume flow. If the dual-capacity motors are symmetrical, that is, if the corresponding half-motors of the different motors have equal displacements, three different speeds are achieved with different couplings. If the dual-capacity motors are asymmetrical, that is, if the corresponding half-motors of the different motors have different displacements, four different speeds are achieved with the different couplings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be illustrated in the following description with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a forest machine which is a harvester in which the invention is applied,
FIG. 2 shows a harvester head to be connected to a forest machine in which the invention is applied;
FIG. 3 shows a control circuit comprising two dual-capacity motors and control valves,
FIGS. 4 a, 4 b, 5 a and 5 b illustrate the function of the control valves in the control circuit, and
FIG. 6 shows an alternative coupling as a precaution for the risk of cavitation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a forest machine of prior art, which is a harvester type known as such and in which the system according to the invention is applicable. The harvester is provided with frame steering, and it comprises a crane system whose end is provided with a harvester head for the processing of trunks. In this case, the control system of the harvester is a PC-based measuring and control system.
FIG. 2 shows a harvester head according to prior art in more detail. The harvester head comprises upper delimbing blades, lower delimbing blades, feed rollers 12, 13 and 14, a saw motor, members for feeding a guide bar and for controlling its position, and a tilt function, which are all known as such. The harvester head is used for measuring the diameter of the trunk, typically by means of the upper delimbing blades, and for measuring the length by means of a measuring roll.
The rotational speed of the feed roller varies according to the displacement of the motor when the feed volume flow remains the same, and vice versa. The feed force of the feed roller depends directly on the pressure applied and on the displacement of the motor.
FIG. 3 shows a coupling of the feed motors for rotating the feeding members of the delimbing and cutting apparatus. In this case, the feeding members include two feed rollers 13 and 14 which are placed against the trunk, on its opposite sides. The feed rollers 13, 14 are coupled to motors, which is illustrated by means of mechanical shafts in FIG. 3. The feed rollers are known as such, and they are illustrated with a broken line. The motors 9 and 10 of the feed rollers are coupled in parallel to feeder lines 20 and 21. Motors 7 and 8 are also coupled to the feeder lines 20 and 21 and mechanically to each other, as shown by a shaft 11 in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, a feed roller 12 is also coupled on the shaft 11 and is placed typically in the frame of the delimbing and cutting apparatus, against which the trunk is pressed. It is also possible to couple several feed rollers on the shaft 11, and instead of the shaft 11 it is possible to use a mechanical coupling between two feed rollers, implemented by e.g. coggings. If the motors 7 and 8 are identical, they have the same rotational speed due to the interconnection, so that the volume flow Q supplied from the line 6 is evenly distributed in the lines 20 and 21. The volume flow is also evenly distributed to the motors 9 and 10, wherein the rotational speeds of the feed rollers 13 and 14 can be levelled out, to prevent the skid of one feed roller. A fluid pressurized medium, preferably hydraulic oil or the like, circulates in the lines.
A valve 3, which is for example a 3-position 4-way spool valve, is used to select the direction of rotation of the motors 7, 8, 9, and 10, that is, the feeding direction, wherein the volume flow is fed either to a channel 4 (feeding forward, and return flow from a channel 5) or to the channel 5 (feeding backward, and return flow from the channel 4). In the middle position of the valve 3, the channels 4, 5 are closed and the motors are stopped. The valve 3 may also have a position, in which the motors are let on free circulation. The control circuit feeding the valve 3 is known as such, and it comprises at least a pressure connection 1 and a return connection 2. The valve 3 is, for example, a pressure-controlled proportional directional valve.
The motors 9 and 10 are dual-capacity motors comprising two half-motors 91 and 92, or 101 and 102. The volume flow from the motor 7 via a line 22 enters the half-motor 92. The volume flow from the motor 8 via a line 23 enters the half-motor 102. The half-motors of the motors are illustrated with motor symbols plotted next to each other. A corresponding graphic symbol is used for the mechanical interconnection of two conventional motors. At the same time, the common shaft is illustrated, as well as the fact that the half-motors always have a common rotational speed. Alternatively, the half-motors are indicated with a symbol which comprises two motor symbols within each other. Each half-motor comprises two basic connections which are for the supply and for the return of the volume flow. One set of basic connections between the half-motors 91 and 92 is combined within the motor as a stable connection coupled to a line 32. The basic connection of the half-motor 91 can be coupled to a line 15 or to a line 34, depending on the position of a valve 26. A line 18 connects the half-motor 91 to the valve 26. The lines 4 (directly or via the line 6) and 34 are connected to the line 20. One set of basic connections between the half-motors 101 and 102 is combined within the motor as a stable connection coupled to a line 33. The basic connection of the half-motor 101 can be coupled to a line 16 or to a line 35, depending on the position of a valve 27. A line 19 connects the half-motor 101 to the valve 27. The lines 4 (directly or via the line 6) and 35 are connected to a line 21. The lengths of the lines and the connection points may vary as long as the above-presented principle is observed. The configuration of the valves 3, 26, 27, 28, and 29 may also vary, as the function of the valve of FIG. 3 can also be achieved by one or more members used as valves. Two magnet-controlled shut-off valves are mentioned as an example, one being normally open and one being normally closed.
The valves 26 and 27 are used for selecting the different rotational speeds, and the valves are components separate from the motors and can be coupled to the basic connection of the motors. The motors 9 and 10 comprise three available connections. Each valve 26 or 27 is preferably a 2-position 3-way spool valve with pressure control and spring return. The valve 3 and, if necessary, also the valves 28 and 29 are controlled by the control system of the forest machine, which is known as such. The basic connections of the half-motor 91 and 92 are coupled to the line 17 which is shared by the half-motors 101 and 102 of the motor 10, or directly to the line 5. The lines 15 and 16 are connected to the line 5, in this case via the line 17.
The position of the valve 26, in turn, is controlled by a pressure control line 24 coupled to the line 22. Thus, the valve 26 monitors the pressure level of the line 22 and keeps the lines 15 and 18 connected to each other, if the pressure level in the line 22 is not sufficient to keep the valve 26 in the position shown in FIG. 4 a. The valve 27, whose position is controlled by a pressure control line 25 coupled to the line 23, operates in a corresponding manner. Thus, the valve 27 monitors the pressure level of the line 23 and keeps the lines 16 and 19 connected to each other, if the pressure level of the line 23 is not sufficient to keep the valve 27 in the position shown in FIG. 5 b. The half-motors 91 and 101 are let on free circulation, if the pressure is not sufficient; otherwise the half-motors 91 and 101 are coupled to the lines 34 and 35, wherein the volume flow Q of the line 6 is led to the motors 7 and 8 as well as to the half-motors 91 and 101.
The coupling also comprises valves 28 and 29, by means of which either the valve 26 or 27, or both of them, can be let in a controlled manner to a position in which the half-motors 91 and 101 are let on free circulation. The valves 28 and 29 couple the pressure control connections of the valves 26 and 27 to a tank line 30 or 31 which is thus used as a pressure control line. Instead of the tank lines, it is possible to use a line whose pressure always remains so low that the spring of the valves 26 and 27 can move the slides of the valves. Thus, the half-motor 91 or 101 can be let on free circulation, even though the pressure of the line 22 or 23 were sufficiently high and there were no risk of cavitation. FIGS. 4 b and 5 a correspond to a situation in which the apparatus is non-pressurized, or a situation in which the apparatus is in operation and the pressure of the lines 22 and 23 is not sufficient to shift the valves 26 or 27.
Consequently, the different speeds of the presented coupling are controlled by controlling the valves 28 and 29 which are, for example, 2-position 3-way slide valves with magnet control and spring return. The speeds of the feed motors depend on whether one half-motor, i.e. either the half-motor 91 or the half-motor 101, both of the half motors 91 and 101, or neither of the half-motors is let on free circulation.
The speed of the motor 9 in the different positions of the valve 26 depends on the ratio between the rotational capacities Vg₉₁ and Vg₉₂ of the half-motors, and their sum corresponds to the total displacement of the motor 10 in the example of FIG. 3. Thus, the third rotational speed n₃ (speed III) can be represented by the formula n₃=Q/(2 Vg₉₂), when the identical half-motors 91 and 101 are on free circulation and a part of the volume flow of the lines 32 and 33 is redirected to the lines 18 and 19, or more generally by the formula n₃=Q/(Vg₉₂+Vg₁₀₂), which is simultaneously the rotational speed of the feed rollers 13 and 14, when no gears are used. The second rotational speed n₂ (speed II) can be represented generally by the formula n₂=Q/(Vg₉₁+Vg₉₂+Vg₁₀₂) or n₂ =Q/(Vg₁₀₁+Vg₉₂+Vg₁₀₂), when one half-motor 91 or 101 is on free circulation. The first rotational speed n₁ (speed I) can be represented by the formula n₁=Q/(Vg₉₁+Vg₉₂+Vg₁₀₁+Vg₁₀₂). If, for example, the half-motors 91 and 101 are different from each other, a total of four different speeds (n₁, n_(2A), n_(2B), n₃) are obtained depending on which half-motor is on free circulation. Thus, the rotational speeds n_(2A)=Q/(Vg₉₁+Vg₉₂+Vg₁₀₂) and n_(2B)=Q/(Vg₁₀₁+Vg₉₂+Vg₁₀₂) are also obtained. When the system comprises only one dual-capacity motor, the speed II is either n_(2A) or n_(2B) (IIA and IIB) in addition to the speed III.
TABLE 1 Speed Motor capacity (cc/r) Motor capacity % I 1048 100 II 834 80 III 624 60 According to an example of the invention, the motors 7 and 8 are Danfoss TMT 400 motors with a displacement of 410.9 cc/r. Both the motor 9 and the motor 10 comprises a dual-capacity motor Poclain MSE08 TwinLock 1043, the displacements being 624 cc/r (half-motors 92 and 102) and 418 cc/r (half-motors 91 and 101). Table 1 illustrates various implementations of different couplings of the motors 9 and 10, showing the different speeds (speed I being the lowest speed) and the motor capacity of the coupling corresponding to each speed.
We shall now discuss the function of the coupling and the speeds obtained. In the following description, the feeding direction is forward, and three different speeds are in use.
In one embodiment of the invention, one of the motors 9 or 10 is a conventional motor with only one displacement corresponding to the half-motor of the other motor, namely 624 cc/r. Thus, only the speeds III and II can be achieved. In this case, if for example the motor 10 is conventional, there is no valve 27 or 29 nor lines 16, 19, 25 and 35 in use.
Speed III
The volume flow Q is led by the valve 3 into the line 4. The volume flow Q is divided in four parts so that it is distributed to both motors 7 and 8 as well as to both valves 26 and 27 which are so-called free-circulation valves. In the situation of FIG. 3, the highest speed III is in use, and the half-motors 91 and 101 are let on free circulation. The half-motors on free circulation are only loaded according to the pressure level of the lines 15 and 16, wherein the pressure losses are small and the energy economy is good even during the free circulation. The pressure of the lines 15 and 16 corresponds substantially to the pressure level of the lines 17 and 5, because the lines 5,16 and 17 are coupled by the valve 3 to the low pressure level prevailing in the return connection 2.
Speed II
A slower feeding speed (speed II, IIA or IIB) is achieved by activating only one of the valves 28 or 29. In this case, valve 28 is selected to be activated. In FIG. 3, the valves 28 and 29 are unactivated, wherein the spring pushes the valves 28 and 29 to a position illustrated by the upper position of the valve symbol. Activation compensates for the effect of the spring, and the valve 28 moves to a position where the pressure of the line 22 can affect the valve 26 and overcome the effect of the spring of the valve 26, as shown in FIG. 4 a. The pressure prevailing in the line 22 thrusts the valve 26 to a position illustrated by the left-hand-side position of the valve symbol. A part of the volume flow Q is led to the half-motor 91 (rotational capacity 418 cc/r), which increases the torque obtained from the motor 9, wherein the feeding force increases.
The speed is reduced when compared with the coupling of FIG. 3, because the volume flow through the motors 7 and 8 is reduced. The speed II (IIA or IIB) is maintained as long as the valve 28 is activated or the pressure level of the line 22 is sufficient to maintain the position of the valve 26. Alternatively, if the motors 9 and 10 correspond to each other, the corresponding speed II is achieved by activating only the valve 29 and by subjecting the valve 27 to the pressure level of the line 23.
The valve 28 is controlled, for example, by a separate controller 36 that receives information about the feeding speed of a tree trunk or another signal 39, on the basis of which the controller 36 selects the speed. The signal 39 is obtained, for example, from the measuring and control system of the harvester, known as such, in which the controller 36 can also be integrated and which monitors the feeding speed. Instead of manual buttons of the controller 36, it is possible to use the PC keyboard of the measuring and control system or buttons of the control panel.
In the normal situation, the highest speed III and the coupling of FIG. 3 are used, but if, however, the speed slows down due to an insufficient feeding force, the speed II (IIA or IIB) is switched on. At the same time, the feeding force becomes greater, so that the feeding can be continued normally without stopping the operation or slowing it down too much. In a corresponding manner, the next higher speed III can be selected for use, if the speed II can be maintained. It will be obvious that the controller 36 may comprise the option of selecting and changing the speed manually.
The stiffness of the spring of the valve 26 is selected to determine the lowest pressure level of the line 22, at which the speed II and the corresponding feeding force can still be kept active and in operation. With the above-mentioned components, said lowest pressure level could be, for example, 15 bar. If the speed II is active and the torque provided by the half-motor 91 rotates the motor 9 faster than required by the volume flow from the motor 7 and the line 22, the pressure will drop in the line 22, for example below said 15 bar, and a risk of cavitation occurs. As a result, the valve 26 returns to the position shown in FIG. 5 a and lets the half-motor 91 on free circulation. The half-motor 91 is turned off, and the pressure can rise in the line 22, after which the pressure will be sufficient again to shift the valve 26 to take the half-motor 91 in use. By monitoring the pressure level in the line 22, the control line 24 can be used to provide a mechanism to prevent cavitation. In a corresponding manner, the situation is under control in the line 23, where the valve 27 moves to a position shown in FIG. 4 b.
Speed I
The lowest feeding speed (speed I) is obtained by activating both valves 28 and 29 according to FIGS. 4 a and 5 b. The valves 28 and 29 move to a position in which the pressure of the lines 22 and 23 can affect the valves 26 and 27. The pressure prevailing in the line 23 pushes the valve 27 to a position illustrated by the right-hand-side position of the valve symbol. A part of the volume flow Q is led via both the half-motor 91 (displacement 418 cc/r) and the half-motor 101 (displacement 418 cc/r) and increases the torque obtained from the motors 9 and 10, wherein the feeding force increases. The speed is reduced when compared with the speed II, because the volume flow through the motors 7 and 8 is reduced. The speed I remains as long as the valves 28 and 29 are activated and the pressure levels in the lines 22 and 23 are sufficient. A drop in the pressure level will result in a situation according to either FIG. 5 a, FIG. 4 b, or both of them, shifting into speed II or III.
With reference to FIG. 6, the control of the cavitation risk can also be implemented by coupling a sensor 40 or 41 to measure the pressure electrically in the line 22 or the line 23, or both of them. A pressure signal 42 or 43 is thus led to a controller 36 which activates the valve 28 or 29, if the pressure in the line 22 or 23 drops below a set limit. The pressure signal 42, 43 reflects the pressure level, and it is compared with the set limit. In that case, the control line 24 or 25 does not need to be coupled directly to the line 22 or 23, but the control lines 24 and 25 are coupled, for example, to the valve of the harvester head, for example to the pressure connection 1, from which a sufficient pressure is always obtained for the control of the valve 26 or 27. In the situation of FIG. 6, the valve 28 is not activated. Alternatively, the valves 26 and 28 or the valves 27 and 29 can also be integrated in the same valve, in which the valves 28 and 29 act as so-called pilot valves for the actual valves 26 and 27 which pass a greater volume flow and which are controlled by pressure.
In a situation in which a tree trunk is moved backwards for a new feeding, the direction of the volume flow Q is opposite to that of FIG. 3. The volume flow Q is led to the line 5. However, the speeds I, II and III are controlled in the same way as presented above for the part of the valves. Nevertheless, in feeding backward, a situation may occur in which the motor 9 or 10 is not rotating or is rotating more slowly than the other motors.
The invention is not limited solely to the above-presented embodiments used as examples, but it can be modified within the scope of the appended claims. As already stated above, an alternative is to implement only two speeds (speeds II and III) by using only one dual-capacity motor, or four speeds (speeds I, IIA, IIB and III) by using two dual-capacity motors.
Having described the preferred embodiment, it will become apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims.
1. A control coupling of pressurized medium in a delimbing and cutting apparatus, provided for feeding members and for changing their feeding speed, said control coupling comprising: a first motor and a second motor coupled in parallel and arranged to drive a first feeding member, the rotational speeds of the motors being bound to each other, a third motor which is a multi-capacity motor comprising a first half-motor and a second half-motor, wherein the second half-motor is coupled in series with the first motor by means of a first line, and arranged to drive a second feeding member, a fourth motor coupled in series with the second motor by means of a second line, and arranged to drive a third feeding member, a first valve member arranged to connect across the first half-motor, to allow free circulation, in a first position, and, in a second position, to couple the first half-motor of the third motor in parallel with the first motor, and a first control member arranged to monitor the pressure in the first line and to let the first valve member move to the first position, when said pressure is lower than a set value.
2. The control coupling according to claim 1, wherein: the fourth motor is a multi-capacity motor comprising a first half-motor and a second half-motor, and the control coupling also comprises a second valve member arranged to connect across the first-half motor of the fourth motor, to allow free circulation, in a first position, and, in a second position, to couple the first half-motor of the fourth motor in parallel with the second motor, and the control coupling also comprises a second control member arranged to monitor the pressure in the second line and to let the second valve member on free circulation, if said pressure is lower than the set value.
3. The control coupling according to claim 2, wherein the second control member comprises fourth valve member arranged both to prevent and to allow the coupling of the pressure of the second line to the second valve member for control, to change the position of the second valve member by means of said pressure.
4. The control coupling according to claim 3, wherein the half-motors of the third motor are different from the half-motors of the fourth motor.
5. The control coupling according to claim 2, wherein the second control member comprises: a second sensor member arranged to generate a signal indicating the pressure of the second line, an electrically controlled fourth valve member arranged both to prevent and to allow the coupling of the control pressure to the second valve member for control, to change the position of the second valve member by means of said control pressure, and a controller arranged to control the fourth valve member on the basis of said signal.
6. The control coupling according to claim 5, wherein the half-motors of the third motor are different from the half-motors of the fourth motor.
7. The control coupling according to claim 2, wherein the half-motors of the third motor are different from the half-motors of the fourth motor.
8. The control coupling according to claim 1, wherein the third motor comprises a first basic connection, through which the pressurized medium is supplied jointly to the first half-motor and the second half-motor, a second basic connection to which the pressurized medium is transmitted from the first half-motor, and a third basic connection, to which the pressurized medium is transmitted from the second half-motor.
9. The control coupling according to claim 1, wherein the first control member comprises a third valve member arranged both to prevent and to allow the coupling of the pressure of the first line to the first valve member for control, to change the position of the first valve member by means of said pressure.
10. The control coupling according to claim 1, wherein the first control member comprises: a first sensor member arranged to generate a signal indicating the pressure of the first line, an electrically controlled third valve member arranged both to prevent and to allow the coupling of the control pressure to the first valve member for control, to change the position of the first valve member by means of said control pressure, and a controller arranged to control the third valve member on the basis of said signal.
11. The control coupling according to claim 1, wherein the first valve member are configured as an internal component of the third motor.
12. The control coupling according to claim 1, wherein the first motor and the second motor are coupled mechanically to each other for synchronizing the rotational speeds.
13. The control coupling according to claim 1, wherein the total displacement of the first motor corresponds to the total displacement of the second motor, and the rotational capacity of the second motor corresponds to the displacement of the second motor.
14. The control coupling according to claim 1, wherein the first, second and fourth motors are motors with a constant displacement..
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To the North, North, South, and West, the Republican Party, in the city of Lansing, on Wednesday, August 26th, at 11 o'clock, a.m., at the courthouse, would be willing to act upon your advice. The speculator, in the city of Lansing, on Wednesday, August 26th, at 11 o'clock, a.m., at the courthouse, would be willing to act upon your advice. The several counties will be entitled to delegates for each Representative in the lower branch of the State Legislature and every organized county having no representative will be entitled to two delegates. Under the resolution of debate, the following gentlemen were elected: D. Blunt, Chairman; Republican State Committee; L. B. Blunt, Secretary; L. B. Blunt, Treasurer; and L. B. Blunt, Secretary. Why do not people buy better? Where have the consumers to pay their taxes? They have not been swept away by silence or war. Our population has not decreased. They have the same property, though not always the same nominal value for life in the same military hands, but they have the same property, though not always the same nominal value for life in the same military hands. have the MBM botliei, lands, and chattels which they had last year; but ton ifa W or other they have no stomach: OOD amptiOD. I Uongreu could only? them an appetite, induce them to buy the coal, iron, lumber, oil, oarriaei, niturc, and the various luxuries now ever seeking a marker, and then workthopi would again be busy. Why. Then, do they not buy? Why do they not consume? "Because," we are told, "they have no currency with which to make the trade." "There is not currency enough in the country to do this business." The manufacturers are of the same, as we know, with their products. As well, and the former, we have a good deal, and if it is filled, with profit to buy; but the trade of the land is limited. Because, it is said, there do our country, do not buy, but medium by which transfer can be effected. The notion that this consumer, that is the time, does not want to buy; that many of them have not capital with which to buy; and that all have come to the conclusion that they cannot afford to buy is not to change the history of the past, but very little. They do not want to change this, they insist, but I lack of currency. Congress is expected t pemtadl eomobody to buy what si mobody else offers for sale. That "revive.-! trade;'' th:it "start.- business ;'' that "relieves, the country .'' "Gitl us buyers." is the prayer of the :nanufactures. producers, ind vend re, burdened with !a: year's tooli oi last -peculation. I earn) - templates coming to" Fish Lake on with aycoould anawer that prayer b .-. the train that'., advertised to leave there furnishing purchasers for the surplus of at 4,20, thev want to take to the depot thorn deterring manufacturers. Then ' th then an easy chair, about four vol they could manufacture more and thus himeB of Dickens' work, three pounds of give employment to the laboring people. ; two at and uu mum of B-ir c(.:.sumei say they have already bouffhl ti mueli mor than b i j well Rlti rd to do ; that they arc tome j whal in debt for what they bava already onsvi: at,d therefore they muat itch j -s uuu. cuii-u up. tnougntrui manutacturer -t. - the ad the belpleuneai C Dgresa in thl j remises and reduces his production, slowiy aud oautioualy, to rote-1 aa far ii possible his employ- ces. I trust thev mav not have loujr to wait. (. cnsumnti n b tn- eco:..n.v t aud grt irth of the eouutry will lOOfi eon;e up t-. its lormer demand. ac: ti.en manufacturing will be M lively a.- cer. Hut there Ei aaothef elan of vendon leu reaaontbli and less deaerriag. Tbej are rjMeulaton who have .-n.-n Caught with Tner 1-ts. city additions, land'grabs, timber monopolies, eoai la&dl without coal, oil land, without oil, goid mim.x witboat gold, with railroad oharters and paper towns, a:jd with bond and stocks in every kind oi thing. They will tell you that if confidence had only held an for a day or week or a month, they would have had to walk with their money, and their cash in hand and then a great burden to the street are well satisfied. Many confiding and honest people would have been caught in the crash in their own neighborhood. As it is, they have been victims all over the land. These gentlemen, with an audacity that characterizes their calling, assume to be the people, and in their name keen an influence. Weydale, we believe, can only be restored by watering the currency. What do they mean by restoring confidence? Confidence in what? Confidence that man has enlarged his wealth has been a standard, and that therefore he can afford to borrow, expend, and live extravagantly? Confidence that the wealth and population of your town is double what the census made it. and that it will soon do is in two or three years therefore I can afford to let bonds. Bowles' advantages improve, and comfort to the city from boarding school, to bring the addition there will never be the least dangerous. This would rather be the restoration of the redulity, the Moalon which is within golden splendor arise. Our morning, the cause of all our trouble. Who would not trust by such a revival? I don't hear. I am, indeed, of citizens to work off their unsuccessful enterprises. Their mutual relations upon their neighbors, but those signs remain to be less able to bear the misfortunes than those upon whom it was designed to tell, but we cannot revive confidence suddenly, even by order of the Sign. You may shorten this time to duplicate distance, but we accept the invitation in this day of inquiry will. I am a prudent man, accustomed to keep in mind the importance of his industry, I pondered into which the art of his industry shows, I draw. "Owing to the surplus, the extravagance of the times, but now the waste gate tells him to open that unused and so on expending, for a refuge, thrown needless, no more." This is smarting. I suppose this will come. A, A, A, will come. It will be a periodic, like locusts, eoidemio like fanaticisms. In a few years we will again fall under the influence of expanded credit. We will begin to get rich without additions to our property, and again begin to borrow, expend and speculate, and still in making money. But for the present, the people will be distrustful, cautious and frugal, let Congress do what they will. It would seem as though there was a periodical to represent every trade, sect, party, creed, nationality in the country, and that every field for journalism was occupied. For all this, we have recently heard suggesting that something was wanted. One demand is for such old folk's paper, a magazine, or book, that shall be printed. It is bold, clear type, so that it can be read by those who have studied the subject. The other demand is daily newspaper for the young. We have already a great number of magazines for children, but they are devoted to stories, sketches, and other forms of light literature. They abound in repot from the fairy land, but contain no doubt iron: the land we live in. Boys, the little interest in an ordinary day paper. Leaving out the art, they will not read and those they should not read there is little left. Children, however, need to be made acquainted with which the leading events of the day may be presented in an attractive form, and from which the objectionable features of this ordinary daily shall be excluded. Prairie Farmer. A diamated tourist gives the public this bit of gratuitous advice through the Lancer Clarion: "If anyone at LaDecr or to steady their nerves, keep them in a state of health and strength." It might be as well, too, to bring along a plot of ice water to put in the tanks! There's always lots of thirty-four feet around and no water. It passengers who considerate enough to act on this suggestion, it will soon be a matter of indifference with them whether or not Lake leaves or not. The inflationists, who think that Wall Street inspired and is hilarious over the veto, are invited to study the following statement from the New York News: "In the whole Wall Street is not pleased with the veto, there is too conservative course on the part of operators, and it is impossible to disagree with speculation. It is true that a different policy on the part of the President would be acceptable to a great many. But this feeling is limited to the claim that have more to gain than to lose the excitement, the news can't have come in good time to avert the country from a frenzy of speculation. Some uneasiness is manifested as to the disposition of the $26,000,000 of extra greenback circulated by Secretary Richardson. If this money is to be called in, the greatest caution must be observed in the process." Governor Afford of Arizona plainly stated that "According to the terms of the agreement, farmers, who commence without means and have hired all their work done, will undoubtedly be obliged to quit the business; and those who have invested the largest portion of their crop in poor whiskey at twenty-five cents will hardly be able to meet their expectations. A meeting of the farmers and the farmers will be held at the courthouse on Monday, May 7th, at 10:00 a.m. In the meantime, there will be a great clattering on the balusters. With the broomstick, "William!" this instant, you lazy dogskin, William doesn't hear. (a few minutes later), "Bill?" William (springing out of bed). "Coming, sir!" The story of William Tell may be exaggerated. A straight case of Free Press. CAUTION: Whereas my wife, Alice, has left my bed and board without any just cause or provocation, I am not forbidden by law to forbid all persons from harboring or treating bet on my account, as I shall pay no more. Debts of her contracting from and after this date. May 30th, 1874. 1001t3 John Otf. KUburn & Hudson sell and warrant Austin's Ague Capsules to cure Ague. 045t'J House Randolph St. and Fifth Ave., CHICAGO. Thl a til Vaiiwn 11 t.-i. rebuilt upon the old aite, haa r.l term rmwiBf Tkvaiot. Dam h inu, Hot and . Hi WatW in aadi Room, Elegantly l . I ad a t: I ljuiuesa centre of thecity. TERMS $3.00 PT Day. p. 4. hUNTOON. Proprietors. TASTELESS: MEDICINES C astor I il and 'manv other nan- aeoue medicines can be taken easily and safely in Dundaa in i vi sott l'ul" No taste. No t-mell. Sold bf all druggists in this citv. Send for circular to M Wooster Stret. New V rk. 90tol032 Piles. External and Internal. Inflammations & rhvnitions. Hemorrhae'Nosoiniiisins Bowels, Kidneys and Womb. Congestion of the Throat. Enlargements. INVALUABLE FOR Dysentery and Rheumatism. Inflammation of Eyes k Eyelids Inflammations of the Ovaries. Vaginal Leiicorrhea Tarieose Veins. Son Nipples. A. O. IIOOKEK. )0 TJJ TT T T S T mm wmm ' PAW TAW, - Mich. Chloroform. I.tber and Nitrous Oxide or Lamming as given tor extracring teetb if de sired. tratef ul for the pat very liberal prtron age we would respectfullv solicit its continuance A. O. UOOKKB. aja We. the undersigned 1'hvaictans. having had the professional service of !r. A. o. Hooker. Botgeoo Dentist, do hereby certify that we deem him possessed of learning and skill of a superior grade in the Dental Art. and e cordially recommend him as highly worthy of public patronage and confidence. B. HATHAWAY. M. D.. J. ANDREWS V. D.. 8. MAYS iRD, M D., EUGENE BITELY. M. D. L. R- DIBBLE. M. D. B. T. BABBITT'S PURE CONCENTRATED POTARH, ok LI E Of Doable the Strength of any other a a p o n ir yin g r B i x a k o e. I have recently perfected a method of packing my Potatoes, or Lye, and am now packing in Balls, the coating of which will sap the soup, is packed in boxes containing 28 and 4 lb. balls, and in another way. Directions in English and German for making hard and soft soap with this Potash, accompany it. T. BARKITT. M.C. to Washington St., N.Y. Young Bashaw WILL MAKE THE SEASON OF 1874, AT THE WILLARD HOUSE BARN, IN THE VILLAGE OF LAWRENCE, EXCLUSIVELY. DESCRIPTIONS. Young Bashaw is a beautiful dark brown, stands 15 hands high and weighs 1200 lbs. He is a fine square trotter and for his age, in symmetry and beauty cannot be excelled. Is seven years old in May, 1874, and is half brother to the famous trotting mare Cozette, owned by J.M. French of Detroit, for which he paid $7,000. Cozette trotted mile heats on the Buffalo track in '2:26, trotted in 1878, as 2:24. She also took the first money at the State Fair at Kalamazoo, two years ago; also took double money by side of Moline Newton, her mate, in Bashaw, the sire of Cozette and Young Bashaw. Aaw, took first money four years ago at the State Fair, trotting low down in the thirties. A half brother of Young Bashaw trotted as low as 2:231 in Chicago, last fall. This horse was never trained by being raised by has M Carty of Pontiac, and purchased of him by us till last fall, when we gave him about two weeks work on the track, and he showed a nice, handy start. trotting in at out three minutes. PEDIGREE. Young Bashaw was sired by Black Bashaw of Pontiac, by Bashaw, he by Bashaw, he by Imperial Grand Bashaw. The dam of Black Bashaw was sired by Andrew Jackson, grand dam by Why Not, imported Messenger. This cross with the Messenger combines more of the Arabian blood of Imported Bashaw than is found in any horse in this State. The dam of Young Bashaw was sired by the Tayes borne, by Dowitt Clinton, he by old Clinton of New York. Dam by the Ward horse, by Parsons' horse of Bedford, he by old Eolipae, thus making him equal in blood to any horse in this country. References can be had of the following gentlemen as to the blood and quality of the horse. B. Stanley, C. McCarty, J. Frost, J. Morrisay, and L. Howell. Pontiac; J. M. French, B. Wilson, A. H. Emery, J. M. Sealey, Alonzo Kolfe, J. Kengle, Detroit. We have also the well-known horse HONORABLE, of the Sampson stock. He is a brown, thick set, easily made, heavy-boned horse of 1400 lbs weight. This horse is too well known to need comment, as he has plenty of stock in this vicinity many of them of which are selling as fast as $250 and $300 each. He is better known as the Hyamesbee, having made one season. In this place, five years ago, the stock was of that quality that we were induced to purchase him last winter. He can be seen at all times at the Willard Hotel. I VERY CONNOR, Paw "aw April 2'). 1971. m Briggs to SPRING $20,000 Worth of SPRING AND SUMMER GOODS Just Received at A. Van Auken & Co's All the Latest Styles and LOOK 200 Pieces Beautiful Styles of Prints, 200 Pieces Brown and Bleached Sheetings, From six and a quarter cents up. A Beautiful line of Dress and White Goods, LACES AND EMBROIDERIES TO SUIT THE TASTE OF EVERYBODY. Fancy Goods, GLOVES & HOSIERY A large line of Corsets and Hoop Skirts - New Styes., $3000 Worth of Cloths, Cassimeres, Fancy Coatings & Vestings of all shades and colors. $6,000 Worth of CLOTHING of the most best Domestic Manufacturers. Shoddy or Jew Goods The best TAILORING ESTABLISHMENT in Western Michigan All Work Guaranteed. THE FINEST STOCK OF BOOTS & SHOES, in Van Buren County. LADIES', MISSES, and CHILDREN Fine Shoes Gaiters. Kid and Serge Walking Shoes. Victoria and Nellson Slippers of all the latest patterns. EVERY LADY SHOULD HAVE A PAIR. Goods were never as Cheap, or styles so desirable. 20 per cent, saved by buying your Goods from our Stock. ALL GOODS AS RECOMMENDED Don't fail to look at our Stock. Money saved if money earned. RESPECTFULLY TOURS, A. Van Auken & Co. GOODS Novelties of the Season. LOOK! LOOK! WESTERN ADVERTISER. A PENNY TO EVERY SUBSCRIBER. The Western Advertiser will be made the leading Family Newspaper in the West and South-west, will be larger and contain more reading than any other weekly published. Features: Stories, Poetry, Choice Miscellany, News, Goings, Reports, Complete Market Reports from New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. Ladies' Column, Grange Department, Agricultural, Book Reviews, Literary Notes, etc. Large Sixteenth Page Sheet. Per volume of Twenty-six numbers. One Dollar. Every subscriber ets a premium. No such premiums ever tnveu to single subacnberH or club agents. 1'resent List: In Cash, 1,000, 500, two of t25U. three of l'to. two of 50, four of i"25 ; two lianos, Little Library of 120 vols. Heavv America:; Gold Watches, Solid old VestChaiua, Fine Silver Watches i Singer, Veed and Domeatic Sewing Machines, Fine Ea tev Family (rgan: dent s Traveling Hacuii. each containing I ine French t.'assimeres. fur suits : Ladies' Traveling Sacks, witb elegant Silk and ot ber suit goods: eiiperb Diamond I 'in; Uictionaneh ; luveuue Libranes : r me Chromos aiid steel-plate Picture- : Sbaka speare's. Byrou't. burns . Morris and Tenny son's complete Works : .statistical Annuals ; Nice 1 oiltt Cases for Ladies A:c. Ac Now is the time to secure a il.OQ paper and a premium at the same time. Address ; giving state and Post mce plainly, I HE u EbTEBN kl) ERTI8EB, Box KHL 1 incinnati. bj- 4fi to ll'iir 4 liiiiiif In Pro bate t ourt. 'an Bnren County i Estate of Eli za risk, deceased. Notice is bereby xiven, tbat said Prul Kite ourt will receive, examine and adjust ail dam.s aud demands of creditors against the EataM of said deceased, and Mon day. July l jtb. and Monday, August 3d, art herebv assigned tor i. earing said claims, and six months from tbe date hereof are aLow3d creditors in winch to present their claims. Hated Paw Paw, June 1874. 10041C Geo. W. Lawton, Judge of Probate Notice is hereby given to all persons, that we, the undersigned, will, on the 6th day of June, a. v., 1874, at the Village of Dear Lake Mills, in Van Buren County, and state of Michigan, sell at Public Auction, for cash, all the property, real and personal, formerly owned by Dr. I. Tolton Anderson and David Anderson, recently residing and doing business at the said Village of Dear Lake Mills, and which said property was, on the 6th day of March, a. d., 1874, assigned to us for the benefit of their creditors. That if such sale is not completed on the day first aforesaid, then the same will be continued from day to day until the whole of said property be disposed of. That the sale of said property will be made in such parcels as to induce bidders and realize the largest amount of money therefrom, for the benefit of said creditors. That the following is a general description of the property to be sold, any particulars concerning which may be ascertained from the undersigned, at Kalamazoo, Michigan: DESCRIPTION. A general stock of Merchandise, such as is usually kept in country stores. Inventoried at about $2000. Will probably be sold in one parcel. About 121 feet of logs at Mill. S.O.O. On Section 13. 75,000 33 7,000 7,000 30,000 10,000 across the Lake, on St. Clair lot. on LuabneU lot. at Haraard's. at Cheshire. 21,000 at Mather lot. Also a parcel of logs cut for beading, and a parcel of heading. The above local descriptions can be ascertained at said bear Lake Mills. Also several wagons, pair of bebs, harness, hay forks, several horses, oxen, scales (large and small), sleigh, plows and attachments, kettles, stoves, cradles, scythes and attachments, one reaper, grindstones and fixtures, set of blacksmith tools, band tools in saw mill, and other implements used about mills, about $1,500 worth of lumber, wheelbarrows, iron safe for office, store building on land without title, notes and accounts divided into classes, to be sold in parcels, etc. Also all their interest in the property herein after described subject to incumbrances which are specified, as well as the same can now be determined from abstracts in the hands of the assignees. ESCURBANCE OF PROPERTY. South fractional half of south-west quarter of section 7, town 1 south, range 14 west. About 6 acres. Incumbrances: Mortgage (2200, dated April, 1872. divided one-half, north half of north-east quarter, section 18, town 1 south, range 15 west, so acres, except 150 feet by 800 feet to K. W. S. H. Incumbrances: Mortgage of $12000, Jan. 17, and $500, 1872, and tax deed for year 1869. West half, south-east quarter and section, town and range, except about 2 1/2 acres in southeast corner. Incumbrance. Arches: Mortgages $900, Jan 1869, and $1000, March, 1871. About 3 acres in some corner of west half and 5 acres in south-west corner east half, same section, town and range. Mortgages: Mortgage: $2000, April, 1772. East half, south-east fractional quarter, section 24, range town and range, except 1 acre east of swamp, 1 acre east of swamp, 1 acre. Incumbrances: Mortgages given in 1-07, $2000, Jan 1871. North-east quarter and east half of northwest quarter, and northwest quarter of southeast quarter, section 31, town 1 south, range 15 west. Incumbrances: Mortgages, $2840, June 1869, on section 4, northeast quarter and east half north-west quarter, $6680, Aug. 1869, on north-west quarter of northeast quarter, $2200, April 1872, on north-east quarter, north-east quarter and northwest quarter, south-east quarter, $5000, Oct. 1872, north-east quarter and east half, north-west quarter, $6000, Jan. 1871, on all south of outlet to Bear Lake, including water power and grist mill. Also 60 acres of land on contract, $1000, June to obtain deed. Dated June 8, 1874. 1003 2 has a Bank, Olcott C. Pabst. Mortgage. Mortgage. Default having been made in the payment of a certain sum of money secured to be paid by indenture of mortgage bearing date the 22nd day of March, 1868, by which the power of sale therein contained has become operative, which said mortgage was executed by Andrew J. Nowlin and Phebe Nowlin, his wife, of Van Huren County, Michigan, to Thomas G. Pray, of Albion, in the State of Michigan, and recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds, for the County of Van Huren aforesaid, on the 28th day of March, 1868. In Liber P. of mortgages, on page 421, and on which said mortgage and note accompanying the same there is claimed to be due, at the date of this notice, the sum of seven hundred eighty-seven dollars and thirty-six cents $787.36, and also an attorney's fee of fifty dollars, provided for in said mortgage, in case any proceedings were had to foreclose the same and whereas no proceedings at law having been instituted for the recovery of the debt now remaining secured by said mortgage, or any part thereof. Notice, therefore, is hereby given, that by virtue of a power of sale in said mortgage contained, and in pursuance of the statute in such case made and provided, the premises therein described, to-wit: The northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section No. ten, in town one, south of range fourteen, west, in the State of Michigan, will be sold at public auction, to the highest bidder, at the front door of the Court House, in the Village of Paw Paw, in the County of Van Buren, on the 15th day of July, A.D., 1874, at one o'clock, p.m., of said day. Dated April 15th, 1874. THOMAS O. PRAT, Mortgagee. Thomas H. Smith, Attorney. Farm or Sale. Farm of eighty acres, with sixty acres under cultivation, situated five miles from Decatur and one and one-half miles east of Neebitt's mills in the township of Hamilton. The land is timbered, pining, and good wheat land. There are comfortable buildings, a small orchard, and good well of water on the farm. This Farm will be sold for thirty-five dollars per acre. For further particulars, inquire on the premises of K. O. HINCKLEY.
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sn83045462_1957-03-27_1_85_2
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Eugene P. Nixon. RE. 7-8112 LOTS. ACREAGE FOR SALE SSO DOWN--100 4 'x200’ rambler 1 sites Development facing Colston rd. past Silver spring Md $1,596 Up KAY REALTY CO. PA 6-2209 APARTMENT—Zoned apartment Around 1 acre with water, sewer and gas tract, front Now improved with 2-unit income Improvement 19,956 HOMER A CO On the burg N. ari. -Spectacular view over river, in excel. River wood; bldg site of over acre, with beautiful trees, privacy; underpriced at $16- 666 GRETA BROWN. Ja 2-7597 PARKVIEW ESTATES—A beautiful about 2-acre lot with direct view into the park all utilities INEZ CUSH ARP Realtor. EM. 2-4232 or OL 2-5867 SANDY SPRING-OL NEY AREA—13 acres of beautifully laid ground rear for subdivision favorable terms if desired Box 433-B. Star MAI brook. Virginia's most exclusive residential area; convenient to Corners: over 1-acre lot. 250-ft frontage, rice trees, spring and brook all utilities avail JE 3-958! NEAR CONGRESSIONAL COUNTRY <M II.'-acre Sites sewer and water In front of property, paved Nc“ ts riK T 8 r rr Valuable property, including a lot 5 blocks from King's store, only $799 down close to everything. $3,250. DILLON LAND CO. Open until 9:30. SITTLAND—Choice lots for builders of $17,596 homes, from 1 to 31 available, sewer, water, cas. curbs and house connections installed very reasonable terms. T. D. BURGESS, RE 6-5260. I AM SITUARIAN AREA. $17,560—Lots, 1 block Falls Church. 12,000 sq ft. Reasonable cash owner held first trust. Old house, renting $80 mo. LUCILLE COOK, JE 2,3272. FOR SALE BY OWNER, Approx 139 acres, 37 miles from D.C. Sauqui County. 4 miles from Washington side of Warrenton. Estimated timber value, approximately $5,000. Owner will take $6,600 cash down. Call CR 3-5511. 29 M. DING LOTS near McLean, all improvements in, ready to build. WILLIAM P. PARRAMORE, Editor. JA 2-9666 or KE N-1649. 11 acre wooded lots, only 1 mile from Washington-Baltimore pike, only 20 minutes to D.C.; all utilities, reasonable conveniences. M. LEO STORCIT, SR 3-4566. GLENDRED DRIVE 17599 New Hampshire ave. turn left 2 blks—Five lots adjoining all utilities price. $13,596. terms MR CARNEY Broker. AD. 4-6658 TEN ACRES, Clinton area, Md.—Located, central; sewer and water, close to churches, schools, shops, live stock; terms MR CARNEY Broker AD 1-6658 6* ACRES, wooded, with stream, 1 mile from new expressway reasonable terms M I.EO STORCH. BP 3-1590. POTOMAC HINT AREA. 16 acres, mins from Bethesda Country Club — 1.2'66-ft frontage or. B'ils Mill id till ground trees excel, for housesites or small estate, only $3,569 an acre. 6-9258. eves. 7 to! OfSTANDING MOOSE-IN SITE for development Unlimited possibilities for a country club, the development including a huge, beautifully designed home for private community school or club. All large rooms, 3 solariums, walled garden ideal for installation of community swimming pool. Hewer and water nearby on only to 14th st Bridge Close to Mt Vernon blvd. homesites would have view of the river and surrounding countryside. Shown by appointment only. Mrs. Robbins ROUTH ROBBINS REAL ESTATE CORP., Kl. 8 LOTS, ACREAGE SALE (Cent.) POTO/AC, MD.—Two lots, of 5 acres each on unpaved county road; $2,750 per site. MR. CARR, JR., NA 8-9340. OLIVER T. CARR, REALTOR. ATTENTION BUILDERS. 22 lots. 100x200 and 190X300, paved street; close to Johns Hopkins and Davis Research Laboratory: 10 r. down; balance subordinated; price per lot, $1,300 and $1,500; Mrs. Steed, with Laird B Scott Realtor, JU. 9- 0420, eves, and Sun. JU. 8-3780. ROLLINGWOOD ESTATES—POLIN- OER CO. now offers the last section of beautiful homesites, overlooking Rock Creek Park, near East-West Bay, and Beach Drive; paved streets and all utilities in. HE 4-7733; eves, and Sunday. OL 3-7513 and OL 6-6631. ROCKVILLE AREA—300 acres, with substantial engineering and planning already completed. Suitable for development now or to hold for capital gain. Also 87 acres on Muddy-Branch Rd or Bureau of Standards site, MR. LEBLING, other than office hours. OL. 4- 6688 ROBERT B HALL CO., OL. 2-3250. NEAR ANDON SCHOOL 2 Beautiful Homesites 85x106.95 FT. EACH Seer and Water Available (Next Door to 6398 Wilson Lane and Next Door to 6313 Kirby Rd.) SHAPIRO & CO. ME 8-1?J_? SEABROOK ACRES Choice U-acre wooded lots with all utilities, only 20 minutes to DC, near schools, churches, shopping and transportation Financing available. Reasonable. Convenient terms. LEO STORCH DEVELOPER SP. 3-4509 COLORED—1 OR 2 DUPONT HTS.. - near Buitland—20 lots. 65-ft. front -1 age: ideal for rambler, sewer and water at property; $1,599 each. For builder only. HARTMAN REALTY, INC. LU. 4-3409. LU. 2-597 6 COLORED 1 Nice building sites over an acre! 3 miles from Fairfax County Court house. No. 612: nice terms Call OWNER any day till 7 pm JA 7-1142. MONEY TO LOAN MORTGAGE LOANS. $5,000-$50.- Group your debts, lower your payments, refinance your property and improvements. Quick, honest. courteous service on real estate. I farms, etc. Only in the State of Maryland. Call MR ROBERTS. Baltimore, Md., day or night. Sundays and holidays at Saratoga 7-4647. FROM $309 TO $3,000 on well-kept homes with some equity; Va., D.C., or Md. Raise cash, repair CO. 5-2060 or ‘eves. JA.2-53R0. CASH FOR HOME REPAIRS—1st and 2nd trust combined. 24-hr service DI. 7-3427. REAL ESTATE WANTED ALL CASH FOR HOUSES. I buy direct from owners. No commission charges D.C. and P.G. Co. MR ISAAC DI 7-8890 Any Time A CASH BUYER OR TERMS LI. 6 j-200°, S.E. REALTY WILL BUY PROPERTY Brick or frame white or colored quick settlement. Call MR MILLER AD 4-S!(U8 eves LA (1-51 »4 WATERFRONT PROF SALE LARGE MOUNTAIN LOT, 1.5 miles from D.C. AP. T-3HSH NORTH BEACH 2-PEDROOM COTTAGE MINUTES FROM BEACH MUST SELL AT ONCE Any Reas. Offer Accepted JU. 5-2644 SPECIAL BARGAIN SPECIAL - BARGAIN SPECIALTY ATTENTION REDUCED TO $7,500 Shoreham Beach—Attractive modern bungalow: 1.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5 Electric Kit. aluminum storm and auto neat furnished all year. Owner leaving town bringing deposit with you to secure this bargain Act today to secure this winter bargain. We have several ultra mod homes on the water; special season prices. Call B. M. ODUM RE T-S-’li. or UNT-Slin or UN. _7<tlTl_ SHENANDOAH NR. FRONT ROYAL Adjacent Shenandoah River Estates Waterfront and wooded lots Excellent water sports, fishing, hunting WH u-ti43l. Real Estate Loans And Trust St. Absolutely top spot cash prices paid. Md. Va. D.C. Call day or night. LO 4-6505 31st MONEY ON - and TRUSTS—We will buy and-trust notes. D.C. nearby Md or Va reasonable rates. NATIONAL MORTGAGE & INVESTMENT CORP, 15th N. Y ave. n * NA. N. vs., PLACE - Over trust note - EAST call Mr. Kraft TRUST NOTE EXCHANGE. ME. 4077 _ MOST AMI GENTRAL TRUST LOANS PURCHASE, REALTY CO. Rea.-tral 11th St. n.w, MB. 8-8485. SECOND TRUSTS PURCHASED At Extremely Low Discounts M X STONE, OL. C-U414 CASH IN ONE DAY IND AND TRUST LOANS CALL EXCHANGE ANY TIME I HAVE CASH FOR 3rd TRUSTS paving top price or will lend money on notes to hold. Save broker fee. JA 8-6676. Call day or night MONEY TO LOAN MONEY TO LOAN A LOAN FROM HFC often helps preserve peace of mind. You may borrow to pay overdue bills, medical expenses, or for any worthy purpose. UP TO 24 MONTHS TO REPAY Loans up to $1000 are made promptly and in privacy, on terms you approve. Borrow with confidence from H i C. Where nearly 2 million people do each year. Household provides life insurance on all loans without extra cost to you. FINANCE. SUITLAND MT. RAINIER 4612 Sultland Road, 3rd Floor BETHESDA UNION 4-5740 7444 Wisconsin Ave. Oliver 0-7400 CLARENDON-ARLINGTON SILVER SPRING 3153 Wilson Blvd., 2nd Floor 6641 Colesville Road, Eig. Bldg. Jackson 5-6474 JUMPER 1-4200 ALEXANDRIA 7914 Georgia Ave. Juniper 5-4400 717 kin, St. 2nd Floor King 9 291*' The Clarendon and Alexandria offices loans are limited to $600. Interest on balances to $1000 and monthly on any remainder. MONEY FOR TAXES —You can get the money you need to meet taxes of any kind, quickly and conveniently - no fuss... no bother G. A. C. FINANCES CORPORATION MT. RAINIER--- 3510 Rhode Island Ave. 7c/ Appleton 7-2 800 3317 Rhode Island Ave. Tel. Houbort 2-5028 HYATTSVILLE 5303 Baltimore Ave. Tel. UHion 4-4200 N#»f so the Mot Shoppe ————SILVER SPRING— -7912 Georgia Ave. Tel. UHion 4-068 8513 Georgia Ave. Tel. UHion 4-068 —COLLEGE PARK 4503 Knox Rd. Tel. UNION 4 0058 (Aero from the Hot Shoppe LEXINGTON PARK 150 N. 3 Notched Rd. Tel. volunteer 3-3671 ”7" PALLS CHURCH, VA 121 West Broad St. (Up to $600) Telephone 2-4643 formerly Central Acceptance Co. • formerly Commerce Credit Service, Inc. THE EVENING STAR Washington, D.C. WEDNESDAY, MARCH 11, 1937 SEASHORE PROPERTY BETHANY BEACH, DELAWARE—DELUXE RAMBLE; 25-ft liv. rm., 1 bedrms. < air-foam mattresses). 1 baths, new furniture; large living porch; choice location $1,009 for the season. Eves. EM 2-6916. L. T GRAVATTE, Realtor, NA. 8-075.3 OCEAN CITY, N.J. —World family resort. Let us help you find the cottage or apartment to exactly meet your needs and budget; any length of stay from two weeks to four months. Write today: DEPARTMENT PUBLIC RELATIONS. CITY HALL, Ocean City, N.J. TRUST NOTES FOR SALE $100 Und trust payable $40 mo. Good maker. Price $1,750. MR. YOUNG. JU. R-llltSO. UND TRUST NOTE, $1,150 at $45 mo. Due in 5 years: $2,350. Or OL. 4-5231. $5,000 TRUST NOTE NOTE For doctor, lawyer, school teacher. (Formerly worker, silent investor. Bank trust loan firm, or first plain Mr and Mrs. Dor who have funds Inactive when such could be produced fine return 1. This $5,000 In.oto.Tls (or $3,000 net. curtailed at $3,151 per month at the payable in full in three years or less. Maker desirable Security excellent POoie -.umber Dupont 7-1133, 11 to 12 a m, or 2 to 5 and 8 to 7 p m. MONEY WANTED WANTED TO BORROW. $1,500 have collateral. LA. d-((:!7R. IN MULTIPLES OF $200 TO A MAXIMUM INVESTMENT OF $30,000, WHICH WILL PAY 10% INTEREST PER ANNUM, SECURED BY DEBENTURE NOTES! TO TAL LOAN PERIOD A MAXIMUM UM OF IK MONTHS, WITH MINIMUM USE OF ONR YEAR! NEEDED FOR CON STRUCTION OF SAMPLE HOUSE IN A NEW PROJECT WHICH HAS NO ENCUMBER BRANCES. Brian Construction, Inc. SuitP 405. Arlington Trust Bldg. 1515 N. Court House Rd. Arl., VA JA. 5-8852 AVIATIC EXPERT LIGHT PLANE MAINTE NANCE AND REPAIR ( FULL TIME A. and E’B ALLEGAN AIRCRAFT SERVICE CUMBERLAND, MD AIRPORT Redwood 8-8941 Parkview 2-6535 BOATS KINABOI T—1956 and trailer. Pleasant-faced windshield and steering. Sell for $35. PO. 2-6602. 13-FT. SPEED RUNABOUT—Bottom has been Fiberglassed, has a Mark 26 outboard motor, remote control, racing propeller and trailer very fast used very little, outfit cost $1,609; lake a 5459 RT 3-5579; 11:30 pm WH. 6-782? After 25-FT. CRUISING SLOOP. 16-h.p. inboard engine; top condition. Call 9-333. SPEED BOAT. 18-ft. aluminum hull. 1 foot. Giaj marine engine, very low or best offer. KI. 5-1.45 or 80 8-8279. DOC KACL, season rate. April through Oct. o b runabout, ss; inboard and outboard. 16 to 22 ft. $60. Free use of launching ramp MA KINE MART, 940 Maine ave. w., $3-35 75. BOAT. 1956. 28-ft Safetycraft. Like new. AD. 4-6853. NEW OR USED 3 H P. to 40 H P. Motors $30 to $715 HOME OF SCOTT-ATWATER SALES—SERVICE-PARTS CENTRAL OUTBOARD CO. 450 Eye St N.W. NA. 8-0221 BOAT SUPPLIES Rope. 19 a c ft: copper paint. $3.50 gal life Jackets. $2.50 belts, anchors. - fights, oars, paddles, chains. Coats, fire ext. canvas, tarpaulin foam rubber, rubber hose J H GICHNER, 2513 M st n w, FE. 3-6345. MOTORCYCLES "HARIUY 104 b. completely overhauled. Must sell. $150 ticket. JI- 4-1127 2. AUTOMOTIVE MISC. 41 TO RADIOS new, custom. 55. Chev, Ford, Plym. and bluer- 5.(5, qo Used radios for older models; lists up. 8:30-8, DU 7-1244 TRAILERS 100 SE Tit All FR -,'i 42 It : 2 bed rims Ready to occupy: ‘l.noo dn. offer Call OWNER. WE. MACHINERY and EQUIPMENT WANTED—Used sheep-foot roller or wabble-wheel roller; good condition P o. Box 12b Wilmington. Delaware. C-13.
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sn84026860_1871-02-15_1_2_1
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DAlliiuore Merker. cheranSgegcben von M- Schnanff-r Rapr«. Redaktenr de« 15. Februar 1871. Eine Giftmichelei gegen die Deutschen. So kommt uns ein im Rcpräsentan tenh«use des Congresses von dem Demokra «ten Thomas Laurens Jones ans Kentucky gestellter Antrag vor. Herr Jones beantragte nemlich eine Sus pension der Geschäftsordnung, um eine Re solution folgenden Inhalts einbringen zu können: Der Präsident habe dem Hause eine Botschaft cingesandt, in welcher er er kläre, daß zwischen der Constitution des deutschen Kaiserreichs uud der Constitution der Ver. Staaten Ähnlichkeit herrsche; das Haus müsse aber die Idee einer Ähnlichkeit die,en zwischen Constitutionen von sich ab weisen. Nun mag man von der Parallele in der Botschaft des Präsidenten denken was man will — jedenfalls kann kein Unbefangener läugnen, daß diese Heiden Bundesverfassun gen in Dem und Jenem Ähnlichkeit mit einander haben. Und ein Mann, gegen den der Herr Jones ein ganz winziges Dreierlicht ist,, nemlich Bancroft, hat einst in einem Berichte, den er von Berlin aus noch an Staatssekretär Seward über die norddeutsche Verfassung einsandte, sogar nackgcwiesen, daß sehr große Aeknlickkeit zwischen beiden Verfassungen herrsche. Die Resolution des Hrn. Jones sicht ganz so aus, als solle damit den Deutschen ein Tritt versetzt werden. UebrigenS verweigerte ihm das Haus eine Suspension der Geschäftsordnung, und er konnte daher seine Resolution nicht an den Mann bringen. TaS neue deutsche Reich und die Schweiz. Einer der Haupthetzer gegen die BiS marcksche Politik ist seit Jahren der in. Bern wohnende Bruder Affenvogts. Dieser Vogt U., gleich seinem naturforschenden Bruder ein Mann von großem Talente und ebenfalls ein literarischer Cyniker von Geist, bemüht sich jetzt namentlich auch, der schwei zerischen Eidgenossenschaft, von der er gleich seinem Bruder naturalisirt wurde, Angst zu machen vor schrecklichen gegen die Integrität der Schweiz gerichteten neuen Anncrions gclüsten Bismarck's und des alten Wilhelm, sowie der Deutschen überhaupt. Immerhin ist die Motivirung dieser Hetzereien durch Vogt I!. interessant Vor dem preußischen Staate zumal hat dieser Mann trotz seines PreußcnhasseS einen gewaltigen Respekt. Er meint, was moralische Kraft und Hingebung an die Staatsidee betreffe, so stehe Preußen bei nahe einzig in der Geschichte da und finde nur in der altrömischen Republik zur Zeit ihrer größten Blühe eine Parallele. Die selbe maßlose Hingabe an den Staat u. die „Zucht im Staate," wie es die preußischen Nationalltberalen nennen, dasselbe Bewußt sein, zu großen Dingen und zu gewaltiger Herrschaft berufen zu sein, erfülle die mo dernen Preußen, wie es die alten Römer erfüllte. Und ein solches Staatswesen in der Hand des gewaltigsten und verwegensten Menschen dieses Jahrhunderts — Bismarck! Mit solchem Faden lasse sich nähen und wäre es die Weltgeschichte. Bismarck ver stehe es! Er habe sich nicht einmal gescheut, offenbare Verfassungsverletzungen zu be gehen, wie die Durchsetzung der dreijährigen Präsenz-Zeit bewiesen habe. Im I. 1864 eroberte er die Elbherzogthümer, im J.1866 die Mainlinie und ganz Norddeutschland, im I. 1870 Suddeutschland und das linke Rheinufer. Es fehle den Deutschen jetzt noch zunächst an dem rechten Rheinufer vom Bodensce hinweg bis Basel, d. h. einige schweizerische Territorien, der CantonSchass hausen, zürcherische, aargauische, baslcrische GebietSthcile, 2) die Rheinmündung, also Holland. Ja Vogt II. will die Schweizer glauben machen, daß ihnen Bismarck schon in nächster Zeit diese Gebietstheile nehmen werde—: „Wird er vier Jahre warten, wie nach Sa dowa, um diese Gebiete zu nehmen? Wer sollte ihm ihre Wegnahcke wehren? Und kehren nicht alle Argumente für diese schwei zerischen und niederländischen GebietSthcile wieder, die man jetzt für Elsaß und Lothrin gen in s Feld führt? — „Sicherung vor dem Erbfeinde," den Franzosen: griffen sie nicht von 1793 an dort Deutschland an, war Waterloo nicht die letzte Schlacht, die Napoleon schlug, und kommandirte nickt Masscna drei Jahre lang gegen die Deut schen? Redet man nicht dort deutsch in ver schiedenen Mundarten? Haben diese Länder nicht früher zu dem deutschen Kaiserreiche gehört? Ist es nickt ein viel dringenderes Bedürfniß für die volkswirthschaftlichen In teressen Deutschlands, den deutschesten aller Ströme von dem Ursprung bis zu den Mün dungen in der Gewalt zu haben? Also auf's Seil, Ihr Herren des Staats- und Völker rechts, ihr Mohle und Hefster's, die Ba lancirstange in die Hand, ihr Rankeaner, Sybel u. Wagner, die Schuhe bekreidet, ihr Faucher und Rocher — beweiset dein deut schen Volke, daß diese Schweizer und Hollän der eure Brüder sein müssen, daß ihr sie an euer Bruderherz drücken müsset; den Anlaß dazu, sie zu unterjochen, wird Bismarck so liefern, daß die Schweizer die Angreifer sind und das deutsche Volk die Angegriffenen." Die staatsklugen Schweizer werden sich durch diese Hetzereien Vogt's II. schwerlich sehr bange machen lassen; denn sie wissen sehr wohl, daß Deutschland kein Interesse dabei hat, ihnen das fragliche Gebiet zu nehmen. Es ist ein Blödsinn, dies Gebiet mit Elsaß und Lothringen zu vergleichen. Letztere muß Deutschland wieder haben, um künftig gegen Frankreich militärisch gesichert zu sein. Gegen die Schweiz, deren ganze Existenz auf ihrerNeutralität beruht, braucht Deutschland keine solche Sicherung; ja es braucht sie künftig, da ihm Belfort u. s. w. gehören, noch viel weniger. Und seine volkswirthschaftlichen Interessen der Schweiz gegenüber wird Deutschland durch geeignete Verträge mit der Eidgenossenschaft zum Vortheil beider Länder zu wahren wissen. Die preußische Politik besteht in neuerer Zeit nicht in der Bedrohung der Schweiz, sondern in ihrer Befreundung. Sogar der Romantiker Friedrich Wilhelm IV. verzich tete auf die allen Hoheitsrechte seines Hau ses über den Canton Neuenburg. Und gerade seit dem Jahre 1866 bemühte sich Bismarck doppelt, das gute Einvernehmen zwischen der Schweiz einerseits und Preußen und Deutschland andererseits noch zu heben, wobei er beständig auf die gemeinsamen In teressen beider Länder hinwies. Diese kluge und lobenswerthe Bismarck'sche Politik gipfelte bis jetzt in dem Vertrage mit der Schweiz über die Gotthard-Eisenbahn. Und es liegt gar kein Grund vor, aus dem man daran zweifeln könnte, daß Bismarck nach dem jetzigen Kriege, der Schweiz gegenüber eine ähnliche Politik befolgt wie vor dem Kriege. Ja Bi-marck hat auf den Wunsch deS schweizerischen BundcSrathcS so eben in eine Verlängerung der Vertragsfrist gewilligt. Die schweizerische Bundesregierung hat Europa in den letzten Monaten bewiesen, daß sie ehrlich und stark genug ist, um die schweizerische Neutralität nach allen Seiten hin zu wahren. Auch die rechtsrheinischen HTbeile der Schweiz sind auf's innigste mit dem schwei zerischen Staatswesen verwachsen; u. jeder aufgeklärte Mann in Europa wünscht den Fortbestand der Integrität der Schweiz, die mit Ausnahme einiger kleinen Urcantone in vieler Beziehung ein europäischer Muster staat genannt werden kann. Die Insinuation, daß das neue deutsche Kaiserreich nach allen Seiten hin die Gren zen des mittelalterlichen römisch-deutschen Kaiserreiches wiedcrherstellen wolle,ist lächer lich. Jenes mittelalterliche Kaiserthum war trotz seines Glanzes thcilweise auch deshalb so ohnmächtig, weil es die heterogensten Elemente umfaßte. Und daß das neue Reich nicht in dieselbe üble Politik verfallen werde, hat Wilhelm, der bekanntlich kein Lügner und Heuchler ist, in allen seinen Kaiserproklamationen ausgesprochen. Stickt nach Theilen der Schweiz, sondern nack Dcutsch-D'estrcich steht jetzt der Sinn der Deutschen, und auck damit werden sie warten können. Was Holland betrifft, so wird sich dort bald ohne Zwang von Seiten Deutschlands die bereits in der holländischen Presse auf tauchende Idee Bahn brecken. — die Idee, daß der Wiedereintritt in's deutsche Reich für Holland selbst das größte Glück wäre. Degener ließ sich durch die Niederlage seiner Jndia* nerbill nicht entwuthigen, sondern hat im Hause eine Resolution durchgesetzt, durch welche daS Militärcomite instruirt wird, sich darüber zu unterrichten und darüber zu be richten, welche Maßregeln nöthig seien, um den Grenzen von Texas, Neu-Mexiko und Arizona besseren Schutz gegen Einfälle und Streifzüge feindlicher Indianer zu ver leihen. Das Militärcomite kann, dem Degcner'scken Anträge gemäß, zu irgend einer Zeit Bericht erstatten. Bismarck's wichtige Note über dar Bombardement. Eine Lektion für Washburne. Wie der eiserne Graf der treue Begleiter des deutschen SiegeShecreS in Frankreich ist, so cooperiren seine meisterhaften Noten mit den vom deutschen Siegesheere geführten Schlägen; sie sind, wenn wir uns so auS drücken dürfen, die staatSmännische und völkerrechtliche Deckung dieser Schläge. Dies Prädikat läßt sich namentlich auch auf seine Note über das Bombardement von Paris anwenden. Mehrere noch in Paris anwesende Ver treter fremder Mächte, besonders der Ame rikaner Washburne und der Schweizer Kern, hatten kurz nach dem Beginne des eigent lichen Bombardements von Paris an Bis marck ein Schreiben gerichtet, worin sie na mentlich darum baten, daß ihren noch in Paris befindlichen Landsleuten nunmehr gestattet werden möge, die Stadt zu verlas sen. Wir geben nun hier alles Wesentliche der schlagenden.Antwortsnote, welche Bismarck eilf Tage vor dem Zustandekommen des Waffenstillstandes obigen Herren nach Pa ris sandte—: „Ich habe die Ehre gehabt, Ihr Schrei ben zu empfangen, in welchem mit Berufung aus das Völkerrecht das Verlangen an mich gerichtet wird, bei den Militärbehörden da hin zu wirken, daß Maßregeln getroffen würden, die es den Landsleuten der Herren Unterzeichner gestatteten, sich und ihr Eigen thum während der begonnenen Belagerung von Paris in Sicherheit zu bringen. Ich bedaure, mich nicht überzeugen zu können, daß die Reclamation, welche an mich zu rich ten die Herren Unterzeichner mir die Ehre erwiesen haben, in dem Völkerrechte ihre Begründung findet. Die ungewöhnliche, in der neueren Geschichte einzig dastehende Maßregel, die Hauptstadt eines großen Landes in eine Festung und ihre Umgebung mit fast 3 Millionen Bewohnern in ein ver schanztes Lager zu verwandeln, hat aller dings für die letzteren ungewöhnliche und sehr bedauernswerthe Zustände zur Folge gehabt. Dieselben sind von denen zu ver antworten, welche diese Hauptstadt und ihre Umgebung zur Festung und zum Schlacht felde gewählt haben, in jeder Festung aber von denen zu tragen, welche in einer solchen freiwillig ihren Wohnsitz nehmen und im Kriege beibehalten. Paris ist die wichtigste Festung des Landes, und Frankreich hat in derselben seine Hauptheere gesammelt; diese greifen aus ihrer festen Stellung inmitten der Bevölkerung von Paris durch Ausfälle uud Geschützfeuer die deutschen Heere an. Angesichts dieser Thatsachen kann den deut schen Heerführern nicht zugemuthet werden, auf den Angriff der Festung Paris zu ver l zichten oder denselben in einer Weise zu > führen, welche mit dem Zwecke jeder Be » lagerung unverträglich wäre. > „Was geschehen konnte, um den unbe waffneten neutralen Thcil der Pariser Be s völkerung vor den Nachtheilen und Gefah > ren der Belagerung zu bewahren, das ist t von deutscher Seite geschehen. Durch ein : Circular des Staatssekretärs Hrn. v. Thile l vom 26. September v. I. wurden die in t Berlin beglaubigten Gesandten und durch . mein Schreiben vom 10. Oktober wurden l Se. Eminenz der päpstliche Nuncius und t die übrigen damals noch in Paris verwei : lenden Mitglieder des diplomatischen Corps t daran erinnert, daß die Einwohner von Pa ) ris fortan dem Gange ler militärischen Er . eignisse unterworfen seien. In einem zwei r ten Circular vom 14. Oktober wurde auf die > Folgen hingewiesen, welche für dik-Civilbe : völkerung aus einem auss Aeußerste fortge > setzten Widerstande erwachsen müßten; und den Inhalt dieses Circulars habe ich unter : dem 29. desselben Monats dem Herrn Ge , sandten der Ver. Staaten in Paris mit dem : Ersuchen mitgetheilt, den übrigen Mitglie - dern des diplomatischen Corps davon Kennt - niß zu geben. Es hat also an vorgängiger ) Warnung, an Aufforderung, die belagerte ) Stadt zu verlassen, den Neutralen nicht ge i fehlt, obwohl der Erlaß solcher Warnungen r und die Gestattung der Entfernung wohl , von humanem Gefühl und von Rücksicht - auf die Angehörigen neutraler und befreun e deter Staaten, aber keineswegs durck einen k Satz des Völkerrechts dictirt sind. „Noch weniger ist durch Gesetz oder Ge wohnheit die Verpflichtung begründet, den Belagerten von den einzelnen militärischen Operationen, zu denen die Belagerung fort schreitet, vorher Anzeige zu machen, wie ich mit Bezug auf das Bombardement in mei nem an Herrn I. Favre gerichteten Schrei ben vom 26. September v. I. zu constatiren die Ehre gehabt habe. Daß bei fortgesetztem Widerstande eine Beschießung der Stadt er folgen werde, darauf mußte man gefaßt sein." Bismarck ritirt nun aus den Schriften des großen Völkerrechts- und Kriegsrechts« Lehrers Dattel Stellen, wornach es im Kriege durchaus erlaubt ist, feste u. wichtige Plätze, welche Widerstand leisten, nicht nur zu beschießen, sondern sie in Grund und Boden zu schießen, sie gänzlich zu zerstören. „Gegen die Beschießung von Paris", sagt Bismarck dann weiter, „ist ein rechtsbegrün deter Einwand um so weniger zu erbeben, als cs nicht unsere Absicht ist, die Stadt, wie Dattel es für zulässig hält, zu zerstören, sondern nur die feste centrale Stellung un haltbar zu machen, in welcher die französi scken Armeen ihre Angriffe auf die deutschen Truppen vorberciten und nach deren Aus- > führung Deckung finden. „Ich erlaube mir endlich, Ew. :c. und die i übrigen Herren Unterzeichner des geehrten Schreibens vom 13. d. M. daran zu erin nern, daß nach den oben crwäbnten dies seitigen Ankündigungen und Warnungen Monate lang alle Neutrale, die es wünsch ten, ohne Bedingung als die Feststellung ihrer Identität und Nationalität durch un sere Linien gelassen wurden, und daß bis zum heutigen Tage nicht allein den Mitglie dern deS diplomatischen Corps, sondern auch anderen Neutralen, wenn sie von ihren Re gierungen, resp. Gesandten reclamirt wur den, Passirscheine bei unseren Vorposten zur Verfügung gestellt worden sind. Viele der Herren Unterzeichner des Schreibens vom 13. sind seit Monaten von uns benach richtigt, daß sie unsere Linien passiren kön nen, und sie sind seit lange im Besitze der Erlaubniß ihrer Regierungen, Paris zu ver lassen? In analoger Lage befinden sich Hun derte von Angehörigen neutraler Staaten, deren Herauslassung durch ihre Gesandten bei uns beantragt wurde. Weshalb die selben von der Ermächtigung, die sie seit so langer Zeit besitzen, keinen Gebrauch mach ten, darüber fehlen amtliche Nachrichten. AuS glaubwürdigen Privatmittheilungen darf ich aber schließen, daß die französischen Behörden seit längerer Zeit den Angehörigen neutraler Staaten, auch den Diplomaten derselben nicht gestatten, Paris zu verlassen. Wenn dies der Fall ist, so würde eö sich em pfehlen, daß die zum Verbleiben in Paris Gezwungenen ihre Proteste bei den dortigen Machthabern anbringen. In jedem Falle bin ich nach dem Vorstehenden berechtigt, die Annahme in dem Schreiben vom 13. d. M., daß die Neutralen „durch die ihrer Abreise von den Kriegführenden bereiteten Schwie rigkeiten verhindert seien, sich der Gefahr zu entziehen", rücksichtlich der deutschen Heer führung zurückzuwcisen. Die den Mitglie dern des diplomatischen Corps ertheilte Er mächtigung werden wir als eine Sache inter nationaler Courtoisie aufrecht erhalten, so schwierig und störend auch die Ausführung in dem gegenwärtigen Stadium der Belage rung werden muß. Ihre zahlreichen Lands leute den von der Belagerung einer Festung unzertrennlichen Gefahren zu entreißen, habe ich gegenwärtig zu meinem Bedauern kein anderes Mittel mehr als die Uebcrgabe von Paris. Wir befinden uns in der trau rigen Notwendigkeit, unsere militärische Action nicht unserem Mitgefühl für die Lei den der Civilbevölkerung von Paris unter ordnen zu können; unser Verfahren ist uns streng vorgezeichnet durch das Gebot des Krieges und die Pflicht, die deutschen Heere gegen neue Angriffe der Pariser Armee zu sichern. „Daß die deutsche Artillerie nicht absicht lich auf Gebäude schieße, welche zum Aufent halt von Frauen, Kindern und Kranken bestimmt sind, braucht kaum versichert zu werden bei der Gewissenhaftigkeit, mit wel cher unsererseits die Genfer Convention auch unter den schwierigsten Verhältnissen beobacktet worden ist. Wegen der Bauart der Festungen und der Entfernung, aus der die Battcriecn jetzt noch feuern, iss eine zu fällige Beschädigung solcher Gebäude schwer zu verhüten, gleich wie die Verwundung und Tödtung nicht militärischer Personen, die bei jeder Belagerung zu beklagen sind. Daß die peinlichen und von uns lebhaft beklagten Vorfälle in einer Stadt wie Paris in grö ßerem Maßstabe als in anderen Festungen mit einer Belagerung verbunden sein müssen, hätte von der Befestigung oder von hart näckiger Vertheidigung derselben abhalten sollen. Aber keiner Nation kann gestattet werden, ihre Nachbarn mit Krieg zu über ziehen und im Laufe desselben ihre Haupt festung mit Bezugnahme auf die dort woh nenden unbewaffneten und neutralen Ein wohner und auf die vorhandenen Hospitäler schützen zu wollen, in deren Mitte die be waffneten Heere nach jedem Angriffe ihre Deckung suchen und sich zu neuen Angriffen rüsten können. „Ich ersuche Ew. rc. ergebenst, diese Ant wort geneigtest zur Kenntniß der Herren Mitunt-rzeichner des Schreibens vom 13. d. Mts. bringen und die erneuerte Versiche rung meiner vorzüglichen Hockacktung ge nchmigen zu wollen. v. Bismarck." LM' Urtheil eines Bismarck fressers über Bismarck. Selbst den erbittertsten Gegnern Bismarck's impo nirt die Große des Mannes ganz gewaltig. So fällt z. B. derselbe Vogt II., dessen Hetzereien gegen BiSmarck in der Schweiz wir»in einer andern Spalte dieser Nr. des „Wecker" besprechen, folgendes Urtheil über ihn: „Sicher ist Bismarck der gewandteste und kühnste Kopf, der in diesem Jahrhundert an der Spitze eines Staates stand; Metternich war ein Höselerstthm gegenüber, Napoleon!, ein verbranntes Gehirn im Vergleich zu dem Varziner Einsiedler." protestantische Kirche inRom. .Im vorigen Monate wurde in mitten der Stadt Rom die erste protestan tische Kirche eröffnet, lieber der Thüre der selben stehen als Ueberschrift die berühmten Worte CavourS: „Freie Kirche im freien Staate." , Zb" Gambetta und einige Hannoveraner. Während sich die braven hannöverschen Truppen im 10. nord deutschen Armcccorps in diesem Kriege mit Ruhm bedeckten, suchte Gambetta zu guter Letzt noch die kläglichen Neste der „Welfen legion" gegen die Deutschen aufzubieten. Der Curiosität halber lassen wir sein betref fendes, erst ganz kürzlich den Deutschen be kannt gewordenes Dekret hier folgen: B o rdea u x, 5. Jan. 1871. Die Glieder der Regierung der National vertbeidigung beschließen kraft der ihnen verliehenen Vollmacht: In Ansehung dessen, daß Gründe vorlicgen, die Svmpathieen der nach Algier geflüchteten Hannoveraner an zuerkennen, wie folgt: Art. 1. In Algier wird eine Infanterie- Compagnie als Corps unter der Bczeich nung „Hannoversche HülfStruppen" gebil det. Es soll eine Stärke von 200 Mann haben nnd wird wie eine französische Com pagnie nack Sold, Leistung und Uniform vrganisirt. Art. 2. Diese Compagnie wird durch einen französischen Capitän befehligt; der Lieutenant soll Hannoveraner sein, der Untcrlicutenant entweder Franzose sein oder unter den hannoverschen Unteroffizieren gewählt werden; der Feldwebel (sorxermt umjor) soll Franzose und mit der Verwal tung betraut sein. Art. 3. Der Eintritt in die Compagnie wird nur aufKriegSdquer angenommen. Art. 4. Der Kriegöminister i ist mit Ausführung gegenwärtigen Beschlus ses beauftragt. L. Gambetta. . Der Delegirte im Kriegs-Departement: C. de Frevcine t. Eine Prolie Gambetta'schcr Beredtfam »eit. Die Schlacht bei Le ManS war geschla gen; in wilder Flucht wälzte sich die fran zösische Armee unter Chanzy dabin. Gam bctta, der dieser Schlacht bcigewohnt, floh nach dem Norden, in der Hoffuung, dort unter Gen. Faidherbe ein noch unbesiegtes starkes französisches Heer zu finden. Aber als er kam, war dies Heer von den Deut schen unter Gen. Göben ebenso fürchterlich zugerichtet, wie das Heer Chanzy's gerade vorher von den Deutschen unter Friedrich Karl zugerichtet worden war. Gambetta eilte in die starke nordfranzö sische Festung Lille. Allerdings konnte er damals noch nicht wissen, daß soeben von den Deutschen unter dem preußischen Kron prinzen auch der letzte verzweifelte Ausfall Trochu's aus Paris zurückgeschmettert wor den. Aber wie er die furchtbaren Nieder lagen Chanzy's und Faidhcrbe's aus eige ner Anschauung kannte, so wußte er auch aus Depeschen Bourbaki'S, daß die Opera tionen dieses Generals im Osten an dem Heroismus des Gen. Werder und seiner Braven bereit- gescheitert waren und daß nun überdies Manteufscl in Bourbaki'S Rücken operirte. » Es wäre viellcichl erhaben gewesen, weng Gambetta in Lille dem Volke ungeschminkt die Wahrheit gesagt und es dann, durch diese Katastrophen nicht cntmuthigt, zu fer nerem Widerstande aufgefordert hatte. Nun that Gambetta zwar Letzteres in Liste, nicht aber Ersteres. Er ließ die Einwohner vor der Präfektur zusammenkommen, um sie — in einer „Stumprede" unter falschen und lügnerischen Vorwänden zu fernerem Wider stande anzufeuern. Wir wollen die charakteristischen Stetten dieser Rede hier hervorhcben: „Die Republik wird im In- und Auslande den schuldvollenllnternebmungen dererTrotz bieten, welche sie in ihrer Grundlage angrci fen wollen. Man hält unS für geneigt, zum Kriege Hinzutreiben, um leichter zur Knech tung des Landes zu gelangen, indem wir den Platz derer besetzen, die uns in die Schande gestürzt haben. Wir sind vor Allem die er klärten Feinde des Krieges, und besonders dieses Krieges, den wir'für ein Verbrechen halten. Wir haben ihn gebrandmarkt, als er unternommen wurde. Wir verfluchten ihn mit unserer ganzen Kraft." Wie frech riescr Mann lügt'. Durch sein ewiges „Rache für Sadowa!" half gerade er den alten Gaukler Bonaparte in diesen Krieg bineinhetzen. Ferner stimmten er und seine Genossen von der provisorischen Ne gierungmit der cinzigenAuSnabmc deSGlaiS- Bizoin, im vorigen Juli im gesetzgebenden Körper für die KriegSsttbsidieu. Erfuhr fort: „Heute sind den Krieg zu unternehmen; denn es handelt sich um va- Heil Frankreichs. Fragt diejenigen, welche unfern Boden mit Füßen treten, für welche Sache sie sich schlagen; sie werden Euch sa gen, daß sie sich schlagen, weil ein König sie dazu nöthigt. (Einfach gelogen.) Dieser König hatte zuerst gesagt, daß er nicht gegen das Land Krieg führe, sondern gegen den Kaiser, der es unterjoche. (Einfach gelo gen.) Und doch als man im Namen de« Volkes, befreit von seinen Tyrannen, dem Bruderkampf ein Enoe machen wollte, for derte er drei Millionen Einwohners?), meh rere Milliarden, ein Fort, mit einem Worte die Entehrung; wir verweigerten cs. Heute verweigern nur cö noch, und wir werden Alle lieber untergehen, als uns Lügen strafen!" Im weiteren Verlaufe dieser heillosenRede prahlte und drohte Gambetta mit „Berthei digung bis auf den letzten Mann", mit ewi gem Widerstande gegen die Abtretung auch nur eines Zoll französischen Gebietes, da Verstümmelung Frankreich'- gleichbedeutend mit seiner Vernichtung (!) wäre. Ja Angesichts der furchtbaren Niederla gen der Franzosen schrie Gambetta den Be wohnern von Lille zu: „Der Feind istbesiegt! Denn Deutsch land entvölkert sich. Seine ganze Bevöl kerung ist nnter den Waffen. Bei ihnen ist der Gedanke abgestorben, derHandel ist null, der Ruin überall. (Wie plump gelogen!) Bei uNS ist das Leben der Gesellschaft nur behindert, aber es ist nicht abgestorben, und wenn wir, stark durch unser Recht und unser Gewissen, widerstehen, so kann Alles geret tet werden. Wenn die Preußen noch in 3 Monaten auf unseren Territorien sind, so sind sie verloren. Durch alle möglichen Opfer müssen wir sie dort festhaltcu, um sie sicherer zu verderben. Wenn jeder von uns diesen Glauben und diese Leidenschaft hat, so reicht es hin, zu wollen, um zu siegen. Was könnte diese Million Menschen gegen jene 38 Millionen Brüste, die geschworen ha ben, eher unterzugchen, als sich zu enteh ren!" Während Gambetta in Lille so perorirte, strömten in demselben Lille Flüchtlinge von der Armee Faidherbe « in bejammernswür digem Zustande ein, ohne genügende Klei dung, halb verhungert und erfroren, theil wcise barfuß bei der bitteren Kälte, theil« in Holzschuhen, theils einen Holzschuh an einem und einen Lederschuh am anderen Fuße. Diese armen Soldaten waren stumme und doch so beredte Zeugen über die Gam betta'sche Kriegführung, die noch in den letz ten Tagen von einem unerschrockenen Blatte in der eigentlichcuResidenz desDiktators und jetzigen Exdiktators, nemlich in Bordeaux, so charakterisier wurde: „Er ist gekommen im Luftballon; alle Hülfsquellen an Gut und Blut standen ihm zur Verfügung. Er hatte drei Monate Zeit, um eine solide tüch tige Armee zu bilden, an Elementen fehlte es nicht, sie brauchten nur zusammengezo gea und discivlinirt zu zperden. Man zog vor, enorme Menschenmassen auSzubebcn, die man weder bewaffnen noch kleiden konn te; man verbreitete Unordnung und Desor ganisation, ohne an der alten VerwaltungS- und Militär-Routine etwas zu verbessern. So ward das Vertrauender Soldaten durch grundlose Absetzungen, denen oft ebenso un »notivirtc Wiedereinsetzungen folgten, zer stört. Man machte Chefs von Armeen aus Journalisten dritten Ranges, man lieferte unsere Anleihen den Abenteurern der Fi nance ans, man vertraute Stellen von der höchsten Wichtigkeit politischen Zigeunern an, welche von früh bis spat prahlen, sie , machten Pakte mit dem Tode, während sie nur Pakte mit ihren Gehältern schlossen ... Es ist Zeit, die Prahlereien einzustellen und diesem Willkühr Regimente ein Ende zu machen." Nun — jetzt i st ihm ein Ende gemacht.- Die russisch - griechische Kirche in New Port. Zu den anderen Sekten in Amerika ist nun wirklich die griechisch-katholische gekom men, die jetzt in New Aork ihre Kirche und ihre Gemeinde hat. Diese steht unter Lei tung des in Baltimore wohlbekannten Pro fessor N. Bj erring, und der Gottes dienst erregt bereits die Aufmerksamkeit der New Aorker englischen Presse. Als etwas in Amerika ganz Neues ver dienen die Eeremonien dieser Kirche wohl Erwähnung. Wir entnehmen daher einem New Aorker englischen Blatte über den Got tesdienst in jener Kirche am letzten Sonntag Folgendes: Vorerst behilft man sich mit einer Kapelle, zu der die Empfangszimmer in der elegan ten Wohnung des Priesters, des Hochwür digcn Pater Bjcrring in Second Avenue eingerichtet sind. Diese Kapelle ist auf's Prachtvollste nach der Weise der Kirche des Orients ausgestattet; sie strahlt in silber nem und goldenem Schmucke. Der Chor rock des Priesters wie der des Vorsängers ist von reinem Goldstoff und mit buntfarbigen Stickereien geschmückt. Vor dem Aller heiligsten erhebt sich ein stattlicher Altar, den eine Draperie von demselben kostbaren Stoffe bedeckt. Das Pult des Vorsängers und das Offertorium sind ähnlich geschmückt. Auf dem Altar stehen die heiligen Gefäße aus Gold von herrlich getriebener Arbeit; dem profanen Blicke werden sie durch gol dene Tücher verhüllt, auf welche silberne Kreuze gestickt sind. Dahinter steht ein Armleuchter mit sieben Armen, deren jeder eine große Wachskerze hält. Auch im klebrigen ist die Kapelle auf's Schönste eingerichtet. Der Gottesdienst fand diesmal in engli scher Sprache statt, und dies wird fortan stets der Fall sein. Der hochwürdige Pater Bjerring hat daher das Liturgicum des hei ligen Basilius, ChrysostomuS und Gre gorius sehr schön in'S Englische übersetzt u. zugleich speziellcGebete für die amerikanische Nation, den Präsidenten und den Congreß eingefügt. Der Gottesdienst endete mit Spendung des Segens und damit, daß der Hochwür dige Pater Bjerring den Gläubigen ein Cruzifir vorhielt, dem sie sich näherten, um seine Augen und Füße zu küssen. UebrigenS wird noch in diesem Jahre in Lexington Avenue zu New Jork eine groß artige griechische Kirche erbaut werden. Die Synode in St. Petersburg hatden nöthigen Bauplatz bereits für -20,000 angekauft, u. für den Tempelbau selbst -120/100 be willigt. Der Großfürst Alexis, jüngerer Sohn des russischen Kaisers, wird diesen Sommer die Ver. St. besuchen und wahrscheinlich der Einweihung des Tempels beiwohnen. All' diese interessanten Ereignisse haben ihren Ursprung in dem den Lesern de« Wecker wohl bekannten Briefe, welchen einst der Professor Bjerring an den Papst ge richtet hat. Deutsche Siegesfeier bis in's ferne West-Texas. In San Antonio, wo der deutsche Re präsentant Eduard Degener her ist, feierten sie die Capitulation von Paris ungefähr um dieselbe Zeit wie hier in Baltimore. Der dortigen „Freien Presse" entnehmen wir über die famose Feier Folgende«: „Schon Nachmittags luden Plakate die Deutschen ein, sich um 7 Uhr auf dem Ala moplatze zu versammeln; aber nicht bloS Deutsche, sondern auch alle anderen hier vertretenen Nationalitäten fanden sich um die bezeichnete Zeit ein und der große Platz war dicht gedrängt voller Menschen, Män ner, Weiber und Kinder. Nachdem das städtische Musikcorps ein Stück vorgetragen, ordnete sich der Zug, voran die Musik, rechts und links davon Fackelträger; dann folgte die deutsche Flagge und die Fahne der Ver. Staaten und hinter diesen der eigentliche Fackelzug, eine Reihe von Fackelträgern, in deren Mitte ein zweites deutsches Banner getragen wurde. Unter schallender Musik ging er nach dem Platze der Estcscopal- Kirche, wo ein brillantes Feuerwerk abge brannt wurde. Die Menschenmenge hatte sich inzwischen verdoppelt, und als die Fackeln angezündet wurden und der Zug sich aber mals in Bewegung setzte, schlossen sich alle Anwesenden demselben an und schwellten ihn zu einer Prozession an, wie wir derglei chen noch nie in San Antonio gesehen. Mit lautem Jubel ging es durch die Stadt. Da und dort zeigten sich an den Straßen er leuchtete Häuser, Transparente, bengalische Flammen und deutsche Flaggen. „Am Casino angekommen betrat die Menge den Saal, soweit derselbe sie faßte. Außerdem füllten sich die Nebenräume schnell und doch blieb noch eine gcoße Zahl vor den Nebenthüren stehen. Hier wurde die Feier mit dem Gesänge „Die Wacht am Rhein", eröffnet, deren Refrain das ganze Publikum begeistert mitsang. Hr. BerendS betrat daraus die Bühne und hielt eine kurze Ansprache. Er schloß mit einem Hoch auf die Männer, welche den Kriegsplan entwor fen und das deutsche Einigkeitswerk zu einem so glücklichen Ende gebracht. Während der Hochs hob sich der Vorhang und eü entfaltete sich den erstaunten Augen eine ungeahnte Ueberraschung. Im Hintergrund der Bühne erschien das brillant erleuchtete Gemälde des Königs, des Kronprinzen, Bismarck's und der hauptsächlichsten Heerführer Moltke, Steinmetz, Prinz Friedrich Karl und Vogel von Falckenstein in einer meisterhaften Gruppe in Lebensgröße, der König sitzend, Moltke auf eine Karte Frankreichs weisend und Bismarck Papier und Feder in Händen, bereit, die Capitulation von Paris zu zeich nen. Dies Gemälde war von unserm be kannten Künstler, Hrn. Karl Jwonsky, an gefertigt, der damit abermals sein vortreff liches Talent in der Portrait- und Genre malerei bekundet. „Nachdem der erste Jubel verhallt war, wurde nach der Melodie: „Heil dir im Sie geskranz" ein zweites Festlied gesungen, dem eine Ansprache des Herrn Thielepape folgte, , in welcher er in eindringlicher Weise die Leiden schilderte, welche der Krieg im Ge folge gehabt, und zu einer neuen Sammlung , für die Nothleidenden in Deutschland auf forderte. Diese Sammlung wurde denn auch sofort eröffnet nnd ergab eine ansehn liche Summe. Hierauf wurde „Das deutsche Vaterland" gesungen, nach dessen Schluß! Herr Siemcring in kurzen Worten die Ver - sammlung aufsorderte, sich auf den CommerS j vorzubereiten, der bestimmt sei, die Feier des j Tages zu schließen, darauf hinweisend, daß nach Vollendung der schwersten Arbeit, die« je einem Volke zugemuthet worden, auch die Freude und der Frohsinn berechtigt i seien. - l „Es folgte nun noch ein drittes Lied nach der Melodie: „Du Schwert an meiner Lin ken", und der CommerS nahm seinen An fang und währte in ununterbrochener Hei terkeit bis spät in die Nacht hinein." LiiwMjche .Mchrillitl'n. j ' V om HohcuaS p e r g. Gegenüber ! Meldungen mehrerer Zeitungen erklärt der „Staatsanzeiger für Württemberg", daß eine Revolte unter den französischen Kriegs gefangenen weder auf dem Hohenasperg noch sonst in irgend einem Gefangenendepot stattgefundcn habe. Wohl liege aber der Verdarbt meuterischer Unternehmungen Sei tens der Gefangenen auf dem Hohenasperg vor, weshalb verschärfte Sicherheits-Maß regeln getroffen, mehrere Verhaftungen vor genommen und die bisher den Gefangenen gewährten Freiheiten beschränkt wurden. O b e r st S t of f e l, der vor dem Krieg als militärischer Spitzel L. BonapartL'S in Deutschland war, erzählt unter Anderem, PrinzFriedrtchKarl habe ihm ein mal betreffs der östreichtschen Armee gesagt: „Die Oestreicher besitzen die Routine der Niederlage." Todtenfeier für im Kriege umgekommene Soldaten. Die Münchener Universitätscorps brachten kürz lich zu Ehren zweier ihrer Commilitonen, des verstorbenen Corpsburschen der „Jsaria" Ludwig Lebling, und des seinen Wunden erlegenen und nach München verbrachten Landwehr-Lieutenants und Corpsburschen der „Franconia", Karl Bürkel, einen Fackel zug, nachdem schon Nachmittags die Leichen feierlichkeiten stattgefunden hatten. Der Zug wurde bei dem Akademiegebäude aus gestellt, bewegte sich unter den Trauer- Märschen zweier Musikcorps durch Hie Kau finger-, Rosen- und Sendlingergasse nach dem südlichen (alten) Friedhofe. Nachdem dort der Verstorbenen ay ihren Gräbern in einer Ansprache gedacht worden, bewegte sich der Zug unter dem Spiele heiterer Weisen nack dem Sendlingerthor-Platze, wo ein großer Kreis gebildet, nach altakademischer Sitre daS Oauäoumus ixitur gesungen und die Feier mit einem dreifachen Hoch beendet wurde. Plon Plon und Gen. Chan garnier. Ucber den Besuch, den Plon Plon kürzlich beim alten General Changar nier in Brüssel abstattete, berichtet Letzterer: „Ich erschrack nicht wenig, als dieser fette Mann in meinen kleinen ärmlichen Salon trat, allein meine militärische Kaltblütigkeit verließ mich nicht. Ohne ihn auch nur ein zuladen, Platz zu nehmen, fragte ich ihn, wie ich zu der Ehre seines Besuches komme. Nach langen Complimenten und Schmeichcl worten über meine Wichtigkeit und Bered samkeit, sagte er: „Sie allein können Frankreich retten und dem Kriege ein Ende machen. Die Kaiserin ist ein dummes Thier (uuv brüte). Werden Sie Frankreichs Regent und führen Sie den jungen kaiserlichen Prinzen. Ich bürge Ihnen für die Zustimmung des Kö nigs von Preußen und Bismarcks. Ver einigen Sie sich an der Grenze mit 150/100 unserer Gefangenen, welche von Generalen nach Ihrem Willen kommandirt werden sollen. „WennSie die provisorischeRegierung und einige fünfzig andere Unruhestifter erschießen lassen werden, wird die Ordnung für immer wieder hergestcllt sein. Falls Sie einstimmen wird sogleich ein Unterhändler an Herrn Bismarck abgesendet werden." »Prinz," antwortete ich, „ich will keine Romane mehr machen, am allerwenigsten so lächerliche." - Darauf wies ich ihm die Thüre, und er entfernte sich." Der alteOchsenbcininder S ch w c i z, der seit dem KrimfcldAlg den Titel und Gehalt eines französischen Gene rals führt, hat sich um ein französisches Commando beworben. Um sich zu inszeni ren, veröffentlichte er gleichzeitig einige Ar tikel im fchweiz. Handelskurier, worin er die Schweiz aufforderte, mit IM,000 Mann über die deutsche Grenze zu brechen, die französischen Gefangenen zu befreien und nach Berlin zu marschiren. Die Schweizer Presse hat ihm aber gehörig heimgelcuchtet. AMmmlrrmchurMN. Treasury - Departemeut s W olhing ton» 4. Acdruar 1871. j -iernut wird Sffkntlict, bekannt gemackt» daft am ß. Atar» d. I. in dicjrm vanvk und in ciknropa Bücher ottcn tirgen werden für Sudlcriptionen in der Nationalanlrihc unrer der am 14. Zuli 1870 bestätigten Akte, betitelt Akt, die »tesundiruna der S0ationolsc1,u1d »u autdo risiren" und der als «meudemcnt desselben am 20. Ja nuar 1871 bestätigten Akte. Die L'rte. an welchen Subskriptionen gemacht werden können und die Namen der authorifirten Agenten der Re aierung werden später bekannt gemacht. Die beabsichtigte Anleihe umsaßt 3 Klassen von Bond«, nämlich: tLrsrenS— BondS zum Betrage von ätio Millionen Dol lar», taplbar in Mün»e dem Ürmesjen der Ber. Staaten aemäft innerhalb 10 Zähren vom Lage der Au-ftrllnna, die vierteljährlich in Mün»e »u zahirade Linsen tragen nach dem ö Proccnt Auße per Jahr. .-Zweitens— BondS zum Seirage von 300 Millionen Dollar», in Münze dem Ermessen der Per. Staaten gc> maß innerhalb l.'» Jahren zu zahlen vom Tage der Aus stellung angrrcchnet. die Zinsen tragen nach dem d Prozent Fuße pcrHahr, zahlbar vierteljährlich in Münze. Dritten» — Bond» zum Betrage von 700 Millionen Dollar», in Münze dein Ermesse,, der Ber. Staaten ent sprechend »ach 30 Jahren, vom Tage der Ausstellung ge rechnet, zu zahlen, die Zinsen tragen, welche vierteljährlich Prozent Fuße per Jahr zu zahlen Subscribrnien für die Anleihe erhallen den Borzna in solar,,der Reihenfolge, nämlich: iLrstcn« — «uvscriventen sür gleiche Beträge von jeder Klasse von BondS. Zweiten» — Subskribenten sür gleiche Beträge von Bond», welche Prorent uud solcher, welche h Pro:e»t Zin,en «ragen. Dritten» — Subskribenten für sünfprocentige Bond». Wenn eine Subscivtivn gemacht ist, wird der Suvscri» dent a»,gefordert. 2 Procent von dem Betrage derselben zu vcponirrn. welche von »er Regierung in Rechnung ge bracht werden bei Abliesetung der BondS und kann -Zah lung entweder in Münze oder in Ber. Staate» Bonds, bekannt als Id — Fitzer Bonds, nach ihrem Papierwruhe erfolgen. Dir in Zahlung angenommene Münze wird nlösung der:, — A>cr BondS verwandt. Die BondS werden registrirt oder ausgestellt mit Sou- > ponS» wie die Subskribenten wünschen. Negistrirte Bond» , werden ausgegeben mit den Betrügen von t>>0, »io», »ooc>, »1000, -5000 und -lO.OOO undLoupon-Bonds über alle dir Beträge, ausgenommen die beiden letzteren. Die Zinsen werden in den Ber. Staate» in der Office des Trcastirer, , Trcasurer-Asststenten oder des ernannten Rcgicrungsoc- z positars gezahlt. . f Di« BondS der verschiedenen vorerwähnten Klassen und dir Zinsen daraus sind >rei von Steuern uud Abgaben an j die Brr. Staaten, sowie auch von , acnd welcher Form, durch Staats, Munieipal», und Lo» k tn-r' Fälligkeit werden die zuletz! ausgestellten «ond» zuerst cingclöst nach Klassen und Nummer», wir der Schatzsecretär deslim.n-. (U sek, — f.ml „. k» tl> Sekretär der Treasury. 1ll,!sl)i,i.,ltmci' M,',eigen. Aug. Basiert. Victor Hagmann. Basiert L Kagmann. OlviI-InFeltiouro «k Snricilor« c»f Patents, No. 711 G Str., zwischen 7. und 8. Str., gegenüber der Patent-Office, »E«-» Washington, D. L. L 8VEI/8 ttOIkl., 1.".3'.i -E Str., nahe dem National Theater, Washington D. E. Der Unterzeichnete macht einem geehrten Publikum die ergebenste Anzeige, baß er obige- (ycschiist üvcruom. men und neu hergerichiet hat. Auch finden Kostgänger gutes Unterkommen. (oklt—-Omi) Wilhelm kV n n tru m. 483 C Straße, zwischen und 6. Straße, Washington, D. E. Unterzeichneter empfiehlt sein Hotel seinen Freunden »nd besonders ben geehrten Herren Reisenden Beste. Oteräninigr Zimmer, treffliche Rheinweine eigener Im Variation, da« vorzüglichste Lagerbier und alle sonst br liebten Getränke stehen den geehrten Gästen stets, zur Verfügung. Andrew Sprohs. (oktSO-tz) cLigcnthümer. ff» Uoslieli'n E Schützen Halle, Nr. 804 7. Str., zwischen H nnd I Str., Mahlzeiten nnd Logis. jliniLÜ-- HA -losvpli klatr, LL »L8DLVNLAD. und - 8^1.007^ No. 604 Pennsylvania Ave., gegenüber dem Metropolitan Hotel, Washington, D. S. Ecke Louisiana Avenue und 6. Straße, Aoung'S La« Building«, Washington. »F- Kalte und warme Dprtsrn zu jeder Tageszeit. (nov>7-4> Blumber Gas-Fitter ' o DS,r ' »wische» «. und 7. Htr. X Washington, D. L. Personen» welch» Arbeit oder Artikel brauchen, di« in diese« Geschäft gehören, werden e« zu ihrem bedeutende» Borthrit finden, sich nach mir zu erkundige», oder selbst bei mir vorzuiprechen. AU« Arbeit wird zwölf Monate qaravttrt. fepst-jl Dyspepsie oder Unverdaulichkeit ist eine Störung der verdauunasorganr, deren nächste Ursache, wie man ausgesunben hat, in einer geringeren Quantität Magensäfte, odcr tn der Brrdordrnheit dersel den besteht. Die entfernteren Ursachen dieser Krankheit sind Unmäßigkeit im jEssen oder Trinken, der Gebrauch von zu viel thicrischer Nahrung, heißem Brod, Tabak, BerNopsungen in der Leber oder MNz. per Gebrauch ver schicdcncr Medizinen» besonder« Ealomel und Merkur» und in vielen Fallen wird die Krankheit durch solche ..Heil mittel" verschlimmert, welche temporäre Srlcichternngfge« währen, Allgemeinen sind diejenigen Medizinen» weiche von den Aerzlen verschrieben werden, um Dhüpepst» zu heilen, gistlg und werden dem Organismus de« Ma gen« schaden, selbst wenn man sie in den kleinsten Ouan itäten nimmt, und dir gesunde Bernnnst sollte Zedem sä ten. daß solche Medizinen keine Unvrrdaultchkeit heilen können. Da» große Heilmittel für U»Verdaulichkeit, welche» von Dr. Schenck ermittelt wurde, ist nicht einmal den itir wändcn ausgesetzt, welche gegen diejenigen Medizinen e: Hoven werden, weiche gewöhnlich sür die Kur dieser Krank heit verordnet werden. <LS ist. wie sein Raineschon a«c zeigt, eine «getabilische Präparativ», von einem Kraut oistlUirt, welche- im Meer und am Mccresuscr im Ueder» fl»ß wächst. Dies-- Kraut besitzt!die medizinische Eigen schaft de» Jods ok:r der Eisentyeile desselben, und ist in seiner Art fast gl<7 h mit dein Magensaft, da» AustöfungS mittel, welches»!« Natur dazu bestiinint hat, um den Ber dauungSprozeß zu befördern. Da» Scawerd Tonic nimmt daher die Stelle diese» Auflösungsmittel- ein, wenn das selbe uicht vorhanden ist, und da es die einzige Medizin ist, welche als ein Substitut für den Magensaft gelten kau», so ist es die einzige Medizin, welche Dyspepsie deiit. ü» zerfrißt nicht Sie Magenhaut, wie Bitriol und andere Säu ren, welche drin Patienten gegeben werden, um „Appetit u erregen." welche« doch nur rin salscherist, und dem mau sich nicht hingcben kann, ohne daß die Schmerzen de« Pa tienten größer werden wie vorher. Schenk'- Scawecd To nic richtet stch nach den Borschristen ber Natur. Seine au genblickliche Wirkung ist dir Nahrung i» Milchsaft »u ver wandeln. welche« der erste BerdaunngSprozeß in. E» stärkt den Magen und setzt ihn in den Stand, den Magen saft in genügenden Quantitäten fortzuschaffcn und wenn dieses Ziel erreicht ist, hat die Dyspepsie ausgchört zu exi stiren. Zu haben bei allen Dniggtsten in den Bereinigten Staaken. Dr. Schenk S Hauptasstce ist No. IS Nord 6. Straße. tdczt? Neue deutsche Apotheke. Unterzeichneter macht den Herren Aerztcn und dem §r> chrtc» Publikum dir ergebene Anzeige, daß «in Äo. 446, West.Baltirnoreslr.. nahe Pearlslr., eine Apotheke «öffnet hat und bittet bei Zusicherung prompt« und reeller Bedienung um ge neigten Zuspruch. Isr-mt Louis Steinhosrr. Dr. Rieord Ko. Fanettestraß«, unterhalb Sowarbstrast», hat 30 Jahre der Behandlung chronischer Krankheiten. »U gemeiner Schwäche, Zittern, organisch« Schwache, früh zeitige» Verfalls, Impotenz, ansteckender Krankheiten de» Bluts, Halses, Nase und Haut u. s. w gewidmet. P-iue Kur garantirt. Sprechstunden voi 1'.". Uhr Bonn., 2 dis Uhr Nachmittag« 7—V llhr Abends, Sonntags von 10 bis 12 Uhr Mittag». 23aprji. Wichtig für Nrauer. Große Erfparnist von 52 irircl Oold durch - Louis 8odul2o's Patent!«», verbesserte Feuer - H-ichmasehine, (Patentlrt am 8. Dezember 1870.) L. Einleitende Bemerkung. Der Erfinder dieser Maschine, Lo»>isDchUl»t. ist »in gelernter Maschtnlst und jelt 36 Jahren tn diesem Werke thälig. Durch eine Reihe von Jahren war er Obmann in den größcften Werkstätten, und hatte Gele genheit, da» ganze Gebiet der Maschinerie theoretisch und praktisch durchznardciten. Seit den letzten Jahren lenkte er seine Aufmerksamkeit aus ctn»gr praktische itrstn düngen und uni« diesen ist seine ,,patenttrt verbesserte Feuerpich.Maschine»! 2. Beschreibung der Maschine. Dir Feuerpichmaschinr ist eine billige und einfachc sonstruction und genügt, von auirergeivodnlichrn Unfäl len abgesehen, sur die ganze Lebenszeit. Sie bestehe aus einem „Blown" (Bentilntor) und der..Keuerrrtorte" welche durch ei», der Lokalität angcpaßte» Lusirohr. mit etzaanber verbunden sind. Die Pichinaichinc wird ge wohnlich mit der Dampfmaschine in Verbindung ge bracht, kann aber auch durch ein Pferd oder mit der Hand getrieben werben. Ä. Leistungsfähigkeit der Maschine. Dn Prpzeß de» Pichen« ist ein ungemrn schnell«. — Zum Beispiel: Eine Pichmannschasi au» 8 Personen ist im Stande mit der Feucrpich Maschine In I U, Stunden so viele Fässer zu pichen, ai» dieselbe Man S chaft in 10 Stunden zu pichen im Stande ist. 4. Besondere Vortheile der Feuer- Pich-Maschine. 1. Die Reise werbe» nicht tosgeschlagen und di, Faß böden werden nicht mehr herauögciioininen. 2. Die Faßdauben. Faßdöben uno Reise werden »ich, mehr beschädigt, nne diese« beim Ha» »putzen geschieht. 3 Das Faß «hält durch dir oben angeführte Scho nung eine drei bi» vier Mai so lange Dnurrhastigkrit.^, 4 Jede Uiireuiigreit, die oft durch das gewöhnliche Schwenken der Fässer nicht »u entfernen ist. und ganz bcionbcrs »er Sauerstost und andere schädliche ««toste und faule Gerüche, werben gän » l Ich ent,«nt. 5 Durch den starken, erhitzten Luftdruck werden dir kleinsten Ritzen und Fugen der Fässer, ja sogar innerlich beschädigte und auSgcbrauchtc Fässer vollkommen tust dicht und brauchbar wicderhcrgcstcllt. « Die Glasur des Peches ist eine vollkommene und glelchmäßig vrrtbrt l te, und behält, weil das Pech nicht brennt, mehr criasticität und Dauer- Pech behäl dadurch, daß r» nicht brennt, seine Fetttheile, wodurch die Kohlensäure de» Biers besser gesichert und der Saucrstoff von außen adgchaltcn wud. 8. Große Fässer werden ebenso gut und schon, wie die kleinen, gepicht. k. Warnung. Da der Nntnieichnetk für die Bereinigten Staaten da» alleinige Rech« besitzt, diese, seine letztere, am 8. De zcmdcr 18.0 patentirte Fcunplchmasche. die einzige, wei che sich wirklich als praktisch bewiesen hat, zu verkaufen jo dteuc »lese« den Herr» Brauern zur Nachricht, daß je de No La hiuung, oder jedes ander- I" * Patent, das unter seinem Namen vr r kauft Ist, confiScirt und Schadenersatz verlangt werben wird. Adresse: Louik Schulze, West Pratt Str.» Baltimore. N. B. Tüchtige Agenten werden verlangt.. (tanl'Z imttuw).
| 45,932 |
https://github.com/africanzoe/material-ui/blob/master/packages/material-ui/src/ImageList/ImageList.d.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
material-ui
|
africanzoe
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 167 | 402 |
import * as React from 'react';
import { OverridableComponent, OverrideProps } from '../OverridableComponent';
export interface ImageListTypeMap<P = {}, D extends React.ElementType = 'ul'> {
props: P & {
/**
* Number of px for one cell height.
* You can set `'auto'` if you want to let the children determine the height.
*/
cellHeight?: number | 'auto';
/**
* Image Tiles that will be in Image List.
*/
children: NonNullable<React.ReactNode>;
/**
* Override or extend the styles applied to the component.
*/
classes?: {
/** Styles applied to the root element. */
root?: string;
};
/**
* Number of columns.
*/
cols?: number;
/**
* Number of px for the spacing between tiles.
*/
spacing?: number;
};
defaultComponent: D;
}
/**
*
* Demos:
*
* - [Image List](https://material-ui.com/components/image-list/)
*
* API:
*
* - [ImageList API](https://material-ui.com/api/image-list/)
*/
declare const ImageList: OverridableComponent<ImageListTypeMap>;
export type ImageListClassKey = keyof NonNullable<ImageListTypeMap['props']['classes']>;
export type ImageListProps<
D extends React.ElementType = ImageListTypeMap['defaultComponent'],
P = {}
> = OverrideProps<ImageListTypeMap<P, D>, D>;
export default ImageList;
| 39,581 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17313951
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
Ajay Singh Beniwal, Slicksim, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1563373, https://stackoverflow.com/users/367949
|
English
|
Spoken
| 114 | 145 |
Execute the class on timer basis in mvc
I am using Asp.net MVC3 where I want to run a class on timely basis, say start of every month, without any human intervention, more of like making it an automated process. Right now I am confused between which approach to follow :
Running a background thread to start that class
Creating a windows service for it.
I would much appreciate if anyone would guide me through this. Thanks in advance.
why dont you make a windows scheduled task and run the class from there
windows service all the way, you can use quartz to schedule it to run. Have implemented a few services like that.
| 47,034 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21437881
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Cavissanda
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 34 | 105 |
Cavissanda
suba, lat -10,88, long 16,92
Cavissanda
vattendrag, lat -10,88, long 16,92
Cavissanda Geonames-ID 7900192
Cavissanda instans av flod
Cavissanda geografiska koordinater
Cavissanda land Angola
Cavissanda GNS-ID 11218275
Cavissanda inom det administrativa området Bié
| 267 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49890755
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Edwin Lunando, Elsa, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1063114, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1410277, https://stackoverflow.com/users/9037708, rtindru
|
English
|
Spoken
| 142 | 263 |
Django model multiple select field but not multi select box
How to let user be multiple-choice in Django models? Do I need django-multiselectfield, but it's choices are user-defined, right?(sample 1), not the data from user models. I want to make multiple-choice users, not single choice, I pasted my code as below, Thanks in advance.
ManyToManyField class id by default using multiple select form. could you post your form model and the view?
Thank you for reading my code, I already add forms.py and views.py, now I received a error of "django.core.exceptions.FieldError: Invalid field name(s) given in select_related: 'skill'. Choices are: department, teacher
", I don't know where the problem is..........
This is what you need to do in your ModelForm
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/forms/modelforms/#overriding-the-default-fields
It strange, you already use CheckboxSelectMultiple widget but in the HTML it shows select box, could you post your template file?
| 6,684 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.